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Full text of "The history and topography of the counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, with Furness and Cartmel, in Lancashire, comprising their ancient and modern history, a general view of their physical character, trade, commerce, manufactures, agricultural condition, statistics, etc., etc"

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OF 


CUMBERLAND  AND  WESTMORELAND. 


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[EsTEEKD  AT  Stationers'  Hall.] 


T  H  E 


HISTORY    AND    TOPOGRAPHY 


OF    THE    COUNTIES     OF 


CUMBERLAND  ASD  WESTMORELAND 


COMPEISING 


THEIR    ANCIENT     AND     MODERN     HISTORY,     A     GENERAL     VIEW 

OF     THEIR    PHYSICAL     CHARACTER,     TRADE,     COMMERCE, 

MANUFACTURES.     AGRICULTURAL     CONDITION, 

STATISTICS,     Etc.,     Etc. 


BY 

WILLIAM      WHELLAN. 


PONTEFRACT ; 
W.    WHELLAN    AND    CO. 
LONDON :    WHITTAKER  A-  CO.,  AVK  MARU  LANE. 
MANCHESTER:      GALT     AND     CO.,      DUCIE     PLACE,     EXCHANGE. 

MDCCCLX. 


MO  A 

(a  "TO 


PREFACE. 


In  the  present  Work  the  object  of  the  Publishers  has  been  to  supply  to  the  people  of  Cmuberlaud 
and  "Westmoreland  a  complete   and  modern  history  of  the  two  Counties.      The  only  histories  of 
"^  Cumberland   and   Westmoreland   which    enjoyed  any  degi'ee  of  reputation  ai-e   those   of  Nicolson 

and  Bmii,  and  Hutchinson — a  reputation  by  no  means  undeserved:  but  they  ai-e  now  old  books; 
a  long  chapter  of  the  manorial  liistory  has  passed  over  since  they  were  published ;   many  things 
are   changed,  and   many  are    changiug;   hence   the   want  of  a   New  History  of    Cumberland  and 
-      Westmoreland,  and  the  in-esent  attempt  to  supply  that  want. 

The  introductory  portion  of  the  Work  consists  of  a  General  History  of  the  Counties  of 
Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  from  the  earliest  period,  by  Thomas  Wright,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A., 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  ai'chaeologists  of  om-  age  and  coimtry,  author  of  "  The  Celt,  the 
Roman,  and  the  Saxon,"  and  numerous  other  works.  In  the  composition  of  this  part  of  the 
volume,  Mr.  Wright  has  endeavom-ed  to  treat  tlie  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  two  Counties 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  show  what  light  the  discoveries  of  the  archaeologist  can  throw  upon 
the  condition  of  this  pai't  of  England,  dming  centmies  which  present  little  more  than  a  blank 
in  our  ordinary  annals.  This  is  fdllowed  by  an  article  on  the  Geology  of  Cumberland  and 
Westmoreland,  witli  paiiicular  reference  to  the  District  of  the  English  Lakes,  from  the  pen 
of  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Gumming,  M.A.,  F.G.S.,  Professor  of  Geology  in  the  Queen's  College, 
Bii'miugham.  From  jNIr.  Cummiug's  repeated  suiTeys  of  these  distiicts,  and  his  intimate 
knowledge  of  their  various  sti-ata,  he  has  been  able  to  make  many  interesting  additions  to  this 
department  of  science,  and  the  publishers  have  no  doubt  tliat  the  Work,  with  its  accompanying 
Geological  Map,  will  contain  a  more  accm-ate  account  of  the  Geology  of  the  two  Comities  than 
any  that  has  as  yet  issued  from  the  press.  The  eminent  authoress,  Harriet  Mai-tineau,  has  also 
contributed  an  article  on  the  Lake  District,  which  gives  an  interesting  description  of  the  past 
and  present  state  of  tliat  "  Switzerland  in  Miniatm-e,"  its  folk-lore,  customs,  and  superstitions. 

« 

GS5  319        •  • 


^.j  PREFACE. 

The  Topogrnpliy  embraces  ii  full  account,  under  tlicir  respective  Wards,  of  the  City  and 
Diocese  of  Carlisle,  and  all  the  baronies,  manors,  boroughs,  towns,  ports,  parishes,  chapelries, 
townships,  villages,  and  hamlets,  in  the  two  Counties,  clearly  showing  their  boundaries,  area, 
rateable  value,  population,  landowners,  seats  and  pedigrees  of  the  families  of  the  nobility  and 
gentry,  succession  of  incumbents,  nature  and  value  of  church  livings,  tithes  and  their  commutation, 
description  of  chmxhcs,  chapels,  and  public  buildings,  endowed  and  other  schools,  hospitals, 
charities,  benevolent,  literary,  and  scientific  institutions,  poor-law  unions,  courts  of  law,  manufactures, 
mai'kets  and  fairs,  and  a  variety  of  statistical  and  other  information,  extracted  from  MSS.  in  tlie 
British  Museum,  Paiiiamentary  documents,  and  other  authentic  sources. 

Generally  speaking,  in  tlie  manorial  history,  the  Author  has  taken  Nicolson  and  Burn's  accomit 
as  the  foundation  of  his  own,  correcting  their  statements,  and  continuing  the  history,  whenever  his 
own  researches,  and  the  kindness  of  the  literary  and  official  gentlemen  of  the  two  Counties  have 
enabled  him  to  do  so.  Many  new  features  have  been  introduced  in  the  Work,  which  it  is  hoped 
is  unique  of  its  kind.  Attention  is  also  called  to  its  arrangement,  which  will,  in  a  very  great 
desi-ee,  facilitate  reference,  and  thus  increase  its  usefulness. 

With  all  the  care  which  can  be  given  to  the  subject,  it  is  next  to  impossible  that  such  a 
^Vork  can  be  without  errors ;  and  tlie  fact,  that  tilings  are  always  changing,  will  explain  why, 
before  the  book  was  finished,  many  things  had  ceased  to  be  as  they  were  when  it  began.  The 
Publishers  have  always  solicited  from  their  Subscribers,  who  were  constantly  on  the  spot,  the 
favour  of  a  correction  of  such  errors;  and  by  the  aid  thus  rendered,  with  what  they  themselves 
have  been  able  to  collect,  they  have  endeavoured,  as  far  as  they  could,  to  supply  all  such 
deficiencies  by  a  brief  Appendix. 

In  conclusion,  the  Publishers  beg  leave  to  express  their  best  thanks  to  the  nobility,  gentry, 
and  clergy,  and  their  numerous  subscribers  generally,  for  the  mimificient  manner  in  which  they 
have  patronised  the  Work,  and  tlie  valuable  assistance  they  have  rendered  during  its  preparation. 
The  aid,  tlius  kindly  given,  has  been  of  the  greatest  importance,  and  will,  there  is  little  doubt, 
tend  to  give  the  Work  a  standard  character,  and  make  it  an  authority  upon  everything  connected 
with  the  History,  Antiiiuities,  and  Topography  of  the  two   Comities. 

PoNTEi'-KACx,  Fchruarij,  1860. 


\ 


G^ 


m  Eiiir 


OF 


CUMBERLAND   AND   WESTMORELAND, 


The  result  of  tbo  rcsearclies  of  modern  antiquaries  and 
ethnologists  seems  to  be  that  the  British  islands,  wlicn 
they  were  first  known  to  the  Romans,  were  inhabited  by 
numerous  tribes,  which  were  by  no  means  all  of  the 
same  race.  The  question  of  what  may  have  been  the 
original  stock  can  now  only  be  a  subject  of  conjecture 
and  speculation,  but  it  is  not  improbable  that  it  is 
represented  by  the  Celts  of  Ireland  and  the  northern 
Gael.  Tiie  most  powerful  of  these  tribes,  both  in  re- 
gard to  its  numbers  aud  to  the  extent  of  its  territory, 
was  that  of  tlic  Brigantes,  who  held  tlie  whole  territory 
extending  from  sea  to  sea,  liaving  for  its  southern  limits 
the  Mersey  and  the  Humber,  and  stretching  northwards 
to  the  district  now  called  Northumberland,  which  was 
held  by  a  tribe  called  the  Ottadcni,  and  to  the  lowlands 
of  Scotland.  Two  divisions,  apparently,  of  the  stock  of 
the  Brigiintcs,  the  Voluutii  and  the  Sistuntii,  occupied 
the  western  part  of  this  extensive  territory,  the  former 
holding  the.  southern  lake  district,  and  a  great  part  of 
modern  Lancashire,  and  the  latter  the  country  extend- 
ing from  the  lake  district  to  the  sea  coast  and  the  Scot- 
tish border.  It  is  remarkable,  tliat  the  same  tribes  are 
found  under  the  same  names,  Brigantes,  Voluntii,  Ac. 
occupying  territories  in  the  opposite  island  of  Ilibornia 
(Ireland) ;  and,  according  to  diiTercnt  ethiuilogioal 
theories,  they  had  cither  come  from  Ireland  into  Bri- 
tain, or  had  gone  from  Britain  into  Ireland.  From 
what  we  know  of  the  general  current  of  migration  of  the 
western  races,  the  latter  was  probably  the  case.  The 
language  of  the  Brigantes  has  long  disappeared  frovn 
Eaglaud,  but  the  same  reasons  for  its  early  disappearance 


in  Ireland  never  existed,  and  had  the  Irish  Brigantes 
aud  kindred  tribes  belonged  to  that  branch  of  the  Celtic 
race  which  is  known  by  the  name  of  Cymric,  we  can 
hardly  doubt  that  we  should  have  found  some  traces  of  it 
in  the  Celticdialectsof  modern  Ireland.  It  appears  to  mc 
that  probability  at  least  is  in  favour  of  the  Brigantes 
being  Gaels  and  not  Cymri.  We  may  probably  best 
form  a  notion  of  the  condition  and  manners  of  the 
Brigantes  when  first  visited  by  the  Bomans,  by  com- 
paring them  with  those  of  the  kingdoms  of  the  native 
Irish  in  the  middle  ages ;  and  the  history  of  Cartismau- 
dua,  the  Brigantian  queen,  presents  all  the  characteris- 
tics of  that  of  Dermod  Mac  Murrough,  king  of  Leiuster, 
in  the  twelfth  century. 

The  dissensions  among  the  chiefs  delivered  up  Ire- 
land an  easy  conquest  to  the  Anglo-Normans ;  the 
same  cause  established  the  Roman  supremacy  over  the 
Brigantes,  apparently,  as  far  as  we  know,  without  any 
serious  struggle.  A  formidable  revolt  of  this  powerful 
nation  was  subsequently  suppressed  by  the  two  pro- 
prietors, Petilius  Cerealis  and  his  successor  Julius  Fron- 
tinus,  and  the  limits  of  the  Roman  power  were  carried 
to  the  borders  of  the  Calcdouiansr  The  north-western 
extremity  of  the  Brigantes,  the  districts  bordering  upon 
the  Irish  sea  and  the  Solway  Frith,  became  now  of 
surpassing  importmce  to  the  Roman  government,  as 
being  the  point  more  especially  exposed  to  attack  from 
the  Caledonians  and  .other  northern  tribes,  as  well  as 
from  Hibernian  pirates.  This  was  more  especially 
the  case  when  the  Emperor  Hadrian  had  raised  that 
marvellous  wall,  of  which  the  remains  are  still  an  object 


HISTORY   AND   AXTIQUITIES 


of  admiration  to  the  antiquary,  for  I  cannot  suppose 
that  anybody,  after  reading  tlic  excellent  work  of  Dr. 
Bruce,  on  "  The  Roman  Wall,"  can  doubt  for  a  mo- 
ment, that  that  great  monument  of  Roman  skill  and 
perseverance  \Yas  the  work  of  Hadrian,  and  not,  as  had 
previously  been  supposed,  of  Severus.  This  country 
was  soon,  therefore,  covered  with  Roman  towns,  sta- 
tions, and  roads.  Ptolemy,  who  is  generally  considered 
as  having  published  his  geographical  work  about  the 
year  J  20  of  our  era,  appears  not  to  have  known  of  the 
existence  of  any  town  within  this  district,  although  he 
names  several  in  the  lowlands  of  Scotland.  But,  just 
about  dOO  years  after  this  date,  the  Itinerary  of  Anto- 
ninus gives  us  the  names  of  a  number  of  Roman  towns 
and  stations  situated  upon  two  lines  of  road.  The  prin- 
cipal town  of  this  district  was  certainly  Luguvallium, 
or  Luguballium,  represented  by  the  modem  Carlisle, 
which  is  stated  in  Richard  of  Cirencester,  perhaps  cor- 
rectly, to  have  been  one  of  the  civitates  Lalhijwc  donala-, 
or  cities  under  the  Latian  law.  Luguballium  stood  upon 
the  wall  of  Hadrian,  and  upon  the  branch  of  the  great 
northern  road  which  here  passed  the  wall  in  its  way 
towards  the  northern  limit  of  the  Roman  province. 
According  to  the  Itinerary  of  Antoninus,  this  road, 
after  leaving  Lavatrce,  or  Bowes,  in  Yorkshire,  pro- 
ceeded to  a  town  or  station  named  Verter;c,  which  is 
identified  with  Brough,  in  Westmoreland.  The  next 
station  on  this  Une  was  Brovonacae,  at  Kirby-Thore, 
near  Appleby,  in  Westmoreland ;  which  was  followed 
by  Brocaviuvn,  which  there  seems  little  reason  for 
doubting  occupied  the  site  of  Brougham,  iu  the  saoie 
county.  The  road  now  passed  into  Cumberland,  and 
proceeded  to  a  station  or  town,  named  Voreda,  the  site 
of  which  is  found  at  a  place  called  Plumpton-Wall,  or 
Old  Penrith  ;  and  thence  to  Luguvallium,  or  Carlisle. 
The  other  principal  northern,  or  north-westeni,  Roman 
road,  which  passed  through  the  modern  county  of  Lan- 
cashire, by  way  of  Mancunium  (JIauchcster),  Coecium 
(Ribchester),  and  Bremetonacie  (Overborough),  directed 
its  course  right  through  the  mountainous  district  of  the 
Lakes,  having  towns  or  stations  at  Galacum,  which  is 
believed  to  have  been  situated  in  the  immediate  neigh- 
bourhood of  Kendal  •  Alone,  near  Ambleside,  at  the 
head  of  Windermere  ;  Galava,  at  or  near  Keswick  ;  and 
Glanoventa,  which  appears  to  have  been  on  the  sea- 
coast,  and  has  been  placed  at  Ellenborough,  but  the  exact 
site  of  it  is  very  doubtful.  The  road  we  have  been  fol- 
lowing here  joined  another  road,  which  appears  to  have 
run  round  by  the  coast  to  Luguballium.  Muncaster, 
or  Mulcaster,  almost  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
coast  of  Cumberland,  the  name  of  which  seems  to  pro- 
claim it  a  Roman  station,  appears  to  have  stood  on  this 


road  ;  as  did  Moresby,  near  ^Vhitchaven,  which  is  iden- 
tified by  inscriptions  found  on  the  site  with  the  ilorbium 
of  the  Notitia,  a  place  occupied  by  the  cavalry  called 
equitcs  cataphractarU.  Wo  have  the  remains  of  other 
stations  in  Papcastle,  near  Cockermouth,  and  near 
Maryport,  which  may  have  been  respectively  the 
Arbeia  of  the  Notitia,  which  was  occupied  by  a  detach- 
ment of  Barcarii  Tigrisienscn,  and  the  Glanoventa 
of  the  Itinerary.  From  the  latter  place  one  road  pro- 
ceeded along  the  coast  to  the  termination  of  the  Wall 
of  Hadrian  at  Bomiess,  while  another  turned  off  in  a 
north-easterly  direction  to  the  important  town  and 
citadel  which  occupied  the  site  of  what  is  now  called 
Old  Carhsle  and  is  generally  believed  to  be  the 
Olenacum  of  the  Notitia,  and  was  continued  thence 
to  Luguballium. 

It  is  from  the  important  record  just  mentioned,  the 
Notitia  Imperii,  composed  just  before  the  fall  of  the 
Roman  power  in  Britain  —  for  it  is  ascribed  to  about 
the  year  '110 — that  we  obtain  a  list  of  the  towns  and 
stations  along  Hadrian's  Wall,  which  crossed  the  island 
at  what  has  been  termed  the  lower  isthmus,  resting 
one  end  upon  the  w-cstern  coast  at  Bowness,  and  the 
other  on  tlie  Tyno  at  the  well-known  spot  named  from 
it  Wallseud.*  The  eastern  portion  of  this  marvellous 
barrier,  running  over  wild  and  desolate  districts,  where 
it  has  been  little  disturbed  by  the  process  of  cultiva- 
tion, presents  far  more  imposing  remains  than  the 
western  part,  and  every  station  and  post  mentioned  in 
the  Notitia  is  identified  without  any  ditfioidty.  Im- 
mediately after  crossing  the  border  of  Cumberland 
from  Noi'thumberland,  we  meet  with  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  and  interesting  of  these  ruins  of  the  mural 
towns,  at  a  place  now  called  Birdoswald.  Besides  con- 
siderable remains  of  the  walls  of  this  place,  which  still 
remain  standing,  between  thirty  and  forty  inscribed 
stones  have  been  found  Vi'ithiu  the  area,  of  which  no 
less  than  seventeen  commemorate  the  first  cohort  of 
the  Dacians.  As  we  know  from  the  Notitia  that  these 
Ducians  held  the  station  of  Amboglanna  on  the  wall, 
which  must  have  been  somewhere  in  this  neighbour- 
hood, we  can  have  no  hesitation  in  identifying  that 
sfcition  with  Birdoswald.  After  this  place,  however,  it 
becomes  very  difficult  to  identify  the  stations,  but 
Castlesteads,  or,  as  it  is  also  called,  Cambeek  Fort, 
appears  to  be  sufficiently  well  established  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  Petriaua  of  the  Notitia.  Watch-cross, 
near  Bleatarn,  is  supposed  to  be  the  site  of  Aballaba, 

1  Tlic  riomim  Willi,  an  Historical  and  Topographical  Description 
of  the  Barrier  of  the  Lower  Isthmus,  extending  from  the  Tyne  to 
the  Solway,  deduced  fiom  numerous  personal  surveys,  by  the  Key. 
John  Collingwood  Bruce.    8vo,  London,  1803. 


OF   CUMBERLAND   AND  WESTMORELAND. 


which,  was  garrisoned  by  a  detachment  of  Moors. 
There  was  evideutly  another  station  at  Stanwix,  and 
another  at  Burgh-upon-Sands,  which,  perhaps,  repre- 
sent the  Congavata  and  AxeloJunum  of  the  Notitia, 
which  were  occupied  respectively  by  the  second  cohort 
of  the  Lergi  and  by  the  first  cohort  of  Spaniards.  The 
remains  of  other  stations  occur  at  Drumburgh  and  at 
Eownoss,  but  whether  cither  of  these  be  the  Ga- 
brosentum  or  the  Tunnocelum  of  the  Notitia  is 
very  uncertain.  In  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of 
the  Cumbrian  portion  of  the  wall  are  remains  of  other 
stations  and  towns,  some  of  which  were  evidently 
places  of  importance.  Such  are  Eewcastle,  to  the 
north  of  the  wall ;  ~\Vhitley  Castle,  a  little  to  the  south 
of  it  and  just  within  the  borders  of  Northumberland  ; 
Old  Town ;  Brampton  ;  and  Xetherby.  Whitley  Cas- 
tle and  Brampton  are  supposed  to  have  been  the 
Aliona  and  Bremetenracum  of  the  Notitia,  and  Neth- 
erby  the  Castra  Exploratorum  of  the  Itinerary  of  Anto- 
ninus. Others,  however,  believe  that  the  Aliona  and 
Bremetenracum  of  the  Notitia  are  identical  with  the 
Alone  and  Brcmetonaca;  of  the  Itinerary  ;  and  the 
present  rector  of  Bewcastle,  Rev.  J.  JNIaughan,  a 
diligent  investigator  of  the  antiquities  of  his  neigh- 
bourhood, assuming  this,  suggests  that  Bewcastle 
itself  is  the  Galava  of  Antoninus,  and  Castletou,  in 
Iloxburghshire,  the  station  of  Glanoventa.' 

This  must  be  taken  as  a  very  imperfect  list  of  the 
Roman  towns  and  stations  in  the  district  represented 
by  the  modern  counties  of  Cumberland  and  Westmore- 
land. It  contains,  in  fact,  only  the  places  which  lay 
upon  two  of  the  great  lines  of  roads  which  entered 
into  the  official  itineraries,  and  the  principal  mili- 
tary posts  existing  at  the  time  of  the  Notitia.  This 
last-mentioned  record  enumerates  in  this  part  of  the 
island  another  place,  bearing  the  name  of  Virosidum, 
which  is  behaved  to  have  stood  on  the  coast  of  Cum- 
berland. That  curious  relic  of  antiquity  known  as  the 
liudgo  Cup,  on  which  were  inscribed   the   names  of 

1  A  Memoir  on  the  Roman  Station  auil  Runic  Cross  at  Bewcastle. 
By  the  Rev.  .lohn  Ataiighau.  8vi>,  Carlish',  l^.')".  Of  course  this 
suggestion  woulil  carry  the  tenth  Iter  of  Antoninus,  in  which  tlicse 
places  occiu,  quite  out  of  the  Une  which  is  usually  given  to  it,  and 
identify  it  with  the  Roman  roaj  called  the  Maiden  Way.  Mr. 
Mau^han  adduces  in  favour  of  his  suggestion  the  rather  curious 
circumstance  that  tlio  valley  in  which  Bewcastle  stands  lias  till  very 
rcocnllj  been  known  by  the  name  of  Watyepva,  which  he  supposes 
to  be  a  corruption  of  Galava.  Nothing,  however, is  more  daugen>us 
than  to  found  argumeiils  npon  similarity  of  sounds  in  names  like 
these,  and  1  hesitate  in  changuig  the  direction  hitlicrto  given  to  this 
Iter  until  we  have  some  more  decisive  evidence  on  one  side  or  on 
tlie  other.  Ilorsiey  has  conjectured,  on  what  grounds  I  am  ([uitc 
ignorant,  unless  it  be  because  Bewcastle  would  signifv  in  Anglo- 
Saxon  "  tlie  bee  castle,"  that  that  place  was  cidlod  by  the  Rouiuus 
Apiatoriinn, 


several  stations  on  this  part  of  the  wall,  enumerates 
two,  Mais  and  Banna,  which  are  not  mentioned  else- 
where. Mais  has  been  conjectured,  however,  to  be  the 
ilagua  of  the  Notitia  (Carvoran),  and  Horsley  believed 
Banna  to  be  Bewcastlc- 

Of  the  Roman  roads  which  traversed  this  part  of 
Britain,  the  principal  line  appears  to  have  been  that 
of  the  second  and  fifth  Iters  of  Antoninus,  which 
formed  a  branch  of  the  great  northern  road  known  to 
the  Anglo-Saxons  as  the  Watling-strect,  which  it  left  at 
Eburacum  (York J,  proceeding  thence  to  Carlisle,  and 
so  on  to  the  stations  on  the  borders  of  the  Caledonians. 
This  road  is  in  some  parts  very  distinct,  and  has  been 
found  to  be  no  less  than  twenty-one  feet  broad.  The 
other  line  of  road  described  by  the  compiler  of  the  Itin- 
erary, which  occupies  the  tenth  Iter,  has  hitherto  been 
considered  as  proceeding  from  Lancashire  through  the 
lake  district  to  the  sea,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  a  road  did  run  in  that  direction,  and  that  there 
are  remains  of  stations,  as  at  Kendal,  Ambleside, 
and  Keswick,  which  may  answer  to  those  in  the 
Itinerary,  while  traces  of  cross  roads  are  met  with 
in  all  parts  of  that  district.  Any  person  who  has 
travelled  between  Ambleside  and  Keswick  must  have 
been  struck  by  the  bold  appearo.uce,  as  it  is  seen  at  a 
distance,  of  the  Roman  road  up  the  steep  side  of  the 
mountain  called  from  it  High-street.  Another  very 
remarkable  Roman  road  left  the  great  road  first  men- 
tioned in  our  enumeration,  at  Brovonaca;,  or  Kirby 
There,  passed  Hadrian's  Wall  at  Amboglauna,  or 
Birdoswald,  and  directed  its  course  by  the  Roman 
stations  at  Bewcastle  and  Castletou  to  the  north,  and 
received  from  the  Anglo-Saxons  the  perhaps  mythic 
name  of  the  Slaiden  Way.  The  course  of  this  road  to  the 
north  of  the  wall  has  been  carefully  and  ably  investigated 
by  the  Rev.  John  Maughan,  of  Bewcastle,  who  commu- 
nicated an  excellent  survey  of  it  to  the  Archasological 
Institute.'    A  Roman  road  ran,  as  I  have  already  stated, 

*  A  Roman  altar,  found  at  Birdoswald,  was  de(Ucated  to  the  god 
Silvanus,  by  the  himters  of  Banna  (deos.incto  silvaxo  vEXAronES 
IIAN.VE  s.  3.)  so  that  Banna  probably  stood  in  lliat  neighbomhood, 
and  Horsley's  conjecture  may  be  right.  It  Is  not  uidikely  that  this 
Riidge  Cup  mentioned  above  belonged  to  these  sjime  **  hunters  of 
Banini,"  perhaps  a  society  or  club  formed  from  llie  stations  of  Alois 
( Magna),  .\ballaba,  Axelodunuin,.\mboglanna,and  Bann.t.ibe  niunes 
inscribed  iu  tliis  order  upon  it,  of  wliieh  Banna  (if  it  were  liewcastle) 
would  be  the  most  advanced  station  towiu'ds  the  wild  hunting  district, 
and  Amboglimna  ( llirdo.nwald )  the  one  of  these  stations  nearest  to  it, 
and  of  most  importiiuce,  w  here  we  might  expect  to  liud  such  ou  altar 
erected  by  them. 

'  Printed  ui  the  Archiuological  Jouniol,  Vol.  XI.  The  meaning  of 
tlie  name  M  aiden  Way  has  been  the  subject  of  all  sorts  of  conjectures 
among  writers  who  will  have  it  to  be  a  corruption  front  the  Celtic: 
and  1  take  the  opportunity  of  dei)reeating  the  practice  which  has  pre- 
vailed so  much  of  rejeoling  the  plain  meaiiuig  of  English  names  in 
order  to  substitute  that  oi  some  far-fetched  deiivotiou,  from  supposed 


HISTORY  AND   ANTIQUITIES 


along  the  coast,  aud  another  accompanied  the  wall  across 
the  island.  Many  roads  of  less  importance  may  be  traced 
branching  of  from  dilTerent  stations  on  these  larger  lines, 
which  must  have  foiTaed  a  complete  net-work  over  this 
part  of  the  island. 

As  might  be  supposed  from  this  description  of  the 
bolder  monuments  of  Roman  occupation,  this  district 
has  furnished  abundance  of  antiquities  of  every  descrip- 
tion. Tlie  roads  are,  as  in  other  parts,  accompanied  with 
earthworks  of  various  forms,  which  have  served  as 
camps,  or  as  inclosurcs  of  residences,  or  for  otlier  pur- 
poses, mauy  of  which,  without  much  apparent  reason. 
Lave  been  pronounced  to  be  British.  The  mountains 
of  Cumberland  aud  Westmoreland  are  celebrated  for  the 
number  of  those  monuments  of  a  remote  antiquity,  which 
have  been  commonly  called  Druidical  circles,  but  the  real 
origin  aud  date  of  which  are  absolutely  unknown.  A 
solitary  cromlech  is  also  scattered  here  aud  there  over 
the  hills,  and  sepulchral  tumuli,  or  barrows,  are  abundant 
almost  everywhere.  To  return  from  the  monuments  of 
uncertain  date  to  those  with  the  history  of  which  we  are 
Letter  acquainted,  the  sites  of  Roman  towns  aud  stations, 
■which  in  this  part  of  the  country  are  usually  distin- 
guished by  the  name  of  Birrens,  no  doubt  from  the 
Sa.'con  iurh,  have  furnished  an  e.Ktraordinary  quantity 
of  sculptures  and  inscribed  stones.  Upwards  of  a  hun- 
dred and  fifty  of  the  latter  arc  given  by  Lysons  and 
Horsley  as  found  in  Cumberland,  to  which  we  might  add 
many  found  since  their  time,  and  a  considerable  number 
have  been  found  in  Westmoreland.  A  large  proportion 
of  these  consist  of  altars,  dedicated  either  to  the  known 
gods  of  ancient  Rome,  or,  more  numerously,  to  local 
deities,  generally  of  the  localities,  in  Germany,  Gaul, 
&c.,  from  which  the  colonists  of  these  towns  in  Britain 
came.  Another  very  numerous  class  consists  of  sepul- 
chral monuments,  commemorating  sometimes  the  mili- 
tary—officers aud  soldiers — but  more  frequently  their 
wives  or  children,  aud  often  presenting  touching  traits 
of  domestic  affection.  Some  of  these  inscribed  stones 
are  tablets,  which  have  no  doubt  been  jjlaced  on  the 
walls  of  temples  and  other  public  buildings,  declaring 
the  reverence  of  the  local  authorities  aud  people  for  the 

Celtic  or  oibcr  touj^ie,  of  whicb  tbey  nrepreteudetl  to  be  eormptions. 
Tbe  road  of  wbich  we  are  now  speaking  is  translated  into  Latin  in 
early  Border  records  by  via  puellarum,  and  tbereis  a  story  among  tbe 
peasantry  of  tbe  district  tbrongb  wbich  it  runs,  tbat  it  was  made  by 
women  carrying  tbe  stones  in  tbeir  aprons.  I  have  no  doubt  llmt 
this  is  tbe  degraded  representative  of  some  early  mythic  legend  of 
tbe  .\nglo-Saxons  connected  with  this  road  aud  with  its  name.  We 
know  tliat  it  was  tbe  constant  practice  of  the  Saxons  to  give  mythic 
names  of  this  kind  to  monuments  of  former  times,  which  were  extra- 
ordinary by  their  greatness  or  by  some  other  characteristic,  aud  of 
which  they  did  not  know  tbe  origin.  We  have  examples  in  the  names 
of  tbe  Watling-street  aud  the  Inning-street. 


reigning  emperor,  or  stating  how  much  differeut  detach- 
ments of  the  legionaries  or  au.\iliaries  had  contributed 
towards  the  local  public  works.  Of  the  altars  given 
in  Lysons  as  found  in  Cumberland,  no  less  than  thirty- 
two  are  dedicated  to  Jupiter,  and  a  considerable  num- 
ber to  Mars.  Among  the  local  deities,  those  which  occur 
most  numerously  arc  Brlutucadrus  and  Cocidius,  both 
of  which  arc  identified  in  the  inscriptions  with  the 
Roman  Mars;  the  worship  of  the  former  appears  to  have 
been  brought  into  Cumberland  by  troops  from  the  east 
established  here.  Both  seem  confined  to  the  two  coun- 
ties ;  and  the  altare  to  Cocidius  were  dedicated  severally  by 
soldiers  of  the  second,  sixth,  and  twentieth  legions,  and 
by  a  cohort  of  Daciaus,  so  that  the  worship  of  this  deity 
also  may  have  been  brought  from  the  east.  Several 
altars  are  dedicated  to  the  Sun  and  to  Mithras,  which 
also  point  to  the  east.  Early  in  the  last  century,  an 
inscription  was  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Lauercost, 
dedicated  NVMrn-E  brig — to  the  nymph  of  the  Brigautes. 
Another  altar,  dedicated  to  the  nymph  of  the  Brigautes, 
is  given  by  Gale  as  having  been  found  in  Britain  ;  but  as 
these  Roman  altars  are  universally  dedicated  to  foreign 
deities,  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  Brigantes  here 
intended  were  one  of  the  tribes  of  that  name  on  the  conti- 
nent, perhaps  in  Spain,  and  tbat  these  altars  may  have 
been  dedicated  by  Spanish  soldiers.  Many  of  these  in- 
scribed stones  are  of  considerable  historical  importance; 
they  give  the  names  of  emperors  or  of  consuls,  whose  dates 
are  known,  as  well  as  of  officers  commanding  in  the 
stations  or  districts,  whose  dates  are  less  certain,  and  they 
add  names  to  our  list  of  the  pro-pra;tors  or  governors  of 
Britain.  The  sculpture  of  the  monuments  found  in 
this  part  of  Britain,  though  generally  rather  rude,  is 
sometimes,  when  it  appears  to  have  belonged  to  public 
buildings,  of  a  superior  class.  It  would  be  in  vain 
to  attempt  here  to  give  any  account  of  the  numerous 
other  classes  of  antiquities  found  upon  the  Roman  sites 
of  Cumberland  aud  Westmoreland. 

Beyond  the  names  of  persons  commemorated  on  these 
stones,  and  the  light  they  and  the  other  monuments  of 
antiquity  throw  upon  the  condition  of  the  country,  the 
history  of  this  district  under  the  Romans  is  almost  a 
blank.  As  the  hostilities  in  this  province  for  a  long 
period  were  conliued  to  the  northern  borders,  the  troops 
stationed  here  must  have  been  in  a  constant  state 
of  movement  and  agitation,  which  increased  as  the 
attacks  of  what  were  now  called  the  Picts  of  the  North, 
and  their  allies  the  Gaelic  Scots  of  Ireland,  became  more 
frequent  and  more  formidable.  The  original  population  of 
the  country  must  have  beeu  greatly  diminished,  not  only 
by  the  ordinary  causes  which  lead  to  the  diminution  of  a 
conquered  race  under  such  circumstances,  but  'because 


OF  CUMBERLAND  AND  WESTMORELAND. 


the  Romans  were  very  unlikely  to  leave  in  such  a  posi- 
tion a  conquered  race  stroni^  enoujjh  to  rise  an  J  co-operate 
with   foreign   invaders,     ilorcover,  we  know  that  the 
process  of  extermination  had  commenced  as  early  as 
tho  middle  of  the  second  century ;  for  we  learn  from 
the  contemporary  writer  Pausanius/  that  under  Anto- 
ninus Pius  more  than  one-half  of  the  trihe  of  ihe  Brigantcs 
was  cut  off,  for  an  act  of  turbulent  insubordination  in 
making  war  on  another  British  tribe,  the  Geuuni.     To 
these  causes  also  we  must  add  the  continual  drawintr 
away  of  the  British  youth  to  serve  as  Roman  au.xiliaries 
in   foreign   countries,   while  the   population   of  other 
countries,  especially  from  Germany,  was  as  continually 
imported  into  Britain  to  recruit  the  Roman  population. 
At  the  same  time  the  language  of  the  Romans,  as  in 
Gaul,  gradually  superseded  the  Celtic,  whatever  branch 
of  it  may  have  been  spoken  here,  and  after  four  hundred 
years  of  absolute  foreign  rule,  in  the  fifth  century,  the 
whole  physiognomy  of   the  population  of.  our  island 
must  have    been  entirely  changed.     Among  the  vast 
quantity  of  anticpiities  of  every  description  belonging 
to  the  Roman  period  dug  ujj  in  diflereut  parts  of  our 
island,  not  a  letter  or  a  scrap  has  been  found  which 
did  not  bespeak  Romans  or  settlers  under  the  Roman 
name — nothing  which  we  can  call  British,  in  the  usual 
sense  given  by  antiquaries  to  that  term. 

Writers  of  the  later  period  of  the  Roman  empire  in 
the  west  state  that  the  nmnicipal  towns  in  BriUiin  were 
remarkable  for  their  political  turbulence,  which  is  easily 
accounted  for  by  their  distance  from  the  imperial  court 
and  by  their  insular  position.  Long  before  the  supre- 
macy which  Rome  claimed  over  them  had  been  abandoned, 
they  had  been  in  the  habit  of  confederating  together  and 
electing  emperors  of  their  own.  When  at  length 
Honorius,  in  the  year  41(1,  advnowledgcd  their  freedom, 
by  addressing  letters  to  them  in  which  he  exhorted  them 
to  provide  for  their  o\vn  safety,  he  only  recommended  to 
them  a  task  which  they  had  already  shown  themselves 
capable  of  performing;  for,  a  very  slioit  time  before,  as 
we  learn  from  the  historian  Zosimus,  the  cities  of  Britain 
Lad  confederated  together  and  repulsed  a  fonnidable 
invasion  of  the  Saxons.  These  cities,  in  fuct.  were  the 
military  colonies  founded  by  the  Roman  auxiliaries,  who 
formed  the  solo  soldiery,  after  the  legions,  wiioso  espe- 
cial business  it  had  been  to  hold  the  cities  in  obedience, 
were  withdrawn.  It  appears  from  tho  Xolitia,  a  work 
which  was  compiled  under  the  reign  of  tliis  same  Hon- 
orius, that  of  the  three  legions  which  had  been  stationed 
in  tlie  island  during  the  whole  Roman  period,  the  si.xth 
(from  York)  and  the   twentieth  (from  Chester)  liad 

1  Pausau.  lib.  \Ui.  c.  13. 


already  been  taken  away,  and  that  the  second  had  been 
removed  from  Isca  (Carleon)  to  Rutupia;  (Richborough), 
where  it  was  no  doubt  waiting  for  orders  to  embark. 
Yet,  in  this  same  record,  we  find  the  same  cohort  of 
Daciaus  (or  nominally  Dacians)  at  Amboglanna,  the 
same  Moors  at  Aballaba,  Lergi  at  Congavata,  Spaniards 
at  Axelodunum,  Thracians  at  Gabrosentum,  I\Iorini  at 
Glanuibanta,  and  Nervii  at  Ahona  and  Virosidum,  and 
the  same  troops  iu  occupation  of  Olenacum,  Bremeten- 
racum,  and  Tunnocelum,  as  had  been  settled  there  at 
the  first  colonisation  of  this  district  by  the  Romans.    I 
have  used  the  word  nommally  to  intimate  that  these 
different  bodies  were  not  necessarily  composed  at  that 
time  of  people  from  the  countries  after  which  they  were 
officially  named,  because  it  had  long  become  the  custom 
to  recruit  them  from  any  foreign  country,  and  probably 
mostly  from  Germany,  which  was  the  great  source  from 
whence  the  Romans  of  the  lower  empire  obtained  their 
soldiers  for  the  armies  in  the  west.     When  they  had 
once  been  left  to  confederate  against  the  foreigner,  the 
towns  soon  began  to  form  rival  confederacies  among 
themselves,  and  later  traditions,  as  well  as  the  slight 
allusions  of  contemporaries,  show  them  to  us  engaged 
in  fierce  domestic  quan'els,  in  which  one  party  or  the 
other  called  in  the  assistance  of  those  very  Saxons, 
Picts,  and  Scots,  whom  their  real  interests  required 
them  to  keep  far  away  from  their  shores.    We  have  no 
means  of  ascertaining  what  part  the  towns  of  the  dis- 
trict, now  represented  by  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland, 
acted  iu  these  troubles,  but  it  is  evident  that  it  was 
exposed  to  an  overwhelming  invasion  of  foreigners,  no 
doubt  Picts  from  Scotland  and  Scots  from  Ireland,  who 
overran  the  whole  country,  ruined  everywhere  the  monu- 
ments of  Roman  civilisation,  and  overthrew  tho  altars, 
not,  as  the  book  ascribed  to    Gildas  pretends,  of  the 
Christian  churches,  but  of  unmistakable  Roman  and 
otlier  paganism.     It  is  a  curious  circumstance,  that  at 
I'lumpton  AVall,  believed  to  be  the  Roman  Voreda,  five 
altars  were  fiund  in  tho  year  1813,  bearing  severally 
figures  of  Jupiter,  Apollo,  Mars,  Mercury,  and  Venus, 
to  whom  they  were  no  doubt  to  be  dedicated  ;  but  they 
were  in  an  unfinished  state,  as  though  they  had  been  in 
the  process  of  making  at  the  moment  when  the  decisive 
eruption  of  the  barbarians  occurred.     Of  its  destructive 
etTects,  every  Roman  station  that  has  been  examined 
affords  conclusive  evidence.  Thus,  at  the  site  nearMarj-- 
port  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  Roman  Glauo- 
venta,  when  the  Senhouse  family,  the  proprietors  of  the 
ground,  caused  it  to  be  excavated  in  1700,  "they  found 
the  arch  of  the  gate  beat  violently  down  and  broken ;  and, 
on  entering  the  great  street,  discovered  evident  marks 
of  the  houses  having  been  more  than  once  burnt  to  the 


HISTORY   AND    ANTIQUITIES 


ground  and  rebuilt,  an  event  not  unlikely  to  have  hap- 
pened on  so  exposed  a  frontier.  The  streets  had  been 
paved  with  broad  flag-stones,  much  worn  by  use,  particu- 
larly the  steps  into  a  vaulted  room,  supposed  to  have 
been  a  temple.  The  houses  had  been  roofed  by  Scotch 
slates,  which,  with  the  pegs  that  fastened  them,  lay 
confusedly  in  the  streets.  Glass  vessels,  and  even 
mirrors,  were  found ;  and  coals  had  evidently  been  used 
in  the  fire-places.  Foundations  of  biiiUliugs  were  round 
the  fort  on  all  sides,  and  coins  and  urns  in  great  num- 
bers. These,  with  the  three  roads  known  to  have 
pointed  towards  tlie  station,  pi"0Te  it  to  have  been  a  large 
and  populous  town."' 

We  know  nothing  of  the  condition  of  this  district 
between  the  period  at  which  these  ravages  took  place 
and  the  seventh  century.  There  are  good  reasons  for 
believing  that,  contrary  to  the  received  chronology  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  chronicles,  the  Angles  had  established 
themselves  in  the  north  of  Britjiu  before  the  invasions 
of  the  Saxons  in  the  south,  and  they  seem  very  soon  to 
have  extended  their  influence  across  the  island  to  the 
western  coast.  There  is  no  apparent  reason  for  doubting 
that  they  found  a  population  there  which  was  at  least 
partly  Celtic,  perhaps  foreign,  aud  which,  apparently 
weak  in  itself,  seems  to  have  been  usually  in  alliance 
v\-ith  the  Britons,  as  they  are  termed,  of  the  western 
lowlands  of  Scotland.  Ecgfrid,  lung  of  the  Northum- 
brian Angles,  must  have  been  master  of  Cumberland 
and  Westmoreland  before  the  year  6S4,  when  he  sent 
a  hostile  expedition  to  Ireland.  He  gave  the  city  of 
Luguballium,  or,  as  it  was  called  during  the  later 
Roman  period,  Lugubaha,  that  is,  the  king's  rights  and 
revenues  in  it,  to  the  church  of  Liudisfarne.  In  his 
rash  expedition  against  the  Picts  in  the  year  685,  when 
Ecgfrid  perished  in  the  disastrous  battle  of  Nechtans- 
mere,  or  Drumnechtan,  he  left  his  queen  at  Lugubalia, 
in  a  convent  of  nuns,  which  had  been  founded  in  that 
city,  and  of  which  the  queen's  sister  was  abbess.  It 
was  there  that  she  was  nsited  by  St.  Cuthbert,  who  was 
then  Bishop  of  Lindisfarne,  and  therefore  superior  lord 
over  the  city.  It  is  evident,  from  Bede's  account  of  this 
visit,  that  the  citizens  of  Lugubalia  still  knew  their 
town  only  by  its  old  Roman  name,  and  it  is  more  than 
probable  that  they  had  continued  from  the  Boman  period 
to  hold  possession  of  it  and  defend  it  successfully  against 
the  attacks  of  the  invaders,  for  they  led  him  about  it  to 
point  out  to  him  with  pride  the  beauty  of  their  town  walls 
and  public  buildmgs,  especially  glorying  in  a  fountain, 
or  conduit,  of  marvellous  workmanship,  built  by  the 
ancient  Romans.    Bede  tells  us  that  it  was  the  Angles, 

1  Lysons,  Cumberland,  p.  cxlU. 


his  own  countrymen,  who  had  corrupted  the  Roman 
name  into  Luel,  which  appears  to  have  been  adopted 
also  by  the  Celtic  population  of  the  county,  who  pre- 
fixed the  name  by  which  they  were  accustomed  to 
designate  the  Roman  fortresses,  caer,  or  car  (itom.  the 
Roman  castrum),  and  hence  was  formed  the  modem 
name  of  Caerluel,  or  Carlisle.  ° 

For  at  least  two  centuries  after  this  period,  we  have 
as  little  exact  information  relating  to  the  history  of  this 
portion  of  the  territory  of  the  Brigantes  as  during  the 
several  centuries  preceding  it.  Under  the  Anglo-Saxons, 
however,  it  had  been  divided  into  two  parts,  perhaps  ia 
consequence  of  their  marking  two  succes.sive  advances  in 
the  tide  of  conquest,  and  these  were  known  to  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  by  the  distinctive  appMlatious  of  Cumbraland, 
and  Westmoringa-land,  or,  as  the  latter  was  subsequently 
written,  West-mora-land,  or  West-mera-land.  These 
words,  which  we  meet  with  first  in  the  Anglo-Saxon 
chronicle  about  the  middle  of  the  tenth  century,  had 
plain  and  simple  meanings  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  language, 
the  first  signifying  the  land  of  valleys,"  the  second, 
according  as  we  read  it,  Westmora,  or  Westmera,  the 
western  land  of  moors  or  the  western  land  of  lakes.  It 
is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  this  is  the  origin  of  the 
modern  names  of  the  two  counties.  In  875,  according 
to  the  Anglo-Saxon  chronicle,  the  Danish  chieftain 
Halfdene  established  his  winter  quarters  on  the  banks 
of  the  river  Tyne,  and  over-ran  the  Northumbrian 
kintrdom,  carrvin"  his  ravages  even  into  the  territories 
of  the  Picts  and  of  the  Strathclyde  Britons.  In  the 
year  following,  Halfdene  distributed  the  lands  of  the 
Northumbrians  among  his  own  Danish  followers,  who 
proceeded  at  once  to  take  possession  of  them,  and,  in 
the  words  of  the  authority  just  quoted,  "they  thence- 
forth continued  ploughing  and  tilling  them."     It  was  a 

-  The  passage  of  Bede  is  so  curious  Ibat  it  desrrves  to  be  given 
here  in  tlie  origiual  language. — Igitur  dum  EcgfriiUis  rex  ausu  tcnie- 
rario  esercilum  iu  Pielos  (Uicerat,  ....  \ir  Domini  Cuthbertus 
.  .  .  .  venit  ad  Lugnbaliani  civitatem,  qnse  populis  Augloi-um 
domipte  liUcl  Tocatur,  ut  alloquerctur  nigiuani,  qu£E  ibidem  in 
uiouaslprio  siis  sororis  eventuni  belli  expectare  disposuit  Posters 
nutem  die  dcducentibus  euni  civibus  ut  vidcrct  moenia  civitatis  fou- 
tenique  iu  ea  miro  quondam  Komanorum  opere  exstructum,  repente 
turbatus  spiiniu,  ut  stubat  super  baculum,  etc.  Bcdw  Vita  8.  Cuth- 
bcrli,  cap.  I'xvii. 

2  Tlie  derivation  of  Westmorelaud  can  hardly  be  disputed :  and 
that  of  Cumberland  seems  equally  naturid.  Both  are  correctly  de- 
scriptive of  the  countries  to  which  they  apply.  Antiquaries  have 
supposed,  however,  that  the  latter  country  received  its  name  from  its 
early  inhabitants,  who  had  been  called  Ciimbrij  which  a  little  imagi- 
nation identified  with  Ct/mry,  although  I  cannot  think  that  there  is 
any  reason  for  believing  that  the  original  British  jiopulaliou  of  this 
district  were  of  the  Cymric  race.  I  am  not  aware  that  the  Latin  word 
Cumbri,  for  the  inliabitants  of  Cmnberland,  is  found  at  any  period 
earlier  than  that  at  which  it  may  be  merely  a  Latinized  form  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  name. 


OF   CUMBERLAND   AND  WESTMORELAND. 


memorable  year  for  its  influence  on  the  future  fate  of 
our  country,  for,  according  to  the  same  chronicle,  it  was 
that  in  which  KoUo  established  in  Normandy  the  dynasty 
which  was  to  proilucc  William  the  Conqueror. 

The  Scottish  chroniclers  of  a  later  period,  anxious  to 
estabhsh  a  supposed  claim  of  the  Scottish  Icings  to 
the  border  counties,  in\-ented  apparently,  a  history 
of  it  during  the  period  following  this  Danish  conquest, 
no  part  of  which  is  deserving  of  any  credit,  while  its 
more  prominent  incidents  are  evidently  absurd.  It  is 
pretended  that  Gregory,  a  king  whose  accession  to  the 
Scottish  throne  these  chroniclers  place  in  876 — the 
eame  in  which  Ilalfdene  completed  his  conquest — im- 
mediately assisted  "  the  Britons  "  in  driving  the  Danes 
out  of  the  kingdom  of  Northumbria  ;  that  the  Britons 
subsequently  quarrelled  with  their  allies,  invaded  Scot- 
land, and  experienced  a  disastrous  defeat;  and  that  the 
residt  of  this  was  that  these  Britons  agreed  to  a  peace, 
by  which  they  ceded  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  to 
the  Scots,  and,  withdrawing  entirely  from  those  counties, 
retired  into  Wales.  Gregory,  we  are  told,  held  an  as- 
sembly of  Ids  nobles  at  Carlisle  about  the  year  880. 
Cumberland  remaining,  according  to  this  account,  in 
the  possession  of  the  Scots,  their  king,  Constautine,  in 
910,  granted  it  to  I'aigenius,  the  presumptive  heir  to 
the  throne,  and  ordered  that  thenceforward  the  earldom 
of  Cumberland  should  always  be  the  appanage  of  the 
heir  apparent  of  Scotland.  After  the  celebrated  battle 
of  Brunanburgh,  King  Athelstan  took  possession  of 
Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  but  his  successor 
Edmund  restored  it  to  the  King  of  Scotland,  and  it 
was  agreed  by  treaty,  that  the  heir  apparent  of  Scot- 
land should  possess  Cumberland  as  before,  on  condition 
of  performing  homage  for  it  to  the  King  of  England. 
It  is  added  that  soon  after  this  the  Cumbrians  rebelled, 
and  cho.se  a  man  named  Dunmaile  for  their  king,  upon 
which,  in  the  year  945,  King  Edmund  led  an  army 
thither,  laid  waste  and  con(iuered  the  country,  and, 
having  deprived  the  two  sons  of  Dunmaile  of  their  eyes, 
restored  Cumberland  to  Iving  Malcolm  by  a  new  treaty 
of  alliance. 

We  have  more  substantial  grounds  for  believing  that 
this  part  of  the  island  remained  in  the  possession  of  the 
Danes  until  tin;  reign  of  Edward  the  Elder,  to  whom, 
according  to  tlie  Jinglisli  chroniclers,  it  submitted  and 
remained  subject  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  crown  under  his 
successor  Athelstan.  In  9.15,  the  Danes  of  Cumberland 
appear  to  have  rebelled,  and,  according  to  the  An'do- 
Saxon  chronicle,  King  Ednuuul,  who  had  conquered 
Northumberland  in  the  preceding  year,  "ravaged  all 
Cuml)erland,  and  granted  it  all  to  Malcolm,  king  of  the 
Scots,  on  tho  condition  that  he  should  bo  his  ally  as 


well  by  sea  as  by  land."  But  the  Danes  of  the  north 
appear  to  have  continued  more  or  less  in  a  state  of  tur- 
bulent independence  during  the  remainder  of  the  tenth 
century.  In  900,  as  we  learn  from  the  Anglo-Saxon 
chronicle,  they  ravaged  Westmoreland  under  a  chief 
named  Thored,  the  son  of  Gunner.  According  to  another 
historian  of  good  authority,  Henry  of  Huntingdon,  the 
Danes,  whose  chief  strength  at  this  time  lay  in  Cumber- 
land, became  again  troublesome,  and  provoked  King 
Ethelred  to  such  a  degree,  that  he  marched  into  that 
county  in  great  anger,  "  and  ravaged  it  well-nigh  all." 
He  seems  to  have  followed  the  old  policy  of  giving 
Cumberland  in  the  light  of  what  at  a  later  period  would 
be  caUed  a  lief,  to  a  Scottish  prince,  ILdcolm,  son  of  King 
Kenneth,  in  order  that  the  Scots  might  have  an  interest 
in  defending  the  northern  frontier  against  the  Danish 
invasions.  We  are  told  that  this  same  ilidoolm,  after 
he  had  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Scotland,  defeated,  at 
Burgh-upon-Sands,  Uchtred,  earl  of  Northumberland, 
who  had  invaded  Cumberland  in  combination  with  the 
Danes,  probably  from  Ireland.  During  the  whole  period 
of  the  Daui.sli  kings  of  England,  Cumberland  appears 
to  have  remained  more  or  less  as  a  dependency  of  Scot- 
land, but  after  the  accession  of  Edward  the  Confessor, 
the  Anglo-Saxon  crown  asserted  its  superior  right,  and 
Edward  gave  it,  with  the  other  northern  counties,  in 
1053,  to  the  well-known  Siward,  earl  of  Northumberland. 
Tlie  Scots,  however,  had  regained  possession  of  Cum- 
berland at  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  William  the 
Conqueror,  and  held  it  in  the  year  1070,  when  a  war 
broke  out  between  the  two  countries,  in  the  sequel  of 
which  it  was  conquered  from  the  Scots,  and  the  eaildom 
was  given  to  llanulph  do  Meschines,  the  ancestor  of  the 
carls  of  Chester.  \\'illiam  took  tho  earldom  of  Cum- 
berland into  his  own  hands  in  107:2,  and  gave  Bauulph 
the  earldom  of  Chester  in  exchange  for  it. 

The  county  of  Cumberland  has  preserved  a  very 
interesting  class  of  monuments  of  Anglo-Saxon  times 
in  its  ancient  crosses,  iuscribcd  usually  in  Anglo-Sa.xon 
runes.  The  earliest  of  these  is  preserved  in  the  church- 
yard of  Bockermet,  two  miles  from  Egremont.  It  is, 
in  its  present  state,  a  cyhndrical  column,  bevelled  to  a 
square  near  the  top,  and  on  one  of  the  bevels  may  be 
traced  an  inscription  in  runes,  liko  all  these  early 
inscriptions,  in  veree,  and  commemorating,  as  it  has 
been  read  and  translated  by  the  Rev.  Daniel  H.  Haigh, 
of  Erdington,'  Tuda,  bishop  of  tho  Northumbrians,  who 
perislii'd  in  tho  terrible  pestilence  which  ravaged  the 
whole  island  in  the  year  004.    The  inscription  mentions 

'  111  a  pnpor  on  "The  Snxon  Cross  nt  Bewcnstle,"  publisheil  in 
llii<  tmnsnclious  uf  llio  Society  of  Auliqiiarirs  of  Nevcastlc-upon- 
Tyiif. 


HISTORY  AND  ANTIQUITIES 


the  pestilence,  ami  is  doubly  valuable  as  iJentifyiiig 
Beckermet  a5  the  site,  hitlierto  unknown,  of  the  early 
monastery  of  PtegnaliBch,  where  Bede  says  that  Bishop 
Tuda  was  buried  "  honourably."  A  cross  of  very  similar 
character,  but  without  inscription,  is  preserved  iu  the 
churchyard  of  the  neighbouring  parish  of  Gosforth.  A 
better  known  monument  of  this  description,  of  the  same 
antiquity,  and  more  important  for  its  size,  the  object 
of  its  inscription,  and  its  profuse  sculpture,  is  preserved, 
though  much  mutilated,  at  Bewcastle.  The  Bewcastle 
inscription  has  been  diflferently  read  and  interpreted  by 
Mr.  Haigh  and  Jlr.  !Maughau ;'  according  to  both,  it 
commemorates  Alcfrid,  king  of  Northumberland,  who 
died,  like  Tuda,  in  the  year  of  the  great  plague,  C04. 
Other  crosses,  of  very  early  character,  are  found  at  Jlun- 
castcr,  Dearham,  RocklitTe,  and  Irton.  In  the  church  of 
Bridekirk,  near  Cockermouth,  there  is  a  Saxon  font, 
remarkable  for  its  profuse  and  rather  highly  finished 
sculpture,  among  which  we  perceive  a  figure,  not  ill 
executed,  of  the  sculptor  himself  at  his  work.  His 
nama  is  given  in  a  runic  inscription,  which  is  read 
without  diliiculty  as  follows  : 

Eicnrd  he  me  iwrocte, 

And  to  dis  mertli  genir  me  brocte; 

Wliich  may  be  interpreted,  "  Richard  he  me  wrought, 
and  to  this  beauty  carefully  me  brought."  From  the 
language,  it  is  probable  that  this  font  belongs  to  the 
first  half  of  the  twelfth  century.  While  on  this  subject, 
it  is  but  right  to  state  that  the  most  remarkable  of  all 
the  crosses  with  runic  inscriptions  yet  discovered  in  this 
island  is  preserved  close  upon  the  limits  of  Cumberland, 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Scottish  border,  at  Ruth  well  iu 
Dumfriesshire,  and  is  .said  to  have  formerly  stood  at  a 
place  iu  that  neighbourhood  called  Priestwoodside,  so 
that  it  may  fairly  be  considered  as  belonging  to  this 
class  of  Cumbrian  antiquities.  The  Ruthwell  runic 
inscription  has  been  long  known,  and  has  puzzled  many 
of  the  northern  antiquaries ;  it  was  first  properly  ex- 
plained by  Mr.  Kemble,  who  found  that  it  consisted  of 
fragments  of  a  poem  iu  the  Northumbrian  dialect  of 
Anglo-Saxon  on  the  Holy  Cross,  a  poem  which,  curi- 
ously enough,  is  still  preserved  in  manuscript  in  the 
West-Saxon  dialect. 

There  is  another  class  of  local  antiquities  which  mark 
the  passage  of  different  races  over  the  soil — the  names  of 
places  and  the  dialect  of  the  modern  inhabitants. 
Generally  speaking,  the  first  rude  inhabitants  of  a 
country  may  be  supposed  to  have  given  distinctive 
names  oul}-  to  the  bolder  landmarks,  such  as  moun- 

^  A  Memoir  on  the  Roman  station  and  Runic  cross  at  Bewcastle, 
by  the  Rev.  Jolm  Maugban.    8\o.  1857. 


tains  and  rivers,  and  the  more  striking  natural  features, 
and  such  alone  are  those  in  England  which  still  bear 
evidence  of  a  Celtic  derivation.  When  the  Romans 
settled  here  they  appear  to  have  found  nothing  which 
answered  to  their  notions  of  towns,  and  they,  therefore, 
gave  their  own  names  to  the  towns  and  stations  which 
they  established  here.  Some  confusion  has  arisen  on 
the  subject  of  the  names  of  the  Roman  towns  in  Britain, 
from  the  circumstance  that  each  was  founded  by  a 
detachment  of  the  troops  in  the  service  of  Rome,  and 
that  these,  derived  often  from  widely  different  countries, 
imported  hither  names  of  towns  or  villages  in  the 
country  from  which  they  came,  just  as  the  English 
colonists  of  North  America  have,  at  a  later  period, 
planted  there  the  names  of  pkces  which  were  familiar 
to  them  in  their  ancient  homes.  Hence  we  find  names 
of  places  in  this  island,  under  the  Romans,  which  recur 
in  the  ancient  geography  of  Gaul,  Spain,  and  other 
countries.  The  Teutonic  invaders  were  peoples  not 
accustomed  to  towns,  and  when  they  began  to  settle 
they  shared  the  land  among  themselves,  and  seem  to 
have  accepted  as  they  found  them  the  towns  which  had 
not  been  destroyed  iu  the  fury  of  invasion.  The  towns 
which  thus  remained  no  doubt  retained  the  names  by 
which  they  were  known  under  the  Romans,  whatever 
may  have  been  the  origin  of  them ;  and  we  still  trace 
them  in  most  of  the  modern  names  of  the  same  places 
with  such  modifications  as  might  naturally  be  expected. 
But  the  Angle  and  Saxon  settlors,  bringing  Avith  them 
a  language  of  their  own,  which  was  entirely  difl'ereut 
from  that  which  existed  amongst  the  peasantry  who 
jireoeded  them,  gave  names  taken  from  their  own 
language  to  each  allotment  of  land,  to  the  family  resi- 
dences they  built  on  them,  to  the  farms  and  inclosures, 
and  to  all  the  miuor  objects,  while  they  almost  naturally 
took  the  names  of  the  greater  and  more  striking  features 
of  the  country,  such  as  the  mountains  and  rivers,  from 
the  older  inhabitants.  This  is  exactly  the  case  in  the 
English  colonies  in  North  America,  and  was  the  origin 
of  the  modern  nomenclature  of  local  names  in  Old 
England  also.  It  seems  to  be  generally  agreed  by 
those  who  have  most  carefully  investigated  the  subject, 
that  the  number  of  names  taken  from  the  Celtic,  found 
in  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  is  comparatively 
small.  The  Roman  towns  in  these  two  counties  seem 
to  have  been  almost  all  destroyed  in  the  earlier  in- 
vasions, and  Carhsle  is  the  only  one  of  them  of  which 
the  name  exists,  though  almost  concealed,  in  that  by 
which  it  is  still  known.  The  great  mass  of  the  local  names 
are  here,  as  in  other  parts  of  England,  undoubtedly 
Anglo-Saxon.  But  stiU  we  trace  among  them  a  mixture 
of  names,  presenting  peculiarities  of  fonn,  which  are  not 


OF  CUMBERLAND  AND  WESTMORELAND. 


found  in  the  southern  parts  of  England,  and  which 
seems  to  indicate  the  presence  of  other  settlers.  Some 
of  these  we  can  hardl}'  doubt  were  introduced  by  the 
Danish  invaders. 

These,  and  some  other  peculiarities  found  here  and 
in  other  parts  of  England,  have  been  made  the  ground- 
work for  theories  relating  to  the  influence  upon  our 
country  of  the  Danish  and  Scandinavian  invasions, 
which  I  believe  are  carried  very  much  too  far,  in  conse- 
quence of  generalising  rashly  individual  facts  which 
have  often  been  misunderstood  and  exaggerated,  and 
upon  assumed  facts  which  are  really  nothing  but  mis- 
taltes.'  The  exaggeration  of  this  theory  of  the  influence 
of  the  Northmen,  as  far  as  names  and  language  are  con- 
cerned, rests  upon  one  great  ground  of  fallacy,  which 
may  be  explained  by  an  illustration.  A  few  years  ago, 
a  very  talented  literary  contemporary  amused  himself 
and  his  readers  by  translating  some  of  the  host  of 
^Moore's  melodies  into  Latin,  and  Greek,  and  French, 
and  then  presenting  these  as  the  originals  from  which 
Jloore  copied  ;  and  at  least  one  of  our  respectable 
journals  took  the  matter  seriously,  and  believed  that 
the  Irish  bard  had  been  convicted  of  discreditable  pla- 
giarism. In  this  same  manner,  though  not  intention- 
ally, the  supporters  of  the  Danish  theory  just  alluded 
to  translate  the  Anglo-Sa.xou  names  into  Danish  and 
Korse,  and  then  they  turn  round  and  compare  them,  not 
as  they  should  at  the  least  do,  with  the  language  of  the 
Angles,  but  with  the  Saxon  of  Wessex,  which  was  no 
doubt  the  least  like  the  Danish,  or  Norse,  of  any  of  the 
Teutonic  dialects  imported  into  this  kingdom.  We  are 
to  a  certain  degree  acijuainted  with  the  pecidiarities  of 
form  of  the  early  Northumbrian  dialect,  but  we  know 
very  little  comparatively  of  its  peculiarity  in  words, 
except  that  wo  have  no  right  for  assuming  that  any 
common  words  in  the  Danish,  or  in  the  other  languages 
of  the  North,  may  not  have  been  found  in  it  in  its 
corresponding  form,  and  tlio  general  similarity  in  the 

1  This  theory  of  tlio  exclusive!  iiinnence  of  the  Danish  invasions 
was  first  brnnglit  3triliin|,'ly  before  pnblie  altenlion  in  the  work  of 
Professor  Worsnac,  of  CopenlinRen,  v.hieh  wii3  Irnnshiled  into 
KnRlish,  under  the  title  of  "An  Account  of  the  Danes  and  Norwe- 
gians in  I'-iifjIand,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,"  London,  ls:i2.  I  cannot 
hcdp  tliinkin};  that  there  is  rather  too  suong  n  tincture  of  national 
partiality  in  tlie  spirit  of  Professor  Worsaae's researches.  His  prin- 
ciples have  liceii  taken  np  with  regard  to  Cumberland  and  Westmore- 
land, and  argued  both  ingeniously  and  cleverly,  by  Mr.  Hubert 
Ferguson,  in  a  little  Tolnine,  entitled  '•  The  Norlhincn  in  Cumber- 
land and  Westmoreland,"  I'-imo.  London  and  Carlisle,  Is.'iil.  lint, 
like  most  stich  speculative  theories,  it  is  fontuled  far  ti)o  nnich  tipou 
sounds  and  rcsembluuees  of  words,  which  are  in  many  cases  merely 
apparent,  and  in  some  are  nothing  belter  than  puns.  Tollnd  in  the 
nauieof  the  village  of  Kirkby  Thore,  a  proof  of  the  worship  of  the  god 
Thor  there  by  the  Danes,  or  in  that  of  Woodriggs,  the  trace  of 
**  a  sacred  grove,"'  is  at  least  carrying  lliis  descriptiou  of  philological 
iuveatigalivu  upon  very  tmsafc  grounds. 
2 


languages,  though  acknowledged  as  a  fact,  is  over- 
looked as  an  argument.  In  this  way,  a  very  large  pro- 
portion of  the  names  of  places  heaped  together  to  sup- 
port this  theory,  have,  as  is  not  denied,  their  repre- 
sentatives in  the  Anglo-Saxon  dialects,  and  are  reallj' 
only  Danish  and  Norse  when  they  are  translated  into 
those  languages.  Thus,  I  see  no  reason  why  strand  in 
composition  should  be  considered  rather  to  represent  the 
Norse  strund,  than  the  Anglo-Saxon  word  which  is 
literally  identical  with  it ;  or  why  the  Norse  bckr  should 
be  considered  as  the  origin  of  the  word  beck,  applied  to 
a  brook  in  the  modern  dialects  of  the  north  of  England, 
rather  than  the  Anglo-Saxon  lee.  It  is  a  common  case 
in  the  local  dialects  of  the  present  day,  that  of  two  words 
equivalent,  or  nearly  equivalent,  one  is  more  commonly 
in  use  in  one  locality,  and  the  other  word  in  another, 
just  as  heck  in  the  north  of  England  holds  the  place  of 
brook  in  the  south  ;  and  this  no  doubt  was  similarly  the 
case  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  diidects  of  old.  For  instance, 
to  take  one  of  the  words  which  has  been  most  frequently 
ijuoted — it  appears  that  by,  or  bi/e,  was,  in  Anglo-Saxon, 
used  in  the  same  sense  as  ham,  though  it  is  of  rare 
occurrence  iu  the  dialects  of  the  south.  Now,  it  is  well 
known  that,  although  ham  in  the  terminations  of  places 
is  not  uncommon  in  the  northern  parts  of  England,  yet 
those  ending  in  by,  which  are  very  rare  in  the  south,  are 
much  more  prevalent.  We  should  naturally  take  this 
as  evidence  that  the  Northern  Angles  were  accustomed 
to  use  by  in  preference  for  what  the  Saxons  called  a  ham. 
But  it  is  tiiken  for  granted,  I  think  too  hastily,  that  all 
names  ending  in  by  arc  of  Danish  origin,  and  that  they 
are  marks  of  the  settlement  in  that  locality  of  the  Danes, 
although  in  perhaps  the  mnjority  of  cases  the  other  part 
of  the  name  is  clearly  Anglo-Saxon.'' 

At  the  same  time  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the 
northern  invaders  have  left  traces  of  their  presence  in 
this  island  in  some  names  of  places,  and  nowhere  more 
than  in  Cttmberland  and  Westmoreland.  Tho/elh,  the 
fords  (in  many  cases),  and  the  thwailes,  seem  certainly 
to  remind  us  of  the  fjeld,  the  fiord,  and  the  thvet,  of 
Norway ;  and  there  are  other  curious  resemblances  of 

a  It  is  curions,  that  of  two  places  the  names  of  which  are  perfectly 
identical,  aiul  have  been  given,  no  doulit,  from  similar  circumstances, 
the  southern  one  iu  Anglo  Saxoii.  ileora-liy  (now  Derby),  has  tlie 
termination  assiuned  to  be  Danisli,  and  the  northern  one,  deorahum 
( nnrhain),  has  the  more  usual  Anglo-Saxon  tenninalion.  It  is  inic 
that  Derby  was  one  of  the  midland  tow[is  held  by  the  Danes,  anil 
that  it  was  also  called  iu  Anglo  Saxon,  Norlh-weorUiige;  but  it  is  by 
no  means  a  solitary  instance  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  place  having  pos- 
sessed two  names,  one  of  which,  and  that  the  one  least  known  in  the 
previous  period,  su|>erseded  llio  other.  Though  Derby  certainly 
existed  before  llie  Donish  invasion,  it  is  honlly  known  in  history, 
lloih  words,  however,  deorn-b;/  and  deorahum  are  slrictly  Anglo- 
Saxon  iu  form. 


10 


HISTORY  AND  ANTIQUITIES 


names  in  the  northern  districts ;  but  still,  it  ought  only 
to  be  accepted  as  a  conjecture,  that  these  were  derived 
from  late  Norse  settlei-s.  The  truces  of  the  Danes  arc 
more  evident  in  names  of  places  which  are  formed  from 
the  proper  names  of  their  Danish  possessors,  but  these, 
I  think,  are  in  most  cases  combined  with  Anglo-Saxon 
adjuncts,  which  show  us  how  easily  the  invaders,  when 
they  established  themselves  in  our  island,  amalgamated 
with  the  people  they  found  here.  In  fact,  there  was 
this  great  dilference  between  the  Danish  invasions  and 
the  original  Anglo-Saxon  invasions,  that  the  Danes  were 
not  under  the  necessity  of  forming  fjr  themselves  new 
towns  and  villages,  or  even  new  fa'-ms,  and  that  they 
found  all  localities  bearing  names  which  they  understood, 
and  which,  therefore,  they  had  no  groat  reason  for 
changing.  The  small  proportion  of  really  foreign  words 
in  the  dialect  of  the  north  slions  us  further,  that  the 
influence  of  the  language  of  the  invaders  at  least  was 
verv  limited. 

The  ravages  committed  in  these  parts  during  the  long 
and  melancholy  period  marked  by  the  Danish  invasions, 
■were  more  destructive  even  than  those  of  the  age  which 
intervened  between  the  Romans  and  the  Saxons.  The 
early  monasteries  and  churches  had  all  been  destroyed, 
and  of  some  of  them  we  can  harJly  discover  the  sites, 
while  the  population  had  been  reduced  to  a  stiite  of 
wild  barbarism.  Even  the  city  of  Carlisle,  which  had 
escaped  the  ravages  of  Picts  and  Scots,  had  been 
ntterly  ruined  by  the  Danes,  probably  during  the  con- 
quest of  Northumbria  by  Halfdene  in  875,  and  it  could 
no  longer  boast,  as  it  did  in  the  seventh  century,  of  its 
beautiful  walks  and  public  buildings.  It  is  said  to 
have  remained  in  ruins  about  two  hundred  years,  when 
William  Rufus  caused  it  to  be  rebuilt  and  fortified,  in 
the  year  109'2.  The  few  words  in  which  the  Anglo- 
Sa.xou  chronicler  recounts  the  events  of  this  yeai',  give 
us  a  striking  idea  of  the  state  from  which  Cumber- 
land had  nut  recovered  at  the  close  of  the  eleventli 
century  :  "  This  year,"  we  are  told,  "  King  William 
went  northward  to  Carlisle  with  a  large  army,  and  he 
repaired  the  city,  and  built  the  castle,  and  he  drove  out 
DolQu,  who  had  before  governed  that  country  :  and, 
having  placed  a  garrison  in  the  castle,  he  returned  to 
the  south  and  sent  a  great  number  of  English  peasantry 
thither,  with  their  wives  and  cattle,  that  they  might 
settle  there  and  cultivate  the  land."  This  Dolfin  was 
the  son  of  tile  great  Cospatric,  earl  of  Northumberland, 
and  he  had  perhaps  akeady  contributeif  towards  the 
restoration  of  Carlisle.  During  the  works  of  restoration 
in  Carlisle  Cathedral,  in  1S55,  an  inscriiJtion  in  Scan- 
dinavian runes  was  found  on  a  stone  in  the  west  wall  of 
the  south  transept,  which  was  easily  distinguishable 


from  the  ordinary  mason's  marks  on  the  stones  around. 
Mr.  Maughan,  of  Bewcastlc,  in  a  pamphlet  already 
quoted,  has  given  the  following  reading  and  interpreta- 
tion of  this  inscriiition  :  Tol/iiin  hra'Ua  at  I'tphma  this 
stain — Doltin  inscribed  this  stone  in  memory  of  Ulfar. 
Wc  learn  from  some  of  the  old  historians,  such  as  Roger 
do  Hoveden  and  Simeon  of  Durham,  that  DoUin,  the 
son  of  Cospatric,  had  a  son  named,  in  their  Latin, 
UlGus,  who  was  treacherously  murdered  at  York,  in 
1004,  by  Tosti,  son  of  Godwin,  earl  of  Northumberknd. 
As  this  does  not  appear  to  present  the  characteristics  of 
an  older  grave-stoue  used  in  building,  it  is  conjectured 
that  Dolfin  may  have  begun  this  part  of  the  Cathedral 
of  Carlisle.  It  must  not  be  concealed,  however,  that  a 
very  good  scholar  in  northern  literature  and  antiquities. 
Dr.  Charlton,  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  has  given,  in 
a  paper  read  before  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  this 
town,  a  very  dilTerent  reading  and  interpretation,  which 
he  considers  to  have  been  a  satirical  allusion  to  the 
mason's  marks,  by  some  one  of  the  masons  who  perhaps 
despised  them.  According  to  Dr.  Charlton  the  inscrip- 
tion is,  tolj'ohnar  raita  tlu^hsi  runor  a  thisi  stain — twelve 
idlers  cut  these  marks  on  these  stones.  The  connection 
of  Dolfin  with  the  buildmg  of  Carlisle  Cathedral  may 
probably  be  considered  as  very  doubtful ;  though  it 
is  believed  to  have  been  commenced  as  a  conven- 
tional church  in  the  reign  of  the  second  William,  and 
to  have  been  completed  under  Henry  I.  In  1138, 
Athehvold,  or  Athelwolf,  the  king's  confessor,  under 
whose  influence  the  building  was  completed,  was  made 
first  bishop  of  Carlisle.  At  the  same  time,  powerful 
chiefs,  who  were  taught  that  their  worldly  errors  might 
be  atoned  for  by  expending  their  wealth  in  religious 
foundations,  laboured  to  rejmir  the  ruin  of  two  centuries. 
In  1088,  Ranulph  de  Meschines,  who  held  large  estates 
in  Cumberland,  and  was  intimately  connected  with  the 
town  of  Carlisle,  founded  the  Benedictine  nunnery  of 
Wetheral,  of  which  the  gate-house  is  now  almost  the 
only  relic.  Immediately  afterwards,  the  king,  William 
Rufus,  founded  another  religious  house  for  the  same 
order  of  nuns,  at  Armathwaite,  in  the  parish  of  Ainstaple. 
One  of  Ranulph's  sons,  William  de  Meschines,  lord  of 
Egremont,  cleared  the  site  of  the  ancient  house  of  Bene- 
dictine nuns  at  St.  Bees,  which  had  been  founded  by  St. 
Bega,  about  the  year  050, and  bad  been  entirely  ruined  by 
the  Danes,  and  raised  upon  it  a  monastery  of  Benedictine 
monks,  -which  became  celebrated  for  the  miracles  pre- 
tended to  be  performed  at  the  shrine  of  the  saint. 
Little  beyond  the  conventual  chinch,  which  is  now 
that  of  the  parish,  remains  of  the  monastic  buildings  of 
St.  Bees.  The  Prismonsti'atensian  abbey  of  Sliap,  the 
only  monastic  abbey  of  any  importance  in  Westmore- 


OF   CUMBERLAND   AND   W'BBTMOEELAND. 


11 


land,  the  ruins  of  which  are  still  seen  in  a  picturesque 
situation  on  the  banks  of  the  Lowther,  was  founded 
about  the  year  1119,  by  Thomas,  one  of  the  sous  of 
Cospatric.  In  1 138,  the  second  Ranulph  de  Meschines, 
the  elder  brother  of  the  founder  of  St.  Bees,  built  the 
abbey  of  Calder,  which  is  still  represented  by  interesting 
ruins.  A  Scottish  prince,  who  then  held  Cumberland  in 
fee  of  the  English  crown,  Henry,  the  sou  of  David  I., 
founded,  in  1130,  the  Cistercian  abbey  of  Holme-Cul- 
train,  which  boasted,  among  its  earlier  monks,  of  the 
celebrated  magician,  Michael  Scott.  A  lord  of  Gilsland, 
nineteen  years  later,  built  the  Augustinian  priory  of 
Lanercost,  the  church  of  which  still  remains  a  perfect 
and  beautiful  example  of  early  English  architecture. 
During  the  period  at  which  these  monastic  establish- 
ment rose,  there  was  also  a  gi'eat  movement  in  building 
churches  for  parishes.  Mauy  of  the  parish  churches 
throughout  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  are  still 
entirely  or  partially  Nonnan,  and  some  of  them  present 
interesting  examples  of  what  the  continental  architects 
call  the  Romanesque  st3'lo  of  architecture.  In  Cumber- 
laud,  and  especially  as  we  approach  the  Scottish  border 
or  the  coast,  these  earlier  parish  churches  are  so  massive 
in  their  construction  that  they  assume  the  character  of 
small  fortresses,  and  were  evidently  designed  not  only 
for  religious  worship,  but  for  refuge  during  the  inroads 
of  the  Scots ;  and  the  old  chroniclers  have  recorded 
more  than  one  instance  in  which  the  invaders  forced 
the  churches,  and  committed  the  greatest  barbarities  in 
them.  This  combination  of  the  church  and  the  strong- 
hold is  by  no  means  confined  to  the  earlier  period,  but 
is  found  in  later  buildings,  as  in  the  two  very  remark- 
able churches  of  Burgh-upon-Sands  and  Newton- Arlosh, 
the  latter  of  which  is  kuown  to  have  been  built  early 
in  the  fourteenth  century.  The  same  activity  in  church- 
building  seems  to  have  continued  through  the  twelfth, 
and  far  into  the  thirteenth  centuries;  and  both  coun- 
tries present  us  with  some  good  examples  of  early 
English,  as  well  as  of  the  Norman  style  of  ecclesias- 
tical architecture.  But  good  examples  of  decorated 
or  perpendicular  work  are  much  rarer ;  and  from  the 
thirteenth  ccntun,'  till  the  time  of  the  lioforuuUion, 
little  appears  to  have  been  done  to  the  churches  of  this 
part  of  England  beyond  necessary  repairs. 

The  Normans  liave  left  the  marks  of  their  footsteps 
here  in  their  fortresses  no  less  than  in  their  churches. 
That  of  Carlisle,  built  by  William  Rufus,  whoso  massive 
keep  still  remains,  may  justly  take  the  lead  in  the 
Norman  casUcs  of  Cumberland.  It  is  a  curious  cir- 
cumstance that  the  Normans  seem  to  have  experienced 
a  similar  dilUculty  in  the  pronunciation  of  the  name  of 
Carlisle  as  iu  that  of  Lincoln,  which  they  pronounced 


and  wrote  Nicole  ;  and  they  softened  the  former  name 
to  Cardeol  or  Carduel.  It  was  under  this  form  that  the 
composers  of  the  romance-cycle  of  King  Arthur  intro- 
duced into  their  narratives  a  city  which  they  somewhat 
arbitrarily  adopted  as  a  chief  residence  of  their  great 
British  hero.  "  At  Carduel "  says  the  poetess  Marie 
in  the  Lai  de  Lanval,  "  King  Arthur,  the  brave  and 
courtly,  was  dwelling,  on  account  of  the  Scots  and  the 
Picts,  who  were  committing  great  destruction  iu  the 
country."  '■ 

Uuder  the  influence  of  these  romances,  not  only  the 
neighbourhood  of  Carlisle,  but  the  whole  of  the  two 
north-western  counties,  became  in  a  manner  classic 
ground.  Arthur  is  represented  as  passing  his  days, 
in  company  with  his  knights  of  the  round  table  and  the 
ladies  of  his  court,  hunting  iu  the  forest  of  Inglewood, 
and  an  adventure,  which  forms  the  subject  of  an  early 
English  poem,  is  described  as  having  occurred  on  the 
banks  of  the  Tarn  Wadling,  a  small  lake  in  the  parish 
of  Hesket,  where  there  are  still  the  remains  of  a  mediaeval 
castle.  From  this  spot,  according  to  the  story,  Arthur 
proceeded  to  sup,  sleep,  and  hold  his  court  next  day,  in 
his  hall  at  Plumpton,  the  Voreda  of  the  Romans ;  another 
instance,  out  of  many,  of  the  way  in  which  the  ruins 
of  ancient  towns  and  stations  became  ideutitied  with 
mediaeval  legend  and  fable.-  On  the  river  Eden,  in  West- 
moreland, iu  the  wild  district  which  formed  the  forest  of 
Mallerstang,  are  seen  the  ruins  of  an  early  castle,  which 
bears  the  name  of  Pendragon  Castle,  and  which,  accord- 
ing to  the  legend,  was  built  by  Uther  Pendragon,  the 
father  of  King  Arthur,  who  made  it  his  favourite  resi- 
dence. It  is  said  that  he  wished  to  strengthen  it  by 
turning  the  course  of  the  Eden  round  its  walls,  but  that 
he  was  foiled  in  the  attempt,  and  his  supposed  failure 
is  commemorated  in  a  popular  local  proverbial  rhyme, — 

Let  Ullier  Pendragon  ilo  wliat  he  can, 
The  river  Eden  will  run  as  it  ran. 

The  local  legend  points  out  a  spring  near  the  castle  as 


1 A  Cardueill  sejiima  li  reis, 
.\rius,  li  prex  e  li  ciirieis, 
I'lir  les  Ksi'iia  e  piir  les  I'is, 
Qui  (lestriiiseient  nuilt  le  puis. 
Piiesies  de  Marie  de  J'raiice,  ed.  lioijueforl.  vol  /.,  p.  202. 
The  reader  must  not  suppose  thai  this  fonn  of  iha  name  was 
cnnliued  to  the  roninnees.    .Ionian   Faiitosnie,  tlie   Anglo-Nortnan 
metrical  chronicler  of  the  Scottish  invasion  of  Cumlierlaud  in  1173, 
alwiivs  calls  this  city  Cnrdiiil ;  and  a  Latin  distich  un  the  <U'ath  or 
King  David,  pr<'scr%cd  in  llic  Chrouiclc  of  .Melrose,  gives  a  similar 
ordiography:  —  I'ostipuim  caslcllis  reguurn  munivit  ct  ariuis.  Rex 
CardiiUlir  ferlur  obisse  seuex. 

•  The  olil  Kngli!«h  |>oetn  of  "The  Anturs  of  .\rther  at  the  Tame 
walhelaii,"  has  been  prinleil  several  times,  but  is  given  most  correctly 
in  Robson's  Three  Kiiglish  Metrical  Uouiouccs,  Uo.,  \^i^.  (Cam- 
dcu  SocietT  Publication.) 


12 


HISTORY  AND  AXTIQUITIF.S 


Uther's  favouiitc  well,  luul  trlls  liuw  the  Saxons  threw 
poison  in  it,  wIul'U  was  tlio  cause  of  the  Jeiith  of  tlio 
king  ami  of  a  lunidred  of  his  knights.  To  return  to  a 
more  historic  perioJ,  one  of  the  earhest  of  the  Xormau 
castles  in  Cumberhmd,  was  doubtless  that  which  William 
do  llcschines  built  at  Egremont,  the  head  seat  of  his 
hranch  of  the  family,  and  of  which  nothing  now  remains 
but  the  gateway-tower.  The  castle  at  Bewcastle  was 
perhaps  also  a  Norman  building,  or  at  least  as  old  as 
the  Norman  period ;  and  there  are  remains  of  a  keep 
apparently  of  the  same  period  at  Graystock.  West- 
moreland is  much  more  remarkable  for  its  Norman 
castellated  remains  than  Cumberland,  probably  because 
during  the  Norman  period  it  formed  virtually  the  English 
border.  The  massive  Norman  keep  of  Appleby  Castlo 
was  imagined  by  some  of  its  possessors  to  have  been 
built  by  the  Eomans,  and  has  been  long  known  by  the 
name  of  C';esar's  Tower.  There  was  probably  a  Norman 
fortress  at  Kendal,  the  castle  of  which  has  been  supposed 
to  occupy  the  site  of  a  Roman  fort.  The  present  remains 
belong  to  a  later  date.  The  massive  Norman  keep  of 
Brougham  Castle  has  also  been  taken  by  some  of  the  old 
antiquaries  for  Roman  work, — it  also  stands  upon  the 
Roman  station.  Brough,  or  Burgh-under-Stanemore,  on 
the  site  of  the  Roman  Vertera,  has  another  massive 
Norman  keep,  which,  like  that  at  Appleby,  is  known  by 
the  name  of  Cesar's  Tower,  and  appears  also  to  have 
heen  called  formerly  the  Roman  Tower.  Two  reasons, 
perhaps,  would  lead  to  the  establishment  of  the  eai'lier 
castles  in  these  positions  ;  first,  the  Roman  ruins 
would  probably  then  furnish  abundant  materials  for  the 
builder,  and,  secondly,  they  lay  along  the  route  in 
the  line  of  the  old  Roman  road,  by  which  the 
Scottish  invaders  would  advance  southwardly  into 
England. 

The  strength  of  these  fortresses,  indeed,  and  the 
energy  of  the  Enghsh  government  under  William  and 
Lis  two  sons,  seem  to  have  restrained  the  turbulence  of 
the  Scots  for  a  while.  It  is  stated  by  some  of  the  early 
chroniclers,  tliat  the  Scottish  kings  had  accepted  a  com- 
position from  the  Conqueror  and  from  his  successor  for  all 
the  claims  they  pretended  to  the  county  of  Cumberland, 
and  it  certainly  remained  in  the  undisputed  possession  of 
the  English  crown  until  thereign  of  Stephen.  The  troubles 
which  quicldy  gathered  round  the  throne  of  this  monarch 
encouraged  the  King  of  Scotland,  David  I.  to  make  an 
attempt  to  gain  possession  of  the  northern  counties, 
■which  he  invaded  in  the  year  1153,  and,  under  pre- 
tence of  acting  in  the  interests  of  Stephen's  rival.  Prince 
Henry,  who  had  been  educated  at  his  court,  made  him- 
self master  of  all  the  fortresses  in  Cumberland  and 
Northumberland,  with  the  e.\ception  of  Bamborough. 


It  would  appear  from  the  accounts  of  the  old  chroniclers, 
which  differ  in  some  particulars,  that  Carlisle  and  New- 
castle-upon-Tyne were  taken  by  surprise,  or  b}'  treacher}'. 
Stephen  immediately  marched  into  the  north,  but  his 
expedition  ended  only  in  a  treaty,  by  which  ho  ceded  to 
the  Scottish  king  the  city  of  Carlisle  and  eventually  the 
whole  of  Cumberland.     David  now  established  himself 
in  that  city,  with  a  garrison  of  "ferocious  Scots,"  as 
Ordericus  A'italis  calls  them,  who  struck  terror  into  the 
whole  of  the  north  country  by  the  barbarous  atrocities 
they  committed  on  the  inhabitants,  without  distinction 
of  age,  or  sex,  or  condition.     The  papal  legate,  who  was 
then  in  England,  was  induced  to  interfere,  and,  having 
arrived  at  Carlisle  on  the  25th  of  September,  1138,  he 
succeeded  in  obtaining  from  the  Scots  a  promise  to  re- 
lease all  their  female  prisoners,  who  were  to  be  brought 
to  Carlisle  before  Martinmas  for  that  purpose,  and  they 
engaged   in  future   to  abstain  from  the  violation   of 
churches  and  from  the  atrocities  which  had  rendered 
their  name  hateful  to  the  miserable  population  of  the 
northern   districts.      The   year  following,  David  was 
defeated  in  the  celebrated  battle  of  the  Standard,  and 
fled  to  Carlisle  as  a  place  of  safety.     The  King  of  Eng- 
land was  not  David's  only  rival  in  his  claim  upon  Cum- 
berland.     In   ]  142,  the   two  kings  of  England   and 
Scotland  being  then  at  peace,  lianulph  de  Meschines, 
earl  of  Chester,  who,  like  the  Scottish  monarch,  was  a 
partisan  of  Stephen's  rival,  laid  claim  to  Cumberland  as 
the  inheritance  of  his  family,  in  opposition  to  David's 
son  Henry,  who  had  been  invested  with  the  principality 
by  his  father;  and  the  quarrel,  we  are  told,  was  only 
arranged  by  an  agreement,  which  must  have  arisen 
from  the  interference  of  Iving  Stephen,  that  Ranulpk 
should   have,  instead  of  Cumberland,  the  honour   of 
Lancaster.      In  the  year  1148,  David  conferred  the 
honour   of  knighthood   upon   his   nephew,   afterwards 
Henry  II.  of  England,  at  Carlisle;  and  so  formidable  a 
display  of  military  force  was  brought  together  on  this 
occasion,  that  Stephen,  in  alarm,  advanced  with  an 
army  to  York.     The  peace,  however,  was  not  broken 
this  year;    but,  in  the  year  following,  David,  Henrj, 
and  Ramdph  of  Chester,  met  at  Carlisle,  and  there 
entered  into  a  league  against  Stephen  as  usurper  of 
the  English  crown.     It  is  said  that  Prince  Henry,  on 
this  occasion,  swore  solemnly  to  confirm  to  David  and 
his  heirs  the  territories  he  held  in  England  in  the  event 
of  his  own  accession  to  the  throne  of  the  latter  country. 
Prince  Henry  of  Scotland  died  at  Carlisle  in  1152,  and 
his  father  David  followed  him  to  the  grave  in  the 
following  year. 

Malcolm  IV.  the  successor  of  David,  held  possession 
of  Cumberland,  as  well  as  Northumberland,  until  after 


OF   CUMBERLAND   AND   TN'ESTJIORELAND. 


13 


the  accession  of  Henry  II.  but  that  monarch,  instead  of 
fulfilling  his  engagements  to  Malcolm's  father,  sum- 
moned him,  in  1157,  to  restore  those  two  counties  to 
the  EngUsh  crown,  and  j\lalcolm,  awed  by  Henry's 
power  and  greatness,  complied,  in  return  for  which, 
Henry  confirmed  him  in  the  county  of  Huntingdon. 
Malcolm  seems  still  to  have  been  unwilling  to  abandon 
his  hold  upon  Cumberland,  and  the  dispute  led  to  a 
meeting  between  the  two  kings,  at  Carlisle,  iu  the  fol- 
lowing year,  but,  how  it  was  finally  adjusted  is  not 
quite  clear,  though  it  is  certain  that  the  English  crown 
recovered  its  rights.  Malcolm,  dying  in  1165,  was 
succeeded  on  the  throne  of  Scotland  by  AVUliam  the 
Lion,  who  was  watching  eagerly  for  an  excuse  to  recover 
bis  claims  to  Cumberland,  when  the  opportunity  was 
offered  by  the  rebellion  of  the  young  King  Henry 
against  his  father,  in  the  year  1173.  The  account 
given  of  the  Scottish  invasion  iu  this  and  the  follow- 
ing yeai'S,  by  Jordan  Fantosme,  a  coutempomiy, 
who  was  present  at  many  of  the  scenes  he  describes, 
and  has  left  us  a  narrative  in  Anglo-Xormau  verse, 
gives  us  not  only  a  curious  picture  of  the  tima, 
but  it  shows  the  importance  of  these  great  Norman 
fortresses  as  bulwarks  of  the  crown,  if  they  did  not 
give  very  eflicient  protection  to  tlie  population  of  the 
border.' 

According  to  the  account  of  Fantosme,  the  King  of 
Scotland  at  first  entered  into  the  war  unwillingly,  and 
yielded  only  to  the  earnest  persuasion  of  his  nobles,  and 
to  the  temptation  of  regaining  Northumberland  and 
Cumberland,  which  the  young  King  Heuiy  offered  him 
as  the  price  of  his  alliance.  Before  he  decided,  he  sent 
a  messenger  to  Henry  II.  in  Normandy,  with  a  formal 
demand  of  what  he  called  his  inheritance  in  the  north 
of  Englanil ;  and  it  was  only  when  this  demand  was  in- 
dignantly rejected  by  the  father,  that  William  the  Lion 
openly  espoused  the  cause  of  the  son.  He  then  sent  to 
the  latter  for  his  contingent  of  Flemings  to  assist  him  in 
taking  the  English  castles,  for  it  appears  that  the  Scots 
were  very  unskilful  iu  attacking  fortresses,  and  even 
with  the  assistance  of  tlieir  Flemish  allies,  who  were 
more  accustomed  to  siege  operations,  their  success  was 
uot  very  great.  When,  soon  afterwards  King  William, 
at  the  siege  of  Wark,  ordered  a  perriere,  or  engine 
for  throwing  large  stones,  to  bo  employed  against  the 
castle,  the  first  stone  that  was  thrown  from  it  went 
backwards  instead  of  forwai'ds,  and  struck  down  one  of 


'  The  metrical  nnrrntive  of  Jonlnii  Fantosme  lins  been  preserved 
in  twi)  iimuuscriins,  niul  wius  priiueil  in  iinc  of  tlie  volumes  of  llie 
Surtccs  Society,  iiiuler  Uie  titK",  "  t^'iiroiiicle  of  the  War  between  the 
English  Olid  the  Scots  in  11T3  nud  llTi,  by  Jordan  Fantosme,"  bvo. 
1810. 


King  William's  own  knights.-  At  length,  the  Scottish 
king  having  assembled  a  formidable  army,  crossed  the 
border  and  laid  siege  to  Wark  Castle,  in  Northumber- 
land, but,  ftiling  in  his  attempt  upon  the  fortress,  he 
abauJoned  it,  and  laid  siege  to  Alnwick,  with  no  better 
success.  Greatly  mortified  at  the  failure  of  his  first 
siege  operations,  William  yielded  to  the  councils  of  his 
chiefs,  who  urged  him  to  march  against  CarUsle,  which 
was  well  garrisoned  and  commanded  by  Robert  de  'Vaux- 
"  Sir  King  of  Scotland,"  they  said,  "of  all  your  claims, 
Carlisle  is  the  most  difficult  to  obtain,  and  as  the  young 
king  is  willing  to  give  you  all,  we  advise  you  to  go  and 
conquer  that  first.  If  Robert  de  Vaux  refuse  to  sur- 
render it,  you  must  cause  him  to  be  thrown  down  from 
the  '  great  ancient  tower.''  Lay  siege  to  it,  and  make 
your  whole  army  swear  publicly,  that  they  will  not  stir 
from  it  until  they  have  seen  the  city  on  fu-e,  the  master 
wall  brokt'ii  down  with  your  steel  pickaxes,  and  Robert 
himself  hung  upon  a  lofty  gallows.  Then  you  will  sec 
Robert  de  Vaux  falter ;  you  will,  no  doubt,  fiud  his 
pride  fallen,  and  his  resistance  will  not  be  very  obsti- 
nate."' Nex-t  day  the  Scottish  array  marched  to  Carlisle, 
and  it  had  no  sooner  arrived  before  the  walls,  than  a 
furious  attack  was  made  upon  the  gates ;  but  it  was 
repulsed  with  heavy  loss  to  the  assailants.  Soon  after 
this,  William  the  Lion  received  certain  inteUigence 
that  an  English  army,  commanded  by  Richard  de  Lucy 
and  Reginald,  earl  of  Cornwall,  was  rapidly  advancing 
against  him,  and  he  immediately  raised  the  siege  of 
CarHsle,  recrosscd  the  border,  and  fell  back  upon  Rox- 
burgh. The  precipitancy  with  which  the  Scots  fled  was 
mniecessary.  for  Richard  de  Lucy  was  obliged  to  abau- 
don  the  north,  and  hurry  back  with  his  troops  to  East 
Anglia,  to  resist  the  Earl  of  Leicester  and  the  other 
partizaus  of  the  young  King  Henry,  who  had  organised 
a  formidable  insurrection  there. 

The  winter  put  a  stop  to  active  hostihties  on  the 
Scottish  border,  but  in  the  spring,  'U^ilUam  the  Lion, 
having  received  a  largu  reinforcement  of  Flemings, 
again  invaded  Northumberland,  and  attacked  the  castle 
of  Wark,  with  furious  resolution,  but  its  commander, 
Roger  d'Estutevillo,  had  had  time  to  strengthen  liis 

-  Oez,  seijnmra,  de  la  pericre  cument  cle  ola; 
La  premiere  piire  queleunkos  Inr  geta. 
La  piere  do  la  fiiude  i  pfhine  reversa, 
K  nn  dc  lur  chevaliers  a  terre  ngraventa, 
Ne  fnssent  scs  anncs  e  sun  eseu  qu'il  a, 
A  nul  do  sun  lignage  ne  rcvenist-il  ja. 

Jordan  FanlosmCy  p.  5S. 

'  De  la  grant  tiir  antivc  ferei  le  devaler. — Jordan  Fantosme,  p.  28. 

Aittive  is  the  Latin  anliijna.  The  application  of  this  epitliel  to 
the  keep  or  donjou  of  CarUsle  Castle  so  early  as  the  reign  of  Henry 
IL  is  curious. 


14 


HTSTOKY  AND  ANTIQUITIES 


garrison,  and  the  resistance  was  so  great,  that  the  Scots 
were  obliged  to  abandon  their  enterprise  in  disgrace. 
At  this  moment,  liowever,  the  Scottish  king  was  joined 
liy  Rjger  de  Mowbray,  and  other  powerful  barons  of  the 
young  king's  party,  and  his  forces  were  thus  so  much 
increased,  that  he  resolved  on  a  newaltomjit  to  reduce 
Carlisle.  "Away  goes  King  William,"  to  translate  the 
language  of  Fantosme,  "  Away  goes  King  William, 
with  his  vast  host  towards  Carlisle,  the  fair,  the  strong 
girrisoned  city.  Lord  Roger  de  Mowbray  and  his 
chivaliT,  and  Lord  Adam  de  Porz,  join  themselves  to 
William's  border  men.  The  Scottish  earls  lead  the 
hated  people,  who  never  had  any  repugnance  to  perform 
tiendish  actions.  They  continue  their  march,  without 
any  event  to  interrupt  them,  until  they  come  in  sight 
of  Carlisle,  fidl  of  beauty;  the  sun  glitters  upon  its 
walls  and  turrets,  lie  who  has  a  merry  banner,  gladly 
displays  it ;  and  the  trumpets  sound  in  every  rank. 
You  might  hear  the  tumult  of  the  terrified  city.  But, 
Lord  Robert  de  Vaux  gently  c.\horts  the  citi;?ens  not  to 
be  dismayed  or  to  show  any  cowardice,  for,  as  he  assures 
them,  if  God  keep  his  life  safe  and  sound,  he  fears  not 
all  this  bustle,  nor  the  King  of  Albany.  The  king,  on 
the  other  hand,  summons  Roger  de  Mowbray  and  Adam 
de  Porz  to  council,  with  Walter  de  Berkeley,  who  was 
also  one  of  his  foUowera.  '  Now  behold,  gentle  knights, 
much  noble  display ;  you  cannot  count  the  white  nor 
the  red,  so  numerous  arc  the  banners  raised  against  the 
sun.  Go  to  Robert  de  Vaux,  and  say,  that  I  send  him 
this  message.  Let  him  deliver  the  castle  to  me  with- 
out a  moment's  delay  ;  he  wUl  have  no  succour  from 
any  man  living,  nor  will  the  Iving  of  England  ever  more 
be  his  defender ;  but  if  he  refuse  to  surrender,  you 
may  tell  him,  upon  your  oaths,  that  he  shall  lose  his 
head  for  it,  and  that  his  children  shall  die.  I  will  not 
leave  him  a  single  friend  or  relation  whom  I  will  not 
ruin,  unless  he  obey  my  commandment.' ''  The  three 
barons  proceeded  to  Carlisle  on  their  mission,  and  they 
were  introduced  to  Robert  do  Vaux.  "  He  was  clad  in 
a  hauberk,  and  was  leaning  on  one  of  the  battlements, 
(a  un  kernel  puiant)  and  held  in  his  hand  a  keen  sword, 
with  a  sharp  edge,  which  he  handled  caressingly." 
Robert,  at  first,  received  the  king's  messengers  rather 
rudely,  but  he  soon  became  more  courteous,  and  lis- 
tened attentively,  while  they  announced  to  him  the 
Scottish  king's  demand.  He  replied,  that  he  cared 
nothing  for  King  William's  threats,  but  that,  as  he 
held  the  castle  for  King  Henry,  and  could  only  in  ac- 
cordance with  his  duty  deliver  it  to  him  b}'  his  order, 
he  required  a  truce  to  give  him  the  time  to  proceed 
to  Normandy  and  consult  with  his  liege  lord.  King 
William  was  angry  at  this  reply,  but  he  neither  granted 


the  truce  required  by  Robert  de  Vaux,  nor  attempted  an 
immediate  assault  upon  Carlisle,  but,  while  one  part  of 
his  army  apparentl)'  began  to  invest  it,  he  marched 
southwards  with  the  rest,  made  himself  master  of  the 
Castle  of  Appleby,  which  had  been  left  in  the  charge  of 
Gospatric,  the  son  of  Orm,  without  any  garrison  to 
defend  it,  and  attacked  Brongh,  after  placing  in  the 
former  a  garrison  under  three  constables.''  Brough  was 
better  provided  for  defence  than  Appleby,  for  there  were 
no  less  than  six  knights  in  it,  with  their  followers. 
The  castle  was  very  soon  attacked  on  aU  sides  ;  and  the 
Flemings  and  the  border  men  made  a  fierce  assault  upon 
the  garrison,  and  the  first  day  took  from  them  the  out- 
works, which  the  defenders  had  soon  abandoned,  and 
shut  themselves  up  in  the  tower.  Here  they  might 
have  held  out  for  some  time,  but  the  Scots  applied  fire 
to  the  tower,  and  they  were  reduced  to  the  akcrnativo 
of  surrendering  or  being  burnt.  "  But  a  new  knight 
had  come  to  them  that  day.  Now  listen  to  his  deeds  and 
his  great  courage.  When  his  companions  had  ail  surren- 
dered, he  remauied  in  the  tower,  and  seized  two  shields, 
which  he  hung  on  the  battlements,  and  held  his  ground 
there  a  long  time,  and  threw  at  the  Scots  three  sharp 
javeUus,  with  each  of  which  he  struck  a  man  dead. 
When  these  failed  him,  he  takes  up  shai-p  stakes  and 
hurled  them  at  the  Scots,  and  overthrew  some  of  them, 
and  ever  keeps  shouting,  '  you  shall  all  be  vanquished 
soon.'  Never  by  a  single  vassal  was  strife  better 
maintained.  When  the  fire  deprived  him  of  the  de- 
fence of  the  shields,  he  is  not  to  blame  if  he  then  sur- 
rendered." The  Castle  of  Brough  was  beaten  down, 
with  "  the  best  part  of  the  tower.''°  The  loss  of  Ap- 
pleby and  Brough  caused  great  alarm  to  Robert  de 
Vaux,  in  Carlisle,  who  sent  a  messenger  in  haste  to 
Richard  de  Lucy,  to  press  him  anxiously  for  assistance. 
The  entire  defeat  of  the  rebels  in  East  Anglia,  had  left 
King  Henry's  two  ministers,  Richard  de  Lucy  and 
llanulph  de  Glanville,  at  liberty  to  provide  for  the  safety 
of  the  north,  and  they  returned  Robert  de  Vaux  an 
encouraging  answer.  On  the  very  day  of  its  arrival, 
the  Scottish  king  returned  to  his  camp  before  Carlisle, 
and  i-endcred  confident  by  his  recent  successes,  and 
ignorant    of    the    approach   of  Lucy   and    Glanville, 

*  Qnunt  il  ot  Appelbi,  le  chastei  e  la  tur ; 
«  ♦  * 

E  meltent  la  dedenz  lur  seijanz  marcliis, 
E  treis  cunestables  el  chasltl  unt  asis. 

Jordan  Fantosme^  p.  60. 
When  he  had  Appleby,  the  castle  aud  the  tower; 

■s  «  • 

And  they  placed  within  it  their  border  officers. 
And  Ihey  have  appointed  tlu-ee  constables  in  tlie  castle. 

^  Ore  est  Buro  abatuz  e  le  niielz  de  la  tur. — Jordan  Fanlusmc,  p.  OS. 


01'   CUMBEELAND  AND  WESTMORELAND. 


I 


repeatej  his  summons  to  the  English  garrison,  but  again 
without  eftect ;  and  he  proceeded  to  attempt  tlie  castlo 
of  Prudlioe  and  Ahiwicli.  The  defeat  and  capture  of 
William  the  Lion,  before  the  latter  jilace,  put  an  end 
to  the  war. 

The  possession  of  the  northern  counties,  however, 
still  continued  to  be  a  subject  of  dispute  between  the 
two  crowns,  and  many  years  passed  before  it  was  finally 
adjusted.  At  the  time  of  the  coronation  of  Hichard  I. 
in  )  104,  William  the  Lion  tried  to  obtain  Northumber- 
land by  purchase,  but  failed.  The  demand  for  the  resti- 
tution of  Cumberland  and  Northumberland  was  formally 
repeated  on  the  accession  of  King  John,  who,  to  gain 
time,  evaded  the  demand,  and  William  never  obtained  a 
direct  re[)ly :  but  his  successor,  Alexander  IL  had  no 
sooner  ascended  the  throne,  than  the  war  between  King 
Joini  and  his  barons  offei"ed  him  an  opportunity  of 
pressing  his  demands  in  a  more  eU'ective  manner. 
William  joined  the  party  of  the  barons,  invaded  Cum- 
berland in  1^10,  sacrilegiously  plundered  the  abbey  of 
IlolmeCultram,  and  laid  siege  to  the  city  of  Carlisle, 
which  was  delivered  up  to  him  by  order  of  the  barons 
on  the  8th  of  August  in  that  year,  but  the  castle  still  held 
for  the  King  of  England.  Soon  afterwards  Louis  of 
France,  whom  the  barons  bad  chosen  for  their  king, 
recognized,  with  their  consent,  the  claims  of  the  Scottish 
crown  to  the  three  northern  counties,  Cumberland, 
Westmoreland,  and  Northumberland.  On  the  pacifica- 
tion which  followed  the  accession  of  Henry  TIL,  Car- 
lisle was  surrendered  to  the  English,  but  it  is  pretended 
that  the  dominion  of  Cumberland  was  to  remain  with 
the  King  of  Scotland,  It  is  evident,  however,  that  no 
such  agreement  with  regard  to  the  county  was  ever 
acted  upon,  and  we  find  Alexander  n.,  in  1235  and 
again  in  Vi2~,  making  pressing  demands  for  the  re- 
storation of  the  three  northern  counties,  which  he 
claimed  as  his  inheritance.  In  the  3-ear  last-mentioned, 
u  conference  on  the  subject  was  held  at  York,  in  the 
presence  of  the  papal  legato,  by  whose  influence  chiefly 
the  King  of  Scotland  was  induced  to  give  np  his  claim, 
in  consideration  of  a  grant  of  lands  in  Cumberland  or 
Northumberland  of  the  value  of  two  hundred  pounds, 
which  ho  was  to  hold  of  the  King  of  England,  by  tho 
annual  payment  to  the  i:oustublo  of  tho  Castle  of  Car- 
lisle of  a  falcon.  In  l.!4a,  the  manors  of  Penrith, 
Langwathby,  Great  Salkeld,  Sowerby,  and  Carlatton, 
were  granted  to  the  Scottish  kiug  in  pui-suanco  of  this 
agreement.  Thus  ended  the  Scottish  claims  to  dominion 
ill  tho  northern  counties  of  England. 

The  mas>ivo  Norman  castle,  as  wo  have  seen,  contri- 
buted largely  towards  saving  the  northern  counties  from 
coijiiuest  during  the  invasions  of  William  the  Lion,  who 


lost  his  time  and  wa.sted  his  armies  in  sitting  down 
before  a  few  fortresses,  which,  fri/m  their  comparatively 
small  size  but  massive  character  might  be  held  by  a  few- 
men  against  a  host.  The  Norman  keep,  indeed,  which 
real]}'  composed  the  castle,  was  capable  only  of  containing 
a  very  small  garrison,  which  might  hold  out,  if  provi- 
sioned, any  reasonable  time  until  succour  arrived.  But 
after  the  commencement  of  the  thirteenth  century,  a 
new  system  of  warfare  began  to  prevail,  which  was 
accompanied  with  new  military  tactics.  The  massive 
keep  was  now  exchanged  for  an  extensive  fortress,  as  it 
was  to  be  manned  by  a  far  more  numerous  gamson, 
forming  sometimes  a  little  army.  These  new  fortresses 
inclosed  an  area,  sometimes  of  considerable  extent, 
which  was  usually  surrounded  with  more  than  one 
circuit  of  fortifications,  consisting  of  a  combination  of 
walls  and  towers.  This  new  style  of  fortification  is 
usually  distinguished  as  the  Edwardian  castle,  because 
it  arose  and  prevailed  chiefly  during  the  reigns  of  the  first 
three  Edwards.  The  Edwardian  fortress  is  often  an 
addition  to,  and  in  a  manner  a  development  of  an  older 
Norman  castle  ;  but  the  position  chosen  by  the  Norman 
was  not  always  that  which  seemed  best  to  the  military 
eye  of  the  Edwardian  age,  and  hence  a  great  number  of 
the  castles  of  this  period  were  quite  new.  Thus,  the 
castle  of  Cockermouth  is  entirely  Edwardian  in  cha- 
racter, though  It  is  believed  to  occupy  the  site  of  an 
older  Norman  fortress.  Cumberland  was  much  richer 
in  Edwardian  castles  than  Westmoreland,  which  contains 
hardly  a  single  e.>;ample  of  any  importance.  Naworth 
Castle,  the  seat  of  the  earls  of  Carlisle,  which  was  built 
early  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  was  an  example  of 
this  style  of  castellatiou,  but  it  lias  undergone  at  dilTereut 
times  extensive  alterations.  Another  was  Rose  Castle, 
tho  seat  of  the  bishops  of  Carlisle,  which  was  built  about 
the  same  period.  Penrith,  Kirk-Oswald,  and  Scuk-by, 
may  be  mentioned  as  other  examples  of  the  Edwardian 
castle  of  some  importance ;  and  we  have  smaller  examples 
of  the  castle  or  castellated  mansion,  of  the  Edwiudiau 
and  sulisopient  periods,  at  Hoclill'e,  Muncaster,  Hayes, 
Armathwaite,  Daere,  Greystoke,  llighhead,  Askerton, 
&c.  The  importance  which  the  individual  gentleman 
was  beginning  to  assume  so  early  as  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury caused  each  to  be  desirous  of  hterally  making  his 
house  his  castle,  especially  in  districts  so  unsettled  as 
the  border  counties,  and  during  that  and  the  century 
following  tho  grants  of  permission  from  tho  crown  to 
private  gentlemen  of  licences  to  embattle,  or  castellate, 
their  houses  are  very  frequent. 

During  a  few  years  the  northern  counties  enjoyed  a 
comparative  degree  of  tranquillity,  for  the  peace  was 
preserved  between  the  two  countries  if  they  had  not 


10 


HISTORY  AND  ANTIQUITIES 


become  verj'  hearty  friends  ;  but  lliey  were  destined  to 
experience  a  new  age  of  disasters,  when  the  death 
of  Alexander  III.  in  1200,  followed  by  that  of  bis 
daughter  JIargaret,  opened  a  liu'.J  to  the  ambition  of 
the  liousc  of  Plantagenet.  After  the  crown  of  Scotland 
had  been  adjudged  to  John  Baliol,  and  ho  hiid  been 
accepted  as  king  by  the  Scots,  the  King  of  England 
delivered  to  liim  Penrith,  Salkeld,  and  the  other  manors, 
wliicli  had  been  given  to  tlie  Scottish  kings  in  consi- 
deration of  their  claims  to  the  border  counties,  but  a 
little  later,  when  Baliol  liad  offended  the  King  of  Eng- 
land, Edward  began  his  hostility  by  seizing  upon  these 
manors,  which  were  never  restored.  In  the  spring  of 
]29C,  John  Comyn,  carl  of  Buchan,  with  an  army  for- 
midable in  numbers,  but  hastily  raised  and  tumultuous, 
invaded  Cumberland,  ravaged  the  country  barbarously, 
and  laid  siege  to  Carlisle  on  the  98th  of  JIarch.  Having 
been  driven  from  Carlisle  in  disgrace,  the  Scots  recrossed 
the  border,  after  which  they  threw  themselves  upon 
Isortlmmberland,  and  finally,  returning  into  Cumberland, 
burnt  the  priory  of  Lanercost  on  the  8th  of  April. 
"Wallace,  after  his  victory  at  Stirling  in  the  September 
of  1297,  again  invaded  the  English  border.  The  coun- 
ties of  Northumberlaud  and  Cumberland  were  overrun 
during  several  weeks  by  these  ferocious  invaders,  who 
laid  the  country  waste  with  fire  and  sword,  and  subjected 
the  miserable  inhabitants  to  every  description  of  crudty 
and  outrage.  Carlisle  was  summoned,  but  as  the  garri- 
son showed  no  inclination  to  surrender,  the  Soots  con- 
tinued their  march,  and  ravaged  the  forest  of  Inglewood 
and  the  whole  of  Allerdalc  to  Cockermouth.  The 
severity  of  the  season  compelled  them  about  the  middle  of 
November  to  return  into  Scotland.  Towards  Christmas, 
Sir  Piobert  Clifford  raised  the  men  of  Cumberland,  and, 
joining  with  the  garrison  of  Carlisle,  retaliated  by 
invading  and  ravaging  the  whole  of  Annandale.  The 
success  of  the  Scots  lasted  but  a  short  time,  for  the 
victory  of  Falkirk  (July  29,  1208)  re-established  the 
power  of  Edward  in  Scotland,  and,  after  a  successful 
campaign,  he  returned  with  his  army -to  Carlisle,  and 
held  his  parliament  there  in  the  month  of  September. 
On  his  way  towards  the  south,  he  learnt  that  the  Scots 
were  again  in  arms,  and  he  immediately  signed  his  writs 
summoning  his  barons  to  meet  him  in  arms  at  Carlisle 
on  the  eve  of  the  day  of  Pentecost  in  the  following  year. 
Various  circumstances  prevented  the  English  monarch 
from  invading  Scotland  during  the  year  1299,  but  in 
the  summer  of  the  year  following  he  marched  into  that 
country  by  the  western  border.  The  rather  authoritative 
interference  of  the  pope,  however,  served  as  a  reason  or 
excuse  for  a  truce,  and  at  the  end  of  August,  Edward, 
having  returned  over  the  border,  proceeded  to  liolm- 


Cultram,  and  remained  there  and  at  Carlisle  until  the 
Kith  of  October,  lie  returned  thenco  to  Dumfries, 
where  the  truce  with  the  Scots  was  concluded  on  the 
<JOth  of  October,  and  Edward  was  at  Carlisle  again,  on 
his  way  to  the  south,  on  the  3rd  of  November.  The 
revolt  of  the  Scots  under  Bruce  in  1305  brought  a 
renewal  of  hostilities.  Edward  now  chose  Carlisle  as 
the  rendezvous  of  his  armies,  and  he  summoned  his 
barons  to  assemble  there  on  Midsummer- day  1306. 
On  the  28th  of  August,  the  king  himself  with  his 
queen  arrived  there,  and  they  remained  there  until  the 
10th  of  September,  when  they  left  to  pass  the  remainder 
of  the  month  in  Northumberland.  Edward  was  suffer- 
ing under  the  united  effects  of  age  and  disease,  and  he 
moved  about  on  the  Scottish  border  slowly.  He  was  at 
Lanercost  at  the  beginning  of  October,  and  remained 
there,  with  the  exception  of  a  short  visit  to  Carlisle, 
until  the  20th  of  T'ebruary,  1007.  On  the  1st  of  March 
he  removed  to  lurk  Cambock,  and  on  the  Ith  to  Lin- 
stock Castle,  where,  during  six  days,  he  and  his  queen 
and  court  were  the  guests  of  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle.  On 
the  12th,  the  king  met  his  parliament  at  Carlisle, 
where,  in  defiance  of  his  health,  he  was  preparing  for 
another  expedition  against  the  Scots.  The  army  had 
been  ordered  to  assemble  at  Carlisle  on  the  8lh  of  J  uly. 
King  Edward,  whose  mind  was  far  more  vigorous  than 
his  body,  left  Carlisle  on  the  28th  of  June,  and,  although 
lie  had  hitherto  been  obhged  to  be  carried  in  a  litter, 
lie  remounted  his  war-horse;  but  the  effort  was  too 
much  for  him,  and  he  was  obliged  to  halt  the  same  day 
at  the  hamlet  of  Caldecote,  a  short  distance  out  of  the 
city.  Next  day  he  resumed  his  jouniey,  and  on  the 
5th  of  July  he  reached  Burgh-on-the-Sands,  wliic-li  was 
his  last  halting  place.  He  expired  there  on  the  7th, 
and  a  commemorative  iiillar  now  marks  the  spot  ou 
which  he  died.  The  misgovernmeut  of  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward II.  exposed  the  border  counties  to  continual  de- 
vastations, and  the  fury  of  the  Scots  appears  to  have 
been  especially  directed  against  Cumberland,  on  account 
of  the  confiscation  of  Penrith  and  the  other  manors 
which  liad  belonged  to  the  Scottish  kings.  The  district 
of  Gilfiland  was  twice  overrun  by  the  army  of  Piobert 
Bruce  in  1311,  in  the  second  of  which  invasions  the 
Scottish  king  occupied  the  Abbey  of  Lanercost  during 
three  days.  Next  year  Bruce  penetrated  to  Durham, 
which  city  was  plundered  by  his  followers,  and  on  his 
return  ho  attacked  Carlisle,  but  was  repulsed  with  con- 
siderable loss  by  the  garrison.  He  left,  but  returned 
by  a  forced  march,  and  attempted  to  surprise  it  by 
night.  His  men  were  actually  mounting  the  walls, 
when  the  garrison  was  aroused  by  the  barking  of  a  dog, 
and  the  assailants  were  again  defeated  with  loss.    The 


OF  CUMBERLAND  AND  WESTMORELAND. 


17 


booty  carried  oiTon  this  occasion  from  Xortbumberlaud, 
Westmoreland,  and  Cumberland,  is  said  to  have  been 
immense.     After  the  battle  of  Bannockburu  in  1314, 
Bruce's  brother  Edward  and  Sir  James  Douglas,  after 
an  excursion  through  Xortbumberlaud  and   Durham 
into  Yorkshire,  returned  through  Cumberland  and  burnt 
Appleby  and  Kirkoswald,  on  their  way.     At  Christmas, 
Gilslaud  was  ravaged  again,  and  tliis  inroad  was  followed 
by  a  still  more  formidable  invasion  in  1315,  directed  by 
the  Scottish  king  in  person.  The  chieftain  whose  terrible 
ravages  bad  gained  him  celebrity  under  the  name  of  the 
Black  Douglas  bad  led  the  way,  and  had  laid  waste  the  dis- 
trict of  Egremont,  plundered  the  monastery  of  St.  Bees, 
and  destroyed  its  manor-houses  of  Clcator  and  Stainboru. 
The  united  forces  of  the  Scots  made  an  attempt  upon 
Carlisle,  but  after  attacking  it  with  persevering  resolu- 
tion during  ten  days,  they  were  eventually  beaten  away 
by  the  garrison,  under  its  brave  commander,  Audrew 
de  Hercla.     Ilercla  was  subsequently  created  earl  of 
Carlisle  as  a  reward  for  his  seiTices,  but  he  had  hardly 
enjoyed  bis  honours  a  year,  when  he  Wiis  accused  of 
treasonable  correspondence  with  the  Scots,  condemned, 
and  executed  at  Carlisle.     In  1317,  the  Scots  again 
laid  waste  Gilslaud,  the  neighbourhood  of  Brough-under- 
Stanemore,  and  other  parts  of  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland.   In  132i2,  the  northern  counties  were  invaded 
by  the  Scottish  king  and  dreadfully  ravaged.     Robert 
Bruce  burnt   Rose   Castle,   plundered    the   Abbey  of 
Holm-Cultram,  and  laid  waste  all  the  western  side  of 
Cumberland  to  Duddon   Sands.     He  then  proceeded 
into  Lancashire,  and  on  his  return  encamped  during 
five  days  near  Carlijlc.    The  unsuccessful  expedition 
of  Edward  II.  in  the  same  year,  was  followed  by  a  new 
invasion  of  Cumberland,  in  the  course  of  which  Robert 
Bruce  established  his  head  quarters  for  several  days  at 
Beaumont,  near  Carlisle,  from  which  his  soldiers  carried 
their  ravages  far  over  the  surrounding  country.     In  all 
these  expeditions  the  bouses  of  the  inhabitants  and  every 
thing  which  was  not  portable  were  destroyed,  and  the 
live  stock  and  all  tho  population  which  did  not  escape, 
or  were  not  slain,  were  driven  away  into   Scotland. 
The  accession  of  Edward  III.  brought  victory  back  to 
the  standard  of  England,  but  did  not  save  the  northern 
counties  from  a  repetition  of  these  destructive  inroads. 
In  the  summer  whicii  followed  that  event,  the  court 
moved  to  York,  while  the  English  army  assembled  at 
Newcastle,  and  reinforcements  were  sent  to  the  casllo 
of  Carlisle  ;  yut  an  army  of  fourteen  thousand  Scots, 
commanded   by   Randolph   and   Dougliw,   swept   over 
CumberLind,  and  wasted    the  country  as  far  ns  the 
county  of  Durham.     The  (light  of  Edward  Baliol  from 
Scotland  in  1332,  drew  after  it  a  destructive  invasion 
3 


of  the  district  of  Gilsland,  which  bad  so  often  before 
been  the  scene  of  the  ravages  of  the  Scots.     In  1337, 
the  Scots  entered  the  county  of  Cumberland  by  way  of 
Arthuret,  destroyed  about  twenty  villages  in  their  pro- 
gress eastwai'd,  and  carried  home  an  immense  booty. 
They  returned  the  same  year,  attacked  Carlisle,  and 
burnt  the  suburbs  and  the  hospital  of  St.  Nicholas,  as 
well  as  Rose  Castle.     In  1312,  they  made  an  inroad 
through   GUslaud,   and   advanced   as  far  as  Penrith, 
which  was  burnt.    In  a  similar  invasion  in  13-15,  Carlisle 
and  Penrith  were  burnt.     Next  year  David  Bruce  in 
person,  taking  advantage  of  the  absence  of  Edward  HI. 
in  France,   subjected  the  English  border  to  a  much 
more  formidable  invasion.     He  entered  Cumberland, 
took  Liddel  Castle  by  assault,    beheaded   the   gover- 
nor, and  massacred  the  whole  garrison.     The  Scots 
plundered  the  monks  of  Lanercost,and  after  committing, 
as   usual,   frightful   destruction,   marched   by  way  of 
Haworth  to  Ridpath.     These  devastations   were   re- 
venged by  tho  battle  of  Neville's  Cross  and  the  capture 
of  the   Scottish  king.      From  this  time,   the  border 
remained  for  some  years  free  from  such  visitations,  or, 
at  least,  no  inroads  occurred  of  sufficient  magnitude  to 
have  found  a  place  in  history ;  but  thej'  were  resumed 
after  the  accession  of  Richard  II.  to  the  throne  of  Eng- 
land.    In  the  summer  of  1 380,  the  Scots  laid  waste  the 
forest  of  Inglewood,  surprised  the  town  of  Penrith,  at 
the  period  of  tho  great  annual  fair,   when  it  was  of 
course  more  than  usually  filled  with  people,  and  com- 
mitted a  barbarous   massacre   of  the  townsmen   and 
strangers.     They  carried  back  to  Scotland  a  very  great 
booty,  and  a  multitude  of  people  as  captives,  but  they 
were  accompanied  in  their  return  by  a  pestilence  which 
was  then  raging  in  the  north  of  England,   and  which 
is  said  to  have  swept  away  one-third  of  the  population  of 
Scotland.     On  this  occasion  the  invaders  also  made  a 
fierce  attack  upon  Carlisle,  and  they  are  said  to  have 
set  fire  to  one  of  tho  streets  by  throwing  in  combustiles 
attached  to  arrows,  but  the  report  of  an  approaching 
army  compelled  them  to  withdraw  across  tlic  border. 
These   attacks  appear  to  have  been  repeated  in  the 
following  years,  for  we  find  the  abbot  of  Holm-Cultrani 
paying  a  large  sum  of  money  to  the  Earl  of  Douglas  in 
13S3  to  save  his  abbey  from  being  burnt.     During  tlio 
hostilities  between  tiio  two  countries  in  13i3o,  the  Scots 
under  Douglas,  with  their  French  allies,  overrun  and 
ravaged  Cumberland  with  dreadfiil  ferocity,  and,  after 
laying  waste  tlio  lauds  of  tho  principal  border  barons, 
made  an  attack  upon  Carlisle,  but  they  were  again  beaten 
off  with  loss.  Encouraged  by  the  weakness  of  the  English 
government,  tho  Scottish  borderers  became  bolder,  and, 
independently  of  the  greater  military  raids,  tlio  English 


18 


HISTORY   AND   ANTIQUITIES 


counties  ^vere  now  exposed  to  continual  iloprcdations. 
In  1387,  the  Eavl  of  Fife,  with  the  Earl  of  Douglas  and 
the  lord  of  Galloway,  raised  an  army  of  thirty  thousand 
men,  and,  by  a  rapid  march,  fell  suddenly  on  the  rich  and 
beautiful  district  of  Cockerraouth,  which  had  not  expe- 
rienced such  a  visitation  since  the  days  of  Robert  Bruce. 
After  plundering  and  ravaging  this  country  during  three 
days  without  opposition,  they  made  another  attack  upon 
Carlisle,  and  burnt  the  suburbs.  It  is  related  that  on  this 
occasion,  Lord  Douglas's  illegitimate  son,  Sir  WilMam 
Douglas,  distinguished  himself  by  his  extraordinary 
bravery.  On  a  narrow  drawbridge  in  the  out-works,  he 
is  said  to  have  eucountercd  three  armed  citizens,  of 
whom  he  slew  one,  and  compelled  the  other  two  to 
yield.  It  was  perhaps  on  this  occasion  that  the  Scottish 
army  was  attickcd  and  defeated,  and  driven  across  the 
river  with  the  loss  of  eleven  hundred  men.  The  chro- 
nicler, who  has  recorded  this  engagement,  says  that  it 
took  place  a  few  days  before  the  feast  of  St.  Lawrence. 
Next  3'ear  Gilsland  was  again  invaded  with  great  bar- 
barity. It  is  said  that  the  Scots  shut  up  in  some  houses 
two  hundred  decrepid  people,  women  and  children,  and 
deliberately  burnt  them. 

The  ruin  to  which  these  border  districts  were  thus 
exposed  during  more  than  a  century  must  have  been 
dreadful,  and  is  quite  sulEcieut  to  account  for  the  rarity 
of  monuments  of  the  ecclesiastical  architecture  of  th^ 
period  between  the  thirteenth  century  and  the  fifteenth, 
which  has  been  remarked  especially  in  Cumberland. 
In  most  of  the  churches,  which  present  a  diversity  of 
styles,  the  Norman  or  the  early  Euglish  appears  to  be 
followed  immediately  by  the  perpendicular.     Little,  too, 
seems  to  have  been  left  of  the  older  domestic  architec- 
ture of  the  two  counties,  and  most  of  the  old  manor 
houses  now  existing  date  from  the  iifteeuth  or,  more 
generally,   from   the   sixteenth   century.     We   cannot 
doubt,  indeed,  that  everything  in  the  shape  of  building, 
except  massive  stone  walls,  must  have  been  hopelessly 
ruined.     We  hear  little  of  border  raids  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  and  even  the  wars  of  tlie  roses  seem  to  have 
affected  these  remote  districts  very  slightly.    A  Scottish 
army  in  the  interest  of  Hemy  VI.  besieged  Carhsle  and 
burnt  the  suburbs  in  1401,  but  this  appears  as  a  solitary 
in-ent  in  history,  and  any  subsequent  inroads  of  a  serious 
character  occur  only  in  combination  with  some  greater 
political  event.     In  1522,  the  regent  Duke  of  Albany 
advanced  to  Carlisle  at  the  head  of  a  Scottish  army,  but 
that  place  was  well  provided  for  defence,  and  he  withdrew 
without  any  further  hostilities.     During  the  hostilities 
between  the  three  countries  in  ]  .523,  Lord  JIaxwell  made 
an  inroad  into  Cumberland,  defeated  a  force  which  at- 
tempted to  resist  him,  and  did  considerable  damage. 


The  last  struggles  of  feudalism  in  the  northern  rebellions 
of  1536,  called  popularly  the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  and 
1 509,  caused  a  certain  degree  of  agitation  on  the  border, 
which  continued  to  manifest  itself  at  times  during  the 
rest  of  the  reign  of  Ehzabeth,  but  was  finally  put  an 
end  to  by  the  union  of  the  two  crowns  on  the  head  of 
James  I.  The  last  inroad  of  the  Scots  happened  im- 
mediately after  the  accession  of  that  monarch  to  the 
English  throne,  when  a  party  of  two  or  three  hundred 
entered  Cumberland  and  cai-ried  their  depredations  as  far 
as  Penrith ;  but  they  were  attacked  and  dispersed  by  a. 
detachment  of  the  garrison  of  Berwick,  sent  by  the  king 
who  was  in  that  town  on  liis  way  to  England.  Tho; 
practice  of  plunder,  however,  had  become  so  habitual 
among  the  borderere,  that  in  spite  of  the  severe  punish- 
ment with  wliich  it  was  visited,  it  long  continued  to 
prevail,  and  even  the  gallows  seems  hardly  to  have 
been  looked  upon  as  a  disreputable  end  to  tiie  unlucky 
stealer  of  sheep  or  horse  who  chanced  to  fall  into  the 
hands  of  the  law.  A  border  anecdote  has  been  repeated 
more  than  once,  which  relates  especially  to  the  parish  of 
Bewcastle.  We  are  told  that  a  stranger  visiting  that 
place  was  surprised  to  fiud  that  the  tomb-stones  in  the 
churchyard  commemorated  none  but  females,  and  he 
made  a  remark  to  that  effect  to  the  old  lady  who  accom- 
panied him  as  a  guide.  "  Oh,  sir,"  she  replied  feeling!}', 
"they're  a'  buried  at  that  weary  Caerl!"  In  the  sequel, 
the  astonished  itirjuirer  learnt  that  no  male  inhabitant 
of  that  district  was  known  to  have  ended  his  days  other- 
wise than  being  hanged  at  Carlisle. 

However,  the  opening  of  the  fifteenth  centuiy  brought 
with  it  a  comparative  degree  of  personal  security,  and 
the  landholders  began  to  return  to  their  estates  and 
rebuUd  their  houses.  In  these,  strength  for  defence 
was  an  important  consideration,  and  most  of  them  had 
a  massive  square  tower,  of  three  or  four  storeys,  with  a 
vaulted  chamber  on  the  ground  floor.  This  was  the 
retreat  of  the  family  in  case  of  an  incursion  of  the  Scots. 
The  larger  houses  had  yards,  strongly  walled,  in  which 
the  cattle  were  shut  up  at  night,  or  in  times  of  danger. 
Examples  of  the  towers  are  stiU  found  attached  to  some 
of  the  older  country  houses  in  Cumberland.  Houses  of 
an  older  date  than  the  sixteenth  centur}'  are  rare  in 
Cumberland  or  Westmoreland,  but  both  counties  can 
boast  of  some  interesting  examples  of  the  domestic 
architecture  of  that  period.  Naworth  Castle,  which  is 
one  of  the  finest  examples  of  the  later  baronial  residences, 
was  built  chiefly  during  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  upon  the 
remains  of  an  edifice  of  the  fourteenth  century.  Dacre 
Castle,  in  Cumberland,  is  one  of  the  larger  examples  of 
the  tower  of  which  we  have  been  speaking,  and  is  like- 
wise a  building  originally  of  the  fourteenth  century,  but 


OF  CUMBERLAND  AND  ■^'ESTMORELAND. 


19 


consitlerably  altered  in  the  sixtcentli.  Another  example 
of  the  tower  occurs  at  Yauwath  Hall,  iu  Westmorelaud ; 
and  others  will  he  found  in  Cumberland,  at  Kirk- 
Andrews  upon  Esk,  as  well  as  at  Irton  Hall,  Muu- 
caster,  Xcther  Hall,  and  Nelherby.  Among  the  finest 
of  the  Elizabethan  mansions  are  Drumburgh  Castle, 
Dalstoa  Hall,  and  Harby  Brow,  Hardrigg,  Hew- 
thwaite,  and  Lamplugh  Halls,  in  Cumberland ; 
and  Levins,  Wharton,  and  perhaps  Clifton  Halls,  iu 
Westmoreland. 

Local  history  may  be  considered  as  in  some  degree 
co-existent  with  feudalism,  and  ceases  to  possess  any 
general  interest  at  the  period  when  the  multiplicity  of 
separate  independencies  were  absorbed  in  the  centrali- 
sation of  power  under  which  feudalism  perished.  The 
border  counties,  as  a  natural  consequence  of  their 
position,  preserved  a  general  interest  longer  than  the 
southern  districts,  and  it  was  not  until  some  time  after 
the  union  of  the  two  crowns  that  this  interest  was 
enthely  destroyed.  A  considerable  extent  of  territory 
lying  to  the  north  of  the  Esk,  and  extending  to  a  certain 
extent  on  both  sides  of  the  real  boundary  line  of  the  two 
countries,  was  known  as  the  debatable  ground,  because 
it  was  the  subject  of  conflicting  claims  between  the  two 
crowns.  This  territory  was  occupied  chiefly  by  the 
rather  numerous  clan  of  the  Grames,  or  Grahams, 
\vho3e  chief  dwelt  at  Netherby,  and  who,  by  their 
depredations,  had  made  themselves  equally  obnoxious 
to  the  two  crowns.  These  depredations  had  been 
carried  on  with  unusual  boldness  during  the  later 
years  of  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  and,  as  they  were  not 
checked  by  the  proclamations  of  her  successor,  King 
.lames  determined  to  put  an  end  to  them  in  a  summary 
manner,  by  the  expulsion  of  the  whole  clan.  An  assess- 
ment was  made  on  the  county  of  Cumberland,  in  lOOG, 
to  defray  the  expenses  of  what  was  termed  in  those  days 
the  "  transplantation  "  of  this  clan,  who  were  embarked 
nt  ^Vorkillgton,  and  sent  partly  to  Ireland  and  partly 
to  the  Xclhcrlands.  The  love  of  their  old  country 
seems  to  have  been  still  powerful  with  the  banished 
Grames,  and  some  of  them  ventured  to  return,  and  a 
proclamation  for  apprehending  them  appeared  in  1U14. 
Nevertheless,  some  of  the  branches  of  tliis  clan  had  been 
allowed  to  remain,  no  doubt  on  account  of  their  moro 
peaceful  behaviour ;  and  Uichard  Graham,  of  Esk,  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1020,  and  purchased  Nelherby  and 
the  barony  of  Liddell.  Tlie  family  is  at  present  repre- 
sented by  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  James  Graham.  There 
still  remained,  however,  in  the  debatable  ground,  a 
multitude  of  wUd  freebooters,  who  were  known  by  iho 
name  of  moss-troopers,  from  the  character  of  the  country 
in  which  they  found  shelter,  and  who  gave  great  trouble 


to  the  legal  authorities,  and  no  little  occupation,  as  has 
been  already  intimated,  to  the  executioner  at  Carhsle. 
The  great  opponents  of  these  marauders  were  the 
Howards  of  Nawortli,  the  ancestors  of  the  earls  of 
Carlisle  ;  and  the  Lord  WilUam  Howard,  who  held  the 
office  of  Warder  of  the  Western  Marches  during  the 
reigns  of  James  I.  and  Charles  L,  was  so  continually  ui 
the  saddle  iu  pursuit  of  them  that  he  became  popularly 
known  by  the  name  of  Belted  Willie. 

The  two  counties  appear  not  to  have  been  so  much 
agitated  as  many  other  parts  of  the  kingdom,  during  the 
civil  wars  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  Their  inhabitants, 
many  of  whom  were  old  Catholic  faraihes,  took  less  part 
iu  the  new  political  principles  which  were  then  abroad, 
and  they  joined  early  iu  the  association  of  the  northern 
counties  to  raise  forces  for  the  king,  who  had  an  army 
there  in  1 G44.  After  the  great  defeat  of  Marston  Moor, 
July  2, 1044,  Prince  Paip^rt  led  the  forces  he  had  saved 
from  the  battle  back  through  Lancashire  to  join  these 
Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  levies.  Earlier  in  the 
year  ilontrose  had  raised  a  small  army  m  Cumberland, 
with  which  he  crossed  the  border  and  took  possession 
of  Dumfries,  but  the  approach  of  the  Earl  of  Callander 
compelled  him  to  fall  back  upon  Carlisle,  where,  according 
to  some  accounts,  he  was  besieged,  but  our  information 
on  this  subject  is  of  a  very  uncertain  character.  Carlisle 
was  subsequently  occupied  by  the  royalist  troops  which 
had  formed  the  garrison  of  York,  and  received  for  its 
governor  Sir  Thomas  Glenham.  At  some  period  during 
these  events,  an  attempt  was  made  to  raise  a  force  for 
the  parliament  in  Cumberland,  but  they  were  easily 
defeated  and  dispersed.  The  royalists  of  these  pai'ts 
were  now,  however,  threatened  with  more  serious 
dangers,  for  the  Scottish  army,  under  General  Lesley, 
was  approaching  this  part  of  tho  border.  Towards  the 
end  of  September,  he  defeated,  near  Great  Salkeld,  a 
detachment  of  royalists,  commanded  by  Sir  Phihp 
Musgravc  and  Sir  Henry  Fletcher,  and  drove  them  to 
Carlisle,  whence  ho  continued  his  march  to  take  part  in 
the  siege  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne.  Newcastle  was  taken 
by  storm  in  the  month  of  October,  after  which  Lesley 
returned  into  Cumberland  with  part  of  tho  Scottish 
forces,  and  the  siege  of  Carlisle  was  reguhuly  opened. 
The  garrison  and  townsmen  held  out  resolutely  during 
several  mouths,  although  reduced  to  the  greatest  distress 
by  want  of  provisions,  until  the  king's  defeat  at  Naseby 
deprived  them  of  all  hopes  of  relief,  aud  they  sur- 
rondered,  and  obtained  honourable  terms,  on  tho  2oth 
of  Juno,  lOI.'.  Lord  Dig'-y  and  Sir  Marmaduke 
Langdalo  made  an  attempt  to  revive  tho  royalist  inllii- 
ence  in  Cumberland,  in  the  folio  iviiig  October,  but  they 
were  entirely  defeated  by  Su' John  Brown,  the  governor 


20 


HISTORY  AXD   ANTIQUITIES 


of  Carlisle  Castle,  and  made  their  escape,  not  without 
difficult}-,  to  the  Isle  of  Man.  At  the  close  of  the  fol- 
lowing year,  the  Scottish  garrison,  which  had  till  then 
held  possession  of  Carlisle,  was  withdrawn  and  sent 
away,  and  orders  were  given  for  dismantling  the  castle. 
It  was  not  till  two  years  after  this  period  that  new 
events  occurred  to  give  importance  to  the  counties  of 
Cumberland  and  Westmoreland.  The  fu'st  sigual  of 
these  new  troubles  was  the  surprise  of  Carlisle 
by  Sir  Thomas  Glenham  and  Sir  Philip  Jlusgrave,  at 
the  end  of  the  April  of  1018;  and  immediately  after- 
wards Sir  Marmaduke  Laugdale  assembled  a  force  of 
upwards  of  four  thousand  men,  raised  chiefly  in  Cumber- 
land and  Westmoreland,  upon  a  heath  about  five  miles 
from  that  city.  Lambert,  who  thou  commanded  for  the 
parliament  in  the  north,  advanced  to  Penrith  in  the 
middle  of  June,  and  made  that  place  his  head  quarters, 
while  Langdale  fell  back  upon  Carlisle,  of  which  Mus- 
grave  had  been  made  governor.  The  castles  of  Grey- 
stock,  Rose,  and  Scaleby,  were  taken  by  the  Parliamen- 
tarians on  this  occasion,  and  the  two  former  are  said  to 
have  been  burnt. 

This  movement  of  the  royalists  in  Cumberland  had 
been  concerted  with  the  party  headed  by  the  Duke  of 
Hamilton  in  Scotland,  who  had  at  this  moment  gained 
the  superiority  in  the  Scottish  councils,  and  resolved 
upon  taking  up  arms  to  liberate  the  king.    The  Scottish 
army,  which  was  very  ill  equipped,  numbered  at  that 
time  nearly  fifteen  thousand  men,  of  whom  about  four 
thousand  were  cavalry.     A  few  days  afterwards  he  was 
joined  by  General  Monro,  wlio  brought  a  reinforcement 
of  two  thousand  foot  and  one  thousand  horse  from 
Ireland.      The  main  body  of  the  Scottish  army  lav 
about  Wigton ;  and  it  was  further  reinforced  by  the 
forces  under   Sir  Marmaduke   Langdale,  which   now 
amounted  to  about  four  thousand  foot  and  ei"ht  thou- 
sand horse.     Lambert,  whose  army  was  quite  insuf- 
iicient  to  contest  the  ground  with  so  formidable  a  force 
as  this,  fdl  back  from  Penrith  upon  Appleby,  where 
the  Scots   were  driven   back  in   an   attempt  to  dis- 
lodge   the     rarlianientarians.        Lambert,     however, 
continued  his  retrograde  movement  to  Bowes,  where 
he    received    some    reinforcements    from    Yorkshire. 
Hamilton  had  now  begun  his  march  towards  tlie  south, 
leaving  Carlisle  in  charge  of  a  Scottish  garrison,  under 
the   command  of  Sir  William  Livingston,  whom  he 
had  appointed  its  governor  in  the  place  of  Sir  Philip 
Musgrave.      The  Scottish  army  remained  a  month  in 
Westmoreland,  without  performing  any  exploit  worth 
mentioning.      The  soldiers,  who  were  turbulent   and 
nndisciplined,    overran   the  country,   plundering    and 
committing  such  barbarous  outrages  as  exasperated  the 


inhabitants  to  the  highest  degree,  until  it  was  so  ex- 
hausted that  they  were  compelled  to  remove  out  of  it  by 
the  want  of  provisions.  Monro,  with  his  Irish  troops, 
was  left  at  Kendal,  with  orders,  in  case  the  main  army 
was  attacked,  to  fall  back  upon  Appleby  or  Carlisle 
according  to  circumstances,  while  Hamilton,  ruled  by 
the  advice  of  the  Earl  of  Callander,  directed  his  march 
through  Westmoreland,  in  the  direction  of  Preston. 

The  disasters  of  Preston  and  AA'iirrington  so  com- 
pletely ruined  the  Scottish  army,  that  about  fifteea 
hundred  of  Hamilton's  horse  were  all  who  reached 
Monro,  to  carry  him  the  first  intelligence  of  the  misfor- 
tune of  the  rest.  Jlonro  had  advanced  from  Kendal  to 
Ivirby  Lonsdale,  where  he  received  intelligence  that 
Cromwell  was  advancing  iipon  him  from  Yorkshire, 
and  he  immediately  retreated  to  Appleby,  and  sent  a 
messenger  to  convey  the  information  to  the  Duke  of 
Hamilton  and  bring  back  his  orders,  but  he  soon  after- 
wards learnt  that  Cromwell  had  taken  the  road  to  Pres- 
ton, and  then  he  resumed  his  quarters  at  Kirby  Lons- 
dale. It  appears  that  the  messenger  he  had  sent  to 
Hamilton  had  been  intercepted,  and  the  surprise  and 
alarm  of  the  Scots  at  Kirby  Lonsdale,  on  receiving  their 
intelligence  in  this  abrupt  manner  of  the  capture  of 
Hamilton  and  the  loss  of  his  army,  may  be  easily 
imagined.  The  cavalry  refused  to  remain  with  them, 
but  continued  their  headlong  flight  to  Scotland,  plun- 
dering and  committing  so  many  outrages  on  the  wa}', 
that  the  peasantry,  in  their  exasperation,  slew  every 
straggler  they  met  with,  ifonro,  also,  began  his  re- 
treat, but,  with  the  same  spirit  which  actuated  his 
followers,  he  took  the  eastern  road,  intending  to  set 
fire  to  the  coal-pits  at  Newcastle.  The  Ilamiltonian 
party,  however,  had  now  been  overthrown  in  Scotland, 
and  he  was  met  by  an  order  of  the  committee  of  estates 
to  return  without  further  hostilities,  in  consequence  of 
which  he  marched  direct  to  the  border. 

The  royaUsts  of  Cumberland  had  been  active,  and 
seem  to  have  reckoned  on  recovering  the  superiority 
during  these  events.  Sir  Philip  Musgrave,  with  a  por- 
tion of  the  royalist  militia  of  Cumberland,  presented 
himself  before  Carlisle,  where  the  Scottish  governor 
refused  to  admit  him ;  while  Lieutenant  Bird,  who  held 
Cockermouth  Castle  for  the  parliament,  was  be- 
sieged by  about  five  hundred  of  the  royalist  forces  of 
Cumberland  during  more  than  a  month,  until  he  was 
relieved  on  the  29th  of  September,  by  the  arrival  of 
Colonel  Ashton,  whom  Cromwell  had  sent  from  Lan- 
caster to  his  assistance.  Carlisle  was  delivered  by  the 
Scots  to  Cromwell  ou  the  1st  of  October,  and  received 
a  strong  garrison,  consisting  chiefly  of  cavalry,  as  they 
were  designed  for  the  suppression  of  the  moss-troopers. 


OF  CUMBERLAND  AND  WESTMORELAND. 


21 


The  garrison  appears  to  have  been  increased  in  subse- 
quent years,  as  we  read  of  a  detachment  of  a  thousand 
men  having  been  sent  into  Scotland,  in  the  December 
of  1050,  and  of  another  detachment  of  two  thousand 
men  sent  by  JNTajor-General  Harrison,  then  governor 
of  Carhslc,  against  a  party  of  Scots,  who  threatened 
the  border  in  the  Juno  of  the  following  year. 

ISoth  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  were  reduced 
to  great  distress  by  the  ravages  of  the  Scots  during  the 
expedition  of  the  Duke  of  Hamilton.  The  petitions  of 
the  inhabitants  of  the  former  county,  when  seeking  to 
he  eased  of  the  burthen  of  supporting  the  garrison  of 
Carlisle  after  the  expulsion  of  the  Scots,  complained 
that  families  of  the  first  quality  had  hardly  bread 
enough  for  their  own  consumption,  with  nothing  to 
drink  but  water ;  that  people  died  of  starvation  in  the 
public  roads ;  and  that  there  were  in  the  county  of 
Cumberland  no  less  than  thirty  thousand  families  who 
had  neither  seed  nor  bread  corn,  and  who  were  entirely 
without  money  to  buy  them.  The  parliament  ordered 
a  collection  to  be  made  for  their  relief. 

The  border  counties  again  enjoyed  a  long  period 
of  tranquillity.  During  the  Scottish  Jacobite  rebellion 
of  171."),  another  attempt  was  made  to  penetrate  into 
lingland  by  the  route  through  Cumberland.  Towards 
the  end  of  October,  Brigadier  Mackintosh  with  his 
Highlanders  had  formed  a  junction  at  Kelso  with  the 
English  insurgents  under  General  Forster  and  Lord 
Kenmure;  and  at  the  beginning  of  November  they 
crossed  the  border  and  took  up  their  quarters  at 
Brampton,  where  Forster  opened  his  commission  from 
the  Earl  of  Mar,  which  appointed  him  commander-in- 
chief  of  tlio  army  in  England,  and  at  the  same  time  the 
Pretender  was  proclaimed.  The  rebels  marched  through 
C^umberland  and  Westmoreland,  halting  for  a  while  at 
Penrith  and  Appleby,  but  meeting  with  no  sympathy 
from  the  population  of  the  country  tliroiigh  whii-h  they 
passed,  and  many  of  the  English  troops  had  deserted 
before  they  reached  Kirby  Lonsdale.  The  ill-conducted 
expedition  ended  speedily  by  the  capture  of  the  rebel 
army  at  Preston. 

In  tho  more  formidable  rebellion  of  171.'),  these  coun- 
ties were  chosen  ns  the  lino  of  march  of  tho  Pretender 
into  England.  Tho  Pretender  left  Kelso  on  tho  fith 
of  Xovembcr;  and,  after  making  n  demonstration  as 
though  he  would  enter  Northumberland,  in  order  to 
deceive  General  Wade,  who  was  at  Newcastle,  ho 
cros.sod  the  Esk  on  the  Oth  near  Longtown,  and 
entered  Cumberland,  passing  that  niglit  at  n  place 
called  Reddings  on  the  road  to  Carlisle.  Having 
assemliled  his  whole  army  here  on  the  10th,  he  con- 
tinued his  inarch.     A  party  of  Highland  cavalry  had 


already  shown  themselves  upon  Stanwix  bank,  but  had 
retired  after  a  few  shots  from  the  castle.  Carlisle  had 
been  left  in  a  very  defenceless  condition,  its  whole 
garrison  consisting  of  a  company  of  invalids  under 
the  command  of  Colonel  Durand,  and  the  fortifications 
in  a  ruinous  state;  but  the  whole  body  of  the  militia 
of  Cumberland  and  AVestraoreland  had  been  drawn 
into  the  city,  and  the  mayor,  Mr.  Pattison,  talked  of 
defending  the  place  with  resolution.  Accordingly,  the 
summons  to  surrender  was  received  in  silent  defiance, 
and  the  rebels,  after  firing  a  few  shots,  marched  on  the 
11th  to  Brampton,  in  consequence  of  a  report  that 
General  Wade  was  advancing  to  the  relief  of  Carhsle. 
Charles  Edward  Stuart  slept  on  the  'Jth  at  a  Mr. 
MuiTay's,  three  miles  south  of  Carlisle  :  on  the  10th  at 
Black  Hall,  in  St.  Mary's  parish;  and  on  the  11th  at 
Warwick  Hall.  As  no  more  was  heard  of  Wade,  a  strong 
division  of  tho  Scottish  army  resumed  the  siege  of  Car- 
lisle on  the  ]3th,  and  the  town  and  garrison  at  first 
made  great  show  of  resistance ;  but,  when  preparations 
Nvere  made  for  an  assault  on  the  1 .5th,  both  the  mayor 
and  the  governor  agreed  to  capitulate ;  and  the  Duke 
of  Perth  took  possession  of  Carlisle  in  the  name  of 
the  Pretender,  who  was  next  day  proclaimed  there,  the 
mayor  and  municipal  bodies  attending  with  the  sword 
and  mace  carried  before  them.  The  rebels  took,  in  the 
castle  and  city,  a  great  number  of  cannon,  fil'teeu 
cohorn  mortars,  and  an  abundance  of  cannon-balls, 
grenades,  small  bombs,  about  a  hundred  barrels  of 
gunpowder,  and  other  military  stores.  Among  the 
arms  were  many  of  the  Highland  broad  swords  taken 
at  Preston  in  171.").  On  the  '^Ist  and  viQuJ,  the  Scot- 
tish arrav,  leaving  a  garrison  of  two  hundred  men  in 
Carlisle,  marched  to  Penrith,  and  thence  advanced  to 
the  soutlnvanl  through  Lancashire. 

The  subsequent  fate  of  this  expedition  is  well  known, 
and  belongs  but  partially  to  our  border  counties.  The 
Pretender  reached  Penrith  on  his  retreat  on  the  17th 
of  December,  during  tho  night  of  which  day  tho  Duke 
of  Cumberland  and  JInjor-General  Oglethorpe,  who  were 
in  pursuit,  slept  at  Kendal.  Next  morning,  Oglethorpe's 
light  horse,  accompanied  bj-  many  of  the  squires  and 
farmers  of  the  country  armed  and  mounted,  rode  early 
in  the  pursuit,  and  came  in  sight  of  the  rear  of  the 
rebel  army,  as  it  was  making  its  way  laboriously  over 
Clifton  moor,  but  as  the  Pretender  liad  sent  most  of 
his  horse  to  protect  tho  baggage  and  artillery,  Ogle- 
thorpe did  not  feel  strong  enough  to  attack  it,  and  fell 
back  upon  Kendal.  Lord  George  Jlurray,  who  com- 
manded the  rear  of  the  Pretender's  army,  sent  forward 
the  baggiige,  and  remained  bi'hind  to  check  the  pursuit. 
Lea\ing  a  few  men  in  a  farm-house  on  the  road,  he 


2-2 


HIST0I5Y   AXD    ANTIQUITIES 


marched  rapiillv  through  the  village  of  Cliftou,  \Yith 
about  three  hundred  foot  aud  a  troop  of  horse,  to  take 
possession  of  Lowther  Hall,  where  he  found  a  servant 
of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  from  wliora  he  learut  that 
the  duke  was  advancing  with  four  thousand  cavalry  and 
some  infantry,  and  that  lie  intended  to  estabUsh  his  head 
quarters  at  Lowther  Hall  the  same  evening.  Lord 
George  fell  back  in  haste  upon  the  village  of  Clifton, 
and  despatched  a  messenger  to  Prince  Charles,  who 
sent  some  regiments  back  to  reinforce  him.  These 
were  placed  under  cover  of  the  hedges  and  walls  in  a 
line  from  the  village  of  Clifton  to  the  house  of  a  Quaker, 
named  Savage,  at  the  foot  of  the  moor.  One  of  Savage's 
family,  however,  made  his  way  through  the  fields  un- 
observed, as  tlie  night  had  now  set  in,  and  informed 
the  Duke  of  Cumberland  of  the  dispositions  of  the  rebel 
forces.  The  EngUsh  made  an  attempt  to  dislodge  the 
latter,  in  spite  of  the  darkness,  but  they  were  repulsed 
with  some  loss.  Nevertheless,  the  rebels  made  a  hasty 
retreat  to  Penrith,  expecting  to  find  their  prince  there, 
but  he  had  no  sooner  heard  of  the  sldrmish  than  he  fled 
precipitately  to  Carlisle.  The  night  was  so  dark,  and 
the  mountain  roads  in  that  winter  season  so  bad,  that 


the  rebels,  though  not  pursued,  suffered  greatly,  and 
Chai'les  Stuart  was  obliged  to  abandon  his  horee  aud 
proceed  on  foot,  and  in  this  condition  he  reached  Carlisle 
next  morning,  the  lUth  of  December. 

The  Duke  of  Cumberland  had  slept  that  night  in  the 
house  of  a  loyal  Quaker,  in  the  outskirts  of  the  village 
of  Cliftou,  but  in  the  moiTiing  he  continued  the  pursuit. 
The  rebels  remained  only  one  night  in  Carlisle,  aud  on 
the  20th,  leaving  a  garrison  of  three  hundred  men  in 
the  castle,  continued  their  retreat,  and  at  night  re- 
crossed  the  river  Esk  into  Scotland.  They  had  quitted 
Carlisle  so  precipitately,  that  they  were  obliged  to  leavo 
there  all  their  ai-tillery  and  a  great  part  of  their  bag- 
gage ;  and  at  the  time  they  were  crossing  the  Esk,  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland  was  already  within  eight  miles  of 
Carlisle,  which  was  formally  invested  next  day.  The 
siege  operations  were  delayed  by  the  want  of  siege 
artillery,  which  had  to  be  brought  from  "R'hitehaven : 
but  the  duke's  batteries  were  in  a  condition  to  open  fire 
on  the  28th,  and  the  Scottish  garrison  surrendered  at 
discretion  on  the  30th.  The  suppression  of  this  rebel- 
lion may  be  considered  as  closing  the  history  of  the 
Scottish  border. 


Ck  (i5cf)%!)  of  Ciinil)crl;intr  aiib  Mtstnmrelaiiii; 


WITH    I-ARTICrLAR    KEFERESCE   TO 


THE  DISTPJCT  OF  THE  EA^GLISH  LAOS. 


Some  few  years  ago  I  burst  into  the  studio  of  a  clever 
artist,  an  intimate  friend,  and  iouud  bim  occupied  in 
putting  some  finishing  touches  to  a  landscape  compo- 
sition. The  general  effect  was  pleasing  enough,  and 
the  arrangement  of  light  and  shade  exquisite  ;  still, 
when  asked  my  opinion  upon  the  production,  I  was 
obliged  to  express  dissatisfaction.  My  friend  slightly 
coloured.  What  was  it  which  offended  me '.'  AVant  of 
congruity,  I  replied; — want  of  truthfulness  to  nature. 
Even  had  you  not  expressly  informed  me  of  the  fact,  I 
should  have  been  assured  that  it  is  no  real  landscape 
which  is  here  pourtrayed.  I  then  questioned  him  as 
to  his  summer  rambluigs.  Had  he  ever  sketched  in 
Kent?  Yes,  many  a  time.  Had  he  ever  visited 
Wales  or  Cumberland?  Yes,  both.  Perhaps  ho  had 
crossed  over  into  the  Isle  of  Man  ?  Yes ;  he  had  some 
ilanx  sketches  in  his  portfolio.  And  therefore,  I  con- 
tinued, in  composing  this  picture  from  your  note-book, 
you  have  placed  on  one  side  of  your  lovely  Kentish 
valley,  with  its  hazel  copses  and  hop-clad  slopes,  the 
towering  porphyritic  peaks  of  ScawfcU  and  Great- 
Gable,  and  on  the  other  the  beautifully  rounded  out- 
line of  Bein-y-Phot  or  Greebab,  the  softer  clay  schists 
of  whose  surface  have  been  ploughed  up  by  the  passage 
over  them  of  ice-floes  and  icebergs,  and  then  degraded 
during  ages  of  quiet  upheaval  from  the  depths  of  an 
arctic  sea.  And  see,  I  added,  this  mass  of  rock  which 
so  picturesquely  occupies  tho  foreground,  and  is  prc- 
sumcil  to  have  been  detached  and  to  have  fallen  from 
this  frowning  porphyritic  precipice,  is  a  veritable  lump 
of  mountain  liiiicstoiie,  one  of  the  blocks  which  the 
action  of  tho  boisterous  sea  which  beats  on  the  iron- 
bound  coast  of  old  Jlona,  has  torn  down  from  the 
singular  patch  of  limestone  which  juts  out  between 
Port  St.  Mary  and  Perwick  bay.     My  friend,  with  his 


characteristic  candour,  owned  tho  correctness  of  my 
remarks,  and  acknowledged  that,  to  be  a  proficient  in 
his  art,  he  ought  either  to  paint  dii-ect  from  nature,  or, 
if  he  composed  a  picture,  to  become  a  geologist. 

Perhaps  some  might  be  inclined  to  exclaim,  "  Cur 
ego  amicum  offendam  in  nugis:"  i.e.,  "  V.'hy  get  in  a 
passion  with  such  trifles  as  these ;"  or,  with  the  same 
classic  author,  to  affirm  that  "to  poets  and  painters 
sufficient  liberty  must  be  allowed."  Granted ;  yet  our 
old  friend  Horace  is  quite  as  decided  as  to  the  necessity 
of  uiiit}/  in  a  poem  or  a  picture ;  and  that  man  as  much 
offends  against  true  art,  truth,  and  nature  itself,  who 
paints  a  granitic  peak  a-top  of  a  chalk  cliff,  as  he  who 
pourtrays  "  a  dolphin  in  tho  woods,  or  a  wild  boar  in 
the  midst  of  the  sea." 

The  fact  is,  that  both  poets  and  painters  of  some 
eminence  have  been  guilty  of  many  (so  to  speak) 
geological  anachronisms.  The  terms  granitic  and 
adamantine  sound  very  grand,  and  help  to  round  a 
line,  if  they  do  not  always  express  a  truth  ;  and  so, 
also,  it  is  very  easy  to  paint  gigantic  breakers  ilashiug 
against  impossible  coasts,  and  from  ignorance  of  the 
effects  of  the  atmosphere  on  rocks  of  different  texture, 
to  display,  on  the  saD\e  canvas,  such  an  aggregation  of 
scenery  as  it  is  not  likely,  if  at  all  possible,  should  occur 
on  the  face  of  nature. 

Geology,  though  an  infant  science,  has  already  added 
immensely  to  the  intellectual  enjoyments  of  the  human 
race.  The  history  of  no  count'y  can  be  considered 
complete  without  tho  chapter  of  its  physical  historv- : 
and  for  a  tourist  to  enter  upon  a  district,  guide-book  and 
map  in  hand,  but  that  guide-book  or  map  defective  in 
geological  description  or  colouring,  is  much  the  same  as 
if  he  should  walk  into  a  picture  gallery  with  a  catalogue 
of  its  contents,  but  that  catalogue  unnumbered,  or  the 


24 


GEOLOGY  OF 


numbers  so  placed  as  not  to  corrcspoud  with  tlie  tickets 
attached  to  each  separate  painting. 

The  following  pages  are  intended  to  supply  to  tlie 
present  volume  such  a  synopsis  of  the  geology  of 
Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  and  more  especially 
of  the  lake  distriot,  as  may  help  tln'  general  reader  to 
a  just  appreciation  of  the  varied  beauties  which  belong 
to  this  locality ;  and,  whilst  gaziug  on  the  lovely  retire- 
ment of  the  vales,  and  the  deep  quiet  of  those  azure 
lakes  in  which  majestic  mountains  glass  themselves,  to 
enable  him  to  revert-  to  the  period  when  the  mountains 
were  being  heaved  up  with  volcanic  throes  from  the 
depths  of  the  primeval  ocean,  or,  subscciuently,  were 
being  degraded  by  the  action  of  the  glacier  and  the 
avalanche,  whilst  an  arctic  sea  reached  far  up  into 
the  country,  changing  the  valleys  into  icy  fiords,  whence 
it  bore  far  away  vast  spoils  of  poqihyry,  greenstone,  and 
granite,  and  spread  them  over  a  sea  bottom  which 
has  since  become  the  plains  of  Yorkshire,  Lancashire, 
Cheshire,  and  Staffordshire,  stranding  also  a  portion  on 
the  southern  coasts  of  the  Isle  of  Man. 

"SVhen  I  first  became  acquainted  with  Cumberland 
and  Westmoreland,  I  was  but  a  tyro  in  earth-science. 
It  is  a  fearful  country  for  the  young  student  in  geology 
to  break  ground  in.  Torn  in  pieces,  and  then  crumpled 
up  in  almost  every  possible  contortion — intersected  with 
vast  djkes  of  protruded  and  intruded  igneous  rocks — - 
starred  in  every  direction  with  faults,  and  then  scored 
with  the  ice  tracks  of  a  thousand  ages ; — how  is  such  a 
country  to  be  unravelled'.'  Where  must  the  student 
begin'.' — where  can  he  end'.' 

No  wonder,  then,  that  at  the  end  of  three  months, 
though  many  a  rock  had  yielded  to  the  more  energetic 
blows  of  my  youthful  hammer,  and  my  packages  were 
considerably  heavier  on  my  exodus  from  the  country 
than  at  my  advent  to  it,  I  had  not  advanced  far  into  a 
knowledge  of  the  structure  of  the  mountain  masses,  and 
of  their  relation  to  the  rocks  of  other  regions  I  was  in 
almost  total  ignorance.  At  that  time,  the  great  sub- 
divisions of  the  oldest  strata  of  the  globe — the  inner 
garments,  as  it  were,  which  wrap  about  the  giant  limbs 
of  Mother  Earth,  had  scarcely  been  made  out ;  and  the 
terms  Cumbrian,  Cambrian,  Silurian,  Devonian,  were 
only  beginning  to  find  a  place  in  the  vocabulary  of 
geologists.  The  patient,  untiring  labours  of  an  humble 
individual,  Mr.  Otley,  who  must  ever  be  regarded  as  the 
father  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  geology,  had 
indeed  worked  out  the  chief  problems  of  relative  age  of 
the  different  deposits,  and  had  traced  out  almost  accu- 
rately the  boundai-ies  of  each  :  but  the  subject  of 
ynetamorpJdsm  {i.e.,  change  of  form  or  structure  of 
rocks)  had  hardly  been  touched  upon,  and  the  diluvial 


theory  of  the  trausjiort  of  bouldcre,  and  of  Ihe  gravel  and 
sands  of  the  later  tertiaries,  reigned  supreme. 

The  orderly  mind  of  the  venerable  father  of  English 
geology,  William  Smith,  accustomed  to  trace  out  that 
beautiful  sequence  of  the  strata  of  the  secondary  period, 
which  in  no  quarter  of  the  globe  is  better  developed  than  in 
the  south  and  cast  of  England, started  back  at  the  confusion 
of  this  area  of  volcanic  action ;  and  the  maps  which  he 
and  his  talented  son-in-law.  Professor  Phillips,  had 
accomplished,  could  only  at  the  time  place  the  rocks  of 
the  lake  country  under  the  one  great  nomenclature  of 
the  clay-slate  and  grauwacke-slate  system.  It  was 
reserved  to  Professor  Sedgwick,  applying  a  mind  power- 
ful in  itself,  but  trained  to  closer  reasoning  by  the  studies 
of  that  university  of  which  he  has  long  bceu  so  bright  an 
ornament,  to  bring  forth  order  out  of  chaos,  and  after 
many  a  footsore  ramble  amongst  the  mountains  and  glens 
of  his  almost  native  district,  to  lay  before  the  Geological 
Society  of  London  the  result  of  years  of  investigation,  in 
a  scries  of  papers  which  must  ever  form  the  ground-work 
of  any  geological  description  of  this  area. 

Whatever  future  research  may  do  in  determining,  by 
means  of  larger  suites  of  fossils,  the  actual  equivalents 
of  the  rocks  of  the  lake  district  and  surrounding  country, 
when  placed  alongside  those  of  Wales  and  other  paleozoic 
and  hypozoic  districts,  whatever  may  be  the  nomencla- 
ture which  futuie  geologists  may  find  it  most  convenient 
to  adopt  in  reference  to  these  vast  groups  of  strata — 
whether  the  name  Cambrian,  as  first  bestowed  upon 
them  by  Professor  Sedgwick,  be  retained,  and  whether 
it  be  regarded  as  corresponding  with  a  portion  of  the 
lower  Silurian  of  Sir  Roderio  Murchisou,  stdl  it  is  verj' 
unlikely  that  any  material  alteration  can  take  place  in 
the  classification  which  Professor  Sedgwick  has  made 
of  the  rooks  of  these  counties,  or  in  the  outline  which 
he  has  traced  of  the  different  areas  which  they  occupy. 
The  tribute  which  that  eminent  geologist  Professor 
Phillips  has  given  to  the  work  of  Professor  Sedgwick 
is  most  just  when  he  says,  "  From  his  judgment  it  is 
seldom'  safe  to  differ."  In  later  years  I  have  several 
times  gone  over  this  locality,  again  and  again  making 
various  traverses,  chietly  with  the  view  of  tracing  the 
direction  of  the  currents  of  the  boulderclay  and  post- 
tertiary  period,  and  the  map  which  Professor  Sedgwick 
has  deposited  in  the  library  of  the  Geological  Society  of 
London,  has  certainly  been  my  most  faithful  guide 
in  following  up  to  their  true  situs,  or  origin,  the  several 
drifted  materials. 

An  old  writer,  in  speaking  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  has 
described  it  as  "  ane  parke  in  y^  sea,  impaled  with 
rocks."  Such  might,  in  former  ages,  have  served  for 
the  description  too  of  the  English  lake  district.     The 


CUMBERLAND  AND  WESTMORELAND. 


25 


plains  wliich  encircle  it  on  every  siilc  (in  which  we  may 
include  the  fragment  of  the  drift  fringing  its  western 
margin)  formed  the  bed  of  a  sea,  out  of  which  uprose 
the  pinnacles  of  slate,  porphyry,  syenite,  and  granite, 
in  the  midst  of  which  repose  those  exquisite  waters 
which  have  given  a  character  and  celebrity  to  this 
portion  of  England. 

In  endeavouring  to  give  to  the  general  reader  a  notion 
of  the  structure  of  the  area  of  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland, and  of  the  causes  which  have  led  to  its  present 
appearance,  I  shall  only  presume  that  he  possesses  a  very 
small  quantity  of  geological  knowledge,  and  can  excuse 
my  using  very  simple  terms  and  illustrations.  It  is 
necessary  that  he  should  be  aware  that  the  rocks  of  which 
the  crust  of  the  globe  on  which  we  live  is  composed  may 
be  divided  first  of  all  into  two  great  classes,  viz.,  if/ncous, 
or  those  which  have  been  forced  up  from  below  by  the 
action  of  fire,  and  aqueous  (or  perhaps,  rather,  as  we 
should  call  them,  sedimentarijj,  i.e.,  those  which  have 
been  deposited  from  above  after  having  been  mecha- 
nically suspended  in,  or  rolled  along  by,  water.  To  the 
former  class,  in  modem  times,  belongs  the  lava  poured 
forth  from  volcanoes ;  and  to  the  latter  class  belong  the 
mud,  sand,  and  gravel  which  settle  down  either  in  fresh 
water  lakes  or  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  Both  the 
above  classes  have  in  some  places  undergone  a  change 
in  their  original  constitution,  and,  from  some  causes 
which  I  will  not  now  discuBS,  have  assumed  a  crystalline, 
or  semi-crystalline  appearance.  They  have  hence  been 
called  mctamorphic,  i.e.,  altered  rocks. 

In  the  district  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  a7id 
particularly  in  the  midst  of  the  lakes,  wo  meet  with  the 
most  perfect  examples  of  these  dillbrcnt  classes  of  rock, 
and  I  proceed  to  give  a  short  account  of  the  origin  of 
each,  and  the  localities  whon^  they  may  best  be  studied. 
I  will  not  speculate  upon  what  may  have  been  the 
original  condition  of  our  globe,  but  presume  that  we 
have  come  to  that  chapter  in  its  history  when  the 
physical  operations  going  on  upon  its  surface  .were 
similar  in  kind,  though,  perhaps,  not  altogether  in 
degree,  to  those  which  we  witness  now; — when,  as 
now,  the  earthquake  and  the  volcano  ■were  upheaving 
and  breaking  the  surface  of  our  earth,  and  the  sea  and 
air  were  at  work  upon  the  upheaved  surface,  pulling  it 
down  again  to  one  general  level. 

The  earliest  stratified  rocks  of  this  district,  as  far  as 
we  at  present  know,  are  the  Skiddaw  slates,  whose 
general  character  is  dark,  glossy,  laminated,  and  argil- 
laceous. Though  deposited  originally  as  mud  at  the 
bottom  of  the  primeval  sea,  it  is  only  very  lately  that 
organic  remains,  that  is,  fossils,  or  relics  of  ancient  life, 
have  been  discovered  in  them.  We  arc  indebted  for 
4 


this  discovery  to  Mr.  .John  Ruthven,  of  Kendal,  whose 
labours  in  working  out  the  details  of  these  beds,  and  of 
the  greater  part  of  the  strata  of  this  district,  are  beyond 
all  praise.  Previous  to  his  discoveries,  it  had  been 
usual  to  term  the  Skiddaw  slate  as  hypozoic,  i.e.,  below 
the  range  of  life  upon  our  globe.  But  I  would  observe 
here,  that  even  should  no  organic  remains  be  found  in 
any  particular  rock,  it  would  always  be  unsafe  to  say 
that  at  the  period  of  its  formation  there  was  no  animal 
life  upon  the  surface  of  our  earth.  The  sea  bottom  of 
that  locality  might  at  that  time  have  happened  to  be  so 
deep  as  to  lie  below  the  lowest  known  zone  of  animal 
life.  There  are  vast  areas  at  the  bottom  of  our  present 
oceans  which  must  be  regarded  almost  as  marine  deserts, 
destitute  of  a  fauna  or  flora,  except  of  a  microscopic 
character.  Besides,  many  strata  (as,  for  instance,  the 
lower  portion  of  these  Skiddaw  slates)  have,  since  their 
deposition  in  the  form  of  mud,  undergone  great  changes, 
in  which  such  a  general  derangement  of  the  particles  of 
which  they  were  made  up  has  been  effected  as  to  obli- 
terate all  traces  of  organised  life  which  may  once  have 
existed  in  them. 

These  Skiddaw  slates  may  best  be  studied  by  making 
a  traverse  across  the  country  in  a  south-westward 
direction,  beginning  from  Calbeck  FelLs.  The  scenery 
which  passes  before  the  eye  in  this  district  is  of  the 
wildest  character,  for  the  strata  have  been  crumpled  up 
and  tossed  about  in  grand  confusion.  I  have  never 
dwelt  on  a  prospect  which  has  gratified  me  more 
than  that  which  is  presented  to  view  on  a  summer's 
eve,  to  one  looking  westwai'd  from  Lattrigg,  towards 
Causey  Pike,  Grassmoor,  and  Whiteless.  I  can  only 
compare  it  to  that  of  a  troubled  ocean  running  really 
"  mountains  high,"  and  ii.xed  all  on  a  sudden  in  a  solid 
condition. 

The  boundary  of  the  Skiddaw  slate  district  will  be 
found  by  drawing  a  curved  line  first  northward,  then 
north-westward,  from  Mell  Fell  at  the  foot  of  UUeswater, 
by  llungrisdale,  towards  Hesketh,  then  turning  westward 
to  Isell,  thence  through  Cockermouth  south-westward  to 
Egremont.  From  a  few  miles  south  of  Egreniout,  we 
shall  find  the  southern  boundary  as  a  rather  irregular 
line  passing  across  Ennerdale  near  the  Great  Coves, 
over  Ilighstile,  Ilonister  Crag,  and  the  head  of  New- 
lands,  thonco  by  Wallow  Crag  near  Keswick,  by  Wanth- 
waite  Crag  and  Wolf  Crag,  and  back  again  to  the  south 
side  of  Moll  Fell. 

It  should  be  observed  also  that  we  have  a  great  mass 
of  the  Skiddaw  slate  brought  up,  contorted  and  altered, 
in  Black  Combe,  in  the  south-western  corner  of  Cumber- 
land, at  a  point  far  distant  from  the  proper  Skiddaw  slate 
district. 


26 


GEOLOGY  OF 


Next  above  the  SluJdaw  slates,  we  have  a  mass  of 
green  slates  and  porphyries  of  vast  thickness.  It  would 
seem  that  whilst  the  ordinary  aqueous  deposits  were 
going  on  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea  of  that  period,  there 
■were  constant  outbursts  of  igneous  matter  from  tho 
bowels  of  the  earth.  Sometimes  the  ejected  matter 
(ejected,  probably,  at  a  gi-eat  depth  in  the  ocean,  and 
therefore  under  great  pressure)  first  disturbed,  then 
overlaid,  the  aqueous  deposits,  forming  breccias  and 
masses  of  plutouic  rock.  Again,  these  masses  wei'c 
degraded  and  rubbed  down  into  fine  mud,  and  tho 
result  deposited  either  in  beds  of  plutonic  silt  by 
themselves,  or  they  were  mixed  with  the  ordinary 
deposits  of  the  then  sea  bottom. 

We  meet  with  simitar  appearances,  though  of  a  differ- 
ent geological  age,  and  belonging  to  an  entirely  different 
and  later  system,  in  the  south  of  the  Isle  of  Jlau.  There 
the  ordinary  deposits  of  limestone,  of  the  carboniferous 
period,  are  distinctly  seen  mingled  with  igneous  rock ; 
basaltic  masses  with  dykes  sometimes  rising  up  through 
the  beds  of  limestone — sometimes  overlying  them — at 
other  times  alternating  with  them,  and  even  mingled  in 
such  a  manner  that  the  ordinary  fossils  of  the  cai-bon- 
iferous  period  are  found  embedded  in  masses  of  trap- 
tuff;  and  the  mixture  of  volcanic  ash  and  mud  with 
calcareous  mud  is  so  intimate  that  it  is  difficult  to 
name  some  hand  specimens  of  the  resulting  rock,  or  to 
say  which  most  predominates  in  them,  the  volcanic  or 
the  calcareous  element. 

As  in  the  case  of  the  Skiddaw  slates,  so  in  reference 
to  these  superior  green  and  porphyritic  slates,  we  must 
observe  that  a  change  in  their  constitution  has  taken 
place  since  their  deposition  and  consolidation.  This 
change  may  have  been  effected  by  long  contact 
Tinder  great  pressure  with  heated  masses  of  granitic 
rocks;  and  we  may  well  notice  that  great  masses  of 
syenite  do  actually  break  out  in  the  midst  of  them  in 
several  instances,  as,  for  example,  in  the  vale  of  St. 
John,  near  Keswick,  and  on  the  southern  side  of 
Ennerdale. 

As  might  naturally  have  been  expected,  the  change, 
or  metamorjihism,  has  most  intensely  affected  the  more 
porphyritic  portion  of  this  series.  Having  at  a  pre- 
vious period  been  in  a  fused  condition,  it  more  readily 
assumed  the  crystalline  character  when  again  subjected 
to  heat. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  in  such  a  series  of  rocks, 
deposited  under  circumstances  generally  so  unfavorable 
to  life  or  to  the  presei-vation  of  organic  remains,  we  have 
not  met  with  any  fossils.  They  may,  however,  yet  be 
found  embedded  as  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  even  m  volcanic 
products.     lu  fact,  in  the  upper  portion  of  them  we  do 


meet  with  organic  remains  in  a  calcareous  band,  which 
has  been  named  by  Professor  Sedgwick  the  Coniston 
limestone,  and  which,  though  formerly  regarded  by  him 
as  belonging  to  and  forming  the  base  of  an  upper  group 
of  strata  on  the  parallel  of  the  Bala  limestone  of  Xorth 
Wales,  has  ultimately  been  included  in  his  lower  sub- 
division of  tho  Cambrian  strata.  In  the  same  subdi- 
vision he  includes  the  group  of  dark  coloured  slates  and 
clay  flagstones  lying  just  above  the  Coniston  limestone 
baud,  aud  to  which  he  has  given  the  name  of  Coniston 
calcareous  slate,  or  Brathay  flags.  The  total  thickness 
of  these  beds  of  limestone  slate  and  flagstones  is  not  less 
than  1 ,800  feet.  Their  general  appearance  indicates  an 
altered  condition  of  the  sea  bottom  at  the  time  of  their 
deposit,  and  a  cessation,  for  a  long  period,  of  those  out- 
bursts of  igneous  matter  which  had  previously  been 
disturbing  it.  Thus,  the  circumstances  were  more 
favourable  to  the  development  of  life,  and  to  tho 
preservation  of  the  remains  of  tho  earlier  forms  of 
animated  being. 

The  area  of  this  division  of  the  rocks  of  the  lake 
district  lying  immediately  above  the  Skiddaw  slate,  and 
for  which  we  may  still  retain  the  name  of  the  green 
roofing  slate  and  porphyry  series,  though  including  in 
it  also  the  Coniston  limestone,  calcareous  slate,  and 
Brathay  flags,  maj-  be  thus  defined. 

Its  northern  boundary  will,  of  course,  be  the  same 
as  that  of  the  upper  portion-  or  southern  boundary  of 
the  Skiddaw  slate  series  last  considered.  Its  western 
boundary  is  an  irregular  lino  (interrupted  by  the  ele- 
vation of  Black  Combe  and  the  granite  of  Eskdale), 
beginning  near  Calder  Abbey,  and  terminating  in  the 
Duddon  estuaiy.  Its  southern  boundary  is  a  curved 
line  passing  from  a  little  south  of  Broughton  towards 
Coniston-water-head,  where  it  is  broken  off  by  a  great 
dislocation  and  carried  northward.  We  may  foUow  it 
again  through  Hawkshead  Fould,  thence  by  Wray 
across  Windermere  to  Low  Wood  ;  after  that  it  crosses 
the  valleys  of  Troutbeck,  Kentmere,  and  Long  Sleddalo 
to  Shap  Wells,  whore  it  is  disturbed  by  the  granite. 

Its  eastern  boundary  will  be  a  hue  drawn  at  the  foot 
of  the  mountain  limestone  escai-pment  from  Shap  to 
Pooley  Bridge.  In  this  area  are  included  the  loftiest 
peaks  of  the  lake  district,  ScawfeU  and  Helvellyn,  and 
some  of  the  grandest  scenery,  as  Wastwater,  Borrow- 
dale,  Langdale,  Grasmere,  Ulleswater. 

The  Coniston  hmestone  may  be  best  studied  at 
Coniston-water-head,  in  a  quarry  by  the  roadside,  thence 
to  Ambleside,  where  a  good  suite  of  fossils  may  be 
collected.  A  very  fair  collection  from  the  same  lime- 
stone may  be  also  made  by  the  roadside,  half-way 
between  Lowwood  and   Ambleside,   where  a  disused 


CUMBERIAN'D  AND  WESTMORELAND. 


27 


lirae-ldlu  points  out  the  particular  locality  of  the  impure 
limestone  beds.  The  Conistou  or  Brathay  flags  may 
be  well  seen  in  some  fine  quarries  at  Brathay,  between 
Ambleside  and  Uawkeshead. 

Above  the  Couiston  flagstone  wo  have  first  a  series 
of  gritty  beds  (named  by  Professor  Sedgwick  the  Couis- 
ton grits),  and  then  coarse  dark-coloured  fissile  or 
schistose  beds,  in  the  upper  portion  of  which  the  slaty 
cleavage  is  but  little  developed.  They  may,  perhaps, 
be  regarded  as  middle  silurian. 

The  series  of  rocks  next  in  the  ascending  order  has 
been  divided  by  Professor  Sedgwick  into  the  Irelcth, 
the  llotvgitl,  and  the  Kendal  group,  named  from  the 
localities  where  each  is  best  exhibited.  The  Ireleth 
group  consists  of  quartzose  slates,  with  iuten'ouing 
bauds  of  impure  limestone  ;  the  Howyill  or  lui'kby 
Moor  group  has  a  more  arenaceous  character  in  its 
lower  portion,  and  the  upper  is  made  up  of  micaceous 
flags  and  schists  extremely  fossililerous.  They  occupy 
a  large  area  over  the  greater  portion  of  Low  Fumess 
in  Lancashire,  the  whole  of  the  south  of  Westmore- 
land (excepting  the  portion  covered  by  the  carboniferous 
limestone),  as  far  east  as  the  valley  of  the  Luue,  and 
reaching  up  to  the  great  Pennine  fault.  They  may, 
however,  be  well  considered  as  one  series,  or  more 
simply  subdivided  into  Ireleth  slates,  and  Hayfell  and 
liirkby  Moor  flags. — [Vide  Geological  Map.) 

Both  the  lithological  character  of  these  beds,  and  also 
the  included  fossils  (upper  Silurian)  indicate  that  some 
movement  was  going  on  contiimously  over  this  district 
during  their  deposit.  The  change  in  species  between 
the  Conistou  limestone  and  flagstone  and  the  superior 
Couiston  grits  is  so  great,  as  to  have  led  Professor 
Sedgwick  to  the  conclusion  that  we  are  here  to  look  for 
tho  true  termination  of  the  Silurian  series,  and  to 
place  all  the  rocks  below  the  Conistou  grit  in  the  scries 
named  by  him  mauy  years  ago  from  the  locality  wlierc 
tliey  occur,  the  Cambrian ;  but  which  seem,  from  their 
included  fossils,  to  be  on  the  same  geological  parallel 
Mitii  a  portion  of  the  Lower  Silurian  strata  of  Sir 
lioderick  I.  ilurchison. 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact,  that  this  Cambrian  series,  as 
defined  by  Professor  Sedgwick,  contains  seventy-two, 
at  least,  well-ascertained  species  of  fossils ;  and  that  the 
remaining  slate-beds  above  them  in  the  lake  district, 
which  are  certainly  Upper  Silurian,  contain  ninety- 
two  species  of  fossils,  whilst  out  of  this  large  number 
of  105  species  in  all,  not  more  than  ii\o  are  common 
to  the  two  series. 

If,  therefore,  there  be  any  good  reason  for  separating 
the  palajozoic  rocks  below  tho  old  red  sandstone  into  the 
two  divisions  of  Upper  aud  Lower  Silurian,  or,  as  some 


have  proposed,  and  as  is  noted  in  the  table  accom- 
panying the  Geological  Map,  into  three  divisions, — 
Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  Silurian, — the  same  reason 
seems  to  hold  good  for  retaining  the  name  Cambrian 
for  the  lower  portion,  as  first  named  by  Professor  Sedg- 
wick from  that  part  of  North  Wales  where  beds  of  tho 
same  age  and  containing  similar  fossils  occur. 

By  means  of  the  igneous  forces  at  work  beneath  the 
earth's  crust,  a  tremendous  convulsion  took  place, 
affecting  the  whole  of  this  district  after  the  deposit  of 
the  Kendal  or  Kirkby  Moor  group  with  its  superior 
tilestone  and  before  the  formation  of  the  old  red 
conglomerate. 

This  convulsion  elevated  the  district  generally  along 
an  axis  which  runs  from  north-east  to  south-west 
through  Skiddaw  Forest  and  Grassmoor  Forest. — {Vide 
Geological  Map.)  The  consequence  was  that  the  lower 
rocks  were  brought  up  and  elevated  into  ridges  in  such 
a  way  that  then:  general  dip  was  more  rapid  aud  pre- 
cipitous towards  the  north-west  than  towards  the  south- 
east and  the  general  elevation  of  the  district  greater  on 
the  south-east  than  on  the  north-west  side  of  the  axis  of 
convulsion. 

We  may  trace  to  this  circumstance,  perhaps,  the  fact 
that  the  beds  on  the  north-west  side  are  more  sud- 
denly covered  up  by  newer  deposits  and  that  the  upper 
beds  of  the  slate  rocks,  where  they  are  seen  on  the 
south-east  side  of  the  lake  district  (as  for  instauce 
about  Kendal),  are  less  contorted  thau  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  axis  of  disturbance. 

The  disturbance  which  so  greatly  aflected  the  Cum- 
berland and  Westmoreland  mountains  appears  to  have 
been  at  the  same  time  general  iu  the  British  isles 
occun-ing  just  before  the  Devonian  or  old  red  sand- 
stone era.  In  the  neighbouring  Isle  of  Man,  we  have 
a  parallel  mountain  range  of  the  same  ago.  We  meet 
again  with  evidences  of  a  hke  direction  of  movement 
occurring  at  the  same  period  in  Wales,  in  Ireland,  aud  in 
tho  south  and  north  of  Scotland.  Wo  miglit  well 
inuigiue  some  vast  earthquake  wave  passing  over  tho 
British  isles,  and  leaving  these  indcUbla  records  of  its 
transit  in  vast  mountain  piles  whoso  crests  run  parallel 
to  each  other,  and  the  circumstance  of  these  ranges 
being  more  precipitous  ou  the  north-west  than  on  the 
south-east  side  is  one  well  worthy  of  consideration 
and  may  lead  to  speculation  as  to  the  direction  iu 
which  the  force  of  translation  (so  to  speaki  has  acted. 
Such  a  speculation  must  not,  however,  be  supposed  to 
set  aside  considerations  of  tho  subsequent  etfect  of 
denudation  aud  waste,  due,  purhaps,  to  the  direction 
of  powerful  oceanic  currents,  acting  u])on  these  ranges 
at  the  period  of  their  elevation  aud  for  ages  afterwards. 


28 


GEOLOGY  OF 


We  come  now  to  the  next  great  division  of  the  rocks 
of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland.  These  are  the 
beds  of  the  Old  Red  Sandstone  and  Conglomerate, 
belonging  to  the  Devonian  series. 

In  the  ravines  and  hollows  formed  by  the  last  named 
"reat  disturbance  (in  which  the  mountain  ranges  would 
appear  as  a  series  of  islands  in  the  ancient  ocean)  were 
deposited  a  mass  of  boulders,  pebbles,  and  sand,  after- 
wards consolidated.  Beds  of  such  materials  are  found 
mantling  round  the  older  slate  rocks  in  the  district  of 
Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  as  well  as  in  other 
parts  of  the  British  Isles  and  resting  uuconformably 
upon  them.  And  prior  to  their  being  deposited,  a  great 
wear  and  tear  of  the  older  rocks  had  occurred,  jagged 
edges  being  planed  down  so  that  the  Old  Red  Conglo- 
merate often  rests  on  a  smooth  surface,  though  uucon- 
formably to  the  dip  of  the  older  beds. 

The  beds  of  Old  Red  Sandstone  and  Conglomerate 
are  of  very  varying  thickness.  The  circumstances  under 
which  they  were  accumulated  will  readily  account  for 
this  fact.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  the  lake  district,  as 
in  the  Isle  of  Man,  we  seem  to  have  before  us  merely 
the  relics  of  the  margin  of  the  Devonian  strata,  which 
attain  such  enonnous  proportions  both  in  Scotland  and 
in  the  south-west  of  England,  but  which  are  here  only 
feebly  represented. 

I  think  one  of  the  most  instructive  localities  for  stu- 
dying the  Old  Red  Sandstone  is  at  Shap  Abbey.  Just 
across  the  stream  eastward,  opposite  the  abbey,  is  a  fine 
escarpment  of  the  Devonian  series,  capped  with  the 
Carboniferous  Limestone.  I  have  never  yet  seen  a  spot 
where  the  Carboniferous  Limestone  is  unconformable  to 
the  Old  Red  Sandstone,  though  everywhere  the  conglo- 
merate rests  on  the  upturned  and  worn  edges  of  Silurian 
schists  or  tilestones.  Such  seems  to  be  the  case  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  lake  district,  and  the  section  at 
Shap  Abbey  exhibits  it  very  finely.  The  Devonian 
series  does  not  here  appear  more  than  thirty  feet  in 
thickness,  resting  upon  upturned  claret-coloured  schists ; 
hut  at  Mell  Fell,  on  the  northern  side  of  Ulleswater,  the 
Old  Red  Conglomerate  is  of  enormous  thickness. 

Many  years  ago  (in  1848),  in  a  publication  embracing 
the  geology  of  the  Isle  of  ilan,  I  hazarded  a  conjecture 
that  the  Old  Red  Conglomerates  were  accumulated  in 
a  sub-arctic  climate.  I  grounded  tliis  conviction  on  a 
comparison  of  this  formation  with  that  of  the  vastly 
more  recent  Boulder  Clay  of  the  post  tertiary  period, 
which  most,  if  not  all  the  geologists  of  the  present 
day,  allow  to  have  been  accumulated  under  such  climatal 
conditions.  The  degraded  and  smoothed  surfaces  of 
the  rocks  under  the  conglomerate  can  thus  be  readily 
accounted  for,      I  have  seen  nothing  since  I  hazarded 


the  expression  of  that  conviction  to  shake  me  in  it,  but 
rather  still  more  to  confirm  me. 

It  was  at  the  time  objected  against  me  by  the  talented 
author  of  "  The  Old  Red  Sandstone  "  (the  late  deeplj 
lamented  Hugh  Miller),  that  there  were  found  in  some 
Devonian  beds  the  remains  of  plants  indicating  a  sub- 
tropical flora ;  but  my  answer  was  and  is  that  these 
plants  are  mostly  found  in  a  fragmentary  condition, 
indicating  that  they  had  been  transported  from  a 
distance,  and  we  know  that,  through  the  action  of 
the  gulf  stream,  the  tropical  plants  of  the  West  Indies 
are  now  often  found,  not  only  on  the  north-west  shores 
of  Scotland,  but  even  farther  north. 

After  such  great  disturbances  and  elevations  of  moun- 
tain chains  occurring  just  before  the  Devonian  period, 
there  must  have  been  a  considerable  change  in  the 
character  of  the  climate  of  these  islands,  and  the  ten- 
dency would  seem  to  have  been  to  render  them  colder 
than  at  the  immediately  previous  period. 

I  have  not  been  able,  as  I  before  stated,  to  discover 
any  distinct  evidence  of  convulsion  occurring  between 
the  Old  Red  Sandstone  and  the  Carboniferous  deposits 
next  supervening,  including  the  Mountain  Limestone 
with  the  superior  Coal  measures.  But  there  seems  to 
have  occurred  a  quiet  subsidence  of  this  area  through 
the  whole  carboniferous  period,  more  intensely  developed 
on  the  north-western  side  of  the  lake  district,  where  the 
coal  beds  attain  their  greatest  thickness.  Such  changes 
in  the  relative  level  of  sea  and  land,  if  widely  extended, 
as  was  probably  the  case,  would  produce  also  a  change 
in  climate,  and  hence  it  is  no  objection  to  the  theory  of 
the  Old  Red  Conglomerate  having  been  originated  in 
a  sub-arctic  climate,  that  the  immediately  supervening 
Carboniferous  deposits  exhibit  the  influence  of  a  sub- 
tropical atmosphere  and  ocean. 

These  deposits  must  have  occupied  vast  ages  in  their 
formation;  and  we  know  that  throughout  the  Tertiary 
period  there  are  strata  in  close  proximity  with  each 
other,  indicating  as  violent  changes  in  the  climatal 
conditions  of  the  area  now  occupied  by  the  British 
Isles. 

To  this  circumstance  of  the  subsidence  of  the  area 
of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  during  the  Carbo- 
niferous deposits,  is  owing  the  fact  that  in  most  places 
they  buiT  up  and  overlap  the  Old  Red  Sandstone,  and 
are  found  resting  on  the  siluriau  and  Cambrian  slates. 
This  is  more  particularly  the  case  along  the  northern 
and  western  edges  of  the  lake  district,  owing  to  the 
causes  which  I  have  before  alluded  to,  viz.,  the  more 
rapid  general  dip  of  the  beds,  and  also  their  greater 
waste  and  destruction  whilst  exposed  in  a  shattered 
condition  to  the  action  of  oceanic  agents. 


CUMBERLAND  AND  'WESTMOEELAND. 


20 


The  Mountain  Limestone  may  have  surrounded  tbe 
lake  district  as  a  fringing  coral  reef;  or,  if  we  suppose 
that  the  first  great  distortion  of  the  slates  had  not  very 
greatly  raised  the  area,  it  may  have  even  overlapped 
the  whole,  and  been  subsequently  dcuuded  in  that 
uprising  of  the  country  which  I  now  proceed  to  notice. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  Carboniferous  period,  after 
the  deposition  of  the  coal  beds,  and  previous  to  the  form- 
ation of  the  upper  New  lied  Sandstone  and  probably 
of  the  Magnesian  Limestone  and  Conglomerate  and 
lower  New  Ited  Sandstone  strata,  the  agencies  at  work 
beneath  the  crust  of  the  earth  raised  up  the  entire  lake 
district  in  a  vast  ellipsoidal  dome,  during  which  it  was 
cracked  and  starred  in  directions  generally  at  right 
angles  to  the  axis  of  elevation. 

Tliis  axis  of  elevation  lies  along  a  curved  line  drawn 
through  Scawfell  (which  appears  as  the  point  of  greatest 
intensity  of  the  elevating  forces),  from  a  little  to  the 
south  of  the  Calder  river  on  the  west  to  Ortou  on  the 
east,  where  it  is  cut  across  by  the  great  limestone  fault 
of  the  Pennine  chain.  From  this  axis  the  great  north 
and  south  valleys  run  down  at  right  angles,  radiating, 
however,  from  each  extremity  like  tlie  spokes  of  a  wheel. 
The  inspection  of  even  a  common  map  of  the  district 
will  illustrate  this  statement  where  the  lakes  them- 
selves rest,  and  tlie  rivers  flow  in  valleys  formed  in  the 
lines  of  these  faults  ;  but  this  is  more  distinctly  indi- 
cated in  the  geological  map  accompanying  this  work. 

It  is  to  this  gigantic  disturbance  that  we  chiefly  owe 
the  present  configuration  and  main  features  of  this 
portion  of  the  British  Isles.  It  was  a  disturbance, 
liowever,  not  limited  to  this  spot,  but  very  general  at 
that  period,  both  in  Europe  and  also  in  America.  By 
it  not  only  was  the  country  of  the  English  lakes  eleva- 
ted in  the  manner  I  have  just  named,  but  its  previously 
isolated  character  was  altered  to  that  of  a  peninsula. 
Previous  to  this  event,  during  the  deposit  of  at  least 
a  portion  of  the  Carboniferous  strata,  the  sea  seems  to 
have  flowed  continuously  around  the  Lake  District,  a 
ridge  was  now  formed  which  connected  this  district 
with  the  elevated  tracts  of  the  great  Pennine  chain, 
shutting  up  the  channel  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Lake  Country  and  forming  a  deep  bay  to  the  north- 
east, now  occupied  by  the  vale  of  Eden. 

In  this  bay  and  in  the  seas  which  subsequently 
washed  the  north-west  and  south  of  the  Lake  District, 
were  then  deposited  the  beds  of  the  New  Pied  Sand- 
stone and  of  the  JIagnesian  Limestone  and  Conglo- 
merate, which  truly  indicate  the  oiitlino  of  that  portion 
of  tho  country  occupied  by  the  hikes  of  t.'uiiiberlund, 
Westmoreland,  and  Lancashire.  Not  any  of  these 
beds  actually  reach  uj)  to  the  lakes  themselves,  and  the 


same  might  be  said  of  the  Coal  measures  and  the 
ilountain  Limestone  in  their  present  position,  though 
it  is  probable,  as  I  have  before  stated,  that  they  did 
overlap  some  portion  of  the  lake  area  prior  to  its  ele- 
vation by  the  last-named  general  disturbance,  by  which 
the  valleys  and  basins  were  originated  in  which  tbe 
lake  waters  repose. 

Whether  the  before-named  elevation  was  sudden,  or 
continuous  through  a  long  period,  we  have  not  any 
distinct  evidence. 

It  caused  faults,  traversing  the  limestone  beds,  as  is 
distinctly  seen  in  the  neighboui'hood  of  Kendal,  and 
therefore  it  must  have  commenced  aftgr  their  deposi- 
tion. The  New  Red  Sandstone  also  rests  unconfonnably 
in  many  places  on  the  Carboniferous  deposits,  and  this 
circumstance  indicates  that  some  great  elevation  of  the 
area  had  taken  place  in  the  interval  between  the  two. 
But  that  the  whole  area  of  Cumberland  and  Westmore- 
land has  also  been  further  elevated  since  the  dejiosit  of 
the  New  Red  Sandstone  is  shewn  by  its  inclined  posi- 
tion in  several  places,  as  for  example  about  Furness 
Abbey  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  St.  Bees. 

It  is  highly  probable,  though  not  absolutely  certain, 
that  very  shortly  after  the  deposit  of  the  Coal  measures, 
and  the  Magnesian  Limestone  and  Conglomerates,  and 
prior  to  the  formation  of  the  upper  New  Red  Sandstone, 
occurred  that  remarkable  coui-ulsion  which  first  elevated 
the  Pennine  chain  in  tlie  east  of  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland, and  gave  the  principal  features  to  the  eastern 
boundaiy  of  these  two  counties.  It  will  be  seen,  by 
reference  to  the  geological  map,  that  along  the  eastern 
side  of  the  vale  of  Eden,  a  remarkable  dislocation  of  the 
limestone  strata  has  taken  place.  A  magnificent  wall 
of  carboniferous  limestone  towers  aloft  to  a  height,  in 
some  places,  of  more  than  two  thousand  five  hundred 
feet  above  the  plain  of  Carlisle  and  the  valley  in  which 
the  Eden  flows.  Beds  of  the  very  same  hmestone  are 
buried  under  the  Red  Sandstone  of  these  plains.  On 
the  eastern  side  of  this  axis  of  disturbance,  the  strata 
dip  gently  towards  tho  plains  of  Yorksliire,  but  on 
the  western  side  of  it  they  are  thrown  down  in  a  more 
precipitous  manner,  dipping  at  angles  varying  from 
30°  to  80°,  and  in  some  places  are  iilaced  on  end,  or 
vertically. 

Along  this  axis,  between  Brampton  and  Brough,  the 
lower  rocks  of  tlie  Silurian  series  are,  for  a  distance  of 
ten  miles,  frequently  tlnust  through,  forming  conical 
hills,  as  at  Dufton  Pike,  Knock  Piko,  Keisley  Pike,  and 
Murton  Pike,  overtopping  tho  lower  edge  of  the  Carbon- 
iferous Limestone.  A  small  strip,  also,  of  Old  Red 
Conglomerate  manifests  itself  in  tljo  neighbourhood  of 
Hilton.     The  distortion  and  confusion  of  strata  along 


30 


GEOLOGY  OF 


this  magnificent  line  of  disturbance,  is  such  as  to  render 
it  extremely  difficult  to  trace  correctly  each  rock,  and  to 
lay  it  down  on  a  geological  map.  The  tattered  and 
zig-zag  character  of  ^Yhat  have  been  termed  the  edge 
beds,  balHos  all  attempts  at  correct  delineation  on  a 
reduced  scale  of  the  country,  though  the  leading  fea- 
tures are  sufficiently  obvious.  The  dislocation  and 
distortion  becomes  even  more  than  ordinarily  compli- 
cated in  those  parts  where  the  general  direction  of  the 
line  of  fault  is  disturbed,  and  forms  re-entering  angles, 
as  in  the  country  from  Crough  towards  Ravenstone- 
dale.  No  doubt  this  is  due  in  a  great  measure  to  the 
influences  of  other  faults  which  intersect  this  great 
axis  of  dislocation,  as  those  of  Cross  Fell,  Kiiby  Stephen, 
and  LuncJalo.  This  magnificent  dislocation  of  strata 
is  not  confined  to  the  eastern  side  of  the  vale  of  Eden, 
but  reaches  down  to  the  south  in  an  irregular  line  as 
far  as  Kirby  Lonsdale,  near  which  place  it  is  cut  across 
at  right  angles  by  the  double  Craven- fault,  which  runs 
in  a  direction  thence  nearly  east-south-east  for  thirty 
miles  to  Warfedale.  In  like  manner,  the  northern 
extremity  of  this  great  axis  of  disturbance,  which  has 
received  the  name  (not  altogether  a  correct  one)  of  the 
Pennine  fault,  is  cut  across  at  right  angles  by  another 
called  the  Tynedale  fault,  which  runs  eastward,  with 
some  irregularity,  for  a  distance  of  fifty  miles,  to  New- 
castle-upon-Tyne. 

The  course  of  the  Pennine  fault  from  Brampton  to 
Brough  is  south-east  by  south ;  at  this  latter  point  it 
turns  in  a  direction  south-west  by  south  to  near  Kirby 
Lonsdale,  and  its  total  length  from  the  point  where  it 
is  intersected  by  the  Tynedale  iault  till  it  meets  the 
double  Craven  fault  is  not  less  than  fifty-five  miles. 

I  have  said  that  the  period  of  the  first  disturbance 
which  dislocated  the  strata  in  this  direction  must  pro- 
bably be  between  the  time  of  the  deposit  of  the  Magne- 
sian  Limestone  and  that  of  the  New  Picd  Conglomerate. 
The  evidence  for  such  a  supposition  is  this;  It  may 
be  taken  as  an  almost  general  rule,  well  established  by 
observation  and  mathematical  calculation,  that  faults 
in  the  same  district  at  right  angles  to  each  other  are 
contemporaneous.  Hence  we  argue  that  the  Tynedale 
fault  and  the  Craven  faults  were  contemporaneous  with 
the  formation  of  the  Pennine  range.  In  confirmation 
of  tliis  view  we  may  also  observe  that  in  the  Tynedale 
fault  the  strata  on  the  northern  side  of  the  disruption 
are  thrown  down  and  in  the  Craven  faults  those  on  the 
south. 

Now,  if  we  examine  closely  the  Tynedale  fault  we  shall 
find  near  Newcastle  that  it  has  distinctly  affected  not 
only  the  Coal  Measures  but  also  the  lower  New  Red 
Sandstone  and  the  ilagnesian  Limestone.     I  have  be- 


fore stated  that  the  upper  New  Red  Sandstone  is  in 
some  places  unconformable  to  the  Carboniferous  Lime- 
stone, the  Coal,  and  the  Magncsian  Limestone ;  and  if  this 
want  of  conformity  could  be  distinctly  traced  to  the  effects 
of  that  disturbance  which  originated  the  Tynedale,  Pen- 
nine, and  Craven  faults,  we  should  be  able  very  appro.t- 
imately  to  fi.x  the  date  of  that  remarkable  phenomenon. 
At  the  upper  end  of  the  valley  of  the  Edon,  we  have  a 
partial  development  of  beds  of  the  Magnesiau  Lime- 
stone and  Conglomerate  in  such  a  situation  in  reference 
to  the  overlying  New  Red  Sandstone,  as  to  lead  to  the 
suspicion  that  the  want  of  conformity  between  them 
might  be  due  to  some  elevation  of  the  Pennine  chain. 

The  Carboniferous  series  of  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland (more  distinctly  developed  as  we  cross  the 
border  of  the  counties  into  Yorkshire),  consists  of  the 
mountain  limestone  strata,  the  millstone  grit,  and  the 
coal  measm'es.  The  Mountain  Limestone  may  itself 
also  be  resolved  into  an  upper  and  lower  division.  The 
lower  limestone  consists  of  dark  beds  of  a  very  pure 
limestone,  full  of  shells,  corals,  and  crinoidea,  and  is 
that  portion  of  the  series  chiefly  exhibited  in  the  coun- 
ties of  Cumherland  and  Westmoreland.  On  the  cast  side 
of  the  vale  of  Eden,  under  Cross  Fell,  we  find  mixed 
up  with  it  some  gritty  beds,  with  shale,  and  poor  coal. 
Its  total  thickness  varies  from  500  to  800  feet,  or  even 
more.  Tlie  upper  Limestone  strata,  or  Yoredale  rocks, 
of  Professor  Phillips,  consists  of  limestone,  grits,  shale, 
chert,  and  thin  seams  of  coal  increasing  more  and  more 
towards  the  north.  Fossils  are  extremely  abundant  in 
these  beds,  brachiopoda  and  crinoidea  being  prevalent 
in  the  limestones,  and  terrestrial  plants  in  the  coal  and 
grit.  The  alternation  of  beds  seems  to  point  to  au 
alternate  rising  and  sinking  of  this  area  during  the 
period  of  their  deposition.  They  may  be  well  studied 
in  the  rich  mining  district  of  Alston  Moor,  at  Hcsket 
Newmarket,  and  Cockermouth,  near  Dalton  in  Low 
Furness,  and  further  south  again  about  Kirby  Lons- 
dale, and,  crossing  the  border,  they  may  be  finely 
observed  in  Dentdale,  and  under  Ingleborough  Fell  and 
Wernside. 

To  the  Mountain  Limestone  succeeds  the  Millstone 
Grit,  hardly  seen  in  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland, 
except  in  the  extreme  north-eastern  portion  of  the  former 
county,  and  in  a  degenerate  form  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Cockermouth.  Generally  speaking  it  increases  in 
thickness  towards  the  south.  It  may  almost  be  re- 
garded as  a  lower  member  of  the  great  Coal  formation. 
and  it  contains  a  few  thin  seams  of  coal.  On  the 
eastern  side  of  the  Pennine  range,  the  millstone  griL 
assumes  larger  proportions,  and  a  remarkably  tabular 
mass  of  it  forms  the  summit  of  Ingleborough. 


CUMBERLAND  AND  AVESTSIORELAND. 


31 


The  tme  coal  formation  which  next  succeeds  the 
above  is  of  extreme  importance  to  the  prosperity  of  Cum- 
berland and  Westmoreland.  la  the  former  alone  of 
the  two  counties  it  is  developed.  From  near  St.  Bees 
Head  it  extends  along  the  coast  by  Whitehaven  and 
Workington  to  JIaryport,  thence  its  northern  boun- 
dary is  a  curved  line  following  partly  the  course  of  tho 
Ellen  river,  and  then  bending  eastward  to  near  Bleu- 
nerhasset  and  Rosely  Hill,  where  it  suddenly  terminates. 
It  occupies  a  breadth  inland  of  about  six  miles  in  its 
southern  portion,  gradually  diminishing  northwards. 
On  its  nortliern  edge  the  coalfield  is  overlaid  by  the 
New  Red  Sandstone,  under  which  no  doubt  it  would  in 
many  places  be  found,  though  it  might  not  be  at  depths 
at  present  remunerative  in  the  working.  It  appears 
again  over  a  little  space  in  the  north-west  of  Cumber- 
land, mantling  round  a  nucleus  of  Mountain  Limestone 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Aikton  and  Little  Brampton. 
The  total  thickness  of  the  coal-bearing  strata  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Whitehaven  is  hardly  less  than  throe 
hundred  vards, — being  made  up  of  many  scams,  the 
greater  portion  unworkable  ;  but  one  of  them,  the  main 
band,  being  ten  feet  in  thickness,  and  wrought  with 
great  earnestness.  The  dip  of  the  beds  being  seaward,  tho 
excavations  have  been  carried  under  tho  bed  of  the  sea. 

Before  leaving  the  consideration  of  the  carboniferous 
strata,  a  word  or  two  should  be  said  respecting  a  sin- 
gular igneous  mass  interpolated  in  them.  The  Whin- 
Sill,  as  it  is  called,  is  a  great  mass  of  basalt  and 
greenstone  interstratified  with  the  lower  rocks  of  the 
Yoredale  series,  and  exhibited  along  the  southern  and 
western  brows  of  Cross  Fell,  the  great  Peimine  range, 
along  the  eastern  side  of  the  vale  of  Eden,  passing 
round  the  northern  end  along  the  escarpment  of  Moun- 
tain Limestone  into  Teesdalc,  and  thence  stretching 
eastward  into  Northumberland.  Its  thickness  and 
composition  arc  variable.  In  some  places,  as  at  Hilton 
Beck,  it  is  not  more  than  twenty-four  feet  in  thickness  ; 
at  Caldron  Snout,  on  the  other  hand,  it  attains  a  thick- 
ness of  more  than  two  hundred  and  forty  feet.  It  has 
greatly  altered  the  beds  underneath  it,  whilst  those  above 
it,  except  at  Caldron  Snout,  are  not  much  changed. 
From  tliese  circumstances,  as  well  as  from  the  vast 
extent  of  country  in  which  it  is  exhibited,  with  a  general 
conformity  to  the  beds  of  tho  carboniferous  scries,  I 
conclude  that  it  lias  been  poured  out  in  the  carboniferous 
sea,  perhaps  at  two  or  three  intervals,  from  some  great 
vent  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Caldron  Snout.  We  have 
an  analci;.,'ous  formation  in  beds  of  .npparently  the  same 
age  in  tlie  soiitli  of  the  Isle  of  i\lan,  which  I  have 
described  in  a  memoir  read  before  the  Geological 
Society  of  London,  in  1848. 


The  Manx  whin  bed  (consisting  of  basalt  greatly 
altering  the  underlying  limestone,  of  trap  ash  and 
trap  breccia),  is  remarkable  for  an  interposed  bod  of 
black  limestone,  containing  pecuhar  organic  remains, 
and  in  the  beds  of  trap  ash  we  also  meet  with  Mountain 
Limestone  fossils.  I  am  not  aware  that  any  organic 
remains  have  yet  been  discovered  in  the  Whin-Sill  of  the 
Pennine  range,  but  it  is  quite  possible  that  they  may 
hereafter  be  found  in  the  more  ashy  portion,  or  in  that 
which  approaches  the  character  of  a  volcanic  breccia. 
Altogether,  the  phenomena  of  the  Whin-Sill  are  of  a  most 
interesting  character,  and  will  greatly  repay  the  visit  of 
the  geologist  to  the  localities  where  it  is  developed.  It 
has  been  fully  described,  together  with  its  accompanying 
whin  dykes  rising  up  in  the  form  of  basaltic  walls,  by 
Professor  Sedgwick,  Mr.  Hutton,  and  Professor  Phillips. 

Over  the  coal  measures  spreading  out  far  and  wide  in 
the  north  of  CuraberLmd,  from  Brough,  at  the  head  of 
the  vale  of  Eden,  to  the  shores  of  the  Solway  Frith,  and 
across  the  border  into  Scotland  (forming  the  extensive 
plain  of  Carlisle),  we  have  a  series  of  beds  deposited  in 
water  to  which  the  name  of  the  New  Red  Sandstone 
formation  has  been  given.  A  strip  of  this  same  forma- 
tion occupies  the  low  ground  to  the  west  of  the  Cumber- 
land mountains,  along  the  sea  shore  from  St.  Bees 
Head  to  the  Duddou  river ;  it  is  also  spread  out  in 
Low  Fumess,  and  again  on  the  southern  shores  of 
Morecambe  Bay,  whence  it  reaches  through  the  plains 
of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  through  Staffordshire, 
Warwickshire,  the  southera  parts  of  Derbyshire,  and 
the  northern  of  Leicestershire,  and  so  round  through 
Nottinghamshire  and  Yorkshire  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Tees.  It  nowhere  occupies  a  high  level.  At  the 
period  of  its  being  formed,  the  sea  washed  the  sides 
of  the  mountains  surrounding  the  lake  district.  Its 
colour  on  a  geological  map  points  out  pretty  distinctly 
what  was  the  amount  of  land  above  the  level  of  the  sea 
at  the  commencement  of  the  secondary  period. 

It  is  made  up  of  three  principal  divisions,  the  lowest 
consisting  of  red  marl  and  red  sandstone,  the  equiva- 
lents of  the  linthii  todtelicgende  of  the  continental  geolo- 
gists; tho  middle  portion  is  a  magnesiau  limestone  and 
conglomerate,  as  seen  under  St.  Bees  Head,  and  a  mag- 
nesiau breccia,  as  seen  near  Brough  aud  at  Steukrith 
Bridge,  near  Kirby  Stephen,  at  the  head  of  the  vale  of 
Eden ;  the  upper  consists  of  red  gvpsoous  marls  aud 
red  sandstone,  with  accumulations  of  gj'psum,  as  seen 
in  various  parts  of  the  plain  of  Carlisle.  Tho  two  former 
divisions  belong  ct-rtninh/  to  tho  Permian  strata,  as  also, 
probably,  docs  a  portion  of  the  latter.  It  is  not  unlikely, 
however,  that  tho  discover}-  of  organic  remains,  such  as 
have  been  found  in  Cheshire,  may  hereafter  determine  a 


32 


GEOLOGY  OF 


considerable  portion  of  the  upper  New  Hed  Sandstone 
of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  to  belong  to  tlie 
Trias,  or  lowest  beds  of  the  Secondary  period. 

A  wide  gap  now  occurs  in  the  geological  history  of 
this  portion  of  England.  In  other  parts  of  England 
and  the  world  there  occurs  a  vast  series  of  deposits, 
viz.,  those  of  the  whole  of  the  Secondary  period  from 
the  New  Red  Sandstone  upwards,  and  the  whole  of  the 
Tertiary  up  to  the  boukkr  clay,  of  which  there  seems 
to  be  no  record  whatever  here.  I  would  by  no  means 
have  it  inferred  that  I  believe  that  any  of  these  strata 
at  any  time  absolutely  covered  this  district,  and  were 
afterwards  borne  away,  though  such  mif/ht  have  been 
the  case.  I  am  rather  inclined  to  believe  that  this 
portion  of  the  British  Isles  lay  above  the  sea-lino 
during  the  whole  of  this  long  period,  and  that  no 
marine  deposits  were  then  being  spread  upon  it.  This 
is,  however,  a  mere  matter  of  geological  speculation, 
respecting  which  anyone  may  venture  to  express  what- 
ever opinion  he  pleases.  It  seems,  however,  pretty 
certain  that  at  the  commencement  of  the  Boulder  Clay 
period,  which  is  the  ne.xt  of  which  we  have  any  traces 
in  the  lal;e  district,  the  whole  country  was  in  the  condi- 
tion of  dry  land,  which  sank  gradually  beneath  the 
waves  of  an  icy  sea  and  as  gradually  rose  again. 

The  period  is  one  deeply  interesting  to  the  geologist 
as  the  connecting  link  between  the  past  and  present  in 
the  history  of  the  condition  of  our  globe.  It  is  a  period 
geologically  recent,  though  beyond  the  date  of  all  human 
record ;  but  it  may  not  necessarily  be  beyond  the  period 
of  the  existence  of  the  human  race  on  the  globe.  Strange 
enough,  though  so  recent  in  a  geological  sense,  it  is  one 
respecting  which  more  doubt  and  uncertainty  exists  than 
perhaps  any  other.  One  reason  is,  that  this  formation, 
for  it  is  truly  such  (as  much  so  as  the  Old  Red  Conglo- 
merate, or  any  of  the  older  water-moved,  sedimentary 
strata),  was,  till  vciy  recently,  looked  upon  as  a  mere 
surface  accumulation,  such  as  the  Noachian  deluge  was 
presumed  to  have  left  behind.  There  is,  however,  no 
scriptural  or  physical  evidence  that  the  flood  of  Noah 
was  of  a  violent  character,  but  rather  the  reverse.  The 
Bible  describes  the  rivers,  for  instance,  which  watered 
the  garden  of  Eden,  by  names  and  courses  known  as 
existing  in  the  days  of  Moses.  The  existence  of  the 
same  river  courses  before  and  after  the  Noachian  deluge 
is  an  evidence  against  any  violent  cataclysmal  action  on 
the  surface  of  the  earth.  The  flood  of  Noah  answered 
all  the  purposes  of  the  Almighty  as  a  judgment  on  our 
guilty  race,  and  as  an  everlasting  warning.  But  had  it 
been  of  that  violent  character  which  some  have  assigned  j 
to  it,  in  order  to  account  for  the  transport  of  vast  masses  i 
of  rock  over  hundreds  of  miles,  the  ark  of  man's  safety 


must  itself  have  been  dashed  to  atoms,  without  some 
special  miracle  for  its  preservation,  of  which  we  have 
not  even  a  hint  in  Holy  Writ ;  and  we  should  also  find 
buried  in  the  debris  some  relics  of  the  family  of  man, 
which  we  do  not  find. 

It  may  be  well  here  to  notice  more  particularly  the 
various  phenomena  connected  with  the  Boulder  Clay  and 
Drift  period,  as  truly  represented  to  us  in  the  Lake  Dis- 
trict;— they  will,  perhaps,  help  us  to  an  undei-standiiig 
of  the  agencies  at  work  in  this  particular  locality  for  a 
vast  series  of  ages.  Any  person  who  chooses  may  go 
and  certify  himself  of  the  following  facts  in  the  valleys 
and  mountains  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland.  If 
we  examine  the  sides  and  bottom  of  the  valleys,  more 
especially  those  which  run  north-cast  and  south-west,  we 
shall  notice — first,  that  they  are  scratched,  smoothed, 
polished,  and  grooved  in  a  particular  manner  ;  —  that  in 
many  places  are  accumulations  of  both  boulders  and 
angular  fragments  of  rock.  He  will  notice  that  not 
only  are  the  boulders  and  rocky  fragments  scratched 
and  scored  ia  a  remarkable  manner,  but  that,  on 
removing  a  mass  of  the  debris,  the  solid  rock  under- 
neath is  also  carved  with  lines  running  parallel  with 
the  general  direction  of  the  valleys. 

Now,  such  a  phenomenon  might  be  accounted  for  by 
the  descent  of  glaciers  from  the  mountain  summits, 
bearing  along  on  their  surface  the  fragments  of  rock 
torn  by  the  power  of  frost  from  the  beetUng  crags  which 
tower  aloft  in  the  midst  of  this  region  of  mountain 
peaks  of  slate  and  porphyry ;  and,  perhaps,  we  might 
rest  satisfied  with  this  solution  of  the  phenomena  if  we 
study  only  the  valleys  of  the  lake  district.  But  let  us 
ascend  the  sides  of  the  valleys  till  we  come  to  the  sum- 
mits of  the  ridges  by  which  they  are  formed,  and  let  us 
mount  some  of  the  eminences  that  seem  to  bar  their 
openings  into  the  more  level  country.  Still  the  same 
phenomena  present  themselves  to  our  view.  The  ridges 
running  out  on  each  side  of  the  valleys  are  scored  and 
polished — there  are  transported  blocks  of  porphyry  and 
slate  perched  upon  every  ridge  and  knoll.  We  may 
here  be  told  that  this  is  merely  the  extension  of  the 
glacier  action — that  the  glacier  filled  up  the  whole  of 
the  valley,  and  obtruded  itself  over  the  ridge,  and 
crowned  every  neighbouring  summit.  Such  a  suppo- 
sition is  not  beyond  the  bounds  of  possibility,  thougli 
Bcarccly  jirobablc  if  viewed  in  connection  with  the  extent 
of  the  mountain  peaks  and  snow-fields  which  are  requi- 
site for  generating  glaciers  of  such  magnitude. 

But  there  is  another  phenomenon  to  be  accounted 
for,  and  that  is,  that  boulders  of  the  rocks  of  the  lake  dis- 
trict are  found,  not  only  in  the  valleys  and  on  elevated 
ridges  and  eminences  of  the  lake  district,  but  carried 


CUMBERLAND  AND  WESTMORELAND. 


33 


towards  the  south  far  over  the  plains  of  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire,  and  reaching  down  into  Staffordshire,  and 
resting  upon  the  liills  of  Derbyshire ;  and,  to  the 
south-east,  carried  across  the  great  Pennine  chain,  occu- 
pying the  plains  of  Yorkshire  as  far  as  Ilolderuess,  and 
the  cliffs  of  the  east  coast  of  England.  It  seems  diffi- 
cult to  allow  simple  glacier  action  to  have  resulted  in 
phenomena  such  as  these. 

Some  have  imagined  the  phenomena  to  he  due  to 
diluvial  action,  and  have  stated  that  great  oceanic 
waves  dashed  over  the  land  iu  particular  directions, 
carrying  away  vast  fragments  of  rock  over  hills  and 
valleys,  strewing  them  to  a  considerable  distance,  and 
leaving  them  here  and  there  in  vast  heaps. 

Others,  again,  have  suggested  that  not  one  set,  but 
several  sets  of  waves  have  been  generated,  at  different 
geological  epochs,  by  the  upheaval  of  mountain  summits 
displacing  vast  bodies  of  water,  and  causing  a  drift  of 
the  disintegrated  masses  seaward. 

There  is  no  doubt  but  that  the  sudden  uprising 
of  mountain  chains  would  produce  powerful  waves 
■which  could  move  masses  of  rock  to  a  certain  distance, 
but  there  is  no  extraneous  and  independent  evidence  of 
such  tremendous  convulsions  having  occurred  in  the 
houlder  period.  We  do  not,  for  instance,  as  far  as  I 
am  aware,  find  pleiocene  beds  tilted  up  by  mountain 
elevations  in  the  neighbourhood  of  boulder  clay  de- 
posits, at  least  not  in  the  British  Isles ;  nor  am  I  aware 
that  ever  in  the  historic  period  has  the  elevation  of  a 
range  of  country  transported  to  a  great  distance  such 
vast  masses  of  rock  and  debris  as  are  presented  in  the 
formation  of  which  I  am  speaking. 

There  are,  besides,  in  the  boulder  clay  itself,  very 
clear  proofs  to  my  mind,  that  it  was  not  produced  by 
violent  catachjamal  action.  These  proofs  I  have  stated 
elsewhere,  and  this  is  not  the  place  to  go  into  them. — 
{Vide  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Geo- 
logical Society  of  London,  vol.  vii.,  page  V2,  itc,  1849. 

I  may  mention,  however,  just  one  powerful  argument 
against  the  diluvial  theory;  and  it  is  this.  Not  only 
are  the  rocks  under  the  boulder-clay  grooved,  scratched, 
and  polished  iu  certain  directions,  but  also  tho  rocks 
and  boulders  in  it ;  and  the  boulders  are  scratched,  not 
merely  crosswise,  but  along  their  length, —  proving  that 
they  must,  during  this  scratching  process,  have  been 
held  tiijht  in  some  matrix,  and  not  rolled  looselij  along 
in  water.  Now,  it  is  always  tho  safest  plan  in  geo- 
logical mvestigation,  to  assume  that  the  surface  of  our 
globe  has  always  been  acted  upon  by  the  same  or 
ncariy  the  same  agencies  as  nt  present  are  at  work 
in  modifying  it.  All  tlie  differences  in  temperature 
and  climate,  for  instance,  which  from  geology  >Ye  learn 


have  existed  in  past  ages  at  any  particular  locality, 
we  may  easily  conclude  to  have  originated  from  a  dif- 
ferent arrangement  of  the  sea  and  land.  When  we 
find,  in  the  present  day,  in  the  southern  hemisphere 
icebergs  along  the  west  coast  of  South  America,  in 
latitudes  corresponding  with  Spain  and  Southern  Italy 
in  our  northern  hemisphere,  there  is  no  ditTiculty  in 
allowing  that  with  a  different  configuration  of  the  land 
in  the  northern  hemisphere  they  may  formerly  have 
existed  iu  tho  seas  surrounding  Great  Britain,  and  that 
our  mountains  may  have  been  clothed  with  glaciers 
reaching  even  down  to  the  sea.  Let  us,  therefore, 
assume  that  this  was  the  case  at  the  close  of  the 
pleiocene  period,  and,  at  the  same  time,  that  there  was 
first  a  gradual  subsidence,  or  sinlcing  down,  of  the  area 
occupied  by  the  British  Isles  (such  as  we  know  now  to 
be  going  on  as  respects  a  portion  of  Scandinavia),  and 
that  there  was  subsequently  a  gradual  rc-elevatiou  of 
this  area,  what  then  would  be  the  consequence  ?  The 
mountains  clothed  in  glaciers  would  constantly  be  send- 
ing down  masses  of  rock  into  the  valleys,  these  valleys 
often  terminating  with  the  character  of  the  Norwegian 
fiords.  At  first  some  of  these  glaciers  might  end  off 
before  they  reached  the  sea,  depositing  their  remains  at 
various  levels,  and  scratching  and  grooving  the  bottom 
and  sides  of  the  valleys  in  their  progress.  Some  of 
them  would  reach  even  into  the  sea  itself,  and  tliis 
would  ultimately  (as  the  laud  went  down)  be  the  c^e 
with  all  of  them.  The  extremities  of  these  glaciers, 
with  their  superincumbent  load  of  scratched  rocks, 
would  then  be  torn  off,  and,  by  the  action  of  currents, 
drifted  out  to  sea  or  stranded  upon  neighbouring  shores ; 
along  these  shores,  also,  would  be  formed  ice-floes  and 
coast-ice,  rising  and  sinking  by  the  action  of  the  tide, 
and  oftentimes  driven  by  tho  force  of  the  winds  high  and 
dry  upon  the  land  ;  there  is  no  difficulty  iu  accounting 
in  this  way  for  all  the  appearances  of  scratching  and 
grooving  which  we  find  on  rocks  wider  the  boulder  clay 
and  in  it.  We  have  no  ihlBculty  iu  accounting  in  this 
way  for  the  transport  of  blocks  (large  or  small),  of  pebbles, 
gravel,  and  sand,  from  one  locality  to  anotlier,  how- 
ever distant.  Nor  have  we  any  great  dilFiculty  in 
solving  iu  this  way  the  most  remarkable  phenomena  of 
all  connected  with  this  period,  namely,  the  elevation 
within  vciy  short  distances  of  immense  masses  of  rocks 
from  a  lower  to  a  much  higher  level,  without  presuming 
upon  tho  intervention  of  any  violent  diluvial  action. 
Many  years  ago  I  pointed  out  a  very  remarkable 
example  of  this  kind  of  transport  in  tho  Islo  of  Man. 
Blocks  of  tho  South  Barrulo  granite  are  there  elevated 
from  their  parent  rock  to  a  height  of  above  800  feet 
above  it,  within  the  distance  of  two  miles.     I  then  pre- 


34 


GEOLOGY  OF 


sumed  it  possible  that,  being  frozen  in  coast-iee,  they  had 
been  driven  upwards  by  powerful  waves  of  translation, 
originating  in  the  elevation  of  some  unknown  mountain 
chain,  or  it  might  be  the  elevation  of  Cumberland  and 
some  portion  of  Scotland.  I  do  not  now  say  that  this 
is  impossible,  but  I  think  it  not  very  probable.  We  are 
indebted  to  that  eminent  naturalist  and  antarctic  explo- 
rator,  Mr.  Charles  Darwin,  for  what  I  believe  to  be  the 
proper  solution  of  this  apparent  difficulty.  It  has 
already  been  partly  alluded  to.  As  the  land  went 
down,  the  sea  retaining,  of  course,  its  own  general  level, 
the  blocks  of  slate,  porphyry,  or  granite,  frozen  into  ice, 
were  continually  stranded  higher  and  higher,  relatively 
with  the  land.  Many  were,  of  course,  carried  out  to 
sea  and  dropped  at  lower  levels,  and  some,  by  this  con- 
tinued wear  and  tear  of  the  stranding,  would  be  ground 
down  to  powder ;  but  others,  also,  would  remain  and  be 
driven  upon  the  sides,  or  even  perched  on  the  top  of 
every  mountain  peak  which  just  jutted  up  above  the 
sea,  and  when  the  whole  of  this  area  was  again  elevated, 
whether  suddenly  or  gradually  (as  I  believe),  these  blocks 
would  be  left  in  every  position,  from  the  summit  of  a 
mountain  down  to  its  deepest  valleys,  just  as  we  now  find 
them.  And  in  this  way  we  can  easily  account  for  the 
spread  of  the  rocks  of  the  lake  district  not  only  over  the 
plains  of  Lancashire,  Cheshire,  Warwickshire,  and  Staf- 
fordshire, and  upon  the  sides  of  the  Lancashii-e  and 
Derbyshire  hills,  but  also  their  transport  over  the  pass 
of  Stanemoor,  across  the  Pennine  chain,  into  the  valleys 
and  plains  of  Yorkshire,  and  far  away  to  the  eastern 
shores  of  England. 

To  take,  for  example,  the  transport  of  the  boulders  of 
Shap  granite,  so  remarkable  and  distinct  in  its  character 
that  it  can  be  recognised  in  hand  specimens  :  glaciers 
descending  from  the  eastern  side  of  the  lake  district 
would  transport  masses  of  this  granite  into  the  vales  of  the 
Eden  and  the  Lune.  During  the  gradual  submergence 
of  this  area  let  us  suppose  a  general  arctic  current  from 
the  north-west,  such  as  now  flows  in  the  same  direction 
from  Davis  Straits,  impinging  on  the  shores  of  Great 
Britain.  Its  general  eouree  would  be  modified  by  the 
straits  through  which,  in  different  places,  it  would  have 
to  pass,  and  its  direction  would  be  altered  at  particular 
spots  by  the  altering  condition  of  the  coast  during  sub- 
mergence. The  blocks  brought  down  into  the  vale  of 
Eden  would  first  be  drifted  up  higher  and  higher  at  the 
southern  end  of  that  valley,  whilst  those  in  the  valley  of 
the  Lune  might  remain  almost  comparatively  unmoved. 
At  one  period  of  the  submergence  the  elevated  land 
connecting  the  lake  district  with  the  Pennine  chain 
would  be  placed  under  the  sea,  and  the  current  would  flow 
on  between  the  lake  country  and  what  is  now  Yorkshire 


uninterruptedly  to  the  south  and  south-west.  5Iany 
blocks  would  be  borne  in  this  manner  altogether  away, 
but  some  would  be  driven  up  on  the  east  shore.  Ulti- 
mately tlie  submergence  would  be  such  as  to  allow  of 
the  water  of  the  ocean  flowing  on  to  the  east  and  south- 
east through  the  pass  of  Stanemoor.  When  this  was  tlio 
case,  a  very  powerful  current  would  be  gerxcrated  through 
this  channel,  forcing  its  way  from  the  lake  mountains 
(then  appearing  as  a  series  of  islands  in  an  arctic  sea), 
du'ectly  into  the  sea  covering  the  area  which  is  now 
Yorksliire  and  the  east  of  England.  In  this  way  blocks 
might  then  be  transported  direct  from  the  granite  boss 
of  Wastdale  Crag,  near  Shap  Wells,  through  the  Pennine 
chain,  without  any  intervention  of  a  glacier  descending 
into  the  sea.     I  myself  think  this  very  probable. 

What  the  climate  of  the  lake  district  was  duruig  and 
immediately  after  its  re-elevation,  we  may  not  be  very 
positive,  yet  there  is  good  reason  for  believing  that 
it  continued  of  an  arctic  character,  and  that  the  moun- 
tains, when  again  upraised,  were  covered  with  snow  and 
glaciers.  1  have  noticed  in  several  places  accumulations 
in  the  valleys  having  greatly  the  appearance  of  moraines ; 
for  instance,  between  Crummock-water  and  Loweswater, 
between  Seatoller  and  Fwoslliwaite,  in  the  vale  of  St. 
John,  at  the  head  of  Hawswater,  and  at  the  foot  of 
Langdale.  Xow  though  as  respects  the  scratching  and 
grooving  of  the  rocks  at  any  spot,  there  is  no  reason  why 
it  may  not  have  taken  place  prior  to  the  submergence  of 
the  district ;  yet,  as  respects  the  moraines,  I  think  they 
would  aU  have  been  carried  away,  or  gready  sjiread  out, 
by  the  force  of  the  waves  of  the  sea  during  the  sinking 
and  upiising  again  of  the  land,  so  as  to  leave  no  marked 
traces  of  them.  The  continued  existence  of  the  mo- 
raines (if,  indeed,  the  noticed  accumulations  be  such), 
indicates,  therefore,  a  cold  cUmate  for  some  time  after 
the  lake  district  began  to  re-emcrgo  from  the  waters  of 
the  ocean.  During  this  upheaval  there  would  be  con- 
siderable denudation,  both  of  the  hard  rock,  split  up  by 
the  frosts  and  shattered  by  the  impinging  of  icebergs, 
but  more  especially  would  the  materials  of  the  boulder 
clay  be  liable  to  a  re-sorting  and  re-distribution ;  and 
all  these  would  be  spread  out  far  and  wide  over  the  sea 
'bottom,  in  vaiying  forms,  the  larger  boulders  nearest  the 
mountains,  the  pebbles  and  coarse  gravel  farther  off,  and, 
still  ferther,  fine  mud  and  sand ;  also  whilst  the  more 
arctic  climate  continued  they  would  all  be  conveyed 
occasionally  to  great  distances,  and  dropped  on  the  sea 
bottom  far  away  from  the  lake  district. 

The  extent  of  the  submergence  of  the  lalce  district  is 
an  interesting  matter  of  speculation.  Assuming  the 
truth  of  the  theory  of  its  sinking  down  quietly  in  an 
icy  sea,  unaffected  by  violent  cataclysmal  action,  the 


CUMBERLAND  AND  ■WESTMORELAND. 


extreme  heiglit  on  tbe  mountains  at  which  any  stranded 
blocks  are  found  will  be  an  evidence  that  the  sea 
reached  at  least  up  to  that  particular  point,  or  rather 
that  the  land  had  gone  down  so  far  into  the  icy  waters. 
On  evidence  of  this  kind  I  have  elsewhere  shewn 
(vol.  i.  "  Eduiburgh  New  Philosophical  Journal")  the 
probability  that  the  neighbouring  Isle  of  ]Man  went 
domi,  as  respects  the  present  relative  level  of  land  and 
sea,  at  least  1,600  feet  at  that  period.  On  Moel 
Tryvaen,  in  North  ^Vales,  there  are  deposits  of  the 
glacial  epoch  at  the  height  of  more  than  1,800  feet 
above  the  present  sea  line.  I  set  down  the  submergence 
of  the  lake  district  at  about  the  same  amount.  It  must 
evidently  have  been  sufficient  to  place  the  pass  of  Staue- 
moor  under  water,  unless  we  should  choose  to  affirm 
that  the  Pennine  range  has  been  elevated  to  its  present 
position  uneonnectedly  with  the  lake  district  since  the 
glacial  period,  or  that  the  granite  blocks  travelled  into 
Yorkshire  by  some  method  different  to  that  which  we 
have  supposed. 

Another  question  remains,  namely,  what  was  the 
extent  of  the  re-elevation, — what  the  amount  of  the 
re-emcrgcnce  immediately  after  the  glacial  epoch '.'  I 
am  not  at  present  aware  that  the  counties  of  Cumber- 
land and  Westmoreland  afford  any  clear  evidence  ]]er  se. 
The  raised  beaches  round  about  the  Solway  Firth  aud 
Morecambe  Bay,  and  the  caves  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
St.  Bee's,  taken  in  connection  with  similar  phenomena 
occurring  on  all  the  coasts  of  the  Irish  Sea,  have  led  me 
to  the  following  conclusion. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  glacial  period  the  whole  of 
the  area  of  what  is  now  the  Irish  Sea  was  so  far  elevated 
that  the  previous  sea-bed  became  dry  land.  A  vast 
treeless  plain  was  formed  connecting  all  the  surrounding 
countries,  and  similar  to  the  barren  lands  of  the  present 
day  round  about  Hudson's  Bay,  in  North  America. 
Over  this  plain  ranged  the  Cervits  Mcgaceros,  or  Great 
Irish  Elk,  whose  remains  are  abundantly  found  upon  it 
iu  fresh  water  marls,  occupying  basin-shaped  depressions. 

After  the  fonnation  of  the  vast  treeless  plain  the  laud 
became  stationary  for  a  long  period,  probably  mauj' 
thousand  years,  during  which  the  sea  quietly  eat  back 
its  way  into  the  drift-gravel  plain  and  excavated  deep 
caverns  in  the  solid  rocks,  whenever  they  formed  the 
coast  line.  These  caverns  are  seen  at  heights  of  from 
fifteen  to  twenty-five  feet  above  the  present  sea  level. 
In  this  way  a  separation  bi'tween  the  Isle  of  Jlan  and 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  was  again  effected. 

A  re-union,  however,  again  occurred  at  a  subsequent 
period  by  a  farther  elevation  of  the  Irish  Sea.  A  con- 
necting plain  was  again  formed.  And  that  the  country 
became  covered  in  many  places  with  wood,  and  the 


climate  had  greatly  altered  in  its  character  and  become 
milder,  is  also  evident.  Yet  this  was  not  the  last  change. 
A  partial  subsidence  again  occurred,  which  may  have 
happened  within  the  human,  or  historic  period.  The 
forests  were  buried  under  the  sea :  the  remains  of  them, 
with  beds  of  peat,  are  found  on  all  our  coasts  between  the 
present  high  and  low  water  mark,  and  they  even  reach 
down  some  way  beyond  the  low  water  line.  The  facts 
I  have  stated  are  becoming  more  and  more  distinct  every- 
day. As  to  whether  the  explanatisn  of  them  which  I 
have  proposed  be  correct  or  no,  each  one  wUl  form  his 
own  opinion. 

We  are  thus  brought  down  fi'om  the  earliest  period 
of  the  geological  history  of  the  counties  of  Cumber- 
land and  Westmoreland  to  those  pages  which  relate  to 
their  present  physical  condition  and  the  agencies 
which  are  uow  at  work  iu  modifying  it.  To  describe 
the  present  features  and  scenery  of  these  counties  is  not 
the  object  of  this  notice,  as  they  are  gi-aphically  given  by 
an  abler  pen  in  another  portign  of  this  work,  and  there- 
fore I  shall  make  only  one  or  two  remarks  in  reference 
to  changes  which  they  are  now  undergoing. 

The  quantity  of  detritus  brought  down  year  after  year 
by  the  mountain  rills  and  rividets  is  exceedingly  small, 
aud  Professor  Sedgwick  has  remarked,  with  his  usual 
acumen,  that  "  the  erosion  of  the  rivers  and  torrents, 
however  indefinitely  continued,  could  not  account  for  the 
hollows  aud  inequalities  of  any  one  of  our  mountain 
chains."  Yet  it  is  evident  from  the  deltas  which 
actually  have  accumulated  where  these  rivulets  enter 
the  lakes,  that  had  they  bcun  [daying  their  part  through 
a  very  long  lapse  of  ages  these  lakes  must  uow  have 
been  quite  filled  up,  unless  there  were  some  agents  at 
work  to  remove  the  material  so  collected.  The  real 
mystery  seems  to  be,  why  wore  not  these  hollows  com- 
jiletely  filled  with  boulders,  gravel,  sand,  and  clay 
during  the  glacial  epoch,  when  glaciers  were  descending 
into  them,  or  they  were  buried  far  below  iu  the  glacial 
sea '?  The  depth  of  Wastwater,  for  example,  is  iu  some 
places  forty-five  fathoms,  so  that  its  bottom  is  upwards 
of  11 10  feet  below  the  level  of  the  sea.  Yet  it  is  not 
formed  by  the  accumulation  of  detritus  at  the  bottom 
of  the  valley  in  which  it  lies,  for  the  river  flowing  from 
it  is  actually  cutting  its  way  through  the  solid  rock.  (I 
have  obsen-ed  a  similiu-  iihononienon  in  reference  to 
Loch  Ness,  iu  Scotland.)  I  think  this  circumstance  of 
its  depth  is  a  proof  that  it  has  not,  geologically  speaking, 
been  long  elevated  above  the  action  of  the  sea.  Wast- 
water is  formed  (as,  indeed,  all  our  English  lakes  arc 
formed)  in  a  great  fault  or  dislocation  of  the  strata.  On 
the  soutlieni  side  the  shores  are  extremely  steep,  and 
I      the  depth  of  the  water  rapidly  increases  from  the  shore. 


36 


GEOLOGY  OF 


Now,  at  the  present  time,  in  the  area  of  the  Irish  Sea, 
between  the  coasts  of  the  Isle  of  Man  and  Mull  of  Gal- 
loway, there  is  a  deep  chasm  existing,  so  that  in  one 
place  the  plumb-line  goes  down  all  at  once  from  between 
eighty  aud  ninety  to  one  hundred  and  forty  and  one 
hundred  and  fifty  fathoms.  Yet  this  chasm  is  kept  per- 
petually open,  and  whilst  the  sea  has  been  flowing 
over  it  perhaps  thousands  of  years  no  accumulation  of 
gravel  and  sand  has  taken  place  in  this  natural  cavity. 
Now,  in  the  same  milnner  in  -which  this  submarine  valley 
is  kept  from  being  filled  up,  might  the  Enghsh  aud  Scotch 
lakes  be  kept  open  at  the  period  in  which  they  were 
submerged  below  the  sea  level.  If,  therefore,  we  could 
accurately  measure  the  deltas  which  have  been  pushed 
forwai'd  into  them  by  the  actual  mountain-streams  now 
at  work,  and  determine  the  exact  addition  made  to  these 
deltas  year  by  year  (however  small),  we  might  approxi- 
mate to  the  time  which  has  elapsed  since  the  upheaval 
of  the  surface  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

In  the  account  above  given  of  the  geology  of  Cumber- 
land and  Westmoreland  our  attention  has  hitherto  been 
almost  exclusively  given  to  the  sedimentary  strata,  that 
is  to  say,  to  the  strata  which  have  been  deposited  in  the 
form  of  mud,  sand,  and  boulders,  by  mechanical  action 
in  the  waters  of  the  primaeval  ocean.  But,  as  I  have 
shewn,  these  strata  have,  in  many  places,  been  fre- 
quently disturbed  or  altered  in  their  appearance  by  the 
intrusion  of,  or  contact  with,  other  rocks  of  a  very  dif- 
ferent kind,  forced  up  in  a  molten  or  semi-fluid  con- 
dition from  the  bowels  of  the  earth.  An  account  of  the 
district  would  be  very  incomplete  without  some  notice  of 
these  so  called  ijncotts  rocks,  that  is,  the  granite,  syenite, 
porphyries,  and  trap  rocks,  which  burst  through  aud  over- 
lie the  sedimentary  rocks,  or  dislocate  and  alter  them  in 
various  places. 

The  granite  seems  to  claim  our  first  attention,  not 
because  of  the  age  of  its  absolute  eruption,  respecting 
which  we  can  affirm  httle  positively,  but  because  it  has 
generally  been  regarded  as  forming  the  basis  of  the 
stratified  deposits,  and  exhibits  itself  as  a  nucleus 
round  which  are  folded  many  of  our  mountain  chains. 

There  are  three  remarkable  kinds  of  granite  rock  pre- 
senting themselves  to  our  notice  in  the  area  of  the  lake 
country,  and  it  has  been  remarked  as  a  fact  well 
■worthy  of  study,  that  these  varieties  break  out  apparently 
unconnected,  and  only  one  is  found  in  each  of  the  three 
groups,  into  which  the  slate  rocks  of  this  district  have 
been  divided.  In  the  Skiddaw  slate,  we  have  bursting 
out  in  the  valleys  of  the  Caldew,  and  near  Syningill, 
between  Saddleback  and  Skiddaw,  a  granite,  composed  of 
dark  mica,  grey  quartz,  and  Ught  coloured  felspar.  This 
has  usually  been  regarded  as  the  oldest  granite  in  the 


district.  It  is  certainly  newer  than  the  Skiddaw  slate, 
as  it  has  altered  aud  elevated  it,  but  there  is  no  distinct 
evidence  of  its  intrusion  amongst  the  porphyries  and 
green  slates,  though  it  seems  associated  with  that  first 
great  general  disturbance,  which  we  have  noticed  as 
affecting  the  lake  district  along  an  axis  passing  through 
this  spot. 

By  far  the  largest  development  of  Cumberland  granite 
is  found  ranging  from  Bootle  nearly  to  Scawfell,  on  both 
sides  of  the  ilite  and  the  Esk,  in  the  middle  division  of 
the  slate  series.  It  is  of  varying  texture,  generally 
reddish,  with  a  deficiency  of  mica,  thus  passing  into 
syenite,  sometimes  earthy  iu  structure,  sometimes  as- 
suming the  spheroidal  form  of  basalt,  at  others  forming 
compact  semi-columnar  rocks.  It  appears  at  Xether 
Wastdale  Head  to  pass  into  the  great  mass  of  fine 
grained  red  syenite,  which  runs  northwards  through  the 
mountains  of  Ennerdale,  and  which  may  be  well  studied 
at  Reveling  Pike,  High  Crag,  High  Stile,  and  Ked  Pike, 
and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Flouteru  Tarn,  aud  Scale 
Force. 

The  fine  Red  Porphyritic  Granite,  or  Wastdale  Crags, 
near  Shapwells,  has  before  been  alluded  to.  Its  pecu- 
liarity consists  in  the  large  crystals  of  red  felspar,  which 
are  interspersed  iu  a  more  compact  base  of  grey  and  red 
felspar,  with  specks  of  dark  mica  and  quartz.  It  has 
pierced  and  metamorphosed  the  slates  and  flags  of  the 
uppermost  division,  and  has  cut  oft'  the  Coniston  lime- 
stone at  Wastdale  Head.  It  must,  therefore,  be  more 
recent  than  these  rocks,  but  of  its  actual  age  we  have 
no  clear  evidence. 

The  vast  number  of  basaltic,  porphyritic,  and  syenitic 
dykes  and  masses  which  protrude  themselves  in  the 
greatly  disturbed  district  of  the  lakes,  would  occupy  too 
much  room  separately  to  describe.  AVe  meet  with  them 
on  the  south  side  of  Black  Combe,  in  the  bed  of  the 
Duddon,  at  Hawskead,  in  the  valley  above  High  Borough 
Bridge,  in  Wet  Sleddale,  in  Kirk  Fell,  at  Armboth  near 
Thirlmere,  in  the  vale  of  St.  John,  on  Carrock  Fell, 
between  Tottlebauk  Fell  and  Brown  Hall,  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Buttemere,  westward  about  Scawfell,  aud  at 
the  head  and  foot  of  Wastwater. 

The  rod  porphyritic  rock  of  St.  John's  vale,  three 
miles  from  Keswick,  with  the  intersecting  dyke  from 
Armboth  Fell,  and  the  syenite  of  Carrock  Fell,  with  its 
crystals  of  hypersthene  and  intermingled  titaniferous 
iron  ore,  are  particularly  worthy  of  study,  and  will  well 
reward  the  collector  of  the  rocks  and  minerals  of  this 
district. 

It  is  not  the  object  of  this  geological  notice  to  enter 
upon  a  description  of  the  mines  and  minerals  of 
these  counties,  they  belong  rather  to  the  subject  of 


CUJfBERLAND   AND  WESTMOEELAND. 


37 


mineralogy  and  political  econoni}-.  Tlio  rich  mining 
district  of  Alston  Jfoor  is  well  known,  and  profit- 
able veins  of  lead  and  copper  have  been  opened  on 
Coniston  Old  Man,  iu  Xewlands,  on  Carrock  Fell,  and 
Patterdile.  The  wad,  or  black-lead  mine  of  Borrowdale, 
has  been  long  famous,  the  rich  veins  of  hematite  iron 
ore  at  Dal  ton,  constitute  some  of  the  most  valued  sources 
of  proCtablo  export ;  and  the  coal  field  of  Whitehaven 
adds  in  no  small  degree  to  the  mineral  wealth  of  Cum- 
berland. To  these,  we  have  to  add  the  magnificent 
products  of  flagstone  and  slate  at  Ingleton,  Horton, 
Ilowgill,  Kendal,  Ireleth,  Bootle,  and  Kirkstoue.  The 
New  lied  Sandstone  strata  also  atford  vast  supplies  of 
building  materials,  a  fact  which  may  be  well  studied 
in  the  magniflcent  quarries  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Carlisle  iu  the  north,  and  near  Furness  Abbey  in  the 
south.  ^Vith  these  must  be  taken  into  consideration 
the  beds  of  Gypsum,  which  are  scattered  in  various 
parts  of  the  great  New  Ked  Sandstone  Plain,  stretchuig 
northward  and  westward  from  the  vale  of  Eden. 

Let  us  now,  before  parting  with  the  subject,  take  a 
rapid  review  of  the  Geological  History  of  Cumberland 
and  Westmoreland,  gathering  into  small  compass  the 
facts  which  have  been  stated  at  length  in  the  preceding 
pages. 

What  vast  ages  lias  the  mind  to  hurry  through  in  such 
a  review,  ages  not  to  be  measured  by  the  revolutions  of 
our  planet  about  the  centre  of  our  solar  system,  but 
of  the  sun  itself,  with  that  nebulai'  cluster  of  stars  of 
which  it  is  but  an  hisignificaut  unit  about  some  vastly 
far-off  and  unseen  centre  of  stellar  gravity. 

The  mists  of  chaos  roll  away,  and  there  spreads  out 
before  us  a  mighty  ocean,  beneath  whose  depths  are 
being  deposited  beds  of  dark  blue  impalpable  mud,  des- 
tined hereafter  to  be  e.xliibited  in  the  form  of  Skiddaw 
Slate.  Respecting  the  denizens  of  this  ocean  we  know- 
next  to  nothing,  they  may  have  been  many  or  few ;  but 
their  organisation,  at  least  judging  from  the  scanty 
remains  of  them  hitherto  met  with,  was  of  the  lowest 
type.  Ere  long  the  sea  bottom  is  disturbed  and  ele- 
vated, and  masses  of  molten  matter  arc  poured  forth 
over  it  from  volcanic  vents.  Showers  of  ashes  and 
pumice  darken  the  air,  and  falling  back  into  the  waters 
arc  spread  out  in  layers  over  extensive  areas.  Again 
and  again  the  convulsive  outpourings  occui\  Through 
long  periods  the  waves  of  ocean  dash  against  coasts  of 
porphyry  and  green  stone,  and  wearing  them  gradually 
away,  deposit  the  spoils  in  the  form  of  large  sheets  of 
plutonic  mud.  A  troublous  time  is  it  for  all  organised 
beings  whilst  these  green  slates  and  porphyries  of  Cum- 
berland and  Westmoreland  are  being  elaborated. 

At  length  there  is  a  period  of  comparative  rest,  and 


corals  and  zoophytes  multiply  and  replenish  the  waters 
of  the  deep.  The  Coniston  limestone,  though  of  no 
great  thickness,  covers  a  large  area,  extending  beyond 
the  lake  country;  and  there  is  no  doubt  it  must  have 
required  many  an  age  for  its  formation.  In  the  same 
period  of  quiesence  must  have  been  deposited  also  the 
next,  superior  Coniston  flags. 

But  the  scene  shifts  again,  and  we  have  before  us  an 
ocean  teeming  with  life,  but  that  life  greatly  differing 
iu  character  from  that  which  had  previously  existed. 
In  the  Coniston  grits,  the  Ireleth  slates,  and  the  Hay- 
fell  and  Kirby  Jfoor  flags  (which  come  next  in  order 
as  a  lake  district  gi'oup),  we  meet  with  the  remains  of 
animals  of  which  not  sis  per  cent  are  of  the  same 
species  as  tliose  which  are  found  in  the  Coniston  flags 
and  all  the  rocks  below.  This  is  an  evidence  of  some 
great  change  in  the  character  of  the  sea  bottom  and  the 
climate  of  the  period  ;  whence  originating,  can  be  little 
more  than  a  matter  of  geological  speculation,  yet  ex- 
tremely interesting,  when  viewed  as  points  of  identifi- 
cation between  the  Lake  District  rocks  and  those  of 
North  and  South  Wales. 

After  the  elaboration  of  many  hundred  feet  of  such 
strata  there  comes  again  an  epoch  of  great  change.  We 
look  again  upon  the  scene,  and  it  is  one  of  violent  con- 
vulsion by  which  the  whole  of  the  Lake  District  is 
elevated  on  an  axis,  running  from  north-east  to  south- 
west, from  Skiddaw  forest  to  the  mountains  of  Enner- 
dale.  Such  a  grand  convulsion,  not  restricted  to  this 
locality',  but  extending  through  the  British  Isles,  must 
have  greatly  altered  the  contour  of  the  sea  and  land, 
and  with  it  the  character  of  animal  and  vegetable  life, 
ushering  in  the  Devonian  and  old  Pied  Sandstone  period. 
With  it  come  strange  ichthyic  forms,  the  Pterichthys, 
Cephalaspis,  Asterolepis,  and  Coccosteus.  A  stormy 
period  of  straggling  elements  is  this,  for  first  the  jagged 
edges  of  the  upturned  slates  are  broken  off,  and  the 
fragments  worn  down  and  rolled  about  iuto  the  form  of 
boulders,  which  in  some  places  accumulate  to  the  depth 
of  many  hundred  feet.  I  hold  by  the  hypotiicsis  of  the 
existence  of  a  somewhat  arctic  climate,  and  the  preva- 
lence of  glacial  action  on  the  lake  region  during  some 
portion  at  least  of  this  period.  Yet  change  is  pressing 
on  and  we  are  introduced  in  duo  time  to  the  subtropical 
scenes  of  the  carboniferous  period,  when  giant  tree 
ferns  and  lofty  palms  adorn  tho  laud,  the  delicate  nau- 
tilus ploughs  the  sunny  surface  of  the  sea  and  spreads 
forth  its  sail  to  the  balmy  breeze,  and  the  ever  active 
coral  insect  is  building  up  the  atol  and  the  coi-al  reef. 
Hence  are  originated  the  coal-fields  of  Whitehaven  and 
tlie  thick  deposits  of  mountain  limestone  mantling  round 
tho  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  mountains.     It  is 


38 


GEOLOGY    OF    CUMBERLAND   AND  WESTMORELAND. 


a  period  of  gradual  sinking  of  the  sea  bottom,  wlaen  those 
masses  of  calcareous  rock,  destined  afterwards  to  pre- 
sent so  elevated  and  bold  a  western  front  along  the  great 
Pennine  range,  arc  being  buried  many  fathoms  below 
the  surface  of  the  briny  waters  which  beat  agaiiftt  the 
insulated  peaks  of  Skiddaw,  Helvellyn,  Scawfell,  and 
Grassmoor. 

Again,  the  elevatory  process  succeeds,  powerful  in 
character  as  well  as  extensive  in  its  effects,  raising 
aloft  the  submerged  beds  and  giving  an  additional  lift 
to  the  altitude  of  the  Lake  District,  impressing  in  fact 
upon  it  the  general  contour  which  it  is  intended  ulti- 
mately to  possess.  Now  is  formed  the  ridge  of  Orton 
scars  connecting  this  district  with  the  Yorkshire  range 
and  cutting  off  the  flow  of  the  ocean  on  its  eastern 
side.  Presently  is  elevated  the  great  Pennine  range, 
and  the  lofty  western  escarpment  of  Cross  Fell  is 
formed.  But  the  ocean  no  longer  teems  with  zoophytic 
and  coraline  life,  nor  the  land  with  the  previously 
abundant  tropical  vegetation.  There  seems  to  be  a 
dying  out  of  all  pakTozoio  forms  of  life,  and  the  earth 
and  ocean  must  be  replenished  with  a  new  creation.  But 
the  ferruginous  sea  which  spreads  out  the  beds  of  sand 
destined  ultimately  to  form  the  meadow  lands  of  the 
Vale  of  Eden  and  the  plains  of  Carlisle,  with  those  of 
Lancashire,  Cheshire,  and  Staffordshire,  seems  little 
adapted  to  sustain  as  yet  the  new  race.  Either  the 
marine  organisms  of  the  New  Pied  Sandstone  period 
are  few  and  far  between,  or  tlie  character  of  its  sand 
beds  is  unsuited  to  preserve  and  transmit  to  our  gaze 
their  remains. 

Amidst  this  uncertainty  darkness  settles  down  upon 
the  scene, — a  long  night  comes  on  in  which  we  can, 
from  our  lake  mountains,  catch  no  sight  of  the  wonder- 


ful creations  which  are  going  on  in  other  regions.  The 
whole  of  the  Secondary  period  is  a  blank,  and  the 
Eocene,  Meiocene,  and  Pleiocene  of  the  Tertiary  cannot 
be  guessed  at. 

Our  story  huixies  on  to  its  end.  Dawn  at  length 
approaches,  —  a  cold  icy  dawn, — and,  as  we  stand 
shivering  on  our  mountain  summit,  the  howling  of 
the  wintry  tempest,  tbe  roar  of  the  avalanche,  and  the 
crash  of  icebergs,  salute  the  ear.  Erratic  fragments 
from  distant  mountains,  torn  down  by  the  mighty,  ever- 
working  glacier,  go  careering  by  southwards,  ploughing 
up  the  sea  bottom  in  their  progress,  and  scratcliiug  and 
graving  the  far-off  shores  on  which  they  are  stranded, 
and  vast  boulders  of  granite  are  borne  away  a  hundred 
miles  and  more  from  the  coasts  of  Cumberland  and 
Wesmorcland. 

At  length  day  comes  on,  the  ai'ctic  -winds  have  ceased, 
and  beneath  a  genial  atmosphere  the  submerged  plains 
again  raise  their  heads  above  the  waters.  Upon  these 
plains  the  magnificent  megaceros  goes  bounding  far 
away,  whilst  herds  of  fat  bisons  crop  the  verdant  her- 
bage.    Such  are  the  scenes  of  the  pleistocene  era. 

Further  stiU  the  land  becomes  covered  with  dense 
forests  as  it  continues  to  rise  from  the  bosom  of  the 
deep.  Anon  the  elevating  process  ceases,  and  again 
there  is  a  quiet  sinking  of  a  large  portion  of  the 
previously  uplifted  area.  The  sea  reclaims  its  own, 
and  the  forests  are  overthrown. 

"  Piscium  et  summa  genus  ha;'rct  ulmo, 
Nota  quffi  sedes  fuerat  columbis." 

Last  upon  this  varying  scene  comes  man;  and  the 
reign  of  the  beasts  of  the  field,  the  fowls  of  the  air,  and 
the  fishes  of  the  sea,  gives  way  to  tliat  of  him  who  was 
made  to  be  monarch  and  lord  over  all. 


iirto  af  i\t  Jade  gistrid 


The  Lake  District  of  EuglauJ, — that  is,  the  mountain- 
ous region  in  which  tlie  lakes  are  enclosed, — occupies 
two  counties,  and  extends  over  a  part  of  a  third.  The 
highest  mountains  are  on  or  near  the  boundary  line 
between  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland :  but  there  arc 
some  lofty  peaks  and  ridges,  and  several  lakes  and  tarns 
in  the  detached  portion  of  Lancashire,  which  Lies  beyond 
Morecambe  Bay.  The  point  of  junction  of  the  three 
counties  is  at  a  spot  close  by  the  road  on  AVryuose, 
where  three  ancient  stones,  called  the  Shire  Stones, 
have  been  from  time  immemorial  so  grouped  as  that 
any  person  who  chose  to  occupy  them  with  three  limbs, 
might  boast  of  being  in  three  counties  at  once.  As 
these  stones  might  easily  be  passed  unnoticed,  a  more 
conspicuous  mark,  in  the  form  of  a  pillar,  has  been 
recently  set  up  by  the  public  spirit  of  a  resident  of 
Ambleside.  From  this  point,  tlio  boundary  of  Lanca- 
shire runs  along  the  river  Duddon  to  the  sea ;  and  in 
the  otlicr  direction,  by  I^angdalc  Tarn  and  Elterwater 
to  the  head  of  Windermere.  About  half-way  down  the 
lake,  it  strikes  the  eastern  shore,  and  follows  the  little 
river  Wiuster  into  ilorecanibe  Bay,  near  Medup.  The 
highest  raountjiin  ridges  divide  Cumberland  from  West- 
moreland, the  boundary  line  ninning  over  Bow  Fell  to 
DuimiaUc  liaise,  then  crossing  Ilelvellyn,  and  passing 
through  Glcncoin,  to  strike  the  western  shore  of  UUcs- 
water.  Between  Ulleswatcr  and  the  river  Eden,  it 
follows  the  course  of  the  Eamont.  Thus,  of  the 
mountains,  Couistou  Old  Man  and  Wetherlam  are  in 
Lancashire ;  the  Langdale  Pikes,  the  Troutbeck  and 
Rydal  groups,  and  Place  Fell  aro  in  Westmoreland  : 
Skiddaw  and  Saddleback,  the  Borrowdale  group,  Scaw- 
fell,  the  Pillar.  Great  (iable,  Cirassmoor,  and  Black 
Combe  arc  iu  Cumberland ;  while  Wrynoso,  Bow  i'cU, 


and  Holvellyn  aro  on  the  boundary  lines.  Of  the 
larger  lakes,  Coniston,  Esthwaite,  and  part  of  Win- 
dermere are  in  Lancashire  ;  Eydal  and  Grasmere  lakes, 
Haweswater,  and  a  part  of  Windermere,  and  of  UUes- 
water  are  in  Westmoreland  ;  whUo  Cumberland  contains 
Thu'lmei-e,  Derwentwater,  Basscnthwaite,  Buttermere, 
Crummock  Water,  Loweswater,  Enuerdale  Lake, 
Wastwater,  and  part  of  Ulleswater.  If  Brothers'  Water, 
(in  Westmoreland)  is  included  among  the  lakes,  as 
it  usually  is,  though  only  three-iiuai'ters  of  a  mile  in 
length,  and  half  a  mile  broad,  the  whole  number  is 
sixteen ;  of  which  two  are  in  Lancashire,  four  iu  West- 
moreland, and  eight  in  Cumberland  ;  while  two  aro 
divided  by  boundary  lines. 

The  EngUsli  mountain  district,  like  every  other, 
presents  the  likeness  of  a  national  citadel,  well  sur- 
rounded with  out-works.  The  highest  peaks  are  near 
the  centre ;  and  to  the  highest  peaks  always  belong  the 
deepest  valleys  and  most  difficult  passes.  As  the 
ridges  spread  outwards  from  the  centre,  they  decUne 
in  height,  their  valleys  are  shallower;  all  the  features 
of  the  landscape  are  milder,  and  the  skirts  spread  out 
in  gentle  uudulations  down  to  the  plain  or  the  sea. 
In  the  case  of  our  English  group,  the  ridges  melt  down 
into  sea-shore,  from  the  Solway,  all  round  to  tlie  Lan- 
cashire coast ;  that  is,  for  neai-ly  two-tliirds  of  its 
circumference;  and  the  rest  subside  into  the  moor- 
lands of  Yorl^hire,  Durham,  and  Nortlmmberland. 
Fi-im  whatever  direction  the  group  is  approached, — 
from  the  dreary  sands  of  the  Solway  or  Morecambo 
Bay,  from  the  green  shores  of  the  western  sea,  or 
from  the  dark  slopes  of  moorland  to  the  east,  the 
likeness  to  a  vast  citadel  is  etjually  striking.  Here 
did  race  after  race  come  for  refuge,  under  a  scries  of 


4.0 


SURVFA'   OF  THE  LAKE   DISTRICT. 


invasions.  The  Britons  fled  hither  from  the  Romans, 
and  maintained  themselves  against  the  Saxons.  Tlie 
Saxons  fled  hither  from  the  Normans;  and  here  they 
resisted  for  centuries  the  amalgamation  with  their 
conquerors,  which  had  taken  place  in  all  the  s^hern 
parts  of  the  island.  To  this  day  the  citadel  character 
remains,  in  a  somewhat  figurative  sense.  Ancient 
notions,  prejudices,  and  customs  hide,  from  generation 
to  generation,  in  the  interior  fastnesses,  and  even  hold 
some  of  the  outworks.  Strangers  are  struck  by  strong 
local  peculiarities  as  soon  as  they  alight  at  the  railway 
stations,  or  dip  into  the  shallowest  outlying  valley  ;  and 
when  they  penetrate  to  the  deep,  dark  lakes,  and  sleep 
at  the  foot  of  solemn  precipices,  they  seem  to  have 
become  the  guests  of  a  generation  of  two  centuries  ago. 
The  dwellings  are  of  grey  stone,  rough  and  substantial; 
the  walls  tvro  feet  thick,  and  the  floors  flagged ;  and 
the  yawning  chimney,  with  its  furniture  and  space,  is 
like  nothing  more  modern  than  Queen  Elizabeth's  time. 
The  carved  chests  and  high-backed  chairs,  the  heavy 
wooden  settles,  the  linsey-woolsey  of  the  women,  and 
the  wooden  shoes  of  the  children,  and  the  home-spun 
coats  of  the  men,  the  stone  fences,  with  their  antique 
steps ;  and  above  all,  the  mysterious  walls,  which  strag- 
gle up  the  mountain  sides,  apparently  useless,  and 
certainly  ngl_y, — all  carry  back  the  imagination  through 
many  centuries,  and  give  an  impression  of  a  sample  of 
old  England,  preserved  through  all  the  changes  of  a 
modern  time. 

The  straggling  walls  are  so  distinctive  a  feature  of 
the  region  as  to  require  special  notice.  The  stout 
Romans  made  no  difficulty  of  storming  this  citadel  any 
more  than  any  other  which  it  suited  them  to  take  ;  and 
they  marched  right  into,  or  over,  the  fastnesses  of  the 
region.  We  know  this  by  the  traces  they  have  left. 
Not  only  have  we  still  their  camp  at  the  head  of  Win- 
dermere, which  involved  no  great  mountain  travelling  : 
we  have  vestiges  of  a  wonderful  road  of  theirs  along  the 
very  top  of  the  Troutbeck  ridge, — one  peak  of  which  is 
called  High  Street  for  that  reason.  The  Saxons  and 
Normans  sat  down  before  the  citadel ;  but  they  did  not 
take  it  till  the  garrison  had  nearly  died  out.  As  the 
Normans  pressed  on  the  Saxons,  the  Saxons  entered 
where  the  Britons  had  found  refuge  before ;  but  this 
was  not  till  long  after  they  had  made  a  lodgment  in  the 
more  fertile  and  accessible  parts  of  the  district.  For 
instance,  it  was  in  or  about  .\.d.  915  that  the  Saxon 
Edmund  slew  the  king  of  Cumbria,  Dumhnail,  in 
Dunmaile  Raise,  where  a  cairn  marks  the  place  of  battle. 
The  two  sons  of  the  slain  king  were  blinded,  and  their 
territory  given  to  Malcolm  of  Scotland,  to  hold  in  fee. 
This  was  when  the  Saxons  had  long  been  the  reputed 


lords  of  the  land  ;  and  it  does  not  appear  that  they  were 
well  settled  in  the  district  till  long  afterwards.  The 
straggling  walls  mark  their  recession,  in  their  turn, 
before  a  new  race  of  invaders :  a  recession  so  slow  and 
partial  that  the  feudal  age  was  nearly  over  before  the 
region  was  thrown  open.  There  are  no  ruins  of  feudal 
castles  in  the  interior ;  and  such  Norman  traditions  as 
remain  hang  about  the  outskirts.  The  heart  of  the  Lake 
District  was,  for  a  long  course  of  years,  almost  as  much 
of  an  unknown  land  to  knight  or  abbot  as  Mauritania 
or  far  Cathay. 

There  were,  as  we  have  said,  no  feudal  castles  in  the 
interior.  But  there  were  abbeys  in  the  surrounding 
levels ;  and  broad  lands  were  given  to  Norman  nobles, 
comprehending  nearly  the  whole  circumference.  Cart- 
niel  Priory  and  Furacss  Abbey  occupied  the  two  penin- 
sulas stretching  into  Morecambe  Bay ;  Calder  Abbey 
lay  between  the  mountains  and  the  sea  on  the  west ; 
St.  Bees  stood  above  the  surf  on  that  coast ;  Lanercost 
Priory  on  the  north  ;  Wolverdale  Monastery  and  Shap 
.\bbey  nearly  complete  the  circuit.  In  the  intciTals 
stood  many  a  strong  dwelling,  whose  park  stretched 
inwards  towards  the  mountains,  over  gentle  hill  and 
shallow  dale.  A  ring-fence  of  Norman  possessions  en- 
closed the  mountains ;  and  the  nobles  and  monks  spread 
their  flocks  and  their  tillage  over  the  slopes,  up  to  the 
natural  defences  of  the  region.  Their  lands  were  divided 
into  tenements,  and  the  tenements  into  portions  small 
enough  to  be  given  to  emancipated  serfs.  By  arrange- 
ments among  the  holders,  military  aid  was  so  afforded  to 
the  owner  as  to  permit  the  greater  number  of  settlers  to 
apply  themselves  to  the  care  of  stock  and  to  tillage.  As 
shepherds  and  husbandmen  they  obtained  access  to  the 
hills,  which  would  have  been  denied  to  armed  men ;  and 
they  gradually  hutted  themselves  on  the  uplands,  and 
then  enclosed  crofts  round  their  dwellings,  for  the  pro- 
tection and  sustenance  of  their  flocks,  without  opposition 
from  the  mountaineers.  The  sprouts  of  the  ash  and  the 
holly  were  a  chief  part  of  the  food  of  cattle  in  those 
days  ;  and  ihc  walling  in  of  the  crofts  was  partly  to  pre- 
serve the  woods,  and  partly  to  protect  the  animals  from 
wolves.  The  feudal  proprietors  encouraged  this  gradual 
encroachment  by  herdsmen  and  shejAerds ;  and  the  walls 
seem  to  have  crept  up  wherever  wood  could  grow,  in 
days  when  the  whole  region  was  one  great  forest.  The 
forest  is  gone,  and  the  walls  remain,  without  beauty,  and 
without  apparent  use ;  but  they  answer  some  purpose, 
even  to  the  mere  observer,  if  they  indicate  the  mode  and 
degree  in  which  the  last  invaders  encroached  on  the  last 
resistants  who  struggled  for  possession  of  Old  England. 
The  distribution  of  the  estates  into  tenements  gave 
rise  to  the  name,  as  well  as  to  the  mode  of  life  of  the 


SURVEY   OF  THE   LAKE   DISTRICT. 


41 


dalesmen.  Strangers  are  surprised  to  find  that  it  is  the 
dwellers  on  the  liills,  and  not  in  the  valle3's,  who  are 
the  dalesmen  of  the  region.  The  name  is  deri\'ed  from 
the  word  deylcn,  to  distribute.  As  each  tenement  was 
divided  into  four  portions,  and  as  each  tenement  fur- 
nished an  armed  man  to  the  border,  or  other  wars,  on 
demand,  three  out  of  four  tenants  remained  in  their 
crofts,  and  industry  was  spread  over  the  region,  through 
all  the  ravages  of  feud  with  the  Scots  and  among  baro- 
nial neighbours.  The  uplands  were  cut  up  into  portions, 
each  of  which  had  its  own  herd,  or  ilock,  or  tillage, 
according  as  the  ground  was  woodland,  or  pasture,  or 
fit  for  cultivation  ;  and  the  dalesmen  were  the  distributed 
men.  The  most  remarkable  change  that  the  district 
has  ever  undergone  was,  perhaps,  that  which  succeeded 
the  union  with  Scotland.  The  border  wars  at  an  end, 
there  was  no  further  drain  of  able-bodied  men  from  their 
homes ;  and  a  repose,  like  nothing  else  in  England, 
settled  down  upon  the  Lake  District.  The  men  now 
ehared  the  monotony  in  which  the  women  had  lived. 
For  a  whole  lifetime  entire  families  never  were  further 
from  home  than  the  uc^ct  fair  or  market,  or  spring  or 
autumn  sale  of  household  goods :  and  strong  traces  of 
this  seclusion  remain,  even  to  this  daj-,  in  some  of  the 
most  retired  vales, — where  the  women  speak  with  the 
awkwardness  which  attends  an  unaccustomed  action.  It 
is  not  only  that  the  dialect  is  unintelligible  to  strangers, 
but  that  the  mind  is  so  sluggish,  the  thoughts  so  unused 
to  be  dressed  in  words,  that  the  rustics  speak  their 
native  language  as  learners  speak  a  foreign  one.  And 
yet  the  other  great  change  of  modern  times  has  pene- 
tmted  this  part  of  the  country,  like  every  other.  The 
growth  of  the  manufacturing  system  modifies  life  in  the 
lake  district  to  an  e.vtent  only  exceeded  by  the  border 
wars.  The  process  and  the  existing  state  of  things  are 
perfectly  clear  and  easily  described. 

The  first  breaks  in  the  forest  which  once  covered  tho 
whole  district — clothing  the  ridges  and  filling  up  the 
valleys — appeared  when  the  husbandmen  and  herdsmen 
made  their  clearings,  and  let  in  the  sunshine  over  broad 
tracts  of  the  mountain  sides.  Still,  though  tho  people 
grew  their  owni  flax  and  hemp,  as  well  as  wool,  the 
woodlands  were  preserved  with  some  care,  for  the  sake 
of  food  and  shelter  for  cattle  and  sheep.  Wordsworth 
was  told  by  old  people,  in  his  youth,  of  a  time  when  tho 
squirrel  could  go  from  Wythburn  to  Keswick  (six  miles) 
on  the  tops  of  the  trees,  without  touching  the  ground. 
But  the  consumption  of  wood  went  on  without  any 
attempt  to  repair  it ;  and  large  spaces  of  rocky  ground 
were  left  bare  which  had  better  have  been  covered  ;  and 
bogs  began  to  spread,  as  they  usually  do  whoro  the  ftUing 
of  forests  hiis  not  been  accompanied  by  drainage.  The 
U 


wool  and  llax  were  still  spun  at  home,  and  the  clothes 
were  made  up  by  the  itinerant  tailors  who  went  from 
homestead  to  homestead  to  construct  the  family  suits, 
being  paid  by  board  and  lodging,  and  a  small  gift  over. 
As  the  flocks  and  cattle  suffered  more  from  the  snow- 
drifts on  the  bare  uplands,  and  as  the  spread  of  the 
swamps  occasioned  more  and  more  loss,  this  afl'air  of  the 
clothing  became  more  expensive  and  difficult.  The 
dalesmen  were  unconscious  of  the  process,  but  they 
were  passing  through  a  period  of  transition  which  must 
end  in  making  clothing  cheap,  in  partially  restoring 
their  woods,  and  in  providing  for  their  sons  and  daugh- 
ters at  a  distance  from  home. 

In  brief,  the  coppices  of  the  district  are  now  more 
valuable  for  bobbins  for  the  manufacturing  districts 
than  the  flax,  hemp,  and  wool  of  the  same  area  could 
ever  be  again.  According  to  the  news  of  the  South 
Carolina  cotton-fields,  and  the  Australian  sheep-walks, 
and  the  mulbeny  plantations  of  Italy  and  India,  is  the  con- 
dition and  prospect  of  the  woodlands  of  the  Lake  District. 
Every  autumn  a  group  of  men  may  be  seen  traversing 
the  uplands  from  coppice  to  coppice  :  the  agent,  w^ll 
booted,  making  his  way  through  bog,  brambles,  and 
moss,  aud  sc[ueezing  through  the  underwood,  to  value 
the  trees.  A  labourer  follows  with  paint-pot  and 
brush,  to  mark  the  doomed  trunks ;  and  a  bargain  is 
finally  struck  with  the  bobbin-mill  owner,  on  behalf  of 
the  landowner.  In  some  parts,  the  woods,  within  a 
certain  limit,  are  divided  into  twenty  portions,  one  of 
which  is  felled  every  year, — wood  of  twenty  yeai's' 
growth  being  considered  best  for  the  pui-pose ;  but  the 
order  is  broken  in  upon,  more  or  less,  according  to  the 
state  of  the  cotton,  wool,  and  silk  markets. 

The  domestic  changes  which  have  attended  the  intro- 
duction of  this  new  element  have  been  such  as  must 
give  a  new  aspect  to  the  whole  life  of  the  dalesmen 
in  general.  Formerly,  the  wheel  was  whirring  from 
morning  till  night  in  every  farmhouse ;  and  there  was 
employment  for  the  whole  family  when  everything  was 
grown  and  made  at  home,  and  when  any  surplus,  from 
cither  field  or  loom,  was  sure  of  a  sale.  For  many 
yeai"s  after  cotton  goods  became  cheap  enough  to  be 
bought  all  through  the  dales,  tho  packhorse  which 
brought  them  first,  and  the  carrier's  waggon  which  suc- 
ceeded it,  took  away  the  old  homespun  in  return  for 
tho  new  calicoes;  and  there  was  still  work  for  the 
daughters  in  tlio  domestic  manufacture.  But,  at 
length,  spinning-machines  grew  and  multiplied  in  Lan- 
cashire and  Yorkshire  till  tho  demand  for  bobbins 
brought  the  coppices  of  tho  lake  district  into  request, 
and  changi'd  the  course  of  industry.  The  first  effect 
was  to  lay  tho  hill  sides  bai'cr  tlian  ever ;  but,  when  the 


42 


SURVEY  OF  THE  LAKE  DISXrjCT. 


■wood  began  to  grow  again,  and  llio  residents  found  that 
the  demand  was  likelj'  to  be  a  permanent  one,  they 
began  to  cherish  their  woods,  and  to  plant  more  on  soil 
■which  would  answer  no  better  purpose.    This  might  ho 
all  very  well — a  gain  to  some  people,  and  no  loss  to 
any — but  there  are  incidents  connected  with  the  change 
which  cannot  but  sadden  the  observer,  while  they  must 
not  be  passed  over  in  any  faithful  account  of  the  district. 
The  lads  and  lasses  who  used  to  be  busy  at  home,  making 
all  the  domestic  clothing  and  utensils, — the  dairy  ves- 
sels, baskets,  fishing  tackle,  etc., — obtaining  whatever 
else  was  wanted  from  the  pedlar  who  dropped  in  upon 
them  twice  a  year  or  so,  now  find  their  skill  discredited 
by  modem  improvements,  and  their  fortunes  hopeless  at 
home.     They  are  scattered  through  the  neighbouring 
towns,  or  working  in  the  Lancasliu'c  and  Yorkshire 
mills.     The  pai-ents,  and  the  one  son  at  home,  would 
have,  they  thought,  more  produce  to  sell  at  market  and 
fairs ;  but  here  again  they  are  met  by  agricultural  im- 
provement.    Already  under  disadvantage  as  to  climate 
and  soil,  they  cannot  compete  with  the  farmers  of  more 
advanced  agricultural  districts.      The  decline  of  the 
domestic  fortunes  is  regular  and  inevitable  when  it  has 
once  set  in.    The  laud  is  mortgaged:  the  "statesmen" 
("  estatesmen  "  originally)  haunt  the  fairs  and  markets, 
losing  more  and  more,  and  too  commonly  resorting  to 
the  old  solace  on  such  occasions,  and  coming  home 
drunk.    The  amount  of  intemperance  among  that  class, 
both  in  the  villages  and  tlie  dales,  is  something  incredi- 
ble to  strangers,  and  by  far  the  most  painful  feature  of 
the  transition  stage.      As  the  mortgages  grow  more 
oppressive,  the  heu-s  sell  the  lands; — estates  which  have 
•belonged  to  the  same  name  for  centuries  have  changed 
hands  :  and  the  old  names  arc  found  cvei-ywhere  among 
the  shopboys,  domestic  servants,  and  labourers  of  the 
towns  and  viUages.      The  old  yeomanry  of  the  district 
have  nearly  passed  away,  and  strangers  have  come  into 
their  place.    The  spectacle  is  a  sad  one,  but  nobody  has 
a  right  to  complain.    If  the  indigenous  proprietors  could 
not  keep  up  their  old  ways  intelligently,  nor  adopt  new 
ones,  they  must  inevitably  give  place  to  a  science  and  an 
activity  which  can  regenerate  the  woodlands,  and  fill  the 
valleys  with  grain,  and  cover  the  hiU-sides  with  flocks. 
Amidst  the  depressed  and  discouraged  class  of  "  states- 
men," some  hearty  specimens  of  the  old  order  may  here 
and  there  be  found  ;  but  it  must  strike  every  traveller  in 
the  district  that  the  mountaineer  farmer  is  everywhere 
becoming  remarkably  like  the  agriculturist  of  a  more 
level  region. 

The  improved  value  of  the  copses  acts  both  as  cause 
and  effect  in  creating  and  sustaining  bobbin-mills,  of 
•\vhich  there  are  four,  not  far  apai't,  in  the  southern  part 


of  the  district,  viz.,  at  Staveley,  Troutbeck,  Ambleside, 
and  Skelwith.  But  even  in  that  neighbourhood  charcoal- 
burning  goes  on  with  some  activity.     In  ancient  times 
the  monks  of  Furncss  Abbey  made  great  profit  of  their 
ironworks,  through  the  abundance  of  their  woods,  after 
those  of  the  eastern  counties  were  e.xhausted.      The 
mineral  treasures  of  the  north-west  of  England  would 
have  availed  little  without  the  charcoal  and  peat  of  the 
district ;  and  even  the  discovery  of  the  Newcastle  coal- 
field did  not  affect  the  iron  works  at  Furness.     The 
oregates  (ways)  of  the  Furness  peninsula  at  this  day 
testify  to  the  amount  of  business  done. — many  roads 
and  lanes  remaining  entirely  constructed  of  the  slag  and 
refuse  of  the  smelting  process.     And  the  huts  of  the 
charcoal-burners  still  delight  the  eye  amidst  the  wood- 
lands of  the  southern  part  of  the  district.     The  wood- 
cutters remain  on  a  particular  spot  till  their  work  is 
done ;  and  they  build  an  abode  for  the  time  b)'  piling  up 
stems  of  trees,  and  heaping  heather  upon  them  for  a 
roof.     This  is  the  most  picturesque  thatch  that  can  bo 
seen;  and  the  structure  is  so  shaggy  and  wild  that  it 
might  not  be  known  for  a  dwelling  but  for  the  blue 
smoke  breathing  out  from  the  hole  in  the  roof,  or  the 
fire  before  the  door,  where  the  pot  is  boiling.      The 
grimy  charcoal-burners,  or  the  children  at  play  in  the 
red  hght,  remind  the  traveller  of  the  forests  of  Germany ; 
and  the  life  is  really  not  less  wild.     When  the  children 
see  a  stranger  sketching,  or  botanising,  or  in  any  ■way 
exploring,  they  say  he  is  "  spying  fancies  ;"  and  he  is  a, 
sort  of  magician  in  their  eyes.    Among  the  latest  speci- 
mens of  the  old  wild  race  of  forest  men  were  the  brothers 
Dodgson,  whose  memoiy  has  been  preseiTed  in  Cartmcl 
for  above  a  century.     We  complain  of  men  being  too 
much  engi'ossed  by  business  in  our  towns  at  this  day ; 
but  these  brothers  were  so  intent  on  their  wood-cutting 
that  they  devoted  Sunday  to  cooking  for  the  whole  week. 
They  lived  chiefly  on  oatmeal  pomdgc,  varying  the  diet 
with  dried  peas  and  hard  beans.      When  they  were 
growing  old,  they  found  the  need  of  some  domestic  help 
and  comfort ;  and  at  last  the  one  relieved  his  mind  to 
the  other,  saying,  "  Thou  mun  out  and  tait  a  wife.' 
"Aye,"  said  the  brother,  "if  thear  be  a  hard  job,  thou 
oUus  sets  yan  tult."     lie  obeyed,  however ;   and  when 
the  old  fellows  were  chopping  away — rain  or  shine — 
at  past  eighty,  thei'e  was  a  wife''s  face  at  the  door  of  the 
hut,   and   children   helping   with   the   faggots.      The 
brothers  left  plenty  of  money ;  but  it  melted  away  as 
fast  as  misers'  hoards  usually  do ;  and  the  name  is  now 
known  only  by  tradition  in  Cartmel. 

Much  more  recently,  and  more  \vithin  the  verge 
of  modem  civilisation,  another  story  vas  mournfully 
enacted.    A  young  charcoal-burner  was  about  to  marry 


suii"\t:y  of  the  lake  district. 


43 


a  farmer's  daughter,  when,  as  he  sat  on  a  stoue,  watch- 
ing his  fire  and  taking  his  dinner,  a  flash  of  lightning 
struck  him  dead.  Kitty  Dawson,  bis  beloved,  went  to 
bis  but  the  day  after  the  funeral,  in  a  crazed  state,  and 
would  never  leave  it  again.  She  passed  her  days  iu 
sitting  on  that  stone,  or  calling  her  lover  through  the 
wood.  Though  she  was  never  intruded  on,  there  were 
always  comforts  in  the  hut,  and  kind  eyes  on  the  watch. 
One  winter  day,  some  sportsmen  entered  the  hut  to 
leave  food  there,  silencing  their  dogs,  and  moving 
quietly.  But  she  could  never  more  bo  disturbed, — she 
was  lying  dead. 

Another  cUstiuctive  class  of  the  district  are  much 
like  what  they  were  of  old,  —  the  slate-quarrymen  and 
miners.  The  quarrymen,  who  are  met  with  iu  the 
very  wildest  spots,  are  a  hardy  and  athletic  race,  who 
can  bring  down  from  the  top  of  a  crag  to  the  ground, 
from  six  to  twelve  hundredweight  of  slate  at  once.  A 
Joseph  Clark,  remembered  by  the  existing  generation, 
accomplished  feats  which  could  hardly  be  sui-passed  by 
the  strong  men  of  the  border  in  the  middle  ages.  In 
one  day  he  made  seventeen  journeys  from  top  to  bottom 
of  Honister  Crag, — that  is,  seventeen  miles  of  climbing 
and  sharp  descent, — carrying  up,  each  time,  a  hurdle 
weighing  801bs.,  and  bringing  down  each  time  040lbs. 
of  slate.  He  once  carried  double  that  quantity,  each 
time,  in  three  successive  journeys.  His  greatest  day's 
work  was  bringing  11,770  11)3.  His  abode  was  three 
miles  from  the  quarry ;  but  he  thought  little  of  the 
addition  of  a  six  miles'  walk  to  his  daily  business.  He 
complained  of  nothing  but  thirst,  and  did  not  appear  to 
suffer  from  toil  so  stupendous,  contiaued  through  a  long 
course  of  years.  Wherever  the  passenger  observes  heaps 
of  refuse  on  the  mountain  side,  or  near  his  path,  he  may 
bo  sure  of  seeing  men  worth  knowing.  They  may  bo 
found  standing  on  ledges  iu  the  recesses  of  the  quaiTy, 
or  seen  moving  in  the  depths  below,  looking  like  pigmies, 
or  creeping  along  tho  faco  of  the  crag,  several  hundred 
feet  overhead.  In  the  latter  case,  there  are  little  cham- 
bers built  up  in  the  refuse,  to  alTord  shelter  from  wind 
and  storms.  Ranges  of  these  may  bo  seen,  if  carefully 
looked  for,  near  the  summits  of  Honister  and  the  adja- 
cent crags ;  but  it  too  often  happens  that  a  quariTuiau 
is  caught  by  the  wind  before  ho  can  get  to  shelter,  and 
blown  out  from  the  face  of  tho  crag,  like  a  bird  from  its 
perch.  When  the  slate  is  closely  compacted,  and  otTers 
a  peqiendicular  surface,  the  quaiTymau  goes  to  work  jis 
tho  shepherds  do  when  they  waut  to  destroy  eagles'  eggs. 
His  comrades  let  him  down  by  a  rope,  and  he  tries  for 
a  footing  to  rest  on  while  he  drives  in  his  wedges. 
Seen  from  below,  men  thus  employed  look  like  summer 
fq)idors  dangling  from  tho  eaves  of  a  house.     There  are 


more  resources  and  bettor  roads  than  there  used  to  be ; 
and  there  is  less  breakage  of  men's  bones,  as  well  as  of 
good  slate ;  but,  between  the  needless  risks  they  run, 
and  the  sudden  storms  they  encounter,  and  the  vast 
weights  they  carry  or  draw,  and  tho  slipping  of  the 
foot,  and  the  dizzj-ing  of  the  head  by  drink,  there  are 
widows  and  orphans  coming  in  almost  ever)-  year  from 
the  quarries  to  live  in  the  towns,  and  subscription  lists 
going  round  oftcuer  than  from  any  other  local  accident, 
except  drowning  iu  the  lakes. 

There  are  other  black  chasms  in  the  mountain  sides. 
There  is  copper  mining  and  lead  mining  among  the 
fells,  besides  the  ironworks  in  the  Furness  peninsula. 
The  lead  miners  have,  perhaps,  been  the  least  stable 
class ;  for  their  fortunes  are  precarious.  At  one  time 
the  value  of  the  plumbago  iu  Borrowdale  was  so  little 
known  that  the  shepherds  used  it  freely  for  marking 
their  sheep  ;  and  then,  when  it  was  found  to  be  the  best 
material  for  pencils  ever  known,  the  proprietors  at  once 
obtained  from  thirty  to  forty  shillings  a  pound  for  the 
lead  of  a  single  "  sop,"  which  yielded  upwards  of  twenty- 
eight  tons.  In  those  days,  houses  were  built  at  the 
entrance,  where  the  workmen  were  obliged  to  change 
their  clothes  under  inspection,  —  so  strong  was  the 
temptation  to  embezzlement.  The  high  wages  of  such 
prosperous  periods  have  alternated  with  entire  suspen- 
sions of  business,  when  the  lead  became  too  poor  for 
even  blacking  stoves,  or  when  it  seemed  lost  altogether; 
and  such  vicissitudes  work  mischief  on  the  character  of 
the  labouring  class.  The  old  copper-mines  have  been 
sufficiently  prosperous  to  oifer  a  temptation  to  the  open- 
ing of  new  works ;  and  the  characteristics  of  the  mining 
class  are  spreading  into  new  vales,  and  crossing  from  one 
mountain  side  to  another.  The  successor  of  Robert 
Walker,  "  The  Wonderful "  (celebrated  by  Wordsworth), 
complains  that  the  tranquillity  of  the  parish  of  Seath- 
waite  is  disturbed  by  the  sinking  of  a  shaft  iu  tho 
neighbouring  hill  side, — tho  miners  drawing  people 
away  to  diversion  on  Sundays.  At  Coniston,  where  the 
great  copper-mine  of  tho  region  has  been  worked  from 
the  earliest  recorded  times,  the  people,  who  sometimes 
receive  as  wages  from  the  mine  no  less  than  X'i.OOO  per 
month,  are  kuowu  by  their  eagerness  after  open-air  sport. 
Thcj'  shoot  at  everything  they  see  flying,  and  hunt  every- 
thing they  see  running ;  so  that  not  ouly  did  the  eagles 
disappear  there  soouer  than  anywhere,  but  tho  ravens 
are  gone,  though  the  last  pair  showed  every  inclination 
to  cleave  to  their  crag  in  Yewdale  through  all  chances 
and  changes.  Like  tho  general  working  class  of  the 
region,  tho  miners  are  quite  suflicieutly  tlirifty, — 
abundantly  fond  of  gain.  While  poets  and  romancers 
have  taken  for  granted  that  there  must  be  patriarchal 


44 


SURVEY   OF  THE  LAKE   DISTRICT. 


generosity  and  rural  inuocence  among  the  dalesmen, 
the  clergy  declare  that  they  find  it  necessary  to  preach 
against  worlJliuess,  instead  of  exhorting  to  foresight 
and  thrift.  While  the  people  appear  to  have  no  con- 
ception of  personal  cleanliness,  or  civil  and  orderly  in- 
door habits,  they  keep  their  houses  and  furniture  clean 
and  bright,  hoard  goodly  clothing,  and  are  exceedingly 
fond  of  high  profits.  They  would  prosper  better  with 
more  intelligence  and  modern  knowledge ;  but  their  back- 
wardness in  these  respects  does  not  prevent  their  having 
a  keen  eye  for  the  main  chance.  Youthful  lovers  find 
that  there  are  hard  fathers  in  the  vales  as  elsewhere ; 
and  the  young  dalesmen  have  reason  to  know  that  the 
rural  heiress  can  take  very  good  care  of  herself  and  her 
fortune.  In  this  matter  there  is  probably  little  differ- 
ence between  the  old  times  and  the  new,  unless  it  be  in 
the  broadest  liighroad  of  the  summer  tourist. 

PHYSICAL     CHANGES. 

The  changes  wrought  bj'  nature  in  the  features  of 
the  landscape  are  perhaps  more  conspicuous  than  those 
■which  affect  the  characteristics  of  the  people.  The  sea 
works  roughly  in  such  a  recess  as  Morecambe  Bay, 
stirring  up  the  sands  very  destructively.  Several  vil- 
lages specified  in  Domesday  Book  are  so  utterly  gone 
that  no  trace  of  them  has  remained  within  the  memory 
of  man.  Others  have  become  isolated  at  high  water,  or 
have  been  wholly  engulfed  since  the  beginning  of  the  last 
century.  The  old  village  of  Aldingham  has  disappeared 
since  that  time.  The  fresh-water  forces  of  the  interior 
operate  to  the  same  effect,  causing  occasional  ravages  as 
terrible  as  any  that  the  marauding  Scots  left  behind  them 
in  their  old  forays.  One  instance  will  suffice.  In  1700, 
a  flood  descended  the  ravine  between  Grassmoor  and 
TVhiteside,  on  Crumniock  AVator,  carrying  down  every- 
thing that  it  could  sweep  from  the  mountain  side,  and 
from  the  vale  below,  and  ending  with  laying  bare  of  all 
soil  a  piece  of  arable  land  which  extended  between  the 
valley  and  the  lake.  Full-grown  trees  were  flourishing 
there  in  a  considerable  depth  of  earth  when  the  sun  set, 
and  at  sunrise  there  was  a  clean  floor  of  rock.  The 
accumulated  material  smothered  ten  acres  of  land.  In 
the  place  of  a  stone  causeway,  fortified  by  an  embank- 
ment, apparently  as  strong  as  the  hills,  there  was  a 
swift-flowing  river  in  a  sunken  channel.  The  village  of 
Braekenthwaitc,  unintentionally  built  on  a  rock,  was 
safe  in  the  morning  ;  but  it  stood  perched  on  a  knoll, 
with  chasms  all  about  it.  The  flood  and  its  burden 
poured  into  the  little  river  Cocker,  and  so  swelled  it 
that  the  plain  between  the  mountains  and  the  sea  was 
under  water  for  a  considerable  time.  If  such  mischief 
could  be  done  iu  one  night,  the  perpetual  operation  of 


impetuous  waters  cannot  be  insignificant.  Slides  are 
frequent,  as  in  all  hilly  countries  subject  to  rains  ;  and 
the  leaping  rocks  thus  displaced  play  many  tricks. 
Sometimes  they  lodge  in  a  chasm,  and  form  a  bridge ; 
sometimes  one  bounds  into  a  pool,  and  forms  the  basis 
of  an  islet ;  and  then,  again,  it  stops  short  in  a  meadow, 
and  makes  a  resting-place  for  the  shepherd,  or  a  shelter 
for  his  lambs.  The  continuous  conve3'ance  of  silt  by  the 
streams  alters  the  forms  and  dimensions  of  the  lakes  so 
materially  that  no  one  of  them  looks  the  same  from  one 
half  century  to  another.  This  perpetual  deposit  alters 
the  currents  more  than  any  occasional  slide  of  stones 
and  gravel.  New  promontories  gradually  arise,  and  the 
sweeps  of  the  bays  contract,  till  reeds  fill  up  the  space 
of  the  marginal  waters,  and  new  acres  are  seen  growing 
for  the  husbandman  of  a  future  generation.  There  is 
scarcely  a  vale  in  the  whole  district  which  does  not 
show  green  meadows,  and  especially  a  "  waterhcad," 
which  must  have  been  a  i)art  of  the  lake  not  very  long 
ago  :  and  in  Grasmere  the  effect  of  the  process  is  re- 
markably evident.  From  any  of  the  slopes  above  the 
north-east  of  the  vale  of  Grasmere  the  lake  looks  a 
mere  pond,  the  small  remains  of  a  sheet  of  water  which 
must  once  have  occupied  the  whole  basin,  except  where 
the  knolls  made  islands,  like  those  of  the  Windermere 
of  our  day.  While  the  lakes  are  thus  contracting,  and 
hinting  of  a  time  when  they  will  become  dry  laud,  new 
pools  are  opened,  and  then  deepened  and  expanded 
into  a  promise  of  future  lakes.  A  tree  falls,  or  a 
boulder  lodges  on  a  well  head.  In  either  case  the 
waters  spread  through  the  soil,  and  lodge  round  the 
obstruction,  making  a  swamp,  which  is  constantly 
increased  by  the  fall  of  more  trees,  as  their  roots  are 
loosened.  The  drowned  vegetation  decays,  and  sinks, 
and  waterplants  appear,  no  one  knows  how.  Fish 
come  in  time,  and  their  fry,  and  the  seeds  and  insects, 
which  presently  abound,  bring  birds,  and  birds  bring 
men.  The  waterfowl  squabble  among  the  reeds ;  and 
the  hill  echoes  send  the  sound  to  the  sportsman's  ear. 
He  finds  the  heron  wading  in  summer,  and  the 
snipe  rocking  on  the  bulrush  in  autumn ;  and  divers 
popping  on  the  surface  of  the  pool,  and  perhaps  the 
wild  geese  encamping  for  the  night.  When  the  waters 
stretch  to  barriers  of  rock  where  they  can  grow  clear 
and  deeper,  and  receive  constant  accessions  from 
the  hill  ooze  and  drip,  the  new  tarn  is  safe.  The 
shepherd  follows  on  the  track  of  the  sportsman,  and 
his  flock  in  time  transform  the  rough  ground  into 
snard,  by  manuring  and  browsing.  Kext  appears  the 
first  work  of  art  iu  this  wilderness.  The  sheepfold  is 
a  mere  enclosure,  formed  by  piling  the  stones  which 
lie  about  into  high  walls,  some  one  of  which  must  afford 


SURVEY   OF  THE   LAKE   DISTRICT. 


45 


shelter  from  drifting  snow,  whicbevcr  way  the  ■wiiul 
brings  it.  These  folds  arc  usually  placed  on  the  lowest 
ground  in  the  hollow,  and  as  near  the  water  as  may 
Le.  After  the  fold  comes  tlio  hut,  looking  much  like  a 
deserted  chalet;  and  there  the  cows  can  be  sheltered 
in  bad  weather  while  out  on  the  fells, — to  say  nothing 
of  the  herdsman.  In  time,  the  farmstead  rises  on  the 
slope  above  the  tarn ;  the  plough  drives  in  among 
the  stones ;  and  the  stones  congregate  in  the  shape  of 
fences.  The  sounds  of  the  farm-yard  scare  away  the 
wildfowl ;  oats  take  the  place  of  heather ;  and  the 
draining  of  the  tilled  laud  once  more  enlarges  the  lake. 
The  clatter  of  horses  is  heard  on  the  stony  road  ;  men 
pass  that  way,  and  open  new  tracks  over  the  ridges. 
The  pedlar  drops  down  into  the  vale  with  his  gay 
commodities,  aud  his  news  from  the  town  ;  and  before 
the  dark  sycamores  at  each  end  of  the  house  have  met 
to  make  a  canopy,  there  are  sons  and  daughters  settled 
within  call,  and  a  new  hamlet  (something  ending  in 
"  thwaite,"  probably),  has  taken  its  name  and  place 
among  the  hills. 

If  sudden  changes  in  the  aspect  of  the  scenery 
are  caused  by  slides  which  lay  bare  the  green  up- 
lands or  sloping  fallows,  or  by  cleavings  of  the  woods, 
or  by  floods,  nature  gradually  restores  the  smooth 
and  tranquil  surface  of  the  landscape.  The  birds 
and  the  breezes  carry  seeds  to  every  ledge,  and  cast 
them  into  clefts  in  the  bare  precipices,  so  that  the 
birch  and  mountain-ash  show  themselves  where  there 
seems  to  be  no  soil  nor  room  for  a  root  to  strike.  The 
wildest  rock-face  thus  becomes  feathered  from  its  base 
to  its  ridge  ;  and  every  autumn  fall  of  leaves  and  flight 
of  seeds  helps  the  process.  Wherever  the  rill,  or 
the  mere  drip  from  above,  deposits  soil,  grass  and 
weeds  appear;  and  they  creep  up  the  slopes  with  visible 
progress  from  season  to  season.  Exquisite  mosses  and 
delicate  ferns  line  the  recesses  kept  moist  by  the  spray 
of  waterfalls,  and  clothe  the  stone  fences  till  they 
become  richer  in  vegetation,  and  far  more  grateful  to 
the  eye  than  the  hedges  of  the  southern  counties.  By 
this  kind  of  tinting  and  of  drapery,  the  barreuess  of 
new  greystone  buildings,  and  the  glare  of  white  ones,  arc 
presently  tempered.  So  many  processes  are  continually 
going  on  that  tlio  newest  and  rawest  fissure  of  a  rent 
mountain,  where  all  is  rigid,  motionless,  and  bare,  is 
sure  to  become  in  course  of  years  filled  witli  beaulv. 
Theio  is  motion  from  waving  trees  and  tidl  grass,  as 
well  as  from  winds  and  waters ;  and  every  variety  of 
hue,  from  the  gayest  wildflowers  and  mountain  berries 
to  the  sombre  greens,  greys,  and  browns  of  the  fir,  and 
the  rocks  and  their  heather.  Some  further  operations 
are,  however,  becoming  necessary  from  the  liaud  of 


man.  Inundations  are  more  freijuent  and  mischievous 
than  formerly,  and  are  evidently  on  the  increase.  lu 
the  neighbourhood  of  such  of  the  larger  lakes  as  are 
preferred  for  residence,  the  levels  are  oftener  laid  under 
water  than  they  were  twenty  years  ago ;  and  there  is 
more  flooding  of  houses,  and  injury  to  health  as  well 
as  property.  Derwentwater  and  Bassenthwaite  Lake 
effect  a  junction  of  their  contents  much  too  often,  to 
the  injury  of  the  town  of  Keswick  aud  the  surrounding 
levels ;  and  the  lowlands  round  Windermere,  and  even 
the  two  valleys  of  the  Rotha  and  the  Brathay  at  its 
head,  are  flooded  several  times  in  the  course  of  a 
winter,  as  well  as  after  the  July  rains.  The  main 
cause  of  the  evil  is  the  new  fashion,  excellent  in  itself, 
of  agricultural  drainage.  Modern  improvement,  which 
every  wise  man  welcomes,  sends  down  masses  of  water 
in  an  hour  which  it  would  have  taken  a  week  to  carry 
off  before  drainage  was  thought  of.  The  thing  wanted 
is  a  proper  carrying  out  of  the  system  of  drainage,  and 
not  any  going  back  from  what  is  already  done.  When 
steamboats  were  set  up  on  Windermere,  a  good  deal  of 
money  was  spent  in  deepening  the  south  end  of  the 
lake, — and  this  was  very  well ;  but  the  outlet  wants 
enlarging  too ;  and  a  weir  is,  in  such  a  case,  not  to  be 
tolerated.  Now  that  steam-mills  are  to  be  had,  water 
power  must  give  way  to  the  public  health  and  conve- 
nience ;  and  every  facility  must  be  afforded  to  the  waters 
to  flow  away  as  rapidly  as  they  are  brought  down  by  the 
drainage-pipes  of  improved  farming. 

One  other  modern  feature  of  the  scenery  must  be 
pointed  out.  At  regular  times, — once  a  month,  for 
the  most  part, — a  tall,  old  shepherd  may  be  seen,  with 
his  statf  and  his  dog,  traversing  the  highest  central 
ridges,  sometimes  below  and  sometimes  above  the 
clouds.  He  has  business  up  there,  higher  than  he 
ever  led  his  sheep.  He  has  the  charge  of  the  rain- 
guages,  some  half-dozen  of  them,  set  up  on  various 
heights,  and  well  secured  against  the  gales.  Ho  goes 
the  round  of  them,  and  records  the  results.  In  his 
youth  superstition  and  fear  held  possession  of  the 
places  where  science  has  now  established  a  footing ; 
and  the  old  shepherds,  to  whom,  above  all  men,  their 
neighbours  looked  for  goblin  stories,  can  now  read  off 
tlie  registere  of  nature,  and  teach  the  wise,  instead  of 
amusing  the  ignorant,  by  telling  what  they  find  on  the 
mountain  top.  The  district  can  show  no  change  more 
suggestive  tlum  this. 

SURVEY   Fno^f   THE  summits. 

The  diameter  of  the  Lake  District  is  only  thirty 
miles.  It  is  a  sin;,'ular  case  of  the  concentration  of  all 
the  attributes  of  a  mountain  region  within  so  small  a 


4G 


SUEM^Y  OF  THE  LAKE  DISTBICT. 


compass.  Elsewhere,  either  the  proportions  arc  alto- 
gether larger,  or,  as  ia  Scotlaud  and  many  other 
countries,  long  spaces  lie  between  tho  objects  of 
interest.  The  way  to  obtain  a  conception  of  the  pro- 
portions and  relations  of  the  heights,  valleys,  and  lakes, 
in  our  own  district,  is  to  stand  on  the  ridge  called  Esk 
Hause,  and  look  abroad  on  a  clear  day. 

Esk  Hause  is  a  ridge  among  tho  central  and  loftiest 
peaks,  of  which  the  Scawfell  Pikes  and  Bow  Fell  are  the 
conspicuous  points.  The  head-waters  of  tho  Esk  and 
Duddon  are  on  this  ridge ;  and  it  commands,  to  singular 
advantage,  the  primary  valleys  of  the  region, — three 
lines  of  landscape,  which,  with  their  accessories,  con- 
stitute the  Lake  District.  Looking  northwards,  Bor- 
rowdale  is  seen  lying  immediately  below,  and  extending 
to  Derwentwater,  beyond  which  the  opening  continues 
past  the  town  of  Keswick,  past  SkidJaw,  over  Bas- 
senthwaite  Lake,  to  the  Solway  and  Scotch  mountains. 
This  is  one  line.  The  next  tends  to  the  south-east.  It 
begins  with  Langdale,  l\-ing  just  underneath,  passes  by 
the  opening  of  the  Brathay  valley  to  Windermere, 
and  onwards  to  the  dim  outline  of  Ingleborough,  in 
Yorkshire.  The  third  line  is  intermediate,  tending 
south-westwards.  It  follows  the  course  of  the  Esk 
down  Eskdale  to  the  sands;  and  while  Blackcomb 
rises  to  the  left,  the  glittering  sea  bounds  the  view 
beyond.  The  three  lines  are  rarely  seen  in  equal 
clearness ;  for,  if  the  sun  favours  one,  another  is 
shadowy  or  misty  ;  but  by  spending  a  bright  summer's 
day  on  tho  ridge,  the  geography  of  the  district  may  be 
better  understood  than  it  could  be  by  any  other  method 
of  actual  obser^-ation,  unless  it  were  from  a  balloon. 
To  follow  these  lines  may  be  the  best  way  of  studying 
the  mountain  area  in  print,  as  on  the  spot. 

From  this  ridge  tho  ancient  domains  of  Furuess 
Abbey  may  be  traced.  The  abbey  itself  lies  south 
and  seawards,  among  the  last  levels  of  the  peninsula, 
which  is  hidden  by  the  screen  of  the  great  Conistou 
mountain.  From  the  sea  to  the  Shire  Stones — not  far 
below  Esk  Hause — the  whole  territory  lying  between 
Windermere  and  the  Duddon  belonged  to  the  abbey; 
and  again,  looking  northwards,  the  whole  of  Borrowdale. 
The  hamlet  of  Grange,  at  the  mouth  of  Borrowdale, 
owes  its  name  to  the  barns  in  which  the  produce  was 
stored,  and  where  monks  lived  to  take  care  of  it.  The 
passes  are  so  steep,  and  the  vale  is  so  effectually 
hemmed  in  by  mountains,  that  it  was  thought  suffi- 
cient to  take  care  of  the  entrance.  So  Grange  stands 
in  the  defile  where  the  shoaly  Derwent  is  spanned  by 
twin  bridges,  and  the  monks  were  supposed  to  hold 
the  key  of  Borrowdale.  It  was  this  character  of  a 
recess  which  gave  rise  to  the  old  stoiy,  which  a  Borrow- 


dale man  hardly  likes  to  hear  of  even  at  this  day,  and 
which  makes  the  name  of  the  cuckoo  a  signal  for  a 
faction  light  at  fairs  or  in  wayside  inns.  Spring  was 
60  dehghtful,  we  are  told,  to  the  Borrowdale  jieople  in 
old  times,  and  the  note  of  the  cuckoo  so  gladsome,  that 
the  inhabitants  set  about  building  a  wall,  to  keep  in 
the  cuckoo,  and  make  spring  last  for  ever.  This  wall 
stretched  across  the  entrance,  at  Grange.  Unfor- 
tunately, the  cuckoo  got  away ;  but  this  was  because 
tho  wall  was  built  one  course  of  stones  too  low.  It  is 
simply  for  want  of  a  top  course  on  the  wall  that  eternal 
spring  does  not  reign  in  Borrowdale !  Not  only  is  the 
word  gouk  (cuckoo,  and  also  fooli  not  to  be  uttered,  but 
the  mention  of  the  cuckoo  is  sure  to  be  followed  by  a 
knock-down  blow  from  a  Borrowd;ile  man,  if  time  and 
place  allow  of  it. 

It  is  not  now  difficult  to  drop  into  the  dale  from  the 
surrounding  heights,  the  most  southerly  of  which  are 
the  loftiest.  From  Esk  Hause  there  is  a  foot-track  to 
Sprinkling  Tarn,  whence  a  rill  flows  to  feed  Sty  Head 
Tarn,  on  the  pass  between  AVastdale  and  Borrowdale. 
Another  way  is  by  the  Stake  pass  from  Langdale ;  a  third 
is  by  tho  steep  road  from  Buttermere  ;  and  a  fourth  is 
from  the  direction  of  Hclvellyu, — a  footpath  from  Leg- 
bcrthwaite  and  Watendlath,  which  drops  into  Borrowdale 
behind  Kosthwaite.  The  twin  passes  of  the  Stake  and 
Sty  Head  descend  on  each  side  the  "  tongue  "  which 
splits  this  vale,  like  almost  every  other,  into  a  fork  at  its 
higher  end.  The  mountain  Glaramara  is  the  "tongue" 
of  Borrowdale ;  and  that  part  of  the  recess  is  still  deeply 
secluded,  while  settlements  thicken  towards  the  other 
end.  From  the  top  of  the  Stake  Pass  to  Grange  is 
about  eight  miles ;  and  within  the  last  si.x  there  are 
dwellings, — first,  mere  farmsteads  w'ith  their  appur- 
tenances, and  a  few  miners'  cottages  ;  thou  the  hamlet 
of  Eosthwaite,  and  finally,  Grange.  AVithin  a  few  years 
several  goodly  mansions  have  risen  up  from  the  levels, 
wliich  is  rather  strange,  considering  the  swampy  character 
of  the  low  grounds,  and  the  vast  fall  of  rain  in  that 
mountain  basin,  amounting  to  no  less  than  from  120  to 
100  inches  by  the  rain  guage  at  Seathwaite. 

Borrowdale  can  hardly  be  more  celebrated  than  it  has 
been  ever  since  the  scenery  of  the  district  began  to  be 
appreciated ;  but  it  is  now  so  frequented  that  the  local  tra- 
ditions of  primitive  manners  sound  very  strange.  For  in- 
stance, the  great  event  of  an  innovator  having  entered  the 
vale,  some  generations  ago,  is  fixed  in  the  people's  minds 
by  an  anecdote.  This  new-fangled  personage  wanted 
some  lime, — an  article  never  heard  of.  He  sent  an  old 
man  a  long  way  for  the  new  commodity,  with  horse  and 
sacks, — there  being  uo  carts  because  there  was  no  road. 
Returning  from  beyond  Keswick,  the  messenger  and 


SURVEY   OF  THE   LAKE   DISTRICT. 


47 


his  horse  ■were  overtaken  by  a  shower ;  ami  immediately 
after,  the  old  man  was  alarmed  by  seeing  liis  sacks  begin 
to  smoke.  He  got  a  hatful  of  water  from  the  river : 
but  tho  more  ho  wetted  his  sacks,  the  -worse  the  smoke 
gi-ew.  As  nothing  could  be  clearer  than  that  the  devil 
must  be  in  any  fire  which  was  aggravated  by  water,  the 
terrified  man  tossed  his  whole  load  into  the  river,  where 
it  hissed  so  fearfully  as  to  make  him  glad  to  be  rid  of 
it. — Another  resident  is  reported  to  have  suffered  more 
than  this  by  introducing  an  innovation,  being  rescued  at 
last  by  a  bright  native  wit,  such  as  may  often  be  found 
in  tho  dullest  places.  A  Borrowdale  "  statesman  "  went 
one  day  to  a  distant  fair  or  sale,  and  brought  home  some- 
thing terribly  new, — a  pair  of  stirrups.  He  jogged 
homo  with  his  feet  firmly  jammed  into  his  stirrups, — 
so  firmly  that  by  the  time  lie  reached  his  own  door  ho 
could  not  get  them  out.  The  alarm  and  lamentation 
were  great ;  but  there  was  no  use  in  crying  over  misfor- 
tunes ;  so  the  good  man  patiently  sat  his  horse  in  the 
pasture  for  a  day  or  two — the  family  bringing  him  food — 
till  the  eldest  son  declared  that  he  had  an  idea !  The 
horse  would  suffer  by  exposure  ;  and  it  would  be  better 
for  tho  horse,  and  no  worse  for  his  father,  that  they 
should  be  in  the  stable.  The  idea  was  applauded ;  and 
the  farmer  had  his  food  brought  to  him  in  the  stable  for 
a  few  days  more.  Bj'  that  time,  the  second  son  had  an 
idea.  It  was  a  pity  that  the  horse  should  not  be  useful, 
and,  for  that  matter,  the  father  too ;  and  it  might  be 
possible  to  carry  him  on  his  saddle  into  the  house.  By 
immense  exertion  it  was  done, — the  horse  being  led 
beside  the  midden-heap,  in  the  yard,  while  the  girths 
were  loosened,  to  soften  any  unlucky  fall.  The  good- 
man  found  himself  under  his  own  roof  again,  spinning 
wool  in  a  corner  of  the  kitchen,  as  he  sat  astride  his 
saddle.  There  he  remained,  through  the  cleverness  of 
his  second  son,  till  his  youngest,  a  bright  youth,  in  a 
bright  hour,  came  home  full  of  learning  from  the  college 
at  St.  Bees.  After  duly  considering  the  case,  he,  liko 
bis  brothers,  had  an  idea.  His  counsel  was,  that  his 
father  should  draw  his  feet  out  of  his  clogs.  This  was 
done,  amidst  family  acclamations ;  and  the  good-man 
was  restored  to  his  old  way  of  life.  His  wife  was  so 
proud  and  delighted,  that  she  declared  that  if  she  had  a 
score  of  cbildreu  she  would  make  scholars  of  them  all. 
The  learning  of  Borrowdale,  however,  did  not  all 
come  from  St.  Bees.  Philosophy  might  be  native  there 
as  elsewhere  ;  and  one  genius  arrived  at  a  conclu- 
sion, on  a  certain  occasion,  which  could  hardly  bo 
outshone  within  the  walls  of  any  college.  A  stranger 
came  riding  into  the  vale  on  a  mule,  which  he  left  at  a 
farmhouse,  as  ho  had  an  errand  up  the  pass.  Neither 
tho  fanter  nor  his  neif'hbours  hud  ever  seen  such  a 


creature  before ;  and  some  natural  misgivings  induced 
them  to  consult  the  wise  man  of  the  vale.  (They 
were  sensible  enough  to  keep  a  Sagum  or  Medicine- 
man, to  supply  their  deficiencies  in  ^visdom.)  The 
wise  man  came,  contemplated  the  creature,  drew  a 
circle  round  it,  and  consulted  hi?  books  while  his 
charms  were  burning.  At  length  he  announced  that 
he  had  completed  his  discovery.  There  were  so  many 
things  that  the  creature  could  not  be,  that  there  re- 
mained no  doubt  as  to  what  it  mu3t  be.  It  was  a 
peacock !  Borrowdale  could  thenceforth  boast  of  a 
visit  from  a  stranger  who  came  riding  on  a  peacock. 
Tf  every  valley  abounded  in  anecdotes  like  Borrowdale, 
there  would  be  no  end  of  describing  the  district;  but  it  is 
not  so.  The  unique  character  of  that  valley  as  a  recess, 
and  the  deep  seclusion  of  its  old  inhabitants,  made 
Borrowdale  remarkable  for  simphcity  and  diduess  in  a 
region  where  the  people  in  general  seemed  as  primitive 
as  possible  in  the  eyes  of  the  few  who  came  from  afar 
to  see  them. 

Borrowdale  opens  upon  Dcnventwatcr,  —  perhaps 
the  best  known  of  tho  lakes,  though  not  one  of  the 
largest,  uor  perhaps  in  itself  the  most  beautiful.  It  is 
about  three  miles  long,  and  has  an  average  breadth  of 
a  mile  and  a  half.  Its  depth  is  inconsiderable ;  and 
hence  its  singular  clearness,  and  mirror-Hke  expanse. 
Its  islands,  and  certain  promontories  aud  passes  of  the 
surrounding  heights,  aro  connected  with  the  names  and 
histories  of  the  RatclifTes,  Earls  of  Derwentwater;  and 
tlicy  aro  believed  to  have  left  records  on  even  the  sky. 
Tlie  aurora  borealis  is  there  called  "  Lord  Derwent- 
water's  lights,"  because  it  was  particularly  briUiant  the 
night  after  the  execution  of  the  Earl,  who  was  "  out  " 
with  the  Jacobites  in  1715.  The  cleft  in  Wallabarrow 
crag,  which  is  called  the  Lady's  Rake,  takes  its  name 
from  its  being  the  way  of  escape  of  his  wretched  wife, 
who  climbed  it  in  the  night,  carrying  away  the  family 
jewels,  to  be  used  on  behalf  of  her  husband.  The 
ancient  abode  of  the  Ratcliffes  was  on  tlie  hill  called 
Castle-head,  built,  according  to  tradition,  within  tho 
compass  of  a  Druidical  circle :  but  tho  materials  were 
removed  to  Lord's  Island,  on  the  lake,  where  their  more 
modern  mansion  stood.  The  island  of  Ramp's  Holme 
was  theirs  also  ;  and  tradition  connects  with  their  family 
tho  hermit  of  the  seventh  century,  St.  Herbert,  the 
dear  friend  of  St.  Cuthbert,  who  inhabited  a  third 
island,  ciJled  after  him,  and  died  on  tho  same  day  with 
his  holy  brother  of  Lindisfam.  Vicar's  island  is  tho 
fourtli  of  those  which  stud  the  northern  end  of  tlie 
lake,  and  reduce  its  apparent  extent.  Tlie  noted  float- 
ing island  of  Derwentwater  is  a  mere  mass  of  decayed 
vegetation,  and  soil  fonned  from  it,  which  rises  to  the 


48 


SURVF.Y  OF  THE   LAKE  DISTRICT. 


surface  when  distended  with  gasses,  and  sinlis  when 
collapsing  by  their  discharge. 

Derwentwater  is  surroiunled  liy  very  noble  land- 
marks. At  one  end  Scawfell  Pike  rises  above  the  lofty 
Borrowdale  mountains ;  and  at  the  other,  Skiddaw 
swells  from  the  levels  in  lonely  majesty.  Along  the 
western  side,  Cat  Bells  rises  to  a  height  of  1,400  feet, 
with  Causey  Pike,  COO  feet  higher,  just  behind  it;  and 
the  fine  wooded  steeps  of  Wallabarrow  and  Falcon  Crag 
enclose  the  eastern  shore.  It  is  from  this  riJgc  that 
the  Ban'ow  fall  and  that  of  Lodore  descend,  from  a  tarn 
in  the  upland  valley  of  Watcndlath.  The  fall  of  Lodore 
is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  district,  and  unique  in  its 
character.  A  steep  ravine  of  vast  boulders  separates 
the  towering  rocks  of  Gowder  Crag  and  Shepherd's 
Crag;  and  the  contents  of  the  tarn  in  the  valley,  which 
lies  I'jO  feet  above  Derwentwater,  come  gushing  and 
dripping  down  in  a  multitude  of  little  streams,  or  in  a 
succession  of  roaring  cascades,  according  to  the  season 
or  the  weather. 

At  the  north  end  of  the  lake  lies  the  town  of  Kes- 
wick, on  the  plain  which  stretches  at  the  base  of 
Skiddaw.  That  plain,  as  seen  from  any  of  the  sur- 
rounding heights,  and  especially  from  Castlerigg  on  the 
Toad  to  Ambleside,  presents  one  of  the  richest  scenes  in 
England.  Besides  the  town  and  environs  of  Keswick, 
there  are  villages  where  the  woollen  manufacture  flou- 
rishes, and  many  farmsteads,  and  two  conspicuous 
churches,  in  one  of  which,  the  white  old-fashioned 
Crosthwaito  Church,  Southey  is  buried,  and  his  monu- 
mental statue  reposes.  The  Derwent  and  the  Greta 
wind  through  the  level ;  and  roads  intersect  it,  losing 
themselves  at  last  in  climbing  the  slopes  and  penetrating 
the  recesses  of  the  hills ;  and  the  fields  and  woodland 
show  every  variety  of  green  under  the  summer  sun, 
though  they  are  too  apt  to  be  flooded  in  the  winter 
months.  The  mountains  of  this  group  have  a  peculiar 
character,  being  bare  and  pointed  ;  but  every  peculiarity 
becomes  reduced  as  the  valley  opens  to  the  north. 
Basseuthwaite,  four  miles  in  length,  and  one  in 
breadth,  is  the  outlying  lake  in  this  direction  ;  and, 
except  that  Skiddaw  towers  on  its  eastern  shore,  it 
presents  no  marked  features.  Lord's  Scat  and  Barf 
are  the  highest  hills  on  the  western  side ;  and  from 
them  the  fells  subside  in  undulations  to  the  plain. 
The  Derwent  flows  out  much  enlarged  from  the  northern 
end  of  Bassenthwaite,  and  takes  its  course  towards 
Cockermouth.  The  open  vales  of  Isell  and  Embleton, 
lying  north-west  of  Bassenthwaite,  are  the  limit  of  the 
Lake  District  in  that  direction. 

The  rich  vale  of  Lorton,  adjoining  Embleton,  and  tra- 
versed by  the  high  road  from  Keswick,  connects  with  the 


great  Derwenlwatcr  valley  its  dependency,  in  which  lie 
Loweswater,  Crummock  Water,  and  Buttermere.      In 
describing  Borrowdale,  mention  was  made  of  an  open- 
ing towards  Buttermere.     At  the  brauchijig  of  the  fork, 
below  Glaramara,  in  Borrowdale,  there  is  a  road  to  the 
west  which  passes  through  the  farmyard  at  Scatoller, 
and  ascends  very  steeply  to  llonister  Crag,  at  the  head 
of  Buttermere  Vale,  commanding  as  wild  a  scene  as  can 
be  found  in  the  region.     The  slate  quarries  of  Honister 
Crag,  rising  to  1700  feet,  have  been  already  referred  to. 
The  waterfall  which  pours  beside  them  rushes  down  the 
vale  in  a  channel  so  winding  as  to  require  many  bridges 
or  coui-ses  of  stepping  stoned,  so  frequently  must  the 
road  cross  it.     This  stream  is  the  infant  Cocker.     The 
highest  peaks  of  the  region  are  at  hand  to  the  south  ; 
but  the  vale  leads  on  to  a  group  which  is  only  secon- 
dary.    The  four  mountains  which  cluster  round  the 
south-western  side  of  Buttermere  range  from  lied  Pilie, 
2,750  feet,  to  the  group  a  few  hundred  feet  lower, 
of  High  Crag,   Hayrick,  and  High  Stile.     They  pour 
down  cataracts  in  noble  force,  one  of  the  most  conspicu- 
ous cf  which  is  on  the  side  of  Butteimere,  Sour  Milk 
Ghyll  by  name.     It  descends  from  a  tarn  (Burtness 
Tarn)  on  Bed  Pike.     Another  appears  to  close  in  the 
Vale  of  Newlands,  above  Buttermere  Haws,  tumbling 
down  the  rocky  side   of  Great  Robinson.     A  much 
greater  one  is  Scale  Force,  on  the  neighbouring  Crum- 
mock Lake,  a  full  of  100  feet  in  a  chasm  of  Jlelbreak. 
Tarns  abound  in  these  clustered  mountains,  where  the 
clouds  congi-egate  naturally.     The  tarns  of  the  district 
are  small  still-water  lakes,  lying  on  high  grouud.  Those 
which  are  found  in  upland  vales  arc  not  particularly 
beautiful,  their  margins  being  swampy,  and  their  euvi- 
rons  not  usually  striking.    But  the  true  mountain  tarns 
are  veiy  fine — deep,  dark,  and  still,  with  wild  heathery 
knolls   or  perpendicular   rocks   overshadowing    them. 
When  their  stillness  is  broken,  it  is  by  tumult.     Some 
rush  of  wind  lashes  the  surface  into  foam,  and  catches 
up  the  spray  so  that  it  may  be  seen  whirling  out  like 
smoke  from  a  distance.     Such  waterfalls  as  have  been 
spoken  of, — Lodore,  and  those  of  the  vales  about  But- 
termere,— each  torrent  descending  from  a  tarn,  indicate 
the  uses  of  those  little  high-lying  lakes  to  which  the 
district  owes  so  much.      But  for  them  there  would  be 
more  both  of  drought  and  of  flood.     They  cause  a  dis- 
tribution of  water,  which  fertihzes  without  inundating. 
The  agricultural  drainage  ah'eady  existing  shows  some- 
thing of  the  consequences  of  bringing  down  too  much  at 
once  of  the  produce  of  the  rains  ;  and  but  for  the  tarns, 
the  whole  bodj'  of  rainfall  would  rush  from  the  heights 
in  a  flood.      AVhile  the  lower  brooks  are  rising  and 
swelling  the  rivers,  which  immediately  e.xpaud  the  lakes, 


SURVEY  OF  THE  LAKE  DISTRICT. 


49 


there  is  no  contribution  from  the  heights  till  the  tarns 
overflow.  The  higher  brooks  empty  themselves  into 
the  tarns,  and  by  the  time  they  are  full,  the  waters 
below  are  subsiding.  There  are  no  fewer  than  fifty- 
four  in  the  district,  in  all  varieties,  from  the  reedy  pools 
of  shallow  upland  vales,  and  clear  basins  with  a  margin 
of  firm  turf  or  clean  sand,  to  the  black  pits  of  -water 
which  lie  under  precipices,  or  in  hollows  so  deep  that 
one  at  least  is  said  to  reflect  the  stars  at  noon  day. 
Where  they  abound  in  the  Butterracre  group,  the  aspect 
of  the  mountains  is  remarkably  rude.  They  show  long 
sweeps  of  orange  and  grey  stones,  and  red  peaks  and 
yeUow  promontories ;  and  huge  hollows  filled  with  deep 
blue  shadow,  or  breathing  out  white  mists  to  curl  up  the 
black  precipices.  Such  is  the  character  of  this  lofty 
central  region,  from  the  topmost  peak  of  Scawfell  to  the 
Screes  above  Wastwater.  Such  is  the  character  of  Red 
Pike,  as  it  towers  above  the  lakes  of  Buttermere  and 
Crummock  AVater. 

Buttermere  is  a  small  lake, — only  a  mile  and  a 
quarter  in  length,  and  little  more  than  half  a  mile  in 
breadth.  Crummock  Water  is  the  same  average  breadth, 
and  three  miles  long.  The  two  lakes  are  separated  by  a 
naiTOw  meadow,  a  mile  across,  subject  to  inundation,  but 
divided  into  fields  and  clumped  with  trees, — a  platform 
rescued  from  the  waters  to  afford  a  noble  view  of  a  circle 
of  mountains.  Opposite  to  Melbreak,  the  swelling 
masses  of  Whiteless,  Grassmoor,  and  Whiteside  guard 
the  lake, — the  kst  mountains  in  this  direction.  The 
land  subsides  in  undulations  towards  the  Vale  of  Lorton, 
the  boundary  spoken  of  before  as  that  into  which  the 
highlands  melt  to  the  north.  One  small  lake,  Lowes- 
water,  lies  beyond  Crummock  Water,  to  the  north-west. 
It  is  only  a  mile  long,  and  half  as  broad  ;  and  its 
northern  end  opens  upon  the  wild  moor  which  lies  be- 
tween the  mountains  and  the  sea. 

Wo  must  return  to  tlie  head  of  Denventwater,  to 
notice  the  two  isolated  mountains  there,  Skiddaw  and 
Saddleback.  Skiddaw  is  the  fourth  English  mountain 
for  height,  being  3,022  feet  above  the  sea,  and  2,011 
above  Derwcntwater.  It  is  separated  from  Saddle- 
back by  the  Glcndera.ten'a,  which  rushes  down  to  fall 
into  the  Greta.  Blencathra,  as  Saddleback  was  called 
of  old,  is  2,787  feet  in  height.  It  is  distinguished  liy 
tlic  noble  view  from  its  summit,  preferred  by  many  to 
that  from  Skiddaw;  and  by  the  depth  and  darkness  of  its 
tarns.  In  one  of  these,  Scales  Tarn,  it  is  that  the  stars 
arc  said  to  he  visible  at  noonday;  and  another,  Bow- 
scalo  Tarn,  is  that  which  is  believed  by  the  country 
people  to  be  inliabited  by  a  pair  of  undying  fish, — the 
immortal  (ish  celcliratcd  by  Wordsworth  in  his  "  Song 
at  tlie  Feast  of  Brougham  Castle."  Many  legends, 
7 


and  much  superstition  hang  about  this  neighbour- 
hood. Druidical  circles  seem  to  have  left  traces  or 
traditions  in  many  spots,  and  a  well  preserved  one 
remains  at  the  foot  of  Saddleback.  Its  forty-eight  stones 
form  an  oval ;  and  on  the  eastern  side,  within  the  line, 
there  is  a  small  recess  foi-med  by  ten  stones,  making  an 
oblong  square.  According  to  the  tradition  which  is  re- 
lated in  regard  to  this,  as  to  various  other  druidical 
circles,  the  last  human  sacrifice  was  attempted  there, 
and  in  this  way: — The  priests  in  an  ancient  time 
settled  among  the  mountains,  where  there  were  stones 
suitable  for  their  temples;  whereas  the  rest  of  the  people 
went  down  to  the  level  grounds,  and  settled  ip  a  clearing 
of  the  forest,  beside  a  river.  A  fever  soon  made  havoc 
among  them ;  and  the  oracle  demanded  a  sacrifice  to 
appease  the  divine  wrath.  The  lot  fell  on  a  girl  who 
was  betrothed  ;  and  on  the  day  of  sacrifice  she  was  con- 
ducted, with  the  usual  ceremonies,  to  the  temple,  on 
the  western  side  of  which  a  little  hut  of  wickerwork, 
like  a  beehive,  was  set  up.  When  she  was  presented 
to  the  assembled  people,  crowned  with  oak,  and  with 
mistletoe  in  her  hand,  her  wretched  lover  saw  her  from 
a  distance.  Ho  resolved  to  brave  divine  vengeance 
rather  than  contribute  a  twig  to  her  pile,  as  everj-  spec- 
t;itor  was  religiously  bound  to  do.  He  saw  her  enter 
the  hut :  he  saw  the  multitude  pass  before  it,  each 
casting  his  branch  against  the  walls :  and  he  saw  the 
priest  heap  up  the  dried  wood  and  leaves  against  the 
door,  while  the  arch-priest  was  procuring  fire  from  two 
sticks.  He  saw  the  pile  blaze,  and,  at  the  same  mo- 
ment, a  miracle  : — Every  mountain  round  gave  forth  a 
torrent,  and  all  the  floods  rushed  towards  the  temple  as 
to  a  centre,  and  made  an  island  of  the  little  hut,  ex- 
tinguishing the  fire,  and  then  flowing  back  to  their 
sources.  The  maiden  camo  forth  safe, — not  a  hair 
singed,  nor  a  leaf  of  her  garland  withered.  The  arch- 
priest,  sldlled  in  interpreting  thunder,  seems  to  have 
understood  also  the  "  voice  of  many  waters,"  for  he  pro- 
claimed that  the  god  had  forbidden  human  sacrifice 
henceforth  for  ever.  Even  now  the  druid  stones  are  not 
like  others  in  the  eyes  of  the  couutry  people.  Shy  as 
they  are  iu  speaking  about  them,  they  really  believe  that 
nobody  can  count  the  druid  stones  correctly,  and  tliat  a 
treasure  is  buried  under  the  largest.  Its  weight,  eight 
tons,  prevents  a  search  on  the  part  of  any  curious  indi- 
vidual ;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  no  body  of  men  will 
be  found  barbarous  enough  to  overthrow  the  stone. 

In  ascending  Saddleback  by  the  stream  from  Scales 
Tarn,  a  scene  of  natural  magic  is  traversed, — so  like  a 
mu-aclo  that  some  superstition  on  tlio  part  of  the  countn* 
folk  may  bo  excused.  There  is  no  doubt  whatever  as  to 
the  facts  of  the  appearances  on  Souter  Fell, — those 


50 


SURVEY  OF  THE  LAKE  DISTRICT. 


appearances  being  spread  over  a  course  of  years,  an<.l 
attested,  not  only  by  the  inhabitants  of  all  the  dwellings 
\nthin  view  of  the  mountain,  but  by  twenty-six  wit- 
nesses, selected  for  the  pui-pose.  The  facts  were  re- 
lated in  the  Lonsdale  Magazine,  and  other  records  of 
the  time ;  and,  instead  of  being  overtlirown  by  inquiry, 
they  were  confirmed  by  disclosures  of  a  similar  pheno- 
menon seen  in  Leicestershire  in  1707,  and  on  Helvellyn, 
on  the  eve  of  the  battle  of  ilarston  lloor. 

Souter  Fell,  it  must  be  premised,  is  full  of  precipices 
-which  render  any  march  of  troops  impossible  in  any 
part  of  ,it ;  and  the  north  and  west  sides  present  a  sheer 
perpendicular  of  900  feet.     On  midsummer  eve,  1 735, 
a  farm-servant  of  a  Mr.  Lancaster,  livuig  half  a  mile 
from  the  mountain,  saw  the  eastern  side  of  the  summit 
covered  with  troops,  which  pursued  their  onward  tramp 
for  an  hour.      They  came,  in  distinct  bodies,  from  au 
eminence  in  the  north  end,  and  disappeared  in  a  niche 
in  the  summit.     The  man  was  ridiculed  and  reviled 
when  he  told  what  he  had  seen,  as  original  observers 
are  wont  to  be  when  they  have  anything  new  to  tell. 
He  had  to  bear  it  for  two  years  before  he  had  a  com- 
panion in  his  disgrace.     His  employer,  Mr.  Lancaster, 
then  observed,  on  midsummer  eve,  some  men  following 
their  horses  on  the  same  part  of  the  fell,  as  if  they  were 
returning  from  a  hunt.     He  thought  nothing  of  this ; 
but,  looking  up  ten  minutes  afterwards,  he  saw  the 
men  mounted,  and  followed  by  a  countless  multitude  of 
soldiers,  live  abreast,  coming  and  disappearing  as  before. 
The  entire  household  now  watched  the  spectacle  till 
darkness  covered  the  summit.      The  family  declared 
that  the  forces  were  mancEuvred,  and  each  company 
commanded,  by  a  mounted  officer,  who  galloped   iu 
various   directions.      As  the  light  faded,   the  troops 
seemed  to  intermingle ;    the  officers  rode  at  imequal 
paces ;  and  then  it  was  too  dark  to  see  more.     All  the 
Laucasters  were  now  insulted  as  then-  servant  had  been 
before ;  but  they  too  were  justiiied  in  course  of  time. 
On  the  approach  of  midsummer  eve,  1745,  they  selected 
and  invited  twenty-six  persons  whose  testimony  ought 
to  be  received  with  respect ;   and  the  company  saw  all 
that  had  been  seen  before,  and  more.     There  were  car- 
riages now  among  the  troops  ;  and  everybody  knew  that 
no  carriages  ever  had  been,  or  could  be,  on  the  summit 
of  Souter  Fell.      The  multitude  was  beyond  imagina- 
tion, for  the  troops  occupied  a  space  of  half  a  mile,  and 
marched  quickly  till  night  hid  them.    The  figures  were 
so  distinct  that  people  went  up,  the  next  morning,  to 
look  for  the  hoof-marks  of  the  horses ;  and  they  were 
scared  at  the  fresh  and  untrodden  appeai-ance  of  the 
grass  and  heather.      The  story  was  attested  on  oath 
before  a  magistrate  at  the  time ;  and  the  whole  country- 


side was,  in  consequence,  appalled  about  the  issue  of  the 
rebellion  then  going  forward.  It  came  out  that  on  that 
evening  some  of  the  rebel  forces  were  exercising  on  the 
western  coast  of  Scotland.  Unless  we  knew  in  what 
part,  we  can  have  nothing  to  say  to  the  prevalent  con- 
clusion that  the  movements  of  that  force  had  been  re- 
flected "  by  some  transparent  vapour,  similar  to  the 
fata  morgana," — the  theory  offered  by  the  Lonsdale 
Magazine.  Some  other  facts  came  out, — at  least  as 
much  to  the  purpose :  that  ilr.  Wren,  of  Wilton  Hall, 
and  a  farm-servant,  had  had  a  little  private  experience 
of  their  own  in  the  summer  of  1743,  when  one  evening 
they  saw  on  the  mountain  a  man  and  a  dog  pursuing 
some  horses  along  a  place  so  steep  that  a  horse  could 
scarcely,  by  any  possibility,  make  good  his  footing. 
Their  speed  was  prodigious  ;  and  they  disappeared  so 
instantaneously  at  the  southern  e.xtremity  that  Mr. 
Wren  and  his  servant  went  up  next  morning  to  find  the 
body  of  the  man  who  must  have  been  killed.  No  trace 
of  man,  dog,  or  horse  could  be  found  ;  and  the  pair 
kept  their  vision  to  themselves  till  encouraged  to  speak 
by  what  happened  two  years  afterwards.  They  were 
insulted  just  as  much,  after  all,  as  if  they  had  not  had 
the  Lancasters  and  their  twenty-six  friends  for  fellow- 
witnesses. 

Our  first  survey  from  Esk  Hause  has  thus  compre- 
hended (somewhat  figuratively)  the  chief  mountains  — 
Skiddaw,  Saddleback,  Grassmoor,  Red  Pike,  and  Lord's 
Seat;  to  which  we  may  add  several  mountains  of  infe- 
rior rank,  and  the  remarkable  peak  of  Houister  Crag. 
Of  the  chief  lakes,  we  have  noticed  Derwentwater 
and  Bassenthwaite ;  Buttermere,  Crummock  Water, 
and  Loweswater.  Of  waterfalls,  Lodore  and  Barrow 
Falls  ;  Sour  Milk  Gbyll,  on  Buttermere,  and  Scale 
Force.  Of  rivers,  the  Derwent,  the  Greta,  and  the 
Cocker.  Of  tirns,  more  than  would  be  remembered  if 
enumerated. 

SOUTH-E.\STERN    SURVEY. 

The  second  great  opening  lies  south-eastwards  from 
Esk  Hause ;  but  we  must  take  it  in  its  whole  extent, 
beginning  northwards  at  the  vale  of  St.  John  at 
the  foot  of  Saddleback.  Pursuing  it  from  this  end,  we 
find  the  lake  of  Thirlmere,  (formerly  Leatheswater^ 
occupying  the  valley  at  the  foot  of  Helvellyn,  which 
thrusts  its  great  bulk  between  this  lake  and  UUeswater 
to  the  east.  UUeswater  lies  among  the  last  of  the  north- 
eastern mountains  of  the  district ;  and  it  is  only  about 
its  head  that  any  considerable  peaks  are  assembled.  At 
the  foot  of  the  lake,  which  is  ten  miles  long,  the  heights 
have  sunk  into  hills;  and  the  hiUs  presently  subside 
into  the  open  country  stretching  towards  Penrith.    A 


SURVEY  OF  THE  LAKE  DISTRICT. 


51 


few  more  riJgcs  interpose  between  Ullcswater  and  the 
railway  and  open  moors  to  the  east,  the  last  of  those 
ridges  being  the  Shap  Fells.  They  enclose  the  shallow 
vales  of  Mardale,  Swindale,  Wotsleddale,  Longsleddale, 
and  Kentraere ;  the  only  lake  of  any  note  being  Hawes- 
water  in  Mardale,  —  a  miniature  of  Wastwater,  which 
remains  to  be  described  hereafter.  Parlss  and  noble- 
men's seats  abound  outside  this  corner  of  the  mountain 
district ;  Brougham  Castle  and  Hall  being  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Penrith,  and  the  terrace  of  Lowther  Castle 
overlooking  the  basins  of  both  Ulleswater  and  Hawes- 
water.  Grey  stoke  Park  lies  north  of  Ulleswater,  and 
Gowbarrow  Park  stretches  down  to  the  margin  of  the 
lake.  In  that  park  is  the  ravine  vfhich  contains  the 
exquisite  waterfall,  Ara  Force ;  and  from  its  woods  and 
slopes,  graced  with  deer,  the  walk  of  four  miles  along 
the  lake  to  Patterdale  at  its  head,  is  one  of  the  loveliest 
the  region  affords.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  lake, 
Place  Fell  rises  abruptly  from  the  water;  while  about 
the  head  there  are  groups  of  mountains  looking  like 
promontories  in  their  projection  into  the  landscape,  and 
throwing  up  from  their  midst  the  great  summits  of  St. 
Sunday's  Crag,  Herring  Pike,  Stridding  Edge,  and, 
finally  Helvellyn, — the  next  to  the  Scawfell  Pikes,  and 
only  105  feet  lower  than  tho  highest.  The  height 
of  Helvellyn  is  3,055  feet;  and  from  its  summit  the 
tract  we  are  now  considering  is  commanded  in  all  its 
features.  On  the  one  hand  below  lies  Thirlmere,  and 
on  the  other  Ulleswater,  while  Windermere,  Couiston, 
and  Esthwaite  lakes  stretch  away  to  the  south  and 
the  peninsula  beyond  them  till  the  land  line  melts  into 
the  sea.  Immediately  below,  at  various  heights,  some 
of  the  deepest  tai'iis  of  the  district  lie  all  around, — the 
chief  being  Red  Tarn,  Keppel  Cove  Tarn,  and  Grise- 
dale  Tarn  in  the  pass  from  Patterdale  to  Grasmere,  at 
the  junction  of  three  mountains,  —  Ilelvcliyn,  Seat- 
sandal  and  Fairfield.  The  two  roads  between  which 
Helvellyn  occupies  the  chief  space  run  southwards  tiU 
they  meet  at  Ambleside.  The  Patterdale  road,  which 
runs  from  UUcswater  to  Windermere,  ascends  the  Kirk- 
stone  pass, — the  most  considerable  pass  for  carriage 
transit  in  the  district,  being  1200  feet  above  the  sea 
level.  At  llic  foot  of  the  ascent  lies  Brothers'  Water, 
tho  smallest  of  tho  lakes,  except  Rydal.  It  is  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile,  and  Rydal  lialf  a  mUc  in  length,  and 
the  one  is  half,  and  tho  other  one-third  of  a  mile 
in  breadth.  Ilayswator,  a  tarn  beloved  of  anglers, 
and  overhung  by  High-street,  is  high  up  among  tho 
hills  to  the  left.  The  hamlet  of  Ilartsop  lies  in  tho 
level,  wlicro  Brothers'  Water  spreads  out  among  tho 
meadows,  and  the  rough  track  mounts  to  tho  tarn 
above.      Tho  heights  which  enclose  the  pass  are  those 


of  Scandale  to  the  west,  and  of  Coldfield  to  the  east. 
Near  the  top  stands  the  fragment  of  rock  which  is 
supposed  to  have  given  its  name  to  the  pass,  as  it 
strongly  resembles,  from  some  points  of  view,  a  minia- 
ture church.     The  summit  of  the  pass  is  occupied  by 
the  "  Highest  Inhabited  House  in  England,"  a  wayside 
public-house,  so  designated  by  the  ordnance  surveyors, 
whose  testimony  is  exhibited  in  an  inscription  over  the 
porch.     From  this  point,  two  roads  diverge — the  one 
descending  immediately  upon  Ambleside,  and  the  other 
(the  eastern  one),  passing  through  Troutbeck  before  it 
strikes  the  margin  of  Windermere.     Troutbeck  has  no 
lake,  but  only  the  stream  indicated  by  its  title,  and  it 
is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  primitive  character  of  its 
inhabitants  and  their  abodes.     To  pass  through  it  is 
like  going  back  two  centuries  for  a  morning  walk.     On. 
the  other  side  of  this  narrow,  scooped-out  valley,  the 
subsiding  ridges  give  access  to  shallower  vales,  by  which 
the  mountain  district  melts  down  towards  the  east. 

The  descent  of  above  three  miles  from  the  top  of 
Kirkstoue  pass  to  Ambleside  is  steep.  In  the  Jlarket- 
place  the  road  joins  that  which  has  run  on  a  lower  level 
from  the  foot  of  Helvellyn. 

Thirlmere  lies  high, — five  hundred  feet  above  the 
sea  level.  It  is  two  miles  and  three-quarters  in  length, 
and  in  some  parts  so  narrowed  by  promontories,  as 
hardly  to  afford  any  fair  average  of  breadth.  It  is 
called,  however,  half  a  mile  broad.  At  one  point, 
where  promontories  and  shoals  unite,  it  is  crossed  by 
a  bridge,  or  a  causeway,  supported  by  little  bridges.  A 
rough  road  on  the  western  side,  seldom  visited  by  any 
but  angling  or  sketching  strangers,  presents  the  finest 
views  of  the  lake,  as  well  as  of  the  massy  Helvel]3Ti 
which  overhangs  its  opposite  side.  This  is  a  haunted 
lake.  A  large  black  dog  swims  across  it  at  night  as 
often  as  the  bells  of  a  visionary  house  on  the  liill  side 
are  set  ringing,  and  lights  appear  in  the  windows.  A 
table  is  said  to  be  spread  in  that  ghostly  dweUing  by 
unseen  hands,  and  mortal  cars  have  heard  the  clatter  of 
tho  plates  and  dishes.  A  murdered  bride  comes  up  from 
the  bottom  of  the  lake  at  intervals,  to  keep  her  wedding 
feast.  There  is  a  house  at  Armboth  which  really  has 
something  rcnuirkable  about  it.  Two  or  three  miles  off, 
on  a  bright  moonlight  night,  the  glittering  windows  are 
reflected  in  tlio  lake :  and,  if  a  slight  fog  gives  a  tiugo 
of  redness  to  the  reflection,  the  appearance  is  that  of  an 
illuminated  mansion  ;  whereas  the  real  house  is  a  very 
lumible  one,  placed  in  a  nook,  and  overshadowed  by  a 
bill,  so  that  it  is  hardly  noticeable  by  daylight. 

I'^rom  Thirlmero  the  road  passes  througli  the  liamlet 
of  Wythburn,  from  whoso  little  inn  travellers  begin  tlio 
ascent  of  Helvellyn.    It  then  descends  Duumail  Raise, 


SURVEY  OF  THE   LAKE  DISTRICT. 


where,  as  bas  been  related,  tbe  kst  king  of  Cumbria  was 
defeated  and  slain  in  a.  d.  945.  The  boundary  line  be- 
tween Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  is  marked  by  the 
stream  which  rises  on  the  east  of  the  road,  whence  it  is 
carried  over  the  summit  of  Helvell3-n  to  Ulleswater.  The 
descent  from  Dunmail  Raise  is  upon  Grasmere,  follow- 
ing the  course  of  the  Rotha,  which,  rising  in  the  Raise, 
runs  through  the  lakes  of  Grasmere  and  Rydal,  and  falls 
into  'Windermere  at  its  head,  Grasmere  is  rather  more 
than  a  mile  in  length,  and  rather  less  than  a  mile  in 
breadth.  It  forms  a  small  part  of  an  area,  level  for  the 
most  part,  but  diversified  by  knolls,  rocky  or  wooded, 
which  were  once,  no  doubt,  islands,  like  the  one  which 
now  remains  in  the  lake,  and  the  two  which  adorn  its 
neighbour  mere  at  Rydal.  The  whole  is  enclosed  in  a 
basin  of  hills,  more  steep  than  lofty,  but  singularly 
inviting  to  the  clouds.  The  amount  of  rain  which  falls 
at  Grasmere  is  a  serious  drawback  upon  residence  there, 
though  for  beauty  it  is  by  many  considered  incompara- 
ble. In  the  old-fashioned  church  of  the  village  is  a 
monumental  medallion  of  Wordsworth,  with  an  inscrip- 
tion perhaps  somewhat  too  boastful  for  a  sacred  place  ; 
and  in  the  churchyard  are  the  graves  of  himself  and 
his  deceased  children.  Hai-tley  Coleridge  lies  buried 
near  his  old  friend. 

From  the  high  peaks  behind  Grasmere,  there  are 
several  roads  through  the  region  we  are  now  consider- 
ing: viz.,  from  the  head  of  Langdale  to  the  limits  of 
the  Lake  District.  The  mail-road  which  we  have  been 
following  proceeds  southwards  past  Eydal  lake,  on  the 
margin  of  which  stands  Hartley  Coleridge's  dwelling  ; 
past  the  foot  of  Rydal  Mount,  so  sacred  to  the  admirers 
of  Wordsworth ;  past  Rydal  Park,  where  the  charms  of 
ancient  forest  and  modern  park  are  united ;  through  the 
valley  of  the  Rotha,  sheltered  to  the  north  by  Fairfield, 
forming  a  great  cul-de-sac,  and  sending  down  Rydal 
Beck,  to  make  waterfalls  in  the  park ;  through  the  little 
post  town  of  Ambleside,  a  mile  from  the  head  of  Win- 
dermere, along  the  margin  of  AYiudermere,  and  finally 
to  the  railway  station,  just  above  Bowness,  midway  down 
the  lake.  The  road  ceasing  to  be  a  mail  route,  con- 
tinues along  the  lake  to  Newby  Bridge,  at  its  foot ;  and 
then  the  mountains  and  lakes  being  left  behind,  it  runs 
down  into  the  Fumess  peninsula,  passing  through  the 
brisk  little  town  of  Ulverston,  and  the  smaller  town  of 
Dalston,  to  Furness  Abbey  and  the  sea.  This  is  the 
easternmost  of  the  roads  which  traverses  the  region 
under  notice.  After  Fairfield,  the  head  of  which  is 
2,950  feet  above  the  sea  level,  it  does  not  skut  any  con- 
siderable mountain,  unless  Wansfell  be  so  regarded. 
It  rises  to  the  height  of  1,590  feet,  on  the  eastern 
shore  of  Windei-mere.     The  hill   called  Loughrigg, 


which  forms  the  central  dividing  ridge  between  the 
valleys  of  the  Rotha  and  Brathay,  of  Rydal,  Grasmere, 
and  Langdale,  is  only  1,108  feet  high.  Interposing 
between  the  lofty  peaks  in  the  centre  of  tlie  district 
and  Windermere,  it  is  the  first  token  of  subsidence 
towaids  the  south.  Beneath  its  shelter,  in  the  valley 
of  the  Rotha,  stfuuls  Fox  IIow,  the  residence  in  which 
Dr.  Arnold,  of  Rugby,  passed  his  holiday  seasons,  and 
where  he  hoped  to  spend  his  latter  years.  In  the  same 
valley,  and  just  above  Ambleside,  is  the  Stock  Ghyll 
waterfall, —  not  a  very  mighty  "force,"  but  remarkably 
beautiful.  Along  this  route,  dwellings  ai-e  multiplied 
so  that,  from  the  railway  station  to  beyond  Grasmere, 
there  is  little  intermission  of  mansions,  villas,  lirrms, 
and  cottages,  with  lands  pertaining  to  them.  Bowness 
and  Ambleside  trade  in  touiists,  and  are  busy  and 
thriving  places ;  and  Rydal  and  Grasmere  see  new 
houses  rising  every  yeai\  The  case  is  different  with 
the  other  roads  ti'aversing  the  same  portion  of  the 
district. 

The  Langdale  Pikes,  which  command  everything  to 
the  south  of  them,  rise  to  the  height  of  2,-100  (Harri- 
son Stickle),  and  2,300  (Pikes'  Stickle),  and  supply 
several  streams  from  their  tarns.  Following  the  course 
of  those  tarns,  there  is  one  path  down  into  the  secluded 
Easedale,  lying  behind  Grasmere,  and  another  into 
Langdale,  near  the  fissure  in  which  the  famous  Dun- 
geon Ghyll  Force  pours  its  thundering  flood.  From 
Langdale,  there  are  several  passes  into  other  vales ; — 
the  Stake  pass,  leading  over  into  Borrowdale,  as  we 
have  already  seen ;  Piosset  Ghyll  pass,  leading  to  our 
lofty  stand  point,  Esk  Ilause,  and  the  Wall  End  ascent, 
leading  out  of  Langdale  to  the  neighbouring  vale, 
which  is  the  scene  of  a  considerable  portion  of  "  the 
E.\cursion"  of  Wordsworth.  Blea  Tarn  in  that  little 
vale  is  the  mere  by  which  the  Solitary  dwelt.  Lang- 
dale is  remarkable  for  the  regularity  with  which  its 
opposite  heights  advance  and  recede,  so  as  to  divide 
the  vale  into  areas,  sometimes  winding,  and  sometimes 
circular,  and  nowhere  spreading  out  into  a  level  which 
will  admit  a  lake.  A  small  stream  winds  through  it, 
and  the  spurs  of  the  mountains  are  occupied  by  dwell- 
ings above  the  margin  of  the  winter  inundations; 
the  frequency  of  which  is  denoted  by  the  paving  of  the 
roads  and  paths.  This  vale,  as  seen  from  High  Close, 
a  point  of  view  above  Langdale  chapel,  is  one  of  the 
most  striking  in  the  district.  Bow  Fell  and  the  Pikes 
close  it  in  gradually  to  the  north-west;  the  fissure  of 
Dungeon  Ghyll  is  clearly  discernible,  and  the  falUng 
foam  of  the  beck  from  Stickle  Tam ;  thence  the  vole  is 
traced  by  the  attenuating  spurs  of  the  hUls,  and  at  the 
outlet,  there  are  the  prodigious  Thrang  Slate  Quai-ries 


SURVEY  OF  THE   LAKE   DISTRICT. 


53 


and  the  powder  mills  at  Laiigilalo  chapel.  Opposite 
is  the  chain  of  pools  called  Elter  Water,  and  theuce 
the  valley  widens,  till  it  discloses  Windermere,  and  the 
boundary  of  Yorkshire  hills  beyond. 

It  is  a  primitive  region,  this  through  which  lay  the 
pack-horse  route  to  Whitehaven,  before  even  the  car- 
rier's cart  was  introduced.  That  road  is  still  visible, 
winding  from  Fell  foot  up  the  mountain  side  towards 
the  Shire  Stones,  before  mentioned.  Whitehaven  is 
now  reached  by  railway  along  the  coast;  but  here,  in  the 
heart  of  the  mountains,  the  pedlar  stiU  plies  his  trade, 
tramping  over  the  piasses  and  along  the  vales,  and 
dropping  into  every  rural  dwelling,  however  secluded. 
The  little  chapel  is  itself  a  relic  of  an  older  time — a 
good  specimen  of  the  order  of  chapels  which  is  dis- 
ajipearing.  The  place  is  homely ;  and  the  people  are 
literal  and  familiar  be3-ond  behef  in  their  understand- 
ing of  religious  matters.  In  this  very  chapel,  not 
many  years  ago,  the  clergyman,  Rev.  Mr.  Frazer, 
was  preaching  from  the  text  "  Behold,  I  come  quickly." 
He  had  not  proceeded  far  in  his  sermon  when  the 
rotten  old  pulpit  fell,  enveloping  in  rubbish  an  elderly 
darac  who  sat  just  under  it.  As  soon  as  he  could 
collect  himself,  the  pastor  congratulated  the  good 
woman  on  her  escape ;  but  she  was  in  no  mood  for 
sympathy,  and  replied,  tartly,  "  If  I'd  been  kilt,  I'd 
been  rcet  sarrat  (rightly  served),  for  you'd  threatened 
ye'd  be  comin'  doon  sune." 

Ivoughrigg  now  rises  ou  the  left  hand.  At  its  foot 
on  the  other  side,  Grasmere  and  Rydal  lakes  are  lying; 
while  on  this  side  a  quiet  little  valley  spreads  out,  to 
receive  the  waters  of  the  Brathay,  a  little  river  which 
rises  in  Elterwater,  and  runs  into  Windermere  after  a 
junction  with  the  Botha.  There  is  a  pretty  modern 
church  in  the  Brathay  valley,  on  a  knoll  which  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  the  central  mountains. 

The  various  routes  have  thus  far  joined  so  as  to 
make  one  along  the  course  of  ^^'inllermero.  There  is 
still  another  belonging  to  the  same  opening,  which 
takes  a  parallel  course  by  Couistou  and  its  lake. 
Leaving  Langdalo  by  the  Wall  l^nd  issue,  it  passes 
througii  tlio  \'ale  of  Wordsworth's  Solitary,  and  de- 
scends into  the  valley,  and  down  upon  the  tarn  of  Little 
Langdalo,  and  to  the  settlement  of  Fell  foot,  whoso 
name  speaks  for  itself  Through  a  wild  region  of  slato 
quarries,  and  under  the  shelter  of  Wetherlam,  it  leads 
to  the  bright  beautiful  openings  at  the  head  of  Coniston, 
whore  stands  the  last  high  mountain,  and  spreads  the 
last  long  lake  iu  this  direction.  Couistou  Old  ^Inn  is 
the  fifteenth  in  rank  of  tho  mountains  of  the  district, 
its  height  being  -ifi^'i.  The  lake  is  si.\  miles  long, 
and  averages  half  a  mile  iu  breadth.    At  its  foot  tho 


hills  become  undulating  moorland,  and  the  moorland 
turns  into  red  soil  towards  Ulverston,  and  into  sand 
before  it  reaches  the  sea. 

The  views  from  the  Old  ilan  (as  the  highest  point 
of  the  mountain  is  called, — the  usual  cairn  on  the 
summit  of  each  mountain  being  called  "  the  man  ") 
are  considered  finer  than  any  in  the  district  except 
those  from  Scawfell  and  Helvellyn, — if  indeed  those  of 
the  latter  be  an  exception.     After  the  tracks  leading  to 
the  copper-mine  are  left  behind,  precipices  sprin"  to  a 
great  height,  casting  their  shadows  into  the  black  tarns 
at  their  base;  and  the  most  grotesque  crags,  infested  with 
foxes,  are  piled  up  with  singular  wilduess.     The  edge 
of  the  rock  at  the  summit  overhangs  Low  Water  Tarn 
at  a  height  of  600  feet,  while  the  tarn  itself  is  2,000 
feet  above  the  sea  level.     The  "  Old  Man  "  erected  here 
by  tho  country  people,  and  removed  by  the  Ordnance 
surveyors,  who  substituted  an  inferior  one,  contained  a 
chamber  of  refuge,  most  welcome  to  shepherds  and 
travellers  in  case  of  sudden  storms.     From  that  pin- 
nacle, the  Isle  of  Man  is  conspicuous  in  good  weather ; 
while  in  other  directions  may  be  seen  Ingleborough  in 
Yorkshire,  Lancaster,  and  even  Snowdon.     Instead  of 
the  chains  of  lakes  seen  from  the  central  peaks,  there  is 
here  a  fine  stretch  of  sea ;  and  when  the  estuaries  are 
full,  the  coast  is  a  beautiful  spectacle.     The  shores  of 
AVindermero  and  Coniston,  wooded,  and   thickly  in- 
habited, form  a  gay  scene  nearer  at  hand.     There  is  no 
view  more  thoroughly  distinctive  of  the  district  than 
that  which  is  commanded  from  the  heights  on  the 
opposite  (the  eastern)  shore  of  Coniston  lake,  near  the 
head.    Nowhere  else  perhaps  is  the  grouping  of  the 
mountain  peaks,  and  the  indication  of  their  recesses,  so 
striking ;  and,  as  to  the  foreground,  the  overlapping  of 
the  slopes,  the  green  undulations,  tho  glittering  water- 
fall on  the  mountain  side,  the  diversiiied  woods,  the 
bright  dwellings,  scattered  among  the  knolls,  and  tho 
clear  lake,  with   its   boat-houses   and   moving   skill's, 
convey  the  strongest  impression  of  fertility,  prosperity, 
and  comfort,  nestling  in  the  bosom  of  tho  rarest  beauty. 
At  tho  extremity  of  this  region  lies  Furness  Abbey, 
of  which  it  is  necessaiy  to  speak  in  this  place  only  as  a 
ruin.     Its  situation   is   beautiful,    as   the   position  of 
religious  houses  usually  is.     It  stands  in  a  wooded  gleu, 
with  a  stream  llowing  beside  its  walls.     It  must  once 
have  nearly  filled  the  glen,  in  the  days  when  its  beacon- 
iire  was  visible  all  over  Low  Furuess,  and  drew  all  eyes 
in   case   of  dibturbauco   or  expected   invasion.      The 
remains  indicate  the  space  of  sixty-five  acres  which  its 
boundary-wall  enclosed,    and  on   which  may   still  bo 
recognised  the  mill,  the  granary,  the  fish-ponds,  tho 
oveus  and  kilns,  and  other  olficcs.     Tho  walls  are  of 


54 


SURVEY  OF  THE  LAKE  DISTRICT. 


red  stone  of  the  peninsula,  faded  by  time  to  tbe  palest 
pink  hue.  Ferns  and  mosses  fringe  its  ledges,  and  tall 
grasses  grow  round  its  fallen  stones.  The  scent  of 
■\-iolet3  is  sweet  within  the  nave  in  dewy  spring  morn- 
ings, and  the  secret  stau'cases  ia  the  walls,  and  the 
chapter-house,  where  so  much  mystery  ouce  kept  guard, 
are  laid  open  to  the  free  air  and  sky.  The  Abbey  was 
founded  in  A.D.  1127  ;  it  flourished  for  four  centuries, 
during  which  its  abbots  were  absolute  rulers  over  a 
broad  territory.  It  was  humbled  to  the  dust  at  the 
time  of  the  Reformation,  so  that  its  last  abbot  was 
glad  to  accept,  as  a  life  annuity,  the  proceeds  of  the 
rectory  of  Daltou,  valued  at  .€33.  6s.  8d.  of  the  money 
of  that  time;  and  now,  in  the  nineteenth  century,  it 
stands  crumbling  in  its  exposure  to  the  elements ;  the 
dwelling  of  its  abbots,  after  being  a  farm  house,  has 
become  a  hotel :  and  the  railway  passes  through  the 
glen,  cutting  its  way  through  the  wood,  hkc  the  hurri- 
cane cleaving  a  path  through  the  American  forest. 

WESTERS    SURVEY. 

We  have  now  surveyed  the  northern,  eastern,  and 
southern  portion  of  the  Lake  District.  The  western  is 
perhaps  the  finest  and  most  interesting,  from  its  charac- 
teristic features  and  its  close  connexion  with  the  gi-oup 
of  central  peaks.  Scawfell  itself  overhangs  its  principal 
lake, — Wastwater.  This  portion  lies  within  the  Cum- 
berland boundary,  and  extends  from  the  central  peaks 
to  the  sea,  and  from  the  mountains  above  Crummock 
Water  to  the  Duddon. 

The  summit  of  Scawfell  Pike  is  visible  from  EskHause. 
It  is  3,100  feet  in  height;  but  three  more  lie  below 
it,  and  with  it  compose  the  mountain  called  Scawfell. 
One  of  these,  Great  End,  faces  Borrowdale.  Another, 
Lingmell,  affords  the  best  ascent  on  the  Wastwater 
side.  The  two  Pikes  are  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile 
apart  at  their  summits,  being  separated  by  the  great 
chasm  called  Micklcdore.  The  ordnance  sm-veyors 
have  set  up  a  staff  on  a  cairn  on  the  highest  peak, 
which  cannot  be  henceforth  mistaken  by  any  traveller. 
Herdsmen  and  sheplierds  never  want  to  go  there  in  the 
war  of  their  vocation  ;  for  there  is  not  a  blade  of  grass 
there,  nor  any  vegetation,  except  moss.  Blocks  and  in- 
clined planes  of  slate  rock,  cushioned  here  and  there 
with  moss,  compose  the  peak.  It  is  difficult  of  access 
and  dangerous  vrithout  a  guide,  from  the  abundance  of 
its  chasms  and  precipices ;  but  tbe  view  from  the 
highest  English  mountain,  the  centre  of  its  highlands, 
may  well  tempt  the  lover  of  fine  sceneiy.  On  the  one 
hand  cluster  the  heights  already  described.  Ou  the 
other  are  Great  Gable,  2,923  feet  above  the  sea ;  the 
Pillar,   2,893;  Hay   Cocks,    Steeple,   Pied  Pike,  and 


High  Stile,  above  Crummock  Water.  From  the  re- 
markable alluN-ion  at  the  base  of  Scawfell,  Wastdale 
Head,  there  is  a  striking  route  to  Ennerdale  Lake,  a 
lake  less  visited  than  most,  and  less  beautiful  than 
many,  but  yet  presenting  fine  features  ia  the  rocky 
heights  amidst  which  it  lies.  It  is  two  miles  and  a  half 
long,  and  half  a  mile  broad ;  and  it  is  so  wild,  in  the 
character  of  its  shores,  and  in  its  position  among  the 
mountains,  as  to  have  caused  more  terrors  and  disasters 
to  strangers  than  any  other  spot  in  the  district.  At 
cveiy  house  from  \Vastdale  Head  to  Ennerdale  Bridge, 
stories  may  be  heard  of  adventures  and  escapes  of  pe- 
destrians and  horsemen  in  Mosedale,  and  the  passes  of 
Blacksail,  and  Scai'f  Gap.  A  young  man  attempting 
this  route  some  years  ago,  struck  into  the  deep  ravine 
between  Great  Gable  and  Kirk  Fell;  and  when  he  came 
out  at  night  upon  a  sheet  of  water,  was  confounded  to 
find  it  the  same  he  had  left  in  the  morning.  He  had 
walked  completely  round  Kirk  Fell.  Three  young  ladies 
passed  the  night  on  the  mountain,  once  upon  a  time, 
from  having  got  bewildered  in  this  intricate  region. 
At  first  their  story  was  disbelieved  ;  but  one  had 
dropped  her  pocket  book,  and  another  had  seen  a  dead 
sheep  in  a  particular  spot;  and  these  incidents  being 
veiifiod,  the  adventure  of  tbe  Kendal  ladies  remains 
one  of  the  wonders  of  the  dales. 

Blake  Fell,  a  wild,  high  lying  moor,  separates  Enner- 
dale from  Crummock  Water.  These  moorlands,  tree- 
less, except  where  farmhouses  or  sheepfolds  lie  in  the 
hollows  and  arc  sheltered  by  sycamores ;  and  all  grassy 
and  undulating,  with  a  descent  towards  the  coast,  are 
an  interesting  feature  on  the  western  skirts  of  the  Lake 
District.  They  are  too  exposed  and  dreary  for  somo 
tastes ;  but  they  have  an  imposing  character  of  their 
own  for  those  who  are  not  afraid  of  the  risks  to  be  en- 
countered among  them  ;  — risks  of  sultrj'  heats,  of 
biting  cold,  and  of  sweeping  storms.  From  them  the 
grouped  mountains  may  be  best  studied  for  their  forms 
and  light  and  shade.  From  them  the  passing  storms 
may  be  best  seen  hastening  out  to  sea,  and  veiling  and 
unveiling  the  Isle  of  Man.  From  them  may  be  best 
seen  the  wonderful  spectacle  of  lakes  and  vales  lying  far 
below  in  yellow  sunshine  and  blue  shadows,  while  the 
spectator  is  enveloped  in  gloom  and  tempest.  From 
them  too,  may  the  coast  be  best  surveyed,  with  its  little 
ports  and  fishing  villages  lying  at  the  mouth  of  each 
river,  and  stretching  out  on  sandy  promontories,  washed 
by  the  surf  which  is  noiseless  so  far  off.  The  railway 
may  be  traced,  emerging  from  woodland  or  enclosures, 
and  showing  its  cobweb  constniction  against  the  yellow 
sands,  threading  the  towns  and  villages,  as  it  were, 
upon  its  slender  string.    The  smoke  of  Workington,  at 


SUnVEY  OF  THE   LAKE  DISTRICT. 


55 


the  mouth  of  the  Derwent,  is  visible  from  Blake  Fell ; 
and  Whitehaven  with  its  shipping,  near  the  blulVs  of  St. 
Bees.  From  Cold  Fell,  crossed  from  Eunerdale  to  the 
south,  several  Uttlc  towns  are  seen  lying  in  the  green 
hollows,  or  through  vistas  between  grassy  slopes. 
Among  these  is  Egremont  ("  The  Mount  of  Sorrow"  in 
the  original  Norman).  It  was  at  the  gate  of  Egi'cmont 
Castle  that  the  honi  was  hung  in  crusading  days,  of 
which  Norman  tradition  afforded  Wordsworth  so  pretty 
a  talc  to  tell.  The  ruins  of  the  castle  stand  on  an 
eminence  on  the  seaward  side  of  the  little  town,  which 
has  nothing  else  of  romantic  interest  to  show. 

Wastwater  lies,  as  has  been  said,  at  the  base  of  Scaw- 
ftll.  It  is  the  most  solemn  and  imposing  of  all  the 
lakes — three  miles  long,  half  a  mile  wide,  and  in 
some  parts  reaching  a  depth  of  270  feet,  a  depth 
considerably  exceeding  that  of  any  part  of  either 
Windermere  or  Ulloswater.  It  is  usually  grey  and 
shadowy,  being  bordered  on  its  south-east  side  by  the 
Screes.  The  lines  of  this  singular  range  are  almost 
unbroken  in  all  directions.  For  two-thirds  of  their 
height  there  is  a  prodigious  slope, —  a  sweep  of  slaty 
debris  rushing  down  sheer  into  the  lake,  without  afford- 
ing any  trace  of  a  jiath  for  man  or  brute.  When  the 
summer  tempest  or  winter  gale  shakes  the  crags  above, 
down  comes  a  slide,  sending  np  dust  from  the  shore, 
and  spray  from  the  water.  The  upper  third  of  the 
height  consists  of  crags,  bare  of  vegetation,  except 
where  ferns  line  the  watcrdrips,  and  grass  grows  out  of 
the  crevices.  Here  the  grey  masses  are  relieved  by 
red  soil,  and  streaked  with  the  colours  found  where  iron 
is  present.  The  great  fissure  called  Hawlghyll,  and 
other  crevices,  breathe  out  vapours  which  may  be  almost 
alw.iys  seen  ascending,  or  floating  along  the  craggy 
rampart.  The  opposite  shore  is  cheerful  and  com- 
paratively open.  It  sends  several  bright  streams  into 
the  lake,  and  affords  a  charming  succession  of  pro- 
montories and  little  bays,  above  which  winds  a 
practicable  road  to  the  marvellous  recess  of  Wastdale 
Head.  From  a  dist.ance,  the  hollow  in  which  the  lake 
is  hid  is  seen  to  lie  between  the  bases  of  I\Iiddle  Fell, 
Yewbarrow,  Great  Gable,  all  the  Scawfell  ridges,  and 
the  Screes.  When  the  head  of  tho  lake  is  reached,  a 
tuni  of  the  road  discloses  the  finest  "  water  head"  in 
the  district.  As  among  the  Alps,  so  here,  the  loveliest 
low-lying  spots  are  the  levels  which  have  been  won  from 
tho  lakes  by  the  hand  of  nature  in  tho  course  of  cen- 
turies :  and  hero  the  finest  instance  is  at  Wastdale 
Head.  It  is  so  shut  in  that  exit  from  it  appears  to  be 
impossible,  except  by  tho  lake.  Tho  mountains  come 
down  with  a  sheer  sweep  to  the  green  and  perfect  level, 
which  is  divided  into  little  fields,  and  graced  by  a  farm- 


house here  and  there,  and  a  little  chapel,  containing 
eight  pews.  This  nook  has  a  chapel  and  school,  and  no 
public-house  ;  and  if  the  people  are  not  wiser,  or  more 
cleanly  than  those  of  other  places,  they  are  more  sober. 
There  is  more  than  one  exception  to  the  reproach  of 
dirt;  and  in  one  dwelling,  at  least,  life  may  be  as  com- 
fortable as  it  must  be  picturesque  iu  this,  the  very 
heart  of  the  district. 

Besides  the  lake,  the  modes  of  egress  are  by  the 
Wastdale  road,  just  described  ;  by  the  ascent  of  Scaw- 
fell, by  Mosedale,  leading  out  between  Yewbarrow  and 
Kirk  Fell :  and  by  the  Styhead  pass,  into  Borrowdule, 
the  road  to  which  is  seen  from  below,  slanting  up  the 
precipitous  front  of  the  gable  to  the  height  of  1,000 
feet.  This  is  all  ;  and  nowhere  can  the  seclusion 
of  human  dwellings  appear  more  complete  ;  for  no- 
where else  in  the  district  is  a  dalehead  overhung  by 
such  lofty  mountains. 

In  descending  from  this  nucleus  of  summits  to  the 
more  open  regions,  the  Irt  is  seen  making  its  way  to 
the  sea ;  and  next  to  the  Irt,  the  Mite  ;  and  next  to 
the  Mite,  the  Esk,  which  descends,  as  has  been  seen, 
from  the  watershed  at  Esk  Hause,  where  the  Daddon 
also  rises.  The  town  of  Ravenglass  stands  on  the  bay 
formed  by  the  estuaries  of  the  Irt,  Mite,  and  Esk,  and 
it  may  be  seen  from  the  heights  above  Eskdalc,  which 
is  the  chief  feature  of  tho  last  opening  proposed  for 
survey  from  Esk  Hause.  The  high  road  which  crosses 
these  Viiles,  in  their  whole  series  from  the  Duddon  to 
the  Calder,  commands  charming  views  of  the  heights 
above,  the  richly  diversified  coast  below,  and  the  valleys 
which  widen  from  the  one  to  the  other.  On  the  Calder, 
and  a  few  miles  from  Wastwater,  lie  the  ruins  of  Calder 
Abbey, — a  small  but  very  beautiful  ruin  of  a  Cistercian 
monastery,  founded  in  a.d.  113-4,  and  partaking  in  tlic 
fortunes  of  its  neighbour  abbeys.  It  is  charmingly 
situated  in  low  ground,  with  wooded  hills  closing  it  in ; 
and  it  is  most  carefully  preserved.  Another  great 
object  of  interest  among  these  vales  is  Stanley  Ghyll 
Force,  in  Eskdnle, —  usually  pronounced  tlie  linest 
waterfall  in  tho  district.  If  the  fall  is  not  the  finest, 
its  glen  certainly  is; — a  ravine  whose  sides  are 
feathered  with  wood  from  base  to  ridge.  Two  crags 
part  to  give  passage  to  the  waters,  which  have  not  to 
be  sought  in  a  hollow,  as  at  Ara  Force  (which  otherwise 
this  fall  most  resembles),  but  are  seen  from  a  distance 
through  an  avenue  of  wooded  heights. 

Above  this  ravine  tho  high  moorland  of  Birker  Fell 
extends  from  Eskdalo  to  tlie  valley  of  the  Duddon. 
llero  tho  lark  may  bo  heard ;  and  it  is  an  infrequent 
pleasure  to  hear  tho  lark  in  a  mountaiu  region.  Tho 
narrow  vales  arc  an  unsafe  abode  for  small  birds,  wliile 


56 


SURVEY  OF  THE  LAKE   DISTRICT. 


the  rocks  afford  a  harbourage  for  birds  of  pre\\     The 
eagles  are  said,  though  with  some  doubt,  to  have  dis- 
appeared ;  very  few  ravens,  if  any,  remain  ;  but  ha\Yl4S 
abound;  and  those  wlio  would  heiu'  the  lark  must  go  out 
to  such  places  as  Birker  Moor.     Here  the  centwl  peaks 
sink  out  of  view,  being  lost  entirely  on  the  verge  of 
the  Duddou  valley.     The  deepest  part  of  the  vale,  and 
that  in  which  lie   the  stepping   stones  celebrated  by 
AVordsworth,  is  hidden  below  the  skirts  of  this  moor. 
It  rushes  among  broken  rocks,  and  is  overhung  with 
scattered   masses  of   woodland ;    but   it    widens   and 
slackens  as  it  flows,  till  it  spreads  over  the  level  sands 
of    its    estuary.      In   this   vale,   which   comprehends 
Seathwaito    higher   up,    and   Ulpha   lower   down  the 
stream,  the  boundiug  heights  are  sometimes  a  green 
and  smooth  pasturage,  and  elsewhere  a  rough  brown 
heather,   broken    up    by  occasional    rocks,   and  new 
lilantatious,  or  remnants  of  the  old  forest.     Grey  stone 
cottages  are  scattered  about,  and  more  substantial  farm- 
steads, where  the  massive  sycamore  overhangs  the  roof, 
and  the  light  birch  casts  its  quivering  shadows  on  the 
field  plots.     Tliis  is  the  Seathwaite  (there  are  several), 
where  Eobert  AValker,  named  "  the  Wonderful,"  spent 
the   si.xty-six  years   of  his   ministry.       The  story  of 
the  good  man's  vast  charities  and  astonishing  course  of 
life  is  told  at  length  in  the  notes  to  Wordsworth's 
Duddou  Sonnets  ;  and  there  is  probably  no  lover  of 
poetry  in  the  kingdom  who  is  unacquainted  with  the 
facts.     The  little  church  is  much  like  what  it  was  when 
he  taught  the  children  of  the  parish  there,  and  sat 
spinning  beside  the  altar,  to  keep  himself  warm  by 
exercise, —  sending  the  children  in  detachments  to  his 
household  fire.     The  turf  seat  round  the  old  yew  is 
there,  and  the  old  men  rest  on  it  stUl,  after  theu"  walk 
over  hill  and  dale.     The  little  sun-dial  is  there, — the 
whitened   post   which   tells   the   time  in   summer   to 
neighbours   who   have   no   clocks.       The   neat  white 
cottage  is  there,  with  its  frontage  of  evergi-eens  and 
roses,  where  Robert  Walker  lived,  and  which  is  still 
the  parsonage.     Here,  in  1802,  he  died,  after  having 
been  curate  of  Seathwaite  for  sixty -six  years,  and  an 
example  to  all  country  pastors  for  all  time.     The  man- 
ners of  his  day  were  those  of  a  preceding  century;  and 
strong  traces  are  found  of  their  pecuUarities  wherever 
an   old-fashioned   pastor   and    flock   keep    themselves 
secluded  in  their  own  vale.     Odd  sprinklings  of  learning 
are  found  here,  as  over  the  border,  where  Englishmen 
would  hardly  look  for  them;   and  there  seems  to  be 
hardly  any  medium  between  scholarship  and  absolute 
ignorance  of  books  and  what  they  teach.     It  was  in 


Ulpha,  in  this  vale,  that  Gunson  the  innkeeper  lived, 
to  whom  some  travelling  students  sent  a  note  in  Latin, 
requesting  to  have  their  bill.  Gunson  immediately  sent 
in  the  bill  in  Greek,  which  was  too  much  for  the  young 
men,  who  were  humbled  to  ask  for  it  in  English.  It 
was  here  that  the  farmer  lived  who  rebuked  his  "  heigh- 
larned"  wife  for  declaring,  in  a  trying  time,  that  she  did 
not  fear  poverty,  but  could  be  content  with  food  and 
raiment.  "  Thoofule,"  said  the  husband  :  "thoodusn't 
think  thoo'st  to  hev  mair  than  other  folk.  Tse  content 
wi'  meeat  and  claes."  It  is  in  these  vales  that  the 
people  retain  the  primitive  custom  of  doing  on  Sunday 
any  farm-work  to  which  the  weather — so  precarious 
among  the  hUls — is  favourable,  with  the  sanction,  as  in 
Switzerland,  of  "  the  priest,"  as  the  curate  is  called.  It 
was  in  the  chapel  at  Ulpha  that  "  the  bUnd  priest" 
officiated,  a  few  years  since,  who  was  not  only  on  the 
most  familiar  terms  with  his  people,  but  apt  to  jest  from 
the  pulpit,  like  the  pastors  of  the  Pieformation,  and  of 
many  a  century  before.  When  the  bell  rang  rather 
early,  one  Sunday  morning,  calling  the  people  unex- 
pectedly from  tending  their  stock,  farmer  T was 

out  after  some  cow,  pig,  or  sheep,  and  was  the  last  to 
enter  the  church.  As  he  came  "  thunuerin'  down  the 
aisle,"  the  priest  inquired  "  Wha's  comiu'  now  ?"   and, 

being  informed  by  the  clerk  that  it  was  John  T , 

ho  inquired  further,  "  a-foot  or  a-horseback  ?"  The  old 
characteristics  are,  as  has  been  seen,  dying  out :  but  it 
is  in  these  comparatively  untrodden  vales,  lying  off  from 
the  high  road,  that  they  will  linger  longest. 

Yet  the  railway  spans  the  estuary  of  the  Duddou, 
within  view  from  a  point  not  much  lower  down  than 
this  old  Ulpha  Kirk.  A  wild  and  pleasant  mountain 
track  leads  from  the  vale  over  Walna  Scar  to  Conistou. 
The  high  road  runs  south  to  Broughton,  where,  four 
miles  from  the  bridge  at  Ulpha  Kirk,  the  head  of  the 
Furness  peninsula  is  reached. 

Such  is  the  Lake  District  of  England,  seen  from  end 
to  end,  across  and  around,  in  and  out.  It  contains 
within  its  small  compass  a  wonderful  aggregation  of 
beauties,  by  which  the  northern  counties  are  distin- 
guished, and  must  continue  to  be  so,  from  all  others 
south  of  the  border.  Englishmen  who  have  never 
visited  Switzerland  or  the  Tyrol  have  missed  what  cer- 
tainly is  unequalled  in  the  way  of  natural  scenery  :  but 
next  to  those  transcendent  displays  of  the  charms  of 
earth,  water,  and  sky,  there  is  perhaps  no  region  which 
combines  so  many  features  of  grandeur  and  beauty  as 
the  Lake  District  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland. 


^sa%ttoit  of  Cumterkii^. 


SITUATION,  BOUNDARIES,  EXTENT,  POPULATION,  DIVISIONS, 
ETC. 

CuMBF.KLAND  is  a  maritime,  lake,  and  border  county, 
extending  from  hi''  11'  to  55'  12'  north  latitude,  and 
from  2°  17'  to  3^  37'  west  longitude.  It  is  of  au  irregu- 
lar oblong  form,  bounded  on  the  north  by  Scotland 
and  the  Solway  Frith,  on  the  west  by  the  Irish  Sea, 
on  the  south  by  Lauoashiro  and  Westmoreland,  and 
on  the  cast  by  Durham  and  Northumberland.  Its 
length  from  Ravenglass  to  Spadeadam  Waste  is  64 
miles,  its  greatest  breadth  31  miles,  average  breadth 
Hi  miles,  and  circuit  about  215  miles,  75  of  which  are 
coast.  The  ai'ea  of  the  county  is  1,505  square  miles, 
or  1,001,273  statute  acres,  of  which  about  300,000 
are  mountain  and  lake.  The  population  in  1801 
was  117,230;  in  1811,  133,005;  in  1821,  150,121; 
in  1831,  109,202;  ia  1841,  178,038;  and  in  1851, 
195,492 ;  showing  an  increase  of  06  per  cent  in  the 
number  of  inliabitants  during  the  last  fift}'  years; 
of  this  number  90,244  were  moles,  and  99,248  females. 
There  were,  in  1851,  36,763  inhabited  houses,  1,545 
uninhabited,  and  239  in  process  of  erection ;  the  num- 
ber of  pei-sons  to  a  square  milo  was  125,  of  inhabited 
Iiouses  23  ;  the  number  of  persons  to  a  house  wius  5-3, 
of  acres  to  a  jicrsou  51,  and  of  acres  to  a  house  272. 

Cumberland  was  formerly  divided  into  live  wards 
(divisions  similar  to  tho  hundreds  of  the  midland  and 
southern  counties),  viz. :— Cumberland,  Allerdale-below- 
DiTwont,  ."Vllerdiilo-above-Derwout,  liCath,  and  Eskdalc; 
but,  in  1833,  a  new  ward,  that  of  Dcrwent,  embracing 
portions  of  tlic  two  Allerdales,  was  formed  for  magisterial 
purposes,  and  for  taxes,  in  1843.  At  tho  quarter  ses- 
sions held  at  Carlisle,  October  20th,  1857,  tho  ward  of 
8 


Allcrdale- above -Derwent  was  still  further  curtailed, 
and  a  new  division  formed  from  it,  viz. : — the  Eootlo 
Division.'  This  new  arrangement,  which  came  into 
operation  on  the  1st  January,  1858,  does  not  extend 
to  police  purposes.  For  the  election  of  members  of 
parliament  the  old  arrangement  of  wards  is  still  fol- 
lowed, Cumberland,  Eskdale,  and  Leath  wards  formiuT 
the  eastern  division,  and  the  two  Allerdales  the  western. 
Cumberland  contains  one  city,  Carlisle ;  the  parliamen- 
tary boroughs  of  Cockermouth  and  'W'hitehaveu ;  and 
the  market  towns  of  Alston,  Aspatria,  Bootle,  Bramp- 
ton, Egremont,  Harrington,  Heskct  Xewmarket,  Ireby, 
Keswick,  Ivirkoswald,  Lougtown,  Maryport,  Penrith, 
Ravenglass,  Wigton,  and  Workington. 

For  ecclesiastical  purposes  the  county  is  comprehended 
in  the  province  of  York,  and  the  diocese  of  Carlisle, 
with  the  exception  of  the  parishes  of  Alston  and  Over 
Denton,  which  belong  to  the  diocese  of  Durliara.  Tho 
ward  of  Allordale-above-Derwent,  formerly  in  the  dio- 
cese of  Chester,  was,  under  the  pro^•isions  of  0  and  7 
William  IV.,  c.  77,  and  of  an  order  in  council  dated 
10th  August,  1847,  annexed  to  the  see  of  Carlisle,  on 
the  demise  of  Bishop  Percy,  in  1850.  According  to  tlio 
Census  of  Religious  Worship,  taken  in  1851,  it  appears 
that  there  were  at  that  period  389  places  of  worship,  of 
which  101  belonged  to  tho  Church  of  England,  130  to 
tho  Wesleyan  Methodists,  24  to  tho  Independents,  17 
to  the  Scottish   Presbyterians,  9   to  the  Baptists,  S 

1  This  new  <livision  cnibrnocs  tlic  purislios  of  Rootle,  Corner, 
MuucastiT,  WabiTtlmniti'.  Wliiolitiiii,  ami  Wliiibci  k  ;  and  llie  lowii- 
shipa  of  Birker  ami  Ausiliwaitc,  Milloiu,  and  I'lpha,  in  tlie  pari.Hb  of 
Milloui,  luul  the  towualiips  of  Eskdale,  and  Wasdale,  io  (lie  parish 
of  Si.  13ec3. 


58 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION   OF  CUMBERLAND. 


to  the  Catholics,  and  34  to  the  smaller  bodies.  The 
number  of  sittings  provided  by  the  Church  of  England 
•was  58,088  ;  by  the  AVesleyan  Methodists,  26,489 ; 
by  the  Independents,  7,247  ;  by  the  Scottish  Pres- 
byterians, 6,070;  by  the  Catholics,  2,877;  by  the 
Baptists,  2,296 ;  and  by  others,  0,707,  making  a  total 
of  110,374  sittings. 

Cumberland  is  included  in  the  Northern  Circuit,  and 
the  assizes  are  held  at  Carlisle  twice  a  year.  The  Mid- 
summer and  Christmas  quarter  sessions  are  held  at  the 
same  place,  and  the  Easter  and  Michaelmas  at  Cooker- 
mouth.  County  courts  are  held  at  Alston,  Carlisle, 
Cockermouth,  Keswick,  Penrith,  Whitehaven,  and  Wig- 
ton. 

The  county  returns  four  members  40  the  imperial 
parhament,  two'  for  the  eastern  and  two  for  the  western 
division.  Carlisle  sends  two  members,  the  borough  of 
Cockermouth  two,  and  Whitehaven  one.  Under  the 
provisions  of  the  Poor  Law  Amendment  Act,  Cumber- 
land was  apportioned  into  the  following  nine  unions, 
viz.:  —  Alston,  Penrith,  Brampton,  Longtown,  Car- 
lisle, Wigton,  Cockermouth,  Whitehaven,  and  Bootlc  ; 
the  statistics,  &c.,  of  which  will  be  found  in  the  notices 
of  the  parishes  and  townships  in  which  the  workhouses 
are  situated. 

Cumberland  is  said  to  have  given  the  title  of  earl  to 
Eandulph  de  Meschines,  but  we  have  nothing  upon 
which  we  can  depend  as  authentic  to  confirm  this.  In 
1525,  Henry,  Lord  Cliiford,  was  created  Earl  of  Cum- 
berland, and  the  dignity  continued  in  his  family  till 
the  demise  of  Henry  of  the  fifth  earl,  in  1643.  It  was 
revived  the  following  year,  in  favour  of  Prince  Rupert, 
but  only  to  become  extinct  on  his  death,  in  1GS2. 
Prince  George  of  Denmark  was  the  next  who  bore  the 
title,  which  he  enjoyed  from  1089  till  his  decease,  in 
1708,  when  the  title  of  earl  was  discontinued.  In 
1723,  Prince  William  Augustus,  son  of  George  II.,  was 
created  Duke  of  Cumberland,  but  dying  without  issue, 
in  1765,  the  dukedom  remained  in  abeyance  for  two 
years,  when  it  was  given  to  Prince  Henry  Frederick, 
brother  of  George  III.,  who  also  died  childless,  in  1790. 
In  1799,  Ernest  Augustus,  fifth  son  of  George  III., 
was  creared  Duke  of  Cumberland,  and  held  the  dignity 
till  his  demise,  in  1851,  when  the  title  descended  to 
his  son,  the  present  King  of  Hanover,  and  Duke  of 
Cumberland. 

SURFACE. 

The  surface  of  this  county  is  considerably  diversi- 
fied, the  east  and  south-west  being  very  mountainous, 
rugged,  and  uneven,  while  the  north  and  north-west 
parts  aie  low  and  flat,  or  gently  undulating.     Hills, 


valleys,  and  ridges  of  elevated  ground  occupy  the  centre. 
The  mountainous  district  in  the  south-west  is  the 
most  interesting  to  the  traveller,  for  here  are  situated 
Saddleback,  Skiddaw,  and  Helvellyn,  and  the  lakes  of 
Ulleswater,  Thirlmere,  Derwentwater,  and  Bassenth- 
waite,  whose  beautiful  and  romantic  scenery  annually 
attracts  tourists  from  every  part  of  the  kingdom,  from 
the  Continent,  and  even  from  America.  Several  of  the 
other  districts,  though  not  mountainous,  are  hilly,  and 
present  an  endless  variety  of  laudscajie.  Some  of  the 
valleys  are  traversed  by  rivers,  and  afford,  perhaps,  a 
greater  variety  of  delightful  scenery  than  any  other 
county. 

The  mountains  of  Cumberland  arc  exceedingly 
numerous,  and  many  of  them  immense  in  elevation  and 
singular  in  structure.  They  enter  into  the  composition 
of  almost  every  view,  and  either  by  their  sublime  heights, 
their  romantic  forms,  the  dignified  grandeur  of  their 
aspects,  the  immensity  of  rocks  composing  them,  or  the 
imposing,  wild,  and  awful  majesty  of  their  appearance, 
are  peculiarly  calculated  to  excite  our  interest  and 
admiration.  Two  distinct  ranges  run,  the  one  towards 
the  north,  to  which  belongs  the  Cross  Fell  ridge ;  the 
other  and  most  gigantic  towards  the  south,  of  which  the 
highest  summit,  Skiddaw,  is  3,022  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  Besides  this  noted  peak,  the  most  striking 
of  the  loftier  mountains,  which  are  termed  fells,  and  are 
familiar  to  tourists,  are  ScawfeU,  Saddleback,  Helvel- 
lyn, Bow  Fell,  Grasmere  Fell,  Wrynose,  High  Pike, 
Pillar,  &c.,  the  scenery  of  which,  in  general,  is  abrupt 
and  bold.  Between  these  grander  heights  are  many 
hills  of  various  degrees  of  elevation ;  some  of  them  cut 
through  by  clear  and  rapid  torrents ;  others  based  in 
richly  wooded,  highly  cultivated  valleys,  fertilised  by 
quiet  brooks  and  rivers ;  others  tUpping  their  precipitous 
and  craggy  sides  down  into  the  beautiful  and  celebrated 
lakes,  the  pictui'esque  and  varied  beauties  of  which 
have  so  often  been  described  in  "  stately  prose  and 
melodious  verse."  The  following  are  the  names  and 
altitudes  of  the  principal  mountains,  and  the  districts 
in  which  they  are  situated : — 


Kamc. 

Sitaation.             Altitude  in  Feet 

ScawfeU  (high  point) 

Eskdale 

3,160 

HelveUj-n 

Keswick 

3,05.1 

Skiddaw 

Keswick 

3,022 

BowFcU 

Eskdale 

2,911 

Cross  Fell 

Alston 

2,901 

Pillar 

Wastwater 

2,893 

Saddleback 

Keswick 

2,787 

Grasmere  Fell 

Keswick 

2,756 

High  Pike 

Eesket  Newmarket 

2,101 

Black  Combe 

Duddon  Mouth 

1.919 

Dent  HiU 

Egremont 

1,110 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION   OF  CUMBERLAND. 


59 


The  principal  rivers  of  CumberlauJ  are  the  Eden, 
Esli,  Derwent,  Duddon,  and  Eamont,  with  tlieir  numer- 
ous tributary  streams. 

The  Eden  rises  on  the  borders  of  Westmoreland, 
on  the  side  of  Hugh's  Seat,  one  of  the  mountains  of 
the  Pennine  Chain,  and  passing  Ivirkby  Stephen  and 
Appleby,  sliortly  afterwards  ijuits  the  county  for  Cum- 
berland. Its  course  in  Westmoreland  is  about  thirty 
miles,  no  part  of  which  is  navigable.  It  has  numerous 
affluents,  among  which  may  be  named  the  Beelah,  or 
Belay,  the  Helbeok,  the  Troutbeek,  and  the  Crowdundale 
on  the  right  bank,  and  the  Leath  and  the  Eamont  on 
the  left  bank.  The  Eden  enters  Cumberland  on  the 
south,  and  runs  to  the  east  of  Penrith,  passing  Kirk- 
oswald,  Armathwiiite,  Corby,  Warwick  Bridge,  and 
Cai'lisle,  receiving  in  its  course  the  Crogliu  and  the 
Irthiug  on  its  right  bank,  and  the  Petteril  and  the 
Caldew  on  its  left,  and  discharges  itself  into  the  Solway 
Frith,  near  RocklitTe,  where  it  forms  a  fine  estuary. 
The  scenery  along  the  coast  of  this  river  in  Cumberland, 
which  is  about  thirty-llvo  miles,  is  very  varied  and 
beautiful;  the  banks  being  adorned  by  the  mansions 
and  pleasure-grounds  of  Skirwitb  Abbey,  Eden  Hall, 
Nunnery,  Armathwaite,  Low  House,  Corby  Castle, 
Warwick  Hall,  and  Riokerby. 

The  Esk,  which  gives  name  to  Eskdale  Ward,  is 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Black  and  White  Esk,  the 
former  of  which  rising  near  Eitrick  Pen,  in  Dumfries- 
shire, runs  past  Eskdale  I\Iuir  to  Kingpool,  to  join  the 
White  Esk  from  the  same  part — thence  it  goes  through 
some  fine  scenery  in  Eskdale,  by  West  Kirk,  Longholni, 
"  Canuobie  Loa,"  across  the  border  to  Nethcrb}',  ilowiug 
through  a  beautiful  valley,  in  a  south-west  direction  to 
Longtown,  and  after  receiving  the  waters  of  the 
Liddell  and  the  Lino  falls  into  the  Solway  Frith,  near 
Rocklitfe  Marsh.  Its  course  in  Cumberland  is  about 
ten  miles. 

Tho  Derwent  has  its  source  in  Sparkling  Tarn, 
among  the  mountainous  crags  at  the  head  of  Borrowdale, 
and  having  poured  its  foaming  waters  over  various 
precipices,  passes  through  Styhead  Tarn,  and  forms  the 
lake  of  Derwcntwater  at  Keswijk,  where  il  is  joined  by 
the  Greta.  It  then  pursues  its  course  through  an 
extensive  tract  of  meadow  land  to  Bassenthwaito  Water, 
from  which  it  emerges  at  Ousebridge.  Again  coulined 
in  a  rocky  cliannel,  it  takes  a  westerly  direction,  and 
flows  rapidly  through  a  narrow  vale  to  Cockermouth, 
where  it  is  joined  by  tho  waters  of  tho  Cocker,  and  then 
pursues  its  course  through  a  more  open  country  to  the 
sea  at  Workington.  The  scenery  along  the  whole  ex- 
tent of  this  river  is  exceedingly  varied  and  interesting. 


It  is,  perhaps,  the  most  limpid  and  colourless  stream  in 
England. 

The  Duddon,  Green  teUs  us,  in  his  own  picturesque 
style,  "  is  a  fine  river,  and  its  feeders  flow  precipitously 
in  their  descent  to  the  valley.  It  rises  on  the  Three 
County  Stones  on  Wrynose,  from  which  place  to  its 
junction  with  the  Irish  sea,  it  separates  the  counties  of 

Cumberland  and  Lancashire At  Goldrill 

Crag  it  brightens  into  agitation,  and,  after  various 
changes,  becomes  at  Wallowbarrow  Crag  one  scene  of 
rude  commotion,  forming  in  its  course  a  succession,  not 
of  high,  but  finely  formed  waterfalls.  But  these  furious 
waters,  suddenly  slumbering,  become  entranced,  dis- 
playing little  signs  of  life  along  the  pleasant  plains  of 
Donnerdale.  At  Ulpha  Bridge  suspended  animation  is 
again  succeeded  by  the  clamorous  war  of  stones  and 
waters,  which  assaU  the  ear  of  the  traveller  all  the  way 
to  Duddon  Bridge.  From  that  place  to  the  sea  it 
passes  on  in  an  uninterrupted  and  harmonious  calm- 
ness." The  sea  flows  nearly  nine  miles  up  its  channel, 
and  its  estuary  contains  about  13,000  acres  of  laud  at 
low  water. 

The  Eamont  takes  its  rise  in  the  lake  of  UUeswater, 
which  is  supplied  by  several  smaller  streams.  From  tho 
most  northern  portion  of  the  lake,  the  Eamont  flows  in  a 
north-westerly  direction  along  tho  Cumberland  border 
to  the  point  where  the  Eden  leaves  Westmoreland  and 
falls  into  that  river.  This  is  a  remarkably  clear  and 
limpid  stream  and  is  much  resorted  to  by  anglers. 

We  subjoin  the  other  rivers  in  alphabetical  order. 

The  Bleng  has  its  source  near  Ponsonby  Foil,  and 
after  passing  ncai"  Gosforth,  falls  into  the  Irt  between 
Nether  Wasdale  and  Sauton,  after  a  course  of  about  sLx 
miles. 

The  Calder  rises  not  far  from  Ennerdale  Water,  and, 
taking  a  south-westerly  direction,  flows  by  Calder  ^\bbey, 
between  Ponsonby  and  Stella  Park,  falling  into  the  sea 
at  Caldcr-foot,  after  a  course  of  about  eight  miles. 

Tho  Caldew,  which  is  called  near  its  source  Cald-beck 
and  Caldew-beck,  rises  on  Caldbeck  FeU,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Skiddaw,  and  runs  twenty-five  miles,  in  a  northerly 
direction  to  the  river  Eden  at  Carlisle,  passing  in  its 
course  Hesket  Newmarket,  Sebergliam,  aud  Dalston. 

The  Cocker  issues  from  Buttermcre  lake,  and  passes 
through  Crummock  Water,  to  tho  north  of  which  a 
pretty  largo  stream  connects  it  with  Loweswatcr.  It 
afterwards  passes  uortliward,  a  little  more  to  the  east, 
intersects  tho  vale  of  Lortou,  and  flowing  onwards  to 
Cockermoutli,  joins  tho  Derwent;  its  course  from 
Crummock  Water  to  Cockei-mouth  being  about  si.x  miles. 

The  CrogUn  rises  at  Hofleuside  Beacon,  on  Thack- 
thorn    Fell.        It   then    takes   a  wcst-south-westerly 


60 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  CUMBERLAND. 


direction,  aud  contributing  to  the  beautiful  scenery  at 
TsTunnery,  where  it  forms  several  cascades,  after  a 
course  of  twelve  miles  falls  into  the  Eden. 

The  Ellen  or  Elne  rises  from  Caldbeck  Fells,  and 
passing  by  Uldale,  Ircby,  Bolton,  Torpenhow,  Whitehall, 
Harley  Brow,  Blennerhassct,  Aspatria,  Hay  ton  Castle, 
Outerhy,  AUerby,  Dearham,  Ellenborough,  and  Nether- 
hall,  enters  the  sea  at  Maryport,  after  a  course  of  about 
eighteen  miles. 

The  Ehen  or  Enn  flows  out  of  Ennerdale  Water, 
passes  by  Ennerdale  Chapel,  Cleator,  Egremont,  and 
St.  Bride,  aud  after  a  course  of  about  eleven  miles  from 
the  lake,  falls  into  the  sea  at  Eun-foot. 

The  Esk,  in  Allerdale-above-Derwent  Ward,  is  formed 
by  the  junction  of  some  small  streams  which  rise 
near  Bow  Fell.  It  then  runs  through  the  valley  of 
Eskdale,  and  passing  by  Muncaster  and  Waberthwaite, 
falls  into  the  sea  at  Ravenglass.  Its  course  is  about 
tliirteen  miles. 

The  Gelt  rises  in  Croglin  Fell,  and  passing  through 
Geltsdale,  and  near  Castle  Carrock,  falls  into  the 
Irthiug,  near  Corby.  Near  to  where  the  river  is  crossed 
by  the  bridge  ou  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  Railway 
there  is  some  very  beautiful  scenery. 

The  Greta  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  St.  John's 
Beck  from  Thirlmere,  aud  the  Glenderamakin  from 
Mungrisdale,  by  way  of  Threlkeld ;  and  after  receiving 
the  Glenderaterra  from  between  Skiddaw  and  Saddle- 
back, it  passes  Keswick  and  joins  the  Derwent,  soon 
after  that  river  issues  from  Derwentwater.  When  the 
rains  are  heavy,  the  Greta  often  rises  so  suddenly  as  to 
cause  the  Derwent  to  flow  back  to  the  lake,  which  is 
speedily  filled  from  all  quarters. 

The  Irt,  issuing  from  Wastwater,  passes  by  Nether 
Wasdale,  Santon.Irton,  between  Drigg and  Carlton,  and 
falls  into  the  sea  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Eaveuglass, 
after  a  course  of  about  eight  miles. 

The  Irthing  has  its  source  in  Spadeadam  Moss,  on 
the  borders  of  Northumberland,  and  runs  about  thirtv 
miles  south-cast  past  Naworth  Castle  and  Lauercost 
Abbey  to  the  river  Eden  at  Warwick  Bridge,  receiving 
in  its  course  the  Kingwater,  near  Walton,  and  the  Gelt, 
below  Irthington.  Some  very  fine  scenery  adorns  the 
banks  of  this  river. 

The  Kershope  is  a  small  stream,  which  for  a  course 
of  about  six  miles  from  Dove  Crag  to  its  junction  with 
the  Liddell  forms  the  boundary  between  Cumberland 
and  Scotland. 

The  Kingwater  rises  near  Side  Common,  and  after  a 
course  of  about  ten  miles  falls  into  the  Lthins. 

The  Line  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  streams 
rising  near  Christenburgh  Crags,  called  Black  Line  and 


White  Lino,  which  unite  about  ten  miles  from  their 
source,  and  alterwards  pass  Shank  Castle,  Brackeuhill, 
Erklinton,  and  Westlinton,  and  fall  intw  the  Esk,  not 
far  from  its  junction  with  the  sea.  The  course  of  the 
Line,  after  the  confluence  of  the  two  streams,  is  about 
twelve  miles. 

The  Liddell  rises  in  Scotland,  and  for  about  eight 
miles  forms  the  boundary  between  that  country  and 
Cumberland,  falling  ultimately  into  the  Esk. 

The  Lowther  has  its  source  at  the  foot  of  Shap 
Fells,  in  the  middle  of  Westmoreland;  and  flowing  at 
first  north-east,  and  gradually  afterwards  due  north, 
passes  Shap  Abbey,  about  two  miles  beyond  which  it 
receives  the  waters  of  a  small  stream  from  Haweswater, 
and  passing  by  Lowther  Castle,  finally  joins  the  Eamont, 
near  Brougham  Castle,  at  a  point  about  two  miles 
south-east  of  Penrith. 

The  Mite  has  a  course  of  about  seven  miles.  It  rises 
in  Burn-moor  Tarn,  and  runs  through  Miterdale,  falling 
into  the  sea  at  Ravenglass. 

The  Neut  rises  in  the  south-eastern  extremity  of  the 
parish  of  Alston,  and  falls  into  the  South  Tyne,  near 
the  town  of  Alston,  after  a  course  of  about  sk  miles. 

The  Petteril  is  formed  by  the  union  of  several  small 
streams,  which  flow  from  Greystoke  Park,  Skelton,  and 
Hutton,  and  proceeding  northwards  falls  into  the  Eden 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Carlisle.  Near  Penrith  this 
river  is  430,  and  near  Upperby  70  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea — its  average  fall  per  mile  is  twenty- 
four  feet. 

The  Sark  runs  between  Cumberland  and  Scotland 
for  about  six  miles,  near  Solway  Moss,  and  empties 
itself  into  the  Solway  Frith. 

The  South  Tyne  has  its  source  in  a  swamp  or  bog 
ground  about  seven  miles  east  by  south  from  the  summit 
of  Cross  Fell,  aud  a  httle  below  Alston  enters  Northum- 
berland. 

The  Tees  rises  in  the  same  swamp,  about  a  mUe 
from  the  source  of  the  South  Tyne,  and  for  nearly  four 
miles  forms  the  boundary  between  Cumberland  and 
Westmoreland. 

The  Wampool  has  its  source  in  Brocklebank  Fells, 
at  Dockwray  joins  the  Wiza,  which  rises  near  Rosley, 
and  runs  by  Westward,  Old  Carhsle,  and  Wigton. 
After  the  junction  of  the  two  streams,  the  Wampool 
passes  by  Gamblesby,  and  falls  into  the  seajabout  half 
a  mile  west  of  Kirkbride,  its  course  being  about 
twelve  miles. 

The  Waver  has  its  origin  in  Brocldebauk  aud  Cald- 
beck Fells,  and  flows  by  Waverton,  Dundraw,  and 
Abbey  Holme,  faUiug  into  the  sea  about  half  a  mUe 
from  the  latter  place,  after  a  course  of  twelve  mUes. 


GEOGEAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION   OF  CUMBERLAND. 


61 


The  larger  rivers  abound  with  salmon,  trout,  brand- 
ling, and  various  kinds  of  lish,  and  the  smaller  streams 
with  trout  and  eels. 

LAKES,  TARNS,  ETC. 

The  principal  lakes  of  the  county  are  Ulleswater, 
between  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland ;  Thirlmere, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Valo  of  St.  John  ;  Dcrweutwater 
and  Bassenthwaite,  connected  by  a  stream  in  the  Vale  of 
Keswick;  Buttermere,  in  the  north-east  of  Borrowdale, 
and  to  the  north  a  little,  Crummock  Water  and  Lowes- 
water;  the  three  last  mentioned  connected  by  the  Cocker, 
which  running  northwardly  through  the  fine  vale  of 
Lorton, falls  into  the  Derweut  at  Cockermouth.  Besides 
these,  and  Overwater,AVastwater,Osmerdale,  and  Devock- 
water,  there  are  several  smaller  lakes,  called  tarns — 
Burn-moor  Tarn,  at  the  head  of  Mitcrdale  ;  Tarn  Wad- 
ling,  near  High  Hcsket ;  Talkin  Tarn,  in  the  parish  of 
llaytou ;  Martin  Tarn,  in  that  of  Wigtou ;  itc.  All 
the  lakes  are  well  stocked  with  fish,  particularly  with 
trout,  pike,  and  perch.  Ulleswater,  Ennerdale,  Crum- 
mock, and  Buttermere  contain  char.  Tarn  Wadliug  is 
said  to  produce  some  of  the  finest  carp  in  the  kingdom. 
The  following  is  a  tabular  view  of  the  principal  Cum- 
berland lakes : — 


Lakes. 

Nearest 
Market  Towns. 

Len^h 

in 
Miles. 

Breadth 

in 
Miles. 

Depth 

in 
Feet. 

Height  in 

feet  above 

the  level  of 

the  sea. 

Ulleswater    ... 

Penrith   

;. 

1 

•210 

3mO 

linssenthwaite. 

Keswieli  

4 

1 

08 

210 

Uerwentwater . 

Keswick    

3 

H 

73 

•2->H 

Crummock    ... 

Cockermoutli. 

n 

1 

i;i2 

210 

Wastwater    ... 

Raven kIuss  ■.. 

n 

+ 

270 

IfiO 

Tliirliiiere 

Keswick  

2J 

+ 

108 

473 

Ennerdale 

Whiteliaven... 

2i 

* 

80 

— 

liuUtrmere  ... 

Keswick  

H 

* 

90 

217 

Loweswatcf  ... 

Cockermoutli. 

I 

i 

OO 

— 

There  arc  several  picturesque  waterfalls,  of  which 
the  following  arc  the  principal,  with  their  respective 
situations  and  height  iu  feet : — Scale  Force,  near  But- 
teriULro,  lOl) ;  Barrow  Cascade,  two  miles  from  Keswick, 
I'-il;  Lowdoro  Cascade,  near  Keswick,  100;  Soiu'Milk 
Force,  near  Buttermere,  90;  Airey  Force,  Gowbarrow 
Park,  80 ;  Nunnery  Cascade,  Croglin,  60. 

In  addition  to  the  tarns,  cascades,  itc,  just  enume- 
rated, this  county  possesses  the  following  natural 
curiosities  ; — The  Bowder  Stone,  in  Borrowdale  ;  the 
grand  and  varied  echoes  of  Ulleswater;  saline  springs 
at  Crostliwaito,  Drigg,  Gilcnix,  Stanger,  &c. ;  sulphur 
springs  at  Aikton ;    sulphureous  springs  at  Biglauds 


and  Bewcastle  ;  sulphureous  and  chalybeate  at  Mekner- 
by ;  chalybeate  at  Bewcastle,  Brampton,  Great  Salkeld, 
and  Iron  Gill,  in  Sebergham ;  Gilsland  Spa,  near 
Lanercost,  whose  waters  are  similar  to  those  of  Har- 
rogate, iu  Yorkshire ;  medicinal  waters  at  Holywell,  at 
Lanercost,  and  Kirkland,  in  Wigton ;  a  mineral  spring 
at  PiOcklilTe,  the  water  of  which  tints  paper  a  beautiful 
gold  colour ;  and  a  petrifS'ing  spring  at  Sebergham.' 

EOADS,    TUEXPIKE   TRUSTS,    AND    BRIDGES. 

Cumberland  is  crossed  from  south  to  north,  and  from 
east  to  west,  by  two  important  roads  ;  one  of  which, 
from  south  to  north,  is  a  principal  road  from  London  to 
Edinburgh  and  Glasgow.  It  enters  the  county  near 
Penrith,  and  passing  by  Plumpton  Wall,  Plumpton 
Street,  High  and  Low  Hesket,  and  Carleton,  reaches 
Carlisle  ;  from  which  place  it  proceeds  through  Stanwix, 
Blackford,  Westlinton,  and  Arthuret,  to  Longtown, 
about  four  mUes  beyond  which  it  quits  the  county  for 
Scotland,  previously  giving  oif  a  branch  three  miles 
north  of  CarHsle  to  Glasgow,  by  Gretna.  The  road  from 
east  to  west  extends  from  Newcastle,  by  Nether  Denton 
and  Brampton,  to  Carlisle,  where  it  crosses  the  great 
north  road.  It  then  proceeds  by  two  branches,  the  one 
through  Old  Carlisle,  joined  by  the  Wigton  road,  and 
the  other  past  Bassenthwaite  Water  to  Cockermouth, 
and  thence  to  Whitehaven  .and  the  Irish  Sea.  There 
is  also  a  cross  road  from  Penrith  through  Keswick, 
where  it  meets  another  from  Kendal  to  Cockermouth, 
and  from  Penrith  to  Hexham,  etc.,  joined  to  which,  at 
Alston  Moor,  another  road  crosses  the  south-western 
extremity  of  Northumberland  to  Brampton,  and  thence 
to  Longtown.  Many  other  roads  radiate  from  and  in- 
tereomimmicate  with  these,  which  arc  the  principal 
roads  in  the  county.  From  "  The  Abstract  of  the 
General  Statements  of  the  Pieceipts  and  Expenditure 
on  account  of  the  highways  of  the  parishes,  townships, 
etc.,  iu  the  several  counties  of  England  and  Wales,  for 
the  3-enr  ending  ODth  Jlarch,  1853,"  which  was  pre- 
sented to  parliament  July  10th,  1857,  we  learn  the 
following  particulars  relative  to  the  highways  of  this 
county:  —  Number  of  returns,  HoO.  Balance,  'iSth 
March,  1851:  in  hand,  £2,1  U  12s.  4d.;  overspent, 
.C31't  15s.  4d.  Receipts:  from  rates  or  assessments, 
£13,758  lis.  lOd. ;  team  labour  performed  in  lieu  of 
rates,  £191  4s.  2d.;  other  work  performed  iu  lieu  of 
rates,  .CM   Ms.;  turnpike  trusts,  £22   lis.  5d. ;  other 

1  A  more  dctailcil  account  of  tho  various  mountains,  lakes,  tarns, 
..^.,  will  he  fomiil  in  tlie  article  on  the  Lake  District,  by  Horrict 
.M  iirlinrun,  at  |>a;c  :Vs ;  ns  also  in  llic  accounts  of  llie  various  piui^hes, 
iScc,  iu  nliicli  tliey  arc  siliuled. 


63 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION   OF  CUMBERLAND. 


receipts,  £881  3s.  Od.;  total,  i;U,948  5s.  Sd.  Expen- 
diture: manual  labour,  £7,286  3s.  6d. ;  team  labour, 
£1,050  Ts.  4d.;  materials,  £2,852  7s.  8d.;  tradesmen's 
bills,  £809  93.  9d.;  salaries,  £600  10s.  lid.;  team 
labour  performed  in  lieu  of  rates,  £191  4s.  2d,;  other 
\York  performed  in  lieu  of  rates,  £94  14s.;  turnpike 
trusts,  £121  5s.  lid. ;  other  payments,  £961  Gs.  4d. ; 
total,  £14,873  15s.  7d.  Balance,  25th  March,  1855  : 
in  hand,  £2,304   IGs.  Id.;  overspent,  £490   9s.  6d. 

An  abstract  of  the  general  statements  of  the  income 
and  expenditure  of  the  several  turnpike  trusts  in  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  from  January  1st  to  December  31st, 
1854,  was  laid  before  parliament  in  November,  1856. 
From  this  document  it  appears  that  the  income  derived 
from  the  fourteen  turnpike  trusts  in  Cumberland  was 
as  follows: — Parish  composition,  in  lieu  of  statute  duty, 
£285  lis.  lid.:  fines,  £0  18s.  9d.;  incidental  receipts, 
£315  4s.;  total,  £13,786  Gs.6d.— Expenditure:  manual 
labour,  £4,899  5s,;  team  labour  and  carriage  of  ma- 
terials, £1,850  6s.  Od.;  materials  for  surface  repairs, 
£728  lls.8d. ;  land  purchased,  £11  15s.;  damage  done 
in  obtaining  materials,  £20  8s.  8d.;  tradesmen's  bills, 
£242  ISs.Sd.;  treasurers' salaries,  £166  Is.  lid.;  clerks' 
ditto,  £201  14s.  6d.;  surveyors'  ditto,  £762  Is.;  law 
charges,  £400  4s.  8d.;  interest  of  debt,  £1,790  2s.  8d.; 
improvements,  £602  9s.  lOd. ;  debts  paid  off,  £400;  in- 
cidental expenses,  £308  lis.  lid.;  total,  £12,450  12s. 
Debts:  bonded  or  mortgage,  I'9 1,499  133.  5d.,  at  2  per 
cent.;  floating,  £20;  unpaid  interest,  £742  7s.  Gd.; 
balance  due  to  treasurers,  31st  of  December,  1854, 
£612  8s.  9d.;  total,  £92,824  9s.  8d.  — Arrears  of 
Income:  arrears  of  tolls  for  current  year,  £78  3  5s.; 
arrears  of  parish  composition  for  current  year, 
£187  23.  lOd.;  arrears  of  fonner  years,  £7  18s.  9d.; 
balance  in  treasurers'  bands,  31st  of  December,  1854, 
£2,800  8s.  3d.;  total  assets,  £3,074  4s.  lOd.  * 

There  are  two  hundred  and  forty-eiglit  bridges 
throughout  the  county  of  Cumberland,  a  list  of  which 
we  subjoin,  with  their  situations,  and  the  waters  which 
they  cross : — 


Names  of  Bridges. 

Abbey  Lanercost 

Abbey  Mill,  or  Naworth 

Gate 
Airey 

AUonby 

Alston 

Antlmm 

Arkleby 

Arraathwaite 

Armathwaite  Little 

Ashes 

Beckermet 

Beck  Gnmge 
BeU 

Blackford 


What  water  across.      Parishes  where  situate. 


Irthing 

Naworth,   or  Cumcatch 

Beck 
Airey,     or    Dockwray 

Beck 
Melo  Beck 
Tyne 

Anthom  Beck 
Elleu 
Eden 

Aiiistable  Beck 
Waver 
Kir  beck 

Cairn 
Caldew 
Blackford  Beck 


Abbey    Lanercost     and 

Bramptoa 
Brampton 

Grey  stoke 

Bromfield 
Alston 
Bowness 
Plumbland 

Aiustable  and  Hesket 
Ainstable 
"Wigton 

St.  John's  and  St.  Brid- 
get's 
11  ay  ton 
Sebergham 
KirkUntoQ  and  Stamwix 


Names  of  Bridges. 

Blackbcck 
Itlackbum 

lUacksyko 
Bhiithwaito 

IiU'03 

HIl'ucow 

Blong,  Far  or  Low 

IJIeng,  High 

IJIeunerhassct 

IV.Iton  Gate 

Boot,  Distington 

Boot,  Eskdalc 

Bntcherby 

lioworhonse 

Itranthwaite 

Itridgefoot 

Bridgefoot 

Briggill 

Bromfield 
Brougham  Castle 

Broiigh  Hill 
Broiighton  Beck 
BulIgiU 

6  urn  si  do 

Burthwaite 
Bustabeck,  Little 

Biistabeck 
Calder  Bridge 
Calleywath,  or   Hutton 

John 
Calthwaite 
Calthwaite,  Little 
(.!ambeck 
Caponcleugh 
Carlisle 
Carlisle 
Carwinley,  nigh 

Carwinley,  Low 

Chalkside 

Chapel  Bridge 
Cleator,  East 
Cleator,  West 

Cockbridge 
Cocker  Bridge 
CoUiergate 
Crofton 
Croglin.  High 
Crookdall 
Crosby 
Crossgill 
Dacre,  High 
Dacre,  Low 
Dalemain 
Dale  Raven 

Dearhara 

Derwent,  Cockermouth 
Dodd,  or  Longwathby 
Mill 

Down-iu-the-Dale 

Drawdykes 
Dnuu  leaning 
Eamont 

Egremont 

Egremont,  High 

ERTemont,  Low 

Ellenhall 

Ellergill 

Ennevdale 

Evening  Hill 

Farlam 

FanldsmiU 

Forest 

Friar  TTaingate 
Garrigill  Gate 
Gate 

Gattle,  High 
Gattle,  Old 
Gattle,  Low 
Gattle,  Smalmstown 
Celt,    High,    or   Castle 
Carrock 

Gelt,  Low,  New 
Gelt,  Low,  Old 
Gelt,  Middle 


^Vhat  water  across.      Parishes  where  situate. 


Blackbock 

Blackburn 

Blacksyke 

Crura  mock 

Whitbeck 

I'cttoril 

BIcng 

JUeng 

Ellcii 

Elk-n 

Uistington  Beck 

Boot 

Petteril 

Mite 

Marrow 

Lostrigg, 

Marrow 

BriggUl 


Eamont 

Brough  Hill  Beck 
Dovcnby  Beck 
Ellen 

Heather 

Burthwaite  Beck 
Bustabeck 

Bustabeck 
Calder 

Calley,  or  Dacre  Beck 
I'etteril 

Calthwaite  Beck 
Cam  beck 
Naworth  Beck 
Caldew 
Eden 
Carwinley  Bum 

Carwinley  Bum 


Chalk 


Keekle 

Keekle,  Part  of,  in  time 

of  flood 
Ellen 
Cocker 

CoUiergate  Beck 
"U'hampool 
Croglin  Water 
Crummock 
Crosby  Beck 
Crossgill  Bum 
Calley,  or  Dacre  Beck 
Calley,  or  Dacre  Beck 
Calley,  or  Dacre  Beck 
Dale  Rareu 


Ellen 

Derwent 


Briggill 


Down-in-the  Dale  Beck 

Highberry  Beck 

I'ow 

Eamont 

Ehen 

Ebcu 

Ehen 

Ellen 

Ellergill  Beck 

Ehen 

Chalk 

Petteril 

Part  of  Hallbum 

Irt 

Kingwater 

Tyne 

Caldbeck,  Littlebeck 

Gattle 

Gattle 

Gattle 


St.  Bridget's  and  HaUd 

Alston 

Hesket  and  TTuttoo 

Wigton  and  Bolton 

Brigham 

Grey  stoke 

Goa  forth 

Gosforth 

Torpenhow 

Bulton 

Distington 

St,  Bets 

St.  Cuthbcrt's 

Irton 

Dean 

AVorkington 

Brigham 

Adilingham  and  Long- 
wathby 

Bromlield 

IVnrith;  half  of  bridge 
in  Westmoreland 

Bolton 

Bridekirk 

Gilcrux  and  Crosscan- 
nonby 

Klrklinton 

Basse  nth  waite 

Castlo  Sowerby  and 
Sebergham 

Castlo  Sowerby 

St.Bridgetand  Ponsonby 

Dacre 

Hesket  and  Lazonby 

Hesket 

Irthington 

B  ramp  tun 

St.  Mary 

St.  Mary  and  Stanwix 

Arthuret  and  Kirk- 
audrews 

Arthuret  and  Kirk- 
andrews 

Sebergham  and  West- 
ward 

Bassenthwaitc 

Cleator 

Cleator 

Ex  tra-parocllial 
Brigham 

Arlccdon  and  Lamplugh 
Thnrtiby  and  Westward 
Croglin  and  Kirkoswald 
Wigton  and  Bromfield 
Crosby 
Alston 
Dacre 
Dacre 
Dacre 

Addiugham   and   Kirk- 
oswald 
Dearham 
Brigham 

Addingham  and  Long- 
wathby 

St.  Bocs  (in  Wastdalc 
Head) 

Stanwix 

Aikton  and  Thursby 

Penrith;  half  of  bridge 
in  Westmorland 

Egremont 

Egremont 

Egremont  and  St.  John's 

Gilcrnx 

Arlecdon 

St.  Bees 

Thursby 

Hesket 

Arthuret 

St.  Bees  (in  Nether  Wast- 
dale} 

Abbey  Lanercost 

Alston 

Caldbeck 

Kirkandrews 

Kirkandrews 

Kirkandrews 


No  water  orwater  course  Kirkandrews 


Gelt 

Gelt 
Gelt 

Gelt 


Castle  Carrockand  Hay- 
ton 
Branpton  and  Ilayton 
Brampton  and  Haytou 
HaytOQ 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION   OF  CUMBERLAND. 


63 


Names  of  Bridges. 
Gildersdale 
Glencoyne 

dinger  Foot 

Grev.stoko 

HHile 

Hairlieck 

Hallbum 

lliilUliifc 

HaiTuby 


"What  water  across. 

GUdersdale  Bam 

Glencofoe  Beck 

Glincer  Bum 

Old  Petteril 

Kirbeck 

Hairbecic 

Hallbum 

Caldftw 

Petteril 


IlarringtoD.orBockstonc  Harrington  Beck 
IlazleriKR  Dale  Kaven 

Ueskct  Newmarket  Caldew 


IIighl«rry  Beck 

Ilighberry  Beck 

High 

Koo 

Holmcrooke 

Irt 

lloweiid 

HaUbnm 

Howford 

Heather 

Uowwath 

■yVhampool 

Iluttoo  Uall 

Biacksykes 

Iruby,  Low 

Ellen 

IrtUlng 

Irthing 

Isel 

Derwent 

Jackson 

Wisa 

Keekle,  High 

Kcekle 

Keeklf,  lA>w 

Keekle 

KidljuriigUl 

Gilbeck 

Rirkcambcck 

Cambeck 

Kirkoswald 

Raven 

Laitlis 

Petteril 

Lamb 

Giendermacldn 

Lanofoot 

Marrow 

Lazuuby 

Lden 

Leader 

DisUngton  Beck 

Leasfliow,  or  Leases 

Wbitbeck 

Leases 

Galebeck 

Lee^ato 

Crummock 

Little  .Salkcld 

Melmerby  Beck 

LoQgwatUby 

Eden 

Lorton,  High 

Wbitbeck 

Lorton,  Low 

Cocker 

LongtowQ 

£sk 

LongtowD,  Little 

Longtown  Littlebeck 

Lostri;,'*; 

Lostrigg 

Lowliuuiies 

Lowbouses  Bum 

Lowiuill 

Caldew 

Lowutbwaita 

LowQthwaite  Beck 

Lowrow 

Lowrow  Beck 

MarWeflat  Marblebeck 

Marji>ort  Ellen 
]tlHttenUIe,orDockirrfly  Dock\rniv  Beck 

M<-vkliri  Mt-cklin  Beck 

Melmerby,  High  Mtlmerbr  Heck 

Milmerby,  Low  Molmeiby  Beck 

Micklclhwaito  Whampool 

Mill  Caldbeck 

Mill  Waver 

MUlrlgy  Crowdundalo  Beck 


MoorhoufiC  Mill 
Mountain  Beck 
Uoftedale 

Miinip^liall 

Muncaster 

Muncantcr  Milt 

Mun{;riAdalQ 

Nenttiall 

Nunthead 

Nontsbury 

Netherbeck 

Kowbi(;gin 

Nowbv 

Neirii'iills 

Newshain 

North  Itovbcck 

Nunuery 

OnMbridgo 

Overbcck 

ParcoUtowa 

Panou 

Pealfdll 

IVolwykO 

Ten  to  u 


Whampool 
Mountaia  Beck 
Caldew 
Irthing 

Efik 

Mlto 
GrisdaleBeck 

Kent 

Nent 

Nent 

I7etherbeck 

Crowdundalo  Beck 

Petteril 

Irthing 

Cumcatch  Beck 

Qldgill  Common  Beck 

NnrtlU>cck 

Croglin  Water 

Derwont 

Overbeck 

Not  known 

Waver 

Pealgill  Burn 

Dubwath 

LiddeU 


Parishes  where  situate. 

Alston ;  half  of   bridg 
in  Northumberland 

GreyBtoke;  half  ofbridgo 
in  Westmoreland 

Kirkandrewa 

Grey  stoke 

Uailo 

Gos  forth 

Arthurct 

Greystokeand  Caldbeck 

St.  Cuthbcrt'a 

Harrington 

Addingham 

Castle     Sowerby     and 
Caldbeck 

Scalcby  and  Irthingtnn 

Castle  Sowerby  and  Dal- 
Bton 

Irton 

Arthnret 

Kirklinton 

Aikton  :ind  Eirkbride 

Button 

Ireby 

Brampton 

IscI 

Wigton  and  Westward 

Arlecdonaud  Distington 

Cleator 

Arlccdon 

Abbey  Lancrcost 

Kirkoswald 

Skeltnn 

Greystoke 

Arlccdon  and  Lamplngh 

Lazonby    and    Kirkos- 
wald 

Distington 

Brigham 

Melmerby 

Wigtoa  and  Bromfield 

Addingham 

Edendalland  Longwath- 
by 

Brigham 

Brigham 

Artburet   and  Kirkan- 
drews 

Arthuret 

Dean 

Alston 

Greystoke  and  Caldbeck 

Kirklaiid;  half  of  bridge 
in  Westmoreland 

Abbey     Lanercost    and 
Denton 

Denton 

Crosscannonby 

Greystoke 

Irton 

Melmerby 

Melmerby 

Thursby  and  Wigton 

Caldt>eck 

Wigton 

Kirkland;  half  in  West- 
moreland 

Thursby  and  Wigton 

Drigg  and  Carleton 

Greystoke  and  Caldbeck 

Abbey     Lanercost    and 
Denton 

Muncaster,  half  in  Mil- 
lom 

Muncaster 

Greystoke  ^ 

Alston 

AlatoD 

Alston 

St.  Heea  (in  Wastdale) 

Kirklar.d;  half  in  Wut>t- 
moreland 

St.  CuUibert's 

Irtfain<;tnn  and  Ilayton 
'  Brampton 

Circystoko 

Bassonthwaile 

Alnstablo   and   Kirkos- 
wald 

Bassenlbwalto 

8t.  BecB  (in  Wastdale) 

Arthurot 

Bolton 

Skelton 

Not  known 

Kirkandrews ;   half    In 
Scotland 


Names  of  Biidges. 

Pikelandsgate 

Plumpton  Foot 
Plurapton,  High 
Plumpton  Street 
Pooley 

Poorhouse,  or  Kirkgate 

Pottcrbank 

Powdreigli 

Powmangham 

Priestbridge 

liack 

Kaven,  High 

Red  Dial 

Rethwaite 
Roberts  gate 
Koebanks 

Rose 
Rosley 

Routonsyke 
Rowend 
Rnleholm 
Rushgill 

Sandraw 
Sandy  Beck 
Sandy  syke 
Sauton  Bridge 
Sark 

Sarkdam 
Scale  Uill 
Scarrow  Hill 

Schoolhouse 
Sebergham 
Sela 
Shaking 
Skirwith 
Skirwith,  Little 
6kirwith  Mill 
Soursteps 

Sonthwaite 

SUikes 

Stockdalewath 

Street 

Stubb 

Sunderland 

Sumiygill 

Sj-ndrel 

Temon 


Threapland  Gill 
Threlkeld 

Thorpe 

Trough  House 

Ullock 

Vntiiank 

Walk  Mill 

Walk  Mill 

M'ath 

M'ath 

Warwick 

Waterside 

Wavrr  Bridge, 

Water 
Waverton 
Wesllinton 
W hah on  so 
Whelpow 
WheygUl 
Wbitbeck 
Wisa 

Wisa,  Low 
Wolt 
Wotidrow 
Workington 


AVTiat  water  across.      Parishes  where  sitnate. 


or  Low 


Caldbeck 

Pett*-ril 

Petteril 

Petteril 

Eamont 

Rudbeck 

Townend  Beck 

No  regular  water 

Powmangham 

Dovenby  Beck 

Lyne 

Raven 

Wisa 
Waver 
Blackbeck 
Boe 

Caldew 
CliaUt 

Routonsyke 
Bleng 
Irthing 
Hushgill  Burn 

Sandraw  Beck 
Sandy  Beck 
Sandysyke 
Irt 

Sark 

Part  of  Sark  Millracc 

Cocker 

Scarrow  Hill  Beck 

Dovenby  Beck 

Caldew 

Ray  gill  Beck 

Waver 

Briggill  Beck 

Skirwith,  Little  Beck 

Brit^gle  Beck 

Soursteps  Beck 

Petteril 

Calder 
Hoe 

Kirbeck 
Wisa 
Bluemire 
Sunnygill  Beck 
Syndrel 

Temon 


Threapland  Water 
Greta 

Petteril 

£sk 

Marrow 

Dale  Kaven 

Walk  Water 

Keeklo 

Ehen 

Caldbeck,  Utile  Beck 

Kdun 

Waver 

Waver 

Waver 

Lvno 

Esk 

Caldbeck 

Wheygill  Burn 

Whilbeck 

Wisa 

Wisa 

Tnmtbeck 

Waver 

Dcrwent 


Caldbeck 

Ilesket  and  Lazonby 

Penrith 

Ilesket  and  Lazonby 

Dacre ;  half  in  West- 
moreland 

Brigham 

Kirkoswald 

Arthuret 

"Wctheral  and  Warwick 

Bridekirk 

Stapleton  / 

Kirkoswald  and  Hen- 
wick 

Westward 

Westward 

St.  Bridget's  and  Haila 

Castle  Sowerby  and  St. 
Mary's 

Castle  Sowerby 

Sebergham  and  West- 
ward 

A  rlecdon 

Gosforth 

Brampton  and  Irtbington 

Castie  Sowerby  and  Skel- 
ton 

Bromfield 

Lorton 

Arthuret 

Irton 

Kirkandrews;  half  in 
Scotland 

Kirkandrews 

Brigham 

Abbey  Lanercost  and 
Denton 

Bridekirk 

Sebergham 

Kirkoswald 

Bolton 

Kirkland 

Kirkland 

Kirkland 

Kirkland  and  Long- 
wathby 

Hesket 

St.  Bridget's 

Castle  Sowerby  and 
DaUton 

St.  John's  and  H^le 

Wigton 

Isel 

Melmerby  and  Ousby 

St.Bees(in  NetherWast- 
dale) 

Abbey  Lanercost  and 
Denton;  half  in  North- 
umberland 

Greystoke     and     Cros- 

thwaito 
Greystoke 

St.  Bees  (in  Eskdale) 
Dean 

Addingham 
Basse  nth  waite 
Cleator 
Cleator 
Cftldbeck 
Wetheral 
Wigton 

Wigton 

Wigton 

Kirklinton  and  Arthniet 

St.  Bees  (in  Eskdale) 

Caldbeck 

Castle  Sowerby 

Lorton 

Wigton 

Wigton  i 

G  rev  stoke 

■\Vigton 

Workington 


RAn.WAYS. 


It  would  bo  superfluous  on  our  part  td  make  any 
remarks  on  the  great  benefits  that  have  been  couforreil 
upon  the  counties  of  Cumbcrknd  and  Westmoreland 
hy  the  introduction  and  general  use  of  railways. 


The 


64 


GEOGEAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  CUMBERLAND. 


extension  of  commerce — cheap  and  facile  transit  for 
agricultural,  mineral,  and  other  produce — improve- 
ments in  harbours — the  increase  in  the  manufacture  of 
iron,  &c.,  are  some  of  the  results  of  the  formation  of 
railways  in  this  district;  and  sufficiently  testify  by 
their  favourable  influence  on  the  social  condition  of 
the  population,  the  great  benefits  already  procured  for 
these  two  counties.  The  railways  at  present  existing 
in  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  are 
the  following  :  —  a  portion  of  the  Caledonian,  the 
Carlisle  and  Silloth  Bay,  the  Cockermouth  and  Work- 
ington, the  Kendal  and  Windermere,  the  greater 
portion  of  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle,  the  Maryport 
and  Carlisle,  a  portion  of  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle, 
the  Port  Carlisle,  a  portion  of  the  Ulverstone  and 
Lancaster,  the  Whitehaven,  Cleator,  and  Egremont, 
the  greater  portion  of  the  Whitehaven  and  Furness, 
and  the  Whitehaven  Junction. 

The  Caledonian  was  incorporated  Ly  the  8  and  9  Vic. 
cap.  102,  for  a  line  from  Carlisle  to  a  junction  with  the 
Scottish  Central  at  Castlecary,  with  branches  diverging 
therefrom  at  Cairstairs,  to  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow. 
From  Carlisle,  the  line  proceeds  across  the  Calder  by  a 
viaduct,  and  thence  over  the  river  Eden  by  another 
viaduct,  after  which,  it  passes  by  King  Moor  and  Rock- 
liffe  station,  and  crosses  the  Esk  by  a  viaduct  of  seven 
arches,  thence  passing  over  the  Glasgow  road  and 
along  the  Guards'  embankment,  formed  through  a  deep 
moss  which  absorbed  thousands  of  tons  of  earth  before  the 
foundation  was  sufficiently  solid  to  bear  a  train,  it  shortly 
afterwards  crosses  the  Sark,  and  quits  Cumberland. 

The  Carlisle  and  Silloth  Bay  Couipany  was  incorpo- 
rated July  16th,  1855,  to  make  a  railway  from  the  Port 
Carlisle  line  at  Drumburgh  to  the  boat  lighthouse  in 
Silloth  Bay,  and  a  dock  and  a  jetty  at  the  latter  place. 
The  first  sod  of  the  railway  was  cut  at  Drumburgh,  on 
the  31st  of  August,  1855,  the  works  were  at  once 
commenced,  and  the  line  opened  on  the  28th  of 
August,  1856.  The  line  is  identical  with  that  to 
Port  Carlisle  for  eight  miles  and  a  half,  two-thirds  of 
the  length  of  the  latter.  The  Silloth  line  commences 
strictly  at  Drumburgh.  At  the  village  of  Kirkbride 
there  is  a  station  for  the  convenience  of  the  locality. 
Three  miles  further  west,  not  far  from  where  the 
Wampool  and  the  Waver  enter  Morecambe  Bay,  the 
line  passes  within  a  short  distance  of  Long  Newton, 
or  Newton  Arlosh,  and  a  little  past  Abbey  Holme,  where 
there  is  a  station,  passes  through  the  heaviest  cutting  in 
its  whole  extent,  viz.,  Kingside  Hill,  and  shortly  after- 
■wai'ds  arrives  at  Silloth. 

The   Cockermouth   and  Workington  Company  was 
incorporated  in  July,  1845,  by  the  8  and  9  Vict.  cap. 


120.  The  line  is  from  Cockermouth  to  Workington 
Harbour,  where  it  joins  the  Whitehaven  line.  Its 
length  is  eight  and  a  half  miles ;  and  it  was  opened 
throughout  28th  April,  1847.  After  leaving  Working- 
ton, the  stations  are  Workington  Bridge,  Camerton, 
Broughton  Cross,  Brigham,  and  Cockermouth,  where 
the  line  at  present  terminates. 

The  Kendal  and  Windermere  Company  was  incorpo- 
rated by  8  and  9  Vic.  cap.  32,  (1845),  for  a  line  from 
the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  llailway  at  Oxenholme  to 
Birthwaite,  near  Windermere  Lake,  ten  and  a  quai-ter 
miles.  The  line  was  opened  on  the  21st  of  April,  1847. 
The  stations  on  the  line  after  leaving  Oxenholme,  are 
Burnside,  Staveley,  and  Windermere. 

The  Lancaster  and  CarUsle  Company  was  incorpo- 
rated by  7  and  8  Vic,  cap.  37,  (1844),  for  a  single  line, 
in  the  first  instance,  until  the  Act  authorising  the 
Caledonian  was  passed,  when  it  was  made  a  double 
line,  continuing  the  Lancaster  and  Preston  to  Carlisle, 
and  there  forming  a  juuetion  with  the  Caledonian. 
Cost,  J£22,000  per  mile.  Length,  seventy  miles.  The 
joint  station  at  Carlisle  was  built  at  a  cost  of  £1 64,500, 
of  which  the  Caledonian  contributed  j£63,367.  By  an 
arrangement  wiih  the  Glasgow  and  South  Western,  and 
Maryport  and  Carlisle,  they  have  become  joint  tenants 
of  that  station.  This  line  enters  Westmoreland  from 
Lancashire,  and  passing  the  Burton  and  Holme  station 
soon  reaches  ^Milnthorpe,  whence  it  crosses  the  canal  at 
the  tunnel,  and  pursues  its  course  through  a  fine  and 
well-wooded  country  to  the  village  of  Sedgwick,  where 
the  magnitude  of  the  Sedgwick  embankment  is  seen  to 
advantage.  Its  course  is  now  by  Natland  to  O.xenholme, 
previous  to  which  the  Burton  turnpike  road  is  crossed, 
about  two  miles  south  of  Kendal ;  and  after  passing  an 
embankment,  and  through  some  heavy  rock  cutting, 
Oxenholme  station  is  reached,  where  the  line  is  joined 
by  the  Kendal  and  Windermere  Railway,  which  afTords 
an  easy  and  delightful  means  of  access  to  the  Lake 
District.  A  fine  view  of  the  town  of  Kendal  is 
enjoyed  at  this  station  ;  whilst  far  beyond  rise  the 
mountains  of  the  west,  the  giants  of  the  Lake  District. 
From  Oxenholme,  the  line  proceeds  upon  embankments 
and  througli  cuttings,  with  occasional  views  of  Kendal 
and  its  ruined  castle;  and  soon  after  passing  the  Birk- 
land  cutting,  skirts  the  base  of  the  lofty  Benson  Knot, 
one  of  the  highest  hills  in  the  neighbourhood,  and 
passing  thence  through  heavy  rock  cuttings  and  across 
an  embankment,  reaches  Docker  Gill  viaduct,  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  structures  on  the  line.  A  mile  from 
this  splendid  piece  of  work  Gi-a_ygrigg  summit  is  reached, 
where  a  heavy  cutting  of  hard  material,  called  samel,  is 
passed  through ;  and  another  mile  onward  is  the  Low 


EAILVVAYS. 


•65 


Gill  embaukmcnt,  one  of  the  highest  in  England. 
After  passing  Low  Gill  station,  the  lino  skirts  the 
DiUicar  hills,  and  soon  afterwards  passes  through  the 
great  DiUicar  cut,  and  is  then  earned  over  the  Borrow 
Water,  near  its  junction  with  the  Lune,  upon  a  neat 
viaduct.  Piorrow  Bridge,  a  romantic  spot,  celebrated 
for  trout  fishing,  the  scenery  about  which  is  the  most 
beautiful  along  the  whole  line,  is  ue.xt  passed,  and  the 
traveller  seems  to  be  completely  hemmed  in  on  all  sides 
by  stupendous  hills.  The  village  of  Borrow  Bridge 
appears  on  the  right,  at  a  short  distance  from  the  line, 
which,  passing  through  the  Borrow  Bridge  cutting, 
reaches  the  Lune  embankment,  9")  feet  deep,  formed 
through  tlio  old  bed  of  the  river,  which  has  been  diverted 
from  its  course,  through  a  tunnel  excavated  in  the  solid 
rock,  50  feet  from  the  top,  and  made  nearly  parallel  to 
the  ravine.  Proceeding  onwards,  the  Lune  excava- 
tions, Loup's  Fell  cutting,  the  Birbecic  embankment, 
and  the  Birbeck  viaduct,  are  passed,  shortly  after- 
wards the  foot  of  the  great  incline — a  plain  of  eight 
miles — rising  1  in  73,  is  reached.  Proceeding  from 
Tebay  station,  Shap  Wells  is  reached,  the  line  passing 
through  the  Fells,  over  which  Prince  Charles  Edward 
and  his  army  marched  in  1745  ;  and,  leaving  the  Shap 
summit,  a  cutting  through  limestone  rock  is  entered, 
and  before  it  approaches  Shap  village  the  line  runs 
through  a  circle  of  large  boulder  stones,  said  to  be  the 
inner  circle  of  an  ancient  Druidical  temple.  From 
Shap  the  line  proceeds  on  the  cast  side  of  the  town  of 
Shap,  along  a  heavy  cutting,  and  passing  thence  under 
a  skew  bridge  along  the  flat  portion  of  the  route,  called 
Shap  Mines,  and,  following  the  valley  of  the  stream,  it 
again  runs  under  the  turnpike  road,  and  thence  passes 
Thrimby,  through  a  thick  plantation.  Here  the  cha- 
racter of  the  scenery  is  considerably  altered,  the  bare, 
rugged,  and  sterile  mountains  being  succeeded  by 
fertile  pastures  and  picturesijue  prospects.  The  Kendal 
turnpike  road  is  crossed,  for  the  last  time,  by  a  skew 
bridge  at  Clifton,  near  the  entrance  to  Lowther  Park 
and  Castle,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The 
scenery  between  Shaj)  and  Clifton  is  very  attractive — 
Cross  Fell,  Saddleback,  Skiddaw,  and  the  other  hills  in 
the  Lake  District  appearing  to  great  advantage.  From 
Clifton  station  the  lino  proceeds  along  the  Lowther 
embankment,  and  about  50  miles  from  Lancaster  and 
20  from  Carlisle  crosses  the  river  Lowther  on  a  magni- 
ficent viaduct,  101)  feet  above  the  stream  ;  its  arches, 
sLx  in  number,  are  of  GO  feet  span  each.  A  mile  and  a 
half  beyond,  the  line  crosses  the  Eaniont,  on  a  viaduct 
of  great  beauty,  consisting  of  five  semi-circular  arches. 
Leaving  the  county  of  Westmonlaud  ut  this  point,  the 
line  enters  Cumberland,  and  shortly  afterwards  passes 
0 


through  a  large  cutting,  and  then,  running  nearly  level  to 
the  town  of  Penrith,  reaches  the  station  adjoining  the 
ruins  of  the  ancient  castle.  From  Penrith  the  country 
is  flat  and  uninteresting.  The  line  enters  the  valley 
of  the  Petteril,  through  which  it  pursues  almost  a  direct 
course  to  Carlisle,  past  the  following  stations  : — Plump- 
ton,  Calthwaite,  Southwaite,  and  Wreay. 

The  Maryport  and  Carlisle  was  incorporated  by 
Act  1  Vic.  cap.  Ill  (1837), — 28  miles.  It  was  opened, 
Maryport  to  Aspatria,  loth  July,  1840;  Carlisle  to 
Wigton,  in  May,  1844;  and  completed  10th  May,  1845. 
The  Act  of  1855  (17  and  18  Vic.  cap.  79,  June  26th) 
provides  that  new  capital,  for  doubling  the  line  and 
other  improvements,  may  be  raised  to  the  extent  of 
£77,712  10s.  in  £12  10s.  shares,  making  a  total  of 
£420,000,  with  borrowing  powers  to  the  extent  of 
£135,000.  Leaving  Maijport,  and  passing  Dearham 
Station,  the  line  reaches  Bull  Gill,  and  3+  mUes  further 
comes  to  Aspatria,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  river 
Ellen  ;  it  shortly  afterwards  arrives  at  Brayton.  After 
crossing  the  Waver  it  reaches  Leegate,  3:^  miles  beyond 
which  is  Wigton,  and  passing  Curthwaite  and  Dalston 
stations,  anives  at  Carlisle. 

The  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  was  incorporated  on  the 
22nd  of  May,  1829,  as  a  line  between  these  two  towns, 
crossing  from  the  east  to  the  west  coast  of  England; 
also  a  branch-lino  of  12  miles  to  Alston,  and  one  to 
Swalwell.  Total  length,  78J  miles  now  open.  A  short 
extension  from  Alston  to  Nenthead  is  in  abeyance.  This 
line  enters  Cumberland  near  Piose  Hill  station,  and 
passing  Low  Pvow  and  Milton,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Brampton,  crosses  the  ravine  of  the  Gelt  by  a  skew 
bridge  of  three  arches,  and  arrives  at  How  Mill  station, 
close  to  which  is  llayton  Church,  and  in  the  distance 
may  be  seen  the  white  turrets  of  Edmond  Castle  and 
Castle  Carrock  Church.  The  next  station  is  Wetberal, 
where  the  Eden  is  crossed  by  a  magnificent  bridge,  con- 
sisting of  five  semicircular  arches,  each  of  80  feet  sjjau, 
and  raised  to  an  elevation  of  99*  feet  above  the  summer 
level  of  the  stream,  with  a  parapet  of  4  J  feet  in  height. 
The  entire  length  of  the  bridge  is  024  feet.  The  situa- 
tion of  this  viaduct  is  perhaps  unrivalled.  Looking  from 
it  towards  the  south  the  spectator  has  a  full  view  of  both 
sides  of  the  river  and  their  noble  woods,  the  grounds  of 
Corby,  and  the  ancient  church  of  Wctlural ;  and  turning 
in  the  opposite  direction,  he  is  charmed  with  the  e.xten- 
eive  prospect  before  him,  embracing  as  it  does  every 
variety  of  rural  beauty,  and  toriniiiating  in  the  distant 
mountains  of  Scotland.  Leaving  Wethcral,  the  hue 
passes  by  Scotby  and  arrives  at  Carlisle. 

The  Port  Carlisle  F>ailway  was  incorporated  .\ugust 
4th,  1853,  by  the  act  17  Vic.  cap.  119,  for  converting  tlie 


66 


GEOGKAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION   OF  CUMBERIvVND. 


canal  between  Carlisle  and  Port  Carlisle  into  a  railway. 
It  was  opened  for  goods  on  IMay  22ud,  1854,  and  on  tlic 
•32nd  of  the  following  June  for  passengers.  Quitting 
Carlisle,  the  line  passes  Xirkandrews  and  Burgh 
stations,  from  the  latter  of  which  it  proceeds  by  Dnini- 
burgh  and  Glasson  to  Port  Carlisle,  a  total  distance  of 
11 J  miles. 

The  Ulverstonc  and  Lancaster  was  incorporated  by 
Act  14  and  15  Vic.  cap.  103,  24th  July,  1851,  for  a 
railway  from  the  Fumess  at  Ulverstone,  to  a  junction 
■with  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  at  Carnforth,  seven 
miles  north  of  Lancaster,  thus  completing  a  direct  line 
from  Whitehaven  and  the  west  coast  of  Cumberland  to 
the  south  of  England. 

The  Whitehaven,  Cleator,  and  Egremont  Company  j 
was  incorporated  by  the  ITth  and  18th  Vic.  cap.  C4,  I 
June  16th,  1854.  The  share  capital  amounts  to 
.-£75,000,  with  borrowing  powers  to  the  extent  of  one- 
third  of  that  amount.  The  line,  including  the  Egre- 
mont branch,  is  about  seven  miles  in  length  from  the 
point  at  which  it  joins  the  Whitehaven  and  Fumess 
Junction  Kailway.  It  was  opened  for  the  conveyance  of 
passengers  on  June  1st,  1857,  having  previously,  for 
about  eighteen  months,  been  in  use  for  mineral  traflic. 

The  Whitehaven  and  Fumess  Company  was  incor- 
porated aist  of  July,  1845,  by  the  8  and  9  Vic.  cap.  100, 
for  a  railway  from  W'hitehaven  to  a  junction  with  the 
Fumess,  near  Dalton ;  and  subsequently  extended  to  a 
junction  at  Whitehaven,  with  the  Whitehaven  Junction, 
and  fixing  the  junction  with  the  Furness  at  Foxfield, 
near  Broughton:  total  length,  35  miles.  On  leaving 
Broughton,  and  crossing  the  Duddou  by  a  wooden 
bridge,  the  line  enters  Cumberland,  and  then  proceeds 
along  the  coast  by  Green  Pioad,  Under  Hill,  Holborn 
Hill,  Silecroft,  Bootle,  Eskmeals,  Eavenglass,  Drigg, 
Seascales,  Sellafield,  Braystones,  Nethertown,  St.  Bees, 
and  Corkicle  stations,  to  Whitehaven. 

The  Whitehaven  Junction  was  incorporated  on  the 
30th  of  June,  1844,  for  a  railway  from  the  Maryport 
Junction  (Mai-yport  and  Carlisle),  to  Workington  Junc- 
tion (Cockermouth  and  Workington),  to  Whitehaven 
(Whitehaven  and  Furness).  Length,  12  miles.  On 
quitting  Whitehaven,  Farton  is  the  first  station 
reached,  whence  the  line  proceeds  by  Harrington, 
W^orkington,  and  Flimby,  to  JIaryport. 

In  addition  to  these  the  following  lines  ai'c  projccteil : 
The  Carlisle  and  Hawick,  the  Lancaster  and  Cai'lisle 
and  Ingleton,  and  the  Eden  Valley. 

CLIMATE,  SOIL,  AGEICULTUEE,  ETC. 

The  climate,  as  might  be  readily  inferred  from  the 
great  e.^teut  of  coast,    and   the  numerous  and  lofty 


mountains,  is  various,  the  elevated  portions  of  the 
county  being  cold  and  piercing,  while  tlie  lower  parts 
are  mild  and  temperate.  The  whole  county,  however, 
is  exposed  to  wet  and  variable  weather,  particularly  in 
the  autumn,  yet  it  is  very  salubrious,  and  remarkable 
for  the  longevity  of  its  inhabitants.  Lysons  has  a  list 
of  144  persons  of  not  less  than  100  years  of  age  who 
were  buried  between  the  years  16C3  and  1814.  The 
greatest  ages  are,  Robert  Brown,  aged  1 10,  buried  at 
Arthuret,  in  1060;  Pilchard  Green,  114,  at  Dacre,  iu 
1680;  Thomas  Fearon,  112,  Bridekirk,  in  1701 ;  Jane 
Hodgson,  114,  Harrington,  in  1717;  Thomas  Dicken- 
son, 112,  Bootle,  1745;  Mary  Singleton,  110,  Dear- 
ham  ;  Rev.  George  Braithwaite,  1 10,  Carlisle,  in  1753  : 
Mark  Noble,  113,  Corney,  in  1768 ;  and  James  Bell, 
113,  Penrith,  1772.  John  Taylor,  who  died  in  J  772, 
aged  135,  was  noticed  in  a  communication  of  Bishop 
Lytletton's  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.  The  obi- 
tuary of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  also  records  Ann 
Wilson,  110,  Alston,  1765;  John  Noble,  114,  Comey, 
1772;  and  John  Maxwell,  132,  Keswick  Lake.  The 
annual  mean  quantity  of  rain  at  Carlisle  is  about  thirty 
inches  :  at  Wigton,  thirty-four  inches  :  at  AVhitehaven, 
fifty  inches  ;  and  at  Keswick,  sixty-eight  inches.  April, 
on  an  average,  is  the  driest  month  in  the  year ;  the  wet 
months  are  July,  August,  September,  and  October,  in 
each  of  which  about  twice  as  much  rain  falls  as  in 
April;  and  about  one-third  less  rain  falls  in  the  first 
six  months  of  the  j-ear  than  in  the  last  six  mouths. 

The  soil  of  this  county  varies  considerably,  often 
differing  much  in  the  same  parish,  and  sometimes  even 
in  the  same  field.  The  mountainous  districts  are  bleak 
and  ban-en,  the  prevailing  soils  being  mossy,  or  dry 
gravel  covered  with  heath,  and  they  are  chiefly  used  as 
sheep  pastures  and  pi-eserves  for  moor-game.  Some 
good  land  of  dry  brown  loam  is  found  in  the  valleys  and 
on  tlie  sides  of  the  smaller  mountains ;  and  on  the 
margins  of  the  rivers  there  is  much  valuable  ground, 
consisting  of  a  rich  brown  loam.  On  the  coast,  the  soil 
is  a  light  sand,  or  gravel.  The  lowland  countr)', 
extending  from  Carlisle  in  every  direction  for  about 
thirty  miles,  is  fertile,  though  a  considerable  portion  of 
it  is  cold  wet  loam,  and  black  peat  earth  :  this  land  has 
been  much  improved  by  draining,  which  is  now  carried 
on  to  a  great  extent,  and  with  the  best  results.  There 
is  a  good  deal  of  fertile  clayey  loam,  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Wigton ;  while  sand  and  light  loam  prevail  near 
Brampton,  and  likewise  near  Penrith.  In  the  west  of 
the  county,  there  is  some  wet  soil  on  a  clay  bottom,  and 
also  some  hazel  mould.  The  subsoil,  in  many  places, 
is  a  wet  sterile  clay.  In  consequence  of  the  cultivation 
of  extensive  commons  and  waste  lands,  the  aspect  of 


GOVEKNMENT   OF  THE   COUNTY,  ETC. 


67 


this  county  has  been  completely  changed.  Within  the 
last  sixty  years  more  than  250,000  acres  have  been 
enclosed.  Many  of  the  commons,  which  previously 
afforded  only  a  scanty  pasturage  to  a  few  half-starved 
sheep  and  cattle,  are  now  covered  with  fertile  cornfields 
and  profitable  herbage,  and  have  hawthorn  fences,  good 
roads,  and  commodious  farm  buildings. 

'■  The  agriculture  of  the  county,"  says  a  recent  writer, 
'•has  improved  considerably  of  late  yeai-s,  and  great 
quantities  of  com,  and  other  kinds  of  produce,  are  now 
exported.  Cattle,  sheep,  poultiy,  grain,  potatoes, 
butter,  bacon,  Ac,  are  the  principal  exports,  and  are 
shipped  from  Whitehaven,  Port  Carlisle,  Workington, 
and  Maryport.  The  knd  being  generally  divided  into 
small  farms,  the  dairies  ai-e  necessarily  on  a  small  scale, 
but  their  produce  is  excellent,  and  commands  a  high 
price  ill  the  mai-ket.  Many  of  the  farms  do  not  exceed 
100  acres,  and  somo  are  not  more  than  40  or  50  acres. 
They  are  generally  let  on  short  leases.  Many  persons, 
provuicially  called  statesmen,  occupy  theu-  own  land, 
wliich,  in  some  instances,  have  been  possessed  by  the 
same  family  for  centuries  in  an  unbroken  Una  of 
descent,  and  this  circumstance  gives  them  an  air  of 
independence  which  forms  a  peculiar  trait  in  their 
character.  In  some  places,  a  small  part  of  the  land 
lies  in  open  town  fields,  which  cannot  have  the  benefit 
of  the  common  improvement  Lu  husbandry.  lu  other 
places,  there  are  certain  common  lands  that  are  annually 
stocked  with  horses  and  cattle,  on  a  fixed  day,  by  the 
owners  or  occupiers.  These  lands  arc  always  in  grass. 
In  the  high  and  mountainous  districts  the  chief  object 
of  attention,  on  the  part  of  the  farmers,  is  then-  sheep 
stock,  though,  of  late  years,  a  large  portion  of  the  high 
lying  land  has  been  brought  into  cultivation.  In  some 
of  these  places  the  climate  is  cold,  the  com  backward, 
and  the  harvest  late.  The  valleys  and  low  ground  are 
cultivated  chiefly  for  grain,  and  produce  excellent  crops 
of  wheat,  barley,  and  oats ;  these  are  alternated  with 
turnips  and  potatoes,  or  fallow.  Some  of  the  lands 
that  are  well  supphed  with  water,  arc  kept  as  meadows 
or  pastures  for  dairii's,  and  for  rearing  and  fattening 
cattle.  Candlemas  is  the  usual  time  for  entering  upon 
farms,  and  the  rents  are  paid  half-yeai'ly,  in  equal  por- 
tions, at  Lammas  and  Candlemas.  The  modern  farm- 
houses have  a  handsome  appearance,  being  generally 
built  of  stone,  and  roofed  with  blue  slate.  The  old 
farm  buildings  and  cottages  have  clay  or  mud  walls, 
and  are  thatched  with  straw.  There  is  a  great  variety 
of  cattle  and  sheep.  A  peculiar  breed  of  sheep,  called 
Herdwicks,  from  their  being  farmed  out  to  herds  at 
a  yearly  sura,  is  met  with  on  the  mountains,  at  the 
head  of  the  Duddon  and  Esk  rivers.    The  ewes  and 


wethers,  and  many  of  the  tups,  are  polled ;  their  faces 
and  legs  speckled,  and  the  wool  short  and  coarse. 
They  are  hvely  and  hardy  Httle  animals.  The  tups 
are  in  great  request,  to  improve  the  hardiness  of  other 
flocks.  There  are  several  agricultural  societies  and  cattle 
shows  in  the  county,  which  give  a  stimulus  to  agricul- 
ture, and  encourage  improvements  in  the  breed  of  live 
stock,  by  distributiug  rewards  and  premiums.  At  Car- 
hsle,  Whitehaven,  and  Penrith,  are  horticultural  and 
floral  societies,  vvliich  are  well  supported,  and  are  of 
service  in  exciting  attention  to  the  cultivation  of  fruits 
and  flowers." 

GOTEEXMEKT    OF   THE    COUSTT,   ETC. 

The  division  of  England  into  counties,  as  well  as 
into  hundreds  and  tythings,  is  ascribed  to  Alfred,  but 
there  is  evidence  that  some  counties  bore  their  names, 
and  had  those  divisions,  150  years  earlier.  The  govern- 
ment of  counties  is  vested  in  several  oflicers,  the  chief 
of  whom  is  the  lord  heutentant,  whose  ofiice  was  insti- 
tuted in  England  in  the  third  year  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  VI.,  1549.  This  officer  is  regarded  as  the 
chief  magistrate  of  the  county,  and  his  appointment, 
which  is  vested  in  the  crown,  is  very  rarely  bestowed 
upon  any  but  a  supporter  of  the  government  for  the 
time  being.  The  office  is  held  during  pleasure.  The 
duty  of  the  lord  lieutenant  is  to  organise  and  superin- 
tend the  discipline  of  the  militia  of  his  county,  the 
command  of  which  is  vested  in  him.  He  is  empowered 
to  select,  from  amongst  the  principal  gentlemen  of  the 
county,  deputy  lieutenants,  who  ai-e  to  oflicer  that  force, 
and  in  his  absence  to  be  his  representatives.  He  may, 
therefore;  in  the  event  of  war  or  civil  commotion,  be 
regai'ded  as  responsible  for  the  defence  of  the  county, 
and,  as  a  necessary  consequence  of  that,  he  is  the  solo 
disposer  of  the  patronage  of  the  militia.  The  lord 
lieutenant  is  also  generally  cusios  rotidorwn,  or  keeper 
of  the  rolls  and  records  of  the  county.  The  following 
have  held  this  high  and  important  office  for  Cumber- 
land:—1089,  Sir  John  Lowther,  Burt,  (afterwards 
Viscount  Lonsdale);  Charles,  Eai-1  of  Egremont ;  J715, 
Henry  Lowther,  third  Viscount  Lonsdale.  The  office 
has  since  remained  in  the  Lowther  family,  and  is  now 
held  by  the  present  Eai-1  of  Lonsdale. ' 

The  next  officer  in  dignity  and  authority  is  the  sheriff, 
upon  whom  the  civil  administration  has  long  devolved. 
Ho  receives  the  charge  of  the  county  under  letters 
patent,  direct  from  the  monarch ;  though  in  ancient 
times  ho  was  appointed  by  the  freeholders  of  the 
county.    The  office  is  held  for  one  year,  formerly  it  was 

'  Sec  account  of  Uic  Lowther  foniUf  at  a  subsequent  page. 


68 


GEOGKAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION   OF  CUMBERLAND. 


held  for  a  much  longer  period.  In  his  judicial  capacity, 
the  sheriff  presides  at  the  county  court,  and  by  him  all 
county  meetings  are  summoned ;  the  election  of  the 
county  members,  and  of  the  coroners,  is  conducted  by 
him,  and  he  makes  a  return  of  those  duly  elected.  Ho 
is  unable,  however,  to  try  any  criminal  offence,  and  can- 
not act  as  an  ordinary  justice  of  the  peace  during  his 
term  of  office.  As  a  keeper  of  the  Queen's  peace  ho  is 
strictly  the  first  man  in  the  county,  and  superior  to 
every  noble  within  the  shire.  In  tho  preservation  of 
the  peace  he  is  armed  with  ample  powers,  and  for  his 
assistance  he  may  command  all  the  people  of  the  county 
to  attend  him;  these  form  the  j'osse  comitatiis.  In  his 
ministerial  capacity  he  executes  all  writs  and  other 
processes  directed  to  him  from  the  courts  ;  he  summons 
and  returns  the  juries  for  all  trials,  and  is  responsible 
for  the  due  execution  of  the  judgment  of  the  courts, 
civil  or  criminal, — from  the  exaction  of  a  farthing 
damages  to  the  execution  of  capital  punishment.  As 
the  king's  bailiff,  the  rights  of  the  crown  are  iu  his 
especial  custody  :  he  must  seize  all  lands  devolving  on 
the  crown  by  attainder  or  escheat,  levy  all  fines,  take 
charge  of  all  waifs  or  strays,  etc.  The  following  are  the 
high  sheriffs  of  Cumberland  from  1155  to  the  present 
time. 


Heney  II. 
1155.  Hildred  de  Carlisle. 
115G.  liichard  do  Lucy. 
1157.  Robert Fitz-Trojte,forin 

years. 
1173.  Adam,    son   of   tlie   said 

Robert,  for  2  years. 
1175.  RobertdeVaux,forlOyrs. 
1185.  Hugh  de  Morewick,  for  i 

years. 

PiICnAKD  I. 
1190.  Ti'iUiani  Fitz  Adeline,  for 

I)  years. 
1100.  Robert  de  Tatersball. 

John. 

1200.  William  de  Stuterille,  for 

4|  years. 

Robert,    Lord   Courtnoy, 

for  IJ  years. 

1206.  Roger  de  Lacy,  for  5 years. 

1210.  Robert  de  Veteripont. 

1211.  Hugh,   Lord   de  Neville, 

for  i  years. 
1215.  Eobert,  Lord  de  Roos. 
12  le.  Robert  de  Vaux. 

Henry  III. 
1217.  Robert  de  Veteripont,  for 

5  years. 
1222.  Walter  Jlauclerk,  bishop 

of  Carlisle,  for  10  years. 
1233.  Thomas  de  JIulton,  for  i 

years. 
1237.  William  de  Dacre,  for  12 

years. 
1210.  John  deBaliol, for  7years. 
1256.  William  de  Fortibus,  for 

5  years. 
1261.  Robert  de  lluncaster. 


1262.  Eustachius  de  Baliol,  for 

4  years. 

1266.  Roger  de  Leybome,  for  2 
years. 

12ns.  William  de  Dacre. 
12UU.  Eanulph  ile  Dacre,  for  3 
years. 

Edward  I. 
1273.  Roht.de  Chauncey,  bishop 

of  CarUsle;  for  2  years. 
1275.  Robert  de  Hampton,  for 

3  years. 
1277.  John  de  Swynburn. 
1270.  Gilbert  de  Culwen,  for  4 

years. 
1293.  Robert  de  Bras,  for  3  yrs. 
1286.  Michael  de  Hercla,for  12 

years. 
1208.  William  de  Mulcastre,  for 

5  years. 

1 303.  John  de  Lucy,  for  2  years. 
1305.  William  de  ilulcastre,  for 

2  years. 

Edward  II. 
1308.  Andrew  de  Hercia,  for  15 

yeni-s. 

1323.  Anthony,  Lord  Lucy. 

1324.  Henry  de  lloulton. 

1326.  Robert  de  Eruyn. 

Edward  III. 

1327.  reterdeTilliol,for3  years. 
1330.  Ranulph  de  Dacre,  for  6 

years. 

1336.  Richard  de  Denton. 

1337.  Anthony  de  Lucy,for7yrs. 
1313.  Hugh  de  Moresby,  for  2 

years. 
1345.  Thomas deLncy,for5  yrs. 


1350.  Richard  de  Denton,  for  2 

years. 
1355.  HiiglHleLouthre,for3yrs. 
1350.  William  de  Thirlkeld. 
1357.  Itobertde  Tylliol,for2yrs. 

1353.  William  de  Lancaster,  for 

2  years. 
1361.  Robertdo Tylliol,for2yrs. 
1363.  Christopher  de  Jloresby, 

for  4  years. 
1367.  William  de  Windesor,  for 

2  years. 
1360.  AdamdeParving,for3yrs. 

1372.  John  de  Denton. 

1373.  Robert  de  IMowbray. 

1374.  John  de  Derwentwatcr. 

1375.  John  de  Denton. 

1376.  John  do  Denventwater. 

1377.  John  le  Bruyn. 

RiniARD   II. 

1378.  John  de  Derwentwatcr. 
1370.  William  de  Stapleton. 

1380.  Gilbert  Curwen. 

1381.  John  de  Derwentwatcr. 
13S2.  Amand  Monceaux. 
1383.  Robert  Parving. 

1354.  Amand  Jlonceaux. 
1385.  John  Thirlewall. 
1380.  Amand  Monceaux. 

1387.  John  Thirlewall. 

1388.  Peter  Tylliol. 
1380.  John  Ireby. 

1300.  Richard  Redman. 

1301.  Christoplier  Moresby. 

1302.  John  Ireby. 

1303.  Thomas  Musgra^e. 

1304.  Richard  Redman. 

1305.  Peter  Tylliol. 
1300.  John  Ireby. 
1307.  Richard  Redman. 
1 30'^.  William  Curwen. 
1390.  Richard  Redman. 

Henry  IV. 
1100.  William  Legh. 

1401.  William  Lowther. 

1402.  Richard  Redman. 

1403.  William  Osmunderlv. 

1404.  Peter  Tylliol,  for  2  years. 
1400.  Richard  Skelton. 

1107.  William  Lowther. 

1108.  Robert  Lowther,  for  2  yrs. 

1410.  John  de  la  More. 

1411.  Robert  Rotington. 

Henry  V. 

1413.  Richard  Redman. 

1414.  Isaac  Harrington. 

1415.  William  Stapleton. 
1410.  Christopher  Curwen. 

1417.  John  Lancaster. 

1418.  William  Osraunderley. 
1410.  Robeil  Lowther. 

1420.  John  Lamplugh. 

1421.  William  Stapleton. 

1422.  Nicholas  Radcliffe. 

Henry  VI. 

1423.  William  Legh. 

1424.  Christopher  Culwen. 

1425.  Christopher  Moresby. 
1420.  Nicholas  Radcliffe. 

1427.  John  Pennington. 

1428.  Christopher  Culwen. 
1420.  Christopher  Moresby. 

1430.  Thomas  de  la  More. 

1431.  John  Pennington. 

1432.  John  Skelton. 

1433.  John  Lamplugh. 


1434. 
143.5. 
1430. 
14.37. 
1438. 
1130. 
1410. 
1441. 
1442. 
1443. 
1444. 
1445. 
1446. 
1447. 
1448. 
1440. 
1450. 
1451. 
14.52. 
1453. 
1454. 
1455. 
1456. 
1457. 
1458. 
1450. 

1461. 

1402. 
1404. 
1405. 
1100. 
1407. 
140S. 

1470. 
1471. 
1472. 
1473. 
1171. 
1476. 


1181. 

1485. 


Christopher  Culwen. 
John  Pennington. 
John  Bronghton. 
Henry  Fenwick. 
Christopher  Curwen. 
Christopher  Jloresby. 
Hugh  Lowther. 
John  Skelton. 
William  Stapleton. 
Thomas  Beauchamp. 
Thomas  de  la  More. 
Christopher  Curwen. 
John  Skelton. 
John  Broughton. 
Thomas  de  la  Jlorc. 
Thomas  Crackenlhorp. 
Thomas  Curwen. 
John  Skelton. 
Robert  Vaux. 
Thomas  de  la  More. 
•  •  * 

John  Ilodleston. 
Hugh  Lowther. 
Thomas  Curwen. 
Richard  Salkeld. 
Henry  Fenwick. 

Edward  IV. 

Richard  Salkeld. 

Robert  Vaux,  for  2  years. 

John  Hodleston. 

Thomas  Lamplugh. 

Richard  Salkeld. 

Robert  Vaux. 

John  Hodleston,  for  2 
years. 

William  Legh. 

Christopher  Sloresby. 

William  Parr. 

John  Hodleston. 

William  Legh,  for  2  years. 

Richard,  Duke  of  Glou- 
cester, for  5  years. 

Richard  III. 
Richard  Salkeld. 
John  Crackonthorp. 

Henry  VII. 
Christopher  Moresby. 


Christopher  IMoresby. 
Thomas  Beauchamp. 


1486. 
1487, 
1488, 
1489. 
1490, 
1401.   ... 

1492.  John  Mnsgrave. 

1493.  ... 
1404.  Edward  Redman. 
1495.  Richard  Salkeld. 

1406.  Christopher  Moresby. 

1407.  Thomas  Beauchamp. 

1408.  Christopher  Dacre,  for  7 

years. 
1505.  Hn'gh  Hutton. 
1500.  Christopher  Dacre. 

1507.  John  Hodleston. 

1508.  John  Radclyffe. 

Henry  VIIL 

1510.  Thomas  Curwen. 

1511.  John  Pennington. 

1512.  John  Skelton. 

1513.  John  Crackenlhorp. 
1511.  Edwai'd  Mnsgrave. 

1515.  .John  Radclyffe. 

1516.  John  Lowther. 

1517.  Thomas  Curwen. 

1518.  Gawen  Eglesfield. 
1510.  John  Radclifle. 
3520.  Edward  Musgrave. 


SHERIFFS   OF   CUMDERLAXD. 


69 


1521.  ... 

1522.  Christopher  Dacre. 
152:J.       ... 

1524.  John  Ra<lcljffi\ 

1525.  Cliristopher  C'urwon. 
1528.  Christoiilier  Dacre. 
1527.  John  Radclyffe. 
ISas.  Kdwaril  Musgrave. 
1520.  William  I'eiinington. 
15;iO.  Tlionias  Wharton. 
10;)1.  Rifliard  Irton. 

1532.  Christoptier  Dacre. 
153.').  William  Musgrave. 

1534.  Cliristophpr  Ciirwen. 

1535.  Cuthbert  Hutton. 
1530.  Thomas  Wharton. 
1537.  Thomas  Curwen. 

1533.  Joiin  Damplugh. 
153!).  John  Thwaytes. 

1540.  Thomas  Wharton. 

1541.  Thomas  Dalston. 

1542.  AVilliain  Musgrave. 

1543.  John  Lowtlier. 

1544.  Thomas  Sallteld. 

1545.  Edward  .\glionby. 
154G.  Thomas  Sandford. 

Edward  VI. 
1547.  Thomas  Wharton. 
154S.  John  Legh. 
1540.  Jolui  I,amplug!i. 

1550.  John  Lowilier. 

1551.  Ricliard  Eglesfield. 

1552.  William  Pennington. 

Mary. 

1553.  Thomas  Lcgh. 

1554.  Kiohiird  Musgrave. 

1555.  Thomas  Sandford. 
1550.  Robert  Larapliigh. 
1557.  John  Legh. 

Klizabeth. 
1559.  William  IVnuington. 

1500.  Thomas  Dacro. 

1501.  Thomas  Lamplugli. 

1502.  Hugh  Ayscough. 

1503.  William  Musgrave. 

1504.  Anthony  Hodleston. 

1505.  Christopher  Dacre. 
1500,  William  Pennington. 

1507.  Richard  Lowther. 

1508.  John  Dalston. 

1500.  Culhberl  .Alusgravo. 

1570.  Simon  Musgrave. 

1571.  Henry  Curwen. 

1572.  George  Lamplngh. 

1573.  Jolin  Lamplugh. 

1574.  William  Musgrave. 

1575.  .\nlhony  Hodleston. 
1570.  Richard  Salkeld. 
1577.  Henry  Tolson. 
157y.  John  Dalston. 
157)1.  George  Salkeld. 

1580.  Francis  Lamplugh. 

1581.  John  Lamplugh. 
15Sv;.  Henry  Curwen. 
1583.  Christopher  Dacre. 
15t*4.  Wilfrid  Lawson. 
1585.  John  Dalston. 
1580.  John  Jlidleton. 

1587.  Ceorgo  Salkeld. 

1588.  John  Dalston. 
15H1).  Riohiad  Lowther. 
15011.  Ili'iiry  Curwen. 

1501.  Christopher  Pickering. 

1502.  ,lohn  Southaik. 

1503.  William  Musgrave. 

1504.  Gormd  Lowther. 


1505.  John  Dalston. 
1500.  Lancelot  Salkeld. 
1507.  Christopher  Dalston. 
159H.  Wilfrid  Lawson. 
1500.  Thomas  Salkeld. 
1000.  Joseph  Pennington. 
1(101.  Nicholas  Curwen. 

1002.  WiUiam  Orfour. 

James  I. 

1003.  Edmund  Dudley. 

1004.  William  Hutton. 
1(!05.  John  Dalston. 

lOOfi.  Christopher  Pickering. 

1007.  Wilfrid  Lawson. 

1008.  Christopher  Pickering. 
1000.  Henry  Blencowe. 

1010.  William  Hutton. 

1011.  Josepli  Pennington. 

1012.  Christopher  Pickering. 

1013.  Wilfrid  Lawson. 

1014.  Thomas  Lamplugh. 

1015.  Edward  Musgrave. 
ICIC.  Richard  Fletcher. 

1017.  William  Musgrave. 

1018.  William  Hodleston. 
1010.  George  Dalston. 

1020.  Henry  Curwen. 

1021.  John  Lamplugh. 

1022.  Henry  Fcntherstonehnugh. 

1023.  ■ •  Dudley. 

1024.  Richard  Sandford. 

CnAui.ES  I. 
Richai'd  Fletcher. 
Henry  Blencowe. 
Peter  Senhouse. 
Christopher  Dalston. 
William  Layton. 
William  Musgrave. 
Christopher  Richmond. 
Leonard  Dykes. 
John  Skelton. 
William  (Jrfeur. 
Rich.ird  IJarwise. 
Wilfrid  Lawson. 
Patiicias  Curwen. 
Timothy  Dacre. 

Timotliy  reathcrstonehangh 

... 

Christopher  Lowther,  Brt. 
Henry  I'letcher,  Bart. 


1025. 
1020. 
1027. 
1028. 
1020. 

icno. 

1031. 
1632. 
1033. 
1034. 
103.J. 
1030, 
1037. 
1038. 
1030. 
1040. 
1041. 
1042. 
I(i43. 
1044. 

1045 

1040. 

1047 

1048, 

1040 
105O, 
1051. 
1052 

1053 

1054, 

1C58. 
1059. 

1000, 

io(;i, 

1002 
1003 
1004, 
1C05, 


f  Thomas  Lamplngh. 
I  Wilfrid  Lawson. 
.  William  llriscoe. 
f  William  Briscoe. 
(Henry  Tolson. 
.  Jolm  Barwys. 

Commonwealth. 
.  John  Barwys. 
.  Charles  Howard. 
,  William  Briscoe. 
.  .lohn  Barwys. 
nvilliam  Halton. 
\  Wilfrid  Lawson. 
.  Wilfrid     Lanson,    for    1 

years. 
.  George  Fletcher,  Bart. 
.  WiUiam  Pennington. 

ClIAIlLES   II. 
,  William  Pi^nnington. 
.  Daniel  I'K-ming. 
.  John  Lowlher. 
.  Francis  Salkeld. 

.lohn  Lamplugh. 

Thomas  Davvsoo. 


1000.  William  Dalston. 

1007.  Richard  Tolson. 

1008.  William  Layton. 
liJOO.  Miles  Pennington. 
1070.  Thomas  Curwen. 
1671.  Anthony  Bouche. 

1072.  Richard  Patrickson. 

1073.  Bernard  Kurkbride,  for  2 

years. 
1075.  William     Orfeur,    for    2 

years. 
1077.  William     Blennerhasset, 

for  2  years. 
1070.  Wilfrid  Lawson. 

1080.  George  Fletcher,  Barf. 

1081.  Leonard  Dykes,  for  2  jrs. 
1683.  Edward  Hassel. 

1084.  Andrew  Hodleston. 

James  II. 

1085.  Richard  Musgrave,  Bart. 
1080.  William  Pennington, Bart. 

1087.  John  Dalston,  Bart. 

1088.  Henry  Curwen. 

William  and  Maey. 
1080.  Edward  Stanley. 

1000.  Wilfrid  Lawson. 

1001.  Richard  Lamplugh. 

1002.  Christopher  Richmond. 
1603.  Joseph  Hodleston. 
1004.  Henry  Broughton. 

William  III. 
1095.  John  Ballendyne. 
1000.  John  Ponsonby. 
1007.  John  Latus. 
1098.  Timothy  Featlierstonehaugh 
1000.  Thomas  Dawes. 

1700.  Robert  Carleton. 

1701.  Thomas  Lamplugh. 

Anxe. 

1702.  Richard  Crackenthorpe. 

1703.  John  Dalston. 

1704.  John  Senhouse. 

1705.  John  Briscoe. 
1700.  Christopher  Curwen. 
1707.  Robert  Pennington. 
170S.  Richard  Lamplugh. 
1700.  Richard  Hutton. 

1710.  William  Ballentine. 

1711.  Robert  Blacklock. 

1712.  John  Fisher. 

1713.  Charles  Dalston. 

1714.  Thomas  PattinsoD. 

Geokge  I. 

1715.  Humphrey  Senhouse. 
1710.  Thomas  Broughton. 

1717.  Henry  Blencowe. 

1718.  Robert  Lamplugh. 
1710.  John  Ponsonby. 

1720.  Thomas  Fletcher. 

1721.  John  Stanley. 

1722.  Joshua  Laitlies. 

1723.  Peter  Brougham. 

1724.  Joseph  Dacro  Appleby. 

1725.  John  Fletcher. 
1720.  Thomas  I.ulwick. 

1727.  John  Ballentine. 

Oeouge  II. 

1728.  Edward  Hassel. 
1720.  Guslavus  Thompson. 

1730.  Eldred  Curwen. 

1731.  Richard  Musgrave,  Bart. 

1732.  l-'.dward  Stanley. 

1733.  Henry  .\glionby. 

1734.  John  Bonn. 

1 735.  Fletcher  Pdrfys. 


1730.  John  Dalston. 

1737.  Wilham  Hicks. 

1738.  John  Gaskarth. 

1730.  Joseph  Dacre  Appleby. 

1740.  Richard  Cook. 

1741.  Montague  Farrer. 

1742.  Henry  Fletcher. 

1743.  Humphrey  Senhouse. 

1744.  Jerome  Tulhe. 

1745.  Joshua  Lucock. 
1740.  Christopher  Pattinson. 

1747.  Thomas  Whitfield. 

1748.  Walter  Lutwick. 
1740.  Henry  Richmond. 

Jolm  Ponsonby. 

1750.  Richard  Hylton. 

1751.  George  Irton. 

1752.  George  Dalston. 

1753.  Henry  Curwen. 

1754.  William  Fleming. 

1755.  Timothy  FeatberStonehaugh 
1750.  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart. 

1757.  John  Stephenson. 

1758.  John  Senhouse. 

1759.  James  Spedding. 
John  Gale. 

17C0.  William  Dalston. 

George  III. 

1701.  John  Langton. 

1702.  John  Richardson. 

1703.  Henry  Aghonby. 

1704.  Henry  Ellison. 

1705.  Samuel  Irton. 
17C0.  John  Christian. 
1767.  Thomas  Lutwick. 
1708.  Gilfrid  Lawson. 

1760.  John  Robinson. 

1770.  Michael  le  Fleming. 

1771.  John  Spedding. 

1772.  William  Hicks. 

1773.  John  Dixon. 

1774.  George  E.  Stanley. 

1775.  Anthony  Benn. 
1770.  Roger  Williamson. 

1777.  Robert  Waters. 

1778.  John  Briscoe. 
1770.  William  Hasell. 

1780.  Christopher  .\glionby. 

1781.  Thomas  Storey. 

1782.  William  Dacre. 

1783.  John  Orl'eur  Yates. 

1784.  John  Christian. 

1785.  Edward  Knubley. 
1780.  William  Wilson. 

1787.  Thomas  Whelpdale. 

1788.  Frederick  F.  Vane. 
1780.  Thomas  Denton. 

1700.  William  Browne. 

1701.  Edward  L.  Irton. 

1792.  Edward  HasseU. 

1793.  Thomas  Pattinson. 

1794.  William  II.  Milbourne. 

1795.  James  Graham,  Bart. 
1790.  Jamestiraham,  of  Barock 

Lodge. 

1707.  Hugh  Parkin. 

1798.  Sir  Richard  Hodgson. 

1700.  John  Hamilton. 

1800.  Sir  .lohn  C.  JIusgrave. 

1801.  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart. 
ISO'2.  Edward  Hasscll. 

180.1.  Robert  Warwick. 

1804.  John  dc  Whelpdale. 

1805.  C.  S.  Fealherstonchaugb. 
1800.  J.  B.  D.  Dykes. 

1807.  J.  Toralinson. 
1308.  Thomas  Irvin. 


70 


GEOGEAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION   OF  CUMBERLAND. 


1809.  Miles  Ponsonby. 

1810.  Sir  Henry  Fletcher. 

1811.  John  Losh. 
ISl-i.  Thomas  Hortley. 

1813.  Sir  Wastel  Brisco. 

1814.  T.  Benson. 

1815.  W.  Tonsonhy  Johnson. 

1816.  Wlliam  Brown. 

1817.  Sir  Philip  lIusgrave,Brt. 

1818.  Milham  Hartlev. 

1819.  Thomas  Salteld. 

Geokge  IV. 

1820.  Wilfrid  Lawson. 

1821.  John  Marshall. 

1822.  William  Crackenthorpe. 
182:t.  Kdward  Stanley. 

1824.  Thomas  Henry  Graham. 

1825.  Matthew  Atkinson. 
182C.  Humphrey  Senhouse. 

1827.  William  James. 

1828.  Thomas  Parker. 

1829.  Edward  W.  Hassell. 

WrLLIAM   r\'. 

1830.  C.  Parker. 

1831.  J.  Taylor. 

1832.  Henry  Howard. 


1833.  Henrj-  Curwen. 

1834.  Henry  Howard. 

1835.  Kichard  Ferguson. 

1836.  Thomas  Irwin. 

Victoria. 

1837.  Sir  F.  F.  Vane,  Bart. 

1838.  John  Dixon. 
l-^oi).  Thomas  Hartley. 

1840.  Sir  George  Musgrave. 

1841.  J.  K  Walker. 

1842.  F.  L.  B.  Dykes. 

1843.  Robert  Hodgson. 

1844.  George  Harrison. 
18-15.  T.  Featherstonuhangh. 
1840.  Joseph  P.  Senhouse. 

1847.  G.  ^\^.  Hartley. 

1848.  H.  D.  Maclean. 

1849.  A.  F.  Hudleston. 

1850.  Thomas  Salkeld. 

1851.  G.  Head  Head. 

1852.  G.  H.  Oliphant. 

1853.  F.  B.  Atkinson. 

1854.  T.  A.  Hoskins. 

1855.  T.  S.  Spedding. 

1856.  Sir  E.  H.  Vane,  Bart. 

1857.  Chas.Featherstonehaugh. 

1858.  Anthony  Benn  Steward. 


Besides  the  lord -lieutenant  and  sheriff,  the  county 
possesses  the  followiug  officers:  —  an  under-sheriff, 
appointed  by  the  sheriff;  justices  of  the  peace,  all 
appointed  by  the  crown ;  a  county  treasurer,  and  a 
clerk  of  the  peace,  generally  an  attorney,  who  is  ap- 
pointed by  the  custos  rotulorum :  the  county  coroners 
are  elected  by  the  freeholders,  as  the  knights  of  the 
shire  were  formerly. 

The  revenue  of  the  county  is  chiefly  derived  from 
rates  which  are  struck  by  the  justices  of  the  peace  in 
quarter  sessions.  The  rates,  which  were  formerly  col- 
lected by  the  liigh  constables — or  constables  of  wards — 
are  directed  under  7  and  8  Vic,  c.  03,  to  be  collected 
by  the  Boards  of  Guardians,  and  to  be  paid  by  them 
to  the  county  treasurer.  The  county  expenditure  is 
chielly  incurred  in  maintaining  bridges,  gaols,  poUce, 
prisoners,  lunatic  asylums,  and  the  various  county 
officers ;  some  of  whom  are  paid,  although  the  majority 
of  the  officers  are  honorary,  and  are  discharged  gratui- 
tously. 

For  the  year  ending  April  7th,  1857,  the  receipts, 
including  a  balance  of  £483  83.  8d.,  amounted  to 
£10,343  3s.  lOd.  From  four  successive  rates  amount- 
ing to  2id.  in  the  pound,  £0,800  lis.  4d.  was  raised, 
£2,541  2s.  6d.  was  received  from  the  lords  of  the 
treasury  for  the  expense  of  criminal  prosecutions, 
£318  17s.  3d.  for  the  maintenance  of  prisoners,  and 
£121  13s.  for  the  conveyance  of  prisoners  to  depots  for 
convicts.  Fines  produced  £111  5s.  lid.,  and  the 
marking  of  weights  and  measures  £7  19s.  8d. 
£115  9s.  5d.  was  received  from  the  governor  of  the 
goal,  for  mats,  &c.,  and  £14  8s.  for  the  subsistence  of 


deserters  and  revenue  prisoners.      Rents  brought  in 
£190  17s.  3d. 

The  expenditure  was  as  follows : — Gaol  of  Carlisle, 
£2,490  15s.  3d.;  conveyance  of  convicts  to  depots, 
£115  5s.  Cd. ;  court-house,  £88  lis.  8d.;  the  various 
lock-ups  in  the  county,  £881  13s.  8d.  ;  conveying 
prisoners  to  gaol,  £109  3s.  5d. ;  criminal  prosecutions, 
£1,741  5s.  2d.;  bastai-dy  returns,  £6  10s.  Od. ;  clerk 
of  the  peace,  £434  5s.  lOd. ;  coroners,  £380  2s.  6d. ; 
county  surveyor,  £1,590  4s.  lid.;  repayment  for 
bridges,  £150  2s.  Gd. ;  crier  of  court  of  quarter  ses- 
sions, £4 ;  bailiffs,  £40  17s.  6d. ;  high  constables, 
£100;  treasurer  of  county,  £110;  queen's  prison, 
£15;  weights  and  measures,  £19  2s.;  lunacy, 
£320  19s.  8d. ;  printmg  and  advei'tising,  £10  9s.; 
returns  of  fines  to  clerk  of  the  peace,  £9  12s. ;  miUtia, 
£27  14s.  Od. ;  interest  account,  £317  17s.  Od. ; 
intended  lunatic  asylum,  £190  17s.  Od. ;  incidental 
expenses,  £30  Os.  4d. ;  and  balance  due  county, 
£],]49  lis.  7d. 

COUNTT    CON'STABULAET. 

The  constabulary  for  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and 
Westmoreland  was  established  at  the  January  Quarter 
Sessions,  1857,  under  the  provisions  of  the  acts  2  and 
3,  3  and  4,  and  19  and  20,  Vict.  For  police  purposes 
the  two  counties  are  united,  and  are  under  one  chief 
constable,  being  the  only  counties  in  England  that  are 
so.  On  the  election  of  the  chief  constable,  eighty-two 
candidates  offeVed  themselves,  including  officers  of  the 
urmy  and  navy,  civil  officers,  and  private  gentlemen. 
J.  Dunne,  Esq.,  was  unanimously  elected,  and  subse- 
quently appointed  by  the  secretary  of  state.  He  at 
once  entered  upon  his  duties.  The  head  quarters  of 
the  force  were  fixed  at  Carlisle,  where  a  house  was 
taken  for  the  purpose,  in  which  the  business  of  the 
constabulary  is  transacted.  Shortly  after  his  appoint- 
ment, the  chief  constable  visited  all  the  principal  and 
most  important  points  of  the  two  counties,  for  the 
purpose  of  organising  the  force  as  speedily  as  possible. 
The  authorised  numbers  were  soon  enrolled,  put  into 
working  order,  and  located  throughout  the  two  coimties 
upon  the  basis  laid  down  by  the  courts  of  Quarter 
Sessions.  In  every  instance  where  it  was  in  the  power 
of  the  chief  constable  to  fix  the  station  of  any  officer, 
he  was  guided  as  far  as  possible  by  the  elements  of 
rating  and  population,  so  as  to  endeavour  to  give  to 
each  district  the  proportion  of  police  it  actually  paid 
for,  paying  at  the  same  time  due  regard  to  any  other 
peculiar  wants  and  requirements  which  were  found  to 
exist  in  the  neighbourhood  selected,  with  the  view  of 
placing  the  constable  in  the  position  where  he  might  be 


COUNTY  CONSTABULARY. 


71 


of  most  use  to  the  public  generally.  With  regard  to  the 
divisional  police  forces  which  previously  existed,  all  the 
officers  who,  upon  examination,  were  found  qualified, 
were  re-appointed.  The  force  has  been  recently  in- 
spected by  the  inspector-general  of  constabulary,  under 
the  provisions  of  the  constabulary  act,  who  highly 
approved  of  its  state,  and  in  consequence  of  his  report 
of  its  efficiency  and  disciphnc,  government  pays  one- 
fourth  of  the  cost. 

In  order  that  the  arrangements  of  the  chief  con- 
stable may  be  duly  carried  out,  the  two  counties  have 
been  divided  into  eight  districts, — six  in  Cumberland 
and  two  in  Westmoreland,  the  former  of  which  are  co- 
extensive with  tlie  various  wards  as  they  existed  in 

1857.  In  Westmoreland  the  East  and  West  wards  form 
one  division,  and  Kendal  and  Ivirby  Lonsdale  wards  the 
other.  Each  division  comprises  several  stations  or 
detachments,  which  arc  subdivided  into  beats,  so 
arranged  as  to  connect  the  different  divisions  and 
detachments.    The  distribution  of  the  force  at  present, 

1858,  is  as  follows  : — 

CoMBEUi.AND.  — Allerdale  -  above  -  Dericent  Ward. — 
One  superintendent,  one  inspector,  two  sergeants,  and 
twelve  constables,  at  Whitehaven;  one  inspector  and  two 
constables  at  Worldngton ;  one  sergeant  at  Beetle  ;  one 
sergeant  and  one  constable  at  Egremont ;  with  con- 
stables at  Arlecdon,  Cleator,  Cleator  Moor,  Dissington, 
Gosfortb,  Ilill-in-Millom,  Hanington,  Ileusingham, 
Ravcnglass,  and  Saint  Bees. 

Allerdale-helmv-Berwmt  Ward. — One  superintendent, 
one  sergeant,  and  one  constable  at  Wigton ;  with  con- 
stables at  Abbey  Holme,  Aspatria,  Allonby,  Caldbeck, 
Ireby,  and  Kirkbride. 

Derweiit  Ward. — One  superintendent,  one  sergeant, 
and  two  constables,  at  Cockennouth ;  one  inspector 
and  one  constable  at  Keswick ;  one  inspector  and 
three  constables  at  Marj-port;'  with  constables  at 
Bassenthwaite,  Dearhara,  Great  Clifton,  and  Grcy- 
southcn. 

Cumberland  Ward. — One  superintendent,  one  in- 
spector, and  two  constables  at  CarUsle ;  with  con- 
stables at  Burgh,  Dolston,  Kingstown,  Stanwix,  and 
Wetheral. 

Eskdale  Ward. — One  superintendent,  one  sergeant, 
and  one  constable  at  Brampton ;  one  sergeant  and  one 
constable  at  Longtown ;  with  constables  at  Castle 
Carrock,  Kinkcrry  Ilill,  Smitlifield,  and  Walton. 

Lcath  Ward. — One  superintendent,  one  inspector, 
and  three  constables  at  Penrith  ;  one  sergeant  and  one 
constable  at  Alston ;  with  constables  at  Armathwaite, 

>  One  of  these  is  maintained  out  of  local  rates,  Under  local  acts  of 
Iiarliomout  and  for  special  duties. 


Castle  Sowerby,  Greystoke,  Hesket,  Kirkoswald,  Lang- 
wathby,  and  Watermillocks. 

Westmoreland. —  E(ist  and  West  Wards. —  One 
superintendent,  and  one  constable  at  Appleby ;  one 
inspector  at  Shap ;  one  sergeant  at  Kirby  Stephen, 
and  constables  at  Askham,  Brough,  Morland,  Orton, 
Patterdale,  and  Temple  Sowerby. 

Kendal  and  Kirby  Lonsdale  Wards. — One  superin- 
tendent at  Kendal ;  one  inspector  and  one  constable  at 
Ivirby  Lonsdale ;  with  constables  at  Ambleside,  Ben- 
thwaite  Green,  Bowness,  Burton  Holme,  Milnthorpe, 
Old  Town  and  Staveley. 

The  constables  are  not  posted  permanently  at  any 
station,  but  moved  from  one  place  to  another,  at  the 
discretion  of  the  chief  constable,  who,  by  the  act  of 
parliament,  has  the  general  disposition  and  government 
of  the  force ;  this  power  the  chief  constable  may  also 
delegate  to  the  superintendents.  Police  stations, 
combining  accommodation  for  the  constabulary,  with 
lock-up  cells  for  prisoners  under  temporary  confine- 
ment, have  been  provided  or  are  in  course  of  erection 
in  different  places  in  the  two  counties. 

The  proportion  of  square  miles  to  each  police  officer 
is  about  91,  and  iisually  comprise  several  villages  and 
townships,  aU  of  which  he  is  expected  to  pay  attention 
to,  both  by  night  and  by  day,  according  to  a  system  of 
patrolling  regulated  by  the  chief  constable,  tested  by 
conference  points.  A  diary  of  the  duty  performed  is 
entered  daily  by  each  constable  in  his  journal,  copies 
of  which  are  transmitted  weekly  to  the  chief  constable's 
office  through  the  superintendents. 

The  duties  of  the  police  in  the  rural  districts  differ 
much  from  the  routine  in  largo  towns,  being  of  a  more 
comprehensive  nature ;  and  each  constable,  not  being 
so  immediately  under  the  eye  of  a  superior,  is  left  more 
to  his  own  discretion,  and  greater  responsibiUty  attaches 
to  him.  Hence  the  necessity  of  strict  discipline,  and 
the  difficulty  of  always  attaining  the  requisite  degree  of 
efficiency  in  a  dispersed  force.  The  county  constabu- 
lary, besides  the  ordinary  duties  of  parochial  and  special 
constables,  in  serving  summonses,  the  apprehension  of 
ofl'enders,  warning  coroners  and  summoning  jurors, 
conveying  prisoners  to  gaol,  and  acting  as  peace  officers 
generally,  have  undertaken  the  inspection  of  weights 
and  measures,  as  also  that  of  low  lodging  houses,  and, 
in  some  districts,  act  as  assistmt  relieving  officers,  for 
casual  vagrants,  and  inspectors  of  nuisances.  They 
have  likewise  the  charge  of  lockups,  and  the  custody  of 
prisoners  temporarily  confined  in  them.  Tlie  combina- 
tion of  several  of  these  offices  is  in  pursuance  of  the 
recommendations  of  the  parliamentary  commissioners, 
and  effects  considerable  saving  to  the  county. 


72 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION   OF  CUMBERLAXD. 


The  following  table  shows  the  number,  grade,  and 
pay  of  the  force  in  1858 : — 


CUMBERLAND   CONSTABULARY. 


No. 


Grade. 


Pay. 


Chief  Constable £450  per  annum,  includioK  allow- 

nnce  for  travelling  e,xpcn8(;s, 
Westmoreland  paying  one-fourth. 

Chief  Clerk '  £7S  per  annum,  Westmoreland  pay- 

1       ing  one-fourth. 

Superintendent    '  flTi*  peran.  )_out  of  which  they  are 

Superintendents £1 '>0     do.     )  to  &ud  &,  keep  a  horse. 


Inspectors. 

Seryeanta 

Constables — 1st  class, . 
Constables— 2nd  class 
Constables— 3rd  class. . 


2Gs.  per  week. 
2.18.       do. 
20s.       do. 
ISs.      do. 
17s.       do. 


Total,  exclusive  of  one  Constable  at  Maryport,  paid  for  by  the 
Trustees,  under  act  3rd  aud  -tth  Victoria,  cap.  88,  sec.  19. 


WESTMORELAND  CONSTABULARY. 


No. 


Superintendents 

Inspectors 

Sergeant 

Constables — 1st  Class    . . 
Constables— 2nd  Class  . . 

Total. 


Pay. 


£150  per  annum  )  out  of  which  they  are 
£IIH. 4s.  4d.  do./  totiuditkeepahorce 
23s.  per  week. 
20s.       do. 
18s.       do. 


The  following  sclieme  of  progressive  pay  has  been 
prepared  by  the  cliief  constable  and  approved  of  by  the 
justices : — 


Rank. 

To  increase  on  present  pay  for  good 
service  after 

6 

months. 

12 
months. 

3  years.           7  years. 

Per 

week. 

Per 

week. 

-1   J; 

Per      S-g 
Annum,  pu  ^ 

Per 

anuum. 

Superintendents    . .     . . 
Inspectors  &  Sergeants 
Constables             . .     . . 

s. 

B. 
2  ' 

6. 

2 

1 

j;  s.  d. 
6    4    0 

2  12    0 

S. 
4 
2 

£  s.  d. 
10  8  fl 
S    4    0 

A  Merit  Class  to  consist  of  20  men  at  2ls.  per  week,  to  bo 

promoted  for  any  cxtraordinaiy  vigilance,  zeal,   and  energy 
displayed  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties,  and  for  cxemphiry 
good  conduct  and  respectability,  each  of  uUym  should  be  dis- 
tinguished by  au  honoraiy  badge. 

The  total  cost  of  the  force  is  as  follows : — Cumber- 
land, £5,]  10  7s.  less  £1,277  lis.  Od.  allowed  by 
goverurucnt ;  net  cost,  £3,832  13s.  3d.  Westmoreland, 
total  cost  £1,521  Is.  less  £380  5s.  3d.  government 
allowance  ;  net  cost,  £1,140  15s.  9d. 

In  accordance  with  the  regulations  of  the  secretary 
of  state  each  superintendent,  inspector,  sergeant,  and 
constable,  receives  annually  a  complete  suit  of  police 
clothing  with  great  coat  and  extra  trousers  in  alternate 
year,  together  with  Qs.  Gd.  per  month  in  lieu  of  boots.  A 
cape  aud  a  stock  with  clasp  are  supplied  when  required. 
In  addition  to  the  above  each  officer  is  supplied  with  a 
truncheon,  handcuffs,  lantern,  journal,  and  instruction 


book,  together  with  a  small  knapsack,  to  contain  a 
change  of  linen  when  employed  away  from  home  on 
special  duty.  An  allowance  of  Is.  per  month  is  also 
made  to  those  members  of  the  force  who  use  lanterns, 
to  supply  themselves  with  oil  and  cotton.  These  arti- 
cles of  clothing,  &c.,  are  inspected  monthly,  and  each 
man  is  held  responsible  for  keeping  them  in  good 
order.  The  uniform  is  dark  blue,  the  superintendents 
being  distinguished  by  a  frock  coat  with  black  buttons 
and  embroidery. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  constabulary  acts,  a 
superannuation  fund  has  been  established,  for  old  and 
deserving  officers.  This  fund  is  supported  by  certain 
fines  or  portions  of  fines,  in  cases  where  the  pohce  are 
the  informants,  and  those  inflicted  on  members  of  the 
force  for  misconduct,  together  with  a  deduction  of  2j 
per  cent  from  the  pay  of  each  member  of  the  force. 

rARLIAMEN'TARY    HEPUESEXTATIOS. 

This  county  has  sent  members  to  parliament  since 
the  reign  of  Edward  I.  The  following  are  the  names 
of  the  members  as  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  discover 
from  that  period  to  the  present  time. 

Edward  I. 
1290.  Walter  de  Jlulcoslre,  Uubert  de  Jlulton. 

William  de  Boyville. 
100.5.  Robert  de  Haverington,  Uubert  de  Multon. 
1207.  Robert  de  AVitteriu-:,  William  de  Bovville. 
l.SOO.  Richard  de  Sloyter,  Robert  de  Wittering. 
1301.  John  de  Wiggeton,  Robert  de  Tilliol. 
IWi.  Robert  de  Joneby,  Nicholas  de  Apresby. 
I!i0(i.  John  de  Lucy,  William  de  Bampton. 
l;itJ7.  John  de  Denton,  William  de  Langrigg. 

EDWAItD  II. 
1307.  William  le  Brun,  Alexander  de  Bastenthwaite. 
130S.  William  le  Briin,  Alexander  de  Bastenthwaite. 
l:)09.  William  de  Mulcastre,  Alexander  de  Bastenthwaite. 

1310.  Kobert  de  Leyburne,  Walter  do  Bampton. 

1311.  William  dc  Mulcastre,  Henry  de  Jlulton. 
Robert  de  Leyburne,  Walter  de  Bamptou. 

1310.  Andrew  de  Hercla,  Alan  de  Grinesdale. 

13ri.  John  de  Wiggeton,  Robert  de  Leybm'ne. 

1314.  Robert  de  Tilhol,  Henry  de  Multon. 

131.0.  Alexander  de  Bastenthwaite,  Walter  de  Kirkbride. 

1310.  Robert  le  Erun,  John  de  Skelton. 

1318.  Robert  de  Leyburne,  Alexander  de  Bastenthwaite. 

John  de  Boyville,  Adam  de  Skelton. 
13'33.  Hugh  de  Louthre,  John  de  Orrelon. 
1324.  Richard  de  Denton,  John  de  Skelton. 
132.5.  Robert  de  Mulcaster,  Robert  Paynwick. 
132C.  Robert  le  Brun,  John  de  Orreton. 

Edwakd  III. 
1327.  Robert  lo  Brun,  John  de  Orreton. 

John  de  Orreton,  Robert  Parving. 

Peter  Tilliol,  Robert  Parving. 
1338.  Peter  Tilliol,  John  de  Skelton. 

Robert  de  Eglestield,  Richard  de  Salkeld. 

Peter  Tilliol,  Robert  Parving. 

1330.  Peter  Tilliol,  John  de  Orreton. 
John  de  Orreton,  Thomas  Hardegill. 

1331.  Richard  de  Denton,  Robert  Parving. 
1333.  Richard  de  Denton,  John  de  Haverington. 

Richard  de  Denton,  Robert  Parving. 
Peter  de  Tilliol,  Richard  de  Denton. 


PARLIAMENTARY  REPRESENTATION. 


1333.  Peter  de  Tilliol,  Richard  de  Denton. 
Richard  de  Denton,  .Icdin  de  HavcringtOD. 

1334.  Hugli  de  Morieeby,  William  F.n^lisli. 
Richard  de  Denton,  John  de  llaverington. 

1335.  Peter  de  'I'illiol,  Richard  de  Denton. 
1337.  Peter  de  Tilliol,  Richard  de  Denton. 

1337.  Richard  de  Denton,  Hu^h  de  Morieeby. 
John  do  Orrelon,  Thomas  de  Skelton. 

1338.  Thomas  de  Hardegill,  Richard  de  Bury. 
John  de  Boyville,  Adam  de  Skelton. 

1339.  Peter  de  Tilliol,  John  de  Haverington. 
John  de  Orreton,  John  de  Haverington. 

1310.  Alexander  de  Bastenthwaite,  Robert  le  Brun. 

Peter  de  Tilliol,  John  de  Orreton. 

John  de  Orreton,  John  de  Haverington. 
1341.  Peter  do  Tilliol,  Hugh  de  Loiitlire. 

1343.  Richard  de  Denton,  John  de  Orreton. 

1344.  Hugh  de  Louthrc,  Henry  de  Malton. 
1.347.  I'eter  de  Tilliol,  John  de  OiTeton. 
1318.  John  de  Orreton,  Tlioraas  de  Hardegill. 
1.341).  Peter  de  Tilliol,  John  de  Orrelon. 
1300.  Richard  de  Denton,  .fohn  de  Orreton. 
133i.  Richard  de  Denton,  Robert  de  Tilliol. 

Henry  de  Malton. 

1353.  Richard  de  Denton. 

1354.  Thomas  de  Rokeby,  Thomas  de  Hardegill. 

1355.  Richard  de  Denton,  John  de  Orreton. 
1357.  John  de  Orreton,  Robert  de  Tilliol. 

Robert  de  Tilliol,  .\dani  Parving. 
1360.  Jirhn  de  Orreton,  Christopher  de  Morieeby. 

Henry  de  Malton,  Robert  de  Tilliol. 
1362.  Robert  Tilliol,  William  English. 
1.363.  William  English,  Christopher  Moricebv. 

1364.  Richard  de  Tilliol,  William  Englisli. 

1365.  Christopher  Morieeby,  William  Stapilton. 
136S.  Joseph  de  I'ykering,  John  de  Denton. 
130!).  William  English,  Richard  Mowbray. 

1371.  Robert  Curwenne,  William  de  Stapilton. 
(Jilbert  de  Cnrwennc. 

1372.  Robert  Mowbray,  John  do  Denton. 

1373.  Gilbert  de  Curwen,  Adam  Parving. 
Gilbert  de  Cniwen,  John  de  Camberton. 

1376.  Gilbert  de  Curwen,  William  Stapilton. 

1377.  John  de  Denton,  Amand  Jlonceaux. 

Riciiinu  II. 

1377.  Robert  Mowhrny,  Richard  del  Sandes. 

1378.  I'eter  de  Tilliol,  Clement  de  Skelton. 

John  de  Derwentwater,  Thomas  de  Wliitrigg. 
1371).  Richard  de  Mowbray,  William  de  Curwen. 
1380.  Peter  de  Tilliol,  William  de  Hutton. 
1881.  Gilbert  dc  Curwen,  John  de  Denton. 

Richard  de  Salkeld,  John  do  la  More. 

1382.  Clement  dc  Skelton,  Thomas  Bowet. 
Clement  de  Skelton,  'J'homas  do  Dalston. 

1383.  Thomas  Blenkinsop,  Amand  Monceaux. 
John  de  Kirkby,  John  de  Brougham. 

1384.  Thomas  de  I.amplongb,  John  de  Ircby. 

1385.  Peter  de  Tilliol,  Kichard  de  Deaulieu. 

1386.  Amund  de  Jlonceaux,  John  de  Thirlwall. 

1387.  John  de  Derwentwater,  J"bn  de  Irehy. 

1388.  Robert  do  Midcastre,  Amand  de  Jlonceaill. 
1380.  William  ilo  Threlkeld,  Amand  i\Ioneeaux. 

1390.  ■William  Stapilton,  Th..mns  del  Sandes. 

1391.  Peter  do  Tilliol,  John  de  l.onthre. 
1.302.  Geoffrey  Tilliol,  John  dc  Lotitbre. 
1303.  Clement  de  Skelton,  Itobert  de  Loullire. 
131)4.  William  Stapilton,  Thomas  del  Sandes. 
1396.  John  do  Ireby,  Clement  de  Skellon. 
1307.  Peter  Tilliol,  William  do  Osmunderlowe. 


Henry  V. 

1413.  Peter  Tilliol,  William  de  Beaulieu. 

1414.  Robert  Louthre,  WiUiam  de  Leigh. 
Christopher  de  Curwen,  John  de  Eglesfield. 

1417.  Peter  Tdliol,  Robert  de  Louthre. 
141H.  Peter  Tilliol,  Thomas  de  la  More. 
1419.  Peter  1  iUiol,  Nicholas  Randolf. 

Henry  VI. 

1422.  Peter  Tilliol,  John  Skelton. 

1423.  Christopher  Curwen,  William  de  Leigh. 

1424.  Peter  Tilliol,  Christopher  Curwen. 
1125.  Peter  Tilliol,  Hugh  de  Louthre. 

1427.  Christopher  Curwen,  Nicholas  Radcliffe. 

1428.  Thomas  Parr,  Thomas  de  la  Jlore. 

1429.  Thomas  Parr,  Thomas  de  la  More. 

1430.  Christopher  Curwen,  Hugh  de  Louthre. 
1434.  Thomas  Curwen,  William  Dykes. 
1436.  William  Stapilton,  John  Brougham. 
1441.  Ra.  de  Dacre.  Thomas  Curwen. 

144(5.  Jolin  Pennington,  William  Martindale. 

1448.  Thomas  Curwen,  Hugh  Lowther. 

1449.  John  Skelton,  Richard  Bellingbam. 

1400.  Thomas  de  la  iMore,  Thomas  Crackenthorpe. 
1404.  Thomas  Colt,  Thomas  de  la  More. 
1459.  Thomas  Curwen,  WiUiam  Leigh. 

Edward  IV. 
1467.  John  Huddleston,  Richard  Salkeld. 
1472.  John  Parr,  Richard  Salkeld. 
1477.  William  Pair,  James  Moresby. 

•  •  «  •  «      1 

Edward  VI. 
1547.  Thomas  Wharton,  Knt.;  Richard  Musgrave. 
1552.  Richard  Musgrave,  Henry  Cui'wen. 

Mary. 
1503.  Thomas  Wharton,  Knt.;  Thomas  Dacre,  juu.,  Knt. 
1554.  John  Leigh,  Robert  Penruddock. 

Robert  Whitley,  Richard  Minshoo. 
1554.  Thomas  Dacre,  Robert  Penruddock. 
1505.  Thomas  Threlkeld,  Henry  Methueu. 
1556.  Leonard  Dacre,  John  Dalston. 

El.IZABETIt. 

1558.  Leonard  Dacre,  Henry  Curwen. 
1562.  Leonard  Dacre,  Henry  Curwen. 

1570.  Henry  Percy,  Knt.;  Simon  JIusgravc,  Knt. 

1571.  Simon  Musgrave,  Knt.;  Edward  Scroope. 
1584.  Thomas  Scroope,  Thomas  Bowes. 

1085.  Robert  Bowes,  Henry  Leigh. 

1588.  Thomas  Scroope,  Knt.;  Robert  Bowes. 

1592.  Nicholas  Curwen,  Wilfrid  l.awson. 

1096.  John  Pennington,  Knt.;  Christopher  Pickering,  Knt. 

ICOI).  William  Huddleston,  Gerard  Lowther. 

James  I. 
1603.  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Edward  Musgrave. 
1614.  Wilfrid  Lawson  (?),  George  Dalston,  Knt. 
1620.  George  Dalston,  Knt.;  Henry  Curwen,  Km. 
1623.  George  Dalston,  Knt.;  Ferdinand  Huddleston. 

Charles  I. 
1625.  George  Dalston,  Knt.;  Patrick  Curwen. 
1625.  George  Dalston,  Knt.:  Patrick  Curwen. 
1027.  George  Dalston,  Knt.;  Patrick  Curwen. 
1639.  George  Dalston,  Knt.;  Patrick  Curwen. 
1010.  George  Dalston,  Knt.;  Patrick  Curncn. 
William  Eraoyn,  Richard  Tulson. 

COMMONWEALTD. 
1653.  Robert  Fenwick. 

1054.  Charles  Howard,  William  Rriscoe. 

1055.  Charles  Howard,  William  Briscoe. 
1057.  Charles  Howard,  William  Briscoe. 
10S9.  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Col.  William  Briscoe. 


■  The  rolls  of  Parliament  for  this  poriod  arc  not  available. 


74 


GKOGKAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION   OF  CUMBEHLAND. 


Chables  II. 
1060.  Charles,  Lord  How«rJ;  Wilfrkl  Lawson. 
ICCl.  I'litrick  Ciirnen,  Bart. ;  George  Fletcher,  Bart. 
John  Lowtlier,  lliclmrJ  Lamplu^h. 

1679.  John  LowiUer,  Bart. ;  EiohaiJ  Lamplugh. 
Edward,  Lord  Morpeth ;  John  Low  ther,  Bart. 

1680.  George  Fletcher,  Bart.;  John  Lowther,  Bart. 

James  II. 
1CS5.  Kichard,  Viscount  Preston ;  John  Lowther,  Bart. 

Wn,tiAH  AND  Mary. 
1689.  George  Fletcher,  Bart. ;  John  Lowther,  Bart, 
1C90.  George  Fletcher,  Bart. ;  John  Lowther,  Bart. 

WlI.I.IAJI    III. 

1G95.  George  Fletcher,  Bart.;  John  Lowther,  Bart. 
1697.  George  Fletcher,  Bart. ;  John  Lowther,  Bart. 
1701.  Edward  Hassul,  Kut.;  George  Fletcher. 

Anne. 
170'2.  Kichard  Jliisgrave,  Gilfrid  Lawson. 
170').  George  Fletcher,  Richard  Musgrave. 
1707.  James  Lowther,  Gilfrid  Lawson. 
1714.  James  Lowther,  Gilfrid  Lawson. 

Geokge  I. 
1714.  James  Lowther,  Gilfrid  Lawson. 
1721.  Christopher  Musgrave,  Bart. ;  Gilfrid  Lawson. 

GEOIiGE   II. 
1727.  James  Lowther,  Bart. ;  Gilfrid  Lawson. 
1734.  James  Lowther,  Bart.;  Joseph  Pennington,  Bart. 
1741.  James  Lowther,  Bart.;  Joseph  Pennington,  Bart. 
1747.  James  Lowther,  Bnrt. ;  John  Pennington,  Bart. 
1754.  .Tames  Lowther,  Bart. ;  John  Pennington,  Bart. 

William  I,owther,  Bart.,  on  Sir  James'  death. 

■\Viliiam  Fleming,  Bart.,  on  Sir  WiUiam  Lowther's  death. 

Geokge  III. 
James  Lowther,  Bart. ;  John  Pennington,  Bart. 
Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart.,  on  Sh-  James  making  his  election 

for  Westmoreland. 
Sir  James  Lowther  re-elected  on  Sir  Wilfrid's  death. 
Henry  Curwen,  Henry  Fletcher. 
Sir  James  Lowther,  Bart. ;  Henry  Fletcher. 
Sir  James  Lowther,  Bart.;  Henry  Fletcher. 
Sir  Henry  Fletcher,  Bart. ;  William  Lowther. 
Sir  Henry  Fletcher,  Bart.;  Humphrey  Senhoase. 
Sir  Henry  Fletcher,  Bart. ;  John  Lowther. 
Sir  Henry  Fletcher,  Bart. ;  John  Lowther. 
John  Lowther,  Viscount  .^loi-peth. 
John  Lowther,  Viscount  ^Morpeth. 
John  Lowthei-,  Viscount  Morpetli. 

George  IV. 
]820.  Sir  John  Lowther,  Eart. ;  J.  C.  Curwen. 
1820.  Sir  John  Lowther,  Bart.;  J.  G.  Curwen  (died  1820);  Sir 
J.  E.  G.  Graham,  Bart. 

William  TV. 
ISntl.  Sir  John  Lowther,  Bart. ;  Sir  J.  R.  G.  Graham,  Bart. 
1S31.  Sir  J.  E.  G.  Graham,  Bart.;  William  Blamire. 

Two  additional  representatives  were  given  to  Cum- 
berland by  the  Reform  Act  of  1832,  when  the  county 
was  formed  into  two  divisions.  The  eastern  division 
comprises  Cumberland,  Eskdale,  and  Leath  wards,  and 
the  western  the  two  AUerdales,  as  they  existed  previous 
to  the  change  made  in  1833.  The  city  of  Carlisle  is 
the  place  of  election  for  the  eastern  division,  and  the 
polling  places  are  Wigton,  Alston,  Brampton,  Long- 
town,  Hesket  Newmarket,  lurkoswald,  Dalston,  and 
Penrith.  The  place  of  election  for  the  western  division 
is  Cockermouth,  at  which,  and  at  Bootle,  Aspatria, 
Egremont,   and   Keswick,   are  polling  places.      The 


17CL 


1768. 
1774. 
1780. 
1784. 
1790. 
1790. 
1802. 
1800. 
1812. 
3818. 


number  of  electors  is, — eastern  division,  .5,352 ;  western 
division,  4,1-11.  The  following  have  represented  the 
county  since  the  Reform  Act : — 

EtsTEBN  mnsioN. 
1832-35.  Kt.  Hon.  Sir  J.  U.  G.  Graham,  Bart.;  Wm.  Blamire. 
1H35-37.  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  J.  E.  G.  Graham,  Bart.;  Wm.  Blamire. 
(Mr.  Blamire  accepted  the  Chiltern  Hundreds  in  Septemhcr, 
183C,  when  William  James  was  elected.) 

WESTERN   DniSION. 

1832-35.  Edward  Stanley,  Viscount  Lowther.  (The  latter 
accepted  the  Chiltern  Hundreds  in  March,  1833, 
when  Samuel  Irton  was  elected.) 

1835-37.  Edward  Stanley,  Samuel  Irton. 

Victoria. 

eastern    Dr\'ISION. 

1837-41.  William  James,  F.  Aglionhy  (died  July,  1810),  Hon. 

C.  W.  G.  Howard. 
1841.47.  Hon.  C.  W.  G.  Howard,  William  James. 
1847-52.  Hon.  C.  W.  G.  Howard,  WiUiam  Marshall. 
1852-56.  Hon.  C.  \V.  G.  Howard,  William  Marshall. 
1857.  Hon.  C.  W.  G.  Howard,  WilUam  Marshall. 

WESTERN  r>msioN. 
1837-41.  Edward  Stanley,  Samuel  Irton. 
1841-47.  Edward  Stanley,  Samuel  Irton. 
1847-52.  Edward  Stanley,  Henry  Lowther. 
1852-50.  Henry  Lowther,  Samuel  Irton. 
1857.  Henry  Lowther,  General  Wyndham. 


TRADE,    CO^rMErtCE,    ETC. 

First  iu  importance,  as  in  utility,  the  working  of  coal 
and  the  coal  trade  claim  precedence  iu  a  notice  of  the 
mercantile  affairs  of  the  county  of  Cumberland.    "In  a 
country  like  England,"  says  Ansted,  "  deprived  of  any 
large  quantity  of  wood  by  the  advance  of  civilisation, 
where    should    we    obtain    means    for    enduring    the 
inclemency  of  the  weather,  or  enjoying  any  comforts 
at  our  homes,  if  it  were  not  for  large  supplies  of  coal? 
But  we  must  look  further.    Where  would  be  our  manu- 
factures'?  where  would  be  our  iron, — the  staple  of  all 
manufactures, — if  there  were  not  abundant  and  cheap 
supplies  of  valuable  fuel  where  the  ores  of  these  metals 
occur '?    Without  coal  could  this  country  have  advanced 
beyond  its  condition  many  centuries  ago  ?    Could  there 
have  been  education  ?     Could  there  have  been  printed 
books  available  for  the  multitude  ?     Could  there  have 
been  food  and  raiment  for  ourselves?    Or  could  science 
have  advanced  ?     Must  not  England  have  remained  iu 
the  background,  its  inhabitants  unable  to  exercise  that 
intellectual  activity  which  tliey  have  exerted  in  placing 
their  country  in  advance  of  the  whole  world  ?    Without 
coal  there  would  have  been  no  extensive  use  of  steam, 
even  if  the  vast  power  of  that  agent  had  been  dis- 
covered.    Without  steam  and  iron,  where  should  we 
now  be  iu  the  advance  of  civilisation  over  the  world '.' 
Coal  is  indeed  the  indispensable  food  of  all  industry. 
It  is  a  primary  material,  by  whose  aid  we  engender 
force,  and  obtain  power  sufficient  for  any  purpose  that 
has  yet  been  imagined." 


TRADE,  COMMERCE,  ETC. 


ii) 


The  coal-bearing  strata  of  Cumberland  will  be  foimd 
described  at  page  3 1 .  Coal  is  worked  to  a  great  extent 
at  Whitehaven,  Workington,  and  in  the  vicinity  of 
Mar)'port,  whence  it  is  exported  in  considerable  quan- 
tities. It  is  also  found  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
county,  whence  the  chief  supply  for  Carlisle,  Brampton, 
Penrith,  and  the  neighbouring  country  is  obtained. 
The  following  is  a  list  of  the  collieries  of  the  county 
in  1850,  with  their  situation  and  owners'  names  :  — 


Name  of  Colliery. 


Situatioo. 


Owners. 


Aspntria Aspati-ia    Jolin  Harris. 

Bolton     Wigloii Addison  &  Co. 

Brongliton  Moor    Maryport   Fletcher,  Ross,  &  Co. 


Camerton    Worlsington.. . 

Cl'?ator  Moor Whitehuveu. . . 

Oliftou Workington 

Croglin     

Croasbarrow  and  another.,  Workington. .  , 
Cros.sbarrow    ....         ....  Workington 


Thornbury  &  Co. 
.  Barker  &  Co. 
I.  and  W.  Fletcher. 
Oen.  Wyndhani. 
Messrs  Fletcher. 
•  Golighiley. 


Crossby    Maryport W.  JIulcaster  &  Co 

Cruiuinock  Nevf  Colliery  . 

Dean  Moor 

Dearham 

Dovenby  ....  ... 

Ellenborougli 

Fliiiiby     

Flimby    

Grey  youthen Workingtoi 

Gilcrux     Maryport 


Do Addison  &,  Co. 

Do Gen.  Wyndhani. 

Do Messrs.  Walker. 

Do Steel  &  Co. 

Do Harris  &  Son. 

Do Wilson  &Son. 

Do Mulcaster  &  Co. 

Jcilm  Harris  &  Son. 

Steel  &  Co. 


Harrington Harrington  ....  J.  Curwen. 

Priest  Croft Wigton     —  Drewry. 

Keay  Pit Whitehaven      . .  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 

Seatiin Maryj)ort Messrs.  Wilson  &  Co. 

Seaton Maryport Nicholson  &  Co. 

Tlireaplliwaite     Whitehaven     . .  Clentor  Company. 

Weary  Hall Wigton Addison  Sc  Co. 

Whitehaven  Collieries  ....  Whitehaviu     . .  Kml  of  Lonsdale. 
Workington    Workiugton     . .  J .  Ciinven. 

These  28  collieries  produced,  in  1S5G,  913,891i  tons 
of  coal,  which  were  disposed  of  as  follow: — 225,43.'5 
tons  were  shipped  at  Maryport,  118,230  at  Workington, 
10,020  at  Harrington,  and  211,347i  at  Whitehaven, 
making  a  total  shipped  of  505,947i  tons.  The  coal 
sent  by  railway  for  land  sale  amounted  to  64,310  tons, 
64,()"^><  ton«  were  used  at  iron-furnaces,  3,500  for  col- 
liery and  iron-mine  consumption,  and  215, .lOO  for  local 
consumption  in  the  principal  towns  and  manufactories, 
making  a  grand  tofcal  of  913,8011  tons  as  above.  The 
quantity  of  coal,  coke,  and  antiiracite  shipped  at  the 
ports  of  the  county,  and  sent  coastways  to  the  other 
ports  of  the  United  Ivingdom,  in  1850,  was  as  follows, 
in  tons:  —  Wiiilchuven,  coals,  207,947;  anthracite, 
775,  Workington,  coals,  129,275 ;  coke,  5 ;  anthra- 
cite, 130.  Maryport,  coals,  291,008;  coke,  2,877; 
anthracite,  1,521,  The  quantity  of  coal  exported  to 
foreign  countries  during  the  same  year  was — White- 
haven, 3,943  tons;  Workiugton,  1,514  tons;  and 
Marjport,  4,075  tons!' 

■  The  total  coal  produce  of  the  United  Kinffdom  in  1850,  was 
00,645,|.'iO  tons,  sliowing  an  increase  of  2,I9i,:!.><(l  Ions  over  the  cool 
produce  of  tlic  previous  yeor;  luid,  at  the  average  price  of  coal  at 
the  pit's  mouth,  gives  u  money  valuacqnal  to  i,'H),UtJ3,.StJJ, 


Alston  is  the  principal  scat  of  the  lead  mines,  which 
are  almost  exclusively  the  property  of  Greenwich  Hos- 
pital, having  been  granted  to  that  institution  by  Act  of 
Parliament,  on  the  attainder  of  the  unfortunate  Earl 
of  Derwentwater,  in  1710.  We  subjoin  a  list  of  the 
various  lead-miues  of  the  county,  with  their  produce  of 
lead-ore,  lead,  and  silver,  in  1856. 


Mines  leased  to 
tlxe  Governor  and 
Company. 


Alston  Moor. 


Names  of  Mines. 


Lead-ore.l    Lead.    I  Silver. 


-  Long  Cleugb    

j  Raiupgill  

Ci\pel  Cleugb  

DpowngiU   

Cars  and  llatiguig  bUaw 

Scaleljuni 

Middle  CleugU    

lientyfield,  S  Vein   .... 

Sm;ili  Cleui;h 

Tyne  liMttooi  

Guddiimj^ill 

CoffiRT  Dyke  Heads ... 

Flotcheras    

'^  Priorsdale 

,  lintylld.,  li.  End,  Son  Vn, 
(  lilack  Svke  


Leased  to  various 
parties,  bat  be- 

Iont;ing  to  G  reeu- 
wich  Uobpital. 


>. 


TrxE  Head 


Caldbkcc 

AUnes. 

Neigbbourlioo<l 
uf  Kcawick. 


Blagill 

Brigai  Bam 

Biownley  Hill 

,Cnrrs  West  of  Neat  . 

Jclargill  Burn  

:Clargill  Head 

[Cow  Gap    

Crag  Green,  North  Vein 

Crossgill  Head    ' 

Dowpot  Svkc 

Uouke  Burn,  East  Kad 
Douke  Bum,  West  Lnd 

Fanibery  

Foreshield    

GallygillSvke 

Gallygill  Bents    

Grassfield 

tiuttergiU,  East  End. . . 

Holylield  

lludgill  Burn 

Lee  House  Well 

Low  Bircliy  Bank 

.Middle  Syke    

MoralleFell 

Natti-ass,  Middle  Vein 
Natti-ass,  North  Veia 
Nentsbury,  North  Vein 
NentabUry  Paature. . . 

I'ark  G  rovo 

I'eat  Stack  Hill 

Uodderup  Fell 

SInte  

Tbonigill  Slit 

ThonigiU,  East  End  . . 
'riluriigill.  West  End. . 
Weilgill,  Cross  Vein. . 

Windy  Brow    

Sundry  small  mines  . . 

Calvert      

ClargiU  Head 

Uosey     

East  Crossfell 

Lady  Vein    

I'atlcr  Syke 

South  CrossfoU   

Stow  Cratg  

Tees  Side  and  .Metal  Band 
Smitter^jill  Head 
li'Oiglilellgdl    ... 

Driggill 

Goldscopo 

Vewlhwaile 

Force  Crag   

Kt'onyeiide     

Illt'iicatbara 

Itiiniiordalo  

l^blotuu 


Tns.cwts. 

798  2 

284  13 

179  1.^ 

168  I 

313  II 

74  13 
1 9:1  16 

75  18 
248  12 

47  7 

40  2 
2A  1 

7  1 

76  9 
49  10 

41  G 
S2  IG 

1,092  0 

■iO  IS 

6  .'. 


3  0 
.1  5 
.■>  0 

44  :i 

4  4 

7.5  15 

22  17 

9  3 

7  12 

9  9 

228  4 

12  9 

a  i 


33  10 
2  16 
7  11 


2  10 

6  4 

,.^31  12 


21 

19 

22 

19 

3 

2 

,■■, 

8 

21 

1!> 

0 

13 

9  19 

30 

17 

28 

15 

3 

7 

13 

9 

31 

7 

38 

4 

S07 

4 

«4I 

14 

422 

0 

18 

0 

7.311  S 


Tns.cwts.: 


1,779  9 


.■,3  0 

33  0 

28  0 

.M  10 

832  0 

13  0 

3  II 


2  1 

3  7 
3  12 

30  l.', 

3  U 

52  0 
IC  0 

3  9 

4  II 
fi  10 

IG4  10 
7  15 
3  9 

22  0 
1  K-i 
6  12 


I  10 

4  9 

1,144  10 


!.■>  12 
3  II 
16  0 

2  4 

3  15 
15  0 


0 
7 
23 
22 
2 
lU 
22 
27 


34}  0 

1<»  0 

303  0 

II  6 

24  0 


13*1  I 


712 
CGO 
IG8 
828 
3,410 
102 


90 

104 

2,859 

386 

50 


31 

8,068 


109 

25 
95 
27 

120 
SO 
56 

184 

'JJi 

70 

990 

IH9 

10,140 
3.300 
1,525 


51,931 


Silver  and  copper  aro  found  in  some  of  the  mines  iu  ■ 
tho  same  veius  as  the  lead-ore:   the  table  which  we 


GEOGRAPniCAL  DESCRIPTION   OF  CUMBERLAND. 


have  just  given  from  the  Mining  Piccords  shows  the 
quantity  of  silver  produced.  The  quantity  of  copper 
sold  by  private  contract,  of  which  returns  have 
been  obtained  from  the  mines,  was  as  follows : — 
Coniston  mine,  3,659  tons,  8  cwts.,  3  qrs.,  valued  at 
£27,801  14s.  7d. ;  Greenbourue  mine,  204  tons; 
Koughton  Gill,  45  tons,  1  cwt. ;  Driggith,  8  tons ; 
Alston  Moor,  13  cwt.,  2  qrs. 

In  no  part  of  the  world  has  the  pvoduction  of  iron 
advanced  with  more  rapid  stops  than  in  the  north  of 
England,  nor  is  there  perhaps  a  limited  district  where 
the  ores  and  their  resulting  irons  are  more  varied  iu 
chai'acter.     The  ores  of  iron  raised  in  the  northern 
counties  belong,  geologically  speaking,  to  three  different 
formations,  viz.,  the  Carboniferous  Limestone,  the  Coal 
j\Ieasures,  and  the  Lias,  the  former  of  which  alone 
demands  our  attention.     The  principal  mass  of  the 
Carboniferous  or  Mountain  Limestone  of  the  iron-pro- 
ducing disti'ict  under  consideration,  emerges  from  be- 
neath the  Coal  Measures  of  Durham  and  Northum- 
berland on  the  east,  and  is  bounded  by  a  steep  declivity 
overlooking  the  vale  of  Eden  on  the  west.     It  reaches 
a  culminating  point  in  the   long  mountain  ridge  of 
Cross  Fell,  and  forms  the  vast  tract  of  moorland  which 
near  Alston   extends   for   some  twenty-five   miles   in 
width,  and  in  the  high  desolate  region  adjoining  the 
Scottish  border  stretches  almost  from  sea  to  sea.    After 
an  interval  of  some  miles  towards  the  west,  the  same 
formation  rises  again  from  beneath  the  New  Eed  Sand- 
stone of  Penrith,  and  the  Coal  Measui-es  of  Workington 
and  Whitehaven,  and  lapping  as  a  narrow  belt  round 
the   older   slaty  rocks   of   the   Lake  district,    almost 
entirely  encircles   this  the   most   beautiful   region  of 
England.      The   structure  of   the  central  high   land 
first  mentioned,  iu  which  are  situated  the  towns  of 
Alston,  Hexham,   and  Haltwhistle,  differs  materially 
from  the  contemporaneous  formation  which  occurs  far- 
ther south  in  England  and  Wales,  and  which  consists 
principally  of  uninterrupted   beds  of  limestone   to  a 
vast  thickness.    In  the  north  the  actual  limestone  plays 
but  a  subordinate  part,  and  alternates  with  strata  of 
gritstone    and    shale,    locally  termed    "  hazle "    and 
"  plate."     Certain  ores  of  iron  are  interstratified  with 
these  beds ;  nodules  of  clay  ironstone,  the  argillaceous 
carbonate,  are  met  with  in  some  of  the  bands  of  shale, 
the  mode  of  aggregation  being  analogous  to  that  of  the 
similar  ores  of  the  Coal  Measures.    At  liareshaw,  near 
BeUingham,  towards  the  source  of  the  North  Tync, 
four  furnaces  were  erected  some  years  ago,  to  smelt  the 
clay  ironstones  which  were  obtained  from  the  series  of 
"  sills "   or    beds   intervening    between   the   so-called 
"  great  limestone "  of   the   Alston  district,  and   the 


"  second"  or  "  little  limestone  "  which  lies  about  sixty 
feet  above  it.  They  produced  excellent  iron,  but  the 
expensive  cartage  of  the  ore,  and  the  absence  of  rail- 
way or  canal  communication,  were  fatal  for  the  time  to 
the  success  of  the  establishment. 

Masses  of  brown  iron-ore  (the  hydrous  sesquioxide 
of  iron)  appear  in  some  instances  to  form  regular  layers, 
although  their  presence  is  probably  in  close  relation  to 
the  veins  of  metallic  minerals  which  iu  great  numbers 
intersect  the  rocks  in  and  around  Alston  Moor. 

It  is  not  until  farther  and  systematic  workings  shall 
have  been  followed  out,  that  the  true  nature  and  extent 
of  these  apparent  strata  can  be  determined. 

The  majority  of  the  mineral  veins  or  lodes  of  the 
Alston  district,  celebrated  for  their  productiveness  of 
lead-ore,  range  nearly  from  east  to  west,  intersecting 
the  whole  of  the  above-mentioned  beds,  but  yielding 
their  riches  far  more  abundantly  in  certain  strata  than 
in  others.  Some  of  these  lead  veins,  in  a  part  of  their 
course,  are  charged  with  brown  iron-ore  instead  of  the 
usual  veinstone  of  fluor  spar  and  quartz  and  its  con- 
comitant lead- ore.  Thus  the  rich  lode  of  Roderup  Fell 
where  it  crosses  the  valley  of  the  Tyne,  above  Alston, 
and  is  known  as  the  Craig  Green  or  Bracken  Syko 
vein,  is  seen  in  the  so-called  "  scar "  limestone,  as  a 
vein  of  brown  iron-ore  from  10  to  '20  feet  in  width. 
Hitherto,  however,  from  the  remote  position  of  the 
district,  these  repositories  of  an  ore  so  well  calculated 
to  produce  a  good  quality  of  iron  have  been  very  little 
explored. 

Since  the  late  extension  of  a  branch  railway  to  the 
town  of  Alston,  certain  of  the  lodes,  apparently  pro- 
ducing nothing  but  this  kind  of  ore,  have  been  exten- 
sively wrought.  Thus  the  Manor  House  vein  has  been 
opened  very  near  the  railway  station,  for  the  Shotley 
Bridge  Company,  and  hundreds  of  tons  have  been 
raised  from  a  very  small  area  at  the  extremely  low  cost 
of  Is.  7d.  per  ton.-:'  The  vein  is  about  11  feet  wide 
striking  east  and  west,  with  a  northerly  dip,  and  throw- 
ing down  the  measures  on  its  north  wall  about  12  feet. 
Its  productiveness  is  increased  by  tongues  or  "  flats  " 
which  penetrate  to  the  distance  of  a  few  feet  between 
the  layers  of  the  scar  limestone  which  it  here  inter- 
sects. 

The  hematite  (red  iron-ore,  sesquioxide  of  iron)  of 
^^'hitehaven,  occurs  in  the  carboniferous  hmestoue  near 
the  outcrop  or  surface  edge  of  the  slaty  rocks  upon 

*  It  is  worthy  of  note,  that  here,  as  in  so  many  other  localities, 
our  forefathers  had  availed  themselves  of  the  occurrence  of  a  rich 
ore  to  work  it  for  their  small  charcoal  furnaces ;  on  the  late  opening 
of  these  works,  remains  of  ancient  galleries  and  a  horse  shoe  were 
found,  although  the  existence  of  old  workings  was  not  betrayed  by 
any  surface  appearances. 


TRADE,  COMMEUCE,  ETC. 


77 


which  that  fonuation  rests.  The  greater  part  of  the 
excavations  from  which  it  is  extracted  are  subterraneous, 
and  so  extensive  is  often  the  mass  of  iron-ore  iu  which 
the  worlungs  arc  carried,  that  it  is  difQcult  in  such 
situations  to  obtain  a  clear  idea  of  the  nature  of  this 
important  deposit.  But  at  a  place  called  Todholes, 
near  Cleator,  an  open  work  has  for  some  time  been  in 
operation,  which  throws  great  light  on  the  subject.  A 
slight  anticlinal  axis  has  brought  the  iron-ore  to  within 
a  small  distance  of  the  surface ;  and  the  superficial 
covering  of  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  in  thickness,  which 
contains  very  numerous  angular  fragments  of  gray 
limestone  in  its  lower  portion,  being  removed,  the  red 
iron-ore  is  worked  as  a  quarry.  The  floor  of  the  deposit 
is  a  white  and  red  mottled  shale,  almost  of  the  nature 
of  a  fire-clay,  and  is  evidently  a  bed  belonging  to  the 
limestone  series ;  bore-holes  have  been  sunk  in  it  to  a 
depth  of  thirty  or  forty  feet  without  meeting  with  any 
other  material.  The  surface  of  this  shale  is  very 
uneven  on  a  large  scale,  although  the  actual  planes  are 
smooth,  and  frequent  sudden  depressions  or  ridges 
throw  it  up  or  down  for  a  few  feet,  disturbances  which 
appear  to  be  regularly  followed  by  the  superimposed 
hematite.  Between  the  shale  and  the  iron-ore  there 
lies,  very  generally,  a  band  of  conglomerate,  from  three 
to  eight  inches  thick,  of  small  pebbles  of  white  quartz. 
The  magnificent  bed  of  hematite  which  then  follows, 
varies  from  fifteen  to  upwards  of  30  feet  in  thickness, 
and  is  for  the  most  part  a  dense  mass  of  red  ore  sub- 
divided by  irregular  and  nearly  vertical  joints.  Small 
cavities  rarely  occur,  adjacent  to  which  the  ore  assumes 
those  botrv'oidal  forms  commonly  termed  "  kidney  ore," 
so  well  known  in  mineralogical  cabinets,  and  which 
exhibit  this  mineral  in  a  high  state  of  purity.  In  such 
parts  of  the  mass  rock  crystals  occur,  and  calcareous 
spar  and  arragonito  appear  to  be  the  substances  which 
were  last  crystallised  in  the  hollows.  AVith  a  general 
parallelism  to  the  floor  of  the  deposit,  two,  and  some- 
times three  bands  of  greenish  black  shale,  from  one 
to  eight  inches  thick,  are  distinctly  interstratified 
with  the  iron-ore ;  and  the  presence  of  these  partings, 
with  the  overlying  roof  of  impure  limestone  which 
makes  its  appearance  on  the  dip,  leaves  on  the  mind 
iilraost  a  conviction  that  the  hematite  occurs  as  a  true 
bed. 

And  yet  it  is  difilcult  to  remain  satisfied  with  the 
view  of  the  regular  contemporaneity  of  the  ore  with 
the  limestone  strata.  In  other  mines  of  the  district 
the  presence  of  a  definite  and  nearly  vortical  boundary 
along  one  side  of  the  workings  is  more  nearly  akin  to 
the  phenomena  of  a  vein,  and  it  is  very  possible  that  a 
systematic  examination  of  the  whole  group  of  localities 


might  lead  to  the  assigning  of  a  later  date  for  the  intro- 
duction of  the  iron-ore  into  chasms  and  hollows  which 
had  been  formed  in  the  already  consolidated  beds,  and 
thus  bring  the  nature  of  the  repositories  of  Whitehaven 
into  coincidence  with  the  more  clearly-marked  ores  of 
Ulverstone. 

There  seems  occasionally  to  be  a  second  bed,  in  a 
somewhat  higher  position,  which  rests  upon  a  limestone 
floor ;  but  hitherto  so  small  an  area  has  supplied  the 
requirements  of  a  single  mine  that  the  physical  struc- 
ture of  the  district  is  veiy  imperfectly  understood,  both 
as  regards  the  extent  of  these  unrivalled  deposits  and 
their  exact  position  among  the  members  of  the  moun- 
tain limestone. 

A  shaft  which  has  recently  been  sunk  at  High  House 
near  Cleator,  through  a  greater  depth  of  cover  than 
usual,  yields  the  following  section  : — 

Ft.  in. 

Bark  Shale 106  0 

Coarse  Grit,  called  "  Jlillstono  "  Grit     .  3G  0 

Shales 30  0 

"  Whirlstone " Ja  0 

Shales Dl  0 

Eed  Limestone 7  0 

Shale 18 

Hematite  pierced  to  depth  of         .        .  32  0 

328  8 
When  the  ore  is  worked  as  a  mine,  galleries  are 
driven  out  from  the  shaft  fourteen  or  fifteen  feet  in 
height,  forming  "  rooms  "  with  substantial  pillars  left 
between  them ;  and  after  a  certain  area  has  thus  beeu 
prepared,  the  pillars  are  "  robbed,"  the  roof  falls,  and 
the  surface  of  the  land  commonly  gives  way.  The 
depressions  which  ensue  and  often  become  pools  of 
water,  with  the  crushing  action  on  the  neighbouring 
worliings,  render  the  last  stages  of  the  operation  some- 
what insecure,  and  necessitate  special  caution. 

A  small  proportion  onlj'  of  the  ores  of  the  White- 
haven district  is  smelted  on  the  spot.  The  coal  of  the 
neighbouring  field  is  ill  suited  for  smelting  purposes ; 
and  the  admirable  coke  of  the  Newcastle  district  has  to 
bear  so  expensive  a  carriage,  that  but  one  ironwork, 
that  of  the  Whitehaven  Ilematite  Iron  Company,  has, 
for  sonic  time  past,  been  in  action.  This  establish- 
ment, situated  near  Cleator,  is  placed  close  upon  the 
edge  of  the  coalfield,  and  possesses  three  blast  fur- 
naces, smelting  no  other  ore  than  that  of  the  district, 
which  the  company  purchases  from  its  neighbours. 
Hot  blast  is  employed,  and  a  certain  quantity  of  shale 
lias  to  be  added  to  the  usuid  materials,  in  order  to 
suiijily  in  conjunction  with  limestone  tlie  requisites  for 
a  slag. 

The  quantity  of  iron-ore  produced  in  the  county 
during  l^ud,  was  207,256  tons,   of   which  2&9,1G7 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  CUMBERLAND. 


tons  were  hematite  from  the  Whitehaven  district ;  and 
8,089  hematite  and  hydrated  oxide  from  Alston  Moor. 
Of  the  930,167  tons  raised  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
WTiitehaven,  152,873  were  shipped  at  Whitehaven, 
65,675  were  sent  away  by  rail,  and  39,617  tons  used 
at  the  ironworks  in  the  district.  The  destmations  of 
the  ore  were  as  follow : — Wales,  12-1,030  tons ;  Staf- 
fordshire, 20,768  tons ;  Scotland,  15,806  tons ;  New- 
castle, Middlesbro',  &c.,  51, •470  tons;  and  to  Franco, 
817  tons. 

The  following   are  the   hematite   iron   mines   near 
Whitehaven,  with  their  proprietors : — 


Agnes  Mines 
Berks  Mine 
Bigrigg  Moor 
Bigrigg      . 
Ditto   . 
Cleator  Moor 
Cleator  (sundry  mines) 
Crowgarth 
Goosegreeu    . 
Hesket  Pit 

High  House  Mine 
Knockmurton  Cop 
Langhome 
Low  Ling  . 
Parkside 
Todholes    . 
Woodend 
Yatehouse 


Tulk  and  Ley. 

James  Henry  Attwood  smd  Son. 

S.  and  J.  Lindow. 

Anthony  Hill. 

Wilsons,  Peile,  &  Co. 

Anthony  Hill. 

Whitehaven  Hematite  Iron  Compy. 

Anthony  Hill. 

Fisher,  Dees,  Fletcher,  &  Musgrove 

D.  and  .J.  H.  Robinson,  Richard  Bar 

ker,  and  Thornton. 
S.  W.  Smith  and  Company. 
Thomas  Carmichael. 
Enrl  of  Lonsdale  &  Gen.  Wyndham. 

,  Fisher,  Dees,  Fletcher,  &  Musgrove 

John  Stirling. 
.  Henry  Attwood  and  Son. 

Tulk  and  Ley. 


The  following  were  the  blast  furnaces  in  1856  : — 


Names  of  Works.                      Owners. 

Furnaces 
built. 

Furnaces 
in  blast 

Cleator  Moor     Whitehaven  Hematite  Iron  Co. 

4 

.3 

Duddon               Harrison,  Ainslie,  and  Co. 

1 

0 

Seatoui               S.  W.  Smith  and  Co. 

2 

0 

Harrington         C.  H.  Plevins. 

1 

0 

The  total  produce  of  pig-iron  from  tlie  hematite  ore 
furnaces  of  Lancashire  and  Cumberland,  was  25,530 
tons. 

Millom  produced  2,208  tons  of  iron  pyrites,  which 
sold  for  £1,100,  and  contained  47  per  cent  of  sulphur. 
From  the  Alston  Moor  mines  443  tons,  16  cwts.  of 
barytes  (carbonate)  were  obtained  ;  and  378  tons,  5  cwts. 
of  zinc  (blende  and  calamine),  valued  at  £1,405  9s. 

The  plumbago  of  Borrowdale  has  long  been  famous 
for  its  fine  quality.  It  is  found  in  detached  pieces 
called  according  to  the  size  sops  or  bellies,  so  that  the 
supply  is  very  irregular,  the  miners  being  frequently 
engaged  for  a  long  period  iu  seeking  for  the  graphyte. 
Some  years  since  a  very  large  quantity  of  plumbago 

1  Works  not  completed. 


was  obtained  from  Borrowdale ;  this  has  been  stored  by 
the  2>roprietors,  and  sold  in  small  parcels  from  time  to 
time.  The  mine  has  not  been  worked  for  several 
years:  it  was  examined  by  some  skilled  miners  since 
the  cessation  of  the  work,  and  their  opinions  were  not 
such  as  would  lead  us  to  believe  that  any  large  quantit}' 
of  black-lead  would  be  discovered  by  any  extension  of 
the  workings. 

Cobalt  has  been  found  in  small  quautilies  at  New- 
lands,  and  antimony  at  Bassenthwaite.  Lapis  Calami- 
nans,  small  quantities  of  IManguncse,  Galena,  and  spar 
of  various  kinds  and  diflferent  colours  and  forms  are 
found  in  several  places.  Slate  of  a  pale  blue  colour, 
and  of  the  finest  quality,  is  abundant  in  the  county, 
particularly  in  the  neighbourhood  of  TJUeswater  and 
Keswick.  Limestone  is  very  abundant  in  many  parts 
of  Cumberland  ;  and  in  some  places  it  is  burnt  in  large 
quantities  for  exportation,  particularly  to  the  west  of 
Scotland.  The  quantity  produced  at  Alston,  in  1850, 
was  2,411  tons,  11  cwts. 

The  principal  ports  of  Cumberland  are  Whitehaven, 
Workington,  Mar^-port,  and  Harrington.  Skinburuess 
appears  to  have  been  at  one  time  a  haven  of  some 
importance,  and  was  the  rendezvous  of  the  English 
fleet  which  Edward  III.  employed  against  Scotland. 
SiUoth,  on  the  bay  of  the  same  name,  is  a  rising  port, 
which  at  present  engages  a  large  amount  of  public 
attention,  and  for  which  a  prosperous  future  is  con 
fidently  anticipated. 

Cumberland  appears  to  have  possessed  manufactures 
from  a  very  early  period,  for  we  learn  from  a  charter  of 
William  de  Fortibus  that  there  were  fulling  mills  at 
Cockermouth  and  Dearham  iu  the  reign  of  Henry  III. 
A  manufactory  of  fustian  was  established  at  Carlisle  in 
1600,  and  one  of  broad  cloth  at  Cockermouth  about 
the  same  period.  About  thirty  years  afterwards  we 
find  iron-forges  at  Millom,  and  fulling-mills  at  Bassen- 
thwaite, where  woollen  cloths  were  dressed  called  Skid- 
daw  greys.  From  the  beginning  of  the  18th  century 
the  manufactures  of  the  county  have  gone  on  increasing, 
and  now  afford  employment  to  several  thousands  of  the 
population.  The  cotton  trade  is  located  principally 
at  Carlisle ;  the  manufacture  of  coarse  linen,  sail- 
cloth, &c.,  at  Whitehaven  and  other  places;  paper 
on  the  rivers ;  woollens  at  Keswick ;  earthenware, 
iron,  copperas,  &c.,  in  different  localities,  and  at  White- 
haven, Maryport,  and  W^orkington,  are  several  ship- 
building yards,  where  every  kind  of  manufactory 
connected  with  shipping  is  carried  on.  There  were 
formerly  considerable  saltworks  at  Bransted,  near 
Whitehaven,  Netherhall,  and  Workington,  but  they 
have  long  been  discontinued. 


BOTANY. 


79 


BOTANY. 

Cumberlaud  produces  a  great  variety  of  plants,  many 
of  which,  whose  habitat  is  among  the  mountains,  arc 
of  rare  occurrence  in  other  parts  of  the  kingdom.  A 
list  of  them  is  annexed  : — 

Aar  campestri,  Mirehouse  Woodg. 
Adonis  autumnalis,  near  Bromtield. 
Agrimonin  Kupatnria,  Lamplugh  churchyard.      A.  Eupatoria, 

var.  odopata^  Lorton. 
AgrostU  vulijaru,  var.  pumila,  common  on  liigh  elevations. 
Alchemilla   alpinn,    liorrowjale    Uoiise,    Helvellyn,    Scawfell, 

Skiddatv,  Screes. 
Aiisma  nataiif,  Derweiitwater.     A.  planiago,  Keswicli.     A.  r«- 

niinculoides,  Eskraeals. 
Allium  arenarium,  banks  of  the  Derwent.    A.  ursimcm,  Salter 

Hall.     A.  vineate,  Bearpot,  near  Workington. 
Allosurus  crispus,W'iii~ti.]a\e,  I'onsonby,  Lampltigh:  everywhere 

in  the  Luke  district. 
Anagallis  ccrutea,  Hensingham  tollhar.      A.  tendla,    Scroggs, 

Loughrigj:;,  near  the  Inn,  Patterdale. 
Anchusa  sempcrvirens,  Gosforth,  Sandwith. 
Andromeda  polifulia,   Moss  near  Bromfield,  Moresby,   Drnm- 

burgh. 
Antliemis  mnriUma.  Couldcrton. 
Anthriscvs  vulc/aris,  Workington  Bridge. 
AnthijIUs  ruhicraria,  llaryport  railway. 
Apari/ia  aulumnalit,  Ennerdale. 
Apium  graveolens,  Workington  Maish. 
Aquilegia  vitlijaris,  shore  of  Bassenthwaite  Lake,  Dovenby. 
Arabis   hiapida,    on   the   shores.      A.  hirsntn,    Shouldthwaitf, 

Moota.     A.  pttrea,  Screes.      A.  stricta,  Lamplugh  Hall, 

Pardshaw  Hull. 
Arbutus  uvaiirsi,  Grassmoor,  Crummock,  Bootle  Fell,  Bracken- 

thwaite. 
Arenaria  peploide!,  Seaton,   Flimby.      A.  srrpyllifolia,   ParJ- 

shaw  Hall,  Cockermouth.    A.  verna,  Helvellyn. 
Armeria  maritinue,  Helvellyn. 
Arummacultttiim,  Wood  Hall,  Branthwaite. 
Arundo  arennria,    Sea-shore,   Coulderton.     A.  calamagrostis, 

River  Derwent.    A.  phragviiUs,  River  Derwent. 
Asarum  Enrnpceum,  near  Keswick. 
Aspcniln  odorata,  I.owdore  Fall. 
Atpidium  angutiire,  \\'\\\c\\am.    A.  dilatatum,  Keswick.     A.lo- 

iatiivi,  Flimby,  Walla  Crag,  Caldbock.    A.oreopteris,  Pou- 

sonby  Fell,  Ulpha.     A.  spinulosum,  Keswick,  ito. 
AipUnium  Adiantmn  niffrum,  common.    A.  allerni  folium,  said 

to  be  found  in  the  Lake  District.    A.  marinum,  rocks  near 

Whitehaven, St.  Bees  Heads.    A.rutuntururia,  common. 

A.    septeiitriontile,     Borrowdale,    Screes,    near    Lorton. 

A.  Trichomanes,  Carleton,  Ac.    A.  viride,  Castlerigg  Fell, 

river   Irthing,  edge  of   Scout  Scarr,    Ashness,    Ghyll, 

Cross  Fell. 
Alter  Iripniium,  Kskholme,  Holborn  Hill. 
AUii/riumovatum,  Roth.,  near  Keswick.  • 

Atriplfx  Inciniata,  St  Bees  and  Harrington  shores.    A.palula, 

Workington  north  sliore. 
Atropa  llrllndoiiua,  onco  plentiful  round  F.gremont  CasUc,  but 

now  only  retained  in  a  few  gardens  there. 
£<i(Io(a  nirini,  Workington. 
Jh'luta  albn,  var.  pendulosu,  round  Derwentwater. 
Bidcm  cfrnua,  Braithwaitc,  Cloffocks.     D.  tripartica,  Keswick 

Cass,  Bootle. 
SUchnum  boreale,  common. 


Botrychium  Lunaria,  not  rare  on  dry  pastures. 

Brassica  Monensis,  Flimby  and  St.  Bees  shore. 

Cakile  maritima,  Seaton  shore. 

Callilriclie  pedunculata,  Ennerdale.     C.  verna,  Whinlatter. 

Culltrapalustris,  var.  radicaiis,  margins  of  lakes. 

Cametina  saliva,  Workington  Mill  Field. 

Campanula  gtomerata,  foot  of  UUeswater,  Hardendale.  C. 
tatifulia,  common  in  hedges. 

Cardamine  amara,  Moorside  Woods,  Bearpot.  C.  hirsuta,  ele- 
vated situations  on  Whillimoor.  C.  pratensis,  common, 
sometimes  double. 

Carduus  acanthoides,  Carlisle  Castle. 

Carex  ampuUacea,  Cocker  side.  C.  arenaria,  Harrington  shore. 
C.  dioica,  plentiful  at  Wythburn  Head,  Orgill.  C.  externa, 
Marron  side.  C./iViyormw,  Workington.  C._/Z«i-a,  Hard- 
knot.  C.  limosa,  var.  irrigua,  Gilsland.  f".'.  pallcscens, 
Sellafield.  C.  pulicaria,  Hunday.  C.  rigida,  Helvel- 
lyn, Skiddaw,  Scawfell.  C.  rlparia,  Stubbin  Mire.  C. 
stricta,  Bullgill  Bridge.  C.  vesiciria,  Braithwaite.  C. 
vutpina,  Yeorton  Hall. 

Carlina  vulgaris,  Ennerdale. 

Calabrosa  acquatica,  Coulderton  shore — scarce — perhaps  extinct. 

Centanrea  Scahiosa,  Eaglcsfield. 

Cerastium  Alpimim,  rocks  above  Red  Tarn,  Helvellyn.  C. 
tetrandum,  Cockermouth. 

Chara  nspersa,  Harrns  Moor.     C  flexilis,  'V^^lillimoor. 

Chelidonium  majux,  Kirkland,  St.  Bees, 

Chicranlhusfnictinilosus,  walls  of  Scaleby  Castle. 

ChceropluiUum  sylvcstre,  Gillfoot  and  Whicham. 

Chrysosplenium  alternifolium,  Portinscale  Bridge.  C  oppositi- 
folium,  common  in  wet  woods. 

Cicuta  viiosa,  Keswick,  Walton,  Irthington. 

Circoaa  alpina,  margins  of  UUeswater  and  Derwent  Lakes, 
Ashness  Ghyll,  Barrowside.     C.  luteiiana,  Keswick. 

Cladiutn  mariscus,  Cunswick  Tarn. 

Ctinopodiun  vulgare,  Mockerin,  Papcastle. 

Cnicus  acaulis,  Barrowside,  Hardknot.  C.  lietcrophyllus, 
Armboth,  Watendlath. 

Cnidium  Silaus,  Seaton,  Schoose  Farm. 

Cochlearia  anglica,  Workington  shore.  C.  grcrnlandica,  var, 
alpina,  rills  on  Helvellyn.  C.  officinalis;  Coulderton 
Sliore,  Fleswick  Bay. 

Comarum  palustrc,  common  in  meadow  ditches. 

Convolvulus  arvensi.",  i'lly.  toll-bar.  C,  soldanella,  on  the  shore 
at  I'arton,  Maryport,  Ravenglass,  Coulderton,  and  Har- 
rington. 

Corydalis  solida.  Vale  of  Newlands. 

Cotyledon  umbilicus,  Ehonside,  Gosforth. 

Crambe  7naritima,  near  St.  Bees,  below  Ravenglass  and  Bootle, 
Coulderton  shore. 

Crepis  tectorum.  Woodcock  Nook,  near  Egremont 

Critlimuvi  viaritimum,  St.  Bees  rocks. 

Uynoglossum  officinale,  Flimby. 

Cystopteris  liungustita,  Helvellyn.  C.  dentala,  Naddle.  C. 
fragilis,  Whinlatter. 

Cystea  dentala,  Naddale,  Braithwaite,  Whillimoor.  C.  fragilis, 
St.  Bees  Moor. 

Pancus  cnrota,  Ravenglass. 

Drosera  anglica,  Helvellyn.  D.  longifolia,  Ullock  Jfoss,  near 
Gilpin  Bridge,  Borrowdale.  D.  rotundifolia,  common  in 
bogs. 

Eleocharis  acicularit,  Egremont.  E.  ftuitans,  Cogra  Sfoss,  in 
Lamplugh.  E.cirtpilosus,  Murton  Moss.  E.miilticaulii, 
Ennerdale  Lake.  E.  pnlustrit,  Lowcswatcr  Lake.  E, 
paucijlorus,  Murton  Moss. 


80 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  CUMBERLAND. 


Empetrum  niriTum,  Cross  Foil,  SkUlJaw,  moors  and  1)053. 
Epilobiitm  alpinum,  Keswick  ami  Gowbarrow  Park.     E.  alsini- 

folium,  Whinlatter.     E.  Idrsutum,  river  Eden  and  its 

tributaries. 
Epipactis  lalifniiu,  Dean  Scales,  Uridge  Foot,  Cockermouth 

Road.    E.  paltistris,  near  Ciinswick  Tarn. 
Equiseltim  arvense,  common.     E.fliivialilc,  Flimby,  Salter  Hall, 

Parton  rocks.      E.  pulustrc,  Cold  Fell.      E.  sylfiiticum, 

Watendlath,  &c.    E.  rariegatum,  Gilsland,  in  the  Irthin<?. 
Erioplwrum  anguiti/olium,  Gnlder  Ghjlls  and  Edge  Tam.     E. 

poli/stachion,  Brigliam  Moss.    E.  vaginatum,  common  in 


Erodium  cicutarhtm,  Gosforth.    E.  nmritimum,  St.  Bees. 

Eryngium  maritimum,  common  along  the  sea  shore. 

Erythrtea  cenlaurium,  Bootle,  Distington,  and  a  pure  white 

variety  in  Loweswater. 
Euonymus  Europau^,  Lowdore  Woods. 
Eiiplwrhia  exigtia.  Bridge  Foot.     E.  helioscopia,  Gosforth.     E. 

paralia,  Haverigg  and  Harrington  shores.     E.  pephis, 

Egremont,  Bootle  station.    E.  portlandica,  Braystones, 

Drigg  shores. 
Fedia  denuita,  Frisington.    F.  olitoria,  Moresby  Hall. 
Fesluca  viviparn,  on  the  mountains. 
Galeolidnlon  Jntenm,  Crosedale. 
Galiopsis  versicolor,  near  Carlisle. 
Galium  borealf,  margins  of  lakes,  Helvellyn,  river  Irthing.     G. 

cruciatum,  Lamplugh,  &c.     G.  Mollugo,  Crofton  Hall, 

Pardshaw,  ite.     G.  palustre,  Brackenthwaite,  Lowdore. 

G.  saxalile,   St.  John's  Vale.      G.    Verum,  Tallentire, 

Lamplugh,  Lowdore. 
Genista  anglica,  Drigg,  Bootle.     G.  scoparin,  Bridekirk.      G. 

tinctoria,  Seaton,  Tallentire,  Arlecdon. 
Genliana  Amnrelln,  Tallentire  Hill.     G.  campestris,  Tallentire 

Hill,  Workington  Warren.     G.  pneximonanOie,  between 

Maryport  and  Flimby.     G.  vema,  till  recently  on  Egre- 

mont  Green. 
Geranium  colnmbinum.  Fell  Foot,  Newby  Bridge,  Cockermouth. 

G.  lucidum,   Lowdore  Bridge.      G.  phoeum,   Kirkland. 

G.  pratense,  Lamplugh.     G.  piisillum,  Etlerby  Scar.     O. 

pyrcndiaim.  Dale  Head,   Thirlmere.     G.  liobertianum, 

St.  John's  Vale.     G.  rotundifolium,  Yeorton  Hall.     G. 

sanguineum,    rabbit   warren,   between   Workington   and 

Maryport,  St.  Bees  shores.      G.  sylvaticum,  St.  John's 

Vale,  Keswick. 
Glaux  maritima,  P.avenglass,  St.  Bees. 
Glaucium  hdaim,  Flimby,  Coulderton,  Bootle  shores. 
Gnaplmlium  dininwi,  Penrith  Fell,  Kirkland,  Helvellyn,  Screes. 

G.  G<d'icvm,  Drigg,  Gosforth.     G.  germanicum,  Drigg. 

G.  miinmitm,  Fieldhead  in  Eskdale.     G.  rectum,  base  of 

Helvellyn.     G.uHginnsum,  Arlecdon. 
Ghchoma  hedcraccn,  Barrow  Side. 
Grammi'is  ceterach,  Sandwith,  Jlosser,  Gosforth,  A-c. 
Gymnadenia  cnnopsea,  Wanthwaite,  St.  John's  Jloota. 
Habcnaria  alhida,  Watendlath.     H.  bifolia,  margin  of  Derwent- 

water,   Wythbnm   Head,   Watendlath.      H.  chlorantha, 

abundant  in  moist  situations.     H.  viridis,  Watendlath. 
HeUebnrux  viridis,  Duddon  Woods,  Plumland. 
Hesperis  mulronalis.  Dale  Head,  Thirlmere. 
nieracium  ulpinmn,  Helvellyn,  at   Grisedale  Tam.     //.  auran- 

tiacmn,  near  Keswick.     II.  suhaudnm,  Ennerdale,  in  side 

woods.     II.  umbellntum,  Kirkland  How. 
Hippuris  vulgaris.  Dub  Mill. 

Hordeum  murinum,  Flimby.     H.  maritintim,  Coulderton. 
JIumulus  Liipuhis,  hedges  near  Keswick  and  Grasmere,  Egre- 

mont. 
Sydrocotele  vulgaris,  in  bogs  near  lakes. 


Uymenophyllum  Tunhridgensi,  Screes,  Ponsonhy  Hall.  B. 
Wihoiii,  Lowdore  Fall,  Nook,  Scale  Force,  Walton  Craj, 
Haweswater,  Dungeon  Ghyll,  Ponsonby. 

Hyoscyamm  niger,  Cockermouth,  Flimby,  Han-ington. 

Ili/pericum  calycinum,  Irton.  II.  clodes,  Birker  Hfoor,  Aitcha 
Moss,  Ullock  Moss.  II.  Inrsutum,  Camerton,  Clifton. 
U.  humifusum,  Lowdore  Fall.  H.  perforatum,  Kcsivick 
woods.  //.  pulchrum,  Casllehead  woods.  II.  quadran- 
gulum,  Clifton. 

Iberis  nudicauli.'<,  near  the  Hards,  Abbey  Holme. 

Impaliens  noU-mitangere,  Stock  Ghyll  Force,  Scale  Hill. 

Imperatoria  Oslruthium,  Gilsland  woods. 

Inula  Ilclcnium,  Jlosser.    I.  dysenierica,  St.  Bees  Heads. 

Isoetes  lacustus,  in  most  of  the  lakes. 

Jasioiie  montnna,  common. 

Juncus  canosus,  Millom  Mai-sh.  J.  fdiformis,  margins  of  Der- 
wentwater  and  Grummock.  J.  triglumis,  rocks  above 
Red  Tarn,  Fairfield,  Loweswater,  Helvellyn.  J.  uliyi- 
nosus,  Workington. 

Latlinea  squannaria,  wood  near  Wigton,  Winder  Scar,  Cuns- 
wick  wood. 

Lemna  minor,  ponds  in  Whillimoor. 

Leonurus  Cardiaca,  Workington  Row. 

Lepidium  Smilliii,  margin  of  Derweutwater ;  near  Bray  ton  Hall ; 
Abbey  Holme. 

Listeria  cordnta,  Castlerigg  Fell,  Melbreak.  L.  nidus-avis, 
Flimby  wood.  Wood  Hall.     L.  ovata,  common. 

Lilhospermum  arvense,  Stanger.  L.  maritimum,  Bootle  shore 
and  Workington.  L.  officinale,  Mosser  and  Westward 
Parks.     L.  purpuro,  citruleum,  Castle  Carrock. 

Littorclla  laeustris,  margin  of  Derwentwater,  Wythburn. 

Lobellia  dortmnnna,  plentiful  in  the  lakes. 

Lonicera  caprifolium,  Lorton  Hall.  L.  Xylosteum,  Workington 
Park. 

Lotus  major,  road  sides. 

Luzula  campestris,  common  on  bare  heaths.  L.  campestris, 
var.  congesta,  Ullock  Moss.  L.  congesta,  common  on 
bare  heaths.  L.  Fosteri,  Lowdore,  woods  between  tho 
mountains  and  the  sea.  L.  pilosa,  common  in  woods. 
L.  sylvatica,  banks  of  the  Marron. 

Lychnis  alpina,  Brackenthwaite. 

Lycopodium  alpiiimn,  on  all  tho  mountains.  Sty  Head,  Ac. 
L.  atmotimim,  said  to  be  found  on  Langdale  Pikes, 
near  Bow  Fell.  L.  clavatum,  on  all  the  mountiuns.  L. 
inundtitutn,  Shoulthwaite,  Wastdale,  in  a  bay  half  way 
between  Keswick  and  Wythburn.  L.  Se:aginoidcs, 
Lycopodium  Selago,  Hardknot,  Helvellyn. 

Lycopus  arvensis,  St.  Bees.     L,  europwus,  Ribton  Hall. 

Lysimachia  nemorum,  Castlehead  wood  and  Lamplugh.  L. 
Ihysiflora,  Keswick.  L.  vulgaris,  Keswick,  Ennerdale, 
Lorton. 

Lythrum  hyssopifoliuvi,  said  to  grow  at  the  south  end  of  Der- 
wentwater. L.  silicaria,  Ennerdale,  Newlands ;  Becker- 
met. 

ilalva  Moschata.  Cockermouth  Road. 

Matritaria  chnmomilla,  Sylcroft. 

ileconopsis  Camhrica,  near  Ambleside,  Naddale. 

Melampyrum  pratense,  common  in  old  woods. 

Mentha  gentilis,  Dalston.  M.  piperita,  M.  hirmia,  near  Sykes 
in  Naddale,  in  ditch  sides,     il/.  rotimdifoUa,  Lowdore. 

Meum.  athamanticum.  Fell  F.nd  in  Ennerdale,  Docker  Garths, 
Kendal,  near  Keswick. 

Myosotis  cii:spilosa,'B-a\\e.n  Fell;  Helvellyn.  iil.palustris,var. 
strigulosa,  river  Derwent,  near  Keswick.  31.  repens,  Vale 
of  Newlands,  Skiddaw,  Helvellyn,  Wastdale. 

ilyriea  gale,  in  most  bogs. 


BOTANY. 


81 


Myriophylliim  spicatUTn,  Naddale. 

Narcissus  Psuedo-NarcUsiis,  DiidJon  Woods. 

Neottia  Nidus-avis,  Cunswick  Wood,  Wallow  Wood,   Kendal, 

foot  of  Skiddaw. 
Nuphar  lutea,  in  most  of  the  lakes,  Mockering  Tarn,  Wor- 

manby  Lough. 
Nymphie  alba,  in  all  the  large  lakes,  Jlockering  Tarn. 
Ophioglossum  vulgatum,  rather  common. 
Ophrys  cordata,  Kirkland.     0.  mucifera,  Barrowfield  Wood. 
Orchis  albida,  Little  Broughton.     O.  lifolla,  Whillimoor.     0. 
la'.ifoUa,  Watendlath,  Bon-owdale.    O.  mascula,  common, 
Dovenby.       O.  pyramidalis,  Watendlath,  common.     O. 
ustulata,  Blindcrake.     0.  viridis,  Jlurton  Moss. 
Omithopus  perpusillus,  Irton  Church,  St.  Bees  Moor. 
Orohus  sylvaticus,  Gaiublesby  and  Ousby. 
Otmunda    regalis,   Millom,    Irton,    Egremont,   UUock    Moss, 

Dalston. 
Oxyria  reniformis,  Wastdale  Head,  Helvellyn,  Ashness  Ghyll. 
Parietaria  officinalis,  Torpenhow  Church. 
Paris  quadri/olia,  woods  in  Lamphigh. 
Pamassia  pahistris,  meadows  and  bogs. 

Peplis  portula,  Ilarras  Moor,  Kinniside  Long  Moor,  Calder  Gills. 
Phragmites  communis,  in  most  of  the  lakes. 
Pinguicula  vulgaris,  common  in  bogs. 
Pimpinella  diaica,  Tallentire  Hill. 
Pisum  maritimum,  Harrington  rocks. 

Plantago  Coronopus,  sliore  at  B'limby,  Ravenglass,  &e.   P.  mari- 
tima,  Jloota,  Fhraby,  Gillerthwaite.     P.  major,  Arlccdon. 
P.  niedia,  Arlecdon  and  Egremont. 
Polygonum   amphibium,    Uearham.       P.    ariculare,    Lowdore 
Woods.    P.  Bistorta,  in  meadows.    P.  convolvulus,  Bas- 
senthwaite.     P.  Ilydropiper,  Lowdore.     P.  viviparum, 
Helvellyn. 
Polypodium  calceareum,  Kendal  Fells.    P.  dryopteris,  common 
in  the  Lake  District,  Logberthwaite,  Dean.     P.  pliegop- 
teris,  Kskdale,  Ulpha,  Braithwaito.    P.vulgare,  common. 
Potentilla  fructicosa.  Screes. 

Poterium  languisorba.  Scout  Scar,  Knipe  Sear,  Shap  Fells. 
PrenanUs  jnuralis,  Borrowdalo,  Ulpha. 

Primula  elatior,    Seaton,  Lamplugh.      P.  farinosa,   Aspatria, 
West  Newton,  Wanthwaite  Mill,Caldbeck.    P.  veris,  (red 
variety),  Egremont  CUnks. 
Pteris  crispa,  Borrowdale. 
Pulmonaria  maritima,  on  sea-coast  near  Allonby,  Kavcnglass, 

Maryport,  ic. 
Pyrethrum  Parlhenium,  Nether  Hall. 

Pyrola  media,  Kirklinton  Moors.      P.  minor,  Dunmallet,  near 
Ulleswaler.    P.  rotundifolia,  Walla  Crag.     P.  sccunda, 
Helvellyn,  near  Keswick. 
Pynu  aria,  Scout  Scar. 
Radiola  millegrana,  Swinside.    It.  millegrana,  var.  maritima, 

Ehenside. 
Jianunculus  aqxiatalis,  Thirlmere,  Derwcnt  River,  St.  Bees  Moor. 
li.  auricomus,    Pardshaw.      R.  circinatui,    Ulleswater. 
H.  Flammula,  common  in  cold  soils.     7?.  Jiuitans,  Der- 
wentwator.      II.  hedrraccus,  Lamplugh  Hall,  Pardshaw. 
li.   hirtuta,  Drigg,  Workington    Marsh.      P.   Leonard- 
mandi,  common.      Jt.   Lingua,  Naddlo  Beck,  Cardew, 
Wastdale,  Kskdale. 
Ile$eda  Lutcola,  Elimby,  Eaglcsfield,  Workington. 
Rhamnus  Jrangula,  Cockshot  and  Ullock,  Keswick. 
Rhinanthus  crista-galli,  var.  majus,  Cliapcl  Bank,  St  Helens. 
Rhodiola  rosea,  Helvellyn,  Screes,  Ennerdalo  Coves,  Pillar  Fell. 
Sibe$  aroimlaria,  limestone  rocks  at  Sunderland.     7?.  nigrum, 
banks  of  the  Dorwent.  S.  rubrum,  bonks  of  the  DorwenU 

II 


Rosa  arvensis,  Whillimoor.     R.  canina,  Loweswater.    R.  cinna- 
mornia,  Howxay,  Keswick.     R.  gracilis,  Whinlatter.    R. 
Hibemica,  Brackenthwaite.     R.  rubella,  Thirlwall.    R. 
Sabini,  Derwent  Bay.     R.  spinosissima,  plentiful  on  the 
coast  at  Seascale,  .Src.      R.  tomeiUosa,  Lamplugh.      J?. 
villosa,  Gilsland. 
RotbolUa  incurcata.  Skate  Dubs,  Workington. 
Rubus  ccesius,  Tallentire.    R.  corylifulius,  Arlecdon.    R.  Cha- 
micmorus,  Crossfell,  Styx  Moss.      R.  fructicosus,  very 
common.     R.  glaiidulosus,  Pardshaw.    R.  idarus,  com- 
mon.     R.  rliamnifolius,    Ulpha,    Lowca,    Flimby.      R. 
saxatilis,   Cockshot  Wood,    Gilsland.        R.  suberectui, 
Moorside  Hall. 
Rumex  digymis,  Screes,  slate  quarries  near  Buttermere. 
Ruppia  maritima,  Cloffocks. 
Sagittaria  sagiltifolia,  Braystones  Tarn. 
Salicomia  hcrbacea,  Ravenglass,  Workington.     S.  proeumhetts, 

Workington  Nortli  Shore. 
Salix  herbacea,  Scawfell,  HelvelljTi,  Skiddaw,  Saddleback.     S. 

reticulata,  about  Alston,  Greystoke,  Abbey  Holme. 
Salsola  fructicosa,  Ravenglass.     S.  kali,  Coulderton. 
Sambucus  Ebulus,  Brackenthwaite,  Scalelands. 
Samolus  Valerandi,  Coulderton  Shore. 
Sanguisorba  officinalis,  meadows  near  Kendal  and  Keswick. 
Sanicula  europica,  Wytliop  Woods. 
Saponaria  officinalis,  Derwent  Side,  near  Workington. 
Satyrium  albidum,  mountain  pastures  above  Borrowdale. 
Saussuria  alpina,  Stridding  Edge,  Helvellyn. 
Saxifraga  aizoides,  wet  situations  on  mountains,  Earrowside, 
Grassmoor.     8.  granulata,  Hai-rington  Church.     .5.  hyp- 
noides,   wet    situations   on    mountains,    Armboth    Fell, 
Shoulthwaite.     S.  nivalis,  rocks  above  Red  Tarn,  Hel- 
vellyn, Legberthwaitc  Gills.     S.  oppositifolia,  Stridding 
Edge,    Great    End,    Screes,    Borrowdale.     S.   stcllaris, 
Helvellyn,  Iron  Crag,  ifce.     S.  tridactylitcs,  old  walls  at 
Dacre,  Moota,  Wliicham. 
Scleranthus  ammus,  St.  Bees,  Knockmurton,  Eskdale. 
Scirpus  lacustris,  Loweswater.    S.  maritmus,  Workington.    S, 
setaceous,  Ennerdale.    S.  sylvalicux,  banks  of  the  Marron. 
Scolopcndrium    vulgare,    common  in   dark  ravines.      S.  var, 

crispum,  Catgill  Hall.     S.  var-  multifidum,  Dearham. 
Scuttillaria  galericulata.  Dub  Beck,  Braithwaite  Beck.  S.  minor 
margin  of  Crummock  and  Wast  Water  Lakes,  Ladstocks 
in  Thornthwaite. 
Sedum  acre,  St.  John's.    S.  album,  Braystones.    S.  Anglicum 
foot  of  Helvellyn,  Castle  Head,  Beckcote.      S.  sexan- 
gulare,  Huiulay.     S.  Teliphium,  Lowdore  Road,  Castle- 
lioad,  Millom.     S.  villosum,  Mosedale. 
Soubiera  coronopus,  Seaton. 

Senecio    saracenicns,     Salkeld,    near     Moresby,    Sebergham, 
Howray,  near  Keswick.    S.  tenui/olius,  Little  Broughton. 
Scrratula  Alpina,  Helvellyn. 
Serralulii  tinctoria,  Embleton,  Lorton. 
Sibthorpia  Jiuropa'n,  Gowbarrow  Park,  &c. 
Silenc   acaulis.  Groat  End,   Helvellyn,   near  Grisedale  Tarn, 
Borrowdale.       S.  injluta,  Clifton,    Deanscales,  .tc.      S. 
maritima,  I'.skmeals,  Brackenthwaite,  Grange.    S.  nutans. 
Dean,  Moorland  Close. 
Sisleriacftrula,  Knipe  Scar,  Orton  Scar,  Scout  Scar,  Winder  Scar. 
Sisymbrium  mnncnse,  on  tho  shores. 

Slum  angusti/olium,  Drigg   Hawes.       S.  inundatum,   Lowes- 
water Ijiko.    S.  nm/i/onim,  Gill,  near  St.  Bees.   S.repens, 
Naddale.     S.  vcrtititlhtum,  Naddale. 
Solanum  Itulcamara,  St.  John's  'Vole,  Setmiirtby, 
Solidago  I'irjaurca,  ScalcUill. 


82 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  CUMBERLAND. 


Sparganium  nalans,  Shoulthwaite  Moss.     S.  ramosum,  Fortin- 

scale,  NaJilale.    S.  simplex,  Harras  Moor. 
Spergula  nodosa,  Lilly  Hall. 

Spina  sniicifolia.  Pool  Bridge,  Hawkshead ;  lane  ur.  Bnttcrmere. 
Stachxjs  annua,  Lingbank,  ia  Gosforth. 

Statics  Armeria,  Scawfell  and  sea  shores.     S.  Limonium,  sen- 
shore  near  Bootle,  &o.    S.  reticulata,  Whitehaven.    S. 
spathnla,  St.  Bees  Heads. 
Stellaria  nemorum,  Biirdoswald;  Moorside  Hall, 
Straliottes  aloidcs,  Ennerdole  Lake. 
Subularia  acqimtica,  Ennerdalc  Lake. 
Tamus  communis,  Millom,  Eskdale. 
Taxus  baccata,  very  large  trees  in  Horrowdale. 
Teesdalia  nudicaulis,  St.  John's,  Raven  Crag,  Thief  Gill,  in  Dean. 
Thalictrum  Alpinum,   Helvellyn,    Great  End  Crag,    Scawfell, 
Fairfield,  Issell.    T.Jlcnum,  margin  of  the  River  Durwent 
at  Howray.      T.  majus,  Derwent  Lake  shores,  foot  of 
Thirlmere,  Lowdore,  Screes,  side  of  Ennerdale.    T.  minus, 
Great  End,  Derwent  Lake,  side  woods  in  Ennerdale. 
Thymus  Acinos,  Low  Lingbank,  Nethertown.      T.  Calaminta, 

Calva  Hall. 
Torilis  nodosa,  Bewaldeth. 
Tragopoffon  porrifolius,  'VVorkington.      T.  pratcnsis,  Bransty, 

S  choose. 
Trientalis  Europaa,  Keswick  and  Bewcastle. 
Tri/olimn  arvcnse,  YXimby.    T.Jiliforme,  Gosforth.    T,  oJHcinule, 
Workington  Station,  Etterby  Scar.    T.  ornithopodioides, 
Workington  Warren.  T.  procumbens,  Drigg.  T.  striatum, 
St.  Bees. 
Triglochin  maritimum,  Cloffocks.     T.  palustre,  common  at  the 

edges  of  bogs. 
Triticum  juncmn,  Braystones. 
Trollius   curopmis,  margins  of  lakes,   Arlocdon  Churchyard, 

Ivirklaud,  Aspatria,  near  Whitehaven. 
Turritis  glabra,  Stainburn. 

Ti/pha  latlfolia,  Naddle,  Crofton,  Chapel  Sucken,  Brayton. 
Z'lex  nnnu,   Gosforth,  Lamplugh  Fells,  Whinlatter,  Wastdalc. 

U.  nanus,  var.  major,  Bab.  Great  Robinson. 
Vrtica  urcns,  Distington,  Ullock. 

Utricularia  minor.  Cooper,  Abbey  Holme,  neai'  Ennerdale  water ; 
ditches  on  west  side  of  Derwentwater,  Shoulthwaite  Moss, 
Eskmeals.  U.  vulgaris.  Derwentwater. 
Vaccinium  Mijrtillis,  common  on  woods  and  on  mountains.  V. 
oxycoccus,  common  in  bogs.  V.  vitis  ida:a,  summit  of 
Skiddaw,  Iron  Crag,  Swinside  Fell,  Helvellyn,  Scawfell, 
Great  Gable,  &c.  V.  uliginosum,  near  Gamelsby  in 
Aikton,  Wardren  JIoss,  Moorside  Parks. 
Valeriana  divica,  in  bogs,  near  Bampton,  Shap,  Pooley  Bridge 

Kendal,  &c. 
Veronir.a  Anagaltis,  St.  Bees  and  Ellen.    V.  hederifolia,  Dis- 
tington, \Vorkington.      V.  montana,  Walla  Crag.      V. 
scutcllata,  Ullock  Moss. 
Vicia  angustifolia,   Stainburn,  Santon.     V.  sglvatica,  Clifton 

Woods,  Barton. 
Viola  hirtii,  BaiTowfield  Wood.      V.  lutea,  Skiddaw,  Brigham. 

V.  patustris,  Spital  Wood. 
Zostera  marina,  Bootle  shore. 

In  the  compilation  of  tliis  short  list  of  the  rarer 
Cumberland   plants,   we    have    derirecl   the    greatest 


assistance  from  the  article  on  botany  in  Harriet  !Mar- 
,tincau's  admirable  Guide  to  the  Lakes. 

CHAEITIES. 

From  an  early  period,  it  has  been  usual,  in  tho 
counties  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  as  well  as 
elsewhere,  for  pious  or  charitable  persons  to  settle  or 
demise  money,  property,  rent-charges,  and  other  pro- 
ceeds, for  the  pui'pose  of  supporting  the  poor,  endowing 
schools,  providiug  clothing,  Ac,  in  paiticular  districts 
or  localities,  or  for  extending  and  improving  the  means 
already  in  existence  for  carrying  out  these  objects. 
Many  of  the  charities  remain  in  operation  to  tho 
present  day ;  some  of  them  improved  by  tho  kindred 
spirits  of  their  managers,  others  allowed  to  dwindle  into 
insignificance,  some  appropriated  by  the  cupidity  of 
individuals,  and  some  of  them  lost  in  a  manner  that 
cannot  now  be  traced.  For  the  preservation  and  good 
management  of  the  immense  amount  of  property  in- 
volved in  these  endowments,  an  act  was  passed,  58 
Geo.  III.,  cap.  91,  "for  appointing  commissioners  to 
inquire  concerning  charities  in  England,  for  the  educa- 
tion of  the  poor;"  and  another,  59  Geo.  III.,  cap.  81, 
to  amend  the  previous  act,  "  and  to  extend  the  powers 
thereof  to  other  charities  in  England  and  Wales." 
Both  these  acts  were  continued  by  others,  5  Geo.  IV., 
cap.  58,  and  1 0  Geo.  IV.,  cap.  57.  In  pursuance  of  their 
provisions,  commissioners  were  appomted,  whose  labours 
were  continued  during  a  scries  of  years,  and  whose 
voluminous  reports  tended  materially  to  elucidate  this 
hitherto  little  known  subject.  So  important  was  this 
inquiry  considered,  that  another  act,  5  and  0  WiUiam 
IV.,  was  passed,  "  for  appointing  commissioners  to 
continue  the  inquiries  concerning  charities  in  England 
and  Wales,  until  the  1st  day  of  March,  18;17."  In 
that  year,  the  concluding  report  appeared.  In  common 
with  the  charities  of  other  counties,  cities,  and  towns 
of  England  and  Wales,  those  of  Cumberland  and  A\'est- 
moreland  were  carefully  investigated  and  the  results 
placed  on  record.  From  this  authentic  source  of  infor- 
mation, it  is  intended  to  collect  the^materials  for  an 
account  of  each  of  tho  parochial  and  other  charities  in 
the  two  counties,  with  a  statement  of  such  changes, 
modifications,  and  additional  particulars  as  have  oc- 
curred since  the  date  of  the  commissioners'  reports,  so 
far  as  they  can  be  procured.  These  accounts  will  be 
arranged  with  their  respective  localities. 


CEinhrlauir    Wiux)i, 


Cumberland  Ward,  whicli  comprises  tbc  city  of  Carlisle,  and  is  the  most  fertile  division  of  the  county,  is 
bounded  on  the  north  hy  Eskdale  Ward,  on  the  north-west  by  the  Solway  Frith,  on  the  south-west  by  Allerdale- 
below-Uerwent  Ward,  and  on  the  south-east  by  Leath  Ward.  It  is  of  an  irregular  oblong  form,  extending  about 
twenty  miles  from  east  to  west,  and  about  eight  miles  from  north  to  south,  and  is  watered  by  the  rivers  Eden, 
Petteril,  Caldew,  Wampool,  and  Waver,  with  their  numerous  tributary  streams.  The  scenery  of  the  first-named  river 
is  very  picturesque,  and  is  much  admired ;  on  the  Petteril  and  Caldew  there  are  several  mills  and  manufactories. 
The  railways  passing  through  the  ward  are  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle,  the  JMaryport  and  Carlisle,  the  Lancaster  and 
Carlisle,  the  Caledonian,  the  Port  Carlisle,  and  the  Carlisle  and  Silloth.  Cumberland  Ward  comprises  seventeea 
parishes,  —  Beaumont,  Bowness,  Burgh -on -Sands,  Crosby -on -Eden,  Christ  Church,  Dalston,  Grinsdale,  Kirk 
Andrews-on-Eden,  Kirkbampton,  Orton,  Piocklitie,  St.  Cuthbert,  St.  Mary,  Stanwix,  Uppcrby,  Warwick,  and 
Weathcral ;  one  chapelry,  Wreay ;  and  two  extra-parochial  places,  Eaglesfield  Abbey  and  Kingmoor.  ^ 


THE    CITY   OF   CARLISLE. 


Carlisle,  an  episcopal  city,  a  parliamentary  and  muni- 
cipal borough,  and  the  capital  of  the  county  of  Cum- 
berland, is  situated  in  51'  03'  north  latitude,  and  2^ 
55'  west  longitude.  It  is  301  miles  north-west  by 
north  from  London  by  road,  and  300  miles  by  the 
Xorth-Westeru  and  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railways. 
The  city  is  seated  upon  an  eminence,  surrounded  by  a 
fertile  plain  of  rich  meadows,  and  is  nearly  encom- 
passed by  three  streams,  the  largest  of  which,  the 
Eden,  passing  Carlisle  on  the  north  side,  receives  the 
other  two — the  Petteril  on  the  east  and  the  Caldew 
on  the  west  of  the  city.  From  the  neighbourhood  of 
Stanwk,  on  the  other  side  of  the  Eden,  Carlisle  is 
seen  to  great  advantage,  while  the  southern  approach 
is  also  beautiful  and  picturesque.  The  eye  commands 
an  extensive  prospect  towards  the  north  and  east,  and 
in  the  middle  rises  the  city,  overtopped  by  the  massive 
towers  of  the  castle  on  the  west;  the  cathedral  still 
higher  in  the  centre ;  and  in  the  cast  arise  the  em- 
battled towers  of  the  court  houses.  The  atmosphere 
is  dry  and  pure,  and  the  soil  chiefly  sand  and  clay, 
while  the  proximity  of  the  city  to  an  inlet  of  the  sea, 
and  its  due  distance  from  the  mountains  on  all  sides 
render  the  temperature  moderate  and  temperate. 

The  city,  the  parliamentary  and  municipal  boundaries 
of  which  are  co-extensive,  consists  of  tho  townships  of 
Botcbergate,  English-street,  Scotch-street,  Fisher-street, 


Castle-street,  Abbey-street,  Rickergate,  and  Eaglesfield 
Abbey,  with  part  of  Caldewgate  township.  Its  popula- 
tion in  1801  was  9,531,  in  1811,  11,045;  in  1831, 
11,531;  in  1831,  19,009;  in  1841,  21,878;  and  in 
1S51,  90,310,  of  whom  12,077  were  males,  and  13,033 
females.  The  number  of  inliabitcd  houses,  at  the  same 
period,  was  ^3,950 ;  of  uninhabited,  119;  and  there 
were  38  in  course  of  erection.  The  following  table 
gives  the  population  of  the  ditferent  townships  in  the 
city  from  the  latest  parliamentary  returns : — 

1801 

Abbey-street 837 

Botcbergate    1,019 

Cnlciewgate l,yOO 

Castle-street  1,075 

Eagleslield  Abbey     — 
Euglisb-street    ...  2,331 

Fisber-strcet  294 

Sc.itcb-street 1,181 

Rickergate HOI 

Militarj'  iu  barcks.     — 

The  history  of  Lugubalia  or  Carlisle  during  the 
Roman  period  is  as  much  involved  in  obscurity  as  that 
of  the  other  portions  of  the  county,  though  there  is 
little  doubt  that  it  was  a  place  of  some  importance, 

s  Tliat  part  of  Calilewgate  townsliip  within  the  city  of  Carlisle, 
cuniprisoil,  iu  IV>1,  7,405  iiibabilants. 

>  No  return  was  made  for  Eaglesfield  Abbey  prior  to  1341. 


ISll 

1321 

1831 

1S4I 

1351 

772 

1,024 

1,246 

1,280 

1,099 

1,801 

2,202 

4,161 

0,400 

7,431 

2,009 

3,915 

5,104 

6,008 

7,8032 

890 

001 

1,007 

971 

1,102 





— 

01 

09* 

2,874 

3,249 

3,773 

3,880 

3,032 

309 

303 

443 

478 

471 

1,473 

1,012 

1,887 

1,844 

2,003 

997 

1,235 

1,448 

2,209 

2,915 





— 

231 

183 

1  Cbiiat  Churcb,  and  Uppcrby  parishes,  have  been  formed  under  Lord  Blaudford's  act  (ISDG)  fronc  the  former  parish  of  St.  Cuthbert. 


84 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


and  contained  its  temples,  and  palaces,  and  public  edi- 
fices, like  the  other  cities  and  stations  of  the  empire. 
It  appears  to  have  been  one  of  the  Civltates  Latii  jure 
donata,  or  cities  under  the  Latian  law,  of  which  there 
were  only  ten  in  Britain,  and  as  such  enjoyed  peculiar 
exemptions  and  privileges.  The  Scots  seem  to  have 
looked  upon  it  with  no  friendly  eye,  even  at  this  early 
period,  for  we  learn  from  two  of  their  own  writers, 
Fordun  and  Boethius,  that  it  was  captured  and  burnt 
by  them,  during  the  absence  of  the  imperial  legions, 
in  the  reign  of  Nero.  It  must,  therefore,  have  been 
subsequent  to  this  event,  and  most  probably  in  the 
time  of  Agricola,  that  it  was  fortified  as  a  strong  frontier 
town.  The  defences  constructed  at  this  period  appear  to 
have  been,  like  all  the  other  works  of  the  Romans,  of 
great  strength  and  durabihty,  for  despite  the  many  at- 
tacks which  were  made  upon  the  city  at  ditTorent  times, 
and  the  numerous  repairs  which  these  attacks  rendered 
necessary,  much  Roman  masonry  remained  till  a  com- 
paratively recent  period,  as  we  learn  from  Leland  and 
others.'  During  the  time  that  Britain  was  held  by  the 
Romans,  Cumberland  was  tolerably  secure  from  the  at- 
tacks of  the  Picts  and  Scots,  but  no  sooner  were  the 
protecting  legions  withdrawn  than  these  wild  sons  of 
the  north  overran  the  country,  and  Carhsle,  from  its 
situation,  being  almost  the  first  object  of  attack,  was 
laid  in  ruins,  and  its  inhabitants  put  to  the  sword. 
From  the  departure  of  the  Romans,  we  hear  no  more 
of  Lugubalia  till  the  seventh  century,  at  which  time 
the  Angles  possessed  the  northern  parts  of  England, 
and  acknowledged  Ecgfrid  for  their  king.  This  mon- 
arch visited  the  city,  gave  orders  for  its  re-edification, 
caused  a  wall  to  be  erected  for  its  defence,  and  founded, 
as  is  generally  behaved,  a  coDege  of  secular  priests  to 
attend  to  the  spiritual  wants  of  the  inhabitants.  It 
is  to  the  Angles  that  the  change  of  the  name  of 
the  city  from  Lugubalia  to  Carhsle  is  ascribed  by 
the  early  chroniclers  and  historians.  In  the  year 
COS,  St.  Cuthbcrt  arrived,  and  was  gladly  received 
by  the  people,  who  took  him  to  sec  the  fortifica- 
tions and  other  remains  of  antiquity  which  their  city 


' "  In  (liggyng  to  make  new  building  yn  the  towne  often  tymes  hath 
bene,  iiml  now  a  late,  found  diverse  fundations  of  the  old  cite,  as 
pavimcutes  of  streates,  old  ai'ches  of  dores,  coyne,  stones  squared, 
paynted  pottes,  money  hid  yn  pottes  so  old  and  muldid  that  when  yt 
was  strongly  touchid  yt  went  almost  to  mowlder;  as  yn  M  .  .  gialbys 
bowse  yn  dyggyng  for  the  squaryng  ....  his  gardin  and  crcbai-d, 
the  which  ston  .  .  .  eth  much  sowth.  The  hole  site  of  the  towne  is 
sore  chaungid.  For  wher  as  the  streets  where  and  gieat  ediiices  now 
be  vacant  and  garden  plottes.  In  the  felds  about  Cair  luel  j-n  plow- 
yng  hath  be  found  diverse  cornelines  and  other  stonys  well  entayled 
for  scales,  and  other  places  of  Cumberland  in  plowynge  hath  be  fownd 
brickes  conteyninge  the  prints  of  antique  workes." — Lelund's  Ilin. 
vol.  vii,  p.  84. 


possessed.'  Lugubalia,  with  the  surrounding  country 
for  fifteen  miles,  was  subsequently  granted  to  the  see  of 
Lindisfarne,  to  which  it  remained  attached  till  the 
reign  of  Henry  I.  On  the  invasion  of  Cumberland 
by  the  Danes,  under  Halfdene,  in  875,  Carlisle,  as  it 
was  now  called,  is  said  to  have  been  destroyed ;  but 
if  the  statement  of  some  of  the  Scotch  historians 
be  correct,  that  Gregory,  King  of  Scotland,  held  an 
assembly  of  his  nobles  here  in  880,  this  destruction 
must  liave  been  only  a  partial  one,  and  one  that 
could  be  soon  repaired.  But  certain  it  is  that  some- 
time about  this  period,  the  city  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Northmen,  by  whom  it  was  laid  in  ruins.  It  con- 
tinued in  this  state  for  about  two  centuries,  during 
which  time  there  was  "  never  an  inhabitant  to  be  seen, 
but  some  few  straggling  Irish,  who  lodged  themselves 
among  the  ruins.  There  was  no  face  nor  appearance  of 
a  city,  but  the  very  foundations  were  so  buried  in  the 
earth,  that  it  is  said  largo  oaks  grew  upon  them,  so  that 
it  looked  more  hke  a  forest  than  a  place  of  civil  govern- 
ment, and  this  is  not  only  attested  by  our  own  histo- 
rians, but  also  made  out  by  some  discoveries  that  have 
been  late  made  of  large  unhewn  oak  trees  buried  ten  or 
twelve  yards  in  the  ground." 

Matthew,  of  Westminster,  is  the  only  writer  who 
speaks  of  the  restoration  of  Carhsle  previous  to  the 
reign  of  William  Rufus.  lie  tells  us  that  Ranulph  de 
Meschines,  as  soon  as  he  had  received  Cumberland 
from  the  Conqueror,  at  once  began  to  rebuild  the 
city ;  and  further  informs  us,  that  the  Conqueror  him- 
self, on  his  return  from  Scotland,  in  1072,  gave  orders 
for  fortifying  Carlisle.  If  we  are  to  place  any  reliance 
on  this  information,  it  is  manifest  that  the  work  of 
restoration  must  have  proceeded  slowly,  and  made 
but  little  progress  till  the  reign  of  the  second  Norman 
liiug ;  for  the  same  writer,  in  common  with  the  other 
historians  of  the  period,  attributes  the  restoration  of 
Cai'lislc  and  the  rebuilding  of  the  castle  to  Wilham 
Rufus,  who  visited  the  city  and  placed  a  garrison  there 
in  1092.  The  same  monarch  subsequently  sent  a 
number  of  labourers  from  the  south  of  England  to 
settle  in  and  around  Carlisle,  to  reclaim  the  neighbour- 
ing lands  and  to  bring  them  into  cultivation,  and  Sir 
Francis  Palgrave  considers  it  not  unlikely  that  these 
colonists  were  the  people  who  were  ejected  from  their 
homes  by  Rufus,  when  the  New  Forest  was  in  course  of 
formation.  These  extensive  operations,  there  is  little 
doubt,  occupied  many  years,  and  must  have  been  far 
from  finished  when  Tyrrell 's  arrow  laid  the  Red  King  low, 
and  Henry  T.  ascended  the  English  throne  ;  for  in  1122, 

'  See  page  6. 
'  Dr.  Todd's  MS.  account  of  the  City  of  Cnilisle. 


THE   CITY   OF  CARLISLE. 


85 


or  twelve  years  after  Lis  accession,  Henry  being  at 
Carlisle,  disbursed  money  towards  their  completion. 
From  this  fact  it  would  appear  tbat  the  premature 
death  of  William  II.  interfered  with  the  carrying  out  of 
the  plans  devised  for  the  restoration  of  Carlisle,  and  it  is 
not  at  all  improbable  that  the  castle  and  the  city  walls 
were  finished  by  David,  King  of  Scotland,  who,  during 
several  years  possessed  the  city,  and  occasionally  resided 
there.' 

From  the  important  position  held  by  Carlisle  as  a 
strong  frontier  town,  it  was  frei]uently  besieged  during 
the  many  wars  between  the  English  and  the  Scotch,  and 
sufifcred  greatly  in  consequence.  In  1135,  it  fell  into 
the  possession  of  David  of  Scotland,  who  captured  it 
either  by  surprise  or  treachery,  and  spent  the  three 
following  ycai's  in  adduig  to  the  strength  of  its  fortifica- 
tions, which  according  to  Forduu,  wore  completed  in 
1138.  In  the  same  year  was  fought  the  Battle  of  the 
Standard,  when  the  Scottisli  monarch  was  completely 
defeated,  and  obliged  to  retreat  to  Carlisle,  where  he 
remained  for  three  days  in  the  greatest  auxiety  regard- 
ing the  fate  of  his  son,  whom  he  had  left  contending 
valiantly  with  the  enemy.  The  prince,  however,  es- 
caped, and  shortly  afterwards  joined  his  father  at 
Carlisle.  In  the  following  September,  Da«d  was 
visited  at  Carlisle  by  the  Cardinal  Alberic,  who  had 
landed  iu  England,  as  papal  legate.  The  Cardinal  had 
passed  through  the  tract  of  country  which  had  been  the 


'  Dr.  Toild  ill  llje  work  just  quoted,  says,  "  I  hare  a  manuscript 
account  of  the  county  of  Cumberland,  collected  by  an  industrious 
persou  (Mr.  Denton,  of  Cardew)  about  two  hundred  years  ago, 
which  Rives  a  particular  account  and  relation  of  this  matter,  and  more 
full  than  I  can  lind  in  any  other  historian.  This  author  says,  that 
the  people  which  King  Williiun  translated  hither  were  Flemings,  and 
that  ihey  anil  the  Irish  and  English  had  their  several  quarters  assigned 
them  at  tlie  building  of  rin'  city,  after  this  sort :  First,  in  llie  street  called 
Abbey  street  (from  the  Abbey,  whose  foundations  were  tliere  laid), 
our  founder  pla<'ed  the  Irish  families  who  hud  lived  before  in  little 
huts  amongst  the  'rubbish,  called  therefrom  in  old  writings,  Vicus 
llyberentium,  the  Irish  street:  Secondly,  in  tlic  street  called  Castle 
street,  Vicus  Castri,  because  the  Castle  was  built  at  the  west  end  of 
it,  were  placed  the  Flemings  or  Normans,  wherefore  it  is  sometimes 
called  Vicus  Francorum,  or  corruptly  Fennell  street:  Thirdly,  in 
Bichardgate,  Vicus  Hichardi,  so  called  because  it  leads  towards 
Itiehardby;  and  in  Botchardgate,  Vicus  Botchardi,  and  in  tlie  otlier 
principal  {daces  of  the  city  near  to  the  maiket  place  and  the  church, 
were  placed  the  best  and  principal  citizens,  natural  Englishmen:  in 
the  suburbs  on  the  west  side  towards  Coldcoats,  or  Caldewcouts,  or 
cottages,  towards  Dolston,  in  Shaddcniugale,  dwelt  the  remnant  of 
the  Flemings,  whereupon  the  street  was  called  Vicus  Flandrenlium. 
In  the  lowest  part  of  the  city,  towards  the  north-west,  stooil  the  Fish 
Shambles,  which  made  Uie  street  he  colled  Vicus  Piscatonmi,  Fisher 
street ;  in  the  south  east  of  this  were  the  Flesh  bhunibles,  or  Butchers' 
Row,  Vicus  Carnilieiuni ;  in  the  mitldle  and  centre  of  the  tow-n  was 
the  market  kept.  And  on  the  west  part  was  built,  on  a  large  piece 
of  ground  which  is  near  the  fourth  part  of  the  city,  the  Church  and 
Abbey  fur  religious  worship.  .\nd  it  was  well  provided  by  Wallerus. 
a  devout  person,  who  was  superior  of  the  works,  after  he  hod  liiuahed 
the  wall  and  caallc,  lo  udtc  care  that  the  houss  of  God  should  be  well 


scene  of  Scottish  depredation,  and  was  so  affected  with 
the  horrors  that  he  had  witnessed,  that  on  his  knees  he 
begged  of  the  lung  to  consent  to  a  peace.  David  was 
inexorable,  but  out  of  respect  to  the  petitioner,  he 
granted  a  truce  for  two  months  ;  promised  that  all  the 
females  that  bad  been  consigned  to  slavery  in  Scotland 
should  be  conducted  to  Carlisle,  and  liberated  on  the 
feast  of  St.  ilartin ;  and  gave  his  word  that  in  future 
wars  the  churches  should  be  respected,  and  protection 
should  be  extended  to  the  weak  and  unresisting.  In 
the  year  1149,  David  conferred  the  honour  of  knighthood 
upon  his  nephew  (afterwards  Henry  U.  of  England),  at 
Carlisle,  and  a  year  later,  the  same  king,  prince  Henry 
of  England,  and  Tiauulph,  earl  of  Chester,  met  here, 
and  entered  into  a  league,  binding  themselves  to 
to  make  common  cause  against  Stephen,  who,  at  that 
time  had  possession  of  the  English  crown.  The  con- 
temporary writers  inform  us  that  on  this  occasion  prince 
Henry  solemnly  promised,  that  on  his  accession,  he 
would  confirm  to  David  and  his  heirs  the  lands  in 
England  claimed  by  that  monarch.  Prince  Henry  of 
Scotland  died  at  Carlisle,  in  1152,  where  his  father 
David  also  expired,  on  the  24th  of  May,  iu  the  following 
year.  At  this  period  the  city  was  of  sufficient  impor- 
tance to  have  a  mint,  which  seems  to  have  been  supphed 
with  silver  from  mines  in  the  county. 

Henry  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  England  in  1154, 
when  Malcolm  of  Scotland,  the  son  and  successor  of 


built  and  furnished,  to  engage  thereby  the  favour  of  heaven  for  the 
good  of  tills  new  society, — for  all  Clmsiians  agree  that  if  God  be  not 
well  served  in  a  city,  it  may  be  strong  but  it  cannot  be  safe, — '  nisi 
Doniinus  custodierit  civitatem,  frustra  vigilat  qui  euslodit  earn.' 
Then  William  II.,  out  of  his  princely  care  and  bounty,  built  tlie  walls 
of  this  ruinated  city  of  Corlisle,  built  and  fortified  the  castle,  laid 
the  foundations  of  the  churili  and  abbey,  and  placed  a  great  lumiber 
of  inhabitants  in  all  parts  of  the  city ;  but  before  he  could  bring  liis 
designs  to  perfection,  the  fabric  of  his  own  body  foiled,  and  he  was 
called  out  of  this  world  by  on  unexpected  deoih,  wherefore,  the 
linishing  and  completing  whot  he  had  so  well  begun,  and  so  far 
advanced,  was  left  to  the  royal  care  of  his  successor,  Henry  I.,  a  wise 
and  pious  jirince.  No  sooner  hod  King  Henry  got  the  crown  upon  his 
head,  hut  he  hod  it  in  his  heart  to  advance  tile  good  state  of  tlie  new 
garrison  here  on  the  borders  ;  lUid  if  oilier  business  woulil  not  have 
permiiled  him  to  consider  its  condition,  yet  the  frequent  alarms  the 
Scots  g.ive  hhn  in  these  parts  would  have  advertised  him  how  neces- 
sory  it  was  to  keep  a  number  of  men  to  defend  these  iiorlhcm  coim- 
ties  from  their  insolence.  Hereupon,  in  the  bcginuiugof  his  reign, 
ho  removed  the  Flemings  oinl  Dutch  which  hod  been  placed  here,  as 
was  said,  into  the  Isle  of  Anglesea,  and  sent  in  their  room  regiments 
of  families  of  English  out  of  Keul,  Esses,  and  Middlesex,  to  inhabit 
the  cilv,  and  to  defend  it  too,  under  the  command  of  Ranuljdi  de 
Meschines,  sister's  son  to  Hugo  Lupus,  Earl  of  Chester.  What 
expenses  were  needful  lo  linish  tlic  walls  and  the  church,  were  sup- 
plied out  of  the  King's  e\chcipier  and  put  into  the  hands  of  Wallerus, 
the  supervisor  of  tlie  works,  who  was  a  person  of  greol  worlli  and 
abilities,  who  came  out  i»f  Normandy  with  ihe  Conqueror,  served  him 
ond  his  son  in  great  oflices,  and  when  he  had  portly  at  his  own 
charge,  as  well  as  (he  king's,  built  and  endowed  a  nicaastcr}'  her«, 
he  took  upon  him  the  habit  of  an  Austin  monk  iu  iW' 


86 


CUMBEBLAND   WARD. 


David,  applied  to  tbe  English  mouarch  for  the  fulfil- 
ment of  his  promise  regarding  the  land,  itc,  iu  England, 
claimed  by  the  Scottish  kings ;  Henry,  however,  disre- 
garding the  oath  made  to  David,  refused  to  comply,  and 
kept  them  in  his  own  hands.  In  1158  the  two  monarehs 
met  at  Carlisle,  but  separated  without  adjusting  theu" 
differences,  though  much  time  was  spent  in  negotiations 
for  that  purpose  ;  "  and,"  says  Dr.  Todd,  "  the  Iviug  of 
Scotland  did  not  receive  the  honour  of  knighthood, 
■which  he  had  expected."  From  this  time  the  city 
remained  in  the  possession  of  Henry,  who,  according 
to  Hutchinson,  granted  a  charter  to  the  citizens,  iu 
which  he  allowed  them  to  take  timber  for  building 
from  the  royal  forest  of  Carlisle.  Not  long  after  this, 
in  1173,  hostilities  continuing  between  the  two  king- 
doms, William  the  Lion,  the  successor  of  Malcolm, 
invaded  Cumberland,  and  laid  siege  to  Cai'lisle,  which 
was  well  aud  ably  defended  by  Robert  de  Vaux,  but 
learning  that  an  EugUsh  army  was  on  its  march  to 
relieve  the  city,  he  drew  off  his  soldiers  and  returned 
to  his  own  country.  He  came  back,  however,  in  the 
following  year,  and  invested  Carlisle  with  an  army  of 
80,000  men.  The  garrison  made  a  determined  resis- 
tance, and  the  siege  lasted  several  months,  during 
which  tbe  greatest  privations  were  endured  by  all 
within  the  city.  Being  reduced  to  the  last  extremity, 
the  brave  garrison  was  on  the  point  of  surrendering, 
when  the  capture  of  the  Scottish  king  at  Alnwick  put 
an  end  to  the  war,  and  brought  the  siege  to  a  con- 
clusion." In  IISO,  Henry  H.,  accompanied  by  a  large 
army,  visited  Carlisle,  where  he  was  met  by  William 
the  Lion  and  his  brother  David,  the  two  kings  being 
then  on  friendly  terms.  During  the  reigtt  of  this 
monarch  a  considerable  portion  of  the  city  was  burnt 
by  the  Scots,  and  in  addition  to  the  loss  of  property 
sustained  by  the  citizens,  the  charters  aud  other  docu- 
ments by  which  they  held  their  various  liberties  and 
immunities  were  completely  destroyed.  In  1103  they 
paid  ten  marks  for  the  restoration  of  their  rights  aud 
privileges.  King  John  visited  Carlisle  in  February, 
1201,  and  stayed  iu  the  city  for  three  daj-s,  and  again  in 
February,  1206,  when  he  remained  for  a  similar  period. 
In  August,  120?,  we  find  that  he  was  hero  for  one  day. 
Four  years  afterwards,  in  1212,  we  fiud  him  again  in  the 
old  border  city,  where  he  arrived  on  the  23rd  of  June,  and 
staid  till  the  2Gth,  when  he  departed  for  Hexham,  which 
he  reached  on  the  same  day,  and  proceeded  thence  to 
Durham.-  In  1216  Carlisle  was  besieged  and  taken  by 
the  Scots  under  Alexander,  but  the  castle  still  held  out 

1  See  page  13  for  an  account  of  the  siege  by  Fantosme,  a  con- 
temporary writer. 

»  Rot.  Lit.  Patentium,  vol.  I,  part  1. 


for  John.  The  Scottish  king  repaired  and  strengthened 
the  fortifications,  but  was  not  able  to  retain  possession  of 
the  city  long,  for  iu  the  following  year,  on  the  pacification 
which  followed  the  accession  of  Henry  III.,  it  was  surren- 
dered to  Walter  Gray,  archbishop  of  York,  for  the  King 
of  England.  On  this  occasion  the  canons  of  the  cathe- 
dral are  said  to  have  been  banished  by  Gualo,  the  papal 
legate,  for  having,  through  fear  of  death,  sung  mass  for 
the  Scottish  king  while  under  sentence  of  excommu- 
uication. 

From  this  time  we  hear  no  more  of  Carlisle  till  1233, 
in  which  yeai-,  according  to  the  Lanercost  chronicler, 
two  convents  were  founded,  one  for  the  Dominican 
friais,  and  the  other  for  the  Franciscan.  In  1283,  the 
citizens  were  summoned  by  Edward  I.  to  send  two 
representatives  to  parhameut.  Nine  years  later,  1292, 
a  fire  broke  out,  which  is  said  to  have  consumed  many 
houses  in  the  city,  with  the  greater  portion  of  the  abbey 
buildings,  and  greatly  damaged  the  cathedral.  This 
conflagration  appears  to  have  been  the  work  of  an  in- 
cendiary, who,  from  motives  of  resentment,  set  fire  to 
his  father's  house,  and  was  subsequently  executed  for 
the  crime.  During  the  progress  of  the  fire,  two  thieves, 
one  of  whom  had  taken  sanctuary  iu  the  cathedral 
church,  and  the  other  in  that  of  the  Franciscan  friars, 
effected  their  escape,  for  which  the  citizens  were  con- 
demned to  pay  a  fine  of  XTG  into  the  exchequer;  the 
fine  was,  however,  remitted  by  the  king,  on  condition 
that  the  citizens  should  acknowledge  that  they  were  re- 
sponsible for  the  safe  custody  of  felons  flying  for  sanc- 
tuary to  the  churches  withiu  the  city.  In  1296,  the 
earls  of  Buchanan  and  Slontcith,  with  other  Scottish 
nobles,  besieged  Carlisle,  when  the  garrison  made  such  an 
energetic  resistance,  that  after  three  days  the  assailants 
were  glad  to  retire.  During  this  siege  the  women  took 
an  active  part  in  the  defence  of  the  city,  aud  caused  the 
enemy  considerable  annoyance,  by  pouring  boihng  water 
and  casting  heavy  stones  from  the  walls  upon  the  be- 
siegers, "  which  so  abated  their  courage  aud  fury,  that 
they  thought  best  quietly  to  retreat,  aud  leave  the  coun- 
try to  judge  that  Carlisle  women  had  more  courage  and 
valour  than  the  Scottish  soldiers.''^  In  the  following 
year,  Wallace,  at  the  head  of  his  array,  summoned  the 
city  to  surrender,  but  the  garrison  being  well  prepared 
to  repel  any  attack,  refused  to  comply,  and  the  Scottish 
leader  withdrew  his  troops,  without  commencing  hos- 
tihties. 

Edwai-d  I.,  after  his  victory  at  Falkirk,  iu  1298, 
came  with  his  army  to  Carlisle,  and  is  said  to  have  held 
a  parliament  there  on  the  5  th  of  September.  Two 
years  later  we  find  him  again  here,  on  his  route  to 

e  Dr.  Todd's  MS. 


THE   CITY  OF  CAELISLE. 


8Y 


Scotland,  wlieii  he  was  attended  by  his  army  and  the 
flower  of  the  EngHsh  nobility.  But  the  mediation  of  tho 
Pope  brought  about  a  truce  between  Edward  and  the  Scot- 
tish monarch,  the  former  of  whom,  after  having  passed 
the  border,  returned  to  Holme  Cultram,  and  continued 
there  and  at  Carlisle  till  the  10th  of  October.  He  sub- 
sequently went  to  Dumfries,  whore  tho  truce  was  con- 
cluded, on  tho  30th  of  the  same  month,  and  arrived  at 
Carlisle  again,  on  his  way  to  the  south,  on  the  3rd  of 
November.  The  revolt  of  Bruce,  in  1305,  recom- 
menced war  between  tho  two  countries.  Tho  king  of 
England  appointed  Carlisle  as  the  place  of  rendezvous 
for  his  array,  which  was  summoned  to  assemble  at 
midsummer,  1 300.  I'jdward,  with  his  queen  and  court, 
arrived  on  the  2Sth  of  August,  and  remained  till  the 
10th  of  September,  when  ho  made  a  short  excursion 
into  Northumberland,  returning  to  Carlisle  in  October. 
His  health  being  in  a  declining  state,  from  the  united 
effects  of  disease  and  advancing  years,  ho  moved  slowly 
about  the  Scottish  border,  and  passed  a  great  portion 
of  his  time  at  Lanorcost  priory,  making,  however,  in 
the  mean  time  a  short  excursion  to  Carlisle.  In  Janu- 
ary, 1307,  a  parliament  met  here.  On  the  first  of 
the  following  JIarch  the  king  removed  to  Kirk  Cam- 
beck,  and  on  the  Ith,  accompanied  by  the  queen  and 
court,  paid  a  visit  to  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  at  Lmstock 
Castle,  where  he  remained  for  six  days,  enjoying  tho 
hospitality  of  the  prelate,  returning  to  Carlisle  to  meet 
his  parliament  on  the  12th.  This  parliament  consisted 
of  Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  the  legate  of  the  Holy  See, 
the  Archbishop  of  York,  nineteen  bishops,  several 
mitred  abbots,  tho  officers  of  state,  and  a  large  number 
(if  tho  most  powerful  barons  of  the  kingdom.  During 
its  sittings  an  e.^communication  was  fulminated  against 
llobert  Bruce,  by  Peter  of  Spain,  the  papal  legate, 
assisted  by  the  other  bishops,  with  all  tho  ceremonies 
usual  on  such  occasions.'  Tlie  army  having  assembled 
at  tho  timo  and  place  appointed,  Edward  celebrated  his 
ia.st  birth-day,  in  tho  ancient  city,  and  on  the  2f>th  of 
June,  set  out  on  his  march  towards  Scotland.  The 
exertion  of  sitting  on  hoi-seback,  however,  proved  too 
much  for  tho  aged  monarch,  he  having  heretofore  been 
carried  in  a  litter,  and  he  was  obliged  to  halt  at  Cald- 
cote,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Carlisle.  On  the  foUowin" 
day,  believing  himself  better,  he  resumed  his  journey, 
and  proceeding  by  slow  marches,  on  the  Sth  of  July 
reached  Burgh-onSands,  where  ho  expired  two  days 
afterwards.  A  messenger  was  immediately  despatched 
to  convey  tho  tidings  to  prince  Edward,  who  arrived  at 
Carlisle  on  tho  next  day,  and  was  at  once  acknowledged 

'  The  papal  bull  antliorising  this,  is  dated  May  the  18lh,  1308 ;  it 
13  groonded  ou  the  murder  of  Comyn,  in  n  cliurib. 


king  by  the  assembled  prelates  and  nobles.  He  then 
proceeded  to  Burgh,  to  assist  at  the  obsequies  which 
were  performed  for  the  repose  of  the  late  monarch's 
soul,  and  shortly  afterwards,  abandoning  the  war  with 
the  Scots,  returned  to  the  south,  passing  through  Car- 
lisle in  September. 

In  131-1,  Robert  Bruce  invaded  England  by  Carlisle, 
and  wasted  all  the  country  as  far  as  York.'  In  the  fol- 
lowing year,  he  again  entered  Cumberland,  and  on  the 
29nd  of  July  appeared  before  Carlisle,  which  he  at  once 
invested,  little  expecting  the  determined  resistance 
which  he  met  with  from  the  garrison  and  its  brave 
commander,  Andrew  de  Hercla.  "  On  every  day  of  the 
siege,"  says  the  Chronicle  of  Lanercost,  "  an  attack  was 
made  on  some  one  of  the  three  gates  of  the  city,  and 
sometimes  all  three  together;  but  not  with  impunity, 
for  daits,  arrows,  and  stones,  as  well  then  as  at  other 
times,  were  cast  down  upon  them  from  the  walls  in  so 
great  an  abundance,  that  they  questioned  among  them- 
selves whether  the  stones  did  not  increase  and  mul- 
tiply within  the  walls.  But  on  the  fifth  day  of  the 
siege,  they  erected  an  engine  for  carting  stones  near  the 
church  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  where  the  king  had  placed 
himself,  and  continually  threw  great  stones  towards  the 
Caldcw-gate,  and  at  the  wall,  but  did  no  injury,  or  but 
little  to  those  within,  except  that  they  killed  one  man. 
There  were  indeed  within  the  city,  seven  or  eight  simi- 
lar engines  with  other  warlike  instruments,  called 
springaldes,  for  throwing  long  darts  ;  and  slings  in 
sticks,  for  casting  stones,  which  greatly  terrified  and 
annoyed  those  who  were  without  the  city.  In  the 
meanwhile  the  Scots  erected  a  great  berefray,  in  the 
manner  df  a  tower,  the  height  of  which  considerably 
exceeded  that  of  the  walls  ;  which,  being  observed,  the 
carpenters  of  the  city  erected  a  wooden  tower,  which 
exceeded  the  height  of  the  other,  upon  one  of  the  towers 
of  the  wall  towards  which  that  engine  must  have  come, 
if  it  had  approached  tho  waU :  but  it  never  drew  near 
to  the  wall,  for  when  it  was  drawn  upon  wheels  over 
moist  and  claj'ey  ground,  there  it  stuck,  by  reason  of 
its  weight,  nor  could  it  be  drawn  any  further,  or  occa- 
sion any  inconvenience.  But  tlie  Scots  applied  many 
long  ladders,  which  they  had  brought  with  them,  for  the 
purpose  of  ascending  tho  wall  in  the  same  manner  in 
different  places,  and  a  sow  for  undermining  the  wall  of 
the  city,  if  they  found  it  practicable  ;  but  neither  the 
sow  nor  the  ladders  availed  anything.  They  also  made 
bundles  of  straw  and  grass  in  great  abundance,  to  fill 
up  the  moat  without  tho  wall,  on  the  cast  side,  in  order 
to  pass  over  it  dry  ;  they  also  made  long  wooden  bridges 

•  The  Chronicle  of  Englimd,  by  John  Capgrave,  London,  1858,  p.  181. 


88 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


running  on  wheels,  that  being  drawn  forcibly  and  rapidly 
with  cords,  they  might  be  carried  across  the  ditch  ;  but 
neither  would  the  bundles,  during  the  whole  stay  of  tlie 
Scots  there,  fill  up  the  moat,  nor  those  bridges  pass  the 
ditch,  but  fell  by  their  weight  to  the  bottom.  On  the 
ninth  day  of  the  siege,  ^Yhon  all  the  engines  were  ready, 
they  made  a  general  assault  on  all  the  gates  of  the 
town,  and  attacked  valiantly  throughout  the  whole 
circuit  of  the  walls,  and  the  citizens  defended  them- 
selves as  valiantly;  and  in  like  manner  ou  the  following 
days.  Moreover  the  Scots  employed  a  stratagem  similar 
to  that  by  which  they  took  the  castle  of  Edinburgh : 
they  caused  the  greater  part  of  their  army  to  make  an 
assault  on  the  eastern  part  of  the  city,  against  the  place 
of  the  Friars  Minors,  that  they  might  draw  thither  the 
party  within  ;  but  the  Lord  James  Douglas,  a  valiant 
and  wary  soldier,  with  certain  of  the  more  bold  and  alert 
of  the  army,  posted  themselves  on  the  western  side,  over 
against  the  place  of  the  Canons  and  Preaching  Friars, 
where,  ou  account  of  the  height  [of  the  walls]  and  diffi- 
culty, an  attack  was  not  apprehended,  and  there  erected 
long  ladders,  which  they  ascended,  and  they  had  archers 
in  great  numbers,  who  discharged  their  arrows  thickly, 
lest  any  one  should  raise  his  head  above  the  wall ;  but, 
blessed  be  the  Lord,  they  found  such  a  resistance  there 
that  they  were  thrown  to  the  ground  with  their  ladders, 
and  there,  and  elsewhere  about  the  walls,  some  were 
taken,  some  slain,  and  others  wounded.  Yet  no  English- 
man was  killed  during  the  whole  siege,  except  one  man 
struck  with  an  aiTow,  and  the  one  above-mentioned,  but 
a  few  were  wounded.  Thereupon,  on  the  eleventh  day, 
that  is  to  say,  on  the  feast  of  St.  Peter  ad  Yincula 
(August  1st),  the  Scots,  cither  because  they  heard  of  the 
approach  of  the  Enghsh  to  raise  the  siege,  or  because 
they  despaired  of  making  any  further  progress,  early  in 
the  morning  returned  into  their  own  land,  in  confusion, 
leaving  behind  them  all  their  warlike  engines  above 
mentioned.  Certain  English  pursuing  them,  took  John 
de  Moray,  who,  in  the  before  mentioned  battle  at  Stri- 
veUan,  had  for  his  share  twenty-three  Enghsh  luiights, 
besides  esquires  and  others  of  lower  rank,  and  received 
a  great  sum  for  their  ransom.  They  took  also  with  the 
aforesaid  John,  the  Lord  Robert  ]3ardolf,  a  man  cer- 
tainly of  the  very  worst  disposition  towards  the  English, 
and  brought  them  both  to  the  castle  of  Carlisle."  This 
extract  from  the  chronicle  will  give  an  insight  into  the 
manner  in  which  sieges  were  carried  on  in  those  days. 

In  132'^,  Andrew  de  Hercla,  governor  of  Carlisle, 
having  vanquished  the  Duke  of  Lancaster  and  his 
adherents  at  Boroughbridge,  was  rewarded  for  his  ser- 
vices by  the  earldom  of  Carlisle  and  the  wardenship  of 
the  Western  Marches.      The  same  vear,  Edward  11. 


assembled  a  numerous  army  for  the  invasion  of  Scot- 
land, infoi'raation  of  which  coming  to  the  ear  of  Bruce, 
he  entered   England   near  Carlisle,  and  burnt   Rose 
Castle,  plundered  the  Abbey  of  Holme  Cultram,  and 
laying  waste  the  sun-ounding  country,  proceeded  through 
Copeland  as  far  as  Preston,  carrying  destruction  whither- 
soever he  went.     He  returned  with  great  booty,  and 
encamped  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Carlisle  for  five  days, 
during  which  time  the  Scottish  troops  were  constantly 
engaged  in  plundering.    "Whereupon,"  says  Nicholson 
and  Burn,  "Andrew  de  Hercla,  concluding  that  King 
Edward  neither  knew  how  to  govern  nor  defend  his 
kingdom,  and  fearing  that  he  would  in  the  end  lose  it, 
did,  ou  the  3rd  of  January,  privately  repair  to  King 
Fiobert,  at  Loehmaben,  and  there  they  mutually  agreed 
to  assist  and  succour  each  other  with  all  their  might. 
And  it  was  further  agreed,  that  if  the  king  of  England 
should  within  one  year  approve  thereof,  that  then  King 
Robert  should  cause  one  monastery  to  be  built  in  Scot- 
land, and  endowed  with  500  marks  of  yearly  revenue 
for  ever,  to  pray  for  the  souls  of  all  those  that  had 
perished  in  the  wars  between  England  and  Scotland ; 
and  should  pay  4000  marks  of  silver  to  the  king  of 
England  within  ten  years :  and  that  the  king  of  Eng- 
land should  have  the  prince  of  Scotland  and  marry  him 
to  a  relation.      The  earl  returning  to  CarUsle,  sum- 
moned all  the  chief  of  the  county,  as  well  clergy  as 
laity,  and  there,  more  out  of  fear  than  love,  they  aU 
swore  that  they  would  keep  and  defend  the  said  con- 
vention with  their  whole  power.     And  all  the  common 
people  were  much  pleased  therewith,  hoping  they  might 
now  live  peaceably  at  home.      But  an  account  of  all 
these  proceedings  being  carried  to  King  Edward,  he 
was  greatly  surprised  and  troubled  at  it ;  and  publicly 
proclaiming  the  earl  a  traitor,  sent  to  Anthony  Lord 
Lucy  to  apprehend  him,  promising  that  he  and  his 
assistants  should  be  well  rewarded.     Whereupon  the 
Lord  Lucy,  having  his  squires  and  other  men  properly 
dispersed  here  and  there  upon  various  pretended  causes, 
on  the  morrow  of  St.  Matthias  the  Apostle  (February 
25  th),  he  and  they  entered  the  castle  of  Carlisle,  where 
the  earl  was,  as  upon  common  business.     With  Lord 
Lucy  were  three  stout  and  daring  knights,  Sir  Hugh  de 
Lowther,  Sir  Richard  de  Denton,  and  Sir  Hugh  de 
Moriceby,  with  four  squires,  all  well  armed.     And  as 
they  entered  the  castle  they  carefully  left  a  guard  at 
every  gate.      The  Lord  Lucy,  with  his  three  knights, 
went  through  the  great  hall  to  the  place  where  the  earl 
was  sitting,  and  thus  accosted  him, — 'Sir,  you  must 
either  surrender  or  defend  yourself  instantly.'     Upon 
which  he  submitted.    Then  some  of  his  servants  calling 
out  treason,  the  keeper  of  the  inner  gate  would  have 


THE   CITY  OF  CARLISLE. 


89 


shut  it  upon  the  knights  thut  had  entered,  but  Sir 
Richard  de  Denton  killed  him  with  his  own  hand,  and 
this  was  the  only  person  that  was  slain  in  the  wliole 
affair.  But  all  that  were  in  the  castle  surrendered 
themselves  and  it  to  Lord  Lucy.  Rut  some  of  the 
family  repaired  with  all  speed  to  High-head  Castle,  to 
acquaint  his  brother  John  therewith,  \Yho  immediately 
fled  into  Scotlatid,  and  with  him  Sir  William  Blount 
and  many  others.  A  special  message  being  despatched  ' 
to  King  Edward  at  York,  to  acquaint  him  with  all  that 
was  done,  and  to  know  his  pleasure ;  the  earl,  in  the 
meantime,  apprehending  what  would  be  the  consequence, 
confessed  himself  to  several  monks,  who  gave  him  abso- 
lution, and  assured  him  of  eternal  happiness.  On  the 
feast  of  St.  Chad  (March  2nd),  six  days  after  the  seizing 
of  the  said  earl,  an  armed  force,  with  Sir  Jeffrey  de 
Scrope,  chief  justiciar,  arrived  at  Carlisle,  who,  the  next 
day,  tried  and  sentenced  the  siiid  earl  to  be  degraded, 
hanged,  and  quartered.  After  the  pronouncing  which 
sentence,  the  earl  said,  '  You  have  disposed  of  my  body 
at  your  pleasure,  but  my  soul  I  give  to  God.'  And 
then,  with  an  unchangeable  countenance  and  uplifted 
hands  and  eyes,  he  was  carried  to  the  gallows  and 
executed,  having  first  fully  explained  the  intention  of 
the  treaty." ' 

J  Histor)'  of  Cumberland  find  Westmoreland,  vol.  ii,  pp.  2^0, 231. 
The  jiulgment  was  in  auhslimce  as  follows: — Whereas  our  lord  the 
king,  on  iiceount  of  the  loyalty  which  he  thovight  he  had  obser^*cd 
in  you,  Andrew  de  Herein,  made  you  earl  of  Carlisle,  and  with  his 
own  hand  girded  you  with  the  sword,  and  gave  you  n  fee  of  the 
county,  with  entitle-,  to\7ns,  lands,  and  tenements,  to  support  the 
estate  of  nn  earl ;  and  yet  you  have  traitorously,  falsely,  and  mali- 
ciously gone  to  Robert  Uniro  to  maintain  him  in  opposition  to  the 
will  of  tlie  king,  lliis  court  duih  award  that  you  shall  be  degraded, 
and  lose  the  title  of  earl  fur  yourself  aiul  your  heirs  for  ever ;  and 
that  you  shall  be  ungirded  of  your  sword,  and  that  your  spurs  of 
gold  shall  be  struck  off  from  your  heels.  And  whereas  you,  Andrew, 
the  liegeman  of  our  lord  the  king,  contrary  to  your  homage,  faith, 
and  allegiance,  have  traitorously  gone  to  Robert  Hruce,  the  mortal 
enemy  of  our  lord  the  king,&e.,  this  court  doth  award  llial  for  the  same 
treason  you  shall  be  drawn,  hanged,  and  beheaded :  that  your  heart, 
bowels,  and  entrails,  from  which  these  traitorous  thoughts  proceeded, 
shall  be  plucked  out  and  burnt  to  ashes,  and  the  ashes  be  scat- 
tered in  the  wind;  and  that  your  body  shall  lie  divided  into  four 
quarters  and  sent  to  Newcastle,  Carlisle,  York,  and  Shrewsbury,  and 
your  head  shall  be  placed  on  London  Bridge  for  an  example,  that 
others  may  Icani  not  to  commit  such  treasons  against  tlieir  liege- 
lord.— /ij/ni.  ilOiP,  Pari,  n'rils,  ii.  app.  202. 

The  following  arcount  of  this  affair  is  given  by  Capgrave: — "  In 
this  same  yere  Andrew  Hcrcle,  whecli  took  Thomas  of  Lancastir, 
and  broulo  biin  to  the  kyng,  and  whom  the  kyng  had  rewarded 
gretely,  and  mad  erl  of  C'arlyle,  ros  ageyn  the  Spenseres.  And 
itbanne  he  say  it  myte  not  availe,  lliic  were  so  wallid  with  the  kyngis 
grace,  he  rebelled  openly,  and  drew  to  tlic  Srottis,  and  favoured  her 
p»n  ageyn  the  kyng.  Theime  was  there  a  nobil  knyle  in  that  cunlre, 
cleped  Sir  Anihony  Lucy.  lie,  supposing  to  .stand  the  better  in  the 
kyngis  grace,  sodeynly  fel  upon  this  tyrant  at  Karlhil,  took  him,  put 
him  ill  yrunnes,  and  brout  him  to  London  to  the  kyng,  and  tliere 
was  lie  scliaincfully  deposed  of  allc  worchip,  aud  deed  as  a  Ire- 
tourc."— C/irunic/*  <)/  England,  p.  191. 

13 


As  some  reward  for  his  services  in  arresting  Hercla, 
Lord  Lucy  appears  to  have  been  appointed  governor  of 
Carlisle,  for  we  find  that  in  1.327  the  lords  Urford  and 
Mowbray  were  sent  to  that  city  with  a  reinforcement 
to  the  governor,  Anthony  Lord  Lucy.  He  does  not, 
however,  seem  to  have  held  that  important  post  for  any 
lengthened  period;  for,  in  1332,  when  Edward  Baliol 
sought  protection  here  after  his  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  obtain  the  Scottish  crown,  he  was  entertained  by 
Lord  Dacre,  who  appears  to  have  been  governor  at  that 
time. 

In  1334,  Edward  Baliol  and  the  earls  of  Warwick 
and  O.xford  were  sent  to  Carlisle  by  Edward  lET.,  who 
was  then  in  Scotland,  with  instructions  to  defend  Cum- 
berland against  the  Scots.  Shortly  after  their  arrival 
in  the  city,  their  force  having  received  several  additions, 
they  made  an  incursion  into  Scotland  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Baliol,  and  then  returned  to  Carlisle.  On  the 
11th  of  July  in  the  following  year,  another  expedition, 
headed  by  the  king  in  person,  marched  from  Carlisle 
against  the  Scots,  who  three  years  later  retaliated  by 
making  an  irruption  into  Cumberland  aud  attacking 
Carlisle,  but  being  unable  to  make  any  impression  upon 
the  city,  they  burnt  the  suburbs,  and  the  hospital  of 
St.  Nicholas,  as  well  as  Rose  Castle.  Li  1345,  how- 
ever, they  were  more  successful,  and  the  city  itself  was 
given  to  the  flames.  From  this  date  we  find  no  further 
notice  of  CarHsle  till  1356,  in  which  year  Bishop  Wel- 
ton  granted  an  indulgence  of  forty  days,  upon  the  usual 
conditions,  to  all  those  who  should  contribute  to  the 
repairs  of  the  bridge  over  the  Eden  to  the  north  of  the 
city.  On  the  demise  of  Edward  III.,  in  1377, 
Richard  II.  succeeded  to  the  English  throne ;  and  in 
the  third  year  of  his  reign  "  the  Scots,"  says  Dr.  Todd, 
"  invaded  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  killing  aU 
they  met,  and  miserably  laying  waste  the  whole  country. 
They  passed  by  the  city  of  Carlisle,  going  through  the 
forest  of  Inglewood,  where  they  seized  four  thousand 
head  of  cattle  and  sent  them  to  Scotland,  with  a  small 
party  to  secure  them.  They  came  to  Peiu'itli  on  the 
market-day,  and  killed  many  of  the  people,  putting  the 
rest  to  flight,  and  spoiling  the  town  of  all  goods  which 
they  were  able  to  carry  away.  In  their  return  they 
designed  to  have  made  an  attack  upon  Carlisle,  but 
finding  it  well  manned  aud  provided,  they  durst  not 
attempt  it,  which  some  of  the  cliief  archers  perceiving, 
made  a  sally  upon  them,  and  by  their  bows  and  arrows 
killed  many  of  them.  The  Earl  of  Northumberland 
would  have  pursued  them,  but  the  king  would  not  suffer 
him,  though  he  had  lost  a  thousand  marks  by  the  rapine 
and  fury  of  the  invaders.  About  two  years  after,  as 
soou  as  they  had  eaten  their  stolen  provisions,  the  Scots 


90 


CUMBERLAND   WARD. 


again  invade  Cumberland,  bum  part  of  Penrith,  lay 
•siege  to  Carlisle,  and  throw  fire  into  it,  which  consumes 
to  ashes  one  whole  street ;  and  tliey  had  in  all  proba- 
bility taken  the  city,   but  that  they  were  frightened 
away  in  a  miraculous  manner,  as  is  reported,  which 
was  thus : — When  they  had  put  the  citizens  to  great 
consternation,  and  were  ready  to  make  an  assault,  there 
appeared  a  woman  to  them,  and  told  them  that  the  king 
of  England  with  a  puissant  army  was  coming  upon 
them.     They,  looking  about,  saw  the  English  banner, 
and  a  vast  array  advancing  towards  them,  as  they  sup- 
posed, whereupon  tliey  left  their  ladders  and  engines  at 
the  walls,  and  took  to  their  heels  for  security,  never 
looking   behind   them  till  they  came  into  tbeii'   own 
country.      This  woman  was  then  supposed  to  be  the 
Blessed  Virgin,  the  patroness  of  the  city,  who  had  upon 
these   occasions   often   appeared   to   the  citizens   and 
inhabitants,  as  Henry  Knighton  is  of  opinion  ;    and 
such  religious  esteem  has  been  had  towards  the  Blessed 
Virgin,  that  her  impress  with  our  Saviour  in  her  arms, 
is  the  public  seal  of  the  Corporation  to  this  day."     In 
1385,  the  same  enemy,  in  conjunction  with  some  French 
auxiliaries,  invaded  Cumberland,  when  another  fniitless 
attempt  was  made  upon  Carlisle ;  and  in  1 387  the  city 
was  again  attacked  by  the  Soots  under  the  Earls  of 
Douglas  and  Fife,  but  with  a  similar  result.      "  In 
1391,"  says  the  writer  just  quoted,    "  this  city  was 
burnt  by  misfortune,  whereupon  the  king  (Richard  II.) 
moved  with  compassion,  gave  to  the  citizens  i£40  fee 
farm-rent,  and  a  mill  for  four  years,  to  repair  in  part 
the  damages  which  they  had  sustained.    After  the  poor 
and  unfortunate  city  was  burnt  and  laid  in  ashes  so 
many  times  by  the  fury  of  the  Scots  and  by  casualty, 
as  has  been  seen,  it  was  able  to  recover  itself  from  many 
desolations;  and  even  at  this  day  the  scars  of  those 
dreadful  wounds  arc  yet  apparent,  for  the  town  is  so 
tliin  and  empty  of  inhabitants   that  it  looks  like  a 
country  village  well  walled  about  rather  tlian  a  city 
■which  can  boast  of  so  many  royal  favours  and  immuni- 
ties bestowed  upon  it ;  and  these  devastations  which  it 
has  suffered,  are  not  only  attested  by  our  historians, 
but  also   demonstratively  evident   now-a-days   by  the 
several   pavements  which   are   discovered   in   digging 
wells,  one  above  another,  which  are  nothing  but  the 
ancient  streets,  buried  in  vast  heaps  of  rubbish,  at  the 
several  conflagrations  that  the  town  has  suifered." 

During  the  civil  wars  between  the  houses  of  York 
and  Lancaster,  the  city  is  said  to  have  been  "  miserably 
harrassed,"  but  we  have  no  recorded  particulars  of  that 
period  with  the  exception  of  an  act  of  parliament  passed 
in  1161,  in  which  it  is  stated  that  "  Carlisle  had  suffered 
greatly  in  the  late  civil  wars  when  besieged  by  the 


King's  enemies,  Margaret  (the  late  Queen),  Edward 
(late  Prince  of  Wales),  and  Henry  Duke  of  Exeter, 
when  they  burnt  the  suburbs  and  the  city  gates.''  In 
consideration  of  what  the  citizens  had  suffered  on  this 
occasion,  Edward  IV.  remitted  one  half  of  their  fee-form 
rent  of  £80,  and  granted  to  them  the  lordship  of  the 
royal  fisheries  at  Carlisle.  By  another  act  passed  in 
the  twenty -second  year  of  the  reign  of  the  same  monarch, 
it  was  enacted  that  no  English  goods  were  to  be  sold 
to  the  Scots  at  any  other  places  than  Carlisle  and 
Berwick-upon-Tweed,  under  pain  of  forfeiture. 

For  the  next  forty  years  we  hear  no  more  of  the 
ancient  city.  In  1522,  however,  the  Duke  of  Albany, 
at  that  time  regent  of  Scotland,  entered  Cumberland  at 
the  head  of  a  large  army,  and  advanced  towai'ds  Car- 
lisle ;  but  finding  the  city  well  prepared  to  sustain  a 
lengthened  siege,  he  withdrew  his  forces  without  at- 
tempting anything  of  importance.  In  1537  broke  out 
the  Northern  Rebellion,  or,  as  it  is  more  generally 
called,  the  POgrimagc  of  Grace,  which  soon  spread  over 
tlie  northern  counties  ;  and  we  are  informed  that  8,000 
men,  under  Musgrave,  Tilby,  and  others,  attacked 
Carlisle  without  effect,  being  repulsed  by  the  gar- 
rison and  citizens.  The  Duke  of  Norfolk,  who  com- 
manded the  royal  forces  sent  agamst  the  insurgents, 
intercepted  them  on  their  retreat  from  Carlisle.  All 
the  leaders,  with  the  exception  of  Musgrave,  were  cap- 
tured, and  seventy-four  officers  expiated  with  their  blood 
their  too  ardent  attachment  to  the  faith  and  practices 
of  the  old  religion, — being  hung  on  the  walls  of  the 
city.  The  same  year  Cuthbert  Tunstal,  bishop  of 
Durham,  and  the  Bishop  of  Orkney,  met  at  Carlisle,  as 
commissioners  for  arranging  a  treaty  of  peace  between 
England  and  Scotland. 

Nothing  farther  transpires  relating  to  Carlisle  till 
1568,  when  Elizabeth  occupied  the  English  throne, 
and  Mary  of  Scotland  makes  her  appearance  here  as  a 
prisoner.  She  landed  at  Workington  on  Sunday,  IMay 
16th,  whence  she  proceeded  to  Cockermouth,  and  then, 
imder  the  escort  of  Mr.  Lowther  and  a  number  of  the 
gentlemen  of  the  county,  she  was  conducted  to  Carhsle 
and  lodged  in  the  castle.  She  was  followed  to  the  city 
by  the  Earl  of  Northumberland,  who  was  desirous  of 
getting  possession  of  her  person,  but  the  vigilant  watch 
kept  over  Mary  by  Mr.  Lowther  prevented  the  accom- 
plishment of  the  earl's  designs.  When  Ehzabeth  was 
informed  of  the  Scottish  queen's  arrival  at  Carlisle,  she 
sent  instructions  to  Mr.  Lowther  that  Mary  should  be 
treated  with  the  greatest  respect,  and  commanded  Lady 
Scrope,  and  other  ladies,  to  repair  to  Carlisle  and 
attend  upon  her.  In  order  that  Mary's  conduct  might 
be  strictly  watched  and  properly  reported,  Elizabeth 


THE   CITY   OF  CARLISLE. 


01 


ordered  Lord  Serope  aud  Sir  Francis  Knolles  to  pro- 
ceed to  Carlisle  for  that  purpose. 

On  the  29th  of  Ma)',  Sir  Francis  wrote  to  Elizabeth, 
giving  her  an  account  of  the  first  interview  which  he 
and  Lord  Serope,  the  lord  deputy,  had  with  the  captive 
queen.  In  this  letter  he  describes  Mary's  great  dis- 
satisfaction at  not  being  admitted  into  the  presence  of 
Elizabeth,  and  recommends  to  the  lattor's  consideration 
■whether  it  would  not  be  more  honourable  in  the  sight 
of  foreign  princes,  and  of  her  own  subjects,  to  suffer 
the  Queen  of  Scotland  to  return  to  her  own  country,  if 
she  thought  proper.  Alluding  to  the  possibility  of  her 
being  still  longer  detained  a  prisoner,  he  remarks, 
"  She  cannot  be  kept  so  rigorously  as  a  prysener  with 
your  hyghness  honor  (in  myn  opynyon)  but  that  with 
devyces  of  towels  or  toys  at  her  chamber  wj'ndow  or 
elsewhere  in  the  nyght,  a  bodye  of  her  agylyty  and 
spyryte  may  escape  beyng  so  near  the  border."  It 
having  been  resolved  to  detain  Mary  as  a  prisoner, 
Sir  Francis  was  appointed  her  keeper,  an  office  which 
he  by  no  means  relished,  though  he  appears  to  have 
fulfilled  the  disagreeable  task  imposed  upon  him  with 
the  utmost  fidelity.  In  a  letter  dated  June  the  loth,  he 
recommends  Naworth  Castle  as  a  much  more  secure 
place  for  her  residence  than  Carlisle.  He  also,  in  the 
same  letter,  assures  Elizabeth  that  every  precaution 
should  be  taken  for  Mary's  safe  custody,  though  he 
seems  to  think  that  escape  was  possible,  considering 
the  small  number  of  guards  he  had  at  his  disposal, 
and  that  appearance  of  liberty  which  it  was  deemed 
advisable  to  allow  her.  We  gather  from  the  same 
letter  that  it  was  to  keep  up  this  semblance  of  liberty 
that  the  Scottish  queen  was  allowed  to  attend  service 
at  the  cathedral  church,  ^^'ith  respect  to  air  and 
€.\ercise  shi;  does  not  appear  to  have  had  much  indul- 
gence, as  wo  learn  from  the  letter  just  mentioned,  in 
which  Sir  Francis  says,  "  Yesterday  hyr  grace  went 
owte  at  a  posterne  to  walke  on  a  playinge  green  toward 
Skotlaiul,  and  we,  with  21  halberders  of  Master  Head's 
band,  with  divers  gentlemen  and  other  servants  waited 
ou  hyr.  Where  about  twenty  of  her  retinue  played 
at  footeball  bcforo  hyr  the  space  of  two  bowers  very 
Htronglye,  nymbyley,  and  skyllfidlye,  without  any  fowle 
play  oH'cred,  the  stualness  of  theyr  balls  occasyouyng 
theyr  fayre  playe.  And  bcforo  yestordayo  since  our 
comyng  she  went  but  twysc  out  of  the  towne,  once  to 
the  lyke  playo  at  footeball  in  the  same  place,  and  once 
roode  cute  a  hunting  the  hare,  she  gallopyng  so  fast 
upon  every  occasyon,  and  hyr  hoolc  retinue  being  so 
well  horsyd,  that  we  upon  e.xperyenco  thereolT,  dowblyng 
tliat  upon  a  set  cowrso  some  of  her  frendes  owte  of 
Skotlaud  myghto   invade   aud    assaulte   us  upon   the 


sodayne  to  reskue  and  take  hyr  from  us,  we  mean  here- 
after yff  any  sotche  rydyng  pastymes  be  reqwyred  that 
waye,  so  motche  to  feare  the  indangeryng  of  her  per- 
son by  some  sodayue  invasyon  of  her  enemyes,  that  she 
must  hold  us  excused  in  that  behalfe." 

Elizabeth,  it  appears,  was  most  anxious  to  learn  what 
kind  of  person  the  Scottish  queen  was,  for  in  reply  to 
some  inquiries  concerning  Mary,  Sir  Francis  observes, 
"  This  Ladie  and  Prynces  is  a  notable  woman,  she 
seemeth  to  regard  no  ceremonious  honour  beside  the 
acknowledgyng  of  hyr  estate  royallc,  she  shoethc  a 
disposition  to  speak  motche,  to  be  bold,  to  be  pleasant, 
and  to  be  very  famelyare ;  she  shoethe  a  great  desyre 
to  be  avenged  of  hyr  enemyes  :  she  shoethe  a  rediness 
to  expose  hyrself  to  all  perylls  in  lioopc  of  victorie  ;  she 
delythethe  motche  to  hear  of  hardiness  and  valeancye, 
commendyng  by  name  all  approved  hardye  men  of  hyr 
countrye,  althoe  they  be  hjT  enemyes,  and  she  con- 
cealeth  no  cowardness."  With  regard  to  her  attendants, 
and  how  they  were  disposed,  Su:  Francis  tells  us,  that 
she  had  about  thirty  or  forty  servants,  including  gen- 
tlemen servers  aud  waiters,  carvers  and  cupbearers  ;  but 
not  more  than  three  or  four  of  these  had  lodgings  in 
the  castle.  The  lords  Claude  and  Skading,  and  young 
Mr.  Maxwell,  with  several  other  gentlemen  aud  then: 
servants,  lay  in  the  city  at  theur  own  expense,  and 
waited  upon  the  queen  when  opportunity  offered.  Lord 
Herries,  who  had  gone  to  London  to  try  and  obtain  for 
Mary  an  interview  with  Elizabeth,  shortly  after  this 
returned  to  Carlisle,  his  efforts  having  proved  unavail- 
ing. An  order  subsequently  arrived  for  her  removal  to 
the  south,  which  Mary  resisted  as  long  as  she  could,  but 
was  ultimately  obliged  to  comply  with,  and  after  a  resi- 
dence of  two  months  in  Carlisle,  the  Scottish  queen  left 
the  ancient  city,  which  she  was  destined  to  behold  no 
more.  She  was  removed  on  the  i:ith  of  July  to  Lowther, 
whence  she  was  taken  to  Bolton  Castle  in  Yorkshire. 

Fears  being  entertained  for  the  safety  of  Carlisle 
during  the  rebeUion  of  the  Earis  of  Nurthumberiand 
and  Westmoreland,  in  156!),  Lord  Serope,  warden  of  the 
western  marches,  occupied  the  city,  but  this  precaution 
was  needless,  as  the  forces  of  the  earls  did  not  advance 
beyond  Naworth,  where  they  dispersed.  In  1590, 
William  Armstrong,  or  "  lunmout  Willie,"  a  noted 
borderer,  was  taken  prisoner  on  the  marches,  and  car- 
ried to  Carlisle,  although  it  was  a  day  of  truce  upon  the 
borders.  When  the  knowledge  of  Willie's  capture  came 
to  the  ears  of  Lord  Buccleugh,  who  at  that  time  bad 
chai-ge  of  Liddesdale,  he  at  once  applied  to  Lord  Serope, 
the  English  warden  of  the  western  marches  for  the  bor- 
derer's release,  but  his  application  being  refused,  he 
at  once  formed  the  resolution  of  rescuing  his  countiyman. 


92 


CUMBERLAND  WAED. 


Coming  to  Carlisle  during  the  night  with  a  party  of 
200  men,  he  made  a  breach  in  the  city  wall  sufficient 
to  admit  a  few  men,  who,  by  breaking  open  a  postern 
gate  soon  let  in  the  remainder,  and  before  the  gariisou 
was  prepared  for  resistance,  Armstrong,  whose  place  of 
confinement  was  previously  known,  was  released  and 
carried  off  in  triumph.  The  boldness  of  the  Scots  in 
thus  surprising  an  English  fortress  is  said  to  have 
highly  incensed  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  to  have  en- 
dangered the  peace  of  the  two  kingdoms.  When 
Buccleugh  was  afterwards  presented  to  the  English 
sovereign,  tradition  tells  us  that,  in  a  peremptory  way, 
she  demanded  how  he  dared  to  undertake  an  euteqmse 
so  desperate;  and  the  undaunted  chieftain's  answer 
was,  "  What  is  it  that  a  man  dares  not  do  ?  "  A  reply 
■which  so  struck  the  queen  that  she  exclaimed,  "  With 
ten  thousand  such  men  our  brother  of  Scotland  might 
shake  the  firmest  throne  of  Europe." 

According  to  Ridpath,  commissioners  appointed  to 
settle  the  disturbances  upon  the  borders  met  at  Carlisle 
in  159G.     They  were  empowered  to  hear  and  redress 
all  wrongs  committed  siuce  the  last  sitting  of  the  com- 
missioners, which  took  place  at  Berwick-upon-Tweed 
upwai-ds  of  nine  years  previously.     This  arduous  under- 
taking found   them  employment  for  several  months, 
during  which  time  the  raids  of  the  borderers  were  as 
frequent  as  ever.      The   Bishop  of  Durham  was  the 
principal  commissioner  on  the  part  of  England,  and  the 
Bishop  of  Dunkeld  on  the  part  of  Scotland.     Carlisle 
suffered  severely  from  the  plague  in  1598,  when  1,196 
persons,  or  about  a  third  of  the  entire  population,  are 
said  to  have  died.     The  sick  poor  were  not  neglected 
on  the  occasion,  upwards  of  £300  being  collected  for 
their  relief.     On  the  19th  of  August  of  the  same  year, 
Christopher  Robinson,  a  Roman  Catholic  priest,  suffered 
death  at  Carlisle,  with  all  the  revolting  details  usual  in 
cases  of  high  treason,  for  having  celebrated  the  rites  of 
his  religion,  and  performed  the  duties  of  his  profession. 
He  was  a  native  of  Woodside,  and  having  studied  at 
Douay  aud  Rheims,  was  ordained  and  sent  upon  the 
English  mission  in  1592.     During  his  imprisonment 
before  execution.  Bishop  Robinson,  who  at  that  period 
held  the  see  of  Carlisle,  had  a  conference  with  him, 
but  failed  in  his  attempt  to  make  him  abandon  his 
relioion.      In  1600  an  act  of  parliament  was  passed 
for  the  rebuilding  of  the  two  bridges  over  the  Eden  at 
the  expense  of  the  county,  as  they  were  both  at  that 
time  in  a  very  decayed  state. 

On  the  accession  of  James  VI.  of  Scotland  to  the 
English  throne  on  the  demise  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  the 
border  inroads  may  be  said  to  have  ceased,  as  only  one 
occurred  after  that  event,  and  in  1003  the  garrison  of 


Carlisle  was  reduced.  In  1G71  James  I.  visited  the 
city,  and  was  gladly  received  by  the  citizens,  who  by 
their  mayor  aud  recorder  presented  him  with  an  ad- 
dress, a  gold  cup  valued  at  i:30,  and  a  purse  containing 
forty  jacobuses.  His  majesty  graciously  received  the 
address,  and  not  less  graciously  tho  cup  and  purse, 
lie  subsequently  visited  the  Cathedral,  and  having 
attended  a  feast  given  in  honour  of  the  royal  visit, 
departed  on  the  7th  of  August,  after  a  stay  of  three 
days. 

Scotland  being  in  rather  a  disturbed  state  in  1639,  a 
garrison  of  DOO  soldiers  was  placed  in  Carlisle,  but 
the  Earl  of  Stafford,  not  deeming  this  number  suf- 
ficient, in  a  letter  dated  May  30th,  advised  its  being 
increased  to  1500.      In  June  of  the  following  year, 
rumours   being   prevalent  that  a  Scottish  army  was 
about  to  enter  Cumberland,  orders  were  issued  to  pre- 
pare the  various  beacons,  so  that  they  might  be  avail- 
able on  the  shortest  notice :  strict  watch  was  also  to  bo 
kept  on  the  threatened  part  of  the  county ;  and  the 
governor  of   Carlisle,    Sir   Nicholas   Byron,  who   was 
appointed  the  same  year,  received  authority  to  pro- 
claim martial  law,  should  he  think  such  a  measure 
requisite.     In  1 041,  in  pursuance  of  the  provisions  of 
a  treaty  made  with  the  Scots,  the  garrison  of  Carlisle 
was  disbanded,  and  the  Parliament  gave  orders  that 
the  arms  and  ammunition  should  be  cai'efuUy  laid  up 
till  again  wanted.      Shortly  after  this  date  the  civil 
wars  commenced,  and  early  in  1644  Montrose  raised 
a  small  army  in  Cumberland.      Having  advanced  as 
far  as  Dumfries,  and  taken  possession  of  it,  he  was 
compelled  by  the  Earl  of  Callander  to  fall  back  on 
Carlisle,  which  place,  according  to  some  accounts,  was 
besieged  by  the  latter.      If  this  be  correct,  the  siege 
must  have  been  of  short  duration,  as  it  is  hardly  men- 
tioned by  any  of  the  contemporary  writers.      In  June 
of  the  same  year,  the  royahst  troops,  under  the  com- 
mand   of   Sir  Thomas   Glenham,   took  possession   of 
Carlisle,  which,  in  the  following  October,  was  invested 
by  General  Lesley  and  a  detachment  of  the  Scottish 
army.     Sir  Thomas  Glenham  defended  the  city  with 
the  greatest  courage,  industry,  and  patience,  being  well 
supported  by  his  devoted  soldiers  ;  and  it  was  only  after 
a  siege  of  nine  months,  during  which  the  garrison  and 
inhabitants  were  compelled  to  subsist  on  the  flesh  of 
horses,  dogs,  aud  other  animals,  and  when  all  hope  was 
lost  by  the  disastrous  result  of  the  battle  of  Naseby, 
that  Carlisle  capitulated.     It  was  surrendered  on  the 
most  honourable  terms  to  Lesley  on  the  25th  of  June, 
1645,  and  was  immediately  occupied  by  Scottish  troops, 
who  continued  in  possession  till  the  December  of  the 
following  year.      For  three  years  after  tliis  siege  we- 


THE  CITY  OF  CARLISLE. 


93 


learn  nothing  of  Carlisle;  but  ia  April,  1648,  mention 
of  it  is  again  made  as  being  captured  by  Sir  Pliilip 
Musgrave  and  Sir  Thomas  Gleuham,  who  in  July  gave 
it  up  to  the  Duke  of  Hamilton,  who  placed  in  it  a 
Scotch  garrison,  and  appointed  Sir  William  Livingstone 
governor.  Shortly  afterwards,  when  Sir  Philip  Mus- 
grave, with  a  portion  of  the  royalist  militia  of  Cumber- 
land, presented  himself  before  the  city,  the  governor 
refused  to  admit  him.  Carlisle  was  surrendered  to 
Cromwell  on  the  1st  of  the  following  October,  pursuant 
to  treaty  made  some  time  before,  between  the  Marquis 
of  Argylc  and  General  Monro,  and  at  once  received  a 
Strong  garrison,  which,  consisting  chiefly  of  cavalry, 
proved  of  the  greatest  service  in  repressing  the  tur- 
bulence of  the  mosstroopers  during  the  three  years  in 
which  its  efficiency  was  maintained.  After  the  resto- 
ration of  Charles  II.  to  the  throne  of  his  ancestors.  Sir 
Philip  Musgrave,  whose  devotion  to  the  royal  cause  was 
conspicuous  on  every  occasion,  was  appointed  gover- 
nor of  Carlisle,  and  from  this  period  the  ancient  city 
appears  to  have  enjoyed  comparative  tranquillity,  dis- 
turbed only  on  one  occasion  when  the  last  effort  was 
made  to  replace  the  Stuarts  on  the  English  throne. 

We  come  now  to  the  memorable  year  1745,  at  which 
time  the  population  of  Carlisle  did  not  exceed  4000 
persons,  almost  the  whole  of  whom  dwelt  within  the 
■walls  of  the  city, — the  present  suburbs,  with  the  e.xcep- 
tion  of  a  few  cottages  outside  the  gates,  having  no 
existence.  The  old  castle  and  walls,  the  connecting  links 
which  united  the  Carlisle  of  that  period  to  the  dim  ages 
of  the  past,  and  the  more  recent  ones  of  Scottish  warfare, 
were  still  standing ;  and  with  the  presence  of  a  company 
of  invalided  soldiers,  under  the  command  of  a  governor 
who  rarely,  if  ever,  saw  his  troops  ;  and  the  closing  of 
the  gates  at  the  boom  of  the  evening  gun,  still  reminded 
the  citizens  that  they  dwelt  iu  what  was  termed  a  gar- 
rison town.  The  princifial  people  in  the  city  were  the 
members  of  the  ecclesiastical  body,  the  dean  and  chap- 
ter, and  the  members  of  the  corporation,  between  whom 
not  the  best  understanding  appears  to  have  existed.  In 
short,  Carlisle,  in  171.j,  iu  regard  to  its  condition  to 
sustain  a  siege,  differed  from  the  Carlisle  of  border 
history  as  widely  as  it  is  possible  to  conceive, — its  im- 
portance as  a  frontier  town  liaving  disappeared  after 
the  union  of  England  and  Scotland  ;  nor  was  there  any 
reason  that  would  justify  the  authorities  in  its  being 
maintained  as  one.  The  thought  of  an  invasion  from 
Scotland  no  one  for  a  moment  entertained  ;  and  hence 
the  astonishment  and  consternation  felt  by  the  entire 
kingdom,  when  the  news  of  the  irruption  of  tho  High- 
landers spread  over  the  country. 

The  appearance  of  a  party  of  fifty  or  sixty  Iliglilaud 


cavalry  on  Stanwi.x  bank,  immediately  opposite  to  Car- 
lisle, on  the  afternoon  of  Saturday,  November  the  9th, 
warned  the  citizens  that  they  were  about  to  be  attacked, 
and  caused  them  to  man  the  wall  as  best  they  could. 
The  fear  of  injuring  the  country  people,  who  were 
thronging  the  road  on  their  return  from  market,  and 
among  whom  the  Highland  party  had  mixed  them- 
selves, prevented  the  garrison  from  opening  fire,  and 
thus  allowed  the  city  to  be  reconnoitred  iu  safety  ;  but 
when  the  country  people  had  retired,  a  few  shots  were 
fired  from  the  ten-gun  battery  of  the  castle,  and  the 
Highlanders  at  once  retreated.  Having  been  rein- 
forced, in  tho  afternoon,  by  the  arrival  of  part  of  the 
Peebles  division,  with  the  artillery,  the  prince,  with  a 
portion  of  the  army,  marched  down  the  right  bank  of 
the  Eden,  which  he  crossed  at  Peatwath,  near  Piockliffc, 
and  proceeded  the  same  night  to  Moorhouse.  On  the 
following  day  considerable  reinforcements  arrived,  and 
the  city  was  formally  and  completely  invested,  —  one 
body,  under  the  Duke  of  Perth,  approaching  by  Stanwix ; 
another,  under  the  Marquis  of  Tullibardine,  by  Shad- 
dongate  ;  and  a  third,  commanded  by  the  prince  in 
person,  by  Black  Hall  fields  and  St.  Nicholas.  The 
fire  from  the  castle  and  citadel  obliged  the  assailants  to 
retire,  and  the  prince  slept  that  night  at  Black  Hall. 
The  following  day,  Jlonday,  the  besiegers,  much  to  the 
relief  of  the  citizens,  marched  to  Brampton,  which  they 
judged  more  favourable  for  repelling  an  attack  which 
they  thought  IMarshal  Wade  was  about  to  make  upon 
them ;  but  as  no  more  was  heard  of  the  marshal,  and 
a  few  days  were  lost  in  waiting  for  his  coming,  on  the 
afternoon  of  the  13th  the  Highlanders  returned  and 
resumed  the  siege,  the  trenches  before  the  city  being 
opened  the  same  evening.  For  the  defence  of  Carlisle 
at  this  time,  the  garrison  consisted  of  the  Cumberland 
and  Westmoreland  regiments  of  militia,  two  companies 
of  invalids,  numbering  about  eighty  men,  and  a  few 
volunteers,  the  whole  being  under  the  command  of 
Colonel  Durand,  a  brave  and  skilful  officer,  wlio  was 
resolved  to  defend  the  plaed  to  the  last,  and  there  is 
no  doubt  that  he  would  have  kept  his  resolution  had  he 
been  sufficiently  supported  by  those  from  whom  he  had 
every  right  to  expect  assistance. 

On  the  morning  of  tho  Ittli,  Colonel  Durand  received 
a  message  from  the  officers  of  the  militia  regiments,  iu 
which  they  acquainted  him  that  having  been  lately 
e.xtremcly  fatigued  with  duty,  in  expectation  of  relief 
from  his  majesty's  forces,  and  it  appearing  that  no  such 
relief  was  now  likely  to  be  had,  and  not  being  able  to  do 
duty  or  hold  out  any  longer,  they  were  determined  to 
capitulate.  On  receipt  of  this  the  commandant  went  at 
once  to  the  ofiicers,  and  eudeavourcd,  by  eveiy  means 


94- 


CUMBF.nLAND  WARD. 


in  his  power,  to  induce  them  to  change  their  resolution, 
but  his  efforts  were  fruitless.    The  townspeople  shortly 
afterwards  joined  the  militia  officers,  upon  which  Colonel 
Durand,  Captain  Gilpin,  and  the  officers  of  the  invalids, 
after  protesting  against  the  proposed  capitulation,  retired, 
with  the  two  companies  of  invalids,  into  the  castle,  which 
they  were  resolved  to  defend  to  the  last.    On  the  morn- 
iu"  of  Friday,  the  15th,  the  besiegers  had  pushed  their 
trenches  withiu  eighty  yards  of  the  wall,  and  it  appears 
intended  to  assault  the  place,  and  try  to  take  it  by  esca- 
lade, but  before  anything  could  be  effected,  a  white  flag 
was  huug  out,  and  an  offer  made  to  treat  for  the  surren- 
dering of  the  city.    This  proposal  came  from  the  officers 
of  the  militia  and  the  inhabitants,  and  referred  to  the 
city  aloue, — not  embracing  the  castle.      An  express 
was  at  once  despatched  to  the  prince  at  Brampton, 
whose  reply  was  that  the  castle  must  be  surrendered 
at  the  same  time  with  the  city,  or  the  proposition 
would  not  be   entertained.      In  the   afternoon  these 
conditions  were  accepted  on  the  following  terms  : — 
"  That   the   town  and  castle,  with   the   artilleiy  and 
magazines,  should   be   delivered   up ;    that   the   men 
should  lay  down  their  arms  iu  the  market-place,  after 
which   they   should   have   passes   to   go   where   they 
pleased,  on  taking  oath  not  to  carry  arms  against  the 
House  of  Stuart  for  a  twelvemonth  ;   that  the  city  of 
Carlisle  should  retain  all  its  privileges  :  that  they  should 
deliver  up  all  arms,  &c.,  and  also  the  horses  of  such  as 
had  appeared  in  arms  against  the  prince ;  and  that  all 
deserters,  particularly  the  soldiers  that  had  enlisted  with 
the  Highlanders  after  the  late  battle  at  Preston  Pans, 
and   had   fled  to  Carlisle,  should    be   delivered   up." 
These  things  being  agreed  to,  the  Duke  of  Perth  imme- 
diately entered  the  city  and  took  possession,  and  the 
next  day  proclaimed  King  James,  attended  by  the  mayor 
and  corporation  in  their  robes  of  office.      The  prince 
received  the  mayor  and  corporation  at  Brampton,  where 
they  presented  him  with  the  keys  of  the  city ;  and  on 
Monday,  the  1  Sth,  the  Pretender  made  his  entry  into 
Ciulisle. 

The  capture  of  the  ancient  city  was  in  every  respect 
a  fortunate  circumstance  for  the  prince,  for,  in  addition 
to  its  moral  effect,  it  put  him  in  possession  of  a  number 
of  cannon  and  a  largo  quantity  of  ammunition,  besides 
mihtarv  stores  of  various  kinds ;  and,  what  was  of  still 
greater  importance,  furnished  a  basis  for  securing  his 
further  advance  into  England,  afifording  a  safe  medium 
for  keeping  open  his  communication  with  Scotland,  and 
a  secure  poiut  upon  which  to  retreat  in  case  of  a  re- 
verse of  fortune.  The  terms  of  the  capitulation  were 
honourably  fulfilled,  and  the  Highlanders  appear  to 
have  refrained  from  plunder  or  violence.    Captain  John 


Hamilton  was  made  governor  of  the  castle,  and  a  gar- 
rison of  100  men  placed  under  his  command  ;  and  Sir 
John  Arbuthnot,  an  officer  in  the  service  of  the  King 
of  France,  received  the  governorship  of  the  city.  These 
appointments  being  made,  Prince  Charles  Edward,  on 
the  22nd  of  November,  marched  out  of  Carlisle,  at  the 
head  of  his  troops,  and  proceeded  towards  the  south. 

It  would  be  foreign  to  our  purpose  to  follow  the 
footsteps  of  the  prince  anil  his  brave  followers,  suffice 
it  to  say  that  after  having  reached  Derby,  it  was  thought 
advisable  to  return  to  Scotland  as  quickly  as  possible. 
When  the  news  of  this  retrograde  movement  reached 
Carlisle,  Governor  Hamilton  began  to  prepare  for  the 
worst,  by  seizing  on  the  markets,  fixing  prices  on  all 
commodities,  laying  iu  supplies,  and  taking  everj-  pre- 
caution to  ensure  the  safety  of  the  city,  which  he  fully 
apprehended  would  have  to  resist  the  attacks  of  the 
king's  troops.  On  the  19th  of  December,  the  retreating 
Highlanders  entered  Carlisle,  and  two  days  afterwards 
set  out  for  Scotland,  leaving  a  garrison  in  the  castle, 
consisting  of  the  Manchester  Regiment,  120  strong, 
with  270  Scotch  troops,  and  a  few  others,  including 
four  French  officers.  The  same  day,  the  Duke  of  Cum- 
berland, with  his  entire  army,  marched  from  Penrith, 
and  on  his  arrival  before  Carlisle,  proceeded  at  once  to 
invest  the  city,  fixing  his  head-quarters  at  Black  Hall, 
as  Prince  Charles  had  done  previously. 

The  governor  of  the  city.  Colonel  Francis  Townley, 
in  conjunction  with  Hamilton,  the  governor  of  the 
castle,  resolved  to  do  all  in  his  power  to  retain  Carlisle 
for  the  house  of  Stuart,  or  perish  in  the  attempt.  But 
his  efforts  were  unavailing.  The  Duke  of  Cumberland, 
having  received  some  cannon  from  Whitehaven,  and 
being  reinforced  by  the  arrival  of  some  Dutch  troops, 
opened  fire  on  the  2«th  of  December,  and  on  the  .'50th, 
two  breaches  having  been  made  iu  the  walls,  Hamilton 
proposed  to  surrender  on  being  allowed  the  privilege 
of  prisoners  of  war.  To  this  proposition  the  duke's 
answer  was  that  they  must  suiTender  at  discretion ; 
and  the  only  terms  he  would  grant  was  that  the  gar- 
rison should  not  be  put  to  the  sword,  but  referred  to 
the  king's  pleasure.  On  these  hard  conditions  the 
garrison  was  obhged  to  give  up  the  city,  which  was 
immediately  occupied  by  1,100  infantry  and  120 
cavalry,  under  the  command  of  Brigadier  Blight.  The 
garrison,  amounting  to  390  officers  and  men,  were 
made  prisoners,  and,  after  laying  down  their  arms  in 
the  market  place,  were  conveyed  for  security  to  the 
cathedral,  where  a  strong  guard  was  placed  over  them. 
On  the  31st  the  duke  entered  Carlisle,  and  at  once 
ordered  the  mayor  and  town-clerk  to  be  arrested  and 
sent  to  London ;  but  they  being  able  to  vindicate  their 


THE  CITY  OF  CARLTSLE. 


95 


conduct,  were  subsequeully  restored  to  liberty.  Several 
other  gentlemen  were  also  taken  into  custody,  who 
did  not  fare  so  well.  The  duke  took  up  his  quarters 
in  Jlr.  Highmore's  house,  where  the  prince  also  had 
lodged,  but  in  a  few  days  he  returned  to  London, 
having  given  the  command  of  the  army  to  General 
Hawley,  whom  he  instnicted  to  follow  the  fugitives  into 
Scotland.  General  Sir  Charles  Howard  was  appointed 
governor  of  Carlisle,  whore  a  considerable  garrison  was 
left,  and  on  his  arrival  there  early  in  January  his 
first  care  was  to  get  the  prisoners  removed  to  Chester 
and  Lancaster.  "On  the  10th  of  January,"  says  Mr. 
Mounsey,  "  these  unfortunate  men  left  Carlisle.  The 
officere  were  placed  on  horseback,  their  legs  tied  under 
the  bellies  of  their  horses,  their  arms  pinioned  so  as 
to  afford  them  barely  the  power  of  holding  the  bridle, 
each  horse  was  tied  to  the  tail  of  the  one  before  it. 
The  privates  were  on  foot — each  man's  arms  tied — 
the  whole  marching  two  abreast,  fastened  to  a  rope 
hanging  between  them.  The  governor,  Hamilton, 
went  first,  his  hoi-se  led  by  a  dragoon  with  a  drawn 
sword ;  then  followed  the  officers,  and  dragoons  in 
the  rear.  The  foot  were  preceded  by  two  dragoons, 
one  of  whom  held  the  rope  to  which  the  prisoners 
were  attached;  the  whole  were  followed  by  a  body  of 
dragoons." ' 

Governor  Hamilton,  Colonel  Townley,  and  many  of 
the  officers  of  Prince  Charles's  anny,  were  conveyed  to 
London,  where  they  were  tried,  convicted,  and  suffered 
death,  the  heads  of  some  of  them  being  placed  upon 
Temple  l?ar,  and  those  of  others  being  sent  to  Carlisle, 
and  placed  over  the  gates  there.  In  the  latter  end  of 
July,  a  number  of  the  prisoners  were  brought  back  to 
Carhsle,  where  the  commission  for  their  trial  was 
opened  on  the  I -ith  of  August.  The  total  number  to 
be  tried  amounted  to  383.  It  having  been  found  that 
it  would  be  ne.\t  to  impossible  for  the  judges  and  juries 
to  try  this  largo  number,  it  was,  therefore,  arranged 
that,  with  a  few  exceptions,  the  prisoners  should  have 
tlie  option  of  drawing  lots  for  selection  of  one  out  of 
every  twenty  to  stand  trial,  the  nineteen  remaining  to 
submit  to  transportation.  These  terms  were  accepted 
by  several,  and  in  this  manner  the  number  to  be  tried 
was  reduced  to  127,  against  whom  bills  of  indictment 
were  found  by  the  grand  jury.  On  the  '.Ith  of  September 
the  prisoners  were  arraigned,  and  of  the  large  number 
just  mentioned,  very  few  were  acquitted.  Eighty-si.\ 
were  sentoncod  to  dtath,  of  whom  thirty-one  were  exe- 
cuted, two  died  in  prison,  and  the  remainder,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  who  received  their  jmrdon,  were 
transported.      At   the   conclusion  of  the  assizes   the 

1  Authentic  account  of  the  occupation  of  Carlisle  in  1715,  p.  175. 


judges  ordered  the  release  of  those  who  had  been 
arrested  by  order  of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland. 

"  On  Saturday,  the  18th  October,"  sa3's  the  authority 
above  quoted,  '•  Thomas  Coppock,  JIajor  Macdonald, 
Kinlock  Moidart,  Francis  Buchanan,  Brand,  Hender- 
son, Roper,  Cameron,  and  Macnaughton,  were  taken 
from  Carlisle  to  Gallows  Hill  to  suffer  the  execution  of 
their  sentence.  .  .  .  Coppock  is  said  to  have  read 
a  sermon  to  the  rest,  and  when  finished  to  have  flung 

it  to  the  crowd,  but  the  sheriff  sei;!ed  it 

After  the  bodies  had  hung  a  few  minutes  they  were  cut 
down,  ripped  open,  the  bowels  burnt,  and  the  heads 
severed  from  their  bodies.  The  remains  of  Coppock 
and  two  others  were  buried  on  the  spot ;  the  bodies  of 
the  rest  were  interred  iu  the  churchyard  at  Carhsle. 
The  heads  of  Major  Macdonald  and  Kinloch  Moidart 
■were  placed  on  the  Scotch-gate,  where  they  remained 
many  years.  A  Highland  regiment,  in  after  times, 
passing  through  Carlisle,  is  said  to  have  been  halted  on 
the  Sands,  without  the  gate,  in  order  to  avoid  marching 
under  those  revolting  mementos."'  On  the  21st  of 
October  six  more  suffered  death  at  Brampton,  and  three 
days  later  five  others  were  executed  at  Penrith.  On 
the  10th  of  November,  Sir  Archibald  Primrose  and  two 
others  suffered  the  extreme  penalty  of  the  law  at  Gal- 
lows Hill.  Such  was  the  closing  scene  of  the  rebellion 
of  1745,  as  far  as  Carlisle  was  concerned,  but  for  some 
years  afterwards  a  gairison  was  maintained  there,  and 
"  watch  and  ward  "  duly  and  regularly  kept.  The  nu- 
merous prisoners  who  had  escaped  the  fate  of  their 
companions  in  arms  were  detained  in  captivity  till  late 
iu  the  spring  of  1747,  when  they  were  sent  off  to  the 
various  seaports  for  transportation.  From  this  period 
the  historical  proceedings  of  Carlisle  settled  down  into 
mere  annals,  possessing  little  interest  to  engage  the 
attention. 

From  the  recital  of  deeds  of  war  and  violence,  let 
us  turn  now  to  the  records  of  peaceful  industry,  and 
see  what  progress  the  city  of  Carlisle  has  made  since 
the  energies  of  its  inhabitants  have  been  directed  to 
such  pursuits.  The  situation  of  the  city  affords  every 
facility  for  the  encouragement  of  manufactures,  though 
we  do  not  find  any  mention  made  of  them  previous  to 
the  year  17  17.  the  year  of  the  deportation  of  the  pri- 
soners of  Prince  Charles's  army,  except  that  of  a  manu- 
factory of  fustiaus,  which  was  established  here  about 
the  period  of  the  Restoration.  In  1717  some  Ham- 
burgh merchants  commenced  the  manufacture  of  wol- 
leus  in  the  city,  but  alter  a  few  years,  on  the  death 
of  tlie  leading  partner,  the  concern  was  mismanaged, 
and  soon  ceased  to  exist.     A  few  years  afterwards  an 

*  .\uthcnlic  account,  pp.  203,  2G1. 


96 


CUMBERLAND  -WARD. 


establishment  for  niakiug  coarse  linens,  and  a  new 
■n-oolleu  manufactory  were  commenced,  but  with  the  like 
unsuccessful  results.  Shortly  after  this  a  public  brewery 
is  first  mentioned.  The  cotton  trade  was  subscqueutly 
introduced,  and  with  the  best  results ;  the  number  of 
hands  reciuired  for  this  branch  of  trade  and  the  linen 
manufacture,  which  vras  equally  successful,  adding  con- 
siderably to  the  population  of  the  city  and  neighbour- 
hood. Nor  did  the  good  effect  produced  end  here. 
Many  of  the  old  houses  were  taken  down  and  rebuilt 
in  a  superior  style,  the  means  of  access  to  the  city 
much  improved,  and  gi'eater  facilities  for  traffic  given 
to  every  one.  In  1758  several  hundred  French  pri- 
soners were  brought  to  Carlisle  on  parole,  and  by  their 
expenditure  in  the  city  added  considerably  to  its  trade. 
We  are  also  told  that  they  introduced  a  more  expensive 
style  of  living  amongst  the  inhabitants.  According  to 
Jefferson,  there  were  at  this  time  only  four  private  car- 
riages in  the  city ;  and  he  gives  the  names  of  their 
owners :  he  adds  that  "  about  this  period  chaises  were 
first  kept  at  the  inns."  In  1701  calico  printing  was 
introduced  by  a  Newcastle  company,  Scott,  Laird,  &  Co. 
Cotton-spinning  soon  followed,  and  has  continued  to 
extend  to  our  own  days,  affording  emjiloymeut  to  great 
numbers  of  the  inhabitants.  Iron  and  brass  founding, 
and  other  branches  of  industry,  were  subsequently 
commenced.  Power-looms  have  been  recently  intro- 
duced on  a  large  scale.  There  are  numerous  cotton- 
mills  ;  and  one  belonging  to  the  I\Iessrs.  Dixon,  by 
its  extent,  rivals  some  of  the  largest  in  Lancashire. 
The  woollen  manufacture  is  again  "  looking  up,"  two 
lai-ge  factories  havuig  lately  been  established.  Carlisle 
is  likewise  noted  for  its  extensive  biscuit  manufactories. 
One  firm  has  obtained  the  royal  appointment,  and 
exports  its  goods  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  Steady 
increase  in  material  prosperity  has  been  the  charac- 
teristic of  the  city  for  a  lengthened  period  ;  and 
the  last  ten  years  have  witnessed  great  and  impor- 
tant changes  for  the  better  in  the  old  border  city, — 
changes  and  improvements  which  are  well  described 
in  the  subjoined  extract  from  the  "CarUsle  Examiner" 
of  Tuesday,  August  11th,  1857,  and  which,  without 
further  preface,  we  present  to  the  reader  :  — 

"  There  are  few  towns  in  England  that  have  made 
more  rapid  strides  in  social  and  material  advancement 
than  Carlisle.  In  a  single  decade  the  face  of  the  town 
has  been  almost  entirely-  changed.  Ten  years  ago  green 
pastures  basked  in  the  sunshine  and  waved  in  the  wind 
where  now  a  city's  population  has  taken  up  its  abode, 
or  pursues  its  ceaseless  industry.  Streets  of  houses,  of 
massive  form,  with  all  the  conveniences  that  modern 
art  can  suggest — with  little  gardens  decked  in  the 


lovely  hues  of  summer — have  sprung  up  as  residences 
for  the  merchant,  the  manufacturer,  and  the  tradesman. 
Streets  of  houses,  too,  have  been  erected  for  the  work- 
ing man,  in  lieu  of  dingy  alloys,  creaking  garrets,  and 
fever-stricken  yards.  The  clerk,  the  mechanic,  and 
even  the  labourer,  has  had  his  dwelling  improved,  and 
now  enjoys  the  freshness  of  the  fields  and  the  recreation 
derived  from  the  cultivation  of  his  little  plot  of  garden 
ground. 

"  Ten  years  ago,  this  very  summer,  was  begun  one 
of  the  grandest  works  of  which  Carlisle  can  boast. 
Then  was  formed  that  deep  basin  on  the  top  of  Gallows 
Hill  -which  has  since  continued  to  pour  its  cleansing 
streams  of  water,  received  from  a  source  a  mile  distant, 
into  the  heart  of  our  city,  and  thence  pursuing  its  di- 
rected course  to  the  farthest  extremity.  Before  the  lapse 
of  many  months  the  same  city  will  have  raised  a  stately 
monument  to  the  memory  of  the  man  who,  amongst 
other  important  public  works,  took  the  foremost  part 
in  providing  for  his  fellow-townsmen  one  of  the  greatest 
benefits  to  a  community — an  abundant  supply  of  water. 
But  that  supply,  ample  as  it  then  was  to  rueet  all  the 
wants  of  the  town,  became  insufficient  for  the  increased 
demand ;  and  only  during  last  spring,  exactly  ten  years 
after  the  water  works  company  commenced  their  ope- 
rations, it  was  found  necessai-y  to  lay  down  pipes  of 
enlarged  diameter  to  carry  a  more  dense  body  of  water 
through  the  streets. 

"  Ten  years  ago  another  great  boon  was  conferred 
upon  the  city  by  the  establishment  of  the  gas  works. 
Previous  to  that  time  the  town  was  indifferently  lighted 
by  a  private  company  carrying  on  business  at  the  head 
of  Brown's  Row — on  the  ground  now  spanned  by  the 
railway  arch  at  the  south  end  of  the  Citadel  Station. 
To  say  nothing  of  the  reduction  that  was  made  in  the 
rates  charged  upon  consumers  of  gas,  the  facilities 
offered  by  the  corporation,  when  the  old  company  broke 
up  and  the  new  works  were  built  under  their  direction, 
the  benefits  to  private  consumers  and  to  the  town 
especially,  were  most  important.  Since  then  the  town 
has  been  well  lighted  on  the  ^^  aole ;  shopkeepers  can 
afford  to  place  flaming  lights  in  their  windows,  and 
nearly  the  whole  of  tlie  cottage  property  that  has  since 
been  built  is  provided  with  gas.  The  dim  light  of  a 
halfpenny  candle  is  superseded  by  a  flame  that  illumines 
the  whole  house,  and  at  a  much  cheaper  rate.  The 
gas  works  themselves  possess  all  the  modern  improve- 
ments for  the  manufacture  of  this  indispensable 
element — certainly  one  of  the  most  useful  and  impor- 
tant which  the  civilisation  of  the  nineteenth  century 
has  produced.  Originally  provided  with  two  large 
tanks,  the  town  was  well  supplied  with  gas;  but,  as  in 


THE   CITY   OF  CARLISLE. 


97 


the  instance  of  the  water  works,  these  were  in  time 
found  to  be  insufficient  to  meet  the  growing  con- 
sumption, and  two  or  three  years  ago,  it  was  found 
necessary  to  lay  down  another  gasometer  capable  of 
holding  double  the  (]uantity  of  each  of  the  others. 
But  in  addition  to  the  benefit  accruing  from  the  forma- 
tion of  the  gas  works  by  the  Corporation,  their  erection 
gave  an  impetus  to  the  building  trade  in  their  imme- 
diate locality,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  one  of  the 
greatest  improvements  that  has  yet  taken  place  in  the 
city.  This  is  the  Nelson  Bridge.  Previous  to  the 
establishment  of  the  gas  house,  the  only  means  of 
communication  between  the  east  and  west  sides  of  the 
town  —  that  is,  between  Botchergate,  Enghsh-street, 
Scotch-street  and  Castle-street,  and  Caldewgate,  was 
over  the  old  bridge  that  spanned  the  Caldew.  This 
route  is  to  a  great  extent  still  adopted  by  the  inhabitants 
residing  in  the  last-named  streets,  and  to  them,  therefore, 
the  opening  of  a  new  road  was  not  of  much  importance. 
But  to  the  residents  of  Botchei'gate,  and  the  extensive 
population  that  surround  it,  the  inconvenience  attending 
so  circuitous  a  journey  was  very  great.  The  opening 
out  anew  and  direct  road  from  Botchergate  to  Caldewgate 
was  a  desideratum  the  want  of  which  had  been  long 
felt,  and  was  at  length  obtained  by  the  erection  of  the 
Nelson  Bridge.  The  road  once  formed,  houses  rapidly 
sprung  into  existence,  and  the  new  town  on  the  western 
bank  of  the  Caldew  may  be  said  to  owe  its  origin  to  the 
huilding  of  the  bridge.  This,  however,  was  not  all 
that  the  gas  works  produced  Three  streets  now  radiate 
from  the  tall  chimney  that  was  called  into  being,  where 
before  there  was  nothing  but  the  green  fields  and  a 
dank  reservoir  to  supply  the  gaol  with  water.  At  the 
end  of  one  of  these  is  the  celebrated  and  extensive 
marble  works  of  the  Messrs.  Nelson;  opposite  stands 
the  equally  well-known  iiattery  of  the  IMessrs.  Carrick, 
which  formerly  stood  on  the  other  side  of  the  dam 
course;  in  another  of  the  streets  may  be  heard  the 
constant  whir  of  the  steam  saw  as  it  divides  the  lui^o 
tree  or  the  slim  plank  in  one  of  the  largest  saw  mills 
in  the  country;  and  on  the  other  side  of  the  same 
street  is  another  of  those  wonderful  biscuit  manufac- 
tories the  fame  of  whose  productions  has  been  wafted 
across  the  sea  to  the  ends  of  the  earth.      Two  thoron"li- 

o 

fares  diverge  from  the  west  end  of  Nelson  Bridge. 
One  leads  to  the  little  colony  founded  by  the  Cumberland 
Land  Society  on  the  Denton  llolmo  property,  and  to 
the  extensive  and  celebrated  beetling  works  of  ^Icssi-s. 
Ferguson  Brothers;  while  it  also  furnishes  a  con- 
venient route  to  the  Cemetery.  The  other  road  is  along 
Charlotte-street,  at  the  end  of  which  it  is  intersected  by 
Wilboumc-street,  and  the  old  road  to  the  Holme  Head. 

13 


Junction-street,  opened  out  by  the  Messrs.  Dixon,  gives 
a  direct  communication  with  the  Dalston  road  and 
Caldewgate.  In  this  locality  several  manufactories 
have  been  erected.  During  the  period  mentioned 
Messrs.  Dixon  have  laid  alongside  their  great  factory 
a  commodious  building  in  which  several  hundred  power- 
looms  give  work  to  a  large  number  of  our  population. 
Within  a  few  yards  from  the  place  Messrs.  Joseph 
Kohinson  and  Co.  have  built  a  large  flour  mill  and 
biscuit  manufactory ;  and  close  adjoining  is  another 
tall  chimney  and  a  power-loom  shed  belonging  to  Messrs. 
John  Ferguson  and  Co.  In  the  immediate  vicinity 
the  enterprising  firm  of  Messrs.  Nelson  have  erected 
works  of  the  most  novel  character — being  no  other 
than  a  manufactory  where,  by  means  of  steam  and  the 
proximity  of  a  railway,  thousands  of  perforated  bricks 
are  daily  finished  and  transported  to  their  destination. 

"  Ten  years  ago,  or  a  little  more,  two  railways  and  a 
canal  had  their  termini  at  Carlisle.  The  one  railroad 
carried  our  citizens  and  their  merchandise  to  the  banks 
of  coally  Tyne;  the  other  had  only  recently  opened  a 
direct  route  to  Maryport  and  the  west.  The  canal 
brought  the  bales  of  cotton  for  our  manufacturers  from 
Liverpool,  our  timber  from  Quebec  and  the  Baltic,  and 
transported  the  coals  that  came  along  the  Newcastle  line 
to  Scotland  and  Ireland.  Then  was  opened  out  one  of 
the  most  prosperous  railways  in  the  kingdom, — the 
Lancaster  and  Carlisle — an  "  impracticable  "  scheme  in 
its  day,  but  its  success  has  since  bcHed  the  prophecy — 
and  there  rolled  along  it  the  traffic  of  the  south. 
Next  came  another  gigantic  undertaking — the  Cale- 
donian Railway,  which  forded  the  Esk  and  gave  a 
direct  communication  to  the  heart  of  Scotland.  A 
direct  line  was  then  laid  down  from  London  to 
Edinburgh  and  Glasgow ;  into  which  ran  the  traffic  of 
the  north-west  part  of  the  island.  The  Glasgow  and 
South-Western  Railway  next  opened  up  another  exten- 
sive district,  and  brought  traffic  to  Carlisle,  which 
thus  found  itself  the  centre  of  a  net-work  of  railways. 
With  the  railways  came  improvements — one  of  the 
first  of  which  was  the  clearing  away  of  extensive 
blocks  of  old  property.  The  Citadel  Station  reared  its 
beautiful  form  amid  the  surrounding  waste,  and  is  now 
the  radius  of  four  lines  of  railway,  and  one  of  the 
most  attractive  features  in  the  town.  The  canal  has 
now  bceu  converted  into  a  railway,  and  a  new  line 
diverges  from  it  to  tho  Sohvay. 

"  But  to  talto  five  years  from  our  decade,  and  wliat 
do  wo  find '?  What  has  been  pulled  down  and  what 
built  up  ?  Some  of  tho  finest  streets  of  houses  have 
risen  into  shape  and  form  since  then ;  a  first-class 
hotel   stands  on   the   site  of  a  carrier's  warehouse ; 


98 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


gentlemen's  handsome  villas  overlook  thcEJeufrom  over- 
hanging banks ;  manufactories  have  been  enlarged  or 
rebuilt,  and  one  of  the  most  extensive  locomotive 
building  premises  iu  the  Idugdom  is  now  in  course  of 
erection  at  St.  Nicholas,  by  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle 
Railway  Company ;  chapels  have  been  extended  and 
repaired ;  handsome  shops  greet  the  eye  at  almost 
every  step ;  one  of  the  finest  ecclesiastical  structures 
in  the  country  has  been  restored,  if  not  to  its  original 
dimensions,  at  least  to  its  pristine  beauty ;  schools 
have  been  erected,  and  the  benevolence  of  a  single 
gentlemen  has  sufficed  to  provide  a  home  for  the  out- 
casts and  wanderers  amongst  our  juvenile  population; 
the  voluntary  exertions  of  our  citizens  and  neighbours 
will  ere  long  result  iu  the  providing  of  a  suitable  Dis- 
pensary for  the  relief  of  the  sick  poor ;  the  clay  will 
this  year  be  moulded  for  the  bricks  to  be  used  in  the 
erection  of  an  asylum  for  the  most  helpless  of  God's 
creatui'es ;  and  already  has  been  laid  down  an  extensive 
system  of  sewerage,  which  daily  sweeps  away,  in  its 
underground  coiu-se,  the  filth  of  thirty  thousand  people. 
"  Over  and  above  these  multifarious  works,  which 
religfon,  philanthropy,  or  the  requirements  of  commerce 
have  called  forth  for  the  comfort  and  accommodation, 
the  protection  and  occupation  of  the  living,  the  last 
■want  of  man  here  below  has  also  been  provided  for. 
The  grave  has  been  closed  that  used  to  spread  the  seeds 
of  disease  among  our  popidation,  and  has  been  re-opened 
on  a  sunny  hill  far  away  from  the  din  and  bustle  of  the 
to^vn.  At  Spital  ]\Ioor,  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the 
centre  of  the  city,  stands  the  Cemetery,  which  public 
decency  demanded  for  the  repose  of  the  dead,  as  well 
as  for  the  protection  of  the  living.  To  this  place  hun- 
dreds of  our  citizens — some  bound  by  the  tenderest 
ties  and  others  led  by  admiration  of  the  lovely  land- 
scape that  is  unfolded  to  the  view — take  their  summer 
evening  ramble,  rendered  more  pleasant  and  refreshing 
by  the  presence  of  rustic  seats  which  the  Burial  Board 
have  provided  in  different  parts  of  the  ground,  and 
more  easy  of  access  by  tlie  footpath  which  has  recently 
been  made.  Here  are  the  gi-aves  of  the  imforgotten 
dead — for  they  are  all  new,  and  imfurrowed  with  age. 
It  is  a  temple  of  Nature,  but  the  footprints  of  Art  are 
already  traceable.  It  has  none  of  that  soft  melancholy 
■which  lingers  about  older  cemeteries — it  is  not  shaded 
by  trees,  nor  are  its  walks  embowered  by  the  majestic 
ivy  or  the  enduring  yew  ;  but  its  broad  expanse  is 
turned  to  the  open  sky,  and  the  graves  arc  visited  by 
the  gentle  sunshine  and  the  refreshing  shower.  The 
•warble  of  birds  is  not  heard  in  the  overhanging  boughs  ; 
but  the  lark  carols  in  the  clear  atmosphere  above. 
There  is  not  the  mournful  urn,  or  the  storied  monu- 


ment, or  the  sculptured  bust,  that  arrest  the  eye  in 
other  burial-grounds  ;  but  there  is  hardly  a  grave  where 
a  shrub  or  a  llowcr  is  not  planted  to  note  that  the  hand 
of  affection  has  been  there.  Simple  headstones  there 
ai'e  too  —  differing  in  design,  but  having  a  sameness  in 
the  general  effect,  from  their  uniform  size  ;  and  there 
are  four  which  may  more  appropriately  be  called  monu- 
ments. One  is  a  tapering  pedestal  surmounted  by  a 
cross,  around  which  a  wreath  of  evergreens  is  twined, 
to  the  memory  of  a  loved  chUd.  Another,  and  the 
only  one  which  has  been  erected  some  time,  is  dedi- 
cated to  a  man  of  genius — whose  bones  rest  not  there, 
but  whose  memory  lives  in  his  works, — the  late  Peter 
Nicholson  ;  a  third  is  a  square  pillar,  with  pointed 
summit,  bearing  the  name  and  age  of  a  worthy  country 
gentleman, — the  late  Mr.  John  Dalton,  of  Cummers- 
dale  ;  and  the  fourth,  a  newly-erected  sti'ucture  of  filial 
affection,  is  one  of  the  neatest  little  monuments  in  tliis 
locality.  It  is  of  Gothic  style,  and  has  a  ■well-pro- 
portioned base,  ^vith  a  slender  piUar  and  a  cross.  The 
monument  is  in  a  prominent  position  —  being  at  one 
corner  of  the  Roman  Cathohc  ground  —  and  has  a 
striking  effect.  Of  the  two  chapels  and  the  curator's 
lodge  it  is  sufficient  to  mention  their  general  neat  ap- 
pearance ;  the  continued  absence  of  a  chapel  for  the 
Roman  Catholics  ;  and  take  our  departure  from  the 
place  where 

'  Nature  provide.s  for  all  one  common  grave, 
The  last  retreat  of  the  distressed  and  brave." 

Such  is  a  resume  of  the  chief  improvements  that 
have  been  effected  within  the  boundaries  of  our  ancient 
city  during  a  period  of  only  ten  years." 

THE    CATUEDKAL. 

Twelve  centuries  have  well  nigh  elapsed  since  St. 
Cuthbert,  quitting  his  beloved  Lindisfarne,  visited  Car- 
lisle, and  founded  there  a  centre  of  Christian  worship 
and  teaching.  Previous,  however,  to  his  time,  the  city 
possessed  religious  institutions,  and  there  is  little  doubt 
that  as  soon  as  Christianity  was  planted  in  this  part  of 
the  country,  which  was  about  the  year  400,  there  was  a 
church  erected  in  Carlisle  ;  tradition  informs  us  that 
the  site  of  this  early  church  is  that  now  occupied  by 
the  cathedral.  During  the  Danish  invasions,  the 
religious  edifices  of  our  Saxon  forefathers  were  com- 
pletely destroyed,  and  lay  in  ruins  for  four  centuries ; 
nor  were  they  restored  till  Saxon  and  Dane  were  alike 
brought  under  the  yoke  of  the  Norman  conquerors  of 
England. 

The  foundation  of  Carlisle  cathedral  is  generally 
ascribed  to  Rufus,  the  second  Norman  king  ;  but  his 


THE   CITY   OF  CARLISLE. 


«9 


premature  death  prevented  him  from  completing  the 
structure,  a  work  reserved  for  his  brother  Henry  I., 
who  dedicated  it  to  the  Blessed  Virgin  in  1101,  and 
attached  to  it  a  college  of  secular  priests.  Thirty 
years  later  Henry  founded  the  bishopric  ;  and,  with 
the  authority  of  the  Pope,  changed  the  secular  priests 
into  a  college  of  regular  monks  of  the  order  of  St. 
Augustine.  "  We  have  vciy  little  means  of  knowhig," 
says  the  present  Bishop  of  London,  "  what  was  the 
extent  of  the  .buildings  of  the  old  Norman  establish- 
ment. As  to  the  form  of  the  church,  we  can  make  a 
tolerably  good  conjecture.  It  was  built  of  a  white 
stone,  now  grey  with  age.  Its  nave,  with  arches  such 
as  we  find  in  St.  Mary's  parish  church,  and  windows 
such  as  are  in  the  corner  between  the  transept  and  the 
nave,  must  have  extended  into  the  site  of  Mr.  Gipp's 
house,  nearly  the  whole  way  to  Paternoster-row.  The 
north  transept,  now  entirely  gone,  must  have  a  good 
deal  resembled  the  south  transept  now  standing ;  and 
the  choir  probably  was  very  short,  not  reaching  so  far 
as  the  present  robing-room  of  the  minor  canons,  that 
is,  about  the  length  of  the  present  stalls.  The  con- 
ventual buildings  would  of  course  be  on  the  south  side, 
though  what  they  were  it  is  impossible  to  conjecture  ; 
for,  as  far  as  I  am  informed,  not  a  shigle  vestige  of 
them  now  remains, — cloisters,  chapter-house,  fratery, 
and  prior's  residence  having  been  almost  all  rebuilt,  it 
would  appear,  from  the  very  foundation,  in  the  fol- 
lowing age."' 

In  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  it  was  thought  expedient 
to  rebuild  and  enlarge  the  choir.  The  style  of  archi- 
tecture visible  in  the  walls  of  the  north  and  south 
aisles,  with  their  windows  and  arcades,  shows  them  to 
have  been  erected  about  the  year  1250  ;  and  from  the 
same  data  we  may  infer  the  erection  of  St.  Catherine's 
Chapel,  as  well  as  the  arch  and  pUlar  leading  into  the 
north  transept,  and  the  window  over  the  door  in  tin' 
south  transept,  to  have  taken  place  at  the  same  period. 
How  far  the  work  of  enlargement  proceeded  wo  have 
no  means  of  knowing ;  but  a  tire  which  broke  out  in 
1202,  and  is  said  to  have  consumed  many  houses  in 
the  citv,  and  greatly  damaged  the  cathedral,  no  doubt 
interfered  materially  with  the  rebuilding  of  the  church, 
and  prevented  for  some  time  the  completion  of  the 
works.  During  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  the  new  north 
transept  wus  finished,  and  the  choir  raised  to  tlie  height 
of  the  triforium  :  the  east  end  also  was  probably  carried 
up  to  the  same  height.  The  four  small  windows  at  the 
eastern  end  of  the  aisles  are  also  specimens  of  the  style  of 
architecture  prevalent  at  this  period. 

1  An  Historical  Sketch  or  Carlisle  Callieilral.  By  tlie  Rev.  A.  C. 
Tait,  D.C.L.,  Dctui  of  Carlisle.     London  and  Carlisle,  1858. 


From  the  time  of  the  first  Edward  we  hear  no  more 
of  the  cathedral  of  Carlisle  till  the  episcopacy  of  Bishop 
Kirby,  who,  to  secure  a  fund  by  means  of  which  the 
rebuilding  of  the  church  might  be  proceeded  with,  ap- 
propriated for  a  time  for  this  purpose  the  revenues  of 
the  churches  of  Sowerby  and  Addingham.  But  it  was 
not  till  1332  that  the  work  prospered.  Bishop  Welton 
and  his  successor.  Bishop  Appleby,  made  every  exer- 
tion to  have  the  church  finished,  granting  indulgences 
of  forty  days,  upon  the  usual  conditions,  to  those  who 
should  render  aid  ;  and  we  are  told  that  the  king,  the 
principal  families  of  the  neighbourhood,  and  the  public 
treasury  of  Carlisle,  contributed  to  the  work.  To  this 
period  belong  the  fine  east  window,  with  its  nine  lights; 
the  graceful  triforium ;  the  beautiful  carving'  of  the  great 
arches,  with  their  rich  tracery  of  leaves  and  flowers,  and 
the  decorated  windows  of  the  clerestory ;  all  of  which 
mark  the  most  beautiful  period  of  Gothic  architecture. 
In  l-lOl  Bishop  Strickland  commenced  the  rebuilding 
of  the  central  tower,  a  structure  not  at  all  in  harmony 
with  tlic  splendour  of  the  choir ;  and  shortly  afterwards 
some  alterations  were  made  iu  the  north  transept. 

Little  more  was  done  to  the  building  till  near  the 
beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century,  when  Thpmas 
Gondibour  was  elected  prior,  who  at  once  set  about 
ornamenting  the  details  of  the  building,  and  restoring 
whatever  was  decayed.  The  beautiful  tabernacle  work 
of  the  stalls  is  usuiilly  ascribed  to  him,  but  by  some 
they  are  considered  to  be  older.  The  grotesque  paint- 
ings, at  the  back  of  the  stalls,  appear  to  have  been 
executed  under  his  direction  ;  and  the  screens  of  St. 
Catherine's  chapel,  and  others  of  similar  workmanship, 
which  once  enclosed  the  centre  of  the  choir  from  tho 
stalls  to  the  high  altar,  are  said  to  have  been  erected 
by  him.  Dr.  Tait  says,  "  He  probably  inserted  two  very 
indillVroutly  executed  Perpendicular  windows,  one  on 
the  north,  the  other  on  the  south  side  of  the  choir,  for 
the  purpose  of  admitting  light  to  the  part  of  the  build- 
ing iu  which  the  high  altar,  wc  may  suppose  at  that 
time  stood.  .  .  .  And  now  we  have  come  to  the 
last  prior,  who  was  not  unwilling,  at  tho  bidding  of 
Henry  VIH.  to  become  the  first  reformed  dean.  His 
initials,  L.  S.,  Lancelot  Salkeld,  you  see  on  tho  screen, 
close  below  the  pulpit  to  the  north  side,  a  somewhat 
remarkable  piece  of  workmanship,  speaking,  when  ex- 
amined minutely,  of  the  waning  taste  iu  architectural 
decoration." 

From  this  time  there  is  little  to  relate  concemiug 
the  cathedral,  and  wo  may  say  it  nil  in  a  few  words. 
It  suffered  severely  from  the  fanatic.il  zeal  of  the  first 
reformers,  who  thought  they  were  doing  a  service  wheu 
they  were  destroying  the  monuments  which  the  pie^ 


100 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


of  their  ancestors  had  raised,  and  which  for  so  many 
centuries  had  adorned  the  length  and  breadth  of  the 
land.  Carlisle  cathedral  shared  the  fate  of  other 
churches ;  the  monumental  brasses  were  torn  from 
the  tombs,  the  stained  glass  of  its  windows  destroyed, 
and  the  ornaments  and  images  completely  demolished. 
But  the  most  serious  blow  was  inilicted  upon  it  by  the 
orders  of  Cromwell  during  the  Parliamentary  wars. 
The  damage  done  ou  this  occasion  can  never  be  re- 
paired. In  contempt  of  the  articles  of  capitulation, 
which  stipulated  that  "  no  church  should  be  defaced," 
more  than  two-thirds  of  the  nave  of  the  cathedral  were 
pulled  down,  and  the  stones  carried  away  to  erect 
guardhouses,  in  different  parts  of  the  cit}%  for  the  more 
effectual  suppression  of  any  feelings  of  attachment  to 
royalty  which  might  be  supposed  to  linger  in  the 
breasts  of  the  citizens.  In  17-l.j  the  cathedral  served 
as  a  prison  to  the  imfortunate  adherents  of  Prince 
Charles,  and  was  much  injured  during  the  time  they 
were  detained  there.  The  building  having  fallen  into 
a  very  decayed  state,  it  was  found  necessary  to  have  it 
repaired,  and  this  was  done  by  the  dean  and  chapter 
in  170-1.  On  this  occasion  a  new  groined  ceiling  in 
plaster  was  put  up,  hiding  completely  the  fine  old 
timber  roof;  the  fine  screens  which  filled  the  spaces 
between  the  piers  of  the  choir  were  removed,  and 
others  of  much  inferior  workmanship  placed  in  their 
stead.  In  the  year  1852  the  dean  and  chapter  made 
an  arrangement  with  the  Cathedral  Commissioners,  by 
which  they  agreed  to  convey  to  the  latter  the  estates 
of  the  chapter,  and  to  receive  a  certain  fixed  income, 
with  a  suitable  provision  for  the  support  of  the  esta- 
blishment and  the  maintenance  of  the  fabric  of  the 
cathedral.  The  Commissioners  having  caused  a  survey 
to  be  made  by  Mr.  Christian,  their  architect,  on  his 
report  determined  to  expend  the  sum  of  £15,000  upon 
the  necessary  repairs  and  improvements,  including  the 
purchase  of  the  leasehold  interests  in  two  houses,  the 
property  of  the  dean  and  chapter,  which  had  long  been 
condemned  by  public  opinion,  as  they  concealed  from 
view  the  matchless  east  window,  and  now  stood  in  the 
way  of  the  projected  new  entrance  to  the  cathedral. 
In  the  autumn  of  1853  the  work  of  restoration  was 
begun.  The  repair  of  the  tower  was  the  first  work  of 
the  architect,  and  this  was  followed  by  the  raising  of 
the  roof  of  what  is  left  of  the  nave  to  its  original  height. 

In  its  perfect  state  the  cathedral  of  Carlisle  must 
have  presented  a  noble  and  imposing  appearance,  but 
the  wars  of  the  Commonwealth  swept  away  its  glories, 
and  what  is  now  remaining  gives  us  only  an  imperfect 
notion  of  what  the  structure  was  previous  to  the  time  of 


Cromwell.  The  church  is  at  present  nearly  surrounded 
by  lofty  lime  trees,  and  being  situated  on  the  most  ele- 
vated site  in  the  city,  is  seen  from  a  great  distance  on 
every  side.  It  is,  like  the  great  majority  of  cathedral 
churches,  a  cruciform  structure,  consisting  of  nave, 
transepts,  choir,  aisles,  and  central  tower,  and  its  origi- 
nal length  was  about  330  feet. 

The  nave  formerly  e-^tended  135  feet  from  the  inter- 
section of  the  transept,  but  39  are  all  that  now  remain, 
the  other  00  feet  being  destroyed  during  the  civil  wars. 
The  original  nave  seems  to  have  consisted  of  eight 
bays,  si-x:  of  which  have  been  destroyed  ;  the  remaining 
two  are  in  the  Norman  style,  of  a  simple  and  massive 
character.  The  exterior  of  the  nave  is  somewhat  en- 
riched, the  windows  having  small  detached  shafts  inser- 
ted at  their  sides  for  the  springing  of  the  arches,  which 
have  the  zig-zag,  billet,  and  other  usual  ornaments  of 
this  style.  The  interior  of  the  nave  is  massive  in  its 
character.  The  main  arches  are  circular,  with  plain 
architraves  springing  from  immense  piers,  whose  height 
is  only  fourteen  feet,  while  their  circumference  is  more 
than  seventeen.  Some  of  the  capitals  have  the  chevron 
and  bell  ornament,  but  others  of  them  are  plain.  The 
fragment  of  tlie  nave  still  standing  has  been  galleried 
and  pewed,  and  now  serves  as  the  parish  church  of  St. 
jMary ;  the  space  formerly  occupied  by  the  remainder 
has  been  converted  into  a  burial  ground. 

The  transepts,  which  are  without  aisles,  are  111  feet 
long  by  28  broad,  and  consist  of  three  stories.  The  south 
transept  is  in  the  same  style  as  the  nave,  and  is  entered 
from  the  abbey  by  a  richly  decorated  doorway,  the  capi- 
tals and  arch  mouldings  of  which  are  profusely  decorated 
with  foliage  and  figures,  carved  in  the  most  beautiful 
manner ;  a  gable  rises  over  it,  terminating  in  a  cross ; 
and  on  each  side  it  is  supported  by  strong  buttresses, 
canopied  and  decorated  with  finely  carved  crockets.  In 
this  transept,  on  the  eastern  side,  is  a  chapel  dedicated 
to  St.  Catherine,  but  now  used  as  a  vestry  for  the 
choristers.  This  chapel  was  founded  at  an  early  period 
by  John  de  Capella,  a  wealthy  citizen,  and  endowed  by 
him  with  certain  rents,  lands,  and  burgage  houses.  In 
the  year  1300,  a  portion  of  its  revenues  being  fraudu- 
lently retained,  Bisliop  Appleby  commanded  the  chaplain 
of  St.  Mary's  and  St.  Cuthbert's  to  give  public  notice 
that  the  offenders  were  required  to  make  restitution 
within  ten  days,  on  pain  of  excommunication.  Its 
revenues,  according  to  the  King's  Book,  were  valued  at 
M3  2s.  8d.  per  annum.  In  this  chapel  is  a  large  altar- 
tomb,  ornamented  on  the  sides  with  large  quatrefoils, 
and  supporting  a  figure  of  Bishop  Barrow  beneath  a 
rich  canopy,  who,  in  his  will,  dated  in  1429,  bequeathed 
some  plate  to  the  cathedral,  and  £20  to  a  priest  to  sing 


THE   CITY  OF  CARLISLE. 


101 


masses  in  this  chapel  for  the  repose  of  his  soul.     The 
monument  is  well  executed,  and  iu  a  tolerable  state  of 
preservation.    On  the  western  side  of  the  south  transept, 
about  a  foot  from  the  ground,  there  is  a  Scandinavian 
Eunic  inscription,  which  was  discovered  iu  1853,  soon 
after  the   recent   restorations.      The  runes  are  of  a 
slender  character,  and  some  are  not  over  well  defined. 
The  Rev.  Mr.  Maughan,  of  Bewcastle,  has  suggested 
that  tho  inscription  might  perhaps  be  read  thus, — 
"  Dolfiu  [raised]  this  stone  in  sorrow  for  the  soul  of 
his  son."     Dr.  Charlton  is  of  opinion  that  the  inscrip- 
tion is  not  sepulchral,  but  a  simple  whim  of  a  workman, 
the  siguification  being,  "  Tolfiu  made  these  marks  on 
this  stone."    There  is  but  one  other  Danish  inscription 
known  to  exist  in  England — one  recently  discovered  iu 
London  ;  and  as  this  in  Carlisle  is  in  great  danger  of 
being  effaced  and  lost,  it  has  been  suggested  that  some 
means  be  taken  for  its  protection  and  preservation. 
The  screens  here  are  ancient,  and  contain  some  curious 
tracery,  with  the  initials  of  Prior  Gondibour.     In  the 
south  transept  is  a  monument,  erected  by  subscription, 
to  the  memory  of  Ilobert  Anderson,  the  "Cumberland 
Bard,"  a  native  of  this  city,  and  of  humble  birth.     His 
songs  in  the  Cumberland  dialect  are  truthful  as  well 
as  amusing  dehneations  of  rustic  life  as  it  still  e.\ist3 
in  this  county.     In  the  Norman  part  of  the  transept 
are  two  wells,  from  the  presence  of  which  it  has  been 
inferred  that  the  cathedral  served  in  times  of  pressing 
danger  as  a  place  of  refuge  as  well  as  of  devotion.    The 
north  transept,  in  its  restored  state,  presents  a  fine  exam- 
ple of  the  Early  English  style.   The  heavy  Perpendicular 
tracery  of  the  large  window  of  this  transept  has  been 
removed,  and  its  place  supplied  by  a  very  fine  one  of 
geometrical  tracery,  and  with  the  best  effect.    Over  this 
the  newly-erected  gable  is  piurccd  with  a  circular  window 
of  tho  same  style,  which  has  been  fitted  with  stained 
glass,  the  gift  of  Mr.  Scott,  of  Carlisle.    In  this  transept 
is  tho  altar-tomb  of  Prior  Simon  Senhouse,  and  iu  tho 
west  side  of  the  same  transept  is  a  monumental  win- 
dow, erected  by  subscription,  to   the  memory  of  the 
late  chancellor  of  the  diocese,  the  llcv.  Walter  Fletcher. 
This  window  contains    a   full-length   portrait   of  the 
deceased  in  the  attitude  of  prayer. 

The  choir,  which  is  elegantly  furnished  for  the  cathe- 
dral service,  is  DW  feet  in  length,  7^  feet  in  height,  and 
<  '-i  feet  wide,  inclusive  of  the  aisles.  It  consists  of  eight 
bays,  those  at  the  several  extremities  being  narrower 
than  tho  rest,  and  the  most  easterly  serving  as  a  passage 
behind  the  comnuuiion  table.  The  altar  formerly  stood 
two  arches  from  the  eastern  i  nd,  and,  for  the  purpose 
of  throwing  additional  light  upon  it,  had  the  narrow 
lancet-shaped  windows  in  the  corresponding  division 


of  tlie  aisle  displaced,  on  either  side,  by  one  large  Per- 
pendicular window ;  it  was  removed  one  pier  nearer  to 
the  east  end  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  The 
general  style  of  this  part  of  tho  edifice  is  Early  English ; 
at  its  junction  with  the  transept  the  flat  mouldings  of 
the  arches  indicate  an  early  period  of  that  style,  but 
towards  the  cast  it  becomes  more  advanced,  and  the  last 
division,  with  the  whole  of  the  eastern  end,  is  in  the 
Decorated  style.  "  The  east  front,"  says  Hickman, 
"  contains  one  of  the  finest,  if  not  the  finest.  Decorated 
window  in  the  kingdom.  Tt  is  considerably  decayed ; 
but  its  elegance  of  composition  and  delicacy  of  arrange- 
ment, the  harmony  of  its  parts  and  the  easy  flow  of  its 
lines,  rank  it  even  higher  than  the  celebrated  west 
window  of  York  Cathedral,  which  it  also  exceeds  in  the 
number  of  divisions."  This  window  fills  up  the  whole 
space  between  two  uncommonly  bold  buttresses,  which 
rise  to  the  ridge  of  the  roof,  where  they  are  terminated 
with  fine  crocketed  pinnacles ;  they  have  niches  with 
enriched  canopies,  which  have  recently  been  fiUed  with 
statues.  The  whole  of  the  accessories,  including  the 
shafts,  mouldings,  and  buttresses,  are  very  chaste  and 
beautiful.  The  aisles  at  the  east  end  have  each  a  fine 
small  window  of  two  lights,  with  rich  tracery,  deep 
mouldings,  and  clustered  shafts.  The  south  aisle  has 
a  low  parapet  supported  by  a  range  of  brackets,  and  is 
flanked  by  two  bold  buttresses,  which  are  crowned  with 
fine  pinnacles.  The  north  aisle  differs  from  the  south, 
having  its  parapet  carried  higher,  and  partially  enriched  ; 
its  buttresses  have  no  pinnacles,  and  do  not  reach  to  the 
parapet,  but  they  are  panuelled  and  have  enriched 
canopies.  At  the  north  angle  is  a  small  octagonal 
turret. 

The  tower  has  an  embattled  parapet,  with  a  small 
turret  at  its  north-east  angle,  and  previous  to  tho 
Ivestoration  had  a  leaden  spire.  This  is  the  latest 
portion  of  the  building,  and  appears  to  have  been 
erected  about  three  hundred  years  later  than  the  nave. 
Between  two  small  windows  in  the  second  floor  is  a 
niche  containing  an  angel  bearing  a  shield,  as  a  pedestal 
for  a  statue,  but  there  is  nothing  to  show  that  it  was 
ever  occupied.  The  tower  was  thoroughly  repaired 
during  the  recent  restorations.  Its  height  to  the  top  of 
the  vane  is  about  130  feet. 

The  interior  appearance  of  the  choir  is  very  beautiful, 
and  seldom  if  ever  fails  to  excite  the  admiration  of  tho 
beholder.  The  heavy  screens  which  formerly  stood 
betwixt  its  clustered  pillars  have  been  taken  away,  and 
the  visitor  has  an  uuiuterrua^  view  of  the  entire 
structure,  e.xhibiting  a  lengf^Bed  array  of  massive 
columns,  with  their  high  overhanging  roof  "  stretching 
iu  aisles  majeslicid,"  termiualing  in  the  glorious  eastern 


102 


CUMBERLAND  WAKD. 


•window,  with  its  slender  mullions  and  delicate  flowing 
tracery.     It  is  in  very  truth — 

"A  dim  and  mighty  minster  of  old  time  ! 
A  temple  shadowy  with  remembrances 
Of  the  majestic  iiasll'' 

The  main  arches  of  the  choir  are  equilaterally  pointed, 
and  have  a  deep  architrave  consisting  of  various  mould- 
iugs,  enriched  with  the  dog-tooth  ornament,  and  finished 
with  a  dripstone,  whose  extremities  arc  supported  by  a 
variety  of   heads.      These    arches   spring   from   fine 
clustered  piers  of  eight  shafts,  whose  capitals  are  orna- 
mented with  foliage  and  grotesque  figures,  illustrative 
of  domestic  and  agricultural  pursuits,  such  as  sowing, 
reaping,  grape  gathering,  and  the  like.     At  the  base  of 
the  piers  on  the  south  side,  the  foundations  of  the 
original  Norman  piers  of  the  old  choir  may  yet  be 
traced.     The  arches  of  the  clerestory  have  a  pierced 
parapet  ornamented  with  quatrefoils.     Its  windows,  in 
each  compartment,  consist  of  three  pointed  arches,  the 
centre  one  being  earned  higher  than  the  other  two ; 
they  are  Early  English  windows,  but  are  filled  with 
tracery  of  the  succeeding  style,   which  nearly  corre- 
sponds in  eveiy  alternate  group.     The  two  Decorated 
inndows  of  the  clerestory  in  the  most  easterly  bay  of 
the  choir  are  very  curious,  especially  that  on  the  north 
side,  the  arch  of  which,  instead  of  being  pointed,  is 
elliptical,  and  its  tracery  is  continued  half  way  down 
the  uprights.    The  Early  Enghsh  windows  of  the  aisles 
are    strangely   diversified  in   their    stylo,    form,  and 
arrangement ;  and  not  less  so  in  the  manner  in  which 
their  workmanship  is  e.'cecuted.     The  form  which  pre- 
vails in  the  north  aisle  is  tliat  of  four  long  lancet  arches 
of  equal  height,  with  rich  mouldings.     Of  these  the 
two  middle  ones  have  been  pierced  for  windows.     They 
have  detached  shafts,  with  bands  and  capitals  between 
them,   and   the  space   between   their  heads   is   occu- 
pied by  a  quatrefoil  panel.      But  there  are  singular 
variations  from   this  form,  and  there  are  also   some 
Decorated  and  Perpendicular  insertions.     Under  these 
windows,  against  the  wall,  on  both  sides  of  the  church, 
is  a   range  of  elegant   small  arches,  with  cinquefoil 
heads,  and  a  series  of  deep  and  rich  mouldings  running 
round  the  cinquefoil,  and  springing  from  shafts  which 
are  generally  detached,  but  towards  the  east  end  they 
form  an  integral  part  of  the  wall.     Two  crowned  heads 
occur  in  the  south-east  corner  of  the  building. 

The  lath  and  plaster  ceiling  of  the  choir  of  1764 
has  been  taken  down,  and  the  ancient  and  unique 
wagon-shaped  ceiling,  inth  its  azure  and  gold  decora- 
tions is  once  more  displayed.  A  manuscript  of  the 
arms  which  originally  were  carved  on  the  bosses  is 


preserved  in  the  Heralds'  College ;  among  them  occur 
those  of  the  ancient  families  of  Percy,  Warren,  Mon- 
tagu, Slortimcr,  Clifford,  Greystokc,  Beauchamp,  Dacre, 
IMusgrave,  Fitz  Hugh,  Neville,  Vaux,  Curwcn,  Lam- 
plugb,  and  Lowther,  all  of  whom,  there  is  little  doubt, 
were  benefactors  of  the  cathedral.     Under  the  great 
east  window,  a  little  to  the  south,  is  an  ancient  piscina, 
which  was  long  built  up,  hut  has  recently  been  restored. 
The  stalls  in  the  choir  are  composed  of  fine  tabernacle 
work,  supplied  by  Bishop  Strickland,  about  the  j-ear 
1401.     They  are  oniamented  with  numerous  niches, 
formerly  filled  with  small  statues,  surmounted  by  cano- 
pies terminated  with  enriched  pinnacles.     The  images 
were  removed  about  1649.     The  scats  of  the  stalls  are 
so  constructed  as  to  turn  up,  when  they  form  small 
shelving  seats  called  misereres,  and  exhibit  knots  of 
very  curious  carving,  in  a  groat  variety  of  grotesque 
designs.     The  door  by  which  the  choir  is  entered  from 
the  north  aisle,  is  a  fine,  and  the  only  remaining,  ex- 
ample of  the  original  screens  of  the  choir.     The  upper 
part  of  it  is  filled  with  rich  tracery,  and  on  the  lower 
panels  are  exhibited  several  profiles  and  other  carved 
work  skilfidly  executed.     This  screen  bears  the  initials 
of  Lancelot  Salkeld,  the  last  prior  and  first  dean  of 
Carlisle.     The  bishop's  throne  is  a  much  more  recent 
production ;  it  is  formed  of  oak,  and  though  not  splendid, 
is  in  keeping  with  the  wainscotted  screens  which  run 
round  the  more  easterly  part  of  the  choir,  and  which 
were  erected  from  a  design  furnished  by  Lord  Camelford, 
nephew  to  Bishop  Lyttleton,  who  formerly  held  the 
see.     The  whole  design  and  appearance  of  the  choir 
may  be  pronounced  elegant ;  but  that  which  contributes 
most    to  this   effect  is  the  great  east  window  before 
alluded  to.     This  beautiful  structure,  allowed  to  be  the 
finest  iu  the  kingdom,  consists  of  an  equilateral  pointed 
arch,  divided  by  slender  mullions  into  nine  lights ;  the 
upper  portion  being  filled  with  delicate  flowing  tracery, 
remarkable  for  its  elegance  and  graceful  arrangement. 
This  traceiy  is  filled  with  stained  glass ;  but  owing  to 
its  great  elevation  and  the  smaUness  of  the  figures,  the 
subject  depicted  cannot  be  distinctly  seen  from  below. 
It  is  thus  described  by  Mr.  Purday  : — "  The  subject  is 
the  favourite  one  for  such  situations — the  Last  Resur- 
rection and  Judgment.    In  the  uppermost  compartment 
is  a  sitting  figure  of  our  Saviour  surrounded  by  angels 
bearing  the  crown  of  thorns  and  other  emblems  of  the 
Passion.     Lower  down  are  angels  sounding  trumpets, 
while  on  every  side  the  dead  are  seen  pushing  aside 
the  sculptured  gravestone  and  rising  from  the  tomb. 
Among  them  may  be  distinguished  popes,  kings,  bishops, 
priests,  &c.    Two  central  compartments  are  occupied  by 
the  procession  of  the  redeemed  to  the  New  Jerusalem. 


THE   CITY   OF  CARLISLE. 


103 


The  towers  and  gates  of  the  city  appear  to  the  right 
guarded  by  angels  ;  and  the  river  of  life  flows  under  its 
walls.  In  the  lowest  central  compartment  is  a  repre- 
sentition  of  the  punishment  of  the  lost."  It  is  under- 
stood that  there  is  in  the  hands  of  the  dean  and  chapter 
a  fund,  raised  by  subscription,  sufDcient  to  substitute 
stained  glass  of  the  richest  character  for  the  present 
plain  gla/ing  of  the  lower  part  of  tliis  splendid  window, 
and  the  whole  of  the  large  window  in  the  northern 
transept.  When  these  improvements  have  been  effected, 
the  venerable  cathedral  church  of  Carhsle  will  bear  a 
comparison  with  many  of  the  more  highly  favoured 
minsters  of  England,  and  may  be  looked  up  to  with  no 
small  feelings  of  pride  by  the  natives  of  the  ancient 
border  city.  A  powerful  organ  has  been  placed  over 
the  north  entrance  to  the  choir,  and  has  added  mate- 
rially to  the  solemnity  and  impressiveness  of  the  daily 
services. 

Among  the  ancient  tombs  in  the  choir  and  aisles  of 
tlie  cathedral,  are  two  placed  in  low  recesses  in  the  wall 
of  the  north  aisle,  the  arches  of  which  are  ornamented 
with  very  peculiar  mouldings,  in  the  form  of  the  ragged 
staff.  These  are  supposed  to  be  the  tombs  of  Bishop 
Wclton,  who  died  in  13G'2,  and  his  successor.  Bishop 
Appleby,  who  died  in  i;!95.  Under  the  next  window, 
in  a  low  arched  recess,  is  a  slab,  supporting  the  figure 
of  a  bishop,  now  much  decayed.  This  is  said  to  be  the 
monument  of  Bishop  Strickland,  who  died  in  1419. 
Speaking  of  this  tomb,  the  Messrs.  Lysons  say,  "  The 
sides  of  the  slab  supporting  the  effigies  are  ornamented 
with  foliage,  lilie  that  of  Bishop  Kilkenny,  in  Ely 
Cathedral.  It  is  much  more  ancient  than  1419,  and 
from  the  style  of  it,  was  probably  designed  for  some 
bishop  who  died  before  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth 
century."  This  tomb,  with  the  two  just  mentioned, 
having  been  opened,  and  the  foliage  removed,  since 
1808,  the  period  at  which  Lysons  visited  Carlisle,  it  is 
impossible  now  to  .judge  from  its  style  of  the  accuracy 
of  the  deduction  then  made,  but  if  it  be  correct,  the  tomb 
in  question  may  probably  be  that  of  Bishop  Halton,  who 
died  in  lo'^l,  and  is  said  to  have  been  buried  in  the 
north  aisle  of  the  cathedral.  About  half-way  up  the 
Tiorth  aisle  is  the  last  restiug  place  of  Archdeacon  Taley ; 
a  small  brass  plate  let  into  the  stone,  and  a  small  maj-blc 
slab  upon  the  wall,  bearing  his  name,  and  the  date  of 
his  decease,  are  all  that  mark  the  jilace  of  his  inter- 
ment. In  the  south  aisle,  near  the  vestry,  in  an  arched 
recess,  is  the  tomb  of  Sir  John  Skelton,  Knight.  In 
the  middle  of  the  choir,  between  the  pews,  tiiere  is  a  line 
example?  of  the  monumcntid  brasses  so  much  in  use 
diu-ing  the  fourteenth  century.  It  mai-ks  tlie  last  rest- 
ing place  of  Bishop  Bell,  who,  after  presiding  over  the 


see  for  eighteen  years,  resumed  the  monastic  habit,  and 
died  in  the  year  1490.  The  monument  consists  of  a 
large  slab  of  blue  marble,  on  which  is  the  representation 
in  brass  of  a  bishop,  in  his  pontifical  vestments,  with  a 
book  in  his  right  hand,  and  a  crosier  in  his  left.  This 
tomb  has  been  well  preserved,  but  since  the  removal  of 
the  litany  desk,  which  formerly  stood  at  its  head,  it  has 
been  much  worn,  in  consequence  of  persons  walking 
over  it,  ami,  unless  some  means  be  taken  for  its  preser- 
vation, the  inscription  upon  it  will  soon  become  ille- 
gible.' A  small  monumental  brass  plate,  in  memory  of 
Bishop  Henry  Robinson,  is  preserved.  He  was  a  native 
of  tliis  city,  and  died  of  the  plague  in  1601.  It  is  a 
finely  engraved  copy  from  the  original  plate  in  the 
chapel  of  Queen's  CoUege,  Oxford,  and  was  presented 
to  this  cathedral  by  his  brother.  It  is  finely  engraved  ; 
the  bishop  is  represented  in  his  episcopal  robes,  kneel- 
ing, with  one  baud  supporting  a  crosier,  the  other  holds 
a  lighted  candle,  and  a  cord,  to  which  three  dogs  are 
attached,  who  appear  guarding  sheepfolds  from  the 
attack  of  wolves.  Below  the  candle  is  a  group  of 
figures,  bearing  irajilemeuts  of  agriculture  and  peaceful 
industry ;  near  their  feet  is  a  wolf  playing  with  a  lamb, 
and  various  warlike  instruments  scattered  and  broken. 
Each  part  is  illustrated  with  appropriate  Greek  and 
Latin  sentences.  At  the  bottom  of  the  plate  is  a  Latin 
inscription,  to  this  effect.  "  To  Henry  Eobinsou,  of 
Carlisle,  D.D.,  a  most  careful  provost  of  Queen's 
College,  Oxon,  and  afterwards  a  most  watchful  bishop 
of  this  church  for  eighteen  years,  who,  on  the  13th 
calend  of  July,  in  the  year  from  the  delivery  of  the 
Virgin,  1016,  and  of  his  age,  04,  devoutly  resigned  his 
spirit  unto  the  Lord.  Bernard  Robinson,  his  brother  and 
heir,  set  up  this  memorial  as  a  testimony  of  his  love.°" 
This  plate  was  discovered  in  fciking  down  the  hangings 
and  ornaments  of  the  high  altar,  in  tlie  middle  of  the 
last  century ;  it  is  now  fi.xed  in  the  wall  of  the  north 
aisle  of  the  choir.  In  the  choir  towai'ds  the  altar,  is  a 
flat  stone,  inscribed  to  the  memory  of  the  munificent 
Bishop  Smith,  who  died  in  1702  ;  at  the  head  of  the 
stone  is  a  shield  charged  with  his  armorial  bearings,  and 
followed  by  a  Latin  inscription.  Against  a  pillar,  be- 
hind the  pulpit,  is  a  beautiful  monument,  to  the  memory 
of  Bishop  Law — above  the  tablet  is  the  figure  of  Ilehgiou 
resting  upon  the  mitre,  and  supported  by  the  cross. 
Bishops  Ralph  dc  Irton.  who  died  in  IS'.lvi:  John  dc 
Kirkby,  who  tUcd  in  l:io-i  ;  John  Best,  who  died  in 
1570;    John  iley.  who  died  in   1597,  and  Richaid 


>  All  I'ligrnving  of  this  tomb  will  he  foimd  iii  Ilutckiiiaon's  Cuni- 
bcrlancl,  iinil  iu  Cough's  SepiUcbral  Monumenls. 

s  Tliis  plaie  is  engraved  iu  Jefferson's  "  History  of  Carlisle,"  p.  ISO. 


104 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


Senhouse,  who  died  in  1626,  were  all  buried  in  the 
cathedral,  but  their  tombs  cannot  now  be  identified. 
There  are  in  the  transepts  and  other  parts  interesting 
monuments  or  tablets  to  the  memory  of  the  following  : 
Bishop  Iteming,  who  died  in  1717  ;  his  son,  Archdea- 
con Fleming,  who  died  in  174'2 ;  Thomas  Wilson,  D.D., 
fourteen  years  dean  of  the  cathedral,  who  died  in  177S; 
Sir  J.  D.  A.  (lilpin,  Knt.,  inspector  of  hospitals  and  an 
alderman  of  this  city,  who  died  in  1834,  and  Hugh 
James,  M.D.,  who  died  in  lf^l7. 

On  the  screens  behind  the  stalls  of  the  choir  arc  a 
number  of  curious  paintings,  of  great  age,  and  rude 
execution,  said  to  be  the  gift  of  Prior  Gondibour.  They 
occupy  the  spaces  between  several  of  the  arches.  Three 
of  them  are  the  legends  of  the  saints,  Anthony,  Cuth- 
bert,  and  Augustine  ;  as  related  by  the  early  chroniclers. 
A  fourth  is  intended  to  represent  the  twelve  apostles. 
The  rhymes  describing  the  different  stages  of  the 
life  of  each  saint  as  pictured  below,  are  as  rude  as  the 
paintings,  and  are  said  to  have  been  written  by  Prior 
Senhouse.  These  paintings  were  long  concealed  by  a 
covering  of  whitewash,  which  was  removed  by  Dean 
Percy. 

Among  the  relics  of  antiquity  yet  remaining  in  the 
cathedral,  the  most  remarkable  is  the  cornu  oburncum, 
or  ivory  horn,  which  is  said  to  have  been  given  to  the 
priory  in  the  twelfth  century,  instead  of  a  written  docu- 
ment, as  evidence  of  certain  grants  made  by  Henry  I. 
It  was  originally  mounted  with  some  precious  metal, 
the  whole  of  which  has  now  disappeared.  There  are 
also  two  copes,  used  in  the  cathedral  before  the  Re- 
formation. One  of  these  is  of  embroidered  silk,  with  a 
broad  border  of  needlework,  in  which  arc  representations 
of  several  saints  of  the  church  ;  the  other  is  of  crimson 
velvet,  richly  wrought  with  gold,  and  having  a  gold 
border.  These  copes  are  in  a  decayed  state,  and  have 
been  deprived  of  some  of  the  ornaments  with  which 
they  were  formerly  enriched. 

In  addition  to  St.  Catherine's  Chapel  above  alluded 
to,  the  cathedral  comprised  two  chantries,  those  of  St. 
Fioch  and  St.  Cross,  the  former  of  which  was  founded 
in  the  year  1422,  by  Bishop  ^Yhelpdale,  who,  at  his 
death,  left  the  sum  of  £200  for  the  purpose  of  founding 
and  endowing  a  chantry  for  the  celebration  of  masses 
for  the  repose  of  the  souls  of  Sir  Thomas  Skellory,  Knt., 
and  Mr.  John  Glaston,  two  of  his  intimate  friends,  who 
•were  buried  in  the  cathedral.  Nicolson  and  Burn  con- 
sider it  probable  that  this  was  the  chantry  of  St.  Roch  ; 
itsrcvenues  wore  valued  at  £3  14s.  per  annum.  There 
was  another  chantry,  that  of  St.  Cross,  but  we  possess 
no  record  of  the  date  at  which,  or  the  person  by  whom 
it  was  founded.     It  was  granted  by  Edward  YI.,  with 


all  messuages,  lands,  tenements,  profits,  and  heredita- 
ments belonging  thereto,  valued  at  £3  lOs.  per  annum, 
to  Henry  Tanner  and  Thomas  Bucher. 

ANSALS    OF   THE    BISHOPS. 

On  the  foundation  of  the  see,  in  1133,  Athelwald,  a 
Saxon,  and  prior  of  St.  jMary's,  was  appointed  the  first 
bishop.  He  appears  to  have  been  also  prior  of  St. 
Oswald's,  at  Nostell,  in  Yorkshire,  and  the  king's  con- 
fessor ;  and  in  1136  his  name  occurs  as  a  witness  to  a 
charter  of  King  Stephen.  The  churches  of  Wetheral, 
Warwick,  and  other  places,  having  been  granted  to 
the  abbey  of  St.  Mary,  at  York,  Athelwald  confirmed 
this  grant,  stipulating,  however,  that  the  abbot  and 
convent  should  take  care  that  the  cure  of  souls  in  those 
places  should  not  be  neglected,  but  that  a  decent  main- 
tenance should  be  allowed  to  the  clergymen  whom  they 
were  bound  to  provide.     This  prelate  died  in  115.'). 

Bernard,  the  second  bishop,  was  consecrated  in  1157, 
and  in  1169  officiated  at  the  dedication  of  the  church 
of  St^  Mary  Magdalen,  at  Lanercost.  He  died  in  1186, 
and  the  see  remained  vacant  for  thirty-two  years.  We 
find,  however,  that  King  John  granted  it  in  1200  to 
the  Archbishop  of  Sclavonia,  who  was  succeeded  in  the 
following  year  by  Alexander  do  Lacy ;  but  the  next 
regular  bishop  was 

Hugh  de  Bcllo  Loco,  abbot  of  Batelc,  in  Sussex,  who 
was  elevated  to  the  see  in  1218.  Two  years  later  his 
name  occurs  as  making  grants  to  the  abbey  of  St. 
Mary,  at  Y'ork,  and  to  the  monks  of  Wetheral.  This 
prelate  appears  to  have  stood  high  in  the  estimation  of 
his  sovereign,  Henry  HI.,  who  requested  the  Pope 
to  restore  the  rectories  of  Penrith,  Newcastle,  Cor- 
bridge,  and  Wliittingham,  to  the  see  of  Carlisle.  He 
also  appears  as  one  of  the  sureties  of  Henry  HI. 
for  the  due  performance  of  engagements  which  that 
monarch  had  entered  into  with  the  King  of  Scotland. 
This  bishop  died  at  the  abbey  of  La  Ferte,  in  Bur- 
gundy, and  was  succeeded  by 

Walter  JIalclerk,  who  was  consecrated  in  122."),  and 
received  the  temporalities  of  the  bishopric  on  the  26th 
of  October  in  the  same  year.  In  1230  Henry  III. 
granted  the  manor  of  Dalston  to  Walter  and  his  suc- 
cessors, bishops  of  Carlisle.  Two  years  later  the  same 
king,  by  charter,  made  this  prelate  treasurer  of  his 
exchequer ,  an  office  which  the  bishop  retained  but 
a  short  time,  though  he  had  been  appointed  for  life. 
In  1234  he  was  instrumental  in  effecting  the  contract 
entered  into  between  the  king  and  the  daughter  of  the 
Earl  of  Winchester,  and  subsequently  we  find  his 
name  as  a  witness  to  the  great  charter.  In  1239  he 
was  appointed  catechist  to  Prince  Edward,  and  in  1243 


THE   CITY   OF  CARLISLE. 


105 


was  joined  in  commission  with  the  Archbishop  of  York 
and  William  de  Cantclupe  as  lords-justices  of  the  realm 
in  the  king's  absence.  He  held  the  office  of  sheriff  of 
Cumberland  for  the  space  of  ten  years.  In  12-10  he 
resigned  his  see,  and  became  a  Dominican  friar  at 
O.\ford,  where  he  died  in  1218. 

Silvester  de  Everdon,  archdeacon  of  Chester,  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  Carlisle  in  1210,  ou  the  resig- 
nation of  Walter  IMalclerk,  and  in  the  following  j'ear 
conlirmcd  the  grants  of  his  predecessors  to  the  abbey 
of  St.  Mary,  at  York.  He  was  afterwards  made  Lord 
High  Ciiancellor.  In  ISij:?  Bishop  de  Everdon  sup- 
ported the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  others  in 
their  opposition  to  the  king,  who  wished  to  encroach 
upon  the  liberties  and  privileges  of  the  church.  Two 
yoare  afterwards  the  bisliop  died  in  consequence  of  a 
fall  from  his  horse,  his  successor  being 

Thomas  Vipout,  or  de  Veteripont,  of  the  family  of 
the  carls  of  Westmoreland,  who  was  consecrated  in 
]  255.  This  bishop  only  held  the  see  for  a  year,  dying 
in  1250. 

Kobert  de  Cheverel,  or  de  Chauncy,  called  by  Leland 
the  Queen's  chaplain,  was  the  next  occupant  of  the 
see,  to  which  he  was  elevated  in  12.')8.  He  appears  to 
have  been  for  some  time  engaged  in  an  unhappy  con- 
troversy with  the  sheriff  of  Cumberland,  although  he 
himself  filled  the  office  for  two  years.  On  his  demise, 
in  1278,  William  de  Rotherfeld,  dean  of  York,  was 
nominated,  but  he  refused  the  proffered  elevation,  and 
the  prior  and  convent  elected 

Rodolph,  or  Ralph  de  Ireton,  prior  of  Gisborne,  who 
was  consecrated  in  1280.  This  bishop,  who  was  of  a 
Cumberland  family,  was  a  firm  defender  of  all  ecclesias- 
tical rights,  nor  could  ho  be  deterred  from  upholding 
those  rights  and  privileges  by  any  person,  however  high 
his  rank  or  station.  In  1281  he  maintained  a  suit 
against  Sir  Michaol  do  Hercia,  by  which  he  recovered 
the  manor  and  church  of  Dalston.  He  also  sti-ovc  to 
obtain  the  tithes  of  newly-cultivated  lands  within  Ingle- 
wood  Forest,  which  he  hfld  to  have  been  granted  to  the 
church  of  Carlisle,  by  Henry  I.  "  who  enfeoffed  the 
eamo  per  quoddam  cornu  eburneum."  This  suit  was 
decided  against  the  bishop,  and  the  tithes  were  adjudged 
to  the  king,  Ivlward  [.,  who  subsequently  granted  them 
to  the  prior  and  convent.  Bishop  de  Ireton  was  called 
upon  to  take  part  in  the  various  events  which  occurred  in 
the  country  during  the  tinio  he  held  the  sco  of  Carlisle. 
Ho  was  joined  in  commission  with  the  Bishop  of  Caitli- 
ness,  to  collect  tenths  within  the  kingdom  of  Scotland  ; 
and  in  1291  was  a  confidential  commissioner  to  the 
l''.nglish  monarch  for  adjusting  tlic  claims  to  the  Scot- 
tish crown.  Ho  was  also  one  of  the  plenipotcutiarios 
U 


empowered  to  contract  Prince  Edward  in  marriage  with 
(jueeu  Margaret  of  Scotland.  Ho  died  at  Linstock, 
March  the  1st,  1293,  and  was  succeeded  by 

John  de  Halton,  canon  of  Carlisle,  who  was  elected 
on  the  9th  of  the  following  May.  The  powers  granted 
to  his  predecessor  seem  to  have  been  continued  to  Bishop 
de  Halton,  who  took  an  active  part  in  Scottish  affairs. 
He  was  present  when  Baliol  was  adjudged  the  rightful 
claimant  for  the  Scottish  throne,  in  1292,  and  five 
years  afterwards  witnessed  Robert  Bruce  swear  fealty  to 
Edward  at  Carhsle.  In  1302  Bishop  Halton  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  the  castle  of  Carlisle,  and  had  the 
custody  of  the  Scottish  prisoners  and  hostages.  Three 
years  afterwards  his  name  occurs  as  one  of  the  peti- 
tioners for  the  canonisation  of  Thomas  de  Cantelupe, 
bishop  of  Hereford  ;  and  in  li?07  we  find  him  enter- 
taining the  English  monarch  and  his  retinue  for  six 
days  at  Linstock  Castle.  Next  year  he  was  summoned 
to  attend  the  coronation  of  Edward  II.  lu  131 4  he  was 
summoned  to  a  parliament  at  Westminster,  but  not  being 
able  to  answer  the  summons,  in  consequence  of  Car- 
lisle Castle  being  blockaded  by  the  Scots  under  Edward 
Bruce,  he  was  obliged  to  request  the  rectors  of  Leving- 
tou  and  Brough-undcr-Stanemore,  to  appear  for  him, 
and  to  excuse  his  personal  attendance  on  account  of  the 
position  in  which  he  was  placed,  and  the  troubles  in 
which  his  diocese  was  involved.  This  prelate  died  in 
November,  1324,  and  William  Ayremyn,  canon  of 
York  was  elected,  but  the  pope  appointed. 

John  de  Rosse,  canon  of  Hereford,  who,  in  1330, 
was  summoned  to  appear  before  the  papal  delegate,  the 
prior  of  Durham,  to  answer  charges  preferred  against 
him  by  the  prior  and  convent  of  Carlisle,  for  interfering 
with  their  peaceable  enjoyment  of  several  churches 
appropriated  to  them,  as  likewise  for  his  seizure  of  their 
rents,  which  he  disposed  of  as  he  thought  fit.  This 
bishop  subsequently  excommunicated  the  prior  for  neg- 
lecting to  pay  some  tenths  that  were  in  his  hands.  He 
died  at  Rose,  in  1332. 

John  de  Ivirkeby,  prior  of  St.  ]\Iary's,  Carlisle,  and 
the  next  bishop,  was  invested  with  the  tempoi-alities  of 
his  diocese  by  the  king,  on  the  8th  of  May,  1332. 
This  prelate,  says  Hutchinson,  "  came  to  his  episcopacy 
in  a  most  unhappy  era,  both  in  regard  to  the  public 
troubles  and  agitations  in  the  state,  and  the  litigious 
and  unhappy  disposition  of  the  clergy.  He  was  con- 
tinually subject  to  alarms  from  tlie  Scots,  in  conse- 
quence of  tlio  king  of  Engknd's  unfortunate  expedi- 
tious and  unsuccessful  arms;  and,  added  to  this,  ho  had 
gained  the  hatred  and  contempt  of  that  people  before 
his  advancement  to  the  see  :  so  that,  it  is  said,  his 
ordinations   were  held  in  very  distant  parts  of   the 


106 


CUJfBEBL.4.ND  WARD. 


kingdom,  and  he  was  frequently  out  of  this  diocese ;  and  to 
render  his  life  still  more  distressful,  he  was  involved  in 

innumerable  suits  with  his  clergj-."  Passing  through 
Penrith,  in  the  spring  of  11)37,  he  was  attacked  by  a 
band  of  ruffians,  and  several  of  his  retinue  were  severely 
wounded.  In  the  same  year  ho  was  not  able  to  raise 
the  tenths,  in  consequence  of  most  of  his  clergy  having 
fled  from  the  Scots,  and  was  obliged  to  certify  to  the 
barons  of  the  exchequer  to  that  effect.  In  October 
the  Scots  burnt  Rose,  aud  devastated  the  surrounding 
country.  In  13-11  he  received  .£-200  from  the  receiver 
of  the  royal  funds,  to  pay  the  men  whom  he  had  in  bis 
service  for  the  safe  keeping  of  the  western  marches. 
Two  years  later  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners to  treat  with  others  from  Scotland,  to  settle  and 
preserve  peace  and  commerce,  aud  in  the  following 
yeai'  was  required  to  assist  Edward  Baliol,  king  of 
Scotland,  who  had  been  appointed  by  Edward  III. 
captain-general  of  all  his  forces  in  the  north.  In  1348 
he  received  instructions  to  convey  the  Princess  Joan  to 
her  husband,  she  having  been  betrothed  to  Alphousus, 
king  of  Castile.  He  died  in  1353,  when  John  de  Horn- 
castle,  prior  of  Carlisle,  was  elected,  but  he  was  set 
aside  by  the  pope,  and  the  see  given  to 

Gilbert  de  Wilton,  in  1353.  Shortly  after  bis  eleva- 
tion. Bishop  de  Wilton  assembled  the  clergy  of  his  dio- 
cese, for  the  pui-pose  of  obtaining  a  subsidy,  which  was 
at  once  granted,  and  amounted  to  900  marks.  He  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  appointed  by  the  king  to  treat 
for  the  ransom  of  Bang  David  of  Scotland,  and  for  the 
establishment  of  peace  between  the  two  nations.  In 
1359  he  was  joint  warden  of  the  western  marches  with 
Thomas  de  Lucy ;  and  subsequently,  as  one  of  the  com- 
missioners, took  part  in  the  treaties  which  acknow- 
ledged Da\dd  as  king  of  Scotland,  aud  renouuced  the 
claims  of  the  English  mouarchs  to  the  sovcreiguty  of 
that  country.  As  we  leai'n  from  his  registers,  this 
bishop  took  great  interest  in  the  repair  of  public  bridges, 
and  the  erection  and  adornment  of  churches  and 
monasteries.  After  a  life  of  great  usefulness,  he  died 
in  1362. 

Thomas  de  Appleby,  canon  of  Carlisle,  was  the  next 
occupant  of  the  see,  being  consecrated  at  Avignon,  on 
the  18th  of  June,  1304.  In  1305,  he,  amongst  other 
prelates,  took  an  oath  in  the  king's  presence,  at  West- 
minster, "  to  keep  and  observe  inviolably  all  the  articles 
of  peace  lately  concluded  and  agreed  upon  by  his  majesty 
and  the  French  king."  Two  years  afterwards,  he  re- 
ceived a  joint  commission  with  Roger  de  Clifford,  An- 
thony de  Lucy,  and  Pialph  de  Daci-e,  for  the  wai'denship 
of  the  western  marches.  In  1309,  in  obedience  to 
the  king's  writ,  the  bishop  ordered  the  rural  dean  of 


Cumberland  to  summon  all  the  abbots,  priors,  and  other 
rehgious  and  ecclesiastical  persons,  to  array  all  the  men 
capable  of  bearing  arms,  between  the  ages  of  si.'iteen  and 
sixty,  apprehensions  being  entertained  of  a  French  in- 
vasion; and  in  the  same  year  he  was  again  appointed 
to  the  wardenship  of  the  western  marches,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Roger  de  Clifford,  Thomas  de  Musgrave,  and 
others.  In  1373  Bishop  de  Appleby,  with  the  Bishop 
of  Durham,  Edward  Mortimer,  Earl  of  March,  aud 
other  noblemen,  were  appointed  to  hear  and  detennine 
all  complaints  and  causes  of  action  upon  the  borders; 
and  they  were  required  to  see  satisfaction  made  for  in- 
juries done  by  any  of  the  Idng's  subjects.  In  1384, 
during  the  reign  of  Richard  II.  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle, 
the  Bishop  of  Durham,  the  Earl  of  Northumberland, 
the  Lord  of  Raby,  and  the  Sub-dean  of  York,  were  ap- 
pointed special  commissioners  and  ambassadors,  to  treat 
with  the  King  of  Scotland,  for  a  truce  between  the  two 
kingdoms,  and  for  the  adjusting  of  all  differences  on 
the  borders.  Eight  years  after  this,  the  bishop  was  again 
appointed  a  commissioner,  to  see  executed  "  that  part 
of  a  late  treaty  of  peace,  concluded  with  the  French 
king,  which  related  to  the  kingdom  of  Scotland."  This 
prelate  died  in  1395,  and  William  Stricldaud  was 
chosen  to  succeed  him,  but  was  set  aside  by  the  pope  in 
favour  of 

Robert  Reade,  who  was  translated  from  the  see  of 
Waterford  and  Lismoro,  in  Ireland,  in  1370,  and  ob- 
tained the  royal  warrant  for  all  the  mesne  profits  of 
the  see,  from  the  demise  of  Bishop  de  Appleby.  He 
was  translated  to  Chichester  in  the  course  of  the  same 
year,  and  was  succeeded  by 

Thomas  Merkes,  who  was  invested  with  the  tem- 
poralities of  his  see  by  Richard  IL,  and  received  a 
provision  from  the  pope  in  1397.  From  the  will  of 
the  unfortunate  Richard  we  leani  that  Bishop  Merkes 
was  one  of  the  five  prelates  whom  that  monarch  num- 
bered amongst  his  executors,  and  to  whom  he  bequeathed 
a  gold  ring  of  the  value  of  £20.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact 
that  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle  is  the  only  bishop  who  is 
recorded  to  have  taken  letters  of  protection  from  Richard, 
and  placed  himself  under  an  obligation  to  personally 
attend  the  king  towards  the  coast  of  Ireland.  On  the 
removal  of  Richard,  Bishop  Merkes  remained  faithful 
to  the  fallen  monarch,  and  in  the  first  parliament  coura- 
geously showed  his  attachment  by  speaking  in  favour 
of  the  deposed  king.  For  this  he  was  accused  of  high 
treason  in  January,  1400,  and  was  soon  after  deprived 
of  his  see,  and  committed  a  prisoner  to  the  Tower.  On 
the  23rd  of  the  follo\ring  June,  the  bishop  was  placed 
in  the  custody  of  the  Abbot  of  Westminster,  in  whose 
community  he  had  formerly  been  a  monk,  and  on 


THE   CITY   OF  CARLISLE. 


107 


November  28tli  received  the  king's  pardon,  and  was 
set  at  liberty.  In  consequence  of  his  "notable  poverty," 
he  was  allowed  to  receive  from  the  pope,  who  had  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  title  of  Bishop  of  Samothrace, 
ecclesiastical  benefices  to  the  value  of  dOO  marks,  which 
the  king  increased  to  300.  Ho  held  the  vicarage  of 
Sturminstcr,  in  Dorsetshire,  and,  in  1404,  the  Abbot 
of  Westminster  bestowed  upon  him  the  rectory  of 
Todenham,  in  Gloucestershire.  It  is  probable  he 
died  iu  the  latter  place  about  the  cud  of  the  year 
1409. 

William  Strickland  was  the  next  prelate  appointed 
to  the  see  of  Carlisle.  He  was  elected  iu  1:J99,  conse- 
crated at  Cawood  by  the  Archbishop  of  York,  August 
24th,  1400,  and  received  the  temporalities  of  his  see 
on  the  15th  of  the  following  November.  Bishop  Strick- 
land was  a  devoted  adherent  of  Henry  IV.,  from  whom 
he  received  a  commission  to  arrest  all  those  persons 
in  the  diocese  of  Carlisle  "  who  should  assert  that 
Richard  II.  was  still  alive,  aud  abiding  in  the  parts  of 
Scotland."  In  1400,  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle  was  one  of 
the  prelates  that  signed  and  sealed  the  act  of  succes- 
sion, by  which  the  crowns  of  England  and  France  were 
entailed  upon  the  lung's  four  sous.  The  erection  of  the 
tower  and  belfry  of  the  cathedral  is  ascribed  to  this  pre- 
late, as  is  also  the  tabcniacle  work  in  the  choir,  aud  the 
covering  of  the  spire  on  the  tower  with  lead.  He 
built  the  tower  at  Kose  Castle,  called  Strickland's  tower, 
and  constructed  a  watercourse  from  tho  river  Petteril 
through  the  town  of  Penrith.  A  chantry  in  tho  church 
of  St.  Andrew,  in  the  same  town,  is  likewise  of  his  foun- 
dation. He  died  on  the  30th  of  August,  1419,  after 
an  tj)iscopacy  of  twenty  years,  and  was  buried  in  his 
catiicdral.     His  successor  was 

Roger  Whelpdale,  provost  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
who  was  consecrated  by  the  Bishop  of  London  in  14'20, 
and  had  restitution  of  the  temporalities  on  the  12th  of 
March,  in  the  following  year.  This  prelate,  who  was  a 
native  of  the  county,  having  been  bom  at  or  near  Grey- 
stoke,  did  not  long  enjoy  his  elevation  to  the  episcopate, 
for  ho  died  in  London  on  tho  4lh  of  February,  1422, 
and  by  his  will  ordered  his  body  to  be  interred  in  St. 
Paul's  Church,  in  that  city,  leaving  £200  for  the  foun- 
dation aud  endowment  of  a  chantry  in  his  cathedral  of 
Carlisle.  Bishop  Whelpdale  was  a  learned  man,  and 
well  vcreed  in  the  literature  of  tho  period  in  which  he 
lived.  His  works  are  a  book  with  tho  title  Df  invocate 
Deo,  and  somo  treati.ses  on  logic  and  mathematics. 

William  Barrow,  bishop  of  Bangor,  was  tho  next  occu- 
pant of  the  see  of  Carlisle,  to  which  ho  was  translated 
on  tho  death  of  Bishop  Whelpdale,  and  received  tho 
temporalities  on  Januarv  the  lUth,  1423.     In  1429  his 


name  occurs  among  the  bishops  who  protested  against 
Cardinal  Beaufort  appearing  at  Windsor,  on  Saint 
George's  day,  as  prelate  of  the  order  of  the  garter,  in 
right  of  his  bishopric  of  Winchester.  In  the  July  fol- 
lowing he  bore  a  joint  commission  with  the  earls  of 
Northumberland  and  Salisbury,  on  behalf  of  the  King  of 
England,  for  the  truce  concluded  with  Scotland,  at 
Hawden  Stank.  He  died  at  Rose  Castle,  the  seat  of 
the  bishops  of  Carlisle,  on  September  4th,  1429,  and 
was  buried  iu  the  chapel  of  St.  Catherine  iu  his  cathe- 
dral church.     His  successor  was 

Marmaduke  Lumley,  ai-chdeacon  of  Northumberland, 
who  was  raised  to  the  see  iu  1430,  aud  received  resti- 
tution of  the  temporalities  on  April  the  loth,  1431. 
In  1433  he  was  licensed  to  attend  the  Council  of  Basil, 
the  eighteenth  general  council,  aud  two  years  later  was 
appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  to  treat  with  the 
Scots.  During  the  episcopacy  of  Bishop  Lumley,  the 
diocese  suffered  so  severely  from  tho  ravages  of  the 
Scots,  that  the  bishop  could  not  obtain  wherewithal  to 
support  the  dignity  of  his  office,  aud  iu  order  to  enable 
him  to  do  this,  an  application  was  made  to  the  throne, 
in  consequence  of  which  a  royal  grant  was  issued  in 
June,  1441,  by  which  the  churches  of  Caldbeck  and 
Rothbury  were  annexed  to  the  see  for  ever.  These 
appropriations,  however,  did  not  take  place,  aud  the  two 
churches  arc  to  this  day  rectorial.  Bishop  Lumley, 
who  was  of  the  noble  family  of  Lumley,  in  the  county 
of  Durham,  filled  the  offices  of  lord  treasurer,  lord 
chaucellor,  and  chancellor  of  Cambridge  University. 
Ho  was  translated  to  Lincoln  in  1449,  when 

Nicholas  Close,  archdeacon  of  Colchester,  aud  one  of 
the  king's  chaplains,  was  appointed  bishop,  receiving 
restitution  of  the  temporalities  on  the  14th  of  Slarch 
in  tho  following  year.  In  1451,  he,  with  the  Bishop  of 
Durham  and  others,  was  commissioned  to  superintend 
"  the  conservators  of  the  tnice  and  wardens  of  the 
marches,  and  to  punish  their  negligence  and  irregulari- 
ties." Iu  1452  he  was  one  of  a  commission  appointed 
to  receive  the  homage  of  James,  earl  of  Douglas,  and  all 
other  Scottish  noblemen  who  should  apply  for  that  i>ur- 
pose.  These  are  all  the  notices  of  this  prelate  that 
occur  during  the  time  that  ho  fdled  the  see  of  Carlisle. 
He  was  translated  to  Lichlicld  and  Coventry  iu  1432, 
and  was  succeeded  by 

William  Percy,  a  son  of  the  F.arl  of  Northumberland, 
and  a  inobondary  of  York,  Lincoln,  aud  Sidisbury,  who 
was  invested  with  the  temporalities  of  his  bishopric  on 
tho  24th  of  October.  1452,  and.  though  ho  hold  tho 
see  for  ten  years,  nothing  is  on  record  respecting  him, 
except  that  ho  was  chancellor  of  Cambridge.  Ho  died 
in  1462. 


108 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


John  Kingscotes,  archdeacon  of  Gloucester,  was 
elected  by  the  chapter  bishop  of  Carlisle  on  the  de- 
mise of  Bishop  Percy,  but  he  only  held  the  see  one  year, 
dying  on  the  10th  December,  1013,  when 

Richard  Scrope,  rector  of  Feu-Ditton,  Cambridge- 
shire, succeeded  to  the  vacant  mitre.  Nothing  what- 
ever is  recorded  of  this  prelate,  except  the  dates  of  his 
elevation  and  decease  ;  the  latter  event  occurring  on  the 
ICth  of  May,  1408  ;  his  successor  was 

Edward  Story,  chancellor  of  Cambridge,  who  being 
elected  by  the  chapter  and  approved  of  by  the  pope,  had 
restitution  of  the  temporalities  on  September  1st,  1408. 
Three  years  later  we  find  his  name  among  those 
of  the  prelates  and  chief  of  the  nobility  who  took  an 
oath  of  fealty  to  Edward  V.,  then  Prince  of  Wales  ;  and 
shortly  afterwards,  he,  with  the  Bishop  of  Durham,  the 
earl  of  Northumberland,  and  others,  was  appointed  a 
commissioner  to  treat  with  those  of  Scotland  at  Alnwick, 
and  the  year  following  at  Newcastle ;  and  in  1473  at  either 
of  these  places  or  any  other  place.  In  1474  he  again 
appears  as  a  commissioner  in  the  treaty  of  marriage  be- 
tween the  Prince  of  Scotland  and  the  Princess  Cicely, 
daughter  of  Edward  IV.  Three  yeai's  later  he  was 
translated  to  Chichester,  where  he  died  in  1503. 

llichai'd  Bell,  prior  of  Dm'ham,  was  the  next  prelate, 
being  elevated  to  the  see  in  1478,  shortly  after  the 
translation  of  Bishop  Story.  While  prior  of  Durham, 
he  was  several  times  in  the  commissions  of  Edward  IV., 
on  treaty  with  the  king  of  Scots.  All  that  we  learn  of 
him  during  his  episcopacy  is,  that  he  built  the  tower  at 
Eosc  Castle,  which  still  bears  his  name.  He  died  in 
1490,  and  was  interred  in  the  middle  of  the  choir  of  his 
cathedral,  where  a  monumental  brass  still  recalls  his 
memory,  and  requests  a  prayer  for  the  repose  of  his 
soul.     His  successor, 

William  Sever,  abbot  of  St.  Mary's,  at  York,  was 
shoitly  afterwards  elected,  and  received  restitution  of  the 
temporalities  of  his  see  on  the  1 1th  of  December,  in  the 
same  year,  when  he  also  received  a  license  to  hold  his 
abbacy  in  comincndam,  and  was  included  in  a  commis- 
sion with  the  Bishop  of  Durham  and  others,  to  treat 
about  the  marriage  of  the  king's  daughter,  Margaret, 
with  James  IV.  of  Scotland.  The  following  year  his 
name  occurs  as  one  of  the  royal  plenipotentiaries  in  a 
general  treaty  between  the  English  and  Scottish  mon- 
archs.  In  1409  Bishop  Severs  services  were  again 
brought  into  requisition,  and  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  conservators  of  the  truce,  which  had  just  been 
agreed  upon  between  the  kings  of  England  and  Scot- 
land. Three  years  later  he  was  translated  to  Durham,  and 

PiOger  Leybourn,  archdeacon  and  chancellor  of  Dur- 
ham appointed  his  successor.    This  prelate  was  conse- 


crated on  the  1st  of  September,  1 503,  and  received  resti- 
tution of  the  temporalities  on  the  15  th  of  the  following 
October.  He  was  a  native  of  Westmoreland,  and  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  became  master  of 
Pembroke  Hall.  Little  is  known  of  him,  and  even  the 
year  of  his  demise  is  uncertain.  His  will,  in  which  he 
expresses  a  wish  to  be  buried  in  St.  James's  Hospital, 
near  Charing  Cross,  London,  bears  date  July  17th, 
1507  ;  but,  whether  he  died  in  that  year  or  the  follow- 
ing one  we  have  no  means  of  ascertaining. 

John  Penny,  bishop  of  Bangor,  was  translated  to  the 
see  of  Carlisle  by  a  papal  rescript,  bearing  date,  Rome, 
September  21st,  1508;  and  on  the  23rd  of  the  fol- 
lowing January  he  made  his  promise  of  canonical  obe- 
dience to  his  metropoHtan,  the  Archbishop  of  York.  He 
held  the  see  for  twelve  years,  dying  in  1520,  and  the 
following,  year 

John  Kite,  archbishop  of  Armagh,  in  Ireland,  was 
translated  to  the  vacant  bishopric,  when  he  relinquished 
the  primacy  of  Ireland,  but  was  appointed  archbishop 
of  Thebes,  in  Greece.  Cardinal  Wulsey  and  he 
appear  to  have  been  intimate  friends  ;  and  it  is  to  the 
influence  of  the  former  that  Bishop  Kite  is  said  to  owe 
the  alterations  in  his  preferments.  Jefferson  informs  us 
that  the  fees  of  the  translation  of  this  prelate,  "  with 
the  commeudams  for  Carlisle  and  his  other  benefices, 
amounted  to  1890  ducats.  But  the  cardinal  success- 
fully pleaded  for  the  remission  of  '270  ducats."  Bishop 
Kite,  in  15'34,  was  appointed  by  Henry  VIII.  as  one  of 
his  commissioners  to  meet  those  of  the  King  of  Scot- 
land, concerning  a  cessation  of  hostilities ;  and  two 
years  later,  he,  in  conjunction  with  Ralph,  Earl  of 
Westmoreland,  and  others,  was  named  as  a  plenipoten- 
tiary to  conclude  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  Scottish 
monarch.  In  1529  a  document  having  been  signed  by 
several  of  the  English  bishops,  approving  of  the  reason- 
ableness of  the  scruples  of  Henry  VIII.  in  the  matter 
of  his  marriage  with  Catharine  of  Arragon,  and  advising 
that  the  case  should  be  laid  before  the  Holy  See  for 
speedy  settlement.  Bishop  Kite's  name  appears  among 
the  subscribers.  In  the  following  year  he  was  one  of 
the  four  bishops,  who,  with  Cardinal  Wolsey,  Arch- 
bishop Warham,  and  the  majority  of  the  English  nobility, 
addressed  Pope  Clement  VII.,  on  the  question  of  the 
king's  divorce.  In  1536  his  name  again  occurs  in  the 
history  of  the  period.  He  ajipears  to  have  been  much 
attached  to  the  old  religion,  and  zealously  assisted  his 
metropolitan,  the  Archbishop  of  York,  in  opposing  the 
innovations  proposed  by  Cranmer,  in  the  convocation  of 
the  clergy.  During  his  occupation  of  the  see  he  made 
several  additions  to  the  episcopal  residence  at  Rose, 
and  otherwise  improved  it.    He  died  in  London,  on  the 


THE   CITY  OF  CAKLISLE. 


109 


19th  of  June,  1537,  aud  wns  buried  iu  Stepney  Church. 
He  was  succeeded  the  same  year  by 

Eobert  Aldrich,  provost  of  Eton  College,  and  canon 
of  Wmdsor.  Tliis  prelate,  who  was  a  native  of  Burn- 
ham,  in  Buckinghamshire,  received  his  early  education 
at  Eton,  and  in  1507  became  scholar  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.A.  In 
1529  he  became  B.D.  at  Oxford,  and  was  subsequently 
advanced  to  the  dignity  of  D.D.  Among  his  contem- 
poraries ho  appears  to  have  been  eminent  as  an  orator 
and  poet;  and,  in  conjunction  with  Cranmer  and  others, 
wrote  the  work  commonly  called  the  "  Bishop's  Book." 
lie  performed  the  duties  of  chaplain  and  almoner  to 
Lady  Jane  Seymour,  queen  of  Henry  VIII.  and  mother 
of  Edward  VI.  Although  he  held  this  office,  Bishop 
Aldrich  was,  nevertheless,  a  firm  supporter  of  the  tenets 
of  the  old  religion,  aud,  in  1510,  was  consulted  by  the 
king  on  the  teaching  of  the  church  with  respect  to  the 
seven  sacraments.  When  Cranmer  strove  to  propagate 
the  new  doctrines,  he  mot  with  the  most  determined 
opposition  from  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  who  clung  to  the 
ancient  faith  iu  its  entirety  during  the  whole  of  his  life. 
He  died  in  1555,  and 

Owen  Oglethorpe,  dean  of  "Windsor,  was  appointed 
his  successor,  in  October,  1356  ;  but  the  papal  confir- 
mation did  not  arrive  until  the  28th  of  the  following 
January.    Tiiis  prelate  was  born  at  Newton  Kymc,  near 
Tadcaster,  in  Yorkshire,  and  becoming  a  member  of 
Magdalen  College,  0.\ford,  was  made  proctor  of  that 
univcreity  iu  1531.      Four  years   afterwards,  having 
attained  the  degree  of  B.D.,  he  was  chosen  president 
of  his  college,  and  was  elected  vice-chancellor  iu  1S51. 
He  was  shortly  afterwards  appointed  first  canon  and 
then  dean  of  Windsor,  and  in  the  first  year  of  the  rcigu 
of  l,.>U(en  Mary  became  secretary  of  the  Order  of  the 
Garter.    In  155  1  a  public  disputation  on  the  mass  was 
held  at  Oxford,  at  which  Cranmer,  Ridley,  and  Latimer 
stated    their    opinions,   and   were  opposed    by  several 
membei-s  of  the  ancient  faith,  among  whom  Bishop 
Oglethorpe  stands  conspicuous.      Two  years  after  this 
lie  was  raised  to  the  sec  of  Carlisle,  as  above  stated. 
When  Queen  Elizabeth  ascended  the  throne,  in  155S, 
she  at  once  proceeded  to  reintroduce  Protestantism,  and 
to  put  down  the  religion  which  (Jueen  Mary  had  restored. 
One  of  the  first  indications  of  this  change  was  her  com- 
mand to  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle  not  to  elevate  at  mass 
the  consecrated  host ;  a  command  with  which  the  bisliop 
refused  compliance,  adding,  at  the  same  time,  "  My  life 
is  the  queen's,  but  my  conscience  is  my  own."     Sus- 
pecting the  queen's  intentions  from  this  prohibition,  the 
English  bishops  publicly  declared  that  they  could  not, 
iu   conscience,   adniiuister  tho    coronation   oath,   and 


refused,  therefore,  to  assist  at  the  forthcoming  ceremony. 
This  announcement  greatly  embarrassed  the  court ;  but 
at  length  Bishop  Oglethorpe  was  induced  to  separate 
himself  from  his  colleagues,  and  the  coronation  was  per- 
formed. The  services  of  the  Bishop  of  Carhsle  were, 
however,  soon  forgotten ;  for  refusing,  iu  common  with 
the  other  members  of  the  English  episcopacy,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Bishop  of  Llandaff,  to  take  the  oath  of 
supremacy,  he  was  deprived  of  his  see  in  1559,  when  it 
was  offered  to  Bernard  Gilpin,  rector  of  Houghton-le- 
Spring,  in  the  county  of  Durham,  but  by  him  dechned. 
John  Best,  prebendary  of  Wells,  and  the  first  Protes- 
tant bishop,  was  consecrated  on  the  2nd  of  March,  1500. 
He  was  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  and  received  his  education 
at  Oxford,  but  embracing  the  principles  of  the  Pieformers, 
was  obliged  to  live  retired  during  tho  reign  of  Mary. 
In  1504  he  received  a  commission  from  Elizabeth,  by 
which  he  was  empowered  to  arm  himself  and  his  depen- 
dents ;  a  measure  deemed  necessary  in  consequence  of 
the  unsettled  and  turbulent  state  of  the  diocese.  Nothing 
further  is  recorded  of  this  prelate,  whom  Fuller  speaks 
of  as  "a  grave  and  learned  divine."  He  died  on  tho 
22nd  of  May,  1570,  and  was  buried  in  Carlisle  Cathe- 
dral.    His  successor  was 

Richard  Barnes,  who  came  to  the  see  in  the  same 
year.  This  prelate  was  born  at  Warrington,  iu  Lanca- 
shire, and  entering  Brazennose  College,  Oxford,  received 
there  his  degree  of  M.A.  iu  1556.  He  became  B.D. 
at  Cambridge,  and,  iu  1501,  was  made  chancellor  and 
prebendary  of  York,  and  subsequently  styled  Bishop  of 
Nottingham.  Wheu  raised  to  the  see  of  Carlisle  he  was 
allowed  to  retain  in  commcudam  his  stall  and  dignities 
at  York,  for  one  year  after  his  consecration.  In  1577 
he  was  traiisLitcd  to  Durham,  and 

John  Mey,  prebendary  of  Ely,  was  appointed  to  the 
vacant  bishopric,  having  previously  been  master  of 
Catherine  Hall,  Cambridge,  and  vice-chancellor  of  tl)at 
university,  for  which  he  appears  to  have  procured  a  new 
body  of  statutes.  He  held  the  see  of  Cailisle  for  twenty 
years,  and  fell  a  victim  to  the  plague  in  1597,  being 
buried  in  his  cathedral  church  on  tlie  evening  of  tho 
same  day  on  which  he  died. 

Henry  Robinson,  provost  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
was  the  next  bishop.  He  was  a  native  of  Carlisle, 
where  ho  was  born  in  tho  j-ear  1550.  At  an  early  ago 
ho  entered  the  University  of  Oxford,  and  nuiking  great 
proficiency  iu  his  studies,  soon  became  a  fellow,  attain- 
ing a  high  character  as  a  preacher.  In  his  twentieth 
year,  liaving  just  taken  his  master's  degree,  he  was 
chosen  principal  of  Edmund  Hall,  aud  in  15s l  was 
unanimously  elected  provost  of  Queen's  College,  an 
office  which  he  held  for  eighteen  years,  during  which 


no 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


time  the  college  eiijoj-eJ  a  high  degree  of  prosperity, 
lie  was  also  chaplaia  to  Archbiiliop  GrinJall.  Ou  the 
27th  of  May,  1598,  he  was  chosen  to  fill  the  see  of 
Carlisle,  was  consecrated  on  the  U3rd  of  the  following 
July,  and  iu  the  ne.xt  year  named  one  of  the  royal  com- 
missioners for  ecclesiastical  causes.  From  the  records 
of  the  exchequer  we  learn  that,  in  1G13  Bishop  Robin- 
son filed  a  bill  in  that  court  against  George  Denton,  of 
Cardew  Hall,  who  had  refused  all  suit  to  his  lordship's 
court,  and  having  obUuued  a  decree  in  his  favour,  se- 
cured thereby  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  see  of 
Carlisle.  This  prelate  died,  it  is  supposed,  of  the 
plague,  at  Rose  Castle,  on  the  10th  of  June,  1010,  and 
was  interred  the  same  night  in  his  cathedral  church, 
where  a  mortuary  brass,  ou  the  wall  of  the  north  aisle 
of  the  choir,  still  perpetuates  his  memory.  Bishop 
Robinson's  character  as  a  scholar  stood  high  amongst 
his  contemporaries.  He  took  part  in  the  conferences 
held  at  Hampton  Court,  and  is  said  to  have  been  held 
in  great  estimation  by  Queen  Elizabeth.  His  succes- 
sor was 

Robert  Snowdon,  prebendary  of  Southwell,  who  was 
consecrated  on  November  2 1th,  1010,  iu  York  Minster, 
by  Archbishop  JIattbews.  He  only  held  the  see  for  a 
little  more  than  four  years,  dying  in  London,  iu  May, 
1C21.  Of  the  incidents  of  his  episcopate  we  have  no- 
thing recorded.     In  the  following  September, 

Richard  ]\Iilbourne,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  was  trans- 
lated to  Carlisle,  which  he  held  till  1021,  when  he  died, 
leaving  a  bequest  for  the  endowment  of  a  school  and  the 
foundation  of  an  hospital.  This  prelate  was  bom  at 
Utterbauk,  in  Gilsland.  Previous  to  liis  promotion  to 
the  see  of  St.  David's,  he  had  been  respectively  vicar  of 
Sevenoaks,  in  Kent,  and  dean  of  Rochester. 

Richard  Senhouse,  dean  of  Gloucester,  the  next 
bishop,  was  of  an  old  Cumbrian  family,  the  Senhouses 
of  Nether  Hall,  ou  whom  he  reflected  the  greatest  credit 
by  his  talents  aud  abilities.  Having  entered  as  a  stu- 
dent iu  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  he  shortly  after- 
wards removed  to  St.  John's,  where  he  gained  a  fellow- 
ship, and  took  his  degree  of  D.D.,  in  1022.  He  served 
as  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Bedford,  Prince  Charles,  and 
subsequently  to  James  I.,  the  latter  of  whom  gave  him 
the  deaueiy  of  Gloucester.  He  had  the  reputation 
of  a  great  preacher,  aud  was  styled  the  "  Cambridge 
Chrysostom."  He  was  killed  by  a  fall  from  his  horse, 
on  the  0th  of  May,  1020,  and  was  interred  in  Carlisle 
Cathedral.     The  Dean  of  Carlisle, 

Francis  AVbite,  was  his  successor,  being  consecrated 
bishop  CD  the  3rd  of  the  following  December.  He  how- 
ever, only  continued  at  Carhsle  till  the  0th  of  February, 
1028,  when  he  was  translated  to  Norwich,  aud 


Barnabas  Potter,  provost  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
appointed  bishop.  He  was  consecrated  iu  London,  on 
the  15th  of  March,  1628.  Tbis  prelate  was  bom  at 
Kendal,  or,  as  Atkinson  says,  in  Winster  Chapelry,  in 
1577,  of  poor  but  respectable  parents.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Queen's  College,  O.xford,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of  D.D.  in  1015,  and  the  following  ^-ear  was  elected  pro- 
vost, an  office  which  he  held  for  about  ten  years.  He 
was  chaplain  to  tbe  Prince  of  Wales,  afterwai'ds  Cbarles 
I.,  by  whom  he  was  much  esteemed.  Bishop  Potter 
died  at  his  lodgings  in  Co  vent  Garden,  in  January, 
1012,  the  fourteenth  year  of  his  episcopate,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Paul's  Church,  Covent  Garden,  where  the 
monument  erected  to  his  memory,  with  the  sacred 
edifice,  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1795. 

James  Usher,  archbishop  of  Armagh,  was  the  next 
occupant  of  the  see.  "  This  great  advocate  of  what 
has  been  invidiously  termed  '  moderate  episcopacy,' 
was  born  iu  Dublin,  on  the  llh  of  January,  1580, 
and  he  became  one  of  the  earliest  students  of  Trinity 
College,  in  that  city.  He  early  distinguished  himself 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  controversy,  and  gaining  thus 
the  favour  of  James  I.,  he  was,  iu  1020,  appointed  to 
the  see  of  Meath,  whence  he  was,  4vc  years  later, 
translated  to  Armagh,  the  primatial  see  of  all  Ireland. 
He  came  to  England  in  104O,  and  the  rebelhon  in  the 
next  year  preventing  his  return  to  Ireland,  bo  repaired 
to  the  king  at  Oxford,  and  as  a  means  of  subsistence 
was  allowed  to  hold  the  see  of  Carlisle  in  commendam. 
He  was  greatly  esteemed  by  the  king,  and  was  expressly 
summoned  to  assist  him  with  his  advice  at  the  Treaty  of 
Newport.  Archbishop  Usher  produced  many  laborious 
w^orks,  written  amid  trouble  and  danger,  aud  his  learning 
and  virtues  commanded  the  respect  of  many  who  were 
the  avowed  enemies  of  his  order.  Thus  he  was  allowed 
to  hold  the  professorship  of  Lincoln's  Inn  after  the 
bishop's  lands  had  been  sold,  and  Cromwell  listened 
to  Ills  earnest  remonstrances  in  favour  of  the  despoiled 
clergy,  who  owed  some  alleviation  of  their  sufferings  to 
him.  Usher  fouud  a  home  in  the  house  of  the  countess 
dowager  of  Peterborough  for  several  years,  and  ho  died 
under  her  roof  at  Reigate,  March  21,  1050.  His 
remains  were  honoured  with  a  public  funeral,  to  the 
cost  of  which  Cromwell  contributed  £200  by  letter  of 
privy  seal,  April  2nd,  1630." '  Ou  the  death  of  Arch- 
bishop Usher,  the  see  was  vacant  four  years.  Ou  the 
Restoration  of  Charles  II.,  iu  1600 

Richard  Sterne,  master  of  Jesus'  College,  Cambridge, 
was  nominated  to  Carlisle.  He  was  a  native  of  Not- 
tinghamshire, and  educated  at  the  college  just  named, 

I  Aunala  of  England,  vol.  iii.  p.  8,  London,  1857. 


THE  CITY  OF  CARLISLE. 


Ill 


and  while  there  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  Being  do- 
mestic chaplain  to  Archbishop  Laud,  he  attended  him 
on  the  scaffold  at  his  execution,  and  was  subsequently 
imprisoned,  with  some  other  heads  of  houses  in  the 
universities,  on  a  charge  made  by  Cromwell,  that  they 
had  conveyed  their  college  plate  to  Charles  I.  at  York." 
He  was  then  deprived  of  his  mastership,  and  obliged  to 
retire  into  private  life  till  the  restoration  of  the  regal 
power,  when  he  was  promoted  to  this  see.  During  his 
episcopate  he  erected  a  chapel  at  Eose  Castle,  which, 
however,  was  taken  down  shortly  afterwards.  He  was 
translated  to  York,  in  1664,  and  was  succeeded  by 

Edward  Eainbow,  dean  of  Peterborough.  Bishop 
Eainbow  was  a  native  of  Bilton,  in  Lincolnshire,  and 
entered  Coi-pus  Christi  College,  O.xford,  in  1023,  being 
then  in  his  fifteenth  year.  He  remained  there  for  two 
years,  after  which  he  proceeded  to  ilagdalene  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  became  tutor  to  several  noble 
pupils,  and  obtained  a  fellowship.  In  lG-1'2  he  was 
appointed  master  of  ^lagdalene,  and  four  years  after- 
wards received  the  degree  of  D.D.  In  IGuO  Dr.  Rain- 
bow was  requested  to  sign  a  protestation  against  Charles 
II.,  then  in  course  of  signature,  but  having  refused  he 
was  deprived  of  his  office,  which  he  did  not  regain 
tOl  the  Picstoration.  In  1062  he  was  nominated  vice- 
chancellor  of  his  university,  and  two  years  later  he  was 
promoted  to  Carlisle.  This  prelate  made  considerable 
additions  to  the  episcopal  residence  at  Rose,  rebuilt  the 
chapel  erected  by  his  predecessor,  and  carried  out  many 
other  improvements.     He  died  at  Rose  Castle,  March 

-  Of  liis  snfferings  at  ibis  period  we  have  the  following  acconnt  in 
a  letter  i)f  liis,  written  from  his  prison  in  Jily  House,  October  the  9th, 
1048: — "This  is  now  the  fourleenlh  luouth  of  my  iniprisonnient; 
nineteen  wetks  in  the  Tower,  thirteen  weeks  in  the  Lord  Petre's 
lionse,  ten  duys  in  the  ships,  and  seven  weeks  here  in  Ely  House. 
'J'he  very  fees  and  rents  of  tliese  several  prisons  have  amounted  to 
above  i'lOO,  besides  diet  and  all  other  charges,  whieh  have  been 
various  and  excessive,  as  in  prisons  is  usual.  For  the  better  enabling 
me  to  tnnintain  myself  in  prison  and  my  family  at  home,  they  have 
seized  U|)on  all  njy  means  that  they  can  lay  their  hands  on.  .  .  . 
And  all  this  while  I  have  never  been  so  much  as  spoken  withal,  or 
called  either  to  give  or  receive  an  acconnt  why  I  am  here.  Nor  is 
anything  laid  to  my  charge  (not  so  much  as  the  genend  crime  of 
ray  being  a  malignant),  no,  not  in  tile  warrant  for  my  connnitmcnt. 
What  hath  been  wanting  in  human  justice,  hatli  been,  I  praise  God, 
supplied  by  divine  mercy.  Health  of  body,  and  patience,  and  cheer- 
fulness of  mind,  1  have  not  wanted,  no,  not  on  shipboard,  where  we 
lay,  the  first  night,  without  anything  under  or  over  us  but  tlic  bare 
decks  and  the  clothes  on  our  backs;  and  after  we  had  some  of  us 
got  beds,  were  nttt  oble,  when  it  rained,  to  lie  dry  in  them,  and  when 
it  was  fair  weather,  were  sweltered  with  heat,  anil  stifled  with  our 
own  breaths,  there  being  of  us  in  that  one  small  Ipswich  coal-ship 
(so  low  bnill,  too,  thot  we  could  not  walk  or  stand  upright  in  il,) 
within  one  or  two  of  three  score ;  whereof  six  knights,  and  eight 
doctors  of  divinity,  and  divera  gentlemen  of  very  good  worth,  that 
would  have  been  sorry  to  have  seen  their  servants,  nay,  their  dogs, 
no  belter  accommodated.  Yet  among  all  that  company,  I  do  not 
remember  that  I  saw  one  sad  or  dejected  countenance  all  the  while; 
£0  strong  is  Cjod,  when  we  ore  weakest." 


20th,  1684,  and  was  buried  at  Dalston.      The  next 
bishop  was 

Thomas  Smith,  dean  of  Carlisle.  This  prelate  was 
born  at  Whichall,  in  the  parish  of  Asby,  Westmore- 
land, on  the  21st  of  December,  1614.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Appleby  School,  and  iti  the  sixteenth  year  of 
his  age  was  admitted  into  Queen's  College,  O.xford, 
where  his  early  proficiency  in  his  studies  "  gained  him 
a  singular  repute  in  the  university."  After  he  had 
taken  the  degree  of  il.A.  he  obtained  a  fellowship,  and 
soon  became  eminent  as  a  tutor,  most  of  the  gentlemen 
of  the  college  being  committed  to  his  care.  When 
Charles  I.  resided  at  Oxford  he  was  one  of  those  who 
were  appointed  to  preach  before  his  majesty,  at  Clirist 
Church,  aud  before  the  parliament  at  St.  Mary's.  In 
consequence  of  the  events  which  soon  after  occurred 
he  removed  to  the  north,  where  he  remained  till  the 
Restoration,  after  which  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D., 
and  became  chaplain  to  Charles  II.  He  was  appointed 
to  a  prebend  in  Carlisle  Cathedral  in  Xovember,  ]  660, 
and  a  few  months  later  received  one  of  the  "golden" 
prebends  of  Durham.  He  became  dean  of  Carlisle  in 
1671,  on  the  promotion  of  Dean  Carleton  to  the  see  of 
Bristol ;  and  while  holding  this  oSice  he  restored  the 
deanerj'  at  his  own  expense,  bestowed  a  communion 
service  to  the  cathedral,  endowed  the  Grammar  School, 
made  additions  to  the  capitular  library,  and  proved  him- 
self in  every  way  a  public  benefactor.  Xor  were  his  good 
deeds  confined  to  Carlisle,  for  Dalston,  Penrith,  Ap- 
pleby, Asby,  and  other  places  experienced  his  bountj'. 
On  the  death  of  Bishop  Rainbow,  in  1084,  Dr.  Smith 
succeeded  to  tlie  see,  which  he  held  for  eight  years,  and 
died  at  Rose  Castle  on  the  19th  of  April,  1702.  He 
was  buried  in  Carlisle  Cathedral,  where  there  is  an 
inscription  to  his  memory. 

William  Nicholson,  archdeacon  and  prebendary  of 
Carhsle,  was  the  next  occupant  of  the  see.  He  was 
bom  at  Orton,  about  the  year  1655,  and,  iu  1670,  was 
entered  at  Queen's  College,  Cambridge.  In  1678,  and  the 
early  part  of  the  following  year,  he  visited  Germany 
and  Frtuicc,  and  on  his  return  home  was  admitted  a 
fellow  of  his  college,  having  previously  taken  the  degree 
of  M.A.  He  received  a  prebend  in  Cailislo  Cathedral 
and  tho  vicarage  of  Torpenhow  from  Bishop  Rainbow, 
iu  1681,  and  next  year  was  made  archdeacon.  In 
17112,  on  tho  demise  of  Bishop  Smith,  he  was  elected 
bishop,  and  was  consecrated  at  Lambetli  on  the  llUi 
of  June  iu  the  same  year.  The  first  four  years  of  his 
episcopate  were  spent  by  Bishop  Nicholson  in  inspect- 
ing the  various  churches,  parsonage  houses,  glebe-lands, 
lie.  in  his  diocese.  In  1715  ho  was  appointed  lord 
high  almoner  by  George  I.,  aud  three  years  later  was 


112 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


translated  to  Londonderry,  vhich.  see  he  held  till  Feb- 
ruary, 1720,  when  he  was  made  archbishop  of  Cashel, 
but  he  died  on  the  14th  of  that  month,  and  was  buried 
at  Londouderr}-.  This  celebrated  man  was  well  versed 
in  the  several  departments  of  human  knowledge,  but 
particularly  in  that  of  history,  which  he  appears  to  have 
cultivated  with  the  greatest  assiduity  and  success,  and  to 
his  industry  and  learning  the  historians  of  this  county 
are  particularly  indebted.  In  1078,  when  at  Leipsic, 
he  translated  into  Latin  Hook's  Essay  on  the  Motion 
of  the  Farth  from  the  Sun's  Parallax,  which  was  sub- 
sequently printed.  Two  years  later  he  published  an 
account  of  Denmark,  Poland,  Norway,  and  Iceland,  iu 
the  first  volume  of  the  EugUsh  Atlas,  of  which  he 
afterwards  published  the  second  and  third  volumes, 
containing  Germany.  These  were  followed,  in  1085, 
by  a  letter  to  the  master  of  University  College,  on  the 
Fiunic  inscription  at  Bewcastle,  which  was  published 
in  the  philosophical  transactions.  No.  178,  and  also  a 
letter  to  Sir  William  DugJale,  concerning  the  font  at 
Brideldrk.  In  1000  appeared  the  first  part  of  his 
English  Historical  Library,  the  second  part  was  pub- 
lished the  following  year,  and  the  third  in  1090.  After 
an  interval  of  three  years  he  published  a  similar  work 
for  Scotland,  and  in  17'2J:  one  for  Ireland.  Between 
the  iiublication  of  the  two  latter  works,  he  produced,  in 
1705,  his  Border  Laws,  with  an  appendix  of  charters 
and  records.  Besides  these  works,  he  wrote,  in  1715, 
an  essay  to  be  inserted  in  Chamberlain's  book,  contain- 
ing the  Lord's  Prayer  in  one  hundred  languages ;  and 
in  1719  the  preface  to  the  third  edition  of  Wilkin's 
Leges  Anglo-Saxonica;.  The  bishop  published  several 
sermons,  and  left  to  the  capitular  library  at  Carlisle  his 
MS.  collections  for  a  history  of  the  counties  of  Cumber- 
laud  and  AVestmoreland  and  the  diocese  of  Carlisle. 
In  1809  John  Nichols,  F.S.A.  published  in  two  octavo 
volumes,  Letters  on  Various  Subjects,  Literary,  Political, 
and  Ecclesiastical,  to  and  from  William  Nicolson,  D.D. 
Samuel  Bradford,  prebendary  of  Westminster,  suc- 
ceeded Bishop  Nicolson,  iu  the  see  of  Carlisle,  when 
the  latter  was  translated  to  Londonderry.  This  pre- 
late was  a  native  of  London,  received  his  education 
at  Beunet  College,  Cambridge,  and  having  been  ad- 
mitted to  orders,  became  chaplain  to  Bishop  Compton, 
and  tutor  to  the  children  of  Archbishop  Tillotsou. 
He  subsequently  became  rector  of  St.  Mary-le-Bow, 
London,  prebend  of  Westminster,  master  of  Bennet 
College,  and  ultimately  dean  of  the  most  honourable 
order  of  the  Bath.  After  holding  the  see  of  Carlisle 
for  five  years  he  was  translated  to  Rochester;  and  d3'ing 
in  1731,  was  interred  in  the  north  aisle  of  Westminster 
Abbey.    His  successor  was 


John  Waugh,  dean  of  Gloucester,  a  native  of  Appleby 
in  Westmoreland,  where  he  was  bom  in  1600.  He 
received  his  early  education  at  Appleby  School,  and  sub- 
sequently entered  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  where  ho 
obtained  a  fellowship.  He  was  rector  of  St.  Peter's, 
Cornhill,  London,  in  1708;  ten  years  later  prebendary 
of  Lincoln;  two  years  afterwards  dean  of  Gloucester; 
and  in  1793  bishop  of  Carlisle.  For  eleven  yeai*s  he 
governed  the  diocese  with  great  zeal  and  ability,  and 
with  the  greatest  credit  to  himself.  He  died  in  West- 
minster, in  1734,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Peter's,  Cornhill. 

Sir  George  Fleming,  Bart.,  the  next  bishop,  was  the 
son  of  Sir  Daniel  Fleming,  Knt.,  of  Eydal  Hall,  West- 
uiorelaud,  where  the  future  bishop  was  born,  in  1007. 
He  seems  to  have  had  his  school  education  at  Appleby, 
whence  he  was  transferred  to  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford, 
which  he  entered  in  1088,  and  having  received  his 
degree  in  arts,  became  domestic  chaplain  to  Bishop 
Smith  of  Carlisle,  by  whom  he  was  collated  to  the 
vicarage  of  Aspatria,  and  in  1700  to  a  prebendal  stall 
iu  tlie  cathedral.  The  favour  shown  to  Mr.  Fleming 
by  Bishop  Smith  was  continued  by  that  prelate's  suc- 
cessor Bishop  Nicolson,  who,  in  1705,  promoted  the 
subject  of  this  notice  to  the  archdeacour}'.  He  became 
dean  in  1727,  and  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Carlisle,  in 
1734.  He  enjoyed  his  elevation  for  thirteen  years,  and 
died  at  Rose  Castle  on  July  2nd,  1747,  in  the  eighty- 
first  year  of  his  age.  He  was  interred  in  his  cathedral 
church  where  a  marble  monument  perpetuates  his 
memory.     His  successor  was 

Richard  Osbaldiston,  dean  of  York,  who  was  descended 
from  a  good  family  at  Hunmaudby,  in  Yorkshire,  and 
received  his  education  at  Cambridge.  He  held  this 
see  from  1747  till  1702,  when  he  was  translated  to 
London,  which  see  he  held  for  two  years,  dying  iu 
1704. 

Charles  Lyttleton,  dean  of  Exeter,  his  successor,  was 
the  third  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Lyttleton,  Bart.,  of  Hagley 
Hall,  in  Worcestershire,  at  which  place  he  was  born  in 
1714.  Having  received  his  early  education  at  Eton, 
he  entered  University  College,  Oxford,  and  on  the 
completion  of  his  studies  became  a  member  of  the 
Jliddle  Temple.  He  w^as  in  due  course  called  to  the 
bar,  but  not  finding  legal  studies  congenial  to  his  dis- 
position, he  returned  to  Oxford,  and  subsequently  took 
orders.  He  was  appointed  to  the  rectory  of  Alve,  iu 
his  native  county,  in  1743,  and  in  1747  became  chap- 
lain-in-ordinary to  George  II.  The  following  year  he 
was  made  dean  of  Exeter,  and  in  1763  received  the 
bishopric  of  Carlisle,  which  he  held  for  six  years.  He 
died  in  London  on  December  22nd,  1768,  and  was 
interred  with  his  ancestors  at  Hagley.    Bishop  Lyttleton 


THE   CITY   OF  CARLISLE. 


113 


was  a  zealous  antiquarian,  and  was  for  some  time  pre- 
sident of  the  Antiquarian  Society,  to  which  he  gave 
a  considerable  number  of  books  and  manuscripts. 

Edmund  Law,  the  next  bishop,  was  a  native  of  Lan- 
cashire, being  born  at  Cartniel  in  that  county  in  1703. 
lie  received  his  early  education  at  Cartmel  and  Kendal, 
and  afterwards  entered  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
from  which  ho  removed  to  Christ's  College,  where  he 
obtained  a  fellowship.  In  1737  he  was  presented  by 
the  university  to  the  living  of  Greystoke,  and  in  1743 
was  appointed  archdeacon  of  Carlisle  by  Bishop  Flem- 
ing ;  and  as  the  archdeaconry  has  the  rectoiy  of  Salkeld 
annexed  to  it,  he  went  to  reside  there  iu  1746.  In 
1754  he  took  the  degree  of  D.D.,  and  two  years  after- 
wards he  was  elected  master  of  Peter  House,  upon  which 
ho  resigned  his  office  of  ai-chdeacon.  About  1700  he 
received  the  appointment  of  head  librarian  of  the  uni- 
versity. He  subsequently  became  archdeacon  of  Staf- 
fordshire, prebendary  of  Lichfield,  and  in  1707  received 
a  prcbcndal  stall  iu  Durham  Cathedral.  He  was  elected 
bishop  of  Carlisle  iu  the  following  year,  and  held  the 
sec  till  1787,  when  he  died  at  Kose  Castle  on  the  14th 
of  August,  in  his  eighty-fourth  year.  He  was  buried 
iu  his  cathedral.  During  his  residence  in  Christ's  Col- 
lege he  published  a  translation  of  Archbishop  King's 
"  Essay  on  the  Origin  of  Evil,"  with  notes,  and  pre- 
pared for  the  press  an  edition  of  Stephen's  "Thesaurus." 
He  also  formed  'au  acquaintance  with  several  literary 
celebrities,  among  others  the  learned  Dr.  Jortin,  Dr. 
Taylor,  the  editor  of  Lysias  and  Demosthenes,  and 
Dr.  Waterton,  the  master  of  Magdalene  College.  In 
1734  or  1735  ho  published  an  "  Inquiry  into  the 
Ideas  of  Space,  Time,"  &c. ;  and  while  resident  at 
Salkeld  his  "  Considerations  on  the  Theory  of  Reli- 
gion." About  1777  he  edited  Locke's  works,  which  he 
published  in  three  volumes  quarto,  with  a-  preface  and 
life  of  the  author.  Bishop  Law  devoted  a  great  portion 
of  his  time  to  metaphysical  studies,  and  is  said  to  have 
held  the  writings  of  Locke  in  the  highest  esteem. 
"  Ho  was  distinguished  by  a  mild  and  tranquil  dis- 
position, and  the  ami;nity  of  his  manners  endeared  him 
to  all  who  kn(>w  him.  His  countenance  always  wore 
the  sumo  kind  and  composed  aspect,  truly  indicating 
tho  eahnnoss  and  benignity  of  his  temper."  Ho  was 
succeeded  in  the  see  of  Carlisle  by 

John  Douglas,  canon  residentiary  of  St.  Paul's,  who 
was  born  at  Piltenwecn,  in  I'ife-hire,  and  in  1730  was 
entered  a  commoner  at  St.  JIary's  Hall,  O.-cford,  from 
which  ho  removed,  in  1738,  to  Baliol  College.  Having 
been  appointed  chaplain  to  the  3rd  Foot  Guards,  he 
went  to  the  continent  with  his  regiment,  and  was 
present  at  the  Battle  of  Fontcnoy.  He  subsequently 
13 


became  tutor  to  Lord  Pulteney,  with  whom  he  travelled 
for  some  time,  and,  in  recognition  of  his  services,  was 
rewarded  by  the  Earl  of  Bath  with  considerable  church 
preferment.  Ho  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Carlisle  in 
1 787,  having  previously  held  the  dignities  of  canon  and 
dean  of  Windsor.  In  1791  he  was  translated  to  Salis- 
bury, and  died  the  18th  May,  1807.  Bishop  Douglas 
held  the  office  of  chancellor  of  the  most  noble  order  of 
the  garter,  was  a  fellow  of  tho  Royal  Society,  a  vice- 
president  of  the  Antiquarian  Society,  and  a  trustee  of 
the  British  Museum.     The  ne.xt  bishop  was 

The  Hon.  Edward  Yenables  Vernon,  who  was  ap- 
pointed on  tho  translation  of  Bishop  Douglas,  at  which 
time  he  was  canon  of  Christ  Church,  Cxford.  This 
prelate,  the  second  son  of  George,  Lord  Vernon,  was 
born  on  the  loth  of  October,  1757,  educated  at  West- 
minster School,  and  afterwards  removed  to  Christ 
Church,  Oxford.  He  subsequently  became  Fellow  of 
All  Souls'  College,  chaplain  to  the  king,  prebeudaiy  of 
Gloucester,  and  canon  of  Christ  Church.  Iu  1791  he 
was  appointed  to  the  bishopric  of  Carlisle,  and  upon 
inheriting  the  Harcourt  estates,  assumed  the  surname 
of  Harcourt.  In  1808,  Bishop  Harcourt  was  translated 
to  York,  and  the  see  was  oflered  to  Dr.  Thomas  Zouch, 
prebendary  of  Durham,  who  declined  to  accept  it,  in 
consequence  of  his  advanced  age  and  retired  habits. 

Samuel  Goodenough  was  elected  bishop  on  the  26th 
of  January,  1808,  and  held  the  see  till  his  death  on  the 
14th  of  August,  1827.  Bishop  Goodenough  was  edu- 
cated at  Christ  Chui'ch,  Oxford,  when  he  took  the  degree 
of  L.L.D.  in  1772.  He  was  appointed  dean  of  Ro- 
chester in  1802,  and  six  years  later  wa.s  promoted  to 
Carlisle,  as  above  stated.  His  lordship  was  a  vice- 
president  of  the  Royal  and  Linnean  Societies,  and  one 
of  the  council  of  the  first  named  learned  body.  Bishop 
Goodenough  was  the  author  of  some  papers,  which  were 
printed  in  the  tr.insactious  of  the  Linnean  Society,  aud 
also  of  some  sermons. 

Tho  Hon.  Hugh  Percy,  bishop  of  Rochester,  was 
translated  to  Carlisle  in  September,  182;*.  This  prelate, 
tho  third  son  of  Algernon,  first  earl  of  Beverley,  was 
born  on  the  29tli  of  January,  1784.  Ho  entered  the 
Univei-sity  of  Cambridge  as  a  member  of  Trinity  Col- 
lego,  and  graduated  i\I.A.  iu  1805,  but  subsequently 
placed  his  name  on  the  boards  of  St.  John's  College. 
Having  married  a  daughter  of  Archbishop  Manners 
Sutton,  ho  was  by  him  collated,  in  the  year  1809,  to 
the  rectories  of  Bishopbounie  and  Ivychurch.  He  sub- 
sequently became,  iu  1811,  chancellor  and  prebendary 
of  Salisbury  ;  in  1810,  a  prebendary  of  Canterbury,  and 
of  St.  Paul's;  in  1822,  archdeacon  of  Canterbury;  and 
iu  1S25,  dean  of  that  cathedral  chui-ch.     He  wiis  cou- 


114 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


secrated  bishop  of  Rochester  in  Juue,  18'27,  and  trans- 
lated to  Carlisle  as  above,  retaiuiug  the  chancellorship 
of  Salisbury  and  the  valuable  living  of  Finsbury,  during 
his  episcopacy.  Dr.  Percy  died  at  Rose  Castle  in  Feb- 
ruaiy,  1850,  aged  72  years,  and  was  succeeded  by 
The  Hon.  H.  Montague  Villiers,  the  present  bishopi 

THE   SEE    OF   CARLISLE. 

When  the  see  was  founded  by  Henry  I.  in  1 133,  it 
was  made  suffragan  to  York,  and  its  jurisdiction  com- 
prised the  greater  part  of  the  two  counties  of  Cumber- 
land and  Westmoreland,  wliicli  were  taken  from  the 
diocese  of  Durham,  to  which  they  bad  up  to  Uiat  time 
belonged.       From   its   establishment   till    1856,   this 
diocese  was  the  smallest  in  England,  the  whole  of  it 
being  comprised  in  one  archdeaconry,  containing  only 
137  benefices  ;  but  on  the  demise  of  Bishop  Percy,  on 
the  5th  of  February,  in  the  year  just  named,  it  was, 
under  the  provisions  of  0  and  7  AYilliam  IV.  c.  77,  and 
of  an  order  in  council  made  in  August,  1847,  greatly 
enlarged  by  the  creation  of  the  new  archdeaconiy  of 
Westmoreland,  abstracted  from  the  diocese  of  Chester, 
with  a  view  to  the  equalising  of  the  two  sees,  and  by 
which  arrangement  upwards  of  1'20  benefices,  comprising 
an  area  of  00'2,676  acres,  were  added  to  the  former. 
The  diocese  of  Carlisle  now  comprises  the  whole  of  the 
counties  of  Cumberland  aud  Westmoreland  (excepting 
the  parish  of  Alston,  which  is  within  the  bishopric  of 
Durham),  and  Furness  and  Cartmel  (Lonsdale  North  of 
the  Sands),  in  the  county  of  Lancaster.     It  is  divided 
into  two  archdeaconries — the  archdeacomy  of  Carlisle, 
comprising  the  deaneries  of  Carlisle,  Allerdalc,  Cum- 
berland, and  Westmoreland:   and  the  archdeaconry  of 
Westmoreland,  containing  the  deaneries  of  Copeland, 
Furness  and  Cartmel,  Kendal,  and  Kirkby  Lonsdale. 
The  see  of  Carlisle  has  given  to  the  state  one  lord 
chancellor,  two  lord  treasurers,  and  three  chancellors 
to  the  University  of  Cambridge.     We  subjoin  a  list  of 
the  ai-chdeaconries,  deaneries,  and  parishes  which  at 
present  (1858)  form  the  diocese. ' 

AECHDEACOKEY   OP    CARLISLE. 


DEA>-EKV   OF  ALLERDALE. 

AUballows,  P.C. 
Aspatria,  V. 
Bassenthwaite,  P.C. 
Bolton,  R. 
Bridekirk,  E. 
Brougliton.  Great,  P.C. 
Bromfidil,  V. 

AUonby,  P.C. 
Caldbeck,  R. 
CamertoD,  P.C. 


Crosscanonbv,  P.C. 

Maryporf,  P.C. 
Crostliwaite,  V. 

Borrowdale,  P.C. 

Newlands,  I'.C. 

St  John,  Kesnick,  P.C. 

St.  Jolin-in-the-Vale,  P.C. 

Tliornthwaite,  P.C. 

Wythbum,  P.C. 
Dearham,  V. 
Flimby,  P.C. 


fiilcrux,  V. 

Holme  Cultram,  P.C. 

St.  Culhbert,  P.C. 

St.  Paul,  P.C. 

St.Johii,NcwlonArlosb,P.C. 
Ireby,  P.C. 
Isel,  V. 
Kirkbride,  R. 
I'lumbland,  R. 
Torpenhow,  V. 
Uldale,  R. 
AVestward,  P.C. 
Wigton,  V. 

DEANDIT  or  CAALISLB. 

Aikton,  R. 
Arthiiret,  R. 
]'.ewonstlo,  R. 
liowness,  R. 
Brampton,  V. 
Burgh  by  Sands,  V. 
Carhsle,  St.  Mary,  P.C. 
Holy  Trinity,  P.C. 
St.  Cutl.bert,  P.C. 
Christchurch,  P.C. 
Upperby,  P.C. 
Wrcay,  P.C. 
Castlecarrook,  R. 
■  Crosby  on-Eden,  V. 
Cumrew,  P.C. 
Cumwhitton,  P.C. 
Dalston,  \. 

High  Head,  P.C. 
Denton  Nether,  R. 
Denton  Over,  P.C. 
Farlam,  P.C. 
Grinsdale,  P.C. 
Hayton,  P.C. 
Hesket  in  the  Forest,  P.C. 

Armathwnite,  P.C. 
Irthington,  V. 
Kirkandrews  upon-Eden,  R. 

w.  Beaumont,  R. 
Kirkandrews-upon-Esk,  R. 
Kirkbampton,  R. 
Kirklinton,  R. 
Lanercost,  P.C. 

Gilsland,  P.C. 
Nichol  Forest,  P.C. 
Orton,  R. 
Rockliffe,  P.C. 
Scaleby,  R. 
Sebergham,  P.C. 
Stanwix,  V. 

St.  John,  HonghtOD,  P.C. 
Stapleton,  R. 
Thursby,  V. 
Walton,  P.C. 

Wethcral  P.C.  w.  Wanvick.P.C. 
St.  Paul,  Holm  Edeu,  P.C. 
Scotby,  P.C. 

deanehy  of  cumberlasd. 

Addingbam,  V. 
Ainstable,  V. 


Lang 


Castlesowcrby,  V. 

Raughtou  Head,  P.C 
Croglin,  R. 
Dacre,  V. 
Edenhall,     V.,    wiili 

wathby,  C. 
Greystoke,  R. 

Matterdale,  P.C. 

Mungrisdalo,  P.C. 

Threlkeld,  1'.  C. 

Water  MiUoch,  P.C. 
Huttou-in-the-Forest,  R 
Kirkland,  V. 

Culgaith,  P.C. 
Kirkoswald,  V. 
Lazonby,  V. 

Plumpton,  I'.C. 
Jlelmcrby,  R. 
Newton  ]leigny,  P.C. 
Ouseby,  R. 
Penrith,  V. 

Christ's  Church,  P.C. 
Renwick,  P.C. 
Salkeld,  Great,  R. 
Skelton,  B. 


SEAKEIIT  or  VrESTMOBELASD. 

Appleby,  St.  LanTence,  V. 

St.  Michael,  V. 

Murton,  P.C. 
Ashy,  R. 
Askham,  V. 
Bampton,  Y. 
Barton,  V. 

Martindale,  P.C. 

Patterdale,  P.C. 
Brough  under  Stanemore,  V. 

Stanemore,  P.C. 
Brougham,  R. 
Clibum,  R.   ' 
CUfton,  R. 
Crosby  Garret,  R. 
Crosby  Ravensworth,  V. 
Dufton,  R. 
Kirkby  Stephen,  V. 

Moilerstang,  P.C. 

Soulbv,  P.C. 
Kirkby  Thore,  R. 

Milbum,  P.  C. 

Temple  Sowerby, 
Lowther,  R. 
Slarton,  Long.  E. 
norland,  V. 

Bolton,  P.C. 

Thrimby,  P.C. 
Blusgrave,  Great,  R. 
Newbiggin,  R. 
Ormside,  R. 
Orton,  V. 

Ravenstonedale,  P.C. 
Shap,  V. 

Mardale,  P.C. 

Swindale,  P.C. 
Warcop,  V. 


,P.C. 


AKCHDEACOXr.Y   OF.  WESTMORELAND. 


1  In  this  list  E,  means  Rectory,  Y.  Vicarage,  and  P.  C.  Perpetual 
CuracT. 


DEASEET  OF  FtJKXESS  AiTD 
CARTMEL. 

Aldingh.im,  R. 
Dendron,  P.C. 
Cartmel  Fell,  P.C. 
Field  Broughton.  P.C. 
Flookburgb,  P.C. 
Lindale,  P.C. 
Slaveley,  P.C. 


Colton,  P.C. 

Finsthwaite,  P.C. 

Haverthwaite,  P.C. 

Rusland.  P.C. 
Dalton  in  Furness,  V. 

Kirby,  P.C. 

Raniside,  P.C. 

Walney,  P.C. 
Hawkshead,  V. 


THE  CITY  OF  CARLISLE. 


Hi 


HawksheaJ —  Dissiugton,  E. 

Brathay,  P.C.  Drigg,  P.C. 

Sattertliwaite,  P.C.  Egremont,  R. 
Kirkby  Irelelh,  V.  St.  John's,  C. 

lii'oughton  ill  Furuess,  I'.C.  Goslbrtli,  11. 

Seatliwaite,  I'.C.  Harrington,  R. 

Woodland,  I'.G.  Haile.P.C. 

PenningtoD,  V.  Irton,  P.C. 

Ulvcrstone,  P.O.  Lamplugli,  E. 

Blawitb,  P.C.  Millom,  Holy  Trinity,  V. 

Conistone,  P.C.  Tliwaites,  P.C. 

Egton  and  Newland,  P.C.  Ulplia,  P.C. 

Holy  Trinity,  P.C.  Moresby,  R. 

Lowick,  P.C.  Muncaster,  P.C. 

Tor\er,  P.C.  Ponsonby,  P.C. 

Urswick,  V.  Wabertbwaite,  K. 

Uordsea,  P.C.  Whicbam,  R. 

Grange,  P.C.  Whilbeck,  P.C. 

Whitehaven.     See  Bees,  St, 

oEAjiiatT  01  KuiKBY  LOS3j>ALE.  Workiugton,  R. 

Kirkbv  Lonsdale,  V.  ^::/°''°^',F-^- 

Barbon,  P.C.  C'^fto'".  ^■^■ 
Castcrton,  P.C. 
Firbauk,  P.C.  deasery  or  kehdal. 

Hutlon  Roof,  P.C.  Beetham,  V. 

Killington,  P.C.  Wilherslack,  P.C. 

Mansergh,  P.C.  Burton  in  Kendal,  V. 

Middkton,  P.C.  Holme,  P.C. 

Preston  Patrick,  P.C. 
DEX-NEEY  OF  COPKI.A.VD.  Grassmere,  R. 

Arlecdon,  P.C.  Ambleside,  P.C. 

Beckermet,  St  Bridget,  P.C.  Langdale,  P.C. 

St.  John's,  P.C.  Eydal,  P.O. 

Oalder  Bridge,  P.C.  '       Heversham,  V. 

Bees,  St.,  P.C.  Crossthwoite,  P.C. 

Ennerdalc,  P.C.  Crosscrayke,  P.C. 

Eskdale,  P.C.  Lcvens,  P.C. 

Hcnsingham,  P.C.  Milnthorpe,  P.C. 

Loweswater,  P.C.  Kendal,  V. 

Mount  Pleasant,  P.C.  St.  George,  P.C. 

Nether  Wasdalc,  P.C.  St.  Thomas,  P.C. 

St  James,  Whitehaven,  P.C.  Bumeside,  P.C. 

St  Nicholas,    ditto,      P.C.  Crook,  P.C. 

Trinity,  ditto,       P.C.  Grayrigg,  P.C. 

Wasdale  Head,  I'.C.  Helsington,  P.C. 

Bootle,  E.  Hugil,  or  Ings,  P.C. 

Brigham,  V.  Kentmerc,  P.C. 

Buttennere,  P.C.  Long  Sleddale,  P.C. 

Cockcrmnulli,  P.C.  Natland,  P.C. 

Embleton,  P.C.  New  Hutton,  P.C. 

Lorton,  P.C.  Selside,  P.C. 

Mosser,  P.C.  Staveley,  P.C. 

Setnnirthy,  P.C.  Under  Barrow,  P.C. 

Wytliop,  P.C.  AVinster,  P.C. 

Clealor,  P.C.  Windermere,  R. 

Comey,  E.  Birtliwaitc,  I'.C. 

Dean,  E.  'J'routbeek,  P.C. 

The  patronage  of  the  bishop  consi.sts  of  the  right  of 
preseutatioii  to  the  archdeaconries  of  the  diocese,  the 
four  cauonries  in  the  cathedral,  and  the  following 
thirty-eight  benefices:  — 

Alllmllows,  P.O.,  Cumberland £%0 

Appleby,  St  Michael,  V.,  Westmoreland     .       .       .        175 

Applelhwaite,  P.C,  Westmoreland IW 

Asby  West,  C.  (Line),  Lincoln 64 

Asputrin,  v.,  Cumberland 24!) 

Bromlleld,  v.,  Cumberland 270 

Caldbcck,  R.,  Cumberliuul 4;t(i 

Chellasloii,  V.  (Licit.),  Derby 80 

Clibiirii,  R.,  Westmoreland ]S8 

Chflon,  R.,  Westmoreland l.'iO 

Crosby  ou-Kden,  v.,  Cumberland 1)0 

Crosthwoitc,  V.,  Cumberland 4;!0 

Dalston,  V.,  Cumberland 283 


Denton  Nether,  R.,  Cumberiand i'19G 

Gilcrux,  v.,  Cumberluud HIO 

Homcastlc,  V.  CLi'dc),  Lincoln (Jl2 

Lazonby,  V.,  Cumberland 551 

Mai'eham,  R.  (Line),  Lincoln 355 

Mareham-on-the-Hill,  P.O.  (Line),  Lincoln.       .       .  80 

Melbourne,  V.  (Lich.),  Derby 170 

Morseby,  R.  (Line),  Lincoln 140 

Mount  Pleasant,  P.C,  Cumberland,  alternately  with 

Crown IflO 

Musgrave,  R.,  Westmoreland 149 

Newburn,  Y.  (Durh.j,  Northumberland      .       .       .  230 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  V.  (DurU.),  Northumberland  .  474 

Newton  Eeiguey,  P.C,  Cumberland 80 

Ormside,  R.,  Westmoreland ICR 

Oushy,  R.,  Cumberland 35:! 

Penrith,  V.,  Cumberiand 200 

Eotliburv,  R.  (,D»r/».),  Northumberland.     .       .       .  1106 

Salkeld,E.,  Cumberiand 345 

Scaleby,  R.,  Cumberland 107 

Stanwix,  V.,  Cumberland 264 

ToyntoD,  High,  P.C.  (Line),  Lincoln.      ...  80 

Torpeuhow,  V.,  Cumberland 305 

Waikworth,  V.  (Durh.),  Xortliumberland    .       .       .  523 

Wigton,  Y.,  Cumberland '  .       .      .  150 

Woodeuderby,  P.C.  (Line),  Lincoln    ....  5U 

THE    PRICKS. 

The  first  foundation  of  the  Priorj  of  St.  Mary  is  in- 
volved in  obscurity,  but  it  is  generally  supposed  to  have 
been  founded  in  the  reign  of  Eufus,  when  the  city  was 
rebuilt,  and  its  various  ediiices  restored.  Little  pro- 
gress, however,  was  made  during  the  lifetime  of  the  Red 
king,  and  it  was  reserved  for  the  first  Henry  to  finish 
the  work  and  attach  to  it  a  community  of  secular  priests, 
over  whom  he  placed  the  Sa.xon  Athelwald,  as  prior. 
This  was  in  1101.  Some  years  afterwards,  in  1129, 
Henry's  sou.  Prince  Henry,  was  lost  with  many  of  his 
companions  in  the  ill-fated  Wliite  Ship,  and  all  tra- 
ditions agree  that  it  was  to  the  sorrow  felt  by  the  English 
monarch  on  that  occasion  that  we  owe  the  foundation 
of  the  bishopric  of  Carlisle.  "  Twenty  years  before," 
says  the  present  Bishop  of  London,  "  the  king  liad  gone 
on  with  A\'illiain  Rufus'  work,  and  had,  as  we  have  seen, 
founded  here  a  college  of  secular  priests.  Ho  had  com- 
pleted the  Xoi-man  cliurch,  with  its  nave,  transepts,  and 
a  choir  much  smaller  than  the  present  structure,  and 
iu  proportion  to  the  nave  ;  he  had  endowed  it  with  the 
titlies  of  the  churches  in  the  forest  of  Inglewood,  and 
now,  by  the  advice  of  Prior  Athelwald,  he  determined 
to  do  a  greater  work  for  this  northern  district.  He 
founded  the  bishopric,  and  changed  his  secular  priests 
into  monks.  This  design,  however,  took  some  time  to 
be  matured,  and  probably  was  not  fully  accomplished 
till  1133,  within  a  few  yeais  of  Henry's  death  ",'  when 
Athelwald  became  the  first  bisliop  of  Carlisle. 

llis  successor  in  tlie  government  of  the  priory  was 
AV alter,  who,  previous  to  his  embracing  the  religious 
life,  had  been  a  soldier,  and  had  followed  the  fortunes 

1  .\n  Historical  Sketch  of  Carlisle  Cathedral  p.  M. 


116 


CUMBERLAND  WAED. 


of  the  Conqueror  from  Noruiaiuly.  As  a  reward  for  bis 
valorous  conduct  the  guarJiauship  of  Carlisle  ^vas 
entrusted  to  his  care,  and  during  bis  term  of  offico 
the  vralls  and  fortifications  of  the  city  were  restored. 
Extensive  grants  of  lands  and  manors  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood seem  to  have  been  bestowed  upon  him ;  and 
amongst  other  possessions  ho  held  the  lordship  over 
Stanwix  and  St.  Cuthbert's.  He  subsequently  joined 
the  community  of  St.  Mary's,  and  when  Athclwald  was 
raised  to  the  episcopate,  became  the  second  prior.  Walter 
enriched  the  priory  with  the  lands  and  other  possessions 
which  his  stout  arm  had  won,  and  was  long  looked  up 
to  by  the  brotherhood  as  their  greatest  benefactor. 
The  property  given  to  the  convent  by  this  prior  con- 
sisted of  the  manors  of  linstock,  Rickerby,  Crosby, 
Little  Crosby,  Walby,  Bruuskcw,  Carleton,  Little 
Carleton,  and  the  Wood ;  also  the  churches  of  St. 
Cuthbert,  in  Carlisle,  and  St.  Michael,  Sanwix.' 

Prior  John  succeeded  Walter,  and  governed  the 
commmiity  in  Bishop  Bernard's  time.  He  is  stated 
to  have  granted  Waitcroft  and  Flimby  to  the  lord  of 
Workington. 

Bartholomew  occurs  as  fourth  prior.  His  name  is 
found  as  a  witness  to  several  old  charters ;  and  he  and 
the  community  confirmed  the  appropriation  of  the 
church  of  Orton,  in  Westmoreland,  to  the  priory  of 
Conishead. 

Ralph  is  the  next  prior  on  record,  and  during  his 
government  the  abbey  of  Holme  Culti-am,  received  from 
the  prior  and  convent  of  Carli.slo,  tho  appropriation  of 
the  church  of  Burgh-upon-Sands. 

We  know  no  more  than  the  names  of  the  next  six 
priors,  they  were  respectively,  Robert  de  MorviUe, 
Adam  de  Felton,  Alan,  John  de  Ilalton  (who  was  raised 
to  the  see  in  1292),  John  de  Kendal,  and  Robert. 

Adam  de  Warthwic  succeeded  Prior  Robert.  Hutch- 
inson says  that  "  he  was  in  contention  with  the  bishop, 
and  in  1300,  at  his  visitiition,  articles  were  exhibited 
against  him.  Warthwic  being  old  and  infirm,  resigned 
in  1304,  with  a  pension  of  twenty  marks  arising  out  of 
Langwathby  tithes." 

Wilham  de  Hautwyssel  was  the  next  prior,  but  he 
only  held  the  oflSce  for  four  years,  when  he  resigned, 
and  was  succeeded  by 

Robert  de  Helperton,  who  governed  the  convent  for 
about  seventeen  years. 

Symon  de  Hautwyssel,  WiUiam  de  Hastworth,  1325 ; 
John  de  Kirby,  and  GaUrid  were  the  successors  of 
Robert  de  Helperton. 

John  de  Homcastle,  1352,  was  the  next  prior. 
During  the  period  of  liis  government  Bishop  Welton 
1  Jefferson's  Carlisle,  p.  lis. 


made  inquiries  concerning  the  appropriate  churches 
belonging  to  the  convent,  and  certified  them  accord- 
ingly. The  convent  underwent  four  episcopal  visita- 
tions during  the  time  Prior  Homcastle  held  office.  In 
consequence  of  his  age  and  infirmities  he  resigned  in 
1370,  his  successor  being 

Richard  de  Ridal,  who,  having  leave  of  absence  for 
a  time,  Jlartin  de  Brampton  was  appointed  to  the 
guardianship  of  the  convent. 

John  de  Penrith  was  his  successor,  and  resigned  in 
1381. 

William  dc  Dalstou,  the  next  prior,  refused  to  take 
the  oath  of  canonical  obedience  to  the  bishop,  who 
thereupon  excommunicated  him,  but  the  prior  appealed 
to  the  king,  who  issued  a  writ  to  stop  further  proceed- 
ings. The  difficulty  was  shortly  afterwards  amicably 
arranged,  and  the  prior,  being  preferred,  at  once 
resigned  his  priory,  and  was  succeeded  by 

Robert  de  Edcnhall,  who  was  elected  in  1386. 

Thomas  de  Hcton,  of  an  ancient  Cumberland  family, 
was  his  successor,  and  was  followed  by 

Thomas  Elye,  who  built  New  Layth's  Grange,  near 
Carhsle. 

Thomas  Barnaby  became  prior  in  1433;  after  whom 

Thomas  de  Haithwaite  was  elected. 

Thomas  Gondibour  was  the  next  prior.  He  improved 
the  priory  building,  to  which  he  made  considerable 
additions,  and  in  many  ways  proved  a  great  benefactor 
to  the  community. 

Simon  Senhouse  succeeded  Prior  Gondibour  in  1507, 
and  carried  on  the  works  commenced  by  his  predeces- 
sor. He  repaired  and  beautified  the  square  tower 
within  the  precincts  of  the  priory,  besides  ornamenting 
other  portions  of  the  building.    He  was  succeeded  by 

Christopher  Slee,  who  erected  the  gatehouse  at  the 
western  entrance  to  the  priory,  on  which  the  request, 
"  Orate  pro  anima  Christopher  Slee,  prioris,  qui  primus 
hoc  opus  fieri  iucepit,  A.  D.  1528,"  is  inscribed. — 
Growing  old  and  infinn,  Prior  Slee  resigned  his  office 
in  1532,  and  retired  upon  a  pension  of  £'25  per  annum. 

Lancelot  Salkeld,  the  next  and  last  prior,  lived  at 
the  period  of  the  suppression  of  the  rehgious  houses, 
and,  on  the  9th  of  January,  1540,  surrendered  the 
priory  to  the  commissioners  of  Henry  VIII.,  who,  two 
years  afterwards,  founded,  in  its  stead,  an  estabhsh- 
ment  consisting  of  a  dean,  four  prebendaries,  eight 
minor  canons,  a  sub-dean,  four  lay  clerks,  or  singing 
men,  a  grammar  master,  six  choi'isters,  a  master  of 
choristers,  six  alms-men,  a  verger,  two  sextons,  and 
other  persons  ;  granting  to  them  the  site  of  the  priory 
and  the  greater  pai-t  of  its  revenues,  together  with  the 
revenues  of  the  dissolved  priory  of  Wetheral.      In  the 


THE   CITY   OF  CAKLISLE. 


117 


new  foundation  the  church  is  called  "  Tlie  Church  of 
the  lloly  and  UudiTided  Trinity,"  and  Sallield  was 
constituted  the  first  dean.  Thus  ends  the  history  of 
the  priory  of  St.  Mary.  Tlie  revenues  were  valued  hy 
Dugdalo  at  ill8  3s.  4d, ;  by  Speed  at  £181  8s.  Id. 
We  subjoin  the  succession  of  deans,  prebendaries,  &c., 
from  the  foundation  to  the  present  time  : — 

DEANS   or  CASLISLE. 

1510.  Lancelot  Salield,  the  last  prior  of  St.  Jlary's,  (lepriveil 

on  the  accession  ot  Edward  VI. ;  restored  in  the  reign 

of  Marv,  and  again  ejected  by  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  died 

in  1500'. 
1M7.  Sir  Thomas  Smith,  appointed  on  SnlUeld's  deprivation  by 

Edward  VI.;  ejected  by  Queen  Mary,  but  restored  by 

Elizabeth  ;  died  in  1577. 
1877.  Sir  John  Woolev,  M.A. ;  died  in  1595. 
1590.  Christopher  Perliins,  L.L.D. ;  died  in  1C2-2. 
]n-J-,>.  Francis  Wliite,  S.T.r. ;  electe.l  bishop  of  Carlisle  in  1020. 
1626.  WiUiam  I'utterson,  S.T.P. ;   became  dean   of  Exeter  in 

1629. 
1030.  Thomas  Comber,  S.T.P. ;  deprived  by  the  parliament  in 

1642;  died  in  1053. 
3060.  Guy  Carlelon,  D.D.,  prebendai-y  of  Durham;  promoted 

to  the  see  of  liristol  in  1071. 
1071.  Thomas  Smith,  D.D.;  elected  bishop  of  Carlisle  in  16S4. 
1081.  Thomas  Musgrave,  D.D.,prtbeudary  of  Cliichester;  died 

in  1880. 
1680.  William  Graham,  D.D.,  prebendary  of  Durham;  became 

dean  of  Wells  iu  1704. 

1701.  Francis  Atterbury,  D.D.,  chaplain  to  William  and  Mary; 

appointed  dean  of  Christ  Church  in  1711. 
1711.  George  Smalridge,  D.D.,  prebendary  of  Lichfield;    pro- 
moted to  Christ  Church,  1713. 
I7l;l.  Thomas  Gibson,  U.D.,  rector  of  Greystoke ;  died  in  1710. 
1716.  Thomas  TuUie,  L.L.D.,  chancellor  of  Carlisle;  died  in 

1720. 
1727.  George  Fleming,  L.L.D. ;  elected  bishop  of  Carlisle  in 

1731. 
1734.  Robert  Bolton,   L.L.D.,  vicar  of  St.  llary's,  Beading, 

Berks  ;  died  in  1703. 
1761.  Charles  Tarrent,  D.D. ;  became  dean  of  Peterborough  in 

the  same  year. 
1761.  Thomas  Wilson,  D.D.,  prebendary  of  Carlisle ;   died  in 

1778.      ,  _ 
1778.  Thomas  Percy,  D.D.,  chaplain  to  George  III;  promoted 

to  the  see  of  Dromoro  in  1782. 
1782.  Jeffrey  Kkins,  D.D.,  lector  of  Sedgefield,  Durham ;  died 

in '1792. 

1702.  Isaac  Milner,  D.D.,  F.R.S.,  professor  of  mathematics,  and 

master  of  Queen's  College,  Cambridge;  died  in  1820. 
1880.  Eobcrt  Hodgson,  D.D.,  F.RS.,  rector  of  St.  George's, 

Hanoversiiuaro,  London. 
1811.  John  Anthony  Cramer,  D.D. ;  died  in  1818. 
1818.  Samuel   Hinds,  D.D.  ;  promoted  to  tho  see  of  Kornich 

in  1849. 
18S0.  A.  C.  Tail,  D.C.L. ;  promoted  to  the  sco  of  London  in 

1850. 
1856.  Fnincis  Close,  D.D. 


AllCnDEACOSS 

Oerrose   do  Lowiher,    in    tho 

reigns  of   Henr)'  II.,  1323. 
Uichard  I.,  John,  and  1351. 
part  of  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.  1301. 

1203.  Atneric     do     Theobald, 

rector  of  Dnlslon,  111."). 

Alexander  do  Lucy.  1503. 

1230.  Kobert.  1521. 

123:t.  Peter  do  Koss.  1548. 

1293.  Uichard.  1567. 

1302.  P.'tcr  dc  Insula.  15S8. 

1311.  Gilbert  do  UaltoD.  1S9I). 


Henry  de  Korliol. 
William  de  Kendalo. 
Richard  do  Arthurct. 
William  de  Rotherby. 
Johu  do  Appleby. 
•         •         • 
John  de  Kirkcby. 
Hugh  do  Uacre. 
William  liowerbank. 
George  Neville. 
Edwd.Threlkeld,L.L.D. 
Ueniy  Dellrick. 
Richard  Pickington. 


1590. 
1002. 
1022. 
IflCU. 
1067. 
ICfiP. 
1082. 
1  702. 
1705. 
1731. 


1220. 
1311. 

1311. 
1335, 
1353. 
136.3. 


1380. 
1397. 


15.52. 
1560. 
1570. 
1577. 
1580. 
1.597. 
1(;15. 
1022. 
1061. 
1000. 


1542. 

I.'i49. 
1585. 
1017, 
1019. 
lOUO. 
1001, 
1001, 
1081, 
1702, 
1733, 
170S, 
1777, 
1785, 
1H21, 
1817, 


1512, 
1540. 
1552, 
1552, 
1554, 
1.560, 
1568. 
1574. 
1077, 
1595, 
1590. 

10(10. 

1041). 
lOOl). 
1701). 


Giles  Robinson,  D.D.  1743. 

Nicholas  Dean.  1750. 

Isaac  Singleton.  1777. 

Lewis  West.                   '  1782. 

John  Peachill,  B.D.  1805. 

Thomas  Jlusgr.ive,  MA.  1827. 

William  Nicolson,  M.A,  1855. 

Joseph  Fisher,  M..\.  1850. 
George  Fleming,  M.A. 
William  Fleming,  M.A. 


Edmund  Law,  M„4. 

^'enn  Eyre,  JI.A. 

John  Law,  D.D. 

William  Paley,  D.D. 

Charles  Anson,  M.A. 

Wm.  Goodenough,  M..4. 

Wilham  Jackson,  D.D. 

Robert  W.  Evans,  B.D., 
archdeacon,  Westmore- 
land. 


VICAKS-GESEIUI,   AND    0FFICI.1LS. 


TICABS-GENEBAL, 

Adam  de  Kirbythore.  1311. 
Robert  de  llelperton  and 

William  de  Gosford.  1335. 
Adam  de  .\ppleby. 

Thomas  de  Halton.  1342. 

Abbot  of  Holme  Cultram.  1352. 

John  de  Horncaslle,  John  1355. 

de  Applebv,  aud  Adam  1373. 

de  Caldbeck.  1379. 

Wilham,  rector  of  Bow-  1498. 

ness.  1513. 
Richard  Pyttes. 


Adam  de  Appleby. 
Walter  de  Ullesby. 
Robert  de  Southayke. 
John  de  Appleby. 
John  de  Stoketon. 
Nicholas  de  Whitby. 
Adam  de  Caldbeck. 
William  de  Eowness. 
William  del  Hal. 
John  Whelpdale. 
Nicholas  Williamson.' 


CHANCEIXORS   OF   THE   DIOCESE. 


H.  Deltrick,  M.A.,  L.L.B.  1667. 
Gregory  Scott.  .     1683. 

Thomas  Burton,  L.L.B.  1727. 
Thos.  Hammond,  L.L.B.  1705. 
H.  Deltrick,  M.A.,  L.L.B.  1 785. 
H.  Deltrick,  M.A.,  L.LJ3.  1795. 
Henry  Woodward.  1804. 

Isaac  Singleton.  1814. 

Robert  Lowther.  1855. 

Henry  Marshall,  M.A. 


Rowland  Nichols,  M.A. 
Thomas  TuUie,  JI.A. 
John  Waugh,  M..A. 
Richard  Burn,  L.L.D. 
WiUiam  Paley,  M.A. 
Joseph  Dacre  Carlyle. 
Browne  Grisdale,  D.D. 
Walter  Fletcher,  M.A. 
Charles  J.  Burton,  M.A. 


FBEBEltDAIlISS. 


FiaST  STALI.. 
William  Florens. 
Hugh  SeweU,  D.D. 
Edmund  Bunnic,  B.D. 
Richard  Snowden. 
Lancelot  Dawes. 
Thomas  Smith,  S.T.P. 
Thomas  Canon,  B.D. 
William  Sill,  M.A. 
William  Nicolson. 
John  Atkinson,  M.A. 
Edward  Birket,  M.A. 
Johu  Waugh,  M.A. 
J.  L.  Lusliington,  JI..\. 
George  Henry  Law,  M.A, 
William  Vausittart. 
Uem-y  Percy,  JI.A. 

SECOND  STALL. 

Edward  Losh. 
William  Parrye,  D.D. 
John  E.  Tremcllin-^. 
Edwin  Sandys,  D.D. 
Edward  Mitchell,  L.L.B. 
John  Maybray. 
Thomas  Tookie,  L.L.B. 
John  Barnes. 
Thomas  Fairfax,  S.T.P. 
John  Meve,  L.l  .B. 
William  jleye,  .M.A. 
Thoina-s  Fairfax,  juii. 
Frederic  Tunstall,  M..\. 
Arthur  Savage,  M..\. 
George  Fleming,  M.A. 


1727.  John  Waugh,  M.A. 
1765.  Robert  Wardle,  M.A. 
1773.  John  Law,  M..\. 
17 sj.  Joseph  Hudson,  D.D. 
1811.  R.  P.  Goodenough,  M.A. 
1S20.  Edmd. Goodenough,  D.D. 
1815.  Henry  Gipps,  M..\. 

THian  STALX. 

1542.  Bernard  Kirkbride. 
1501.  Gregory  Scott,  M.A. 

1576.  Thomas  Biuton,  L.L.B. 

1577.  Anthony  Walkwood, 
l(il2.  Bernard"  Robinson,  D.D. 
1037.   Lewis  West,  M.A. 
1007.  John  Peachel,  B.D. 
1669.  Thomas  Musgrare,  M.A. 
1070.  John  Ardrev,  M.A. 
10S4.  Thomas  Tullie,  3I..\. 
1710.  Thomas  Benson,  >LA. 
1727.  Richard  Holme,  M.A. 
1738.  William  Fleming,  M..\. 
1743.  Thomas  Wilson,  .M.A. 
1704.  Roger  Baldwin,  M..\. 
1801.  Robert  Jlarkhani,  M.A. 
1837.  C.  G.  V.  Hareonrt,  M.A. 

rOCRTlI   ."(TALI.. 

154'.  Richard  Brandling. 
1570.  Arthur  Key. 
1575.  Thomas  Burton,  L.L.O. 
15711.  (ieorge  Flower, 
15'^2.  Edward  Hansby. 
1581.  Edward  Itlayplate. 
1021.  John  Fletcher,  B.D. 


1  In  1570  Bishop  Bonios  granted  a  patent  to  Chancellor  Scott,  by 
which  tlio  powers  of  official  and  vicor-gcueral  «  eiv  given  to  tlie  chan- 
cellor, and  sine]  that  period  the  three  oiBccs  have  been  united. 


118 


CUMBERLAND  WAKD. 


1C32.  "V\'illiam  Doddinp,  JI.A.  1730.  Thomas  TuUie,  L.L.E. 

1(137.  Richard  Smith,  B.l).  1742.  Krasmus  Head,  M.A. 

KU.'i.  Henry  Sutton,  JI.A.  170:1.  .TnsephAmiihlctt,  L.L.I). 

16fi().  Georjjo  liuchanan.  i7b>n.  William  Va.\oy,  M.A. 

16Gfi.  Henry  Marshall,  JI.A.  17'J5.  AVm.  ShecpsbanUs,  M.A. 

1GC7.  Jeremy  Nelson,  M.A.  1810.  S.  J.  Goodenough,  M.A.  . 

1085.  Hugh  Todd,  M.A.  18&H.  AVilUam  Jackson,  D.D. 

The    Dean    anil    Chapter  of    Carlisle   possess  the 

patronage  of  the  following  twenty-nine  benefices : — 

Addingham,  V.  Cumberlnnd Xa53 

Appleby,  Y.,  AVestraorcland 300 

Bassenthwaite,  P.C.,  Gnniberland     ....  150 

Bewcastle,  K.,  Cumberland 

Camerton,  P.C.,  Cumberland 

Carlisle,  Clirist  Church,  I'.C 150 

„       St.  Cuthbert,  P.C 150 

„       St.  Mary's,  P.C 7Q 

„       Upperby,  I'.C 

„      Wreay,  P.C 80 

Castlecarroek,  I!.,  Cumberland 98 

Castlesowerby,  V.,  Cumberland 98 

Corbridge,  V.  (Dwr.),  Northumberland   .       .       .  482 

Crosscnnonby,  P.C,  Cumberland  ....  IDO 

Cumrcw,  P.C.,  Cumberlnnd 81 

Cumwhitton,  P.C,  Cumberland     ....  102 

!Kdenhall,  V..  Cumberland 178 

Hayton,  P.C,  Cumberland 123 

Hesket,  P.C,  Cumberland 150 

Hmton,  R.,  Cumberland.         .       .      .       •       .  133 

Ireby,  P.C,  Cumberland 04 

Kirkland,  V.,  Cumberland 221 

Morland,  v.,  Westmoreland 177 

Eockliff,  P.C,  Cumberland 100 

Sebergham,  P.C,  Cumberland 139 

Thursby,  V.,  Cumberland 100 

Westward,  P.C,  Cumberland 120 

Wetheral,  with  Warwick,  P.C,  Cumberland       .  140 

Whittinghaui,  V.  {Dur.),  Noi-thumherland    .      .  040 

CATHEDR.^r.  ESTABLISHMENT,   1858. 

The  figures  deaotu  the  value  of  the  incomes,  and  the  date  when  each 
di^itary  was  inducted. 

BISHOP. 

Hon.  and  Fa.  Eev.  H.  Montagu  Villiers,  D.D. .  ;£4,500  . .  185C. 

DEAX. 

Vei7  Rev.  Francis  Close,  :M.A.,  1850. 

CANOKS. 

C.  G.  Vernon  Harcourt,  M.A.,  1837.     Henry  Gipps,  M.A.,  1845. 
Henry  Percy,  M.A.,  1847.     William  Jackson,  D.D.,  1858. 

ASOBDE&COKS. 

Carlisle.— Ven.  \\m.  Jackson,  D.D..f 200..  1855. 
Westmorehmd.—Ven.  Robert  W.  Evans,  D.D.  .£200. .  1850. 

CnANCHLLOR  OF  THE  DIOCESE. 

Worshipful  Chai-les  James  Burton,  M.A.,  1855. 

UASTEU  op  Tilt:  OATnHDaAl.  SCHOOL. 

William  Bell,  JI.A. 

MIN'OR  CANOKS. 

William  Reos,  M.A.  (Sacrist),  1819.      T.  G.  Livingston,  M.A., 
(Precentor),  1855.      F.  S.  Tireman,  M.A.,  1855. 

bishop's  examining  CHAPLAIN. 

T.  R.  Bilks,  M.A. 

KEGISTEAB.  DEPUTY   EEOISTRAR. 

Joseph  MUner,  M.A.,  1323.  G.  G.  Mounsey,  Esri-,  1818. 

SECRETARIES  TO  THE  DISHOP. 

John  B.  Lee,  Esq.,  London ;  and  G.  G.  Mounsey,  Esq.,  Carlisle. 

ORGANIST. 

Mr.  Ford. 

HONORART  CANONS. 

C.  J.  Burton,  M.A.,  1857.     Benjamin  Ward,  1357. 


THE    CASTI.E,    WALLS,    ETC. 

The  castle  occupies  a  fine  situation  on  an  eminence 
at  the  north-west  extremity  of  the  city,  and  is  popularly 
said  to  stand  upon  the  site  of  a  Roman  fortress.  Its 
origin  is  generally  ascribed  to  AVilliam  Ilufus,  though 
some  writers  think,  and  not  without  good  reason,  that 
the  Conqueror  would  not  fail  to  perceive  the  strong  and 
important  position  occujiied  by  Carlisle,  and  would  not 
think  of  leaving  it  unprotected,  or  exposed  to  the 
attacks  of  the  Scots,  -^^-ithout  some  means  of  defence. 
It  is,  however,  certain  that  iu  the  reign  of  Eufus  the 
castle  was  put  into  a  state  of  defence,  and  the  fortifica- 
tions were  further  strengthened  by  Henry  I.,  in  1122. 
David  of  Scotland,  who  obtained  possession  of  Carlisle 
iu  1135,  assisted  in  the  completion  of  the  works.  From 
the  numerous  sieges  which  the  castle  from  time  to  time 
sustained,  its  defences  became  much  weakened,  and 
when,  iu  1217,  Archbishop  Gray  amved  at  Carlisle, 
to  take  possession  of  the  fortress  for  the  English  crown, 
he  found  it  in  a  very  dilapidated  condition.  In  1230 
it  is  again  reported  as  in  a  decayed  state.  In  1302 
Bishop  Halton,  who  was  governor  of  the  castle,  ex- 
pended £275  14s.  7d.  in  repairing  the  structure;  in 
1341  repairs  were  again  needed.  We  hear  no  more  of 
the  fortifications  till  1522,  when  the  castle  appears  to 
have  mounted  43  pieces  of  cannon.  Dm-ing  the  reign 
of  Henry  VIII.  some  additions  were  made,  and  the 
whole  fortress  put  into  a  state  of  repair.  It  was  at 
this  period  that  the  citadel  was  built,  to  strengthen 
the  defences  of  the  southern  j)*"^*  of  the  city.  Li 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  in  consequence  of  a  report 
being  made  of  the  condition  of  the  fortifications, 
the  queen  ordered  the  whole  to  be  repaired,  and  tho 
castle  and  citadel  to  be  furnished  with  guns  and 
ammunition.  Dunng  the  period  of  the  Commonwealth, 
the  keep  was  converted  into  u  battery,  and  other  altera- 
tions made  in  the  defences  of  the  place.  From  this 
time  nothing  of  importance  is  recorded  of  tho  castle 
till  the  rising  of  1745,  when  it  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Scots,  as  we  have  seen  at  page  94. 

The  castle  contains  two  wards,  an  inner  and  outer, 
the  entrance  to  the  latter  being  from  the  south,  through 
a  tower,  v.hich  is  embattled  and  defended  by  a  strong 
gate  and  portcullis  In  front  of  this  entrance  there  was 
foiTnerly  a  drawbridge  across  the  moat  which  extended 
along  that  side  of  the  fortress  The  outer  ward  is  exten- 
sive, and  includes  a  good  parade  ground  for  the  garrison, 
barracks  for  fifteen  olficers  and  upwards  of  200  men,  an 
hospital,  and  a  house  for  the  master  gunner.  On  the 
north-west  angle  of  the  wall  is  a  bastion,  upon  which 
six  guns  were  foiTaerly  mounted;  five  guns  were  upon 
the  battery  of  the  south-west  angle,  and  between  these 


THE   CITY   OF  CARLISLE. 


119 


is  a  semi-bastion,  wliich  contains  embrasures  for  two 
guns.  The  walls  of  this  ward  are  embattled,  and  are 
eighteen  feet  iu  height  by  nearly  nine  in  thickness. 
The  inner  ward,  which  is  separated  from  tlic  outer  one 
by  a  rampart,  is  entered  through  an  arched  gateway, 
the  passage  to  which,  up  to  a  recent  period,  was  pro- 
tected by  a  halfraoon  battery,  and  a  ditch  with  a  draw- 
bridge, to  which  the  approach  was  by  a  covered  way; 
a  subterranean  passage  connected  this  battery  and 
the  keep.  The  chapel,  ()ueen  Mary's  Tower,  a  hall, 
and  a  barracks,  were  all  in  this  ward.  The  hall  was 
talcen  down  in  1827,  and  a  magazine  erected  upon  its 
site ;  the  chapel  has  been  converted  into  barracks  and 
a  mess-room  for  the  officers  of  the  garrison ;  the  old 
ban-acks  was  taken  down  in  1812.  Queen  Clary's 
Tower  was  situated  at  the  south-east  angle  of  the  cattle, 
and  derived  its  name  from  having  been  the  place  in 
which  tlio  unfortunate  Scottish  queen  was  confined 
during  her  stay  in  Carlisle.  It  was  of  a  much  better 
style  of  architecture  than  the  other  buildings ;  but,  iu 
consequence  of  its  insecure  state  its  demolition  was 
deemed  advisable  iu  1834-5.  On  the  south  side  of 
this  ward  the  castle^was  defended  by  a  battery  of  eight 
guns,  and  on  the  north  by  a  battery  armed  with  nine; 
the  total  number  of  guns  mounted  on  the  castle,  when 
its  defences  were  complete,  being  thirty.  The  keep  is, 
liowever,  the  most  prominent  and  most  interesting  part 
of  the  castle,  and  though  it  has  borne  the  storms  of 
seven  hundred  winters,  and  sustained  many  a  fierce 
assault  and  many  a  lengthened  siege,  it  still  stands 
a  noble  and  enduring  monument  of  the  architecture 
introduced  by  the  Normau  conquerors  of  England. 
It  is  nearly  square  ;  its  dimensions  arc  sixty-six  feet  by 
sixty-one,  and  its  height  si.tty-eight  feet.  The  wall 
fronting  the  city  is  eight  feet  in  thickness,  the  others 
are  each  fifteen  feet  thick.  A  well,  seventy-eight  feet 
in  depth,  and  supposed  to  be  the  work  of  the  Itomans, 
is  situated  within  the  north  wall.  The  keep  comprises 
three  stories,  exclusive  of  the  ground  floor,  each  of 
which  is  sixteen  feet  in  height.  The  dungeons  arc 
situated  in  tlie  latter ;  the  upper  rooms  ser^'ing  as 
military  store-rooms  or  barrack-rooms. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  governors  of  Carlisle, 
arranged  under  the  dilTcrent  reigns,  and  iu  chronolo- 
gical order  as  far  as  has  been  ascertained ;  — 

HrsRT  II.  .Tobn  Bnliol. 
liobert  de  Vnux,  or  Vallibus.        Kobert  Briicc. 

Jqijj.  \Villiam  de  Fortibus. 

William  de  SlutJvillo.  V-a^l'^ce  dc  IJaliol. 

nobort  do  Vuux.  ""S'jr  ''"^  Lejl^umo- 

Hknry  III.  Edward  I. 

Robert  de  Votoripont.  Robert  de  liamptoD. 


Gilbert  de  Curwen. 

AVilliam  de  Boyville. 

Robert  Bruce. 

Jlicbael  de  Herein. 

John  Halton. 

Alexander  do  Bassenthwaito. 

Edwaiu)  II. 
John  de  Castre. 
Andrew  de  Hercla. 
I'iers  de  Gaveston. 
Ralph  Fitzwilliam. 
John  Halton. 

Edward  III. 
Ranulph  de  Dacre. 
p    Anthony,  Lord  Lucy. 
John  de  Glanton. 
John  ICirby. 
Sir  Hugh  de  Moresby. 
Thomas,  Lord  Lucy. 
Rowland  de  Yaux. 
Sir  Richard  de  Denton. 
Sir  Hugh  do  Lowther. 

R'CHAItD   II. 

Henry  Percy,  earl  of  Northnm- 
berland. 

Ralph,  Lord  Neville. 

John,  Lord  Ross. 

John  HaUand,  earl  of  Hun- 
tingdon. 

Sir  Lewis  Clifford,  Knt. 

Henky  IT. 
Henry,  Lord  i'ercy. 

EnWiVKD  IV. 
Richard,  Duke  of  Gloucester. 

RiCHAIlD   III. 
Sir  Richard  SaUceld,  Knt. 

IlENnv  VII. 

Sir  Richard  Sallicld,  Knt. 

HE.sr.Y  XIXI. 
Thomas,  Lord  Wharton. 
William,  Lord  Dacre. 


William  do  Diicre. 
Thumas  do  .MuUou. 


Rirhard  de  llolebrok. 
John  do  Swiuburn. 


Edward  VI. 
Williara,  Lord  Dacre. 
John,  Lord  Conyers. 

Mary. 
William,  Lord  Dacre. 

Elizabeth. 
Henry,  Lord  Scrope. 
■WJUiam,  Lord  Dacre. 

Charles  I. 
Sir  Nicholas  liyron,  Knt. 
Sir  Henry  Stradhug. 
Sir  John  Brown. 
Sir  William  Douglas. 
Sir  William  Livingston. 
Sir  Philip  Musgrave. 
Jeremiah  Tolhurst. 
Colonel  Thomas  Fitch. 

Charles  II. 
Sir  Philip  JIusgrave,  Bart. 
Sir  Christopher  Musgrave,  Bart. 

James  II. 
Francis  Howard. 

William  III. 
Clinrles   Howard,  earl  of  Car- 
lisle. 
Jeremiah  Bubb. 

George  I. 
Charles  Howai-d,  earl  of  Car- 
hsle. 

Georoe  II. 
Colonel  Durand. 
General  John  Stanwix. 

GEoitor,  III. 
Henry  Vane,  carl  of  Darlington. 
Lieut.-gen.  Montgomery  Agnew. 
Lieut.-gcn.  Robert  Burne. 

George  IV. 
Sir  George  A.  Wood,  K.C.B. 

William  IV. 
Lieut.-gen.  the  Hon.  J.  Ramsay.' 


The  ancient  walls  from  wliich  the  citizens  of  Carlisle 
so  often  resisted  the  attacks  of  the  Scots  have  well 
nigh  disappeared,  the  only  remaining  portions  being 
nearly  all  on  the  west  side  of  the  city.  They  were 
long  in  a  state  of  great  dilapidation,  and,  in  many 
places,  had  become  quite  ruinous.  This  added  to  the 
fact  of  their  being  no  longer  needed  for  defence,  leave 
to  remove  them  was  obtained  early  in  the  present 
century.  Previous  to  their  removal  tliey  had  long 
served  as  a  promenade  for  the  citizens,  and  from  that 
part  of  the  west  wall  which  yet  remains,  fine  views  of 
the  distant  mountains  of  the  Lake  district  may  be  ob- 
tained. Of  the  portion  of  the  walls  still  standing,  that 
part  which  extends  from  the  south-west  angle  of  the 
castle  to  the  Gloucester  Tower  (so  called  from  its 
having  been  erected  by  the  Duke  of  Gloucester,  after- 
wards Richard  III.,  during  his  goveraorship)  is  the 
most  perfect.  From  this  spot  tho  wall  extends  in  a 
southerly  direction,  and  about  fifty  yards  from  the 
tower  stood  the  Irish  Gate,  tlie  site  of  which  may  be 

1  On  the  demise  of  LieuL-geu.  Itiunsar,  in  1837,  tbc  tucicut  office 
of  governor  of  Carlisle  was  discoiuiuued-* 


120 


CUMBERLAND   WARD. 


known  by  tbe  narrowness  of  the  road  froiu  Abbey-street 
to  the  briJge.  From  the  Irish  Gate  the  wall  proceeds 
without  interruption  until  it  approaches  the  gaol,  but 
its  height  has  been  considerably  reduced,  and  near  its 
termination  ou  the  south  it  is  concealed  by  numerous 
buildings  which  have  been  erected  against  it  on  the 
outside.  This  is  the  west  wall,  and  when  complete 
it  formed  the  line  of  defence  between  the  Irish  and 
English  Gates,  the  latter  of  which  was  connected  with 
the  citadel  by  a  short  wall.  The  east  wall  extended 
from  the  citadel  to  East  Tower-street,  along  a  hne 
which  may  be  described  as  froni  f()ur  to  five  yards 
distance  from  the  present  footpath  ou  the  west  side  of 
Lowther-street.  At  the  point  of  junction  of  the  east 
and  north  walls  was  a  circular  tower,  called  the 
Springold,  from  which  the  north  wall  was  carried  to 
the  Scotch  Gate,  along  East  Tower-street,  upon  a  line 
close  to  its  north  side.  Between  the  Scotch  Gate  and 
the  castle  were  three  semi-cu'cular  and  one  square 
tower. 

The  gates  of  the  city  were  semi-circular,  with  double 
iron-studded  doors  of  great  strength,  but  without  any 
architectural  features  deserving  of  particular  mention, 
and  until  almost  the  close  of  the  last  century  were  shut 
every  evening  at  sunset.  There  were  apartments  over 
the  Scotch  Gate,  which  served  for  some  time  as  a 
prison  for  debtors.  On  this  gate,  as  well  as  on  the 
English  Gate,  were  exposed  the  heads  of  the  unfor- 
tunate followers  of  Prince  Charles  Stuart,  where  they 
remained  for  many  years ;  and  Allan  Cunningham 
informs  us  that  an  old  lady  of  Dumfrics-shiro  often 
mentioned  to  him  the  horror  which  she  felt  when  she 
saw  several  heads  upon  the  Scotch  Gate  at  Carlisle, 
one  of  which  was  that  of  a  youth  with  very  long  yellow 
hah:  Tradition  tells  us  that  a  lady,  young  and  beauti- 
ful, used  to  come  from  a  distant  part  and  gaze  at  the 
head  every  morniug  at  sunrise,  and  every  evening  at 
sunset — at  last  the  head  and  lady  disappeared.  To 
each  gate  a  guard-house  was  attached,  the  whole  of 
wliich,  as  well  as  the  main  guard  in  the  market-place, 
were  built  during  the  wars  "of  the  Commonwealth,  by 
the  orders  of  Cromwell,  with  the  materials  obtained  by 
the  destruction  of  the  greater  part  of  the  nave  of  the 
cathedral.     The  main  guard  was  removed  in  1855. 

IS'othing  authentic  is  known  respecting  the  origin  of 
the  citadel,  but  it  is  generally  believed  to  have  been 
erected  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  though  some 
writers  state  that  it  formed  part  of  the  ancient  fortifi- 
cations of  William  Piufus,  and  that  Henry  repaired  and 
strengthened  it.  These  repau-s  do  not  seem  to  have  been 
very  substantial  ones,  for  in  an  account  given  in  the 
reign  of  Ehzabeth,  it  is  stated  that  "  the  great  round 


tower  at  the  east  side  being  paved  with  stone  and  sand 
upon  a  lead  roof  was  thereby  so  overcharged  that  a 
great  part  had  fallen  to  the  ground ;  and  that  two 
houses  called  the  buttery  and  tbe  boulting  house, 
standing  within  the  rampire  wall  were  falling  to  the 
ground  in  consequence  of  their  being  overcharged  with 
earth."  The  citadel  consisted  chiefly  of  two  strong 
circular  towers,  united  by  a  curtain  wall  facing  the  south. 
The  ward  was  entered  from  English-street,  and  contained 
besides  the  buttery  and  the  boulting  house  a  largo 
hall,  but  there  was  little  accommodation  for  a  garrison. 
Previous  to  the  towers  being  converted  to  their  present 
use,  their  roofs  were  covered  with  soil  and  served  as 
gardens.  An  act  of  parliament  was  obtained  in  1807, 
by  the  provision  of  which  the  citadel  and  walls  of 
Carlisle  were  granted  to  the  justices  of  the  county  of 
Cumberland  for  the  purpose  of  building  courts  of  jus- 
tice for  the  county;  and  for  tbe  carrying  out  of  this 
object  the  whole  of  the  ancient  fortifications,  with  the 
exception  of  the  eastern  bastion,  were  removed. 

ANCIENT    RELIGIOUS   HOUSES. 

Of  the  ancient  conventual  buildings  of  the  Priory  of 
St.  Mary,  as  seen  iu  their  original  state,  we  have  no 
authentic  account ;  but  it  is  generally  believed  by  those 
most  capable  of  forming  a  correct  judgment  upon  the 
subject,  that  they  formed  a  quadrangle,  the  east  side  of 
which  abutting  upon  the  south  transept  of  the  cathedral, 
extended  iu  the  same  direction  to  the  house  occupied 
by  the  late  Canon  Goodeuough,  as  is  evident  from  the 
vaulting  of  its  cellars.  The  ruins  of  the  cloisters  were 
visible  at  tbe  commencement  of  the  present  centur}'; 
the  only  portion  now  remaining  is  a  blocked  up  doorway 
near  the  present  south  entrance  to  the  cathedral.  Over 
the  cloisters  on  this  side  were  the  chapter  house,  and 
no  doubt  dormitories.  The  refectory,  or  fratery,  formed 
the  south  side  of  the  cloister  quadrangle,  which  was 
completed  by  cloisters  and  dormitories  from  the  west 
end  of  the  refectory  to  the  nave  of  the  cathedral.  The 
refectory  fortunately  escaped  the  destruction  which  befel 
the  adjoining  buildings,  and  in  its  original  state  was  a 
noble  structure  in  the  Perpendicular  style,  about  eighty 
feet  in  leugtli  by  thirty  in  breadth ;  it  has  lately  been 
restored  and  beautified.  The  interior  originally  formed 
the  noble  and  spacious  dining  h.all  of  the  priory,  occu- 
pying nearly  the  whole  area  of  the  building,  but  it  is 
now  divided  into  several  apartments,  the  principal  being 
the  chapter  house,  which  is  fitted  up  in  an  elegant 
style.  On  the  wall  opposite  the  windows  arc  three 
ancient  niches,  of  considerable  beauty,  with  projecting 
semi-hexagonal  crenellated  canopies,  ornamented  with 
panels,  and  osse  and  ciuque-foil  arches;  they  are  sup- 


4 


THE   CITY  OF  CARLISLE. 


121 


ported  hj  large  projecting  corbels,  and  appear  formerly 
to  have  held  statues.  At  each  end  of  this  apartment 
there  is  a  fine  picture,  of  large  dimensions,  —  one  of 
which  represents  St.  John  the  Baptist  preaching  in  the 
■wilderness,  the  other  the  Resurrection  ;  they  were  jire- 
sented  to  the  capitular  body,  about  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century,  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  apart- 
ment at  the  \yest  end  of  the  refectory  is  fitted  up  for 
the  library  of  tlic  dean  and  chapter,  which,  though 
not  extensive,  contains  man}'  valuable  works,  on  history, 
divinity,  itc,  as  well  as  several  volumes  of  MSS.  The 
original  library  appears  to  have  been  scattered  during 
the  civil  wars,  as  the  present  one  was  founded  by  the 
Eev.  Arthur  Savage,  who  was  a  prebendary  in  1000. 
It  has  been  enlarged  by  subsequent  contributors,  among 
whom  Bishop  Smith  stands  foremost,  many  of  the  most 
valuable  books  having  been  given  by  him.  In  the 
apartment  at  the  east  end,  elevated  above  the  floor  by 
three  steps,  is  a  stone  ambo,  or  pulpit,  from  which  grace 
was  said,  or  passages  of  Scripture,  or  parts  of  the  lives 
of  the  saints,  read  to  the  monks  during  dinner.  The 
basement  story  consists  of  a  double  range  of  vaulting, 
plainly  gi-oined,  supported  in  the  middle  by  short  octa- 
gonal piers,  from  which  the  groining  springs  without 
capitals.  At  the  intersection  of  the  groins,  there  is,  in 
one  instance,  a  boss  charged  with  the  letters  P.  T.  G., 
the  initials  of  Prior  Thomas  Gondibour,  thus  pointing 
out  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century  as  the  period  at 
which  the  building  was  erected  ;  at  the  south-west  angle 
is  a  circular  staircase,  conducting  to  the  upper  apart- 
ments ;  and  at  the  south-east  is  a  small  octagonal 
turret.  A  little  to  the  west  of  the  refectory  is  a  square 
embattled  tower,  which  at  present  forms  part  of  the 
residence  of  the  dean.  It  is-not  unlikely  that  this 
tower  was  formerly  fortified,  and  in  times  of  war  used 
by  the  commmiity  as  a  place  of  retreat,  and  it  may 
have  been  the  usual  residence  of  the  prior.  This 
ancient  structure  was  repaired  by  Prior  Scnhouse, 
at  tho  beginning  of  the  si.Kteenth  century,  and  its 
principal  apartment  is  well  worthy  of  particular 
notice.  It  is  lighted  by  two  oriel  windows,  in  part 
ornamented  with  stained  glass,  and  the  ceiling,  which 
is  of  oak,  is  carved  and  painted  with  armorial  and  other 
bearings,  among  whicli  the  ragged  staff  and  escallop 
shell  are  conspicuous.  It  is  in  a  good  state  of  preser- 
vation. Tho  buildings  connected  with  tho  tower  arc 
of  more  recent  date,  the  greater  part  of  them  having 
been  erected  about  tho  year  1090  by  Bishop  Smith. 
Tho  deanery  was  a  short  time  ago  improved  and  enlarged 
by  the  late  dean,  the  present  bishop  of  London.  The 
western  gate  house  was  erected  in  1528,  by  Prior  Slee, 
ns  we  learn  from  an  inscription  on  its  inner  arch. 

10 


A  Convent  for  the  Franciscan,  or  Grey  Friars,  was 
founded  in  Carhsle  in  13.53,  and  occupied  a  site  on  the 
east  side  of  English-street,  near  the  south-east  comer 
of  the  city.  It  was  bumt  down  in  a  dreadful  conflagra- 
tion which  took  place  on  the  10th  of  May,  1292,  but 
was  subsequently  rebuilt,  and  in  1315,  when  Carlisle 
was  besieged  by  Bruce,  the  Chronicle  of  Lanercost  tells 
us  that  the  besiegers  "  caused  tho  greater  part  of  their 
army  to  make  an  assault  on  the  eastern  pai't  of  the 
city,  against  the  place  of  the  Friars  Minors,  that  they 
might  draw  thither  the  party  within."  From  Bishop 
Nicholson's  MSS.  we  learn  that  Edward  III.,  in  1331, 
honoured  the  convent  with  a  visit,  but  we  are  not 
informed  how  long  he  remained.  Nothing  further  is 
known  of  this  house,  e.\cept  that  in  some  of  the  gardens 
on  its  site,  many  bones  have  from  time  to  time  been  dug 
up,  and  portions  of  the  foundations  of  buildings  have 
sometimes  been  met  with. 

The  Dominicans,  or  Black  Friars,  were  introduced 
into  Carlisle  in  1233,  when  a  convent  was  founded  for 
them.  The  information  relating  to  this  house  is  very 
meagre,  and  Tanner  can  only  inform  us  that  it  was 
founded  before  1207.  It  appears  that  the  friars  first 
took  up  their  residence  without  the  walls,  but  Leland 
mentions  them  as  within.  During  the  siege  mentioned 
above,  some  of  the  besieging  army  "  posted  themselves 
on  the  western  side,  over  against  the  place  of  the  Canons 
and  the  Preaching  Friars,"  the  latter  name  being  borne 
by  the  Dominicans,  from  preaching  being  the  peculiar 
end  and  object  of  the  order.  The  site  of  the  convent 
was  between  the  English  Gate  and  St.  Cuthbert's 
Church,  and  the  name  Blackfriars-street  still  recalls 
tho  locality  where  the  community  resided.  Every 
vestige  of  the  convent  and  buildings  has  long  since 
disappeared,  but  part  of  the  old  county  gaol  is  said  to 
have  been  a  portion  of  their  convent.  Jeflersou  says, 
"  It  is  supposed  that  the  buildings  and  site  were  granted 
to  the  Aglionby  family,  and  it  was  in  a  garden  here 
that  Camden  saw  the  Eoman  sepulchral  inscription, 
which  has  since  been  removed  to  Drawdikes  Castle." 

A  Nunnery  seems  to  have  been  founded  at  Carlisle 
at  a  very  early  period,  of  which  the  sister  of  Ecgfrid, 
king  of  the  Northumbrian  Angles  was  au  iumate,  and 
where  she  was  visited  by  St.  Cuthbcrt."  It  appeare  to 
have  been  destroyed  during  the  Danish  invasions,  as 
every  record  or  memorial  appertaining  to  it  has  perished. 
Another  institution  of  the  s.auie  kind  is  said  to  have 
been  founded  hero  by  David,  king  of  Scotland,  but  we 
jiosscss  no  further  knowledge  relating  to  it.  When 
the  foundations  of  the  present  church  of  St.  Cuthbort 
were  being  dug,  the  workmen  discovered,  below  the 
'  Sec  pngc  6. 


122 


CUMBERLA.ND  WARD. 


foundation  of  the  churcli,  the  remains  of  a  buildinrj 
still  luore  ancient,  as  also  several  pieces  of  broken 
sculpture,  amongst  which  was  one  representing  a  nun 
with  veil  or  hood :  and  from  tliis  discovery  the  church 
of  St.  Cuthbert  is  supposed  by  some  to  occupy  the  site 
of  the  nunnery. 

The  Hospital  of  St.  Nicholas  was  situated  in  the 
suburbs  of  the  city,  near  the  southern  extremity  of 
Botchergate,  and  although  the  period  of  its  establish- 
ment is  unknown,  it  is  said  to  have  been  of  royal  foun- 
dation. Bishop  Nicholson's  MSS.  state  that  it  was 
endowed  for  thirteen  lepers,  male  and  female,  but  the 
Messrs.  Lysons  inform  us  it  was  for  twelve  poor  men 
and  a  master.  A  moiety  of  the  tithes  of  Little  Bampton 
was  granted  to  it,  before  the  year  1180,  on  condition 
that  tlie  parish  of  Bampton  should  always  enjoy  the 
privilege  of  appointing  two  of  the  almsmen.  The  hos- 
pital was  burnt  and  totally  destroyed  during  the  siege 
of  Carlisle  by  the  Earl  of  Buchan,  in  1-^90,  but  being 
afterwards  rebuilt,  it  again  experienced  the  same  fate  in 
a  subsequent  siege.  In  the  year  1477,  the  hospital  of 
St.  Nicholas,  viith  its  lands,  was  granted  to  the  prior 
and  convent  of  Carlisle,  and  with  the  other  possessions  of 
the  priory  became  the  property,  at  the  Eeformation,  of 
the  dean  and  chapter.  Among  the  payments  charged 
on  the  capitular  body  by  this  transfer  are  £2  Gs.  8d. 
to  the  chaplain  of  St.  Nicholas'  Hospital,  and  £5  17s. 
to  three  poor  bedesmen  there.  The  buildings  connected 
•with  this  hospital  are  supposed  to  have  been  destroyed 
in  the  civil  wiu's,  about  the  year  J  640. 

Carlisle  formerly  possessed  a  free  chapel  dedicated 
to  St.  Albau,  the  proto-martyr  of  Britain,  which  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  founded  by  some  one  of  our  English 
kings,  and  to  which  a  burial  ground  was  attached.  It 
occupied  a  site  at  the  head  of  Scotch-street  and  Fisher- 
street,  and  St.  Alban's  Row  still  points  out  the  situa- 
tion. The  cross  which  formerly  ornamented  the  eastern 
end  of  the  building  is  preserved  in  the  Museum  of  the 
Literary  and  Philosophical  Society,  and  the  bell  on  the 
Town  Hall  is  supposed  to  have  belonged  to  this  chapel. 
Some  remains  of  the  foundations  may  yet  be  discovered 
in  the  cellars  of  the  houses  which  have  been  erected  on 
its  site.  In  1350,  Bishop  Welton  having  discovered 
that  the  chapel  and  bui'ial  ground  had  not  been  con- 
secrated, forbade,  under  pain  of  suspension  and  excom- 
munication, anyone  to  eelebrate  or  attend  divine  servici; 
in  it.  It  appears  to  have  been  afterwai'ds  consecrated, 
for  it  continued  till  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.,  when  it 
shared  the  fate  of  similar  establishments  throughout 
the  country,  and  was  then  granted  by  letters  patent, 
with  several  houses  belonging  to  it,  to  Thomas  Dalston 
and  William  Denton. 


CHURCHES   AND    CHAPELS.' 

The  Catholic  Church  of  Sts.  Maiy  and  Joseph  is 
situated  at  the  east  end  of  Chapel-street,  facing  Albert- 
street.     Adjoining  is  the  Keclory,  within  an  enclosure 
of  rather  more  than  half  an  acre  of  ground,  part  of 
which  was  for  some  years  used  as  a  cemetery.      This 
church  was  opened  for  divine  service  on  Christmas-day, 
1824.      It  owes  its  existence  to  the  almost  unaided 
exertions  of  the  late  venerable  incumbent,  the  llev. 
Joseph  Marshall,  who  was  appointed  to  this  mission 
at  Christmas,   1800.      After   conducting  its   pastoral 
duties  with  great  care  and  successful  zeal  for  exactly 
half  a  century,  he  officiated  for  the  last  time  on  the 
morning  of  Christmas  day,  1850,  when  he  suddenly 
fell  at  the  altar,  and  was  carried  in  a  state  of  uncon- 
sciousness from  the  church,    lie  survived  this  accident 
four  years,  when  his  long  and  arduoits  labours  were 
brought  to   a    peaceful    close    on   the    4  th  January, 
1854,  in  the  eighty-seventh  year  of  his  age,  and  the 
fifty-fourth    of    his    residence  in  Carlisle.      He   was 
justly  venerated    by   his    ilock,    which    he  had   seen 
increase  from  the  small  number  of  20  to  upwards  of 
4000,  and  was   also   held  in  high  estimation  by  all 
classes  of  his  fellow-citizens.     The  first  CathoUc  jilaco 
of  worship  established  in   Cailisle   after   the  change 
of  religion  in   this   countrj-,  was  at   the   close  of  the 
eighteenth  century,   when   a   small   building    in   the 
West   Walls   was  provided  for   that  purpose  by  Mr. 
Falrbairn    of    the     Bush     Hotel,    and    was    served 
for   a   short   time   by   the   Eev.    Charles    Saul.      He 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Marshall,  the  late  venerable 
founder  of  the  present  church.     It  is  a  spacious  build- 
ing, measuring  ninety  feet  in  length,  by  thirty-eight 
in  breadth,  and  has  a  gallery  at  the  west  end  which 
will  accommodate  about  two  hundred.     In  its  original 
state  it  was  not  so  large,  and  without  much  pretension 
to  ecclesiastical  style  ;    but  within  late  years  it  has 
undergone   considerable   alterations,   which   have   im- 
proved its  general  appearance.      A  handsome  Gothic 
porch  has  been  built  for  the  staircase  to  the  gallciT, 
and  a  rather  lofty  bell-turret  erected  on  the  east  gable, 
■with  spaces  for  three  bells.     The  presbytery  has  been 
enlarged  to  nearly  double  its  original  size,  and  the 
whole  premises  are  enclosed  with  a  strong  wall  sur- 
mounted with  iron  palisading.     In  the  interior  of  the 
church   we   perceive   that  the   old   ceiling  has    been 
removed,  and  the  roof  thrown  open,  and  the  old  organ 
replaced  by  a  new  and  very  fine  instrument  built  by 
the  late  Mr.  Bishop,  of  London.     The  Ixigh  altar,  on 

I  St.  Jfnrj-'s,  St.  CiUhbert's,  Christ  Church,  and  Trinity  Church, 
will  be  found  described,  with  their  porishes,  Sec,  nt  a  subsequent 
pogc.    Vie  give  here  the  other  churches  and  chapels  of  the  city. 


THE  CITY  OF  CARLISLE. 


123 


wliicli  stand  six  massive  brass  canJIeslicks  of  great 
beauty,  with  its  altar-piece  of  "  Christ  rising  from  the 
tomb,"  executed  by  Mr.  Nutter,  a  native  artist,  and 
the  two  neatly-painted  side  chapels,  (one  dedicated  to 
the  Jilessed  Virgin  and  the  other  to  St.  Joseph)  which 
are  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  church  by  open 
screen-work,  give  to  the  interior  a  very  imposing  ap- 
pearance. The  present  rector  of  the  church  is  the 
llev.  L.  Curry,  his  assistant  the  Eev.  J.  Dunderdde. 
The  congregation  is  estimated  to  be  at  present  about 
5000. 

The  Evangelical  Union  Church  meets  for  worship 
in  the  Athenieum,  Lowther-street,  temporarily,  and  is 
under  the  pastoral  care  of  the  Kev.  John  Whitsou 
who  commenced  his  ministerial  labours  with  the  form- 
ation of  this  body  in  November,  1854.  In  doctrine 
this  church  is  Armenian,  and  in  government  Inde- 
pendent. It  has  been  characterised  by  steady  growth 
since  its  commencement,  and  its  members  anticipate 
being  able,  before  long,  to  erect  for  themselves  a  neat 
and  suitable  place  of  worship. 

The  Friends'  Meeting-house  is  near  the  upper  part 
of  Fisher-street,  where  it  was  erected  in  1770.  The 
Society  of  Friends  have  had  a  meeting-house  in  Car- 
lisle since  the  time  of  (icorge  Fox,  who  was  imprisoned 
ill  the  city  in  1053,  during  the  time  of  the  Common- 
wealth. 

The  Independent  or  Congregational  chapel  in  Low- 
ther-street was  opened  in  184:^.  It  is  built  of  white 
freestone,  from  a  design  by  Mr.  Nichol  of  Edinburgh, 
is  well  fitted  up,  and  will  seat  800  persons.  There 
are  also  commodious  rooms  beneath  the  c-hapel  used  for 
instructing  the  young  and  other  purposes.  The  Inde- 
pendents had  a  chapel  in  Annetwell-street,  which  was 
occupied  until  the  present  one  was  erected.  The  first 
Congregational  minister  of  the  old  chapel  was  the  Rev. 
C.  Hill,  who  was  appointed  in  1808.  He  died  some 
time  before  1814,  when  the  Rev.  John  Whitridge  was 
appointed;  he  resigned  in  1819.  In  1820  the  Rev. 
Thos.  Woodrow  became  the  minister,  and  resigned  in 

1835.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Percy  Stoutt  in 

1836,  who  resigned  in  1837.  The  next  minister  was  the 
Rev.  Robert  AVolstenholmc,  who  continued  from  1837 
to  1843,  and  resigned.  These  were  the  ministers  of 
the  old  chapel.  The  Rev.  [H.  Wright  was  the  first 
minister  in  the  new  chapel :  he  entered  on  his  duties 
in  1843,  and  resigned  in  1840.  The  Rev.  Thomas 
Hind  was  minister  from  1817  to  1854,  and  resigned. 
The  Rev.  AV.  A.  Wrigley  became  minister  in  ]8r)5, 
and  resigned  in  1858.  The  Rev.  Ninian  White  is  the 
present  minister. 

A  now  Congregational  Church  has  leen  estabUshed 


under  the  ministry  of  the  Rev.  AV.  A.  '\\'rigley,  which 
meets  in  the  Mechanics'  Hall,  Fisher-street,  as  a  tem- 
porary place  of  woi-ship.  The  first  service  was  held 
January  10th,  1858. 

The  Presbyterian  Church  (Scotch),  Chapel-street,  in 
connection  with  the  Established  Church  of  Scotland, 
was  erected  in  1834,  and  will  accommodate  upwards 
of  700  persons.  The  Rev.  David  R.  Lowson,  M.A.,  is 
the  present  minister. 

The  Presbyterian  Church  (United),  situate  in  Fisher- 
street,  is  an  elegant  structure,  capable  of  accommodating 
about  700  persons.  It  was  erected  in  1855-0,  at  a  cost 
of  £1,15U,  and  was  opened  for  public  worship  on  the 
29th  of  June  of  the  latter  year.  The  style  is  Transition 
between  the  Nonnan  and  Early  English.  The  congre- 
gation was  in  existence  as  early  as  the  year  1707,  but 
how  long  before  that  period  cannot  be  determined,  and 
was  thus  one  of  the  early  English  Nonconformist 
Churches.  At  that  time  they  met  for  worship  at  a 
place  called  Blackfriars,  under  the  west  wall  of  the  city. 
The  names  of  any  of  the  ministers  officiating  there  are 
not  known.  In  the  year  1731  they  removed  to  the 
church  they  had  erected  in  Fisher-street.  Among 
their  ministers  since  that  period  we  find  the  names  of 
Thomas  Dickinson,  minister  in  1733  ;  Israel  Bennett, 
translated  from  Brampton,  and  inducted  in  Carlisle,  in 
1745;  Robert  Miln,  A.M.,  author  of  Physico  Theolo- 
gical Lectures  on  the  Slate  of  the  World  from  tlie 
Creation  to  the  Deluge,  and  other  works.  He  was 
ordained  about  the  year  1708,  and  died  in  1801.  His 
successor  was  Jame  Kyle,  a  licentiate  of  the  Associated 
Synod,  but  who,  when  in  Carlisle,  was  not  in  ministerial 
connection  with  that  synod.  He  was  pastor  of  the 
congregation  from  1800  to  1809,  when  he  met  an  un- 
timely end  by  drowning.  During  the  vacancy  caused 
by  his  death  the  congregation  connected  themselves  as 
a  congregation  with  the  Associated  Syuod,  and  on  the 
31st  of  October,  1810,  George  Hendei-sou,  M..\.,  was 
ordained  over  them  by  the  Presbytery  of  Selldik.  He 
laboured  among  them  for  eight  or  nine  years,  and  then 
resigned  his  charge  and  went  to  Canada,  where  it  is 
believed  he  still  is.  The  next  minister  was  Richard 
Hunter,  who  was  ordained  on  the  3 1st  of  August,  1819, 
and  died  on  the  22nd  of  March,  1853.  By  the  union 
of  the  General  Associate  Synod  and  the  Associate 
Syuod,  in  September,  1830,  the  United  Secession 
Church  was  fonned,  and  ngaiu  by  the  union  of 
the  United  Secession  and  Relief  Denomination,  in 
May,  1847,  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  was 
formed — a  denominulioii  adhering  to  the  Westminster 
Confession,  and  which  in  all  its  parts  has  ever  pro- 
tested ugaiust  patronage ;  and  has  asserted  tho  right. 


124 


CUMBERLAND   WARD. 


the  privilege  anil  the  duty  of  the  Christiau  people  to 
elect  and  support  their  own  ministers.  With  this 
denomination  the  congregation  in  Carlisle  came  then 
to  bo  connected.  The  late  pastor,  the  Rev.  Robert  S. 
Drummond,  M.A.,  was  ordained  on  the  29th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1853.  During  his  ministry  the  congregation 
increased  so  much  that  it  was  found  necessary  to  build 
the  present  large  and  commodious  church  upon  the 
site  of  the  old  one.  Mr.  Drummond  removed  to 
Edinburgh  in  February,  1858,  and  was  succeeded  by 
the  Rev.  Henry  Miller. 

Wesleyan  Methodism  was  introduced  into  the  city  of  ' 
Carlisle  about  the  year  1707,  by  ]Mr.  'WiUiam  Bell,  an 
excise  officer,  who,  at  that  time,  resided  at  Longtown, 
on  the  Scottish  border,  eight  miles  from  Carlisle.  The 
Wesleyan  Jlethodists  having  passed  through  great  per- 
secutions in  the  city  and  neighbourhood  were  favoured 
with  the  presence  and  services,  for  the  first  time,  of 
the  Rev.  John  Wesley,  on  Good  Friday,  April  13th, 
1770,  when  he  preached  in  a  barn  in  Abbey-sti'eet. 
In  178-5  the  first  Wesleyan  chapel  was  built  in  the 
city,  in  Fisher-street,  and  ten  years  afterwards,  being 
found  much  too  small,  it  received  considerable  addi- 
tions, and  the  chapel,  as  then  enlarged,  is  still  standing, 
the  underpart  of  it  having  been  converted  into  two 
dwelling-houses,  and  the  upper  part  making  the  place 
of  worship  occupied,  a  few  years  ago,  by  a  congregation 
of  Baptists.  A  new  and  elegant  chapel  was  built  in 
another  part  of  Fisher-street,  capable  of  containing 
about  1100  persons,  in  1817,  at  a  cost  of  about  £2000; 
and  from  that  time  to  the  present,  the  services  con- 
ducted in  it  have  shed  a  beneficial  influence  upon  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  population  of  the  city  and 
neighbourhood.  There  is  a  large  room  underneath 
wliich  serves  as  a  Sunday  school.  In  1790  Carlisle 
first  became  the  place  of  the  residence  of  Wesleyan 
ministers,  and  has  continued  so  ever  since. 

The  Wesleyan  Free  Church,  Lowther-street,  is  a 
neat  and  graceful  structure.  The  front  is  in  the  Early 
English  style,  and  is  divided  into  three  parts,  a  centre 
and  two  side  wings.  The  chief  window  is  in  the  front, 
and  consist  of  five  lights,  glazed  with  round  and  stained 
glass.  There  are  two  principal  entrances,  one  in  each 
wing,  and  each  of  the  porches  is  lighted  by  a  two-light 
window  above  the  entrance.  At  each  angle  of  the 
front  there  is  a  buttress  crowned  with  a  roof-shaped 
canopy.  The  front  rises  in  a  pyramidal  form,  having 
towards  the  top  the  date  1857,  in  a  circular  panel. 
The  apex  is  finished  by  an  elegant  cross.  The  ceiling 
of  the  interior  is  supported  on  two  ranges  of  lofty 
pillars,  its  central  portion  curved  and  ribbed,  and  the 
sides  rather  inclined  from   the   horizontal.     In   the 


centre  is  an  elliptical  dome-light  of  plain  and  stauied 
glass.  The  arrangements  of  the  interior  are  well  adapted 
to  the  requirements  of  the  congregation.  The  organ 
is  a  fine  instrument  by  Nicholson,  of  Newcastle.  This 
place  of  worship  formerly  belonged  to  the  Wesleyan 
Methodist  Association,  the  Carlisle  members  of  which 
forming  a  junction  with  a  large  body  of  Wesleyan 
Reformers,  constituted  themselves  the  Wesleyan  Free 
Church. 

In  addition  to  these  churches  and  chapels,  the  Latter 
Day  Saints  have  a  meeting  house  in  Barnes'  Yard, 
Castle-street ;  the  New  Testament  Church  meets  for 
worship  in  Porters'  School  room,  West  Walls;  and 
the  Primitive  Methodists  have  a  chapel  in  Cecil-street. 

PDBLIC    SCHOOLS. 

Foremost  among  the  schools  of  Carlisle,  both  for  its 
antiquity  and  usefulness,  stands  the  Grammar  School, 
which,  as  we  learn  from  a  register  in  the  library  of  the 
dean  and  chapter,  was  founded  by  St.  Cuthbert,  about 
the  year  68(5.  Like  the  other  ecclesiastical  and  educa- 
tional estabhshments  of  the  country  it  sufTered  much 
from  the  ruthless  ravages  of  the  Danes,  who  appear  to 
have  been,  in  this  country  at  least,  enemies  to  all 
mental  culture.  When  Rufus  began  the  priory  of  St. 
Mary,  he  also  gave  his  attention  to  this  school,  making 
it  au  appendage  to  the  monastic  establishment,  from 
which  the  teachers  were  appointed,  and  thus  it  con- 
tinued till  the  time  of  Henry  VIIT.,  who,  in  rofounding 
the  cathedral,  re-established  the  school,  and  endowed  it 
with  an  annual  payment  of  £iO.  Bishop  Smith,  during 
his  occupancy  of  the  see  of  Carlisle,  gave  £'500  to  be 
applied  for  the  benefit  of  this  school,  with  which  sum  an 
estate  in  the  parish  of  Addiugham  was  purchased,  from 
the  reut  of  which  the  principal  part  of  the  income, 
about  £1-10  per  annum,  is  at  present  derived.  Dr. 
Thomas,  bishop  of  Rochester,  who  received  his  early 
education  here,  left  £1000  stock,  the  interest  of  which 
was  to  be  applied  for  the  benefit  of  two  sons  of  clergy- 
men, educated  here,  and  sent  to  Queen's  College,  Oxford. 
For  a  loug  period  the  school  was  held  in  the  room  over 
the  Abbey  Gate,  but,  in  1832,  a  new  and  commodious 
school  was  erected  m  Eaglesfield  Abbey,  and,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  rapid  increase  in  the  population  of  the 
city,  greater  accommodation  being  necessary,  large  ad- 
ditions have  since  been  made,  with  great  advantage  to 
the  comfort  both  of  masters  and  pupils.  Among  the 
eminent  men  which  this  school  has  produced  we  may 
mention  the  names  of  Bishop  Thomas,  of  Rochester ; 
Bishop  CarletoD,  of  Bristol ;  Dr.  Tullie;  and  Professor 
Cariyle. 

The  British  or  Lancasterian  School,    Mary-street, 


THE   CITY  OF  CARLISLE. 


125 


i  cBtnr 


Botcliorgate,  is  a  largo  and  "TJBinmoJious  structure, 
erected  by  subscription,  aided  by  a  grant  of  £300  from 
government,  in  1833,  and  comprises  two  large  rooms, 
in  which  about  100  children  of  both  sexes  arc  educated. 
Previous  to  the  erection  of  the  present  building,  the 
school  business  was  transacted  in  a  large  room  in  Water- 
gate, which  was  opened  in  1811,  when  tho  Lancas- 
terian  school  was  first  founded.  Since  its  commence- 
ment, this  school  has  been  eminently  successful,  and 
lias  conferred  great  benefits  upon  the  population  of  the 
city.  It  is  supported  by  subscription,  and  is  managed 
by  a  committee  of  the  subscribers. 

Tho  Central  School,  for  children  of  tlie  Established 
Church,  is  situated  on  the  West  Walls,  and  is  a  spacious 
building,  erected  in  1812,  upon  ground  leased  from  the 
corporation,  at  a  nominal  rent,  for  a  long  term  of  years. 
It  is  managed  by  a  committee  of  subscribers.  As  it 
■was  intended  to  be  a  school  for  the  training  of  masters 
for  other  schools  in  the  diocese,  as  well  as  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  children,  it  receives  the  name  of  the  the  Diocesan 
Central  School. 

Christ  Church  School,  Day  and  Sunday,  for  boys, 
girls,  and  infants,  is  situated  in  Crown  street.  It  was 
erected  by  subscription  in  18.t9,  aided  by  grants  from 
the  Committee  of  Council  on  Education,  and  the  Na- 
tional Society,  at  a  cost  of  £1400,  inclusive  of  tho 
master's  house,  and  the  purchase  of  the  site,  and  will 
accommodate  nearly  100  children.  This  school  was 
the  first  in  Carlisle  built  under  the  minutes  of  the 
Committee  of  Council.  It  is  under  goveniment  inspec- 
tion, and  conducted  by  certificated  teachers,  assisted  by 
pupil  teachers. 

The  Fawcett  School  was  erected  by  public  subscrip- 
tioa  in  1850,  as  a  testimonial  of  the  veneration  and 
love  of  the  parishioners  of  St.  Cuthbort's  for  tlieir  pas- 
tor, the  Rev.  John  Lawcett,  and  to  commemorate  the 
fiftieth  year  of  his  incumbency.  As  it  was  erected  during 
his  lifetime,  he  was  a  witness  of  this  gratifying  proof 
of  public  feeling.  It  stands  upon  a  piece  of  ground  ad- 
joining tho  West  Walls,  granted  by  the  corporation,  at 
a  small  ainnial  rent,  and  embraces  a  day  school  for  boys, 
girls,  and  infants,  and  a  Sunday-school  for  boys  and 
girls ;  in  connection  with  the  Sunday-school  there  is  a 
sick  club,  and  a  library  for  tho  toachei-s  and  scholars. 
The  building  is  of  brick  with  stone  dressings,  and  com- 
prises three  schoolrooms,  a  conuuiltee  room,  open  and 
covered  play  grounds,  and  is  well  supplied  with  gas  and 
water.  Tlio  cost  of  erection  was  £1700,  including  a 
government  grant  of  £331.  Tho  schools,  wiiich  are 
under  government  inspection,  are  taught  by  certificated 
teachers,  aided  by  pupil  teachers,  and  supported  by 
voluntary  subscriptions  and  donations.     From  the  an- 


nual report  for  1857,  we  learn  the  following  particulars. 
The  treasurer's  financial  statement  showed  a  balance  iu 
his  favour  of  £7  7s.  8d.,  against  £41  4s.  od.  due  to  the 
treasurer  last  year.  The  attendance,  &c.,  during  the 
year  was  as  follows  : — 


Avi;r:ii,'e 

Pence 

No.  on 

Atiendatico. 

Itecc'ived. 

the  Books. 

FIRST  QUARTER. 

.£     3.     ll. 

Iu  the  boys'  school .... 

00.8 

7  12     (1 

120 

In  the  girls'  school. . . . 

70.ii 

1  18  11 

1(10 

In  the  infants'  school.. 

SO 

4  It)    3 

130 

SECOND   QUARTER. 

In  the  boys'  school .... 

91 

7     6     7 

126 

In  the  girls'  school.. .. 

7U 

4  11)    4 

103 

In  the  infants'  school.. 

102 

5  10    6 

141 

THIRD    QUARTER. 

In  the  boys'  school.... 

SCO 

7  11     7 

110 

In  the  girls'  school .... 

7.').5 

4  14     0 

104 

In  the  infants'  school,. 

102.3 

6    U    9 

14S 

FOURTH   QUARTER. 

In  the  boys'  school 

92.6 

7     7  11 

124 

In  the  girls'  scliool .... 

77 

5  13     1 

124 

Inthe  infants' school.. 

79,1 

4    3  10 

143 

The  average  attendance  of  boj's,  girls, 

and  infants  dnr 

ng  the  past 

ye;ir  has,  therefore,  been 

25.T  as  cooipurcd  with  229  last 

year.    Tlie 

falling  otf  in  the  attendance  at  the  infant  school  during  the  last  quar- 

ter is  chiefly  attributable  to  an  nnusual  prevalence  of  measles. 

In  the  Sunday-school  the  number  of  scholars  is  220, 
the  number  of  teachers,  35.  Evening  classes  under  an 
efficient  teacher,  have  lately  been  added  to  the  other 
departments  of  these  schools. 

St.  Patrick's  Catholic  Schools,  near  the  Catholic 
Church,  with  which  they  arc  in  connexion,  were  founded 
in  1823,  on  a  site  granted  by  the  Duke  of  Devonshire. 
They  consist  of  separate  schools  for  boys,  girls,  and  in- 
fants, and  have  for  some  years  been  placed  under 
government  inspection.  The  boys'  school  is  under  the 
care  of  a  certificated  teacher,  who  is  assisted  by  two 
pupil  teachers.  A  certificated  mistress  and  three  pupil  ■ 
teachers  superintend  the  girls'  and  infants'  school. 
The  total  average  weekly  attendance  is  about  250. 

Trinity  Church  School,  iu  Caldewgate,  is  a  plain 
commodious  brick  structure,  erected  in  1832,  and  at- 
tended by  about  100  children.     It  is  partly  endowed. 

Besides  these  schools,  there  are  the  Ragged  School, 
Caldewgate,  built  and  supported  by  G.  II.  Head,  Esq  , 
and  tho  Shaddongate  Schools,  near  the  extensive  works 
of  Peter  Di.xon  and  Co.,  erected  and  supported  by  the 
firm  for  the  education  of  the  children  of  tho  workmen  iu 
their  employment.  There  are  also  many  private  schools, 
as  well  as  some  day  schools  connected  with  the  Dissent- 
ing places  of  worship,  and  seveiiil  Sunday-schools. 

RELIGIOUS,    ETC.,    SOCIETIES. 

Besides  the  religious  agency  at  work  iu  the  various 
churches,  chapels,  and  Sunday-schools,  there  is  in  the 
city  a  number  of  societies  by  means  of  which  various 


12G 


CUMBERLAND  ^YARD. 


religious  and  other  praiseworthy  objects  are  greatly 
promoted.  We  subjoin  the  names  of  the  different 
societies:  —  Carlisle  Auxiliary  of  the  London  Society 
for  Promoting  Cliristianity  amongst  the  Jews;  the 
Carlisle  Branch  of  the  Irish  Society  of  Loudon,  for 
Promoting  the  Education  and  Picligious  Instruction  of 
the  native  Irish,  established  in  1847  ;  Cai'lisle  Church 
Missionary  Association,  instituted  1817;  Carlisle  Ladies' 
Bible  Association ;  Carhsle  Town  Missionary  and  Scrip- 
ture Readers'  Society  ;  Cumberland  and  Carlisle  Auxi- 
liary Bible  Society,  instituted  1813  ;  Society  for  Pro- 
moting Christian  Knowledge  ;  Northern  Sub-division  of 
the  Evangehcal  Alliance ;  Peace  Society ;  llcligious 
Tract  Society ;  Wesleyan  Benevolent  Society ;  and  the 
Wesleyan  Missionary  Society.  In  addition  to  these, 
which  arc  strictly  of  a  religious  character,  there  are  the 
Carlisle  Auxiliary  of  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance,  the 
Anti-capital  Punishment  Society,  the  Carlisle  Tempe- 
rance Society,  and  the  Female  Visiting  Society  for  the 
Ilelief  of  the  Aged  and  Indigent. 

Cn.\HlTABLE    IXSTITCTIOXS. 

The  Cumberland  Infirmary  stands  foremost  among 
the  charitable  institutions  of  Carlisle.  It  is  situated  on 
the  western  outskirts  of  the  city,  and  is  a  handsome 
Grecian  building  of  white  stone,  with  lodge  in  corre- 
spondence, the  grounds  of  which  are  nearly  six  acres  in 
extent.  The  buildiug  was  completed  in  the  year  1830, 
but  owing  to  disputes  with  the  contractors,  which  ended 
in  a  chancery  suit,  it  was  not  opened  for  the  reception 
of  patients  until  the  beginning  of  the  year  18-12.  From 
that  time  untU  his  death,  which  took  place  in  18.jG,  the 
late  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  Dr.  Percy,  as  president  of  the 
institution,  took  an  active  constant  personal  interest  in 
the  management,  and  it  is  doubtless  in  great  part  owing 
to  the  known  care  bestowed  at  all  times  upon  the  expen- 
diture that  the  accumulated  benefactions  have  reached 
at  the  present  time  to  £10,000.  At  the  death  of  the  late 
president,  the  governors,  in  general  meeting  assembled, 
with  the  present  bishop.  Dr.  ViUiers,  as  his  successor 
in  the  chair,  determined  on  naming  the  principal  ward 
"  Bishop  Percy's  Ward."  The  building  has  accommo- 
dation for  fifty-two  in-patients  ;  and  cases,  oftentimes 
the  most  formidable,  are  constantly  congregated  within 
its  walls,  not  only  from  that  part  of  the  kingdom  whose 
name  it  bears,  but  also  from  the  surrounding  counties. 
Carlisle  being  a  manufacturing  town,  and  a  centre  of 
many  railroads,  accidents  in  great  numbers  are  brought 
for  treatment.  The  number  of  out-patients  annually  is 
about  2000.  A  special  fund  maintains  a  chaplain,  who 
also  acts  as  curate  in  the  parish  (Trinity)  in  which  the 
Infirmary  is  situate.     The  institution  is  managed  by  a 


committee  consisting'WTihe  principal  gentlemen  in  the 
town  and  neighbourhood,  which  meets  ever3'  Wednes- 
day morning.  The  medical  conduct  of  the  institu- 
tion is  confided  to  a  physician,  a  surgeon,  and  a 
house  surgeon,  and  his  assistant.  The  receipts  for  the 
year  ending  the  27th  of  July,  1857,  amounted  to 
i'2,005  7s.  d.,  and  the  expenditure  to  £1,780  3s.  Cd., 
leaving  a  balance  of  £219  3s.  7d.  in  favour  of  the 
instituticiu. 

The  following  extracts  from  the  statutes  and  rules 
will  no  doubt  be  acceptable  to  many  of  our  readers : — 

"  Bencfactoi's  of  twenty  guineas  or  upwards,  to  be 
governors  for  life. 

"  Subscribers  of  two  guineas  or  upwards  annually,  to 
be  governors  during  payment. 

"  A  subscriber  of  half-a-guinea  annually,  or  a  bene- 
factor of  five  guineas,  to  be  entitled  to  recommend  two 
out-patients  annually. 

"  Every  annual  subscriber  of  one  guinea,  or  bene- 
factor of  ten  guineas,  shall  be  allowed  to  recommend 
two  out-patients  and  one  in-patient  annually. 

"  Every  annual  subscriber  of  two  guineas,  or  bene- 
factor of  twenty  guineas,  shall  be  allowed  to  recommend 
two  in-patients  and  six  out-patients  within  the  year ; 
and  benefactors  and  subscribers  to  a  larger  amoimt  after 
the  same  ratio. 

"  No  subscriber  or  benefactor  to  have  more  than  cue 
in-patient  at  a  time. 

"  No  person  to  be  admitted  a  patient  but  by  recom- 
mendation of  a  benefactor  or  subscriber,  unless  in  cases 
of  accident  or  emergency  which  admit  of  no  delay. 

"  In-patients  are  admitted  by  the  committee  ou 
^Vednesdays  at  10  o'clock.  Accidents  and  cases  of 
emergency  are  received  at  all  times." 

OFFICEES  — 1858. 

Patron. — The  Et.  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 

Vice  patrons. — His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  K.G. ; 
The  Rt.  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  K.G. 

President. — The  Hon.  and  Kt.  Eev.  the  Lord  Bishop  of 
Carlisle. 

Vice-presidents. — The  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  J.  E.  G.  Graham,  Bart., 
M.P.;  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart. ;  Sir  George  Musgrave,  Bart.; 
The  Very  Rev.  the  Dean  of  Carlisle,  Rev.  William  Graham. 

Trustees.— The  Rt.  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale;  The  Rt. 
Hon.  Sir  J.  R.  G.  Graham,  Bart.,  M.P.;  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson, 
Bart. ;  Sir  George  Jlusgrave,  Bai-t. 

Treasceee. — Thomas  Henry  Graham,  Esq. 

Medicai  Officers. — Physician:  Dr.  Lonsdale.  Surgeon. 
Mr.  W.  B.  Page.    House  Surgeon :  J.  M.  Frodsham,  M.D. 

Chaplain. — Rev.  F.  Steggal. 

Secretart. — Mr.  John  Reed  Donald. 

Matrom. — Mrs.  Llewellyn. 


THE   CITY  OF  CARLISLE. 


12; 


The  Carlisle  Dispensary  was  founrled  in  1782,  under 
the  auspices  and  patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Arundel  and 
Surrey  and  the  clergy  and  gentry  of  the  city  and  neigh- 
bourhood, and  since  that  period  has  been  the  means 
of  affording  medical  aid  to  thousands  of  the  indigent 
sick  of  Cai-lisle  and  the  surrounding  district.  For  some 
years  tin;  institution  carried  on  its  good  work  amidst 
many  difficulties,  in  a  small  house  up  a  narrow 
passage  in  the  entrance  of  the  Abbey,  but  was  at 
last  compelled  to  cease  from  lack^Sof  funds,  and 
CarUsle  was  for  several  years  without  a  dispensary. 
In  J800  the  medical  gentlemen  of  the  city  and 
neighbourhood  took  the  mutter  into  consideration, 
and,  having  made  a  representation  to  the  dean  and 
chapter,  obtained  from  tliat  body  the  grant  of  the  use 
of  the  room  over  the  Abbey  Gate  which  had  formerly 
been  the  High  School  of  Carlisle.  The  dean  and 
chapter  likewise  gave  the  institution  a  yearly  subscrip- 
tion of  ten  guineas,  and  other  very  liberal  subscrip- 
tions having  been  sent  in,  the  promoters  were  enabled 
to  open  the  Carlisle  Dispensary  on  the  1  st  of  February, 
1810.  From  that  time  the  subscription  list  has  been 
a  good  one,  and  the  institution  has  gone  on  prospe- 
rously and  most  satisfactorily  to  our  own  day.  In  IbSl 
application  was  made  to  the  dean  and  chapter  for  the 
room  at  the  head  of  the  Abbey  Gate,  but  an  offer  was 
made  by  the  chapter  to  allot  to  the  institution  a  part 
of  the  Tithe  Barn  in  Head's  Lane  for  that  purpose,  and 
on  the  acceptance  of  that  offer,  they  further  subscribed 
a  sura  of  £30  towards  the  fitting  up  of  the  place. 
This  done  the  dispensary  was  carried  on  in  that  build- 
ing till  April,  18.58,  when  it  was  removed  to  the  new 
edifice  in  Chapel-street,  the  foundation  stone  of  which 
was  laid  by  John  Waldie,  Esq.,  on  September  17th, 
1857.  The  present  building  is  of  Prudhoe  stone, 
in  the  Italian  style ;  the  cost,  inclusive  of  the  site, 
was  i,*72d  IDs.  6d.  The  ground  floor  comprises 
patients'  waiting  room,  consulting  room,  drug  room, 
entrance  and  staircase  to  the  apothecary's  house,  and 
the  requisite  offices.  The  upper  floor  is  occupied  by 
the  apothecary's  apartments  and  the  committee  room. 
The  design  was  furnished  by  John  Hodgson,  Esq., 
and  is  very  pleasing  and  effective. 

We  subjoin  the  following  extracts  from  the  rules : — 
"  An  executor  paying  over  a  legacy  of  £100  shall  be 
a  life  governor ;  and  all  donors  of  ton  guineas  at  one 
time,  or  who  make  up  their  contributions  to  that  amount 
within  the  year,  shall  be  governors  for  life,  have  two 
votes,  and  power  to  recommend  an  unlimited  number 
of  patients.  All  subscribers  of  ten  guineas  per  annum 
aro  governors,  entitled  to  recommend  an  unlimited 
number  of  patients.      A  subscriber  of  one  guinea  per 


annum,  is  a  governor  with  two  votes,  and  can  have 
two  patients  coustautly  on  the  books.  A  subscriber 
of  ten  shillings  is  a  governor,  has  one  vote,  and  can 
have  one  patient  constantly  on  the  books.  No 
persons  are  deemed  objects  of  this  charity,  but  such  as 
are  really  necessitous." 

The  receipts  for  the  year  1857  were  £180  19s.  lOd., 
and  the  expenses  £173  Cs.  4d.  The  number  of  patients 
who  received  the  benefit  of  this  institution  during 
1837  amounted  to  3788.  Of  these  there  were  casual- 
ties cured,  917;  patients  recommended  by  subscribers' 
tickets,  cured,  2302  ;  ditto  relieved,  157 ;  ditto  iiTegular, 
09  ;  ditto  died,  40  ;  ditto  no  better,  25  ;  transferred  to 
parish  surgeon,  50  ;  remaining  on  the  books,  102  :  total, 
3788.1 

orriCEits — 1858. 

Peestoent. — The  lit.  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 

Vice-Peesidekts.— The  Et.  Hon.  Sir  J.  P..  G.  Graham, 
Bart.;  P.  H.  Howard,  Esrj. ;  W.  MarshaU,  Esq.,  il.P.;  the 
Dean  of  Carlisle ;  the  Mayor  of  Carlisle. 

Physician  ExTEAORDiNAKY. — Thomas  Barnes, M.D.F.F..S.E. 

Physicians.— Gustavus  Evans,  M.D. ;  M.  J.  liae,  M.D. 

HoDSE  SoROEON. — Mr.  George  J.  Langsford. 

Seceetary  AJiD  Teeasukee. — Mr.  Laver. 

The  House  of  Recovery,  or  Fever  Hospital,  was 
founded  at  Carlisle  in  1820,  when  a  building  was 
erected  in  Collier's  Lane  for  the  reception  of  patients. 
But  in  consequence  of  the  site  being  required  for  the 
construction  of  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  Railway,  the 
institution  was  removed  to  Crozier  Lodge,  near  the 
infirmary,  which  was  purchased  as  a  more  salubrious 

'  We  sutijoiu  the  following  coaipamtive  statement  from  ISlC  to 
18«,  at  difl'erent  periods,  and  continued  to  the  present  time: — 


s 

>> 

OS  g 

II" 
11 
>=-3 

i 

c 

M 
U 

0 

c 

1 

£       8. 

D. 

£      f. 

D. 

£      S.    D. 

1810 

, , 

848 

620 

245  12 

7  1247  9 

7 

.. 

isis 

73 

108'J 

745 

4G0  13 

8I21I  8 

0 

249  4  11 

iwo 

93 

2r.51 

2187 

389  7 

7 

236  8 

6 

1.52  19  1 

\mr, 

154 

28G8 

2603 

387  3 

10 

202  1 

4 

185  2  6 

1K.)0 

119 

3330 

2929 

217  10 

6 

202  1 

6 

15  9  0 

1h:!.', 

17-1 

31G1 

2866 

215  0 

4 

234  16  10 

.. 

1«I0 

71 

2687 

2498 

213  8 

4 

229  5 

4 

. . 

l^i.'i 

145 

3143 

2723 

538  10 

8 

438  10 

8 

94  14  4 

IK  111 

85 

SO.IS 

2S03 

359  13 

10  236  15 

3 

122  18  7 

1K17 

88 

2530 

2138 

353  11 

5  1  223  6 

0 

131  8  6 

IHIS 

100 

1853 

1047 

366  12 

4  1  195  9 

9 

171  2  7 

IHIl) 

91 

2094 

2421 

387  2 

6  230  12 

9 

156  9  9 

1k:.0 

103 

2192 

1957 

330  10 

3 

188  16 

1 

142  0  8 

IWl 

126 

2792 

2363 

313  5 

9 

190  0 

4 

123  5  5 

\H:.-i 

187 

3149 

2.551 

278  11 

1 

197  2 

0 

81  9  1 

1K-.;| 

108 

2467 

19-20 

293  18 

4 

219  18 

6 

73  19  10 

IN",  I 

179 

2044 

18S2 

340  19 

9  291  10 

7 

49  9  2 

IK.-.,') 

77 

3165 

2745 

209  2 

1  1  19G  10 

1 

12  12  0 

18A(I 

208 

3208 

2668 

183  11 

6  i 180  15 

4 

2  16  4 

183" 

254 

3788 

2362 

186  19  10  173  6 

2 

13  13  C 

128 


CUMBERLAND  WAKD. 


situation.  From  the  report  for  the  year  ending  De- 
cember, 1S57,  we  learn  that  very  great  and  necessary 
improvements  have  been  effected  in  the  house,  so  as  to 
render  it  more  efficient  for  the  purpose  to  wliich  it  is 
appHed.  The  total  number  of  patients  admitted  into  the 
house  during  the  year  amounted  to  108;  35  of  these 
were  affected  with  typhus  fever,  1 8  with  scarlatina,  and 
35  with  smallpox;  of  the  55  typhus  fever  cases  ad- 
mitted, 42  were  discharged  cured,  five  died,  and 
8  remained  under  treatment;  15  of  the  scarlet  fever 
patients  wero  discharged  cured,  and  three  died ; 
of  the  35  smallpox  cases,  33  were  discharged  cured, 
and  two  died ;  of  the  1 7  cases  remaiuiug  in  the 
house  at  last  report,  six  were  labouring  under  typhus 
fever,  two  of  whom  recovered  and  four  died,  one  of 
scarhitiua  was  discharged  cured,  the  remaining  10  were 
small  pox  cases,  of  which  eight  recovered  and  two 
died.  The  receipts  for  the  year  ending  November, 
30th,  1857,  were  £iW  19s.  o'd.,  and  the  expenditure 
£419  10s.  3id. :  balance  £9  3s.  5^d.i 


I  The  following  table  shows  the  rnmlier  of  pntients  admitted  into 
tlie  House  of  Recovery  sLuce  its  establishment: 


Nov.  T,  ]san,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  n,  Isai.toDec. 
Dec.  a,  1S22,  to  Dee. 
Dec.  1,  \H-a,  to  Dec. 
Dee.  1,  1824,  to  Dec. 
Dee.  .%  l.siO,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  4,  182(5,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  :i,  1827,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  1H28,  to  Dec, 
Dee.  1,  1820,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  1830,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  1R;11,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  ),  1832,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  1S33,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  1834,  to  Dee. 
Dec.  1,  1835,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  183ii,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  1837,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  1838,  to  Dec. 
Dee.  1,  ls3:i,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  1810,  to  Dec. 
Dee.  1,  1''41,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  1812,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  1813,  to  Dec. 
Dee.  1,  1814,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  184."i,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  1846,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  1847,  to  Dee. 
Dee.  1,  1848,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  184!),  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  ls;-,n,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  Isiil,  to  Dec. 
Dee.  1,  lv.52,  to  Dee. 
Dec.  1, 18r,R,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  18.54,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  18.55,  to  Dec. 
Dec.  1,  ]8,')li,  to  Dec. 


3,  1821 

2,  1823 

1,1823 

1,  1N24 , 

,5,  1825 

4,  1821! 

3,  1827 

1,1828 

1,  1S20 

1,  1830 

1,1''--'I 

1,  1832 

1,1833 

1,  1^34 

1,  1835 

1,  1830 

1,  1«37 

1,  1n38 

1,  183n  

1.  IMO 

1,  1811 

1,  1842 

1,  1843   

1,1841 

1,  184.-. 

1,1810 

1.  1817 

1,1848 

1,  18l!l 

1,  1800 

1,  18.51 

1,  18.52 

1,  18.53 

1,  18.54 

1,1855 

1,1856 

1,  18-57 


No.  of 
Patients 
Admitted 


01 
44 
07 
02 
68 
58 
72 
52 
76 
CO 

119 
53 
M 
26 
51 
01 
04 

270 
61 

1.5!) 

192 

156 
80 
25 
43 
41) 

190 
01 
78 
!) 
13 
10 
69 
02 
40 
63 

1(18 


In 

Typlms 
alone. 


■  56 

40 

62 

88 

64 

50 

67 

51 

70 

64 

119» 

48 

14 

23 

47 

50 

80 

205 

05 

1.50 

169 

153 

83 

23 

25 

23 

174 

31 

19 

6 


53 
36 

23 
23 
05 


•  It  appears  by  the  report  for  that  year  that  epidemic  typhus  prevailed 
at  'Warivicli  Bridge  during  the  winter  of  1930,  and  that  only  55  of  these  1 19 
cases  were  from  Carlisle. 


Officers  — 1807-8. 

PiiEsiDENi. — The  Et.  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 

VicE-PnESiDESTs. — The  Hon.  and  Et.  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop 
of  Carlisle;  the  Et.  Hon.  Sir  J.  E.  G.  Graham,  Bart.,  M.P. ; 
W.  N.  Hodgson,  Esq.,  M.P. ;  the  Mayor  of  Carlisle  ;  the  Very 
Eev.  the  Dean  of  Carlisle. 

TnEAsuiiEr.. — Mr.  John  Norman. 

Committee. — R.  Cowen,  Esq. ;  Mr.  H.  Dobinson;  Eev.  0.  G. 
V.  Harcouit;  G.  H.  Head,  Esq.;  W.  N.  Hodgson,  Esq.,  M.P. ; 
P.  H.  Hownrt,  Esq.;  Geo.  Mounsey,  Esq.;  John  Xanson,  Esq.; 
G.  Relph,  Esq. ;  M^Shiter,  Esq. ;  'William  Stordy,  Esq. ;  Mr. 
Waldie. 

Seceetaey. — Mr.  H.  J.  Halton. 

Physicians. — Thomas  Barnes,  M.D.,  F.E.S.E.;  M.  J.  Eae, 
M.D. ;  John  Steel,  M.D. 

SunoEON-AroTHECAEY. — Jlr.  Ellcray  Armstrong. 

Inspectoe. — David  Little.      Matron. — Mrs.  Little. 

PUBLIC   BUlr.DTNGS,    ETC. 

The  Athenoeum,  Lowtber-street,  was  erected  in  1840, 
from  designs  furnished  by  Messrs.  Williams  of  Liver- 
pool, at  a  cost  of  about  £0,500,  raised  iu  £5  shares, 
but  it  has  since  become  the  property  of  G.  H.  Head, 
Esq.,  who  purchased  it  for  £4,000.  This  building  has 
supplied  a  want  long  experienced  in  Carlisle,  which, 
previous  to  its  erection,  possessed  no  room  sufficiently 
large  for  general  purposes.  The  external  appearance  is 
very  striking ;  the  facade  is  of  white  stone  from  the 
Prudhoe  quarries,  and  is  in  what  may  be  called  the 
Roman  style  of  architecture.  The  centre  part  is  com- 
posed of  four  massive  pilasters,  with  Corinthian  capitals, 
and  windows  in  the  intermediate  spaces.  The  cornices 
are  surmounted  by  an  open  balustrade,  with  sunk 
panels,  and  the  angles  are  ornamented  with  massive 
pilasters.  The  interior  is  divided,  on  the  first  floor, 
into  entrance  hall  and  staircase,  committee  room, 
library,  niuseum,  and  lecture  room  ;  second  floor,  gal- 
lory  over  the  library,  with  spacious  concert  room,  fitted 
up  in  an  appropriate  manner,  and  well  suited  for  the 
purposes  for  which  it  was  erected. 

The  County  Assize  Courts  are  situated  at  the  head 
of  English-street,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  citadel,  at 
the  southern  entrance  to  the  city,  adjoining  the  gaol. 
They  were  erected  iu  1810-11,  from  the  design  of  E. 
Smirke,  jun.,  R.A.,  pursuant  to  an  act  of  parliament 
which  was  passed  for  the  purpose  of  "  enabling  his 
majesty  to  grant  the  citadel  and  the  walls  of  the  city  of 
Carlisle,  Ac,  to  the  justices  of  the  peace  for  the  county 
of  Cumberland,  for  building  courts  of  justice  for  the 
said  county,  &c."  The  courts  are  built  in  the  Gothic 
castellated  style,  and  two  projecting  corridors,  give  the 
whole  the  semblance  of  a  fortified  gateway,  and  recal  to 
mind  the  ancient  citadel.     They  present  elegant  fronts 


I 


THE   CITY  OF  CARLISLE. 


129 


of  polished  freestone  of  a  reddish  colour,  and  arc  sur- 
rounded with  cast  iron  railings.  The  Crowu  Court 
occupies  the  western  tower,  and  is  connected  with  the 
adjoining  gaol  by  an  underground  passage,  through 
which  the  prisoners  are  conveyed  to  the  dock.  lu  the 
entrance  hall  is  a  fine  statue  of  the  late  Major  Aglionby, 
for  many  years  chairman  of  the  Quarter  Sessions  of 
the  county.  Over  the  judge's  seat  is  a  fine  bust  of 
George  III.  by  Rossi,  on  eauh  side  of  which  are  statues 
of  Justice  and  Mercy.  The  eastern  tower  ou  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  street  serves  as  the  Nisi  Prius  Court, 
and,  like  the  Crown  Court,  is  finished  and  fitted  up  iu 
a  very  handsome  and  appropriate  manner.  Attached 
to  this  court  are  suitable  rooms  for  the  grand  jury, 
counsel,  witnesses,  Ac,  with  the  usual  offices.  In  the 
centre  of  the  street,  between  the  two  courts,  is  a  fine 
Btatue  of  the  late  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 

The  County  Gaol  and  House  of  Correction  stands 
upon  the  spot  formerly  occupied  by  the  Dominican 
Convent,  near  what  was,  in  bygone  days,  the  English 
gate,  and  is  a  fine  structure,  in  the  Gothic  style,  con- 
bisting  of  a  centre  and  two  wings,  surmounted  by  an 
embattled  parapet.  It  was  completed  in  1827,  at  a 
cost  of  £  19,53 1,  inclusive  of  the  purchase  of  some  land. 
The  interior  arrangements  consist  of  a  governor's  house, 
from  which  six  wings  radiate,  affording  accommodation 
to  thirteen  classes  of  prisoners,  with  separate  areas, 
divided  by  walls  and  lofty  iron  rails.  The  prison  con- 
tains room  for  150  prisoners,  with  means  of  extension 
for  a  much  larger  number.  The  whole  is  enclosed  with 
a  wall  of  red  freestone.  This  edifice  was  begun  from 
the  designs  of  William  Nixon,  Esq.,  of  Carlisle,  but  he 
dying  during  tho  progress  of  the  work,  the  completion 
of  the  structure  was  entrusted  to  C.  Hodgson,  Esq., 
who  aildcd  several  improvements  to  the  original  plan. 
During  tho  progress  of  the  building  several  Roman 
and  other  antiquities  were  discovered.  The  office  of 
governor  or  gaoler  is  at  present  held  by  Mr.  lledin, 
whoso  salary  is  iSH,")  per  annum.  The  chaplain  is 
appointed  by  the  magistrates,  at  a  salary  of  £125  ;  he 
is  not  allowed  to  cngitge  in  any  parochial  duty,  and  is 
required  to  perform  divine  service  iu  the  chapel  twice 
and  to  preach  every  Sunday,  and  on  Christmas-day 
and  Ciood  Friday ;  to  read  prayers  daily,  and  to  attend 
on  prisoners  under  sentence  of  death,  unless  in  such 
cases  where  prisoners,  not  belonging  to  the  Church  of 
England,  desire  to  bo  attended  by  a  minister  of  their 
own  religion.  The  lU.v.  John  F.  Simpson  is  the  pre- 
sent chaplain.  A  surgeon  is  appointed  by  the  magi- 
strates, with  a  yearly  salary  of  £70,  and  an  allowance 
for  niedicinn  at  prime  cost,  liesides  these,  the  principal 
officers,  there  arc  a  matron,  a  schoolmaster,  six  turn- 

17 


keys,  and  other  subordinate  assistants.     For  the  year 
ending  30th  September,  1857,  the  number  of  prisoners 
received  into  the  gaol  was  470.     The  number  of  crimi- 
nals was  89  less,  and  debtors  29   more,  than  those 
received  in  the  preceding  year.     The  greatest  number 
in  custodjf,  at  any  time,  was  102;  the  lowest  59,  and 
the  daily  average  75.     The  number  of  County  Court 
debtors  has  much  increased  of  late,  being  now  nearly 
one-fifth  of  the  number  received.     In  the  workroom, 
the  prisoners  manufactured  003  brush  mats,  272  Samot 
mats,  072A  yards  of  matting,  and  2372  brushes,  from 
which  a  profit  was  derived  of  £86  19s.  8Jd.     From  the 
chaplain's  report  for  the  year  mentioned  above  we  learn 
that  the  total  number  of  criminals  committed  was  375  ; 
and  by  comparing  this  number  with  those  of  1855  and 
1856,  it  appears  there  is  a  diminution  of  89  in  favour  of 
this  year  over  the  last,  and  of  48  over  the  preceding  one. 
As  suggesting  a  reason  for  the  unusual  increase  of 
1856,  the  chaplain  found  that  while  in  1857  the  com- 
mittals upon  military  charges  were  6,  they  amounted  in 
1856  to  47,  and  in  1855  to  16.    If  the  military  otTences 
be  deducted,  and  they  cannot  fairly  be  reckoned  among 
the  crimes  of  the  county,  the  numbers  would  stand 
thus— 1855,  407;  1850,417;  1857,  369— showing  the 
real  decrease  in  the  criminal  committals.    The  number 
of  debtors  continues  rapidly  on  the  increase.     In  1855 
it  was  58,  in  1856,  72;  and  in  1857,  101  ;  confirming 
the  conjecture — thrown  out  in  a  former  report  —  that 
an  increase  might  be  anticipated  from  the  introduction 
of  the  alteration  in  the  County  Court  Act,  by  which  the 
cost  of  the  conveyance  of  debtors  to  gaol,  after  the  first 
commitment,  was  transferred  from  the  plaintiff's  ac- 
count to  that  of  the  counties.     Tho  behaviour  of  the 
prisoners,  with  two  or  three  e.xceptions,  was  satisfactory, 
and  their  conduct  in  school  and  the  classes  for  religious 
instruction  met  with  tho  chaplain's  entire  approbation, 
and  the  report  concluded  by  his  tendering  thanks  to  a  few 
magistrates  and  friends,  through  whose  kind  liberality 
a  small  organ  had  been  procured.     Their  services  iu 
chapel  being  now  conducted  with  a  simplicity  and  order 
second  to  none  in  the  kingdom.     The  surgeon  reported 
that  the  general  state  of  health  of  the  prisoners  during 
the  year  was  good.     No  death  occurred,  and  of  the  363 
cases  of  indisposition,  but  two  were  of  sufficient  im- 
portance to  render  removiil  to  the  Infirmary  requisite. 
A  girl  of  unsound  mind  was  committed  to  the  prison, 
who  was  afterwards  removed  to  a  lunatic  asylum. 

Tho  Guild  Hall,  Green  Market,  is  a  quaint  old 
building,  in  which  tho  meetings  of  the  guilds  or  in- 
corporated companies  of  tho  city  arc  held. 

The  Town  Hall  is  an  ancient  structure,  situated  in 
the  Market  Place,  but  without  architectural  pretensions. 


130 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


The  ground  floor  consists  of  shops,  held  upon  a  peculiar 
tenure,  called  cullery  tenure,  one  equal  to  freehold,  and 
this  circumstance  prevents  being  effected  in  the  build- 
ing those  alterations  and  improvements  which  the  con- 
venience of  the  public  demands.  The  hall  is  entered 
by  a  double  flight  of  steps.  Above  the  mayor's  seat 
are  four  fine  old  paintings,  three  of  which  are  portraits 
of  William  ami  Mary,  and  Charles,  the  first  Earl  of 
Carlisle  of  the  Howard  family.  In  the  passage  leading 
to  the  magistrates'  office  stands  liie  ancient  city  chest, 
■which  is  formed  of  oak,  strengthened  by  thick  ribs  of 
iron,  and  secured  by  five  massive  padlocks.  The  edifice 
is  surmounted  by  a  cupola,  containing  a  clock  with  four 
dials,  one  of  which  is  illuminated.  Previous  to  the 
erection  of  the  Court  Houses,  the  assizes  for  Cumber- 
land were  held  in  this  building,  and  it  was  here  that 
the  devoted  adherents  of  the  Stuarts  were  arraigned 
after  the  rebeUion  of  1745. 

The  Carlisle  Library  and  Newsroom,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  Enghsh  and  Devonshire-streets,  is  a  very 
elegant  modern  sti'ucture  of  white  freestone,  exhibiting 
a  fine  e.-iample  of  the  Decorated  style.  The  south-west 
front  consists  of  a  gabled  centre,  flanked  by  two  wings 
with  embattled  parapets,  and  containing  a  doorway  with 
flowered  mouldings  and  an  enriched  triangular  canopy; 
above  the  door  is  a  large  window  of  four  lights,  having 
its  head  filled  with  good  flowing  tracery.  The  elevation 
in  Devonshire-street  is  more  extended.  It  contains  in 
the  centre  a  bay  window,  all  the  lights  of  which  have 
crocketed  canopies;  the  buttresses  are  particulai'ly  light 
and  elegant,  aud  are  crowned  with  enriched  pinnacles. 
In  vai-ious  parts  of  the  e.xterior  there  is  some  good 
carving,  and  the  ornaments  discover  considerable  lu.xu- 
riance  of  design  and  shaqiness  of  execution.  On  the 
ground  floor  of  the  building,  which  has  beneath  a  range 
of  cellarage,  is  the  Newsroom,  and  other  offices.  On 
the  first  floor  is  the  Carlisle  Library,  having  a  separate 
entrance  from  Devonshire-street,  which  is  elegantly  fur- 
nished in  a  style  corresponding  somewhat  to  that  of  the 
building.  The  structure  was  completed  in  1831,  from 
designs  by  Rickman  and  Hutchinson,  and  the  cost  of 
erection  was  defrayed  by  shares  of  foO  each.  The 
building  is  the  property  of  a  company. 

The  Police  Office  for  the  city  of  Carlisle  is  on  the 
AVest  Walls.  The  police  force  of  the  city  was  established 
in  the  year  1829,  and  has  been  increased  from  time  to 
time  as  found  necessary ;  one  chief  constable,  three  ser- 
geants, and  twenty-five  constables  at  present  constitute 
the  force,  for  which  the  corporation  obtained  the  govern- 
ment grant  last  year.  In  addition  to  their  other  duties, 
they  have  charge  of  the  fire  engines  of  the  city.  We  annex 
the  cost  of  the  police  estabhshment  for  each  of  the  last 


tenyears— 1848,  .fil.no  lOs.  fid.;  1849,  .CI, 184  4s.; 
1850,  £1,180  8s.  Jld.;  1851,  £1,154  9s.  lOd.;  1852, 
£1,167  73.  2d.;  1853,  £1,185  7s.  8d.;  1854,  £1.294 
Is.  5d.;  1855,  £1,325  Is.  9d.;  185C,  £1,424  12s.  Id.; 
1857,  £1,044  14s.  4d.  The  rateable  value  of  the  pro- 
perty in  the  city  in  the  years  1848  and  1857  was 
respectively  £45,493  10s.  2d.,  and  £00,908   7s.  8d. 

LITEBAEY    AXl)    SCIENTIFIC     ISSTITUTIOXS,    NEWSPAPERS, 
ETC. 

The  Carlisle  Library  was  established  in  1708,  but  for 
many  years  after  its  formation  the  number  of  its  sup- 
porters was  very  limited,  and  consequently  its  spliere  of 
usefulness  was  much  restiicted.  In  1804,  however, 
measures  were  adopted  by  which  the  institution  was 
placed  upon  a  broader  basis,  and  this  change  bringing 
a  greater  number  of  subscribers,  the  institution  began 
to  flourish,  aud  has  since  continued  in  a  very  satisfac- 
tory state.  The  subscription  list  includes  the  names  of 
nearly  all  the  leading  families  of  the  city  and  neighbour- 
hood, and  even  some  from  the  more  distant  parts  of  the 
county.  The  institution  possesses  about  10,000  volumes 
in  the  various  departments  of  literature.  The  govern- 
ment is  vested  in  a  committee  of  thirteen  subscribers, 
chosen  yearly.  The  number  of  members  at  present  is 
80,  who  pay  a  subscription  of  one  guinea  each  per 
annum. 

The  Church  of  England  Religious  and  Literary  Asso- 
ciation, established  in  the  AthensEum,  Lowther-street, 
"  consists,  as  its  name  imports,  of  members  of  the  Church 
of  England,  and  was  designed  to  provide  instruction 
and  agreeable  recreation  for  such  of  the  operative  and 
industrious  classes  of  that  communion  as  might,  without 
such  a  resource,  have  become  connected  with  institutions 
in  which  opinions  are  tolerated,  if  not  openly  encouraged, 
calculated  to  corrupt  and  mislead  those  whose  education 
may  not  have  sufficiently  prorided  them  with  means  to 
counteract  the  subtle  poisons,  or  the  open  assaults  of 
infidelity."  It  is  well  supported  by  the  higher  classes 
of  the  community,  aud  possesses  a  good  librarj-,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  donations  from  persons  who  feel  an  in- 
terest in  its  success.  The  newsroom  is  well  supphed 
with  the  metropolitan,  provincial,  and  local  newspapers. 
The  present  number  of  members  is  100.  Lectures  are 
frequently  delivered  on  subjects  of  general  interest,  and 
are  usually  well  attended. 

The  Mechanics'  Institution,  Fisher-street,  was  first 
founded  in  1824,  but  not  meeting  with  adequate  sup- 
port, was  closed  in  1831.  Two  years  afterwards  it  was 
re-opened,  and  has  since  maintained  its  place  among  the 
institutions  of  Carlisle.  It  possesses  a  good  reading 
room   and   newsroom,  with   a  lecture  hall,   and  the 


THE   CITY  OF  CARLISLE. 


131 


members  have  now  the  privilege  of  access  to  a  well- 
selcctoJ  library  of  4074  volumes,  which  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing.    The  number  of  members  is  520. 

The  Union  Newsroom  was  opened  to  the  share- 
holders and  subscribers  in  1831.  It  occupies  the 
ground  of  the  same  building  as  the  Carlisle  Library,  in 
Devonshire-street,  and  is  supported  by  subscribers,  who 
each  pay  two  guineas  a  year. 

The  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  Fisher- 
street,  was  established  in  1850,  and  is  based  upon  the 
principles  of  the  parent  society  in  Loudon.  This  insti- 
tution possesses  a  good  reading  room  and  library,  and 
is  at  present  in  a  very  flourishing  condition.  "  To  young 
men  separated  from  their  friends,  it  offers  a  comfortable 
and  convenient  place  of  resort,  where  they  may  enjoy 
Christian  communion,  and  the  sympathy  and  friendship 
of  those  who,  like  themselves,  are  engaged  in  the  battle 
of  life."  The  Bishop  of  Carlisle  is  president  of  the 
association,  and  the  deau  is  one  of  its  most  active  sup- 
porters. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  and  promising  features 
connected  with  the  institutions  of  Carlisle  has  yet  to  be 
mentioned.  This  is  the  existence  of  a  number  of 
reading  rooms,  libraries,  and  schools,  which  are  exclu- 
sively under  the  management  of  working  men.  It  is  a 
fundamental  rule  of  these  societies  that  no  man  shall 
exert  an  influence  by  holding  office  unless  he  be  one 
dependent  upon  weekly  wages  for  support.  It  is  also 
a  rule,  that  any  member  capable  of  getting  and  doing 
work,  shall  be  c.\pelled  if  he  leave  his  contribution  for 
a  mouth  unpaid ;  but  in  the  manly  spirii;  which  has 
guided  the  whole  management  of  these  institutions,  it 
is  aLso  a  law  that  any  member  that  is  out  of  work, 
through  real  inability  to  obtain  it,  or  to  do  it,  shall  be 
entitled  to  continue  in  the  enjoyment  of  the  privileges 
without  payment  and  without  responsibility.  7'here  is 
no  one  wlio  lias  taken  a  deeper  interest  in  the  progress 
of  working  men's  reading  rooms  than  Dr.  EUiot,  of  this 
city,  whom  Lord  Brougham  has  well  designated  the 
"  worthy  successor  of  Dr.  liirbeck  in  these  good  works." 
"  In  April,  1848,"  says  a  writer  in  Dickens'  Household 
Words,  "  when  everyone  was  daily  listening  for  the 
great  tidings  which  that  period  of  strange  excitement 
was  continually  furnishing — in  April,  1848,  a  few 
poor  men,  most  of  them  hand-loom  weavers,  clubbed 
their  wits  together  for  the  purpose  of  getting  a  weekly 
newspaper.  Obviously  it  was  found  requisite  that  they 
should  also  club  their  pennies.  The  result  was,  that 
within  tlio  first  week  after  tho  suggestion  had  been 
made,  fifty  persons  had  come  forward  as  the  subscribers 
of  a  wceldy  penny,  and  a  school-room  had  been  lent  to 
them,  wherein  to  meet  and  read  their  papers.     These 


men  were  all  of  the  same  class ;  they  had  originated 
their  idea,  and  they  were  themselves  managing  its 
execution.  Companions  multiplied  about  them  ;  there 
was  formed  quite  a  prosperous  little  society  of  men 
contributing  their  weekly  pennies,  and  it  was  resolved, 
therefore,  to  attempt  tho  formation  of  a  permanent 
reading  room,  and  a  committee  was  appointed  to  draw 
up  a  code  of  rules.  The  working  men's  reading  room 
in  John-street,  Botchergate.  became  thus  one  of  the 
institutions  of  Carlisle,  and  flourished  for  a  few  months; 
then  news  became  less  interesting,  trade  also  was  bad, 
members  fell  ofif,  funds  dechued,  and  the  experiment 
would  have  been  abandoned  but  for  the  judicious  and 
well-timed  assistance  of  Dr.  Elliott,  and  other  members 
of  the  middle  class.  These  aided  the  efl'orts  of  the 
working  men  to  help  themselves,  with  advice,  and  cash, 
and  books ;  their  aid  was  fairly  given,  fairly  taken,  no 
abandonment  of  independence  on  the  part  of  the  men 
being  asked  or  offered.  This  is  what  working  men  can 
do ;  and  there  is  no  duke  who  can  be  made,  by  virtue 
of  his  title,  more  noble  tlian  the  labourer  who  thus 
strives  in  his  own  behalf.  He  need  not  mind  the  good 
old  gentleman  who  informs  him  that  he  ought  to  touch 
his  hat  and  be  respectful  to  his  bolters.  The  good  old 
gentleman  who  has  let  the  world  outrun  him,  and  made 
little  effort  to  keep  pace  thfirewith,  might  much  more 
properly  uncover  the  head  to  him.  The  best  minds 
claim  him  as  their  kindred,  and  the  help  of  others  ever 
presses  upon  him  who  helps  himself.  Two  or  three 
men,  however  poor,  if  they  will  have  faith  in  the  force 
of  a  right  heart  and  a  stout  will  may  gather  to  their 
council  other  poor  mechanics  like  themselves ;  and 
there  is  no  town  in  which,  according  to  its  size,  one 
or  a  dozen  true  mechanics'  institutions  may  not  rise 
to  occupy  the  place  whieli  Dr.  Birkbeck's  institutes 
were  meant  to  fill,  but  which  they  have  insensibly 
vacated." 

Tlie  following  is  a  list  of  the  working  men's  reading 
rooms,  and  the  years  in  which  they  were  established  : — 

1810.  Dute-street  Adult  Scliool  nnd  Rending  Room,  Shaddon- 

gato.     No.  of  vols.  51!),  No.  of  members  90. 
1317.  John-street  Working  Men's  Rending  Room,  Caldewgnte. 

No.  of  vols,  loot),  No.  of  members  150. 
1S13.  Lord-street  Working  Men"s  Reading  Room,  Botchergate. 

No.  of  vols.  700,  No.  of  members  -'OO. 
1353.  Parlinm  Reck  .\dult  School  and  Rending  Room.     No.  of 

vols.  SOU,  No.  of  iiieinbcrs  10. 
1851.  Caldewgat<i  Adnll  Scliool  and  Reading  Room,  Brewery 

Row.     No.  of  vols.  iOO,  Na  ol  members  lOH. 
lb.")!.  Trinity  niiiUlings  Rending  Room.     No.  of  vols,  177,  No. 

of  members  ;)0. 
1857.  Shaddonsnte  Adult  School  and  Reading  Room.     No.  of 

vols.  70,  No.  of  members  10. 

Carlisle   possesses  two  weekly  papers  and  one  tri- 


132 


CUMBERLAND   WARD. 


■weekly,  the  "Carlisle  Journal,"  the  "  Carli^e  Patriot," 
and  the  "  Carlisle  Examiner."  The  "  Journal "  was 
first  published  in  November,  1798,  by  Mr.  Francis 
Jollie,  in  whose  family  it  remained  for  many  years. 
It  was  subsequently  purchased  by  the  late  Mr.  Steel, 
at  that  time  the  editor,  and  it  is  still  published  by  his 
family.  It  advocates  whig  or  liberal  principles,  and 
has  an  extensive  circulation.  The  '•  Patriot"  was  com- 
menced on  the  3rd  of  June,  1815,  by  a  company  of 
proprietors  in  .C25  shares.  It  is  now,  however,  private 
property,  and  is  conservative  in  its  political  principles. 
The  "  Examiner"  issued  its  first  number  in  May,  1857, 
and  has  for  its  editor  and  proprietor  Mr.  Wilks.  lu 
politics  it  is  popularly  liberal,  and  "  goes  for  peace, 
retrenchment,  and  reform." 

COURTS    OF    LAW. 

In  1435,  in  consequence  of  the  assizes  having  been 
removed  to  other  places  during  the  Scottish  war,  an  act 
of  parliament  was  obtained,  the  provisions  of  which  are 
as  follow: — "Whereas,  by  a  statute  made  in  the  time  of 
King  Pilchard  II.,  it  was  ordained  that  the  justices 
assigned,  or  to  be  assigned,  to  take  assizes  and  deliver 
gaols,  shall  hold  their  sessions  iu  the  principal  or  chief 
town  of  every  county,  that  is  to  say,  where  the  shire 
courts  of  the  county  heretofore  and  hereafter  shall  bo 
holden.  Our  lord  the  king,  willing  the  same  statute  to 
be  observed  and  kept  in  the  county  of  Cumberland,  con- 
sidering that  the  city  of  Carlisle  is  the  principal  and 
chief  town  of  the  said  county,  and  in  which  the  shire 
court  of  the  same  county  hath  been  holdeu  before  this 
time,  hath  granted  and  ordained  by  the  authority  of  the 
same  parliament,  that  the  sessions  of  the  justices  to 
take  assize  and  to  deliver  gaols  iu  the  county  of  Cum- 
berland, be  holden  in  time  of  peace  and  truce  in  the 
said  city  of  Carlisle,  and  iu  none  other  place  within  the 
same  county,  as  it  hath  been  used  and  accustomed  of  old 
times."  The  assizes  are  now  held  here  in  spring  and 
autumn,  each  assize  being  attended  by  two  judges, 
who  hold  their  courts  iu  the  County  Court  Houses, 
which  are  described  at  page  128. 

The  midsummer  and  Christmas  quarter  sessions  for 
the  county  are  held  at  Carlisle. 

Quarter  sessions  for  the  borough  of  Carlisle  are  held 
in  the  Town  Hall,  on  the  Monday  preceding  each 
county  sessions,  by  the  mayor  and  two  senior  aldermen. 

The  borough  magistrates  also  sit  at  the  Town  Hall, 
every  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Saturday ;  and  the 
county  magistrates  at  the  Court  House,  every  Wed- 
nesday and  Saturday. 

The  court  of  the  mayor  and  bailiffs  of  the  borough 
of  Carlisle  sits  every  Monday  in  the  Town  Hall,  to  try 


actions  of  debt  and  trover,  to  the  amount  of  forty 
shillings.  It  may  be  adjourned  at  pleasure,  and  is 
held  quarterly,  when,  by  a  concurrent  jurisdiction, 
acti(ms  of  debt,  Ac,  amounting  to  upwards  of  forty 
shillings  may  be  tried  and  determined. 

A  Court  Leet  and  View  of  Frank  Pledge  for  the  city 
of  Carlisle  was  formerly  held  twice,  but  now  only  once 
a  year,  in  October,  by  the  dean  and  chapter,  in  their 
manors  of  Uotchergatc  and  Caldewgate. 

The  County  Court  of  Cumberland  for  the  recovery 
of  debts  under  i'50,  is  held  at  Carlisle,  and  other  places 
iu  the  county. 

UASKS,    JIAEKliTS,    FAIUS,    ETC. 

There  are  three  banking  establishraeuts  in  Carlisle, 
two  of  which  issue  their  own  notes,  viz.,  the  Carlisle 
City  and  District,  and  tlie  Carlisle  and  Cumberland 
Banking  Con^pauy.  The  Carlisle  Old  Bank,  J.  M. 
Head  and  Co.'s,  is  a  private  bank,  and  issues  Bank  of 
England  notes.  The  first  banks  established  in  Carlisle 
•were  opened  about  the  middle  of  last  century,  by  Messrs. 
Foster  and  Son,  and  a  Mr.  Wilson,  and  were  found  to 
be  of  considerable  service  to  the  trade  of  the  city. 

The  Market  Place  is  situated  in  the  centre  of  the 
city,  where  English-street,  Scotch-street,  Castle-street, 
and  Fisher- street  meet.  The  Jlarket  Cross  is  a  stone 
structure,  erected  in  16S2,  and  consists  of  an  Ionic 
column,  with  a  plain  shaft  and  pedestal,  rising  from 
the  centre  of  a  flight  of  circular  steps.  It  is  surmounted 
with  a  square  block  of  masonry,  the  sides  of  which 
serve  as  sun-dials,  and  is  terminated  by  a  lion  bearing 
the  arms  of  the  corporation.  Above  the  capital  of  the 
column  is  the  inscription,  "  Joseph  Reed,  ]\Iaior,  1082." 
The  market  days  are  Wednesday  and  Saturday,  the 
latter  of  which  is  perhaps  the  best  attended  market  in 
the  north  of  England,  large  quantities  of  grain  and  other 
farm  produce  being  brought  from  a  distance  of  twenty 
and  thirty  miles  around  the  city.  The  shambles  con- 
sist of  two  rows  of  butchers'  shops,  extending  from 
Scotch-street  to  Fisher-street,  and  were  erected  by  the 
corporation,  who,  in  1 790,  purchased  and  renewed  the 
old  shambles,  which  stood  in  the  Market  Place.  The 
Fish  Market  occupies  the  spot  upon  which  formerly 
stood  the  Main  Guard,  and  is  well  supplied  with  various 
kinds  of  fish. 

Fairs  for  the  hiring  of  servants  and  the  sale  of  cattle 
arc  held  here  on  the  nearest  Saturdays  to  AVhitsuntide 
and  Martinmas.  Fairs  are  also  held  on  the  2Gth  of 
August,  when  they  continue  for  fourteen  days,  and  on 
1 9th  of  September.  During  the  last  named  fairs,  all 
persons  arc  free  from  executions  issued  by  the  borough 
court.    A  series  of  fairs  for  horses  and  cattle  commences 


THE   CITY   OF  CARLISLE. 


133 


on  the  Saturday  after  the  10th  of  October,  and  con- 
tinues until  Christmas.  There  is  an  annual  show  of 
cattle  in  the  large  Cattle  Market,  near  the  race  course, 
when  prizes  are  distributed  by  the  Agricultural  Society. 
Eaces  are  held  here  annually  in  July.  The  race 
course  is  situated  on  the  Swifts,  on  the  south  side  of 
the  Eden,  and  possesses  a  grand  stand,  erected  in  1830. 
Races  were  first  established  in  Carlisle  about  tiie  middle 
of  the  last  century — the  first  King's  Plate  was  run  for 
in  1703. 

R.\ILWAYS,    C.\S,    W.tTER    WORKS,  ETC. 

Carlisle  possesses  railway  communication  with  almost 
every  part  of  Britain,  a  fact  that  has  much  improved  its 
position  as  a  commercial  and  raanuliicturiug  town. 
The  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  line  connects  it  with  the 
German  Ocean,  and  the  Carlisle  and  Silloth  with  the 
Irish  Sea ;  the  Maryport  and  Carlisle  with  West  Cum- 
berland, as  well  as  with  TTlverston  and  the  peninsula  of 
Fumess,  and  so  onward  into  Lancashire ;  while  the  Cale- 
donian unites  it  with  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow,  and  the 
Lancasterand  Carlisle  with  Ijondon  and  the  south.  The 
whole  of  these  lines,  with  the  exception  of  the  Newcastle 
and  CarUsle,  make  use  of  the  Citadel  Station,  a  fine  struc- 
ture, in  the  Elizabethan  style,  erected  in  1817-8.  The 
Newcastle  and  Carlisle  Station  is  a  mean  structure, 
situated  on  the  London  Road,  about  a  mile  from  the 
city,  and  possesses  few,  if  any,  of  the  requisites  of  a  rail- 
way station.  Two  schemes  are  now  before  parliament 
for  connecting  Carlisle  with  Hawick,  one  by  Langholm, 
and  the  other  by  Longlown  and  Cannobie. 

In  1819  an  act  of  parliament  was  obtained  for  the 
formation  of  a  Gas  and  Coke  Company,  and  works  were 
shortly  afterwards  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  ii  10,000, 
raised  in  shares  of  JBiiS  each.  The  works  were  situated 
at  the  south  end  of  the  town,  upon  a  plot  of  ground 
forming  part  of  the  present  general  railway  station.  In 
1846,  the  corporation  purchased  nearly  all  the  shares, 
at  £43  per  share,  and  in  the  following  year  erected  the 
present  gas  works,  the  site  of  the  old  being  required  for 
the  railway  station. 

The  want  of  pure  water  was  long  felt  in  Carlisle,  and 
many  schemes  were  from  lime  to  time  propounded  to 
obtain  an  adequate  supply.  .Vt  length,  in  1810,  a  joint 
stock  company  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  furnishing 
the  city  and  its  environs  with  the  limpid  element,  from 
the  river  Eden,  and  openitions  being  at  once  commenced, 
the  city  is  now  in  a  very  fair  position  as  far  as  water  is 
concerned.  The  water  is  raised  from  the  Eden  through 
ft  deep  bod  of  gravel,  by  powerful  steam  engines,  and 
forced  into  a  reservoir  on  the  hill,  near  the  London  Iload, 
about  a  mile  from  the  Market  Place,  whence  it  is  dis- 
tributed to  all  parts  of  the  city. 


Carlisle  has  been  put  under  the  operation  of  the 
Health  of  Towns  Act,  and  a  Board  of  Health  estab- 
lished, through  the  itistrumentality  of  which  the  city 
has  been  sewered,  many  nuisances  removed,  and  its 
sanitary  condition  much  improved. 

BRIDGES. 

Carlisle  is  connected  with  the  surrounding  country 
by  five  bridges,  one  of  which  crosses  the  Eden,  three 
the  Caldew,  and  one  the  Petteril.  During  the  six- 
teenth century,  two  wooden  structures,  called  Eden  and 
Prestbeck  bridges,  formed  the  communication  between 
Carlisle  and  Stanwix,  but  one  of  them  having  fallen 
down,  and  the  other  being  in  a  state  of  great  dilapida- 
tion, an  act  of  parliament  was  passed  in  1600  for 
rebuilding  them  at  the  expense  of  the  county,  and  in 
their  stead  two  narrow  stone  bridges  were  erected.  In 
1807  an  act  of  parliament  was  again  obtained  for  the 
rebuilding  of  Prestbeck  Bridge,  and  a  new  structure  was 
commenced  in  181i2,  from  designs  furnished  by  Robert 
Smirke,  jun.,  Esq.,  R.A.  It  was  completed  in  1815, 
at  a  cost  of  i'70,000,  towards  which  government 
advanced  £10,000,  in  consequence  of  its  being  in  the 
line  of  the  intended  new  north  road  to  Port  Patrick. 
The  bridge  consists  of  five  elliptical  arches  of  sixty- 
five  feet  span  each,  and  is  connected  with  the  city 
by  an  arched  causeway.  The  piers  arc  founded  partly 
ou  the  solid  rock  and  partly  upon  piles,  ten  or  twelve 
feet  below  the  surface  of  the  Eden.  The  material  em- 
ployed in  the  principal  portions  of  the  structure  is  white 
freestone,  brought  from  near  Gretna,  in  Scotland.  The 
entire  length  of  the  bridge  and  its  approaches  is  400 
yards  ;  its  breadth  within  the  parapet,  twelve  yards ; 
and  there  is  a  flagged  pavement  on  each  side  of  the 
carriage  way  for  pedestrians.  On  the  completion  of  this 
fine  structure  tlic  old  bridge  was  removed.  In  ISiO 
two  bridges  were  erected  over  the  Caldew,  one  of  three 
arches,  and  the  other  of  one,  for  the  purpose  of  facili- 
tating the  communication  between  the  city  and  its 
western  suburb.  Ten  years  afterwards  a  bridge  of 
three  semicircular  arches  was  built  over  the  Petteril, 
at  the  southern  entrance  of  the  city  ;  and  five  years  ago, 
another  bridge.  Nelson  Bridge,  was  erected  over  the 
Caldew,  opening  a  new  and  direct  road  from  Botcher- 
gate  to  Caldewgate.  On  the  south  battlement  of  this 
bridge  is  the  following  inscription: — The  Nelson  Bridge. 
The  foundation  stone  of  this  bridge  was  laid  June  'ibth, 
A.D.  1852,  by  Thomas  Nelson,  Esq.,  mayor.  On  the 
north  battlement  is  the  following  : — The  Nelson  Bridge. 
This  Bridge  was  built  by  the  following  subscribers,  and 
completed  a.d.  1853.  Family  of  the  late  John  Jlil- 
bourno  Dixon,  Ferguson  Brothers,  Peter  Dixon  and 


131 


CUMBEULAND  WAHD. 


Sons,  John  Ferguson  and    Company,  Joseph  Kome, 
Thomas  Nelson,  Corporation  Gas  Works  Committee. 

conroi'.ATiox. 
We  have  no  positive  information  relating  to  the  first 
incorporation  of  the  burgesses  of  Carlisle,  or  the  form  of 
the  original  city  government.  The  citj'  has,  however, 
receiveil  many  marks  of  favour  from  the  different 
monarchs  of  England,  who,  in  their  charters,  granted 
to  the  citizens  many  privileges  and  immunities,  yiatij 
of  these  documents  are  no  longer  in  e>dstence,  having 
been  lost  or  destroyed  during  the  various  scenes  of  war 
and  tumult  of  which  Carlisle  has  been  the  tlieati'e. 
"  The  fii-st  charter  granted  to  Cailisle  now  named  in 
history,  was  granted  in  the  reign  of  Henry  11.,  and  was 
burned  in  a  fire  which  destroyed  great  part  of  the  city. 
This  charter  was  confirmed  by  Henry  III.,  in  the  35th 
year  of  his  reigu,  granting  to  the  citizens  freedom  from 
toll,  passage,  pontage,  all  customs  belonging  to  the  king, 
with  the  privilege  of  dead-wood  for  fuel,  and  timber  for 
their  houses,  in  divers  places  within  the  forest  of  Carlisle, 
by  the  assignment  of  the  king's  sergeants  and  foresters, 
with  a  free  guild  for  trade  and  merchandise.  Edward  I., 
by  his  charter  bearing  date  the  2Sth  June,  in  the  i21st 
year  of  bis  reign,  setting  forth  that  Henry  III.'s  charter 
was  also  burned,  recites  the  tenor  thereof  from  the  en- 
rolment in  chancery,  and  confirms  the  same  verbatim. 
Edwai-d  III.,  by  liis  charter  bearing  date  the  7th  of 
February,  in  the  2lkh  year  of  his  reign,  setting  forth 
that  it  having  been  found  upon  inquisition  taken  by  his 
trusty  and  well-beloved  Richard  de  Denton  and  John  de 
Hanington,  and  returned  into  the  chanceiy,  that  the 
citizens  of  the  city  of  Carlisle  had  from  time  immemo- 
rial enjoyed  the  following  privileges,  grants  and  confirms 
the  same  to  them  accordingly, — viz.,  return  of  writs  ;  a 
market  on  the  Wednesday  and  Saturday  of  every  week, 
and  a  fair  yearly  on  the  feasts  of  the  Assumption  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  Mary,  and  fifteen  days  after ;  a  free 
guild,  and  election  of  mayor,  baililTs,  and  two  coroners ; 
assize  of  bread,  beer,  and  wine  ;  trial  of  felonies,  infang- 
ihief,  and  all  pleas  of  the  crown  which  belong  to  the 
oflGice  of  sheriff  and  coroner ;  goods  of  felons  and  fugi- 
tives ;  freedom  from  all  fines,  amerciaments,  and  suits 
to  the  county  court  and  wapentake  ;  common  of  pasture 
for  all  tlicir  beasts,  at  all  times  of  the  year,  upon  the 
Iving's  Moor,  au  J  liberty  to  get  turf  there ;  with  freedom 
throughout  the  whole  realm  of  England  from  toll,  pon- 
tage, passage,  lastage,  wharfage,  carriage,  murage,  and 
stallage  :  and  that  they  shall  have  the  place  called 
'  Battail  Holme '  for  their  markets  and  fairs ;  and 
shall  have  power  to  divide  and  devise  their  tenements, 
and  shall  have  the  citv  mill  and  the  kings  fishery  in 


the  water  of  Eden.  Eicbard  If.  (May  20th).  in  the 
fifth  year  of  his  reign,  by  his  charter  recites  and  con- 
firms aU  the  same.  Edward  IV.  (December  Oth),  in 
the  first  year  of  his  reign,  on  the  petition  and  repre- 
sentation of  the  citizens,  that  the  city  had  sutTered 
greatly  in  the  late  ci\'il  wars,  when  besieged  by  the  said 
king's  enemies,  Margaret,  late  queen  of  England,  Ed- 
ward, late  prince  of  Wales,  and  Henry,  duke  of  Exeter, 
by  burning  the  suburbs,  and  even  the  very  gates  of  the 
city  and  the  mill,  and  other  devastations, — remits  unto 
them  £40  yearly  of  their  fee  farm  rent  of  iSO,  and 
further  grants  unto  them  the  keeping  of  the  king's 
fisheries  of  Carlisle,  otherwise  called  the  Sheriff's  Net, 
otherwise  called  the  Fishery  of  Frithnet,  in  the  water 
of  Eden.  Henry  VII.  (February  11th).  in  the  third 
year  of  his  reigu,  recites  and  confirms  their  former 
charters ;  also  Henry  VHL,  in  the  first  year  of  his 
reign;  Edward  VI.,  in  the  fii-st  year  of  his  reign; 
and  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  James  I.  Charles  I. 
(July  21st),  in  the  thirteenth  year  of  his  reign,  by 
Inspeximus,  recites  and  confirms  all  the  aforesaid  grants, 
except  the  free  election  of  mayor,  bailiffs,  and  coroners  : 
and  further  grants  that  the  mayor  and  citizens  shall  be 
one  body  corporate  and  poUtic,  by  the  name  of  Mayor, 
Aldermen,  Bailiffs,  and  Citizens  of  the  city  of  Carlisle. 
This  charter,  comprehending  all  others,  was  surrendered 
for  the  use  of  Charles  II.,  August  7th,  1084,  to  the  Lord 
Chief  Justice  Jeffries;  the  surrender  not  being  enrolled, 
was  therefore  a  void  surrender.  But  this  charter,  with 
many  others,  was  restored,  and  declared  valid  and  effec- 
tual, by  proclamation  of  James  II.,  on  the  17th  of 
October,  1088.'" 

The  charter  of  Charles  I.,  under  the  provisions  of 
which  the  city  was  governed  till  the  year  1835,  enacted, 
"  That  in  all  times  coming,  the  mayor  and  citizens 
shall  be  one  body  corporate  and  politic  by  the  name  of 
the  Mayor,  Aldermen,  Bailiffs,  and  Citizens  of  Carlisle, 
and  shall  have  a  common  seal;  that  one  of  the  alder- 
men shall  be  mayor;  that  there  shall  bo  besides  the 
mayor,  eleven  other  aldermen,  two  bailiffs,  and  two 
coroners;  that  there  shall  be  within  the  city  twenty- 
four  other  men,  capital  citizens,  to  be  of  the  common 
council  and  assistants  to  the  mayor,  itc."  They  were 
also  empowered  to  elect  a  recorder  and  town-clerk,  one 
sword  bearer,  three  sergeants  at  mace,  and  other 
officers.  The  charter  also  states  that  the  mayor,  alder- 
men, bailiffs,  and  twenty-four  capital  citizens,  or  the 
major  part  of  them  in  Guild  Hall  assembled,  on  the 
Monday  next  after  Michaelmas-day,  shall  have  power  to 
choose  annually  one  of  the  aldermen  to  be  mayor  for 

■  Jefferson's  History  of  Carlisle,  p.  149. 


1 


THE   CITY  OF  CARLISLE. 


135 


the  eusuing  year;  and  in  case  of  an  equal  number  of 
Totes,  the  then  mayor  to  have  a  casting  vote.  The 
new  mayor  so  chosen  must  be  sworn  into  office  by  the 
last  mayor,  if  ho  be  living,  otlierwisc  by  the  aldermen 
or  major  part  of  them ;  and  he  must  continue  in  office 
tiU  another  is  chosen  and  sworn.  In  like  manner  the 
two  bailiffs  and  coroners  are  to  be  aunually  chosen  and 
sworn.  On  the  death  of  an  alderman,  the  mayor  and 
surviving  aldermen,  or  the  major  part  of  them,  are  to 
elect  another  who  shall  be  sworn  by  the  mayor,  and 
shall  continue  for  life.  The  charter  then  states  the 
penalties  for  refusing  to  serve  any  of  these  offices. 
The  twenty-four  capital  citizens  continued  in  office 
during  pleasure.  The  mayor,  recorder,  and  two  senior 
aldermen,  were,  es-officio,  justices  of  the  peace.  "  And 
finally,"  continues  the  charter,  "  the  mayor,  aldermen, 
bailiffs,  and  citizens,  shall  have  such  and  the  like  court 
leet  and  view  of  frank  pledge,  and  other  courts,  issues, 
fines,  ransoms,  penalties,  forfeitiu'es,  amerciaments, 
waifs,  estrays,  deodands,  goods  of  felons  and  fugitives, 
fehdese,  and  persons  put  in  exegent  and  outlawed,  and 
other  emoluments,  as  former  mayors,  aldermen,  bailiffs, 
and  citizens,  have  enjoyed,  by  whatever  name  of  incor- 
poration they  were  called  or  known."  This  charter, 
comprehending  the  spirit  of  aU  previous  grants,  and 
giving  some  new  privileges  to  the  corporation,  was  sur- 
rendered in  1684,  to  Judge  Jeffreys,  as  above  stated, 
but  was  afterwards  restored  as  we  have  seen.  In  1835 
an  act  was  passed  for  the  regulation  of  municipal  corpo- 
rations in  England  and  Wales,  and  under  its  provisions 
the  old  corporation  of  the  city  was  dissolved,  and  a  new 
body,  consisting  of  ten  aldermen  and  thirty  councillors 
established.  Tiio  style  of  the  corporate  body  now  is 
the  Mayor,  Aldermen,  and  Burgesses  oftlie  city  of  Car- 
lisle. The  municipal  and  parliamentary  limits  of  the 
city  of  Carlisle  are  co-extensive,  and  comprise  the  town- 
ships of  Rotchergate,  English-street,  Scotch-street, 
Fishcr-strect,  Castle-street,  Abbey-street,  Rickergate, 
Eaglesfiold  Abbey,  and  part  of  Caldewgate  township. 
For  municipal  purposes  the  city  is  divided  into  five 
wards,  the  citizens  or  burgesses  of  each  ward  electing 
si.x  councillor.^,  who  retain  their  office  for  three  years, 
but  are  eligible  to  be  re-elected.  The  aldermen  arc 
elected  by  tlie  councillors,  and  during  their  appoint- 
ment, which  is  sk  years,  they  are  mcmbei-s  of  tlie 
council,  but  possess  no  power  or  authority  above  the 
councillors.  From  the  towii  council,  consisting  of  both 
aldermen  and  councillors,  tlie  mayor  is  chosen  annually, 
lie  is  an  unpaid  officer,  and  the  business  of  the  town 
council  is  transacted  monthly,  at  meetings  which  are 
open  to  the  public.  Since  the  establishment  of  this 
new  body,   many  improvements    have   been   effected, 


including  a  more  efficient  police  establishment,  and 
the  funds  of  the  corporation  are  now  applied  for  the 
advantage  of  the  citizens  generally.  The  funds  of  the 
corporation  amount  to  between  £2,000  and  £3,000  a 
year,  derived  principally  from  rents  and  tolls,  but  the 
latter,  by  an  arrangement  with  the  railway  companies, 
have  been  almost  entirely  commuted.  The  following  is 
a  list  of  the  charters  granted  to  Carlisle  : — 


28th  June,  21st  Edward  I. 
lath  May,  9th  Edward  II. 
I'Jth  .Tanuarr,  Uth  Eiiward  III. 

7th  February,  2Cth  Edward  III. 
2Gth  Mav,  oth  Richard  IT. 
1  Otii  Marc}),  Snd  Henry  I V. 
r2lh  May,  J  3th  Henry  VI. 

Oth  December,  1st  Edward  TV'. 
28th  January,  Ist  Richard  III. 


11th  February,  .3rd  Henry  XTl. 
27th  February,  1st  Henry  VIII. 

Uth  December,  1st  Edward  YI. 
Utli  February,  5th  Elizabeth. 
21st  November,  9th  Elizabeth. 

Ist  May,  2iid  James  I. 
2 1st  July,  13th  Charles  I. 

9th  April,  ICtli  Charles  II. 

3rd  December,  36th  Charles  II. 


I.IST   OF   THE    MAYORS   OF   CARLISLE. 

"The  following  list,"  says  Jefferson,  "has  been  com- 
piled from  the  audit-book  of  the  corporation,  where  the 
names  incidentally  occur.  From  the  circumstance  of 
the  mayoralty  commencing  in  one  year,  and  terminating 
in  the  nest, — in  some  cases,  the  date  given  may  be  the 
year  in  which  the  mayor  was  elected,  whilst  in  others, 
it  may  be  tlis  year  in  which  he  left  office,  but  the  names 
may  be  relied  on  as  being  those  of  the  actual  mayors." 


1.375.  AVilliam  de  London.  1035. 

13S2.  Adam  Blennerhasset.  Ifl30. 

1507.  Robert  Dalton.  1037. 

1598.  Richard  Bell.  l(;3s. 

1599.  Edward  ARlionbye.  1039. 
ICnO.  Henry  Baines.  ].;4n. 
IGOl.  Tlinmas  Blennerhasset.  VAX. 
1(502.  William  Earwise.  1(142. 
10O3.  Richard  Warwick.  ICis. 
1604.  Henry  Baines.  1(!49. 
1(105.  Thomas  Warwick,  juD.  1(150. 
ICOfi.  Thomas  Browne.  1051. 
10117.  Thomas  Blennerhasset.  1652. 
1(jOS.  Thomas  Warwick,  sen.  1053. 

1009.  John  Pattinson.  1054. 

10 10.  Thomas  Pattinson.  1055. 

1011.  Edward  AgUonby.  1650. 

1012.  Thos.  James,  alias  Shapp.lC57. 

1013.  Henry  Brougham.  165R. 

1014.  Thomas  Blennerhasset.  16.59. 

1015.  Itichard  Dell.  1060. 
1010.  Thomas  Warwicke.  1001. 

1017.  Adam  Uobinson.  1602. 

1018.  Thomas  Pattinson.  1063. 

1019.  IMward  AgUonby.  I(i04. 
1620.  Thomas  Blennerhasset  1665. 
1G21.  Thomas  James.  1666. 

1022.  Henry  Baines.  1067. 

1023.  Thomas  Blennerhasset.  166S. 

1624.  Peter  Baynes.  1009. 

1625.  George  Bavnes.  1670. 

1626.  Edward  AgUonby.  lOTl. 
1027.  .Mallliew  Cape.  '  1072. 
lOJS.  William  Uarwise.  1673. 

1629.  IVIor  Baynes.  1074. 

1630.  William  Barwiso.  107,5. 

1031.  K.Iwnrd  Vglionl.y.  1670. 

1032.  William  Barwise.  1077. 

1033.  John  Baynes. 

1U34.  Adtm  Warde.  1078. 


Ambrose  N'icholson. 
William  Barwise. 

Sir  Thomas . 

John  .4glionby. 
John  Aglionby. 
John  Baines. 

Langbome. 

Stanwix. 
F.ichard  Barwise. 
Robert  Collyer. 
Thomas  Crnister. 
Thomas  Craister. 
Cuthbert  Stndholme. 
Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Knt. 
Thomas  Cholmley. 
Thomas  Monke. 
Peter  Noi-man. 
Sir  Peter  Lawson,  Knt. 
Richard  lowry. 
Thomas  Sewell. 
Isaac  TuUie. 
George  Barwick. 
Henrj'  Baines. 
Henry  Baines. 
John  .\ghonby. 
Sir  Philip  MiisgraTe,Bart. 
John  Thouilinson. 
Thomas  Stanwix. 
William  Wilson. 
Thomas  Jackson. 
John  Aglionby. 
Sir  Georgi-  Fletcher,  Hart. 
Sir  Christ. Musgrave,  Bart. 
Itobert  Wilson. 
Thomas  Stanwix. 
Goorge  Barwise. 
William  Tallanlirc 
Charles  (1st  Earl  of  Car- 

Uale). 
Thomas  Warwick. 


136 


CUMBERLAND  WAED. 


1079.  Thomas  .Tackson.  1763. 
1082.  .Toseph  KeeJ.  1~B4. 
IGS.'J.  K(lw.ir.l  (LonlMoqieth).  17(i'). 
1«S4.  .loliii  How.  17(i(l. 
IGnri.  Tliomns  Wai-wkk.  1T(J7. 
lOsn.  Basil  Fielding.  17fi8. 
1687.  Henry  Fletcher.  1709. 
1088.  'Williiim  Nicholson.  1770. 

1080.  Jiinies  Nicolson.  1771. 
1690.  Robert  Jackson.  1772. 
lOlll.  John  How.  1773. 
l(i!)_>.  Willinm  Nicholson,  1775. 
J(IS)t.  William  Rarwise,  1776. 
Kilir).  Jolin  How.  1777. 
1097.  Thomas  Simpson.  1779. 

1698.  Robert  Jackson.  1780. 

1699.  James  Nicholson.  1781. 

1700.  Charles  (3ril  Earl  of  Car-  17X2. 

lisle).  1783. 

1701.  William  Nicholson.  1781. 

1702.  Thomas  Simpson.  1787. 

1703.  John  How.  1788. 

1704.  William  Barwise.  1789. 

1705.  Nicholas  Robinson.  1790. 

1700.  Joseph  Parker.  1791. 
'707.  Thomas  Jackson.  1794. 
170H.  Thomas  CouUhard.  179.'). 

1709.  Thomas  Brougham.  1796. 

1710.  Matthew  Pattinson.  1797. 

1711.  William  Nicholson.  1798. 

1712.  John  Kow.  1799. 

1713.  William  Barwick.  1800. 

1714.  Nicholas  Robinson.  1801. 

1715.  Brigadier  Thos.  Stanwix.  1803. 

1716.  Joseph  Parker.  1803. 

1717.  Thomas  Jackson.  1804. 

1718.  Matthew  Pattinson.  1805. 

1719.  Thomas  Railton.  1800. 

1720.  William  Tate.  1807. 

1721.  Joseph  Jackson.  1808. 

1722.  Timothy  How.  1810. 
1793.  John  James.  1811. 
1724.  Henrv  Hall.  1812. 
172.5.  Joliullow.  1813. 
1720.  Joseph  Parker.  1814. 

1727.  Thnraiis  Railton.  1815. 

1728.  William  Tate.  18)0. 

1729.  Jos,-ph  Jackson.  1817. 

1730.  Timuthv  How.  1818. 

1731.  Henry  Hall.  1819. 

1732.  Thomas  Pattinson.  1820. 

1733.  Thomas  James.  1821. 

1734.  Proctor  finbinson.  1822. 

1735.  Thomas  Railton.  1823. 

1736.  John  Atkinson.  1834. 

1737.  Henrj'  Aslionliy.  1825. 

1738.  Joseph  Backhouse.  18i0. 

1739.  Richard  CouUhard.  1><2S. 

1740.  William  Tate.  1829. 

1741.  Henry  Aelionhv.  1830. 

1742.  Thomas  iPattinson.  1831. 
17415.  Henrv  Aglionby.  1832. 

1744.  Joseph  Backhouse.  1833. 

1745.  George  Pattinson.  1834. 

1746.  James  Graham.  1835. 

1747.  William  Tate.  1830. 
174M.  Joseph  Backhouse.  1837. 
1750.  George  Pattinson.  1838. 
1753.  George  Blamire.  1839. 
1755.  Thomas  Yeats.  1840. 
1750.  Richard  Cook.  1841. 

1757.  Thomas  Coulthard.  1842. 

1758.  Joseph  Backhouse.  1843. 

1759.  Richard  Coulthard.  1844. 

1760.  George  Blamire.  1845. 

1701.  Thomas  Yeats.  1840. 

1702.  Humphrey  Senhouse.  1847. 


Thomas  Coulthard. 
Pilchard  Hodgson. 
John  I'avison. 
Richard  Hodgson. 
John  Pears. 
John  Pearson. 
William  Hodgson. 
Jeremiah  Wherlings. 
Morris  Coulthard. 
George  Dalton. 
George  Harrington. 
Richard  Hodgson. 
William  Hodgson. 
Jeremiah  Wherlings. 
Morris  Coulthard. 
George  Dalton. 
Joseph  Potts. 
Joseph  Gill. 
John  Senhouse. 
Joseph  Gill. 

Sir  Josph.  Senhouse,  Knt. 
Joseph  Potts. 
Richard  Jackson. 
Jeremiah  ^Vherl^ngs. 
Richard  Jackson. 
Jeremiah  Wherlings. 
Richard  Jackson. 
Morris  Coulthard. 
R.  Hodgson. 
Jeremiah  Wherlings. 
Richard  Jackson. 
John  Richardson. 
Jeremiah  Wherlings. 
Richard  Jackson. 
John  Hodgson. 
Thomas  Lowry,  D.D. 
Thomas  Blamire. 
Sir  J.  V.  A.  Gilpin,  Knt. 
Richard  Jackson. 
Thomas  Lowry,  D.D. 
Thomas  Blamire,  M.D. 
Sir  J.  D.  A.  Gilpin,  Knt. 
George  Blamire. 
John  Hodgson. 
Thomas  Lowry,  D.D. 
Thomas  Blamire,  M.D. 
Sir  J.  D.  A.  Gilpin,  Knt. 
John  Hodgson. 
William  Hodgson. 
Thomas  Blamire,  M.D. 
Sir  J.  D.  A.  Gilpin,  Knt. 
,Tohn  Hodgson. 
William  Hodgson. 
Thomas  Blamire,  M.D. 
John  Hodgson. 
Thomas  Blamire,  M.D. 
William  Hodgson. 
William  Hodgson. 
John  Hodgson. 
John  Hodgson. 
Thomas  Lowry,  D.D. 
John  Hodgson. 
AVilliam  Hodgson. 
W.  N.  Hodgson. 
John  Hodgson. 
George  Gill  Mounsey. 
Joseph  Ferguson. 
Peter  Dixon. 
Thomas  C.  Heysham. 
John  Dixon. 
John  Dixon. 
George  Gill  Mounsey. 
George  Dixon. 
Robert  Bendle. 
James  Steel. 
James  Steel. 
George  Belph. 


1818.  William  Stordy. 
1849.  George  Dixon. 
18  50   Joseph  Rome. 

1851.  John  Hewson. 

1852.  Thomas  Nelson. 

1853.  Peter  James  Dixon. 


1854.  Peter  James  Dixon. 

1855.  Robert  Ferguson. 
1850.  Robert  KUiot. 
1857.  George  Mounsey. 
1853.  John  Uowe. 


MEMBERS   OF   PARLIAMENT    FOR   CARLISLE. 

Intimately  connected  with  the  representation  of  the 
city  are  the  incorporated  companies,  or  guilds,  of  which 
Carlisle  comprises  eight,  viz.,  merchants,  butchers, 
smiths,  tailors,  tanners,  weavers,  skinners,  and  shoe- 
makers. The  privileges  of  a  free  burgess  are  restricted 
to  those  who  belong  to  one  or  other  of  these  companies 
or  guilds,  and  consist  in  a  freedom  from  tolls  within 
the  city,  and  the  right  of  voting  in  the  election  of 
members  of  parliament.  No  one  is  admitted  to  these 
guilds  but  the  sons  or  apprentices  of  freemen.  The 
sons  of  burgesses  are  free  of  all  the  guilds  of  which 
their  father  may  be  a  member,  and  also  of  the  guild  or 
trade  to  which  they  have  served  an  apprenticeship.  The 
number  of  freemen  having  the  right  of  voting  for  mem- 
bers of  parliament  was  citrtailed  by  the  Reform  Act, 
which  disfranchised  all  freemen  living  beyond  the  dis- 
tance of  si.K  miles  from  the  city.  They  now  amount  to 
about  one-third  of  the  electoral  body,  or  nearly  400. 
The  number  of  electors  is  1134. 

The  city  of  Carlisle  has  sent  members  to  parliament 
since  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  The  members  were 
elected  by  the  free  burgesses,  the  members  of  the 
various  guilds  of  the  city.  On  a  dispute  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  in  1711,  it  was  declared  that  the  sons  of 
burgesses  born  after  their  freedom,  and  persons  serving 
seven  years'  apprenticeship  within  the  city,  have  a  right 
to  be  made  free.  We  subjoin  a  list  of  the  members  of 
parliament  for  the  city,  from  their  first  summons  to  the 
present  time,  as  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  ascertain. 

Epwakd  L 
1294.  Robert  de  Grenesdale,  Andrew  de  Seller. 
1301.   Heniy  le  Spencer,  Andrew  Serjeant. 
liOl.  Robert  de  Grenesdale,  Alan  do  Grenesdale. 
1305.  Alan  de  Grenesdale. 

Edward  11. 

1307.  Andrew  Serjeant,  Richard  de  Hubrickley. 

1308.  Williatu  Fit'z  Juting,  Robert  Grenesdale. 

1310.  John  de  Crostonc,  WilUaiii  Fitz  Henry. 

1311.  Alan  de  Grenesdale,  Andrew  Fitz  Peter. 
Alan  de  Grenesdale,  William  de  Tailleur. 

1313.  Robert  Grenesdale,  John  Winton. 

1314.  Robert  Grenesdale,  Bernard  Lecatour. 
1318.  Robert  Grenesdale,  Bernard  Poulter. 

Robert  Grenesdale,  Richard  Fitz  Ivo. 
l."21.  John  de  Wilton,  Thomas  de  Calston. 

1326.  John  Fleming,  Nicholas  le  Despencer. 

Edwakd  III. 

1327.  John  Fleming,  Robert  de  Grenesdale. 
Alan  de  Grenesdale,  John  de  Capella. 

1328.  Robert  de  Grenesdale,  Alan  dc  Grenesdale. 
John  de  Haverington,  Simon  de  Sandford. 
Robert  Grenesdale,  John  de  Harding. 


THE   CITY   OF  CARLISLE. 


137 


133i.  John  Havorington,  Simon  Sandford. 
l:i:W.  John  Fleinin;,',  Adam  Crofton. 
Vt'ii.  John  de  I'ickerinj;,  Henry  Pepir. 

John  riemin'_:,  Adam  Crofton. 
1335.  Thomas  Ilardidl,  Thomas  Friskington. 

John  de  lOxhnglon,  Thomas  'Worllifell. 

1337.  Thomas  ilo  Pardishow,  Giles  de  OnetoD. 
John  de  Uenioii,  Adam  Brighton. 

1338.  Thomas  de  Pardishow,  Giles  de  Orreton. 
John  de  Kxlington,  John  de  Bardgit. 
Piiiliert  (irenesdale,  William  Fitz  Ivo. 
Thomas  Baron,  'I'iinma^  de  Fresington, 

1310.  John  Fleming,  Adam  Crofton. 

William  Filz  Henry,  Henry  le  Spencer. 
1341.  Thomas  Hard^il,  John  Fleming. 
1313.  John  Chni)el,  William  Chapel. 
1317.  Adam  Crofton,  Bohert  Tehay. 
Blls.  Adam  Crofton,  Tlipmas  Appleby. 
13.JII.  Uobert  Tebay,  John  de  llaghton. 
13.j.').  William  Artme,  Thomas  Stanley. 
1357.  Thomas  .41aynby,  William  Spencer. 
I3(J().  John  de  Tliorneton,  Alam  do  Aglionby. 
13(i2.  William  .\nhuri-tli,  William  Spencer. 
13(i3.  Adam  HaMcn,  William  Spencer. 
1301.  William  Arthureth,  Bichard  London. 
13(J.'5.  Bi.-hard  Orfenr,  William  Clifton. 
130H.  Adam  Aglionhy,  William  de  Clitford. 
13()!l.  William  Arthmet,  John  de  Wavcrton. 

1371.  John  de  Whillawc 

1372.  William  Hanghton,  William  Carlisle. 

1373.  Thomas  Tayleur,  Fuchard  Denton. 
137(1.  Bicliard  Denton,  John  (!«>  Bnrgh. 

1377.  Itichard  Dontun,  John  de  Burgh. 

ElCHARD    II. 

1378.  llobert  Carlisle,  John  Levington. 

1379.  Ilohert  Carlisle,  —  Parker. 

1383.  William  Osmunderlaw,  John  Skelton. 
1383.  Ilichord  Loudon,  John  de  Appleby. 

Stephen  de  Carlisle,  Thomas  Bolton. 
13S4.  Bicliard  London,  John  Blennerhasset. 
13»5.  William  .Vgiionby,  John  Gemot. 
138fi.  .\dain  de  Denton,  F.obert  de  Bristow. 
1387.  I'.obcrt  d?  Carlisle,  William  Aglionby. 
138K.  John  de  Corkeby,  Nicholas  Leveston. 

13h!).  Adam  da  Kirkbride 

1301.  Jidin  Monceanx,  Robert  Bristow. 
13;).;.  John  P.oddesdale,  John  do  Wek. 
J3!ll.  John  de  Unidiaui,  John  Moiiceaux. 
13!)n.  John  Helton,  John  Brugham. 
13117.  liobert  Briston-,  John  Uriston-. 
Hknuy  IV. 
13!)!l.  John  Helton,  Bobert  Bristowe. 
1401.  Thomas  Bolton,  Uoliert  Bristowe. 
140(J.  Thomas  do  Darle,  William  Mulcastre. 

Hknry  V. 

1413.  Hohprt  de  Carlisle,  Bnlph  Blennerhasset 

1414.  Bobert  de  Carlisle,  William  de  Cardoyll. 

1415.  P.obert  Lancastro,  William  Bell. 
1117.  Itoberl  Carlisle,  Willinni  Cardoyll. 
14°H.  William  Alanchestre,  John  Thompson. 

Henuy  VI. 
1432.  Boliprt  Cardoyll,  Bicliard  Gray. 
1437.  John  Helton,  William  Camberton. 
1421).  Thomas  Derwent,  .\ilnm  Havcrington. 
1430.  Everard  Barwiok,  Bobert  Clerk. 
1432.  Richanl  Hrislow,  Bichard  Bawleke. 

1434.  Willinni  Northing,  Nicholas  Thompson. 

1435.  r.ii'hard  Tlioriibnrgh,  Ilowland  Wherton. 
143(1.  Bobert  Mason,  Thomas  Marescall. 
1441.  John  HIennerhnsset,  William  Buckler. 
141(1.  Thomas  Stnnlaw,  George  Walton. 

144H.  Bobert  Carlisle,  Richard  Alanson. 
1440.  Richard  t  iiatlerley,  Thomas  Chatterley. 
1150.  Richard  Alanson,  Alun  d  Malevercr. 
1353.  John  Skdton,  Bowland  Vaux. 
1104.  John  Bcrc,  Tliomas  Derwent. 
IS 


1159. 


ur.7. 

1473. 


Richard  Berverley,  Thomas  Rukin. 

Edwaiii)  IV. 
Henry  Denton,  Richard  George. 
Robert  Skelton,  John  Coldale. 

Heskv  VIIL 


1541.  William  Stapylton. 

Edward  VI. 
1547.  Edward  Aglionby,  Thomas  Dalston. 
1553.  Edward  Aglionby,  John  Dudley. 

Map.y. 
1553,  John  Aglionby,  Simon  Bristow. 

Robert  Whitley,  Richard  Mynsho. 

Piiii.ip  ANn  JIary. 

1553.  Richard  Whitley,  Richard  llynsho. 

1554.  William  Middleton,  William  Warde. 

1555.  Richaid  Asheton,  Robert  Dalton. 

Elizabeth. 

1558.  Richard  Asheton,  William  Mulcastre. 

1563.  Richard  Asheton,  William  Mulcastre. 

1570.  Robert  Bowes,  Chi-istopher  Musgrave. 

1571.  Thomas  Pattinson,  Thomas  Tallentyre. 
15S4.  Edwaid  Aglionby,  Thomas  Blennerhasset. 
1585.  Henry  Mc. William,  Thomas  Blennerhasset. 
J58S.  Henry  Scroope,  John  Dalston. 

1593.  Henry  Scroope,  Edward  Aglionby. 
1590.  Henry  Scroope,  Thomas  Stanford. 

1000.  Henry  Scroope,  John  Dudley. 

James  I. 
1003.  Thomas  Blennerhasset,  William  Barwick. 

1014.  Henry  Fane 

ICaO.  Heni-y  Fane,  George  Butler. 
1023.  Henry  Fane,  Edward  Aglionby. 

Charles  I. 
1C35.  Henry  Fane,  Edward  Aglionby. 
Henry  Fane,  Richard  Graham. 
1037.  Richard  Barwick,  Richard  Graham. 

1039.  William  Dalston,  Richard  Barwick. 

1040.  William  Dalston,  Richard  Barwick. 

Commonwealth. 
1055.  Col.  Thomas  Filch. 
1057.  Col.  George  Downing. 
1059.  Col.  George  Downing,  Thomas  Craister. 
1(500.  William  Briscoe,  Jeremy  Tolhurst. 

Charles  II. 

1001.  Philip  Howard,  Christopher  JIusgrave. 

1079.  Philip  Howard,  Christopher  Mnsgrave. 

1080.  Edward  Lord  Morpeth,  Christopher  Musgrave. 

James  II. 
1085.  Christopher  Musgrave,  James  Graham. 

William  III. 

1089.  Christopher  Musgrave,  Jeremiah  Bubb. 

1090.  Jeremiah  Bubb,  Christopher  Musgrave. 

William  Lowther 

James  Lowther 

1C94.  William  Howard,  James  Lowther. 
1697.  William  Howard,  Jnines  Lowther. 
1099.  Philip  Howard,  James  Lowther. 
170(1.  Philip  Howard,  James  Lowther. 

Anne. 
1703.  Christopher  Musgrave,  Thomas  Staniriz. 
1705.  Thomas  Stanwix,  Jamos  Montague. 
1708.  Thomas  Stanwix,  James  Montague. 
17 III.  Thomas  Stanwix,  Jomes  Monlagiio. 
1713.  Christopher  .Afusgravo,  Thomas  Stanwix. 

George  I. 
1711.  Thomas  Stanwix,  WiUiam  Strickland. 

Henry  Aghonby 

1731.  James  Batcman,  llenrj-  Aglionby. 

Georoe  II. 
1737.  Charles  Howard,  John  llyltoii. 
1733.  Cburle^  Howard,  John  lljlton. 


138 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


1740.  Charles  HowarJ,  .Tnhn  Hylton. 
.  .liilin  Stanwix. 
1717.  Charles  Howard,  John  Stanwix. 
1751.  Chai-les  Howard,  J  ohu  Stanwix. 

Geokge  III. 
17fiO.  Raby  Vane,  Henrj-  Curwen. 
1707.  Lord  J'Mward  lientinci,  George  Musgrave. 
1774.  Fletcher  Norton,  Anthony  Storer. 
Walter  Stanliope. 

1780.  Earl  of  Surrey,  'Wmiam  Lowther. 

1781.  Earl  of  Smrey,  Edward  Norton. 

1780.  J.  Christian,  on  the  elevation  of  the  Earl  of  Surrey  to  the 

peerage. 
1787.  Rowland  Stephenson,  on  E.  Norton's  demise. 
17!)0.  J.  C.  Curwen,  Wilson  Bradyll. 
17n(i.  J.  C.  Curwen,  Sir  F.  Fletcher  Vane,  Bait 
1802.  J.  C.  Curwen,  Spencer  Stanhope. 
1800.  .T.  C.  Curwen,  Spencer  Stanhope. 
1807.  J.  C.  Curwen,  Spencer  Stanliope. 
1812.  Sir.T.  (irahani.  Hart.  (Edmond  Castle),  Henry  Fawcclt 

1810.  J.  C.  Curwen,  on  the  deaili  of  H.  Fawcett. 
1818.  Sir  James  Graham,  Bart.,  J.  C.  Curwen. 

GEoncF.  r\'. 

1820.  Sir  .Tames  Graham,  Burt.,  J.  C.  Curwen. 

1820.  William  James,  on  Jlr.  Curwen's  election  for  the  comity. 

1825.  Sir  Philip  Jlus^'rave,  Bart.,  on  the  death  of  Sir  James 
Graham,  BarU 

1820.  Sir  P.  JIusgrave,  Bart.,  Right  Hon.  Sir  J.  K.  G.  Graham, 
Bart. 

18S7.  Col.  I.ushington,  on  Sir  P.  Jlusgrave's  decease. 

1820.  Sir  William  Sco!t,  Bart.,  cu  Sir  J.  R.  G.  Graham's  elec- 
tion for  the  county. 

Wn,i,iAM  IV. 
1830.  Col.  Lnshington,  P.  H.  Howard. 
18:31.  Philio  H.  Howard,  William  James. 
1832.  Pliilip  H.  Howard,  William  James. 

1834.  Philip  H.  Howard,  William  Marshall. 

1835.  Philip  H.  Howard,  William  Marshall. 

VicToniA. 
1837.  Philip  Henry  Howard,  William  Marshall. 

1811.  Philip  Henry  Howard,  William  Marshall. 
1817.  John  Pixon,  W.  N.  Hodsson.i 

181S.  I'hilip  Henry  Howard,  W.  N.  Hodgson, 
l^.^l.  Sir  James  Graliam,  Joseph  Ferguson. 
1857.  Sir  James  Graham,  Vi'.  N.  Hodgson. 


poor.    LAW    UNION*. 

Carlisle  I'oor  Law  Union  is  divided  into  six  sub- 
districts,  viz.,  St.  Cutbbert's,  comprising  the  townships 
of  Carleton,  High  Blackwell.  Low  Blacliwell,  Ilarraliy, 
Upperbj-,  Brisco,  Botcherbj,  Botcbergate,  Englisli- 
street,  and  Wreay  Cbapehy;  St.  Mary's,  embracing 
Scotch-street,  Fisher-street,  Castle-strcot,  Abbey-street, 
Piiclcergate,  and  Caldewgate  townships,  with  the  extra- 
parochial  place  called  Eaglesficld  Abbey;  Burgh, 
including  the  parishes  of  Beaumont,  Giinsdale,  Ivirk- 
andrews,  and  Burgh-on-Sands,  with  the  townships  of 
Boustead  Hill,  Longburgh,  and  Moorhouse ;  Dalston, 
which  contains  the  township  of  Orton,  Baldwiuholme, 
Cummersdale,  Dalston,  Buchabank,  Eaughton  and 
Gatesgill,  Ivegill,  Hawkesdale,  and  Cumdevock  ;  Stan- 
wix, comprising  the  townships  of  Stanwix,  Eickerby, 
Linstock,  Tarraby,  Houghton,  Etterby,  Stainton,  Cai-go, 

■  Electiou  declared  void  March,  1848. 


Churcli  Town  Quarter,  Castle  Town  Quarter,  and  the 
extra-parochial  place  called  Kingmoor:  Wethcral,  con- 
sisting of  Walby,  Brunstock,  Low  Crosby,  High  Crosby, 
Aglionby,  Warwick,  Warwick  Bridge,  Great  Corby, 
Wetheral,  Coathill  with  Cumwhinton,  and  Scotby 
townships.  The  area  of  the  union  is  70,810  statute 
acres.  Its  population  in  1851  was  41, ,157,  of  whom 
20,138  were  males,  and  21,419  females.  The  number 
of  inhabited  houses  at  the  same  period  was  C92.8, 
of  uninhabited  105,  and  57  were  in  course  of  erec- 
tion. 

This  union  possesses  three  workhouses,  viz.,  St. 
Mary'Sj  for  the  reception  of  iiifinu  paupers ;  St.  Cutb- 
bert's, for  able-bodied  paupers;  and  Caldewgate,  for 
children.  St.  Mary's  Workliouse,  situated  near  Irish 
Gate  Brow,  was  erected  in  1 785,  for  the  reception  of 
tlie  paupers  of  the  four  townships  of  St.  IMary's  parish 
within  the  city ;  it  is  a  large  building,  with  a  spacious 
yard  attached.  St.  Cutbbert's  Workhouse,  on  Harraby 
Hill,  was  built  in  1809,  at  a  cost  of  about  £4,000, 
including  furniture,  &c.  It  is  a  large  structure,  cover- 
ing an  area  of  ground,  which  was  purchased  with  a 
bequest  of  £20  aided  by  parish  money.  Caldewgate 
Workhouse,  on  Coal  Fell  Hill,  is  a  plain  brick  building, 
erected  in  1&Q9,  at  an  expense  of  £750,  and  has  since 
been  enlarged  and  otherwise  much  improved. 

The  following  statement  of  accounts  shows  the  re- 
ceipts, expenditure,  and  balances  for  the  year  ending 
25th  March,  1858.  Balance  in  favour  of  parishes  last 
year,  £2,011  3s.  3Jd. ;  payments  and  workhouse  rents 
during  the  year,  £14,821  Os.  4d.;  balance  against 
parishes  at  the  end  of  this  year,  £223  3s.  Sid. ;  total, 
£16,255  7s.  3Jd.  Averages,  £00,874:  number  of 
paupers,  in-door,  1050;  out-door,  6053;  balance  against 
parishes  last  year,  £40  13s.  4J-d.;  in-uiaintenancc, 
£1,299  10s.  2H-;  out-relief,  £2,419  9s.  3d.;  relief  to 
irremovable  poor,  £4,072  7s.:  lunatics  in  asylum, 
£458  Is.  9d.;  e.xtra  medical  fees,  £13  10s.;  vacci- 
nation fees,  £54  12s.  6d.;  registration  fees,  £135  16s. 
Gd.;  coimty  and  police  rate,  £1,807  8s.  Id.;  establish- 
ment charges,  £1,714  lis.  Od.;  collectors'  salaries,  Sec: 
£326  lis.  9d.;  total  expenditure  this  year,  £18,13;; 
Gs.  lljd.;  total  expenditure  for  the  year  ending  March, 
1857,  £12,243  Us.  Hd.;  increase  £1,032  Os.  lOJd.; 
diminution,  £142  6s.;  balance  in  favour  of  parishes, 
£2,940  12s.  4d.;  total,  £10,225  7s.  3ad.  The  ave- 
rage weekly  number  of  in-door  paupers  for  the  first  half 
year  was  236,  for  the  second  half-year,  237.  The 
weekly  cost  per  head  was  as  follows  : — first  half-year, 
food  and  necessaries,  2s.  7id-;  clothing,  3id.;  total, 
2s.  lid.;  second  h.-ilf-year,  food  and  necessaries,  2s.  9Jd.; 
clothing,  SJd.;  total,  oa.  2id. 


i 


THE  CITY  OF  CARLISLE. 


13a 


ASTllJUITIES. 

In  giving  au  account  of  the  antiquities  found  in 
Carlisle,  it  must  necessarily  prove  brief  and  imperfect, 
from  the  limited  space  at  our  disposal.  A  parti- 
cular account  of  all  the  Roman  remains  which  have 
been  found  in  this  city,  would  alone  fill  volumes.  Car- 
lisle may  indeed  be  said  to  be  Roman  in  its  soil  and 
foundation,  since  no  search  cau  he  made  beneath  the 
surface  without  turning  from  its  resting  place  of  nearly 
two  thousand  years  some  valuable  relic  of  antiquity,  the 
cunning  workmanship  of  the  imperial  masters  of  the 
world.  Many  centuries  have  elapsed  since  the  Romans 
left  Carlisle,  and  during  that  time  the  spade  and  a.\e  have 
been  continually  bringing  to  light  some  of  the  concealed 
proofs  of  their  having  had  a  residence  in  the  city ;  and 
yet  the  store  is  uue.xhausted ;  year  after  year  some  fresh 
memorials  are  continually  dug  up,  and  additional  relics 
brought  to  light  to  be  preserved  in  the  cabinets  of  the 
curious. 

A  labourer  who  was  excavating  some  ground  iu  Fisher- 
slreet,  in  ITf^iJ,  met  with  a  large  quantity  of  silver  coins, 
within  a  few  feet  of  the  surface.  The}"  were  in  a  state 
of  high  preservation,  and  consisted  of  those  of  Vitellius, 
Vespxsiau,  Titus,  Domitian,  Hadrian,  Antouinus  Pius, 
Commodus,  and  the  Empress  i'austiua. 

In  the  year  1787,  ia  making  a  drain  in  Scotch- 
street,  two  Roman  altars  were  found,  one  of  which  had 
figures  in  bas-rt.lief,  but  without  any  inscription,  and  was 
much  mutilated.  The  other  altar,  an  account  of  which 
was  sent  by  Mr.  Rooke  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
was  in  better  preservation.  It  has  a  figure  in  bas- 
relief,  which  that  gentleman  supposed  to  represent 
Silvauus,  or  some  other  rural  deity,  holding  a  I'ara  in 
his  right  hand ;  but  the  Messrs.  Lysons  suppose  it  to 
Iiave  been  intended  for  a  goat ;  the  left  hand  holds  what 
jippears  meant  for  a  patera  or  cup. 

At  the  latter  end  of  the  last  century,  some  workmen 
discovered,  near  the  West  Walls,  between  the  citadel 
and  the  deanery,  the  top  of  a  stone  arch  ;  and  on 
removing  some  of  the  stones,  they  gained  an  entrance 
into  an  arched  room,  thirty  feet  in  length,  twelve  feet 
in  breadth,  and  fifteen  feet  liigh  in  the  centre.  The 
end  was  not  so  lofiy,  and  rather  narrower  :  it  was  sup- 
posed to  have  had  communication  with  other  similar 
rooms,  the  entrance  to  which  was  walled  up.  A  circular 
funnel  of  stone-work  rose  from  otip  side  of  the  room  to 
the  footpath  on  the  walls,  where  it  was  covered  by  a 
largo  flat  stone.  Another  funnel,  nearly  square,  ex- 
tended from  the  middle  of  the  arch  towards  the  city ; 
this  was  about  two  feet  broad,  and  three  feet  high. 
Search  was  made  into  it,  but  it  was  found  to  be  choked 
up  with  rubbish.    A  vase,  and  the  thigh-bone  and  parts 


of  the  ribs  of  a  bison,  were  found  iu  this  cui'ious  ca\aty. 
The  ribs  were  about  four  inches  broad. 

Iu  1804,  an  accidental  discovery  was  made  in  SeweU's 
Lane,  Scotch-street,  of  a  small  aperture  in  the  ground, 
having  the  appearance  of  a  communication  with  a  sub- 
terraneous passage.  This  e.xcited  curiosity,  and  it  was 
found  there  was  a  wall  beneath,  of  the  depth  of  twenty- 
seven  feet,  twenty-four  of  which  were  water.  The 
earth  was  removed,  and  the  workmen  then  found  them- 
selves ou  the  brink  of  an  abyss,  whose  depth  no  light 
could  render  visible,  and  into  which  the  rubbish  fell 
with  a  hollow  reverberation.  After  this  large  opening 
was  emptied  of  the  water,  they  found  a  loose  bottom, 
composed  of  clay,  and  mixed  with  the  bones  and  oifal 
of  animals,  among  which  was  the  head  of  a  bullock  or 
cow,  with  the  horns  as  perfect  as  when  slain.  Amidst 
this  heterogeneous  mixture,  they  brought  up  two  Roman 
sacrificial  vases,  of  beautiful  workmauship,  with  carved 
handles,  ornamented  with  figures  in  alto-relief.  One  of 
these  vases  was  very  perfect,  and  measured  above  eleven 
inches  in  height,  and  twenty-one  inches  in  circum- 
ference. They  were  both  very  elegant  in  their  form, 
and  resembling  Etruscan  vases.  From  the  number  of 
bones  found,  it  was  conjectured  that  this  had  been  a 
place  where  the  Romans  had  been  accustomed  to  offer 
their  sacrifices,  and  from  the  style  and  workmanship 
displayed  in  the  vases,  they  were  attributed  to  the  period 
between  the  reigus  of  Xerva  and  Mai'cus  Aurelius.  Xo 
inscription,  however,  was  discovered  to  attach  any 
certainty  to  these  conjectures  of  their  probable  date. 
This  description  of  vase,  generally  known  by  the  title 
prafericidum,  was  appropriated  for  containing  the  in- 
cense used  iu  sacrifice.  The  two  vases  are  formed  of 
metal,  appearing  to  be  a  composition  of  brass,  era  kmd 
of  bronze,  refined  to  a  degree  capable  of  being  exqui- 
sitely WTOUght  aud  of  bearing  a  high  polish.  Their  tops 
and  bottoms  have  evident  marks  of  having  been  turned 
and  finished  in  a  lathe.  The  handles  contain  four  dis- 
tinct tiei"s  of  figures  or  groups  in  bas-relief,  illustm- 
tive  of  sacrificial  rites.  The  upper  tier  represents  two 
persons  preparing  a  bullock  for  sacrifice  :  the  second,  a 
bear  held  for  a  similai-  purpose  ;  the  third,  a.  priest, 
habited  in  sacerdotal  robes,  holding  a  victim  ou  au  altar: 
and  the  lower  one,  the  most  beautiful  of  the  four  tiers, 
represents  on  one  side,  a  man  iu  armour,  holding  a 
knife,  and  another  person  presenting  a  sheep  or  Iamb 
for  slaughter;  on  the  other  side  is  a  priest  with  a  knii'o 
or  sword.  These  most  curious  vases  were  sold  as  old 
brass  by  the  labourers  who  discovered  them,  for  the 
sum  of  eighteen-pcnce  I  But  they  were  eventually 
secured  from  being  melted  dowu,  and  purchased  by  the 


140 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


late  Mr.  Towiilcy,  the  antiquariiiii.  They  are  now  pre- 
served in  the  iiritish  Museum. 

Horsley  describes  a  Roman  inscription  which  he  saw 
at  Carlisle : — 

LEG.   VI. 

VIC.    PF. 

C.   P.  K.  F. 

■which  he  reads, — Lcffio  scxta  vktrix  pia  fidclis  Gcnio 
Popiili  Eomani  fecit.  Camden  speaks  of  it  iu  his  time 
as  being  "  in  the  garden  of  Thomas  Middletou,"  but  it 
appears  to  have  been  destroyed  or  removed,  and 
Hutchinson  says  it  was  unknown  what  had  become 
of  it. 

In  1809,  some  men  employed  in  digging  a  cellar, 
also  in  Fisher  street,  discovered  the  handle  of  a  Ronian 
vase,  made  of  stone  and  highly  ornamented,  with  a 
small  hand-mill,  also  of  Roman  origin.  These  remains 
of  antiquity  were  found  beneath  two  distinct  pavements, 
■which  were  exposed  in  excavating  the  eartli.  Pave- 
ment has  been  frequently  discovered  at  the  depth  of 
from  ten  to  eighteen  feet  below  the  present  surface  of 
the  city ;  proving  beyond  doubt  the  devastation  com- 
mitted by  the  Picts  and  the  Danes. 

In  digging  the  foundations  for  the  new  gaol,  many  spe- 
cimens of  Roman  antiquities  were  found  on  the  site  of 
the  convent  of  the  Black  Friars.  At  the  depth  of  fifteen 
feet  from  the  surface,  a  tank  was  discovered,  composed 
of  oak  frames  and  boards  of  very  rude  workmanship,  and 
stuffed  all  round  with  a  light  blue  clay  rarely  to  be  met 
with  in  this  neighbourhood.  They  found  two  pitchers 
in  the  tank  ;  and  also  several  fragments  of  red  earthen- 
■ware,  bearing  ornaments  in  bas-relief;  coins  of  Vespa- 
sian, Trajan,  Autonius  Pius,  Tacitus,  &c. ;  various  urns 
containing  bones;  and  two  sandals,  or  shoe-soles;  these 
were  embedded  in  a  stratum  of  rubbish,  of  the  depth  of 
from  twelve  to  twenty-seven  feet,  which  covered  the 
natural  soil.  These  antiquities  are  now  in  the  valuable 
collection  of  Mr.  C.  Hodgson. 

On  excavating  the  earth  on  Stanwix  bank,  in  1812, 
in  a  field  belonging  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  preparatory 
to  building  the  bridge  over  the  Eden,  the  workmen  found 
at  about  four  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  gi'ound,  the 
capital  and  part  of  a  pillar  of  the  Tuscan  order,  which 
was  fifteen  inches  in  diameter,  and  lying  horizontally. 
An  aqueduct  was  also  discovered,  formed  of  large  stones 
laid  with  cement,  and  several  pieces  of  hewn  stone  and 
large  bricks.  The  base  of  a  massive  column  with 
pedestal  were  dug  up,  about  five  feet  below  the  surface, 
near  the  same  place,  in  1815.  In  the  following  year,  on 
widening  and  impro\-ing  the  road  at  that  place,  a  very 
large  quantity  of  human  bones  was  discovered  in  a 
vault  about  eight  feet  long  and  four  in  breadth,  which 


was  flagged  at  the  bottom,  lined  with  el^y,  and  covered 
at  the  top  with  earth  about  a  foot  in  dejith.  A  fragment 
of  Roman  pottery  was  found  at  the  time,  with  this  in- 
scription on  the  rim  —  s  a  i;  r  r,  which  may  probably 
mean,  Scvcrus  Ai(yustus  licsliliitor  Romanorum  Imiicrii, 
in  allusion  to  the  services  rendered  to  the  Roman  empire 
by  Sevcrus,  in  checking  the  irruptions  of  the  northern 
barbarians. 

In  1899,  during  the  excavations  made  at  Gallow  Hill, 
near  this  city,  for  the  purpose  of  levelling  the  turnpike 
road,  a  considerable  number  of  interesting  remains  of 
antiquity  were  found.  Gallow  Hill  is  an  e.\tremely 
interesting  place,  not  only  from  its  having  been  the 
place  selected  for  the  execution  of  the  rebels  of  1745,' 
but  also  from  its  being  on  the  line  of  the  great  Roman 
road  from  Lugubalia  to  Voreda,  and  from  the  evidences 
of  its  being  a  place  of  sepulture  during  the  Roman 
period.  AVhcn  the  road  was  levelled  through  this  hill, 
many  Roman  urns,  lamps,  jet  rings,  lachrymatories,  and 
coins,  were  found,  and  also  the  head  of  a  statue,  the 
capital  of  a  Corinthian  column,  and  a  well  executed 
sepulchral  stone,  in  good  preservation.  This  latter 
represents  a  female,  in  alto-relievo,  three  feet  long,  and 
one  foot  two  inches  and  a  half  broad.  The  stone  itself 
is  a  red  freestone,  live  feet  four  inches  long,  two  feet 
nine  inches  and  a  half  in  width,  and  about  seven  inches 
in  thickness.  The  figure  is  holding  a  llowcr  in  her  left 
hand,  and  underneath  is  the  following  inscription,  in 
letters  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length : — 

D  •  M  •  AVR  •  AVRELIA  •  VIX  •  SIT 

ANN'OS  xxxxi  VLPns  ■ 

APOLINAEIS  •  COSJVGI  •  CAEISSIJIE 

rosviT. 
The  following  reading  has  been  suggested  as  coiTcct : — 
Diis  Manibus  Aitrelui.  Aurclia  virit  annos  41.  L'lpius 
Apolinaris  coiijiigi  carissinne  posuit ;  or.  To  the  Dii 
manes  of  Aurelia.  .'\urelia  lived  41  years.  Ulpius 
Apolinaris  placed  (or  consecrated)  this  to  his  most  dear 
wife.  The  same  year  a  silver  buckle,  or  fibula,  with 
the  inscription,  "jhestjs  na.," — Jesus  Kazarcniis,  was 
found  in  a  garden  in  Botchergate. 

In  1830,  when  the  workmen  were  digging  for  the 
foundation  of  the  Newsroom  and  the  adjoining  houses, 
iu  Devonshire  street,  they  found  a  great  quantity  of 
Roman  antiquities,  particularly  the  remains  of  a  bath ; 
also  some  portions  of  the  pillars  which  were  supposed 
to  have  belonged  to  the  convent  of  Grey  Friars.    A  part 


'GiUlow  Hill  is  commemorated  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  the  "Heart 
of  Mid  Lotbiau,"  as  tbe  scene  of  tbe  executions  in  17-l(i.  Until 
nearly  lli»^  end  of  last  century  tbe  remains  of  tbe  gibbet  were  to  be 
seen ;  and  at  tlie  foot  of  it,  tbe  asbes  of  tbe  lire  used  in  burning  the 
bodies  of  those  who  suffered  for  high  treason. 


4 


THE   CITY  OF  CARLISLE. 


141 


of  a  Eoman  jug  was  also  found,  most  singularly  orna- 
mented with  grotesque  faces,  which  is  now  preserved 
in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Christopher  Hodgson,  of  this 
city. 

A  large  nuinlior  of  curiosities  was  discovered  in 
various  parts  of  Carlisle  while  the  workmen  were  en- 
gaged in  the  recent  operations  connected  with  the 
sewerage  of  the  city.' 

CHARITIES. 

Biillcij's  Chnrit'j. — The  sum  of  fifty  shillings  is  paid 
out  of  the  funds  of  the  coqioration  of  Carlisle,  as  Piid- 
ley's  Charity,  hut  the  origin  of  it  is  unknown.  The 
corporation  fix  upon  some  day  in  the  month  of  Septera- 
her  yearly,  when  the  sum  is  distributed  by  the  mayor, 
amongst  fifty  poor  women,  who  attend  at  the  Town  Hall 
to  receive  it. 

Woodle's  Charity. — The  sum  of  forty  shillings  yearly 
is  also  paid  out  of  the  funds  of  the  corporation,  and  dis- 
tributed in  the  month  of  December,  in  like  manner, 
amongst  forty  poor  women,  as  Woodle's  Charity.  The 
origin  of  this  is  also  unknown. 

Pott's  Charity. — Maiy  Potts,  who  died  in  181-1  or 
1815,  bequeathed  to  the  corporation  of  Carlisle  £30, 
the  interest  thereof  to  bo  distributed  annually  at  Christ- 
mas, amongst  six  poor  widows  of  freemen  of  Carlisle, 
and  si.\  spinsters,  daughters  of  deceased  freemen,  of  the 
age  of  forty  years  and  upwards  ;  the  said  widows  and 
spinsters  to  be  nominated  by  the  mayor  for  the  time 
being.  This  legacy,  after  the  payment  of  the  duty 
thereon,  was  paid  to  the  corporation  in  1S15,  but  they 
agreed  to  pay  the  interest  of  the  full  sum  of  C30  out  of 
their  funds,  notwithstanding  the  deduction  above  men- 
tioned. One  moiety  of  the  interest  has  been  distributed 
annually  by  the  chamberlain  to  si.x  poor  widows. 

Tjord  Whrirtnn's  BUdc  Charity. — This  city  is  entitled 
to  receive  a  certain  number  of  bibles  from  Lord  Whar- 
ton's Bible  Charity.  They  are  usually  sent  to  the  Dean 
of  Carlisle,  and  disposed  of  by  him. 

KlIINENT    MEN. 

We  subjoin  an  alphabetical  list  of  those  eminent  men, 
who,  having  distinguished  themselves  in  their  several 
pursuits,  have  lent  a  lustre  to  the  plnco  of  their  birth, 
and  have  bccomo  the  pride  of  their  fellow  citizens : — 

'On  npplying  tn  Hfr.  Cortinoll,  city  IrcnsuriT,  for  nn  nrcouiit  of 
those  nnlii)uilip9,  lie  kindly  infnnncd  119  tliat  tlioy  lind  been  out  of 
his  ImmlH  fur  some  time,  for  tlio  purpose  of  rlnssilicntion,  nnd  liiul 
not  yet  been  ri'lurned  ;  lint  ho  proiniseil  tlitit  n-s  soon  as  he  rercivcd 
them  we  should  henr  from  liini.  We  therefore  liope  10  be  able  to 
gire  some  account  of  tliem  in  a  subsequent  porliou  of  our  work. 


Aglionby,  John,  n.D.,  divine  and  linguist,  one  of  the  eminent 
men  engnjed  in  the  translation  of  the  New  Testament  by 
James  I.,  in  1604;  horn  about  1565;  died,  1009. 

Anderson,  llohert,  poet,  the  "Cumberland  Bard;"  died  in 
Carlisle  in  1S33. 

Bacon,  John,  author,  WTitor  of  a  nnmber  of  essays  tending  to 
promote  public  and  patriotic  institutions,  and,  in  178(i,  of  a 
larger  work  entitled  "Liber  Regis,  vel  Thesaurus  Eerum 
I'Jcclesiasticnrum." 

BestjWilliaiu  Thomas, musician, celebrated  organist;  bom,  1820. 

Bell,  John,  engineer,  who  made  several  improvements  in  the  art 
of  gunnery. 

Bowman,  Bobert,  mathematician,  who,  though  blind  from 
infancy,  made  considerable  progress  in  the  various  depart- 
ments of  science  and  literature. 

Carlyle,  Joseph  Dacre,  divine,  traveller  in  the  East,  Arabic 
scholar,  and  poet;  died,  1804. 

Harrington,  llobert,  physician,  and  author  of  several  works  on 
chemical  subjects. 

Gilpin,  Sir  Joseph  J 'acre  .\ppleby,  physician,  who  rendered  great 
service  to  the  army,  with  which  he  was  connected  for  a 
lengthened  period. 

Gilpin  Sawrey,  E.A.,  artist,  superior  painter  of  animals,  and 
engraver ;  horn,  1783 ;  died,  1807. 

Head,  Grey,  eminent  painter;  died,  1800. 

Jefferson,  Samuel,  historian,  &<:. ;  died  in  London  a  few  years  ago. 

Morris,  Capt.  Thomns,  song  writer  and  biographer;  died,  1732. 

Mulcaster,  Richard.  i\I.A.,  divine,  poet,  hnguist,  and  master  of 
Merchant  Tailors'  School;  died,  ICll. 

Stephenson,  Joseph,  landscape  painter;  born,  175R;  died,  1792. 

Thompson,  William,  mathematician,  about  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century. 

Strong,  Joseph,  mechanic,  lived  in  King's  Arms-lane.  He  was 
blind  from  infancy,  yet  he  made  a  fine-toned  organ  and  other 
musical  instruments,  altogether  with  liis  own  hands.  He 
was  also  tailor  to  bis  family,  and  made  part  of  his  own  furni- 
ture; died,  1803. 

Tullie,  Thomas,  learned  divine  and  controversialist;  horn,  1G20; 
died,  107.')  0. 

Wilkinson,  Rev.  Joseph,  author. 

AMUSEMENTS,    CUSTOMS,    ETC. 

The  principle  amusements  of  the  people  of  Carlisle, 
as  well  as  those  of  tlic  whole  country,  are  wrestling 
and  quoits.  They  know  nothing  of  bowls,  football,  or 
cricket.  The  last-named  is  played  mildly  by  boys  of 
the  middle  and  upper  classes. 

The  best  attended  ceremony  is  that  of  a  funeral.  At 
one  time  the  bellman  went  round,  to  announce  that  on 
a  certain  day  and  hour  so-and-so  would  be  buried  at 
such  a  place.  This  custom  still  lingers.  Perhaps  one 
or  two  hundred  persons  may  accompany  the  corpse  of 
a  neighbour  to  church,  most  of  whom  never  attend  a 
place  of  worship  at  other  times.  Tlicy  attacli  great 
importance  to  the  churchyard  whcro  their  relatives 
have  been  buried ;  and  tiie  middle  class,  and  some  even 
of  the  upper,  will  attend  a  church  chiclly  for  the  reason 
that  their  departed  relatives  are  interred  in  the  church- 
yard adjoining.  It  is  also  a  custom  for  ladies  to  attend 
the  interment,  wearing  black  silk  scarfs  over  their  bon- 
nets, with  the  broad  ends  banging  down,  not  unlike 
the-head  dress  of  the  Swiss  peasantry. 


18  ft 


142 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


PARISH    OF    ST.    CUTHBERT. 

This  parish,  as  at  present  constituted,  consists  of  English-street  township,  comprising  the  principal  shops  of  the 
citr,  and  numerous  lanes  and  courts  closely  packed  together,  with  the  residences  of  a  few  geutrv  and  professional 
men.  The  majorily  of  the  inhabitants  are  hand-loom  weavei-s,  who  are,  for  the  most  part,  generally  in  ver}'  straitened 
circumstances,  in  consequence  of  the  variable  rate  of  wages.  The  area  of  English-street  township  is  1,5 12  acres. 
Its  population  is  given  at  page  83.  The  parish  has  been  much  improved  by  the  sewering  and  draining  of  the  city. 
Since  the  passing  of  Lord  Blandford's  Act,  in  1850,  the  outlying  townships  have  been  severed  from  the  mother 
church,  and  now  form  two  separate  and  distinct  parishes,  formerly  ecclesiastical  districts,  called  respectively  Christ 
Church  and  Upperby  parishes.  The  corporation  of  Carlisle  are  lords  of  the  manor  and  lords  of  the  soil  within  the 
ancient  bounds  of  the  city ;  lords  of  the  soil  meaning  of  the  open  places,  such  as  streets,  lanes,  and  squares. 
There  are  two  banks  within  this  parish,  Messrs.  Head  and  Co.  and  the  City  and  District  Bank.  The  county  gaol 
post-office,  Athenroum,  etc.  are  also  in  the  parish,  through  which  run  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  and  the  Caledonian 
railways.  The  rateable  value  of  St.  Cuthbert's  Within,  in  1 S48,  was  £9,-2i!0  8s.  lod.;  in  ]  85 7,  £  1 1,303  Os.  8d.;  that 
of  St.  Cuthbert's  Without,  for  the  same  years  was  respectively  £9,1-29  7s.,  and  £15,404  7s.  8d. 


THE  cmmcH. 


The  church,  which  is  dedicated  to  St.  Cuthbert,  is 
situated  in  Blacldriars-street,  on  the  south  side  of  the 
cathedral.  The  original  church  of  St.  Cuthbert  was 
erected  at  a  vei7  early  period  ;  but  having  been  destroyed 
by  the  Northmen  in  the  ninth  century,  remained  in  ruins 
for  a  considerable  time,  and  was  rebuilt  shortly  after  the 
Conquest.  It  continued  till  the  seventeenth  century, 
■when  the  steeple,  being  in  a  very  decayed  state,  was 
taken  down,  and  a  large  quantity  of  Anglo-Saxon  coins 
discovered.  The  church  was  rebuilt  at  the  expense  of 
the  inhabitants,  in  1778.  It  has  no  pretensions  to 
architectural  elegance,  but  is  large  and  commodious, 
capable  of  accommodatiag  about  1200  persons.  The 
tower  is  low  and  square,  and  possesses  one  bell.  The 
church  contains  a  number  of  mural  tablets,  and  a  monu- 
ment inside  the  communion  rails,  to  the  memory  of  the 
Kev.  John  Fawcett,  who  was  incumbent  of  the  parish 
for  fifty  years,  and  died  in  1851,  at  the  advanced  age  of 
eighty-two.  The  monument  contains  a  well  executed 
bust  of  the  deceased,  with  an  appropriate  inscription. 
The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  to  which  the  dean  and 
chapter  of  Carlisle  have  the  right  of  presentation,  the 
lands  and  tithes  of  which  body  have  passed  into  the 
hands  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners.  The  gross 
annual  income  of  the  living  is  £155  10s.,  made  up  in 
the  following  manner: — rent  of  fields,  £58;  cottages, 
£7  10s.;  (iueen  Anne's  Bounty,  £33  18s.  lOd.;  Eccle- 
siastical Commissioners,  £33  ;  railway  stock,  £9  9s.  4d.; 
dean  and  chapter  as  impropriators,  £5  Gs.  8d.;  fees, 
£8;  total,  £155  10s.  lOd.  Deductions  and  allowances 
amount,  in  round  numbers,  to  £15  ;  nett  income  £140. 
The  parish  registers  extend  from  1093  to  the  present 
time.  A  tax,  now  extinct,  was  laid  upon  registers  of 
burials  and  baptisms ;    thus   notified    in   the  parish 


register — "  1783.  N.B.  By  Vertue  of  an  Act  of  Par- 
liament which  commences  this  day,  viz.  y^  Second  Day 
of  October,  1783,  a  Stamp  Duty  of  Threepence  is 
granted  to  His  Majesty  for  every  future  Entry  in  yf 
Register  of  any  Christening,  Burial,  &c." 

Incujcbexts. — Henry  Pjchardson,  1751;  D.  Carlyle,  profes- 
sor of  Arabic  at  Cambridge,  1785 ;  John  Fawcett,  1600 ;  Clement 
Moody,  1851 ;  B.  A.  Marshall,  1853. 

A  parsonage  of  modern  style,  was  erected  in  1815, 
at  the  expense  of  the  congregation  of  St.  Cuthbert's 
Church,  as  a  testimonial  of  affection  to  their  beloved 
pastor,  the  Eev.  John  Fawcett.  Over  the  garden  door 
is  inscribed  on  a  stone,  in  Hebrew,  "  The  gift  of  my 
people.  J.  F.  1815." 

Connected  with  this  parish  is  a  District  Yisiting 
Society,  for  distributing  tracts,  giving  rehef  by  bread 
tickets,  and  reporting  the  cases  of  sickness,  &c.  to  the 
incumbent ;  as  also  a  Female  Visiting  Society,  for  the 
relief  of  the  aged  and  indigent,  founded  in  1803,  which 
gives  a  small  sum  weekly  to  each  pensioner,  besides 
supplying  blankets  to  the  most  necessitous — it  is  sup- 
ported by  voluntary  subscriptions. 

CHAEUIES. 

Bcv.  George  HUschell's  Gift. — Hy  will  dated  14tb 
June,  1717,  the  Rev.  George  Ritschell  bequeathed  £500 
to  his  sister,  and  directed  her  to  purchase  therewith  a 
real  estate  of  the  yearly  value  of  £20  or  thereabouts, 
and  pay  thereout,  amongst  other  charities,  forty  shillings 
a  year  to  the  minister  and  churchwardens  of  Carlisle,  to 
be  by  them  distributed  to  forty  poor  widows,  inhabiting 
within  the  same  city,  on  the  feast  day  of  St.  Thomas,  to 
every  one  a  shilling.  The  estate  out  of  which  this  pay- 
ment is  made  is  called  Nunbush,  and  is  situate  in  the 
parish  of  Warden,  near  Hexham,  from  which  place 


PARISH  OF  CHRIST  CHURCH. 


143 


twenty  shilliiij^s  arc  annually  received  by  tbe  clergj'man 
of  St.  Cuthbert's,  who  distributes  the  same  to  twenty 
poor  widows  in  the  parish. 

Blacldock's  Charity.  —  Thomas  Blaeklock,  by  will, 
about  the  year  I'rii,  left  to  the  parish  of  St.  Cuthbert 
f '20,  the  interest  to  be  distributed  every  year,  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  tho  overseers  of  the  poor.  "  The  name  of 
Blaeklock,"'  say  the  Charity  Commissioners,  "  was  not 
known  in  this  parish,  as  a  benefactor,  at  tho  time  of  our 
inquiry ;  but  there  was  in  the  church  chest  an  indenture, 
dated  1st  March,  lT:i6,  whereby  in  consideration  of  tho 
sum  of  £20  an  acre  of  ground  at  a  place  called  Gallow 
Hill,  was  conveyed  to  four  persons  therein  named, 
churchwardens  and  overseei-s  of  the  poor,  and  trustees 
of  tho  said  parish,  to  hold  to  them  and  their  successors 
in  trust,  for  tho  use  of  the  poor  of  the  parish  of  St. 


Cuthbert  for  ever.  It  was  also  understood  that  this 
piece  of  land  was  purchased  with  some  money  left  to  the 
parish.  From  these  circumstances  it  appears,  most 
probable,  that  this  land  was  purchased  with  Blacklock's 
legacy."  This  land  was  formerly  let  at  i'4  a-year,  and 
the  rent  carried  to  the  churchwarden's  account.  But  a 
workhouse  was  subse(}ucuty  built  upon  part  of  the  land, 
and  the  rest  was  turned  into  a  garden  for  the  use  of  the 
workhouse,  and  for  some  time  no  rent  was  allowed  for 
it.  Since  the  inquiry  of  the  Charity  Commissioners,  a 
vestry  has  been  held,  at  which  it  was  agreed  that  j£4 
rent  should  be  paid  for  this  acre  of  laud,  of  which  dS2 
was  to  be  given  to  poor  persons  of  the  city  townships 
of  the  parish,  not  receiving  relief,  and  the  same  to 
poor  persons  in  the  out-townships  yearly,  between 
Candlemas  and  Easter. 


PARISH    OF    CHRIST    CHURCH. 

This  parish  consists  of  the  township  of  Botchergate,  which,  until  the  passing  of  Lord  Blandford's  Act  in  1850, 
was  comprised  in  St.  Cuthbert's  parish.  For  the  most  part  it  is  densely  peopled  by  the  labouring  classes,  there  are, 
however,  a  few  r&spectable  houses  and  shops.  It  contains  three  cotton  mills,  one  woollen  factory,  and  three  foundries, 
which  alTord  employment  to  a  large  portion  of  the  population,  many  of  whom  are  engaged  on  the  railways.  Botcher- 
gate township  contains  8  10  statute  acres.  For  population,  see  page  8:3.  Like  the  other  parts  of  Carlisle,  this 
parish  has  been  improved  by  sewerage,  a  good  water  supply,  and  the  erection  of  a  bettor  class  of  dwellings  for  the 
poor.  The  manor  of  Botchergate,  formerly  belonging  to  the  prior  and  convent  of  Carlisle,  and  now  to  the  dean  and 
chapter,  extends  over  the  greater  part  of  the  old  parish  of  St.  Cuthbert.  This  township  is  said  by  some  to  owe  its 
name  to  one  Botchard,  a  Fleming,  who  formerly  possessed  extensive  property  here. 


THB  CHUBCH. 

Christ  Church  is  a  neat  building,  in  the  early 
English  stylo,  erected  from  designs  furnished  by  Mr. 
Rickman,  and  will  seat  about  1,000  persons.  Its 
exterior  appearance  is  handsome,  and  it  possesses  a 
neat  spire.  The  amount  subscribed  towards  its  erec- 
tion by  the  parishioners  was  £2,140,  the  remainder 
being  defrayed  by  tho  Commissioners  for  building  new 
churches.  The  church  contains  a  mural  tablet,  to  tho 
memory  of  the  late  Mr.  Rothwell,  of  the  Mains.  The 
benefico  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  tlic  gift  of  the  dean 
and  chapter  of  Carlisle;   gi"oss  income  about  £125, 


derived  chiefly  from  pew  rents.  The  church  was  con- 
secrated in  1831,  when  the  Kev.  B.  Ward,  the  first  and 
present  incumbent  was  appointed. 

Tho  parsonage,  a  plain  brick  structure,  was  erected 
by  subscription  and  a  grunt  from  Queen  Ainie's  bounty, 
in  1833,  on  a  site  given  by  the  dean  and  chapter,  in 
EaglesCeld  Abbey. 

There  is  a  District  Visiting  Society  in  tliis  parish. 

Ilardwick  Lodge,  the  property  of  tl.  H.  llead,  Esq., 
now  the  residence  of  tlio  Rev.  J.  II.  Burton,  chancellor 
of  the  diocese  :  and  the  Jlaiiis,  tlie  residence  of  Jliss 
Rothwell,  aie  in  the  palish. 


144 


CUMBEBLAND  WAKD. 


iNclTstBENTS.— George  Braithwaite,  ;  Robert   Simiison, 

1754 ;  John  Bird,  1783  ;  Michael  Wheelwright,  1801 ;  Samuel 
E.  HarUey,  1808;  William  Eees,  1819. 


CHAMTTES. 


PAKISH    OF    ST.    MARY.' 

Tnis  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Abbej-strect,  Casde-strcet,  Fisher  street,  Scotch-street,"  Eickergatc,  Zyiiddle- 
scough  and  Braithwaite,  Caldewgate,  Cummersdale,  and  Wreay,  the  latter  of  which  is  a  chapchy.  Caldewgatc  and 
Cummersdale  form  the  ecclesiastical  district  of  Holy  Trinity.  The  Tort  Carlisle  and  Silloth  railway  runs  through 
a  portion  of  the  parish.  The  rateable  value  of  St.  Mary's  Within,  in  1848,  wasJClLOTl  7s.  9d.:  in  1857, 
.£12,037  10s.  2d.     That  of  Kickergate,  for  the  same  years,  was  £5,900  10s.  5d.,  and  £8,054  15s.  5d.  respectively. 

The  manor  of  John  de  Capella,  belonging  to  the  dean 
and  chapter,  extends  over  a  great  portion  of  this  parish. 
Hutchinson,  quoting  from  Milbourne's  additions  to  John 
Denton's  MS.  gives  an  account  of  the  manor  of  Cald- 
coats,  or  Harrington  House,  afterwards  called  Coldale 
Hall,  which  belonged  successively  to  the  Canterelle, 
Semen,  Coldale,   Brisco,    Sibson,    Dacre,  and  Foster 
families.     The  manors  of  Caldoats,  Newbiggin,  New 
Laithes,  and  Botehardgate,  which,  previous  to  the  sup- 
pression of  the  religious  houses  by  Henry  VIII.  be- 
longed to  the  priory  of  Carlisle,  were  granted  by  that 
monarch  to  the  dean  and  chapter.      The  tliree  first 
named  manors  seem  to  have  merged  into  what  is  now 
termed  the  manor  of  John  de  Capella.   The  parish  also 
seems  to  have  included  the  ancient  manor  of  Shaddongate, 
■which  was  granted  by  Henry  I.  to  Morvin,  whose  grand- 
daughter brought  it  in  marriage  to  Gwercius  Flan- 
drensis,  and  which  afterwards  became  the  property  of 
the  Dentons,  from  whom  the  demesne,  called  Denton's 
Holme  is  said  to  derive  its  name.     This  property  was 
purcliased  about  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
by  Mr.  Norman,  from  whom  it  passed  to  the  DLson 
family.     Most  of  the  lands  at  Shaddongate  are  now  held 
under  the  manor  of  liow  Dalston,  or  that  of  John  de 
Cappella.     The  Soccage  manor  of  Carlisle  comprises 
the  whole  of  Scotch-street  township,  and  e.xtends  over 
500   acres   of   land  in   the   neighbourhood.      It  was 
demised  by  Queen  Elizabeth  to  Henry,  Lord  Scrope, 
and  next  to  George  Clifford,  earl  of  Cumberland,  sub- 
sequently coming  into  the  hands  of  the  Howards,  earls 
of  Carlisle;  but  the  Duke  of  Portland  liaving  succeeded 
in  his  claim  to  this  manor,  as  part  of  the  forest  of  Ingle- 
wood,  it  was  included  in  the  Duke  of  Devonshire's  pur- 
chase in  1787. 


THE    CHURCH. 


The  parish  church  of  St.  Mary  is  within  what  remains 
of  the  rained  nave  of  the  cathedral,  in  our  notice  of 
which  it  wiU  be  found  described.  The  benefice  is  a 
perpetual  curacy,  in  the  patronage  of  the  dean  and 
chapter,  to  whom  the  great  tithes  are  appropriated,  and 
is  worth  about  £79  per  annum. 


Rev.  George  RitscheU's  Gift. — The  parish  of  St.  Mary 
is  entitled  to  twenty  shiUings,  left  by  the  Rev.  George 
Piitschell,  to  be  given  annually  to  twenty  poor  widows, 
as  stated  in  the  account  of  St.  Cuthbert's  parish.  This 
is  received  regularly,  and  distributed  as  directed. 

Kirk  Michelis  Gift.  —  The  interest  of  the  sum  of 
£10,  supposed  to  be  a  legacy  from  a  !Mr.  Kirk  Michell, 
formerly  of  Carlisle,  is  annually  distributed  to  poor 
widows  of  the  parish. 

irlDDLESCEUGH   AND   BRAITHWAITE. 

This  township,  though  ecclesiastically  in  St.  Mary's 
parish,  is  locally  situated  in  Leath  Ward,  at  a  distance 
of  from  nine  to  ten  miles  south  of  Carlisle.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Dalston,  on  tlie  west  by  Castle 
Sowerby,  on  the  south  by  Skelton,  and  on  the  east  by 
Hesket-in-the-Forest  and  Sebergham.  Its  area  is  2010 
acres,  and  rateable  value  £1,553.  The  population  in 
1801  was  156:  in  1811,  167;  in  1821,  221;  in  1831, 
195  ;  in  1841, 181 ;  and  in  1851,  103;  who  arc  located 
in  single  houses  dispersedly.  Agriculture  is  the  chief 
employment,  and  Penrith  is  the  market  usually  attended. 
The  soil  is  a  strong  arable,  with  a  portion  of  meadow 
land,  resting  on  a  strong  clay  subsoil.  The  manor  of 
Middleseeugh  belongs  to  Sir  H.  F.  Vane,  Bart.,  and 
that  of  Braithwaite  to  Lord  Brougham.  The  common  • 
was  enclosed  under  the  act  of  1803  for  enclosing  the 
forest  of  Inglewood.  The  principal  landowners  are  Sir 
H.  F.  Vane,  Bart.,  Mrs.  W'ilson,  James  Atkinson,  Mrs. 
Price,  John  Pollock,  William  Pollock,  Mrs.  Foster,  and 
Messrs.  A\'akefield.  The  inhabitants  attend  the  chapel 
at  IvcgUl  or  Highhcad,  and  marry  and  bury  at  Seberg- 
ham, for  which  privilege  they  keep  in  repair  a  hundred 
yards  of  road  near  the  church  ;  they  support  their  own 
poor.  Middleseeugh  Hall  is  at  present  a  farmhouse. 
Middleseeugh  Forest  or  Wood  is  a  noted  place  for  fox 
hunting. 


^  Eaijtexfield  Abhcy.  — Extm-Parochial  Place.  — This  is  an  extra-parochial  place,  the  returns  for  which,  np  to  1811,  were  included  in 
those  of  St.  Mary's  pariah.     It  comprises  ten  inhabited  houses;  its  population  in  1811  was  03,  and  in  1&51,  09. 


nOX-Y  TRINITY  ECCLESIASTICAL  DISTRICT. 


U6 


HOLY  TRINITY  ECCLESIASTICAL   DISTRICT. 

The  district  attached  to  the  cliurch  of  Holy  Trinity  includes  the  townships  of  Caldewgate  and  Cummersdale, 
part  of  the  parish  of  St.  ]\Iary,  Cariisle.  The  soil  here  is  of  a  heavy  clay,  partly  mixed  \Yith  gravel,  upon  a  wet 
subsoil,  except  in  the  valley  of  the  Eden  and  Caldew,  where  it  is  of  a  red  sandy  alluvium.  The  habits  of  the 
people  arc  similar  to  those  of  any  other  manufxcturing  district.  The  Port  CarHsle,  Silloth,  and  Newcastle  and 
Carlisle  railways  run  through  this  district,  in  which  are  situated  the  Infirmary  and  i'ever  House. 

black  mould  incumbent  upon  a  red  clay  subsoil,  gene- 


CALDEWGATE. 

This  township  comprises  an  area  of  1,564  acres;  its 
population  will  be  found  at  page  83.  It  was  enclosed 
by  act  of  parUament  in  1780.  The  inhabitants  are 
chiefly  engaged  in  the  various  branches  of  the  cotton 
manufacture.  The  Roman  wall  passed  through  part  of 
the  township  of  Caldewgate  upon  the  banks  of  the  Eden. 
The  manorial  rights  are  vested  in  the  dean  and  chap- 
ter. The  rateable  value  of  Caldewgate,  in  1848,  was 
£0-i~0  ICs.  2d.;  in  3  857,  £12,008  7s.  9d. 

THE    CHURCH. 

The  District  Church  of  Holy  Trinity  was  begun  in 
September,  1828,  and  opened  in  1832.  It  is  in  the 
Early  English  style,  from  a  design  by  Rickman,  and 
will  seat  about  1,000  persons.  The  cost  of  erection  was 
about  i;G,000,  towai-ds  which  the  £1,890  was  subscribed 
by  the  parishioners  ;  the  remainder  of  the  required  sum 
being  furnished  by  the  Commissioners  for  building 
new  churches.  There  is  a  handsome  painted  window 
in  the  chancel,  presented  by  Mrs.  Ann  Thwaytes.  The 
living,  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the  patronage  of  the 
dean  and  chapter,  is  worth  about  £100  per  annum. 

iMCUHBEiiTS. — Edward  Solkeld,  1831;  James  Tbwaytes,  1639 ; 
James  Toskcr,  1S-J5. 

The  parsonage  is  in  Eaglesfield  Abbey. 

CHAIIITY. 

Davison's  Charity.  —  .Tohn  Davison,  who  died  De- 
•  ccmbcr  2nd,  1774,  bequeathed  i'OOO,  the  interest  of 
which,  after  paying  a  small  sum  to  a  person  for  keeping 
the  accounts,  was  to  be  distributed  amongst  eleven  or 
twelve  poor  housekeepei*s,  who  had  not  been  in  receipt 
of  parish  reUcf  The  money  was  invested,  in  Februar}-, 
1770,  in  the  purclia.=io  of  £692  8s.  stock,  in  the  3  per 
cent.  Consols,  and  the  dividends  are  divided  annually, 
amongst  eleven  or  twelve  poQr  persons  of  Caldewgate 
township. 

CCMMERSDAIE. 

This  township  contains  an  area  of  1,011  acres, and  its 
rateable  value  is  £2,800.  lu  population  in  1801  was 
382;  in  1811,  402;  in  1821,  512;  in  1831,  488:  in 
1841,  C20;  and  in  1851,  059.      The  soil  is  a  light 


rally  well  drained  by  tiles,  and  from  its  proximity  to 
Carlisle  m  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  The  Carlisle  and 
Maryport  railway  intersects  the  township.  The  prin- 
cipal landowners  are  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners, 
Joseph  Ferguson,  Esq.;  Dr.  Barnes;  Colonel  Sowerbv; 
John  Dalton,  Esq. ;  Gustavus  Gall,  Esq. ;  George 
Thompson,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  John  Birket,  Thomas  .\rm- 
strong,  Thomas  Dalton,  and  William  Xixou.  The  tithes 
have  been  commuted  for  £27  18s.  The  Bishop  of  Car- 
lisle is  lord  of  the  manor. 

A  large  cotton  factory  (spinning)  and  flour  mill  are 
canned  on  here  by  Messrs.  John  Dalton  and  Sons ;  and 
at  Holme  Head,  which  is  partly  in  this  township,  and 
partly  in  that  of  Caldewgate,  are  the  extensive  dvein" 
and  bleaching  works  of  Messrs.  Ferguson,  Brothers. 
Here  are  also  situated  the  printworks  of  Messrs.  T. 
and  H.  Mc.Alpin,  Stead,  &  Co.  This  place  was  erected 
in  ISOl,  by  Mr.  John  Forster,  banker,  Carlisle,  and 
commenced  business  under  the  name  of  Forster,  James, 
and  Co.  (afterwards  Forster,  James,  Wastell,  Donald, 
and  Co.),  under  the  management  of  ilr.  David  Donald. 
The  garment  prints  produced  by  this  firm  were  in 
great  request,  and  considered  second  to  none  at  that 
time  for  good  workmanship  and  fastness  of  colours. 
The  works  were  continued  by  the  above  firm  until  the 
year  18)7,  when  they  ceased,  and  for  seventeen  years 
remained  tot;dly  unoccupied.  At  the  end  of  that  time 
the  place,  then  iu  a  most  ruinous  state,  was  taken  by 
Thomas  Mc.Alpin  &  Co.,  who  put  it  iu  thorough  repair, 
and  having  laid  down  new  machinery,  moved  by  a  largo 
and  powerful  water-wheel,  commenced  working  on  the 
31st  of  August,  1835,  since  when,  up  to  the  present 
time,  under  the  able  management  of  Mr.  II.  Mc.Alpin, 
the  works  have  been  successfully  carried  on.  Some 
years  after  eonimoncing,  the  linn  underwent  a  change, 
it  is  now  T.  and  H.  Mc.Vlpin,  Stead,  &  Co.  There 
are  several  distinct  branches  in  the  business,  each 
presided  over  by  its  own  foreman  ;  the  number  of 
hands  altogether  employed  being  about  two  hundred  and 
twenty.  The  work  produced  is  of  the  liighest  class  of 
block  chintz  furniture  printing,  and  for  many  years  the 
firm  has  stood  unrivalled  in  this  important  branch  of 


146 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


trade.     Of  the  many  print  works  formerly  existing  in 
Cumberland,  this  is  the  only  one  no\T  left. 

The  village  of  Cummersdale  is  two  miles  south-west 
of  Carlisle. 

Xewby  is  another  village  in  this  townshig,  about  one 
and  a  half  miles  north-west  of  Cummersdale.  Here  is 
a  school  for  children  of  both  sexes,  erected  by  subscrip- 
tion in  ]8P,3,  aided  by  a  grant  from  the  National 
Society. 

There  is  also  a  school  at  Holme  Head,  erected  in 
18-11,  by  Messrs.  Ferguson  Brothers,  for  the  education 
of  the  children  of  their  workpeople.  The  average 
attendance  is  about  70. 

Carlisle  Cemetery. — The  new  cemetery,  which  has 
been  provided  as  the  last  resting  place  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  old  border  city,  is  situated  in  this  township, 
about  a  mUe  south-east  of  Carlisle,  and  comprises  an 
area  of  th  irty-fi  ve  acres,  purchased  from  the  Ecclesia.s  tical 
Commissioners.  It  was  opened  for  interment  on  the 
20th  of  May,  iBoi  and  the  present  Bishop  of  Carlisle, 
Dr.  YiUiers,  consecrated  that  portion,  sixteen  acres, 
allotted  to  the  members  of  the  Established  Church, 
on  the  23rd  of  June,  1850.  The  cemetery  is  beauti- 
fully situated  on  elevated  ground,  which  commands  an 
extensive  view  of  the  Scottish,  Northumbrian,  and 
Cumbrian  mountains.  In  the  foreground  appear  the 
cathedral  and  other  churches,  the  grey  keep  of  the 
castle  built  by  Rufus,  the  ancient  priory,  and  the  only 
remaining  portion  of  the  wall  by  which  the  city  was 
formerly  surrounded.  There  are  two  handsome  chapels 
in  the  Early  English  style,  built  of  brick,  with  white 
stone  dressings  and  buttresses.  Each  chapel  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  belfry  and  cross.  The  floors  of  the  inte- 
rior are  laid  with  encaustic  tUes,  by  Minton,  and  have  a 
very  pleasing  effect.  The  lodge  and  entrance  gateway 
form  a  neat  structure  in  the  same  style  as  the  chapels. 
The  ground  was  laid  out  and  the  chapels  and  lodge 
erected  from  designs  furnished  by  the  Messrs.  Hay,  of 
Liverpool ;  Mr.  J.  Creighton,  of  Carlisle,  was  the  con- 
tractor.     The   cost  amounted  to   £14,000.      Several 


handsome  monuments  oniaraent  the  cemetery.  Outside 
the  boundary  wall,  but  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
cemetery,  are  the  remains  of  some  ancient  wells,  at  the 
foot  of  a  gentle  eminence,  called  in  the  ancient  writings 
"  Seven  Well  Bank,"  and  on  which  tradition  reports 
there  formerly  stood  an  ancient  chapel,  the  foundation 
of  which  may  still  be  traced.  On  the  principal  re- 
maining well,  of  a  circular  form,  is  an  inscription  in 
Medioeval  Latin,  which,  divested  of  its  contractions, 
reads  as  follows  : — 

Pargatuni,  decUcatumque,  Ubeskud,  die  quinto 
Decembris,  Frater,  de  sub  rupo  lapidem  venerabili 
Sancto  Eedx,  ore  rotundo. 

Venerable  Bede,  to  whom  this  well  seems  to  be  dedi- 
cated, was  contemporary  with  St.  Cuthbcrt,  to  whom, 
as  has  been  seen  at  page  84,  a  grant  was  made  of  all 
the  laud  within  fifteen  miles  of  Carlisle.  The  Burial 
Board  of  Cai'lisle  have  therefore  placed  a  copy  of  the 
golden  cross  woni  by  the  saint,  sculptured  of  a  beautiful 
white  stone,  on  the  eastern  gable  of  the  Church  of  England 
chapel,  and  have  adopted  the  device  for  their  common 
seal.  It  appears  also  alternated  with  the  sacred  mono- 
gram in  the  diamonds  of  Hartley's  patent  glass,  with 
which  the  windows  are  filled.  This  interesting  relic  of 
antiquity  was  found  upon  what  was  considered  by  many 
to  be  the  saint's  body,  when  bis  stone  coflBn  was  opened 
at  Durham,  in  1827.  The  following  is  the  statement 
of  interments  in  the  cemetery,  for  the  year  ending  31st 
December,  1857: — 


Chnrch 
of  England. 

Dissenters.  | 

Soman 
Catholics 

1 

c 

1. 

i 

•J 

a 

1 

i 

1857. 

S-2 

y. 

o 

o 

o 

li 

11 

13 

2 

3 

i 

s 

aa 

■A 

■-3 

o 

o 

< 

» 

"^ 

o 

Quarter  ending 



— 



— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

31st  March.. 

.-■)« 

T) 

71 

134 

14 

i 

14 

■Z'J 

a 

V 

18 

181 

12 

:lOili  .lime   . . 

40 

o 

f,e 

!W 

19 

(1 

l.". 

34 

10 

1 

10 

21 

l.-i3 

26 

liOth  Sept.  . . 

HO 

a 

m 

1331  14!  1 

a 

20 

9 

2  11 

22 

175 

16 

3Istl)ec.    ... 

m 

1 

67 

133     3i  0 

5 

8 

» 

ji.:. 

23 

1114 

12 

•223 

10 

259 

498   50    2 

39 

91 

38 

3  43 

84 

673 

66 

WREAY    CHABELRY. 

This  chapeliy,  whose  mother  church  is  that  of  St.  Mary,  Carhsle,  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  the  new 
parish  of  Upperby,  on  the  south  by  High  Hesket,  and  on  the  east  by  the  river  Petteril.  The  inhabitants  who  reside 
in  the  small  villages  or  hamlets  of  "SA'reay  and  Foulbridge,  and  some  scattered  houses,  are  principally  engaged  in 
agricultural  pursuits ;  they  attend  the  Carlisle  and  Penrith  markets.  There  is  a  tile  manufactoiy  carried  on  by  Mr. 
Howe,  of  Carlisle.  The  soil  here  is  good  and  fertile,  with  a  portion  of  meadow  and  arable  land  resting  on  a  clayey, 
and  in  some  parts  a  sandy  subsoil.  The  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  Railway  runs  through  the  chapelry,  and  there  is  a 
station  close  to  the  village. 


WREAY   CHAPELKY. 


1. 


The  population  of  Wreay  township  in  ]  801  was  118 ; 
in  1811,  104  ;  in  1821,  130;  in  1831,  100  ;  in  1841, 
151 :  and  in  1^51,  149.  Its  area  is  1,088  acres.  The 
manorial  rights  of  the  township  are  vested  in  the  Eccle- 
siastical Commissioners.  James  Losh,  Esq.,  William 
S.  Losh,  Esq.,  Miss  Losh,  Joseph  Scott,  Esq.,  William 
Carrick,  Esq.,  John  P.  Fletcher,  Esq.,  John  K.  Saul, 
Esq.,  and  ilr.  William  Thomlinson,  are  the  principal 
landowners. 

The  village  of  Wreay  occupies  a  pleasant  situation, 
five  miles  south  by  east  of  Carlisle,  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  Cumberland  Ward. 


THE    CHATEL. 


The  chapel  was  entirely  rebuilt  in  1843,  at  a  cost  of 
about  £1,200  ;  the  whole  of  which  sum,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  small  donation  from  the  patrons  of  the  living, 
and  the  contributions  of  a  few  friends,  was  defrayed  by 
Miss  Losh,  of  Woodside.  It  is  in  the  Xorraan  style, 
consisting  of  nave  and  chancel,  with  turret,  crowned  by 
a  Roman  eagle,  and  containing,  in  two  niches,  statues 
of  Saints  Peter  and  Paul.  The  western  doorway,  which 
is  arched,  is  much  admired,  being  ornamented  with 
tlowers  of  the  water  lily,  <S,c.  The  interior  is  very  neat, 
and  all  the  windows  being  of  stained  glass,  the  "  dim 
religious  light,"  adds  much  to  the  impressiveness  and 
solenmity  of  the  sacred  edifice ;  the  three  in  the  west 
end  are  richly  executed.  The  chancel,  which  is  semi- 
circular in  form,  is  very  beautiful,  and  its  windows  are 
cut  to  represent  antediluvian  flowers,  llere  aie  seven 
lamps,  apparently  lighted,  intended  to  represent  the 
seven  spirits  mentioned  in  the  Book  of  Pievclations. 
Two  eagles  in  bniss,  support  the  communion  table; 
another,  richly  carved  ia  wood,  serves  as  a  reading  desk; 
and  numerous  figures  of  angels,  birds,  itc.  ornament 
the  interior  of  the  structure.  The  oaken  roof  of  the 
cliaptl  is  also  beautifully  curved,  and  was  furnished 
from  the  well  wooded  lawn  of  Woodside,  the  seat  of 
Miss  Losh,  whose  prolific  mind  furnished  the  various 
devices  for  this  splendid  little  edifice,  which  is  fitted 
up  in  the  style  of  some  of  the  Italian  churches.  In 
the  adjoining  churchyard,  there  is  a  beautiful  monu- 
ment, by  Dunbar,  to  the  nienior)-  of  the  late  Miss 
Catherine  Losh.  It  consists  of  a  figure  of  the  deceased 
in  white  polished  marble,  and  occupies  an  antique 
Druidical  cell,  near  to  which  stands  a  stone  cross, 
Wghteon  feet  liigh,  a  copy  of  one  in  Bowcastle  church- 
yard, with  a  Latin  inscription  to  the  memory  of  the 
lute  John  Losh,  Esq.  and  his  wife.  The  cemetcrj-, 
at  a  short  distance  from  the  chapel,  as  also  the  sexton's 
house,  was  the  gift  of  Miss  Losh.  The  former  contains 
a  neat  oratory,  a  copy  of  one  at  Perran/.abuloe,  Cornwall. 


The  chapel  ry  of  Wreay  existed  at  least  as  early  as 
the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  but  how  much  greater  its 
antiquity  may  be,  we  have  no  means  of  ascertaining. 
In  1319,  Bishop  Halton  allowed  a  chaplain  to  it, 
to  celebrate  the  divine  offices  and  administer  the 
sacraments,  on  condition  that  he  constantly  resided 
within  his  chapelry.  In  1739,  the  old  chapel  was  con- 
secrated by  Bishop  Fleming,  and  the  incumbent's  salary 
was  made  into  £20  a  year,  with  a  house.  Wreay  had 
no  other  endowment  than  the  interest  of  a  chapel  stock 
of  £200,  till  augmented  in  1757,  by  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty.  The  living,  a  perpetual  curacy,  is  in  the 
patronage  of  the  dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle,  and  is  now 
worth  £80  per  annum.  The  tithes  were  commuted  in 
1839,  for  £30  lis.  7d. 

I.NCU.iiBENis.  — Philip  Robinson,  1738;  David  Graham, 
1731;  John  Parker,  1733;  Joseph  Parker,  1738;  'Williain 
Gaskin,  1783;  John  Barnes,  1832;  Eichord  Jackson,  1835. 

The  parsonage  is  a  neat  building,  in  the  Elizabethan 
style,  erected  by  the  present  incumbent,  in  1840,  on  the 
site  of  the  old  parsonage,  at  a  cost  of  £050. 

CBAIUTIES. 

ScJwol. — John  Brown,  Esq.  of  Woodside,  by  will 
dated  27th  March,  17C3,  left  to  certain  trustees,  £000 
in  trust,  to  pay  the  interest  of  £200,  part  thereof  for 
and  towards  increasing  the  salary  of  the  schoolmaster 
of  Wreay  School.  A  part  of  the  money  was  laid  out 
soon  afterwards  in  the  purchase  of  laud  in  Wreay, 
amounting  to  rather  more  than  ten  acres.  Th£  land  is 
now  let  by  the  school  trustees  for  the  benefit  of  the 
master.  The  school-house  was  built  by  subscription 
in  1700.  In  1830  Miss  Losh  built  a  new  school,  near 
the  site  of  the  old  one,  and  endowed  it  with  thirty  acres 
of  pasture  land,  which  now  lets  for  about  £10  a  year, 
which  sum  is  applied  to  the  education  of  poor  children 
of  the  adjoining  townships.  The  master's  house  erec- 
ted by  the  same  lady,  is  on  the  model  of  one  discovered 
among  the  ruins  of  Pompeii.  The  school  is  now  under 
government  inspection,  supported  by  the  quarter  pence 
of  the  children,  and  lias  an  average  attendance  of  CO 
pupils.  There  is  also  a  girl's  school,  attended  by 
about  20  scholars.  The  late  Miss  JMargaret  Losh  be- 
queathed to  each  of  the  above  schools  £50,  which  is 
invested  in  the  Xewcastle  and  Carlisle  railway,  and 
the  interest  applied  as  directed. 

Louthian'i  Gift. — Richard  Lowthian  gave  £50  to  the 
minister  and  twelve  men  of  Wreay,  to  be  distributed,  or 
othenviso  invested,  as  they  should  think  proper.  This 
legacy  was  received  in  the  year  1780,  and  is  in  the 
hands  of  the  family  of  Losh,  by  whom  the  interest  is 


148 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


regularly  paiJ.  The  amount,  CO  5s.  is  given  away  at 
Candlemas,  to  three  or  four  poor  persons  not  receiving 
parochial  relief. 

Wreay  Working  Men's  Reading  Room  was  established 


in  1850.  It  is  well  supplied  with  periodicals,  and  com- 
prises a  library  of  nearly  -100  volumes.  The  members 
pay  a  subscription  of  two  shillings  per  annum. 

Foulbridge  is  a  hamlet  in  the  township,  about  a  mile 
south-west  of  AVrcay. 


BEAUMONT  PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  river  Eden,  on  the  west  by  Burgh-upon-Sands,  on  the  south  by 
Moorhouse,  and  on  the  east  by  Grinsdale.  It  Las  uo  dependent  townships.  The  inhabitants  are  located  in  the 
village  of  Beaumont,  and  in  a  few  scattered  houses  and  farms.  Agriculture  is  their  principal  employment,  and  they 
attend  the  markets  at  Carlisle.     The  soil  here  is  rich  and  fertile. 


Beaumont  township  comprises  an  area  of  1470  acres, 
and  its  rateable  value  is  £1,288.  The  population  in 
1801  was  219;  in  1811,270;  in  1821,  in  consequence 
of  many  labourers  being  employed  in  this  and  the  ad- 
joining parishes,  in  the  construction  of  a  canal,  it  was 
323;  in  1831,  270;  in  1841,  288;  and  in  1851,  294. 
A  portion  of  the  township  is  intersected  by  the  Carlisle 
and  Port  Carlisle  railway,  formerly  a  canal.  The  Roman 
wall  passed  through  this  parish,  and  some  traces  of  it, 
as  well  as  of  the  vallum,  are  still  to  be  seen.  The 
course  of  the  wall  was  as  follows  : — It  entered  the  parish 
at  Beaumont  Beck,  near  the  Eden,  and  proceeding  in  a 
direct  line  to  the  church,  went  thence  in  a  westerly 
direction  to  Burgh-upon-Sands. 

The  manor  of  Beaumont  was  held  in  ancient  times 
by  the  Bruns,  lords  of  Bowness,  who  were  also  the 
patrons  of  the  living.  Previous  to  1380  it  became,  by 
purchase,  the  property  of  the  Dacre  family,  and  has 
since  continued  annexed  to  the  barony  of  Burgh,  now 
held  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  who  is  therefore  lord  of 
Beaumont.  The  principal  landowners,  in  addition  to 
the  lord  of  the  manor,  are,  .John  Uodgson,  Esq.;  Rev. 
J.  Hodgson ;  Robert  Faulder,  Esq. ;  G.  H.  Oliphant, 
Esq. :  AVilliara  .Tackson,  Esq. ;  Mary  Wilson  :  George 
Gill  Mounsey,  Esq. ;  Mllliam  Daud,  Esq. ;  Christopher 
EUiot,  Esq.;  — Rothwell,  Esq.;  and  Ehzabcth  Brown. 

The  village  of  Beaumont  occupies  a  gentle  eminence 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  Eden,  about  four  miles  north- 
west of  Carlisle,  and  commands  beautiful  views  of  that 
city,  as  well  as  of  the  Solway  Frith,  and  the  iiTegular 
country  about  Rockliff.  Here  are  a  tile  manufactory 
and  a  com  mill. 

THE    CnUIlCH. 

The  church,  which  since  1092  has  been  common  to 
the  parishes  of  Beaumont  and  Kirkandrews,  is  dedicated 
to  St.  Mary.     It  is  a  plain  structure  in  the  Xormau 


style.  The  chancel  arch  has  at  some  time  been  removed, 
otherwise  the  church  is  in  a  fair  state  of  preservation. 
The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  patron  of  the  united  livings  of 
Beaumont  and  Kirkandrews-on-Eden.  Among  those 
who  have  exercised  the  right  of  presentation  to  Beau- 
mont, we  find  the  name  of  Robert  de  la  Ferete,  lord  of 
Beaumont,  in  1290 ;  in  1300,  Sir  Richard  de  Brun, 
Knt.,  presents;  in  1339,  Matilda  Brun,  lady  of  Beau- 
mont; in  1300,  William  Beauchamp,  rector  of  Kirk- 
oswald,  Thomas  de  TugUall,  vicar  of  Torpenhow,  and 
Robert  Pago,  chaplain,  present;  in  1380,  Sir  Hugh  dc 
Dacre  ;  in  1562,  Sir  William  Dacre,  Knt. ;  in  1581,  the 
Earl  of  Arundel ;  in  1011,  .\nne.  Countess  Dowager  of 
Anuidel,  and  again  in  1015;  in  1010,  Bishop  Snowdon. 
The  living,  a  rectory,  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at 
£8  Is.  8d.,  is  worth  about  £134.  The  tithes  were  com- 
muted for  £134  2s.  9d.,  in  1827,  by  special  .act  of 
parliament.     The  parish  register  commences  in  1092. 

Kectors.— Ellas  de  Tliirlwall,  1290 ;  Waller  de  Arthuret,  1 3:10 ; 
Wm.  Bronne, — ;  HicharJ  Bronne,  1;5;!9;  Thomas  de  So'jrby, 
1305;  Adam  de  Caledbect,  — ;  Walter  de  Ormshcved,  18(iC; 
Robert  Croft,  1380;  Robert  Cbapman,  140(1 ;  Jobn  Thompson,! 
—  ;  Henry  Haslehead,  1502  ;  Lancelot  Wilson,  ir.Sl ;  Edward 
Johnston, — ;  Thomas  Thompson,  1011;  John  Wilson,  1015; 
Thomas  Robinson,  KilC  ;  Thomas  Warwick,  1625  ;  Andrew 
Smith,  1034;  Patricius  Hume,  1CC3;  Richard  Wilson, —;  Sir 
John  Lowther,  1002;  Gabriel  Trant,  1703;  Thomas  Lewthwaite, 
1705;  George  Bowness,  1762;  Richard  Burn,  sen., — ;  Richard 
Bum,  1815  ;  William  Benn,  1847  ;  John  Brown,  1802. 

MonkhiU  and  New  Sandsfield  are  hamlets  in  this 
parish.  The  single  houses  having  particular  names 
are.  Priest  Hill;  Casson  Dyke;  Kinney  Garth,  anciently 
Coney  Garth,  now  a  place  for  cattle  to  shelter  in ;  and 
Holmes  Mill. 

1  Deprived  in  the  rclgu  of  Elizabeth  for  refusing  the  oath  of 
supremacy. 


BOWNESS  PARISH. 


14:9 


CHARITIES. 

Pattinson's  Charily.  —  Thomas  Pattinson  left  the 
interest  of  t'oO  to  the  schoolmaster  of  this  parish, 
Kirlxaudrews-upon-EJen,  and  Griusdale,  share  and 
sliare  aUke,  if  more  than  one,  for  teaching  the  children 
of  those  parishes  who  sliould  not  receive  parish  relief.' 
There  is  no  school  at  Licauniont,  but  the  inhabitants 
subscribed  to  the  buildin"  of  one  at  Kirkandrews,  the 


master  of  which  receives  the  interest  of  ^Mr.  Pattin- 
son's bequest. 

Mrs.  Hodgaon's  School.  —  The  children  of  parents, 
within  the  parish  of  Beaumont,  not  possessed  of  a  real 
estate  of  £13  per  annum,  are  entitled  to  free  instruc- 
tion at  the  school  founded  by  Mrs.  Hodgson,  at  Wig- 
gonby,  in  Aikton  parish;  but  the  distance  between 
Beaumont  and  ^^'iggonby  is  too  far  to  render  this  privi- 
lege of  much  value. 


BOWNESS  TARISH. 

BowNESS  occupies  a  large  headland  stretching  eastward  into  the  Solway,  and  extends  about  six  miles  in  length  from 
east  to  west,  and  two  miles  in  breadth  from  north  to  south.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Solway,  on  the  west 
by  the  Solway  and  the  river  Wampool,  on  the  south  by  the  Wampool  and  Aikton  parish,  and  on  the  east  by  Aikton, 
Kirkbampton,  and  Burgh-on-Sands.  It  comprises  the  townships  of  Bowness,  Anthorn,  Drumburgh,  and  Fingland, 
whose  united  area  is  1791  acres.  Carlisle  andWigton  arc  the  markets  usually  attended  by  the  inhabitants.  A  large 
track  of  moss-land,  containing  several  hundred  acres,  called  Bowness  I'low,  situated  near  the  river  Wampool,  in 
Bowness  and  Anthorn  townships,  has  been  recently  drained  and  reclaimed. 


BOWNESS. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  200 ; 
in  1811,  318;  in  1821,  in  consequence  of  the  presence 
of  labourers  employed  in  the  construction  of  a  canal,  it 
had  increased  to  471  ;  in  1831,  it  was  388  ;  in  1811, 
cat ;  and  in  18.51,  508.  Its  rateable  value  is  £2,053 
l.'is.  The  soil  here  varies  from  a  good  reddish  clay  or 
marl  to  a  light  gravelly  soil  resting  on  blue  clay.  The 
Carlisle  and  Port  Carlisle  railway  runs  through  an 
angle  of  the  township.  On  Bowness  Flow  there  is  a 
chemical  works,  carried  on  by  Mr.  David  Dick,  of 
Burgh-on-Sauds ;  and  an  asphalte  manufactory,  carried 
on  by  Mr.  John  IloUingworth,  of  Carlisle. 

"  Bowness,"  says  CoUingwood  Bruce,  "  is  the  name 
of  the  bow-shaped  ness,  or  peninsula,  at  the  extreme 
point  of  the  left  bank  of  the  Solway  Frith.  It  is 
slightly  elevated  above  the  surrounding  counti"}',  as  is 
plainly  seen  when  it  is  viewed  from  a  distance.  A  little 
to  the  east  of  the  site  of  the  station  (lioman),  the  Solway 
is  easily  fordable  at  low  water ;  but  no  one  in  the 
memory  of  the  inhabituits  of  these  parts  has  forded  the 
estuary  westward  of  the  town.  This  circumstance 
would  render  Bowness  a  fit  place  to  terminate  the  bar- 
rier wall.  With  diflioulty  the  antiquary  may  sec  some 
slight  traces  of  the  walls  of  the  station,  its  southern 
lines  near  the  church  being  those  which  arc  most 
apparent.    No  quarry  being  within  several  miles  of  the 

1  Sec  Bowue39  pitriah. 


spot,  the  wall  and  station  have  furnished  the  materials 
of  which  the  church  and  most  of  the  habitations  of  the 
town  arc  composed.  A  small  altar  built  up  in  the 
frout  of  a  barn  in  the  principal  street,  has  an  inscription 
importing  that  it  was  dedicated  to  Jupiter,  the  best  and 
greatest,  by  Sulpicius  Secuudiauus,  the  tribune  of  the 
cohort  for  the  safety  of  our  lords  the  emperors  Galbus 
aud  Volusianus.  Bowness  may  be  the  Gabroscntum  of 
the  Notitia;  Horsley  reckoning  Watchcross  among  the 
stations  of  the  line,  conceives  it  to  bo  Tunnocelum." 

Bowness  appears  to  have  been  at  a  very  early  period 
parcel  of  the  barony  of  Burgh,  and  was  given  by  one 
of  its  first  barons  to  Gamcl  le  Brun,  or  Broyne,  as  the 
family  afterwards  spelled  the  name.  The  Bruns,  or 
Broynes,  continued  to  possess  Bowness  for  several  gene- 
rations, and  had  their  seat  at  Drumburgh,  generally  sup- 
posed to  have  been  one  of  the  stations  on  the  lloman 
Wall,  which  ran  through  this  parish,  and  from  its  con- 
tiguity to  the  wastes  in  this  district,  the  family  was 
sometimes  called  Do  la  Feritato.  Itichard  lo  Brun, 
and  after  him  Robert  le  Brun,  enjoyed  it  in  the  reign 
of  Fdward  I.  In  the  year  131)7,  the  first  year  of  the 
reign  of  Edward  II.,  Richard  lo  Brun  obtained  the 
king's  license  to  crencUate  "  his  house  at  Drombogh, 
in  marchia  Scolitc ;"  and  a  similar  license  was  given  to 
Thomas  Dacre,  baron  of  Burgh,  as  lord  paramount. 
Robert  le  Brun  occurs  in  the  reign  of  Edward  HI.,  and 
Jolni  Brun  in  that  of  Richard  II.     The  last  of  this 


150 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


ivame  and  family  at  Bowness  was  Richard  le  Brun,  who 
died  about  the  latter  part  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
and  his  co-heiresses  having  married  into  the  Curwen, 
Harrington,  and  Bowctt  families,  Bowness  appears  to 
have  been  reunited  to  Burgh  Barony,  as  it  still  con- 
tinues, being  now  the  property  of  the  Earl  of  Lons- 
dale, the  lord  paramount ;  besides  whom,  W.  Hodgson, 
Esq.;  Mrs.  Wood;  John,  Daniel,  and  Thomas  Lawson  ; 
John  Topping;  Robert  Kobiuson ;  Pattinson  Lawson; 
Mrs.  Reed  ;  John  Lawson,  seur. ;  and  John  Wills,  are 
the  principal  landowners. 

The  village  of  Bowness  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a 
rockv  promontory,  overlooking  the  Solway  Frith,  four- 
teen miles  west-by-north  of  Carlisle,  and  ten  miles 
north-by-west  of  Wigton. 

THE    CHCBCH. 

Bowness  church,  dedicated  to  St.  ^Michael,  is  an  an- 
cient building,  the  date  of  whose  erection  is  unknown,  but 
the  materials  employed  are  generally  said  to  have  been 
brought  from  the  Roman  station.  The  living,  a  rectory, 
has  always  been  appendant  to  the  manor,  and  is  conse- 
quently in  the  patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The 
benefice  is  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £il  los.  1  Id., 
but  is  now  worth  about  £'450  a  year,  arising  from  the 
tithes,  commuted  for  £'.3QG  5s.  Od.  in  1838  ;  57  acres  of 
glebe ;  73  acres  of  laud  on  the  west  common,  let  for 
^42  a  year;  and  191  acres  of  uncultivated  laud.  The 
parish  register  commences  in  1648. 

Eectoks. — Koald  tie  Richmond,  1300;  Reginald  de  North- 
burgh,l:307;  Walter,— ; William  de  KirkbyThore,  1342;  AVilliam 
de  Hall,  13.J4;  Thomas  de  Barton,  13^1  ;  William  de  Bowness, 
1390  ;  John  Eobinson,  — ;  William  Tallentvre,  1565 ;  Arthur 
Caye,  15T-.J;  James  Taylor, — ;  Leonard  Lowther,  1580;  Bichard 
Sibson,  1597;  William  Orbel,  1617;  Thomas  War«-ick,  102!); 
Mr.  Watwick,  — ;  George  Troutbeck,  lOflO;  Henry  Aglionby, 
IfiOl;  Gerard  Lowther,  1C07;  Henry  Lowther,  1731;  Hugh 
Eobinson,  1753  ;  James  Watson,  17C3;  Browne  Grisdale,  17t<4; 
Harrison  Shaw,  1814 ;  William  M.  Preston,  ISiS ;  Andrew  Hud- 
dleston,  1828;  John  Jenkins,  1852;  John  Robinson,  1855. 

The  old  rectory  is  about  to  be  rebuilt ;  the  rector 
resides  at  present  (1858)  iu  the  village. 

The  parish  school  is  a  stone  building,  enlarged  iu 
1835,  with  an  average  attendance  of  40  pupils.  It  is 
under  inspection,  aud  is  supported  by  quarter  pence, 
donations  from  Pattinson's  charity  (as  below),  and 
William  Hodgson,  Esq. 

CHAKITIES. 

Pattinsot^'s  Chanty. — Thomas  Pattinson,  by  will, 
dated  the  ICth  of  March,  1785,  gave  all  his  personal 
estate,  afterja  few  specific  legacies,  in  trust,  to  be  put 
out  at  interest,  and  the  interest  of  £'1G0,  part  thereof, 


to  be  paid  annually,  on  the  1st  of  May,  to  the  master 
teaching  school  at  the  new  school-house  at  Easton,  as 
an  encoiu'agement  for  teaching  the  children  of  the  poor 
inhabitants  of  Drumburgh  Quarter,  not  receiving  alms, 
such  children  to  be  chosen  by  the  trustees.     And  the 
testator  declared  his  will  to  be,  that  in  case  the  school- 
liouse  should  he  vacant,  or  the  trustees  should  not 
approve  of  the  incumbent,  in  that  case  the  interest  of 
the  money  should  accumulate  for  the  benefit  of  a  new 
incumbent.      And  that  the  trustees  should  pay  the 
interest  of  £20  more  for  supplying  fires  for  the  school ; 
aud  that  the  interest  of  other  £100  should  be  paid 
annually,  on  the   1st  of   May,  to  the   schoolmasters 
teaching  school  iu  the  quarters  of  Bowness,  Anthorn, 
aud  Whitrigge,  to  he  divided  equally  among  them, 
share  aud  share  alike,  if  more  than  one  ;    and  the 
interest  of  £20  towards  instructing  the  poor  children  of 
the  parish  of  Bowness  in  singing  psalms.      He  also 
directed  that  the  interest  of  another  £100  should  be 
paid  annually  to  the  schoolmaster  of  Burgh,   Long- 
burgh,  and   Moorhouse,  in   the  parish  of   Burghon- 
Sands,  as  an  encouragement  for  his  or  their  teaching 
poor  children  of  the  parish  of  Burgh  aforesaid,  who  should 
receive  alms  of  the  said  parish.     Also,  the  interest  of 
another  £100  to  a  schoolmaster  of  the  parish  of  Orton, 
for  teaching  children  of  the  parish  not  receiving  relief. 
Also,  the  interest  of  another  £50  to  the  schoolmasters 
of  the  parishes  of  Beaumont,  Kirkandrews-on-Edeu, 
aud  Grinsdale,  shai'e  and  share  alilce,  if  more  than  one, 
for  teaching  the  children  of  these  parishes  who  should 
not  receive  relief.     Also,  the  interest  of  other  £50  to 
the  schoolmaster  teachuig  school  in  the  townships  of 
Harraby,  Cai'lton,  aud  Brisco,  share  and  share  alike,  if 
more  than  one.    Also,  the  interest  of  other  £10ii  to  the 
schoolmaster  of  Blackball.      The  several  sums  above 
mentioned  were   invested  in  the  year  1787,  by  the 
trustees,  in  the  purchase  of  stock  iu  the  Three-per-cent 
Consols,  at  77J,  thus  producing,  for  every  £100  so  laid 
out,  £3  17s.  yearly,  which  rate  of  interest  is  paid  regu- 
larly every  year,  on  the  1st  of  May,  to  the  different 
parishes  entitled  to  receive  the  benefit  of  these  dona- 
tions. 

Trouthcck's  Charity.  —  Robert  Troutbeck,  by  will, 
proved  Gth  June,  170G,  gave  to  the  poor  of  Bowness 
£50,  the  interest  thereof  to  be  distributed  every  year 
by  a  Troutbeck  or  the  minister  and  churchwardens  for 
the  )-ear.  This  sum  was  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of 
about  three  acres  of  land  at  Wigton,  which  produces 
about  £13  a  year.  The  rent  is  distributed  about 
Easter,  every  year,  by  the  minister  and  church- 
wardens, amongst  poor  persons  not  receiving  parish 
rehef. 


BOWNESS   PALISH. 


151 


Port  Carlisle,  formerly  Fisher's  Cross,  is  a  village 
witbin  the  township,  situated  near  the  junction  of  the 
EJen  and  the  Esk  with  the  Solway  Erith,  twelve  miles 
north-west  of  Carlisle.  Less  than  thirty  years  ago  it 
contained  only  two  houses,  Kirkland  House,  and  a 
small  inn,  called  the  "  Binnacle."  Tt  has  now  grown 
to  a  respectably-sized  village,  and  possesses  an  hotel, 
inns,  and  good  accommodation  for  sea  bathers,  by 
whom  the  place  is  much  frequented.  It  is  connected 
with  Carlisle  by  a  railway,  an  account  of  which  will  be 
found  at  page  fi,") :  previous  to  the  construction  of  the 
railway  a  canal  joined  the  two  places.  The  Solway 
Frith  has  been  well  buoyed  and  lighted,  and  a  consider- 
able trade  is  carried  on  with  Uelfast,  Liverpool,  and  other 
ports.  The  depth  of  water  at  the  entiance  of  the  port 
is  18  feet  0  inches.  There  is  a  private  school  in  the 
village,  under  the  direction  of  the  rector  of  the  parish. 
At  Port  Carlisle  is  a  mound  resembling  an  ancient 
British  Barrow,  called  b'isher's  Cross.  About  half  a 
mile  to  the  westward  of  it  is  another,  which  has  been 
somewhat  encroached  upon  by  the  road  that  runs  along 
the  mai'gin  of  the  Solway,  and  is  denominated  Knock's 
Cross.  The  proverb  is  common  throughout  Cumber- 
land, "  As  old  as  Knock's  Cross."  In  the  front  of  the 
Stcampacket  Hotel,  Port  Carlisle,  is  built  up  the  frag- 
ment of  a  small  Roman  altar,  bearing  the  inscription, 
"  Svis  ]\lATniiu's."  It  is  one  of  the  numerous  instances 
that  we  meet  with  along  the  line  of  the  llomau  wall, 
of  altars  dedicated  to  the  Dea  Matres.  Between  Port 
Carlisle  and  13ownoss  the  site  of  the  Iloraan  wall  may 
be  traced  nearly  the  whole  way ;  not  lud'requeutly  the 
foundations  of  it  and  its  fosse  may  be  discerned.  In 
one  place  some  largo  stones  resembling  those  used 
in  forming  the  gateways  of  the  mile  castles  will  be 
noticed.  ^^ 

ANTiionx. 

Anthorn  township  contained  in  1801,  170  inhabi- 
tants; in  LSI  I,  10)  ;  in  lSi\,  20.3;  in  18:il,  230;  in 
1841.  207  ;  and  in  18.'^,  211.  The  soil  here  is  chieily 
of  a  gravelly  nature,  with  a  largo  tract  of  moss;  lio 
acres  are  culled  "  Ancient  land,"  the  rest  was  enclosed 
in  1820.  This  township  forms  part  of  the  manor  of 
Bowness,  of  which  the  E.arl  of  Lonsdale  is  lord  para- 
mount. The  principal  landowners  are  Messrs.  John  11. 
Donald,  Georgo  Donald,  John  ilesscnger,  John  Tape, 
Thomas  1!.  Topping,  John  Pattinson,  Mre.  I?ackhouse, 
and  Mrs.  Wilson. 

The  village  of  Anthorn  is  situated  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  estuary  of  the  Wampool,  about  four  miles  soutli- 
west  of  Bowness. 

Cardumock  is  another  village  in  this  towTiship,  four 


miles  west-south-west  of  Bowness,  on  the  verge  of  a 
tongue  of  land  which  terminates  the  parish. 

Longcroft  is  also  a  village  in  this  township,  three  miles 
south  by  west  of  Bowness.  Here  there  is  a  school,  a 
small  plain  building,  with  an  average  attendance  of 
thirty  children.  It  is  under  inspection  and  supported 
by  quarter  pence. 

DKUMBUEGH. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £2,314  lOs.Cd. 
Its  population  in  1801  was  299;  in  1811,  299:  in 
1821,  in  consequence  of  the  formation  of  the  canal,  it 
had  increased  to  118  :  in  1831  it  was  084  ;  in  1841, 
470;  and  iu  is.'il,  430.  The  soil  is  partly  fertile, 
with  some  mossy  barren  land.  The  Port  Carlisle,  and 
Carlisle  and  Silloth  railways  run  through  this  township, 
and  have  a  station  at  this  village.  The  principal  land- 
owners here  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  (lord  paramount), 
Mrs.  Anna  Lawson,  Miss  T.  Lawson,  and  Messrs. 
William  Borridaile,  Edward  Barnes,  Thomas  Lawson, 
John  Lawson,  Faulder  Lawson,  William  Nixon,  Chris- 
topher Watson,  Thomas  Pattinson,  John  Xorman,  John 
Watson,  Joseph  Pattinson,  Jeremiah  Sharpe,  and  Tho- 
man  Sanderson. 

Drumlmrgh  contains  distinct  remains  of  a  small  sta- 
tionary Human  camp.  This,  if  Watch  Cross  be  rejected, 
was  the  sixteenth  station  of  the  wall,  and  consequently 
the  Axelodunum  of  the  Nolitia,  which  was  garrisoned  by 
the  first  cohort  of  the  Spaniards.  The  camp  is  on  the 
ground  of  Richard  Lawson,  Esq.  The  ramparts  are 
well  defined,  as  well  as  the  ditch  which  surrounds  them. 
The  whole  area  is  covered  with  a  luxuriant  sward, 
and  its  northern  margin  is  shaded  by  some  thriving  ash 
trees.  No  portion  of  the  wall  remains  in  its  vicinity, 
but  its  present  proprietor  remembers  witnessing  the 
removal  of  the  foundation.  The  northern  rampart  of 
the  station  did  not  come  up  to  the  wall,  but  was  removed 
a  few  yards  from  it ;  probably,  the  military  way  luu 
between  the  station  and  the  w:dl.  The  stjition  at  Barr 
Hill,  on  the  Antoninc  Wall,  is  similarly  situated. 
South  of  the  station  is  a  well,  enclosed  by  a  circular 
wall  of  Pvoman  masonry,  it  is  still  in  use,  though  the 
water  is  drawn  up  from  it  by  a  pump. 

Drumburgh  Castle,  the  ancient  scat  of  the  Bruns,  lords 
of  Bowness,  is  a  fine  specimen  of  the  ancient  fortified 
manor-house.  It  is  built  of  Roman  stones,  and  now  serves 
as  a  farmhouse.  It  appears  to  iiave  been  rebuilt  iu  the 
reign  of  Henry  VI II.  by  Tiiomas.  Lord  Dacro.  John 
Aglionby,  Esq.,  purchased  the  demesne  of  Drumburgh, 
in  the  year  l(i7s,  uf  Henry,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  and, 
according  to  Deuton,  repaired  the  castle,  which  was 
then  in  ruins;  some  years  afterwards  he  conveyed  it  to 
Sir  John  Lowther,  in  exchange  for  Nunnery. 


159 


CUMBERLAND  AVAKD. 


The  village  of  Dniniburf;h  occupies  a  pleasant  situa- 
tion, on  an  eminence,  3  J  mile?  south-east  of  Bowness,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Port  Carlisle  and  Carlisle  and  Silloth 
lines  of  railway.  Here  is  a  school,  erected  by  subscrip- 
tion and  a  grant  from  the  National  Society,  in  1831,  at 
a  cost  of  £150.  It  is  under  goveniment  inspection,  and 
is  supported  by  quarter  pence  and  an  annual  grant  of 
£•20  from  W.  Hodgson.  Esq.,  of  liowness.  Tlie  average 
attendance  of  children  is  about  70.  In  1849,  the  Earl 
of  Lonsdale  gave  £10  for  the  erection  of  a  gallery,  ven- 
tilation, Ac,  a  part  of  which  was  given  to  Bowness 
School.  W.  Hodgson,  Esq.,  is  about  to  erect  a  school 
here  at  his  own  expense. 

Easton  is  a  hamlet  in  Drumburgh  township,  four  and 
a  half  miles  east-by-south  of  Bowness.  The  school  here, 
which  receives  £0  1  Ss.  8d.  a  year  from  Thomas  Pattin- 
son's  charity,  has  been  closed  for  some  time. 

Glasson  is  another  hamlet  in  this  township,  two  miles 
south-east  of  Bowness,  where  there  is  a  small  Primitive 
Methodist  chapel,  which  was  erected  in  18-14,  at  a  cost 
of  about  £80.  A  subterraneous  forest  was  cut  through 
in  the  excavation  of  the  canal,  near  the  banks  of  the 
Solway  Frith,  about  half  a  mile  north-west  of  this 
village,  and  extending  into  Kirkland.  The  trees  were 
all  prostrate,  and  they  had  fallen  with  little  deviation, 
in  a  northerly  direction,  or  a  little  eastward  of  it.  Some 
short  trunks  of  two  or  three  feet  in  height  were  in  the 
position  of  their  natural  growth  ;  but.  although  the  trees, 
with  the  exception  of  the  alburnum  and  all  the  branches, 
were  perfectly  sound,  yet  the  extremity  of  the  trunks, 
whether  fallen  or  standing,  were  so  rugged,  that  it  was 
not  discoverable  whether  the  trees  had  been  cut  down, 
or  had  fallen  by  a  violent  storm.  The  level  upon  which 
the  trunks  lay  was  a  little  below  that  of  high  tides,  and 
from  eight  to  ten  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  ground 
they  were  embedded  in  ;  which,  excepting  the  super- 
ficial soil,  is  a  soft  blue  clay,  having  the  appearance  of 


marine  alluvion Although   the   precise 

period  when  the  forest  fell  is  not  ascertainable,  there  is 
a  positive  proof  that  it  must  have  been  long  prior  to  the 
building  of  the  wall,  because  the  foundations  of  the  wall 
passed  obliquely  over  it,  and  lay  three  or  four  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  trees.  Arch.  ..El.  ii.  117.  The  forest 
extends  over  a  considerable  tract  of  ground.  It  is 
probable  that  it  was  overthrown  by  a  tempest  from  the 
south  or  south-west,  at  a  time  when  the  sea  occupied  a 
lower  level  than  it  does  at  present.  The  wood  was  so 
sound  that  it  was  used  in  common  with  other  oak  tim- 
ber in  forming  the  jetties  at  the  outlet  of  the  canal  into 
the  Solway  Frith. 

FISGI.AKD. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1804  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £1,524  2s.  Gd.  The  number  of  inhabi- 
tants in  1801  was  136  ;  in  1811,  129  ;  in  1821,  128; 
in  18:3],  194;  in  1841,  187;  and  in  18D1,  2:50.  The 
Carlisle  and  Silloth  railway  intersects  the  township. 
The  landowners  are  Mrs.  Hodgson,  Messrs.  William 
NLxon,  Piobert  Pattinson,  John  Hallifax,  William  and 
James  Corry,  ^Yilliam  Carr,  John  Story,  Nathan  llolli- 
day,  and  William  Beaty.  Fingland  forms  part  of  the 
manor  of  Bowness.  AVhitrigge,  in  this  township,  was 
anciently  the  property  of  a  family  to  whom  it  gave 
name,  one  of  whose  co-heiresses,  carried  it  by  marriage 
to  the  Skeltons. 

The  village  of  Fingland  is  five  miles  south-south-east 
of  Bowness. 

The  hamlet  of  Whitrigge  is  situated  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  Wampool,  three  miles  south-by-east  of 
Bowness. 

The  school  is  a  neat  stone  building,  erected  by  sub- 
scription and  a  grant  from  the  School  Building  Society 
about  the  year  1844;  it  is  under  goverimien^Bbpection, 
supported  by  quarter  pence  and  private  subscriptions, 
and  has  an  average  attendance  of  forty  pupils. 


BURGH  -  UPON  -  SANDS    PARISH.' 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  river  Eden  and  BockclilY  parish,  on  the  west  by  Bowness,  on  the  south 
by  Orton  and  Kirkbampton,  and  on  the  east  by  Beaumont.  It  includes  the  townships  of  Burgh-upon-Sands,  Lon»- 
burgh,  Boustead  Hill,  anciently  Burghstead  Hill,  and  Moorhouse  and  Thui-stonfield,  whose  united  area  is  7,839 
acres.  Burgh  Mai-sh  is  a  stinted  pasture  of  about  1400  acres  of  alluvial  soil,  extending  from  Old  Sandsfield  to  a 
brook  called  Fresh  Creek  in  the  township  of  Boustead  Hill. 


•  Also  Burgh-le-Sands,  and  Bnrgh-by  Sands. 


BURGH-UPON-SANDS   PARISH. 


153 


BURGH-nPON-SANDS.  ' 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  326; 
in  ISll,  357;  in  isCil,  490;  in  1831,  457;  in  1841. 
512;  and  in  1851,  541.  The  inhabitants  are  princi- 
pally yeomen,  who  reside  in  the  village  of  Burgh-upon- 
Sands  and  a  few  detached  dwellings.  They  attend  the 
Carlislo  markets.  The  soil  here  is  very  fertile,  cou- 
sisting  of  good  vegetable  mould.  The  township  is 
intersected  by  good  public  roads,  and  by  the  Carlisle 
and  Silloth  and  Port  Carlisle  railways,  a  station  on 
which  is  situated  at  Burgh,  and  also  a  depot  for  coal 
and  lime. 

In  Ilorsley's  day  the  remains  of  the  ramparts  of  the 
Roman  Wall  were  to  be  seen  at  a  place  called  Oldcastle, 
a  little  to  the  east  of  the  parish  church.  He  says, 
"  On  the  west  side  these  remains  are  most  distinct, 
being  about  six  chains  in  length  ;  and  Severus's  Wall 
seems  to  have  formed  the  north  rampart  of  the  station. 
I  was  assured  by  the  person  to  whom  the  field  belonged 
that  stones  were  often  ploughed  up  in  it,  and  lime  with 
the  stones.  Ums  have  also  frequently  been  found  here. 
I  saw,  besides  an  imperfect  inscription,  two  Roman 
altars  lying  at  a  door  in  the  town,  but  neither  sculptures 
nor  inscriptions  are  now  visible  upon  them. 
If,  besides  all  this,  we  consider  the  distance  from  the 
last  station  at  Stanwix,  I  think  it  can  admit  of  no  doubt 
but  there  must  have  been  a  station  here,  though  most 
of  its  ramparts  are  now  levelled,  the  field  having  been 
in  tillage  many  years.  I  shall  only  further  add,  that  it 
was  very  proper  to  have  a  station  at  each  end  of  the 
marsh,  which,  if  the  water  flowed  as  high  as  some 
beliovo,  would  make  a  kind  of  bay."  At  present  little 
meets  the  eye  of  the  inquirer  to  inform  him  of  the  spot 
where  the  station  stood,  but  when  the  surface  of  the 
ground  is  broken,  the  traces  of  a  Roman  city  are  still 
suflicicutly  distinct.  The  churchyard  is  filled  with 
fragments  of  red  sandstone  blocks.  At  the  depth  of 
two  feet  it  contains  several  distinct  lines  of  foundations. 
Kntire  lachrymatory  vessels,  and  fragments  of  unglazed 
jars  and  ums,  and  glazed  bricks  for  the  pavement  of 
baths,  have  repeatedly  been  dug  up.  A  small  bronze 
figure  was  recently  found.  When  the  canal  was  cut, 
blocks  of  stone,  blackened  by  smoke,  were  dug  out 
of  the  soil  to  tlie  south-ciust  of  the  church.  A  few  in- 
scribed stones  have  boon  found  since  Ilorsley's  day,  but 
none  of  them  name  the  cohort  which  was  stationed  in 
the  camp.  Henco  we  have  no  means  of  knowin<T 
whether  Burgh  is,  as  Ilorsley  states  it  to  be,  the  Axelo- 
dunum  of  the  Notitia,  or  Cougavata,  according  to  the 

'This  townsliip  romjiri^ies  nnrgli  Tlond  nnd  West  Eml,  formerly 
two  .ndoprndcm  townships,  but  owinR  li.  the  difficulty  of  deUning 
tlio  boundaries  of  eacli,  thej  an  now  united. 

10 


opinion  of  Hodgson.  Among  the  Roman  altars  which 
have  been  fouud  here  there  is  one  inscribed  "  deo 
BELATVc^.;"  another,  "deo  belatvcadro  posvit  aeam 
PRO  sE  ET  svis  ;"  a  third,  "  alatvn      .      .      rpo  s. 

CENSOEINVS   SALVTE    SVA      .       .      ES   ET   POS." 

Near  to  Burgh  is  the  site  on  which  the  castle  of  Sir 
Hugh  de  Morville  formerly  stood.  The  adjoining  field 
is  called  "  Hang-man-tree,"  doubtless  because  the  lord 
had  his  gallows  here  always  ready  for  use.  A  neigh- 
bouring enclosure  bears  a  designation  not  less  ominous, 
"  Spillblood  Holme." 

After  the  Conqueror  had  given  the  county  of  Cum- 
berland to  Ranulph  de  Meschines,  the  latter  divided  the 
same  into  seven  baronies,  of  which  Burgh  is  one,  and 
comprises  the  parishes  of  Burgh,  Bowness,  Aikton, 
Thursby,  Orton,  lurkbampton,  Kirkandrews-on-Eden, 
and  Grinsdale.  It  was  given  by  Ranulph  de  Meschines 
to  his  brother-in-law,  Robert  D'Estrivers,  or  Trivers, 
who  married  a  sister  of  the  said  Ranulph,  and  received 
from  his  brother-in-law  the  ofBce  of  chief  forester  of 
Inglewood,  which  dignity  with  its  liberties  and  privileges 
continued  to  be  held  by  the  successive  lords  of  Burgh 
until  Thomas  de  Multon  of  GUsland  forfeited  the  same 
by  joining  in  the  insurrection  of  Simon  de  Montfort, 
Earl  of  Leicester,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  Ibria, 
the  heiress  of  Robert,  married  Ranulph  Engayne  lord 
of  Isell,  and  with  her  husband  gave  Harraby,  near 
Carlisle,  to  the  prior  and  convent  of  that  city,  which 
gift  was  confirmed  by  Hugh  de  IMorville.  Their  grand- 
daughter Ada  brought  this  barony  in  marriage  to  Simon 
de  Morville,  son  of  Hugh  de  Morville,  who  in  the 
third  year  of  King  Stephen  (1188)  was  one  of  the 
witnesses  to  the  charter  of  protection  then  made  by 
David  king  of  Scotland  to  the  monks  of  Tynemouth. 
This  Simon  de  Morville,  in  1187,  gave  fifty  marks  for 
Engayne's  lauds.  He  had  issue  by  his  wife  two  sons, 
Roger  and  Richard,  the  latter  of  whom  in  1069  gave  200 
marks  to  Henry  II  for  livery'  of  those  lands  which  he 
claimed  with  the  daughter  of  William  do  Lancaster, 
and  left  issue  Helena  his  daughter  and  heir  married 
to  Roland  de  Galway.  Roger  do  Morville,  the  eldest 
sou-  of  Simon,  had  issue  a  son  and  heir,  Hugh  de 
Morville,  who  was  one  of  the  four  knights  who,  on 
December  29th,  1170,  assassinated  Thomas  ii  Becket, 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  before  the  altar  of  St.  Bene- 
dict, in   his  cathedral   church,'    "  which  done,"    saj- 

'  The  body  of  tlic  orchbishnp  wns  hastily  buried  in  the  crypt  on 
the  lUst  December.  There  it  rfmained  nulil  the  year  1«0,  when  it 
WHS  trftiisferred  with  solemn  pomp  to  a  splendid  shrine,  which  had 
been  prepared  immedinlely  behinil  the  high  altar.  St.  Thomas  was 
canonised  by  I'opo  Alexander  III.,  March  llnl,  117);  and  although 
his  shrine  was  destroyed,  and  his  name  erased  from  the  .\nglican 
calendar  by  Henry  VIII.,  no  less  than  sixty-four  churches  sliU 
exist  in  England  dedicated  to  him. 


154 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


Nicolson  anil  Burn,"  they  entered  the  archbishop's 
stables,  and  taking  his  liorscs,  rode  to  Knarcsbui'gh  in 
Yorkshire,  (a  town  belonging  to  this  Hugh,)  where  they 
stayed  till  all  the  inhabitants  were  weary  of  them. 
Mr.  Denton  says,  the  sword  that  killed  Becket  was  in 
his  father's  time  at  Isell,  which  place  belonged  to  the 
Morvilles  as  heirs  of  Engayno  ;  after  that,  the  said 
sword  remained  with  the  house  of  Arundel."  This 
Hugh  de  Morvillc  espoused  Helcwiso  de  Stutovillc, 
■with  whom  he  received  the  manors  of  Kirkoswald  and 
Lazonby  ;  and  in  1'200  he  obtained  license  to  enclose 
the  woods  in  Kirkoswald,  as  likewise  to  crenellate  his 
manor  house  and  have  a  fair  once  every  year  with  a 
weekly  market.  "  He  also,"  say  the  writers  just  (juoted, 
"gave  the  King  (John)  fifteen  marks  and  three  good 
palfreys  to  enjoy  his  court,  with  the  liberties  of  toll, 
theam,  infangtheof,  fire  and  water  ordeal  and  all  other 
such  privileges  as  belong  to  the  crown,  during  the 
continuance  of  Helewise  his  wife  in  a  regular  habit." 
Hugh  died  without  male  issue  leaving  two  daughtei-s, 
Ada  and  .loan,  the  former  of  whom  was  married  twice,  tho 
fii-st  time  during  her  father's  life  to  Richard  son  of  Regi- 
nald de  Lucy,  lord  of  Egremont,  and  afterwards  to 
Thomas  dc  Mnlton.  .loan,  the  younger,  was  married  after 
her  father's  death,  to  Richard  (ieruon.  Upon  the  division 
of  Hugh's  estates,  in  120-1,  between  these  his  daughters 
and  co-heirs,  Richard  de  Lucy  paid  a  fine  of  900 
marks  and  five  palfreys  for  the  share  of  Ada  his  wife, 
and  the  forestership  of  Cumberland,  as  fully  as  the 
said  tenure  had  been  enjoyed  by  Hugh  dc  JMorvUle ; 
and  Richard  Gernon  gave  600  marks  for  liberty  to 
marry  Joan,  with  the  share  belonging  to  her  of  the 
land  of  which  her  father  had  died  seised.  Two  daugh- 
ters, Amabil  and  Lucy,  were  the  fruit  of  Ada's  marriage 
■with  Richard  de  Lucy.  To  her  second  husband  Tho- 
mas de  Multon,  she  bore  a  son  Thomas  de  JIulton, 
who  became  heir  to  her  portion  of  the  Morville  estates. 
This  Thomas,  in  1251,  had  livery  of  his  lands,  for 
which  he  paid  a  fine  of  £-10  ;  and  the  forestership  of 
Cumberland  also  descending  to  him  from  his  mother, 
he,  in  1252,  paid  for  that  dignity  400  marks.  He 
married  Maud,  daughter  and  heir  to  Hubert  de  Vaux, 
baron  of  Gilsland,  and  in  1233  obtained  for  himself 
and  his  wife  a  charter  of  free  warren  in  all  his  demesne 
lands  in  Cumberland,  Yorkshire,  Norfolk,  and  Suffolk ; 
and  that  "  they  and  their  heirs,  after  the  decease  of 
Maud  de  Vaux  her  mother  (then  the  wife  of  William 
Everard)  should  have  free  warren  in  aU  the  demesne 
lands  they  held  in  the  counties  of  Somerset  and  Devon, 
being  of  the  dowTy  of  the  said  Maud  the  mother,  and 
of  the  inheritance  of  ^laud  the  daughter."'  In  1258 
he  was  summoned  to  attend  with  horse  and  arms,  and 


to  march  with  the  other  barons  of  the  north  into  Scot- 
land fdr  the  purpose  of  rescuing  the  King  of  Scots,  who 
was  then  a  minor,  and  said  to  be  kept  in  restraint  by 
liis  own  subjects  ;  and  b}'  another  summons  he  was 
required  to  be  at  Chester  on  the  IVIonday  before  the  feast 
of  St.  John  the  Baptist  (June  24)  to  restrain  the  incur- 
sions of  the  Welsh.  He  died  in  l2flS  or  1209,  leaving 
a  son  and  heir  Thomas  do  Multon,  who  performing 
homage  came  into  possession  of  his  lands.  This 
Thomas  received  a  considerable  accession  to  his  pro- 
perty on  the  demise  of  Helwise  de  Levington,  widow 
of  Eustace  de  Baliol,  in  1271,  when  he  was  found  to 
be  her  heir  as  to  the  whole  manor  of  Aiktou,  and  the 
other  moiety  of  Burgh-on-Sands,  Kirkoswald,  and  La- 
zonby ;  all  which  Eustace  de  Balinl  (having  had  issue 
by  her  which  lived  for  some  time)  held  of  her  inhei'i- 
tance  as  tenant  by  the  courtesy  of  England  till  his 
death,  which  happened  in  1271,  when  Thomas  de 
Multon  came  into  possession.  He  died  in  1293,  and 
the  estates  devolved  upon  his  son  and  heir  Thomas  de 
Multon,  who  at  that  time  was  in  the  twenty-sixth  year 
of  his  age ;  but  he  did  not  enjoy  them  long,  for  ho  died 
two  yeai-s  afterwards,  being  then  seised  of  the  manor 
of  Denham  in  the  county  of  Norfolk,  as  also  of  the 
manors  of  Burgh-upon-Sands  and  Kirkoswald,  also  of 
the  barony  of  Gilsland,  and  lands  in  Santon,  Irton, 
Bolton,  and  Gosforth,  leaving  Thomas,  his  son  and 
heir,  thirteen  years  of  age,  and  Isabel  his  wife  sur- 
viving, who  had  for  her  dowry  the  manor  of  Denham, 
which  had  been  made  over  to  her  by  transfer  of  title. 
Thomas  de  Multon  paid  £100  for  relief,  and  in  31 
Edward  I.  (1303)  served  in  tho  war  with  the  Scots,  and 
again  in  130f).  The  following  year  he  was  ordered  to 
fit  himself  with  horse  and  arms,  and  join  John  de  Lan- 
caster and  Ingleram  dc  Gysnes,  in  resisting  tho  incur- 
sions of  tho  Scots  uudcr  Robert  Bruce.  Two  years 
later  we  find  him  in  the  Scottish  wars,  and  again  in 
1310.  In  1316  he  obtained  for  himself  and  Margaret 
his  wife  a  special  charter  from  Edward  II.,  by  which 
he  was  empowered  to  hold  a  market  weekly  on  Wed- 
nesdays, and  two  fairs  every  year,  one  on  the  eve,  da)', 
and  morrow  after  the  festival  of  Our  Lady,  the  other 
on  the  eve,  da_y,  and  morrow  after  the  festival  of  Sts. 
Simon  and  Judc  at  Ayshall  in  Somersetshire  ;  as  also 
free  warren  in  all  his  demesne  lauds  at  Seven  Hampton 
in  the  said  county  of  Somerset,  and  Pynho  in  the 
county  of  Devon.  He  was  summoned  to  Parliament 
amongst  the  barons  of  the  realm,  from  1297  to  1314 
inclusive,  and  died  afte  rthe  last-named  year,  lea'ving 
issue  Margaret,  married  to  Ranulph  de  Dacre,  who 
performing  fealty  to  Edward  II.,  his  wife  making  proof 
of  her  age,  came  into  possession  of  her  estates.     Her 


BURGH-UPON-SANDS   PARISH. 


155 


unelc  William,  the  brother  of  lier  father,  was,  however, 
the  heir  male,  and  held  the  manor  of  Lazouby  during 
his  hfe  ;  but  on  his  death  in  lUll,  the  whole  of  the 
Multon  estates  beciime  centred  in  her,   and   by  this 
means   became   the   property   of    the   Dacrcs,    wliich 
family  received  a  further  large  addition  of  fortune  by 
marriage  with  the  heiress  of  Greystoke.     The  eldest 
branch  of  the  Dacre  family  terminated  in  a  daughter, 
to  whom  descended,  with  some   others,   the  original 
estate  at  Dacre.     The  other  estates,  Greystoko,  Gils- 
laud,  liurgh,  itc,  were  settled  upon  "  a  younger  branch 
of  the  Dacres  of  the  male  line,  which  continued  in 
that  name  for  four  descents  further,  and   then  that 
branch  ended  in  coheirs  ;  for  George  lord  Dacre,  in  the 
II  th  year  of  Queen  Elizabeth  (J  oGO),  dying  without  male 
issue,  was  succeeded  by  his  three  sisters,  one  of  whom 
dying  unmarried,   the  estate  came  to  the  two  other 
sisters,  Anne  the  elder,  married  to  Philip  earl  of  Arun- 
del, and  Elizabeth  the  younger,  married  to  the  lord 
William  Howard,  both  of  them  sons  of  Thomas  duke 
of  Norfolk.      The  barony  of  Burgh,  in  the  partition, 
was  allotted  to  the  lady  Anne,  whose  descendant  in  the 
fourth  generation,  Henry  Howard,  Duke   of  Norfolk. 
sold  the  same  about  lliHll,  to  Sir  .Tdhu  Lowther,  of 
Lowtlier."'     The  barony  is  now  held  by  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale,  the  present  head  of  the  house  of  Lowther. 
The  customs  of  the  manor   of  Burgh,   as   conlirmed 
by  a  decree  of  Chancery  in  1074,  are  as  follow: — 
Upon  every  general  fine  or  change  of  tenant  by  death, 
tho  tenants  pay  a  twentyponny  fine,  or  two  years  im- 
proved value,  at  the  option  of  the  lord  ;  and  a  thirty- 
penny  fine,  or  three  years  improved  value,  upon  every 
change  of  tenant  by  sale  or  alienation,  at  the  like  option. 
Customary  courts  are  occasionally  held  hero  by  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale.     ISIost  of  the  tenements  arc  now 
enfranchised.      An   ancient   and   singular   custom   of 
holding  races  on  tho  death  of  the  lord  of  the  manor  is 
still  preserved,  when  a  silver  prize  cup  is  given  by  the 
new  lord  ;  the  race  being  restricted  to  horses  bred  iu 
the  barony.     The  last  of  these  sports  was  in  18-1-1,  on 
the  accession  of  tlu;  present  Earl  of  Lonsdale.      Li 
addition  to  the  lord  of  the  manor,  the  landowners  are, 
Mr.  George  Blaylock,  Miss  Aglionby,  G.  H.  Oliphant, 
Esq.;  ^Ir.  Johu  Norman,  Mrs.  MofTatt,  Mr.  Matthews 
Hodgson,    Mrs.  J.  Hodgson,   Mr.  John  Hodgson.    Mr. 
Samuel  Blaylock,    .Mr.  W.  Tinnion.   Jlr.  1\.  Liddell, 
and  others. 

The  village  of  Burgh-upon-Sands  occupies  a  fine  situa- 
tion live  miles  wcst-by-north  of  Carlisle,  near  and  along 

'  Nirolson  biuI  Biima  I  list.  WeBlmorelimd  anil  CumberlonJ. 
vol.  11.,  pp.  UUi,21ll.  Ilulchiiisoii  sav3  the  cstnle  was  soKl  iu  !«•<., 
Willie  Messrs.  Lyson  sUlc  ia  l«i4. 


the  site  of  the  celebrated  Roman  Wall.  In  and  around 
the  village  is  a  large  number  of  boulder  stones,  some  of 
them  half  a  ton  in  weight.  They  are  of  granite,  and  iu 
some  distant  age  have  been  torn  from  the  summit  of 
Crifiel,  the  hUl  which  lends  so  much  beauty  to  the  land- 
scape on  the  northern  side  of  the  Solway.  On  Burgh 
Marsh,  about  a  mile  north  of  the  village,  is  a  monument 
to  the  memory  of  Edward  I. — "Malleus  Scotorum" — 
who  died  there  iu  1307.  It  was  erected  by  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale,  in  1803,  upon  the  site  of  an  old  one,  and 
bears  the  following  inscription  : — "  omni  veneuatione 

PROSEQUENS  INCLYTAlt    EDWARDI    PRIMI    F.\MA1I,   OPTIMI 

.4.KGLI.E  EEGIS,  COLUMNAM  HAhX  HUMIFUSAM  DIRUTAMQDE, 
HIC    HEP0NEN-D.4M    CUEAVIT    GULIELMUS    VICE-COMES    DE 

LowTHEP,,  ANNO  sAXUTis  MDCcciii."  Camden  tells  us 
that  Burgh  Marsh,  or  rather  the  very  estuary  of  the 
Solway,  was  the  scene  of  a  fight  between  the  Eughsh 
and  Scots. 

THE    CHUBCH. 

Burgh  Church,  dedicated  to  St.  Michael  the  archangel, 
is  very  ancient,  but  having  undergone  great  alterations 
in  the  course  of  ages,  presents  many  chflereut  styles  of 
architecture  —  the  north  entrance  is  Saxon.  The  tower 
is  very  strongly  fortified,  the  walls  on  three  sides  being 
from  six  to  seven  feet  thick.  The  vaulted  chamber  on 
the  ground  floor  is  only  ten  feet  by  eight,  and  the  en- 
trance to  it  from  the  church  is  secured  by  a  ponderous 
iron  door,  si.x  feet  eight  inches  in  height,  with  two  large 
bolts  exactly  resembling  one  remaining  at  Naworth 
Castle.  On  the  north  side  of  the  chamber  is  a  very 
narrow  opening,  or  arrow  slit,  at  the  end  of  the  recess 
iu  the  wall,  six  feet  three  inches  deep  ;  and  on  the  west 
side  are  two  such  openings,  (one  of  them  only  throe 
inches  wide),  with  steps  leading  up  to  them.  At  the 
south-west  angle  is  a  stone  staircase,  leading  to  the 
upper  chamber,  tho  dimensions  of  which  are  10  feet 
9^  inches  by  11  feet  7^  inches.  On  tho  east  side  of 
the  room  is  an  opening  into  tho  upper  part  of  the  nave 
of  the  church,  and  on  the  south  and  west  sides  are 
small  narrow  windows.  This  lower  was  probably  built 
iu  the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  it  often  served  as  a  place  of  refuge  during  tiie  bor- 
der wai-s.  JIan}'  hewn  stones  appear  in  diflerent  parts 
of  the  building  with  the  e.vterior  surface  reticulated, 
evidently  taken  from  tho  Roman  Wall,  or  the  statioa 
the  site  of  the  churchyard  and  church.  Tho  church, 
wliich  was  anciently  rectorial,  was  granted  by  Sir  nu"h 
do  Morville.  one  of  tlio  lords  of  Burgh,  to  the  abbey  of 
Holme  Cultrani,  "  for  tho  finding  of  liglits,  wine,  and 
other  necessaries  for  the  ornament  of  the  church  of 
Holme  Cultrani,  and  the  service  of  the  altar  there." 
This  grant  was  confirmed  by  Richard  de  Lucy,  first 


156 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


husband  of  Ada,  daughter  of  Hugh  do  Morville,  and 
afterwards  by  Thomas  de  Multou,  her  second  husband, 
who  granted  further  to  the  abbot  and  convent  common 
of  pasture  in  the  village  of  Burgh  after  the  hay  and  corn 
should  be  carried  off,  and  two  acres  of  arable  land  in 
Burgh  Marsh,  and  a  fishery  in  Eden,  with  two  nets  for 
every  carucate  of  land  which  they  had  in  Burgh.  Joan 
de  Morville,  second  daughter  of  Sir  Hugh,  confirmed 
the  said  grant,  for  the  health  of  her  soul  and  of  the  soul 
of  her  husband  lliehard  do  Gernon,  of  her  father,  Hugli 
de  Morville,  and  all  her  ancestors  and  successors.  The 
same  was  likewise  confirmed  by  Pope  Innocent  IV., 
who  granted  to  the  abbot  and  convent  liberty  to  apply 
the  revenues  of  the  said  church  to  the  use  of  their 
own  house,  for  hospitahty  and  maintenance  of  the  poor, 
reserving  a  competent  portion  for  a  chaplain  to  officiato 
at  Bui-gh.  The  living  is  a  vicarage,  in  the  patronage  of 
thecrown.  Itisvaluod  intheKing'sBookatJL'u  Is.lljd., 
but  was  certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's 
Bount}',  at  £13  8s.,  after  which,  in  1758,  it  was  aug- 
mented by  Joseph  Liddell  and  Queen  Anne's  Bounty, 
with  £400,  with  which  land  was  purchased.  In  1843, 
the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  granted  to  it  £30,  and 
in  the  same  year  the  tithes  were  commuted  for  a  yearly 
rent-charge  of  £23,  so  that  the  benefice  is  now  worth 
about  £120  per  annum.  The  rectorial  tithes,  which 
formerly  belonged  to  a  number  of  lay  impropriators, 
were  redeemed  by  the  landowners  in  1829,  except  that 
portion  belonging  to  Dovenby  School,  which  was  also 
purchased  by  the  proprietors  of  the  soil  in  1840,  for  the 
sum  of  £500,  so  that  the  whole  is  now  merged  in  the 
land.     The  parish  register  commences  in  1G53. 

Vicars.— Peter,  1231;   Hugh  de  Hayton,  1!?37;    John  de 

Kerby,  18(JK ;  Eudes  de  Raveustonedale, ;  John  Lakesson, 

13C9;  John  de   Kane,   ;  Eichard  Garth,    1381;    Wilhani 

Nicholson,  1473  ;  Thomas  Langton,  ID35  ;  WilUam  Blane,  l.'JSl ; 

Thomas  Story,  1081;  Thomas   Ismay,   1739;    Harrison, 

178C;  Robert  Walker,  1800;  William  Mark,  1820;  John  Lown-, 
1838. 

The   Vicarage  is   a  plain   building,  adjoining  the 
church. 


CHAMTIES. 


Pattinson's  Charity. — Thomas  Pattinson,  by  will,  in 
1785,  directed  that  the  interest  of  £100  should  be  paid 
annually  to  the  schoolmaster  of  Burgh,  Long  Burgh,  and 
Moorhouse,  in  this  parish,  as  an  encouragement  for  his 
or  their  teaching  poor  children  of  Burgh,  who  should 
not  receive  alms  of  the  parish.'  The  sum  of  £3  17s., 
as  interest  of  £100,  is  paid  in  equal  proportions  to  two 
schoolmasters,  one  at  Moorhouse,  and  the  other  at 
Burgh.      The  trustees  send  to  each  school  as  many 

'  For  the  particulars  of  this  charity,  see  Bowness,  page  100. 


poor  children  of  the  parish  as  the  interest  will  pay  for 
at  the  usual  rate  of  quarterage. 

Mrs.  Hodgson'' 8  School. — The  children  of  parents 
within  the  parish  of  Burgh,  not  possessed  of  a  real 
estate  of  £12  per  annum,  are  entitled  to  free  instruction 
at  the  school  founded  by  Mi-s.  Hodgson,  at  Wiggonby, 
in  Aiktou  parish. ' 

Hodgson's  Charity.  —  Richard  Hodgson,  who  died 
about  130  years  ago,  left  £liiO  to  the  parish  of  Burgh, 
one  moiety  of  the  interest  thereof  to  be  distributed 
amongst  poor  householders  of  the  parish  not  receiving 
relief,  and  the  other  moiety  to  be  applied  for  the  edu- 
cating of  poor  people's  children.  The  interest  of  this 
sum,  £4,  is  divided  annually,  on  Easter  Monday,  as 
directed  by  the  testator. 

Liddle's  Charity.  —  John  Liddle,  who  died  in  1804, 
left  £50  in  trust,  for  poor  people  of  the  parish  of  Burgh 
not  receiving  parish  relief.  The  interest  of  this  sum, 
£2,  is  distributed  annually,  on  Easter  Monday,  amongst 
poor  householders  not  receiving  assistance  from  the 
parish. 

Mrs.  French,  Chelsea,  grand-daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Ismay,  has  for  some  years  transmitted  £3  10s. 
to  be  distributed  according  to  her  direction  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  vicar. 

There  are  schools  for  boys,  girls,  and  infants  in  the 
parish.  There  is  also  a  subscription  library,  supported  by 
about  twenty  members,  and  also  a  Sunday-school  library. 

John  Stagg,  the  author  of  some  poetical  pieces  in  the 
Cumberland  dialect,  was  a  native  of  this  place. 

At  West  End,  in  this  township,  is  a  chemical  works, 
about  to  be  removed  to  Drumburgh  Moss,  Bowness 
parish,  carried  on  by  Mr.  David  Dick,  who  manufac- 
tures copperas,  acids,  sulphate  of  ammonia,  itc. 

BODSTEAD   HILL. 

Boustead  Hill  township  contained,  in  1801,  a  popu- 
lation of  84  persons;  in  1811,  65  ;  in  1821,  80;  in 
1831,  03  ;  in  1841,  74  ;  and  in  1851,  72.  Its  rateable 
value  is  £024  18s.  The  acreage  is  included  in  the 
parish  returns.  The  principal  landowners  are  ^Messrs. 
Samuel  Rigg,  W.  Nixon,  W.  Morton,  John  Faulder, 
Thomas  Rigg,  and  John  Beattie. 

The  village  of  Boustead  Hill  is  beautifully  situated 
on  a  rising  ground  overlooking  the  Solway  Frith,  and 
on  the  south  side  of  the  Carlisle  and  Port  Carlisle  Rail- 
way, two  miles  west  of  Burgh. 

LONG   BUEGH. 

The  number  of  inhabitants  in  this  township  in  1801 
was  100;  in  1811,  111;  in  1821,  154;  in  1831,  118; 

1  See  Wiggonby  School. 


CEOSBY-UPON-EDEN   PARISH. 


101 


in  1841,  1-24;  and  in  1851,  127.  The  rateable  value 
isi'857  ITs.  The  Roman  Wall  ran  through  part  of  this 
township.  The  principal  landowners  are  G.  H.  Oliphant, 
Esq. ;  Messrs.  John  Hodgson,  Piohert  Uodgson,  and 
Samuel  Blaylock  ;  Miss  Ilobson  ;  and  M.  Hodgson,  Esq. 
The  soil  here  is  a  rich  loam,  and  partly  gravel.  Long 
Burgh  is  intersected  bj  tlie  Port  Carlisle  Railway. 

The  village  of  Long  Burgh  is  situated  one  mile  west 
of  Burgh,  south  of  the  Port  Carlisle  Railway,  aud  con- 
tains two  private  schools. 

Dykcsfield,  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  north  of  Long 
Burgh,  was  long  the  seat  and  property  of  the  family  of 
Dykes,  who  removed  thence  to  Dovenby.  It  is  now 
the  residence  and  property  of  Matthew  Hodgson,  Esq. 
On  the  western  side  of  the  hamlet  is  a  common  which 
contains  several  earthen  ramparts  and  temporary  camps. 

MOORHOUSE. 

The  population  of  the  township  of  Moorhouse  in 
1801,  was  204;  in  1811,  135;  in  1821,  254  ;  in  1831, 
277;  in  1841,  203;  and  in  1851,  343.  Moorhouse 
possesses  light  but  good  soil,  and  its  rateable  value  is 
j£l,168  10s.  The  principal  landed  proprietors  here 
are  Major  Ewart,  ^Messrs.  John  Ostell,  John  Galloway, 
William  and  Thomas  Stordy,  and  Robert  Lamonby. 
There  arc  three  corn  mills  in  the  township  and  a 
tannerv. 


The  village  of  Moorhouse  is  pleasantly  situated  about 
two  miles  south  of  Burgh,  aud  contains  several  neat 
houses.  The  school,  which  is  entitled  to  a  moiety  of 
Pattinsou's  Charity,  is  in  ruins. 

Moorhouse  Hall  is  a  neat  structure,  the  property  of 
:\Ir.  John  Galloway,  who  purchased  it  of  Major  Ewart, 
and  is  now  the  residence  of  his  son,  Mr.  J.  Galloway. 

The  Society  of  Friends  have  a  meeting  house  here  a 
brick  building,  erected  in  1733,  adjacent  to  which  is 
their  burial-ground,  enclosed  by  a  brick  wall,  and  over 
the  entrance  to  which  is  a  slab  bearing  the  date  1004.' 

Thurstonfield  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  one  mile 
west  of  Moorhouse,  where  there  is  a  tannery. 

1  Thomas  Stordy,  who  died  in  10X4,  and  Jonathan  Ostell.who  died 
in  nr,r,,  were  natives  of  this  parish,  and  zealous  members  of  the 
Society  of  Friends.  Being  liy  law  entitled  to  tlie  impropriation  of 
certain  tithes,  they  demised  them  to  the  several  owners  on  whose 
estates  they  arose.  Mr.  Stordy  suffered  many  persecutions  for  his 
attachment  to  the  principles  of  the  society.  In  1662,  being  at 
Carlisle  Assizes,  he  went  to  see  some  of  his  friends  then  in  prison 
in  that  city,  when  he  was  illegally  detained  by  the  gaoler,  and  next 
day  brought  before  the  court.  As  he  refused  to  uike  the  oath  of 
allegiance  then  tendered  to  him,  he  was  committed  to  prison,  and 
next  day  sentence  of  ;irci«Hni><?  passed  upon  him,  which  euuiled  the 
loss  of  all  his  real  and  personal  estates.  In  consequence  of  this 
sentence  he  was  kept  a  close  prisoner  at  Carlisle  for  ten  years,  but 
was  at  length  released  by  the  king,  in  167i;,  and,  tlirough  the  inter- 
cession of  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  his  real  estate  was  restored  to  him. 
A  few  years  afterwards  he  fell  a  victim  to  a  statute  of  the  ••J:)rd  of 
Elizabeth,  and,  for  absenting  himself  from  pubUc  worship,  was  cast 
into  prison,  where  he  died  iu  lUdl. 


CROSBY-UPON-EDEN   PARISH. 

This  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  High  Crosby,  Low  Crosby,  Brunstock,  and  Walby,  whose  united  area  is  3590 
acres.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Scaleby,  on  the  west  by  Stanwix,  on  the  south  by  the  river  Eden,  and  on  the 
east  by  Irthington.  A  survey  has  rocciuly  been  made  for  the  commutation  of  tithes,  but  not  completed.  It  may  bo 
worthy  of  remark  that  a  curious  boundary,  or  double  fence,  exists  on  the  east  sidt>  of  the  parish,  adjoining  tlio  parish 
of  Irthington,  known  by  the  nanm  of  the  "  Baron's  Dyke,"  being  a  division  between  the  barony  of  Gilsland  and  the 
barony  of  Linstock.  The  inhabitants,  who  are  engaged  entirely  in  agricultural  pursuits,  are  industrious,  cleanly, 
peaceable,  and  contented.  They  generally  attend  the  Carlisle  markets.  The  quality  of  the  soil  in  the  parish  is 
various.  Adjoining  the  river  Eden  is  a  rich  dry  loam,  on  a  gravelly  subsoil ;  in  other  parts  there  ai-e  portions  of  a 
strong  clayey  soil,  with  a  portion  of  moor  and  meadow.  Tlio  rateable  value  of  the  parish  is,  at  the  present 
time,  £3,392.  The  militJiry  road  between  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  intersects  the  parish,  and  runs  nearly 
parallel  with  the  old  Roman  Wall,  which  was  on  the  northern  side  of  the  parish.  This  road  was  formed  and 
completed  soon  after  the  rebellion  of  1745,  for  the  purpose,  according  to  an  old  act  of  parliament,  "  of  keeping  a  free 
and  open  communication  between  the  city  of  Carlisle  and  the  town  of  Xewcastle-upon-Tync ;  and  for  the  passage  of 
troops,  horses,  and  carriages  at  all  times  in  the  year."  A  great  part  of  the  labour  required  in  the  making  of  this  road 
is  supposed  to  have  fallen  to  the  lot  of  General  Wade's  army.  There  are  also  distinct  remains  of  a  Roman  road 
running  through  the  middle  of  this  parish,  in  a  direction  of  nearly  cast  and  west,  the  same  as  tho  present  militarv 
road,  and  at  a  short  distance  from  it.  Many  old  coins  have  been  discovered  at  various  times,  but  none  particularlv 
■worthy  of  notice.  This  parish  possesses  no  ancient  edifices  or  other  objects  of  antiquarian  curiositv,  except  that  a 
grange  is  saitl  to  have  been  erected  here  after  Linstock  was  given  to  tho  Cliurch  of  Cadislc,  aud  that  it  was  called 
Crosby,  on  account  of  its  belongiiig  to  the  Church.  It  may  be  remarked  that  Linstock  Castle,  iu  the  neighbouring 
parish  of  Stanwix,  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  bishops  of  Carlisle. 

10  a 


158 


CUMBERLAND  WARP. 


tow  CROSBY. 

The  population  of  Low  Crosby  township  in  1801  was 
150  ;  in  1811,  101  ;  in  18-21,  184  ;  in  1831,  204  ;  in 
1841,  133;  and  in  1831,  148.  The  soil  here  is  a  rich 
loam. 

The  manor  or  baroii}'  of  Crosby,  which  has  always 
been  annexed  to  Linstock,  and  wliich  includes  the  whole 
of  the  parish  of  Crosby -upon -Eden,  is  vested  in  the 
Bishop  of  Carlisle,  to  whose  predecessors  it  was  assigned 
by  Gualo,  the  papal  legate,  on  a  partition  of  the  estates 
of  the  bishop  and  priory.  The  other  claimants  are  the 
Earl  of  Carlisle  ;  Jlr.  IMaude,  of  Sellaby,  in  Yorkshire  : 
and  the  Vicar  of  Crosby.  The  Earl  of  Carlisle's  claim 
would  exist  during  the  last  century,  and  long  before, — 
the  vicar's  from  time  immemorial.  The  other  small 
manor,  held  by  !Mr.  Mautle,  has  not  been  long  in  his 
possession.  Small  sums,  or  lord's  rents,  are  paid  an- 
nually to  the  lords  of  the  manors  just  named.  The 
land  in  tliis  manor  is  nearly  all  held  by  customary 
tenure,  except  a  little  of  leasehold  and  freehold.  The 
bishop's  court  was  formerly  hold  in  this  parish  four 
times  a  year,  but  recently  only  once.  The  court  rolls 
e.'ctend  through  a  long  period  of  time.  The  principal 
landowners  in  the  township  are  Mrs.  Saul ;  PJchard 
Carruthei-s,  Esq. ;  AVilliam  Nicholson  Hodgson,  Esq. : 
and  Thomas  Phillips,  Esq. 

The  village  of  Low  Crosby  stands  upon  the  gently 
sloping  banks  of  the  river  Eden,  about  four  miles  east- 
north-east  of  Carlisle. 

THE  cnrncn. 
The  church,  dedicated  to  St.  John,  occupies  the  site 
of  the  ancient  church  of  Crosby.  It  was  erected  iu 
1854,  at  a  cost  of  £1,800.  It  is  a  beautiful  and  sub- 
stantial structure,  in  the  Gothic  style,  consisting  of 
nave  and  chancel,  with  gallery  for  organ  and  choir,  and 
contains  about  200  sittings,  the  greater  part  of 
which  are  free.  The  living  is  a  vicarage,  in  the 
patronage  of  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  who  has  been  im- 
propriator and  patron  for  a  long  period.  It  is  valued 
in  the  King's  Book  at  STt  lis.  4d.,  but  is  now  worth 
upwards  of  £150  per  annum.  The  vicar  receives,  under 
commutation,  the  annual  value  of  the  hay  and  small 
tithes,  together  with  the  rental  of  the  glebe.  The 
whole  tithes,  great  and  small,  have  lately  been  com- 
muted for  £375.  The  parish  registers  commence 
in  1059. 

Vicars. — William  de  Insula,  1303;  John  'Waschip,  1310; 
Thomas   de  Dalston,  1337;    Robei-t  Merke,  1353;    Roger  de 

Ledes,  1307;   John  de  Grandon,  ;  Thomas  de  Kirkland, 

13Ci;  John  Fitxroger, ;  Robert  CajUes,  1379;  EUas, ; 

Simon  Gate,  1-J77;  Thomas  Twentjman,  ;  Thomas  Wil- 
son, 1585;  Thomas  Shaw,  l(;i'J;  Thomas  Jlilburn,  l(;a7 ; 
Richard    Welshman,  1035;    William   Hodgson,    1C30;    John 


Theckston,  16G1 ;  Philip  Flemingr,  1666 ;  Bobert  Home,  1670 : 

Nathaniel  Bowev,  1080;  Richmond  Fenton,  1713;  William 
Gibson,  17,10  ;  Henry  Shaw,  1758  ;  Thomas  Lo\vr)',  D.D.,  1701 ; 
Edward  Salkeld,  1832;  Joseph  Thomlinson,  1838. 

The  Parsonage  is  a  plain  structure,  situate  at  Iligb 
Crosby,  rebuilt  upwards  of  fifty  years  ago. 

CHAHIT1E3. 

Jaclcson's  Charity. — Joseph  Jackson,  by  will  proved 
13th  November,  1773,  bequeathed  to  the  overseers  of 
the  poor  of  the  parish  of  Crosby-on-Eden,  £40,  the 
interest  of  which  was  to  be  given  to  the  poor  annually 
iu  Easter  week,  at  the  discretion  of  the  overseers.  The 
interest,  amounting  to  £2,  is  distributed  as  directed. 

Patrickson's  Charity. — This  is  another  bequest  left 
by  the  late  Hiss  Patrickson,  the  interest  of  which  is 
distributed  to  the  poor  at  Christmas. 

The  parish  school  is  a  neat  stone  building  in  the 
Elizabethan  style,  erected  by  subscription  in  1844,  at 
a  cost  of  £350.  It  is  under  government  inspection, 
has  an  average  attendance  of  upwards  of  50  scholars, 
and  is  supported  by  voluntary  subscriptions,  with  the 
interest  of  a  legacy  bequeathed  by  the  late  Miss 
Patrickson. 

Eden  Grove,  a  delightfully-situated  villa  in  this 
township,  is  the  seat  of  Richard  Carmthers,  Esq. 
Several  houses  in  this  parish  take  their  names  from 
the  Ptoman  wall,  viz.,  Wall  Head,  AValby,  Wall  Dub ; 
and  fields  also  bear  the  names  of  walls. 

BKUKSTOCK. 

Brunstock  township  contaiued  in  1801,  a  population 
of  05;  in  1811,  03;  in  1821,  53;  in  1831,  108; 
in  1841,  75  ;  and  in  1851,  70.  The  land  here  is  fer- 
tile and  good,  but  rather  cold,  on  a  clayey  subsoil. 
The  principal  landowners  are  Mrs.  Saul,  R.  S.  Dixon, 
Esq.,  and  Mr.  John  Forster. 

The  village  of  Brunstock  is  about  three  miles  north- 
north-east  of  Carlisle.  Here  stands  Brunstock  House, 
the  beautiful  seat  of  Mrs.  Saul.  It  is  a  fine  building 
in  the  Gothic  style,  surrounded  by  excellent  grounds, 
and  adds  very  much  to  the  general  appearance  of  the 
landscape.  Crosby  Lodge  is  also  the  property  of  the 
same  lady. 

HIGH    CEOSBY. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  102  ; 
in  1811,  134;  in  1821,  J  36;  in  1831,  133;  in  1841, 
140  ;  and  in  1851,  162.  The  soil  here  is  partly  rich 
good  land,  with  some  poor,  on  a  gi'avelly  subsoil.  The 
principal  landed  proprietors  are  Mrs.  Saul,  W.  N. 
Hodgson,  Esq.,  M.P.,  and  Rev.  Joseph  Hudson, 
Messrs.  John  Nicholson,  Robert  Bell,  and  Mrs.  Wright. 


DALSTON  PARISH. 


159 


The  village  of  High  Crosby  is  about  half-a-mile  east 
of  Low  Crosby.  Here  are  the  Vicarage  llouse,  Crosby 
Lodge,  and  Crosby  House,  the  Litter  of  which  was 
erected  by  the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Lowry,  vicar  of  this 
parish,  and  uow  belongs  to  his  graudson,  the  Rev. 
Joseph  Hudson. 

Newby  Grauge  in  this  township,  the  seat  of  William 
Nicholson  Hodgson,  Esq.,  J. P.  and  M.P.,  is  a  handsome 
building  in  the  Elizabethan  style. 


WALBT. 

The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1801  was  30  ;  in 
181],  52;  in  Ls^!l,  40;  in  1831,  02;  in  1841,  49; 
and  in  1851,  33.  The  landowners  are  Messrs.  John 
•Jameson,  John  Thompson,  and  John  Dixon,  and  Mrs. 

Saul  and  Miss  Howard. 

The  village  of  'Walby  is  about  four  miles  north-east 
of  Carlisle. 


DALSTON   PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Dalston  extends  about  six  miles  in  length  by  three  in  breadth.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  portions 
of  the  parishes  of  St.  ^lary  and  Upperby,  on  the  west  by  that  of  Thursby  and  Westward,  on  the  south  by  Sebergham, 
and  on  the  cast  by  Leath  Ward.  The  soil  in  general  consists  of  a  diy  loam,  except  near  the  village  of  Dalston,  where 
it  is  gravelly,  and  is  mostly  "  laid  don-n  to  grass  for  pasturage  and  meadow ;"  but  all  kinds  of  grain  thrive  well  in 
every  part  of  this  extensive  parish.  A  great  part  of  the  arable  land  lies  rather  low,  with  a  gentle  inchuation  to  the 
river  Caldew.  Besides  this  river  the  parish  is  watered  with  the  Raugh,  Ivegill,  and  Shalk  rivulets,  and  is  remarkable 
for  its  ancient  mansions,  foremost  amongst  which  stands  Rose  Castle,  the  seat  of  the  bishops  of  CarUsle  for  many 
centuries.  Dalston  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Dalston,  Buckhowbank,  Cumdevock,  Hawkesdale,  Ivegill,  and 
Raughton  and  Gatesgill,  whose  united  area  is  15,073  statute  acres. 


D ALSTON. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  701  ; 
in  1811,  914;  in  l.s21,  955;  in  1831,  1109;  in  1841, 
1021  ;  and  in  1851,  1022.  Its  rateable  value  is 
1-1783  15s.  9d.  The  Maryport  and  Carlisle  Railway 
intersects  the  township. 

The  barony  of  Dalston  was  given  by  Ranulph  de 
Meschines  to  a  brother  of  Hubert  de  Vallibus,  of  Gils- 
land,  named  Robert,  who  thereupon  assumed  the  name 
of  Dalston,  and  it  continued  in  the  possession  of  his 
descendants  till  King  Stephen  gave  Cumberland  to 
David  of  Scotland,  when  tho  latter  gave  it  to  Henry 
Jlorison.  It  was,  however,  subsequently  seized  by 
Henry  II.  ns  an  escheat,  and  remained  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  crown  till  the  year  1228,  when  Henry  III. 
gave  to  Walter,  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  and  his  successore 
in  the  sec  for  ever,  "  the  manor  of  DiJston,  with  the 
advowson  of  the  church  there,  with  sac  and  soke,  and 
woods  and  mills,  and  all  other  appurtenances ;  to  hold 
the  same  disatVorested,  with  power  to  assart'  and  make 
enclosures,  and  dispose  of  the  wood  at  their  will  and 
pleasure,  without  the  view  and  interruption  of  his 
foresters,  vorderers,  regarders,  or  other  oHicers  ;  and 
that  they  shall  be  free  from  suits,  and  summonses,  and 
pleas  of  the  forest ;  and  have  liberty  to  hunt  and  take 
deer  and  other  game  witliin  the  said  manor,  and  no 

'  From  the  olil  Frnicli  assarter,  lo  grub  up  trees. 


other  shall  have  such  liberty  without  their  permission ; 
and  shall  hold  the  said  manor  as  a  forest,  as  the  king 
held  the  same  before  the  said  grant.  The  said  bishop 
and  his  successors  to  find  one  canon  regular  to  say  mass 
every  day  in  the  Church  of  St.  Mary,  Carlisle,  for  the 
souls  of  the  lung,  and  of  his  father,  and  all  his  ancestors 
and  successors."  And,  by  another  charter,  the  same 
monarch  further  grants,  •'  that  if  they,  or  any  person 
with  their  permission,  shall  chase  any  game  within 
their  forest  of  Dalston,  and  the  said  game  shall  fly  into 
the  king's  forest,  they  may  pursue  and  take  the  same 
within  the  king's  forest,  and  return  without  the  moles- 
tation of  the  king's  foresters,  or  other  oflicers."  In  the 
reign  of  Edward  I.  this  manor  was  claimed  against  the 
bishop,  in  a  writ  of  right,  by  Jlichael  de  Hercla,  who 
grounded  his  pretensions  upon  his  descent  from  an 
heiress  of  the  elder  branch  of  tho  Dalston  family,  but 
without  success.  The  barony  of  Dalston  comprises  the 
parish  of  Dalston,  and  the  manors  of  Great  Dalston, 
J.,ittle  l)alston,  Cardew,  High  Head,  and  Raughton  and 
(latesgill.  The  north  part  of  tho  baixiny,  which  is  in 
tho  parish  of  St.  Mary.  Carlisle,  was  assigned  to  the 
prior,  aud  now  forms  tho  manor  of  John  de  Capella, 
belonging  to  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners,  who 
have  succeeded  to  tho  manors,  S:c.,  of  the  dean  and 
chapter  of  Carlisle.  The  manor  of  Great  Dalston  com- 
prises the  principal  portion  of  the  parish,  and  is  a  mixed 
manor,  consisting  of  freehold,  copyhold,  aud  customary 


ICO 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


tenements,  with  some  leaseholders  for  life.  The  wife 
of  a  copyhold  or  customarj'  tenant  in  this  nianor  cannot 
be  deprived  of  her  dower  by  the  husband  selling  or  sur- 
rendering his  estate,  unless  she  join  in  such  surrender. 
On  the  failure  of  male  issue,  the  daughters  of  tenants 
inherit  equally  as  coparcenci-s.  The  principal  land- 
owners here  are  Mrs.  Richardson,  Mrs.  Cowen,  Joseph 
Richardson,  itc. 

The  village  of  Dalston  is  large  and  populous,  occu- 
pying a  pleasant  situation  on  the  picturesque  banks  of 
the  Caldew,  about  four  miles  south-by-west  of  Carlisle, 
and  has  a  weekly  market  for  flesh  on  Fridays.  An 
ancient  cross,  raised  on  several  steps,  and  bearing 
several  coats  of  arms,  formerly  stood  at  the  east  end 
of  the  village  ;  it  was,  however,  removed  in  1815. 

THE   CHURCH. 

Dalston  Church,  dedicated  to  St.  Jlichael,  is  a  neat 
and  substantial  structure,  consisting  of  nave,  chancel, 
and  small  transept,  on  the  south-east.  It  contains 
a  handsome  font  by  BiUinge,  and  a  fine  organ  presented 
by  George  Cowen,  Esq.,  in  1847.  In  the  chancel  there 
is  a  handsome  marble  monument  to  the  memoiy  of  the 
late  Eev.  W.  Fletcher,  M.A.,  for  thirty-two  years  chan- 
cellor of  the  diocese  of  Carlisle,  and  vicar  of  this  parish 
for  fifty-three  years.  He  died  April  1st,  1850,  aged 
79.  The  monument  is  by  Watson  of  London,  a  native 
of  this  place,  and  contains  a  fine  bust  of  the  deceased. 
There  is  also  a  handsome  tablet  to  the  memory  of  the 
late  ]Mrs.  Salkeld,  of  Holm  Hill.  In  the  churchyard 
there  is  a  monument  to  the  late  bishop  of  Carlisle, 
Dr.  Percy,  who  died  in  February,  1856,  and  was  buried 
here.  The  benefice  is  a  vicarage,  valued  in  the  King's 
Book  at  £'8  18s.  lid.;  but  after  the  Ilestoration,  it  was 
augmented  with  corn  tithes  to  the  amount  of  £30 
a  year,  and  with  a  legacy  of  £300  left  by  Bishop 
Smith,  which  was  expended  in  the  purchase  of  land 
adjoining  the  Vicarage,  so  that  the  living  is  now  worth 
about  £300.  The  great  tithes  of  Dalston  are  appro- 
priated to  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  who  is  patron  of  the 
living. 

Rectors.— Americ  Theobald,  ]203;  Egbert  rickering,  1204; 
John  de  Drockenford,  1292. 

Vkaks.— Gilbert  de  Derington,  130.1 ;  John  de  Carlisle,  1310; 

Henry  Hand, ;  Richard  Asklaby,  1300 ;  Roger  de  Ledes, 

1358;  John  Middleton,  1309;  John  del  Marsh,  1371;  Jolm  de 

Alanby,  1378  ;    John   Mayson,  1378  ;    George   Bewley,  ; 

Mark  Edgar,  1570;  Thomas  Nicholson,  1580;  Robert  Colher, 

1590;  William  Griffith,  ;   Edward  Baker,  1012;    Richard 

Garth,  lOCl ;  John  Walker,  1003;  Thomas  Benson,  J7U; 
William  Nicholson,  1727;  John  Story,  1731;  William  Paley, 
archdeacon  of  Carlisle,  1770;  Walter  Fletcher,  1793;  John 
Woodham  Dunn,  1810;  R.  H.  Howard,  1853. 

The  Vicarage  is  a  plain  but  neat  building,  close  by 
the  church,  and  has  lately  been  enlarged  and  improved. 


The  Wcsleyan  Association  Methodist  Chapel  is  a 
small  building,  erected  in  1851,  at  a  cost  of  £250.  It 
will  accommodate  about  300  hearers,  and  is  attended  by 
local  preachers  and  the  Carlisle  ministers.  There  is  a 
Sunday-school  held  in  connection  with  this  chapel. 

The  Grammar  School  was  erected  by  subscription  in 
1815,  and  is  open  to  all  the  children  of  the  parish  at  a 
low  quarterage.  This  school  appears  to  have  been 
founded  at  an  early  period,  but  part  of  the  original  en- 
dowment was  lost  during  the  civil  wars  in  the  reign  of 
Chai-les  I.  From  an  account  entered  in  a  book  belong- 
ing to  this  parish,  called  the  School  Book,  it  appears 
that  there  was,  in  l(j()3,  tlie  sum  of  £108  15s.  Gd.,  the 
interest  of  which  was  applied  as  the  salary  to  a  school- 
master. In  the  year  1673,  the  school  stock  is  entered 
as£110  15s.  Cd.;  and  the  following  additions  have  sub- 
sequently been  made  by  beneiactions  given  expressly 
for  the  increase  of  that  stock :  —  1C78,  by  Bishop 
Rainbow,  £10  ;  .1084,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Rainbow  (widow 
of  the  bishop),  £5  ;  1685,  John  Rayson,  £2  ;  1094, 
1095,  two  gifts  made  by  Bishop  Smith,  £30  ;  1703, 
Madam  Rainbow,  £10  ;  making  in  the  whole,  £167 
15s.  Cd.  About  the  year  1703  there  appears  to  have 
been  paid  towards  the  expenses  of  recovering  part  of 
this  school  stock,  which  was  in  the  hands  of  one  George 
Denton,  £29  15s.  Cd.,  leaving  a  balance  of  £138. 
This  sum  was  afterwards  reduced  by  expenses  in 
repairing  the  school-house  to  £110,  which  was  invested 
in  the  funds.  In  1808  the  stock  was  sold  out  for 
£120  10s.  4td.,  and  out  of  that  money  £10  10s.  45d. 
was  expended  in  enclosing  an  allotment  made  to  the 
school,  and  £50  was  added  to  a  sum  amounting  to 
nearly  £300,  raised  by  subscription  fur  the  building  of 
a  new  school-house.  These  expenses  reduced  the  school 
stock  to  £00,  which  was  placed  out  at  interest.  In 
addition  to  the  £30  above  mentioned.  Bishop  Smith,  by 
indenture,  dated  March  22nd,  ICflO,  gave  to  this  school 
a  cottage,  and  about  seven  acres  of  land  in  Hawkesdale, 
in  this  parish,  and  he  also  built  a  school-room  at  his 
own  expense.  About  the  year  1800,  on  the  enclosure 
of  the  common  land,  in  this  parish,  an  allotment  of  two 
acres  was  made  to  the  school,  in  pursuance  of  a  clause 
in  the  enclosure  act,  which  directed  that  a  parcel  of 
ground  should  be  set  out  for  the  erection  of  a  school-house 
for  the  parish  and  manor  of  Dalston.  In  1847,  the 
sum  of  £200  was  left  to  this  school  by  Mrs.  Fletcher 
and  Mrs.  Hodgson,  executrixes  of  the  late  Chancellor 
Fletcher,  who  was  the  surviving  trustee  to  the  will  of 
John  Tiffin  of  Brownelson,  whereby  a  sum  of  money 
•was  at  his  disposal  for  charitable  purposes. 

The  National  School  is  held  in  the  old  Methodist 
Chapel,  erected  in  1825,  and  is  under  the  patronage  of 


DALSTON   PARISH. 


IGl 


the  vicar,  wlio  reuts  the  cbapel  for  the  purpose.  It 
will  accommodute  over  100  scholars,  the  average  atten- 
dance is  about  00. 

There  is  a  ^VorldDg  Men's  Reading-Eoom  here,  which 
was  established  in  1848,  and  numbers  about  fifty  mem- 
bers, who  subscribe  one  penny  per  week,  for  which  sum 
they  have  the  use  of  a  library  containing  about  400 
volumes,  and  a  daily  and  local  newspapers.  The  entire 
management  is  in  the  hands  of  working  men. 

CHARITIES. 

Benson's  Charity.  —  Dr.  Benson,  who  died  about  the 
year  17;i0,  bequeathed  i'50  to  the  poor  of  this  jmrish. 
The  legacy  was  received  in  the  following  year,  and, 
about  1708,  it  was  invested  in  the  funds.  In  1808, 
this  stock  was  sold  for  X'5i  10s.,  which  sum  was  placed 
out  at  interest.  It  amounts  now  to  £05  10s.  4d., 
three-per-cents,  which  is  distributed  uinmally  by  the 
minister  and  churchwardens  amongst  poor  persons  of 
the  parish. 

Strowj's  Charily.  —  Mary  Strong,  who  died  in  1814, 
left  by  will  to  the  Rev.  'Walter  Fletcher,  and  his  suc- 
cessors, vicars  of  Dalston,  ,{,'100,  to  be  placed  out,  and 
the  interest  to  be  for  ever  applied  to  the  instruction  of 
poor  girls  of  the  parish.  It  has  been  since  increased  to 
£171  5s.  3d.     The  vicar  is  trustee  for  this  charity. 

There  are  two  other  charities,  viz. : — Thumlinsou's 
Charity  for  the  poor,  £27  133.  5d.  three-per-cents ;  and 
Tifui's  Charity  for  the  poor,  £1(H)  three-per-cents, — 
the  interest  of  which  is  distributed  at  Christmas. 

Hutchinson  tells  us  "  there  was  a  hermitage  near 
Dalston:  the  recluse,  in  1343,  who  occupied  it,  was 
called  Hugh  do  I.ilford  ;  but  where  his  cell  was,  or 
when,  or  by  wlioni  it  was  tirst  constructed,  there  is  no 
record  or  tradition  to  point  out."  It  seems  that  there 
was  a  chapel  appertaining  to  it,  dedicated  to  St. 
Wynemius  the  Bishop,  and  indulgences  were  granted 
by  Bishop  Kirby,  about  the  year  1343,  to  all  such  as 
should  give  any  money,  books,  or  vestments  for  the 
repair,  &c.,  of  the  chapel.  At  some  distance  from  the 
parish  church,  in  a  deep  and  romantic  part  of  the  vale 
of  Caldew,  surrounded  by  rock  and  hanging  woods,  there 
is  a  field  called  Chapel  Flat,  which  is  conmionly  sup- 
posed to  have  been  the  site  of  this  chapel. 

There  was  formerly  a  circle  of  rude  stones,  ton  yards 
in  diameter,  near  the  village,  supposed  to  have  been  the 
remains  of  a  Druidical  temple  ;  and.  at  a  little  distance 
from  it,  was  a  tumulus,  three  yards  high  and  eight  in 
diameter.  In  the  rich  vale  of  Dalston  there  was  a  largo 
earthen  embanknunt,  called  a  bar,  or  barrow,  extending 
from  Dalston  Hall  to  Cumdevock,  a  disUince  of  three 
miles,  raised  for  the  purpose  of  protection  against  the 


incursions  of  the  moss  troopers.  Near  this  embankment 
several  "  bar  houses  "  were  erected,  aud  occupied  by 
people  whose  duty  it  was,  on  the  approach  of  the 
enemy,  to  give  an  alarm  by  the  ringing  of  bells  and 
blowing  of  trumpets,  on  the  sound  of  which  the  inhabi- 
tants drove  their  cattle,  &c.,  behind  for  safety. 

The  manor  of  Little  Dalston  belonged,  from  an  early 
period,  to  the  ancient  family  of  Dalston,  descended  by 
a  younger  branch  from  Robert  de  Vallibus,  to  whom 
the  barony  of  Dalston  had  been  granted  by  Eauulph  de 
Meschines.  Sir  William  Dalston,  the  immediate  descen- 
dant, a  zealous  royalist,  was  created  a  baronet  in  1040. 
The  title  and  the  male  lino  of  the  elder  branch  of  this 
ancient  family  became  e.xtinct  by  the  death  of  Sir 
George,  the  fifth  baronet,  in  1765.  Four  years  before 
his  death  he  sold  his  estate  at  Dalston  to  Jlonkhouse 
Davison,  Esq.,  after  whose  demise  it  was  purchased,  in 
the  year  1705,  by  John  Sowerby,  Esq.,  and  is  now  the 
property  of  Colonel  Sowerby. 

Dalston  Hall,  at  present  a  farmhouse,  is  a  very  ancient 
castellated  structure,  but  the  date  of  its  erection  cannot 
be  ascertained :  the  chapel  is  now  used  for  some  of  the 
purposes  of  the  farm.  Dalston  Hall  was  the  head 
quarters  of  General  Lesley  during  the  siege  of  Carlisle 
in  1044  and  1045. 

nUCKHOWBANE. 

This  township  contained  in  1801,  493  inhabitants; 
in  1811,  471  ;  in  18^1,  570;  in  1831,  008  ;  in  1841, 
030;  and  in  1851,  070.  Its  rateable  value  is  £0,000 
4s.  The  manorial  rights  of  that  part  of  the  township 
in  the  manor  of  Great  Dalston,  are  vested  in  the 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioners,  and  those  of  the  portion 
in  Little  Dalston  manor  in  Colonel  Sowerby.  The  prin- 
cipal landowners  are  Thomas  Salkeld,  Esq.,  Colonel 
Sowerby,  Rev.  Mr.  Parker,  Mr.  George  Robinson,  and 
Mrs.  Richardson. 

Here  are  two  corn-mills,  one  carried  on  by  3Ir.  Bcwley 
of  Carhsle,  the  property  of  Mrs.  Cowen,  and  the  other 
by  jMr.  Gibson,  the  property  of  Colonel  Sowerby.  There 
are  three  cotton-mills,  two  carried  on  by  .T.  Cowen  and 
Sons,  and  tlie  other  by  Messrs.  Johnson  and  Dover. 
Tiierc  are  besides  a  saw-mill  and  iron-forge,  the  pro- 
perty cf  ti.  Cowen,  Esq.,  and  carried  on  by  Mr.  John 
Dover;  at  this  forge,  which  was  established  in  1750, 
are  manufactured  agricultural  implements  of  a  superior 
description.  There  is  also  a  llax-mill,  carried  on  by 
Mr.  Arthur  Parker,  who  is  also  a  canvas  manufacturer. 

Browuclson,  two  farms  iu  this  township,  were  for- 
merly given  to  the  priory  of  Carlisle  by  Henry  Dalston, 
the  second  of  that  family  who  resided  at  Dalston  Hall. 

Unthank  and  Lingley  Close  Head  are  two  small 
hamlets  iu  this  township. 


162 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


This  township,  a  suburb  of  Dalstoa  village,  is  partly 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Caldew,  and  partly  on  the 
west  side. 

ci;mdevock. 

The  population  of  Cum Jevock  in  180 1  was  283  ; 
in  1811,  31,5  ;  in  1821,  333;  in  1831,  348  ;  in  1841, 
361;  and  in  1851,  337.  The  soil  here  is  generally 
good  loamy  land,  and  the  rateable  value  is  £2,1 9i).  The 
principal  landowners  are  the  Ilarl  of  Lonsdale,  Mrs. 
ThomUnson,  Messrs.  Robert  Blamire,  John  Guard- 
house, William  Dobinson,  T.  K.  Atkinson,  —  Dkon, 
John  Richardson,  John  Armstrong,  and  several  small 
owners. 

The  manor  of  Cardew  in  tliis  township  belonged,  at 
an  early  period,  to  a  family  who  took  their  name  from 
the  place.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  it  became  the 
property  of  John  Burdon,  who  in  default  of  issue  from 
his  son  of  the  same  name,  entailed  it  on  .John  Denton 
and  his  wife  Ivan,  the  heiress  of  Kirkbride  and  his 
heirs.  This  John  Denton  is  said  to  have  distinguished 
himself  in  the  service  of  Edward  Baliol,  who  gave  him 
as  a  crest,  a  castle  burning  with  a  flaming  sword  in  a 
lion's  paw,  which  was  afterwards  borne  by  his  family, 
for  defending  a  castle  in  Annandale  against  Robert 
Bruce.  In  1080  George  Denton,  Esq.,  sold  the  manor 
of  Cardew  to  Sir  James  Lowther,  Bart.,  from  whom  it 
has  descended  to  the  present  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The 
customary  tenants  of  the  manor  were  enfranchised  in 
1672,  by  George  Denton,  Esq.,  who  reserved  only  a 
small  quit  rent  and  the  royalties. 

Cardew  Hall,  long  the  seat  of  the  Dcntons,  is  now  a 
farmhouse.  Here  resided  Mr.  John  Denton,  whose 
voluminous  MS.  History  of  Cumberland  has  proved  of 
the  greatest  service  to  all  those  who  have  taken  an 
interest  in  the  history  and  antiquities  of  this  county. 

The  village  of  Cumdevock  is  about  one  and  a  half 
miles  south-west  of  Dalston. 

Cardew  Lees  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  one  and  a 
half  miles  north-west  of  Dalston,  and  is  included  in  the 
manor  of  Parton. 

The  Gill,  another  hamlet,  is  partly  in  this  and 
partly  in  Hawkesdale  township,  one  mile  south-west 
of  Dalston,  near  to  which  is  Thomlinson  Lodge,  a  neat 
building  in  the  Elizabethan  style,  erected  about  twenty 
years  ago. 

Shalkfoot  is  also  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  two  and 
a  half  miles  west  of  Dalston.  In  this  hamlet  there  is 
a  school  for  boys  and  girls,  built  by  the  parishes  of 
Westward  and  Dalston,  in  1780.  It  is  a  small  stone 
building,  capable  of  accommodating  about  thirty  chil- 
dren. The  brook,  at  the  foot  of  which  this  place 
stands,    and    which    is    variously    called     Shalkbeck, 


Shawkbeck,  Chalkbeck,  and  Chokebeck.  nnis  into  a 
level  bog,  two  miles  long,  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
broad,  formerly  consisting  of  reeds  and  bulrushes,  but 
latterly,  by  a  judicious  system  of  drainage,  converted 
into  arable  and  pasture  land.  The  rivulet  rises  on 
Warnel  Fell,  and  divides  this  parish  from  that  of  West- 
ward, and,  joining  Loughbeck,  they  together  take  the 
name  of  Wainpool.  On  its  rugged  and  rocky  banks  are 
liic  Shalk  quarries,  where  tliree  different  beds  of  stone 
arc  wrought,  viz.,  one  of  red  freestone,  of  an  open  grit : 
another  of  very  white  freestone,  of  a  close  body ;  and  a 
seam  of  limestone.  The  extent  of  the  workings,  the 
quality  of  the  stone,  and  an  inscription  on  one  of  the 
clifis,  clearly  prove  that  the  Romans  obtained  materials 
here  for  the  erection  of  that  part  of  the  wall  westward 
from  Carlisle.  There  is,  on  an  overhanging  cliff,  seven 
or  eight  yards  above  the  rivulet,  the  following  Roman 
inscription: — 

LEG.  n.  AVG.  . 
MILIIES    PE.    .    .   . 

COH.  m.    coH.  nn. 
which  has  been  read,   "  legionis  secundjj  adgust.f. 

MILITES    rOSUEKCXT    COHORS    TEETIA    COHOES    QUARTA." 

The  cliff  formerly  rose  several  yards  above  the  inscrip- 
tion, and  was  called  Tom  Smith's  leap,  from  a  person 
of  that  name  having  thrown  himself  over  the  precipice 
to  avoid  being  taken  prisoner,  and  was  kiUed  on  the 
rocks  beneath.  Christ  Church,  Carlisle,  has  been  built 
of  stone  from  these  quarries.  About  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  south  from  this  place,  is  a  sulphurous  spring, 
rising  from  a  bed  of  grey  limestone.  The  Green  Quar- 
ries have  yielded  large  quantities  of  excellent  red  slates. 
Lady's  Hill  Quariy  is  on  the  west  side  of  the  stream, 
in  Westward  parish ;  and  here  are  extensive  old  work- 
ings, in  which  there  were  once  a  few  stones  with  Roman 
names  upon  them.  Cunning-garth  appears  to  have 
been  a  Roman  intrenchmcnt,  and  near  the  quarries  are 
several  ancient  barrows,  one  of  which  bore  the  name  of 
Toddle  HUl ;  it  was  forty  yards  in  diameter,  and  seven 
yards  high.  Several  urns,  containing  ashes,  skulls, 
bones,  &c.,  have  been  found  on  this  hiU,  which  has  been 
entirely  taken  away  for  the  reparation  of  the  roads  and 
for  building  purposes. 

HAWKESDALE. 

The  population  of  Hawkesdale  township  in  1801  was 
321 ;  in  1811,  376  ;  in  1821,  330  ;  in  1 831,  427  ;  in 
1841,  411 :  and  in  1851,  353.  The  rateable  value  is 
£3,437  10s.  8d.  The  soil  here  is  chiefly  loam  by  the 
river  side,  on  the  high  ground  clayey  incumbent  on  a 
red  sandstone.  The  manorial  rights  are  vested  in  the 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioners,  who,  with  Thomas  Salkeid, 
Esq. ;  Wm.  Blamire,  Esq. ;  J.  J.  Watts,  Esq. ;  Messrs. 


DALSTON    PARISH. 


163 


Robert  Twentyman,  and  John  Bunting,  are  the  prin- 
cipal landowners.  The  township  extends  along  the  west 
side  of  the  Caldew,  from  one  to  three  miles  south  of 
Dalstou. 

Hose  Castle,  the  episcopal  palace  of  the  see  of  Car- 
lisle, is  situated  in  this  township,  in  a  pleasant  vale 
near  the  river  Caldew,  about  seven  miles  south  by  west 
of  Carlisle.     From  having  been   repaired  at  different 
times,  according  to  the  prevalent  architectural  taste,  it 
has  assumed  a  somewhat  incongruous  appearance,  when 
conij]arcd  with  its  origiual  castellated  style.     The  castle 
presents  a  fine  mass  of  towers  built  on  the  north  side 
of  the  vale,  surrounded  by  hanging  gardens  that  rise. 
terrace  above  terrace,  up  to  the  level  lawn  upon  which 
it  stands.     It  is  not  certain  that  this  castle  occupies 
the  site  of  the  ancient  baronial  mansion  of  Dalston, 
though  there  is  every  probability  that  it  does,  and  such 
is  the  generally  received  opinion.     In  1 300,  Edward 
I.,  while  prosecuting  his  claim  to  the  Scottish  crown, 
resided  for  a  few  days  at  Rose  Castle,  and  after  the 
termination  of  the  siege  of  Carlaverock,  we  find  him 
here  again,  when  he  was  jomed  by  his  queen.     During 
his  residence  here,  he  received  a  communication  from 
the  Pope  respecting  the  affairs  of  Scotland,  which  seems 
to  have  been  the  principal  cause  of  his  summoning  his 
parliament  to  meet  him  at  Lincoln,  in  the  following 
I'ebruary.     The  writs  for  this  parliament  are  dated 
Apud  la  liosc,  September  2.jth  and  Stith,  l;>00.     In 
i:)ii'i,  the  baronial   mansion   of  Rose,  in    which  the 
bishops  of  Carlisle  now  occasionally  resided  on  account 
of  the  numerous  attacks  to  which  Liustock  was  exposed, 
was  burnt  by  die  Scots  under  Bruce.     Some  years  later 
it  again  sufl'ored  from  the  same  enem}',  in  consequence 
of  which    Bishop    Kirby,  in    1330,  obtained  a  royal 
license  to  castellalo  his  manor-house  at  Rose ;  and  from 
this  time  it  is  known  in  all  documents,  itc,  as  Rose 
Castle.     As  built  by  Bishop  Kirkby,  tlie  castle  formed 
a  ([uadrungle,  encompassed  by  a  rampart  ajid  ditch,  and 
such  continued  to  be  its  form  till  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, numerous  additions,  however,  having  been  made 
to  it  in  tho  interval,  by  successive  bishops.      These 
additions  consisted  of  a  tower,  built  by  Bishop  Strick- 
land, another  by  Bishop  Bell,  and  a  third  by  Bishop 
Kyte.    "  The  north  side  of  the  quadrangle,"  says  Jeffrr- 
son,  "consisted  of  tlie  Const^iblu's  Tower,  the  chapel, 
licU's  Tower,  a  chamber  called  the  council  chamber, 
with  one  chamber  under  it,  denominated  Great  Para- 
dise, and  Stricldiind  Tower,  eontiiining  together  sixteen 
looms.     On   tho   east   side    were   situated   the   gi-eat 
diuiiig-room,  kitchen,  buttery,  with  lodging  rooms  and 
cellars.     Tho  south  side  contained  a  long  gallery  lead- 
ing  to  the   hall,   and  a   variety  of  store  rooms  and 


domestic  offices,  with  two  or  three  little  turrets.     The 
west  side  contained  Pettenger's  Tower,'  and  Kyte's 
Tower,  and  various  other  rooms;  the  total  number  of 
apartments    appeai-s   to   have   exceeded    sixty.      The 
stables  and    coach-house   were    enclosed    within    the 
mantle  wall  or  rampart,  in  the  out«r  court;  this  wall 
was  defended  by  a  number  of  turrets  placed  at  intervals 
upon  it.     In  the  centre  of  the  inner  court  or  quad- 
rangle, was  a  fountain,  which  conveyed  water  to  all  the 
offices  of  the   house.      No   historical  events  of  any 
interest  in  reference  to  the  castle  are  recorded  between 
the  time  of  Bishop  Kirby  and  the  period  of  the  parlia- 
mentary wars,  during  which  few  fortresses  remained 
unscathed,   and   Rose   being   held   in   10-i.j,    by   Mr. 
Lowther,  the  constable  of  the  casde,  with  about  twenty 
or  thirty  men,  was  attacked  and  taken  by  a  party  of 
Colonel  Heveringham's  regiment,  and  for  some  time 
served  as  a  prison  for  the  royalists.     la  1048  it  was 
again  garrisoned  by  a  company  of  royalists,  amounting 
to  forty  men,  and  was  attacked  by  a  detachment  of 
General  Lambert's  array.     The  governor,  though  twice 
summoned,  woidd  not  surrender,  being  determined  to 
hold  out  as  long  as  possible :  but  after  sustaining  an 
assault  of  two  hours,  the  castle  was  taken  by  storm, 
and  was  afterwards  burnt  by  order  of  Major  Cliolmley, 
who  appears  to  have  been  in  command  of  the  detach- 
ment.    A  few  weeks  after  this  event,  the  army  of  tho 
Duke  of  Hamilton,  which  had  been  raised  in  Scotland 
for  the  Kings  service,  was  here  joined  by  Sir  Marma- 
duke  Langdale's  forces.     The  survey  of  Rose  Castle, 
made  by  order  of  the  parliament  in   1049  or  IGoO, 
describes  it  to  be  in  a  state  of  great  decay,  and  values 
the  materials  for  sale  at  .£425.      Mr.  Heveringham. 
who  possessed  a  moiety  of  the  manor  during  Cromwell's 
time,  fitted  up  the  office  for  his  own  residence.     When 
Bishop  Rainbow  came  to  the  see  in  1GG4  no  pai-t  of 
the  house  was  habitable.     He  built  a  few  rooms  for 
immediate  use,  and  was  obliged  to  rebuild  the  chapel, 
which  had  been  insutficieudy  built  by  his  predecessor. 
Bishop  Smith  built  the  tower  adjoining  the  staircase, 
and  by  him  and  his  immediate  successor    the  house 
was  again  rendered  a  comfortable  habitation.     Bishop 
Lytdeton    repaired    Strickland    Tower,    built   a    new- 
kitchen  and  odicr  offices,  and  made  great  improvcmeats 
in  the  habitable  part  of  the  house.     Several  altonidons 
conducive  to  comfort  and  convenience  have  since  been 
made,  and  tho  external  and  internal  appearance  of  the 
castle  much  improved.    In  ancient  times  every  bishop 
of  Carlisle  wius  obliged  to  leave  for  his  successor  a 
certain  number  of   books  of   divinity  and  canon  law, 

>"  There  iaalmdilion  thnt  one  Pclleni^r  linnged  himself  in  (liis 
tower,  hence  it3  Dttne." — NicoUon  and  Bum, 


164 


CUMBEKLAND  WARD. 


104  oxen,  16  lieifcrs,  and  other  live  stock  in  proportion." 
The  castle,  as  it  appears  at  present,  occupies  only  tlic 
north  and  west  sides  of  the  (luadrangle,  the  othor  two 
sides  not  liaviug  been  restored  since  their  destruction  in 
the  civil  wars.  Its  present  state  is  owing  in  a  great  mea- 
sure to  the  exertions  of  the  late  bishop.  Dr.  Percy,  who 
made  everj'  effort  to  restore  the  castle  to  a  complete 
state,  and  to  render  it  worthy  of  its  ancient  name. 
Notwithstanding  the  repairs  which  had  taken  place 
under  his  lordship's  predecessors,  the  edifice  was  in  a 
very  dilapidated  state  when  Dr.  Percy  was  raised  to  tlie 
see  in  18v!~  ;  the  floors  were  rotten,  the  roofs  gave  little 
or  no  protection  against  the  weather,  and  the  exterior 
presented  a  strange  mixture  of  styles,  according  to  the 
periods  at  which  the  several  portions  were  erected  or 
restored.  The  bishop,  in  1829,  commenced  a  complete 
renovation  of  the  entire  edifice,  and  under  the  guidance 
of  Messrs.  Piickman  aud  Hutchinson,  the  castle  was  com- 
pletely restored  in  the  style  that  prevailed  when  Strick- 
land's Tower,  the  oldest  part  of  the  castle  remaining, 
was  erected.  'With  the  exception  of  this  tower,  together 
■with  those  of  Bishops  Bell  aud  Kyte,  and  Pettenger's 
tower,  which  form  an  inconsiderable  part  of  the  buil- 
ding, the  castle  was  entirely  renewed.  A  new  range 
of  offices  was  also  erected  on  the  western  side,  to 
supply  the  place  of  those  which  existed  previous  to  the 
wars  of  the  parliament.  A  new  tower,  called  Percy's 
Tower,  was  also  added  to  the  north-west  angle  of  the 
main  building.  The  ancient  gateway  and  mantle  wall 
with  its  turrets  still  remain.  The  entrance  door  of 
the  house,  is  at  the  point  where  the  Constable's  Tower 
stood,  and  is  secured  by  a  large  and  curious  look, 
presented  to  the  castle  by  Ann  Countess  of  Pembroke, 
which  bears  the  inscription  A.  P.  1073.  The  stair- 
case is  an  elaborate  and  extremely  elegant  structure, 
composed  of  polished  oak,  with  a  private  balustrade, 
consisting  of  cinque  foils,  charged  iu  the  centre  with 
the  armorial  bearings  of  the  see,  and  those  of  the 
bishop  alternately.  On  the  staircase  is  a  full  length 
portrait  of  Bishop  Smith,  and  a  half-length  of  Ann 
Countess  of  Pembroke. 

The  chapel,  which  occupies  the  north  side  of  the 
house,  aud  has  beneath  it  the  bishop's  libraiy  and  study, 
is  44  feet  in  length,  by  2a  in  breadth.  It  is  lighted  by 
four  large  windows  on  the  south  side,  and  one  at  the 
east  end,  all  filled  with  tracery  in  the  Perpendicular 
style;  the  carved  panels  of  the  stalls  were  brought  from 
Lambeth  Palace,  where  they  had  been  used  for  a 
similar  purpose  by  Cardinal  Pole  in  the  sixteenth 
century. 

At  the  north-east  angle  of  the  chapel  is  a  door  con- 
ducting to  the  chaplain's  apartment,  in  Bell's  Tower, 


which  contains  the  small  library  belonging  to  the  see. 
To  the  east  of  the  chapel  was  formerly  the  apartment 
called  Great  Paradise,  covered  by  a  massive  curtain  wall 
uniting  Bell's  Tower  with  Strickland's.  The  latter  is  a 
square  tower  now  detached,  situated  at  the  north-east 
angle  of  the  house,  aud  was  formerly  the  keep  or 
donjon  of  the  castle;  its  form  is  similar  to  most  of  the 
border  peel -houses,  consisting  of  three  apartments; 
of  these  the  lower  one  is  vaulted,  and  has  walls  seven 
feet  thick;  the  staircase  leading  to  it  commenced  at 
the  end  of  a  narrow  passage,  on  a  level  with  the  first 
floor.  The  apartments  on  the  first  floor,  which,  from 
its  ruinous  state,  is  open  to  the  roof,  has,  at  its  south- 
cast  gable,  a  piscina  which  renders  it  probable  that  the 
apartment  was  used  as  a  chapel.  In  a  closet  at  the 
same  angle  of  the  second  floor,  which  is  reached  by  a 
dilapidated  staircase,  is  a  small  opening  about  a  foot 
square  cut  or  left  in  the  substance  of  the  wall,  running 
down  to  the  dungeon,  and  supposed  to  have  been  used 
cither  for  conveying  food  to  the  prisoners  there  con- 
fined, or  for  overhearing  their  conversation. 

The  west  side  of  the  building  contains  the  principal 
apartments  of  the  castle.  The  dining  and  drawing- 
rooms  are  spacious  and  elegant,  the  two  mantle-pieces 
iu  each  of  them  contain  some  fine  carving,  and  the 
oriel  windows,  looking  into  the  quadrangular  court, 
towards  the  river,  command  an  extensive  prospect,  and 
on  the  exterior  have  a  very  fine  appearance.  The  older 
portions  of  the  castle  are  thickly  mantled  with  i\j,  and 
on  the  cornice  of  the  tower  erected  by  Bishop  Bell,  is 
iust  visible,  the  emblematical  device  of  a  bell  with  the 
initials,  R.  b. 

Hawkesdale  Hall,  many  years  the  property  and 
residence  of  the  Nicolson  family,  is  now  in  a  very 
dilapidated  state.  A  monument  on  the  outside  of  the 
chancel  of  the  parish  church  of  Dalston,  commem- 
orates several  members  of  this  family. 

Holme  HiU,  many  years  the  residence  of  the  family 
of  Holme,  passed  to  George  Holme  Summer,  Esq., 
M.P.,  and  having  been  since  sold,  is  now  the  property 
of  the  Salkelds. 

muits  of  f  aiolicsbak  f)all. 
This  family  claims  descent  from  the  old  Yorkshire 
house  of  Le  Fleming,  of  Wath.      From  an  ancient 
pedigree  it  appears  that 

Sib  John  le  Fleming,  lord  of  Wath,  on  Dearn,  co.  York, 
who  died  U  Edward  11.,  left,  by  Joaa  his  wife,  daughter  of 
Waher  de  Faueonberg,  three  sons,  viz., 

Thomas,  of  Wath   and  Dearn,  anoestor  of  the  Flemings  of 

Wath,  whose  eventual  heiress  married  Saville,  of  New  HaU. 
Eaineb,  of  whose  descendants  we  treat. 

Lambert,  a  Knight  Templar,  put  to  death  at  Paris,  with  the 
Grand  Master,  by  order  of  Philip  le  Bel. 


DALSTON   PARISH. 


UL 


The  second  son. 

Eaiser  le  Fleming,  called  "  Kainer  de  Watli,  Chevalyr," 
was  in  the  Scottish  wars  in  the  retinue  of  Lord  Percy.  He 
married  Ada,  daughter  and  heir  of  Thomas  de  Bethune,  and 
had,  with  other  issue,  a  second  son, 

Simon  de  Wiin,  who  married  Alice,  daughter  and  coheir  of 
John  do  Eston,  and  was  father  of 

John  de  WATir,  or  Wathes,  who  possessed,  jure  matris,  a 
moiety  of  Kston,  co.  Worcester,  and  considerable  landed  pro- 
perty in  Yorkshire,  temp.  Edward  III.  He  married  Emmn, 
daughter  of  Sir  Hugh  Golofre,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

William  Watiies,  of  Eston,  living  1397,  who  married 
Blanche,  danghtpr  of  William  do  Wellesbume,  and  had  a  son, 

Sm  Thomas  Wathes,  of  Eston,  who  served  in  the  French 
wars,  and  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  Acts  of  the  I'arliament 
of  Paris  as  "  Sir  Thomas  Wathes  de  Eston,"  and  as  "  Sir 
Thomas  d'Eston,  Chevalier  Anglaise."  He  had  a  grant  from 
Henry  V.  of  the  seigneury  of  Langeais,  on  the  Loire,  and  other 
property  in  France,  the  forfeited  possessions  of  the  Vicomte  de 
Brosse,  who  had  descried  the  English  faction.  Sir  Thomas 
married  Isabeau,  diuighter  of  Bertrand  Goyon,  seigneur  do 
JIatignon,  and  widow  of  Amboise,  Vicomte  do  Thouars ;  and 
dying  14'-'-t,  left  a  son, 

Simon  Wathes,  of  Eston,  7  Henry  VI.,  1128.  Ho  married 
Margery,  daughter  and  heir  of  Thomas  de  Stotesbury  of  Whit- 
lield,  CO.  Nortliampton,  and  left  a  son, 

Siii  Richahi)  Wattyb,  who  fought  under  the  banner  of  York 
at  Wnkefiekl,  where  he  fell,  or  died  soon  after  the  conflict,  of 
his  wounds,  leaving  by  his  wife  Isabel  Stafford,  a  son  and  heir, 

Thomas  Wativs,  who  was  plaintiff  in  an  aclion-at-law  against 
William  de  Stotesbury,  William  de  Lovett,  and  others,  for  the 
recovery  of  the  manor  of  Whitfield,  in  the  last  year  of  the  reign 
of  Henry  VI.,  Ulil.  By  his  wife,  Alice,  heiress  to  an  estate  at 
Beby,  CO.  Leicester,  he  had  issue, 

I.  John,  heir. 

II.  Richard,  who  liad  a  son,  Hichard,  end  two  daughters,  Jfary, 
tile  wife  of  George  Gape,  nf  niuuules,  in  the  co.  Northampton, 
and  Joan,  the  wife  of  Gervas  .\stley. 

III.  Thomas,  the  father  of  John,  from  whom  descended  the 
family  of  Walts,  sealed  in  Norfiilk. 

I.  Elizabeth,  the  wife  of  Richard  Usbome. 
The  eldest  son, 

John  Wattes,  of  Beby,  co.  Leicester,  married  twice.  By  his 
second  wife  he  had  issue  John  and  Francis.  By  his  first  wife, 
Magdelaine,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Thomas  Berkeley,  of  the 
city  of  Worcester,  John  Wattes  had  a  son  and  heir. 

Thomas  Wattes,  Esq.,  of  Beby,  who  had  a  grant,  a.d.  15C0, 
of  the  lands  and  lordship  of  Blakeslcy,  co.  Northampton.  By 
his  first  wife,  Anne,  daughter  and  coheir  of  Sir  John  Crouch, 
of  Crouch,  CO.  Kent,  he  had  a  son  and  heir  William.  His 
second  wife  was  Catharine  Sulyard,  of  Essex.  Mr.  Watts  died 
in  10li;i,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

William  Watts,  Esq.,  of  Blakesley,  who  died  Ifi  June,  lOU. 
Ho  married  Mary,  daughter  of  the  famous  Lord  Chief  Justice 
Sir  Edward  Montagu,  Knt.  of  Boughton,  co.  Northampton,  and 
had  issue,  i.  Edwaud  his  heir;  li.  Montagu,  barristerat-law; 
and  Miu-y,  wife  of  .iVuiliony  X'almcr,  Esq.,  of  Stoko-Doyley.  The 
elder  son  and  heir, 

EiiwARD  Waits,  Esq.,  of  Blakesley,  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Sir  P.alph  Coningaby,  Knt.,  of  North  Mymms; 
Herts,  and  had  issue,  William  ;  ii.  Edward,  a  royalist,  whose 
only  daughter  and  heir,  Mary,  married  Rev.  John  Pettyfer ; 
III.  CoNiNusuv,  of  whom  presently,  iv.  Ainphilug;  v.  Ralph; 
I.  Mary  ;  and  ii.  Elizabeth.     The  third  .son, 

CosiNosDV  Watts,  early  embarked  in  the  royal  cause,  and 
suffered  in  consequence,  both  in  person  and  property.    By  his 


wife  Barbara,  daugliter  and  eventually  sole  heir  of  George 
Danet,  Esq.,  of  the  city  of  London,  he  had 

I.  Montagu,  who  died  young. 

II.  John,  who  removed  into  Leicestershire,  and  purchased  a  con- 
siderable estate  there,  which  had  originally  belonged  to  the 
ancient  family  of  Danet,  big  mother's  bouse,  built  Danei's 
Hall,  and  took  up  liis  residence  tliere.  He  held  tlie  office  of 
Receiver-General  fur  the  county,  projected  and  nearly  com- 
pleted the  water-woiks  for  supplying  the  city  of  Leicester 
Willi  spring-water,  and  was  also  of  cousiderable  sen'ice  to  the 
early  manufacturers  of  Leicester,  by  lending  them  money  in 
the  infancy  of  the  hosiery  business.  It  is  said  he  had  the 
honour  of  handing  the  first  cup  of  liquor  to  William  111.  on 
his  landing  in  Kngland.  He  died  in  1742,  aged  80.  Mr. 
Walls  married  Caiberiue,  daughter  of  —  Carter,  Esq.,  of 
Leicester,  and  niece  of  Sir  Lawrence  Carter,  one  of  the 
barons  of  ilie  Court  of  Exchequer,  and  had  issue, 

John  Walls,  jun.,  of  Danei's  Hull,  who  was  a  barrister-at-law, 
autl  sunk  a  considerable  furtune  in  the  South  Sea  scheme. 
He  (lied  in  17'.i8,  aged  .')2.   He  married  Klizabeth,  daughter 
of  Nicholas  Mosley,  Esq.,  and  niece  of  Sir  Oswald  Mosley, 
Cart.,  of    r.olleslon.      By  this  lady  (who  died  in  173U, 
aged  80)  Mr.  Walls  had  issue. 
The  Rev.  William  Walts,  M.D.,  who  was  educated  as  a 
physician,  and  practised  at  Leicester.  He  subsequently 
entered  the  church.   Dr.  Watts  was  chiefly  instrumental 
in   the   estiililishment  of    the   Leicester  Infirmary,  of 
which  he  was  one  of  the  governors.     He  married  the 
daughter  of  George  Wlialley,  Esq.,  of  Norton,  and  had 
by    her  John  Mosley  Waits,   who  married  Sarali, 
daughter  of  Samuel  Bolton,  uf  Fair  ilUe,  near  Hen- 
ley on-Thames,  and  had  issue, 
William  Moslev,  of  whom  hereafter. 
Alaric   .Alexander,  the  distinguished    poet,  married 
Zdlah,  sister  of  tile  late  J.  II.  Wiffen,   Esq.,  the 
Irauslator  of  Tasso,  and  has  hud  issue  .Alaric  Wil- 
liam, who  died  young;  Alahic  .Vlfred;  Francis 
Coleridge,  who  died    young;    and  Zillah-Emily- 
Frances. 
Anaslasia. 
The  elder  son, 

William  Mosley  Watts,  of  Byfield  House,  Barnes, 
CO.   Surrey,   burn    12    September,    1780,   married 
Mary,  duughter  of  Thomas  I'itler,  Esq.,  of  Craw- 
ley, and  died  7  October,  1.S40,  having  had  issue, 
William  Power,  who  died  Young. 
Frederick   Mosley,  M..A.,   of  Lincoln    College, 

Oxford,  in  huly  orders,  born  11  March,  ls20. 
Mary,  who  died  in  1832. 
III.  Georob,  of  whom  hereafter. 

I.  Barbara,  wife  of  George  Bentley,  Esq.,  of  Monmouth. 
The  third,  but  second  surviving  son, 

Geokge  Watts,  a  Turkey  merchant  in  the  city  of  Bristol, 
married  twice.  By  his  first  wifo  Mary,  daughter  of  George 
Dennis,  Esq.,  of  Bideford,  he  had  a  daughter  Mary,  who  mar- 
ried Andrew  Nelthorpe,  Esq.  By  his  second  wife,  Miss  Aiine 
Harrington,  he  had 

I.  Ch  AiiLES,  of  whom  presently. 

II.  Montagu,  who  inhcriicd  the  greater  part  of  bis  father's  for- 
tune, whiih  he  lost  by  embarking  in  the  South  Sea  bubble. 
He  married  Jliss  .lane  Seymour,  and  left  issue. 

III.  William,  M..\.,  in  holy  orders. 

I.  Florence,  died  young. 

II.  Anne,  wife  of  Captain  Frazer. 

III.  Elizubeth,  wife  of  Sir  Samuel  Goodyer,  Bart. 

The  eldest  son, 

Chahles  Watts,  a  captain  of  the  Royal  Life  Guards,  offended 
his  father,  and  was  disinherited.  Ho  married  Katherine, 
daughter  of  Rolicrt  Scrope,  Esq.,  colonel  in  the  French  service, 
and  ChevaUer  of  SL  Louis,  descended  from  the  Scropes  of 
Hameldon,  Bucks  (by  his  wife  Katherine  Middleton,  of  tho 
family  of  Stockeld),  and  dying  1745,  left  a  son, 

The  Rev.  Wiujam  Watts,  A.M.,  rector  of  Moresby,  Cum- 
berland, J. P.,  who  mainly  assisted  Joseph  Nicolson,  Esq.,  in 
his  arduous  undertaking  of  compiling  tho  History  of  Cumber- 


166 


CUMBERLAND   WARD. 


land.  He  married  Mary,  daughter  ( by  Mary  liis  wife,  daughter 
of  BeUingbam  Jlauleveror,  Esq.,  of  Amclitlo)  of  John  Nicol- 
son,  Esq.,  nnd  sister  and  eventually  sole  heir  of  John  Nicolson 
of  HawkesJale  Hall,  in  Cumherlaml,  and  groat-uiece  of  Dr. 
AVilliam  Nicolson,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  altenvurds  of  London- 
derry, and  I'ventiiuUy  archbishop  of  Cashel,  by  which  lady  ho 
left  issue  a  daughter,  Warj-,  wife  of  the  Eev.  William  Brisco, 
of  Langrigg,  co.  Cumberland,  and  a  son, 

The  Uev.  Clement  Watts,  M..A..,  vicar  of  Holme  Cultram, 
CO.  Cumberland,  J. P.;  nianied  JIary,  daughter  of  Williaiu 
Benn,  Esq.,  of  More  Eow,  and  only  sister  of  Sir  John  Benu 
Walsh,  Bait.,  of  Orraathwaite  Hall,  by  whom  (who  died  1818) 
he  had  issue.     Tlie  eldest  son, 

JonH  Nicolson  Watts  succeeded,  on  the  death  of  his  great 
uncle,  John  Nicolson,  Esq.,  of  HawUesdale,  to  that  nnd  other 
estates  in  Cumberland.  Mr.  Watts  went  out  to  India  early  in 
life,  in  the  Company's  civil  service,  on  the  Madras  establish- 
ment, where  he  died  in  1815,  at  the  early  age  of  :i.5.  He  mar- 
ried in  1800,  Ann  I'itt,  daughter  of  James  Dodson,  Esq.,  of 
Eeading-hill,  Berks,  by  Sarah  his  wife,  daughter  and  coheir 
of  John  Philip  Carey,  Esq.,  of  Compton,  co.  Gloucester,  and 
by  her  (who  died  17  July,  18'J(p)  had  issue, 

I.  John  James,  his  successor. 

II.  Montague,  Lieut.-Ccilonel  Madras  Horse  Artillery,  born  'i 
March,  180s ;  married  Jane,  daughter  of  John  Bird,  Esq., 
Madras  Civil  Service. 

III.  Henry,  Lieutenant  in  the  Madras  Engineers,  born  26  Janu- 
ary, 18  U),  died  unmarried  in  India,  in  Lh.Jh. 

I.  Helen  Cramer,  married  182IJ,  Henry  Diekuison,  Esq.,  of  the 
Madras  Civil  Sen-ice,  and  died  211  May,  18:')1. 

II.  MaiT  Anne,  married  1 8.'!0,  Heiu'y  Briggs,  Esq.,  of  the  Madras 
Light  Cavalry. 

Mr.  Watts  died  June,  1815,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

John  James  Watts,  Esq.,  of  Hawkesdala  Hall,  born  15 
March,  1803. 

Anns — Quarterly:  1st  and  Itli,  arg.,  a  fesse,  and  in  chief,  two 
cross-crosslets,  gii ;  2i!d  and  3rd,  enu.,  on  a  chief,  gu.,  a  bezant, 
between  two  billets,  or. 

Crests — 1st,  a  dexter  arm,  embowed,  in  armour,  ppr.,  grasping  in 
the  gauntlet  an  aniohisbaena,  (or  a  suake  wiUi  ti  head  at  each  ex- 
tremity), or,  langued,  gu. ;  2ud,  a  lozenge,  gu.,  between  two  wings, 
elevated,  or. 

Seat  —  Hawkesdide  Hall. 

IVEGILL,    OR    UlGll    HEAD. 

The  township  of  Ivegill,  or  High  Head,  contained 
in  1801  IIG  inhabitants;  iiilSll,  109;  in  1821,  129; 
hi  18.31,  141;  in  1841,  194;  and  in  1851,  134.  The 
rateable  value  is  £1437  Us.  The  population,  whose 
principal  employment  is  agriculture,  is  very  much 
scattered  over  the  the  township,  and  in  the  small 
village  of  Ivegill.  Carlisle  and  I'eurith  are  the 
markets  attended.  In  the  immediate  neighbourhood 
of  the  township,  thougli  not  in  the  township  itself,  are 
the  remains  of  a  Roman  camp,  but  they  are  not  very 
distinct.  In  a  field,  near  to  this  place,  a  few  Roman 
coins,  one  a  gold  piece,  have  been  discovered. 

The  manor  of  High  Head,  in  this  township,  belonged 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  II.  to  John  de  Hercla,  who 
■was  attainted  for  being  concerned  in  rebellion  with  liis 
brother,  the  Earl  of  Carlisle.  In  1;342,  William 
L'Angleys,  or  English,  had  the  king's  license  to  crenel- 
late  his  mansion  at  High  Head,  yet  it  appears  there 


had  been  a  castle  there  before,  belonging  to  the  crown, 
for  in  the  year  1320,  Ralph  Dacre  had  a  grant  of  the 
custody  of  the  castle  of  High  Head,  for  ten  years,  and 
the   ue.\t  year  the  custody  was   granted   for  life   to 
■\Mlliam  L'Angleys,    who  took  possession  under  that 
grant,   whereupon  Ralph   Dacre,   in    1330,  petitioned 
parliament  to  be  reinstated  for  the  remainder  of  his 
term.     In  133.S  the  son  of  AVilliam  above  mentioned 
had  a  license  from  the  bishop  to  build  a  chapel   here, 
and  to  have  a  chapluin  to  olliciate  therein.     About  the 
year  1550,  High  Head  Castle  was  purchased  of  the 
family  of   llostwold,    by   John    Ricbiuond,    Esq.,   in 
whose  posterity  it  continued  till  the  demise  of  Chris- 
topher Richmond,  Esq.,  when  it  became  the  property 
of  two  of  his  daughters.     Isabel,  the  eldest  daughter, 
born  1079,  married  S.  Gledliill,  Esq.,  whose  descen- 
dants sold  their  half  of  the  estate  to  Lord  Brougham. 
Margaret,  the  seventh  daughter,  born  1089,  was  married 
to  W.   Gale,  Esq.,  merchant,  of  Whitehaven,  whose 
descendants  took,   in    1770,  the   name   of    Braddyll. 
Colonel  Braddyll,  born  1770,  is  their  representative. 
Lord  Brougham's  family  is  connected  with  the  Rich- 
mond family,  through  Elizabeth,  second  daugliter  of  the 
Christopher  Richmond  above  mentioned,  born  in  1080, 
who  married  Peter  Brougham,  Esq.,  of  Slielton.    Their 
eldest  son,  Henry  Richmond  Brougham,  Esq.  of  Scales 
and  High  Head  Castle,  was  high  sheriH'  of  Cumberland 
in    1749,    and   died   unmarried  in   that  year.     This 
family  connection  accounts  for  the  purchase  of  the  por- 
tion   of  the  estate  now  in    the    possession   of   Lord 
Brougham.     The  mansion  belongs   to  that  nobleman, 
who  shares   the   manorial   rights,   <i-c.,    with    Colonel 
Braddyll,  in  addition  to  whom,  Messrs.  John  Knight, 
Thomas  Knight,  Isaac,  and  Christopher  WilHamson, 
John    Dennison,   and   Christopher   Hudson,   are   the 
principal  landowners. 

High  Head  Castle,  the  manor  house,  is  a  substantial 
building,  but  at  present  unfit  for  residence,  having  been 
allowed  to  go  out  of  repair.  It  has,  however,  been  some- 
what restored  lately,  and  is  now  occupied  as  a  farm- 
house. There  was  formerly  a  good  deal  of  carved  wood- 
work about  the  building,  but  this  has  been  removed  to 
Brougham  Hall.  The  house  occupies  a  most  picturesque 
situation,  on  a  steep  rock  overlooking  the  neighbouring 
scenery,  backed  up  by  the  range  of  Skiddaw  Forest  in 
the  distance,  while  the  little  river  Ive  winds  its  way 
immediately  beneath,  through  a  rocky  channel  com- 
pletely overshadowed  with  timber. 

^rHbbgll  ^"amilg. 

John  Vactc,  of  Catterlen,  manied  Jlabol  Musgiave  in  IfllC, 
and  by  her  had  issue,  Mabel,  who  was  married  to  Christopher 
Eichniond,  of  High  Head,  to  whom  she  bore  two  sons  and  a 


DALSTON  TAKISH. 


167 


ilttiighter,  CiinisTornEn,  of  whom  presently,  John,  and  Mag- 
dalen. Mr.  liichmond  married  2ndly  Magdalen,  daughter  of 
A.  Huddlcston,  of  Hulton  John,  and  by  her  had  issue. 

CiiRisTopiiKn  RlciiMoNn,  mnrried  tjrsilv  Miiud,  daiiphtor  of  Sir 

\V.  Lnwscin,  liort.,  of  Isell  Ilnll,  liy  whlim  he  liinl  one  son  anil 

two   diutphters.       His   scroiid    wife    was    Isjiliell,    daughter  of 

Thomas  Reynolds,  of  London,  by  wliora  he  had  issue, 

I.  Erasmus,  bom  1084,  died  an  infant. 

71.  Henry,  the  only  son  surviving  infancy,  who  bequeathed  High 

Head  estate  to  his  mother  on  his  death,  1710. 
in.  William,  who  died  an  infant. 

I.  J^nliel,  born  1('pT!i,  who  ninmed  S.  Gledhill,  Esq. 

II.  Eli/iibtih,  born  li;"!!,  married  Peter  Brougham,  of  Skelton, 
collector  of  excise,  and  had  issue, 

1.  Henry  Richmond  Brougham,  of  Scales  and  High  ITend 
Castle,  hi?li  sheriff  of  Cumberland,  174(1,  wlio  died  un- 
married, in  April,  17-19. 

2.  John,  who  died  unmarried. 
M.  Afary,  who  died  young. 

in.  Sarah,  bom  1(581,  married  G.  Simpson,  of  Thackwood,  gent. 

IV.  Aime,  died  young. 

V.  Mabel,  married  Henry  Brisco,  youngest  son  of  J.  Briseo,  o^ 
Crolton  Hall. 

VI.  Susannah,  to  whom  High  Head  Castle  was  bequeathed  by 
her  mother's  will,  as  well  as  Catterlen  in  fee. 

VII.  Margaret,  bom   l(l«!),  married  W.  Gale,  of  Whitehaven, 
merchant,  and  had  issue, 

I.  John  (iale,  of  Whitehaycn  and  of  Cleator  Hall,  who 
married  Snrah.  danphter  and  coheir  of  Christopher 
Wilson,  of  Bardsey  Hal!.  Liuirashire,  by  Margaret,  annt 
and  heir  of  Thomas  Braddyll,  born  17^8,  died  1774. 
Mr.  tiale  had  issue, 

Wii.r.iAM  Galk,  of  Conishend  Priory,  Lancashire, 
baptised  '.ilth  February,  Pof),  took  the  name  of 
Braddyll  in  177ip,  He  married  in  the  latter  year, 
Jane,  daughter  of  Manillas  Gale  of  Londou,  mer- 
chant, and  by  her  had  .Iomn  Gale  HnAnnTi,L, 
Esq..  of  ConisIiea<l  Priory,  born  1 1th  November, 
1770,  who  took  the  surname  of  Kichmond  before 
that  of  Braddyll,  ami  the  arms  of  liichmond  and 
Gale  quarterly  with  those  of  Braddyll,  by  license, 
Olh  October,  iHlii.  William  Gale,  i;sq.,'die<l  lllh 
Noycmber,  IhIk. 

VIII.  Mardia. 

The  villnge  of  Ivegill  is  eight  miles  south  of  Carlisle. 

High  Head  chapel,  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood 
of  tho  castle,  and  one  mile  distant  from  Ivegill,  is  a 
chapel-of-case  to  Dalston.  It  is  a  plain  and  somewhat 
mean-looking  building,  with  small  bell  turret,  erected 
in  1830,  upon  the  sito  of  an  older  building.  The 
interior  is  better  than  the  exterior.  The  font  is  hex- 
agonal, and  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Miss  Rliimiro,  of 
Thackwood  Nook.  Tho  chapel  contains  a  memorial 
window  to  that  lady  by  O'Connor, — subject,  Our  Lord 
bearing  tho  Cross ;  two  other  windows  are  also  by  the 
same  artist,  and  tho  remaining  four  arc  lilled  with  tho 
stamped  quarries  of  Jlessrs.  James  Powell,  itc.  All  are 
the  gift  of  tlio  present  incumbent.  Tho  dedication  of 
the  chnpel  is  unknown.  The  townships  of  Ivegill,  Jlid- 
dlesceugh,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Mary's  Without,  Caj-lisle, 
and  Itonfield,  in  the  parish  of  Hesk.t-in-the-Forest,  have 
scats  in  the  chnpel  and  are  united  for  educational  ]iur- 
poses.  Tiio  living,  a  perpetual  curacy,  was  only  endowed 
with  £;tOO,  which  has  been  since  augmented  from  (Jueen 
.\uno'8  Bounty,  and  Parliamentary  grants,  &c.,  the  whole 
present  value  is  about  £91    i;ts.  Od.      There  are  no 


tithes.     Baptisms  only  are  solemnised  in  the  chapel. 
The  register  commences  in  1705. 

Incoidents,— John  Hudson,  1782;  Thomas  Robinson,  1770; 
Joseph  Ashbridge,  1771;  James  Maws,  1777;  Joseph  Hudson, 
1784;  Samuel  Hudson,  170O;  Joseph  Hudson,  1820^;  Hugh 
Elliot,  1840 ;  Richard  Dugdale,  1843 ;  Arthur  Emilius  Hulton, 
1853. 

There  is  a  small  school  at  Ivegill,  erected  in  1835  ; 
for  the  townships  of  Ivegill,  or  High  Head,  Itonfield, 
and  MiJdlesceugh. 

CHAIUTT. 

Chapel  Stock. — It  is  stated  in  a  terrier  of  this 
cbapelry,  dated  1777,  that  there  was  then  the  sum  of 
£300,  called  ancient  chapel  stock.  By  reference  to  the 
will  of  Isabella  JMiller,  dated  1st  May,  1786,  it  appears 
she  directed  that  those  who,  after  her  decease,  should 
become  possessors  of  the  castle,  manor,  demesne  lauds 
of  High  Head,  should  pay  yearly,  and  every  year  for 
ever,  out  of  the  same,  the  sura  of  20s.  to  such  person 
as  should  be  reader  and  schoolmaster  at  High  Head 
chapel.  Provided  always  that  the  reader  and  school- 
master should  be  nominated  and  appointed  by  or 
with  the  consent  of  the  said  possessor  or  possessors, 
and  their  successors,  and  that  the  school  should  be 
taught  in  the  parish  of  Dalston  as  formerly.  The 
interest  of  the  £'300  and  the  20s.  yearly,  is  paid  to 
the  incumbent  of  the  chapelry. 

There  is  a  corn-mill  close  to  High  Head  Castle,  the 
property  of  Lord  Brougham,  and  carried  on  by  Mr. 
George  Eayson. 

There  are  two  bridges  in  this  township:  one  over 
the  Roe,  called  High  Bridge,  the  other  over  the  Ive, 
immediately  below  High  Head  Castle. 

The  people  here  are  very  general  in  their  invitations 
to  funerals,  wliich  all  in  tho  neighbourhood  or  laiting 
are  expected  to  attend  :  and  much  unnecessary  expense 
is  consequently  often  incurred. 

IIAUGHTON    AND    GATESGILL. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  206; 
in  1811,  18.1;  in  1821,  294:  in  1?31,  330:  in  1841, 
318:  and  in  1851,  302.  Its  rateable  value  is  £2,320 
68.  Id.  "Gatesgill  and  Baughton,"  say  Nicolson  and 
Burn,  "were  at  the  Conquest  all  forest  ami  waste 
groimd,  and  were  lirst  enclosed  by  way  of  purpresturc 
by  one  Ugthred,  to  bo  holden  of  tho  king  in  fee  by 
serjenntry  for  keeping  the  eyries  of  hawks  for  the  king, 
which  bred  in  the  forest  of  Inglcwood.  Ciateskale,  being 
a  wbiney  place,  where  the  inhabitants  of  Rnugh- 
ton  made  scales  or  shields  for  their  gates  (or  goats) 

'  Joseph  Hudson,  uou  resident.  Hugh  Elliot,  his  successor,  was 
assistant  cunle. 


163 


CUJfBERLAND  WARD. 


from  thcnco  took  its  name,  as  Raughion  did  from  the 
beck  or  river,  called  Raugh  (or  llaghe),  which  signifies 
u  rough  rapid  water.  The  posterity  of  Ugthred  took 
their  surname  of  the  place,  and  gave  the  sparhawk 
for  their  cognizance.  It  continued  in  this  name  and 
family  for  several  generations;  till  the  last  of  the 
name  settledjit  upon  his  wife  Margaret  (Stapleton),  and 
she  dying  without  issue,  her  brother  William  Stapleton 
of  Eden  Ilall  succeeded  to  the  inheritance.     lu  like 


manner  the  Musgraves  succeeded  the  Staplelons  by  a 
female  heir,  and  towards  the  end  of  tlie  fourteenth  cen- 
tury settled  it  upon  a  younger  son,  whose  chief  seat  was 
at  Hayton,  in  which  house  it  still  continues." 

The  principal  landowners  are  the  representatives  of 
the  late  George  Coweu,  Esq.,  Thomas  Salkeld,  Esq., 
the  executors  of  the  late  John  Bond,  Esq.,  Lord 
]3roughani,  Robert  Mouusey,  Esq.,  and  William  Bond, 
yeoman. 


GRINSDALE   PARISH. 


This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by  the 
Kirkaudrcws,  and  on  the  south  by  the  parish  of  St.  Mary 

The  area  of  Grinsdale  is  about  730  acres  (890  in 
the  Census  returns!,  and  its  rateable  value  £580.  Its 
population  in  1801  was  86;  in  1811,  118;  in  1821, 
138;  iu  1831,  I35.';7in  isil,  115  :  and  in  18,51,  95. 
It  is  now  about  100,  inhabiting  23  houses.  Their 
occupation  is  entirely  agricultural.  The  land  here  is 
well  cultivated,  and  the  houses  clean  and  comfortable. 
The  village]  of  Grinsdale  is  the  only  collection  of 
houses.  There  are  three  separate  farm-houses  situated 
at  Millbock,  where  there  is  a  corn-mill  moved  by  water- 
power  ;  Comhill  and  Knockupworth  Hall.  The  quality 
of  the  soil  near  the  river  Eden,  comprising  about 
one-fourth ^part  of  the  parish,  is  a  deep  rich  deposit ; 
and  iu  the  highest  part  near  the  borders  of  it,  is 
situate  thejvillage  of  Grinsdale,  so  that  the  inhabitants 
are  near  their  good  land,  and  yet  out  of  the  reach  of 
the  water,  when  in  the  highest  flood  they  are  nearly 
surrounded.  On  going'from  the  village  to  the  southern 
part  of  the  parish,  the  land  becomes  poorer.  Pre- 
vious to  the  year  1808,  nearly  the  whole  of  this  part 
(450  acres)  was  a  wet  unproductive  common,  but  it 
was  divided  and  enclosed  in  that  year,  and  is  now 
under  good  cultivation,  and  produces  most  excellent 
crops.  The  subsoil  is  of  a  red  gravelly  nature,  with 
bands  of  clay  ;  and  the  surface  varies  from  good  loam 
to  blacktop  earth  towards  the  south.  Carlisle  markets, 
held  on  Wednesdays,  Tlmrsdays,  and  Saturdays,  are 
those  attended  by  the  inhabitants. 

The  Roman  wall  and  vallum  ran  through  this  parish. 
The  wall  as  it  entered  the  parish  on  the  east,  came  a 
little  south  of  the  footpath,  which  now  leads  from  Car- 
lisle to  Grinsdale  by  the  river  side.  Instead  of  bending 
with  the  footpath  when  it  reaches  the  south  end  of  the 
island,  it  held  its  direct  course,  and  sought  the  high 


river  Eden  and  the  parish  of  Stanwix,  on  the  west  by 

Carlisle.     It  possesses  no  dependent  townships. 

ground  where  the  footpath  now  is  between  Grinsdale 
and  Kirkaudrcws  ;  and  this  footpath  is  the  site  of  the 
wall,  except  where  it  passes  through  the  Blcachhousc- 
field,  and  here  it  was  a  little  diverted  from  it  a  few 
years  ago  by  Mr.  Thomas  Sibson,  who  in  straightening 
the  path,  removed  the  only  remaining  foundations  of 
the  wall.  It  leaves  this  parish  here,  and  enters  Kirk- 
andrews  at  Sour  Milk  Bridge.  The  traces  of  the 
vallum  or  ditch  are  not  distinct  in  this  parish. 

The  parish  of  Grinsdale  is  a  manor  in  the  barony  of 
Burgh,  and  gave  name  to  a  resident  family  who  lived 
here  during  the  reigns  of  Henry  I.,  Stejihen,  Henry  II., 
and  John.  In  the  reign  of  the  latter  monarch  the 
manor  came  to  two  daughters  of  the  Grinsdales  or 
Greensdales,  called  Marriott  and  Margaret.  In  the 
time  of  Henry  III.,  when  Thomas  de  Multon  was  lord 
of  Burgh,  Thomas  de  Newton,  a  descendant  of  one 
daughter,  held  a  moiety ;  and  William  de  la  Sore,  a 
descendant  of  the  other  daughter,  held  the  other 
moiety.'  In  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  the  two  moieties 
were  sold  to  the  Dentons  of  Cardew,  a  daughter  of 
whom  married  Sir  Thomas  Dacre  of  Lanercost.  Iu 
Queen  Elizabeth's  time  the  estates  of  the  Dacres  were 
forfeited  to  the  crown  by  the  rebellion  and  attainder  of 
Leonard  Dacre,  whose  sisters  (Anne  and  Elizabeth) 
mai-rying  the   Earl   of    Arundel  and    Lord  William 

'  In  129-5,  and  again  in  Wtl,  Robert  de  Gi-insdale  represented 
the  city  of  Carlisle  in  Parliament.  This  Robert  was  the  son  of  Gil- 
bert, whose  father  Robert  de  Grinsdale,  a  citizen  of  Carlisle,  and  an 
inheritor  of  lands  both  at  Grinsdale  and  Parton,  was  a  second 
brother  of  .\3ketiU  de  Grinsdale,  one  of  tlie  iirst  of  that  family  con- 
nected with  this  manor.  The  said  Robert  had  a  son  Atan  de  Grins- 
dale, who  was  member  for  Carhsle  in  1300  and  1306,  and  one  of  the 
representatives  for  the  connty  in  1312.  After  him  was  Robert  de 
Grinsdale,  who  represented  Carlisle  several  times  in  the  reigns  of 
Edward  U.  and  Edward  III. 


KIXGMOOR  KXTEA  PAEOCniAL  PLACE. 


169 


Howard,  the  sons  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  procured 
the  estates  to  bo  granted  to  them  again  by  the  crown. 
This  manor  being  in  the  barony  of  Burgh  came  thus 
into  the  hands  of  Philip,  earl  of  Arundel,  who  died  in 
1595  ;  and  in  1085  his  descendants  sold  the  barony  to 
Sir  John  Lowther  for  ;£lt,O0O,  who  in  1090  was 
created  Baron  Lowther  and  Viscount  Lonsdale.  The 
present  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  lord  of  one  part  of  the 
parish,  and  Joseph  Dacre,  Esq.,  of  Kirklinton  Hall, 
of  the  other  part.  The  principal  landowners  are  Mr. 
Thomas  Sibson,  Miss  Jane  Ilobson,  Mr.  Sibson  Gra- 
ham, Mr.  Richard  Bum,  and  Mr.  John  Graham. 

The   village   of  Grinsdale   is   two-and-ahalf  miles 
north-west  of  Carlisle. 


THE   CnUECH. 


The  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Kentigem,  is  a  small 
but  neat  building,  delightfully  situated  on  the  banks  of 
the  river  Eden,  and  from  its  quiet  and  secluded  posi- 
tion, its  graveyard  is  a  most  fitting  depository  for  the 
remains  of  the  dead.  It  was  formerly  rectorial,  and 
belonged  to  the  lords  of  the  manor  of  Grinsdale,  up  to 
the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  when  Hugh  de  I\rorville,  lord 
of  the  barony  of  Burgh,  and  Piichard  de  Newton  and 
Robert  de  la  Sore,  coparceners  in  the  manor  of  Grins- 
dale, granted  and  confirmed  the  church  of  Grinsdale, 
with  all  its  rights,  to  the  canons  of  Lanercost  Priory. 
At  the  dissolution  of  this  priory,  the  rectory  and  ad- 
vowson  passed  to  Sir  Thomas  Dacre  by  the  grant  of 
Edward  VI.  ;  and  bis  descendants  have  always  ap- 
pointed a  curate  with  a  salary  of  forty  shillings  yearly, 
tliough  the  church  lay  iu  ruins  for  many  ages.  It  was 
rebuUt  by  Joseph  Dacre,  Esq.,  at  his  own  expense,  in 
1710.  The  living  lias  been  several  times  augmented 
by  grants  from  (juccn  Anne's  bounty  office,  with  which 


lands  have  been  purchased  at  Dapley  Moor,  iu  the 
parish  of  Stapleton,  and  at  Mildburnhead,  iS-c.,  in  the 
parish  of  Kirklinton.  Its  present  value  is  about  £115 
per  annum.  The  tithes  were  paid  in  kind  previous  to 
the  year  1751,  when  they  were  purchased  by  the  land- 
owners of  the  late  Joseph  Dacre,  Esq.,  the  patron  and 
lay  impropriator,  for  the  sum  of  £1,000,  passed  by  fine 
and  recovery,  Hilary  Term,  20  George  II.  The  patron 
is  Joseph  Dacre,  Esq.,  Temple,  London,  who  appoints 
a  perpetual  curate,  wilh  a  stipend  of  £2  annually,  to 
maintain  his  ecclesiastical  right,  paid  by  the  parish. 
The  parish  register  commences  in  1738,  and  is  con- 
tinued till  the  present  time.  There  is  an  entry  made 
on  a  small  fly-leaf  of  a  pocket-book  by  the  late  Mr. 
Thomas  Sibson, —  "On  Sunday,  April  y''  19th,  1741, 
service  first  performed  at  Grinsdale  church  by  Rev. 
Mr.  Stamper,  the  text  was  in  y^  122  Psalm  and  vers  y« 
first,  viz.,  '  I  was  glad  when  they  said  unto  me,  we 
will  go  into  the  house  of  the  Lord.'  "  Grinsdale  is  not 
mentioned  in  the  King's  Book,  nor  is  there  any  presen- 
tation or  other  account  of  it  in  the  bishop's  registers. 

Incumbents. — John  Stamper,  1738;  William  Baty,  17C0; 
Thomas  Pattinson,  177C;  Jonathan  'Wilson,  1829;  Henry 
Gough,  Fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1848 ;  John  Burton 
Norman,  1855. 

There  is  no  parsonage  bouse.  The  present  incum- 
bent living  at  Kirkandrews,  about  a  mile  from  the 
church. 

This  parish  is  entitled  to  a  third  of  Pattinson's 
charity  for  the  education  of  poor  children.  There  is 
uo  school  iu  the  parish,  but  the  inhabitants  subscribed 
towards  the  erection  of  that  at  Kirkandrews-on-Eden, 
the  master  of  which  receives  the  interest  of  £50. ' 

'  See  Downess  parish,  p.  IDO ;  luij  Kirkandrews-on-Eden,  p.  172. 


KINGMOOR  EXTRA  PAROCHIAL  PLACE. 

KiXfiMoou  is  an  extra  parochial  place,  nearly  encircled  by  Stanwix  parish.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Rockliffe  parish,  on  the  west  by  Cargo  township,  on  the  south  by  that  of  Stanwix,  and  on  the  east  by  Houghton. 
Since  1811  it  has  been  included,  for  church  purposes,  in  Houghton  Ecclesiastical  District. 


The  area  of  Kingmoor  is  1,110  statute  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £1,00  t  2s.  Cd.  Its  population  in  ISQl, 
was  103;  in  1811,  132;  in  1821,  162;  in  1831,  420; 
in  IHll,  112;  and  in  1851,  502.  A  light  blackish 
-soil,  incumbent  on  a  red  clay,  prevails  in  the  district, 
which  is  intersected  by  the  Caledonian  railway.  "  King- 
moor,"  says  Hutchinson,  "  was  formerly  vested  in  the 


crown,  the  citizens,  or  corporation  of  Carlisle,  having  a 
prescriptive  right  to  depasture  their  cattle,  and  get 
turves  thereon,  which  right  was  confirmed  to  them  by 
the  charter  of  Edward  IIL,  and  the  subsequent  ones 
granted  by  most  of  the  other  kings  and  queens  of  Eng- 
land, down  to  Charles  II.  In  the  year  1082  the  cor- 
poration leased  out  a  part  of  this  moor  for  their  lives, 


170 


CUMBERLAND  WAHD. 


at  a  small  rent ;  and  so  from  time  to  time  granted 
other  parts  thereof  in  like  manner,  which  leases  were 
regularly  renewed  on  the  dropping  of  one  or  two  of  the 
lives,  on  payment  of  20s.  as  a  fine  for  every  new  life. 
The  whole  of  the  moor  hath  been  thus  held  ever  since, 
except  Mr.  Lamb's,  the  principal  estate,  of  which  the 
corporation  granted  the  fee  about  fifty  years  ago.  In 
the  year  1792,  some  of  the  freemen  of  this  corporation 
being  disposed  to  revive  the  exercise  of  their  rights  of 
common  pasture  and  turbary  on  this  moor,  au  action-  | 
at-law  was  commenced  in  consequence  thereof,  which      ! 


was  argued  at  the  assizes  held  at  Carlisle  the  j-oar  fol- 
lowing, and  determined  in  favour  of  the  occupiers  or 
lessees  of  the  corporation."  The  principal  landowners 
at  present  are  George  G.  Mounsey,  Esq.,  Chai-les  J. 
Lamb,  Esq.,  Richard  Ferguson,  Esq.,  Mr.  C.  Arm- 
strong, with  some  small  proprietors.  Charles  J.  Lamb, 
Esq.,  possesses  the  manorial  rights  and  privileges. 

The  village  or  hamlet  of  Ivingmoor  is  on  the  high 
road  to  Scotland,  about  two  miles  north  of  CarUsle. 
The  freemen  of  the  city  have  for  a  considerable  period 
held  their  guild  races  here  on  a  small  waste. 


KIEKANDREWS-ON-EDEN   PARISH. 

This  parish  is  hounded  on  the  north  by  the  river  Eden,  on  the  west  by  Beaumont  and  Burgh-on-Sands,  on 
the  south  by  the  parish  of  Orton,  and  ou  the  east  by  tliat  of  Grinsdale.     It  comprises  no  dependent  townships. 


Kirkandrews  comprises  an  area  of  1,050  statute 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  £'020.  The  number 
of  its  inhabitants  in  1801  was  98  ;  in  1811,  100  ;  in 
1821,  141;  in  1831,  107;  in  1841,  142;  and  in  1851, 
131, — living  in  the  village  of  Kirkandrews,  and  two 
or  three  farm-houses  in  other  parts  of  the  parish. 
Hoskett  Hill  is  a  small  hamlet  situated  on  the  side  of 
the  common.  This  is  a  well-cultivated  parish ;  the 
north-eastern  part,  lying  alongside  the  river  Eden,  is  a 
fine  rich  holme,  with  the  drawback  of  being  occasionally 
flooded  by  the  river.  The  middle  part  is  divided  from 
this  holme  by  the  eminence  which  forms  the  site  of  the 
Boman  wall,  and  is  a  stcpp  about  twenty  feet  higher 
than  the  holme.  This  part  contains  the  village  of 
Kirkandrews,  with  its  crofts  of  strong  productive  loam 
and  clay  subsoil.  Higher  still  is  the  third  part,  divided 
from  the  middle  part  by  the  eminence  called  Bracken- 
hill  Brow  ;  this  is  of  a  variable  quality  of  soil,  from 
the  loamy  to  the  blacktop  with  red  roachey  subsoil. 
Here  is  situated  the  yet  unenclosed  common  ;  but  the 
division  of  it  under  the  Enclosure  Acts  has  just  been 
completed,  and  a  few  years  will  materially  improve  this 
part  of  the  county.  This  common  contains  about  130 
acres.  The  remainder  of  this  third  part,  about  250 
acres,  are  ancient  enclosures,  which  have  been  granted 
to  the  tenements  of  Kirkandrews  from  time  to  time  by 
the  lords  of  the  manor.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  en- 
gaged in  agriculture.  There  are  no  mines  or  minerals. 
The  Port  Carlisle  railway  passes  through  this  parish, 
touching  the  village  at  the  west  end,  where  there  is  a 
station.  Carlisle  is  distant  about  three  miles,  and  i.s 
the  market  town  on  Wednesdays  and  Saturdays. 


The  Roman  Wall  and  Vallum  pass  through  this 
parish,  entering  ou  the  east  side  at  a  place  called  Sour 
llilk  Bridge,  where  they  are  about  200  paces  apart, 
and  continue  in  a  westerly  direction.  The  wall,  fol- 
lowing the  top  of  an  eminence  which  bounds  the  holme 
land,  passed  through  where  the  churchyard  now  is,  on 
the  north  side  of  the  village,  and  entered  Beaumont 
parish  where  Beaumont  Beck  empties  itself  into  the 
river.  The  ditch,  pursuing  a  similar  direction,  passed 
on  the  south  side  of  the  village,  and  entered  the  parish 
of  Beaumont  where  the  same  beck  crosses  the  Monkhill 
road,  and  here  it  is  distant  from  the  site  of  the  wall 
about  TiOO  paces.  On  the  higher  parts,  towards  the 
south  of  this  parish,  there  are  several  traces  of  Roman 
earthworks.  At  a  place  on  the  common  near  Janet 
Hill,  where  the  plough  has  not  yet  stirred  the  surface, 
there  are  three  mysterious  circular  ditches  on  the  high- 
est part  of  the  ground  of  no  great  dimensions,  being 
respectively  five,  seven,  and  nine  yards  in  diameter. 
Here  it  is  said  some  urns  were  found  about  eighty  years 
ago.  These  circular  ditches  are  deep,  and  their  interior 
spaces  are  a  little  elevated.  Apparently  they  are  very 
ancient,  and  the  purpose  for  which  they  were  made  has 
belonged  to  a  period  now  long  gone  by.  There  are  also 
ou  this  same  common  most  curious  traces  of  what  tra- 
dition says  was  an  aqueduct  to  bring  water  from  the 
river  Caldcw  down  into  Beaumont  Beck  for  some  pur- 
poses of  water-power.  It  is  first  seen  in  this  parish  on 
the  Far  Moor,  where  it  winds  round  the  south  and  east 
side  of  this  brow ;  thence  it  proceeds  in  a  northerly 
direction  through  Lammonby  Close  plantation,  and 
behind  Maxwell  Cottage,  thence  to  the  southern  side  of 


KIllKANDREWS-ON-EDEN    TAKISH. 


171 


the  brow  on  which  stands  Hoskett  Hill ;  and  stiU  pro- 
ceeding in  a  northerly  direction,  as  it  finds  its  desired 
decline,  it  enters  the  parish  of  Beaumont  at  a  place 
called  Cowper  Nook,  and  bending  to  the  east  runs  in 
that  direction  to  Beaumont  Beck  :  at  Cowper  Nook, 
where  there  is  some  uncultivated  ground,  the  traces  are 
very  distinct. 

In  this  parish,  Kirksteads  deserves  the  attention  of 
the  antiquarian.  It  is  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the 
farm-house  called  Cobble  IJall.  Here  tradition  tells  us 
a  church  once  stood  to  serve  the  parishes  of  Kirk- 
andrews,  Beaumont,  Grinsdale,  and  Orton.  Yet  we 
cannot  llnd,  cither  from  internal  evidence,  or  from  any 
ancient  documents  whatevc-r,  that  the  building  which 
once  stood  here  was  dedicated  to  Christian  worship. 
Man}'  Roman  remains  have  been  dug  out ;  an  altar, 
■with  many  sculptured  stones  now  in  the  garden  of  ilrs. 
Norman  of  Kirkandrews,  and  illustrated  in  Bruce's 
iloraan  Wall,'  many  Koman  coins,  and  some  beautiful 
specimens  of  Roman  decorations  of  the  vine  tracery 
cut  in  rehef  in  stone,  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr. 
Norman  of  Bow,  and  Mr.  Stordy  of  Thurstonfield. 
Remains  of  human  bones  have  also  been  exposed  here, 
but  still  no  traces  of  mediicval  architecture.  But  the 
strongest  evidence  against  this  tradition  is,  that  the 
churches  in  Beaumont  and  Orton,  as  well  as  what 
recently  remained  of  the  old  church  which  stood  in 
Kirkandrews'  churchyard,  all  bear  evidence  that  they 
Lave  been  erected  during  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth 
centuries.  And  previous  to  that  time  it  is  not  likely 
that  the  inhabitants  here  would  be  cither  so  numerous 
or  so  wenlthy  as  to  maintain  a  separate  church.  No 
doubt  the  human  bones  that  have  been  dug  up,  and  the 
sculptured  stones  that  have  been  removed,  led  our  fore- 
fathers, who  were  not  skilled  in  Roman  remains,  to 
think  that  this  was  the  site  of  some  "  auld  kirk,"  and 
therefore  they  named  the  field  "  Kirksteads." 

About  300  paces  from  Kirksteads,  in  a  field  called 
Hainings,  the  property  of  Mrs.  C.  Norman,  there  was 
found,  in  the  summer  of  1855,  in  the  northern  angle 
of  the  field,  and  a  very  little  way  beneath  the  surface 
of  the  ground,  an  earthenware  vase  containing  about 
1,100  Roman  denarii.  The  coins  were  of  bronze,  and 
principally  of  the  reigns  of  Constjintine  and  Diocletian. 


'  Tho  nitnr  hcnra  marks  of  liiiTinif  bi.'pn  cut  ilimn  to  suit  the 
purposes  of  somi-  oomparalively  lUoili'rn  Imildcr.  The  focus  of  the 
altar  ia  unusually  large,  the  boltliip.xs  of  its  lettering  indicating  an 
carlj  (Ittte.     Dr.  Uruce  reads  it  as  follows:  Lfciis  Junius  Vioto- 

BISUS  ET  CaiUS  -KlLVXIS  I.KO.MI  AlOlsrALKS  I.KOIONIS  VI. 
VIlTaiCIS  Pl«  KT  I'lDKI.IS  OB  RfjJ  TRANS  VALLUM  PROSPLHE  OP.STAS. 

I.ueius  Junius  Victorinus,  and  Caius  /Klinnus,  .\u^'usliil  Legates 
of  the  sixth  legiou,  victorious,  pious,  «ud  fnithlul,  on  accouut  of 
achisTcmcnts  beyond  the  wall  prosperously  performed. 


The  discoverer  of  this  treasure  was  a  labouring  man 
who  was  hedging  at  the  place,  and  cutting  some  fresh 
sods  for  an  adjoining  fence.  On  his  spade  coming  in 
contact  with  this  buried  treasure,  his  wits  were  sorely 
tried  as  to  how  he  could  conceal  them  and  convert 
them  into  real  money.  Often  and  often  he  paid  a  visit 
to  this  treasured  angle,  and  bnre  away  some  prize  every 
time ;  but  one  day  he  had  tilled  his  pockets  too  full, 
and  some  of  the  coins  were  found  hy  his  master  on  the 
barn  floor  at  Cobble  Hall,  whore  they  were  living.  To 
his  enquiries  the  man  turned  a  deaf  ear.  But 
the  master  was  a  "  vary  canny  Scotchman,"  and 
collected  all  the  coin  he  could  find,  and  throwing  his 
plaid  over  his  shouldere  set  off  to  the  silversmith's  at 
Carlisle  to  make  as  good  a  bargain  as  he  could.  When 
he  oflered  them  he  wa.s  sadly  crestfallen  to  find  that  the 
silversmith  would  not  buy  them,  as  he  had  already  pur- 
chased at  a  good  pi-ice  more  than  he  wanted ;  and  when 
he  learned  that  they  had  all  come  from  a  place  which 
he  recognised  as  his  own  home,  and  brought  by  his 
own  servant,  he  wended  his  way  back  again,  and  dis- 
missed his  "  fa'se  and  knavish  loon  of  a  servant." 

This  parish  forms  part  of  the  barony  of  Burgh  be- 
longing to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  T.  Denton  says  that 
it  was  for  a  while  severed  from  Burgh,  and  made  parcel 
of  the  barony  of  Levington,  but  afterwards  was  re- 
anncxed  to  Burgh.  It  is  now  nearly  all  freehold.  The 
landowners  are  Mrs.  Dorothy  Norman,  JNIrs.  Catherine 
Norman,  Rev.  John  Burton  Norman,  Mr.  John  Hind, 
Mrs.  Ruth  Graham,  and  the  Misses  Blamire.  It  is 
enclosed  with  the  exception  of  130  acres  on  the  com- 
mon, which  has  just  been  divided  under  the  Enclosure 
Acts,  and  will  be  enclosed  in  another  year. 

The  village  of  Kirkandrews  is  situated  three  miles 
west- north-west  of  Carlisle. 

THE   CHURCH. 

The  church  which  formerly  stood  here  was  dedicated 
to  St.  Andrew,  from  which  the  parish  takes  its  name. 
No  part  of  it  is  now  in  existence,  nothing  save  the 
undulations  in  the  green  sward  remain  to  show  the  site 
where  it  stood.  There  are  some  persons  yet  living  who 
recollect  the  old  chancel  arch  whicii  remained  for  many 
years  after  the  other  portions  of  the  church  had  been 
removed.  It  was  used  to  perform  the  burial  service 
under,  and  from  what  we  can  learn  it  was  a  Norman 
arch,  and  the  church,  in  all  probability  would  be  in 
that  stylo  of  architecture.  BLshop  Nicholson,  in  his 
Itinerary  through  this  diocese  iu  a.d.  1703,  savs. 
"Tho  church  here  at  Kirkandrews  is  quite  demolished. 
Tho  parishioners  bury  their  dead  iu  the  churchyard, 
and  the  late  rector  (Mr.  Hume)  lyes  buried,  sub  Dio, 
in  y"  Quire;  but  tho  divine  service  is  at  Beaumont, 


172 


CUMBERLAND  WAKD. 


atout  half  a  mile  off.  The  parsonage-house  is  a  long  ' 
row  of  low  buildings  of  clay,  improved  by  the  late 
incumbent,  who  also  was  at  about  £10  charges  in 
walling  in  an  orchard.  The  glebe  is  about  four  acres 
of  good  land.  The  value  of  this  and  Beaumont  (jointly) 
not  above  £30.  I  moved  the  parishioners  here  to  a 
compliance  with  the  men  of  Beaumont,  rather  tlian 
run  the  hazard  of  being  put  upon  the  expence  of  re- 
pairing their  own  church;  offering,  that,  towards  the 
making  all  things  the  more  easy  to  them,  the  old 
timber  in  that  church  should  be  brought  for  the 
improvement  of  the  parsonage  house  here.  They 
seemed  to  like  the  proposal  well;  and,  I  believe  wiU 
peaceably  comply.  They  have  a  tradition  that  the 
three  little  neighbouring  churches  (of  this  town,  Beau- 
mont, and  Grinsdale)  were  built  by  three  sisters,  who, 
I  must  say,  were  not  too  generous  in  subsisting  their 
chaplains,  I  rather  think  they  ha^-e  been  small  oratories 
supplied  by  y*  religious  of  Carlisle."  This  parish  is 
still  united  with  Beaumont  in  ecclesiastical  matters,  and 
the  church  in  the  latter  place  is  used  by  the  parishioners 
of  Kirkandrews,  precisely  as  if  it  stood  in  their  own 
parish,  contributing  towards  its  repairs,  &c.  The 
advowson  and  right  of  presentation  is  in  the  hands  of 
the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  to  whose  family  it  has  belonged 
since  109'^,  when  George  Hume  was  presented  to  this 
living  and  that  of  Beaumont,^  on  the  anne.xation  of  the 
two  parishes  by  Sir  John  Lowther,  Bart.  The  present 
value  of  the  living,  which  is  a  rectory,  is  £270.  The 
great  and  small  tithes  of  these  united  parishes  were 
abolished  by  a  private  act  of  parliament,  dated  14th 
June,  1827,  and  compensation  in  lieu  thereof  was  made 
amounting  in  Kirkandrews  to  £57  3s.  3d.,  and  in 
Beaumont  to  £134  2s.  9d.     Previous  to  this  time  the 

1  The  following  have  exercised  the  right  of  presentntion  to  this 
living  :^The  Prioress  and  Convent  of  Marrig,  or  Maryke,  in  York- 
shire, in  13G1;  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  157G;  Bishop  May,  in  1687; 
George  Bumney,  in  1611;  and  Sir  John  Lowther,  in  1692. 


living  was  of  very  small  value.  It  was  augmented  in 
1740,  by  a  grant  of  £200  made  by  the  governors  of 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  which  in  the  year  following  was 
laid  out  in  the  purchase  of  two  dweUing-houses,  and 
out-buildings  called  Upper  Town  and  seventy  acres,  part 
of  a  tenement  called  Dapley  Moor  in  the  parish  of 
Stapleton.  In  1772,  land  was  purchased  near  Sedberg 
in  Yorkshire  with  £400  (half  of  which  was  given  by 
the  Countess  Dowager  Gower,)  to  the  value  of  £14 
per  annum,  but  now  let  at  £9  per  annum.  There  are 
also  about  seven  acres  of  good  glebe,  situate  near  the 
rectory  at  Kirkandrews.  The  paiish  register  com- 
mences in  1746,  and  is  very  imperfect  at  the  commence- 
ment. 

Eectors.  —  John  Palmer,  — ;  John  de  Bampton,  1:361; 
Thomas  Watson,  —  ;  Christopher  Lowther,  1578  ;  William 
Witton,  1.587;  George  Millikin,  1011;  Kichard  'VVilton,  — ; 
George  Hume,  lOOi ;  Gabriel  Trant,  who  was  schoolmaster  at 
Lowther,  1703;  Thomas  Lewthwaite,  1705';  George  Bowness, 
17C2 ;  Richard  Burn,  the  elder,  1780 ;  Kichard  Burn,  the 
younger,  1811;  William  Benn,  1840;  John  Brown,  1852. 

There  is  a  most  excellent  parsonage-house  adjoining 
the  churchyard  which  commands  a  beautiful  view  to 
the  east  and  north  over  the  rich  and  fertile  vale  of  the 
Eden,  whose  winding  course  may  be  traced  to  a  con- 
siderable distance.  The  house  was  erected  in  1847 
by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Benn,  rector,  at  a  cost  of  £800,  bor- 
rowed of  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty.  It 
is  a  plain  substantial  building  of  brick,  and  the  interior 
accommodation  appears  to  have  been  more  aimed  at 
than  any  architectural  beauty. 

There  is  a  small  school,  with  an  endowment  of  £1 
18s.  Cd.  from  Thomas  Pattinson's  Charity,  for  which 
two  children  are  instructed  free.  It  was  erected  in 
1817,  by  the  contributions  of  the  inhabitants  of  Kirk- 
andrews, Beaumont,  and  Grinsdale,  and  lias  an  average 
attendance  of  fifty  children. 

1  His  descendants  are  now  receiving  relief  from  this  parish. 


KIRKBAMPTON  PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Burgh-upou-Sands,  on  the  west  by  Aikton  and  Bowness,  on  the  south 
by  Aikton,  and  on  the  east  by  Burgb-upon-Sands  and  Orton.  It  comprises  the  townships  of  Bampton  Great, 
Bampton  Little,  and  Oughterby.  The  parish  was  surveyed  for  the  purposes  of  the  tithe  commutation,  and 
there  are  maps  deposited  in  the  different  townships.  The  population,  who  are  principally  employed  in  agri- 
culture, are  located  in  the  villages  of  Kirkbampton,  Little  Bampton,  and  Oughterby,  and  the  hamlets  of  Flat, 
Longrigg,  Ploughlands,  and  Studholme,  and  a  number  of  detached  farm-houses.  The  state  of  the  parish  as  to 
cleanliness  and  comfort  is  generally  good,  and  as  regards  the  village  of  Kirkbampton  remarkably  so.  A  con- 
siderable portion  of   the  parish,  viz.,  the  lands  near  the  three  principal  villages,   consists  of  good  vegetable 


KIUKBAMPTON   PAEISH. 


173 


earths,  resting  on  gravelly  clays  ;  another  considerable  portion  consists  of  poor  soils  resting  oa  cold  clays  ;  and 
there  are  some  mossy  lands.  The  soil  varies  much  and  abruptly,  hence  improvement  has  been  effected  of  late 
years  by  draining.  The  residents  here  attend  the  Carlisle  and  Wigton  markets, — chiefly  the  former.  Almost 
all  tliB  parish  is  enclosed,  but  not  under  any  Act  of  Parliament.  The  lands  not  enclosed  are  nearly  all  sub- 
divided, and  assigned  to  their  several  owners. 


KIRKBAIIPTOX,    OU    DAMPTON    GREAT. 

The  township  of  Kirkbampton  comprises  an  area  of 
],20()  acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  about  £1,178. 
The  population  in  IHdl,  was  149;  in  1811,  175;  in 
1821,  193;  in  1831,  19'2  ;  in  1S41,  193;  and  in  IH.jl, 
•i-iO. 

The  manor  of  Kirkbampton  is  within  the  barony 
of  ]?urgh,  and  seems  to  have  anciently  included  the 
whole  parish.  Its  first  recorded  possessor  was  Hildred 
de  Carlisle,  who  had  his  seat  here  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
II.  After  his  death,  it  was  divided  by  his  descendants, 
Ilichard  and  Robert,  children  of  his  son  Odard.  In 
the  year  l'2i7,  Eudo  de  Carlisle,  tenant  of  Kirkbamp- 
ton, gave  four  carucates  in  Oughterby  and  Little 
Bampton  to  Walter  de  Bampton  by  fine,  which  by  an 
inquisition  takin  in  1293  was  valued  to  £20  land,  and 
to  be  held  of  the  manor  of  Burgh.  Another  part  was 
lield  in  195'2  by  Eli/.abcth  Montacuto,  Countess  of 
Salisbury,  as  of  the  inheritance  of  William  Montacute, 
earl  of  Salisbury ;  and  in  the  same  year  Sir  Brian 
Sta[)leton  of  Bedale  in  Yorkshire,  held  it  (by  purchase, 
as  it  appears)  whose  posterity  sold  it  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.  to  the  Uacres  of  Lanercost,  whose  son 
Christopher  sold  it  in  severalties  to  the  tenants.  In 
l.'jH'i,  Thomas  Brisby,  gentleman,  in  consideration  of 
L'300  conveyed  to  John  Soutliaick,  Esq.  and  Richard 
Tolson,  their  heirs  and  assignees,  the  manor  or  lordship 
of  Little  Bampton,  which  four  years  later  was  again 
sold  to  John  Dalston,  Esq.,  who  sold  it  in  the  following 
year  to  the  respective  tenants.  Some  lands  in  this 
parish  are  held  by  Sir  Wastcl  Brisco,  Bart. ;  in  respect 
of  which  courts  are  held  at  Orton. 

There  seems  to  have  been  numerous  defensive  works 
in  this  parish,  against  the  predatory  incureions  of  the 
moss-troopers.  The  remains  cf  llie  most  considerable 
of  these  are  situated  south  of  Kirkbampton  village, 
on  a  rising  ground  commanding  an  extensive  view 
along  the  shores  of  the  Solway.  It  consists  of  a  strong 
enclosure  covering  more  than  an  acre  of  ground.  The 
greatest  portion  of  it  appeal's  to  have  been  defended 
by  a  double  rampart  of  earth  and  a  double  ditch,  the 
other  portion,  which  probaldy  was  appended  to  the 
principal  work,  was  surrounded  by  a  single  rampart  and 
ditch.  Tradition  says  that  tho  cattle  of  the  district 
were  driven  to  this  place  for  protection,  on  tho 
appearance  of  tlic  moss-troopors ;  and,  in  consequence, 
•iO  a 


the  work  is  commonly  ascribed  to  the  time  of  these  free- 
booters. The  irregularity  of  the  work  favours  this 
supposition,  but  the  discovery  of  a  stone,  with  the 
following  Latin  inscription  on  it,  in  the  adjoining 
field,  in  the  year  1843,  seems  to  connect  the  Romans 
with  this  locality. 

DEAG 

LATI 

J.\CYIS 

VES.      (Kest  defaced.) 

Further  examination  may  probably  establish  a  con- 
nection between  this  and  works  of  a  similar  character  in 
the  neighbourhood  ;  or,  at  all  events,  may  show  that  a 
Hue  of  defence,  consisting  of  an  earthen  rampart  and  a 
ditch,  extended  from  it  to  a  considerable  distance,  as 
they  can  be  clearly  traced  in  the  adjoining  field,  which 
is  called  "  Foldsteads."  Not  far  from  this  a  notorious 
moss-troojier,  caUed  Boothill,  was  killed  in  a  singular 
manner.  He  was  found  asleep  on  the  ground,  by  a 
person  of  Ivii-kbamptou,  called  Hody,  who,  determined 
not  to  let  the  opportunity  slip  of  freeing  himself  and 
neighbours  of  a  formidable  enemy,  coolly  drew  the  free- 
booter's sword  out  of  its  scabbard,  and  with  it  severed 
his  head  from  his  body.  The  Scot  lies  buried  in  Kirk- 
bampton church-yard,  and  his  grave  is  covered  with  a 
stone,  on  which  is  engraved  a  sword. 

No  feasts  or  wakes  are  at  present  observed  in  this 
parish ;  formerly,  it  is  said,  there  was  annually  a  bon- 
fire near  Kirkbampton.  It  is  stated  to  have  been  on 
the  evening  of  the  day  before  ^Midsummer  Day,  but  it 
was  probably  in  reality  on  the  eve  of  St.  John  the 
Baptist's  day.  The  children  and  young  people  ran 
through  the  flames  and  smoke  of  the  bonfire,  singing, 
"  awake,  awake,  for  Sin  Gal's  (St  John's)  sake." 

The  village  of  Kirkbampton  is  pleasantly  situated 
about  six  miles  west  of  Carlisle,  and  seven  north-north- 
east of  Wigton,  and  commands  beautiful  and  extensive 
views  of  the  surrounding  country. 

TUB  cucncn. 
Kirkbampton  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Peter,  is  an 
ancient  structure,  the  great  arch  and  doorway  of  which 
are  in  tho  Saxon  stylo  :  within  tho  latter  there  is  a 
rudely-sculptured  bas-relief,  representing  two  animals, 
and  wliat  seems  to  have  been  designed  for  an  abbot. 
Tho  benefice,  which  is  a  rectory,  valued  ia  the  King's 
Book  at  JElt  17s.  lid.,  pays  a  pension  of  3s.  Id.  to 


174 


CUMBERL.\ND  WARD. 


the  Bishop  of  Carlisle.  A  moiety  of  tho  rectory  was 
given  in  the  roigii  of  Henry  11.  by  Adam,  son  of  Kobcrt, 
to  the  hospital  of  St.  Nicholas  at  Carlisle,  and  is  now 
held  by  the  dean  and  chapter.  The  right  of  presen- 
tation to  the  second  moiet)',  long  called  the  rectory  of 
Kirkbamptou  (the  other  moiety  having  no  concern  with 
the  cure)  has  been  disputed  ever  since  the  reign  of 
Queen  Elizabeth.  There  were  then  three  claimants, 
Cuthbert  Musgrave,  Esq.,  William  Brisco,  Esq.,  and 
Christopher  Dacre,  Esq.  In  1710  those  famihes  joined 
in  a  presentation.  In  ITIO,  on  the  death  of  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Story,  who  bad  held  the  incumbency  for  si.v 
years,  and  who  is  said  to  have  buried  every  one  of  the 
parishioners  who  were  living  at  the  time  of  his  induc- 
tion. Henry  Viscount  Lonsdale  presented  die  Rev. 
Michael  Burn,  who  died  in  1786,  after  which  the  living 
seems  to  have  been  vacant  for  some  years,  owing  to  the 
disputes  regarding  the  right  of  presentation.  Ulti- 
mately the  Rev.  John  ^^'heatley  was  presented  by  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale  ;  and  since  that  period  the  advowson 
is  understood  to  he  jointly  in  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  and 
Sir  Wastel  Brisco,  Bart.  The  living  was  augmented 
some  years  ago  by  £1.52  10s.  4d.  from  the  "  Parlia- 
mentary Fund,"  reduced  three-per-cents,  now  yielding 
a  half  yearly  dividend  of  £6  15s.  9d.,  so  that  the  benefice 
is  now  worth  about  £100  per  annum,  including  seven 
acres,  three  roods,  twenty  ferches  of  glebe.  The  tithes 
were  commated  in  1840  for  a  yearly  rent-charge  of 
i£9-l  4s.,  viz.,  Kirkbampton  township  £16  8s.  Id.; 
Little  Bampton,  £67  Ss.  8d. ;  and  Oughterby.  £10 
6s.  3d.  A  rent-charge  of  £38  6s.  6d.  was  awarded  in 
lieu  of  the  moiety  of  the  great  tithes  of  Little  Bampton, 
which  formerly  belonged  to  the  dean  and  chapter  of 
Carlisle.  This  rent-charge  was  transferred  with  the 
capitular  estates  to  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners, 
who  have  bought  the  lease  of  James  Losh,  Esq.,  and 
who  are  in  consequence  in  full  possession  thereof.  The 
parish  register  commences  in  the  year  1005. 

EECTons.— Walter  de  Balyter, ;  John  de  Culgajth,  1235 ; 

John   Grainger,   1341;    John   de   Appleby,  ;    William  de 

Appleby,  1.343  ;  Thomas  dc  Bampton,  13r)n  ;  John  de  Thornton, 
;  Robert  de  Gayton,  13(!1 ;  Kicli.ird  Damysell, ;  Wil- 
liam de  Cressop,  1307  ;  Edward  Mitchell, ;  John  Aketon, 

1561 ;  Roland  Hauxbie,  1580  ;  Joseph  Lowden,  1598;  Cuthbert 

Eoper,  1610;    Robert  Brown,  ;   Otho  Polewheele,  1C39; 

John  Bell,  ;  Thomas  Story,  KiiH;  Michael  Burn,  1740;' 

John  Wheatley,  1705  ;  Joseph  Stordy,  1809;  Robert  FaUowfield, 
1835  ;  Wilham  rattinson,  M.A.,  1845. 


^  In  consequence  of  tile  disputes  about  ihc  risht  of  presentation, 
no  rector  nppears  to  have  been  Appointed  from  174il  to  179.J,  during 
■which  period  we  fjnd  the  foUowins;  curates : — George  Rickerby,  offi- 
ciating minister  from  1786  to  17S9;  Thomas  Shepherd,  curate  from 
17S9  to  1808;  George  Eickcrhy,  curate  1808-9.  The  Kev.  John 
Wheatley,  when  rector,  was  non-resident. 


There  is  a  neat  rectory,  but  the  date  of  its  erection 
is  not  known. 

There  is  a  parish  school  here,  as  also  a  Sunday 
school,  the  latter  of  which  is  supported  by  vultuitary 
contributions,  and  is  attended  by  about  fifty  children. 

Haverlands  House  and  Bank  House  (the  last  name 
is  applied  to  the  neighbouring  detached  houses)  arc  in 
this  township. 

Longrigg  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township  about  a  mile 
west  of  the  village  of  Kirkbamptou.  The  lands  here 
and  in  some  other  parts  of  the  parish  are  iu  the  lord- 
ship of  the  rector. 

Flat  is  another  hamlet  one  and  a  half  miles  south- 
east of  the  village. 

B.^MPTOX    LITTLE. 

Little  Bampton  township  contains  1,337  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £9'^9.  The  number  of  its  inhabi- 
tants in  1801  was  190;  in  1811,  176;  in  1821,  172  ; 
iu  1831,  213  ;  in  1841,  212  ;  and  in  1851,  210.  This 
manor  formed  originally  a  part  of  the  manor  of  Kirk- 
bampton ;  but  in  1227  Eudo  de  Carlisle  gave  four 
carucates  of  land  here  and  in  Oughterby  to  Walter  de 
Bampton  by  fine,  which  by  an  inquisition  taken  in 
1295,  were  found  to  be  worth  £20,  and  to  be  held  of 
the  barony  of  Burgh.  Tliis  esfcite  appears  to  have 
passed  to  the  Musgraves  of  Crookdake,  the  coheiresses 
of  which  family  enfranchised  the  lands.  We  find  also, 
that  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Thomas  Brisley 
conveyed  an  estate  called  the  manor  of  Ijittle  Bampton, 
to  Messrs.  Southaick  and  Tolson  ;  tho  latter  conveyed  it 
to  John  Dalston,  Esq.,  by  whom  it  was  sold  in  severalty 
to  the  tenants. 

The  village  of  Little  Bampton  is  situ.itcd  two-and-a- 
half  miles  west-south-west  of  Kirkbampton,  and  five 
miles  north  of  Wigton.  There  is  a  spring  on  the  edge 
of  Little  Bampton  Moss,  the  waters  of  which  arc  col- 
lected in  a  well,  and  are  used  for  the  dressing  of  sores, 
being  considered  to  have  a  healing  power.  New 
Bampton,  Westfield  House,  Windmill  House,  and  The 
Building  are  single  houses  having  particular  names  in 
this  township. 

Ploughlands  is  a  hamlet  in  the  township  of  Little 
Bampton. 

OUGHTERBT. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  905  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  £700.  In  1801  it  contained  117  inhabi- 
tants; in  1811,  107;  in  1821,  105  ;  in  1831,  118;  in 
1841,  131;  and  in  1851,  116. 

The  village  of  Oughterby  is  one  mile  south-west  of 
the  parish  church,  and  si.x  miles  north-east  of  Wigton. 


OETOX   VARISH. 


irs 


The  Rev.  AVilliam  Hodson,  D.D.,  fellow,  tutor,  and 
finally  master  of  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge,  was 
born  here.     He  died  in  lS-17. 

Studholme  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township  three  miles 


west  of  the  village  of  Kirkbampton,  and  is  separated 
from  the  rest  of  the  township  by  the  hamlets  of  Plough- 
lands  and  Lougrigg  and  their  lands. 


ORTON   PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Ortou  is  bounded  by  those  of  St.  ilary,  Burgh-on-Sands,  Kirkbampton,  Kirkandrews,  Aikton, 
Thursby,  and  Dalston.  It  comprises  the  townships  of  Great  Orton  and  Baldwin  Holme,  whose  united  area  is 
4,277  acres.  The  soil  is  chiefly  clayey  with  a  mixture  of  gravel;  several  attempts  have  been  made  to  discover 
coal  here,  but  without  success.     The  rateable  value  of  the  parish  is  £!2,580. 

holden  of  Edward   Musgrave,   gentleman,  as  of  his 


ORTOX. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  173  ; 
in  1811,  2U.5  ;  in  1821,  208  ;  in  1831,  210  ;  in  1841, 
204  ;  and  in  1851,  285.  They  are  principally  engaged 
in  agriculture,  and  attend  the  Wigtoa  and  Carlisle 
markets. 

The  manor  of  Orton,  held  under  that  of  Levington, 
belonged  at  an  early  period  to  a  family  to  whom  it  gave 
name.  The  first  of  the  name  that  is  recorded  is  Simou 
de  Orton,  who  had  issue  Alan,  and  received  from 
Henry  III.  a  grant  of  free  warren  in  Orton.  He  was 
succeeded  by  John,  his  son,  to  whom  was  granted,  in 
1310,'  a  license  for  making  a  park  here.  John  de 
Ortou  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Giles,  whose  daughter 
and  heir  Joan  was  married  to  Sir  Clement  de  Skelton, 
who  by  her  had  four  daughters,  coheirs,  one  named 
Agues,  married  to  one  of  the  Leighs  of  Isell,  another 
to  a  member  of  the  family  of  Bcllasis,  a  third  to  one 
of  the  RiJleys,  and  the  fourth  to  a  Blennerhassot.  The 
manor  was  thereupon  divided  into  three  parts,  which 
came  into  tlie  possession  of  the  Leigh,  Ridley,  and  Bleu- 
nerhasset  families;  and  the  land  was  charged  with  a  rent 
of  £8  to  Bellasis,  who  sold  the  same  to  a  Mr.  Coldale, 
a  merchant  in  Carlisle,  and  it  afterwards  came  by 
marriage  to  a  younger  branch  of  the  Briscos.  Sub- 
sequently John  Brisco  purcliased  Leigh's  part  of  Wil- 
frid Lawson  and  Maud  his  wife,  and  of  Thomas  Blenner- 
hassot the  other  portion.  Accordingly,  iu  1588,  it  was 
found  by  an  in(iuisitioii  that  "  William  Brisco,  of 
Crofton,  son  of  the  .said  John,  died  seised  of  the  niauor 
of  Orton,  with  20  messuages,  400  acres  of  land,  40  acres 
of  meadow,  200  acres  of  common,  100  acres  of  wood, 
in  Orton  aforesaid,  together  with  the  donation  and 
right  of  patronage  of  two  parts  iu  throe  to  be  divided 
of  the  parish  church  of  the  aforesaid  manor  of  Orton, 

'Cart  Hot.  14  Kdwnr.l  111.  .13.  Wlicii  .liilin  dc  Orton  was  called 
upon  lo  prove  his  riRlu  to  free  warrtii  in  11100,  lie  ollcgcd  tliat  lliis 
charter  wns  ileslrnyid  wlien  the  town  of  Orion  was  biiriil  Ijy  tlio 
Soots.  The  claiiu  was  not  allowed.  tjuo  Warranto  lloll,  M 
Edward  I. 


manor  of  Levington,  by  two  parts  of  one  knight's  fee. 
And  that  the  third  jiart  of  the  said  manor  of  Orton,  late 
the  inheritance  of  Nicholas  Ridley,  Esq.,  deceased,  and 
all  and  every  the  messuages,  lands,  tenements,  and 
hereditaments,  to  the  said  third  part  belonging,  were 
holden  of  the  queen  in  capite  by  the  service  of  the 
third  part  of  one  knight's  fee ;  aud  that  the  said  two 
parts  were  worth  by  the  year  above  reprizes  £5  Cs.  8d., 
and  the  said  third  part  £2  13s.  4J."  Not  long  after 
Ridley's  portion  came  into  the  same  family  by  purchase. 
For  in  1023,  John  Brisco,  son  of  the  William  above 
mentioned,  claimed  the  entire  patronage,  which  being 
appendant  to  the  manor,  was,  when  it  was  severed  and 
divided  into  three  parts,  enjoyed  alternately  by  all  the 
three ;  but  ever  since  that  time  it  has  remained  in  the 
Brisco  family,  and  is  now  enjoyed  by  Sir  Wastel  Brisco, 
the  present  lord  of  the  manor,  who  holds  a  court  here 
annually,  and  receives  about  £40  a  year  as  lord's  rent. 

The  manor  of  Wiggouby,  iu  this  parish,  long  ago  anni- 
hilated, belonged  to  the  Ortons,  and  was  divided  among 
their  representatives.  The  principal  landowners  iu  the 
township  are  Sir  Wastel  Brisco,  Bart. ;  Messrs.  George 
Robinson,  George  Blaylock,  William  Lowther,  John 
Storily,  the  trustees  of  the  late  John  ]Mooiv,  Thomas 
Wannop,  William  Nixon,  and  Thomas  Norman. 

The  village  of  Orton  is  five  miles  west-by-south  of 
Carlisle.  L'rom  an  adjacent  enclosure  called  Parson's 
Thorn,  no  fewer  than  fifteen  churches  may  be  seen  in 
Cumberland,  and  several  iu  Scotlnnd,  with  beautiful 
views  of  Carlisle,  Gretna,  and  many  other  places. 
Eroin  the  many  Roman  causeways  and  other  foundations 
which  have  been  from  time  to  time  dug  up  near  the 
village,  it  is  evident  that  Ortou  was  at  one  time  u  place 
of  some  consequence,  and  most  probably  a  market  town. 
At  the  CNtroniity  of  a  lann  that  extends  300  yards 
northward  of  the  village,  is  a  large  foss  or  double  ditch, 
where  an  iron  chain  went  across  the  road,  and  was 
locked  every  night,  called  Barniss  Gate,  made  as  a 
defence  against  the  frequent  incursions  of  the  Scots  or 


176 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


Moss  Troopers.  The  entrance  from  the  cast  had  a 
similar  defence,  and  the  whole  parish  was  surrounded 
with  a  ditch  and  an  embankment,  called  the  Ringfeuce, 
within  which  was  found  several  years  ago,  a  very  curious 
and  neat  sandal,  buried  in  the  peat  moss.  Tradition 
says,  that  on  one  occasion,  a  trooper,  while  reconnoi- 
tring near  Barrass  Gate,  was  nailed  to  his  saddle  by 
an  arrow  discharged  from  a  great  distance  by  a  yeomau 
of  the  name  of  Wilson. 

THE   CHURCH. 

Orton  church,  an  ancient  structure,  situated  near  the 

centre  of  the  parish,  is  dedicated  to  St.  • 

The  living,  a  rectory  in  the  patronage  of  Sir  Wastel 
Brisco,  Bart.,  is  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £'9.  In 
1795  it  was  valued  at  £140,  and  is  now  worth  about 
£370,  including  seventy  acres  of  glebe  land.  The  tithes 
have  been  commuted.  The  parish  register  commences 
in  1509. 

Rectors. — John,  1303  ;  John  de  Whitrigg,  1337  ;  'William  Je 
Artliureth,  1337;  Richard  de  Langworthy,  1371!;  Thomas  de 
Eaughton,  U07;  Richard  Place,  — ;  Leonard  Lowther,  1578; 
William  Mey,  1585;  Mr.  Burton,  1043;  John  Rearson,  1005; 
Gaven  Noble,  — ;  Rowland  Noble,  1603;  David  Bell,  1709; 
John  Brisco,  1730;  William  Taylor,  1771;  James  Brisco,  177?  ; 
John  Mason,  1825  ;  Robert  Peiirson,  1845 ;  Frederick  Paget 
Wilkinson,  1857. 

The  parish  school  is  a  stone  building,  situated 
near  the  church,  and  has  an  average  attendance  of 
forty  children.  The  master  receives  £3  17s.  6d.,  the 
interest  of  £100,  left  by  Thomas  Pattinson,  in  1785, 
for  which  eight  children  are  taught  at  half  the  usual 
quarterage.'  About  a  mile  from  Orton  is  another  school, 
built  in  1830.  New  schools  are  just  about  being  built 
by  Sir  Wastel  Brisco,  on  a  beautiful  site,  at  the  south 
entrance  to  the  village. 

Bishop  Nicolson  was  a  native  of  this  parish ;  an 
outline  of  his  life  will  be  found  in  the  annals  of  the 
Bishop  of  Carlisle,  page  111. 

Eichard  Di.xon  was  master  of  Orton  school  for  nearly 
fifty  years,  and  styled  himself  "  Happy  Dick,"  an  appel- 
1  See  Bowness  parish  page  160. 


lation  which  was  ever  afterwards  bestowed  upon  him  by 
the  parishioners,  most  of  whom  he  educated.  He  died 
in  1811,  and  his  long  and  faithful  life  is  commemorated 
by  tlie  following  inscription  on  his  tomb  : — 

"  Seven  times  seven  years  he  taught  this  school, 
And  canvassed  many  a  tedious  rule ; 
Five  times  seven  years,  as  you  may  marl:, 
He  served  here  as  parish  clerk. 
He  was  a  just  and  upright  man, 
As  far  as  we  his  life  could  scan, 
And  now  he  rests  beneath  this  clod, 
Till  called  upon  to  meet  his  God." 

Bow  is  a  hamlet  iu  this  townsliip,  one  and  a  half  miles 
north  of  the  village. 

B.\L15\V1X  HOLME. 

The  number  of  inhabitants  in  this  township  in  1801 
was  203;  in  1811,  217;  in  1821,  234;  in  1831,  235; 
in  ISil,  278;  and  in  1851,  234.  The  soil  here  is 
similar  to  that  of  Groat  Orton,  clayey  with  a  mi.\ture  of 
gravel.  Baldwin  Holme  forms  part  of  the  manor  of 
Orton,  and  as  such  its  manorial  rights  and  privileges 
are  possessed  by  Sir  Wastel  Brisco,  Bart.  The  princi- 
pal landowners  are  Sir  Wastel  Brisco,  Bart. ;  Messrs. 
Twentyman,  James  Hayes,  Mrs.  Pattison,  John  Hind, 
Robert  Blamire,  John  Newton,  Mrs.  Bowes,  Joseph 
Railton,  Robert  Story,  Joseph  Wood,  John  Mc. Knight, 
and  Arthur  Westmoreland. 

The  hamlet  of  Baldwin  Holme  is  one  and  a  half  miles 
south-by-east  of  Great  Orton.  Baldwin  Holme  is  not 
far  from  the  line  of  the  ancient  Roman  road  from 
Lugubalia,  Carlisle,  to  Olenacum,  Old  Carlisle.  The 
other  hamlets  are  Little  Orton,  one  and  a  half  miles 
north-east ;  Orton  Rigg,  one  mile  south,  and  AVood 
Houses,  one  and  a  half  miles  south  of  the  same  place. 
Hylton  Castle,  about  two  and  a  half  miles  south-east  of 
Orton,  is  also  in  this  township.  It  is  an  elegant  man- 
sion, erected  a  few  years  ago  by  Sir, Wastel  Brisco, 
Bart.,  for  his  son,  Hylton  Brisco,  Esq.,  an  officer  in  the 
army.  Near  to  Little  Orton  is  a  spring  of  excellent 
water,  never  known  to  run  drv. 


ROCKLIFFE   PARISH. 

RocKLiFFF.  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  estuary  of  the  rivers  Esk  and  Line,  on  the  west  by  the  Solway 
Frith,  on  the  south  by  the  river  Eden  and  StaQwi.ic  parish,  and  on  the  east  by  Kirklinton  parish  iu  Eskdale  Ward. 
The  name  is  derived  from  the  conspicuous  red  sandstone  clifif  on  which  the  village  stands.  It  was  anciently  written 
Routheclive,  and  sometimes  Redeclive. 


i 


The  manor  of  Rockliffe,  which  was  coextensive  with 
the  parish,  was  anciently  a  fee  or  appendage  of  the 
Barony  of  Burgh,  though  not  within  the  boundary  of 
that  barony.     It  was  granted  by  Hugh  de  Morvill, 


baron  of  Burgh,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  to  John  de 
Routheclive ;  to  hold  of  his  Barony  of  Burgh  by  render 
of  homage,  service,  and  2s.  rent.  William  de  Routhe- 
clive, sou  of  John,  iu  the  year  1205  sold  and  conveyed 


EOCKLIFFE    PARISH. 


177 


the  '  Vill  of  rioutlieclive  '  to  IlaJulf  do  Braj-,  wlio  wivs 
one  of  the  king's  maishalls  for  England.  He  granted 
the  rector}'  to  John,  prior  of  Saint  Wary's,  in  Carlisle, 
who  appropriated  the  sumo  to  the  Prior}'.  Richard  do 
Bray,  sou  of  lladulf,  had  an  only  child,  Matilda,  who 
married  William  de  llardreshull.  In  the  33rd  year  of 
Henry  III.,  W.  do  Hardrcshull  and  Matilda  his  wifo 
(with  the  concurrence  of  John  do  Ladbrook  and  Joan 
his  wife,  which  Joan  was  widow  and  dowress  of  Richard 
de  Bray)  conveyed  the  manor  to  John  le  Fraunceis.  To 
hiui  succeeded  (Jilbert  le  Fraunceis,  who  died  in  1278, 
leaving  a  son  Richard,  aged  sixteen  years.  A  dispute 
ensued  concerning  the  wardship  of  this  manor.  Tho- 
mas deMulton,  baron  of  Oillesland  and  Burgh,  claimed 
it  in  virtue  of  Rocldiffe  being  held  of  his  barony  of 
Burgh.  The  crown  claimed  on  an  assertion  that  the 
manor  was  held  of  the  king  in  capite.  A  writ  of  diem 
dausit  crtreinwn  was  issued,  and  an  inquisition  found 
that  the  manor  was  held  of  Multon,  by  payment  of  2s. 
rent,  and  by  payment  of  13d.  cornage  to  the  king's 
exchequer  at  Carlisle.  How  this  cornage  payment  arose 
it  does  not  appear.  Meantime,  Michael  dc  Herclatook 
possession  of  the  minor,  and  married  him  to  his 
daughter:  in  consequence  of  which  the  king  seized 
Michael's  lauds  and  lined  him.  The  real  name  of  this 
family  was  Vernoun — Fraunceis,  or  Francigena  being  an 
appellation  given  in  consequence  of  their  French  origin, 
as  Denton  says.  Thus,  in  the  18th  year  of  Edward  I., 
Richard  Venioun  surrendered  the  mauor  to  the  king — 
and  in  the  22nd  Edward  I.  took  a  fresh  grant  of  it  to 
himself  for  life,  with  remainder  to  his  son  Richard  and 
Alienor  his  wife,  and  the  heirs  of  their  bodies,  remain- 
der to  the  heirs  of  Richard  in  fee.  Isabella,  daughter 
and  heiress,  carried  it  in  marriage  to  Thomas  Dauyell, 
who  died  13l!(,  leaving  an  infant  daughter,  Margaret, 
wlio  afLerwards  married  John  de  Radclill'.  In  1308, 
they  created  an  entail  of  the  property  on  collaterals, 
having  then  no  issue  themselves.  It  was  subsequently 
sold  by  a  RudclilY  to  the  Daeres  ;  and  so  became  re- 
united to  the  barony  of  Burgh.  The  precise  date  of 
this  reunion  does  not  appear,  but  it  certainly  was  in 
possession  of  Ranulf  Lord  Dacre  in  1400.  Camden 
informs  us  that  here  was  "  a  little  ca.stle  built  not  long 
since  by  the  Daeres  for  their  own  private  defence."  It 
stood  on  the  cliff,  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  Scot- 
tisli  border,  and  was  admirably  placed  as  an  outpost  for 
the  defence  of  Burgh  against  the  Scots.  It  was  seized 
and  garrisoned  by  Leonard  Dacre,  on  his  rebellion  in 
1500,  and  soon  afterwards  demolished.  Nothing  remains 
of  it  save  some  foundations.  On  tho  partition  of  the 
Dacre  csUtes  RocklllVu  fell  to  tlie  Countess  of  Arundel, 
and  from  her  lo  the  I>uke  of  Norfolk.     The  castle  and 


demesnes,  and  most  part  of  the  customary  tenements, 
were  sold,  in  1082,  by  the  Duke,  to  the  Rev.  Charles 
Usher,  a  descendant  of  Archbisliop  Usher,  who  erected 
a  mansion  on  the  site  of  the  castle.  His  granddaughter, 
Madam  Usher,  in  1745,  was  there  residing,  and  is  said 
to  have  been  visited  there  by  the  young  Pretender, 
Charles  Edward,  who,  with  the  Highland  elans,  crossed 
the  river  Eden  at  Rocklill'e,  on  their  march  to  Carhsle. 
Mrs.  Usher  devised  to  AVilliam  Strong,  Esq.,  who,  in 
1700,  enfranchised  most  of  the  customary  estates,  and 
his  descendant  sold  the  demesnes  and  remaining  cus- 
tomary tenements  to  Robert  Mounsey,  Esq. 

The  village  of  Rockliffe  occupies  a  pleasant  situation 
on  a  long  cliff  above  the  Eden,  live  miles  north-north- 
west of  Carlisle,  and  commands  a  beautiful  view  of  the 
surrounding  country.  A  little  below  the  village,  within 
reach  of  the  tide,  there  is  a  remarkable  mineral  spring ; 
there  is  another  in  one  of  the  farmyards. 

The  parish  contains  two  townships,  viz.,  Rockliffe 
Castletown  and  Rockliffe  Churchtown;  but  for  all  prac- 
tical purposes  of  rating,  maintenance  of  poor,  highways, 
&c.,  they  are  conjoint. 

r.OCKLIFl''E    CASTLETOWN. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  296; 
in  1811,  338  ;  in  1821,  360  ;  in  1831,  422  ;  in  1841, 
471 ;  and  in  1851,  400.  Its  area  is  5,225  statute  acres, 
and  its  rateable  value  £2,289.  The  principal  landowners 
are,  George  G.  Mounsey,  Esq. :  Rev.  John  Hodgson ; 
the  Misses  Lowry  ;  Jlrs.  Skelton,  John  Nixon,  and 
Robert  and  WiUiam  Edgar.  The  soil  in  tho  neighbour- 
hood of  the  Eden  is  a  rich  lo.am,  with  a  large  extent  of 
alluvial  salt  marsh  ;  in  other  parts  there  is  arable  land 
of  a  cold  clay  description,  and  also  of  black  peat  soil. 
The  Caledonian  railway  runs  through  this  township. 

At  Castletown  is  the  mansion  of  ( ieorge  Gill  Mounsey, 
Esq.,  beautifully  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Eden, 
and  surrounded  with  woods,  shrubberies,  &c. 

^ounscn  of  C'jstlctolnit. 
The  Eev.  Robert  Mounsey,  perpctunl  curate  of  Ravcnstone- 
(lale,  CO.  Westmoreland  (son  of  Gcorgo  .Mounsey,  of  Ilullondale, 
'Wostmorcliind),  married  Mary  Winter,  of  Tebay,  in  tlio  same 
cour.ty,  and  Inid  issue, 

Geohqe;  liuliri,  of  London ;  Moiy  Elizabeth ;  and  Anne. 
Tho  older  son, 

Geoiuie  Mot'NSKV,  Kaq.,  of  Carlisle,  married,  in  1753,  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  John  Stephenson,  of  Carlisle,  and  b;  her  (who 
died  INOT)  had  issue, 

I.  (icorgo  Stephenson,  majcir  I'..  I.  Co.'g  service, 
n.  HoiiEiiT,  of  whom  presently, 
in.  .lohn,  who  diet)  ninniirried. 

IV.  William,  po:jt-cai)tuin  It.N. 

V,  Thomas. 

VI    Ilenrj',  of  London,  died  unmarried, 
vn.  James,  married  Amic  £warl. 


178 


CUMBERLAND  'WAKD. 


I.  Barbarn,  mnnied  ti  Tliomas  Ramshor,  of  Nnworth. 

II.  Jlarv,  died  unmarried. 

III.  Margaret,  married  to  James  Duudas. 
IT.  Elizabeth,  married  to  John  Gray. 

T.  Ann,  died  unmarried. 

TI.  Dorothea,  married  to  Christopher  Thomhill. 

The  second  son, 

KoBEBT  Mou.vsKY,  of  Rockliffe  Castletown,  married  aSrd 
November,  178!),  Mary,  dangliler  of  Captain  Joseph  Gill,  and 
by  her  (who  died  1811))  had  issue, 

I.  Georoe  Gill,  his  heir,  now  of  Castletown. 

It.  William  Henry,  lute  cuiU.  4lh  lugt.  liifuutry. 

I.  Margaret. 

II.  Juliana,  married  to  Joliu  Lambert,  Esq.,  of  Alnwick. 

III.  Mary,  died  umnnrried. 

IV.  Anna,  married  to  'i'homas  Brown,  Esq. 
T.  Elizabeth. 

Mr.  Mounsey  died  aCth  July,  1812,  and  was  succeeded  by 

Geokge  Gu.l  MofxsEY,  of  KockhfTo  Castletown,  born  27th 
May,  1797,  married  (Jth  September,  l'<a7,  to  Isabella,  daughter 
of  John  Heysbam,  M.D.,  and  by  her  (who  died  lllh  Jlay,  1618) 
has  issue, 

I.  EoDERT  HEVSH.1M,  bom  20ih  July,  1828. 

II.  George  William,  born  Ikd  .\pril,  1H31. 

III.  John  Giles,  bom  22nd  .\ugust,  I8:!2. 

rv.  Augustus  Henry,  born  27lh  .\ugU5t,  1834. 

V.  Charles  James,  born  l.'Uli  Deeember,  1830. 
I.  Elizabeth  Mary,  died  Uth  Jmie,  18DG. 

u.  Isabella  Dorothea. 

Arms — Chequy,  or  aud  gu ;  on  a  chief  of  the  second,  three  mullets 
of  the  CrsL 

Crest — A  demi-grifSn,  with  a  wreath  of  oak  round  the  neck,  and 
bearing,  with  three  claws,  a  banner,  erect. 

Motto — Semper  paratus. 

Redhill,  Floristown,  Garistown,  Cross,  Croft  End, 
Tod  Hills,  and  Wcthcral,  are  hamlets  scattered  over  this 
township  at  various  distances  from  Rockliffe  Church. 

BOCKLIFFE   CHCBCHTOWN. 

This  township  contains  1,847  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  is  £1,001.  Its  population  in  1801  was  222  ;  in 
1811,  2.^0;  in  1821,  302;  in  1S31,  403;  in  1841, 
853  ;  and  in  1851,  535.  The  soil  is  rich  and  loamy 
near  the  Eden.  The  Caledonian  railway  intersects  the 
township,  and  there  is  a  station  within  half  a  mile,  or 
thereabouts,  of  the  village. 

THE    CUUECa. 

The  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  is  a  small  but 
neat  structure  of  hewn  stone,  in  the  Decorated  style, 
erected  in  1848  at  a  cost  of  £'1,400,  raised  partly  by 
subscription,  but  chiefly  by  the  liberality  of  George 
Gill  Mounsey,  Esq.,  of  Castletown.  It  consists  of 
nave,  chancel,  north  transept,  and  a  handsome  spire  at 
the  south-west  comer.  The  windows  are  filled  witli 
stained  glass,  of  beautiful  colours  and  design.  The 
eastern  window  contains  the  Crucifi;don,  Resurrection, 
and  Ascension,  while  the  west  one  contains  figures  of 
the  Blessed  Virgin,  St.  Peter,  and  St.  Paul.  The 
church  contains  sittings  for  170  persons,  the  whole  of 


which  arc  free  and  unappropriated.  The  benefice  is 
now  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the  patronage  of  the  dean 
aud  chapter  of  Carlisle,  to  whom,  on  the  dissolution  of 
the  priory,  the  appropriate  rectory  was  granted  by  Henry 
Till.  It  is  worth  about  £100  per  annum,  arising  from 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty  and  a  money  payment  by  the 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioners,  in  whom  the  tithes  of 
the  parish  (commuted  for  a  rent  charge  of  £294)  are 
now  vested.     There  is  no  glebe  nor  house  of  residence. 

Ikcohbents. — William  Robinson,  1751;  Jeremiah  Reed,  1780; 
George  Topping,  1833.  Previously  to  1751  it  seems  not  to  havo 
been  a  benefice,  but  a  mere  curacy  under  tlie  dean  and  chapter 
of  Carlisle. 

There  is  no  parochial  school.  A  school  is  maintained 
by  Mr.  Mounsey  capable  of  accommodating  seventy 
scholars ;  the  average  attendance  is  about  sixty. 

CHAKITinS. 

Grii'f^on's  Gift. — Mr.  John  Grierson,  about  a  cen- 
tury ago,  left  the  sum  of  20s.,  payable  yearly  out  of  his 
lease  of  the  tithes  of  Rickerby,  in  the  parish  of  StanwLx, 
to  be  distributed  weekly  in  bread  to  poor  persons  in  this 
parish.  This  payment  was  reguliu'ly  made,  and  seven 
penny  loaves  given  away  every  Sunday,  until  the  lapse 
of  the  lease  within  a  short  time  past,  when  it  was  lost. 

Usher's  Gift. —  Mrs.  Hannah  Usher,  by  her  will, 
dated  24th  September,  1747,  gave  to  the  minister  and 
churchwardens  of  Rockliffe  £20,  the  interest  to  be  dis- 
tributed yearly  amongst  poor  housekeepers.  This 
money  is  in  Mr.  Mounsey 's  hands,  aud  20s.  are  yearly 
distributed  according  to  the  bequest. 

Harker  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  situated  at  the 
eastern  extremity  of  the  parish,  three  miles  norlh-by- 
west  of  Carlisle. 

Harker  Lodge  is  the  seat  of  Richard  Ferguson,  Esq. 

;J[trguso:t  of  ^^arlitr  ^.-obgt. 

RlCH.iHD  Fep-OVson,  grandfather  of  the  present  possessor  of 
Harker  Lodge,  left,  by  Mary  his  wife,  a  daughter,  Mary,  and  live 
sons,  viz. : 

John,  Bichard,  Robebt,  Joseph,  aud  George. 
Of  these,  the  third, 

RoBEKT  Ferguson,  of  Carlisle,  married  27th  December,  1782, 
Anne,  daughter  of  John  Wood,  of  Maryport,  and  liad  issue, 

I.  Richard,  now  of  Harker  Lodge. 

II.  John,  died  8th  December,  1829. 

III.  Joseph,  married  Maria  Isabella,  daughter  of  John  Clarke, 
Esq.,  of  Bfbside,  co.  Northumberland,  and  has  issue, 

John,  Robert,  Joseph  Selby,  Richard  WilUam,  Elizabeth,  and 
ilaria  Isabella. 

I.  Mary. 

II.  Sarah,  married  to  George  Hem-y  Hewit,  Esq.,  of  Burgh. 

III.  Elizabeth. 

Mr.  Ferguson  died  Ilth  November,  1810,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  eldest  son, 

KiCHAKD  Ferousos,  Esq.,  J.P.  and  D.L.,  born  20th  May, 


STANWIX  rAKISII. 


179 


17H1;  high  sheriff  in  Im.!');  married  25th  Jlay,  J 809,  Margaret, 
third  daughter  of  Captain  William  Giles. 

Cretl — A  (lemi  lion,  holding  in  its  paw  a  thistle,  ppr. 

Motto — Miirte  el  arte. 

The  Hill,  three  miles  north  of  Carlisle,  is  the  seat 
of  Sir  James  Robert  Grant,  Knt.,  inspector-general  of 
army  hospitals. 


The  principal  landowners  in  this  township  are  George 
Gill  Mounsey,  Esq.;  Sir  James  Grant ;  Richard  Fer- 
guson, Esq.;  Edmund  Graham,  Esq.;  Rev.  M.James; 
Mrs.  Twcntymau ;  and  Mr.  J.  Donald. 


STANWIX    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  north-west  by  the  parishes  of  Scaleby,  Kirklinton,  and  Rockliffe ;  on  the 
south  by  the  river  Eden;  and  on  the  east  by  Crosby-upon-Eden  and  Warwick.  It  is  divided  into  the  towu.ships  of 
Cargo,  Etterby,  Houghton,  Linstock,  Kickcrby,  Stainton,  Stanwi.x,  and  Tarraby.  A  survey  with  a  map  or  plan  has 
been  made  for  the  purpose  of  tithe  commutation,  and  other  parochial  purposes  ;  the  plan  is  deposited  in  the 
parish  church.  The  inhabitants,  who  are  located  in  the  villages,  and  in  single  houses  here  and  there  scattered 
over  the  parish,  are  generally  employed  in  agriculture,  and  are  industrious  and  cleanly  in  their  habits,  and 
comfortable.  The  quality  of  the  soil  is  vnrious,  some  of  it  being  verj-  good,  some  of  middling  quality,  and  a  portion 
much  inferior,  iluch  of  it  rests  upon  a  clay  subsoil,  and  is  well  adapted  for  the  growth  of  wheat  and  other  grain ;  a 
considerable  portion,  especially  near  the  river  Eden,  is  a  rich  loam,  naturally  dry,  a  part  of  which  consists  of  excellent 
permanent  pasture  ;  in  other  p.irts  of  the  parish  the  soil  is  poor,  a  portion  being  black  soil,  resting  upon  a  poor  sandy 
or  gravelly  moorband.  The  land  is  generaUy  well  cultivated  and  very  productive,  and  along  the  banks  of  the  Eden, 
and  to  some  distance  backward  is  extremely  rich  and  beautiful,  the  views  from  different  points  being  highly 
picturesque  and  interesting.  The  Caledonian  railway  passes  through  the  parish.  Carlisle  being  close  at  hand, 
the  inhabitants  attend  that  market  town. 

The  Roman  Wall  and  Vallum  passed  through  this  parish,  entering  it  on  the  north-east  at  Walby,  in  the 
parish  of  Crosby-upon-Eden,  and  running  in  a  south-west  direction  through  the  townships  of  Linstock,  Tarraby, 
and  Stanwix,  where  they  cross  the  river  Eden.  In  many  places  their  site,  with  the  ditch,  can  be  distinctly  traced  : 
the  latter  passing  through  the  farmyard  of  Drawdykes,  while  the  former  runs  along  the  ridge  of  high  ground  to  the 
north  of  the  other.  A  Roman  road,  or  trackway,  can  be  traced  running  parallel  to  the  Wall,  a  few  hundred  yards  to 
the  south.  There  was  a  Roman  station  at  Stanwix.  Several  Roman  monuments  have  been  found,  which  have  been 
described  by  different  antiquaries;  amongst  others  one  built  in  the  garden  waU  of  Drawdykes  Castle.  Another  has 
very  recently  been  brought  to  light  in  making  a  doorway  between  the  farmhouse  and  the  castle,  where,  on  removing 
the  plaster  from  the  wall,  a  stone  with  a  Roman  inscription  was  found  built  into  the  wall,  but  no  reading  of  the 
inscription  has  as  yet  been  given,  it  having  been  discovered  so  very  lately. 

of  the  city  reside.    "The  church  and  churchyard,"  says 


STANWI.X. 

This  township  comprises  an  ai'ca  of  125  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £'3,0"25.  The  number  of  its  inha- 
bitanU  in  1*^01  was  .337;  in  1811,  400;  in  1821,  400; 
in  1831,  51.'>;  in  1841,  780;  and  in  1851,  882. 

Stauwi.x  is  parcel  of  the  manor  of  the  socage  of  the 
castle  of  Carlisle,  and  the  lands  are  all  freehold.  The 
principal  landowners  are  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  Cap- 
tiin  Watts,  Richard  Ferguson,  Esq.,  and  George  H. 
Head,  Esq. 

The  village  of  Stanwix  is  delightfully  situated  on 
the  north  bank  of  the  Eden,  across  which  there  is  a 
line  stone  bridge,  connecting  it  with  CarUslc,  of  which 
it  may  be  considered  as  forming  a  largo  and  populous 
suburb.  It  contains  scvend  well-built  houses  and  ter- 
races, where  several  of  the  merchants  and  tradespeople 


Collingwood  Bruce,  "  oecupj'  the  site  of  the  station 
which  guarded  the  northern  bank  of  the  Eden.  Recent 
explorations  have  displayed  distinct  remains  of  ancient 
edifices.  In  pulling  down  tlie  old  church,  to  make  way 
for  the  present  structure,  a  very  fine  figure  of  Victory, 
somewhat  mutilated,  was  disclosed,  which  is  now  in  the 
museum  at  Xewcistle-upon-Tyne.  The  name  of  the 
place  indicates  that,  whilst  the  dwellings  in  the  vicinity 
were  made  of  clay,  as  many  of  them  are  yet.  by  reason 
of  the  plunder  of  the  Roman  station,  it  could  boast  of 
being  a  town  of  stones.  The  situation  is  one  of  great 
beauty.  To  the  east,  at  a  considerable  distance,  the 
Nine-nicks  of  Thirlwall  rear  their  rugged  peaks  ;  and 
to  the  south  and  south-cast  appear  the  beautiful  grounds 
of  Rickcrby  House,  the  river  Eden  permeating  a  rich 


ISO 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


and  well-woodeil  countiy,  tlie  ancient  city  of  Carlisle 
crowned  with  its  venerable  cathedral,  and  the  long  vista 
of  country  terminating  in  the  Cumbrian  mountains. 
Between  the  station  and  the  north  bank  of  the  Eden, 
the  fosse  of  the  Wall  is  distinctly  marked,  and  a  hollow 
line,  formed  by  the  excavation  of  the  foundation  of  the 
Wall  itself,  shows  its  track  to  the  water's  edge,  near  to 
the  Hyssop  Holme  Well.  We  are  told  by  Camden 
'that  the  Wall  passed  the  river  over  against  the  castle, 
where,  in  the  very  channel,  the  remains  of  it,  namely, 
the  great  stones,  appear  to  this  day.'  That  the  Wall 
on  the  other  side  of  the  river  clambered  up  that  part  of 
the  castle  bank  which  projects  most  boldly  forward, 
is  rendered  probable  by  the  appearance  of  masonry, 
resembling  its  foundations,  beneath  the  grassy  surface. 
At  this  point,  however,  we  lose  all  sight  of  the  great 
structure,  until  we  get  beyond  the  boundaries  of  the 
famous  border  city  of  the  west." ' 

THE    CHCr.CH. 

The  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Michael,  is  a  cruciform 
structure,  in  the  Early  English  style,  consisting  of 
nave,  aisles,  transept,  chancel  ornamented  with  crosses, 
and  fine  tower  surmounted  with  pinnacles.  It  was 
erected  by  subscription  in  18-11,  at  a  cost  of  £'3,030, 
including  about  £'300  for  an  organ,  and  occupies  the 
site  of  the  old  parish  church,  which  was  huilt  on  the 
place,  and  partly  out  of  the  ruins  of  the  Roman  station 
of  Congavata.  On  the  51st  December,  1843,  the 
church  was  partially  burnt;  and  the  pews,  windows, 
and  organ,  were  completely  destroyed.  It  was  insured 
for  £000,  which,  with  flDO  collected  by  subscription, 
were  expended  on  its  renovation,  and  in  the  purchase 
of  its  present  large  and  splendid  organ,  built  by 
Hill,  of  London,  which  is  considered  one  of  the 
finest  in  the  north  of  England.  The  eastern  window 
is  filled  with  stained  glass,  containing  figures  of  our 
Saviour,  St.  Michael,  and  St.  John  the  Evangelist. 
The  tower  contains  a  fine  clock,  with  three  dials,  pre- 
sented by  Richard  Ferguson,  Esq.,  of  Harker  Lodge. 
The  church  will  accommodate  about  800  pereons.  The 
living  is  a  vicarage,  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £0, 
but  now  worth  about  £300  a-year,  including  £51  Cs.  8d. 
from  the  bishop  and  dean  and  chapter,  Easter  dues,  &c. 
The  tithes  were  commuted  in  1840  for  a  rent-charge  of 

1  About  three  yenrs  ago,  in  cutting  the  main  sewer  for  the  Carlisle 
sewerage  worlis,  tlie  worlimen  came  upon  the  foundation  of  the 
Roman  Walt,  in  the  low  gromul,  between  where  it  crosses  to  the  west 
of  Sianwix  and  the  high  ground  to  the  west  of  Carlisle  castle,  known 
by  the  name  of  Davidson's  Banks,  and  in  a  straight  line  with  the 
foundation  of  ilie  Wall  at  Stanwix.  As  this  is  a  considerable  dis- 
tance to  the  north  of  the  castle,  this  takes  away  the  supposition 
"  that  the  Wall  on  the  other  side  of  the  river  clambered  up  that  part 
the  castle  bank  which  projects  most  boldly  forward." 


£000  a-year.  The  benefice  was  formerly  a  rectory  ;  but 
being  given  by  Waller,  chaplain  to  Henry  I.,  to  the 
prior  and  convent  of  Carlisle,  was  soon  afterwards  ap- 
propriated thereto;  and  the  corn  tithes  have  been  shared 
between  the  dean  and  chapter  and  the  bishop,  the  latter 
of  whom  appoints  the  vicar.  The  parish  register  com- 
mences in  1650. 

VicAits.— AJam,  1300;  Gilbert  de  Derlyngton,  1.300  ;  John  He 

Appleby,  ;    Thomas  Hagg,  I-IIU;    Ricliaid  de  Caldbeck, 

;  Richard  de  .islacby,  1308  ;  Thomas  de  CiiUerdone,  1359  ; 

William  Bjx,  lifi5;     Thomas  Best,  1473;    Edward  Rothion, 

1477;    Thomas  Boyet,    1487;    Henry  Brown,  ;    Richard 

Phayer,  1577;  Mark  Edgar,  1579;  John  Braythwaitc,  1585; 
Thomas  Langhorn,  ICOi  ;  John  Robinson,  1014;  John  Jackson, 

;  Robert  Brown,  1025;  Richard  Welshman,  1039;  George 

Buchanan,  1001;  Henry  Marshall,  1000;  Jeremiah  Nelson, 
1007;  John  Tomlinson,  1070;  Hugh  Todd,  1085;  Nathaniel 
Spooner,  1068  ;  George  Fleming,  17U3;  Thomas  Benson,  1705; 
John  Waugh,  1727;  James  Farish,  1705;  William  Paley,  1793; 
John  Farrar,  1795;  Joseph  Hudson,  1808;  Thomas  Wilkinson, 
1840. 

The  vicarage  house,  erected  about  thirty  years  ago, 
is  pleasantly  situated  adjoining  the  churchyard. 

There  arc  two  schools  here,  one  erected  in  1846,  the 
other  iu  1855.  There  are  eight  pupil  teachers.  In 
one  school  there  are  about  iiOO  children  in  average 
attendance,  in  the  other  about  00. 

There  is  a  reading-room  in  the  village,  which  is  sup- 
ported by  about  70  members,  and  possesses  a  library  of 
about  70:)  volumes. 

Here  is  a  Reformatory  for  boys  convicted  of  petty 
theft,  which  is  open  to  criminals  from  the  counties  of 
Cumberland,  Westmoreland,  Lancashire,  and  the  North 
Riding  of  Yorkshire.  It  was  established  in  1854  by 
George  H.  Head,  Esq.,  of  Eickerby  House,  by  whom  it 
is  entirely  supported.  The  boys  work  eight  and  a  half 
hours  per  day,  devote  three  hours  to  school,  one  hour 
to  religious  instruction,  and  two  and  a  half  hours  to 
meals  and  play.  No  specific  time  is  allotted  for  their 
residence  here ;  the  object  being  the  moral  and  social 
reformation  of  each  boy ;  his  thorough  instruction 
iu  the  habits  of  order,  cleanliness,  and  industry,  so  that 
they  may  become  as  it  were  a  portion  of  himself,  and 
thus  fit  him  for  returning  to  society  a  new  being, 
with  every  rational  guarantee  of  his  becoming  a  useful 
citizen.  None  but  boys  who  have  been  iu  prison  are 
elegible  for  admission,  and  they  must  be  recommended 
by  the  magistrates,  or  chaplain  of  the  gaol,  and  other 
persons  interested  in  the  reformation  of  juvenile  offen- 
ders. The  course  of  instruction  embraces  reading, 
writing,  arithmetic,  geography,  and  grammar.  Mr. 
Head  attends  regularly  and  takes  part  in  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  boys.  The  Reformatory  is  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Connell. 


STANWTX  PARISH. 


181 


CIIAKITIES. 

Benson's  Charity. — Dr.  Bensou,  who  died  about  the 
year  1720,  bequeathed  £50  to  the  poor  of  this  parish, 
to  be  disposed  of  iu  the  same  manner  as  a  similar 
legacy  left  by  him  to  the  parish  of  Dalston. 

Graham's  Charity. — Monkhouse  Graham,  by  will 
dated  ,17th  June,  1805,  directed  his  executors  to  pay 
;£100  to  the  rector  of  Stanwix,  to  be  placed  out  by 
him,  and  the  interest  thereof  to  be  laid  out  on  every 
24th  December,  in  the  purchase  of  bread,  to  be  dis- 
tributed amongst  sober,  honest,  and  industrious  poor 
housekeepers,  or  labouring  individuals,  without  distinc- 
tion of  communions,  residing  within  the  said  parish,  in 
such  shares  as  the  rector  should  think  proper.  In  con- 
sequence of  the  failure  of  a  bank  in  Carlisle,  some 
years  ago,  the  benefactions  are  now  reduced  to  iilOO, 
the  interest  of  which  is  distributed  in  bread  at  Christ- 
mas. 

Gowland's  Bequest. — There  was  also  another  bequest 
made  by  William  Gowland,  in  1792,  but  it  was  never 
received. 

3/iss  Patrickson's  Charity. — Miss  Patrickson,  who 
died  at  Houghton-town-head,  January  15th,  1854,  be- 
queathed the  sum  of  £100  to  the  vicar  and  church- 
wardens of  Stanwix  for  the  time  being,  the  interest  to 
be  applied  for  the  benefit  of  poor  and  indigent  persons 
resident  in  the  parish.  She  also  bequeathed  the  further 
sum  of  £100  to  the  vicar  and  churchwardens  of  Stanwix, 
the  interest  to  be  applied  for  the  purposes  of  the  school 
then  recently  erected  there. 

Sou-erby's  Charity. — William  Sowerby,  who  died  at 
Stanwix  in  1855,  bequeathed  £200,  the  interest  to  be 
applied  for  the  benefit  of  poor  persons  resident  in  the 
township  of  Stanwix  ;  and  also  a  further  sum  of  £200, 
for  the  purposes  of  the  school  at  Stanwix. 

CARGO. 

The  area  of  Cargo  to\^-nship  is  1,196  statute  acres, 
and  its  rateable  value  £1,075.  Its  population  in  1801, 
was  237;  in  1811,  243;  in  1821,  274;  in  1831,  242; 
in  1841,  250;  and  in  1851,  292.  The  township  is 
intersected  by  the  Caledonian  railway.  The  tithes  of 
Cargo  were  commuted  iu  1841,  for  £173. 

The  first  recorded  possessor  of  Cargo  is  John  de 
Lacy,  constable  of  Chester,  who  held  the  same  imme- 
diately of  the  King,  by  cornago.  This  John  do  Lacy 
granted  Cargo  and  Cringledyke  to  William  de  Vescy 
and  his  heirs,  lords  of  Alnwick,  in  Northumberland,  to 
be  held  of  the  donor  and  his  heirs,  for  a  mewed  hawk 
yearly,  in  lieu  of  all  services.  William  de  Vescy,  in  his 
turn,  grunted  it  to  Sir  Ewan  Cailisle,  but  reserving 
to  himself  and  his  heirs  similar  services.     In  1274, 


Robert  de  Ross,  lord  of  Wark,  in  Tyndale,  died  seised 
of  this  manor,  having  held  the  same  of  Wilham  de 
Carlisle  the  younger,  rendering  yearly  a  hawk  or  mark 
in  lieu  of  all  services.  It  continued  in  the  family  of 
de  Ross  for  many  generations,  until  1 338,  and  shortly 
after,  when  Elizabeth  de  Ross,  the  heir  general,  trans- 
ferred the  inheritance  to  the  family  of  the  Parrs  of 
Kendal,  with  whom  it  remained  till  Ellen,  Marchioness 
of  Northampton,  widow  of  William  Law,  gave  it  in 
exchange  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  It  was  subsequently 
granted  by  King  James  to  the  AMiitmores,  by  whom  it 
was  possessed  in  1  688 ;  it  was  afterwards  bought  by  the 
Dacres,  who  sold  it,  in  1793,  to  Joseph  Lamb,  Esq., 
of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne ;  it  is  now  the  property  of 
Charles  John  Lamb,  Esq.  The  principal  landowners 
are  Messrs.  Thomas  James,  William  Robinson,  Richard 
Ferguson,  Francis  Holland,  John  Xorman,  Jlrs.  Twenty- 
man,  'William  Lowry,  Charles  Conway,  John  and  Thomas 
Bone,  and  the  Rev.  John  Lowry. 

The  village  of  Cargo  is  about  three  miles  north- 
north-wost  of  Carlisle. 

At  the  entrance  of  the  village  there  is  a  substantial, 
commodious,  and  well-arranged  school,  with  a  house 
for  the  master,  erected  iu  1850,  according  to  plans 
approved  of  by  the  Lords  of  the  Committee  of  Council 
on  Education,  at  a  cost  of  £258,  on  a  site  kindly  given 
by  T.  James,  Esq.  It  is  under  government  inspection, 
conducted  by  a  certificated  teacher,  and  has  an  average 
attendance  of  about  sixty  children.  During  the  summer 
mouths  divine  service  is  held  in  the  school-room  every 
Sunday  afternoon. 

ETTERBY. 

This  township  comprises  an  area  of  297  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £1,254  14s.  4d.  In  1801  it  con- 
tained 40  inhabitants;  iu  1811,  51;  in  1821,  07;  in 
1831,  110;  in  1811,  152;  and  in  1851,  204.  The 
Caledonian  railway  runs  through  the  township.  The 
soil  hero  is  strong,  and  incumbent  upon  a  strong  clay 
subsoil. 

•'  Etterby  "  say  Nicolsou  and  Burn,  "  iu  old  writings 
is  called  Arthuriburgum,  which  seems  to  imply  that  it 
had  been  a  considerable  village.  Some  alhrra  that  it 
took  its  name  from  Arthur  ICing  of  the  Britons,  who  was 
in  this  country  about  the  year  550,  pursuing  his  victo- 
ries over  the  Daues  and  Norwegians.  But  there  are 
no  remains  of  antiquity  at  or  near  this  place  to  justify 
j  such  a  conjecture."  Etterby  is  parcel  of  the  manor  of 
j  Wosllinton  and  barony  of  Burgh,  under  the  Earl  of 
I  Lonsdale.  The  chief  landowners  aro  Messrs.  John 
Saul,  John  and  Thomas  Allison,  John  Fawcett,  and 
Henry  T.  White. 


182 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


LINSTOCK. 

This  towTisliip  comprises  an  area  of  1,133  acres,  ami 
its  rateable  value  is  £1,065.  In  1801  it  contained  107 
inhabitants;  in  1811,  19-2  ;  iu  18-21,  231  :  in  1831, 
228  :  in  1841,  290  ;  and  in  1851,  220.  The  soil  here 
is  alluvial,  on  a  clay  subsoil,  and  some  with  a  sandy 
bottom. 

Linstock  was  gi'anted  by  Heiny  I.  to  his  chaplain 
Walter,  and  by  him  given  to  the  prior  and  convent  of 
Cai'Hslc.  After  the  creation  of  the  see,  the  bishop  and 
convent  held  their  lands  in  common,  till  a  partition  was 
made  by  Gualo,  the  papiil  legate,  by  which,  among  other 
manors.  Linstock  was  ajipropriated  to  the  bishop,  and 
Linstock  Castle  was  for  a  long  time  the  only  seat  of  the 
bishops  of  Carlisle.  Bishop  Irton  died  at  the  castle  in 
1292,  and  the  next  year  Bishop  Halton  entertained 
Johannes  Romanus  and  his  suite  of  three  hundred  per- 
sons. In  the  year  1307,  Edward,  with  his  queen  and 
court,  were  at  Linstock  from  the  0th  of  Mnrcli  till  the 
12th,  when  he  removed  to  Carlisle.  The  castle  was 
repaired  and  modernised  about  a  century  ago,  by  John 
Nicolson,  the  lessee  of  the  estate.  The  ancient  square 
tower,  probably  the  donjon  or  keep,  still  remains.  It 
is  of  red  freestone,  with  walls  of  great  thickness  and 
strength ;  a  portion  of  the  moat  with  which  the  struc- 
ture was  formerly  surrounded  still  e.\.ists.  There  is  no 
record  of  the  date  of  the  erection  of  the  castle,  which 
must  have  been  at  one  time  much  more  extensive  than 
its  present  remains  would  lead  us  to  suppose,  from  its 
having  for  so  long  a  period  been  the  residence  of  the 
bishops,  and  from  the  many  royal  and  other  visitors 
who  were  from  tin^e  to  time  entertained  within  its 
walls. 

The  Bishop  of  Carlisle  is  lord  of  the  manor  of  Lin- 
stock, which  includes  the  parish  of  Crosby-upon-Edeu. 
The  principal  part  of  the  estate  of  Linstock  Castle  was 
held  by  lease  under  the  bishop,  but  is  now  held  in  a 
similar  manner  under  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners. 
The  landowners  are  John  James  Watts,  Esq.,  Thomas 
Donald,  Esq.,  James  Boustead,  Esq.,  George  Bainbridge, 
Esq.,  Airs.  Saul,  the  Misses  Coleman,  William  Bou- 
stead, Esq.,  with  several  small  proprietors. 

The  village  of  Linstock  is  situated  near  the  Eden, 
about  two  and  a  half  mUes  north-east  of  Carlisle.  Here 
is  a  small  place  of  worship,  erected  by  G.  H.  Head, 
Esq.,  in  which  prayers  are  read  on  Sunday  evenings. 

EICKEEBT. 

The  rateable  value  of  Rickerby  township  is  £1,046, 
and  its  area  500  statute  acres.  It  contained,  iu  1801, 
85  inhabitants;  in  1811,  108;  in  1821,  108;  in  1831, 
74 ;  in  1841,  92  ;  and  in  1851,  92. 


Rickerby,  or  Richardby,  is  a  mense  manor  under 
Linstock,  formerly  belonging  to  the  Tilliols,  afterwards 
to  the  Pickerings  and  Westons,  from  tlie  latter  of  whom 
it  was  purchased  by  Sir  Edward  Musgrave.  From  the 
Alusgravcs  it  passed  by  sale  to  the  Studholmes,  then 
to  the  Gilpins,  in  which  family  it  continued  three 
generations;  Mr.  Richardson  afterwards  purchased  what 
had  not  been  sold  off  to  the  tenants.  From  the  Richard- 
sous  it  passed  to  the  Grahams,  and  is  now  all  enfran- 
chised. The  principal  landowners  are  George  H.  Head, 
Esq.,  and  Miss  Aglionby. 

Tlie  village  of  Rickerby  is  about  one  and  a  half 
miles  east-by-north  of  Carlisle.  It  contains  a  school, 
a  neat  stone  building,  erected  in  1830,  by  G.  H.  Head, 
Esq.,  and  capable  of  accommodating  about  eighty 
children ;  average  attendance  about  fifty. 

Rickerby  House,  the  residence  of  George  H.  Head, 
Esq.,  is  a  fine  mansion,  occupying  an  eligible  situation 
about  a  mile  east  of  Carlisle. 

ST.UNTOX. 

The  population  of  Stainton  in  1801  was  03  ;  in 
1811,  64;  in  1821,  71;  in  183],  67;  in  1841,  69; 
and  in  1851,  55.  The  area  of  the  township  is  585 
statue  acres,  and  its  rateable  value  £1,040.  The  soil 
here  is  rich  and  loamy,  with  a  partly  clayey  subsoil. 
The  Caledonian  railway  intersects  the  township. 

Stainton  is  a  mense  manor,  being  parcel  of  the 
manor  of  Westlinton  and  the  barony  of  Burgh.  It  be- 
longed to  the  ilusgraves  of  Crookdake,  iu  this  county, 
from  whom  it  was  transferred  by  sale  to  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale,  the  greater  part  of  it  being  previously  enfran- 
chised; it  is  now  held  under  the  barony  of  Burgh,  as 
above.  The  principal  landowners  are  Mrs.  Allison, 
Thomas  K.  Atkinson,  Esq.,  William  James,  Esq., 
Messrs.  John  Norman,  Nauson,  and  Young ;  William 
Robinson,  Miss  Andrew,  and  Joseph  Johnson.  The 
tithes  were  commuted  in  1839,  the  corn  tithe  for 
£74  lis.,  and  the  vicar's  for  £8  Is.  Id.;  total, 
£82    12s.   Id. 

The  village  of  Stainton  is  two  miles  west-north-west 
of  Carlisle. 

TABEABY. 

This  township  comprises  an  area  of  484  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £895.  The  number  of  its  inhabi- 
tants in  1801  was  110;  in  1811,  134;  in  1821,  153; 
in  1831,  138  ;  in  1841,  135  ;  and  in  1851,  150. 

The  manor  of  Tarraby  was  conveyed  by  John  Aglionby, 
Esq.,  in  exchange,  to  Sir  John  Lowther,  xfho  again 
exchanged  it  with  the  Dalstons  for  an  estate  in  West- 
moreland.    It  was  sold  to  the  tenants  about  the  year 


HOUGHTON    ECCLESIASTICAL    DISTIUCT. 


183 


17G4,  by  Sir  William  Dalston.  The  principal  land- 
owners arc  Charles  Fotlierstonhaugh,  Esq.,  John  Fer- 
guson, Esq.,  Thomas  Graham,  Esq.,  and  George  Kobin- 
soii,  Esq. 

Drawdyiies  Castle,  in  this  township,  is  a  mansion  of 
the  Aglionbys,  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  castle,  whicli 
was  talicn  down  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and 
rebuilt  in  its  present  foiin  by  John  Aglionby,  Esq.  This 
castle,  which  had  been  among  the  earliest  possessions 
of  the  Aglionbys,  in  Cumbcrliind,  upon  the  demise  of 
Christopher  AgUonby,  Esq.,  the  last  heir  male  in  1789, 


passed  under  a  decree  of  chancery  to  John  Orfeur 
Yates,  Esq.,  of  Skirwith  Abbey,  who  married  Mary,  the 
youngest  daugliter  of  the  coheiresses.  The  Drawdykyes 
estate  is  free  of  toll  of  the  city  of  Carlisle,  a  privilege 
which  was  confirmed  to  the  tenants  at  the  assizes  in 
1775. 

j\Iany  Roman  inscribed  stones  &c.  have  been  found 
here;  among  others  a  lloman  inscription  "  con  iiii  pro 
ros  ivL  viT.^LES."  which  Horseley  read  "  Cohortis 
quartai  Prctoriannc  posuit  centuria  Julii  Vitalis." 


HOUGHTON    ECCLESL\STICAL    DISTRICT. 

The  ecclesiastical  district  of   Houghton   was  formed   out   of   Stanwix  parish  and  the   extra  -  parochial  place  of 
Kiugmoor,  by  an  order  in  council,  dated  November  2and,  1841,  and  comprised  in  1851  a  population  of  502. 

The  school  is  a  small  stone  structure,  close  to  the 


HOUGHTON. 

The  area  of  Houghton  township  is  1478  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £1,705.  Its  population  in  1801, 
was  2-20;  in  1811,243;  in  1821,  288;  in  1831,  384; 
in  1841,  372;  and  in  1851,  381.  The  soil  here  is 
good  and  strong. 

The  manor  of  Houghton  and  Tarraby  came  anciently 
by  marriage  to  the  Aglionbys,  who  were  lord?  thereof 
for  several  generations,  until  John  Aglionby,  Esq.,  ex- 
changed it  with  Sir  John  Lowther,  Bart ;  who  in  his 
turn  exchanged  it  for  the  manor  of  Jlelkiiithorp,  in 
Westmoreland,  with  Christopher  Dalston,  Esq.,  whose 
heir,  Sir  William  Dalston,  sold  the  same  about  the 
year  1704  to  the  tenants.  The  landowners  are  Messrs. 
John  Di.xon,  Richard  Ferguson,  John  Forster,  John 
Ferguson,  Tiiomas  II.  Hodgson,  Robert  Patrickson, 
Clement  S.  Sutton,  John  F.  Anderson,  with  some  small 
proprietors. 

The  village  of  Houghton,  which  is  small  and  irregu- 
larly built,  is  about  two  miles  uorth-by-east  of  Carlisle. 

THE  cnrncn. 

Near  to  the  village  is  St.  John's  District  Church, 
erected  chiefly  by  subscription  in  1840,  and  contain- 
ing accommodution  for  300  persons.  It  i.s  of  white 
freestone  from  the  Sbalk  quarries,  near  Dalston,  and 
consists  of  nave,  chancel,  and  tower.  The  church  is 
endowed  with  land  yielding  £40  a  year.  The  tithes 
were  commuted,  in  1842,  for  £138  8a.,  viz.:  the  com 
tithe  for  £128  7s.  (id.,  and  the  vicar's  tithe  for 
£10  8s.  6d.  John  Dixon.  Esq.,  is  the  patron,  and  the 
Rev.  J.  Ruck,  D.C.L.,  incumbent. 

The  parsonage  house  is  a  plain  but  neat  building. 


church.  It  was  rebuilt  in  1841.  wiU  accommodate 
seventy  children,  and  has  an  average  attendance  of 
forty. 

CHARITY. 

Miss  Patrickson's  Charity. — iliss  Patrickson,  who 
died  at  Houghton-town-head  in  1854,  bequeathed  the 
sum  of  £200  to  the  resident  clergyman  and  chui'ch- 
wardens  of  Houghton,  to  apply  the  interest  for  the 
benefit  of  poor  and  indigent  persons  resident  in  the 
township  of  Houghton  ;  and  also  a  further  sum  of 
£200,  to  be  applied  for  the  purposes  of  the  school  at 
Houghton,  so  long  as  such  school  shall  be  under  the 
superintendence  of  the  National  School  Society. 

The  Knells  is  a  beautiful  mausion,  the  seat  of  John 
Di.xon,  Esq. 

^ivoiT  of  Jlnclls. 

Peter  Dixon,  Esq.,  son  of  Jolin,  and  grandson  of  Cliristoplicr, 
of  Edmond  Castle,  mmried  2iid  September,  17H3,  JIan',  daugh- 
ter of  Richard  Fergusim,  Esq.,  of  Carlisle,  and  liad  issue, 

I.  JoHjr,  now  of  Knells. 

II.  Riebnrd  Fer^isnn,  decensed. 

III.  Peter,  ninrried  Sarnli  Rebecca,  daughter  of  Lieut-General 
Clarke,  E.  I.C.S.,  iiud  lins  issue,  I'eier  Sydenham,  Henry 
Hall,  1°.  Clarke,  .lohn,  Joseph.  Edward,  Sarah  Bebecca,  Au- 
gusta .luuc,  and  Catberiue  Anne. 

IV.  Oenr;;e,  niaiTJetl  Mary,  youngest  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Jona- 
than BcuirluT,  vicar  of  F.psoni,  Surrvy. 

V.  Robert,  deceased. 

VI.  .losepli,  married  .\nne,  daughter  of  Wilson  Perry,  Esq.,  of 
Whilcliavcii,  and  hits  issue  IN-ter  Wilson,  tuid  Joseph. 

I.  France"',  died  unmiirricd  in  1^18. 

II,  Mary,  liied  uuniarried  in  18;l'j. 

Joux  Dixos,  Esq.,  of  Knells,  J.P.,  high  sheriff  in  180S,  and 
mayor  of  Carlisle  in  ln:10  and  ISiJO,  horn  2Gth  October,  1795, 


184 


CUMBEKLAND  WAED. 


marrieil  2'2nd  November,  1814,  5Iary  Tirzah,  daugliter  of  the 
late  Captain  Stordy,  31st  regiment,  and  has  issue, 

1.  Peter  James. 

u.  Robert  Stordy,  9th  Lancers. 

m.  Ricliard  Ferguson,  ilied  3rd  November,  1810. 

IV.  George  Hodgson. 

v.  William  Giles,  died  in  l^^an. 

I.  Mary  Sarah,  died  'Mb  FcbruaiT,  1821. 

n.  Sarali,  married  to  Charles  W.  Thompson,  son  of  Colonel  T. 

Perronett  Thompson. 
lu.  .Jane  Eleanor,  married  to  James  Robert  Grant,  son  of  Sir 

James  Grant. 
TV.  Mary  Tirzah,  died  in  April,  1827. 

V.  Elizabeth,  died  in  1824. 
VT.  Henrietta. 

vu.  Maria  Rebecca. 

Arms—Az.,  a  dove,  statant,  ppr. ;  in  chief,  two  bees,  volant,  or; 
a  chief,  of  the  last,  thereon  three  pallets,  gu. 

CiesI  —  In  front  of  an  anchor,  in  bend  sinister,  sa.,  a  deiter  cubit 
arm  erect,  ppr.,  in  the  hand  an  olive  branch,  also  ppr. 

Motto — Peace. 

Houghton  Hall  is  the  seat  of  Peter  James  Dixon, 
Esq. 

Houghton  House  is  the  seat  and  residence  of  Thomas 
Houghton  Hodgson,  Esq. 

^obgson  of  ^migbioit  fmst. 

WlLijAJi  HoDGSox,  Esq.,  son  of  George  Hodgson,  Esq.,  by 
Jane  his  wife,  and  granddaughter  of  Joseph  Hodgson,  by  Kliza- 
beth,  his  wife,  married  in  1707,  Klizabeth,  daughter  of  Joseph 
Stordy;  and  had,  besides,  the  late  William  Hodgson,  Esq., 
of  Houghton  House,  another  son  and  two  daughters,  viz., 

II.  Joseph,  married  Sarah  Nicholsou,  of  Bat  House,  parish  of 
Crosby,  and  has  issue. 


1.  William  Nicholson,  married  Mar}',  daughter  of  Thomas 
Irwin,  F.eq,  J. P. 

2.  Joseph  Stordy,  in  holy  orders,  married  Otli  Anpist,  1810, 
Sophia  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Didrymple 
Hesketh,  Bart.,  of  lUillbrd  Hall,  and  has  issue. 

3.  Sarah  Grace,  married  to  John  Fawcett,  Esq.,  of  Petterill 
Bank,  barrister-at  law. 

I.  Isabella,  married  to  Thomas  ,\tkinson,  Esq.,  of  Carlisle,  J. P. 
u.  Elizabeth,  married  to  David  Uouald,  Esq. 

WrLi.iAJi  Hodgson,  Esq.,  of  Houghton  House,  J.  P.  and 
D.L.,  five  times  mayor  of  Carlisle,  born  9th  February,  1773; 
married  17th  June,  1800,  Anne,  eldest  daughter  of  Thomas 
Young,  Esq.,  and  by  her  (who  died  22nd  December,  18-54)  he 
left  at  his  decease,  14th  January,  1854, 

I.  TH0M.1S  HoiGHTOx,  HOW  of  Houghton  House. 

II.  William  Henry,  born  lOdi  June,  181S. 

lU.  Joseph  Lowiher,  linrn  27th  September,  1818;  married  .lane 
Eleanor,  widow  of  James  R.  Grant,  Esq.,  and  daughter  of 
John  Dixon,  Esq.,  and  has  issue  Annie  and  Mabel. 

IV.  George  Courleney,  born  2.5th  December,  1821,  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  .lohn  Bircham,  Esq.,  and  has  William 
George  Courtenay,  Henry  Bernard,  and  .Vunette  Isabel. 

V.  Charles  Bernard,  born  21st  May,  1824, 

I.  Annette,  married  first,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Cowper,  C.B. :  and 
secondly,  the  Rev.  William  Deacon  Isaacs,  of  Harts  Hill. 

II.  Elizabeth,  married  to  the  Rev.  William  M.  Thompson,  of 
Woolwich. 

III.  Jane. 

IV.  Isabel  Sarah,  married  to  William  Carruthers,  Esq. 

V.  Mary. 

Mr.  Hodgson  died  as  above,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Tbom.\s  Houghton  Hodgson,  Esq.,  bom  2nd  January, 
181:!,  married  111th  April,  1812,  Elizabeth,  eldesi  daughter 
of  the  Bev.  Robert  Gutch,  of  Seugrove,  Leicestershire. 

Arms — Sa.,  a  chev.,  between  three  martlets,  or. 

Crest — .V  dove,  close,  az.,  holding  in  his  beak  a  sprig  of  laurel,  ppr. 

Mollo — Dread  God. 


UPPERBY   PARISH. 

This  parish,  comprising  the  several  townships  of  Upperby,  Harrabj',  Botcherby,  Blackwell  High,  Blackwell  Low, 
Brisco,  Carletoii,  and  a  small  portion  of  Botchergatc,  was  fomied  into  a  legal  district  for  ecclesiastical  purposes  in 
the  year  1S4G,  the  cure  of  souls  in  these  townships  being  assigned  to  the  church  of  St.  John  at  Upperby,  and  the 
incumbent  thereof  for  ever,  according  to  the  provisions  of  an  act  passed  in  the  second  and  third  years  of  the  reign 
of  Queen  Victoria,  entitled  "  An  act  to  make  better  provisions  for  the  assignment  of  ecclesiastical  districts  to 
churches  or  chapels  augmented  by  the  Governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  and  for  other  purposes."  Again,  by 
the  18th  Victoria,  1855,  better  known  by  the  name  of  "Lord  Blandford's  Act,"  the  ecclesiastical  district  thus 
formed  became  a  new  and  independent  parish,  free  from  all  claims,  rates,  payments,  or  dues  of  any  kind  or  degree 
to  the  mother  church  of  St.  Cuthbert,  Carlisle. 


UPPERBY. 

Upperby  township  comprises  an  area  of  449  acres. 
The  population  in  1801  was  119  ;  in  1811,  228 ;  in 
1821,  310;  in  1831,  393;  in  1811,471:  and  in  1851, 
551.  The  land  here  is  generally  leasehold,  under  the 
dean  and  chapter's  manor  of  Botchergate.  The  land- 
owners are  John  Fawcett,  Esq.,  William  Lamb,  Esq., 
Samuel  AValdie,   Esq.,    John    Harrison,    Esq.,   John 


Slater,  Esq.,  the  executors  of  Jackson  Pears,  Esq.,  and 
several  small  proprietors.  The  soil  is  a  rich  loam 
on  a  clay  and  partly  gravel  subsoil.  The  Lancaster  and 
Carlisle  railway  intersects  the  township. 

The  village  of  Upperby  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Petteril,  two  miles  south-east  of  Carlisle,  and  con- 
sists of  poor-built  cottages,  inhabited  chiefly  by  weavers, 
with  two  or  three  good  farm  houses,  and  two  inns. 


UPPEr.BY   PAKISH. 


185 


IBE   CHUBCH. 

Upperby  church,  dedicated  to  St.  John,  stands  a 
little  cast  of  the  village.  It  was  erected  by  subscription 
in  1840,  on  a  site  given  by  John  Fawcett,  Esq.,  and 
was  consecrated  in  1S40.  The  living  is  only  partially 
endowed  with  .t'-tO  per  annum,  assigned  to  it  by  the 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  in  the  year  1810,  and 
the  interest  of  £G25  13s.  8d.  reduced  Bank  Annuities, 
in  the  hands  of  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty, 
with  a  small  payment  from  the  pewholders  of  two-thirds 
of  the  pews  in  the  church,  the  remaining  one-third 
being  free  sittings.  The  dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle 
are  patrons;  incumbent,  the  llev.  William  Cockett, 
M.A.,  who  was  instituted  iu  the  year  1810  ;  and  it  is 
to  his  great  and  untiring  exertions  that  the  neighbour- 
hood is  indebted  for  the  formation  of  the  ecclesiastical 
district,  the  obtaining  of  the  small  endowment  possessed 
by  the  church,  the  purchase  of  two  acres  of  glebe 
land,  and  the  building  thereupon  in  the  year  1848  of 
a  suitable  and  commodious  parsonage,  and  the  erection 
and  formation  of  large  and  elegant  national  schools. 

Up  to  the  year  18^8  there  was  no  school  at  Upperby. 
At  that  period  several  of  the  inhabitants  solicited  sub- 
scriptions, with  which  they  built  a  small  one,  with  two 
rooms  over  the  same  for  a  residence.  The  funds  were 
inadequate  for  the  completion  of  the  work,  and  there 
was  left  a  mortgage  upon  the  building ;  the  interest  of 
this  sum  was  paid  by  the  schoolmaster  or  schoolmisti-ess, 
as  such  happened  to  be.  In  the  year  1847  this  debt 
was  paid  by  the  National  Society,  on  condition  that  the 
rooms  were  conveyed  by  deed  to  the  minister  and  church- 
wardens as  trustees  for  the  parochial  schools.  During 
the  year  1854,  the  schoolroom  becoming  too  small  for 
the  increasing  number  of  scholars,  and  the  residences 
of  the  teachers  being  found  inconvenient  and  prejudicial 
to  health,  the  incumbent  of  tho  parish  and  the  church- 
wardens resolved  to  build  upon  the  village  green  a  now 
school  in  two  parts,  one  for  the  boys,  and  the  other  for  the 
girls ;  and  to  add  the  room  then  used  as  a  school  to  those 
immediately  over  it  to  form  a  permanent  and  suitablo 
residence  for  tho  master.  Fur  this  purpose  a  grant  of 
JE147  was  obtained  from  the  Committee  of  Privy  Coun- 
cil on  Education,  another  of  £45  from  the  National 
Society ;  and  tho  late  Wiss  Losh,  of  Woodside,  loft  a 
legacy  of  i;i3().  Tho  cost  of  tho  erection  of  the 
echool  was  £m  89.  7d.,  the  residue  of  which  was 
made  up  from  smaller  private  subscriptions.  The 
schools  are  under  government  inspection,  and  have 
already  conferred  great  benelits  upon  the  neighbour- 
hood. 

Here  is  a  skinnery,  the  property  of  Mr.  S.  Waldie, 
and  carried  on  by  Mr.  Brown.    Joseph  Robinson  and 
21 


Co.,  of  Carlisle,  have  a  place  here  for  the  manufactory 

of  plaster  of  Paris. 

BLACKWELL,    HIGIi. 

The  township  of  High  Blackwell  contains  3,459 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  £1,565  10s.  The  num- 
ber of  its  inhabitants  in  1801  was  263  ;  in  1811,  253; 
iu  1821,  2S3;  iu  1831,  268;  in  1841,  315;  and  in 
1851,  370.  ^ 

The  manor  of  Blackwell,  or  Blackball,  formed 
anciently  a  parcel  of  Inglewood  Forest,  and  was  granted 
by  Henry  I.  to  Odard  de  Logis,  lord  of  Wigton,  in 
whose  family  it  continued  till  the  reign  of  Edward  III., 
when  Marijaret  de  Wigton,  heiress  of  this  baronial 
house,  gave  it  to  Sir  Robert  Parvinge,  the  king's  ser- 
jeant-at-law, as  a  recompense  for  the  ability  he  displayed 
in  defending  her  title  to  the  barony  of  Wigton,  which 
title  had  been  called  in  question  by  the  heir-at-law.  Sir 
Robert  de  Kirkbride,  on  the  ground  of  her  mother's 
incontinency.  From  the  Charter  Rolls  of  the  13th 
Edward  III.,  we  learn  that  Sir  Robert  Parvinge,  who 
had  attained  the  dignity  of  lord  chancellor,  and  lord 
high  treasurer,  obtained  a  license  to  enclose  his  woods 
at  this  place  in  1339.  llis  representatives  sold  Black- 
hall  to  Sir  William  Staploton,  who  iu  his  turn  sold  it 
to  Lord  Dacre,  from  whom  it  subsequently  passed  to 
the  Earl  of  Sussex,  by  whose  co-hciresses  it  was  con- 
veyed, iu  1716,  to  Su-  Christopher  Musgrave,  the 
ancestor  of  Sir  George  Musgrave,  Bart.,  of  Eden  Hall, 
the  present  possessor  of  the  manorial  rights  and  pri- 
vileges. The  landowners  are  Colonel  Sowerby,  Messrs. 
Joseph  Robinson,  W.  Ostell,  Richard  Standish,  Joseph 
Scott,  and  others.  The  township  is  intersected  by  the 
Maryport  and  Carhsle  railway,  and  possesses  a  strong 
clayey  soil.  The  tithes  were  commuted  in  April.  1810, 
for  £65  lis.  3d. 

There  is  a  school  near  to  Blackwell  High  village,  and 
another  at  Stoneraise  iu  this  townsliip,  both  of  which 
are  closed. 

Here  are  two  stone  quarries,  worked  by  Mr.  John 
Pearson,  which  yield  white  and  red  freestone  of  a  good 
quality  for  building  purposes  and  grindstones. 

The  following  hamlets  are  iu  this  township : — High 
and  Low  Burulhwaitc,  consisting  of  a  few  farm  houses 
and  cottages,  four  miles  south  of  Carlisle;  Durdar, 
three  miles  south  of  Carlisle :  Ratten  Raw,  three  and 
a  half  miles  south  of  the  same  place ;  and  Stoneraise. 

rn.M<lTIES. 

Loirri/'s  CiMrilies. — Thomas  Lowry,  by  will  dated 
November  22nd,  1779,  bequeathed  £200  to  his  execu- 
tors, to  be  placed  out,  and  the  interest  of  £100,  to  be 


186 


CUMBERLAND  WARD. 


paid  to  the  master  of  the  school  at  Blackhall  (if  one 
shouU  1)0  built  within  two  years  after  his  death),  he 
teaching  gratis  seven  or  eight  poor  children  belonging 
to  Blackhall  quarter,  if  so  many ;  and  if  fewer,  or  none, 
to  be  uevertheless  paid  ;  and  the  interest  of  the  remain- 
ing £100  to  be  paid  to  the  poor  widows  within  the  said 
quarter  who  should  not  get  parochial  relief.  A  school 
was  built  at  Blackhall  within  the  time  appointed,  and 
since  that  period  the  charity  has  been  distributed  as 
directed. 

Pattinson's  Charity.  —  Thomas  Pattinson,  in  1785, 
left  the  interest  of  £10  to  the  schoolmaster  of  Black- 
hall. (See  Bowuess  parish).  The  sum  of  7s.  Sid.  is 
paid  to  the  schoolmaster  of  Blackhall  on  account  of  this 
donation.  This  donation  and  the  one  preceding,  are 
not  paid  to  the  master  of  the  school  at  Durdar,  but  to 
another  school  in  Blackwell  township. 

Durdar  School. — !llrs.  Grace  Graham,  by  will  dated 
]7th  March,  J798,  gave  £100  in  trust,  the  interest  of 
which  was  to  bo  applied  to  the  schoolmaster  of  Durdar. 
for  which  he  should  teach  gratis,  in  reading,  writing, 
and  accounts,  not  fewer  than  eight  children,  residing 
within  the  "division  of  Blackball  High." 

BLACKWELL,  LOW. 

Low  Blackwell  township  comprises  an  area  of  941 
acres.  In  1801  the  number  of  its  inhabitants  was 
105;  in  1811,  119;  in  1831,  134;  in  1831,  150;  in 
1841,  181;  and  in  1851,  182.  This  township  is 
included  in  the  manor  of  Blackhall.  The  principal 
landowners  are  Sir  George  Musgrave,  Bart ;  the  Misses 
Lowry,  F.  L.  B.  Dykes,  Esq.,  Edward  Rowlands,  Esq., 
Mr.  W.  Martendale,  Jlrs.  Wilson,  and  I\Ir.  Jonathan 
S.  Bell.  The  soil  of  the  township  is  partly  a  heavy 
loam,  with  some  good  land  near  the  river,  and  a  portion 
of  heavy  wet  land.  The  Maryport  and  Carlisle  railway 
intersects  the  township. 

The  village  of  Low  Blackwell  is  two  and  a  half  miles 
south  of  Carlisle. 

Hoshes  and  Scugger  Houses  arc  hamlets  in  this 
township. 

EOTCUEEPT. 

The  township  of  Botcherby,  or  Botchardby,  contains 
495  acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  £1,058.  Its  popu- 
Lation  in  1801  was  94;  in  1811,  118;  in  1821,  125; 
in  1831,  144;  in  1841,  125;  and  in  1851,  155. 
The  son  here  is  generally  a  strong  loam,  on  a  sandy 
bottom.  The  principal  proprietors  are  Major  Sped- 
ding,  John  Norman,  Esq.,  Mathews  Hodgson,  Esq., 
Eev.  John  Norman,  Miss  E.  Lowry,  and  John  Hodg- 
son, Esq. 

The  village  of  Botcherby  is  pleasantly  situated  one 


mile  east  of  Carlisle.  On  the  north  side  of  the  village 
is  a  small  school  for  children  of  both  sexes,  which  wiU 
accommodate  about  fifty  pupils ;  average  attendance 
about  forty.  It  is  supported  by  the  quarter-pence  of 
the  scholars. 

BRISCO. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  224  ; 
in  1811,  300;  in  1821,  308;  in  1831,  305;  in  1841, 
303;  and  in  1851,  292.  The  area  of  the  township  is 
1,904  statute  acres,  and  its  rateable  value  £2,195  2s. 
lOd.  The  soil  is  generally  good,  incumbent  on  a  strong 
clay.  The  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway  runs  through 
the  township. 

Brisco  is  included  in  the  manor  of  Botchergate,  the 
rights  and  privileges  of  which  are  vested  in  the  Eccle- 
siastical Commissioners,  but  about  £3  a-year  are  paid 
to  Sir  Wastel  Brisco,  of  Crofton  Hall,  whose  ancestors 
held  this  place,  and  took  their  names  from  the  township. 
The  landowners  are  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners, 
James  Losh,  Esq.,  Messrs.  Joseph  SneU,  William 
LambjThomasLowthian,  Jonathan  Fallowfield,  General 
I\Iartin,  Dr.  Hutchinson,  Joseph  Ni.Kon,  and  Messrs. 
Howe  and  Backhouse. 

The  village  of  Brisco  occupies  a  pleasant  and  airy 
situation  about  three  miles  south  of  CarUsle. 

Woodbank  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  where 
are  the  extensive  iron  works  of  ]\Iessi-s.  Cowan,  Shed- 
don,  and  Co.,  who  cany  on  the  business  of  engineers, 
founders,  and  iron  manufacturers.  And  at  Quarry 
Gate  is  a  red  sandstone  quarry. 

Brisco  Hill  and  Xewbiggin  Hall  are  two  neat  man- 
sions in  this  township ;  the  latter  appears  to  have  been 
an  occasional  residence  of  the  Prior  of  Carlisle,  who 
fortified  it  against  the  incursions  of  the  Scots  ;  its  walls 
are  about  nine  feet  thick,  and  the  whole  of  the  first 
iloor  has  a  plain  vaulted  roof. 

Woodside,  the  seat  and  property  of  the  Losh  family, 
is  a  large  handsome  structure,  surrounded  by  beautiful 
and  well-wooded  grounds.  The  Woodside  estate  has 
been  long  in  the  possession  of  the  family  of  the  present 
proprietor. 

CAELETON. 

The  number  of  inhabitants  in  Carleton  township  in 
1801  was  185;  in  1811,  173;  in  1821,  201;  in  1831, 
189;  in  1841,  175;  and  in  1851,  188.  The  area  is 
returned  with  that  of  English-street  township,  Carlisle; 
its  rateable  value  is  £1,011.  This  township  is  also  in 
the  manor  of  Botchergate.  The  principal  landowners 
here  are  Messrs.  Joseph  RaUton,  David  Nelson,  William 
James,  PJchard  Fergusson,  Charles  Piivaz,  Miss 
Sewell,  Thomas  Little,  Fiev.  John  S.  Mulcaster,  Mrs. 


WATIWICK   PARISH. 


187 


Cooper,  Mr.  Hodgson,  Mr.  Calvert,  John  Lowthiau, 
Esq.,  Samuel  James,  Esq.,  the  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland Asjlura,  John  Robinson,  and  the  Ecclesias- 
tical Commissioners.  The  Cumberland  ajid  Westmore- 
land Lunatic  Asylum  is  in  this  township. 

The  village  of  Carleton  is  situated  on  the  Penrith 
road,  three  miles  south-by-east  of  Carlisle.  Here  is  a 
beautiful  willow  tree,  raised  from  a  cutting  taken  from 
a  tree  which  overhung  the  grave  of  Napoleon  at  St. 
Helena.    There  are  several  neat  houses  in  the  village. 

Near  to  the  Roman  road  is  a  farmstead  called  Scales- 
ceugh,  upon  the  land  attached  to  which  Roman  coins 
have  been  found.  There  is  a  flour-mill  close  to  the 
river  PetterU. 

CHABnr. 
Pattimon's  CItarity.  —  Thomas  Pattinson,  by  wiU 
dated  10th  March,  1785,  left  ^£50,  the  interest  to  be 
paid  to  the  schoolmasters  teaching  school  in  the  town- 
ships of  Harraby,  Carleton,  and  Brisco,  share  and  share 
alike,  if  more  than  cue.      The  interest  of  this  money, 


£1  18s.  Od.,  is  now  paid  to  a  schoolmaster  at  Carleton, 
there  being  no  school  in  Harraby  or  Brisco.' 

lUItr.ABT. 

Harraby  contains  an  area  of  OOl  acres.  Its  popu- 
lation in  1801  was  47:  in  1811,  58;  in  1821,  46;  in 
1831,  66;  in  1841,  55  ;  and  in  1851,  82.  The  town- 
ship is  included  in  the  manor  of  Botchergate,  and  the 
landowners  arc  Messrs.  George  Blamire,  William 
Hodgson,  John  Fawcett,  the  executors  of  Admiral 
Taylor,  Mrs.  Fairbairn,  and  Miss  Lowry.  The  New- 
castle and  Carlisle  railway  runs  through  the  township. 
Here  is  a  corn-mill. 

The  vOlage  of  Harraby  is  situated  on  the  Penrith 
road,  one  and  a  half  miles  south-by-east  of  Carlisle. 

Harraby  Grange  was  formerly  known  as  the  manor 
of  Henderbye,  but  it  is  now  included  in  the  same  manor 
as  the  rest  of  the  township,  and  is  held  under  the 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  by  leasehold  tenure. 

Harraby  Green  is  principally  in  tliis  township. 

1  See  Bowncss  parish,  p.  IDO. 


WARWICK    PARISH. 

TiiF.  parish  of  Warwick  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  oast  by  the  river  Eden,  on  the  west  and  south  by  the  parish 
of  Wetheral,  and  includes  the  townships  of  Aglionby  and  Warwick.  Its  soil  is  rich  and  fertile,  consisting  prin- 
cipally of  sand  or  loam. 

WARWICK. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1,280  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £2,373  7s.  7d.  The  population  in  1801 
was  211;  in  1811,  211;  in  1821,  2.";  in  18-31,206; 
in  1841,  225;  and  in  1851,210. 

The  manor  of  Warwick  was  given  by  Hubert  de 
Vallibus  and  Robert  his  son  to  Odard,  first  lord  of 
Corkeby,  or  Corby,  to  be  held  of  his  barony  of  Gilslaud. 
At  the  visitation  made  by  Sir  William  Dugdale,  in 
1005,  Thomas  Warwick,  Esq.,  certified  a  pedigree,  in 
which  this  Odard  is  stated  to  be  Odard  dc  Logis,  first 
baron  of  Wigton,  but  the  pedigree  does  not  agree  with 
that  of  the  family  of  tiie  lords  of  Wigton,  heuce  we  may 
reasonably  conclude  that  there  must  have  been  another 
Odard,  of  whom  and  of  his  descendants  we  have  the 
following  account: — 

OoAiti),  lirst  lord  of  Curby  and  of  Warwick,  had  issue  Osbert 
and  WiUiiim,  to  the  furmerof  vfhom  ho  rhvo  Corby,  to  the  latter 
Warwirk.  Osbert,  the  oUlcr  son,  dying  Vfithout  issue,  both 
manors  became  tlio  properly  of  his  brother  WiMiaui. 

William,  wiili  odicr  cliiUlrcii,  had  issue  John  and  Robert ;  War- 
wiek  was  given  to  John,  the  eldest,  and  Corhy  to  liobcrt. 

Jons  niipenvs  to  have  lived  in  the  rei|fn  of  nicliard  I. 

Wii.i.iAM  vr.  WAitTinvvKr.  ocrurs  in  17lli  Henry  HI.  (1232-3). 
He  WH»  kninhled  in  lllU  year  of  the  same  reign  ( 1251)-00). 

llouEKT  DE  Waktuwtke  Is  mentioned  in  1301. 


William  he  Wahthwvke  in  temp.  Edward  II. 

John  i)e  Warthwyke,  Knt.,  sou  of  W  illiam,  died  without  issue 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  nephew  and  heir, 

John  de  Warthwyke,  sou  of  Edmund  de  Warthwick  deceased, 
lie  hvid  ler)ip.  Edward  III. 

Geouge  de  Wahtiiwyke  occurs  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II. 

John  de  Warthwyke  in  the  same  reign. 

John  he  Waiitmwtke  temp.  Edwiu-d  IV. 

Lancelot  Wauwike  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII. 

Hkiiard  Wakwike  is  next  mentioned.  He,  in  35th  Henry 
VIIl.  (I.V13-1)  held  the  manor  and  vill  of  Wiirwike  of  tlie  King,  in 
capile,  by  knight's  services  and  coruage.  He  was  succeeded  by 
his  son, 

CiiBisTopHEK  Wakwike,  who  married  Frances,  daughter  of  Sal- 
keld,  of  Corby.     His  son, 

liicuARD  Wauwike,  married  twice.  His  first  wife  was  Frances, 
daughter  of  Salkeld,  of  Whilehidl,  by  whom  he  liad  issue,  Thomas, 
and  a  younger  son,  George,  wlio  died  wilhout  issue.  His  second 
wife,  whose  name'  is  not  known,  bore  him  a  son,  John  WiuTiike,  of 
l.ockwait,  near  Hartley  Castle,  co.  Westmoreland.  This  Richard 
died  aliont  Hi:)  I. 

Thomas  Warwick  married  a  dau^hlcr  of  Gawin  Dratliwaite,  of 
Amblesi.le,  and  died  iu  his  falher's  lifetime. 

Thomas  Warwick,  of  Warwick,  married  Frances,  daughter  of 
John  Skelton.  Esq.,  of  ,\nnalhwaile,  and  had  issue,  John,  who  died 
unmarried;  Thomas;  Marv,  mairied  to  Rowland  Nichols,  rector  of 
.\ikton;  and  Catherine.     He  died  in  lOil. 

Thomas  Wahwuk,  aged  22  at  the  lime  of  Diigdalc's  Tisii.itiou, 
married  Frances,  daughter  of  John  Dalston,  Esq.,  of  Acom  Uauk, 
CO.  Weslmorelaiiil,  and  ha<l  issue, 

John  Warwick,  wlm  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Francis  Howard, 
Esij ,  of  Corby,  and  by  her  had  issue. 


188 


CUMBEPvLAXD  ViAUV. 


Frascis  Waewick,  Esq.,  who  married  Jane,  (laughter  of  Thomas 
Howard,  Esii.,  of  Corby,  by  Barbara,  daughter  of  Tuhu,  Viscount 
Lonsdale,  who  died  without  issue  in  1772,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  only  sur\iving  sister  and  heir,  Mrs.  .Anne  Warwick,  after  whose 
decease  the  estate  became  the  property  of  Ralph  Mnddison,  Esq., 
of  Gateshead,  Newcastle-on-Tyiie,  in  pursuance  of  the  will  of  Francis 
Warwick,  Esq.  On  the  deatli  of  Mr.  Maddison  the  properly  passed 
to  his  brother  John,  who  dying  witUont  issue,  it  devolved  on  the 
next  heir  of  llie  testator,  Robert  Boinier,  Esq,,  son  of  Sarah  Mad- 
dison (sister  uf  Ralph  and  John  just  mentioned)  by  Thomas  Bonner. 
This  Thomas  took  the  surname  of  Warwick  in  1792. 

The  present  lamlowucrs  arc  the  e.xecutors  of  the  late 
William  Parker,  Esq.,  James  Heald,  Esq.,  and  William 
Richardson,  Esq. 

The  village  of  Warwick  is  pleasantly  situated  four 
miles  east  of  Carlisle,  ou  the  west  bank  of  the  Eden, 
which  is  here  crossed  by  a  fitie  stone  bridge  of  three 
arches.  Near  this  bridge  is  an  eminence,  upon  which 
are  the  remains  of  a  breastwork,  supposed  to  have  been 
raised  to  guard  the  river,  during  the  days  of  the  moss- 
troopers. 

THE   CHimCH. 

The  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Leonard,  is  an  ancient 
structure,  in  the  Norman  style,  the  date  of  its  erec- 
tion is  very  uncertain.  It  possesses  an  apsis,  or  semi- 
circular recess  at  the  east  end,  a  form  comparatively 
rare  in  England.  On  the  exterior,  this  semicircular 
termination  of  the  chancel  of  the  church  has  thirteen 
narrow  niches,  measuring  ten  feet  eight  inches  high, 
and  one  foot  five  inches  wide,  reaching  almost  to  the 
ground :  three  of  them  have  small  windows  inserted. 
This  edifice  is  at  present  70  feet  long,  but  once  extended 
twenty-one  feet  more  to  the  west ;  there  being  still  at 
that  end  a  good  rounded  arch,  now  fiUed  up.  The  bene- 
fice was  a  rectory,  and  was  given  by  Rauulph  de  Mes- 


chiues  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary,  at  York,  but  was 
granted,  after  the  dissolution  of  the  religious  houses, 
to  the  dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle,  who  united  the 
living  to  that  of  Wetheral,  and  have  since  continued  to- 
appoint  a  curate  to  the  joint  livings. 

There  is  here  a  substantial  stone  building,  erected 
for  a  Sunday-school,  by  the  late  Thomas  Parker,  Esq., 
who  endowed  it  at  his  death  with  i£50Qi  The  late 
William  I'arker  left  .£350  for  the  support  of  a  day- 
school.  The  building  is  now  used  as  a  chapel  by  the 
Wesleyan  body,  and  is  attended  by  the  Carlisle  minis- 
ters and  local  preachers. 

AVarwick  Hall,  erected  in  1828,  the  seat  of  the  Parker 
family,  is  an  elegant  structure,  of  red  freestone,  situated 
four  miles  east  of  Carlisle.  The  grounds  are  beautifully 
disposed,  and  neatly  laid  out. 

AGLIOXBT. 

Aglionhy  township  comprises  an  area  of  559  acres. 
Its  population  in  1801  was  02  ;  in  1811,  73  :  in  1821, 
91;  in  1831,  107  ;  in  1841,  137;  and  in  1S5],  1-17. 

The  manor  of  Aglionby  was  the  ancient  inheritance 
of  the  family  of  that  name,  who  are  said  to  have  been 
settled  here  from  the  time  of  the  Conquest.  The  last 
heir  male  of  the  family,  Christopher  Aglionby,  Esq., 
died  in  1783.  P.  H.  Howard,  Esq.  of  Corby,  claims 
the  manorial  rights  of  a  portion  of  this  township. 
The  principal  landowners  are  Messrs.  James  Tod- 
hunter,  John  Jackson,  John  Bond,  John  Bouch, 
Christopher  T.  Dawson,  George  Eayson,  Joseph  Piob- 
sou,  William  Robson,  Messrs.  Atkinson,  Mrs.  Ruth 
Jackson,  Joseph  Hope,  and  John  Nbcon. 


WETHERAL    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Wai-wick,  on  the  west  by  Upperby  and  St.  Mary's,  on  the  south  by  Wrcay 
and  Hesket,  and  on  the  east  by  Hayton  and  Cumwhitton.  It  includes  the  four  townships  of  Great  Corby  and  War- 
wick Bridge,  Cumwhitton  and  Coathili,  Scotby,  and  Wetheral.  The  soil  here  is  in  general  fertile.  In  Scotby 
and  Wetheral  there  is  a  mixture  of  clay  and  sand,  suitable  for  any  kind  of  grain  ;  in  Coathili  there  is  a  strong  loamy 
soil ;  Cumwhitton  is  more  sandy  ;  and  in  Great  Corby  and  Warwick  Bridge  township  the  soil  is  a  niLxture  of 
sand  and  loam,  except  part  of  the  enclosed  common,  which  is  cold  and  wet. 

tinucd  to  be  held  by  that  house  till  the  time  of  the 


WETHER.\I.. 

This  township  contains  4,458  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  is  £4,376  7s.  2d.  The  population  in  1801  was 
376:  in  1811,  349;  in  1821,451  ;  in  1831,  007;  in 
1841,  586;  and  in  1851,  035.  The  Newcastle  and 
Carlisle  railway  intersects  the  township. 

The  manor  of  Wetheral  was  granted  by  Ranulph  de 
Mescbines  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary,  at  York,  in  1086, 
when  the  priory  of  Wetheral  was  founded,  and  con- 


dissolution  of  the  monasteries  by  Henry  VIII.,  at 
which  period  it  was  granted  to  the  dean  and  chapter  of 
Carlisle,  in  whose  possession  it  continued  till  1650, 
when  it  was  sold  by  the  commissioners  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well to  Richard  Banks,  of  Cockermouth  :  but  on  the 
restoration  of  the  regal  power  the  dean  and  chapter 
recovered  their  property.  One  of  the  customs  of  the 
manor  seems  to  have  been,  that  each  of  the  tenants  of 


WETHEEA.L  PARISH. 


189 


Wetheral  should  cany  the  abbot's  corn  one  day  in 
autumn,  find  o>ic  reaper,  plough  one  day  for  the  abbot 
yearly,  carry  wood  for  the  fishguard  and  mill,  repair 
the  wear  and  the  mill,  and  grinding  corn  there,  pay  a 
thirteenth  portion  for  raulcture.  The  manorial  rights 
are  now  vested  in  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners,  in 
addition  to  whom  Jfessrs.  George  Graham,  William 
Robinson,  Thomas  Wannop,  Isaac  Lawson,  George 
Elliot,  John  Nicolson,  Joseph  Slack,  Dr.  Graham, 
Eev.  John  Graham,  Miss  Collius,  Mrs.  Grahnin,  Rev. 
J.  French,  and  Miss  Graham,  are  the  principal  land- 
owners. 

The  village  of  Wetheral  occupies  a  picturesque  situa- 
tion on  the  west  bank  of  the  Eden,  four  and  a  half  miles 
east  south  'east  of  Carlisle,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  a 
splendid  bridge,  on  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  railway. 


THE  cnDEcn. 


The  church,  dedicated  to  the  Holy  Trinity,  is  a 
neat  Gothic  structure  in  the  Early  English  style,  con- 
sisting of  nave,  aisles,  chancel,  tower,  and  gallery  at 
west  end,  and  calculated  to  seat  about  000  people. 
The  columns  of  the  nave  are  circular  and  octagonal. 
In  the  windows  of  the  clerestory  some  portions  of  ancient 
stained  glass  may  still  be  seen.  In  the  first  window^  on 
the  right  is  a  representation  of  the  Blessed  Virgin, 
with  the  Divine  Infant,  and  two  other  figures,  with 
the  badges  of  some  guild.  The  first  window  on  the  left 
contains  two  figures,  and  some  heraldic  devices. 
The  east  window  is  of  three  lights,  and  contains 
some  small  portions  of  painted  glass,  as  does  also 
the  small  window  on  the  right  of  the  chancel.  Round 
the  arch  of  the  door  leading  to  the  vestry,  is  an 
inscription  to  the  following  effect : — om.  into  axima 
BicuARDi  WEDDERiiALT,.  OvcT  a  window  in  the  vestry- 
is  ibis  inscription  : — oua  pro  anima  willi'mi  tiiorntox, 
ABBATis.  On  the  north  side  of  the  chancel  is  an  altar 
tomb  sculptured  with  armorial  bearings,  on  which  aro 
tho  mutilated  eihgics  of  Sir  Richard  Salkeld  and  his 
lady,  the  possessors  of  Corby  Castle,  in  the  reign  of 
Hciny  VII.  On  tho  opposite  wall  is  a  neat  niarblo 
tablet  to  the  memory  of  the  Jlisscs  Waugh,  of  Carlisle, 
granddaughters  of  liishop  Waugh.  Tho  Howard  mauso- 
leum is  entered  from  the  chancel,  on  tho  north  side  of 
which  it  is  situated.  It  was  erected  in  1791,  by  Henry 
Howard,  Esq.,  on  the  foundation  of  his  family  place  of 
sepulture,  and  hero  are  interred  the  mortal  remains  of 
Sir  Francis  Howard,  second  son  of  Lord  AN'iliiam 
Howard,  of  Xaworth,  and  all  his  succcssoi-s  and  their 
wives,  down  to  tho  late  Henry  Howard,  Esq.  Tho 
mausoleum  contains  an  cast  window  of  four  lights,  and 
has  a  fine  groined  and  vaulted  ceiling  springing  from 
■n  a 


slender  pillars.  It  contains  several  monuments,  among 
which  we  may  mention  a  cast  by  Westmacott,  to  the 
memory  of  Adeliza  Maria  Howard,  the  wife  of  Henry 
Petre,  Esq. ;  behind  which  there  is  a  mural  tablet  to 
tho  memory  of  Philip,  second  son  of  Philip  and  Anne 
Howard  of  Corby.  The  ne.\t  arch  contains  two  more 
mural  monuments ;  and  at  the  end  of  the  mausoleum 
there  is  a  fine  group  in  marble,  to  the  memory  of  the 
Hon.  Maria,  daughter  of  Andrew  Lord  Archer,  first  wife 
of  the  late  Henry  Howard,  whom  it  represents  supported 
bj'  Religion,  and  sustaining  in  her  arms  the  infant  to 
which  she  has  just  given  birth.  This  exquisite  work 
of  art,  executed  by  the  celebrated  sculptor,  Nollekens, 
excites  the  admiration  of  every  visitor,  aud  has  been 
declared  by  competent  judges  to  be  the  finest  piece  of 
modern  sculpture  in  England.  There  is  also  a  splendid 
monumental  brass,  erected  in  1850  to  the  memoiy  of 
the  late  Henry  Howard,  and  Catherine  Mary  his  wife, 
a  daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Neave,  Bart. 

As  stated  in  our  account  of  Warwick  parish,  this 
living  and  that  of  Warwick  arc  united  in  the  same 
patronage  and  incumbency.  The  tithes  were  com- 
muted in  1841,  for  a  yearly  rent-charge  of  £1,002,  and 
the  united  curacy  is  worth  about  £150  per  annum, 
arising  out  of  land  purchased  with  i'l,:!no  parliamen- 
tary grant,  £52  given  out  of  the  tithes,  aud  £4S 
given  by  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners.  The  parish 
register  commences  in  1074. 

Incumbents.  —  George  GillbanUs,  I7i9;  EJmuDil  Stanger, 
178H ;  Charles  Vausiltai-f,  ISiC ;  Josci)li  L.  Hodgson,  18i8. 

The  parsonage  is  a  modern  red  stone  building,  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  church :  the  original  building  was 
erected  in  1714,  by  the  Picv.  Edward  Tong,  the  patrons 
and  impi'opriator  contributing  only  £23  towards  its 
erection.  The  present  building  was  commenced  by  the 
Rev.  Charles  Vansittart  in  1847,  and  completed  by  the 
present  incumbent,  the  Rev.  J.  L.  Hodgson,  in  184S-9, 
at  an  expense  of  about  .C'J-iOO,  towards  which  the 
patrons  and  impropriator  contributed  nothing  ! 

The  school  is  a  handsome  stone  structure,  built  by 
subscriptions  obtained  by  the  incumbent,  and  by  the 
help  of  a  ba/aar  held  in  Carlisle  in  185  1,  at  a  cost  of 
£.'tOO.  It  will  accommodate  about  seventy  pupils,  and 
has  an  average  attendance  of  fifty. 

CUAniTY. 

School. — Thomas  Graham,  who  died  in   1760,  left 

£0i)  for  educating  poor  children  of  Wetheral  township. 
The  interest  of  the  sum  is  given  to  the  schoolmaster, 
for  which  he  instructs  three  or  four  poor  children. 

A  little  to  the  south  of  tho  village  stands  a  solitarr 
tower,  which  is  all  that  now  remains  of  the  ancient 


190 


CUIICERLAND  WARD. 


prioiy  of  Wetheral ;  the  other  portions  being  demolished 
many  years  ago,  by  the  dean  and  chapter  of  C'arliisle,  who 
erected  a  prcbendal  house  with  the  materials,  although 
the  late  Thomas  Howard,  Esq.,  generously  offered  sulE- 
cient  compensation  if  thoy  would  allow  the  venerable 
ruins  to  remain  as  they  stood.  "  The  priory  of 
AVetheral,"  says  Dr.  Todd,  '•  was  first  founded  at  the 
instance  of  Stephen,  first  abbot  of  St.  ^Mary's,  at  York, 
the  first  year  of  William  Kufus,  anno  Domini  1080,  by 
the  Karl  Randolph  dc  I\Ieschines,  who  gave  his  manor 
of  Wetheral  to  this  Stephen,  with  other  lands  thereunto 
belonging,  in  pure  alms  to  the  said  abbey  of  York. 
Stephen  dedicated  the  same  to  God,  under  the  invocation 
of  St.  Mary  and  St.  Constantiue,  and  gave  all  such  things 
as  the  said  abbey  held  iu'S^'estmorelaud  and  Cumberland 
to  the  said  cell  or  priory  of  Wetheral,  as  the  fishing  in 
the  Eden,  and  the  mill  there  ;  the  two  churches  of  St. 
Lawrence  and  St.  Michael  in  Appleby,  all  of  the  gift 
of  the  Earl  Kandolph  Meschiues :  with  the  church 
of  Wetheral,  and  the  chapel  of  Warwick,  and  the 
cell  of  St.  Constantiue,  and  two  oxgangs  of  land  in 
Corkby,  of  the  gift  of  Adam  the  son  of  Swen,  a  great 
baron  ;  the  hermitage  of  St.  Andrew  on  the  east  side 
of  Eden,  of  the  gift  of  Uchtred,  the  son  of  Lyulph; 
the  third  pai-t  of  Croglin  lands,  in  Elston  and  Ciim- 
■whinton,  the  tithe  of  Sowerby,  by  demesne,  and  Scotby 
Mill,  of  the  gift  of  Emant,  the  son  of  Walter ;  a  caru- 
cate  of  land  in  C'oleby,  the  church  of  ilorland,  and 
three  carucates  of  land  there,  wliich  Ivetel,  the  son  of 
Eldred,  gave  them.  The  church  of  Bromfield,  the 
manor  of  Salkeld,  and  the  tithes  of  that  demesne, 
which  ^^'altheof  the  son  of  Gospatric,  gave  with  his 
body  to  be  buried."  William  Rufus  confirmed  to  St. 
Mary's  Abbey  the  gift  of  Randolph  de  Meschines,  and 
added  thereto  the  whole  pasture  between  Eden  and  the 
highway,  which  leads  from  Carlisle  to  Appleby,  and 
from  Wetheral  to  Drybeck.  Henry  I.  confirmed  all 
former  grants,  and  gave  to  the  priory  pannage  for 
swine  in  his  forest,  without  paying  the  usual  forest 
dues  for  the  same.  William,  son  of  Odard,  lord  of 
Corby,  with  the  assent  of  his  lord  Robert  de  Vallibus 
nud  Osanna  his  wife,  and  John  his  son,  by  charter  gave  to 
God  and  the  church  of  St.  Mary  at  Y'ork,  and  St.  Con- 
stantino of  Wetheral,  all  the  laud  between  Wetheral 
and  Warwick,  called  the  cell  of  Constantiue,  and  two 
bovates  of  land  in  Corby,  and  granted  that  neither  he 
nor  his  heire  should  hinder  the  monks  from  fortifying 
their  fish-pool,  stank,  or  wear,  upon  the  river  bank  at 
Corby;  and  Richard  de  Salkeld,  lord  of  Corby,  by 
charter  granted  and  confirmed  to  the  monks  of  Wetheral 
their  fishgai-th  or  wear,  with  liberty  to  construct,  fortify, 
and  repair  the  same,  upon  the  bank  as  far  as  a  place 


called  Moakwath,  towards  Brigend,  and  to  make  sluices 
and  trunks  in  the  same,  and  freely  to  dispose  of  the 
salmon  and  other  fish  taken  therein,  and  also  to  toke 
stone  and  branches  of  trees  for  making  the  said  wears ; 
he  also  granted  to  them  the  whole  water  of  Eden, 
and  the  whole  fishery,  from  the  upper  part  of  the 
said  wear  towards  Corby  unto  the  place  called  !Monk- 
walh.  Richard  I.  added  many  privileges  and  immu- 
nities ;  among  others,  he  ordained  that  all  the  posses- 
sion of  this  house  should  be  exempt  from  "  pleas  and 
plaints,  murder,  robbery,  scutagegeld,  dancgeld,  hidcage, 
assizes,  works  of  castles,  bridges,  and  parks,  serdwite 
and  hengewite,  and  flemensfrith,  averpeni,  bloodwite, 
flitwite,  huudredpeni,  tethingpeni,  legerwite,  toll,  pas- 
sage, pontage,  lastage,  stallage,  gridelbreke.'and  ham- 
soken.  He  also  granted  to  them  fridstiill,  soke  and  sack 
and  theam,  and  infangthief  and  outfan^thief."' 

'  The  foUowinj  persons  occur  among  the  benefactors  to  the  liouso : 
L.-iwrcnce  de  Agullonby  gnvc  four  ncrcs  of  Inud  at  .\gIioiiV>y.  Adam, 
son  of  Suane,  gave  the  hermitage  of  St.  .Andrew,  which  grant  was  con- 
ijrmed  by  David,  king  of  Scotland.  Itauulph  de  ^teschiues  gave  the 
churches  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  Lawrence  of  his  castle  of  Appleby ; 
Walter,  son  of  Robert,  land  at  .\ppleby.  Michael  de  Ainsiapelit 
gave  nine  acres  and  a  half  of  laud  at  .^instable ;  John  Muslie,  seven 
acres ;  and  Henry  de  Terriby,  seven  acres.  Eobert,  son  of  Buet,  gave 
four  acres,  with  pasture  for  three  liu!;dred  sheep  at  Bewcastle ;  and 
Mabel,  daughter  of , Adam, son  of  Richard  of  Butboastre,  fourteen  acres, 
with  two  tofts.  Richard,  sou  of  Richard,  son  of  Trute,  gave  a  toft  with- 
out Botcherdgate,  in  Botchardby.  Waller  de  Botchardby  gave  the 
lands  called  Elwick  Flat,  between  Srotbydyke  and  the  rivulet  running 
from  St.  Helen's  well;  and  .-Vdaui,  brother  of  ihe  said  Walter,  gave  n 
parcel  of  ground  at  the  head  of  his  croft,  adjoining  to  the  s.aid  rividet. 
Waltbeof,  son  of  Gospatric,  gave  the  church  of  Broiutleld,  and  the 
crops  of  the  manor  there.  Walter  Bavin,  for  the  health  of  his  soul 
and  of  the  souls  of  bis  lords,  Ranulpli  de  Vallibus  and  Robert  his 
son,  gave  twenty  acres  in  the  fields  called  Haithwaite,  in  Burdoswald. 
Eanulph  Eugayne  and  William  his  son,  gave  two  salt  pits  at  Burgh, 
which  grant  was  confirmed  by  Joan  de  Morville,  Hicliard  de  Lucy, 
and  Thomas  de  Jlultou,  and  others.  Henry  I.  gave  them  dead  wood 
in  his  forest  of  Carlisle,  for  their  houses  and  fuel.  Knfiant,  son  of 
Walter,  gave  a  carucate  of  land  at  Coleby.  Osbert,  sou  of  Odard, 
gave  the  tithe  of  the  mill  of  Corby,  ami  of  all  the  hogs  depastured  in 
the  woods  diere;  Robert,  son  of  William,  son  of  Odard,  gave  four 
acres  of  laud  at  the  snme  place ;  and  William,  son  of  Roger  and 
Osanna  his  wife,  gave  for  their  buildings  and  fuel  dead  wood,  stand- 
ing and  dry,  throughout  the  whole  wood  of  Coiby;  also  green  oaks 
standing  and  deficient  in  cropping,  and  others.  Alice  and  JIabel, 
sisters  and  heirs  of  R.  de  Beauchainp,  gave  the  lands  at  Cringledyke, 
called  GildeshiU  or  Gildhouse-hill,  witli  an  enclosure  called  Ox  Close, 
which  grant  was  confirmed  by  their  brother,  who  ordered  his  body  to 
be  buried  in  the  church  of  Wetheral.  The  lady  Ibria  d'EstriverB, 
gave  half  a  ploughland  at  Croglin,  which  grant  was  couiinued  by 
Sunon  de  Morville.  William  de  Croglin  (i.  e.  of  Little  Croghn)  gave 
two  ox-gangs  and  two  acres  of  land  at  Croglin,  and  also  his  bond- 
men, Ralph  and  his  son;  and  also  Alan  and  iiis  wife  Alice,  with  all 
their  families  and  chattels — confirmed  by  Robert  de  Vallibus.  Alex- 
ander de  Creuquer  gave  part  of  Kirkandrews  wood,  wiUi  half  the  mill, 
and  pasturage  throughout  the  fields  and  woods  of  Culgaiib :  Alexan- 
der, son  of  Swain,  gave  the  other  half  of  the  mill ;  and  both  the  grants 
were  confirmed  by  David,  kingof  Scotland.  Uchtred,  son  of  Lyalph, 
gave  half  a  carucate  of  land  at  Cumwhinton,  confirmed  by  William 
de  Heris,  with  common  of  pasture ;  Eudo  de  Carlisle  gave  the  dead 
wood  and  liberty  ofcutting  oaks  which  were  dry  in  the  cropping  at  the 


WETHERAL  PARISH. 


191 


In  the  compromise  of  a  dispute  between  the  bishop 
of  the  diocese  and  the  abbot  of  St.  Mary's,  it  was  deter- 
mined that  the  abbot  should  present  the  prior,  and  the 
bishop  should  institute,  and  the  abbot  should  have  the 
guardianship  of  the  house  upon  a  vacanc}',  upon  con- 
dition that  the  abbot  and  convent  should  make  over 
to  the  bishop  and  his  successors  two  marks  and  a 
hall-yearly,  which  was  payable  to  them  out  of  the 
church  of  Denton.  In  the  year  1539  Kalph  Hartley, 
then  prior,  surrendered  this  house  to  Henry  VIII. 
It  was  rated,  ^Oth  Henry  VIII.,  at  i;il7  lis.  lOd. 
according  to  Dugdale,  or  £128  5s.  3d.  according  to 
Speed,  and  was  granted  in  the  33rd  year  of  the  reign 
of  the  same  king  to  the  dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle. 
The  possessions  were  ample,  and  consisted  of  all  the 
site  of  the  priory  or  cell  of  Wetheral,  with  the  church- 
steeple,  church-yai-d,  and  all  other  lands  and  pos- 
sessions in  and  about  the  same ;  and  also  the  manor  of 
Wetheral,  and  sundry  parcels  of  land  there.  St. 
Anthony's  Chapel,  with  two  enclosures,  the  water-mill 
and  the  fishery  at  the  hay  of  Wetheral ;  and  also  all  those 
manors,  messuages,  lauds,  and  tenements,  in  the  several 

same  pluce,  confirmed  by  Robert  de  Leversilale;  .^dani,  son  of  Roger 
de  Carlisle,  gave  Xa.  yeurly  rent  out  of  certain  lauds  there,  and  also 
tlie  heath  where  his  shields  stood,  under  a  rent  of  Cd.  to  him  and  to 
his  heirs,  which  rent,  Eudo,  his  grandson  (son  of  William),  changed 
to  a  rose  on  midsuininer-day  ;  John,  sun  of  Gamel,  verderer  of 
Cumivliinton,  gave  four  roods  of  land  and  a  toft  there.  Adam  de 
Camxew,  sou  of  William  de  Ravennick,  gave  two  oxgangs  of  land 
nt  Cumrew,  with  pasture  for  sixty  sheep,  eight  cows,  and  four  oxeu  ; 
and  also  gave  Roger,  sou  of  Uchtred,  with  all  his  goods  and  chattels. 
Robert  de  Duet  gave  the  church  of  Denton  witli  tlie  glebe  land  there- 
UQto  belonging,  and  eight  acres  more  of  his  own— this  grant  iras 
equally  between  the  priories  of  WeUieral  and  L:mcrcost.  Uclilred,  son 
of  Lyulph,  gave  two  bovales  of  land  at  Easton.  Solomon  de  Farlam 
gave  sixteen  acres  of  land  in  several  places  within  the  territories  of 
Farlam  J  two  acres  more  in  the  liehl  calleil  Rutliwait,  were  given  by 
Richard,  son  of  Bernard  de  Farlam.  Robert  de  Vaux  conlirmed 
to  Oiem  all  the  huids  that  had  been  given  to  tlieni  in  Gilsland. 
Gervas  de  Laseells  gave  twenty -(.ue  acres  and  one  rood  of  land,  in 
Hedrcsford.with  pasture  for  lino  welhers,  three  hundred  ewes,  nine 
oxen,  and  four  horses,  and  the  use  of  his  mill  at  Leviiigton,  mulctie 
free.  John  de  Enniue,  son  of  William,  gave  two  oxgangs  of  laud 
at  Kaberth,  to  wltirh  Henry  de  t'lverthwailc  added  the  meadow  of 
Smallwailis,  lying  lietwccn  Kabertli  and  Croglin.  Ralph  de  Iloif,  for 
llie  heidih  of  the  soul  of  his  lord  lUigh  Jlorville,  gave  certain  lauds 
in  lluddleseough,  in  the  parish  of  Kirkoswald.  William,  son  of 
Gilbert,  gave  atcift  at  Kirkbylhorc.  Maurice  de  Man  gave  license  to 
erect  a  sail  pan  on  Man  island,  with  the  like  conveniences  as  had 
been  formerly  given  to  the  monks  of  St.  Bees.  Raniilph  de  Mes- 
chines  gave  two  parts  of  tlie  tithes  of  his  demesne  ut  Meabiini  ;  and 
John,  sou  of  Walter  de  Ravensby,  gave  a  small  parcel  of  ground 
to  build  on,  in  King's  Meabiirn.  Gervase  de  Melmerby  gave  one 
oxgaug  in  the  towulields  of  Melmerby,  and  one  acre  anil  a  half  in 
another  part  of  the  territories ;  and  Adam  ile  .Mora  gave  two  oxgangs 
tliere.  Kelcl,  son  of  Eldred,  gave  the  church  of  ^lorlaud  and  three 
onieales  of  land  there.  Henry  de  Legal  (in  the  time  of  Walter, 
bishop  of  Carlisle),  gave  all  his  lauds  at  Morelaud,rescrviug  a  yearly 
rent  of  half  a  pound  of  cummin  ])ayable  to  the  bisho]),  at  Carlisle 
fair;  an!  Peter  de  Legal,  (brother  of  the  said  Henry)  gave  other 
lauds.  Waller,  porter  of  the  priory,  gave  with  his  body  Iwo  oxgangs 
of  laud  with  a  toft  and  croft  at  Ncwby ;  imd  Ausclm  dc  Ncwby  gave 


parishes  or  hamlets  of  Corby,  Cumwhintou,  Botcherby, 
Morehouse,  Holmehouse,  Frodelcrooke,  Peureithcottys, 
Bridgend,  Cryugledyke,  Ainstable,  Armathwaite,  Brod- 
wall  in  (jilblaud,  Newby,  Farlam,  Kaybridge,  Gallow- 
lield,  Ilukf,  Skallmelock,  St.  Mary's  and  St.  Cuthbert's, 
Carlisle ;  also,  the  rectories  and  advowsons  of  the 
churches  of  Morlaud,  St.  Michael's,  and  St.  Lawrence's, 
in  Appleby;  also  the  tithes  of  corn  and  hay  in  the  vills  of 
Bolton,  Mykelstry,  Relaud,Thorneby,Thurneby  Grainge, 
Morlaud,  Slcagill,  Xewby  in  the  Stoues,  King's  Meabum, 
Little  Stricldaud,  Skytergate,  Laugton,  Crackenthorpe, 
Hilton,  Bondgate,  Moreton,  Drybeck,  Fallowficld,  Bar- 
wis,  Rutter,  and  Coleby  ;  and  a  pension  of  15s.  out  of 
the  rectory  of  Great  Salkeld.  By  another  charter  of  tlie 
same  king,  the  advowsons  of  the  churches  of  Wetheral 
and  Warwick,  and  the  chapels  of  St.  Anthony  and  St. 
Severn  thereto  anne.xed,  were  granted  to  the  dean  and 
chapter. 

At  a  short  distance  from  the  ruins  of  the  priory, 
further  up  the  vale,  are  the  caves  of  St.  Constantine, 
or  Wetheral  Safeguards.  They  are  three  in  num- 
ber, deeply  excavated  in  the  face  of  the  perpendicular 

fifteen  and  a  half  acres  (being  two  oxgangs)  in  the  same  vill — con- 
tinned  by  others  of  his  name  and  family.    Adam,  son  of  Alan,  gave 
half  a  ploughland  iu  Ormesby  tielil,  at  Urmesliy  ;  and  .\dam,  son  of 
Robert,  gave  another  half,  called  Jlirland,  to  which  Euilo  de  Carlisle 
added  other  lands.     Robert  de  Robertby  gave  three  acres  and  a  hiilf 
in  the  town  fields  of  Ousby,  with  right  of  common  and  other  appur- 
tenances, saving  the  mulcture  of  the  idth  dish  due  to  the  mill  there. 
Ranulph  de  Jlcschines  gave  two  parts  of  the  tithes  of  the  demesne 
lands  01  Salkeld;  and  Waltheof,  sou  of  Gospatrie,  afterwards  gave 
the  whole.    David,  king  of  Scots,  gave  one  mark  of  silver  yearly  out 
of  the  rent  of  his  mill  at  Seotby,   and  also  tlie  tithes  of  the  vill  of 
Scotby;  and  Uehu-ed,  sou  of  Lyulph,  afterwards  gave  the  mill.    David, 
earl  of  Dunbar,  gave  the  town  and  church  ofKarkarevil  iu  Scotland. 
Gilbert  de   Sleygill  gave  one  messuage  with  the  appurtenances  at 
Slcagill.  Uchtred,  sou  of  Lyulph, gave  the  whole  tithes  of  the  demesne 
lands  at  Sourhy,  and  half  a  carueaie  of  land.    Alice  ajid  Mabel,  sis- 
ters and  heirs  of  R.  Beauchamp,  gave  right  of  common  at  Stallole. 
and  other  piivilegcs.    Walter  de  Su-ickland,  Kut.,  gave  four  acres  iu 
Strickland   lields    at    Strickland,  whose  grant   was   conlirmed    by 
Sir  William  de  Suickland.    John,  son  of  William  de  Thrymby,  gave 
four  perches  and  a  half  of  land  at  Thrimby.     William,  son  of  l.)dard, 
gave  three  oxgangs  of  land,  anil  the  tilhe  of  his  mill  at  Warwick  ; 
John,  sou  of  the  said  William,  gave  a  loft  and  croft ;  Alan  de  Lang- 
wayt  gave  all  his  lands  there,  and  lireboot  in  his  woods  at  Longwayi, 
widi  pasture  for  their  horses  or  other  cattle  in  carrying  w.iod,  hme, 
or  stone;  ami  Henry  Bitkenheved  au.l  Beatrice  his  wife  gave  three 
acres  iu  the  Holme,  near  the  bridge.    Besides  the  grants  at  Wetheral 
above  specilie.l,  Robert,  son  of  William,  son  of  Oilard,  remitted  the 
eightlt  lish,  which  he  and  his  ancestors  had  out  of  ihe  coup  of  the 
monks;  and  .lohu  Spendlowe  and  Miu-garet  his  wife,  gave    a  house 
and  four  acres  of  laud,  and  granted  a  lease  for  sixty  years  to  the  prior 
and  convent  of  an  oxgang  more,  in  consideration  of  three  marks  of 
sUver  given  them  iu  ihoir  great  need  ;  which  said  Margaret  ami  her 
children  soon  after  iputled  claim  for  ever  to  the  saiil  oxgimg.    Kelel, 
eon  of  Eldred,  gave  the  church  of  Workington,    .lohu  de  Velcripont, 
for  the  good  of  his  3<mi1  ami  of  the  soul  of  Sibil  his  wile,  gove  twenty 
cartloads  of  firewood  yc;u-ly,  oul  of  his  forest  of  Wynfell.    The  whole 
of  tliesc  grants  were  coulirine<l  by  the  kings,  bishops,  and  pope-,  and 
continued  to  be  possessed  by  the  convent  lUl  the  period  of  the 
Dissoluiiuu. 


192 


cumbehlaxd  ward. 


rock,  forty  feet  above  the  -watfr  of  the  F.Jen,  nml 
are  said  to  have  been  formed  by  Constantine  III., 
King  of  Scots,  who  for  a  time  retired  here,  and 
afterwards  became  a  monk,  and  died  at  !Meh'03 
Abbey.  They  are  protected  by  a  breastwork  of 
masonry,  in  which  is  a  fireplace  and  three  small 
lights.  Subsequently  they  acquired  the  name  of 
"  safeguard, "  from  tlie  neighbouring  monks  and 
other  inhabitants,  who  frequently  fled  to  them  as  a 
place  of  refuge,  during  the  forays  of  the  moss-troopers. 
These  cells  are  divided  into  three  apartments,  each  of 
■which  has  a  separate  window.  A  stratum  of  rock, 
about  eight  feet  below  the  floor  of  the  cells,  serves  as  a 
foundation  for  the  wall  which  is  built  before  them,  and 
which  makes  the  gallery,  and  reaches  a  little  above,  with 
the  door  at  one  end  through  which  in  former  times  the 
cells  are  supposed  to  have  been  approached  by  a  ladder 
or  plank  drawn  up  after  them  by  the  refugees  for  greater 
securit}'.  It  is  even  now  ditlicult  of  access,  though  a 
flight  of  steps  has  been  made  to  communicate  with  the 
narrow  path  beneath  leading  to  the  cells.  The  follow- 
ing inscription  is  still  on  the  same  rock,  a  little  higher 
up  the  river : — maximvs  sceipsit  .  .  .  le.xx.  y.  v.  cond. 
CASsivs.  Opposite  to  the  cells,  ou  the  Corby  side  of 
the  river,  is  a  full-length  figure,  carved  in  stone,  of  St. 
Constantine,  standing  on  a  pedestal,  and  lookhig  to- 
wards the  caves.  This  figure  was  placed  here  by  Mr. 
Howard,  in  1843.  A  little  up  the  river  stands  Wetheral 
Tower,  built  in  the  Gothic  style,  with  turrets,  by  the 
late  Misses  Waugh,  of  Carlisle,  as  a  summer  house. 

GREAT   COKBY   AMD    WARWICK   BRIDGE. 

Great  Corby  and  Warwick  Bridge  form  a  joint  town- 
ship, comprising  an  area  of  J2,747  acres,  and  its  i-ateable 
value  is  A'4,250  Gs.  4d.  The  population  of  Great  Corby 
in  1801  was  344  ;  in  1811,  326;  in  1821,  £03;  in 
1831,  inclusive  of  Warwick  Bridge,  1,285  ;  in  1S41, 
31G;  and  in  1851,  297. 

The  manor  of  Corby,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Eden, 
was  granted  by  Henry  II.  to  Hubert  do  Vaux,  who 
gave  it  to  Odard,  whose  posterity  assumed  the  name  of 
De  Corby,  or  Corby.  Odard  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Osbert,  who,  dying  without  issue,  was  succeeded  by  his 
brother  William.  The  latter  had  issue  by  his  wife  Os- 
winx  two  sons,  John  and  Robert.  John,  the  elder,  seated 
himself  at  Warwick,  and  Ilobert,  the  younger,  at  Corby. 
After  Robert,  Adam  dc  Corby  occurs,  as,  also,  a  William 
de  Corby,  son  of  Roger  and  Osanna  his  wife,  who  granted 
to  AVetheral  priory  the  dead  wood  in  the  wood  of  Corby, 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  In  the  same  reign  it  came 
into  the  family  of  Richmond,  who  conveyed  it  to  An- 
drew de  Hercla,  Earl  of  Carlisle.     After  his  attainder 


it  was  granted  in  1335,  to  Richard  Salkeld,  '•  for  his  good 
services  in  taking  Andrew  do  Hercla,  earl  of  Carlisle, 
prisoner."'  His  descendant,  of  the  same  name,  who  died 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  YIL,  left  two  daughters,  co-heir- 
esses, one  married  to  Salkeld  of  \\'hitehall,  and  the 
other  to  one  of  the  Bleukiusop  family.  The  imme- 
diate descendants  of  these  fiimilics  sold  their  moieties 
of  Corby  to  Lord  William  Howard;  Blenkinsop  ia 
1000,  Salkeld  in  1624.  Lord  William  gave  Corby  to 
his  second  sou.  Sir  Francis,  the  immediate  ancestor 
of  Philip  Heni'y  Howard,  the  present  proprietor.  The 
principal  landowners  are  Philip  Henry  Howard,  Esq., 
Peter  Di.\on,  Esq.,  Mr.  Bowman,  Messrs.  Jeremiah 
Lawson,  the  trustees  of  the  late  J.  E.  Hall,  Robert 
Peascod,  George  Hodgson,  George  Howe,  Thomas 
Wanuop,  and  Fergus  Watson. 

The  village  of  Corby  is  pleasantly  situated,  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Eden,  about  live  miles  eastward  of 
Carlisle. 

Hero  is  a  school  which  was  endowed  in  1720  with 
twenty-five  acres  of  land,  now  let  for  £27  2s.  Od.  a-year, 
besides  which  the  master  has  a  house  and  garden,  the 
former  being  erected  by  the  trustees  in  1845.  The 
late  Henry  Howard  Esq.,  endowed  this  school  with  two 
£100  shares  in  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  Railway, 
now  yielding  about  five  per  cent ;  so  that  the  endow- 
ment of  the  school  at  present  amounts  to  about  £38  a 
year,  for  which  the  children  are  instructed  at  a  small 
quarterage. 

Corby  Castle,  the  beautiful  seat  of  Philip  Henry 
Howard,  Esq.,  is  situated  on  the  summit  of  a  precipitous 
cliff,  overhanging  the  river  Eden,  near  the  village  of 
Great  Corby,  and  is 

" bosom' J  liiKh 


In  nature's  sylvan  majesty." 

The  present  elegant  mansion  occupies  the  site  of  a  more 
ancient  castle,  and,  in  part,  consists  of  the  very  walls  of 
a  large  square  tower  of  one  of  the  border  fortresses. 
The  surrounding  country  is  very  beautiful.  The  lofty 
hills  which  descend  precipitately  on  every  side,  clothed 
with  stately  trees,  the  thousand  beauties  which  here 
adorn  the  Eden,  where,  amidst  the  hanging  shades 
and  groves  of  oak,  bold  rocks  put  forth  their  shades  of 
rugged  fronts  and  lift  up  their  prominent  brows  with 
imposing  dignity,  and  where  every  turn  and  avenue 
affords  a  rich  sylvan  scone,  are  the  delight  and  admira- 
tion of  every  visitor  to  this  part  of  the  kingdom.  The 
beautiful  scenery  of  the  grounds  has  been  most  admi- 
rably kept  up  by  plantations  and  other  improvements, 
while  fresh  charms  have  been  elicited  by  the  taste  and 

1  Eot.  pat.  9  Edward  III.  part  2.  IS.  Chron.  Lanercost. 


I 


■\VETIIEEAL    PARISH. 


193 


judgment  of  its  successive  proprietors,  who  have  greatly 
enriched  the  beauties  of  this  dchghtful  spot,  where,  at 
almost  every  step  the  visitor  is  struck  with  some  new 
object,  particulai-ly  in  the  walks  on  the  margin  of  the 
Eden,  which  retain  as  much  of  their  originality  as  could 
be  preserved,  and  arc  shaded  with  lufty  trees,  where  a 
number  of  caves,  &c.,  have  been  excavated  with  consider- 
able labour  and  great  taste.  The  walks  extend  for  a 
considerable  distance  along  the  Eden,  and  afford  a  great 
variety  of  rich  prospects  and  pleasing  solitudes.  To  the 
north-west  of  the  house  a  terrace  is  stretched  along  the 
summit  of  the  cliff,  overlooking  tho  thick  groves  which 
adorn  the  declivities  and  brink  of  the  river,  and  coni- 
manding  a  line  view  of  its  course.  Among  the  sylvan 
ornaments  of  this  romantic  spot  are  many  venerable 
oaks,  with  a  variety  of  foreign  trees  and  shrul)s.  The 
public  are  admitted  to  the  grounds  during  the  sum- 
mer months,  and  strangers  at  all  times.'  Part  of 
the  old  mansion  was  t;iken  down  in  1S19,  and  a 
fine  Doric  front,  with  a  superb  suit  of  rooms,  n.'built  by 
tho  late  Henry  Howard,  Esq.  The  parapet  in  two  of 
the  fronts,  has  in  tho  centre  a  pedestal  surmounted  by 
a  lion  statant  guardint,  the  crest  of  the  Howards.  All 
the  old  walls  of  the  castle  are  upwards  of  sLk  feet  thick. 
The  apartments  are  elegantly  furnished,  and  contain 
many  fine  paintings  and  relics  of  bygone  days  ;  amongst 
the  former,  wo  may  enumerate  the  following:  —  St. 
Catharine,  with  two  angels,  by  Luini  (one  of  the  most 
admired  paintings  at  the  recent  Manchester  exhibition) ; 
St.  Agnes,  by  Carlo  Dolce,  which  was  also  there ;  Ma- 
donna and  Child,  by  Sasso  Fenato  ;  Holy  Family,  with 
St.  Catharino,  by  Corregio ;  Portrait  of  Canova ;  curious 

'  We  siilijoin  llie  following  extiBot  from  a  letter  written  by  Sir 
Wulter  Scott  to  Mr.  Jlorritt,  of  Rokiby,  Unil  October,  Ibl.'j,  in  whicli 
Sir  Walter  refers  to  Corby : — •'  We  viHiteil  Corby  Cuslle  on  our  return 
from  Scotland,  wliieb  remains,  in  point  of  situation,  as  beimtiful  as 
when  its  walks  were  eclcbratcil  by  Lluvid  Hume  in  tlic  only  rbyiiies 
ho  wag  ever  known  to  be  guilty  of.  Here  tliey  ore,  from  a  pone  of 
glass  la  oa  inn  ut  Corlisle : — 

*  Hero  chicks  in  epp*  for  brcnkftut  sprawl, 
Here  f,'odlcttM  boys  God'n  glories  611U1UI, 
Hero  licftils  of  Scotclinieii  t^imrd  ttio  wall; 
But  Corbiu'i  walkj  atouu  for  all.' 

Would  it  not  be  n  good  (luiz  to  odverlise  the  poetical  works  of  David 
Hume,  with  notes,  critical,  historical,  and  so  forih;  with  ou  liistoricol 
enijuiry  into  the  use  of  eggs  for  breakfast  —  a  physical  discussion  on 
their  being  addled  —  a  history  of  tho  Kngllsh  church  music,  nnd  of 
tho  choir  of  Corlislo  in  particular  —  a  full  account  of  the  affair  of 
1745,  with  llio  trials,  last  speeches,  and  so  forth,  of  the  poor  Plaids 
who  were  lashed  up  ut  Carlisle  —  and  lastly,  a  full  and  particular 
ilcscriptiou  of  Corby,  with  tho  genealogy  of  every  family  who  ever 
possessed  it.  I  think,  even  without  more  than  the  usual  waste  of 
margin,  the  poems  of  Huvid  would  make  a  decent  twelve  shilling 
touch.  I  shall  think  about  it  when  I  have  exhausted  mine  own 
century  of  inventions."  The  pane  of  glass  ou  which  the  lines 
allndcd  to  above  are  written,  is  now  iu  posscssiou  of  Mr.  Dell, 
solicitor,  of  Urauipton. 


Portrait  of  a  Spanish  Princess,  unknown ;  Emperor 
Charles  V.  and  his  Empress  Isabella  of  Portugal,  by 
Titian ;  David  triumphing  over  Goliah,  by  Nicholas 
Poussin  ;  Thomas,  second  Duke  of  Norfolk,  the  victor 
at  Floddon  Field,  by  Holbein  ;  Lady  Anne  Vere,  wife 
of  Henry,  Earl  of  Surrey,  the  accomplished  poet ; 
Thomas,  the  fourth  Duke,  his  son,  in  miniature,  by 
Sir  Antonio  More  ;  Philip  Howard,  author  of  Theoiy  of 
the  Earth  and  other  works,  by  Clarke ;  Ann,  wife  of  Philip 
Howard,  by  Gainsborough  ;  another  by  Piamsay  :  Henry 
Howard,  the  late  possessor  of  Corb}',  by  Hoppner ; 
Catherine  Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Neave,  the 
wife  of  tho  late  Mr.  Howard,  by  Hoppner ;  Philip 
Henry  Howard,  the  present  possessor  of  Corbj-,  and  his 
sister  Catherine,  when  children,  by  Northcote  ;  Lady 
Emma  Agnes  Petre  and  Miss  Adela  Howard,  by  Jack- 
son ;  Lady  Petre  and  her  sister  Adela,  by  Enders;  Lady 
Petre's  eldest  son  and  daughter,  copied  by  her  ladyship 
from  Hurlston's :  Passage  at  Isclla  on  the  Simplon,  by  the 
Hon.  Mrs.  Philip  Stourton;  a  full-length  portrait  of  Lord 
William  Howaid  when  about  si.xty  years  of  age ;  Sir 
Francis  Howard,  the  second  son  of  Sir  'William,  to 
whom  he  gave  Corby;  Colonel  Thomas  Howard,  second 
son  of  Sir  Francis ;  William  Howard,  of  Corby ;  Sir 
Francis  Howard,  and  his  wife  Jane  Dalstou,  of  Acorn 
Bank  ;  Thomas  Howard  his  son,  and  Barbara  JIus- 
grave  his  wife  ;  Charles,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  by  Hoppner; 
Charles  II.,  given  at  the  Restoration  by  himself; 
James  II.  as  High  Admiral ;  James,  son  of  the  above, 
and  Prince  Charles  Edward  and  his  sister.  There 
are  also  portraits  of  Sir  Richard  and  Lady  Neave  ; 
of  Henry  Howard,  by  Clark;  and  of  a  lady  of  the 
House  of  Colonna,  by  Jlaria  do  Tiori.  The  ornaments, 
rehcs,  &c.,  consist  of  tho  Grace  Cup  of  St.  Thomas  a 
Beckct,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  bequeathed  by  will 
by  tho  high  admiral.  Sir  Edward  Howard,  to  Henry 
VHI.'s  queen,  Catherine  of  Arragon,  who,  dying  first, 
it  came  by  descent  to  Bernard,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  who 
gave  it  to  the  late  Ileftry  Howard — it  is  of  ivory,  mounted 
in  silver  gilt,  and  set  with  precious  stones ;  the  cele- 
brated group  of  the  Lion  and  Horse,  in  bronze,  inscribed 
Antoxio  Sossrxo  Fi.oi:e.nxi.si  orus;  a  very  curious  Cup, 
formed  of  a  Nautilus  Shell,  mounted  in  silver,  and  set 
with  stones  and  pearls  of  very  ancient  workmanship, 
certainly  as  old  as  Edward  III.s  time:  a  massive  gold 
Rosary  and  Cross,  said  to  have  been  worn  by  JIary,  Queen 
of  Scots,  when  brought  to  the  scaffold,  and  bequeathed  by 
her,  through  ilelville,  to  tho  Eail  vi  Arundel ;  a  square 
Tablet,  dug  out  of  tho  ruins  of  Hyde  Abbey,  near  \\'in- 
chesler,  inscribed  Alfuedcs  Rkx,  dccclxx.xi  :  and 
the  Claymore  of  Major  MacDonald,  the  Fergus  JIacIvor 
of  Wavcrley.     There  is  also  a  Roman  Altar,  which  was 


lOi 


CUMBERLAND   WAKD. 


found  at  Burdoswald,  and  bears  tbe  following  decayed 

inscription :  — 

rao  s.vLVTE 

D.  S.  MAXIAN.E 
rOBT.   IMP.    CAES 
M.   AVREL.  .  .  . 

O.  C. 

V.      ...      VST 
OAKDEF 

It  appeal's  to  have  been  more  perfect  when  it  was  seen 
by  Horsley,  who  read  it  tbus,  "  Pro  Salute  Domini 
Nostri  Maxinii  ac  fortissimi  Imperatoris  Cresaris  ilaici 
Aurelii  [Maximiard]  ....  oedificant,"  and  suggests  tbe 
words  wbicb  filled  tbe  hiatus  to  have  beeu  ■'  templum 
ereclum  a  solo." 

^ofaarb  of  Corbg.' 

This  is  a  distinguished  branch  of  the  illustrious  house  of 
Norfolk. 

Snt  Francis  Howard,  Ent.  of  Corby  Castle,  Cumberland, 
bom  ailtli  August,  1588,  second  son  of  Lord  William  Howard, 
"  Belted  Will,"  (second  son  of  Thomas,  fourth  Duke  of  Norfolk) 
by  Elizabeth  his  wife,  sister  and  coheir  of  George,  Lord  Dacre, 
of  Gilsland,  was  next  brother  of  Sir  Philip  Howard,  ancestor 
of  the  Earls  of  Cai-hslo.  He  was  colonel  in  the  service  of 
Charles  1.  and  in  the  royal  cause  raised  a  regiment  of  horse. 


and  sold  two  estates  (Newsham,  Co.  Durham,  and  Beretoa 
near  York)  for  its  support.  Ho  married  first  ilaigaret, 
daughter  of  John  Preston,  Esq.,  of  tlie  manor  of  Furness,  of 
Lancaster,  and  by  her  (who  died  iu  1020)  had  issue, 

I.  Tliomas,  colonel  of  his  father's  regt.,  who  fell  at  Athcrtoii 

iloor,  in  161:5. 
I.  Elizabeth,  married  to  Edward  Staudisb,  Esq.,  of  Staudisb, 

CO.  Lancaster. 

Sir  Francis  married,  secondly,  Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  Henry 
Widdrington,  Knt.,  of  Widdringion  Castle,  co.  Northumberland, 
by  Mary  his  wife,  daughter  of  Sir  Eichard  CurweD,  Knt,  and  by 
her  had  issue, 

I.  Francis  bis  heir.      il.  William. 

I.  Jlnignrei,  married  to  Thomas  Hnggerstou,  Esq.,  of  Ifag- 

gerstou. 

II.  Alethin,  died  unmarried;   believed  to  have  been  a  uuu  at 

.Antwerp. 

III.  Catherine,  died  unmarried, 
ir.  Anne,  died  unmarried  in  1G$3. 

Sir  Francis  died  1 1th  April,  1659,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
eldest  son, 

Francis  Howard  Esq.,  of  Corby  Castle,  bom  aOth  June,  1035, 
captain  in  the  army,  and  governor  of  the  city  of  Carhsle;  who 
married  first  Ann,  daughter  of  William  Gerard,  Esq.,  of  Bryn, 
and  had  by  her  (who  died  in  1C70),  Elizabeth,  married  first  to 
William  Errington,  Esq.,  of  Walwick  Grange ;  and  secondly,  to 
3Iichael  Ann,  Esq.,  of  Branianbiggin ;  and  MaiT  married  to 
Francis  Wai'wick,  Esq.,  of  AVarwick,  county  of  Cumberland. 


*  Tbis  family  is  descendeil  in  a  direct  line  from  King  Edward  I.,  being 
sliows  the  descent  from  Edvfard  I.  to  Lord  William  llo\7ard,  from  whom  to 
the  text. 

M.argaret.  dau.  of  Philip  III.  ^^  Edwabd  I.  K 
King  of  Frrtnce.  (/.  iu  1317.     | 


Thomas  de  Brotherton,  Earl  of  Nor-= 
folk,  and  Marshal  of  England,  d. 
in  133^^ I 

Margaret,  dau.  and    eventual  sole^ 
beir,  created  Duchess  of  ICofolk, 
in  I39«; j 

Elizabeth,  dau.  and  heir  of  John,= 
Lord  Se^ave. 

I 
Thomas  Mowbray,  Earl  of  Netting-- 
ham,  I>iike  of  Nnrfolk,  and  Karl 
ilarshul  of  Eugland,  K.U,  d.  io 
1400. 


= Alice,  dau.  of  Sir  Roger  Halys,  Knt. 
of  Uarwicb. 


-John,  Lord  Segravc,  d.  27  Edward 
111.,  1353. 


=Jobn,  Lord  Mowbray,  of  Axliolme, 
d.  in  13G0. 


Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Eichard  Fitzalaii, 

mid  sister  and  co-li«ir  of  Thomas 
Fitzalan,  Earl  of  Arundel. 


I 


Margaret,  dau.    of    Thomas,    and==Sir  Uohert  llowartl,  Knt.,  eldestson 


couaiu  of  John,  Duke  of  ftorfolk. 


of  Sir  John  Howard,  KuL,  by 
Alice,  his  wife,  dau.  and  liuir  of 
Sir  Willinm  Tarding,  of  Tarding, 
CO.  Norfolk. 


Sir  John  Howard,  K.G ,  created- 
Duke  of  Norfolk  in  1483,  and  slain  I 
at  Bosworth  Field. 


-Katherine,  dan.  of  TVilliatu, 
Moiincs,  </.  iu  U.i2. 


Lord 


Thomns  Howard,  Earl  of  Surrey.: 
created  Duke  of  Norfolk,  and  E-iVl 
Marshal,  !  Feb.,  1514,  K.G.,  d.  21 
Mav,l.j24. 


:EUzabeth,  dau.  and  heir  of  Sir 
Frederick  Tilney,  Knt.,  of  Ash- 
well  Thorpe,  co.  Norfolk,  and 
widow  of  Sir  Edward  Bourcbier, 
K.B.,  sou  of  Lord  Ueraers. 


I 


entitled  to  quarter  the  Plantagenet  arms.     The  nubjoined  pedigree  clearly 
PuiLip  H.  Howard,  Esq.,  the  present  owner  of  Corby,  tbe  lineage  is  given  in 

ing  of  Rpgland.=^  Eleanor,  dau.  of  Ferdinand, 
I      Kintr  of  Castile,  f/  in  I2'.'0. 


Isabel,  dau.  of  Philip  IV.,  King  ofyEDWABD  II.,  King  of  England. 
France,  d.  in  1357. 


Edward  III.,  King  of  England,  Founder  of  the  Most  Noble  Order  of  the 
Garter,  d.  1377. 


Eleanor,  eldest  dau.  and  co-heir  of^Thoma?  Plantagenet.  of  Woodstock, 


Humphrey  de  Bohun.  Karl  of 
Hereford,  &c...  Constable  of  Eng- 
land, (/.  iu  13*J^. 


Earl    of   Ilnckingham,  Duke    of 
Gloucester,  K.G.,</.  iu  13ii9. 


Edmund  Stafford,  Earl  of  Stafford,=Anne,  dan  and  co-heir  of  Thomas. 
K.G.  Duke  of  Gloucester. 


Ann*',  dau.  of  Kalph  Neville,  Earl= 
of  Westmoreland,  K.G. 


■Uuniphrt^y  Stafford,  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, K.G.,  slain  in  14C0. 


Marg.iret,  dau.  of  Edmund  lJeaufort,=Humpbrey  Stafford,  Earl  of  Stafford, 
Duke  of  Somerset,  K.G.  slain  at  St.  AlbAn's,  in  the  life- 

I      time  of  his  father. 

Catherine,  dau.  of  Richard  Widvine,=7=Hcnry.  Duke  of  Buckingham,  Con- 
Earl  Rivers,  K.G,  and  sister  to  stable  of  England,  K.G. ,  beheaded 
Elizabeth,  Queen  of  Edward  IV.  [      in  1483. 

Eleanor,  dan.  of  Henry  Percy,  Earl=Edward,  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
of  Northumberland.  I      K.G.,  beheaded  on  Tower  Hill, 

1524. 


Tbomas  Howard,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  Earl  Marshal,  K.G/=Eltzabetb,  dau.  of  Edward,  Duke  of  Buckingnam,  second 
I      wife. 


Henry  Howard,  Earl  of  Surrey,  beheaded  in  the  lifetime^ 
of  his  father,  154G. [ | 

Thomas,  Dnke  of  Norfolk,  K.G.,  beheaded  l.>72. 


:Frances,  dau.  of  John  Vere,  Earl  of  Oxford. 


Lord  William  Howard,  of  Naworth  Castle,  co.  Cumberland, = 
rf.  7  Oct.  I '140,  of  the  plague  then  raging;  See  inquisUto 
post  mortem^  IS  Car.  I. 


^Margaret,  dau.  and  sole  heiress  of  Thomas,  Lord  Audley, 
I      Lord  Chancellor  of  England,  second  wife. 

=Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Thomas,  and  sister  and  co-heir  of  George 
Dacre,  of  Gillesland,  d.  9  Oct.  IGo9. 


WETHERAL  PAEISH. 


195 


Captain  HowarJ,  marrieil  secondly,  Slary  Ann  Dorothy,  dauglitcr 
of  Richard  Towneley,  and  l)y  her  had  two  daughters,  Ann,  mar- 
ried to  Mnrmaduke  I.angdale,  Ksq.,  of  Howton  ;  and  Frances, 
who  died  unmarried.  Captain  Howard  died  ia  1702,  having 
devised  his  estate  to  liis  brotlier, 

William  IIowaud,  Esq.,  of  Little  Corby  Hall,  married  Jane, 
daughter  of  Tohn  Dalston,  Esq.,  of  Acombank,  county  of  West- 
moreland. Jlr.  Howard,  in  his  youth,  served  in  the  navy  under 
the  Duke  of  York,  afterwards  James  II.,  and  lost  a  leg  in  action 
with  the  Dutch  fleet.  He  died  in  170S,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  son, 

Thomas  Howipd,  Esq,  of  Corby  Castle,  who  married,  first, 
Barbara,  dniighter  of  John,  Viscount  Lonsdale,  by  whom  he  had, 
(with  a  son  Thomas  who  died  in  youth)  three  daughters, 

I.  Klizabcth,  died  unmarried  in  ITCD. 

II.  .lune,  niarrieil  to  Krancis  Warwick,  Esq.,  of  Warwick  Hall, 
and  died,  without  issue,  in  1778. 

HI.  Alary,  died  young. 

He  married  secondly,  in  1720,  Barbara,  sister  of  Sir  Christopher 
Musgrave,  of  Eden  Hall,  by  whom  he  had,  inter  alios,  a  son  and 
heir,  Philip.  Ho  married  thirdly,  in  I7:i4,  JIary,  sister  of  Francis 
Carrington  Smith,  Esq.,  but  by  her  (wlio  died  in  173.1)  had  no 
child.     He  died  20  Aug.,  1740,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

PaiLiP  HoWAitn,  Esq.,  of  Corby  Castle,  born  in  1700,  who 
married,  in  n.'jl,  Ann,  eldest  daughter  of  Henry  Withnm,  Esq., 
of  ClilV,  county  of  York,  and  by  her  (who  died  at  Bath  in  July, 
1794)  had  issue, 

I.  Hexuy,  his  heir. 

II.  I'liilip,  born  in  1706;  in  the  Sardinian  seiTice;  died  unmar- 
ried in  Piedmont,  in  178(i. 

I.  Catherine,  married  in  1770,  to  John  Gartside,  Esq.,  of 
Crninpsall,  co.  Lancaster. 

II.  Maril^  married  first,  in  1788,  to  the  Hon.  George  Pctre,  and, 
sccoudly,  to  Colonel  Henry  Espinasse. 

2ii.  Howard  died  8th  Jan.,  IBIO,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 
Henry  Howaud,  I"sq.,  of  Corby  Castle,  born  2ud  July,  1757 ; 
high  shcritfof  Cumberland  in  1832;  married  lirst,  4th  November, 
178?,  Maria,  tliird  daughter  and  coheir  of  Andrew,  Lord  Archer,  of 
Umbcrslade,  but  by  her  (who  died  9th  November,  17S0)  had  no 
issue.  He  married  secondly,  18th  March,  1793,  Catherine  Mary, 
second  daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Neave,  Bart.,  of  Dageuham  Paik, 
Essex,  and  had  by  her  two  sons  and  three  daughters,  viz., 

L  Philip  IIenby,  liisheir. 

II.  Henry  I'rancis,  envoy  extraordinary  and  minister  plenipo- 
temiury  at  Lisbon,  born  .'trd  November,  I80II,  married  first, 
23rd  December,  1830,  SeviUa,  fourlh  daughter  of  David,  Lord 
Erskine,  and  by  her  (who  (lied  12th  March,  lN3.'i)  Ims  two 
daughters,  Isitbelhi  imd  Adela.  He  married  secondly,  3i)di 
August,  18|lj  .Maria  Kriiesline,  Itiironess  Vimder  Sihukn- 
berg,  (bnigbler  of  the  late  llaron  Willulm  Leopold  Vender 
Schiileiilierg,  of  Prieuicm,  in  tbr  kingdom  of  Prussia,  and  has 
1>V  her,  lleury,  born  lltli  .\iigust,  1-*1.!,  Francis,  born  2tith 
Mnrcli,  IMIH;  Sivilhi  CalLerim-,  died  1840;  Catherine  Mary, 
and  Mitria  I.niii^i. 

I.  Catherine,  married  in  1829,  to  ihe  Hon.  Philip  Stourton. 

II.  Km  ma  Agnos,  married  in  1823,  lo  William  Francis,  late 
Lord  I'etre. 

III.  Adelii^a  Maria,  married  in  18.10,  (o  her  consin,  Hcnr\-  Pctre, 
of  lliinkcnhulgb,  countv  of  Lancaster,  who  died  2lllh  S'ovcm- 
bcr,  1802. 

Mr.  Howard  died  1st  March,  1842,  in  the  enjoyment  of  the  high- 
est reputation  for  piety,  patriotism,  and  virtue,  and  was  not  less 
distinguished  by  his  courtesy  and  kindness  than  by  his  literary 
attainments  and  correct  taste.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest 
son, 

PiitLiP  Henry  Howard,  Esq.,  of  Corby  Castle,  bom  22nd 
April,  1301 ;  succeeded  his  father  1st  March,  1812 ;  morriod 


Eliza  Minto  Canning,  of  Foxcote,  county  of  Warwick,  eldest 
daugliter  of  the  lato  Major  John  Canning,  E.  I.  Co.'s  ser\ice, 
by  Marianne  Matilda,  his  wife,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Meredyth, 
Bart.,  and  niece  of  the  late  Francis  Canning,  Esq.,  of  Foxcote, 
whose  estates  she  inherits,  and  has  issue, 

I.  Philip  John  Canning,  bom  Mth  March,  1853. 

I.  Mary  Frances.        u.  Margaret  Jane.        IIL  Agnes  Julia. 

Mr.  Howard  was  for  some  time  M.P.  for  Carlisle. 

Arms — Gu.,  ona  b^nd,  between  six  cross-crosslets,  fitchde,  arg., 
an  escutcheon,  or.  clmrpred  with  a  demi  lion,  rampant,  pierced  through 
the  mouth  with  uu  arrow,  within  a  double  tressure,  flory,  counter 
flory,  of  the  first,  qniirttriug,  Buotiiekion,  Wakeen,  Mowurav, 
Dacre,  and  Gkevstoke. 

Crest — ()n  a  chapeau,  gu.,  turned  up,  erm.,  a  lion  statant,  guar- 
dunt,  the  tail  extended,  or  ducally  crowned,  org.,  gorged  with  a  label 
of  three  points,  of  the  l.ist. 

Motto  —  Sola  virtus  invicta. 

CUMWHIXTON    AND    CO.VTHILT,. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  ]811,  was  365; 
in  1811,  429;  in  ]8-21,472;  in  1831,  575;  in  1841, 
of  Cumwhinton,  339,  of  Coathill,  253;  in  1851,  Cum- 
whinton,  31G,  Coathill,  302.  The  area  of  the  township 
is  9,5 19  acres ;  the  ratcahle  value  of  Cumwhinton  is 
£1,128  Is.  lOd.,  of  Coathill,  £1,371  19s.  8d. ;  total 
of  the  township,  £2,500  ]s.  5d. 

The  manors  of  Cumwhinton  and  Coathill  belonged, 
soon  after  the  Conquest,  to  Hildred  do  Carlisle,  in 
whose  posterity  they  continued  for  many  generations. 
Having  been  divided  between  two  brothers  of  this 
family,  they  have  ever  since  been  in  moieties,  one  of 
which  has  long  been  attached  to  the  Armathwaite  Cas- 
tle, the  other  to  the  Aglionby  estate,  under  which  tho 
lands  are  held;  some,  however,  being  under  the  Duke 
of  Devonshire,  and  some  customary  under  the  Dean 
and  Chapter.  The  principal  landowners  are  Jlessrs. 
John  Coulson,  Thomas  Henderson,  James  Holme,  Wil- 
liam James,  John  and  Eobert  Story,  John  Pattinson, 
Trustees  of  late  Kobert  Richardson,  John  Bell,  John 
Watson,  John  Pigg,  William  and  Joseph  Richardson, 
Joseph  Bell,  John  Howe,  William  Peascod,  John 
Milbuni,  Josepli  Robinson,  ilrs.  Peascod,  Mrs.  Arm- 
strong, and  Jlr.  Slack. 

Tlierc  are  two  alabaster  quarries  at  Coathill,  one 
carried  on  by  .Messrs.  Howe  and  Pigg,  and  the  other  by 
John  Glasson,  who  also  works  another  at  Cumwhinton. 

The  village  of  Cumwhinton  is  situated  about  three 
and  n  half  miles  south-oast  of  Carlisle,  and  contains 
a  smiUl  school,  which  was  erected  by  subscription 
ill  1S39,  at  a  cost  of  i'75.  There  is  also  a  chapel 
belonging  to  tho  Wcsloyan  .\ssociation,  built  in  1810. 

Coathill  village  is  about  six  miles  south-oast  of  Car- 
lisle. It  also  contains  a  school,  whicii  was  built  by 
public  subscription  raised  by  the  incumbent  of  Wethe- 
ral  in  1852,  at  an  expense  of  £250,  and  will  accom- 
modate about  si.\ty  children. 


196 


CUMBERLAND  WAKD. 


HOLME    EDEN    ECCLESIASTICAL    DISTRICT. 

The  Ecclesiastical  District  of  Holme  Eden  was  formed  by  an  order  in  council,  dated  l^tli  October,  1815,  and  is 
bounded  on  the  north-east  by  the  parish  of  Haytou,  on  the  south  by  the  parish  of  Cumwhitton,  and  on  the  west  by 
the  township  of  Wetheral  and  parish  of  Warwick.  It  comprises  Warwick  Bridge  (part  of  the  township 
of  Great  Corby,  and  Warwick  Bridge  in  Wetheral  parish),  whicli  includes  the  hamlets  of  Burnriggs,  Broadwath, 
and  Alleiiwood  ;  and  the  township  of  Little  Corby  in  Havton  parish. 


The  population  of  AVarwiek  Bridge  in  1801  was  217  ; 
in  1811,  204  ;  in  1821,  CIS;  in  1831,  it  was  returned 
with  Corby;  in  1841,  929;  and  in  1851,  883.  The 
Newcastle  and  Carlisle  railway  runs  through  the  town- 
ship. At  Allen  Wood  there  is  a  paper  manufactory, 
established  in  1853,  by  Mr.  John  Cockburn,  formerly 
at  Hanghton  IMill,  near  Hexham.  It  affords  employ- 
ment to  about  sixty  men,  and  makes  paper  for  printing 
purposes  exclusively.  The  village  of  Warwick  Bridge  is 
situated  on  the  east  side  of  the  Eden,  four  and  a  half 
miles  east  of  Carlisle.  Here  are  the  extensive  cotton 
mill  and  dye-works  of  Peter  Dixon  and  Sons,  w4iich 
afford  employment  to  upwards  of  300  persons.  There 
is  also  the  Warwick  works  school  established  by  the 
firm  just  named,  for  the  education  of  the  children  of 
their  workpeople  and  others.  It  is  a  fine  commodious 
structure,  and  will  accommodate  about  150  pupils;  the 
average  attendance  is  90. 

Near  this  village,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river,  is 
situated  Holme  Eden,  the  splendid  scat  of  Peter  Dixon, 
Esq.  It  is  in  the  Tudor  style,  and  has  a  very  imposing 
appearance,  its  porch  tower,  and  numerous  turrets, 
adding  considerably  to  the  general  effect.  The  sur- 
rounding grounds  are  laid  out  with  great  taste  and 
elegance,  the  natural  beauties  being  enhanced  by  the 
numerous  appliances  with  which  modern  skill  has  sur- 
rounded it. 

THE  cnur.cn. 

The  District  church  of  Holme  Eden,  is  a  very  neat 
structure,  in   the   Norman  style,  consisting   of  nave 


and  chancel,  with  tower  110  feet  high.  The  cast 
window  of  the  church  is  of  stained  glass  by  Scott 
of  Carlisle,  and  contains  a  representation  of  the  Last 
Supper ;  the  west  window  contains  a  full-length  figure 
of  St.  Paul,  to  whom  the  church  is  dedicated.  The 
living  is  in  the  patronage  of  Peter  Dixon,  Esq.,  and 
incumbency  of  the  Rev.  S.  A.  Shepherd,  who  succeeded, 
in  1840,  the  Rev.  Henry  Nembherd,  the  first  incumbent. 

The  Catholic  Church,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  was 
erected  in  1841,  from  a  design  furnished  by  the  cele- 
brated architect,  the  late  A.  W.  Pugin,  Esq.  It  is 
in  the  first  pointed  stj-le  of  architecture,  and  consists  of 
a  nave,  chancel,  south  porch,  sacristy,  and  open  bell 
turret.  The  chancel,  whicli  is  separated  from  the  nave 
by  a  finely  carved  rood  screen,  surmounted  with  the 
Rood,  and  the  figures  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  St.  John, 
is  chastely  and  beautifully  diapered  in  gold  and  colours : 
all  the  windows  are  of  stained  glass,  by  Harrington,  of 
Loudon,  and  were  given  to  the  church  by  P.  H.  Howard, 
I^sq.,  who  also  presented  the  organ,  a  fine  instrument, 
by  Hill,  of  London.  The  pulpit  is  of  cut  stone.  By 
many  this  church  is  considered  a  good  specimen  of  a 
small  parish  church  of  the  thirteenth  century.  In  the 
adjoining  garden  is  a  neat  presbytery.  The  church  was 
erected  chiefly  out  of  an  endowment  left  for  this  mis- 
sion, by  the  last  of  the  Warwick  family.  The  Rev. 
William  Ryan  is  the  resident  priest. 

Little  Corby,  the  other  township  in  this  ecclesias- 
tical district,  wiU  be  found  described  in  our  account  of 
Hayton  parish,  Eskdale  Ward,  at  a  subsequent  page. 


SCOTBY    ECCLESIASTICAL    DISTRICT. 
The  Ecclesiastical  District  of    Scotby  was  formed  froni    Wetheral  parish  a   few  years  ago,    and    comprises  the 
township  of  Scotby.      It  is  bounded  nu  the  north  by  the  river  Eden,  on  the  west  by  Botcherby  township,  on  the 
south  by  Cumwhinton,  and  on  the  east  by  Wetheral,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  small  stream  called  Pow 
Maushan  Beck. 


scoTnr. 
The  area  of  Scotby  township  is  1,G72  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £2,751  Os.  4d.  The  number  of  its 
inhabitants  in  1801  was  275  ;  in  1811,  293  ;  in  1S21, 
318  ;  in  1831,  397  :  in  184],  383  ;  and  in  1851,  475. 
The  land  here  is  principally  strong  on  a  clayey  subsoil. 


Scotby  is  intersected  by  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle 
railway. 

The  manor  of  Scotby  was  one  of  those  granted  to 
the  King  of  Scots.  After  the  resumption  of  the  grant, 
it  continued  to  be  held  by  the  crown,  and  was  annexed 
to  the  honour  of  Penrith,   granted  in   the  reign  of 


SCOTBY  ECCLESIASTICAL  DISTRICT. 


197 


Edwanl  III.  to  tlio  Duke  of  Portland,  ami  now  be- 
longs to  the  Duke  of  Devonshire.  The  principal  land- 
owners are  Miss  Lowry,  David  Hodgson,  Esq.,  Messrs. 
William  Sutton,  John  Wilkinson,  Dr.  Lonsdale,  Robert 
liendle,  W.  Routledge,  Kobert  Donaldson,  —  Brailh- 
waite,  and  William  Jackson. 

The  village  of  Scotby  is  pleasantly  situated  two  and 
a-lialf  miles  east  by  south  of  Carlisle,  and  commands 
extensive  views  of  the  surrounding  district.  The 
neighbourhood  is  very  healthy,  and  the  village  has 
been  much  improved  during  the  last  few  years  by 
David  Hodgson,  Esq.,  and  Mr.  William  Sutton. 


THE    Cni'RCH. 


Scotby  church  is  a  handsome  structure  in  the  Early 

EngUsh  style,  consisting  of  nave,  chancel,  and  square 

tower,  and  contains  212   sittings,   one-half  of  which 

are  free  and  unappropriated.      It  was  erected  at  the 

e.tpense  of  G.  H.  Head,  Esq.,  upon  ground  given  by 

David  Hodgson,  Esq.,  who,  with  other  friends,  endowed 

the   church   with   .i'TO   a-year,   the    latter    gentleman 

having  since  increased  it  to  £100  ;  it  was  consecrated 

by  the  late  Bishop  of  Carhsle,  on  J  1th  October,  1853. 

G.H.  Head,  and  David  Hodgson,  Esqrs.,  are  the  patrons. 

iNctrsiBENTS. — Rev.  Joseph  MacCartie,  1855;  Rev.  John 
JIcAUister,  1857, 

The  house  occupied  by  the  incumbent  is  a  neat 
substantial  building,  situate  at  the  Grove,  the  property 
of  David  Hodgson,  Esq. 

Scotby  Endowed  Scliool  is  a  neat  building,  in  the 
Early  English  style  of  architecture,  erected  by  sub- 
scription in  1853  and  1854,  at  a  cost  of  about  £-2o0. 


It  will  accommodate  about  one  hundred  scholars,  and 
has  an  average  attendance  of  fifty.  This  school  is 
endowed  with  nine  acres  of  land,  now  let  for  £17  10s. 
per  annum,  for  which  sum  the  master  teaches  a  small 
number  at  a  low  quarterage. 

Efforts  are  now  being  made  towards  the  erection  of 
a  girls'  school,  and  of  affording  every  opportunity  to 
the  inhabitants  of  the  village  of  educating  their  chil- 
dren more  elTectually. 

The  Society  of  Friends  have  a  meeting-house  in  the 
village,  which  was  erected  in  1718.  It  is  a  small 
stone  building,  with  burial-ground  attached,  capable  of 
seating  120  persons.  This  body  was  formed  about  the 
time  the  chapel  was  buUt ;  but  previous  to  that  date 
there  were  a  few  members  inten'ed  in  what  is  called 
the  Sepulchre, — a  corner  of  a  field  called  White  Hill, 
situated  near  the  village. 

Here  are  situated  tho  tanning  and  currying  estab- 
lishments of  Mr.  William  Sutton,  which  afford  em- 
jiloyment  to  about  sixty  persons.  It  is  one  of  the 
largest  establishments  of  the  kind  in  the  north  of  Eng- 
land. The  leather  manufactured  here,  particularly  a 
kind  called  Cordovan,  commands  a  good  and  ready  sale 
in  all  parts  of  the  kingdom.  From  this  establishment 
the  village  is  now  partially  lighted  witli  gas.  In 
connection  with  his  works  ]Mr.  Sutton  has  buUt  and 
established  a  reading-room,  which  is  well  supplied  with 
newspapers :  there  is  also  a  good  library,  containing 
about  300  volumes.  This  was  one  of  the  first  reading- 
rooms  established  for  working  men  in  the  north  of 
England. 


(y 


o 


r 


a  I 


TuE  Ward  of  Allerdale- below -Derwent  is  bounded  on  tlie  north  by  Cumberland  Ward  and  by  the  estuary  of 
the  rivers  Waver  and  Wampool,  on  the  west  by  the  Irish  sea,  on  the  south  by  Derwent  Ward,  and  on  the  south- 
east and  east  by  Leath  Ward.  It  is  about  sixteen  miles  in  length  from  east  to  west,  by  eleven  miles  in  breadth 
from  north  to  south,  and  is  intersected  by  the  ^Nlaryport  and  Carlisle  railway.  The  "Waver  and  Ellen  are  the  prin- 
cipal rivers,  besides  which  there  are  numerous  smaller  streams.  The  eastern  part  of  the  ward  is  mountainous,  com- 
prising the  Brocklebank  and  Caldbeck  Fells,  with  other  elevations,  while  its  western  portion  contains  rich  and  highly 
cultivated  plains  and  fertile  valleys.  Lime  and  freestone  are  the  principal  mineral  productions,  with  lead 
and  copper  found  in  the  Caldbeck  Fells.  Allerdale-below-Derwent  Ward  includes  the  parishes  of  Aikton,  All- 
hallows,  Aspatria,'  Bolton,  Bromfield,  Caldbeck,  Holme  Cultnim,  Holme  St.  Cuthbert's,  St.  Paul's  Newton  Arlosh, 
Holme  Low,  Ireby,  Kirkbride,  Sebergham,  Thursby,  Torpenhow,*  Uldale,  Westward,  and  Wigton. 


AIKTON    PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Aikton  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  those  of  Bowness  and  Kirkbampton,  on  the  west  by  the  river 
Wampool  and  the  parish  of  Kirkbride,  on  the  south  by  Thursby,  and  on  the  east  by  Orton  and  Kirkbampton.  It  c.\tends 
about  five  miles  in  length  from  north  to  south,  and  two  iu  breadth  from  east  to  west,  and  comprises  the  townships 
of  Aikton,  Biglands  and  Gamblesby,  Wampool,  and  Wiggonby,  whose  united  ai-ea  is  6,157  acres.  The  soil  varies 
from  a  strong  clay  to  a  mi.\ture  of  loam  and  gravel,  but  iu  the  north-west  parts  it  is  marshy,  where  the  lands  are  low 
and  level. 

Boyvill,  of  Levington,  and  afterwards  to  William 
Furniville.  She  died  in  1Q71,  when  Helwise,  her 
daughter  and  heir,  succeeded  to  the  inheritance  of 
Ada  and  Randolph  Boyvill,  of  Levington.  Helwise 
died  without  issue  soon  after  her  mother,  and  the  lands 
of  Randolph  Boyvill  of  Levington  fell  to  his  six  sis- 
ters coheirs ;  and  her  fourth  part,  viz  ,  the  half  of 
her  grandmother's  moiety  of  the  lands  of  the  Jlor- 
ville  family,  came  to  Roger,  son  of  Walter  Colvill, 
and  of  Margaret  his  wife,  iu  right  of  the  latter,  who 
was  daughter  and  heir  of  Helwise,  elder  daughter  of 
Joan  de  MoniUe,  and  wife  of  Eustace  Balioll.  The 
said  Helwise  died  in  1250,  and  her  daughter  Margaret 
in  1381.  Roger  Colvill,  son  of  the  said  Margaret,  and 
in  her  right  lord  of  Aikton,  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Edward  Colvill,  and  after  him  Robert  Colvill  was 
found  heir.      In  1295   Thomas  Daniel  died  lord  of 


AIKTOK. 

The  population  of  Aikton  township  in  1801  was  185  ; 
in  1811,  201;  in  1821,  249;  in  1831,  261;  in  1841, 
318;  and  in  1851,  312.  The  rateable  value  is 
£1,099  15s.  9d.  Wigton  is  the  market  usually  at- 
tended by  the  inhal)itants. 

The  manor  of  Aikton  is  comprised  in  the  barony  of 
Bur^h,  and  was  the  principal  seat  of  Johan  de  Morville, 
second  daughter  and  one  of  the  two  coheirs  of  Sir  Hugh 
de  Morville,  lord  of  Burgh,  one  of  the  assassins  of  Sir 
Thomas  a  Beckett,  whose  sword  is  now  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Sir  Wilfred  Lawson,  of  Brayton  Hall.  The 
manorial  seat  was  at  DownhaU,  a  small  hamlet  in 
Wiggonby  township,  where  Joan  de  Llorville  and 
her  husband.  Sir  Richard  Gernon,  resided.  Joan 
died  in  1247,  leaving  two  daughters,  Helwise  and 
Ada,  the   latter  of  whom  was  married   to   Randolph 


1  .Mlerby  and  Oughterside  townships,  in  ibis  parish,  are  locally  in  Derwent  W.-u'd. 
=  The  two  townships  of  Bewaldeth  and  Snittlegurth,  and  liotliel  and  Threapland,  in  this  parish,  are  in  Derwent  Ward. 


AIKTON  PARISH. 


109 


Aikton,  in  right  of  liis  wife  Isabel,  heir  of  the  Colvill 
family,  and  left  Margaret  bis  daughter,  a  child  lliree 
years  old,  his  heir,  who  in  1330  entailed  the  land  to 
her  husband  John  Eatcliffe  and  herself  for  life,  with 
remainder  to  Richard  their  son  for  life  ;  and  then  to 
liobert,  Thomas,  liichard,  and  John,  sous  of  the  said 
Richard,  and  their  heirs  successively  in  tail  male  ;  then 
to  the  heirs  male  of  Henry,  son  of  Catherine  Chiftley ; 
then  to  the  heirs  male  of  John,  sou  of  William  llat- 
clifib  of  LongCeld  ;  after,  to  the  heirs  male  of  Eobert, 
son  of  William,  son  of  Fuchard  Eatcliffe;  afterwards, 
to  the  right  heirs  of  Margaret  Daniel  (the  grand- 
mother) for  ever.  She  died  in  1370.  The  manor 
was  subsequently  purchased  by  the  Dacres,  in  the 
reign  of  Ileury  VI.,  from  Sir  John  Savage,  Knight, 
and  again  united  to  tho  barony  of  Burgh.  It  is  now 
the  property  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  principal 
landowners  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the  Misses 
Bragg,  the  trustees  of  the  late  Joseph  Barnes,  Edward 
Barnes,  and  Mrs.  Brown. 

The  village  of  Aikton  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a 
gentle  acclivity,  three  and  a  half  miles  north-by-cast 
of  Wigton,  and  ten  miles  west-by-south  of  Cai'lisle. 

THE   CHURCH. 

Aikton  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Andrew, 
stands  about  a  mile  east  of  the  village.  It  is  u  very 
ancient  structure,  the  original  architectural  features  of 
which  are  almost  entirely  gone,  in  consequence  of  the 
numerous  alterations  which  succeeding  ages  have  ren- 
dered necessary ;  but  there  are  still  remaining  some 
traces  of  Norman  architecture  about  tho  chancel. 
About  a  ccntur)'  ago  the  church  was  considerably  en- 
larged, by  the  addition  of  a  south  aisle  in  the  Per- 
pendicular stylo.  The  living,  a  rectory,  valued  in  the 
King's  Book  at  X'll  3s.  lid.,  was  returned  by  the 
commissioners  as  of  the  annual  value  of  £'510,  but 
is  noT?  worth  upwards  of  .tdSO  per  annum.  The  tithes 
were  commuted  in  ls33  fur  a  yearly  rent-charge  of 
il93  Vis.  lOd.,  of  which  i'J  l'2s.  Id.  belong  to  certain 
landowners ;  and  the  remainder,  together  with  upwards 
of  nincty-fivo  acres  of  glebe,  let  for  £140  a-year,  belongs 
to  the  rector.  The  church  in  ancient  times  was  presented 
to  by  moieties,  which  probably  arose  from  the  parti- 
tion of  the  Morvillo  estates  between  the  two  daughters 
1  r.f  Sir  Hugh  Morville;  Ada  married  into  tho  Multon 
!  family,  and  Joan  into  the  Gernous.  In  1340, 
1  Thomas  do  jMulton  of  Gilsland  presented  William 
j  Somerset  to  ono  moiety,  whereupon  an  inquisition  de 
Jure  palnmatus  was  held,  and  Richard  do  Aykcton  pro- 
j  tested  that  there  was  no  vacancy,  for  that  he  himself 
was  solo  rector;  and  towards  consolidating  the  said 


rectory,  Richard  de  Ayketon  resigned  his  title.  Never- 
tlieless,  in  the  register  this  immediately  follows  an 
institution  and  mandate  for  induction  to  the  rectory 
of  the  William  Somerset  above-mentioned.  Two  years 
later  Tliomas  do  Multon  again  presents  to  a  moiety. 
In  1339  Margaret  de  Dacre  presented  William  de 
Salkeld  to  a  moiety  of  the  rectory  of  Aikton ;  and  upon 
an  inquisition  of  the  right  of  patronage,  the  jurors 
found  that  such  a  right  was  vested  in  her.  In  1002, 
Ralph,  Lord  Dacre,  presents  to  a  moiety,  and  again 
in  1373.  Hugh  de  Dacra,  lord  of  Gilsland,  presents 
to  a  moiety  in  1378.  In  1405,  a  writ  of  quare  im- 
pcdit  was  brought  by  Sir  John  Savage,  Knight,  claiming 
the  right  of  presentation  against  the  bishop  and  Richard 
IMurland,  rector  of  Aikton  ;  but  tho  latter  continued 
possessor,  as  it  seems,  of  the  whole  rectory,  for  after 
this  we  hear  no  more  of  moieties.  In  1563,  William 
Lord  Dacre  presents;  in  1572,  Queen  Elizabeth,  who 
also  presents  in  1583,  and  again  in  1501  ;  in  1642, 
Thomas  Dennis,  a  mercer  in  O.xford  ;  in  i  694,  Sir 
John  Lowther ;  since  which  time  the  patronage  has 
been  vested  in  his  successors,  and  is  now  enjoyed  by 
the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  parish  register  commences 
in  1004. 

llECTor.s.— 'William  de  Aldewerl,-, ;  Richard  de  Ajketon, 

;  William  de  Somerset,  1304 ;  Richard  de  .\skelly,  IIUJG  ; 

Robert  de  Halghton, ;  Thomas  le  Spencer, ;  William 

de  Salkeld,  V]'M  ;  William  Beaucliamp,  13G'.J;  'WiUiam  Cham- 
bcrlaync,  13Ct;  Robert  de  Kirkby  occm-s  in  i:!71;  Thomas  de 

Hulton, ;  Thomas  Eoke,  137:) ;  John  de  Middleton, ; 

John  de  Kirby,  1378  ;  Richard  Moiland  occurs  in  1-IG5  ;  Chris- 
topher Caunefield, ;  liobert  Lowtho  occurs  in  1509  ;  Ni- 
cholas Crawhall,  1542;  John  lilylli,  died  15U3  ;  'William  Low- 
den,  10C3  ;  Robert  AUanby,  1S7-.! ;  Roland  Hauxbie,  1D83  ; 
William  Lowson,  1501;  Edmund  Hewitt,  1502;  Thomas  Blayne, 

1598;    Thomas   Head,    1042;    Mr.   Lampit,  ;    Rowland 

Nicholls,  lOOU;  E.  Threlkeld,  lO'Ji ;  Richard  Holme,  1707; 
William  Lindsey,  1739;    Henry  Lowther,  1753;   Dr.  Lowther, 

;  Dr.  Satterlhwaile,  1^14;   Richmond  Tell,  1828  ;  Samuel 

J.  Goodenougli,  184.'! ;   Joseph  Stordy  Hodgson,  1858. 

Aikton  Hall,  near  the  church,  serves  as  parsonage. 

CHAltlTIES. 

Wiggonhy  School. — By  indenture,  dated  19th  October, 
1702,  JIargaret  Hodgson  conveyed  to  Robert  Hodgson 
and  others  certain  premises  at  Wiggonby,  contiiniug 
about  140  acres,  and  all  her  other  lauds  and  tenements 
in  Wiggonby,  or  within  tho  parish  of  Aikton,  upon 
trust,  out  of  the  rents  thereof,  in  the  first  place  to  build 
a  school-house,  upon  .some  part  of  the  said  lauds  ;  and  as 
soon  as  tho  same  should  bo  erected,  that  they  should 
pay  to  the  schoolmaster  thereof  £40  per  annum,  for 
teaching  and  instructing  all  persons  of  the  name  of 
Hodgson,  wherever  they  should  come  from,  during 
such  time  as  they  should  think  fit  to  continue  at  the 


200 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW  -  DF.r.WENT   WARD. 


said  schnol ;  and  also  to  teacli  and  instruct  all  poor  per- 
sons' cbilJrcn  within  the  parish  of  Aikton,  whose  parents 
should  not  be  possessed  of  a  real  estate  of  £20  per  an- 
num ;  and  all  poor  persons'  children  within  the  parishes 
of  J3urgh-ou-SanJs  and  Lieaumont,  whose  jiarents  sliould 
not  be  possessed  of  a  real  estate  of  £ld  per  annum, 
in  the  principles  of  the  Church  of  England,  and  to 
read,  write,  and  cast  accounts,  to  learn  the  catechism, 
and  other  proper  and  useful  learning,  without  receiving 
any  money  or  any  gratuity  whatsoever.  And  upon  fur- 
ther trust,  that  they  should  pay  to  such  of  the  said  poor 
boys  and  girls  as  they  should  think  fit,  the  sum  of  QOs.  a 
year  each,  towards  finding  their  necessary  and  comforta- 
ble apparel,  and  more  in  case  of  real  necessity  ;  and  also 
that  they  should  provide  necessary  books  for  the  educa- 
tion of  the  said  children  and  scholars  ;  and  she  directed 
that  the  said  trustees  should  have  the  full  management 
of  the  school,  and  that  the  schoolmaster  should  be 
elected  by  them ;  that  no  scholar  should  be  admitted 
before  the  age  of  eight  years,  or  continue  after  the  age 
of  twenty-one,  except  those  of  the  name  of  Hodgson, 
who  should  continue  at  the  said  school  as  long  as  they 
should  think  fit ;  and  she  directed  that  the  said  trus- 
tees should  twice  in  every  year  meet  in  the  said  school- 
house,  or  some  other  place  in  the  said  parish,  to  examine 
into  any  neglect,  miscarriages,  or  irregularities  that 
might  be  committed  by  the  schoolmaster  or  any  of  the 
scholars,  and  to  make  such  orders  as  to  them  should 
seem  fit  for  the  good  of  the  charity  ;  and  she  empowered 
the  said  trustees  to  displace  the  schoolmaster  for  any 
offence  or  neglect,  or  to  remove  the  scholars :  and  as  to 
the  remainder  of  the  said  rents  and  profits,  that  her 
trustees  should  tlispose  of  the  same  for  the  benefit  of 
the  said  school,  schoolmaster,  and  scholars,  as  they 
should  think  fit.  The  said  Margaret  Hodgson,  by  will, 
dated  the  -Srd  April,  1797,  reciting  the  above  indenture, 
and  further  reciting  that  the  school -house  had  been 
erected  and  buUt  upon  part  of  the  said  lands  and  pre- 
mises, bequeathed  to  trustees  all  the  residue  of  her 
personal  estate  (over  and  above  certain  legacies  before 
bequeathed)  upon  trust,  that  they  should  iuvest  of  a  part 
thereof,  and  apply  the  interest  of  the  same,  after  paying 
an  annuity  of  £20  per  annum,  and  some  minor  ex- 
penses, for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  said  school, 
schoolmaster,  and  scholars,  as  they  should  tliink  fit ; 
and  she  directed  that  no  minister  of  any  church  or 
chapel  should  be  master  of  her  school;  and  that  no 
person  holding  lands  in  Wiggonby  should  ever  be  chosen 
one  of  her  trustees.  The  property  taken  by  the  trustees, 
under  the  indenture  of  1792,  amounts  to  about  £100 
a-year,  and  that  under  her  will  to  £75  15s.,  together 
£175   15s.     For  several  years  after  the  foundation,  the 


children  of  small  farmers  and  persons  of  some  property, 
received  the  sum  of  20s.  yearly  ;  but  the  trustees  sub- 
sequently confined  those  payments  to  children  of  the 
poorer  class.  AH  tiie  scholars  are  supplied  with  sta- 
tionery and  with  such  books  as  the  master  tliiuks  requi- 
site, in  whatever  class  they  may  be.  The  master  takes 
all  the  children  of  the  name  of  Hodgson,  wherever  their 
parents  reside  ;  and  all  the  children  of  farmers  who  have 
not  real  estates  in  Aikton,  of  above  the  value  of  £20  ; 
and  would  take  any  children  of  Burgh  or  Beaumont,  if 
they  apply  and  are  properly  qualified.  The  chUdreu 
are  nominated  by  the  trustees,  and  no  applications 
are  refused,  provided  they  are  eligible,  according  to  the 
terms  of  the  foundation  deed.  They  are  taught  read- 
ing, writing,  and  arithmetic,  and  the  classics,  without 
any  charge  whatever. 

Watson's  Charity. — It  appears  by  an  entry  in  one  of 
the  parish  books,  dated  September  24th,  1775.  that 
Joseph  Watson,  of  the  parish  of  St.  Andrew,  Holboni, 
by  will,  dated  11th  September,  17G4,  bequeathed  to  the 
minister  and  churchwardens  of  Aikton  £30  upon  trust, 
that  they  and  their  successors  should  from  time  to  time 
pay  the  interest  thereof  unto  the  schoolmaster  of  the 
charity  school  of  Aikton,  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
'charities  and  donations  to  the  said  school  were  then 
paid  and  applied.  Speaking  of  this  charity,  the 
Charity  Commissioners  say  : — "  We  have  not  been  able 
to  discover  what  other  charities  or  donations  the  testa- 
tor alluded  to,  except  that  of  Holmes'  Charity." 

Holmes's  Chanty. — The  Charity  Commissioners  in- 
form us  that  "  It  is  stated  in  a  terrier,  dated  1777,  that 
the  schoolmaster  of  Aikton  was  entitled  to  40s.  per 
annum,  payable  by  the  overseers.  We  have  not  been 
able  to  obtain  any  authentic  information  as  to  the  origin 
of  this  charity.  It  is  said  that  £40  was  left  by  the  Kev. 
Marmaduke  Holmes,  and  it  is  supposed  that  the  parish 
took  this  money  into  their  hands."  They  allowed 
40s.  yearly,  as  interest  thereof,  to  the  schoolmaster, 
which  was  regularly  paid  to  him  out  of  the  poor-rate  for 
some  years,  but  is  now  discontinued. 

Both  Watson's  Charity  and  Holmes's  Charity  have 
been  entirely  lost  by  misappropriation  and  neglect. 

Bandse's  Bequest. — By  an  entry  in  the  parish  book 
above-mentioned,  it  appears,  that  Peter  Barwise  died  iii 
1773,  having  deposited  in  the  hands  of  Jeremiah  Smith, 
of  Micklethwaite,  the  sum  of  £50  upon  trust,  that  the 
yearly  interest  thereof  should  be  applied  every  year  to 
charitable  uses  iu  the  parish  of  Aikton.  There  is  no 
recollection  in  the  parish  of  any  money  having  been 
given  away  in  respect  of  this  charity.  It  is  generally 
understood  that  Jeremiah  Smith  died  many  years  ago 
iu  a  state  of  insolvency. 


AIKTON  PARISH. 


201 


BIGI-ANDS    AND    GAMBLF.SBY. 

Tlie  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £713  16s.  3d. 
The  number  of  its  inhabitants  in  1801  was  151;  in 
181 1,  150;  in  18-21,  191;  in  1831,  192;  in  1841, 
187  ;  and  in  1851,  214.  lu  1855  about  170  acres  were 
enclosed  belonging  to  this  township,  when  four  acres, 
in  which  there  is  a  mineral  spring,  were  allotted  for 
the  recreation  of  the  inhabitants. 

The  manor  of  Biglands  and  Gamblesby  was  in 
ancient  times  held  under  the  barony  of  Burgh  by 
one  William  Brewer  wlio  held  it  as  a  part  of  that  barony, 
as  the  baron  held  the  same  of  the  king.  The  next 
lord  we  meet  with  is  Adam  de  Crookdake,  who  had  it 
by  fino  of  William  Brewer.  The  coheiresses  of  the 
Crookdakes  married  into  the  families  of  Roughtou  and 
Boyvills  of  Westlinton.  Roughton's  moiety  descended 
to  a  daughter  named  Catherine,  wife  of  John  Aspilon, 
a  native  of  Buckinghamshire,  who  sold  the  same  to 
the  Waroops,  and  they  to  the  Crackenthorps  or  South- 
aiks,  who  exchanged  the  same  with  the  Dentons  of 
Cardcw  for  their  land  in  Skeltou.  One  of  the  Dentons 
sold  this  moiety  to  the  several  tenants.  Boyvill's 
moiety  descended  long  in  the  male  line,  till  by  a 
daughter  it  was  transferred  in  marriage  to  Alexander 
Highniore,  Esq.,  of  Harbybrow,  whose  heir  sold  the 
same  to  lord  Dacre,  becoming  again,  in  this  manner, 
parcel  of  Burgh  barony,  now  vested  in  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale.  Tiie  principal  landowners  are  Messrs.  Joseph 
Addison,  Jonathan  Edgar,  Rev.  Ismay  Barnes,  and 
others ;  Joseph  Atkinson,  Jeremiah  Smith,  John  Stod- 
dart,  jun.,  and  others  ;  Joseph  Gill,  Robert  Matthews, 
and  others. 

The  hamlet  of  Biglands  is  situated  on  the  banks  of 
the  Wampool,  three  and  a  half  miles  north  of  Wigton. 

fiamblcsby  hamlet  is  also  on  the  Wampool,  throe 
miles  north  of  Wigton.  The  ancient  mnnov-liouse 
formerly  stood  here,  and  is  said  to  have  dtrived  its 
name  from  one  Gamel,  who  built  it  for  a  residence,  the 
place  previous  to  his  time  being  a  woody  waste  much 
frequented  by  deer.     Here  is  a  flour-mill. 

Drunleaiiing  is  another  small  hamlet  in  this  town- 
ship, about  one  mile  south  of  Aikton. 

WAMrooL. 
In  1801  this  township  contained  a  population  of 
119;  in  1811,  115;  in  1821.  07;  in  1831.  127;  in 
18-11.  107;  and  in  1851,  111.  The  rateable  value  is 
£673  78.  3d.  The  Silloth  Bay  railway  runs  through 
a  portion  of  the  township.  The  manor  of  Wampool, 
or  Wiuhinpool.  derives  its  name  from  the  river  upon 
which  the  township  is  situated.  Its  first  recorded 
possessor  is  Robert  Bran,  or  Brune,  son  of  Radulph,  who 

2!i 


was  called  Robert  do  Wathinpool.  He  married  Mar- 
garet, daughter  and  heir  of  Richard  de  Trute,  lord  of 
Newby,  near  Carlisle.  This  family  assumed  the  loiial 
name,  and  were  called  de  Wathingpools.  Wampool 
came  afterwards  to  the  Warwicks,  whose  heir  Richard 
Warwick  sold  the  manor  to  the  several  tenants.  The 
principal  landowners  in  the  township  are  Sir  Wastel 
Brisco,  Bart.;  John  Lawson ;  .Joseph  Hodgson;  Miss 
Frances  Barnes;  Hugh  Stanger  Laythes,  Esq.;  and 
Jane  Skelton. 

The  hamlet  of  Wampool  is  two  and  a  half  miles  west- 
north-west  of  Aikton,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river  from 
which  its  name  is  derived. 

Leathes  is  another  manor  in  this  township,  which 
gave  name  to  its  possessors,  who  held  the  manor  from 
the  period  of  the  Conquest  to  the  reign  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, wheu  Adam  de  Leathes  sold  it  to  the  inhabitants. 
Leathes  was  part  of  tlie  demesne  of  Whitrigg,  which 
belonged  to  the  ancient  family  of  Brun.  The  hamlet 
of  Leathes  is  three  miles  north-north-west  of  Aikton. 

Whitrigg  Lees  is  also  a  hamlet  in  this  township, 
three  and  a  half  miles  north-west  of  Aikton. 

WIGGOXBY. 

The  township  of  Wiggonby  comprises  an  area  of  about 
2,330  acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  £1,331  18s.  8d. 
Its  population  in  1801  was  127  ;  in  1811,  142;  in  1821, 
169:  in  1831,  175;  in  1841,  190;  and  in  1851,  219. 

This  township  is  included  in  the  manor  of  Aikton, 
the  principal  messuage  or  manor-house  of  which  was 
situated  at  Downhall.  The  landowners  are  Sir  Wastel 
Brisco,  Bart. ;  Messrs.  John  Jennings,  John  Pearson, 
Jonathan  Pearson,  Thomas  Isma}*,  John  Brown,  Thomas 
Twentyman,  the  trustees  of  the  Grammar  School,  Daniel 
Sibsou,  and  Jeremiah  Reed  ;  Rev.  .Tohn  Lowry,  Isabella 
Robinson,  Mrs.  Addison,  Sai'ah  Hodgson,  and  Mary 
Scott,  with  a  few  other  smaller  owners. 

Tlie  village  of  Wiggonby  is  two  m'les  east-by-south 
of  Aikton.     For  an  account  of  the  school  see  page  198. 

At  Downhall,  a  small  hamlet,  about  a  mile  south-east 
from  Aikton,  is  the  moated  site  of  the  ancient  manor- 
liouse  of  Joan  de  Jlorville,  daughter  of  Hugh  do  Mor- 
ville,  and  wife  of  Sir  Richard  Gernon.  It  was  subse- 
quently held  for  many  gcncnitions  by  the  Hodgson  family, 
and,  with  the  estate,  is  now  the  property  of  Mr.  Bow- 
stead,  of  London.  When  the  present  buildings  were 
being  erected,  in  1826.  a  portion  of  the  old  drawbridge 
was  found.  This  place  has  borne  the  name  of  Down- 
hall ever  since  that  old  mansion  was  burnt  by  the 
Scots. 

Tiioniby  is  another  hamlet  in  this  township,  one  and 
a  half  miles  south-east  of  Aikton. 


202 


ALLEKDALE  -  BELOW  -  DEmVENT   WARD. 


ALLHALLOWS  PARISH. 

This  parish,  which  was  anciently  a  chapelry  in  that  of  Aspatria,  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Bromfield,  on  tlic  west 
by  Aspatria,  on  the  south  by  Torpenhow,  and  on  the  cast  by  Bolton ;  and  though  divided  into  the  four  districts  of 
Ukmanby,  Whitehall,  Harby,  and  Baggray,  yet  contains  only  one  township.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employ- 
ment, though  some  of  the  inhabitants  are  engaged  in  the  coal  mine  of  Mr.  Dre\vry,  the  shaft  of  which  is  eighty-five 
fathoms  in  perpendicular  depth,  and  the  vein  now  working  six  feet  broad  ;  the  number  of  persons  employed  is 
about  fifty.     Wiglon  and  Cockermouth  are  the  markets  usually  attended. 

The  area  of  the  township  of  Allhallows  is  1,860  sta- 
tute acres,  and  its  rateable  value  £1,567  IBs.  8d.  The 
population  in  1801  was  173:  in  181 1, 179;  in  1821,  219: 
in  1831,  905:  in  1841,  935;  and  in  1851,  255.  The 
Roman  road  from  Old  Carlisle  to  EUonborough  is  said 
to  have  passed  through  a  portion  of  this  township. 

The  manor  of  Ukmanby  or  Upmanby,  was,  with 
Blennerhasset.  granted  by  Alan,  second  lord  of  Allen- 
dale, to  Kandolplnis  or  Kanulphus  de  Lyndsay,  in 
marriage  with  his*  sister  Ethelreda,  granddaughter  of 
the  illustrious  Saxon  refugee  Cospatric,  and  sister  of 
Gunhilda,  wife  of  Uchtred,  the  Pictish  prince  of  Gal- 
loway. This  Randolphus  witnesses  charters  of  King 
David  of  Scotland,  Henry  Prince  of  Scotland,  and  of 
his  uncle  by  marriage.  Earl  Cospatric  the  second  :  and 
is  otherwise  known  by  his  gifts  to  the  Priory  of  St. 
Bees,  a  coll  of  St.  Mary's,  York,'  and  to  the  Priory  oi 
Carlisle,  whose  representatives,  the  dean  and  chapter, 
still  hold  the  manor  of  Lorton  m  virtue-  of  his  dona- 
tion." It  afterwards  came  in  marriage  to  the  TUliols, 
which  family  failing  in  issue  male,  the  manor  came  to 
co-heiresses,  and  was  divided  into  moieties,  one  of  which 
was  sold  by  the  representative  of  one  of  the  co-hciresses 
to  the  Salkelds,  the  other  passed  to  the  Highmores. 
The  Blenoows  purchased  of  the  latter,  and  Mr.  T. 
Denton  describes  the  manor  of  Ukmanby  as  being,  in 
1088,  the  jointui-e  of  Mrs.  Mary  Blencow,  mother  of 
Christopher  Blencow,  Esq. 

We  have  no  information  respecting  the  original 
owners  of  the  manor  of  Whitehall.     It  appears  to  have 


>  He  gave  them  the  church  or  chapel  of  Loweswater  and  two 
bovates  of  land,  early  in  the  twelfth  century.  The  precise  date  is  not 
known,  but  it  was  fifty  years  before  tlie  Charter  of  Confirmation 
granted  to  them  by  Alicia,  Countess  of  jUberoarle,  as  heir  of  her 
brother  William,  the  sou  of  William,  the  son  of  Duncan,  eldest  son 
of  Malcolm  Cfeenmore — commonly  culled  the  boy  of  Egremont — and 
in  which  charter  it  is  stated  that  the  monks  have  possessed  the 
"  capellam,  cum  duibus  bovatis  terre  eidem  capelle  pertinentibus," 
by  the  gift  of  Randulphus  de  Lindsay,  "jam  quiqaaginta  annis 
transactis."    Hegist.  fol.  13. 

-A  Charter  of  Confirmation  by  Henry  II.  enumerates  "  ex  done 
BandiUphi  de  Lindesia  totam  terram  quano  habuit  praedictus  Kau- 
dulphus  iu  Arthureth,  et  totara  terram  suam  de  Lorettmae,  cum 
molendino  et  cum  omnibus  pertinentiis  ejusdem  tente."  Pugd. 
Monast.,  torn,  vi.,  p.  141.  Besides,  according  to  Isicolson  and 
Bums, "  the  miller,  his  wife,  and  children." 


been  restored  in  the  reign  of  Uenry  IV.  to  Sir  Henry 
Percy.  It  was  afterwards  the  property  and  seat  of  a 
younger  branch  of  the  Salkelds  of  Corby,  the  first  of 
whom  that  settled  here  was 

Thomas  Sukeld,  who  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Winiam 
Taux  of  Catterlen,  and  had  issue, 

Laxcelot  Salkeld,  who  married  Elizabeth,  danghter  and  co- 
heir of  Nicholas  Berdesej,  of  Berdsey,  in  Lancashire,  and  had 
issue  three  sons, 

I.  Francis,  who  married  Dorothy,  daughter  of  Thomas  Biath- 
waite,  Esq.,  of  Bumeshend,  and  died  without  issue. 

II.  Nicliolas,  who  also  died  without  issue, 
in.  Thomas,  who  succeeded  his  father. 

Thomas  Sai.kf.i.u,  Esq.,  of  Whitehall,  married  Mary  Cope- 
land,  and  by  her  hud  issue, 

Lancelot  S.vlket.d  Sai.keld,  Esq.,  of  Whitehall,  who  mar- 
ried Dorothy,  daughter  of  .Man  Askeugh,  of  Skeughsby,  in  the 
county  of  York,  and  by  her  he  had  issue, 

Francis  Sai.kei.u,  Esq.,  of  Whitehall,  who  married  i\nne, 
daughter  of  Walter  Strickland,  third  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Strict- 
land,  of  Sizerth,  Westmoreland,  and  had  issue, 

Thomas  Salkeld,  Esq.,  of  Whitehall,  who  lived  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  II.,  and  had  issue,  Thomas,  Lancelot,  Roger,  and 
eight  daughters. 

Thomas  Salkeld,  Esq.,  of  Whitehall,  son  and  heir  of  the 
last  Thomas,  had  issue,  Thomas  and  Henry.  Thomas,  the 
elder  brother,  died  without  issue,  and  then  the  estate  descended 
to 

Henry  Salkeld,  Esq.,  who  also  dying  without  issue,  he 
devised  the  estate  to  his  widow  during  life,  and  afterwards  to 
trustees  for  payment  of  debts. 

After  the  death  of  Henry  Salkeld,  Esq.,  the  last  heir 
male,  this  estate  became  the  subject  of  a  long  suit  in 
chancery,  by  which  it  was  at  length  adjudged  to  the 
Charltons  of  Northumberland,  descended  from  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  Sir  Francis  Salkeld,  and  is  now  the 
property  of  William  Henry  Charlton,  Esq. 

The  manor  of  Harby,  or  Harby  Brow,  anciently  called 
Leesrigg,  was  for  many  generations  the  seat  and  pro- 
perty of  the  Highmore  family.  Nicholas  Highmoru 
sold  it  to  the  Blencows,  who  possessed  it  for  several 
descents.  It  was  afterwards  held  by  the  family  of 
Steel,  but  is  now  the  property  of  William  Henry 
Charlton,  Esq. 

The  principal  landowners  are  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson, 
AVilliam  H.  Charlton,  Esq.,  Mrs.  Clarke,  and  Mr.  John 
Drewix. 


ASPATRIA  PARISH. 


203 


This  parish  has  been  enclosed  under  an  act  of  parlia- 
ment passed  in  181  J,  by  which  lands  were  given  in 
lieu  of  tithes  to  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  as  appropriator, 
or  his  lessee.' 

THE  cnuitcii. 

The  church,  dedicated  to  All  Saints,  is  a  small  struc- 
ture situated  about  six  miles  south-west  of  Wigton.  It 
contains  two  stained  glass  windows  ;  on  the  south  side 
of  the  chancel  is  the  burial-place  of  the  Salkelds.  The 
living  is  a  pei^pctual  curac}',  and  was  certified  to  the 
governors  of  (^ueen  Anne's  Bounty  at  £9  per  annum, 
but  it  has  since  received  two  augmentations  from  that 
fund,  with  which  land  was  purchased,  so  that  it  is  now 
worth  about  £80  a  year.  The  impropriation  is  at  pre- 
sent in  the  hands  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners. 
The  parish  register  commences  in  1060.  The  following 
have  been  incumbents  during  the  last  century  : — 

William  Taylor,  17i:3;  Robert  Robinson,  1734;  William 
Tearson,  175(1 ;  John  Cheainbcrs,  1757  ;  Thomas  Singleton, 
1801;  W.  Monkhouse  and  W.  Gaskell,  from  1h07  to  1812; 
Thomas  Thompson,  1812. 

The  parsonage  was  erected  in  1813,  at  a  cost  of 
f300. 

The  parish  school  is  a  neat  stone  building,  situate  at 
Leesrigg,  where  it  was  erected  in  185.J,  at  an  expense 
of  £300  ;  it  is  under  government  inspection,  supported 
by  quarter  pence  and  subscriptions,  has  a  masters  house 
attached,  and  is  attended  by  about  forty  children. 

'  The  lease  has  passed  willi  the  Lawaon  estates  to  the  present  Sir 
WiUrid  Lawson,  Burt, 


CHAMTV. 

FiUson's  Charity.  —  It  appears  by  an  entry  in  thi- 
parish  books,  dated  Oct.  1st,  1793,  that  the  sum  of 
J£10,  which  had  been  deposited  in  the  hands  of  different 
persons,  in  the  year  1710,  was,  in  1793,  called  in  and 
laid  out  with  otlier  money,  amouutmg  in  the  whole  to 
£20,  in  the  purchase  of  a  house  at  Bleuuerhasset,  for 
tlie  use  of  the  poor  of  .tVllhallows.  It  is  understood 
that  the  sum  of  £  1 0  was  a  legacy  left  by  Joseph  Ritson, 
the  interest  thereof  to  be  distributed  amongst  the  poor 
of  Allhallows  not  receiving  pai'ish  relief;  and  that  pre- 
vious to  the  principal  sum  being  laid  out,  as  above 
mentioned,  the  interest  had  been  so  applied.  This 
charity  now  produces  £1  per  annum,  which  is  distri- 
buted amongst  poor  persons  of  the  parish  not  receiving 
parochial  rehef. 

Whitehall,  the  ancient  seat  of  the  Salkelds,  is  now 
occupied  as  a  farm-house.  It  bears  the  date  1589; 
and  a  little  to  the  north  of  it  is  a  circular  mound  nearly 
sixty  yards  in  diameter,  with  the  ruined  remains  of 
some  ancient  building;  and  about  two  hundred  yards 
to  the  south  is  an  entrenchment,  twenty-eight  yards 
square,  surrounded  with  a  ditch,  and  having  near  it  the 
ruins  of  extensive  buildings. 

Harby  Brow,  also  a  farm-house,  is  a  very  quaint 
looking  building,  with  a  square  tower;  and  in  an 
adjoining  building  arc  the  letters  and  date  F.  159-t.  H. 

Baggeiy,  Baggray,  or  Bagraw,  is  a  small  village  on 
the  river  Ellen,  seven  miles  south-west  of  Wigton, 
opposite  to  Bleunerhasset. 


ASPATRIA  PARISH. 

Asi',^1  iii.\  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Bromtield  and  West  Newton,  on  the  west  by  Gilcrux  and  Cross  Cannonby,  on 
the  south  by  Plutnbland  and  Torpcuhow,  and  on  the  east  by  Bromfield  and  Allhallows.  It  comprises  the  towushii)s  of 
Aspatria  and  Brayton,  Ilaytnn  and  Melay,  and  Oughterside  and  .•Mlerby.  The  soil  about  Aspatria  is  light  and  red, 
in  some  parts  sandy,  in  others  loamy,  producing  in  general  good  crops  of  wheat  and  other  grain  ;  Oughterside  is 
more  wet  and  heavy,  and  around  Hayton  a  reddish  clay  and  deep  loam  prevail.  Fine  red  freestone  is  found  iu  the 
parish.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment  of  the  inhabitants,  some  of  whom  are,  however,  engaged  in  coal- 
mining.    Cockermouth,  -\Iaryport,  and  Wigton,  tu'e  the  markets  usually  attended. 

The  manor  of  Aspatria,  as  parcel  of  the  barony  of 


ASPATRIA    AND    nUAYTON. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1,(111  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £4,155  15s.  lis  population  in  1801  was 
327;  in  1811.  478;  iu  18-21,  032;  in  1831,  701;  in 
1S41,  OSS;  and  in  IS.'il,  1,123.  Sur\eys  of  this 
township  are  deposited  with  the  overseers  and  vicar. 
A  Roman  road  loading  from  Old  Carlisle  to  Ellen- 
borough  pa.sscd  through  this  township. 


Allerdalo -below -Dcrwont,  was  given  by  Ranulph  de 
Meschiues  to  Waltheof,  son  of  Gospatric,  Earl  of  Dun- 
bar, from  whom  the  name  of  Aspatria  is  said  to  have 
been  derived.  On  the  division  of  the  estates  of  William 
Fitz  Dimcan  and  Alice  do  Rondey,  his  wife,  among  tlicir 
throe  daughters  and  co-heirs,  this  manor  was  allotted  to 
Alice,  the  youngest,  who  dying  without  issue,  her  share 


20i 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW  -  DERWF.NT   WARD. 


came  to  her  two  sisters,  or  their  representatives.  The 
line  of  the  elJcst  sister  having  failed,  the  entire  manor 
descended  to  tlie  Lucys,  who  inherited  from  tlio  second 
sister.  This  latter  family  terminated  in  a  female 
heir,  Maud  de  Lucy,  who,  upon  her  marriage  with  her 
second  husband,  Henry  Percy,  first  carl  of  Northumber- 
land, granted  to  him  the  whole  of  her  estates,  and,  in 
this  manner,  Aspatria  became  the  property  of  the  Percys, 
carls  of  Northumberland.  In  1578  an  inquisition  was 
held  in  which  we  find  it  stated  that 

"The  manor  of  Aspatria,  otherwise  called  Aspatrick, 
is  an  ancient  manor  situate  in  Allerdale,  and  in  the 
partitions  of  the  possessions  of  Allerdale,  Cockermouth, 
and  Copeland,  hath  been  allotted  as  a  principal  manor, 
and  is  now  holden  of  the  Queen's  majesty  by  like 
tenure  as  the  residue  of  the  earldom  is. 

"  The  manor  includes  the  town  of  Aspatria,  and 
within  and  adjoining  are  the  following  townships,  viz., 
Ukmanby,  Blennerhasset,  Crookdake,  Langrigg,  Brom- 
field,  Newton,  Ormesby,  Hayton,  Brayton,  and  divers 
other  hamlets. 

"  The  commons,  or  waste,  within  the  said  manor,  are 
very  great  and  large ;  the  soil  thereof  appertaineth  only 
to  the  said  earl,  and,  for  the  better  preservation  thereof, 
it  is  yearly  used  that  the  bailiffs  and  officers  then  do 
perambulate  the  said  bounder,  and  all  manner  of  chat- 
tels, especially  horses,  found  within  the  said  bounder 
(being  foreigner's  goods,  and  not  having  right  of  common 
there),  are  for  their  trespasses  punished  by  way  of  amer- 
ciament, which  is  answered  to  the  lord  for  that  purpose ; 
and  if  any  man  do  encroach  or  improve  any  of  the  said 
waste,  or  commons  (the  same  being  found  by  present- 
ment), the  said  grounds  so  improved  are  either  pulled 
down  or  laid  open  (if  it  be  found  noisome),  or  else  rented 
to  the  lord,  and,  in  the  meantime,  till  reformation 
thereof  can  be  had,  is  amerced  as  is  aforesaid. 

"  The  said  earl  hath,  in  the  said  manor,  a  court  baron, 
and  all  liberties,  privileges,  and  rights  belonging  to  the 
earae,  in  which  court  certain  freeholders  are  called  and 
make  their  appearance  there,  and  by  reason  of  that 
appearance  are  in  divers  court-rolls  discharged  of  their 
appearance  in  the  court  holden  for  the  barony  of  Aller- 
dale. 

"  There  is  no  advowson  of  benefice  there,  by  reason 
the  same  hath  been  of  ancient  time  granted  away,  and 
now  impropriate  to  the,  &c. 

"  There  are  no  woods  or  underwoods  of  any  value 
within  the  said  manor  or  lordship,  nor  any  parks,  chases, 
or  waters  of  pleasure,  &c." 

Among  the  freeholders  wc  find  that  "  William 
Orphewer  holdeth  in  Aspatiia  two  messuages  and  two 
carucates  of  land,  sometime  the  lands  of  Christopher 


Sands  by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of  court,  from  three 
weeks  to  three  weeks,  and  payctli  his  portion  for  cumage, 
seawake,  and  other  services,  according  to  the  quantity 
of  his  fee,  and  for  fee-farm. 

"  The  Bishop  of  Carlisle  holdeth  in  Aspatria  divers 
lands  and  tenements  in  pure  alms. 

"  Anthony  Barwise  holdeth  in  Aspatria  certain  lands 
and  tenements  by  fealty  only,  sometime  the  lauds  of  the 
Prior  of  St.  Bees,  then  holden  in  pure  alms. 

"  The  same  Anthony  holdeth  there  certain  lands  by 
fealty  only,  sometime  the  lands  of  the  Abbot  of  Holme 
Cultram,  and  then  held  in  pure  alms. 

"  The  tenants  of  Aspatria  pay  yearly  amongst  them- 
selves,— de  parte  alani,  Gs.  8d. ;  de  parte  comts.,  3s.  Ud.; 
turusilver,  id. ;  in  toto,  per  annum,  17g.  4d. 

"  John  Beeby  holdeth  a  tenement  at  Aspatria,  with 
the  appurtenances,  late  the  lands  of  ....  by 
like  services,  as  is  aforesaid." 

From  the  time  that  it  came  into  the  possession  of  the 
Percys,  the  manor  of  Aspatria  has  descended  along  with 
the  barony,  and  belongs  now  to  General  Wyndham,  who 
holds  manorial  courts  here  twice  a  year,  at  which  many 
of  the  inferior  lurds  of  manors  perform  suit  and  service, 
this  being  one  of  the  principal  manors  of  the  barony. 

The  landowners  of  the  township  are  Sir  Wilfrid 
Lawson,  Bart. ;  Sir  James  Musgrave,  Bart. ;  Dr.  Wilkin- 
son, Mrs.  Clark,  the  Misses  Laugcake,  Grace  Pattinson, 
Mrs.  Ritson,  Mrs.  Lomas,  Messrs.  Peter  Fisher,  John 
Langcake,  Joseph  Lucock,  John  Jameson,  Edward 
Kirkhaugh,  John  Pattinson,  Joseph  Hayton,  Joseph 
AlJersey,  John  Asbridge,  Peter  Atkinson,  George 
Elliot,  Thomas  Rigg,  Richard  Penketb,  Martin  Peart, 
and  others.     The  commons  were  enclosed  in  1814. 

The  village  of  Aspatria,  which  is  long  and  irregularly 
built,  and  contains  several  good  houses,  is  situated  on 
the  ridge  of  an  eminence,  at  the  foot  of  which  passes 
the  Maryport  and  Carlisle  railway,  eight  miles  east- 
north-east  of  JIaryport,  and  nine  miles  north  of  Cock- 
ermouth. Aspatria  is  one  of  the  polling-places  for  the 
county. 

TUE   CHURCH. 

Aspatria  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Kentigern,  stands 
upon  the  site  of  the  old  church,  which  being  found  toO 
small  for  the  rapidly  increasing  population  of  the  parish 
was  taken  down  and  the  present  beautiful  structure 
erected  in  its  stead.  The  foundation  stone  was  laid  on 
the  23rd  July,  1846,  a  large  body  of  clergy,  the  Free- 
masons of  the  province,  and  a  vast  concourse  of  spec- 
tators attending  to  take  part  in  and  witness  the 
ceremony.  The  following  inscription,  written  on  parch- 
ment, and  enclosed  in  a  bottle,  was  deposited  in  a  lead 
box  prepared  for  the  purpose,  together  with  coins  of 


ASPATBIA   PAPaSH. 


205 


Queen  Victoria's  reign,  and  two  of  the  county  news- 
papers : — 

"ECCLESLE   SANOTI  KEKTIOEENI    JAM    NUSO    TEIITIO   MULTOBUM 

SUMPTIDU3     CONSTRCENDiE. 

FUNDAaENTA  I'OSUIT   IinOO  PCRCV,   S.T.P.   CARLEOLENSIS 

EPISCOPDS. 

DIE    X    KAI,.    AUG.    ANNO   SALUTIS    JI.DCCCXLVT. 

ASTASTIBUS  JosEPHo  ihedale,  d.p.o.m  et  sodambus  snis 

EDVAUDO    SALKELD,  A.M.,   VICAP-IO. 

JOHANNE    P.   JOHNSON,  \ 

TIIOMA   SEALBT, 

Y      SACROnUM  CUSTODIBDS. 
ROBERTO  JEFl-ERSON, 

JOHANNE   HETHERINOTOX,      j 

TRAVIS   ET    MANONAIX,   ABCHITECTIS. 

MO  KAY   ET   BI.ACKSTOCK,    CONDITORIBIS. 

LAUS    DEO." 

The  church  is  in  the  Early  Enfjlisli  style,  temp. 
Edward  I.,  and  consists  of  nave,  side  aisles,  chapel, 
chancel,  south  porch,  north  vestry,  and  fine  western 
tower,  surmountnd  with  parapets  and  pinnacles.  The 
material  is  the  red  sandstone  of  the  county.  Dimen- 
sions— nave  71  (net  10  inches  by  40  feet,  chancel 
30  feet  by  15  feet  0  inches.  Piers  circular  and  multiaa- 
gular  alternately.  The  pulpit,  of  stone,  is  on  the  north 
bide  of  the  chancel  arch,  and  the  reading-desk  on  the 
south  side.  The  seats  are  open  and  uniform,  with 
finials  at  the  end.  There  are  fine,  well-executed  win- 
dows, containing  the  Crucifixion,  the  Ilcsurrection,  the 
Ascension,  with  sacred  devices  and  monograms.  These 
wore  erected  by  special  subscription.  The  window  in 
the  JIusgravc  chapol  contains  the  arms  of  the  Mus- 
grave  family  and  otliers.  It  was  given  by  Sir  George 
Musgrave,  Bart.,  of  Eden  Hall,  and  Sir  James  Mus- 
grave,  Bart.,  of  Barnsloy  Park,  Gloucestershire.  The 
windows  are  by  Scott,  of  Carlisle,  upon  whom  they 
retiect  the  highest  credit,  for  the  great  sldll  and 
exquisite  taste  displayed  in  their  execution.  Mr. 
Scott  has  recently  executed  a  handsome  window  in  the 
south  side  of  the  chancel,  to  the  memoiy  of  the  Hev.  E. 
Thompson,  formerly  vicar  of  the  parish.  It  is  the  gift 
of  his  only  son,  Lieut.  Eilward  Thompson,  of  the  Tth 
Hussars.  C)ver  the  communion-table  is  the  inscription 
•'  Do  this  in  remembrance  of  me."  The  tables  of  the 
Decalogue  are  in  harmony  with  the  other  arrange- 
ments, which  are  in  all  respects  complete.  In  the 
rebuilding  of  the  church,  the  architectural  features  of 
iho  old  structure  which  it  has  replaced  have  been 
preserved  as  far  as  possible,  amongst  which  are  a  fine 
N'orman  doorway  and  a  beautiful  Norman  arch  between 
the  nave  and  chancel,  a  view  of  which  appears  in  Sir 
Walter  Scotfs,  "  Border  Antiquities."  The  old  Nor- 
man font  has  also  been  preserved,  and  the  ancient 
dormitory  of  the  house  of  Haytou  and  afterwards  of 
the  Musgrave  family  has  been  restored.     The  monu- 

32  a 


mental  tablets  and  other  memorials  of  the  departed 
have  likewise  been  piously  preserved,  and  placed  upon 
the  walls  in  situations  corresponding  with  the  old 
arrangements,  so  that  with  the  exception  of  the  organ 
and  a  peal  of  bells  (there  is  one  of  great  sweetness  of 
tone,)  the  church  is  complete.  The  architects  were 
Messrs.  Travis  and  Mangnall,  and  the  builders  Messrs. 
McKay  and  Blackstock.  The  expense  of  rebuilding 
and  restoration  amounted  to  about£?,000,  nearly  £1 ,000 
more  than  the  original  estimate.  About  £1,950  of  this 
sum  was  collected  by  private  subscripton ;  the  Church 
Building  Society,  gave  £'250  ;  and  £600  was  raised  by 
a  parish  rate,  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  tho  vestry. 
The  church  was  consecrated  on  the  6th  June,  1848. 

The  church  of  Aspatria  was  given  by  the  first  lord 
of  Allerdale  to  the  prior  and  convent  of  Carlisle, 
which  grant  was  confirmed  by  Henry  II.  and  Edward 
III.  It  was  formerly  rectorial,  but  is  now  a  vicarage, 
the  advowson  of  which  has  always  belonged  to*  the 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  to  whom  the  great  tithes  wore  appro- 
priated till  the  year  1S13,  when,  under  the  Enclosure 
Act,  allotments  of  land  were  given  in  lieu  of  them  to 
the  appropriator  and  vicar.  The  benefice  is  valued  in 
the  King's  Book  at  £10  4s.  3d.,  and  was  certified  to 
the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  as  of  the  annual 
value  of  £100;  it  is  now  worth  about  £250  per 
annum.     The  parish  register  commences  in  1000. 

Vicars. — Alan  de  Homcastle,   1309 ;  Ricliard  do   Melburu, 

I-TIS  ;  Nicholas  de  Stroveton, ;  Robert  Bully,  1H3;! ;  Adam 

Deincourt, ;   Eoger  do  Lodes,  1357  ;  Adam  do  Alenburgb, 

i:j58  ;  ^VilIiam  de  Arthuret,  1380  ;  Robort  de  I'ontefract, ; 

Adam  I'ouward,  13S5 ;  William  Sandes,  liii  ;  Edward  Mitchell, 

;    Anthony    Thwaites,    15115;    Lancelot    Dawson,    157b; 

Wilham  Orboll,  1010  ;  Matthew  Braddell,  1017  ;  Thomas 
Warwick,  10311 ;  Francis  Palmer,  lOCl  ;  Richard  Holme,  lOSG  ; 
George  Fleming,  1GU5 ;  Robert  Hume,  1703  ;  Band  Bell,  1700  ; 
John  Briscoe,  17i?'J  ;  William  Gilpin,  1771 ;  WiUiam  Fernyhough, 
1793;  John  C.  Gilbauks,  1815;  Edwai'd  Thompson,  1S37 : 
Edwiu-d  Salkeld,  1S38. 

The  vicarage  was  erected  in  1 714. 

There  is  an  Independent  chapel  here,  a  small  stone 
building  erected  by  subscription  in  1827,  and  pos- 
sessing accommodation  for  about  300  persons. 

The  National  School  occupies  a  neat  stone  building 
erected  by  subscription  in  1825,  at  a  cost  of  about 
£160.  It  is  under  government  inspection,  supported 
by  quarter  pence  and  donations,  and  lias  an  avci^age 
attendance  of  upwards  of  100  children.  It  is  conducted 
by  a  master,  two  pupil  teachers,  and  a  paid  monitor. 

There  is  also  a  girls'  school,  erected  in  1837,  by  Sir 
Wilfrid  Lawson,  which  is  attended  by  about  40  children. 

CHARITIES. 

air  Thomas  Mttsgraves  Charity : — "  Sir  Thomas  Mus- 
grave, by  a  codicil  to  his  will,  dated  10th  November. 


206 


AtLERDALE  -  BELOW-  DERWENT  WAKD. 


1811,  directed  his  executors  to  transfer  to  tlie  minister 
and  churchwardens  of  Aspatria  for  the  time  being 
£333  (is.  >^d..  three-per-cent.  reduced,  upon  such  minister 
and  churchwardens  becoming  bound  by  a  proper  deed 
of  covenant,  that  they  and  their  successors  should  for 
ever  after,  out  of  the  dividends,  keep  the  dormitory  of 
the  testator's  family  and  the  monuments  therein  in 
good  repair  and  condition,  and  well  painted  and 
cleansed  ;  and  that  if  from  time  to  time  there  should  be 
any  surplus,  it  should  be  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of 
bread,  or  other  useful  food,  to  be  distributed  among  the 
industrious  poor  of  the  said  parish,  at  their  discretion, 
and  that  a  memorial  thereof  should  be  hung  up  in  a 
conspicuous  part  of  the  church."  This  sum  of  .£333  Os. 
8d.  is  now  standing  iu  the  name  of  the  trustees,  and  the 
dividends,  amounting  to  £10  a  year,  lU-e  apphed  as 
directed  by  the  testator. 

Thomas  Donald's  Chanty. — Mr.  Thomas  Donald,  iu 
18-15,  left  £450,  the  interest  of  which  is  distributed  in 
coals  and  flour  to  the  poor,  imder  the  direction  of  the 
trustees,  the  vicar,  and  churchwardens  for  the  time 
being. 

In  this  township  there  are  a  saw  mill,  a  brewery,  and 
several  stone  quarries. 

Brayton  is  another  manor  iu  this  township.  It  was 
oiven  by  Alan,  second  lord  of  AUerdale,  to  Ughtred, 
whose  posterity  assumed  the  name  of  Brajton,  and  resi- 
ded here.  From  the  inquisition  above  quoted  we  learn 
that,  in  1578,  William  Bewly  held  Brayton  by  fealty 
only,  sometime  the  lands  of  the  Bishop  of  Cai'lisle,  in 
free  alms.  It  afterwards  came  into  the  possession  of 
a  3'ounger  branch  of  the  Salkeld  family,  from  whose 
co-heiresses  it  was  purchased  in  the  early  part  of  the 
last  century  by  an  ancestor  of  its  present  possessor, 
Sir  Wilfrid  Lawsou,  Bart. 

Brayton,  the  seat  of  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart.,  is  a 
fine  mansion,  occupying  a  pleasant  situation,  one  and 
a  half  miles  east-by-north  of  Aspatria,  and  seven  miles 
south-west-by-south  of  Wigton. 

^abjsBits  of  glrantou. 

This  family  deduces  its  descent  from 

John  Liwsou,  Trho,  in  the  first  year  of  Henry  III.,  was 
lord  of  Fawkesgrave,  in  Yorkshire ;  and  from  him,  through  a 
long  line  of  eminent  ancestors,  descended  [ 

SiK  WttFRiD  Lawson,   Knight,  who  married  the  widow  of       ' 
Thomas  Lee,  Esq.,  of  Isell,  in  Cumberland,  and  thus  acquired 
that  estate.     Sir  Wilfrid  died  without  children,  and  bequeathed 
his  property  to  his  nephew, 

William  Lawson,  Esq.,  whose  son  and  successor, 

Wilfrid  Lawson,  Esq.,  of  Isell,  wa,^  created  a  haronet  by 
James  II.  Sir  Wilfrid  married  Jane,  daughter  of  Sir  Edward 
Mnsgrave,  Bart ,  of  Hay  ton  Castle,  and  had  issue, 


I.  William,  who    morriecl  Slilcha,   daughter  of  Sir  William 
Su-icklniid,  Bart.,  of  Boynlon.  in  Yorkshire ;  and  dying  brfore 
his  father,  left  (  ritb  two  diiugUlcra  > 
AViLFUiD,  successor  to  ihe  baronetcy. 

n.  Wilfrid,  of  Brayton,  mnrricil  Surah,  daughter  and  coheir  of 
James,  Esq.,  of  Washington,  in  Durham  ;  and  left 

.V  ^"'''""''l-fiHi  and  7th  baronets. 
i.  Alfred,  J 

The  baronet  represented  the  county  of  Cumberland  in  the 
Kestoration  Parliament.  He  died  in  JG8H,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  grandson, 

SiK  WiLFKiD  Lawson,  and  baronet,  M.P.  for  Cockermouth. 
This  gentleman  married  Elizabeth,  only  daughter  and  heir  of 
George  Preston,  Esq.,  of  HolUer,  in  Lancashire ;  and  dying  in 
1704,  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

SiE  WiLFRiu  Lay,son,  3rd  baronet,  M.P.  for  Cockermouth, 
one  of  the  grooms  of  the  bedchamber  to  George  I.  Ho  mai-- 
ried  Elizabeth  Lucy,  daughter  of  the  Hon.  Henry  Mordaunt, 
and  niece  of  the  Earl  of  Peterborough;  and  dying  in  17-37,  was 
succeeded  by  his  elder  son, 

SiE  Wi:i-Em  L.iw^soN,  -Ith  baronet,  who  died  in  infancy,  and 
wa."!  succeeded  by'his  brother. 

Sir  Mord.vxtnt  Lawson,  ."ith  baronet,  at  whose  decease,  in 
minority  (1743),  the  title  and  estate  devolved  upon  his  cousin, 
(reter  to  issue  of  Wilfrid,  second  son  of  1st  baronet) 

Sir  Gilfrid  Lawson,  6lh  baronet,  who  was  succeeded  in 
1749  by  his  brother, 

Sn*.  Alfred  Lawson,  7th  baronet.  This  gentleman  died  in 
1752,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  8th  baronet,  who  was  sheriff  of  Cum- 
berland in  175C,  and  M.P.  for  the  same  county  in  1701.  He 
died  without  issue,  the  next  year,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
brother. 

Sir  tinjnrD  Lawson,  0th  baronet.  This  gentleman  married 
Amelia,  daughter  of  John  Lovett,  Esq. ;  and  dying  about  the 
year  1704,  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  10th  baronet,  who  man-icd  .\nne, 
daughter  of  John  Hartley,  Esq.,  of  Whitehaven  ;  but  ha^iDg  no 
issue,  the  baronetcy  expired  at  his  decease  in  ISOG,  when  the 
Lawson  estates  passed,  by  Sir  WiKrid's  will,  to  the  nephew  of 
Ids  wife, 

Thomas  Wybergh,  Esq.,  second  son  of  Thomas  Wybergh 
Esq.,  of  CUt'ton  Hall,  Westmoreland,  by  Isabell.i,  daughter  of 
John  Hai'tley,  I^sq.,  and  sister  of  Lady  Lawson.  3Ir.  Wybergh, 
upon  inheriting  those  estates,  assumed  the  siu-name  and  arms 
of  Lawson.  He  died  without  issue,  in  1S1~',  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  brother, 

Wilfrid  Wybergh,  Esq.,  who  thereupon  likewise  assumed 
the  names  and  arms  of  Lawson.  This  gentleman,  boni 
."ith  October,  179.'),  married  20th  June,  1821,  Caroline,  third 
daughter  of  the  late  Sir  James  Graham,  Bart.,  of  Xelherby, 
and  has  issue, 

I.  Wilfrid,  bom  4th  September,  1829. 

II.  Alfred,  died  18 J4. 

III.  (Ulfrid,  bom  2(>lh  December,  1833. 

IV.  WUlinm,  bom  24th  August,  1836. 

I.  Caroline.     II.  Maria,     iii.  Elizabeth,     it.  Catherine. 
Sir  Wilfrid  was  created  a  baronet  15th  September,  1831. 
Antix, — Per  pale,  arg.  and  sa.,  a  cbcvron  cnuuter  changed. 
Crest. — Two  flexed  arms,  arg.,  supporting  the  sun,  ppr. 
Mvtio. — Quod  honestum  utile. 

HATTON   AND    MELAY. 

This  township  contains  1,071  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  is  £'1,865  14s.  The  number  of  its  inhabitants 
in  1801  was  174;  in  1811,  193;  in  1821,  241; 
in  1831,  2o3;  in  1841,  378;  and  in  1851,  401. 


ASPATEIA   PAEISH. 


20; 


The  manor  of  ll^yton  was  granted  by  Alan,  lord  of 
AUerdale  to  bis  huntsman  Schtf,  whose  posterity  took 
the  name  of  De  Ilayton.  From  the  Haytons  the  manor 
was  brought  by  marriage  to  tlie  ilulcasters,  one  of 
whom,  Robert  de  !!\Iulcaster,  maiTied  the  daughter  and 
heir  of  John  de  Haytou,  the  last  of  the  name.  It  came 
into  the  possession  of  the  Tilliol  family  in  a  similar 
manner,  and  having  been  held  by  them  for  eight 
descents,  came  to  two  sisters,  coheirs,  Isabel  and  Mar- 
garet, the  former  of  whom  becoming  the  wife  of  John 
Colville,  had  Haytou  as  lier  share;  the  latter  married  a 
iloresby.  Isabel,  wife  of  John  Colville,  had  two  sons, 
William  and  Robert.  William  Colville,  the  elder, 
succeeded  his  mother  in  her  pait  of  the  Tilliol's  lands, 
and  died  in  14S0,  without  issue  male,  leaving  two 
daughters  coheirs,  who,  marryiug  two  of  the  I\Iusgraves, 
brought  Hayton  to  that  family.  An  inquisition  taken 
in  1078  informs  us  that  "William  Musgrave,  Esq., 
holdeth  the  manor  of  ilayton,  sometimes  the  laud  of 
Peter  Tilliol,  and  late  the  land  of  Anthony  Colwel,  by 
homage,  fealtie,  and  suit  of  court  from  three  weeks  to 
three  weeks,  Serjeants'  food,  and  pnyi^tli  for  coruage, 
4s.  Od.;  seawake.  Is.;  tui'nsilver,  3s.  lOd. ;  and  for 
fee-farm,  astank,  and  turbary,  20s.:  in  toto,  29s.  4d." 
Hayton  continued  to  bo  held  by  the  Musgraves  till 
the  death  of  Sir  Richard  Musgrave,  the  fifth  baronet, 
when  it  became  the  property  of  his  daughter  Eleanor, 
who  married  Wilham  JoUilTe,  Esq.,  M.P.,  and  from 
whom  it  has  dsscended  to  its  present  possessor,  Charles 
JoUiffe,  Esq.,  the  present  lord  of  the  manor. 

The  ancient  mansion  of  Hayton  Castle  is  now  occu- 
pied as  a  farmhouse.  It  is  said  to  have  stood  a  long 
siege  by  the  parliamentarians,  and  to  have  been  rebuilt 
by  Sir  Richard  JIusgrave,  after  the  restoration.  For- 
merly there  was  a  chapel  of  ease  adjacent  to  the  castle, 
which  continued  in  use  till  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century,  when  it  was  suflercd  to  fall  into  decay,  and  no 
trace  of  it  can  now  b(!  found.  It  appears  from  an  Act 
(3th  Edward  I.,  that  the  ilulcaster  family  had  in  ancient 
times  a  market  at  Hayton  on  Tuesdays,  and  a  fair  for 
three  days  at  the  festival  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene.  The 
principiU  landowners  are  Charles  Jollilfe,  Esq. ;  Sir 
.lames  Jlusgrave,  Bart.;  Mrs.  Dykes,  William  Paisley, 
William  Thoniburn,  John  Waite,  John  Atki^on, 
Thomas  Beeby,  .'Viin  Blackburn,  Joseph  Hetherington, 
.lospph  Wilson,  John  Dalzell,  Michael  Foster,  Joseph 
Donald,  lUibert  Beaty,  Robert  Xicholsou,  J.  Jackson, 
and  Mrs.  Fearon.  ■  The  tithes  of  the  township  were 
commuted  in  1840.  Tiie  great  tithes  for  £200 ;  the 
vicar's  for  £25  ;   L'lC  a  year  was  set  aside  for  hay  tithe. 

The  village  of  Hayton  is  about  one  and  a  half  miles 
west  of  Aspatria.     Here  is  an  Independent  Chapel,  a 


small  stone  building,  erected  by  subscription  in  1844, 
and  attended  by  the  Aspatria  minister.  There  is  also 
a  day  and  Sunday-school,  which  was  built  by  subscrip- 
tion in  184",).  It  is  supported  by  the  quarter  pence  of 
the  pupUs,  and  has  an  average  attendance  of  25 
children. 

Melay,  is  a  small  hamlet  in  this  township,  near  the 
sea. 

^usgrafac  of  ^jngton. 

This  is  a  branch  of  the  Musgraves  of  Eden  Hall, 
springing  from 

NicnoLAs  MusGKAVE,  J.sf].,  tliirj  son  of  Sir  John  Musgrave, 
Knt.,  ami  his  wife  Joan,  dauyliter  and  co-heir  of  Sir  ■\Yilliam  de 
Stapleton,  of  Edenhall;  which  Nicholas  luarxied,  in  or  about  the 
time  of  Henry  VI ,  JIai-garet,  daughter  and  heiress  of  William 
Colville,  Esq.,  of  Hayton  Coslle,  co.  Cumberland,  and  thereby 
acquired  that  estate.  He  died  in  li31,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  son, 

Thomas  Musgeave,  Esq.,  of  Hayton  Castle,  who  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Lord  Dacre,  of  GilslauJ  ;  and,  dying  in 
1500,  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

WiLLiAii  Musgeave,  Esq.,  of  Hayton  Castle.  This  gentle- 
man married  Isabel,  duughtor  and  co-hciress  of  James  Martin- 
dale,  Esq.,  of  Kewton  in  Cumberland,  in  whose  right  the  manor 
of  Newton  came  into  the  family.  He  died  in  1032,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  son, 

Sir  EDWAitu  Musgrave,  Knight,  who  married  Catherine, 
daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  I'enruJdock  of  Exeter,  and  had  a  son, 
William.  Sir  Edward  was  Iord-lieuten.int  and  custos  rotulorum 
of  the  county  of  Cumberland  He  was  also  justice  of  oyer 
and  terminer,  and  sit  as  judge  at  Cailisle.  He  died  in  1597, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

William  Musgrave,  Esq.,  of  Hayton  Castle,  who  married 
Catherine  Sherburne,  a  co-heiress  of  tlie  family  of  Sir  Nicholas 
Sherburne,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

I'^DWARD  Musgeave,  Es(i.,  of  Haytou  Castle,  who  was  created 
a  Baronet  of  Nova  Scotia  in  lC3f .  Sir  Edward  married  Mary, 
daughter  of  Sir  llichard  Gruham,  Baiu,  of  Nelherby,  by  whom 
he  had  three  sons  and  four  diuighters.  The  baronet  was  a  dis- 
tinguished supporter  of  the  royal  cause,  and  was  made  colonel, 
by  Chailes  I.,  of  a  regiment  which  ho  had  raised  and  maintained 
at  his  own  expense.  To  sustain,  however,  the  heavy  charge,  be 
was  necessitated  to  alienate  estates  of  more  than  i'.i,000  a  yeai-. 
Sir  Edward  attended  Ctailes  II.  at  the  Battle  of  Worcester,  and 
when  the  prince's  liorse  was  shot  under  him,  dismounted  and 
supplied  him  with  his  own.  After  the  defeat  he  fled  into  Scot- 
land, and  was  protected  by  the  Duke  of  Gordon,  until  Cromwell, 
finding  him  out,  despatched  a  message  to  the  duke,  "  That  if 
he  did  not  forthwith  deliver  up  Ned  Musgrave,  that  arch  rebel, 
he  would  send  a  troop  of  horse  and  storm  the  castle."  Sir 
Edwoi-d  was  then  forced  10  lly  '"  '•'«  I*'''  "f  ^'"^<  where  he  soon 
after  died,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son. 

Sir  lliriiAHi),  who  married  Dorolliy,  daughter  of  William 
Jaiues,  Es<].,  of  Washington,  co.  Durham,  through  whom  the 
manor  of  Washington  come  into  the  family,  and  by  whom  be 
had  (with  daughters), 

I.  Itlc'iiAiii),  his  .successor. 

u.  Willinm,  a  lliunburgh  merchant  It  Ncwctst]e.on-Tjiie,  who 

died  wilhuiit  isauc. 
III.  Joiucs,  in  liol)-  orders,  r«clor  of  Gninsdcn,  in  Cnuibridge- 

shire;  mamcd  Catherine, daughter  of  Jauies  Peirott,  uf 

BunileT,  and  bad  a  ion, 


208 


ALLERDALE -BELOW. DERWENT  WARD. 


The  Rev.  James  MusonAVE,  of  Chinnor,  co.  Oxford, 
who  married  Miss  Huggins,  and  was  father  of 
James,  wlio  inherited  as  eightli  liaroiiet,  at  th-j 
death  of  his  kiasuiiui,  Sir  Thomas,  in  181"^, 

Sir  Richard  rebuilt  from  the  ground  Hayton  Castle,  which  had 
suffered  so  njuoh  during  the  civil  wars.  He  died  in  ]710,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Sir  Richard,  M.P.  for  the  county  of  Cumberland,  temp. 
William  III.  and  Queen  Anne.  He  died  in  1711,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  eldest  son, 

Sir  KicniRD.  This  gentleman  married  Anne,  sister  of  John 
Hylton,  Esq.,  of  Uylton  Castle,  co.  Durham,  and  dying  in  17.3I), 
left  three  sons,  successive  baronets,  ile  was  succeeded  by  the 
eldest, 

Sir  Richard,  who  assumed  the  surname  of  Hylton  (his  only 
daughter,  Eleanor,  married  William  JoUiffe,  Esq.,  M.P.),  and 
was  succeeded  in  the  baronetcy  by  his  next  broUicr, 

Sir  WiixiAM,  who  married  Isabel,  Countess  Dowager  of  Car- 
lisle, and  daughter  of  WiUiani,  Lord  Byron,  but  had  uo  issue. 
The  title  devolved  upon  his  only  surviving  brother, 

Sir  Thomas,  who  died  without  issue,  December  31, 1812,  when 
the  baronetey  devolved  upon  his  kinsman. 

Sir  James  (refer  to  the  Rer.  James  Musgrave,  son  of  the 
second  bai-onet).     This  gentleman  married,  in  1781,  Clarissa, 

daughter  of Elackall,  Esq.,  and,  dying  April  27,  1814,  left 

issue, 

I.  James,  the  present  bai'onet. 

II.  William  Augustus,  in  holy  orders. 

III.  Thomas  Henry,  deceased. 

IV.  Richard  Adolphus,  married  Miss  Lowther,  and  died  leaving 

three  daughters. 

V.  John  Knightlcy,  deceased. 

I.  Georgiana,  married  in  June,  1S3G,  to  Aubrey  Wenham  Wyke- 
ham,  Esq.,  of  Tyihrop  House,  Oxon. 

Sir  James  was  succeeded  by  his  son. 
Sir  James  Musgkave,  Bart,  of  Hayton  ;  born  May  24,  1785. 
Arms. — Az.,  six  annulets,  three,  two,  and  one. 
Crest.  —  Two  arms  in  armour,  embowed,  sustaining  the  sun,  ppr. 
Seat. — Bamsley  Park,  Cirencester,  Gloucestershire. 

OUOHTEKSIDE    AND    ALLERBY. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  2,160  acres.  It  con- 
tained in  1801,  209  inhabitants;  in  1811,  249;  in 
1821,  347;  in  1831,  381;  in  1841,  555 ;  and  in  185], 
002.  The  soil  here  is  brown  and  gravelly,  chiefly 
resting  on  red  sandstone.  The  township  is  intersected 
by  the  Maryport  and  Carlisle  railway.  The  commons 
were  enclosed  in  1816.  Tliere  is  only  one  coal-mine  in 
this  township  in  operation  at  present  (1 858j ;  it  is  worked 
by  J.  HaiTis,  Esq.,  of  Greysouthen.  The  depth  of  tlie 
shaft  is  about  seventy  fathoms.  The  population  is  much 
scattered  over  the  township — the  farm  buildings  being 
at  the  extreme  ends  and  centre — and  the  mining  part 
of  the  population  generally  live  in  a  few  cottages  built 
near  the  different  coal  pits,  with  part  in  the  village. 

The  manor  of  Oughterside,  Outerby,  or  Uchtredby, 
took  its  name  from  Uchtred,  to  whom  it  was  granted 
by  Alan,  second  lord  of  Allerdale.  From  the  inquisi- 
tion taken  in  1578,  we  learn  the  following  particulars 
of  Oughterside:  —  Anthony  Barwis,  Esq.,  holdeth 
certain  lands  and  tenements  in  Ulterside,  late   the 


lands  of  Edward  !Musgravc,  and  sometime  the  lands 
of  Wilham  Stapleton,  by  homage,  fealtie  and  suit  of 
court,  cornage,  seawake,  and  Serjeant's  food,  and  payeth 
yearly  'Id.  \Villiam  Orphewrc  holdeth  certain  lands 
and  tenements  at  Ulterside,  late  the  lands  of  William 
English,  by  like  services,  and  renders  2d.  WilUam 
Osmotherlcy  holdeth,  at  Ulterside  aforesaid,  certain 
lands  and  tenements,  late  the  lands  of  William  Coulterd, 
by  like  service,  and  renders  per  annum  2d.  The  tenants 
of  Ulterside  pay  yearly  amongst  themselves,  for  cornage, 
4s.  Od. ;  for  seawake,  7d. ;  for  turnsilver,  Is.  3d. ;  in 
toto,  Gs.  4d.  It  was  for  several  generations  in  the 
Orfeur  family,  from  whom  it  was  purchased  by  the 
Lawsons,  and  is  now  held  by  Sir  W^ilfrid  Lawson,  Bart. 
There  is  an  old  building  at  Oughterside  called  the 
Old  Hall,  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  place  of 
consequence,  and  upwards  of  seventy  years  ago  a  road 
four  yards  broad,  supposed  to  be  Roman,  was  discovered 
leading  from  Oughterside  to  Allerby.  In  a  letter  on  the 
old  church  of  Aspatria,  published  in  the  Cumberland 
Faeqiiet,  June  24th,  1844,  Dr.  W'ilkinsou,  of  Asjiatria, 
says,  "It  is  stated  that  Alan  de  Horncastle  was  the 
first  incumbent  of  Aspatria,  in  1309  ;  that  upwards  of 
a  century  ago,  at  the  east  end  of  the  church,  a  stone 
cofBn  was  found,  on  the  lid  of  which,  composed  of 
solid  "stone,  was  inscribed  "  Hie  .Tacet  13artholoraeus  de 
Uchtersat."  This  tomb  is  supposed  to  have  apper- 
tained to  an  ecclesiastic,  and,  by  the  character,  appears 
to  have  been  of  much  greater  antiquity  than  1309.  It 
is  believed  that  the  said  Bartholomeus  de  Uchtersat 
resided  at  the  Old  IlaU  in  Oughterside.  The  stone 
lid  of  the  coffin  is  now  placed  in  the  east  wall  of  the 
churchyard,  near  the  vicarage  house."  Some  traces  of 
a  Eoman  road  leading  towards  Ellenborough  have  been 
found  in  this  township. 

The  manor  of  Allerby.  or  Alwardby,  so  called  from 
Alward,  the  first  recorded  proprietor,  gave  name  to  the 
family  of  Allerby,  whose  heiress  brought  it  in  marriage 
to  the  family  of  Porter,  one  of  whom,  William  Porter, 
in  1543,  held  it  of  the  king  in  capite,  rendering  for  the 
same,  yearly,  3d.  cornage,  and  8d.  seawake,  with  other 
services  due  and  accustomed.  In  1578,  Thomas  Porter 
and  Elizabeth,  his  wife,  held  the  manor  of  Crosby  and 
Allerby,  "  sometime  the  lands  of  John  Derwentwater, 
and  late  the  lands  of  William  Porter,  father  of  the  said 
Thomas,  by  homage,  coniage,  Serjeant's  food,  seawake, 
and  turnsilver,  rendering  per  annum  1 1  s.  8d.''  The  last 
of  the  Porters  having  no  child,  made  his  wife  joint  tenant 
with  himself,  and  she,  surviving,  afterwards  married  a 
yoimger  brother  of  the  Eaglesfields,  in  whose  family  it 
continued  for  several  generations.  It  was  purchased  of 
their  descendant,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth 


BOLTON  PARISH. 


yo9 


century,  l)y  Richard  Lamplugh,  Esq.,  of  Dovenby,  but 
is  now  the  property  of  several  freeholders. 

The  principal  landowners  of  the  township  are  F.  L. 
B.  Dykes,  Es(i. ;  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson ;  Jlessrs.  John 
Todd,  Joseph  Llayton,  Wilfrid  Hind,  Joseph  Simm, 
Matthew  Wilson,  James  Elliott,  John  Shaw,  William 
Thompson  ;  Mrs.  Sealby,  Mrs.  Nicholson,  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale,  and  General  Wyudham.  The  commons  were 
enclosed  about  the  year  1 824. 


The  village  of  Oughtorsidc  is  situated  on  the  north 
side  of  the  river  EUen,  one  and  a  half  miles  west-south- 
west of  Aspatria.  Here  is  a  school  €rected  by  Sir 
Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart.,  which  serves  as  a  Sunday-school 
and  place  of  worsliip  for  the  Lidepcndents. 

The  village  of  Merby  is  about  four  miles  east-north- 
east of  Maryport,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the  birth- 
place of  Robert  Eaglesfield,  founder  of  Queen's  College, 
0.\ford. 


BOLTON    PARISH. 

Tins  parish  is  bounded  by  Thomtliwaito  Close  Beck,  from  its  source  to  where  it  falls  into  the  Waver,  up  the 
Waver  to  Little  Gill  above  Blathwaite  on  the  west  side  of  the  Waver,  and  to  the  head  of  the  gill,  then  north- 
west to  the  Crummock,  up  the  Crummock  southwards  to  I'riestcroft,  thence  south-west  to  Mealsgate,  thence 
along  Dowbeck  to  Whitehall  Park  Wall,  thence  along  the  Cockcrmouth  road  .to  Cockbridge,  thence  up  the  Ellen 
to  Ireby  Bridge  End,  up  Birkby  Beck  by  Aughertree  to  its  source,  turning  east  thence  to  Thorny  Stone,  and 
so  to  the  top  of  Sandale,  running  north  on  the  tops  of  the  hills  to  Thornthwaitc.  The  parish  award,  and  the 
maps  made  on  the  commutation  of  tithes,  are  kept  at  the  rectoiy.  The  parish  comprises  the  townships  of 
iiolton  Ilighsidc  and  Bolton  Lowsidc,  the  inhabitants  of  which  are  principally  located  in  tile  several  hamlets  of  Bolton- 
gatc,  Mealsgate,  Sandale,  Bolton  Lowhouses,  Bolton  Ncwhouses,  and  Bolton  Wood  Lane,  with  a  few  scattered 
houses.  The  occupation  of  the  inhabitants  is  principally  agriculture  and  mining  —  there  is  at  present  only 
one  coal-mine  working.  Wigton,  Keswick,  and  Coekermoulh  are  the  markets  attended.  The  old  Roman  road, 
from  EUenborough  to  Old  Carhsle,  must  have  gone  through  one  corner  of  the  parish. 

BOLTON    HIGHSIDE. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  S,S~t>  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £'2,477.  The  population  in  1801  was 
ii32;  in  1811,  307:  in  1821,  321:  in  1831,  332;  in 
1«41,  312:  andinl8.jl,  305. 

The  manor  of  Bolton  was  given  by  Alan,  lord  of 
AUerdale,  to  Gospatrick,  his  bastard  brother,  whose 
posterity  assumed  the  name  of  Bassanthwaite,  from 
whoso  family  it  passed  to  the  Lascelles,  one  of  whom, 
Tlioraas  do  Lascelles,  was  lord  of  Bolton  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  II T.  He  married  Christian,  daughter  of 
William  do  Ireby,  and  confirmed  to  tlie  abbot  and 
monks  of  Holme  Cultram,  the  hermitage  of  St.  Hilda, 
and  granted  them  commons  in  Bolton.  His  widow, 
Clirisiian  de  Ireby,  afterwards  married  Robert  Bruce, 
and  died  iu  1305,  seised  of  Heselspring  in  Westward, 
(iamelsby  and  Unthank-beyond-Eden,  and  of  Market 
I  ruby,  which  latter  place  she  held  of  John  Boyvill, 
lord  of  Timrsby.  It  subsequently  became  the  pro[icrty 
of  the  Jloubrays,  by  one  of  whom,  Geoffrey  do  JIou- 
bray,  it  was  forfeited,  in  consequence  of  his  taking  part 
witti  the  Scots,  28  Edward  I.,  but  was  restored  three 
years  later  to  his  son  John,  who  luul  returned  to  his 
allegiance,  and  done  fealty  to  the  king.  From  tlu! 
Moubrays  it  passed  to  tho  Nevilles,  from  whom  it 
descended  through  the   Percys  to  the  Earl  of  l^gre- 


mont,  and'is  now  held  by  General  Wyndham,  whose 
tenants  hero  are  mostly  customary,  paying  rents, 
heriots,  and  a  tenpenny  fine  :  but  a  few  of  the  farms 
have  been  enfranchised.  The  priucijial  landowners, 
in  addition  to  the  lord  of  the  manor,  are  Miss  Scott ; 
G.  Moore,  Esq.;  N.  TarditT,  Esq.;  John  Watson,  Esq.; 
W.  Addison,  Esq. ;  Dr.  James  Cowan ;  J.  Harris,  Esq. ; 
Messrs.  Thomas  Robinson,  Isaac  Scott,  Thomas  Cape, 
and  Joseph  Barnes. 

Bolton  Gate  village  is  about  sis  miles  south-by-west 
of  Wigton,  where  the  church  is  situated. 

'the  chbech. 
The  church  is  an  ancient  cruciform  structure,  dedi- 
cated to  All  Saints,  with  a  stone  arched  roof,  and  is 
traditionally  said  to  have  been  built  in  one  night  by 
the  imps  at  the  command  of  the  wizard  ilichael  Scott. 
•Tho  benefice  is  a  rectory,  valued  in  tho  King's  Book  at 
£19  18s.  4d.,  and  now  worth  about  i'  l.')0.  The  ad  vow- 
son  of  tlie  rectory  was  annciced  to  the  manor  till  about 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  when  it  camo  into  tho 
possession  of  the  Porters,  of  Weary  Hall,  to  whom 
it  belonged  for  many  years.  It  was  afterwards  in 
tho  Thomsons,  of  Kellam,  in  Yorkshire,  and  is  now 
vested  in  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  tithes  were  com- 
muted in  1844  for  £437   Us.  4d.,  viz.  1220  4s.  4d. 


210 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW-  DERWENT   WARD. 


for  Higlisii.le,  aud  i''-iJ7  7s.  for  Lowsido  towuship. 
The  parish  register  extends  frorn  1011  to  the  present 
time,  but  is  much  defaced,  etc. 

Rectors. —  Simon  ile  Josemwy,  V^d'i;   Robert  de  Appleby, 

l:!10;  Henry  de  Appleby,  ;  Robert  Bo\iU,  ;  John  do 

WhitriJ^'O,  1341 ;   'NViUiara  de  Ebor,  l;!53  ;    ,\dam  do  Crosby, 

I3(il;  George  Xeville,  ;  William  Turner,  loO";  William 

Eairfax,  1692;  Daniel  Hicksletter,  IfiCj;  Michael  Robinson, 
16s6;  Gnstavus  Thompson,  1702;   Obadiah  Yates,  1710;  Adam 

.\skew,  1752 ;  Daniel  Fisher,  1701  ;  Robert  Wates, ;  Henry 

Lowther,  1823. 

There  is  a  parsonage  house. 

The  (Juakcrs  and  Methodists  have  meeting  houses  in 
the  parish,  both  situated  at  Low  Houses. 

The  National  School  was  erected  in  1854,  at  a  cost 
of  about  £'000.  It  is  under  government  inspection,  and 
is  supported  by  voluntary  subscriptions ;  average  atten- 
dance, about  fifty.  The  schoolroom  is  licensed  for 
worship  on  Sunday  afternoons. 

CHABITY. 

Scott's  Charity. — By  a  terrier  of  this  parish,  dated 
18th  November,  1T49,  it  instated  that  "there  is  the 
sum  of  rJs.  a  year  paid  out  of  a  close,  containing  by 
computation  an  acre,  and  called  the  Great  Paddock,  in 
the  hands  of  the  heirs  of  John  Scott,  which  sum  is  paid 
to  the  churchwardens  and  then  given  to  the  poor."  To 
this  statement  is  added,  apparently  in  the  writing  of  the 
rector,  "This  benefaction  is  said  to  have  been  left  by 
one  of  the  Porters  of  Weary  Hall."  An  old  inhabitant 
stated  to  the  chaiity  commissioners,  that  he  heard  this 
charity  was  left  by  one  Thomas  Scott,  for  twelve  poor 
widows.  The  sum  of  ]  2s.  is  paid  every  Easter  for  a 
field  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  Cowan,  to  the  churchwar- 
dens, and  is  by  them  distributed  to  poor  widows. 

BOLTON    LOWSroE. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  403  ;  in 
1811,  008;  in   1821,  802;  in   1831,   893;  in  1841, 


899;  and  in  1851,  700.  The  area  is  4,570  acres,  and 
rateable  value  £3,818.  This  township  includes  the 
hamlets  of  Bolton  Wood,  Newland,  Thornthwaitc  Close, 
Low  Houses,  and  Mealsgate  ;  and  a  colhery,  distant 
from  three  to  four  miles  south  of  Wigton.  The  prin- 
cipal landowners  are  John  Watson,  Esq. ;  John  Harris, 
Esi|. ;  John  Stead,  Esq. ;  John  Cowan,  Esq. ;  Sir  H.  1". 
\'ane,  Bart.;  Messrs.  George  Jloore,  Tliomas  Moore, 
John  Goutch,  John  Wilson,  Nathan  Tordiff,  John 
Dixon,  William  Addison,  the  trustees  of  the  late  Joseph 
Toild,  William  H.  Charlton,  Esq.,  Joseph  Hodgson, 
and  Jonathan  Welsh. 

Weary  Hall,  the  ancient  seat  of  the  Porters,  is  in  this 
township,  and  was  the  birth- place  of  George  Porter,  aii 
eminent  civilian,  aud  thirty  years  doctor  and  professor 
of  civil  law,  at  Queen's  College,  Cambridge.  He  died 
about  the  year  1030.  The  hall  is  now  a  farm  house,  the 
property  of  John  Harris,  Esq.,  of  Greysouthen. 

Bolton  park,  the  seat  of  John  Watson,  Esq.,  is  a 
beautiful  mansion  erected  about  eighteen  years  ago, 
aud  commands  varied  and  extensive  prospects  of  the 
surrounding  country. 

Mr.  Denton  speaks  of  Newbiggin,  in  Bolton,  as  the 
seat  of  Mr.  John  Relfe,  deputy-clerk  of  the  House  of 
Lords.  The  manor  of  Newbiggin,  which  belonged  to 
the  prior  and  convent  of  Carlisle,  is  now  vested  in  the 
dean  and  chapter.  There  was  formerly  a  manor  of 
Newland  in  this  parish,  belonging  to  the  Mulcaster 
family,  by  whom  it  was  conveyed  to  the  Herclas ;  it 
was  forfeited  to  the  crown  on  the  attainder  of  Andrew 
de  Hercla,  earl  of  Carlisle,  in  1322. 

Bolton  colliery  was  opened  in  1855,  is  the  property 
of  General  Wyndham,  and  worked  by  Mr.  William 
Addison,  of  Bolton  Wood.  It  possesses  one  engine- 
shaft  whose  perpendicular  depth  is  thirty -four  fathoms. 
The  seam  worked  is  about  nine  feet  thick,  aud  affords 
employment  to  about  fifty  persons. 


BROMFIELD   PARISH. 

The  pai-ish  of  Bromfield  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  parish  of  Holme  Cultram,  on  the  west  by  the  new  district 
parish  of  West  Newton,  on  the  south  by  the  parishes  of  Allhallows  and  Aspatria,  and  on  the  east  by  Wigton.  It 
comprises  the  townships  of  Bromfield,  Crookdalo  and  Scales,  Blenoogo,  Duudraw  aud  Kelswick,  and  Langrigg,  part 
of  the  township  of  Langrigg  aud  ilealrigg.  The  inhabitants  are  cleanly  aud  orderly  in  their  habits  of  life,  and  arc 
chiefly  engaged  in  agricultm-e — they  attend  the  markets  held  at  Wigton.  The  Maryport  and  Carlisle  railwav  inter- 
sects the  southern  portion  of  the  parish.  The  soil  here  is  varied  but  fruitful,  and  the  pasturage  is  very  rich.  An 
act  for  the  enclosure  of  the  parish  was  passed  in  1 812. 


BROMFIELD  PARISH. 


211 


BROMFIELD. 

The  area  of  Bromlield  township,  inclusive  of  that  of 
Langrigg  and  Jleahigg,  is  8,270  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  is  £'^,237  :is.  4d.  The  population  in  1801  was 
297;  in  1811,  297;  in  1821,  3t;;3  ;  in  1831,  405;  in 
1841,  364;  and  in  1851,  359. 

The  manor  of  Bromfield  was  granted  by  Waltheof, 
lirst  lord  of  Allerdale,  to  Melboth,  his  physician,  whose 
posterity  assumed  the  name  of  De  Bromfield.  I5ut  the 
patronage  of  the  church  was  not  given  at  the  same 
time,  being  reserved  out  of  the  grant  and  given  to  the 
abbey  of  St.  IVIary  at  York.  "  The  said  abbey,"  say 
N'icolson  and  Burn.  "  had  also  lands  at  Bromfield,  as 
likewise  had  the  abbey  of  Holme  Cultrani :  and  by  the 
general  term  manor  being  applied  to  them  both,  it  is 
difficult  to  ascertain  thek  separate  possessions.  Soon 
after  the  foundation  of  the  abbey  of  Holme  Cultram, 
Adam,  son  of  Thomas  de  Brunfeld  granted  to  the 
same  abbey,  the  manor  of  Brunfield,  by  the  boun- 
daries in  the  grant  specified.  After  this  grant,  Thomas 
de  Brunfeld,  the  said  Adam's  father,  grants  to  the 
monks  of  Holme  Cultram  the  cultivated  lands  in 
Brunfield  called  Northrig,  with  the  marsh  on  the  east 
part  thereof;  and  Henry,  son  of  the  said  Thomas, 
granted  to  the  said  monks  two  acres  of  land  Ivin" 
within  one  of  their  enclosures,  for  one  mark  of  silver, 
which  they  gave  unto  him  for  the  same ;  and  Walter, 
son  of  ]5euedict,  the  priest,  quit  claim  to  the  monks  of  all 
Ills  right  and  claim  of  common  of  pasture  in  the  marsh 
which  Adam  and  Thomas  do  Brunfeld  gave  to  the 
said  monks.  Agnes,  daughter  of  William  White,  of 
Brunfeld.  carpenter,  gave  to  the  said  monks  five  acres  ' 
of  arable  land,  and  one  acre  of  meadow  in  the  territory 
of  Brunfeld,  which  giant  Thomas  de  Brunfeld  con- 
firmed; and  Alan,  son  of  Henry  de  Brunfeld,  quitted 
claim  of  all  his  right  therein.  In  the  20th  Edward 
I.  (1201-2)  Hugh,  son  of  Alan  de  Brunfield,  having  a 
controversy  with  the  said  monks  concerning  common 
of  pasture  upon  the  aforesaid  marsh,  an  agreement  was 
made  and  a  limitation  prescribed  within  what  places 
and  at  what  times  each  of  them  respectively  might 
depasture  their  cattle  without  the  interruption  of  the 
other.  And  there  was  a  like  agreement  in  the  same  year, 
between  the  said  monks  and  Ilalph  de  Osmunderlaw, 
and  Agnes,  his  wife,  and  Thomas  de  Laithes,  and  Alice, 
his  wife,  concerning  the  said  mai-sii."  .\fter  the  sup- 
jiression  of  the  religious  houses  by  Henry  VHI.  we 
find  that  in  1543,  William  Hutton  held  Bromfield  of 
the  king  as  of  his  manor  of  Papcastle,  rendering  for 
the  same  !8s.  4d.  eoniiigo,  lOJ.  seawake,  (id.  free  rent, 
pufure  of  the  Serjeants,  and  witne.ssman.  On  the  15th 
.luly  in   the   same  year,  Henry  granted   to   Thorans 


Dalston,  Esq.,  amongst  other  particulars,  one  tenement 
in  Bromfield  with  the  appurtenances  in  the  tenure  of 
John  ScuiTe,  and  another  tenement,  -with  its  appur- 
tenances, in  the  tenure  of  William  Scurre,  late  par- 
cel of  the  possessions  of  the  abbey  of  Holme  Cultram, 
paying  for  the  same  to  the  king  yearly  at  the  feast 
of  St.  Michael  the  Archangel,  the  sum  of  3s.  3*d. 
Edward  VI.,  by  letters  patent  dated  25th  August,  1 547, 
"in  considerationthatHenr)'Thompson  had  suirendered 
into  the  hands  of  Henry  VIII.  all  the  right  and  interest 
which  he  had  in  the  late  hospital,  commonly  called 
Maison  Diou  of  Dover,  in  the  county  of  Kent,  grants 
to  the  said  Heury  Thompson,  inter  alia,  the  whole 
manor  of  Bromfield,  and  the  rectory  and  church  of 
Bromfield,  with  the  appurtenances  in  the  county  of 
Cumberland,  late  belonging  to  the  monastery  of  the 
Blessed  Mary,  nigh  the  walls  of  York ;  and  all,  and 
singular  granges,  mills,  messuages,  houses,  buildings, 
tofts,  cottages,  lands,  tenements,  meadows,  pastures, 
feedings,  commons,  wastes,  moors,  mosses,  tui-bary, 
woods,  underwoods,  waters,  fisheries,  pensions,  procu- 
rations, tithes,  oblations  and  obventions,  rents,  rever- 
sions, sei-vices,  kuights'  fees,  wardships,  maniages, 
escheats,  reliefs,  fines,  amerciaments,  heriots.  courts 
leet,  view  of  frank  pledge,  waifs,  estrays,  goods 
of  felons  and  fugitives,  freewaiTons,  and  all  other 
rights,  jurisdictions,  liberties,  franchises,  privileges, 
profits,  commodities,  emoluments,  possessions,  and 
hereditaments,  whatsoever,  with  the  appurtenances, 
situate,  lying  and  being  in  Brumfield  aforesaid,  to  the 
said  manor  of  Brumfield  and  to  the  said  rectory  of 
Brumfield,  or  to  either  of  them  in  everywise  belonging 
or  appertaining ;  and  :dl  other  messuages,  lands,  tene- 
ments, rents,  reversions,  services,  and  other  possesions 
and  hereditaments,  whatsoever  in  Brumfield  aforesaid. 
to  the  said  late  monastery  belonging ;  which  premises 
are  extended  at  the  clear  yearly  value  of  £Si.  To 
hold  of  the  king  in  capite  by  the  fortieth  part  of  one 
knight's  fee,  and  rendering  for  the  same  yearly  to  tl>e 
king,  his  heirs,  and  successors,  £3  8s."  From  an 
inquisition  taken  in  1578,  we  learn  that  Thomas  Hut- 
ton  do  Forrest,  Esq.,  hold  the  manor  of  Bromfield, 
"late  the  lands  of  Ambrose  Crackenthorp,  and  some- 
times the  land  of  Fowler  by  homage,  featly  and  suit  of 
court,  paying  for  homage  18s.,  seawake  lOd.,  turnsilver 
23.  6d.  with  Serjeants'  food,  and  witnessraan,  and  for 
free  rent  Od.,  in  toto  22s.  2d."  The  above  possessions 
came  afterwards  into  many  hands,  but  the  greater  part 
appears  to  have  been  held  by  the  Portere  of  Weary 
Hall,  who  enfranchised  most  of  the  lands.  The  manor 
and  demesne  of  Bromfield  passed  by  successive  sales 
to  the  families  of  Osmothcrley  and  Barwis,  and  are  now 


212 


ALLEHDALE  -  BELOW  -  DERWENT  WARD. 


the  property  of  William  Barwis,  Esq.,  of  Langrigg  Hall, 
who  has  also  the  manor  of  Lower  Scales.  The  demesne 
of  Scales  was  sold  hy  the  Porters,  to  Sir  John  l^allan- 
tine,  whose  heiress  hrougbt  it  to  the  Dykes  family ;  it 
is  now  the  property  of  Mi-s.  Dykes  of  Doverby.  "  General 
WynJham  has  also  some  manorial  rights  in  the  town- 
ship. The  landowners  are  General  Wyndham :  John 
Eeay,  Esq. ;  F.  L.  B  Dykes,  Esq. ;  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson, 
Bart.;  John  Todd,  Esq.:  Jlrs.  Clark,  John  Ritson, 
William  Mawson,  John  Beaty,  John  Longcake,  John 
Asbridge,  Joseph  Smalhvood,  William  Barnes,  Robert 
Peat,  Mrs.  Hewitson,  Robert  Bragg,  and  Wilson  Briggs. 

Some  curious  old  coins  were  found  on  Gill  Jloor 
Common,  at  the  time  of  its  euclosure,  in  1815.  Watill 
Moor  on  tliis  common,  as  weU  as  many  other  places  in 
this  parish,  having  a  good  yiew  towards  Scotland,  served 
formerly  as  stations  from  which  a  look-out  might  be 
kept  during  the  times  of  border  warfare,  and  many 
estates  in  this,  and  the  adjoining  parishes,  paid  for 
blowing  the  horn,  to  give  alarm,  in  case  of  the  ap- 
proach of  an  enemy.  The  levy  of  this  "  Out  Horn 
Money "  as  it  was  eaUed,  ceased  to  be  collected  soon 
after  the  union  of  England  and  Scotland ;  an  attempt 
was  however  made  within  the  last  half  century  to  renew 
it,  which,  of  cour.se,  proved  unsuccessful. 

The  village  of  Brorafleld  is  situated  about  the  centre 
of  the  parish,  five  and  a  half  miles  west-by-south  of 
Wigton. 


THE    CHUBCH. 


Bromfield  church  is  dedicated  to  St.  Mungo,  or  Ken- 
tigern.  It  is  an  ancient  edifice,  consisting  of  nave, 
chancel,  and  north  aisles.  On  the  south  side  of  the 
chancel,  forming  a  kind  of  transept,  is  a  small  chapel, 
the  burial  place  of  the  JoUiflcs  and  Pearsons.  There 
was  a  similar  chapel  on  the  north  side  belonging  to 
Orookdake  Hall,  but  it  has  been  removed.  In  1751 
the  chancel  was  somewhat  restored,  when  an  east  win- 
dow was  given  by  the  late  Joshua  Watson,  Esq.,  of 
Hapten,  a  native  of  the  parish.  At  the  same  time 
Oliver  Thomlinson  Windowe,  Esq.,  then  lord  of  the 
manor  of  Blencogo,  placed  a  memorial  window  in  the 
south  of  the  chancel  to  a  member  of  the  Thom- 
linson family.  The  window  has  two  compartments, 
containing  representations  of  the  Adoration  of  the 
Shepherds,  and  the  Ascension.  John  Reay,  Esq.,  of 
the  Gill,  also  caused  a  small  window  to  be  inserted  in 
the  north  of  the  chancel.  There  is  a  very  ancient 
cross  in  the  churchyard,  near  to  which  is  a  famous 
spring  called  St.  Mungo 's  well.  The  church  of  Broni- 
field  was  appropriated,  as  we  have  seen  above,  at  a  very 
early  period,  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary  at  York ;  the 
patronage  of  the  vicarage  was  at  the  same  time  vested 


in  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle.  Before  tho  Reformation, 
there  was  a  chantry  of  St.  George  at  Bromfield,  en- 
dowed with  lands  of  considerable  value.  The  living  is 
valued  in  the  Iving's  Book  at  f  22,  and  was  certified  to 
the  commissioners  as  of  the  annual  value  of  £270,  but 
it  is  now  worth  about  £300  per  annum.  The  great 
tithes  of  the  parish,  e.xcept  those  of  Blencogo,  are 
merged  in  the  land, — part  of  them  being  purchased 
by  the  landowners  about  ninety  years  ago,  and  tho 
remainder  exonerated  at  the  enclosure  of  the  com- 
mons. The  rectorial  tithes  of  Blencogo  belonging  to 
the  vicar,  who  keeps  the  chancel  in  repair,  were  com- 
muted about  fifteen  years  for  a  rent-charge  of  £13!) 
per  annum.     The  parish  register  commences  in  1C54. 

Vicars.  —  Ealph  de  .Vile, ;  William  de  Suthwcrk, ; 

William  de  Otrington,  1330;  Hugh  de  Whitelnw, ;  Roger 

de  Kirkoswald,  1344;  Jolm  de  Culwen,  1377;  John  King, ; 

.Tohn  Corry,   15G-.? ;   Thomas  Laythes,  10C4 ;    Nicholas  Dean, 

1581) ;    Teter  Beck,  ICO'2  ;   William  Grainger,  ;    Richard 

Garth,  lCn3 ;  William  Sill,  1073;  John  Child,  lOSl ;  John 
Proctor, lfi'.)'2  ;  Joseph  Rothery,  1714:  Jeremiali  Nicolson,  1717; 
WiUiam  Wilkinson,  1733 ;  Obadiah  Yates,  170'' ;  William  Rain- 
cock,  1702,  or  1765;  the  succeeding  incumbents  have  been 
Isaac  Denton,  Henry  Denton,  W.  Fletcher,  C.  H.  Wybergb. 

The  vicarage  is  a  plaiu  but  comfortable  residence, 
built  during  the  incumbency  of  the  Kev.  W.  Fletcher. 


Bromfield  School  was  endowed  by  Richard  Osmo- 
therly,  who,  by  his  will,  dated  7th  May,  IC13,  gave 
to  the  minister  and  churchwardens  of  the  parish 
church  of  Bromfield,  £10  yearly,  issuing  out  of  his 
freehold  lauds  and  tenements  being  in  or  near  Alders- 
gate,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Botolph,  in  the  city  of  London, 
after  the  decease  of  his  wife,  upon  condition  that  they 
should  find  and  provide  a  sufficient  schoolmaster  to 
teach  fifteen  poor  men's  children  inhabiting  within  the 
towns  of  Langrigg  and  Bromfield,  two  to  be  nominated 
by  the  inhabitants  of  Langrigg  Hall,  whosoever  they 
should  be,  seven  more  out  of  Langrigg,  and  six  out  of 
Bromfield;  the  schoolmaster  to  bo  choseu  and  appointed 
by  the  mutual  consent  of  the  inhabitants  of  Langrigg 
and  Bromfield.  The  testator  afterwards  devised  all  the 
rents  and  profits  issuing  out  of  his  freehold  lands  and 
tenements  in  the  parish  of  St.  Botolph,  unto  the  master, 
wardens,  and  assistants  of  the  Compauy  of  ilerchant 
Tailors,  London,  to  hold  the  same  after  the  decease  of 
his  wile,  upon  condition  that  they  should  justly  pay  the 
annuities  in  the  will  mentioned.  In  a  terrier  of  this 
parish,  dated  8th  October,  1749,  it  is  stated  that  the 
school  was  "  endowed  by  a  dwelling-liouse  built  by  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Tliomlinson,  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London, 
about  the  year  1741 ;"  and  that  it  was  also  possessed  of 


BROMHELD    PARISH. 


213 


£Gi,  then  in  the  hands  of  the  sidesmen  of  Bromfiekl, 
for  which  thoy  paid  interest  3'early.  It  is  not  known 
how  the  school  stock-of  £04  arose ;  but  it  was  afterwards 
laid  out  in  land,  as  appears  by  a  deed  dated  23 rd 
Novomber,  I7.")0,  whereby  certain  premises  in  IJlencogo 
were  conveyed  to  Thomas  Robinson  in  fee,  who,  by  in- 
denture of  the  same  date,  reciting  the  above  deed, 
declared  that  £Ct  l,  pait  of  the  consideration,  was  the 
proper  money  belonging  to  the  school  stock,  and  that 
.CIO  belonged  to  the  poor  stock  of  Bromfield ;  and  that 
tlie  schoolmaster  should  enjoy  the  premises  on  condi- 
tion that  he  p;ud  live  shilHngs  yearly  to  the  poor  of  the 
pirish  of  Brotiilield  as  interest  for  the  said  ten  pounds, 
to  be  distributed  by  the  discretion  of  the  vestry  and 
chuichwardeus.  This  land  consists  of  about  four  acres 
iiud  a  half,  which  is  let  at  about  £7  a  year.  By  in- 
denture dated  31st  May,  1751,  about  two  acres  and  a 
half  of  land  in  the  lowuship  of  Bromfield,  were  purchased 
for  the  sum  of  £45  7s.,  which  premises  by  indenture 
of  the  same  date  was  declared  to  have  been  purchased 
by  money  belonging  to  the  school  stock  of  the  free 
school  of  Bromfield,  and  for  the  use  of  the  master  of 
the  said  free  school,  and  his  successors  for  ever.  It  is 
not  known  from  what  source  this  money  arose.  The 
land  in  Bromfield  is  occupied  by  the  schoolmaster,  and 
is  worth  about  four  pounds  a  year.  Ou  the  enclosure 
of  Aspatria  East  Common,  an  allotment  of  not  quite 
two  roods  was  given  to  the  school  and  to  the  land  be- 
longing to  the  school  in  Bromfield.  The  allotment  is 
a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  school.  Mr.  Thomas  Tbom- 
linson,  by  will  dated  ICtli  April,  1798,  left  a  share  of 
the  residue  of  his  personal  property  to  this  school.  The 
money  received  from  this  bequest  was  £334,  with  which 
land  was  purchased.  The  endowment  amounts  now  to 
about  £43  a  year,  besides  a  house  for  the  master ;  a 
schoolmistress  to  teach  sewing,  Ac,  is  paid  for  by  sub- 
scription. The  building  in  which  the  school  business  is 
transacted  is  a  poor  one,  being  very  old,  and  far  from 
adequate  to  the  purposes  to  which  it  is  devoted, 
ahlioiigli  enlarged  a  few  years  ago  by  John  Reay,  Esq., 
of  The  Uill.     There  are  about  eighty  scholars. 

There  is  a  very  good  parochial  library,  established  in 
1S53.  It  comprises  about  l.dllO  volumes,  and  is  open 
to  all  the  parishioners  at  an  annual  subscription  of  one 
shilling. 

Crookdako  is  a  hamlet  in  Bromfield  township,  about 
five  and  a  half  miles  west-south-west  of  Wigton.  The 
manorial  right-i  of  the  ancient  land  belong  to  Mrs. 
Dykes,  anil  those  of  the  pasture  and  common  to 
General  Wyndliam.  The  manor  of  Crookdako  was, 
at  an  early  period,  held  by  the  Lowthcr  family,  of 
whom  it  was  purchased,  in  the  rcigu  of  JMward  IV., 


by  the  Musgraves,  a  younger  branch  of  whom  had  their 
seat  here  at  Croukdukc  Hall,  now  a  farmhouse,  bearing 
marks  of  great  antiquity.  One  of  the  co-heii-esses  of 
the  Musgraves  brought  it  to  Sir  John  Ballanline.  This 
family,  after  two  or  three  generations,  ended  in  daugh- 
ters, one  of  whom  married  Lawson  Dykes,  from  whom 
it  has  descended  to  Mrs.  Dykes,  the  present  proprietor. 
In  Bromfield  Church  there  is  an  inscription  to  the 
memory  of  Adam  de  Crookdake.  It  is  in  black  letter, 
evidently  modern,  but  most  probably  copied  from  one 
of  older  date :  — 

"  Here  lieth  eiitomb'd,  I  dare  undertake. 
The  w.jrtliy  wurrior,  .Vdara  of  Crookdake, 
Knight,  lill.'' 
Mr.  Boucher,  who  drew  up  the  account  of  this  parish 
for  Hutchinson's  History  of  Cumberland,  supposes  this 
person  to  have  been  the  grandfather  of  Cuthbert  Mus- 
grave,  who  held  the  manor  of  Crookdake  in  the  reigu  of 
Henry  VUl.,  but  there  is  no  mention  of  Sir  Adam 
Musgrave  in  the  pedigrees  of  that  family.     There  is  a 
corn-mill  at  Ciookdakc,  and  another  (new  mill)  near 
Leegate  station. 

Scales  is  another  hamlet  of  dispersed  houses,  called 
High  and  Low  Scales,  in  this  township,  on  the  west 
side  of  Crummock  Beck,  one  mile  south  of  Bromfield, 
and  four  and  a  half  miles  west-by-south  of  Wigton.  It 
is  the  property  of  John  lleay,  Esq.,  of  The  Gill,  who 
possesses  the  manorial  rights  of  his  own  property.  The 
estate  of  The  Gill  has  been  upwards  of  OUO  years  in  the 
family  of  Bay,  or  lleay,  and  tradition  says  that  it  has 
been  handed  down  from  father  to  son,  and  confirmed  by 
old  papers  dating  from  the  year  IdlO.  These  lands, 
then  very  e.\tenbivo,  were  bestowed  by  the  celebrated 
monarch  William  the  Lion,  king  of  Scotland  (who  died 
in  1214,  after  an  eveutful  reign  of  nearly  half  a  century, 
during  which  time  Cumberland  remained  attached  to 
the  Scottish  crown),  ^lon  his  friend  and  companion, 
both  in  the  wars  aud  in  the  chase,  the  ancestor  of  the 
lleay  family,  as  a  reward  for  his  fidelity  to  his  sovereign, 
for  unparalleled  swiftness  of  foot  in  hunting  the  deer 
in  tliose  days,  whence  the  name  appears  to  have  been 
derived,  for  in  the  old  Sa.von  vulgar  tongue  ra,  or  raa, 
signifies  a  roe;  the  crest  of  the  family,  a  stag,  and  the 
motto,  "  in  onniia  promptus,"  ajqiear  to  be  derived 
from  the  same  source.  The  conditions  of  the  grant 
were  the  payment  of  a  peppercorn  annually,  as  an 
acknowledgment;  and  also  that  the  name  of  William 
(after  the  king)  should  be  perpetuated  through  the 
eldest  son,  in  memory  of  the  royal  donor.  These  con- 
ditions were  duly  observed  up  to  tlie  three  last  genera- 
tions, when,  after  duo  consultation  with  cmincut  lawyers, 

'  Sco  I'liursbf  parish,  al  1  subtcqticDt  page. 


■214 


ALLERDALE -  BELOW-  DERWT.NT  WARD. 


the  eldest  son  was  called  John.  Up  to  the  present 
time  some  of  the  family  have  always  resided  uiioii  the 
estate.  ^Villiam  Rea.  or  Heay,  great-grandson  of  the 
ancestor  above-mentioned,  was  papal  legate  and  bishop 
of  Glasgow ;  he  built,  at  his  own  cost,  the  bridge  over 
the  Cl3-de  at  Glasgow,  in  101.5.  He  appeai-s,  by  various 
documents  in  the  Scots'  College  at  Paris,  and  the 
Writers'  Library  in  Glasgow,  to  have  obtained  from 
King  David  II.  of  Scotland,  the  royal  charter  by  which 
Glasgow  was  created  a  borough,  and  to  have  acted  as 
royal  commissioner  in  a  treaty  of  peace  with  England, 
as  appears  by  his  name  being  attached  thereto.  John 
I'eay,  or  Ray,  the  celebrated  naturalist,  was  another 
member  of  this  family;  he  was  the  author  of  several 
works  on  the  ^Creation,  and  during  his  rambles  over 
Alston  Moor  and  the  romantic  parts  of  the  county, 
imbibed  that  knowledge  of  natural  history  for  which  he 
was  so  eminently  distinguished.  John  Eeay,  who  was 
high-sheriff  of  London  and  Middlesex:  in  the  eventful 
years  1814  and  181.5,  was  also  of  this  family. 

BLENCOCO. 

The  township  of  Blencogo  comprises  an  area  of 
1,097  acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  £1,314  10s.  9d. 
The  number  of  its  inhabitants  in  1801  was  167  ;  in 
1811,  185:  in  lS-31,  ;21G;  in  1831,  2-30  ;  iu  1841, 
311;  and  in  18j1,  3'2'1.  This  township  has  been  sur- 
veyed, and  the  map  deposited  with  the  clergyman  of 
the  parish;  it  was  enclosed  by  agreement  signed  1820. 
The  great  tithes  of  Blencogo  are  received  by  the  vicar 
of  Bromfield,  who  keeps  the  chancel  of  the  parish 
church  in  repair. 

The  manor  of  Blencogo  was  given  by  Waltheof,  first 
lord  of  Allerdale,  to  Odard  de  Logis,  together  with 
Wigton,  Kirkbride,  Ulton,  Waverton,  and  Dundraw, 
and  continued  to  be  held  by  the  posterity  of  Odard  for 
several  generations.  We  have  no  further  account  of 
this  manor  till  the  reign  of  Henry  Yll ,  who,  by  letters 
patent,  dated  1st  of  May,  1508,  granted  to  Richard 
Cholmley,  Knt.,  the  manor  of  Blencogo,  "  with  the 
appurtenances,  and  all  lands  aud  tenements  called 
Blencogo,  within  the  parish  of  Bromfield,  with  all  and 
all  maaner  of  commons,  courts  leet,  aud  view  of  frank- 
pledge, free  warren,  aud  other  liberties  whatsoever  to 
the  said  manor  and  other  the  premises  belonging  or  in 
anywise  appertaining,  tj  hold  of  him  aud  his  heirs  by 
fealty  only,  without  other  account  to  be  made  thereof." 
In  the  account  of  knights'  fees  in  Cumberland,  in  134!!, 
we  find  that  Richai-d  Cholmley,  Kut.,  then  held  the 
manor  and  town  of  Blencogo  of  the  king,  as  of  his 
manor  of  Wigton,  by  the  serrice  of  one  knight's  fee, 
1 3s.  cornage,  7s.  Od.  for  puture  of.  the  bailiif,  23.  sea- 


wake,  and  witnessraan,  and  suit  of  court  at  Wigton  from 
three  weeks  to  three  weelcs,  and  50s.  relief  when  it  shall 
happen.  From  an  inquisition  taken  in  157'^,  we  learn 
that  Anthony  Barwis  held  of  the  Earl  of  Northumber- 
land, of  the  barony  of  Wigton,  the  town  or  manor  of 
Blencogo,  by  knights'  service,  cornage,  puture,  suits, 
and  witnessman  ;  rendering  per  annum  for  cornage, 
13s.  4d. ;  for  puture,  suit  of  court,  <tc.,  Os.  8d. ;  and 
scawakc,  Ss.  These  charges  appear  to  have  been  paid 
by  the  tenants,  for  the  same  inquisition  informs  us  that 
"  the  tenants  of  the  town  of  Blencogo  pay  yearly  to  the 
lord  for  cornage  ISs.  4d.,  seawake  Is.  Cd.,  and  for  turn- 
silver  7s.  Od. ;  in  toto,  per  annum,  223.  4d.  "  (,)ueeii 
Elizabeth,  by  letters  patent  dated  March  22nd,  158!), 
granted  to  NValter  Copinger  and  Thomas  Butler,  of 
London,  gentlemen,  inter  alia,  the  manor  of  Blencogo, 
with  its  appurtenances,  and  all  lands,  tenements,  and 
hereditaments,  called  or  known  by  the  name  of  Blencogo, 
heretofore  in  the  tenure  of  Richard  Cholmley,  Knt.,  to 
hold  to  them  and  their  heirs  for  ever,  as  of  the  manor 
of  East  Greenwich,  by  fealty  only,  and  not  in  capita. 
The  Messrs.  Lysons  think  it  probable  that  these  gentle- 
men were  trustees  for  the  Barwis  family,  to  whom  it  was 
conveyed  by  them.  On  the  2Gth  June,  1034,  Richard 
Barwis,  Esq.,  of  Isle  Kirk,  lord  of  the  manor  of  Blen- 
cogo, "ranted  to  the  tenants,  eighteen  in  number,  for 
forty  years  ancient  rent,  "  that  they  shall  hold  to  them, 
iind  their  heirs  and  assigns,  customary  estates  of  inheri- 
tance, paying  the  ancient  yearly  rent,  and  two  years' 
ancient  rent  land  no  other  fine)  after  change  of  lord  by 
death,  and  change  of  tenant  by  death  and  ahenation, 
doing  suit  of  court  as  before.  Every  alienation  to  be 
entered  at  the  ne.\t  court,  paying  for  the  entry  12d.,  and 
no  more.  He  grants  to  them  also  all  trees,  woods,  and 
underwoods,  on  their  respective  tenements,  with  power 
to  get  freestone  and  limestone  in  their  several  grounds, 
or  in  any  waste  ground  within  the  town  fields  or  com- 
mons, for  their  own  use,  but  not  to  give  or  sell  the 
same  to  any  other."  The  Thomlinsons  purchased  this 
manor  about  the  latter  end  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
It  is  now  the  property  of  Mrs.  George  Reay  and  her 
sister,  ]Miss  Wiudowe,  whose  mother  was  one  of  the 
Thomlinsons  of  Blencogo.  The  principal  landowners 
are  George  Di.\on,  Esq. ;  the  trustees  of  the  late 
Oliver  T.  Windowe  ;  Messrs.  Thomas  Turtle,  Jeremiah 
Skclton,  \V.  W.  Parkinson,  Thomas  H.  Jackson,  John 
Barnes,  William  Parkin,  George  Wilkinson,  John 
Foster,  Thomas  Wood,  John  Rickerby  ;  Jlrs.  Jackson, 
and  Mrs.  Parrot. 

Nicolson  and  Burn,  quoting  the  register  of  Holme 
Cnltram,  inform  us  that  "Galiene,  daughter  of  Richard 
de  Hervi,  gave  to  the  abbey  of  Holme  Cultram  three 


BROMFIELD  PARISH. 


215 


acres  of  arable  land  in  the  territory  of  Bleiicoggon,  and 
pasture  for  one  hundred  sheep,  twenty-eight  cows,  one 
bull,  and  two  horses,  for  the  maintenance  of  the  infirm 
poor;  and  Jliirjoria,  daughter  of  Galiene,  gave  to  the 
said  abbey  of  Holme  Cultram  two  bovatcs  of  land  iu 
Blencoggon,  unto  which  her  son  Robert  quitted  claim. 
And  Adam,  son  of  Dolphin  de  Langrigg,  give  half  an 
acre  of  ar.iblc  land  to  the  said  abbey,  iu  the  territory  of 
Blencoggon.  And  Henry  VIII.,  by  letters  patent 
l)eariug  date  July  the  9th,  in  the  37th  year  of  his  reign 
I  L.5  1j),  granted  to  Thomas  Dalston,  Esq.,  and  Eleanor, 
his  wife,  inter  alia,  the  messuages  and  tenements,  and 
all  the  lands,  meadows,  pastures,  and  other  heredita- 
ments whatsoever,  with  the  appurtenances,  in  the  several 
tenures  of  Christopher  Martindalc,  Ilichard  Howe,  and 
.(ohn  Messenger,  in  Blcncogo,  late  parcel  of  the  posses- 
sions of  the  abbot  and  convent  of  Holme  Cultram." 

Tlie  village  of  lUencogo  is  four  miles  west-by-south 
.if  Wigton. 

An  excellent  school,  in  the  Early  English  style,  was 
built  at  Blcncogo  in  the  year  18.54.  at  a  cost  of  about 
LGOii,  by  George  Di.Kon,  E-iq.,  of  Carlisle,  who  has  a 
country  residence  here.  The  school,  which  is  under 
government  inspection,  is  carried  on  at  the  sole  expense 
of  Mr.  Di.^on.  It  is  conducted  b}'  a  certificated  master, 
with  an  jussistaut  mistress,  and  is  attended  by  about 
seventy  children.  There  will  probabl}'  be  a  pupil- 
teacher  in  the  course  of  the  present  year  (1858). 

Bleucogo  Hall,  formerly  the  residence  of  the  Thom- 
linsons,  now  a  farmhouse,  is  the  property  of  ]\Irs.  George 
iieay.  There  is  a  good  residence  here  belonging  to 
George  Di.xon,  Esq.,  above-mentioned;  it  was  erected 
liy  the  Ilev.  Jonathan  Boucher,  whose  daughter  is  now 
.Mrs.  Di.xon. 

Tiio  Rov.  Jonathan  Boucher,  a  divine,  a  political 
writer,  a  general  scholar,  an  English  philologist  of  the 
last  century,  and  the  writer  of  the  best  portions  of 
Hutchinson's  History  of  Cumberland,  was  a  native  of 
Blencogo,  being  born  here  in  1737.  He  died  at  Epsom 
in  1804.  A  biographical  notice  of  him  will  bo  found 
in  the  English  Cyclopicdia,  vol.  i.,  p.  851. 

DUNDli.VW. 

Dundraw  township  contains  iJ.SSS  statute  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £2,542  5s.  Cd.  In  1801  it  con- 
tained 108  inhabitants;  iu  1811,  '430;  in  1821,  310  ; 
in  1H31,  3;!7  ;  in  1841,  3-J'J  ;  and  iu  1851,  332.  The 
soil  in  this  township  is  a  deep  strong  loam,  in  a  high 
stats  of  cultivation.  Dundraw  has  been  surveyed,  and 
the  map  deposited  with  the  clergyman  of  the  parish. 

As  we  iiavo  seen,  when  speaking  of  Blcncogo,  Dun- 
draw manor  was  given  by  Waltheof  to  Odard  dc  Logis, 


who  in  his  turn  gave  it  to  Gilbert  his  sou,  who,  assu- 
ming the  local  name,  styled  himself  Gilbert  de  Dundraw. 
This  Gilbert  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  also  of  the  same 
name  ;  and  after  him,  according  to  Denton,  there  was 
a  Simon  de  Dundraw,  who  lived  in  1232  or  1233;  but 
we  have  no  evidence  that  the  latter  held  the  manor,  for 
the  four  daughters  and  co-heirs  of  the  second  Gilbert 
de  Dundraw  inherited  his  lands  iu  Dundraw,  Crofton, 
Thackthwaite,  and  Distingtoii.  These  daughters  were 
Cieeley,  the  wife  of  Jordan  Clopell,  who  gave  her  part 
by  fine  to  William  Cundall,  in  whose  right  succeeded 
Ralph  Cundall ;  Matilda,  the  wife  of  William  Multon, 
who  gave  her  part  of  Distiugton  to  Thomas,  son  of 
Lambert  de  Multon,  lord  of  Egremont,  and  her  part 
of  Thackthwaite  to  Thomas  Lucy,  the  son  of  Alice 
and  of  Alan  ^lulton  ;  Isold,  the  wife  of  Adam  de  Tin- 
mouth,  who  sold  her  part  of  Thackthwaite  to  Thomas 
Lucy,  and  of  Distington  to  Thomas,  son  of  Lambert 
de  ^Multon  ;  and  Ada,  the  wife  of  Stephen  de  Crofton, 
whose  part  descended  by  the  Croftons  till  the  time  of 
Henry  IV.,  when  it  came  to  the  Briscos,  who  still 
enjoy  the  same  in  Dundraw  and  Crofton ;  and  she  gave 
her  part  in  Distiugton  to  Thomas  Moresby  and  Mar- 
garet his  wife  and  to  the  heirs  of  Thomas ;  and  her 
part  of  Thackthwaite  to  Margaret,  sister  of  Thomas 
Lucy,  and  wife  of  Thomas  Stanley.  In  1543,  Robert 
Lamplugh  held  a  moiety  of  the  town  of  Dundraw  of 
the  king  as  of  liis  manor  of  Wigton,  by  knights'  ser- 
vice, rendering  for  the  same  Gs.  8d.  coruage,  lOd.  sea- 
wake,  puture  of  the  serjeauts,  witnessman,  and  suit  of 
court  from  three  weeks  to  three  weeks  ;  and  Robert 
Brisco  held  the  other  half  by  like  services.  In  April, 
1578,  "  John  Brisco,  Francis  Lamplugh,  and  Anthony 
Barwis,  Esqs.,  held  the  town  and  manor  of  Dundraw, 
saving  certain  of  the  lord's  land  there,  and  eertaiu 
lands  holden  there  by  William  Osmotherley  aud  John 
Bleunerhasset,  as  after  appearcth,  by  knights'  service, 
coruage,  seawake,  puture,  suit  of  court,  reuderiug  per 
annum  for  cornago  lis.  8d.,  seawake  Od.  ut  supra. 
^^■illiam  Osmotherley  holJeth  a  tenement  there  called 
Whayrigg  Hall,  by  knights'  service,  the  part  of  u 
knight's  fee,  homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of  court,  and 
rendereth  pei-  annum.  John  Blenuerhassct  holdetli 
a  h.amlet  there  called  Kell  Sike,  sometime  the  land 
of  William  Martindalc,  by  knights'  service,  homage, 
fealty,  suit  of  court,  seawake,  and  witnessman,  and 
renders  per  annum  two  geese  and  3d."  The  same 
MS.  further  iuforms  us  that  "  the  tenants  of  the 
town  of  Dundniw  ]iay  yearly  to  the  lord  for  cornage, 
13s.  4d.,  seawake,  2s.,  and  turnsilver,  7s.  Od. :  hi 
toto  per  annum  22s.  lOd."  According  to  the  regis- 
ter   of    the    abbey    of  Holme    Cultram,    i|uoteJ   by 


216 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW  -  DERWENT   WARD. 


Nicolson  nnd  Burn,  in  their  nccount  of  this  manor, 
Roger  de  Lyndebv  gave  with  his  body  seven  acres  of 
arable  land  in  tho  territory  of  Duudraw  to  the  abbey 
of  Ilohne  Cultrum,  under  the  yearly  rent  of  2s.  4d.  to 
the  lord  of  Dundraw  for  all  services.  Duudraw  and  the 
two  neighbouring  hamlets  of  Wbeyrigg  and  Moor-row 
are  now  the  property  of  Sir  Wastel  Brisco,  Bart.  When 
this  township  was  enclosed  by  act  of  parliament  in  1813, 
the  Earl  of  Egreraont  claimed  the  royalties  of  this 
manor  as  parcel  of  his  barony  of  Wigton.  The  prin- 
cipal landowners  are  Sir  Wastel  Brisco,  Bart. ;  Messrs. 
John  Barnes,  John  Watson,  Rev.  Thomas  Dand,  Wil- 
liam Liglitlbot,  John  .JelTorson,  John  Barnes,  John  Tim- 
peron,  John  Wood,  William  Ross,  AVilliam  Messenger, 
Joseph  Nelson,  Tlinnias  ^lessengcr,  George  Rigg,  George 
Wilkinson,  John  Collinson  ;  Mrs.  Ross,  Mrs.  Ritson, 
Mrs.  Wood,  and  the  Misses  Pearson. 

The  village  of  Dundraw  is  situated  about  three  miles 
west  of  Wigton.  Besides  Dundraw,  the  township  com- 
prises the  hamlets  of  Kelswick,  or  Kelsiek,  formerly 
Kelsyke,  four  miles  west-by-north  ;  Moor-row,  three 
miles  west ;  Wayrigg,  or  Wbeyrigg,  four  miles  west ; 
and  Wavcrbridge,  two  miles  west  of  Wigton.  Sir  Was- 
tel Brisco,  Bart.,  holds  his  manor  courts  at  Wayrigg. 

LANGRIGG    AND    MEAI.niGO. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  returned  with  that  of 
Bromfield  ;  its  rateable  value  is  £1,951  4s.  3id.  The 
population  in  isni  was  198;  in  1811,  51'3;  in  1821, 
l'.U:  in  1831,  2()0;  in  1841,  202;  and  in  1851,  281. 
The  township  was  enclosed  by  the  act  for  enclosing 
Aspatria  Common,  52  George  III. 

The  manor  of  Laugrigg,  which  was  anciently  de- 
mesne of  Allerdale,  was  given  by  Waltheof,  lord  of  the 
barony,  to  Dolphin,  son  of  Aylward,  with  Applethwaite  and 
Brigham,  whose  posterity  possessed  it  for  some  descents, 
but  the  family  became  extinct  in  the  time  of  Henry  III. 
It  was  afterwards  held  by  a  family  bearing  the  local 
name.  In  1281,  Agnes,  wife  of  Gilbert  de  Langrigg, 
demanded  against  John  Crookdake,  twenty-five  acres  of 
land,  fifteen  acres  of  meadow,  and  2s.  5d.  rent  there  ; 
and  against  Thomas  de  Langrigg,  thirty  acres  of  land 
and  fourteen  acres  of  meadow.  From  the  registers  of 
the  abbey  of  Holme  Cultram,  we  find  Agnes,  wife  of 
Ralph  de  Osmunderley,  and  Alice,  wife  of  Thomas  de 
Xiaithes,  daughters  and  heirs  of  Thomas  de  Langrigg. 
In  the  year  1365,  John  de  Bromfield  and  Thomas  de 
Lowther  held  lands  in  Langrigg,  rendering  for  the  same 
6s.  8d.  cornage,  and  7d.  seawake,  being  of  the  yearly 
value  of  i£5.  In  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  the 
Porters  were  possessed  of  the  manor,  and  the  Osmun- 
derleys,  or  Osmotherleys,  of  the  demesne.     It  appears 


that  the  latter  had  then  been  a  considerable  time  in  pos- 
session. William  Osmunderly,  of  Langrigg,  was  sheriff 
of  Cumberland  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.,  and  in  the 
preceding  reign  the  same  person,  or  a  person  of  the 
same  name,  was  one  of  the  knights  of  the  shire.  From 
an  inquisition  taken  in  1578,  we  learn  that  the  free- 
holders at  that  period  were  as  follow:  —  "Thomas  Hul- 
ton,  Esq.,  in  the  right  of  his  wife  holdeth  certain  lands 
in  liangrigg,  Lite  Christopher  Martindale,  by  homage, 
fealty,  suit  of  court,  from  three  weeks  to  three  weeks, 
and  rendereth.  AVilliam  Osraotherley,  gent,  holdeth 
certain  lands  at  Langrigg  aforesaid,  late  the  lands  of 
Richard  Osraotherley,  by  like  services,  and  rendereth. 
The  same  William  holdeth  there  a  tenement,  called 
Langrigg  Hall,  by  like  services,  and  rendereth  per 
annum.  Robert  Barwis,  gent.,  holdeth  there  the  third 
part  of  the  lands  of  the  said  Clement  Skelton.  and  ren- 
dereth per  annum.  Anthony  Brisco.  gent.,  holdeth  there 
another  third  part  of  the  lands  of  the  said  Clement  Skel- 
ton, and  rendereth  per  annum.  Adam  Lathes  holdeth 
there  another  third  part  of  the  said  Clement's  lands, 
and  rendereth  per  annum.  The  whole  town  of  Lang- 
rigg aforesaid  paieth  yearly  to  the  lord  at  the  feasts  of 
St.  Martin  and  Pentecost,  for  cornage  6s.  6d.,  seawake, 
8d.,  for  turnsilver,  3s.  lOd.  in  toto  lis.  Od.  Adam 
Lathes  holdeth  at  Langrigg  aforesaid,  two  tenements  by 
like  services,  and  rendereth  per  annum.  Id."  By  au 
inquisition,  postmortem,  of  Cuthbert  Osmunderley,  4th 
Oct.  41  Elizabeth  (]5!I9|,  it  appears  that  at  that  date 
the  Porters  held  the  manor  and  old  rent,  and  the  Os- 
munderleys  the  demesne  and  six  tenements.  This 
Cuthbert  Osmunderly,  first  mentioned,  in  addition  to 
his  other  possessions,  died  seised  of  six  tenements  in 
AVheyrigg,  one  in  Moorrow,  one  in  Blencogo,  two  in 
Bewaldeth,  one  in  Armathwaite,  six  in  Oughter- 
side,  four  in  Meldrigg,  seven  in  AVaverton,  and  four  in 
Southwaite.  At  a  subsequent  period  the  Porters  sold 
the  manor  to  the  Osmuuderleys,  the  last  of  which 
family,  the  Rev.  Salkeld  Osmunderley,  sold  the  manor 
and  demesne,  in  1735,  to  Thomas  Barwis,  Esq.,  in 
whose  family  they  still  continue ;  AA'illiam  Barwis, 
Esq,,  of  Langrigg  Hall,  being  the  present  lord.  The 
abbey  of  Holme  Cultram  had  possessions  in  Langrigg, 
which,  after  the  suppression  of  the  monastic  institutions, 
were  granted  (amongst  others),  to  Thomas  Dalston, 
Esq.  The  present  landowners  of  the  township  are 
Hugh  J.  Percy,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  John  Younghusband, 
John  AVilkinson,  Benjamin  Barwis,  the  trustees  of  the 
late  Joseph  Miller,  the  trustees  of  the  late  W.  Rudd, 
John  Barnes,  John  Stamper,  John  Barnes,  John  Car- 
ruthers,  John  Pearson,  Isaac  Glaister;  Mrs.  Barwis, 
Mrs.  Pearson,  and  Mrs.  Clarke. 


WKST  newtox  ecclesiasticai,  disteict. 


217 


Tlio  village  of  Langrigg  consists  of  several  good 
liouses,  plcasautly  situated  on  a  long  ridge  of  land, 
pointing  eastward  from  Bromfield,  sL\  and  a  half  miles 
west- by -south  of  Wigton.  Here  is  a  tile  manufactory, 
carried  on  by  Mr.  J.  liucock.  On  Laugrigg  Bank  is  a 
flour  mill,  worked  alternately  by  water  and  steam. 

Langrigg  Hall,  a  commodious  mansion,  occupying  a 
delightful  situation,  a  littlo  north  of  the  village,  is  the 
residence  of  Mrs.  Barwis,  widow  of  the'  late  John 
Barwis,  Esq. 

gartojs  of  ^"aiigrlgg  l^all. 

This  family  was  originally  of  Dcarham,  which  estate  they 
acquireil  at  an  early  period,  by  marriage  with  the  heiress.  The 
senior  line  merged  into  tho  family  of  Lauiplugh.  A  branch, 
settled  at  Isle  Kirk,  iu  Westward,  hocame  extinct  about  the  latter 
end  of  the  seventeenth  century,  tho  co-heiresses  man-ying  into 
the  Fetherstonhangh  and  Kirkley  families. 

TuoMAs  Bahwis,  Ksq.,  married  Klizabeth  Osmotherley,  a 
descendant  of  a  family  wliieh  had  settled  in  the  parish  of  Brom- 
field, Ump.  Edward  I.,  and  had  purchased  Langrigg  in  the  reign 


of  Richard  II.,  and  by  her,  with  three  daughters,  and  another 
son,  was  father  of 

JoHX  RAnwis,  Esq.,  of  f.angrigg,  whn  married  Elizabeth  Brisco, 
and  had  Thomas,  John,  William,  and  Elizabeth.    The  third  son, 

William  Barwis,  M.D.,  of  Devizes,  boru '.;  jih  June,  1740,  married 
Sai'ah,  daughter  of  tlie  late  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart.,  of  Brayton,  and 
by.her  (who  died  lOtli  October,  1805),  left  at  liis  decease,  November 
29th,  1701,  a  sou, 

John  Bakwi.s,  Esq.,  J.P.,  of  Langrigg  Hall,  bom  18th  August, 
1770,  married,  Slst  August,  1S18,  Franc.:s,  youngest  daughter  of  tUe 
Eev.  John  Gutcli,  JI.A.,  registrar  of  the  University  of  Oxford,  and 
had  issue, 

William  Cuthbeut,  present  representative. 

Thomas  Osmotherley,  iiorn  IJth  April,  Is-.;.?. 

Sarah  Janf,  married,  "th  November,  18o0,  to  the  Rev.  Charles 

Frederick  Booker. 
Elizabeth  Fanny,  died  unmarried,  1315. 

On  the  demise  of  Jlr.  Barwis,  he  was  succeded  by  his  son, 

The  Rev.  William  CirnnEBx  Barwis,  M.A.,  incumbent  of  Christ 
Cliurch,  Leeds,  born  l.Jth  July,  ISil;  married  3id  Januarj-,  1800, 
JIiuT,  youngest  daugliter  of  the  late  Benjamin  Ilogton,  Esq.,  of 
Wallham  Abbey,  Essex,  and  has  a  daughter,  \my. 

Arms  —  .\rg.,  a  chevron,  between  three  boars'  heads,  couped,  sa., 
muzzled,  or. 

Crest  —  A  bear  muzzled. 

Motto  —  Bear  aud  Forbear. 


WEST  NEWTON  ECCLESIASTICAL  DISTRICT. 

The  Ecclesiastical  District  of  AVest  Newton  is  bounded  on  tho  north  by  St.  Cuthbert's  parish,  Holme  Cultram ;  on 
the  west  by  AUonby ;  on  the  south  by  Aspatria  ;  aud  on  tho  east  by  Langiigg.  It  comprises  the  township  of  West 
Newton,  and  ilcalrigg,  part  of  Langrigg  and  Moalrigg  township  ;  as  tho  parish  of  Bromfield  is  now  to  be  divided 
into  three,  West  Newton  will  shortly  be  constituted  a  separate  aud  distinct  parish,  under  Lord  Blandford's  Act. 


W^EST   NEWTON. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  returned  with  that  of 
Allonby ;  its  rateable  value  is  £2,066  12s.  lOd.  Its 
population  in  ISOl  was  returned  with  that  of  Allonby; 
in  isil,  it  was  Q':!3  ;  in  18-21,  300  ;  in  1831,  322  ;  iu 
18-41,  335  ;  and  in  18.M,  317.  The  inhabitants,  who 
are  entirely  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  reside 
principally  in  the  village  of  West  Newton,  some  of 
them  however  reside  in  the  hamlets  of  Howrigg  and 
Yearn  Gill,  or  Urn  Gill,  and  a  few  scattered  houses. 
Although  the  houses  generally  arc  very  clean,  yet  tho 
people  have  not  been  remarkable  either  for  good  morals 
or  for  keeping  their  village  in  commendable  order. 
This  was  owing,  in  a  great  measure,  to  the  want  of  reli- 
gious and  secular  education.  Within  the  past  year, 
however,  this  want  has  been  supplied,  and  there  is 
already  a  marked  improvement.  The  soil  here  is  gene- 
rally fertile.  Cockermouth,  A\'igton,  and  Maryport, 
are  the  markets  usually  attondcd. 

The  m.mor  of  West  Newton  was  given  by  Alan,  second 
Lord  of  Allcrdalo,  to  Odard  do  Wigton,  who  gave  it  to 
Kotel,  his  fourth  son,  father  of  Adam  do  Ncwtou,  who 

23 


first  took  that  name.  This  Adam  was  succeeded  by  his 
brother  Ricbard,  who  gave  lauds  at  Newtou  to  the 
abbey  of  Holme  Cidtram,  which  grant  was  confirmed 
by  Adam  dc  Newton,  his  son.  This  Adam  had  a  son, 
Richard,  who  also  confirmed  the  grant  of  his  grand- 
father. Richard  had  a  son,  Thomas,  who  in  his  turn 
had  a  son,  Thomas,  whose  daughter  and  heir  became 
tho  wife  of  Roger  ]Martindale,  aud  brought  West  Newton 
to  that  family,  who  continued  to  possess  it  for  four  or 
five  generations,  until  the  family  ended  in  daughters. 
Amongst  the  knights'  fees  in  Cumberland,  in  1513,  it 
appears  that  Cuthbert  Rjidclitfe,  John  Blennerhasset, 
Anthony  Barker,  Richard  Dacre,  and  Humphrey  Dacre, 
in  tho  right  of  their  wives,  daughters,  and  heirs  of  James 
Martindale,  co-parceners,  held  jointly  and  undivided  tho 
manor  of  Newton-upou-the-Sea,  with  the  appurten-inccs 
and  tho  vill  of  Newton,  of  the  king,  in  capilc,  by  knights' 
service,  cornago  13s.  Id.,  scawakc,  and  suit  of  court. 
Tiiey  also  hold  tho  manor  of  Ormcsby  :  with  lands  and 
tenements  in  Langrigg,  Bromfield,  Moalrigg,  Crook- 
dake,  Kelsyke,  and  Lounthwaite,  by  like  services.  After 
the   pai-titiou  of   the   esUUes,   Ncwtou   came   to   tho 


318 


AT.LKRDAT.E  -  BKT.OW  -  DERWENT   WARD. 


Musgraves,  by  the  marriage  fas  it  appears)  of  one  of  the 
co-heirs  of  Martiiuhilo,  after  the  death  of  hor  iirst  1ms- 
band ;  for  Denton,  wlio  was  contemporary,  says, — 
"  Newton  in  Allerdale  is  now  the  inheritance  of  Edward 
Musgrave,  second  son  to  William  and  his  wife,  one  of 
the  co-heirs  of  ]Martiiid;ile,  last  of  that  name,  lord  of 
Newton."  Eleanor,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Sir  Richard 
Musgrave  Hylton,  Bart.,  brought  West  Newton  in  mar- 
riage to  William  Jolille,  Esq  ,  M.P.,  from  wliom  it  has 
descended  to  its  present  owner,  Charles  JolitTe,  Esq., 
who  succeeded  Ilylton  Jolifife,  Esq.  'The  landowners, 
besides  the  lord  of  the  manor,  who  owns  above  1,000 
acres,  are,  John  Richmond,  John  Todd,  John  Richard- 
son. Mrs.  Worsley,  William  Cape,  J.  Wilson,  ili^s 
Aglionby,  and  the  trustees  of  the  late  Joseph  Wise.  The 
lands  are  held  here  by  customary  tenure,  subject  to  a 
fine  of  two  years'  rent  on  the  death  of  the  lord,  or  change 
of  tenant ;  the  remainder  is  freehold.  The  lord  holds  a 
court  annually.  The  castle  stood  at  the  west  end  of  the 
village,  but  the  ruins  have  now  entirely  disappeared,  and 
a  little  hillock  in  the  centre  of  a  grazing  field  alone 
marks  the  site. 

Aspatria  common  was  divided  by  act  of  parliament 
in  ]8'21,  and  a  portion  of  it  assigned  to  West  Newton. 
The  landowners  of  the  township  purchased  their  tithes 
more  than  100  years  ago. 

The  village  of  West  Newton  is  pleasantly  situated  at 
the  junction  of  two  small  rivulets,  three  and  a  half  miles 
cast-by-north  of  AUonby,  and  eight  miles  north-east  of 
Maryport,  and  west-by-south  of  Wigton.  The  small 
streams  just  mentioned  run  through  the  village,  and 
though  useful  are  certainly  not  ornamental,  though  they 
might  easily  be  made  so. 

THE   CHCRCn. 

The  want  of  church  accommodation  had  long  been 
felt  in  the  parish  of  Bromfield,  and  Mrs.  Barwis,  of 
Langrigg  Hall,  undertook  some  time  ago  to  raise  sub- 
scriptions towards  building  and  endowing  a  church,  and 
great  praise  is  due  to  that  lady  for  the  strenuous  efforts 
she  made  for  that  purpose.  There  seemed,  however, 
little  likelihood  of  raising  the  sum  required  until  Jolm 
Todd,  Esq.,  of  Manchester,  a  native  of  West  Newton, 
came  nobly  forward  and  offered  to  build,  at  his  own  cost, 
a  church,  parsonage,  school,  and  teacher's  house.  Such 
an  offer  was  not  to  be  refused,  and  Mrs.  Barwis  readily 
consented  to  invest  for  an  endowment  the  sum  she  had 
collected,  which  amounted  to  £2, .3  00.  Besides  build- 
ing the  above,  which  cost  £3,000,  Mr.  Todd  also  gave 
£500  towEirds  the  endowment.  He  is  also  a  large  con- 
tributor towards   the   stipend  of  the  incumbent"  and 


the  schoolmaster,  and  at  his  death  intends  endowing 
both  church  and  school.  This  is  an  example  worthy 
the  imitation  of  our  merchant  princes,  and  is  a  substan- 
tial proof  that  I\[r.  Todd  has  not  forgotten  his  native 
village,  which  he  left  more  than  thirty  years  ago. 

West  Newton  Church,  dedicated  to  St.  Matthew,  was 
erected  in  1857.  It  is  a  neat  structure,  in  the  Early 
English  style,  consisting  of  nave  and  chancel,  and  pos- 
sesses four  beautifully-stiiinod  windows,  by  Wailes,  of 
Newcastle.  That  in  the  east  end  of  the  chancel  con- 
tains a  representation  of  the  Crucifi.vion,  Resurrection, 
and  Ascension,  with  the  symbols  of  the  four  Evange- 
lists ;  the  west  window,  erected  by  Mrs.  Barwis,  in 
memory  of  her  daughter,  has  for  its  subject,  St.  Mat- 
thew and  St.  Barnabas  ;  tlie  third,  on  the  north  side  of 
the  cliancel.  The  Woman  Anointing  the  Feet  of  Jesus  ; 
the  fourth,  on  the  south  side  of  the  chancel,  Mary  sit- 
ting at  the  feet  of  Jesus.  With  regard  to  the  internal 
fittings  of  the  church,  there  is  no  country  church  in  the 
county  that  can  be  compared  with  it,  —  everything  is 
good,  useful,  and  beautiful.  The  cost  of  erection  was 
about  £1,000.  All  the  i-ites  of  the  English  Church  are 
performed  here.  The  church  is  endowed  with  £2,300  ; 
the  value  of  the  living  is  about  £  1 00  a-year.  With  the 
joint  consent  of  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Wybcrgh,  vicar  of 
Bromfield,  John  Todd.  Esq.,  and  Mrs.  Barwis,  of  Lang- 
rigg Hall,  the  right  of  nominating  the  incumbent  was 
conveyed  to  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle.  The  Rev.  John 
Bone  is  the  first  and  present  incumbent. 

The  Parsonage,  a  neat  building  in  the  Early  English 
style,  is  situated  at  the  west  end  of  the  village.  It  was 
erected  in  1858,  at  a  cost  of  about  £1,000. 

A  good  school  and  master's  house  were  erected 
in  1858.  They  are  situated  near  the  clmrch,  and 
are  in  the  same  style  of  architecture.  The  school 
is  under  government  inspection,  and  supported  by  the 
children's  pence  and  John  Todd,  Esq.,  by  whom  it  was 
built,  at  a  cost  of  £1,000. 

Howrigg  and  Yearn  Gill,  or  Urn  Gill,  are  two  ham- 
lets in  this  township,  both  within  a  short  distance  of 
West  Newton,  and  may  almost  be  considered  a  part 
of  it. 

Warwick  Hall  is  situated  a  little  to  the  south-west  of 
tlie  village ;  it  is  occupied  by  Mr.  Richard  Jackson, 
the  principal  tenant  of  the  lord  of  the  manor. 

John  Todd,  Esq.,  son  of  Joseph  Todd,  Esq.,  left  his 
native  village  more  than  thirty  years  ago,  and  went  to 
M.anchester,  where  he  became  a  very  influential  mer- 
chant, aud  to  his  honour  has  now  become  a  liberal 
benefactor  to  his  native  place. 


ALLONBY   CHAPELr.V. 


219 


ALLOXBY   CHAPELRY. 

Allonby  Chapelrt,  which  is  uow  (October,  1838,)  about  to  be  constituted  a  separate  and  distinct  parish,  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  parish  of  Holme  St.  Cuthbert  and  the  Ecclesiastical  District  of  West  Newton,  on 
the  west  by  the  Solway  Frith,  and  on  the  south  an4  east  by  the  townships  of  Ilayton  and  Melay  in  Aspatria  parish. 
This  chapelry  comprises  the  township  of  Allouby,  which  is  united  with  that  of  West  Newton  for  the  support 
of  the  poor,  &c. 

without  issue,  the  manor  and  other  possessions  were 
left  in  trust  for  the  two  daughters  of  his  brother  Wil- 
liam, who  lived  in  Ireland.  The  eldest  daughter  mar- 
ried Captain  Samuel  Wyndowe,  and  the  younger  Robert 
Swann,  Esq.  On  a  partition  of  their  possessions, 
Samuel  Wyndowe,  Esq.,  became  lord  of  the  manor. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Oliver  Thomlinsou 
Wyndowe,  Esq.,  who  died  in  London  ;  and  the  manor 
is  now  held  by  Jlrs.  George  Reay  and  her  sister. 

Ormesby,  in  this  parish,  was  anciently  a  small  manor 
held  by  the  lords  of  Dearham,  who  gave  lands  out  of 
Ormesby  to  the  abbey  of  Holme  Cultram.  The  manor 
passed  from  the  lords  of  Dearham  to  the  Martiudales, 
lords  of  West  Newton,  with  whom  it  continued  till  the 
demise  of  James  Martindale,  when  it  was  divided  among 
his  daughtei's.  One  part,  containing  Melay,  Crook- 
hurst,  and  other  lands,  called  Ormesby  lands,  became 
joined  to  the  manor  of  Allonby,  being  the  jointure  of 
Janet  Martindale,  wife  of  John  Blennerhasset.  The 
other  part,  containing  Melay  Uill  and  Bowseale,  with 
other  lands,  became  the  property  of  William  Musgrave, 
Esq.,  of  Hay  ton  Castle,  who  married  Isabella,  one  of 
the  five  daughters  of  James  ilartindale  above-men- 
tioned. An  inquisition  taken  in  the  20th  year  of  the 
reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  (1578),  informs  us  that 
"  William  Musgrave,  Esq.,  holdeth  three  parts  of  five 
parts  of  the  manor  of  Ormesby,  late  the  lands  of  George 
Martindale,  by  homage,  fealtie,  and  suit  of  court,  from 
three  weeks  to  three  weeks,  and  payeth  yearly  for 
cornage,  seawakc,  and  foe-farm,  at  y^  feasts  of  St. 
Martin  and  Ponticoste,  2s.  5d.  John  Blennerhasset 
holdeth  one  part  of  five  parts  of  the  manor  aforesaid  by 
like  services,  and  payeth  for  cornage,  seawake,  and  fce- 
furm.  9id.  John  KadclilT  holdeth  another  part  of  the 
said  five  parts  of  the  manor  aforesaid,  by  like  service, 
and  payeth  for  cornage,  seawake,  and  ftefariu,  Uid.' 
<  )ruiesliy  manor  has  since  passed  with  the  luanoi-s  of 
Allonby  and  Uayton. 

The  principal  landowners  arc  Messrs.  William  Wil- 
liamsou,  Thomas  Williamson,  William  Beeby,  John 
Saul,  John  Osborne,  Peter  Nicholsou,  Thomas  Bouch  ; 
Jlrs.  Bragg,  and  Mrs.  Dickinson. 

The  village  or  town  of  Allonby  is  situated  on  tho 
coast,  five  miles  north-uortU-east  of  Muryport,  and  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  Uie  Solwav  and  the  Scottish  coast 


ALLONBY. 

The  area  of  the  township  of  Allonby,  inclusive  of 
that  of  West  Newton,  is  1,7",I4  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  £'1,020.  Its  population  in  1801,  with  that  of 
West  Newton,  was  726  ;  in  1811,  Allouby  alone,  <5.55  ; 
in  182],  709;  in  1831,  783;  in  1841,  811;  and  in 
1851,  74'J ;  who  are  all  collected  in  the  village  of 
Allonby.  The  principal  employment  of  the  people  is 
agriculture ;  a  few  are  engaged  as  fishermen  or  boat- 
men ;  and  there  ni"e  also  a  few  handloom  weavers, 
working  principally  for  a  firm  at  Wigtou.  The  inha- 
bitants chiefly  attend  Maryport  market;  a  few,  how- 
ever, go  to  Wigton.  The  soil  here  is  sandy,  some 
loamy,  and  in  parts  there  is  a  mi.Ked  quality,  resting 
chielly  on  a  clayey  subsoil.  There  are  two  red  free- 
stone quarries,  one  on  tho  property  of  Charles  Joliffe, 
Es<i.,  and  the  other  on  that  of  General  Wyndham ; 
both  of  which  are  worked  by  Mr.  Henry  Graves,  of 
Aspatria. 

The  manor  of  Allonby,  or  Alanby,  is  said  to  have 
received  its  name  from  Alan,  second  lord  of  /Ulendale, 
"  who  being  a  melancholic  man,  was  pleased  with  the 
lovely  situation  of  the  place,  and  the  rather  as  it  was 
near  the  abbey  of  Holme,  which  he  had  undertaken  to 
rebuild."  This  Alan  is  stated  by  Nicolson  and  Bum  to 
have  given  Allonby  "  to  some  of  his  kindred,  who  took 
their  name  therefrom,  and  were  called  Do  Alanby." 
There  appears  to  have  been  a  John  de  Alanby,  and  an 
Edward  de  Alanby,  and  these  are  the  only  members 
of  the  family  with  whose  names  we  are  acquainted. 
In  the  reign  of  Edward  111.  a  De  Lacy  occurs  as 
proprietor.  SooJi  after  this  the  male  line  of  the 
Alanbys  appears  to  have  failed,  and  a  female  heir 
brought  it  in  marriage  to  William  de  Flimbv.  From 
the  Flimbys  the  mnnor  passed  in  a  similar  manner  to 
the  Blenuerhassets.  John  Blcnnerhossett,  Esq.,  of 
Carlisle,  lord  of  Allonby,  having  married  Janet,  one  of 
the  live  daughters  of  James  Martindale,  lord  of  New- 
ton, the  latter  family  continued  to  hold  Allonby  till  the 
year  1700,  wlien  they  sold  it  to  William  Thomlinsou  of 
Blencogo  Hall,  who  in  1701  or  1702  sold  the  lands  in 
-Mlonby  to  tho  tenants,  reserving  a  small  quit-reut. 
This  gentleman  was  succeeded  by  his  son  William 
Thomlinson,  and  the  male  lino  failed  in  John  Thom- 
linsou,   Esq.,   of    Brisco    Hdl,    Carlisle,    who,    dying 


220 


ALLERDALE-  BELOW- DER\raNT  WARD. 


au(l  mountain'?,  among  which  Criffcl  stands  conspicuous. 
The  town,  which  contains  some  good  houses,  has  a  neat 
appearance,  is  much  resorted  to  for  sea-bathing,  for 
which  it  is  well  adapted,  the  sands  being  smooth  and 
firm,  and  the  inclination  of  the  beach  to  the  sea  so  gradual 
that  bathing  may  be  easily  enjoyed  at  all  times  of  the 
tide.  The  herring-fishery  here,  at  some  seasons,  is  veiy 
productive  ;  but,  at  others,  the  shoals  of  this  fish,  after 
remaining  in  the  channel  ton  years,  are  said  to  leave  tho 
coast,  and  after  an  absence  for  the  same  length  of  time, 
to  return  again.  AUonby  contains  a  hotel,  several 
good  inns,  besides  capacious  boarding  and  lodging- 
houses.  Baths  were  erected  in  lSo5,  and  in  the  same 
building  are  news  and  assembly  rooms.  A  meat  and 
vegetable  market  is  held  here  every  Saturday. 

THE   CHTTRCH. 

Allonby  Church  or  Chapel,  called  "  Christ  Church," 
was  erected  and  originally  endowed  by  Dr.  Thomliuson, 
vicar  of  Xewcastlc-on-Tyne,  and  canon  of  St.  Paul's, 
London,'  in  1744,  but  was  rebuilt  by  subscription  about 
eleven  years  ago.  It  is  a  cruciform  structure,  and 
probably  one  of  the  worst  specimens  of  cliurchwardens' 
architecture  to  be  found  in  the  county.  It  will  accom- 
modate about  400  perions.  There  is  a  splendid  mural 
tablet  to  the  late  Captain  Joseph   HudJart,  F.K.S., 

*  The  foUowmj  letter  of  Dr.  Thomliuson,  gives  an  nccouut  of  the 
foundation  of  .^lonby  Church,  anil  is  iut»*resting  from  the  aecount 
which  tijewritergivesof  himself  and  his  various  chariliibic  works: — 

My  good  Lord, — Your  judicious  and  learned  labours  are  so  ser- 
viceable to  all  impartial  aud  tmbiassed  readers,  and  your  advices 
upon  emergent  difficulties  are  so  useful  to  your  friends,  that  I,  who 
have  tasted  of  both,  cannot  but  earnestly  wish  tliat  tliis  may  Ond  you 
in  as  perfect  health,  as  I  enjoy,  wlio  am  advanced  within  a  few 
months  of  7(i.  I  have  been  eight  years  blind,  imd  by  the  blessing  of 
God,  am  not  only  easy  and  contented,  but  cheerful  and  as  well  dis- 
posed as  ever  to  works  of  piety  and  charity,  in  which,  for  five  years 
past,  I  have  bestowed  more  than  the  neat  produce  of  my  living,  pre- 
bend, &c.  I  go  nowhere  but  to  the  house  of  God,  which,  when  I 
entered  in  1712,  was  in  u  sorry  condition,  covered  over  with  green 
mould,  but  is  now  beautiful  and  adorned,  with  three  galleries,  two 
of  my  erection,  for  the  benefit  of  my  charity  school ;  a  handsome 
chance!,  with  elegant  waiuscoat,  aud  sash  windows;  and  Oie  comnui- 
nion  table  and  pulpit  enriched  with  such  ornaments  es  no  country 
church  I  know  of  can  e.\cel  or  equal  them.  I  delight  to  be  present 
on  prayer  days,  aud  especially  on  Sundays,  when  we  have  constantly 
full  congregations ;  and  at  monthly  sacraments,  when  I  always  con- 
secrate the  elements,  and  give  the  bread.  When  I  drew  near  to  tlie 
common  term  of  man's  hfe,  my  mind  was  frequently  filled  with  un 
common  apprehensions  of  the  uncertainty  of  life,  the  first  importance 
of  charity,  of  laying  up  treasure  in  heaven,  and  the  awful  and  endur- 
ing speech  of  the  Great  Judge  to  the  sheep  on  his  right  hand,  and  the 
day  of  judgment,  which  then  inspired  me  with  a  rcsolntion  to  devote 
the  income  of  my  spu-itual  preferments,  to  the  finishing  such  chari- 
ties as  I  had  then  in  view,  and  to  act  the  wise  merchant,  who,  before 
he  removes  to  a  foreign  coimtry,  sends  his  effects  before  him.  That 
■wise  resolution,  which  moved  me  as  a  divine  impulse,  produced  the 
building  of  two  charity  schools,  one  here,  and  the  other,  for  fifty 
children,  at  Bellingham,  in  the  parish  of  Simonbnrn,  which  is  com- 
puted twenty-four  miles  in  length,  and  twenty  in  breadth,  besides 


one  of  the  Elder  brethren  of  the  Trinity  House,  and  a 
distinguished  navigator,  who  was  born  in  the  village. 
It  is  of  white  marble,  and  was  executed  by  Fontano,  of 
Carrara,  and  cost  ,£500.  The  incumbent  is  a  perpetual 
curate  or  vicar,  presented  by  the  vicar  of  Bromlield,  in 
right  of  his  vicarage.  Allonby  will  shortly  be  made  a 
distinct  parisli,  under  the  provisions  of  Lord  Blandford's 
act.  Tho  tithes  are  at  present  paid  to  the  mother 
church  of  Bromfield.  The  founder  of  the  chapel.  Dr. 
Thomliuson  above-mentioned,  endowed  it  with  i'200, 
which,  with  £200  obtained  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty, 
were  vested  in  a  rent-charge  to  be  paid  out  of  an  estate 
in  Abbey  Holme.  The  living  subsequently  received 
another  augmentation,  which  was  expended  in  purchase 
of  laud  at  Carlisle ;  it  is  now  worth  about  £90  a  year. 

Inci'Meents. — Thomas  Wilson,  ;  John  Cowan,  ; 

William  Graliam,  II.A., ;  Gilfrid  HarUey,  M.A.,  182'2, ; 

James  Carter,  1850 ;  John  Eitson,  M.A.,  Itjijl ;  J.  Pousonhy 
Steel,  M.A.,  1858. 

There  is  a  parsonage  house. 

The  Society  of  Friends  and  the  Independents  have 
each  a  place  of  worship  in  this  village. 

Allonby  School  is  a  plain  stone  building,  rebuilt  in 
1S37,  on  the  site  of  the  old  school,  adjacent  to  the 
church.  It  is  endowed  with  some  land  purchased  with 
.£100  left  in  1753  by  Mrs.  Thomliuson,  relict  of  Dr. 

the  library  at  Newcastle,  of  which  your  Lordship  had  a  particular 
account  in  1S41.  1  mention  these,  my  Lord,  not  by  way  of  vanity, 
for  I  disclaim  all  merit,  and  do  know  that  in  lae  there  is  nothing  I 
can  call  my  own,  but  the  abuse  of  mercies,  my  follies,  failings,  and 
imperfections :  if  there  be  anything  in  me  that  is  good,  it  is  from 
God,  to  which  I  owe  all  my  good  thoughts  and  dispositions,  and  my 
very  abilities  to  do  good,  for  I  was  the  youngest  of  ten  children,  and 
God's  providence  was  mine  inheritjince.  This,  my  Lord,  I  presume 
to  offer  as  the  best  apology  I  can  make,  for  niy  neglect  in  your  Lord- 
ship's cathedral,  where  fur  many  years  I  have  been  an  unworthy 
member,  and  I  hope  you  will  be  so  favourable  as  to  conclude  that, 
though  I  cannot  labour  in  the  vineyard,  as  I  did  now  fifty  years, 
before  the  loss  of  sight,  yet  1  am  now  not  altogether  useless  and  un- 
profitable. A  half  a  year  ago,  when  I  liad  erected  three  small 
monnments  and  memorials  of  my  gratitude  to  tlie  Divine  bounty, 
and  had  mtended  to  put  an  end  to  my  public  charities,  I  met  witli 
such  a  melancholy  account  of  the  want  of  a  chapel  at  .Mlonby,  in 
Cumberland,  as  engaged  me  in  building  one  there,  with  a  school 
annexed,  which  will  he  finished  this  week,  of  which  I  will  give  a  full 
account  to  your  Lordship.  Allonby  is  situated  on  the  bonks  of  the 
Solway  Frith,  ten  miles  west  of  Wigton,  where,  in  17JI,  1  put  six 
clergjnnen's  widows  into  a  college  of  matrons,  whose  statutes  your 
Lordship  was  pleased  to  revise.  There,  a  year  or  two  after,  I  built  a 
school,  witli  a  dwelling-house  for  the  master,  one  fabric  of  ashlar  work, 
with  hewn  door-ease,  windows,  and  rustic  coins,  twelve  yards  long; 
that  is  accounted  a  handsome  building;  but  tliis  which  I  have  built 
here,  two  years  ago,  exceeds  it  in  size  and  beauty.  I  beg  your 
Lordship's  piu:don  for  trespassing  so  long  upon  yom'  patience,  aud 
remain,  my  good  Lord, 

Your  most  obedient  and  obliged 
Humble  Servant, 

EOEEBT   TUOMLINSOS, 

Rector  of  Whickhain. 
To  the  Right  Rev.  Edmund  Lord  Bishop  of  London. 


CALDBECK    PARISH. 


221 


Tliomliuson,  and  now  producing  about  £'7  10s.  per 
annum,  for  \Yhieh  ten  free  scholars  are  taugbt  by  the 
master.  The  number  of  chikhvn  in  attendance  is 
about  forty. 

The  British  School  was  erected  by  subscription  in 
1810.      It  possesses  an   endowment  of  J£:50  a  year, 


arising  from  the  proceeds  of  a  sum  of  money  invested 
in  the  Darlington  railway,  by  Thomas  Richardson,  Esq., 
of  Stamford  Hill,  near  London,  who  transferred  it  to 
the  use  of  this  school,  the  master  and  mistress  of  which 
receive  £ib  each,  or  an  equal  share  of  the  profits. 


CALDBECK  PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Caldbcck  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  parishes  of  Westward,  Bolton,  and  Sebergham ;  on  the  west 
by  Bassenthwaite,  Uldalo,  and  Ireby ;  on  the  south  by  Bassenthwaite  and  Skiddaw ;  and  on  the  east  by  Castle 
Sowerby  and  Grcystoke  parishes.'  Its  area  is  2-1,280  statute  acres,  of  which  about  12,000  are  commons  and  fells, 
which  afford  good  pasturage  to  numerous  flocks  of  sheep,  and  abound  with  vai-ious  kinds  of  game.  The  lands  seem 
to  rise  by  a  gentle  ascent  from  the  vale  of  the  Caldew  up  to  the  mountains.  The  soil  near  Caldbeck  and  Hesket  is 
fertile,  but  the  western  part  of  the  enclosed  land  is  cold  and  heavy.  The  minerals  found  in  this  parish  are  lead, 
copper,  coal,  and  limestone — there  is  an  almost  boundless  variety  of  the  former;  and  while  the  surrounding  rocks 
attract  the  eye  of  the  geologist,  few  districts  of  a  similar  extent  contribute  more  to  the  pleasure  and  curiosity  of  the 
toui-ist,  and  the  cabinet  of  the  mineralogist.  The  parish  is  divided  into  the  townships  of  Low  Caldbeck,  High  Cald- 
beck, Caldbeck  llaltcliff,  Mosedale,  and  Swincside.  The  inhabitants  attend  the  Wigton,  Carlisle,  and  Penrith  markets. 
They  reside  in  several  small  villages,  but  the  majority  are  dispersed  in  single  houses  for  agricultural  purposes,  and  are 
engaged  in  agriculture  and  mining.  The  rateable  vdue  of  the  whole  parish  is  £0,073  per  annum.  It  is  evident  a 
Roman  road  has  passed  through  the  parish  from  the  station  near  Papcastle  to  another  near  Plumptou.  Entering 
the  parish  at  the  boundary  near  Uldale,  it  proceeded  over  the  common  to  Pikeless  Gate,  thence  by  Wath  to  Hesket 
Xewmarkct,  along  the  road  now  called  Street,  and  from  Hesket  to  Millhouse,  in  the  parish  of  Castle  Sowerby,  in  the 
direction  of  the  station  Pctriana.  The  commons  belonging  to  the  various  townships  in  this  parish  are  not  enclosed, 
and  contain  by  admeasurement  12,033  acres. 


LOW    CALDBECK. 

The  population  of  Low  Caldbeck  township  in  ISOl 
was  505  ;  in  181 1,  035  ;  in  1821,  720  ;  in  1831,  738 ; 
in  18  11,  010  ;  and  in  1851,  083.  Its  rateable  value  is 
J£2,014   lis.  8d. 

The  m.inor  of  Caldbeck  is  divided  into  two  divisions, 
called  Caldbeck  Upperton,  or  Uppertown,  being  that 
part  which  lies  near  the  church  ;  and  Caldbeck-under- 
Fell,  the  part  near  the  mountains.  The  whole  lordbliip 
or  manor  was  held  by  the  lords  of  Allordale,  till  the 
si.vth  Earl  of  Northumberland  gave  it  to  Henry  YIIL, 
who  granted  Caldbcck  TIppertown  to  Thomas  Dalston, 
Esq.,  and  Caldbcck-undcr-Fcll  to  Thomas,  Lord  Whar- 
ton, the  latter  of  whom  soon  became  possessed  of  the 
whole,  having  purchased  Jlr.  Dnlston's  moiety.  From 
a  survey  taken  in  1.j37  we  learn  the  following  par- 
ticidars  relating  to  Caldbeck:  —  "The  heirs  of  Henry 


Denton  hold  four  messuages  of  the  barony  of  .jVllcrdale, 
and  other  lands  and  tenements  in  Caldbeck  Upton 
and  Caldbeck-imder-Fell,  by  cornage,  homage,  &c.,  ren- 
dering per  annum  7s.  Od.  Philip,  Lord  Wharton, 
holdeth  Caldbcck-under-Fcll,  being  of  the  ancient  pos- 
sessions of  the  said  earl,  and  of  the  yearly  value  of  i.'20, 
granted  amongst  other  things  by  Henry,  late  Earl  of 
Xortlmmiierland,  uncle  of  the  earl  that  now  is,  to  one 
Thomas  Wharton,  controller  of  his  household,  to  him 
and  to  his  heirs  male,  paying  therefore  yearly  i'20. 
The  same  Lord  Wharton  holdeth  Caldbeck  Upton,  being 
of  ancient  possessions  of  the  said  carl,  and  of  the  yearly 
value  of  £8  10s.  4d.,  purchased  of  the  said  late  King 
Henry  VIII.,  by  one  Thomas  Dalston,  to  be  holden  of 
the  king  by  knight's  service,  viz.,  the  —  part  of  a 
knight's  fee,  and  by  the  yearly  rent  of  30s.  Sid.,  of 
which  lands  and  tenements  the  said  Thomas  Dalston 


>  The  boumUr}'  line  commences  nenr  llie  clmrcli,  nnil  extends  norlhwarils  along  liowlcn  Beck  to  (lie  angle  of  ibo  ronil  to  Carlisle,  from  tlience 
In  a  strni^lit  line  to  'rhciriitliwuiie  Gilltiond,  ilicn  to  near  FuKls,  anil  from  ilienoo  Iv  Tlioniey  Stone  to  Piu  Gill,  then  to  riplio  Will,  from  ilienca 
In  (irccuttli  Well,  near  (Jliliile,  tlion  to  a  stone  chair  near  Bngray  Gale,  then  to  a  sloue  calleJ  Fallen  Gruel,  then  to  a  cintler  bed  near  Longlunds, 
ilicncc  to  a  Ipomiiliiry  stone  uiljoining  the  river  IMlin,  from  thence  to  a  stone  miir  Copiwck,  Oicnce  to  the  road  and  enclosed  lands  to  I'ash  nnd 
I'aiidlcsieve  hog,  and  to  Dead  Heck  fool,  and  to  the  river  Caldew  at  Scot's  I'old,  and  along  llie  river  Ciildew  to  Micklcbcck,  near  Hesket  Ilcll, 
and  along  Micklehcck  to  the  commcucemeut  near  the  church. 


222 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW  -  DEUWEN'T  WARD. 


infeoffed  Thomas,  Lord  Wharton,  grandfather  to  the 
said  Philip,  Lord  Wharton,  by  the  rents  and  services  to 
the  said  Earl  of  Northumberland  due,  30s.  8Jd."  Tlie 
followiug  are  the  free  tenants  in  Caldbeck  Uppertown 
and  Caldbeck-under-Fell  at  the  period  of  the  survey : — 
"The  heirs  of  Edward  Blennerhasset  holdeth  there  two 
messuages,  twenty  acres  of  laud,  with  appurtenances, 
by  knight's  service,  viz.,  for  comage,  homage,  fealtie, 
and  suit  of  court  of  Allerdalo,  and  render  2s.  'id.  The 
heirs  of  John  Sleawright  hold  there  one  tenement  and 
eight  acres  of  land,  by  like  services,  and  render  Cd. 
The  heirs  of  Eobert  Warcop  hold  certain  lauds  there  by 
like  services,  and  render  Is.  The  dean  and  chapter  of 
Carlisle  hold  there  certain  lauds  called  Sharelauds,  by 
like  services,  and  render  per  annum  Is.  The  heirs  of 
Robert  Yaux  hold  there  certain  lands,  by  like  services, 
and  render  Is.  The  heirs  of  Robert  Priestman  hold  there 
certain  lands  called  Wardflat,  by  hke  seiTice,  and  render 
6d.  The  heirs  of  William  Eaglesfield  hold  there  certain 
lands,  late  the  lands  of  John  Caldbeck,  by  like  services, 
and  render  Is.  The  touants  and  inhabitants  of  the 
said  town  of  Caldbeck  pay  to  the  lord  yearly,  for 
comage,  20s.;  for  seawake,  2s.  Id.;  in  toto,  22s.  Id." 
The  entire  manor  continued  to  be  held  by  the  Wharton 
family  till  the  famous  Duke  Philip,  whom  Pope  calls 
"  the  scorn  and  wonder  of  our  days,"  and  who  was  the 
last  of  the  family,  was  obliged  to  alienate  this  and  other 
estates  to  four  trustees,  for  the  payment  of  his  debts. 
Being  sold  by  the  trustees  to  Charles,  Duke  of  Somerset, 
it  became  again  united  to  the  barony  of  Allerdale,  and 
has  descended  with  that  barony  to  General  Wyndham, 
who  is  now  lord  of  tlie  soil ;  but  the  minerals,  which  had 
been  reserved  to  the  crown,  now  belong  to  the  Earl  of 
Pomfret ;  Sir  George  William  Denys,  Bart. :  and  Sir- 
Francis  Shuckburgh,  Bart.  The  landowners  in  this 
township  are  Jackson  (iillbanks,  Esq.;  William  Jen- 
nings, Esq. ;  John  Jennings,  Esq.;  Lieut.-col.  Wilson  ; 
George  G.  Mounsey,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  Richard  Hanison, 
Joseph  Scott,  John  Smith,  and  Thomas  James,  with 
several  small  owners  and  resident  yeomen. 

The  village  of  Caldbeck  is  situated  in  this  township, 
at  the  nonh-easteru  extremity  of  the  parish,  near  the 
confluence  of  the  CalJew  and  the  Caldbeck,  one  and  a 
half  miles  north-west  of  Hesket  Newmarket,  and  seven 
miles  south-south-east  of  Wigton.  Weaving,  bobbin- 
making,  fulling,  and  other  manufactures,  are  carried  on 
here.  The  origin  of  this  village  is  said  to  have  been  as 
follows  :  —  "  Long  after  the  Conquest  this  parish  was  a 
wild  forest  and  desolate  waste,  and,  being  crossed  by  a 
high-road  which  extended  from  Westmoreland  to  the 
western  co.ist  of  Cumberland,  it  lay  under  the  imputa- 
tion of  being  the  resort  of  dangerous  outlaws,  who  fre- 


quently assailed  travellers.  To  prevent  this  as  much  as 
possible,  Ranulph  Engaync,  chief  forester  of  Inglewood, 
granted  a  license  to  the  Prior  of  Carlisle  to  build  an 
hospital  here,  for  the  purpose  of  entertaining  travellers 
and  protecting  such  as  were  benighted  from  the  hands 
of  prowling  freebooters.  On  this  giant  the  prior  enclosed 
some  portions  in  the  environs  of  the  hospital,  when  soon 
afterwards  a  church  was  erected,  around  which  a  village 
quickly  rose,  and  tlie  parish  of  Caldbeck  was  called  into 
existence.  The  hospital  was  dissolved  about  the  time 
of  King  John,  and  the  church  endowed  with  its  lauds, 
which  have  since  been  designated  the  manor  of  Kirk- 
land."  King  John  was  at  Caldbeck  on  the  SOtli  June, 
121S. 

TUE   CHUBCn. 

Caldbeck  Church  is  a  very  ancient  fabric,  dedicated 
to  St.  llungo,  or  St.  Kentigem,  the  tutelar  saint  of  the 
north,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  erected  in  the  year 
1112.  It  coi;sists  of  a  nave,  two  side  aisles,  and  chancel. 
Gospatric,  son  of  Orme,  granted  the  patronage  of  the 
rectory  to  the  priors  of  Carlisle,  which  grant  was  con- 
firmed by  William  de  Vesey,  and  Burga  his  wife,  and 
dame  Alice  Romiley,  lady  of  Allerdale,  and  also  by  the 
kings  Henry  L  and  Edward  IL  About  the  year  1223 
Prior  Bartholomew  granted  the  advowsou  to  the  bishop 
of  Carlisle,  and  his  successors  have  since  enjoyed  the 
same,  but  not  without  question,  for  in  12G7,  Ciceley, 
Countess  of  Albermarle,  eldest  daughter  of  William  Fitz 
Duncan,  is  said  to  have  claimed  it,  but  we  are  not  in- 
formed upon  what  her  claim  was  grounded.  It  is  added, 
however,  that  upon  a  qiiare  impedit,  the  bishop  recovered 
the  right  of  collation  to  the  church  of  Caldbeck.  Tho 
benefice  is  a  rectory,  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at 
£15  3s.  Od.,  and  returned  in  1845  as  of  the  annual 
value  of  .£130  ;  it  is  now  worth  £1S0  per  annum.  The 
Bishop  of  Carlisle  is  patron.  The  tithes  have  been 
commuted  for  £315,  and  there  are  nearly  200  acres  of 
glebe.  The  church  has  this  year  (18.j8)  been  lighted 
and  heated  with  gas.  The  parish  register  commences 
for  baptisms,  April  10th,  1640  ;  marriages,  April  17th, 
1031 ;  burials,  June  2nd,  1628. 

Rectors. — John    Franceys,  ;    Alan, ;   Kobert  de 

HalgbtoD,   1312;  Adam  de  Appleby, ;  Robert  de  Bramley, 

133i;  Peter  Galiciano,  13-3i;  Nicholas  de  Whitrigg,  1335; 
WUliam    de    RagenhUl,    1302  ;     Thomas   de    Salkeld,   13C0  ; 

Thomas  del  Hall,  1379  ;  Hagh  Sewell, ;  Thomas  Fairfax, 

'  1383 ;  Fredei-ick  Tunstall,  lOiO;  Richard  Hutton,  1(157  ;  Arthur 
Savage,  IC(i3;  Jeffrey  Wybergh,  1700;  John  Waugh,  1727; 
Pynson  Wilmot,  17C5 ;  Browne  Grisdale,  1789 ;  James  Lynn, 
1813  ;  James  Thwaytes.  1855. 

There  is  an  e.xcellent  rectoiy  house,  of  large  dimen- 
sions.    The  eutrance  hall,  which  is  sixteen  feet  wide 


CALDBECK  PARISH. 


22£ 


by  thirty-two  feet  long,  is  supposed  to  be  the  old  hall  of 
the  ancient  hospital  of  Caldbeck. 

The  places  of  worship  in  the  parish,  in  addition  to 
the  church,  arc  a  Methodist  chaprl  at  Hesket ;  a 
Friends'  mectinf»-house  at  Caldbeck  High,  another  near 
Hesket,  and  another  at  Mosedale.  The  Quakers  do  not 
now  meet  in  these  chapels,  having  become  absorbed 
by  the  church. 

The  school  is  a  neat  stone  building,  in  the  Eliza- 
bethan style,  erected  in  1851,  by  John  Jennings,  Esq., 
of  Fell  Side,  at  a  cost  of  £300.  It  is  supported  by 
qnarter-pence  and  private  subscriptions.  About  100 
children  are  educated  here. 

CHAHITIES. 

School. — In  a  terrier  of  this  parish,  dated  November 
10th,  1749,  it  is  stated  that  there  is  belonging  to  the 
parish  of  Caldbeck  a  school  stock,  which  was  raised  by 
voluntary  contribution  in  the  year  1047,  as  (it  is  stated) 
would  further  appear  by  an  ancient  book  kept  for  that 
purpose.  The  principal  stock  at  that  time  is  stated  to 
be  ,t'll)3,  thou  lodged  in  the  hands  of  the  most  sub- 
stantial inhabitants  of  the  parish,  for  which  they  paid 
the  schoolmaster  interest  at  lOd.  in  the  pound.  It  is 
also  added  that  by  one  of  the  articles  agreed  upon  at  the 
fii'st  endowment,  the  contributors  to  the  said  stock,  and 
their  lineal  descendants  enjoying  the  estates  of  the  first 
contributors,  should  be  free  to  the  school ;  but  that,  for 
the  encouragement  of  the  school,  in  case  any  of  the 
estates  should  be  sold,  neither  the  seller  nor  buyer 
should  thereafter  be  free.  The  Charity  Commissioners 
state  that  "  A  great  part  of  the  sum  of  .€103  above- 
mentioned  is  said  to  have  been  lost  long  ago,  by  the 
failure  of  a  family  of  the  name  of  Scott ;  and  all  that 
is  now  known  to  remain  is  the  sum  of  i47  ICs.  This 
money  was  in  the  hands  of  six  different  persons,  all  of 
whom,  for  several  years,  paid  interest  for  their  several 
proportions,  at  lOd.  in  the  pound,  to  the  Rev.  Joseph 
Eogerson,  who  was  schoolmaster  for  twenty-five  years. 
Mr.  Rogerson  has  now  left  Caldbeck  five  or  si.\  years, 
since  which  time  no  interest  has  been  paid."  They  go 
on  to  state  that  they  "  suggested  to  the  pei-sons  in 
whoso  hands  the  money  remains,  the  propriety  of  paying 
in  the  principal  with  arrears  of  interest,  in  order  that 
the  oliject  of  the  original  sub-cription  may,  a.s  far  as 
possible,  bo  fulfilled."  The  following  inscription  was 
over  the  door  of  the  school: — "  E.v  dono  lloberti  Vnux. 
de  lirownrigge,  a.d.  16s8;"  but  nothing  more  could  be  • 
learnt  of  its  foundation. 

Poor  Slock.  —  By  a  terrier  dated  in  1710,  it  appears 
there  was  a  poor  slock  of  I'30  (of  which  1'15  had  been 
left  by  Cuthbert  Brown  in  1(505),  which  was  placed  out 
by  the  overseers,  and  the  interest  divided  amongst  the 


poor  with  the  money  collected  at  the  sacrament.  On 
examining  the  overseer's  book,  it  was  found  that  in 
1771  the  sum  of  £1  2s.  6d.  was  received  as  the  interest 
of  £'30  poor  stock,  but  no  interest  has  been  received  for 
a  great  number  of  years.  It  appears  probable  that  the 
principal  sum  was  expended  in  building  a  poor-house; 
and  it  is  stated  to  have  been  so  disposed  of  in  returns 
made  to  parliament  in  1780.  The  rector  has  a  book 
containing  an  account  of  the  distribution  of  the  sacra- 
ment money  for  upwards  of  a  century,  by  reference  to 
which  it  appears  that  the  principal  money  of  several 
legacies  left  to  the  poor  have  been  from  time  to  time 
disposed  of.  A  legacy  of  £40  left  by  John  Lamb  is 
stated  in  the  returns  of  1786  to  have  been  distributed 
by  the  overseers  in  )  754.  On  examining  the  church- 
wardens' accounts,  it  appears  that  Cd.  a  year  has  been 
paid  by  the  family  of  Nicholson  of  Hesket,  for  at  least 
a  century,  for  a  property  called  JIarshall  Lauds.  These 
lands  are  held  by  the  Nicholsons  of  the  dean  and  chapter 
of  Carlisle  at  a  small  rent,  and  Od.  is  paid  also  yearly  to 
the  churchwardens  of  Caldbeck,  when  called  for,  but  it 
has  not  been  demanded  since  1803.  In  the  return  of 
1786  this  was  stated  to  be  for  the  poor,  but  we  could 
not  discover  the  origin  or  object  of  the  payment. 

Eci:  Arthur  Savage's  Charity.  —  By  will,  dated  Jst 
November,  1606,  the  Rev.  Arthur  Savage  gave  to  the 
parish  of  Caldbeck  £50,  for  the  binding  out  poor  men's 
children  apprentices,  which  £50  he  directed  to  be  paid 
by  £5  yearly  for  ten  years  ;  and  that  the  £5  so  paid 
should  be  disposed  yearly,  with  the  advice  of  the  rector 
and  the  churchwardens,  to  that  use  only  and  no  other. 
This  sum  of  £50  was  paid  by  the  executor  to  some  of 
the  principal  inhabitants,  and  is  now  secured  upon  tlie 
tolls  of  the  turnpike  road  between  Penrith  and  Carlisle, 
the  sum  of  40s.  being  paid  as  interest.  Tiiis  charity  is 
not  disposed  of  in  apprentice  fees,  but  is  distnluited  in 
sums  of  4s.  or  us.  to  poor  children  when  bound  out  by 
the  parish.  An  account  of  the  distribution  has  been 
regularly  entered  from  17'^5  to  1818  ;  but  since  that 
period  the  interest  has  not  been  paid,  no  application 
having  been  made  for  it.  It  seems  by  the  terms  of  the 
testator's  will  that  he  intended  this  legacy  of  £50  should 
be  disposed  of  in  ten  apprentice  fees,  witliiii  ten  years 
after  his  death  ;  the  principal,  however,  has  not  been 
disfiosed  of,  but  still  n'lnaiiis  as  a  jicrmanent  fund. 

Lord  Whiirloii's  Bible  Charity. — The  parish  of  Cald- 
beck is  entitled  to  twenty  Bibles  from  Lord  Wharton's 
charity.  The  Bibles  are  regularly  received  and  distri- 
buted by  the  clergyman  amongst  tlie  poor  of  the  parish. 

Simpson's  Charily. —  By  will,  dated  v!-th  August, 
1781,  I^bert  Simpson  left  the  sum  of  45s.  yearly  to 
purchase  eight  Common  Prayer  Books  at  2s.  6d.  each, 


aa4 


ALLKRDALK  -  BE  LOW .  DERWENT  WARD. 


to  be  given  yearly  to  eight  poor  children  of  Caldbcck 
parish,  and  the  remaining  pai't  of  the  money  for  buying 
religious  books,  or  small  tracts  distributed  by  the  Society 
for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge,  for  the  use  of  the 
children  of  the  poor  of  CalJbeck  ;  all  which  said  books 
should  not  exceed  the  value  of  IDs.;  and  the  remaining 
5s.  he  directed  should  be  spent  in  a  collatiou  for  the 
trustees  when  they  should  meet  yearly.  This  sum  of 
43s.  is  regularly  paid  by  the  owner  of  the  Fauld's 
estate,  -which  is  subject  to  this  payment.  A  regular 
account  is  kept  of  the  distribution,  by  which  it  appears 
that  eight  Prayer  Books  annually,  and  other  books,  to 
the  amount  in  the  whole  of  40s.,  are  given  away  in  the 
manner  directed  by  the  testator. 

Bell's  Gifl.— John  Bell,  by  will,  left  ;eiO,  the  interest 
to  be  distributed  to  the  poor  widows  of  Caldbeck  who  do 
not  receive  parochial  relief.  The  first  distribution  was 
made  in  January,  1810.  The  interest,  amounting  to 
£1  13s.  4d.,  is  distributed  in  the  church  by  the  rector, 
yearly,  about  midsummer,  amongst  the  poor  widows 
properly  qualified  to  receive  it. 

Brownrigg,  long  the  seat  of  a  family  of  the  name  of 
"Vaux,  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  as  is  also  Ratten 
Row,  at  the  latter  of  which  the  rector  of  the  parish  has 
a  small  manor,  called  the  manor  of  Kirklaud,  the 
tenants  of  which  pay  £7  1  Ts.  4d.  customary  fines,  and, 
on  alienation,  an  arbitrary  fine,  but  on  the  change  of  a 
tenant  by  death,  only  a  God's  penny,  and  on  the  death 
of  a  lord  nothing.  At  Piatten  Row  there  is  a  chapel,  a 
small  stone  building  erected  in  ]  83:2  by  the  Indepen- 
dents. At  Whelpo  is  a  Friends'  meeting-house,  erected 
in  ]  698,  attached  to  which  is  a  burial  ground. 

A  library  was  established  in  the  parish  in  1810, 
which  contains  about  300  volumes,  and  is  supported 
by  annual  subscriptions  of  t\\o  shillings  per  member. 

HIGH   CAI.DBECK. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £1,017  4s.  lid. 
The  number  of  its  inhabitants  in  1801  was  239  ;  in 
1811,  267;  in  1821,  272;  in  1831,  207;  in  1841, 
282 ;  and  in  1851,  308.  Tile  making  is  carried  on 
here.  The  landowners  are  Thomas  Jennings,  Esq. ; 
John  Jennings,  Esq.;  Colonel  Benson  ;  Samuel  IMerr}-- 
weather,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  John  Scott,  Thomas  Hudson, 
and  Joseph  Jackson,  with  several  small  owners  and 
resident  j-eomen. 

This  township  contains  the  hamlets  of  Branthwaite, 
Fell-Side,  Hudscales,'  Greenrigg,  and  Nether  Row,  with 

iHudscales  has  been  deriveil  from  Old  Norse  bud,  a  liide,  and 
stall,  a  wooden  but  or  log  house.  The  first  may  have  reference  to 
the  skins  of  mid  beasts  laid  over  the  roof  as  shelter,  or  nailed  on  the 
side3  as  trophies. 


some  scattered  dwellings  extending  from  one  to  three 
miles  west  and  west-by-south  of  Hesket  Newmarket, 
being  bounded  on  the  south  by  Caldbeck  Fells. 

Greenrigg  is  a  small  village,  or  hamlet,  about  three 
and  a  half  miles  west-by-south  of  Hesket  Newmarket. 
It  formerly  belonged  to  the  3Iusgraves  of  Crookdake, 
who  were  long  a  considerable  family,  holding  several 
offices  of  great  trust  under  the  Earl  of  Northumber- 
land, from  whom,  it  seems,  they  obtained  several  grants 
of  sundry  parcels  of  waste  ground,  all  of  which  they  con- 
verted into  tenancies.  Sir  John  Ballantinc,  who  mar- 
ried Anne,  the  eldest  daughter  and  co-heir  of  William 
Musgrave,  Esq.,  sold  these  tenancies  also  to  Lord 
'Wharton,  from  whose  trustees  they  passed  by  purchase 
to  the  Duke  of  Somerset,  and  are  now  held  by  General 
'Wyndham. 

CALDBECK   HALTCLIFF. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  to\nisliip  is  £2,093  10s.  8J. 
In  1801  it  contained  497  inhabitants ;  in  1811,  534  ;  in 
1821,  590;  in  1831,573;  in  1841,507;  and  in  1851, 
617.  The  landowners  are  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart. ; 
Jackson  Gillbanks,  Esq.;  John  Jennings,  Esq.;  Wil- 
liam Irving,  Esq. ;  Rev.  J.  Hudson  ;  Messrs  Robert 
Priestmau,  Isaac  Harper,  Joseph  Nicholson,  J.  Young- 
husband,  William  Robinson,  William  Hamilton,  John 
Greenup,  Thomas  Oklmau,  C.  Hudson,  Thomas  Rich- 
ardson, Jolm  Williamson,  Joseph  Scott,  and  others.  In 
this  township  is  a  field  called  Fell  Lodge,  near  CaiTock 
Fell,  which  is  said  to  be  the  first  enclosure  made  in 
Caldbeck  parish  for  the  purpose  of  catching  the  deer 
before  the  general  use  of  guns. 

Haltcliff  Hall,  in  this  township,  is  a  very  ancient 
structure,  several  inscriptions  about  which  denote  that 
it  was  for  a  long  period  the  residence  of  the  Bewleys, 
some  of  whom  were  knights  of  the  shire,  temp.  Richard 
II.,  Henry  IV.,  and  Henry  V.'  The  elder  branch  of 
this  family  became  extinct  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I., 
when  the  heiress  married  one  of  the  Lawson  family. 
The  Messrs.  Lysons  state  that  they  were  not  able  to 
ascertain  the  aims  of  the  Bewleys  of  Hesk^.'t  ;  but  a 
year  or  two  since  the  present  owner  of  Haltcliff  Hall, 
in  pulling  down  a  dry  wall,  lound  different  armorial 
bearings,  which  formed  a  perfect  shield,  many  of  the 
quarterings  being  identical  with  those  borne  by  the 
tilled  family  of  Boileau -  (in  the  south  of  England) ;  so 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  these  families  have  had  the 

1  See  page  73. 

-The  arras  of  Sir  .lohn  Peter  Boileau,  Bart.,  of  Tacolnestoue  Hall, 
Norfolk,  are  az.,  a  tower,  triple  towered,  masoned,  sa.;  in  base,  a 
crescent.  The  crest :  a  pelican  in  lier  piety,  ppr.,  charged  on  the 
breast  with  a  saltier,  couped,  ga.,  the  nest  resting  on  a  coronet.  The 
motto :  De  tout  mon  ccEur. 


CALDBECK  PARISH. 


225 


same  origin.  The  Cumberland  Bewleys  have  been 
Quakers  since  the  time  of  George  Fox,  who  resided 
with  them  at  Woodhall,  in  this  parish.  Haltcliff  Hali 
has  for  some  time  belonged  to  Jackson  Gillbanks,  Esq., 
of  Whitefield,  who  has  a  krge  estate  here ;  it  is  now 
occupied  as  a  farm-house. 

The  manor  of  Hesket,  containing  l.'iO  acres,  in  the 
tomiship  of  Haltcliff,  is  a  mense  manor,  within  that  of 
General  Wyndham.  The  heiress  of  William  BeauJy, 
or  Bewley,  Esq.,  whose  ancestors  possessed  it  for  many 
generations,  brought  it,  iti  the  reign  of  Charles  T.,  to 
the  Lawsons,  and  it  is  now  held  by  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawsou, 
Bart.  Hesket  Hall,  the  manor-house,  built  by  Sir 
Wilfrid  Lawsou,  the  first  baronet,  is  a  singular  struc- 
ture, with  twelve  angles  so  contrived  that  the  shadows 
give  the  hour  of  the  day;  the  roof  is  circular,  the  chim- 
neys running  up  in  the  centre.  It  is  now  occupied  as 
a  farm-house. 

Hesket  Newmarket  is  a  small  but  neat  market-town  in 
this  township,  situated  in  a  quiet  spot  among  the  moun- 
tains, near  Caldbeck  Fell,  and  upon  the  banks  of  the 
Caldow,  thirteen  miles  south-west  from  Carlisle,  and 
fourteen  north-north-west  of  Penrith.  Its  name  is  sup- 
ix>sed  to  be  a  corruption  arising  out  of  the  rapid  pro- 
nunciation of  East  Cote  or  E:ist  Gate ;  both  this  town 
and  that  of  Hesket-in-thc-Forest  having,  perhaps,  for- 
merly been  the  eastern  inlets  into  the  forest,  on  which 
they  are  respectively  joined.  The  market,  which  was 
held  on  Friday,  is  ni-arly  obsolete,  or  at  least  of  little 
consequence  ;  but  cattle-fairs  are  held  here  on  the  first 
Friday  in  May,  and  every  alternate  Friday  till  Whit- 
suntide ;  and  for  sheep  and  cattle,  on  the  last  Thursday 
in  August,  and  the  second  Thursday  in  October. 

Howbeck  forms  the  southern  suburb  of  Hesket,  aud 
possesses  a  school,  which  has  an  endowment  of  £.3 
a  year  left  by  the  late  Ifr.  Richardson,  to  be  paid  out 
of  liis  estate  at  Wliam,  for  the  education  of  the  poor 
children  of  the  parish.  The  school  was  erected  by 
subscription,  and  it  has  an  average  attendance  of  fifty 
children. 

IlaltclifT  village  is  about  half  a  mile  south  of  Hesket. 
There  is  another  school  here,  a  plain  stone  building, 
with  master's  house  attached,  erected  by  subscription 
in  1831.  It  is  supported  by  quarter-pence,  and  has 
an  average  attendance  of  twenty. 

In  a  freehold  estate  at  Gillfoot,  about  three-quarters 
of  a  mile  south  of  Hesket  Newmarket,  there  seems  to 
have  been  a  Druid's  grove,  consisting  of  two  parallel 
rows  of  large  oak  trees,  e.\teuding  150  yards  in 
lenglli,  and  the  rows  twelve  yards  distant.  In  a  level 
field,  at  the  middlo  of  the  two  rows,  was  a  barrow  of 
stones.      The  trees  were  cut  down  and  the  barrow 


removed  in  the  year  1794,  when,  beneath  the  barrow, 
several  places  where  human  bones  had  been  burnt  and 
deposited,  were  discovered,  as  also  numerous  pieces  of 
flint  and  stone  beads,  and  a  stone  battle-axe. 

Here  is  a  Wesleyan  chapel,  a  small  stone  building, 
erected  by  subscription  in  1839,  at  a  cost  of  £134. 
At  Gillfoot  is  a  Friends'  meeting-house,  erected  in 
1729.  At  one  period  this  body  had  a  place  of  worship  at 
Woodhall,  in  this  township,  the  remains  of  which  are 
yet  visible.  Woodhall,  the  property  of  John  Jennings, 
Esq.,  was  formerly  the  seat  of  the  Bewley  family. 

There  is  a  corn-mill  in  this  township. 

MOSEDALK    AND    SWINESIDE. 

The  hamlets  of  Mosedale  and  Swineside,  and  Stone 
End  pay  tithes  to  the  rector  of  Caldbeck,  but  support 
their  own  poor,  who  are  sent  to  the  Penrith  Union 
Workhouse.  JMosedale  is  looked  upon  by  the  inhabi- 
tants as  an  independent  township  aud  is  said  to  belong 
to  Leath  Ward;  but  the  Census  Commissioners,  thougli 
they  return  it  as  a  separate  township  since  1841, 
return  it  with  Allerdale-below-Derwent  AVard,  Its 
estimated  area  is  about  301  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  £189  Is.  The  population  in  1841,  was  58  ;  and 
in  1851,  .59. 

The  manor  of'Mosedale  and  Swineside,  containing 
.about  3.50  acres  of  enclosed  land,  belonged  anciently 
to  the  baronial  family  of  Dacre,  and  passed  by  female 
heirs,  with  the  title,  to  the  families  of  Fiennes  and 
Lennard  ;  it  was  sold  by  the  co-heiress  of  Thomas,  Earl 
of  Sussex,  to  Sir  Christopher  ilusgrave,  Bart.,  of  Eden 
Hall,  and  by  him  to  Edward  Hassell  of  D;ilemain, 
ancestor  of  E.  M.  Hassell,  Esq.,  the  present  proprie- 
tor. This  manor  is  stated  to  have  been  the  place  where 
the  Dacres,  barons  of  Greystock,  kept  their  deer  and 
wild  swine  ;  but  it  was  afterwards  divided  into  ten- 
ancies. The  landownera  are  John  Jennings,  Esq., 
Messrs.  Joseph  Wilson,  Isaac  Hunter,  John  Wilkinson, 
Thomas  Martin,  the  trustees  of  liluugrisdale  School, 
Mrs.  Hesket,  John  Nicholson,  and  Jane  Mitchell. 

The  village  of  Mosedale  is  situated  near  the  Ciddew, 
four  miles  south  of  Hesket.  Here  is  a  meeting-house 
belonging  to  the  Society  of  Friends,  with  burial  ground 
attached,  erected,  or,  as  some  say,  rebuilt  and  enlarged, 
in  170'4.  The  meeting-house  is  now  used  but  seldom, 
as  tlie  Friends  meet  at  ilr.  Pearson's  house  in  Bow- 
scalos  village,  a  short  distance  from  Mosedale.  Swine- 
side lies  about  a  mile  to  the  west  About  a  mile  from 
the  latter  place,  is  a  mine  in  which  several  kinds  of 
minerals  have  been  found.  It  was  worked  in  18-54  aud 
1855,  but  is  now  (1858)  standing. 

Caldbeck   Fells,  including   the   lofty  mountains  of 


226 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW-  DERWENT   WARD. 


Carrock  Fell,  High  Pike,  Brae  Fell,  Cald  Fell,  Noon 
Fell,  mid  several  smaller  eminences,  form  an  extensive 
Alpine  region,  comprising  the  greater  part  of  the 
parish.  At  the  meeting  of  the  British  Association  iu 
Dublin,  a  paper  on  the  geology  of  Caldbeck  Fells,  and 
the  lower  sedimentary  rocks  of  Cumberland,  was  road 
by  Professor  Harkness.  The  district  alluded  to  in  this 
communication  forms  the  northern  portion  of  the 
mountainous  area  of  the  lake  district  of  Cumberland. 
Caldbeck  Fells,  including  the  eastern  extremity  of 
Carrock  Fell,  consist  of  masses  of  a  plutouic  and  an 
igneous  nature.  On  the  southern  slopes  of  these  hills 
there  is  seen  Skiddaw  slate,  whicli  generally  has  a  south 
dip;  and  this  Sldddaw  slate,  as  it  approximates  the 
granite  of  Skiddaw  Forest,  passes  into  chiastolite  slate, 
chiastolite  rock,  and  a  pseudo-gneiss.  On  the  south 
side  of  the  granite  area  the  same  phenomena  occur, 
hut  on  this  side  hornblende  rook  and  actiuolitc  rock 
also  appear.  In  the  metamorphic  rocks,  and  likewise 
in  the  ordinary  Skiddaw  slates  which  succeed  them  in 
position,  the  strike  of  the  strata  is  nearly  east  and 
west ;  and  the  general  arrangement  of  the  strata  seems 
rather  to  indicate  that  the  Plutonic  masses  of  Caldbeck 
Fells  form  the  axis  of  the  group,  rather  than  the 
granite  of  Skiddaw  Forest.  With  respect  to  the 
unaltered  rocks  of  the  Skiddaw  district,  these  have 
been  referred  by  Professor  Sedgwick  to  three  groups — 
black  Skiddaw  slate,  grits  seen  in  the  masses  of  Grass- 
moor,  and  grey  Skiddaw  slate  containing  fossils  described 
in  the  Palieozoic  fossils  of  the  AVoodwardian  Museum. 
The  upper  grey  slates  are  the  deposits  which  have 
hitherto  afforded  organic  remains.  Last  year  the 
author  obtained  traces  of  worms  from  the  black  Skid- 
daw slate,  the  lowest  member  of  the  unaltered  series,  at 
Bralkeld,  and  from  a  communication  which  the  author 
had  recently  from  Professor  Sedgsvick,  it  would  appear 
that  in  these  low  strata  graptolites  have  been  lately 
obtained  by  ilr.  J.  Euthveu.  With  regard  to  the  litho- 
logical  nature  of  these  Skiddaw  rocks,  it  would  seem 
that  there  is  a  considerable  change  according  to  locality. 
Westward  grey  slates,  with  intercalated  grits,  obtain  on 
the  line  of  the  strike  of  the  black  Skiddaw  slates,  leading 
to  the  inference  that  the  coarser  beds  supply  the  place 
of  the  finer  black  slates  on  the  eastern  margin  of  the 
area. 

The  lofty  mountains  of  Caldbeck  Fells  are  traversed 
with  numerous  veins  of  lead  and  copper  ore,  producing 
mineral  specimens  in  great  variety.  It  is  on  record 
that  Lord  Wharton  was  the  first  mining  adventurer  in 
this  locality  (being  lord  of  the  manor),  at  or  near  Brandy 
<iill,  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  it  is  supposed  that 
Pioughtengill  and  Silvergill  mines  were  opened  about 


the  same  time.  Driggeth  mine  was  opened  by  iVfr. 
How  in  179(1,  who  wrought  it  by  shallow  shafts  and  day 
levels,  and  a  kind  of  water  engine,  to  the  depth  of 
twenty-five  fathoms.  He  also  erected,  on  the  old  prin- 
ciple, small  smelting  works,  near  Carrock  Beck,  the 
buildings  of  which  still  remain.  After  he  loft  the  mine 
it  stood  idle  for  sonu'  time,  but  was  again  opened  in 
Iblii,  and  worked  until  1822,  by  Messrs.  Richardson. 
Lowrey,  and  oth(?rs,  who  erected  a  crushing  mill  to 
reduce  the  ore  to  a  proper  size  for  washing  and  smelting. 
During  the  time  this  company  leased  the  mine,  they 
employed  from  thirty  to  forty  pickmen,  and  it  is  said 
they  raised  .OOO  bings,  or  200  tons,  of  ore,  for  a  period 
of  five  years  successively,  and  that  every  ton  of  ore  made 
twelve  hundredweight  of  lead,  or  sixty  per  cent,  and 
that  every  ton  of  lead,  when  refined,  produced  from 
forty-five  to  fifty,  and  even  as  high  as  sixty-two,  ounces 
of  silver  to  the  ton  of  lead.  But  the  experience  of  late 
years  shows  these  figures  to  be  incoiTect,  for  the  same 
vein  is  producing  now  the  same  Isind  of  ore,  and,  by  the 
improved  mode  of  washing  and  refining,  the  ore  is 
brought  to  seventy-five  and  seventy-eight  per  cent,  of 
lead,  and  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  ounces  of  silver,  to 
the  ton  of  lead,  a  pretty  good  proof  that  the  lead  was 
burnt  away  in  smeltuig,  thus  causing  a  serious  loss  to 
lessees  and  lessors,  whilst  the  silver,  being  less  fusible 
than  the  lead,  remained  in  the  lead  that  was  left.  T. 
Pi.  G.  Braddyll,  Esq.,  of  Cooishead  Priory,  bought  the 
mine  in  1822,  and  drove  up  the  present  sandbed  level, 
working  the  mine  at  a  considerable  loss  till  about 
1834,  when  John  Barrett,  Esq.,  took  and  worked  it  four 
years,  after  which  Messrs.  Dickinson  and  Co.  worked 
it  till  1849,  when  Messrs.  Brocklebank  and  Jeffrey, 
the  present  owners,  took  and  commenced  to  work  it  in 
July  of  the  same  year,  under  the  management  of  William 
Jeffrey,  Esq.  A  more  efficient  mode  of  working  was 
now  introduced,  and  by  great  perseverance  both  under 
and  above  ground  (for  the  machinery  is  all  now  erected 
and  of  a  ditTerent  kind  to  any  in  the  country  before), 
the  mine  has  got  its  name  raised,  if  not  to  a  good  divi- 
dend paying  mine,  to  one  that  pays  as  it  goes.  It  was 
at  this  mine  that  Zeuner's  rotating  bridJle  was  first 
erected,  and  it  was  found  to  be  so  etficieut  for  washing 
stamped  ores  that  there  has  since  been  two  more  erected 
by  the  same  company.  During  eight  years  ending 
December,  1857,  there  were  raised  1,950  tons  of  lead 
and  copper  ore,  which  is  close  upon  an  average  of  250  per 
annum,  duty  at  one-tenth  included.  Employment  has 
been  given  to  thirty-five  men  and  fifteen  boys,  on  an 
average.  The  mine  is  worked  by  day  levels  to  tlie  depth 
of  si.xty  fethoms,  and  a  new  level  now  in  course  of 
driving  will  come  up  thirty  fathoms  deeper  still,  and  to 


CA.LDBECK  PARISH. 


227 


extend  these  levels  under  the  summit  of  the  hill,  it 
would  bo  at  least  '^OO  fathoms  deep.  Driggeth  mine  is 
situated  on  the  east  side  of  High  Pike,  which  here  is 
composed  of  a  light  coloured  clay  slate.  It  is  singular 
that  all  over  the  hill  is  a  great  number  of  large  blocks  of 
granite,  some  of  which  are  at  least  a  hundred  tons  in 
weight.  The  nearest  granite  being  Cnrrock,  which  is 
two  miles  to  the  south-east,  and  between  which  and  High 
Pike  there  is  a  deep  valley. 

Roughtongill  mine,  as  above-mentioned,  is  supposed 
to  have  been  opened  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  is 
now  held  under  lease  from  Earl  Pomfret.  About  the 
time  that  Mr.  Braddyll  commenced  the  working  of  the 
Uriggeth  mine,  a  company  of  working  miners  and  others 
took  up  Rougbtengill  and  Silvergill  mines,  which  had 
lieeu  unnoticed  for  some  time,  and  after  a  struggle 
of  eight  years  a  deeper  level  becoming  necessary 
to  win  the  mines,  many  members  of  the  company 
wore  obliged  to  sell  their  shares  to  others  who  pos- 
sessed more  capital.  The  late  Thomas  Dickinson, 
Es(].,  of  Alston,  who  pureliasod  one-fourth  of  the  mine, 
having  taken  an  active  part  in  forwarding  the  work,  a 
level  thirty  fathoms  deeper  was  effected,  to  the  extent 
of  ."iOO  fathoms,  and  a  crushing-mill  and  other  apparatus 
for  washing  the  ores  were  erected.  During  the  ten 
yeare  ending  18-15,  Rougbtengill  mine  produced  4,000 
tons  of  lead  and  copper  ore,  and  the  company  divided 
upwards  of  £'J,000  profit,  after  paying  all  expenses,  with 
dues  at  one-seventh  included.  Their  successors  have 
driven  up  a  deeper  level  still,  half  a  mile  iu  length,  and 
.•it  a  depth  of  200  yards  from  the  surface,  and  have 
erected  smeltworks  with  de-silverisinft  and  rofinin" 
apparatus  complete,  and  are  now  raising  large  quantities 
of  lead  and  copper  ores.  This  mine  affords  employ- 
inent  to  about  seventy  men  and  boys,  and  produces 
annually  from  500  to  OOi)  tons  of  ore.  It  is  worked  by 
levels  driven  into  the  mountain  more  than  half  a  mile 
in  length,  and  upwards  of  100  fathoms  deep.  The 
lodes  or  veins,  which  run  nearly  east  and  west,  are 
of  great  strength  and  width,  and  produce  a  greater 
variety  of  ores  than  most  mines  of  the  same  description. 
The  greatest  produce  is  silver  load,  but  the  copper  found 
is  very  rich,  assaying  sometimes  as  raucli  as  forty  per 
cent.  The  average  earnings  of  tlie  men  is  about  three 
shillings  a  day — farm-labourers,  two  shillings  and  si.'C- 
pence. 

There  are  severtl  other  mines  that  have  raised  lead 
and  copper  ores,  which  have  only  been  worked  to  a  very 
hmited  extent,  the  dues  then  being  one-seventh ;   now 


the  dues  are  one -tenth  only,  nearly  one-thiid  less.' 
The  mines  here  are  generally  let  upon  lease,  at  a  stipu- 
lated duty  (at  present  one-tenth)  paid  in  ore  in  the  raw- 
state,  in  money,  or  iu  smelted  lead.  It  is  the  opinion 
of  practical  men  that  these  dues  are  too  high,  and  that  if 
more  liberal  encouragement  were  given  to  the  enter- 
prising spirit  of  the  present  day,  so  that  the  various 
improvements  which  the  science  of  modern  times  has 
introduced  into  mining  operations  could  be  made  use  of, 
this  manor  would  yield  an  increase  of  royalty  hitherto 
unattaiued,  together  with  greater  remunerating  profits 
to  the  adventurer,  and  abundance  of  work  to  the  mining 
population. 

Carrock  Fell  lies  wholly  in  this  parish.  It  is  one  of 
the  flanks  of  that  mountain  group  of  which  Skiddaw 
forms  the  crown,  and  is  upwards  of  -2,000  feet  iu  height, 
showing  a  double -pointed  summit,  on  which  a  space 
appears  to  have  been  once  enclosed  by  a  wall.  The 
front  of  the  mountain  is  strewed  with  immense  masses 
of  rock,  and  "  rivers  of  debris,"  which  encroach  on  the 
way  below. 

About  half  a  mile  west  from  the  parish  church,  in  a 
wild  and  romantic  situation,  is  that  striking  curiosity 
the  Howk — a  deep  waterfall  in  the  bed  of  the  river, 
over  which  is  a  natural  bridge  of  limestone  rock. 
Under  this  bridge  the  stream  rushes  with  great  impetu- 
osity, and  dashing  along  over  rugged  rocks,  it  empties 
itself  into  a  basin  boihng  in  whirling  eddies,  covered 
with  foam.  The  intertwining  branches  of  oak,  ash,  and 
hazel,  intercepting  the  sun's  rays,  throw  a  dense  gloom 
over  the  recess,  even  at  noonday ;  whilst  the  long  dark 
weeds  and  matted  grass  hang  over  the  wave-worn  rock 
in  rich  festoons,  interlaced  with  bright  green  ferns.  On 
one  side  is  a  deep  excavation  called  the  Faiiy's  Kettle, 
the  receptacle,  in  time  of  floods,  of  another  cascade  that 
falls  about  twenty  yards  down  perpendicular  rocks  :  a 
little  to  the  right  of  which  is  a  cavern  eighteen  yards 
long,  called  the  Fairy  Kirk,  in  which  the  noise  of  the 
cataract  has  an  imposing  effect.  This  and  tiie  Kettle, 
which  is  then  filled,  ai-e  inaccessible  at  liigli  floods. 
Not  far  from  Carrock,  at  Ilaltcliff  Bridge,  the  river 
takes  a  subterranean  passage,  which  it  keeps  for  a  space 
of  about  four  miles,  when  it  emerges  opposite  to  Warnell 
Hall  estate,  near  Sebcrgham  Bridge,  at  a  place  called 
Spouts  Dub.  The  subterraneous  course  is  formed  almost 
entirely  of  limestone  rock,  and,  in  dry  summers,  when 
tlio  water  is  low,  takes  in  nearly  the  whole  stream. 

1  Tlie  statistics  of  Uic  lomi  mid  other  miues  of  the  caauty,from  tlie 
latest  imblisb«(l  ri.-liiriis,  will  be  Touud  at  ptge  7i. 


228 


ALLEEDALE  -  BELOW  -  DEEWENT  WARD. 


HOLME   CULTRaM  PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Holme  Cultrani,  wbicb,  since  the  passing  of  Lord  Blaudford's  Act  in  1836,  comprises  oul^-  the  township 
of  Holme  Abbej',  is  homided  on  the  north-east  bj  East  "Waver  township,  on  the  north-west  by  Holme  Low  township, 
on  the  south-west  by  St.  Cuthbert's  township,  and  on  the  south  and  south-oast  by  the  parish  of  Bromfield.  The  best 
survey  that  has  been  made  of  the  parish  is  that  of  the  tithe  commission,  the  plans,  &c.,  of  which  arc  under  the  care 
of  the  incumbent. 


The  manor  of  Holme  Cultram,  comprising  the  whole 
of  the  ancient  parish  of  Holme  Cultram,  was  demesne 
of  Allerdale,  but  King  Stephen  having  given  Cumber- 
land and  the  earldom  of  Huntingdon  to  Prince  Henry, 
eldest  son  and  heir  apparent  of  David,  king  of  Scot- 
land, Henry,  in  the  year  1150,  gave  two  parts  in  tbreo 
of  the  Holme  to  the  abbey,  and  the  remaining  third  to 
Alan,  son  of  Waltbeof,  for  his  hunting  there,  but  Alan 
at  once  gave  his  portion  to  the  abbey,  and  Wdtbeof,  his 
son,  consented  to  the  grant,  which  was  confirmed  by 
Prince  Henry  of  Scotland,  as  well  as  by  David  and 
Malcolm,  kings  of  Scotland.  Ou  the  death  of  Stephen, 
Heni-y  II.  succeeded  to  the  English  throne,  and  re- 
suming the  grant  of  the  county  of  Cumberland  made 
by  his  predecessor  to  the  Scots,  the  community  of 
Holme  Abbey  acknowledged  him  as  their  founder, 
receiving  from  him  a  grant  of  the  whole  island  of 
Holme  and  Raby,  with  timber  and  pasture  in  the 
forest  of  Inglewood,  which  grant  was  confirmed  by  the 
charters  of  his  sons  and  successors,  Richard  I.  and  John. 
The  greater  portion  of  the  lands  with  which  the  abbey 
became  thus  endowed  consisted  of  forest,  but  the  monks 
soon  brought  some  of  it  into  cultivation,  and  erected 
granges  for  husbandry  at  Raby,  Mawbergb,  Skinbum, 
Culshaw,  and  Newton  Arlosh,  and  turned  all  into  tillage, 
meadow,  and  pasture.  They  also  had  several  privileges 
and  exemptions  granted  to  them  by  the  kings  of  this 
realm,  together  with  a  confirmation  of  all  former  grants, 
as  particularly  freedom  from  shires,  and  hundreds, 
and  wapentakes,  and  toll  and  theam,  and  infangthicf, 
and  assart,  and  waste  {e.xcept  in  the  king's  forests),  and 
from  regard  of  the  forest,  and  escape,  and  amerciaments 
and  geld,  and  danegeld,  and  assizes,  and  seaward  and 
castlework,  and  tallage  and  cornage,  and  passage  and 
stallage,  and  scutage,  and  aids  of  sberifTs,  and  in 
general  all  secular  exaction.  The  charters,  grants,  and 
privileges  of  the  monastery  were  confirmed  by  the  bulls 
of  several  popes,  Alexander  III.,  Clement  HI.,  Inno- 
cent III.,  Gregory  IV.,  Innocent  V.,  and  Honorious  IV. 
The  manor  continued  to  be  possessed  by  the  abbot  and 
convent  of  Holme  Cultram  till  the  time  of  the  disso- 
lution of  the  religious  houses.  From  the  j-ear  1540 
until  1093  it  remained  in  the  crown.  In  1572-3  there 
•were  no  freeholders  in  the  lordship.  The  tenants  were 
to  serve  in  peace  and  war  ou  the  borders  with  horso 
and  armoiu-,  and  to  uphold  the  sea-dykes.     Wedholm 


Wood  was  granted  to  the  tenants  for  maintenance  of 
the  sea-dykes.  There  were  salt-pans  under  demise  by 
indenture.  The  sea  banks  had  been  broken  down,  and 
sixty  acres  of  land  wasted  and  covered  with  sand. 
Newton  Tower,  a  defence  against  the  enemy  in  war, 
was  in  decay,  as  were  also  four  bridges.  Wulstey 
Castle  mentioned  below  was  also  in  decay.  The  inqui- 
sition which  reported  these  things  (and  a  return  made 
thereto  by  jurors)  stated  that  if  that  fortress  was  not 
maintained  and  upheld  for  the  defence  of  the  eastern 
part  of  the  lordship  in  time  of  war,  fourteen  townships 
of  the  yearly  rent  to  the  crown  of  £1'20  17s.  would  be 
spoiled  and  destroyed  by  the  enemy.  The  service 
on  the  border  was  to  be  one  hundred  with  horse  and 
armour,  eighty  serviceable  men  furnished  with  meaner 
horses  or  nags,  and  footmen  furnished  with  bows  or 
spears,  besides  men's  sons  and  servants.  The  salt-pans 
were  washed  away  by  the  sea,  and  many  workmen 
drowned.  Those  that  performed  boon  service  had  for 
every  plough  for  three  days'  work  seventeen  white 
herrings  and  sis  red  herrings,  a  quarter  of  a  killin,  a 
quarter  of  a  salmon,  three  wheat  loaves,  three  loaves  of 
yeoman's  bread,  and  three  gallons  of  ale  ;  for  every 
sheerbond  in  harvest,  to  every  person  for  three  days, 
three  loaves  of  bread,  six  white  herrings  and  three 
pints  of  ale :  besides,  at  Ciiristmas,  eveiy  tenant  and 
his  wife  dined  at  the  abbey.  The  manor  continued  in 
the  crown,  and  was  granted  as  a  jointure  to  Henrietta 
Maria,  on  her  mai'riage  with  Charles  I.  in  1025  ;  it 
was  also  granted  as  a  jointure  to  Catherine  of  Portugal 
on  her  marriage  in  1002,  with  Charles  II.  In  1003 
the  manor  was  conveyed  by  grant  of  the  crown  to 
Frances  Villiers,  of  Middlesex,  spinster,  to  be  held  in 
free  and  common  socage  by  fealty  at  the  rate  J  3s.  Id. 
per  annum,  under  the  royal  manor  of  Greenwich.  In 
1003  the  said  Frances  Villiers  sold  the  manor  to 
Bartholomew  Burton,  Esq.,  of  the  county  of  Suffolk, 
in  whose  family  it  continued  till  1732,  when  William 
Burton,  representative  of  the  said  Bartholomew  Burton, 
sold  it  for  £11,100  to  Edward  Stephenson,  Esq.,  of 
Barfield,  in  the  county  of  Essex.  In  170S  John 
Stephenson  succeeded  by  inheritance.  In  1770  Row- 
laud  Stephenson,  of  the  city  of  London,  succeeded  by 
will,  and,  in  1 788,  purchased  from  the  crown  the 
reserved  annual  rent  of  13s.  4d.  In  1790  Edward 
Stephenson  succeeded  by  inheritance,  and  seven  years 


HOLME   CULTEAM   PARISH. 


229 


afterwards  Piowland  Stephenson  succeeded  in  a  similar 
manner.  In  1807  Edward  Stephenson  inherited  the 
manor,  which  he  held  till  1833,  when  Eoland  Stephen- 
son succeeded  by  inh'-ritance,  and  in  the  following  year 
assumed,  by  royal  license,  the  name  of  Standish.  In 
1813  Edward  Ferris  Standish  succeeded  by  inheritance; 
and  in  1845  was  succeeded  by  llowland  Edmund  Walter 
Pery  Standish,  Esq.,  of  Farley  Hill  House.  Berks,  the 
present  lord  of  the  manor.  The  copyhold  lands  are 
held  by  the  payment  of  a  j'oarly  fixed  rent,  and  by 
attendance  at  the  manorial  courts.  Military  service 
was  in  former  times  required  of  the  tenants.  It  is  the 
custom  of  the  manor  that  if,  on  the  demise  of  a  tenant, 
his  lieir-at-law  neglects  to  claim  his  title  within  twelve 
months,  tlie  next  person  in  the  line  of  inheritance  may 
be  called  and  declared  tenant.  If  a  tenant  wishes  to 
sell  or  alienate  a  portion  of  the  land  which  he  holds,  the 
lord  can  on  such  severance  claim  five  per  cent  on  the 
value  of  the  land  so  severed.  The  custom  of  the  manor 
is  tiiat  there  shall  be  three  courts  baron  and  two  courts 
Icet  held  within  the  manor  each  year. 

There  is  not,  and  it  does  not  appear  that  there  ever 
has  been,  a  manorial  seat  within  the  township  since  the 
dissolution  of  the  abbey.  One  part  of  the  ancient  con- 
ventual buildings  was  called  the  mansion  or  manorial 
place,  where  all  the  rents  and  revenues  due  to  the 
monastery  were  formerly  paid  ;  of  this,  however,  there 
arc  now  no  certiiin  remains.  It  may  be  stated  that 
there  are  in  different  localities  of  the  parish  lands 
of  very  considerable  extent  called  Accm'sed  Lauds. 
The  tenants  who  held  them  in  former  times  had,  for 
irregularities,  been  thus  branded  by  the  conventual 
house,  in  consequence  of  which  theso  lands  were  de- 
prived of  the  privilege  of  paying  tithe,  but  were  mulcted 
in  having  to  pay  what  was  at  the  lime  a  larger  propor- 
tional share  of  lord's  rent.  They  have  ever  since  been 
free  from  the  payment  of  tithe. '  All  the  lauds  of  the 
township  are  now  enclosed,  in  accordance  with  the  pro- 
visions of  an  act  of  parliament  passed  in  the  year  1808. 
The  fields  throughout  tiie  township  are  enclosed  with 
hedges  of  thorn,  this  parish  not  possessing  the  stone 
f(;nces  so  common  in  the  other  portions  of  the  northern 
counties.      From  the  period  of  the  dissolution  of  the 

>  Till'  mmiiicr  in  which  the  niiinastc ry  tilhcil  nn  extensive  roogc  of 
Croimil  oiUlcil  Acreilules  was  pcrulinr.  These  Aorednlos  were 
(liviiled  into  portions, —  sny  A,  1!,  C,  D.  Tlie  portion  A  was  to  he 
tilled  for  three  years,  H  and  C  during  tliese  ycors  heing  in  posture, 
rill'  portion  H  was  in  tilhiRO  dnrinn  tlic  three  succeeding  years,  A 
and  C  being  in  pasture.  Tlicn  llie  portion  C  was  to  be  tilled  three 
yeare,  A  and  B  in  the  niinnlinio  remaining  in  pnsinre.  During  the 
three  respective  years  in  which  each  of  these  portions  was  tilled,  tithe 
was  taken  only  for  the  hitler  two  years,  it  being  considered  from  tlio 
imperfect  cultivation  that  the  snmll  produce  of  the  lirat  year's  tillage 
would  not  allow  the  pnynient  uf  tithe. 


abbey  of  Holme  Cultram,  the  crown  kept  up  the  em- 
bankment along  the  sea  coast  until  the  year  1572, 
when  the  parish  took  charge  of  these  embankments  on 
receiving  from  the  crown  a  grant,  as  already  stated,  of 
the  woods  of  Wedholrae,  in  East  Waver. 

irOLME    ABBEY. 

The  township  of  Holme  Abbey  comprises  an  area  of 
5,330  acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  .t'4.957  10s.  Gd. 
About  one-seventli  part  of  the  land,  or  787  acres,  is  in 
demesne.  The  landowners,  beside  the  lord  of  the 
manor,  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  Messrs.  George 
Harrison,  James  Losh,  J.  Rooke,  W.  Piitson,  Richard 
Jackson,  and  M.  Grayson,  all  non-resident.  The 
resident  landowners  who  cultivate  their  own  estates 
are  Messrs.  John  TordifF,  John  Grainger,  John  Steel, 
John  Jackson,  John  Steel,  William  Tordiff,  John 
Steel,  John  Younghusband,  Alfred  Jefferson,  William 
Roper,  Amos  Hayton,  Mungo  Glaister,  John  Farlam, 
Joseph  Backhouse,  and  S.  Johnstone.  The  estates 
of  the  resident  proprietors  are  generally  of  small 
extent. 

The  population  of  the  township  in  1801  was  590  ;  in 
1811,  COO;  in  1821,  758;  in  1831,  S61  ;  in  1841, 
808  ;  and  in  1851,  972  ;  the  greater  portion  of  whom 
reside  in  the  village  of  Abbey  Town  and  the  immediate 
neighbourhood;  about  250  reside  in  the  various  ham- 
lets of  the  township,  and  the  remainder  in  dispersed 
farm-houses  and  cottages.  The  employment  of  the 
people  is  almost  entirely  agricultural,  and  the  agricul- 
ture within  the  township  is  generally  arable.  There 
has  not  been  much  inducement  hitherto  to  direct  the 
people  to  other  pursuits.  The  streams  are  few  and 
small,  and  having  little  fall  are  not  adapted  for  applica- 
tion as  a  motive  power.  There  are  no  woods  nor 
quarries,  nor  mines  of  any  kind,  to  employ  labour.  Tho 
coal-field  in  the  neighbouring  parishes  of  Cross  Canonby, 
Aspatria.  and  Bolton,  does  undoubtedly  extend  iuto  this 
parish,  but  this  coal,  from  the  natural  inchnation  of  tho 
seam,  is  probably  at  a  considerable  depth,  and  no  attempt 
has  ever  been  made  to  reach  it.  Tlie  fisheries  also  on 
the  coast  are  not  productive,  in  consequence  of  the  largo 
accumulation  of  sand  in  tho  higher  part  of  tho  Frith, 
and  do  not  employ  more  than  a,  few  families.  The  Fort 
of  Silloth,  now  in  course  of  formation,  may  induce  enter- 
prising men  to  open  out  the  coiil-field.  The  people  are 
remarkable  for  plain,  blunt  manners,  and  grave  deport- 
ment ;  the  first  may  arise  from  tliere  never  having  been 
a  gentleman's  family  resident  among  them,  and  the 
second  may  in  part  bo  tlio  result  of  their  living  and 
working  much  alone.  Therc  is  in  general  among  them 
a  desire  to  raise  themselves  in  the  social  scale,  and  so  to 


230 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW-  DEUW'ENT  WARD. 


have  their  children  educatctl.  Tiie  yeomen  are  in  easy 
circumstances,  and  the  labouring  fumihcs  enjoy  a  con- 
siderable degree  of  comfort,  inasmuch  as  the  population 
being  small  for  the  extent  and  fruitfulness  of  the  land, 
agricultural  work,  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  at  remu- 
nerative wages,  is  easily  obtained  by  tlicra.  The  effect 
of  which  is  that  there  is  in  general  among  them  domestic 
cleanliness,  although  too  many  of  the  houses  are  small 
and  poor,  in  consequence  of  the  distance  and  expensive- 
ness,  in  times  past,  of  all  building  materials  ;  this,  how- 
ever, may  be  materially  rectified,  in  future  years,  from 
the  facility  of  carriage  hy  the  Silloth  and  Carlisle  rail- 
way, which  runs  through  the  township  and  has  a  station 
at  Abbey  Town.  Within  the  memory  of  persons  now 
linng,  when  the  coutitry  to  the  east  was  unenclosed  and 
without  roads,  the  people  here  were  obliged  to  go  to  the 
distant  market  of  Workington,  which  is  upwards  of 
twenty  miles  from  Abbey  Town.  In  later  years, 
Wigton,  six  miles  distant,  has  been  their  market-town, 
on  each  Tuesday.  Since  the  opening  of  the  above- 
named  railway,  many  of  the  farmers  attend  the  market 
in  Carlisle  on  each  Saturday. 

Tlie  village  of  Abbey  Town  is  situated  on  the  cast 
bank  of  the  Waver,  six  miles  west-by-north  of  AVigton, 
and  seventeen  west  of  Carlisle.  It  had  anciently  a 
market  on  Saturday.  Two  fairs  are  held  here  in  the 
year,  for  the  sale  of  cattle  and  the  hiring  of  servants  ; 
one  of  those  is  held  on  the  Tuesday  before  Whitsuntide, 
and  the  other  on  the  29th  of  October. 

Tn  the  year  ll.oO,  Henry,  son  of  David,  king  of 
Scotland,  being  at  that  time  Prince  of  Cumberland, 
founded  at  Holme  Cultram  an  abbey  for  monks  of  the 
Cistercian  Order,  endowing  it  with  two-thirds  of  the 
manor  of  Holme  Cultram,  having  given  the  other  third 
to  Alan,  son  of  Waltheof,  as  a  chase  for  bunting ;  this 
third  part  .\lan  soon  afterwards  gave  to  the  abbey. 
Some  writors  assert  that  Alan  himself  was  the  founder 
of  the  abbey:  but  from  the  crown  rolls  of  the  time  of 
Edward  I.  the  inference  is  drawn  by  other  writers  that 
it  was  founded  by  Henry  I.,  and  that  Alan  merely 
restored  it  from  some  injuries  and  increased  its  revenues. 
Henry  11.  becoming  possessed  of  the  county  of  Cum- 
berland, by  the  cession  of  Malcolm  of  Scotland,  took 
the  abbey  into  his  special  protection,  and  having  con- 
firmed the  grant  of  Holme  Cultram  and  other  lands, 
was  recognised  by  the  community  as  its  chief  patron 
and  benefactor.  Ample  revenues  were  afterwards  given 
to  this  abbey  by  various  persons.'     That  the  abbots 

'  .\mong  the  benefactors  of  the  community  of  Holme  Cultram 
appear  the  names  of  Antliouy  de  Lucy,  who  gave  them  dead  wood 
in  his  woods  of  Allerd-alf,  for  fuel  for  the  abbey,  and  coal  wood  for 
their  forges  within  Holme  Cultram,  but  not  to  have  coal  wood  for 
their  iron  mines  without  special  license  of  him  or  his  heirs.    Richard 


were  regarded  with  the  greatest  consideration  hy  the 
kings  of  England  seems  pretty  certain,  for  in  the  reigns 
of  Edward  I.,  and  his  son,  Edward  II.,  they  enjoyed  the 
rare  privilege  of  being  summoned  to  parliament,  and, 
though  not  mitred,  they  received  from  the  crown  many 
exemptions  that  were  not  enjoyed  by  others  of  their 
rank.  It  was  in  this  abbey,  in  the  month  of  October, 
1300,  that  King  Edward  I.,  in  person,  released  the 
Bishop  of  ( rlasgow  from  his  imprisonment,  and  received 
his  allegiance  with  much  solemnity,  in  the  presence  of 
the  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  the  abbot,  and  the  French  envoys.- 
Wc  learn  from  the  Chronicle  of  ilailros  that  tliis  abbey 
was  pillaged  by  the  army  of  Alexander,  the  Scottish  king, 
in  1210,  and  again,  in  1322,  by  Robert  Bruce,  notwith- 
standing, as  Harrison,  the  Scottish  historian,  observes, 
his  father's  body  was  there  interred.  According  to  the 
rolls  of  parliament  in  or  about  the  year  1388,  during  an 
inroad  not  mentioned  by  any  of  our  historians,  the 
abbot  and  convent  of  Holme  Cultram  were  obliged  to 
pay  .£200  to  the  Earl  of  Douglas  to  save  their  monastery 
from  being  burnt.  Nothing  further  of  importance  is 
recorded  of  the  abbey  till  the  year  1538,  when  Abbot 
Borrowdalc  surrendered  it  to  Henry  VHI. ;  its  revenues 
being  then  valued  at  .C427  19s.  3d.  clear  yearly 
income.  Abbot  Borrowdale  v.as  made  rector  of  the 
rectory  tliat  followed,  instead  of  receiving  a  pension. 
Browne  AA'illis  inforsns  us  that  "  the  abbey  was  sur- 
rendered by  Gavin  Borrowdale,  the  last  abbot,  and 
twenty -five  monks,  on  the  0th  March,  l.)l'8,  soon  after 
v.hich  a  pension  of  £100  per  annum  was  assigned  to  the 
said  abbot,  which  it  is  presumed  was  .  .  .  ante  an. 
1553,  when  there  remained  only  .£1  10s.  8d.  in  charge 
for  annuities,  and  these  following  pensions,  viz.: — To 
A.  Richards  and  William  Simonson,  £5  each ;  John 
Idel,  £i  ;  Robert  Clement,  £o  ;  John  ...  £5: 
John  Wise,  £S  6s.  8d. ;  Thomas  Browne,  £4  13s.  4d. : 
Richard  Patison,  £3  Os.  8d. ;  Nicholas  Pingney,  £4  : 
Thomas  Ireby,  Richard  Adamson,  and  William  Morton, 
£2  each  ;  Robert  Banks,  £3  6s.  8d.;  WiUiam  Marshall, 
£4  13s.  4d.:  Richard  Wade,  £5;  Robert  Laugton,  £0." 
After  the  dissolution  the  monastic  buildings  were 
allowed  to  go  to  ruin,  and  a  portion  of  the  nave  of  the 
abbey  church,  with  some  other  remains,  are  all  that 
is  now  left  of  the  ancient  structin-e  which  the  piety 
of  kings,  and  princes,  and  nobles  endowed,  and  in 
which  many  of  the  noblest  of  the  laud  found  their  last 
resting-place.     There  is  an  ancient  building  \erj  near 

-  Bymer,  vol.  ii.,  p.  808. 

de  Aluebnrgh,  and  William,  sou  of  Simon  Sheftling,  lords  of  ^Une- 
borgh.gave  them  a  fishing  at  themouthof  the  river  Alue,  aud  William 
de  Holdemess  gave  ihcm  a  toft  and  croft  in  .■ilueburgh.  Ahce  de 
Romeley  gave  three  acres  of  laud  aud  a  quarrj-  at  .\spatria,  with  com- 
mon of  pasture  for  ten  oxen,  ten  cows,  one  bull,  aud  their  produce 


HOLME  CULTRAM  PARISH. 


231 


the  parish  church,  now  belonging  to  the  Earl  of  Lons- 
dale, aud  understood  to  have  lieea  part  of  the  residence 
of  the  abbots.  This  building  contains  some  architec- 
tural details  worth}'  of  notice,  but  it  is  much  injured  by 
partial  demolitions,  alterations,  or  neglect, — or,  perhaps, 
all  three  combined.  There  are  also  other  houses  at  some 
distance  from  the  church  towards  the  south,  \\hicli  dis- 
tinctly show  in  tlie  windows,  and  archways,  and  general 
masonry,  that  they  constituted  part  of  the  conventual 
buildings.  Long  parallel  walls  of  dormitories,  of  wliich 
the  foundations  were  removed  within  the  present  ceu- 
tur\'  to  be  used  as  building  materials  for  farm-houses, 
indicated,  moreover,  the  great  extent  of  the  conventual 
buildings.  These  buildings  were  fortified  against  the 
incursions  of  the  Scots,  and  there  is  still  remaining,  at 
a  short  distance  on  the  north  side  of  the  site  of  the 
monastery,  a  portion  of  a  mound,  and  at  its  foot  a 
broad  wet  ditch.  The  present  incumbent  has  found, 
within  the  List  few  years,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
abbey,  several  ancient  monumental  stones,  with  beau- 
tiful and  elaborate  crosses  in  basso  relievo,  which  are 
carefully  preserved. 

THE    CHCT.CH. 

The  parish  church  of  Holme  Cultram,  like  all  other 
churches  of  the  Cistercian  Order,  is  dedicated  to  the 

tor  two  vears ;  also  for  two  iiorses  anil  forty  sheep.  GuUeiii,  dangbter 
of  Ricliaril  lie  Hevi,  gave  three  acres  of  arable  land  at  IJlencogo,  aud 
ptxstnre  for  one  bnudreJ  sheep,  twenty-eight  cows,  and  tlieir  produce 
for  two  years,  one  bull,  and  two  liorses,  for  maintenance  of  tlie  intimi 
poor;  and  Mnijorj',  daughter  of  Galieni,  gave  two  bovates  of  land 
lliere  ;  and  Adam,  son  of  Dolphin  de  Lanrigg,  half  an  acre.  Thomas 
lie  Lossells  gave  pasture  for  their  swine  in  the  woods  of  Bolton, 
except  in  tlie  time  of  pannage.  Adam  de  Harrais  gave  them  lands 
in  Branstibet.  Thomas  de  Drunfeld  gave  lands  at  Bromfiel^;  Adam, 
sou  of  Thomas  de  Bninfeld,  gave  tlic  manor  of  Bromtield;  Henry, 
son  of  Thomas  de  Brunfeld,  gave  two  acres  of  land  there ;  aud 
Agnes,  daughter  of  Adam  White,  gave  8ve  acres  of  lu-able  and  one 
of  meadow.  Hugh  de  Mor\ille  gave  the  church  of  Burgh,  out  of 
the  profits  of  wliich  wore  to  be  found  lights,  wine,  and  nil  necessaries 
for  the  oniament  of  t!ie  church  of  Holme  Cultram,  and  for  the 
service  of  ihe  altar  there.  He  also  gave  to  tlie  community  of  Holme 
Cnltram  a  nei  at  Sollebtirgh  and  in  all  other  places  upon  £deu  in 
common  with  the  inhabitants  of  Bnrgh,  with  room  to  dry  their  nets. 
Uictmrd  de  Lucy  (husband  of  .\du,  elder  daughter  of  Hugh  dc 
^Ior^•ille)  conlirmed  the  giant  of  the  church  of  Burgh,  a.H  did  idso 
his  younger  daugliter  .loon,  wife  of  Richard  Geriion,  who  olso  grauted 
to  tiiem  common  of  pasture  at  Burgh.  After  them  Thomas  dc 
Multon  confirmed  tlie  said  gnint,  and  granted  them  two  nets  in  the 
tisherv  of  Eden  for  every  ciu-ucate  of  land  which  lliey  bad  at  Burgh ; 
he  also  granted  them  a  tofi  and  croft  at  the  same  place.  These 
gifts  nt  Burgh  were  conlirmed  by  I'ope  Innocent  V.,  who  in  his  bull 
allows  the  abbot  and  nionlUfof  Holme  C'ullram  to  retain  the  whole 
profits  thereof  to  their  own  tlse  for  the  piiri>o»e9  of  hospitality  aud 
maintenance  of  the  poor,  saving  thereout  a  sufficiency  to  maiutaiu  a 
chaplain,  .lohn  l-'niunceys,  parson  of  Caldbeck,  wiili  the  conseni  of 
the  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  and  of  the  prior  and  convent  of  the  same  city, 
granted  to  the  abbey  of  Iloline  Cultram  a  moiety  of  an  inclusure 
called  Waniel  Bank,  in  Caldbick.  which  gi-vmt  was  confinncd  by 
Henry  Ul. ;  and  William,  son  of  Patrick  de  Caldbeck,  granted  ten 
acn'S  and  a  half  nt  Kskbend,  in  Caldbeck.  Guido,  a  merchant  and 
burgher  of  Carlisle,  gronlcd  them  a  house  in  Uiciurdgatc  in  ilmt  city ; 


Blessed  Virgin.  This  fine  specimen  of  the  architecture 
of  bygone  ages  has  passed  through  many  vicissitudes. 
After  the  destruction  of  the  monastic  buildings,  the 
church,  in  common  with  the  other  ecclesiastical  struc- 
tures of  the  Idngdom,  suffered  at  the  Reformation  :  and 
the  parish  register  records  that,  in  the  year  1600,  the 
tower  suddenly  fell,  bringing  down  with  it  the  greater 
part  of  the  chancel.  Two  years  later  the  University  of 
Cxford  issued  a  commission  for  the  re-building  of  the 
chancel,  and  the  work  was  completed  by  the  liev. 
Edward  llandeville.  The  register  also  records  another 
misfortune  of  singular  origin.  In  April,  1004,  a  man 
named  Harden  went  into  the  church  with  a  live  coal 
aud  a  candle,  to  search  for  a  chisel  which  his  brother 
had  left ;  the  wind  was  high,  and  "  it  chanced  that  the 
coal  blew  out  of  his  hand  into  a  daw's  nest,"  which  set 
the  roof  on  tire,  and  in  three  hours  the  whole  edifice, 
with  the  exception  of  the  south  side,  was  burnt  to  the 
ground.  Mandevillo  again  voluntarily  re-built  the 
chancel,  and  the  parishioners,  at  the  command  of  the 
bishop,  repaired  the  body  of  the  church.  It  now  con- 
sists of  about  the  half  of  the  middle  portion  of  the  nave 
of  the  abbey  church  ;  the  rest  of  the  ancient  building 
having  been  gradually  and  eflectuaUy  destroyed.  The 
church  in  its  original  state  was  a  large  and  lofty  cruci- 

and  Henry,  son  of  William,  gave  tliem  a  messuage  near  St.  Mary's 
Churchyard,  towimls  the  castle,  in  the  same  city,  whereiu  he  had 
built  two  houses,  to  find  a  light  at  the  altar  for  private  masses. 
Lambert  de  Multon  gave  them  liberty  to  dig  for,  get,  aud  carry  away 
iron  ore  in  Cupelaud,  they  paying  for  the  same  half  a  mark  of  silver 
yeiu-ly.  Itichard  de  Herez  gave  them  the  meadow  gMunds  between 
Cromboo  and  Waver,  just  before  the  meeting  of  those  two  rivers. 
Gilbert,  sou  of  Gilbert  de  Dundraw,  g.ive  twenty  fonr  acres  of  land  nt 
Distiugton,  and  pasture  there  for  COO  sheep,  seven  cows,  one  bull, 
two  horses,  and  eiglit  oxen ;  ami  Hugh  de  Moresby  gave  bL\  acres 
of  arable  land  there,  and  four  of  meiulow.  lloger  de  Lyndeby  gave, 
with  his  body,  seven  acres  of  land  at  Dundrake,  under  a  yearly  rent 
of  £2  4s.,  payable  to  the  Lord  of  Duudmke.  Robert  Turp  gave 
fourteen  acres  of  land  at  iOdculudl,  part  of  his  demesne  there. 
William,  Earl  of  .\lbemarle,  gave  an  iron  mine  at  Egremont. 
Thomas,  son  of  Gospatric,  son  of  Ormc,  with  the  assent  of  Alau, 
his  brotiier,  gave  the  gi'auge  of  Flimby,  and  common  of  pasture  at 
Seton,  Camberton,  ami  Kernepat ;  and  .Mice  de  Komely  gave  com- 
mon of  pasture  on  Brechlon  ]\loor  for  the  cattle  of  tlieir  grange  of 
Flimby;  and  Edward  I.  granted  them  free  Wiurcii  at  the  siuue  place. 
William,  sun  of  Orme  de  Ircby,  gave  his  dwclliughouse  at  Gilcrux, 
with  die  garden,  orcluurd,  and  other  appurtenances;  and  the  grange 
lliorcunto  belonging,  and  twenty-one  acres  of  land  ;  and  the  Abbot 
of  Colder  paid  to  thciii  yeoily  half  a  mark  for  certain  lauds  in  Gilcrux. 
.\gnes,  daughter  of  Adam  dc  Ilnrrais,  gave  one  acre  and  half  of  a 
perch  in  Harrais.  Kobert  de  Brus  gave  a  cajiitid  messuage  at 
Hardepool ;  and  I'etcr  le  Gniunt  gave  bouses  and  lauds  lliere,  for 
wliich  Itobcrl  It'  Graunt  bound  himself  aud  his  heirs  by  oath  to  pay 
ills,  yearly.  King  John  granted  to  tlum  the  hermitage  of  St,  Hilda, 
with  hberty  for  forty  cows  iu  tlio  forest  of  luglenuudoud  their  young 
till  two  years  old,  and  for  a.M  many  horses  and  oxen  as  would  be  suf- 
ficient to  cultivate  their  lands  there.  Kichard,  Earl  SlronglHjw, 
John  de  Courcy,  and  others,  gave  divers  possessions  in  Irclaud. 
Gospatric,  son  of  Drnic,  gave  a  moiety  of  the  vill  of  Kelton.  William 
dc  la  I'erte  released  to  them  all  his  right  in  certain  waste  'ground 
nigh  Kirkbride.    Waltheof,  sou  of  Gamel,  son  of  Whelp,  gave  the 


232 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW.  DERWENT  AYARD. 


form  stnicture,  consisting  of  nave,  chancel,  transepts, 
side  aisles,  clerestoiy,  and  central  tower,  180  feet  liigli, 
at  the  intersection  of  nave  and  transepts.  Tiie  lateral 
clustered  pillars  and  the  arches,  \Yhich  are  six  in  number, 
on  each  side  of  the  present  church,  are  very  chaste  and 
gi'aceful,  and  belong  to  the  Early  English  period  of 
Gothic  architecture  ;  the  largo  cast  window  is  an  elabo- 
rate specimen  of  the  Transition  period,  and  the  west 
doorway  is  perhaps  one  of  the  purest  specimens  of 
Norman  architectvire  in  the  county.  Around  the  door 
of  the  porch  of  the  west  entrance  is  the  inscription, 
"Robertus  Chamber  hoc  opus  fecit  fieri,  a.d.,  mdvii;" 
on  the  capital  of  the  north  pillar  of  the  same  doorway 
are  sculptured  the  words,  "  Exultemus  Domino  Eege 
summo  qui  hoc  sanctificavit  tabeniaculum ;"  and  round 
the  capital  of  ihc  south  pillar  of  the  same  are  ths  words, 
"  Non  est  aliud  nisi  Doraus  Dei  et  porta  ccoli ;"  on  the 
north  portion  of  the  wall  of  the  said  west  entrance  are 
sculptured  a  lion  rampant  and  cross,  the  arms  of  the 
monastery;  and  above  this  the  arms  of  England  as  they 


were  emblazoned  in  the  time  of  Heury  VII.  (France 
and  England  quarterly) ;  and  ou  the  south  portion  of 
the  wall  of  the  same  west  entrance,  is  sculptured  a  bear 
chained  to  a  pastoral  staff  and  mitre,  the  device  of 
Robert  Chamber,  one  of  the  abbots.  On  the  north 
part  of  the  west  wall  of  the  church  itself,  is  a  highly 
ornamented  niche,  in  which  formerly  stood  an  image  of 
the  Blessed  Virgin,  and  on  the  south  part  of  the  same 
is  a  beautiful  small  Gothic  window.  In  the  churchyard 
there  are  the  remains  of  a  monument  to  the  abbot, 
Robert  Chamber  above-mentioned,  consisting  of  several 
blocks  of  red  freestone,  with  vigorous  and  strong  sculp- 
ture in  alto  relievo,  of  an  abbot  surrounded  by  monks, 
and  which  originally  supported  a  large  blue  marble  slab 
now  lying  much  broken  in  the  midst  of  them,  and  to 
which  there  must  have  fonnerly  been  afB.xed  brass  or 
silver  plates  of  the  mitre  and  pastoral  staff,  Sec.  In  the 
church  porch  there  are  among  others  one  lai-ge  monu- 
mental recumbent  stone,  with  a  beautiful  and  elaborate 
cross  sculptured  upon  it,  which  is  said  to  have  been 


lands  called  Tofts  and  Hale  Bt  Kiriby  Tliore,  also  n  marsli  there 

with  two  acres  of  the  laud  at  the  head  thereof.    Lawrence,  son  of 

Robert,  steward  of  Kenbiggin,  gave  all  the  lands  called  Sperstanrig, 

and  all  liis  part  of  the  marsh  between  Newbiggln  and  them,  and 

common  of  pasture  in  Newbiggin  Field  for  360  sheep,  twenty  cows, 

one  bull,  and  thirty  oxen.     John  de  Vetcripont  gave  a  farm  called 

'  Castle  Rig,  containing  twenty-five  and  a  half  acres,  with  pasture 

for  400  sheep,  20  wethers,  and  as  many  oxen,  cows,  and  horses,  as 

they  sliall  need  to  till  their  ground  at  Hale,  six  cows,  and  one  boar, 

with  furze,  peats,  and  turbary.     -Vrnold  de  Kirkby  Thore  gave  two 

acres  in  Sandslaih.    Adam,  son  of  Lyulpli,  gave  all  the  laud  which 

was  his  fjther's,  in  the   field   called    Jlorland,  at    Kirkby  Tliorc, 

towards  Sowerby,  with  three  acres  of  arable  land  of  his  own,  and  the 

meadows  adjoining  thereto  in  the  territory  of  Kirkby  Thore.    Fulk, 

and  Amasia,  his  wife,  gave  two  acres  of  land  toward  Warthebirth. 

Robert  de  Broy,  and  Amabil,  his  wife,  gave  sixteen  acres  in  the 

territory  of  Kirkby  Thore,  with  a  marsh  at  the  head  thereof:    Adam, 

son  of  Waltheof  de  Kirkby  Thore,  gave  five  acres  of  arable  lands  iu 

the  territory  of  Kirkl>y  Thore.    Adam,  son  of  Waltheof,  gave  one 

toft  and  one  croft  iu  th;  viU  of  Kirkby  Thore,  and  eight  acres  iu  the 

territory  thereof.    Gilbert,  sun  of  .\dain  de  Kirkhy  Thore,  gave  ten 

acres  upon  Warthebergh.     Amabil,  daughter  of  Robert  de  Bereford, 

and  widow  of  Robert  de  Broy,  gave  all  her  land  in  Maidengalc,  and 

two  acres  at  thehe.ad  of  that  land.    Hugh  de  Jlorville  gave  pasture  at 

Lazonby  for  ."SOO  sheep,  ten  oxen,  t"n  cows,  and  their  young  for  one 

year,  one  bull,  two  horses,  four  acres  of  arable  land,  and  nine  acres 

of  meadow,  with  common  of  pasture  in  all  his  demesne  lands  there. 

He  also,  afterwards,  with  his  body,  gave  other  lands  there.     Renald 

de  Carlisle  gave  Newby,  near  Carlisle,  with  a  reservation  of  IO3. 

yearly  rent  to  him  and  his  heirs.    Adam,  son  of  Ketel  de  Newton, 

gave  common   of  pasture   for   all  their  cattle  of  their  grange    of 

Sfaiburgli,  over  all  his  land  at  Newton,  except  corn  and  meadow 

gronni,  and  liberty  to  make  a  water  course  over  his  land  from 

Polnewton  to  Maiburgh-      Richard,  son  of  Ketel  de  Xewton,  gave 

eight  acres  of  land  at  Newton  ;  and  .^dam,  son  of  Kdward  de  Newton, 

gave  two  oxgangs  of  laud  at  the  same  place.    Henry  de  Derham, 

with  consent  of  his  wife,  Maud,  gave  half  an  acre  in  Onnesby ;  and 

Christian  de  Derham,  widow  of  Michael  de  Clifton,  gave  UU  her 

lands  there.    Alice,  daughter  of  Roger,  son  of  Gerard,  gave  divers 

parcels  of  land  in  the  territory  of  Sacmirdagh,  with  common  of 

pasture  for  eight  oxen,  two  horses,  sixty  ewes,  and  as  many  goats, 

with  theu:  young  for  tliree  years.    Walter  de  Eerkele,  chainbeilain 


of  Scotland,  granted  to  them  lands  in  Galloway,  which  grant  was 
confirmed  by  Wilhnm,  king  of  Scotland.  Christian,  bishop  of  Glas- 
gow, becoming  professed  of  the  Cistercian  order,  and  of  the  house 
of  Holme  Cultram,  gave  liis  body  to  be  buried  there,  and  therewith 
the  grange  of  Kirkwinny,  and  charges  all  men  to  protect  and  defend 
the  same  grange,  as  they  tender  the  blessing  of  God  and  of  himself, 
and  threatens,  if  they  do  otherwise,  they  shall  incur  the  papal  excom- 
munication, the  curses  of  .Vlmighty  God  and  of  himself,  and  the 
pains  of  eternal  fire ;  and  Joscelin,  bishop  of  Glasgow,  granted  to 
them  the  chapel  of  Kirkwinny,  which  grant  was  confirmed  by  Pope 
Innocent  V.  Robert,  king  of  Scots,  for  the  health  of  his  soul,  and 
the  souls  of  his  ancestors  and  successors,  and  especially  of  his  father, 
whose  body  was  interred  iu  th;?  church  of  St.  Mar)-,  of  Holme 
Cultram,  quits  claim  to  them  of  an  annual  rent  of  £10,  which  they 
paid  oa»  of  their  lands  in  Galloway.  The  community  of  Holme 
Cultram  had  several  other  possessions  in  Scotland,  given  by  private 
persons.  Edward,  king  of  England,  gave  them  300  marks  yearly  out 
of  forfeited  estates  in  Scotland,  by  his  charter  dated  September 
Vnh  in  the  30th  year  of  his  reign  (lOiS).  Gunild,  daughter  of  Henry, 
son  of  Arthur,  Lord  JliUom,  in  her  widowhood,  granted  to  them  all 
the  lands  in  Lekcly  or  Seaton,  which  her  father  had  given  her  in 
mania^,  and  that  they  may  have  shields  for  their  cattle  in  Crocherk, 
and  common  of  pasture  within  the  forest,  so  far  as  tlie  cattle  may 
go  and  return  home  at  night.  Thomas,  son  of  Gospatric,  gave  eight 
acres  of  land  in  Seton,  adjoining  to  thirty-two  acres  of  their  own 
there,  and  one  net  in  Derwent,  and  one  toft  nigh  the  bank,  where  they 
might  abide  and  mauage  the  fishery ;  and  John,  son  of  Alan  de 
Camberton,  re-leased  to  them  a  pool  which  they  had  made,  or  should 
make,  to  turn  die  water  of  Derwent,  or  so  much  thereof  as  should  be 
prejudicial  to  their  fishery  of  Seton.  Brice  de  Penrith  gave  St. 
Swinthin's  Holme,  adjoining  to  the  river  l^amont,  near  Penrith. 
The  lands  on  the  west  side  of  Waverton  Magna  were  given  by  Adam, 
son  of  Gamel ;  and  other  lands  there  iS^  Roger,  son  of  Gilleslephen. 
John  Gemon.  and  Margaret,  his  wife,  gave  the  clinrch  of  Wigton, 
with  some  lanil?,  on  condition  that  the  abbots  and  monks  should 
establish  a  chantry  tliere,  which  being  done,  the  church  was  soon 
after  appropriated ;  Adam,  son  of  Lambert,  gave  another  parcel  of 
land  at  Wigton ;  and  Udard,  son  of  Adam,  another  parcel,  and  pasture 
for  ten  cows,  with  their  young,  for  two  years,  two  horses,  and  ten 
sheep,  with  their  young  for  one  year.  William,  Earl  of  Albemarle 
gave  a  forge  at  Whinfell,  with  wood  for  charcoal. 


HOLME  CULTRAM  PARISH. 


233 


placed  over  tlie  grave  of  Bruce,  Earl  of  Carrick,  the 
father  of  Robert  Bruce,  king  of  Scotland.  Sir  Waiter 
Scott,  in  his  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,  canto  v.,  sta.  80, 
alludes  to  the  abbey  of  Holme  Cultram  as  a  place  of 
sepulture  for  tlio  northern  barons.'  The  church  lias 
been  much  injured  by  injudicious  alterations  within  the 
last  hundred  years,  and  by  dilapidation  and  destruction 
during  the  two  preceding  centuries  ;  still  it  is  very 
venerable,  and  remarkable  for  its  good  architectural 
remains,  and  is  quite  capable  of  being  to  a  certain 
extent  restored. 

No  other  township  now  properly  pertains  to  the  parish 
church,  as  the  original  parish  of  Holme  Cultram  has 
como  under  the  operation  of  the  act  of  1850,  for  the 
formation  of  new  parishes,  by  force  of  which  the  three 
other  townships  of  East  Waver,  St.  Cuthbert's,  and 
Holme  Low  have  been  constituted  three  separate 
parishes  for  ecclesiastical  purposes.  The  incumbent 
is  vicar  of  Holme  Cultram.  His  predecessors  were, 
in  former  times,  vicars  of,  and  oiTiciated  at,  Newton 
Arlosh,  in  East  Waver  township.  On  the  donation  of 
the  conventual  church  and  the  tithes  by  (Jueeu  Mary 
to  the  University  of  Oxford,  as  mentioned  hereafter, 
the  parochial  services  began  to  bo  celebrated  in  the  con- 
ventual church  at  Abbey  Town,  as  being  more  central, 
and  the  incumbents  then  began  to  be  designated  vicars 
of  St.  Mary's,  Holme  Cultram.  Tho  old  parish  church 
of  Newtoii  Arlosh  was  built  in  the  year  130:?,  before 
which  period  there  was  no  proper  and  parochial  church 
in  Holme  Cultram,  — there  only  existed  in  different 
places  small  oratories  or  buildings  for  private  prayer 
and  confession ;  one  of  them  existed  at  jNIawbray,  dedi- 
cated to  St.  Cuthbert ;  another  near  the  Tarns,  dedica- 
ted to  St.  Roque ;  one  at  Newton  Arlosh,  dedicated  to 
St.  John  ;  one  near  Skiuburncss  ;  and  one  near  the 
present  National  School  at  Aldoth.  The  monastery 
was,  moreover,  accustomed  at  certain  intervals  to  send 
one  of  the  community  through  the  district  to  hoar  con- 
fessions and  administer  the  sacraments.  From  the 
time  of  the  transfer  of  tho  parochial  services  to  the 
conventual  church,  that  at  Newton  Arlosh  was  neg- 
lected, and  subseipiently  fell  into  decay. 

Tho  University  of  Oxford  is  in  place  of  rector,  and 
possesses  the  impropriation,  having  been  impropriators 
since  the  death  of  Abbot  Horrowdale,  tho  first  and  only 

1  Two  inscripliona  nipiilioned  l>y  nislinp  Nicolson,  in  1703,  na 
sciilpUireil  cm  the  wolls  of  the  church,  niul  frnm  hhn  qiir>lc(I  by 
Hutchinson  —  the  one,  "  Orntc  pro  nniniii  Rubcrli  Chuniber,"  tho 
other,  "  Lftdj'  doyr,  siive  Robert  Clmnibero" — iiro  not  now  remaining. 
The  inscriptions  menlioneil  in  tlio  text — one  beginning,  "Kxullcnuis 
Domino,"  the  oilier,  "N.m  est  nlinil,"  have  been  to  a  certain  extent 
ver>-  cnn'Iessly  injurcil  by  cutting  away  some  of  tlie  last  letters  of 
each,  to  lit  a  modem  door  into  the  beautiful  old  cmiouce  of  llie 
porch. 


rector  in  the  first  year  of  Queen  Mary  (1553),  by  grant 
from  the  crown.  The  impropriators  name  the  vicar, 
who  must  bo  a  graduate  of  O.xford.  He  takes  no 
specific  portion  of  the  profits,  the  chief  part  of  his 
stipend  being  paid  by  grant  from  the  university.  The 
value  of  the  living  is  about  £170  a  year.  The  value  of 
the  great  tithes  which  have  been  commuted  is  about 
£000  a  year;  the  small  tithes,  which  on  an  average 
may  be  worth  about  £50  a  year  have  not  been  com- 
muted. The  value  of  the  living  in  the  King's  Book  is 
£0  13s.  4d. ;  it  was  certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty  at  £45.  There  is  no  charge  upon  this 
vicarage  of  first  fruits,  tenths,  synodals,  or  procurations. 
The  parish  registers  have  been  carefully  kept  from 
1581  to  1597,  then  there  is  a  blank  in  them  to  1006, 
from  which  year  till  1007  they  are  not  regularly  kept; 
but  from  that  time  to  the  present  they  seem  to  be 
perfect.  From  a  close  examination  and  comparison 
of  the  registers  it  appears  that  the  population  of  Holme 
Cultram  must  have  been  larger  at  the  close  of  the 
seventeenth  century  than  it  was  at  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth,  due  probably  to  the  uniting  of  many  small 
holdings  into  larger  farms  during  the  intervening 
peiiod.  There  are  in  the  register  books  entries  of 
excommunication  issued  by  the  incumbent  for  tlie 
immorality  of  individuals  so  late  as  the  year  1750. 

ViOAES. — 'William   Robinson,  ;    George  Stubb,  1564; 

William  Adcoclc,  1576 ;  Henry  Symson,  1.577 ;  Christopher 
Symson,  1578;  Edward  JlaudeNille,  .A,.M.,  1581 ;  Robert  Mau- 

deville,  A.M.,  1C06;    Thomas  Jefferson,  A.M.,  ;   Charles 

Robson,  S.T.B.,  1632  ;  ■\Villiain  Head,  A.M.,  16:)S ;  John  Hewitt, 
A.M.,  1081 ;  John  Holmes,  A.M.,  ](;37  ;  John  Ogle,  A.B.,  ](i04; 
Thomas  Jefl'crson,  A.M.,  1715;  Thomas  Book,  A.li.,  1730; 
Jlatlhcw  Kay,  D.D.,  17(10  ;  William  Pattiason,.\.M.,  17Si>;  John 
Thompson,  A.M.,  ISOO;  John  S.Jackson,  A.M.,  1S14;  Robert 
Collinson,  A.M.,  182-^  ;  Joseph  Simpson,  A.M.,  1812.  All  the 
incumbents  for  the  last  hundred  years  have  been  resident 
except  William  Pattinson,  who  being  absent  during  the  whole 
of  his  incumbency,  had  for  his  curate  William  Barker. 

A  few  years  since  there  was  but  one  church  in  the 
large  parish  of  Hulme  Cultram,  which  church  accom- 
modates 810  persons.  The  present  vicar,  the  Rev. 
Jo-soph  Simpson,  on  his  appointment,  was  induced, 
tlurough  the  known  liberality  of  the  impropriators,  tlio 
University  of  Oxford,  to  endeavour  to  meet  the  spiritual 
and  educational  wants  of  tho  district.  Subscriptions 
were  immediately  raised  for  tho  erection  of  churches, 
schools,  &c.,  and  on  the  completion  of  tho  work,  tho 
University  of  Oxford  and  tlio  Ecclesiastical  Commis- 
sioners for  England  conjointly  endowed  three  new 
churches  in  East  Waver,  St.  Cuthbert's.  and  Holmo 
Low,  tiio  particulars  of  which  will  bo  found  in  au  account 
of  these  parishes  at  a  subseqtent  page. 


234 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW  -  DEBWENT  WARD. 


Tho  vicarage,  a  large,  substantial  residence,  but 
•without  pretensions  to  any  particular  style  of  arcbitec- 
ture,  was  erected  in  1817,  at  a  cost  of  £J,000,  towards 
which  the  University  of  Oxford  liberally  contributed. 

At  Abbey  Town  the  Wesleyaus  have  a  small  place  of 
worship,  a  neat  stone  building,  erected  in  1858. 

There  ai-e  national  schools  for  boys  and  girls,  at 
Abbey  Town,  erected  in  1853,  at  a  cost  of  £450.  They 
are  in  the  Gothic  style,  and  are  attended  by  about 
sixty-five  boys  and  forty  girls.  The  hamlet  of  Aldoth 
also  possesses  a  national  school  for  children  of  both 
sexes,  erected  in  1851,  at  an  expense  of  £150,  and 
attended  by  about  forty  pupils.  All  these  schools  are 
under  government  inspection,  and  have  been  hitherto 
supported  by  the  childreus'  pence,  and  a  few  local 
subscriptions.  The  University  of  Oxford  has  now  made 
to  the  vicar  an  annual  grant  of  £30  towards  the  sup- 
port of  the  schools  of  his  parish.  There  are  two  assis- 
tant teachers  in  the  schools  at  Abbey  Town. 

This  parish  possesses  no  endowed  school.  Probably 
there  are  few  parishes  so  large  as  Holme  Cultram 
totally  devoid  of  all  endowments  for  education,  and  yet 
there  are  few  places  in  which  the  people  are  more 
desirous  of  securing  some  education  for  their  children. 
They  have  been  cast  upon  their  own  resources ;  this 
has  stimulated  them  and  made  them  more  self-relying. 
There  is  no  endowed  hospital  or  charity  of  any  kind 
in  the  parish.  In  former  times  the  abbey  discharged 
the  office  of  an  alms-house  to  the  neighbouring  poor, 
and  served  as  an  hospitium  to  travellers,  who,  if  they 
were  men,  were  admitted  for  entertainment  within  the 
precincts  of  the  abbey ;  if  women,  they  were  received 
into  a  private  and  separate  building  without  the  walls, 
which  for  a  considerable  period  after  the  Dissolution 
was  called  the  "  Woman's  House,"  but  it  is  not  now 
in  existence. 

A  provident  society  was  formed  in  Abbey  Town,  in 
185  I .  It  is  supported  by  subscription,  and  has  for  its 
object  the  providing  of  warm  clothing  at  a  cheap  rate 
on  the  approach  of  winter  in  each  year  for  the  labouring 
poor. 

A  reading  room  was  established  in  1857  at  Abbey 
Town  for  the  use  of  the  labouring  men.  A  small 
library  has  been  formed  in  connection  with  the  same, 
and  is  under  the  care  of  the  master  of  tho  national 
school. 

The  only  village  in  the  township  is  that  of  Abbey  Town. 
The  hamlets,  with  their  distances  from  Abbey  Town, 
are  as  follows : — Abbey  Cowper,  one  mile  west,  whose 
ancient  name  was  Cowbyer,  from  the  circumstance,  no 
doubt,  that  here  the  monks  kept  their  cows.  Akeshaw 
is  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Crummock  Beck, 


five  miles  south-by-west;  iUdoth,  three  miles  west-by- 
south  :  Brownrigg,  occupying  a  pleasant  situation  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Waver,  near  its  entrance  into  More- 
cambo  Bay,  two  miles  north ;  High  Laws,  two  miles 
south-west;  Kingsido  Hill, one  mile  north-west;  Souther- 
field,  extending  from  two  to  three  miles  south ;  and 
Swinsty,  a  short  distance  south,  where  the  monks  are 
supposed  to  have  kept  their  swiue.  The  names  of 
these  places,  and  of  most  others  through  the  whole  of 
Holme  Cultram,  ai-e  indicative  either  of  the  locality, 
or  the  nature,  or  past  history  (however  unimportant 
generally)  of  each  of  them. 

The  single  houses  in  the  parish  having  particular 
names  are — Red  Flat,  Sanden  House,  Apple  Garth, 
Coney  Grarth,  Stank  End,  White  Lea,  the  Hill,  the 
Bog,  the  jMoss,  Hards,  Akeshaw,  Park  House,  King 
Moor,  &c.  It  may  be  here  observed  that  many  of  the 
houses,  and  more  especially  of  the  separate  yeoman's 
dwellings  throughout  the  whole  parish  of  Holme 
Cultram,  have  been  bmlt  from  the  materials  of  the 
ancient  abbey  ;  and  it  is  very  melancholy  to  notice  beau- 
tiful windows,  pillars,  and  in  some  cases  admirable  sculp- 
tures, which  have  been  allowed  to  be  taken  away  and 
placed  in  the  most  incongruous  situations.  This  is 
especially  the  case  at  Raby  Cote,  in  East  Waver,  which, 
with  a  large  extent  of  land,  according  to  a  parchment 
document  still  in  existence,  seems  to  have  been  uncere- 
moniously conveyed  by  Abbot  Chambers,  in  1503,  to 
his  brother,  Robert  Chambers,  a  la)Tnan,  and  to  his 
family — one  evidence  among  others,  that,  in  all  times, 
ecclesiastical  property  has  been  more  or  less  subject  to 
spoliation. 

Kingside  Hill,  in  this  township,  is  so  called  from  a 
tradition  that  Edward  I.,  in  one  of  his  expeditions, 
probably  the  last  into  Scotland,  had  a  portion  of  his 
force  encamped  upon  it.  The  river  Crummock,  after 
bounding  in  part  the  township  on  its  south-eastern 
border  from  the  parish  of  Bromfield,  joins  the  river 
Waver,  in  its  course  from  the  east,  at  the  east  angle  of 
the  township.  From  this  point  the  united  streams 
forming  its  eastern  boundaiy,  run  in  a  waving  hue, 
and  north-westerly  direction,  into  the  bay  of  More- 
cambe — there  are  only  eels  and  flounders  in  these 
rivers.  The  bridges  in  the  parish  are — one  over  the 
Crummock,  on  the  way  from  Abbey  Town  towards 
Wigton,  another  over  the  Waver,  on  the  road  from 
Abbey  Town  towards  Newton  Arlosh,  and  a  third  over 
a  rivulet  on  the  road  from  Abbey  Town  to  Brownrigg. 
The  public  and  ancient  bridges  of  Holme  Cultram  are 
erected  and  kept  in  repair  not  by  the  county,  but  by 
the  parish.  There  is  no  water  mill  in  the  townsliip ; 
there  is  one  steam  corn-mill  in  Abbey  Town.     There 


HOLME   ST.   CUTHBERTS   PARISH. 


235 


are  several  new  briJges  built  along  the  Carlisle  and 
Silloth  railway. 

There  is  no  noticeable  old  mansion  within  the  town- 
ship, and  it  does  not  appear  that  there  ever  was  any 
family  within  Holme  Cultram  which  held  rank  with 
the  gentry  of  the  county.  The  reason  of  this  may  be 
that  iH'foro  the  dissolution  of  tho  abbey,  the  whole 
district  belonged  to  the  community,  and  that  on  the 
Dissolution,  the  greatest  portion  of  the  land  was  divided 
among  a  multitude  of  tenants,  with  small  holdings :  of 
which  class  of  men  probably  more  exist  even  to  this 
time  within  this  district  than  in  any  other  part  of 
England  of  the  same  extent. 

No  stated  feasts  or  wakes  are  observed  among  tho 
people.  The  only  revelry  in  which  the  careless  and 
irregular  among  them  are  wont  to  indulge  is  the  revelry 
of  the  village  alehouse.  The  people  are  not  remarkable 
for  the  indulgence  of  innocent  amusements.  This  may 
arise  in  part  from  their  laborious  pursuits  and  indus- 
trious habits,  and  in  part  from  their  not  having  tho 
moans  of  harmless  gratihcation  supplied  to  thom.  It 
appears  that  in  former  years  thej'  were  much  given  to 
football  contests  on  the  extensive  commons  of  the 
district,  but  from  this  they  have  been  excluded  ever 
since  tho  time  of  tho  enclosure.  The  inhabitants  are 
generally  marked  for  strong,  shrewd  intellect,  and  are 


not  given  to  superstitious  notions.  Tho  district  is  very 
salubrious,  the  cause  of  which  may  be  that  the  land  is 
chielly  on  a  level,  with  no  narrow  valleys,  not  much 
wood,  and  few  rivers,  exposed  to  the  gentle  sea  breezes, 
and  having  improved  drainage  since  the  enclosure  of 
the  commons — much  also  may  be  due  to  the  cleanly 
habits  of  the  people.  A  secondary  cause,  or  rather  an 
evidence  of  the  salubrity  of  the  district  is  this,  that 
the  range  of  temperature  is  very  moderate  throughout 
the  year — snow  seldom  falls,  and  when  it  does  soon 
disappears.  The  productiveness  of  the  land  may  be  in 
part  owing  to  this.  The  births  exceed  the  deaths  in  more 
than  the  usual  proportion,  so  that  the  population,  at  one 
time  on  the  decrease,  as  before  stated,  is  now  gi-adually 
increasing.  In  respect  to  marriages,  the  fact  that  all 
parties,  with  very  few  exceptions,  can  subscribe  their 
names,  proves  that  a  certain  portion  of  education  has 
been  given  to  the  people  generally.  We  do  not  know 
of  au3'  superstitious  in  connection  with  deaths,  funerals, 
or  marriage ;  the  inhabitants  aro  in  general  plain, 
matter-of-fact  people.  They  are  not  much  interested 
about  the  past  or  the  distant,  and  have  a  very  small 
share  of  enthusiasm,  or  poetic  imagination  among  them. 
The  tame  features  of  the  place  may  have  stamped,  to  a 
certain  extent,  its  character  upon  then:  minds. 


HOOIE    ST.   CUTHBERT'S   PARISH. 

Holme  St.  Cutubert's  Paeisii  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  the  Solway  Frith;  on  the  south  by  a  stream 
called  the  Dub,  which  divides  it  from  Bromfield  parish;  and  on  the  east  by  an  ancient  boundary  line  having  Holme 
Low  on  tlio  north-east.  Abbey  Holme  on  tho  cast,  and  Bromfield  on  the  south-cast.  It  comprises  the  township  of 
Holme  St.  Cuthbcrt. 


St.  Cuthbert'a  township  comprises  an  area  of  5,884, 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  £4,542  16s.  3d.  Its 
population  in  1801  was  589;  in  1811,  078;  in  1821, 
701 ;  in  1831,  740  ;  in  1841,  760  ;  and  in  1851,  822  ; 
who  reside  in  the  villages  of  Mawbray,  Beckfoot,  Edder- 
Bide,  Cooper,  and  Pelutho,  and  in  several  detached  farm- 
houses. Of  tlio  villages,  Mawbray  is  tho  most  popu- 
lous. Foulsike  and  Gilbank  arc  small  hamlets  adjoin- 
ing Pelutho.  There  is  also  to  the  cast  of  the  church 
a  few  scattered  houses,  called  the  Tarns,  from  a  neigh- 
bouring mere  or  small  lake.  Agriculture  is  the  chief 
employment  of  tho  inhabitants ;  there  are  also  a  few 
fishermen.  Tho  people  arc  generally  simple  in  man- 
Hoi's,  stationary  in  habits,  and  in  easy  circumstances. 
The  soil  in  general  is  not  particularly  good.  Mai'yport 
and  Wigton  aro  the  mai'kets  usually  attended.      This 


township  forms  part  of  the  manor  of  Holme  Cultram, 
of  which  K.  E.  W.  P.  Standish,  Esq.,  is  lord,  whose 
courts  leet  and  courts  baron  are  held  at  Abbey  Town. 
The  chief  landowners  are  Jlessrs.  Thomas  Barnes, 
Thomas  Chambers,  John  Longcake,  AVilliam  IloUiday, 
Joseph  Holliday,  John  Grainger,  John  Asbridge,  Joseph 
Wise,  John  l\obinson,  Rev.  John  Parkin,  \Villiam  Pape, 
Daniel  NVaite,  Henry  Spark,  Henry  I'lotchcr,  Joseph 
Hayton,  John  Holliday,  Richard  Barwise,  Joseph  Jlac- 
Farrow,  M.  Fearow,  Joshua  Simm,  Joseph  Pearson, 
Joseph  :\Iillcr,  John  Ostell,  Daniel  Ostell,  John  Ostell, 
WiUiam  Simni,  Ostell  Mordaunt,  Joseph  Bell,  Daniel 
Glaistor,  Robert  BiglanJs,  William  Wilson,  Thomas 
Brown,  Joseph  Brown,  William  Brown,  Thomas  Cham- 
bers, John  Younghusbaud,  Thomas  Green,  John  Daw- 
sou,  Joseph  Hayton,  Daniel  Mc.MuUen,  the  trustees  of 


236 


ALLERDALE- BELOW- DEKWENT  WARD. 


the  late  John  Barwise,  Joseph  ^[essenger,  William  Ten- 
nison,  Robert  Ball,  Caleb  Ostell ;  Ann  Asbridge,  Mrs. 
Miller,  and  Mary  Atkinson. 

THE   cnUKCH. 

The  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Cutlibert,  and  of 
the  first  period  of  Gothic  architecture,  was  built  iu  the 
year  ]  815,  at  a  cost  of  £800,  and  will  accommodate  350 
persons.  It  contains  a  mural  tablet  to  the  memory  of 
John  "Wyse  Longcake,  erected  by  his  father,  Mr.  John 
Longcake,  of  Pelutbo.  The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy, 
in  the  patronage  of  the  incumbent  of  Holme  Cultram, 
and  is  worth  about  .£100  per  annum,  arising  from  an  en- 
dowment of  £50  a  year  from  the  University  of  Oxford, 
augmented  by  £'50  annually  from  the  Ecclesiastical  Com- 
missioners. All  the  rites  and  services  of  an  indepen- 
dent parish  are  performed  here.  The  tithes  of  the 
original  parish  of  Holme  Cultram  have  been  commuted 
for  the  average  sum  of  £900,  pa^vable  to  the  University 
of  Oxford.  The  parish  register  commences  with  the 
consecration  of  the  church  in  1849. 

Incumbents. — Isaac  Eowmari,  1849;  John  Short,  1852. 

The  parsonage  house  was  erected  in  1851,  at  a 
cost  of  £700. 

The  Xaional  School  is  a  neat  Gothic  jbuildiug,  with 
master's  house  attached,  erected  in  1845,  at  a  cost  of 
£320.  It  is  under  government  inspection,  aud  is 
partly  supported  by  the  children's  (juarter  pence. 

Beckfoot  is  a  village  in  this  township  about  sis  miles 
west  of  Abbey  Town.  From  the  many  ancient  founda- 
tion stones  found  in  its  vicinity  it  is  supposed  to  have 


been  formerly  much  larger.  Here  is  a  place  called 
Castlefields,  said  to  have  been  the  site  of  an  ancient 
fortress,  which  is  generally  understood  to  have  been 
one  of  the  partially  fortified  farm-houses  of  the  monas- 
tery. The  Society  of  Friends  have  a  small  meeting- 
house here. 

Mawbray,  or  Malbrey,  is  situated  near  the  sea-shore, 
two  miles  above  Allonby,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been 
the  site  of  a  small  Eoraan  encampment.  Hutchinson 
says  that  "  the  vallum  has  been  defaced,  aud  corn  now 
grows  upon  the  site  of  it,  though  some  of  the  inhabi- 
tants remember  part  of  the  wall  standing."  Osi  a  stone 
said  to  have  been  taken  from  the  wall,  was  this  inscrip- 
tion :     L.    TA.    PR.EF.    COH.    II.    PAXNOS    FECIT.        This 

indicates  that  some  portion  of  a  Pannonian  legion  may 
have  been  stationed  in  the  neighbourhood  during  the 
Roman  occupation  of  the  country.  The  Wcsleyans 
have  a  chapel  here,  a  small  stone  building,  erected  in 
1843. 

Kew  Mawbray  is  a  pleasant  village  near  Beckfoot. 

Pelutbo  stands  on  the  brow  of  an  eminence,  com- 
manding good  views  of  the  Sohvay  Frith  and  Scottish 
hills,  and  here  are  a  few  neat  houses,  occupied  by  their 
owners.  The  lake,  or  tarn,  near  the  Tarns  hamlet, 
covers  about  thirty  acres. 

The  village  of  Cowper,  is  five  and  a  half  miles  south- 
west of  Abbey;  and  Edderside  is  seven  miles  south-west 
from  the  same  place.  The  laud  of  the  district  parish 
is  somewhat  elevated,  and  in  a  great  measure  consists 
of  a  range  of  sandhills  extending  from  its  eastern  bound 
to  the  sea  coast. 


ST.  JOHN'S,  NEWTON  ARLOSH,  PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  a  gutter  called  Mung  Dyke,  on  the  north  by  the  river  Wampool,  on  the  west 
by  the  river  Waver,  and  on  the  south  by  the  extensive  peat  range  of  Wedholme,  or  Wedholme  Flow,  which  separates 
it  from  the  parish  of  Wigton,  and  by  the  river  Waver,  which  bounds  it  from  the  paiish  of  Bromfield.  It  consists 
of  the  township  of  East  Waver,  which,  by  the  provisions  of  Lord  Blandford's  Act  (passed  in  185(3),  was  separated 
from  the  mother  church  of  Holme  Cultram,  and  formed  into  a  distinct  parish. 


HOI.ME    EAST    W.WER. 

The  township  of  East  Waver  contains  about  5,710 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  £3,800.  Its  population 
in  1801  was  371  ;  in  1811,  -103;  in  1821,  502;  in 
1831,  481;  in  1841,  470;  and  in  1851,  473.  The 
inhabitants  reside  in  the  villages  and  hamlets  of  Newton 
Arlosh,  Moss  Side,  Saltcoats,  Angerton,  and  Eaby,  as 
well  as  iu  several  detached  farm-houses.  The  popula- 
tion consists  of  farmers  (proprietary  and  tenant)  and 
farm  labourers,  with  a  few  artisans,  such  as  black- 
smiths, wheelwrights,  tailors,  and  shoemakers.    The 


people  are  very  cleanly  iu  their  habits;  the  houses,  how- 
ever, of  some  of  the  farmers,  and  the  cottages  generally 
are  bad;  but  improvements  in  this  respect  are  beginning 
to  take  place  since  the  opening  of  the  Silloth  railway, 
which  runs  through  the  parish.  Wigton  is  the  market 
usually  attended.  This  tow^nship  forms  part  of  the 
manor  of  Holme  Cultram  ;  the  lauds  ai'e  held  by  lords' 
rent,  aud  ancient  freehold  rent,  payable  twice  a  )-ear. 
The  manor  courts  were  formerly  held  five  times  in  each 
year.  The  chief  landowners  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale, 
Backhouse,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  John  and  Silas  Saul, 


ST.  JOHN'S,  NEWTON  ARLOSH,  PARISH. 


237 


John  Clark,  Henry  ITuddart,  Joseph  Donald,  Thomas 
Chambers,  Isuiay  Stubbs,  AVilliam  lluddart,  AVilliam 
Donald,  Henry  Nelson,  George  Dunn,  Heurj  Hope, 
Robert  Glaister,  John  Rooke,  R.  Jackson,  Samuel 
Hallifax,  Joseph  Cocktou,  Richard  Jackson, Nor- 
man, Daniel  Dowson,  J.  Rigg,  Jonathan  Peat,  W. 
Barwise,  and  William  Elliott ;  Mrs.  Dean,  Misses 
Olaister,  !Miss  Blackburn,  Mrs.  Peat,  Mrs.  Reed,  Mrs. 
Chambers. 

Newton  Arlosh,  or  Long  Newton,  where  the  church 
is  situated,  is  a  Tillage  four  miles  north-east  of  Abbey 
Town,  and  seven  miles  north-west  of  Wigton. 

THE  cnrRcn. 

The  church,  which  is  dedicated  to  St.  John,  is  of  the 
Anglo-Xorman  style  of  architecture;  it  was  restored  and 
enlarged  in  18  U,  at  a  cost  of  £800,  and  will  accommo- 
date about  300  persons.  The  original  church  is  said  to 
have  been  erected  by  St.  Niniau,  out  of  gratitude  to  God 
on  his  safe  return  from  Rome,  where  he  was  educated ; 
but  it  must  have  become  decayed  at  a  very  early  period, 
for  Bishop  Iliilton,  by  his  charter,  dated  at  Linstock, 
April  11th,  1303,  granted  a  license  to  the  abbot  and 
convent  of  Holme  Cultram  to  build  a  chapel  or  church 
within  their  territory  of  Arlosh,  to  which  he  anne.Ked 
every  parochial  right  and  privilege,  and  all  the  tithes 
within  their  territory,  with  power  to  them  to  present  a 
priest,  for  institution  upon  a  vacancy,  allowing  him  £4 
a  year,  and  room  for  a  house,  and  who,  in  token  of  his 
obedience,  was  to  pay  out  of  the  said  £1,  half  a  mark  per 
annum  to  the  bishop  iu  the  name  of  a  cathedraticum, 
and  forty  pence  to  the  archdeacon  for  procurations. 
Many  of  the  incumbents  of  Holme  Cultram  were 
inducted  to  the  living  iu  the  parish  church  of  Newton 
Arlosh,  several  having  "  read  themselves  in "  amid 
the  ruins  of  the  ancient  edifice.  Arlosh,  on  the 
removal  of  tlie  inhabitants  thither  from  Skinburness, 
which  had  suffered  severely  in  consequence  of  the 
inroads  of  the  sea,  acquired  the  name  of  Newton 
Arlosh,  and  in  13(1-1  the  abbot  petitioned  parliament 
that  tiicy  might  havo  at  this  place  the  market  and 
fair,  which  had  been  originally  granted  at  Skinbur- 
ness. Tills  [lOtition,  as  wo  learn  from  the  rolls  of 
parliament,  was  allowed.  The  church  then  built,  iu 
consequence  of  tlio  frequent  incursions  of  the  Scots, 
which  the  bishop  mentions  in  his  charter,  was  con- 
structed so  as  to  answer  the  purpose  of  a  fortress.  The 
strong  old  tower  of  this  ancient  church  is  still  standing, 
and  constitutes  part  of  tho  present  edifice.  On  the 
ground  lloor  of  the  tower  is  a  vaulted  chamber,  thirteen 
fi'ct  square,  with  a  small  aperture,  eighteen  inches  high 
and  nine  inches  wide,  on  the  west  side ;  over  this  is  a 


chamber  of  nearly  the  same  dimensions,  with  three 
narrow  windows,  or  rather  slits  for  arrows,  on  the  north, 
south,  and  west  sides ;  it  has  a  fireplace  on  the  soutli- 
west  side,  and  a  passage  in  the  wall  at  the  north-west 
corner  leading  to  a  small  recess  intended  for  obser- 
vation ;  as  also  an  opening  on  the  south  side,  by  way  of 
view  from  above  into  the  body  of  the  church.  The 
chamber  on  the  upper  story  is  of  the  same  dimensions, 
nearly  resembling  that  on  the  first  floor,  e-xcept  that  it 
has  a  fourth  window  on  the  east  side,  and  no  fireplace. 
There  is  a  stone  staircase  in  the  south-west  angle  of 
the  tower,  leading  to  the  upper  chambers.  So  great 
was  the  attention  paid  to  security  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  church,  that  the  principal  window  at  the 
east  end,  over  the  altar,  was  onlj-  eleven  inches  in 
width.  The  University  of  O.xford  is  impropriator. 
The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the  patronage  of 
tho  incumbent  of  Holme  Cultram,  and  worth  about 
£107  per  annum.     The  registers  commence  in  1849. 

Incumbents. —  Robert  Wightraan,  1S49;  William  Eothery 
stipendiary  ourale,  was  appointed  sole  minister  of  tlie  parish, 
in  1847,  by  tlie  Bishop  of  Carlisle. 

The  parish  school  is  a  poor  building,  without  any 
endowments;  the  master  is  supported  by  quarter-pence; 
the  average  attendance  is  about  twenty.  There  is  also 
a  school  for  girls,  as  well  as  a  Sunday  school. 

The  following  are  the  names  of  the  hamlets  in  the 
parish,  with  their  bearings  and  distances  from  Abbey 
Town  : — Augertou,  si-v  miles  east ;  Mossside,  two  and  a 
half  miles  north-east ;  Raby,  one  mile  east ;  Saltcoates, 
two  and  a  half  miles  north-east;  and  Slightholm,  two  and 
a  half  miles  cast-by -north  ;  Raby  Cote,  two  miles  north- 
east, was  for  some  time  held  by  collateral  relations  of 
Robert  Chambers,  abbot  of  the  monastery.  This  house 
was  erected  entirely  from  the  spoils  of  the  conventual 
buildings,  and  it  is  lamentjible  to  see  some  most  chaste 
and  elegant  sculptured  monuments  and  inscriptions 
placed  most  incongruously  in  its  walls.  The  forest  of 
AVedhohne,  in  this  township,  was  granted  by  Queen 
Ehzabeth  to  tho  copyhold  tenants  of  Holme  Cultram, 
for  maintaining  the  sea-dyke  bank,  near  Skinburness. 
At  the  village  of  Angerton  there  are  some  ancient 
houses,  one  of  which  belongs  to  a  family  bearing  the 
name  of  "  Charles,"  who  havo  had  au  estate  here  for 
some  generations,  the  owners,  and  now  tho  only  remain- 
ing representatives  of  the  family  being  the  two  daugh- 
ters of  tho  late  George  Charles,  who  married  tho  eldest 
daughter  of  John  and  JuUa  Reay,  of  the  Gill.  A  tablet 
is  erected  iu  Bromficld  Church  to  the  memory  of  the 
family. 

Li  order  to  improve  the  parish,  the  people  require 


238 


ALLEP.DALE  -  BELOW  -  DERWENT   WARD. 


a  better  eJucntiou :  a  heartfelt  and  enlightened  Chris- 
tianity, pervading  all  the  duties  of  life  :  good  cottages, 
safiGciently  commodious  for  the  requirements  of  domestic 
comfort.  The  land  requires  to  be  properly  drained,  and 
might  he  much  embellished  and  improved  by  plantations 
of  forest  trees.  It  would  bo  well  if  the  people  had 
harmless  and  healthful  recreations,  instead  of  that 
degrading  intemperance  which  is  so  prevalent  in  many 
country  places.  Through  the  exertions  of  the  Rev. 
William  Rothery  the  privilege  of  regular  postal  com- 
munication has  been  recently  obtained  for  this  paiish. 

This  parish  is  most  remarkable  for  the  longevity  of 
its  inhabitants,  several  of  whom  are  upwards  of  seventy. 


and  others  upwards  of  eighty,  years  of  age,  and  yot  are 
in  the  enjoyment  of  excellent  health,  are  quite  able  to 
manage  their  own  business,  and  actually  to  walk  with 
the  spring  of  youth.  The  following,  which  is  a  copy  of 
the  inscriptions  upon  one  headstone  in  Newton  Arlosh 
churchyard,  cannot  be  easily  exceeded  as  a  testimony  of 
long  life  : — "  Sacred  in  memory  of  William  Donald,  who 
died  10  August,  ]  800,  aged  81  years ;  also,  Jane,  his 
wife,  who  died  1  May,  1809,  aged  89  years :  also, 
Joseph,  their  son,  who  died  11  August,  1833,  aged  85 
years ;  also,  Maiy,  his  wife,  who  died  13  December, 
1897,  aged  81  years;  also,  William,  son  of  Joseph  and 
Mary  Donald,  who  died  13  June,  1855,  aged  81  years.' 


ST.   PAUL'S   PARISH,   HOLME   LOW;    OR  HOLME    ST.  PAULS. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  east  and  north-east  by  the  estuary  of  the  rivers  AVaver  and  Wampool  (Morecambe 
Bay),  ou  the  west  by  the  sea  or  Sol  way  Frith,  and  by  the  township  of  Holme  Abbey,  and  Holme  St.  Cuthbert's  on 
the  south  aud  east.  It  comprises  the  township  of  Holme  Low,  which  includes  several  villages  and  hamlets,  the 
principal  of  which  are,  in  addition  to  the  new  town  and  port  of  SOloth,  Skinburnoss,  Blitterlees,  Calvo,  Seaville, 
Blackdvke,  Wolsty,  Causeway  Head,  Green  Row,  aud  ^^'ath.  There  are  also  many  excellent  single  houses  dispersed 
over  the  parish,  inhabited  by  respectable  yeomen. 


HOLME    LOW. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  7,040  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  (exclusive  of  the  town  of  Silloth)  is 
£5,932.  The  number  of  its  inhabitants  in  1801  was 
037;  in  1811,  707;  in  1821,  811;  in  1831,  974; 
in  1841,  933;  and  in  1851,  9'22 ;  who  reside  in  the 
villages  and  hamlets  above-named.  The  population 
of  Silloth  is  estimated  at  850  or  900,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment, 
but  there  are  a  few  fishermen,  who  reside  in  the 
villages  near  the  sea -shore.  The  inhabitants  are 
generally  remarkable  for  their  primitive  simplicity  of 
habit  and  manners,  and  sterUng  honesty  and  upright- 
ness of  character.  The  soil  is  most  excellent  for  cereal 
crops.  The  Carlisle  and  Silloth  railway  intersects  the 
parish,  and  since  its  opening  the  inhabitants  have  been 
enabled  to  attend  the  Carlisle  markets,  having  pre- 
viously gone  to  those  of  Wigton  and  Maryport. 

A  sea-dyke,  thrown  up  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  is 
the  only  earth  work  in  the  parish ;  its  length  is  about 
one  mile  and  a  quarter,  and  it  effectually  excludes  the 
sea,  which  would  otherwise,  at  high  tides,  do  much 
injury.  If,  as  many  persons  imagine,  there  was  in  the 
time  of  the  Romans  a  direct  communication  between 
the  stations  at  Bowness  (Tunnocellum)  aud  Maiyport 
(Volantium)  it  would  pass  through  this  parish ;  and 
may  be  identical  with  a  road  which  even  now  bears 


the  name  of  Causeway  Head.  This  opinion  is  in  some 
measure  confinned  by  the  discovery  of  some  remains  of 
the  Roman  camp  or  fort  at  Mawbray,  which  would  be 
a  midway  station  between  the  two  places. 

Holme  Low  is  a  portion  of  the  manor  of  Holme 
Cultram,  of  which  Rowland  Edmond  Walter  Pery 
Standish  is  lord,  who  holds  courts  leet  and  baron  regu- 
larly. The  township,  with  the  exception  of  about  1,000 
acres  of  common,  at  the  east  end  of  the  parish,  called 
Skinburness  and  Calvo  Marsh,  was  inclosed  in  1807. 
The  principal  landowners  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale, 
Messrs.  Charles  JoUiffe,  Richard  Barnes,  Robert  Peat, 
Robert  Glaister,  Joseph  Barnes,  Wilham  Messenger, 
Richard  W.  Glaister,  John  Wilkinson,  John  Holliday, 
John  Wise,  John  Tordiff,  John  Skelton,  Joseph  Back- 
house, Wm.  Hodgson,  Joseph  M.  Sim,  John  Stamper, 
Robert  Lawson,  Jonah  Pape,  Jeremiah  Holliday,  Joseph 
Holliday,  Wilson  Jefferson,  R.  Miller,  Joseph  Saul, 
—  Batty,  John  Hayton,  —  Asbridge,  —  Timperin, 
James  Barwise,  Daniel  Waite,  Fletcher  Gash,  Thomas 
Williamson,  Mrs.  Luna  Saul,  Ann  Ostell,  and  the  Car- 
lisle aud  Silloth  Railway  Co. 

THE    cnOECH. 

The  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Paul,  is  situated 
at  Causeway  Head.  It  is  a  neat  edifice,  in  the  Early 
English  style  of  architecture,  consisting  of  nave,  chancel, 
porch,  and  vestiy,  erected  in  1845,  at  a  cost  of  £'850. 


ST.  PAUL'S   TAEISH,  HOLME   LOW;    OR  HOLME   ST.  PAUL'S. 


239 


It  will  accommodate  3.jO  persons.  The  windows  arc 
lancet-shaped,  and  si\  of  them  are  of  stained  glass. 
The  east  window  is  a  triplet,  consisting  of  a  large  central 
light,  and  a  smaller  one  on  each  side  ;  in  the  central 
conipartmeut  is  a  full-length  figure  of  St.  Paul,  in  a 
richly  floriated  niche  and  canopy,  helow  which  is  an 
illuminated  cross  with  the  sacred  monogram.  The 
bide  lights  contain  mcdaUious  of  the  emblems  of  the 
four  IJvaugflists,  surmounted  by  the  Greek  capitals 
Al[.ha  and  Omega.  Over  the  window  is  a  scroll  bearing 
an  inscription,  to  the  effect  that  the  window  is  inserted 
"In  memory  of  John  Messenger  of  East  Cote,  a  zealous 
promoter  of  the  building  of  the  church."  The  other 
three  windows  in  the  chancel  are  also  filled  with  stained 
glass.  In  the  north  of  the  nave  is  another  beautiful 
■window,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  an  oval  medallion 
representing  Christ  receiving  and  blessing  little  chil- 
dren ;  this  is  surrounded  by  the  text  in  black  letter — 
"  Suffer  little  children  to  come  unto  me,"  etc.  An 
inscription  in  Latin  states  that  the  window  is  erected 
"to  the  memory  of  John  Hayton,  the  son  of  John  and 
Esther  Holliday."  Another  memorial  window  has  been 
inserted  in  the  centre  of  the  west  end,  the  colours  of 
which  are  very  rich.  It  bears  two  largo  medallions 
representing  the  Adoration  of  our  Lord  by  the  Shepherds 
and  the  Presentation  in  the  Temple,  subjects  peculiarly 
appropriate,  the  window  being  immediately  over  the 
font.  In  the  upper  part  of  the  window  is  a  cross,  sur- 
rounded by  the  motto,  "  In  hoc  signo  vinces."  At  the 
foot  is  a  Latin  inscription.  The  churchyard  is  neatly 
planted  with  trees  and  flowering  shrubs.  The  impro- 
priators are  the  chancellor,  masters,  and  scholars  of  the 
University  of  O.^ford.  The  incumbent  of  the  mother 
church  of  Holme  Cultram  is  patron.  The  income  of 
the  living  is  a  fixed  stipend  of  £100  a  year,  exclusive 
of  the  globe  and  fees.  The  tithes  have  been  commuted. 
The  parish  register  commences  in  1850.  The  Picv. 
Francis  Redford,  appointed  in  1849,  is  the  first  and 
present  incumbent. 

The  parsonage  house  is  a  neat  Elizabethan  struc- 
ture of  stone,  rock  faced,  erected  in  1851-2,  at  a  cost 
of  nearly  X'1,000. 

Largo  parochial  schools  are  now  (1858)  in  course  of 
erection  and  nearly  completed.  They  occupy  a  promi- 
nent site  in  the  town  of  Silloth,  and  are  designed  for 
150  children.  The  style  of  architecture  is  a  combina- 
tion of  I'ilizabctlian  and  Early  English.  The  roofs  aro 
high  pitched  and  surmounted  by  ornamental  ridges. 
At  the  south  end  is  a  neat  bell  turret,  above  which 
stands  a  well-proportioned  stone  cross.  Over  the  ex- 
ternal door  of  tho  porch  is  a  neatly  executed  scroll  in 
stone,  bearing  the  inscription,  "  St.  Paul's  Parochial 


Schools,"  in  Old  English  characters,  below  which  is 
another  stone  with  the  date  1857.  In  the  front  of  each 
of  the  chimneys  is  inserted  a  carved  shield  in  stone, 
one  of  them  bearing  the  inscription,  "  Disce  Vivere," 
and  the  other,  "  Laus  Deo."  At  the  north  end,  adjoin- 
ing a  capacious  class-room,  is  an  excellent  house  for  the 
master,  containing  six  rooms,  built  in  a  corresponding 
style  of  architecture.  The  schools  will  be  in  connection 
with  the  National  Society,  and  under  government 
inspection.  The  cost  of  erection  is  about  £060.  Until 
the  erection  of  a  church  at  Silloth,  divine  service  will 
be  performed  in  these  schools. 

THE    TOWN   AND    PORT    OF    SILLOTH. 

The  need  of  a  safe  port  on  the  north-west  coast  of 
England  had  long  been  felt.  The  existing  ports,  as 
Whitehaven,  Worldngton,  Maryport,  and  Port  Carlisle, 
being  only  dry  harbours,  accessible  for  a  short  period 
at  or  near  high  water,  were  inadequate  to  accommo- 
date the  increasing  traffic  between  Newcastle  and  other 
ports  on  the  east  coast  of  England,  with  the  west  coast 
of  Ireland.  Silloth  iiuy  had  from  time  immemorial 
been  remarkable  for  the  depth,  and  comparative  ti'an- 
quillity  of  the  water ;  having  the  advantage  of  a  natural 
breakwater  to  the  westward  of  Silloth  bank.  This  bay 
has  always  been  much  frequented  by  mariners  as  a 
harbour  of  refuge;  the  invaluable  roadstead  having 
easy  access  and  ample  space,  and  being  accessible  at 
all  times  of  the  tide.  It  was  to  turn  these  natural 
advantages  to  good  account  that  the  Carlisle  and 
Silloth  Bay  Railway  and  Dock  Company  was  formed 
in  1854,  which  consists  of  the  leading  persons  of  the 
trading  community  of  Carlisle.  The  capital  of  the 
company  is  £165,000,  and  its  chairman  Peter  J.  Dixon, 
Esq.  Application  was  made  to  parliiiment  for  powers 
to  make  a  railway  from  Druuiburgh,  on  tho  Port  Carlisle 
line,  to  SUloth,  a  distance  of  thirteen  miles,  and  also  for 
the  construction  of  a  floating  dock  of  four  acres  area,  and 
pier,  or  jetty.  The  dock  is  designed  to  serve  as  an  en- 
trance basin  to  docks  of  a  larger  area  to  be  formed,  should 
the  increase  of  traile  render  them  necessary.  J.  Aber- 
ncthy,  Esq.,  M.I.C.E.,  was  entrusted  with  tho  works  as 
engineer-iu-chief.  Tho  act  of  parliament  authorising 
tho  undertaking  was  obtained,  after  a  licrco  opposition 
from  poreons  interested  iu  the  other  ports  on  the  coast, 
in  July,  1855  ;  and  the  fii-st  sod  of  tho  railway  was  cut 
by  the  lit.  Hon.  Sir  J.  1!.  (i.  (iraham,  Bart.,  on  the 
30th  of  the  following  month.  The  railway  was  opened 
for  traffic  on  the  2Hth  of  .\ugu8t,  1850.  In  the  mean- 
time the  dock  excavations  were  going  on,  and  the 
foundation  stone  was  laid,  by  the  same  right  hon. 
baronet  that  commenced  the  railwav,  on  the  18th  of 


240 


ALLERDALE  -  DELOW  -DERfl-ENT  AVARD. 


August,  1857.  The  worlts  are  so  fur  hdvaiieed  tliat 
the  (lock  is  expected  to  be  opened  before  the  month 
of  Sfarch,  1859.  The  entrance  gates,  which  are  sixty 
feet  in  width,  will  be  opened  and  closed  by  hydraulic 
pressure.'  Extensive  wharves,  comprising  upwards  of 
eight  acres,  are  in  course  of  formation.  The  pier  has 
been  completed  nearly  twelve  months,  and  is  greatly 
admired  for  its  strength  and  excellent  constniction.  A 
neat  lighthouse  is  erected  at  the  extreme  end,  near  which 
passengers  may  embark  or  land  from  the  steamers  or 
other  vessels  at  all  times  of  the  tide.  There  is  a 
considerable  amount  of  tralTic,  although  the  dock  is 
not  yet  completed  ;  and  lirst-elass  screw  steamers  ply 
regularly  twice  or  thrice  a  week,  between  Liverpool, 
Ireland,  and  various  parts  of  the  Scottish  coast.  The 
traffic  on  the  railway  also  exceeds  the  anticipations  of 
the  promoters,  and  promises  well  for  the  success  of  the 
undertaking. 

Intimately  connected  -with  the  railway  and  dock  is 
the  new  town  of  Silloth,  which  is  rapidly  rising  into 
importance.  The  company  having  secured  an  ample 
quantity  of  land,  entrusted  the  formation  of  the  town 
to  Messrs.  J.  W.  and  J.  Hay,  the  eminent  architects  of 
Liverpool,  and  their  design  is  strictly  adhered  to  in 
the  erection  of  houses,  width,  and  direction  of  streets, 
&c.  Several  streets  have  already  been  laid  out,  flagged, 
and  paved ;  gasworks  erected,  excellent  parochial 
schools,  and  about  100  houses  are  built  or  in  progress. 
The  situation  of  the  town  is  most  commanding:  the 
view  of  Skiddaw  and  the  whole  range  of  Cumberland 
mountains  on  the  land  side ;  and  of  Criffel  and  other 
Scotch  mountains  across  the  Solway  cannot  be  suqmssed. 
The  whole  site  of  the  town  is  sand  or  gravel,  ensuring 
excellent  spring  water  and  a  dry  surface.  Tlie  facili- 
ties afforded  for  sea-bathing  are  good,  the  shore  being 
free  from  holes  or  rocks.  Commodious  boarding  and 
lodging  houses  have  been  erected,  and  a  large  private 
family  hotel  (the  Queen's),  under  excellent  management, 
has  been  opened.  Eut  that  which  constitutes  one  of  the 
chief  advantaages  of  Silloth  as  a  watering  place,  or 
place  of  resort  for  the  invalid,  is  the  salubrity  of  its 
climate,  and  equability  of  tcmpia-ature.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  the  old  hamlet  of  Silloth,  which  adjoins  the 
new  Town,  have  been  proverbial  for  longevity. 

From  a  long  series  of  oliservations  made  by  the  Rev. 
Francis  Kedford,  a  member  of  the  British  Meteoro- 
logical Society,  incumbent  of  the  parish,  it  appears  that 

>  The  following  are  the  particulars  of  the  dock  and  jetty : — length 
of  .iett.v,  1,000  feet;  length  of  dock,  600  feet;  breadth  of  dock,  .'lOO 
feet ;  giving  an  area  of  water  surface  of  npwards  of  four  acres ;  width 
of  entrance  gates,  (iO  feet.  Depth  of  water  in  dock  at  high  water 
ordinary  spring  tides,  aj  feet;  depth  of  water  over  the  sill  at  high 
water  ordinary  spring  tides,  32  feet  U  inches. 


there  are  few  places,  even  in  the  extreme  south  of 
Phigland,  that  have  a  higher  mean  temperature,  or  less 
range  of  temperature.  This  is  doubtless  owing  to  the 
prevalence  of  west  and  south-west  winds,  and  to  the 
influx  of  a  portion  of  the  waters  of  the  Gulf  Stream 
into  the  Solway  Frith.  Snow  rarely  falls  to  any  great 
amount,  and  never  remains  long  upon  the  ground. 

It  is  proposed  to  erect  a  marine  hospital,  or  sea- 
bathing institution,  at  Silloth,  for  the  counties  of  Cum- 
berland and  Westmoreland,  which  shall  be  capable  of 
affording  accommodation  to  twenty  persons.  Towards 
the  carrying  out  of  this  object,  .£''^."iO  has  been  given  by 
Richard  Carruthers,  Esq.,  of  Eden  Grove,  and  as  sup- 
port is  promised  by  various  other  persons,  its  reahsation 
at  no  distant  day  may  be  looked  upon  as  certain. 

The  following  comparative  statement  gives  a  better 
idea  of  the  climate  of  Silloth  than  a  more  lengthened 
description : — 

Mean  annual  temperature  of  the  air  at  the  under- 
mentioned places : — 

Silloth  (latitude  f)4"  51' 51"  N.)       .         .         .  49»2' 

Of  that  part  of  England  between  lat,  51  and  52  48o  8' 

Cornwall  and  Devonshire 50o  8' 

The  Isle  of  Vfight  (including  Ventnor)       .  51o  0' 

Torquay 49o  0' 

Hastings 40<>O' 

Worthing 48o  9' 

The  Isle  of  Man 47o  6' 

Scarborough  4C»  4' 

Tynemouth 45°  7' 

Annual  average  fall  of  rain,  and  average  number  of 
days  upon  which  rain  falls,  in  the  year,  at  the  same 
places : — 

Days.  Inches. 

Silloth l'!0  „  25-1 

Places  between  lat.  51  and  62     .     143  „  24-1 

CornwiiU  and  Devonshire.  .         1G9  „  .3:3-8 

Isle  of  Wight        .         .         .         .141  „  30-5 

Torquay ICO  ,,  30-2 

Hastings 152  .,  26'1 

Worthing 153  „  26-2 

Isle  of  Man  .         .        .         .144  .,  2C-7 

Scarborough      .         .         .        .         110  „  24-3 

Tynemouth ISl  „  40-9 

"We  subjoin  the  report  of  Commander  Calver,  R.N., 
of  the  marine  surveying  cutter  '  Seaflower,'  on  Silloth 
R.ay  and  the  approaches  thereto,  read  at  the  meeting 
on  the  occasion  of  laying  the  foundation  stone  of  the 
Silloth  Dock,  on  the  18th  of  August,  1857  :— 

"I  shall  confine  the  brief  observations  I  have  to  offer 
to  three  points — the  ^award  approach  to  the  Solway 
Frith — the  channel  leading  up  to  Silloth — and  the 
roadstead  near  it.  First,  as  -regards  the  approach  to 
the  Solway,  I  may  characterise  it  as  free  and  unincum- 
bered. It  is  an  axiom  with  seamen,  that  to  constitute 
a  good  position  for  a  laud-fall  the  point  of  arrival  must 


ST.  PAUL'S  PAEISH,  HOLME  LOW;    OR  HOLME   ST.  PAULS. 


2A1 


be  free  from  outlying  danger ;  its  outline  must  be  well 
marked  so  that  it  may  be  readily  distiuguished ;  and, 
above  all,  it  must  have  regularity  of  depth  in  front  of  it. 
All  these  you  have  iu  perfection  at  St.  Bees  Head, 
which  I  term  the  inner  beacon  of  the  Sohvay.  This 
)iromontory  is  more  remarkable  than  any  other  portion 
of  the  coast  between  the  Sohvay  and  the  Mersey  ;  it  is 
distinguished  by  a  first-class  light ;  it  is  fronted  by  a 
gradually  decreasing  depth,  while  there  is  not  a  single 
obstruction  lying  out  from  the  main  for  several  miles  on 
either  side  of  it.  The  outer  beacon  of  the  Solway  is  the 
Isle  of  Man,  situated  in  the  offing  of  the  entrance  to  the 
Frith  at  the  distance  of  only  twenty-five  miles,  for  being 
nearly  in  the  direct  track  of  vessels  bound  to  the  Solway 
from  Ireland,  the  west  coast  of  Scotland,  and  the  western 
coasts  of  England  and  Wales,  it  serves  as  an  invaluable 
point  of  departure  from  whence  a  course  may  be  shaped 
to  St.  Bees  Head  with  certainty.  But  the  jioint,  how- 
ever, which  by  comparison,  places  the  Solway  iu  a  far 
more  favourable  position  is  this  :  a  N.W.  gale  causes 
the  greatest  loss  in  the  deep  bight  formed  between  the 
north  coast  of  Wales  and  the  coasts  of  Lancashire  and 
Cumberland.  When  this  finds  a  vessel  deeply  embayed 
at  or  about  the  time  of  low  water,  when  there  is  no 
entry  into  the  bar-harbours  under  her  lee,  there  is 
scarcely  a  chance  left  of  escape  from  wreckage ;  and  to 
this  cause,  as  well  as  to  that  of  thick  weather  and  the 
consequent  diificulty  in  distinguishing  the  floating  ob- 
jects marking  iho  outlying  sands,  is  principally  due  the 
loss  of  life  and  property  which  annually  takes  place  at 
the  head  of  the  bight  in  Morecambo  Bay,  and  at  the 
mouths  of  the  Dee  and  Mersey.  With  the  Solway,  on 
the  contrary,  there  can  be  no  embaying  wind.  A  N.W. 
gale  is  comparatively  harmless  after  the  Frith  has  been 
fau:ly  entered  :  one  from  the  northward  is  of  little  consc- 
nucncc,  as  there  is  no  space  for  the  formation  of  a  sea  ; 
while  gales  more  westerly  and  southerly  are  fair,  and 
blow  into  the  Frith.  In  short,  the  simple  effect  of  the 
configuration  of  the  coast  is  this,  that  as  a  vessel's 
danger  on  the  occurrence  of  an  on-shore  gale,  is  in  pro- 
portion to  her  advance  up  the  head  of  the  bight  towards 
Liverpool  and  the  ports  in  its  vicinity,  so  in  like  pro- 
portion is  her  safety  insured  under  the  same  circum- 
stances of  wind  by  her  approach  to  St.  Bees  Head. 
Another  not  unimportant  feature  as  regards  the  safety 
of  navigation  is,  that  the  whole  of  the  sands  of  the 
Solway  are  recessed  within  a  line  joining  tho  horns  of 
the  Frith — Abbey  Head  and  St.  Bees  head.  The  second 
point  for  remark  is  tho  channel  leading  to  Silloth. 
I'his  is  both  simple  and  safe  :  it  first  skirts  the  Cum- 
berland shore,  and  it  is  quite  direct  for  nine  miles, 
when  it  turns,  and  continues  direct  to  Silloth.     It  will 


be  satisfactory  to  the  present  meeting  to  hear,  that  a 
few  days  since,  I  took  a  longitudinal  line  of  depths 
through  this  channel,  and  I  found  its  main  features  to 
be  the  same  as  those  delineated  on  the  Admiralty  survey 
of  1S37  ;  also  instead  of  tho  two  bars,  so  often  referred 
to  in  evidence,  I  found  only  one,  and  the  depth  over  it 
to  be  thu-teeu  feet  at  low  water  spring  tides,  sufficient 
for  vessels  to  cross  it  with  safety  at  the  first  quai'ter 
flood.  Assuming  that  springs  and  neaps  flow  28  feet 
and  10  feet,  it  follows  that  the  high  water  depth  over 
the  bar  is  34  feet  in  neap  tides,  and  -10  feet  iu  spring 
tides.  The  bar  at  present  is  at  the  turn  of  the  channel 
above  alluded  to,  two  miles  within  the  light  vessel, 
from  whence  the  depths  inward  increase  considerably, 
and  so  continue  through  St.  Catherine's  Hole  up  to 
Silloth.  As  a  whole,  the  channel  with  the  present 
lightage  and  buoyage  is  of  comparative  easy  use  by 
night  aud  by  day,  and  it  would  be  rendered  perfectly 
so  by  tho  addition  I  have  suggested  to  those  interested 
in  the  port.  The  last  point  to  be  referred  to,  is  the 
anchorage  in  front  of,  and  below  Silloth.  This  invalu- 
able roadstead  has  easy  access  and  ample  space.  Cap- 
tain Frazer  calls  it  seven  miles  long,  and  a  quarter 
to  a  third  of  a  mile  wide,  with  a  depth  vai-ying 
from  fourteen  to  thirty -nine  feet.  Captain  Robinson 
assigns  two -thirds  of  a  mile  as  its  general  breadth — 
but  admitting  it  to  be  only  four  miles  long  and  a 
quarter  of  a  mUe  wide,  this  represents  a  space  of 
!-ill)  acres,  and  allowing  two  acres  to  each  vessel  for  a 
swinging  berth,  it  consequently  follows  that  the  road- 
stead affords  berthage  for  upwards  of  400  sail  of  vessels, 
with  ample  protection  in  all  weathers.  The  value  of 
this  striking  feature  of  your  port  speaks  for  itself.  I 
may  further  remark  in  connection  with  this,  that  I 
have  taken  some  testing  sections  across  the  deep  water 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  roadstead,  aud  beginning 
abreast  Lee  Scar  Lighthouse.  I  find  tho  depths 
in  feet,  at  low  water  aud  spring  tides,  are  in  pro- 
gression as  follow  —  34,  40,  40,  30,  31,  the  last 
depth  is  abreast  the  dock.  Then  in  continuation 
towards  the  north  side  of  Skinburness  spit  are  26, 
23,  22.  The  last  being  a  quarter  of  a  mile  above  the 
jetty.  It  will  be  perceived  that  those  depths  are  rather 
greater  than  those  in  tho  caitoou  exhibited  ou  the  wall. 
I  am  awaro  that  cousiderablo  apprehension  Las  beea 
felt  about  the  maintenance  of  depth  in  Silloth  road  and 
the  channel  leading  to  it,  but  when  it  is  considered  that 
their  main  features  have  continued  as  they  now  are 
for  upwards  of  a  century  at  least,  any  material  loss  of 
deptii  from  natural  causes  must  bo  regarded  as  a  remote 
contiugenoy ;  and  fears  will  bo  further  diminisiied  if 
due  consideration  be  given  to  the  active  agents  causing 


242 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW  -  DERWENT   WARD. 


the  features  of  the  channel  and  rondstead.     These  are 
evident :  the  principal  stream  of  flood  for  the  supply  of 
the  Sulway  Frith  winds  round  the  Mull  of  Galloway, 
and  being  directed  by  the  trend  of  the  Scottish  coast,  it 
naturally  has  a  tendency  to  bite  hard  upon  and  to  keep 
along  the  Cumberland  strand  in  its  progress  upwards, 
while  the  ebb  or  onset  from  the  Frith,  meeting  the  vast 
mass  of  high-lying  sands  in  the  triangular  space  between 
the  courses  of  the  Eden  and  the  Xith,  is  also  deflected 
to  the  southward  along  the  same  shore,  and  to  these 
combined  causes  the  deep-water  channel,  tlie  valuable 
feature  of  your  port,  is  due.      Allowing  this  to  be 
correct,  it  follows  clearly  that  the  channel  will  always 
retain   its  capacity  while  the   tidal  economy  and  the 
relative  positions  of  the  rivers  Eden  and  Nith  remain 
as  they  are.     The  occasional  prolongation  of  the  Skin- 
burness  spit  should  not  be  a  cause  of  anxiety ;  the  surface 
features  of  all  masses  of  sand,  like  those  in  the  estuary 
of  the  Solway,  are  constantly  changing.     A  succession 
of    freshes,   for    instance,    often    cause    considerable 
derangement ;  but  after  an  interval  the  sands  return 
to  their  mean  state  again  :  the  eflfect,  in  short,  ceasing 
^vith  the  cause.     But  even  admitting  a  tendency  to 
decrease  to   follow,   your   cngiueer,   whose  successful 
works   in   other    parts   of   the    kingdom   I   am   well 
acquainted  with,  will  no  doubt  tell  you  that,  by  the  aid 
of  a  low  and  inexpensive  rubblc-work,  curved  along  the 
edge  of  Silloth  Bank,   presenting   a  converging   and 
accumulative  line  with  respect  to  the  flood  and  ebb 
streams,  the  four-fold  result  would  be  obtained  of  deep- 
ening the  roadstead,  making  the  tidal  currents  bite 
hard  upon  and  keep  clear  the  frontage  of  your  works, 
render  the  extension  of  Skinburness  spit  all  but  impos- 
sible, and  permanently  fix  the  position  of  the  channel 
across  the  flats  towards  Annan  Foot.     Such,  in  con- 
clusion, are   a  few  of  the  advantages  possessed   by 
Silloth. '  The  view  I  have  taken  is  a  favourable  one, 
but  I   can  conscientiously  state,  that  after  carefully 
studying  the  whole  case,  I  know  of  nothing  of  an  opposite 
character  calculated  to  lessen  the  estimate  I  have  given, 
and  I  make  the  statement  with  the  more  confidence, 
because  the  subject  is  one  of  an  order  I  am  daily 
familiar  with,    and   with    which    my   experience    for 
upwards  of  twenty  years  has  been  connected.     I  am 
not  aware  of  the  special  reasons  which  induced  the 
promoters  to  estiblish  this  port  on  the  Solway,  but  I 
think   I   can   perceive   clearly  that   it  possesses   the 
elements  of  future  prosperity.     Unhke  the  case  of  a 
purely  artificial  harbour,  where  an  increase  of  structure 
is  too  often  followed  by  a  corresponding  increase  of 
obstruction,  Silloth  possesses  ample  faciUties  for  the 
extension  of  works  to  which  natural  agents  alone  will 


always  maintain  a  highway;  the  character  of  its  seaward 
approach  and  the  depth  over  the  bar,  place  it,  as  we 
have  seen,  in  a  superior  position  to  Liverpool ;  whilst 
its  situation  at  the  narrowest  part  of  the  island  at  the 
back  of  all  the  coal-ports  of  the  north-east  coast  of 
England,  and  in  the  line  of  the  shortest  track  between 
the  Baltic  and  Ireland,  marks  it  out  as  likely  to 
possess,  eventually,  an  extensive  transit  trade.  I  may 
mention,  lastly,  for  the  encouragement  of  the  promoters 
of  this  undertaking,  that  in  1838  I  made  an  Admiralty 
survey  of  a  spot  where  stood  in  their  solitariness  the 
ruin  of  an  old  mill  and  one  or  two  indifferent  houses. 
On  this  same  spot,  in  an  interval  of  less  than  twenty 
years,  a  flourishing  town  has  been  called  into  existence, 
possessing,  I  believe,  a  population  of  upwards  of  10,000 
souls — a  chain  of  three  wet  docks — two  extensive  tide 
harbours,  and  a  foreign  and  coasting  trade  but  little 
inferior  to  some  of  the  old  est;iblished  ports  in  the 
neighbourhood.  I  allude  to  West  Hartlepool.  Tlie 
natural  advantages  of  Silloth  are  superior  to  those  of 
West  Hartlepool,  and  you  liave  my  best  wishes,  gen- 
tlemen, that  Silloth  may  more  than  rival  it  in  the  rate 
of  its  progress." 

Wo  have  been  favoured  with  the  following  communi- 
cation from  the  Eev.  J.  Simpson,  vicar  of  Holme  Cul- 
tram,  to  whom  we  are  much  indebted  for  valuable  infor- 
mation relating  to  this  part  of  the  county. 

"  Some  notice  may  very  appropriately  be  taken  in  a 
topographical  history  of  Cumberland  of  the  roadstead  of 
the  bay  of  Silloth,  which  is  situated  towards  the  north- 
west point  of  the  ancient  parish  of  Holme  Cultram  and 
on  the  south  shore  of  the  Solway  Frith.  Its  natural 
features  are  uncommon  and  peculiar.  It  is  in  that  part 
of  the  Frith  which  is  in  general  shallow  in  depth  and 
much  encumbered  with  sand  banks ;  it  is  opposite  and 
immediately  adjoining  a  portion  of  the  coast  line  which 
for  many  miles  on  each  side  of  it  is  very  slightly 
elevated  above  the  general  range  of  the  ocean  tides ; 
and  yet  it  is  a  roadstead  of  considerable  "depth  and 
great  security.  It  appears  to  have  been  known  as 
such  during  the  whole  period  of  local  historical  record. 
Its  deep  waters  approach  the  shore  opposite  the  hamlet 
of  Silloth,  where  there  is  a  long  range  of  sand  hdls, 
which  are  in  a  state  of  continual  accumulation.  These 
hills  are  the  effects  of  the  tidal  cuiTents  sweeping 
along  the  bed  of  the  bay,  which  consists  of  hard  and 
perfectly  smooth  clay,  and  depositing  on  the  shore  a 
portion  of  the  sand  which  is  brought  up  on  each  return 
of  the  tides ;  while  the  rest  of  the  sand  drifted  up  is 
through  the  action  of  the  waves,  deposited  in  the 
middle  of  the  Frith,  and  forms  the  numerous  banks 
with  which  it  is  in  its  upper   and   landward   recess 


ST.   PAUL'S  PARISH,  HOLME  LOW;    OR  HOLME   ST.   PAUL'S. 


243 


cncumbcrcJ.  There  is  indirect  evidence  that  these 
hills  may  have  existed  for  many  ages  ia  much  the 
same  state  they  are  in  at  present,  as  there  have  been 
discovered  at  different  times  Roman  coins  and  medals 
iu  the  sand  at  no  great  depth  bulow  the  present 
elevated  surface.  Tliese  may  have  been  lost  by 
legionary  soldiers,  as  there  is  reason  to  believe,  from 
the  discovery  of  one  or  two  inscriptions  on  stone,  that 
the  Romans  had  a  watch  station  in  the  neighbourhood. 
The  Romans  left  the  island  about  the  year  420 ;  there- 
fore the  portion  of  the  sand  hills  on  which  have  been 
found  such  indications  of  their  presence  must  have  been 
raised  at  or  before  that  period ;  consequently,  the  deep 
liay,  of  which  these  sand  hills  are  the  product,  may 
have  existed  as  it  is  for  many  centuries ;  and,  as  a 
legitimate  inference,  the  roadstead  itself  must  be  the 
result  of  powerful  and  permanent  agencies  ;  and  hence 
arises  the  hope  that  it  will  continue  open  in  future 
years,  and  so  render  successful  the  present  endeavour 
to  form  a  port  and  floating  dock  at  Silloth  where  the 
railway  from  Carlisle  terminates.  The  question,  then, 
which  is  presented  to  every  considerate  mind  is  this — 
what  arc  the  great  natural  causes  that  have  been 
silently  and  effectually  producing  the  results  which 
human  skill  and  enterprise  are  now  endeavouring  to 
turn  to  good  account.  The  effects  wrought  out  seem 
to  be  solly  duo  to  the  unchanging  course  of  the 
strong  tidal  currents,  directed  as  they  are  by  the  con- 
figuration of  the  Cumberland  and  the  opposite  Scotch 
coasts.  These  currents,  one  from  the  south  by  the  St. 
George's  Channel,  and  another  from  the  north  by  the 
strait  between  Port  Patrick  and  the  north-east  of 
Ireland  meet  in  the  middle  of  the  Solway  to  the  north 
of  the  Isle  of  Man ;  tho  united  stream  sweeps  along 
the  coast  of  Kirkcudbright  and  Dumfriesshire  to  the 
head-land  of  Southerness  Point.  Here  the  sea  channel 
is  contracted  to  less  than  half  its  width  by  the  said 
head-land  and  the  e.\tensivo  natural  barrier  or  break- 
water of  tlio  Beck  Foot  Flats  on  the  EngUsh  coast. 
Tho  tides,  therefore,  como  up  between  these  two  pro- 
jecting points  with  more  than  two-fold  force  and  volume 
directly  into  the  bay  of  Silloth,  and  meeting  there  with 
no  obs<truction  along  its  hard  and  smooth  bed  form  a 
natural  roadstead,  which  is  said  by  nautical  men  to  be 
safer  and  better  than  any  other  along  the  whole  extent 
of  the  coast  of  Cumberland." 

Skinbuniess,  situated  near  Gruno  Point,  about  five 
miles  north-ea.st-by-north  from  Abbey  Holme,  is  a 
pleasant  village,  commanding  extensive  views  of  the 
Scottish  hills  and  the  Solway  Frith,  and  R])pears  for- 
merly to  have  been  a  town  and  harboui-  of  somo 
importance.     In  the  year  1300  Edward  I.  undertook  a 


campaign  against  the  Scots  in  Dumfries,  Galloway, 
and  the  west  of  Scotland.  With  this  view  he  visited 
the  abbey  of  Holme  Cultram,  and  inspected  the  shores 
of  the  Solway  in  that  neighbourhood.  The  result  was 
satisfactory.  He  found  deep  water  in  Silloth  Bay, 
directly  opposite  his  proposed  field  of  operation,  and 
accordingly  fixed  his  depot  there,  and  issued  orders 
to  most  of  the  sheriffs  of  the  northern  counties  to  carry 
supplies  to  Skiuburness.  He  next  collected  there  a 
fleet  of  nineteen  vessels,  some  of  them  of  considerable 
size, — two  being  manned  by  crews  of  about  fifty  men 
each, — which  he  employed  in  conveying  military  stores 
and  engines  to  Earl  Warwick  on  the  opposite  coast. 
Skinburness  had  formerly  a  market  and  fair,  for  which  a 
fincof  100  marks  was  paid  by  the  abbot  of  HolmeCultram 
to  the  king.  In  J301  the  abbot  procured  a  grant  from 
the  bishop  for  building  a  church  there  and  making  it  a 
separate  parish,  but  the  project  does  not  seem  to  have 
been  carried  out,  for  tho  town  appears  to  have  been 
washed  away  or  submerged  by  the  inroads  of  the  sea, 
and  in  consequence  of  this  calamity  the  abbot  petitioned 
to  have  the  market  removed  to  Kirkby  Joan  or  Newton 
Arlosh,  which  he  desired  might  be  created  a  borough. 
The  request  was  acceded  to ;  and  in  the  charter  it  is 
stated  that  Skinburness  had  been  wasted  by  storm  and 
invasion,  and  that  the  inlets  of  the  sea  there  became  so 
deep  that  people  could  not  resort  thither.  This  event 
is  supposed  to  have  occurred  before  1303.  Whatever 
may  have  been  the  effect  of  the  devastation  thus  caused, 
the  place  was  not  entirely  abandoned  by  the  govern- 
ment, for  it  continued  to  be  the  point  whence  supplies 
were  conveyed  over  to  the  Scotch  coast  as  long  as  the 
Edwards  kept  up  their  incursions  against  the  Scots. 
The  village  of  Skinburness  is  much  resorted  to  iu  the 
summer  season  for  the  purpose  of  sea-bathing,  &c. 

The  following  are  the  names  of  the  other  villages  and 
hamlets  in  this  parish,  with  their  distances  and  bearings 
from  Abbey  Town:  —  Black  Dyke,  hamlet,  two  and  a 
half  miles  west-by-north ;  Blitterlees,  village,  five  miles 
west-by-north ;  Calvo,  hamlet,  throe  miles  north-north- 
west ;  East  Cote,  four  and  a  half  miles  north-west  : 
Causeway  Head,  where  the  parish  church  is  situated, 
four  and  a  half  miles  west -by- north  ;  Green  Row, 
a  small  hamlet,  which  possesses  an  academy,  first 
established  by  Mr.  John  Drape,  from  whom  it  passed 
into  tho  hands  of  Mr.  Joseph  Saul,  who  succeeded 
on  tho  death  of  the  founder.  Mr.  Saul  died  iu  ISIO, 
and  his  old  pupils  and  other  friends  erected  a  mai-ble 
monument  to  his  memory  in  tho  Abbey  Church.  Mr. 
John  Saul,  his  son,  soon  afterwards  became  master, 
and  the  academy  is  now  conducted  by  Mr.  Isaac  Drape. 
The  school  has  been  attended   by  pupils  from  every 


244 


ALLEKDALE  -  BELOW  -  PERTVENT  WARD. 


part  of  Britain,  and  also  from  different  parts  of  Europe 
and  the  West  Indies.  Havrigg,  hamlet,  is  four  miles 
west;  Seaville  is  a  small  but  pleasant  village  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Waver,  two  miles  uortli-by-west ; 
Wath,  four  miles  north-by-west;  Wolsty,  hamlet,  is 
situated  near  the  coast,  about  five  miles  west ;  here 
are  the  ruins  of  Wolsty  Castle,  once  a  fortress  of  great 
strength,  surrounded  by  a  moat,  and  erected  by  the 
abbots  of  Holme  Cultram  as  a  place  of  safety  for  their 
books,  charters,  treasures,  &c.,  in  the  sudden  invasions 
of  the  Scottish  marauders.     Here  Camden  says,  "  the 


secret  works  of  Michael  the  Scot  lie  in  conflict  with 
mothes."  This  celebrated  man  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood  from  Alexamler  HI.,  king  of  Scotland.  He 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  philosophy,  mathe- 
matics, and  the  abstract  sciences,  and  is  said  to  have 
spent  the  last  years  of  his  life  as  a  monk  in  the  abbey 
of  Holme  Cultram.  It  is  pleasant,  in  retracing  the 
past,  to  find  that  the  rich  monasteries  of  our  land  were 
often,  during  the  middle  ages,  the  sole  refuge  of  the 
pious,  and  the  quiet  abode  of  the  learned. 


IREBY   PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Ircby  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Bolton,  on  the  west  by  Torpenhow,  on  the  south  by  Bassenthwaite, 
and  on  the  east  by  Caldbeck  and  Uldale.  The  south-east  side  of  the  parish  is  high,  and  the  soil  a  light  red  loam  ; 
on  the  other  side  the  soil  is  also  loamy,  rising  of  a  strong  clay,  and  well  adapted  for  the  growth  of  wheat,  barley, 
oats,  etc.  The  parish  contains  plenty  of  limestone,  some  grey  freestone,  and  coal,  and  is  watered  by  the  river  Ellen. 
It  comprises  the  townships  of  Low  Ireby  and  High  Ireby.  The  commons  have  been  enclosed  in  accordance  with  the 
provisions  of  an  act  of  parliament  passed  in  1811.  The  inhabitants  attend  the  Wigton  markets,  and  some  go  to 
those  at  Cockermouth  and  Keswick. 


LOW   IREBY. 

The  area  of  this  townsliip  is  831  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  £1,Q1-1.  Its  population  in  1801  was  202  ; 
in  1811,  260  ;  in  1821,  293  ;  in  1831,  314  ;  in  1841, 
314  ;  and  in  1851,  331.  In  this  township  there  are  a 
corn- mill  and  two  saw-mills. 

The  manor  of  Low  Ireby  was  anciently  held  by  the 
family  of  Thursby,  whose  ancestor,  Herbert  de  Thursby, 
held  it  as  an  assart  in  the  forest  of  Westward,  and  routed 
it  of  the  king.  Clcrota,  the  heiress  of  the  Thursbys, 
on  her  marriage  with  Guido  Boyvil,  brought  the  manor 
to  that  family.  It  was  acquired  of  the  Boyvils  by 
William  de  Ireby,  whose  daughter  and  heir.  Christian, 
married  Thomas,  the  son  of  Duncan  Lascelles,  and 
afterwards  Robert  Bruce.  This  lady  conveyed  Ireby  to 
Thomas  Middleton,  from  whom  it  passed  to  the  Tilliols. 
On  the  death  of  Robert  Tilliol,  the  ksst  of  the  family, 
in  1433,  it  was  allotted  to  Isabel,  his  sister  and  co- 
heiress ;  one  of  the  co-heiresses  of  her  sou,  William 
Colvil,  brought  this  estate  to  the  Musgi-aves.  A  survey 
was  made  of  the  barony  of  Allerdale  in  1578,  when  it 
was  found  that  "  Cuthbert  Musgrave  holdeth  Base  Ireby 
by  homage,  fealtie,  and  suit  of  court,  and  payeth  yearly 
for  cornage  4s.  Gd.,  seawake  Od.,  Serjeant's  food  and  free 
rent  Is.,  in  toto  Os."  Sir  John  Ballantine  married 
Anne,  one  of  the  daughters  and  co-heirs  of  William 
Musgrave,  the  last  of  the  Crookdake  family,  from  whom 


it  descended  to  the  family  of  Ballantine,  coming  ulti- 
mately to  the  Dykes  of  Dovenby,  the  present  possessors, 
Mrs.  Dykes  being  lady  of  the  manor.  The  principal 
landowners  are  Henry  Railton,  Esq.,  F  L.  B.  Dykes, 
Esq.,  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart.,  and  some  resident 
yeomen. 

The  ancient  market  town  of  Ireby  is  still  a  con- 
siderable village,  situated  on  the  west  side  of  the  river 
Ellen,  in  the  township  of  Low  Ireby,  seven  miles  south 
of  Wigton,  the  same  distance  west  of  Heskct  New- 
market, and  sixteen  miles  south-south-west  from  Car- 
lisle. Camden  considers  it  to  be  the  site  of  the  Roman 
Arbeia,  occupied  by  a  detachment  of  the  Barcarli 
Tigrisienses,  which  others  have  placed  at  Papcastle  and 
Moresby.  On  the  map  of  Britannia  Romana,  in  the 
Jlonumenta  Historica  Britannica,  it  is  marked  as  the 
site  of  a  castrum,  or  camp.  The  market  here  was 
granted,  in  1937,  to  William  de  Ireby,  to  be  held  on 
Thursday,  together  with  a  fair  for  three  days  at  the 
festival  of  St.  Matthew  (September  21st).'  From  an 
inquisition  taken  in  1578,  we  learn  that  "  Cuthbert 
^Musgrave,  Esq.,  hath  in  like  manner  erected  a  market 
at  Ircby,  with  two  fairs  in  the  year,  taking  toll  and 
stollage,  and  other  like  duties  there,  the  which,  if  it 
should  continue,  is  very  like  greatly  to  decay  his  lord- 

'  CLiiiter  22  Heury  III.  confirmeil  to  Peter  THliol  by  letters  patent 
U  Bichara  11. 


iS. 


IREBY    PARISH. 


245 


ship's  said  market  at  Cockennout'ii,  and  utterly  impove- 
rish the  inhabitants  of  the  said  town,  which  thing  is  to 
be  reformed,  for  as  much  as  the  said  town  of  Ireby  is 
within  his  lordship's  barony  or  sei;;;niory  of  Allerdale." 
Ireby  was  a  great  corn  market  in  1088.  Mr.  T.  Denton 
tells  us  that  "in  this  market  all  sorts  of  graine  (big 
aad  oates  especially),  and  also  salt  are  sold  at  far  cheaper 
rates,  and  by  a  larger  measure,  than  in  any  market  in 
the  north  ;  the  reason  is  because  of  the  great  plenty  of 
good  corn  that  grows  every  where  round  that  neigh- 
bourhood." The  market  has  long  been  obsolete,  but 
two  fairs  are  held  annually;  the  first  on  February  21st, 
for  horses  and  cattle;  the  second  on  October  J 8th,  for 
sheep.  The  ancient  market  cross,  after  lying  in  ruins 
for  nearly  a  century,  was  restored  some  years  ago  by 
Henry  Grainger,  Esq.,  who  is  the  owner  of  the  old 
building  once  the  Moot  Hall  of  the  town. 

THE    CHURCH. 

Ireby  church,  dedicated  to  St.  James,  was  erected  at 
the  suggestion  of  Henry  Grainger,  Esq.,  of  High  Ireby 
Grange,  who  subscribed  £100  for  the  purpose,  on  a  site 
given  by  tlie  late  Mr.  W.  Railton,  of  Low  Ireby.     The 
foundation  stone  was  laid  ou  the  13th  August,  IS-lo,  by 
Henry  Grainger,  Esq.,  assisted  by  the  llev.  Chancellor 
Fletcher  and  others ;  and  the  church  was  opened  on  the 
Cth  December,  1840,  by  license  from  the  Bishop  of 
Carlisle,  the  Rev.  J.  Heyshara,  of  Scbergham,  preaching 
on  the  occasion.    It  was  consecrated  on  the  10th  of  the 
following  May,  by  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  Hugh  Percy,  late 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  who  also  preached  the  consecration 
sermon.     It  is  a  neat  Gotliic  structure,  and  contains  a 
beautiful  stained  glass  window,  of  upwards  of  8,000 
pieces,  by  Wailos  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,   the  gift  of 
Jlr.  Grainger,  Jlrs.  Grainger  giving  the  communion 
service,  and  furnishing  the  chancel.     The  church  con- 
tains 200  sittings,  the  wliole  of  which  arc  free,  with  the 
exception  of  one  reserved  for  the  late  Mr.  W.  Railton. 
The  font  of  the  old  church,  and  a  curious  stone,  com- 
memorating John  do  Ireby  and  his  wife,  found  in  its 
walls,  are  preserved  here.     The  total  cost  of  the  edifice 
amounted  to  ClOO.     Tho  church,  whicli  was  formerly 
rectorial,  was  given  by  Alan,  se(n)nd  lord  of  Allerdale, 
to  the  prior  and  convent  of  Carlisle,  which  grant  was 
confirmed  by  Henry  11.  and  Edward  III.;   it  is  now 
in  tho  patronage  of  the  dean  and  clmpter  of  Carlisle 
as  successors  to  the  prior  and  convent,  and  receives 
£25  a  year  from   the   lessees.       Tho    benefice   was 
augmented  by  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  in   1809,  1811, 
18 m,  and  1822,  with  four  sums  of  £200  each,  with 
which  twenty-seven  acres  of  laud  and  a  parsonage  house 
were  purchased.     Tho  living,  a  perpetual  curacy,  is 
now  worth  about  £04  per  annum. 


IxcuMBEKTs. — Bonjamin  Lazonby,  1752;  Jacob  Jefferson, 
1770;  James  Marshall,  177S  ;  Joshua  Clarke,  lS4i. 

The  parsonage  house  is  situated  contiguous  to  the 
church. 

Ireby  School  is  a  plain  stone  building,  rebuilt  and 
enlarged  in  1 850,  by  Henry  Granger,  Esq.  It  is  under 
government  inspection,  supported  by  quarter  pence, 
and  has  an  average  attendance  of  forty-five  pupils. 

CHAniTT. 

School. — Previous  to  the  year  1749,  the  sum  of  £100 
was  given  by  Matthew  Caldbeck,  Esq.,  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  school  in  this  parish.  The  intent  of  this 
establishment,  as  expressed  in  a  deed  dated  2nd  Feb- 
ruary, 1749,  was,  that  there  should  be  a  schoolmaster 
in  the  said  parish,  who  should  teach  the  children  of 
such  poor  persons  as  the  original  subscribers  should 
think  truly  entitled  to  this  charity,  in  the  rudiments  of 
grammar  and  other  learning,  and  in  the  principles  of 
the  Christian  religion  according  to  the  Church  of 
England ;  and  trustees  were  appointed  for  the  manage- 
ment of  the  said  intended  school.  By  indenture  dated 
I'.lth  July,  1770,  certain  buildings  in  Ireby  were  pur- 
chased by  the  trustees  for  a  school-house,  in  considera- 
tion of  £14,  part  of  the  said  sum  of  £1()0,  other  part 
thereof  had  been  previously  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of 
two  closes  at  Birkmire,  in  the  parish  of  Uldale.  These 
closes  consist  of  about  seven  acres,  and  are  let  at  a  rent 
of  about  £8  per  annum,  which  is  paid  to  the  master  of 
Ireby  school  above  mentioned,  who  in  consideration 
thereof  instructs  gratuitously  eight  poor  children  of  the 
parish — four  from  each  township. 

Ellcnside  House,  in  this  township,  occupies  a  pleasant 
situation  near  the  bank  of  the  river,  from  which  it  derives 
its  name. 

UIGII   IliEISY. 

High  Ireby  comprises  2,701  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  is  £1,042.  In  1801  it  contained  00  inhabitants; 
in  18U,  130;  in  1821,  101;  in  1831,  185;  iu  1841, 
153;  and  in  1851,  174.  The  population  here  is 
entirely  agricultural.  There  is  a  curious  barrow  on  tho 
top  of  Binsoy,  a  large  isolated  hill  in  this  township, 
belonging  to  Sir  Henry  R.  Vane,  Bart. 

Tho  manor  of  High  Ireby  was  given  by  Alau,  son  of 
Waltheof,  lord  of  Allerdale,  to  Gospatric,  son  of  Orme, 
lord  of  Seaton  and  Workington,  wlio  gave  it  to  a  younger 
son,  Orme,  who  thereupon  assumed  tho  name  of  Orme 
do  Ireby,  and  was  ancestor  of  two  families  of  that  name. 
Robert  de  Courtney  and  Alice,  his  wife,  gave  to  this 
Orme  do  Ireby  his  manor  of  Embleton,  in  the  reign  of 
Richard  I. ;  and  he  had  also  lands  in  Wa\  erton.  He 
had  issue  Adam,  his  heir,  and  William,  a  priest,  who 


216 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW- DERWENT  WARD. 


gave  lands  in  Gilcnix  to  the  abbot,  and  convent  of 
Holme  Cultrain.  Adam  bad  Thomas,  his  heir,  and 
AVilliara,  lord  of  Gamelsby  and  Glassonby,  and  Alan, 
father  of  Isaac,  who  gave  bis  dwelling-house  in  Ireby, 
called  Isaacby,  to  the  prior  and  convent  of  Carlisle. 
Thomas  had  issue  John ;  and  be,  Thomas,  father  of 
AVilliani,  who  by  Cbristiau,  his  wife,  bad  issue  two 
daughters,  co-heirs.  Christian  and  Eva.  Eva  had  a  rent 
charge  out  of  the  lauJs,  and  was  married  to  Robert 
d'Esteville,  and  afterwards  to  Alan  de  Charters.  She 
released  her  share  to  her  sister  Christian,  wife  of 
Thomas  Lascellcs  of  Bolton,  who  had  issue  Armina 
Lascelles,  married  to  John  Seatou,  whose  son,  Christo- 
pher Seaton.  was  attainted  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I., 
for  taking  part  with  llobert  Bruce  and  the  Scots.  After 
this  we  find  at  Ireby  one  John  de  Ireby,  who  was  sherifif 
of  Cumberland  in  loSO,  and  also  in  100;^  and  lo'JO. 
He  was  knight  of  the  shire  in  the  parliaments  held  in 
1384, 1387,  and  1390.  This  is  the  last  representative 
of  the  name  that  wo  find  at  Ireby.  At  a  later  period 
this  manor  became  the  property  of  the  Barwis  lamily ; 
one  of  whom,  Anthony  Barwis,  Esq.,  held  it  in  1578, 
by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of  court,  and  paid  for  ic 
yearly,  for  cornage  and  seawalie  4d.  It  was  purchased 
of  the  Barwis  family  by  an  ancestor  of  Sir  Heury  R. 
Vane,  Bart,  the  present  proprietor. 

Euthwate,  another  manor  in  this  township,  was 
granted  by  Alan,  lord  of  .\llerdrJo,  to  the  Brans,  from 
whom  it  passed  at  an  early  period  to  the  Deutons.  In 
1676,  Thomas  Denton,  Esq.,  sold  it  to  Mr.  Peter 
Norman,  of  Carlisle.  It  is  now  the  pi-operty  of  Sir 
Henry  R.  Vane,  Bart.,  besides  whom  Jackson  Gill- 
banlts,  Esq.,  Henry  Grainger,  Esq.,  Sir  Henry  R.  Vane, 
Bart.,  Henry  Railton,  Esq.,  Mr.  Daniel  Bu-kett,  and  a 
few  yeomen,  are  the  landowners. 

The  principal  mansion  in  Ireby  parish  is  Whitefield 
House,  the  seat  of  Jackson  Gillbanks,  Esq.,  J.P.  It  is 
situated  on  the  north  side  of  Skiddaw,  about  two  miles 
from  its  base,  near  the  centre  of  a  beautiful  and  exten- 
sive estate,  comprising  a  fruitful  valley,  reaching  from 
Binsey  to  the  Skiddaw  range  of  mountains,  and  stretch- 
ing towards  Uldale.  The  river  Ellon,  which  empties 
itself  into  the  sea  at  Maryport,  rises  here.  In  the  front 
of  the  house  is  the  small  lake  of  Overwater,  well-stocked 
with  pike,  trout,  and  perch.  Wild  fowl  being  well  pro- 
tected breed  here  in  great  numbers,  and  in  winter  it  is 
visited  by  many  rare  aquatic  bii-ds.  The  father  of  the 
present  owner  improved  the  property  by  planting  exten- 
sively,— when  it  came  into  his  possession  being 
entirely  devoid  of  beauty  in  consequence  of  the  absence 
of  timber.  The  present  owner  is  daily  adding  some 
improvement.     The  house  is  in  the  castellated  style, 


and  has  a  noble  appearance.  In  the  neighbourhood  of 
Whitefield  House  is  Little  Tarn,  a  small  lake,  the  depth 
of  which  is  unknown.  It  is  well-stocked  with  pike  of 
an  extraordinary  size.  This  larn  divides  the  parish  of 
Ireby  from,  that  of  Uldale,  and  is  connected  w  ith 
Overwater  by  a  small  stream  —  the  latter  also  hes 
between  Ireby  and  Uldale. 

(Silltanks  of  Silbiicfulb  |5ouse. 

This  family  derives  its  origin  from  the  mountain  district  in 
the  neiglibourliond  of  Keswick,  and  several  generations  ago 
held  considerable  property  about  the  vale  of  St.  John  and 
Threlkcld,  where  the  ancient  hamlet  of  Gillbank  still  exists, 
and  where  they  are  said  to  have  resided,  but  the  bulk  of  the 
property  having  devolved  upon  an  heiress  who  married,  it 
passed  into  other  hands,  and  the  family  were  much  dispersed. 
One  branch  then  settled  in  the  east  of  Cumberland,  where 
there  have  been  a,  succession  of  clergymen  of  the  name 
(under  the  patronage  of  the  Howards)  for  many  generations. 
The  late  I'ev.  G.  Gillbanks  held  the  livinj  of  Lanercost  for 
nearly  sixty  years.  A  distant  branch  is  also  represented  by 
Thomas  Gillbanks,  Esq.,  of  Culgaith ;  another  branch,  of  which 
we  now  treat,  settled  at  Scothwaite  Close,  near  Ireby,  which  has 
now  been  in  their  possession  for  about  two  centiu'ies. 

Joseph  Gilleanks,  Esq.,  the  younger  son  of  Joseph  Gillbanks 
of  the  above  place,  who  married  Jliss  Elizabeth  Sheffield,  was 
born  i!8th  January,  1780.  He  went  to  Jamaica  in  1800,  and 
having  amassed  a  large  fortune  as  a  merchant  there,  returned, 
in  1814,  to  England,  when  he  purchased  Whitefield  House, 
Orthwaile  Hall,  Haltcliife  Hall,  and  other  estates  in  the  county 
of  Cumberland,  which  the  present  owner  has  since  much  im- 
proved and  beautified.  He  married  7th  January,  1811),  JIarj-, 
eldest  daughter  of  Ilalpli  Jackson,  Esq.,  of  Normanby,  in 
Cleveland,  Yorkshire,  and  niece  of  Col.  Jackson,  of  St.  Dorothy, 
Jamaica,  and  of  the  Hon.  R.  Jackson,  lord  chief  justice  of  that 
island,  which  family  has  held  large  possessions  there  for  many 
generations.  This  lady,  by  the  sudden  death  of  her  cousin, 
W.  Thomas  Jackson  (son  of  Col.  Jackson,  of  Jamaica),  has 
succeeded  to  the  gi'eat  bulk  of  that  gentleman's  property  ;  and 
by  this  lady,  who  survives  him,  Mr.  Gillbanks  had  issue,  one 
son  and  two  daughters,  viz. : — 

Jackson,  now  of  \\'hitefield  House. 

Mary  Elizabeth  married,  June  1840,  to  H.  M.  Lawrance,  M.D., 

and  has  issue. 
Maria  Josephine,  married,  2tth  January,  18.jfi,  to  Rev.  Henry 

Gougli,  Ai..\.,  fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  and  rector  of 

Charlton,  Oxfordshire. 

Mr.  Gillbanks  was  for  forty  years  a  most  active  magistrate, 
and  deputy-lieutenant  for  the  county.  He  died  suddenly  on  the 
3rd  Februar)-,  1853,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  only  son, 

Jackson  Gillbanks,  Esq.,  of  Whitefield  House,  J.P.,  bom 
5th  November,  1810;  B.A.,  and  LL.B.  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  a  barrister-at-law,  patron  of  the  living  of  Uldale. 

Jrms — Az.,  five  hearts,  in  saltire,  or,  on  a  chief,  arg.,  a  rose,  gu., 
between  two  trefoils,  slipped,  vert. 

Crest — A  stag's  head,  or.      Motto — Honore  et  virtate. 

The  Grange  is  another  seat  in  High  Ireby  township. 
It  is  a  handsome  building  in  the  Italian  style,  and 
serves  as  a  summer  residence  to  Henry  Grainger,  Esq., 
a  gentlemau  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits  in  Liver- 
pool, and  who  has  a  considerable  estate  here. 


KIRKBRIDE   PARISH. 


247 


KIRKBRIDE    PARISH. 

KiRKBRiDE  parish  is  bounded  on  the  east  and  north  by  the  river  Wampool,  on  the  west  by  the  Jlonk's  Dyke,  and 
on  the  south  by  Wigton  parish.  It  has  no  dependent  townships,  but  contains  the  hamlets  of  Powhill  and  Longlaud's 
Head.     The  inluibitants  are  principally  engaged  in  agriculture. 


This  parish   consists  of  one   township,  comprising 
1.051  acres.    Its  population  in  ISOl  was  249  ;  in  1811, 
iir>6;  in  1821,  308;  in  1831,  383;  in  1811,  372;  and  in 
1 851,346.  The  Carlisle  and  Silloth  railway  runs  through 
the  township.     The  soil  of  the  ancient  land  is  good, 
resting  on  sound  clay;  the  common  is  inferior  land,  and 
some  of  it  peaty.     The  rateable  value  of  the  township 
is  £905.     The  inhabitants  are  principally  located  in  the 
village  of  Kirkbridc  and  the  hamlets  abDve-mentioned ; 
and  generally  attend  the  Carlisle  and  Wigton  markets. 
The  manor  of  liirkbride  is  parcel  of  the  barony  of 
Wigton,  from  which  it  was  granted  in  the  reign  of 
King  John,  by  Adam,  son  of  Odard,  second  baron  of 
Wigton,  to  his  socond  son  Adam,  who  took  the  name 
of  Kirkbride.     It  continued  in  this  family  for  several 
generations,  till  a  co-hcircss  of  George  Kirkbride,  the 
last  heir  male,  brought  a  moiety  to  the   Dalstous  of 
Dalston  Hall.     The  other  moiety  was  afterwards  sold 
by  another  co-heir  to  the  Baron  of  Wigton,  in  whose 
possession  it  remained  till  tlio  sixth  Fjaii  of  Northum- 
berland gave  it  to  Henry  VIII.,  who  granted  the  same 
to  Thomas  Dalston,  Esq.     After  this  the  whole  manor 
continued  in  the  Dulstou  family,  who  held  it  of  the 
king  in  capita  by  knight's  service,  and  the  payment  of 
13s.  4d.  for  cornage,  '22d.  for  puture  of  the  sergeants, 
and  ICd.  for  seawake,  &c.     An  inquisition  taken  in 
1578,  informs  us  that   ".John  Dalston,  Esq.,  holjeth 
half  the  manor  or  town  of  Kirkbride  by  homage,  fealtie, 
and  suit  of  court  at  Wigton,  and  payeth  for  cornage, 
3s.  4d.;  seawake,  Cd. ;  puture.  Is.  lO^d.;  and  for  free 
rent,  2s. ;   the  rest  paid  by  his  tenants."     A  note  to 
this   entry  further   informs   us    that   "  The   said  John 
Dalston  holdeth  the  other  moiety  of  Kirkbride  togetlier 
with  Ulton  now  in  question  as  after  appcureth."    From 
this  document  we  also  learn  that  "  John  Briscoe,  Esq., 
holdeth  a  tenement,  or  capital  messuage,  called  Whin- 
now  Hall,  by  homage,  fealtie,  and  renders  per  annum  Is. 
The  tenants  of  the  town  of  Kirkbride  pay  yearly  to  the 
lord  for  coraage  13s.  4d. ;  seawake.  Is.  4d. ;   and  for 
turn-silver,  7s.  CJ.;  in  toto  per  aunum,  22s.  2d.     John 
Dalston,  for  the  reserved  upon  the  moiety  of  Kirkbride, 
paieth  yearly  at  the  feasts  of  St.  ^Martin  and  Pentecost, 
73.  lOid.    John  Dalston,  Esq.,  above-named,  holdeth 
the  other  moiety  of  the  manor  or  town  of  Kirkbride,  and 
th(!  liaralet  called  Ulton  (as  is  afore  noted)  which  were 
parcel  of  the  said  barony  or  demesne,  and  sold  by  King 
Henry  VIII.  to  Thomas   Dalston,  father  of  the  said 


John  Dalston,  and  were  of  the  yearly  rent  of over 

and  besides  the  free  rents  of  certain  freeholders  in  Ulton 
aforesaid,  amounting  to  the  sum  of  33s.  4d.  per  annum, 
holden  of  the  said  barony,  which  rents  and  services  of 
the  said  freeholders  the  said  John  Dalston  claimeth 
and  detained  by  colour  of  his  said  letters  patent  (quo 
jure  it/nor.)  the  rents  and  services  of  which  freeholders 
hereafter  followeth : — Robert  Dalston  holdeth  there  a 
tenement  and  two  o.xgangs  of  land,  late  William  Mor- 
pith's,  by  fealtie  and  suit  of  court,  &c.,  and  renders  per 
annum  10s.      John   Kay  holdeth  a  tenement   called 
Gamsey   Land,   by  the    same   services,    and   renders 
(Is.  2d.     Robert  Vause  holdeth  certain  tenements  and 
lands   by  like   services,   and   rendcre   4s.  Cd.      John 
Thompson  holdeth  two   tenements   and  certain  land 
with  other  appurtenances  by  like  services,  and  renders 
5s.     Robert  Dalston  holdeth  there  a  parcel  of  meadow, 
sometime  John  Sparrow's,  by  the  like  services,  and 
renders  9d.    The  same  Robert  holdeth  another  parcel  of 
meadow,  late  Thomas  Pattiuson's,  by  like  services,  and 
renders  9d.     John  Thompson  holdeth  there  three  acres 
of  land,  late  the  lauds  of  John  Thompson,  by  like  service, 
rendering  Is.  4d.      Cuthbert  Grainger  and  Nicholas 
Allison  holdeth  there  one  parcel  of  meadow,  late  Nicholas 
Brown's,  by  like  services,  and  renders  Gd.     The  heirs 
of  Robert  or  Thomas  Leche  holdeth  there  three  acres 
of  meadow  by  hke   services,  and  render   per  annum 
Is.  4d."    The  Dalstons  remained  the  possessors  of  the 
manor  of  Kirkbride  till  1764,  when  Sir  George  Dalston, 
Bart.,  the  last  of  the  family,  sold  it  to  Joseph  Wilson, 
Es(i.,   of  Pontefract,   by  whom    it   was   conveyed   to 
William  Matthews,  Esq.,  of  Dykesfield,  and  of  him 
purchased  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  in  whose  family  it 
still  continues,  the  present  carl  being  the  possessor  of 
the  manorial  rights  and  privileges.      The  landowners 
are  the  Rev.  Joseph  Hallifa.K ;  Robert  H.  Wills,  Esq. ; 
S.  and  J.  Saul,  Esqs.,  of  Carlisle;  Rev.  Joshua  Clarke; 
John  Clarke,  Esq.;  Mrs. Hodgson  :  John  Wills  ;  Robert 
]\itson  ;  Charles  Lightfoot ;  Matthewe  Hodgson,  Esq.; 
John  Clarke ;  A.  P.  T.  C.  Somerset ;  with  some  small 
proprietors.  The  township  w  as  enclosed  in  the  year  1810. 
The  village  of  Kirkbride  is  situated  on  the  south 
side  of  the  estuary  of  the  Wampool,  six  miles  north-by- 
west  of  Wigton.     The  river  is  here  crossed  by  a  wooden 
bridge  lending  from  Kirkbride  to  Whitrigg  for  general 
traffic,  which  was  erected  iu  1856-7,  at  a  cost  of  about 
£000,  defra3'ed  by  subscription. 


2-18 


ALLEKDALE- BELOW.  DERWENT  WAED. 


THE   CHUnCH. 

The  churcb,  dedicated  to  St.  Bride  or  Bridget,  stands 
on  aa  acclivity  a  little  east  of  the  village,  and  is  suid  to 
have  been  erected  previous  to  the  Norman  Comjuest, 
on  the  site,  and  there  is  little  doubt  with  the  materials 
of  the  Piomau  fort  or  station,  which  formerly  stood  here. 
It  consists  of  uave  and  chancel,  and  contains  an  ancient 
and  beautiful  font.  The  church  contains  several  monu- 
jnents  to  the  Metcalfe  and  Hallifa.\  families.  From  an 
inquisition  de  jure  patronatus,  taken  in  1341,  we  learn 
that  Sir  John  de  Weston,  Kut.,  was  the  patron  of  the 
rectory  of  Kirkbride,  in  right  of  his  wife,  the  Lady 
Joan  de  Wigton.  In  15S0  the  patronage  was  vested 
in  the  Dalstons,  and  continued  in  that  family  till  the 
Sir  George  above-mentioned  sold  the  advowson  to  tlie 
Kev.  T.  Metcalfe,  vicar  of  St.  Margaret's,  Leicester. 
It  was  subsequently  purchased  from  the  trustees  of  tho 
late  Rev.  Francis  Metcalfe  by  the  Rev.  Joseph  HaUifax, 
and  is  now  the  property  of  the  present  rector.  The 
parish  registers  extend  from  1C02  to  the  present  time. 
Kirkbride  is  a  rectory  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at 
£5,  and  certified  to  tho  governors  of  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty  at  £44.  It  is  row  worth  £'250  per  annum. 
The  tithes  have  been  commuted  for  £145. 

Eectoes. — Robert  de  Broinfield,  1341;  John  de  Westerton, 
1343;  Cuthbert  Fisher,  —  ;  Robert  AUanby.M.A.,  1580;  Giles 
Hemmerford,  1386  ;  Nicholas  Dean,  1D8G  ;  Mr.  Hudson,  1C43  ; 
Thomas  Luraley,  ICCO;  Henry  Hall,  1CT8;  John  Walker,  A.T!., 
1717;  John  Covr^er,  A. 13.,  1743;  George  Gillbanks,  1700; 
Francis  Metcalfe,  the  elder,  1797;  Francis  Metcalfe,  the  younger, 
mZ'i  ;  William  Flowers,  1835  ;  Joseph  Hallifax,  the  elder,  1847  ; 
Joseph  Hallifax,  the  younger,  18J5. 

The  rectory  is  a  large  and  commodious  edifice,  in  the 
Tuscan  style  of  architecture,  erected  between  the  years 


1790  and  1800,  at  a  cost  of  i"l,GOU,  and  commands 
beautiful  and  e-xtensive  views  of  the  surrounding  scenery. 
In  its  garden  wall  is  a  portable  Roman  altar,  with  the 
inscription,  deo  belatvcaduo  peisivs.  m.  solvit  votv 

M.   L.   M. 

Tiie  village  school  is  small  and  poor,  but  on  the 
whole  well  attended. 

There  is  a  meeting  house  belonging  to  the  Society 
of  Friends.  There  seems  to  have  been  a  family  or  two 
resident  here  soon  after  the  formation  of  that  body,  but 
there  are  none  now. 

Beside  the  Roman  alt<xr  just  mentioned,  and  the 
ancient  font  constructed  in  the  church,  few  remains  of 
auti(|uity  are  visible  in  this  parish.  The  church,  as 
above  stated,  is  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  a  Roman 
fort  or  station,  the  upper  and  lower  moats  of  which  may 
still  be  traced  on  the  western  side  of  the  sacred  edifice. 
There  are,  however,  no  less  than  throe  ancient  roads, 
at  some  depth  from  the  present  surface,  one  of  sand, 
one  of  gravel,  and  one  paved.  This  last  is  about  three 
feet  below  the  surface ;  and  as  far  as  can  be  traced  they 
all  run  from  south  to  north.  The  paved  one  goes  up 
to  the  site  of  the  present  church,  and  was  first  dis- 
covered while  removing  some  soil  from  the  churchyard. 
Roman  pottery,  in  the  shape  of  urns,  lamps,  vases,  and 
vessels  of  domestic  use,  have  frequently  been  found  in 
parts  of  the  churchyard,  and  in  the  adjoining  land. 
Some  ancient  British  pottery  has  also  been  discovered, 
though  less  frequently  than  Roman,  and  many  Saxon 
beads  of  glass,  and  other  ornaments,  which  may  be 
seen  at  the  rectory. 

Powhill  and  Langland's  Head  are  two  hamlets  in 
this  parish. 


SEBERGHAM    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  north-west  by  Dalston  and  Westward,  on  the  south  and  west  by  Caldbeck. 
and  on  the  east  by  Castle  Sowerby.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment  of  the  inhabitants — there  is  a  small 
tile  work  on  the  common.  The  people  are  very  industrious  and  clean,  and  as  a  general  rule  in  easy  circumstances. 
The  soil  varies  much  in  quality,  some  land  being  let  as  low  as  ten  shillings  an  acre,  and  some  as  high  as  .£3  10s. 
Carlisle  and  Wigton  are  the  markets  usually  attended.  Sobergham  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  High  Bound 
and  Low  Bound,  whose  united  area  is  5,890  acres,  and  rateable  value,  £'3,008  19s.  The  commons  were  enclosed 
in  1765.  The  parish  is  intersected  by  the  river  Caldew,  whose  picturesque  banks  are  clothed  with  wood ;  and  l\w. 
small  stream,  the  Shalkbeck,  is  its  boundary  for  a  considerable  distance  towards  the  west  and  north-west. 

I      stands,  which  is  a  hill  or  rising  ground  in  the  forest  of 


SEBEKGII.\1I    HIGH    BOUND. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1810  was  434  ; 
in  1811,  474;  in  1821,  505;  in  1831,  494;  in  1841, 
493;  and  in  1851,  500.  "  Sebergham,"  says  Nicholson 
and  Burn,   "was  so  called  from  the  place  where  it 


Iiiglewood,  whereof  the  east  and  south-east  parts  were 
woodland  and  dry  ground  ;  but  the  south,  west,  and 
north-west  parts  were  wet  springy  ground,  covered  with 
rushes,  which  the  country  people  caU  sieves ;  and  there- 


SEBEEGHAJI   PAEISH. 


S49 


upon  the  place  was  called  Skvy-hurgh,  or  Sievy  Hill. 
At  the  lime  of  the  Conquest,  it  was  a  great  waste  and 
wilderness.  Afterwards,  in  the  latter  end  of  King 
Henry  II. 's  time,  one  William  Wastall,  or  de  Waste- 
dale,  began  to  enclose  some  part  of  it.  He  was  an 
hermit,  and  lived  tliero  to  an  extreme  old  age,  by  the 
labour  of  his  hands,  and  the  fruits  of  trees.  He  came 
liither  in  Henry  I.'s  time,  and  died  about  the  end  of 
King  John's  reign,  or  in  the  beginning  of  Henry  Ill's. 
King  John  granted  him  the  hill  Sebcrgham,  and  he 
left  it  to  the  priory  of  Carlisle,"  who  also  possessed  the 
manor  of  Ijangbolme,  in  this  parish,  by  the  gift  of  John 
de  Sebergham.  These  estates  are  now  vested  in  the 
dean  and  chapter  as  the  successors  of  the  prior  and 
convent.  The  manor  of  Sebergham  belongs  to  the 
Duke  of  Devonshii'e,  as  parcel  of  the  forest  of  Ingle- 
wood. 

The  manor  of  Warnell,  in  this  parish,  was  given  by 
Henry  II.  to  Andrew  de  Ilercla,  after  whose  attainder 
it  was  granted  to  Ralph  Lord  Dacre.  William  Lord 
Dacre  gave  it  in  e.Kchange  to  John  Denton,  Esq.,  of 
Denton  Hall,  in  Exchange  for  Denton,  in  the  year 
149(5.  His  immediate  descendant  of  the  same  name 
sold  it  in  the  year  1774,  to  the  ancestor  of  the  present 
Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  old  mansion  of  Warnell  Hall, 
an  Elizabethan  structure,  much  dilapidated,  now  serves 
as  a  farm-house.  It  had  formerly  one  of  the  large 
square  towers  common  to  many  of  the  Cumberland 
mansions,  and  intended  for  defence  against  the  inroads 
of  the  Scots.  The  family  of  Denton  of  Warnell  sprung 
from  Denton  in  Gilsland — their  pedigree  was  certified 
at  Dugdale's  visitation  in  lOOj,  as  follows: — 

Jlciifoit  of  53l;iriuII. 

Thomas  de  Denton  livej  in  the  reigns  of  Edward  III.  and 
Ricliord  11. 

AriASi  DE  Denton  died  10  Henry  IV. 

Thomas  Denton,  Esq.,  mai-ried  Alice,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Moore. 

Richard  Denton,  Esq.,  of  Gilsland,  married  Jane,  natural 
daughter  of  Sir  Hamplirey  Dacre,  Knt.,  Lord  Dacro  of  Oilalund, 
and  died  in  3  Richard  111. 

John  Df.nton,  Esq.,  of  Denton  Hall,  married  Agnes  Sithe, 
and  died  in  '-'7  Henry  VII. 

Thomas  Df.nton,  Esq.,  of  Warnell,  died  in  0  Elizabeth. 

Thomas  Denton,  Esq.,  of  Warnell,  died  in  C  Jumes,  without 
issue,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother's  son, 

Thomas  Di;nton,  son  of  George,  by  his  wife,  a  daughter  of 
the  Lnscelles  family,  in  co.  York.  This  Thomas  died  unmar- 
ried, and  WHS  succeeded  by  his  brother, 

Hksry  Denton,  who  married  Elizabeth  Ogletborp,  and  died 
about  1(130. 

Thomas  Denton,  his  successor,  was  a  captain  of  foot  under 
the  Earl  of  Neivcaatle,  in  the  service  of  Charles  I.,  and  died  of 
the  wounds  he  received  at  Hiall  in  161:).  His  wife  was  Lcttice, 
daughter  of  John  Lowgher,  Esq.,  co.  StfllTord. 

TuoMAs  Denton,  Esq.,  of  Warnell,  bnrrister-at-law,  and 
'il 


recorder  of  Carlisle  and  Appleby,  married  Lettice,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Vachell,  Esq.,  of  Cowley,  co.  Berlis.     His  successor  was 

Thomas  Denton,  Esq.,  who  married  Margery,  daughter  of 
Mr.  Crackenthorp,  of  Newbiggin,  in  Westmoreland.     His  son, 

Thomas  Denton,  Esq.,  married  a  Miss  Pattinson,  of  Penrith, 
and  died  in  173G,  when 

John  Denton,  Esq.,  of  Warnell  Hall,  succeeded  hira.  The 
latter  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Mr.  Thomas  Wilkin,  of  Brough 
Sowerby,  in  Westmoreland ;  and  by  her  had  issue  Thomas  and 
Barbara.  Mr.  Dentou,  iu  1774,  sold  Warnell  to  Sir  James 
Lowther,  Bart.,  afterwards  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 

Arms  —  hxg.,  two  bars  gii.,  in  chief  tliree  cinque  foils,  sa. 

The  little  manor  of  Hartrigg,  which  belonged  formerly 
to  the  Dalstons,  is  now  the  property  of  J.  P.  Fletcher, 
Esq.,  who  also  owns  Sebergham  Castle,  a  large  farm- 
house about  two  miles  west  of  the  village. 

A  court  leet  is  held  annually  here  in  September. 

The  principal  landowners  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale ; 
J.  P.  Fletcher,  George  Dixon,  George  Gill  Mounsey, 
F.  L.  B.  Dykes,  James  Heysham,  and  William  Denton, 
Esqs. ;  and  Messrs.  William  Helme,  John  Studholme, 
James  Connell,  John  Steele,  Hugh  McAlpin,  and 
Messrs.  Lee. 

The  village  of  Sebergham,  or  Sebcrgham  Church 
Town,  occupies  a  pleasant  situation  near  the  river 
Caldew,  two  and  a  half  miles  north-by-east  of  Hesket 
Newmarket,  eight  miles  south-east  of  Wigtou,  and  ten 
miles  south-by-west  of  Carlisle. 

THE  cHcrr.cn. 
Sebergham  church,  which  is  dedicated  to  St.  Mary 
the  Virgin,   is   a   plain    edifice,   consisting   of   uave, 
chancel,  vestry  at  south-west  corner,  built  by  the  pre- 
sent incumbent,  and  western  tower.      It  was  repaired 
during  the  incumbency  of  the  Rev.  J.  Heysham,  now 
vicar  of  Lazonby,  Penrith.     Its  foundation  dates  from 
the  reign  of  King  John,  and  it  is  supposed  to  occupy 
the  site  of  the  cell  of  the  hermit,  William  Wastell, 
above-mentioned.      Bishop    Nicholson,    in    his    MS. 
"  Account  of  the  Present  State  of  the  Churches,  Par- 
sonages, and  Vicarage  Houses,  Glebe  Lands,  Ac."  in 
1703,  says  of  this  church,  "  I  found  the  outside  iu  good 
repair,  and   the  inside  pretty  tolerable.     The  school- 
master teaches  in  the  west  end ;  and  none  but  suiters 
come  near  the  communion  table,  which  is  railed  in.    la 
the  quire  are  the  seats  of  Jlr.  Denton,  of  Warnell ;  Ur. 
Crosby,  Jlr.  Aglionby  (for  Baxter's  tenement),  and  Mr. 
Hill,  of  Bell  Bridge.     Hero  is  also,  against  the  south 
wall,  a  freestone  monument,  with  tlio  following  inscrip- 
tion (in  bas  relief)  on  the  side  : — '  Cumbria  Warnellum 
Thomam  deplorat  ademptum  Denton,  qui  si  quidcm 
Deltnion  alter  crat  nempe  pins,  Sapiens,  ex  omni  ptirto 
Quudratus  quolom  vix  hodio  secula  nostra  ferunt.'   And 
a  little  lower:  'MoUiter  ossa  cubant;  mens  aurea  vivit 
Olynipo,  vivet  in  /Etemuin  Chara  Deo  soboles.'    At  the 


250 


ALLERDALE- BELOW -DEBWENT  WARD. 


end,  above  his  coat  of  arms,  '  Thomas  Dentou  do 
Wamell,  Armg'  in  Artibus  M'  et  digna;  memorial 
octaginta  expletis  An.  felicitcr  Obijt.  1.  die  Aprilis 
A°  Dili.  1616.' "  The  bishop  adds,  "  the  churchyard 
is  miserably  fenceless."  The  living  is  now  a  perpetual 
curacy,  in  the  patronage  of  the  impropriators,  the  dean 
and  chapter  of  Carlisle,  and  is  worth  about  £170  per 
annum,  arising  from  tithes  and  glebe ;  the  value  of  the 
former  being  about  £110,  and  of  tlie  latter  about  £00. 
The  tithes  were  commuted  in  1771  for  a  fixed  quantity 
of  wheat,  viz.,  267  Winchester  equal  to  89  Cariislc 
bushels ;  and  in  the  same  year  a  modus,  or  prescription 
of  £9  Os.  lljd.  was  settled  by  au  act  of  parliament  to 
be  paid  in  lieu  of  the  hay  tithes  and  com  tithes  of  the 
ancient  land,  to  the  curate.  The  parish  register  com- 
mences in  1691. 

Isci'MBENTs. — Samuel  Relph,  17i4 ;  Thomas  Denton,  1768 ; 

William  Sheepshanks,  1777  ;  ,  1808;  John  Lynn,  1818; 

John  Heysham,  1823;  Clement  Moody,  1840;  N.  F.  Y.  Kemble, 
1852.  No  incumbents  resident  from  1768  until  John  Heysham 
in  1823.  John  Stubbs  was  curate  to  Thomas  Denton  and 
William  Sheepshanks  from  1771  to  1803;  and'was  succeeded 
by  John  Dodgson,  in  1803;  by  George  Harker,  in  1808;  C. 
Thompson,  in  1812;  J.  Lowthian,  1816  ;  J.  Ir\ing,  in  1818;  who 
remained  until  Mr.  Heysham  came  into  residence  in  1823. 

The  present  parsonage  house  was  erected  on  the  site 
of  an  old  one  in  1770.  It  is  an  edifice  without  any 
pretensions  to  architectural  beauty,  but  has  been  much 
improved  by  the  late  and  present  incumbents. 

There  are  two  parish  schools,  but  without  endow- 
ment :  they  are  supported  by  quarter  pence.  One  is 
situated  at  Sebergham  Church  Town,  and  the  other  at 
High  Welton.  Average  number  of  children  ia  attend- 
ance  at  the  two  schools  about  ninety. 

Sebergham  Circulating  Library  and  Reading  Room, 
established  by  the  present  incumbent  and  otlici-s  in 
January  of  the  present  year  (1858),  is  in  a  prosperous 
condition.  It  is  supported  by  quarterly  payments  of 
ninepence  to  the  hbrary,  and  Is.  3d.  to  the  reading 
room.  It  is  held  in  the  school-house  in  Sebergham 
Church  Town. 

Sebergham  Bridge  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township, 
delightfully  situated,  on  both  sides  of  the  bridge,  which 
here  crosses  the  Caldew,  and  which  was  built  iu  1 080 
by  Alexander  Denton,  Esq.,  justice  of  common  pleas. 
Bell  Bridge,  about  a  mUe  lower  down  the  river,  consists 
of  one  lofty  arch,  erected  iu  1772,  on  the  site  of  a 
previous  one,  which  was  swept  away  by  a  flood  in  1770. 

Newlauds  and  Warnell  are  two  other  hamlets  in  the 
township,  the  former  one  mile  north-east  of  Hesket 
Newmarket,  and  the  latter  one  and  half  miles  west-by- 
uorth  of  Sebergham.  At  a  place  called  Iron  Gill,  near 
Wamell,  is  a  chalybeate  spring. 


Brown  Top  and  Monkhousc  Hill  are  also  hamlets  in 
High  Bound  township. 

Ever;-  farm-house  in  the  parish  almost  has  a  distinct 
name.  There  is  one  called  Sebergham  Castle,  having, 
however,  nothing  worthy  of  the  name  but  a  modern 
castellated  frontage.  'W'arnell  Hall  was  formerly  the 
seat  of  the  Dentons,  an  old  Cumberland  family,  the 
representative  of  which  is  William  Denton,  Esq.,  wlio 
lives  near  Keswick,  and  is  unmarried. 

There  are  two  corn  mills  iu  the  parish,  one  at  Seber- 
gham Bridge,  the  otlier  is  called  Crookholme  Mill. 

The  people  here  seem  to  have  no  amusements.  They 
are  never  seen  playing  at  cricket,  quoits,  football,  or 
any  of  the  games  so  prevalent  in  the  south  of  England. 
They  are  singularly  devoted  to  the  public-house.  A 
belief  in  supernatural  appearances,  and  a  dread  of 
passing  the  churchyard  at  night,  still  lingers :  a 
custom  also  prevails  of  sitting  at  night  with  a  corpse. 
The  incumbent  informs  us  that  he  never  lived  in  a 
place  so  barren  of  traditions,  or  documents  of  local 
interest.  No  one  seems  to  have  collected  any  informa- 
tion interesting  to  the  historian,  the  antiquarian,  or  the 
geologist. 

The  Rev.  Josiah  Relph,  "  the  past'ral  bard  of  Cauda's 
Vale,"  author  of  a  volume  of  miscellaneous  poems  in 
the  Cumberland  dialect,  was  bom  at  Sebergham  Church 
Town  in  1712.  He  was  educated  at  Appleby  School 
and  Glasgow  University,  and  was  for  many  years  curate 
and  schoolmaster  in  his  native  village.  He  died  unmar- 
ried, in  the  prime  of  Ufe  (it  is  said  from  actual  want  of 
the  necessaries  of  life)  June  17,  1743,  at  the  place  of 
his  nativity,  and  is  buried  in  Sebergham  churchyard. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Denton,  another  of  the  celebrities 
of  Sebergham,  was  born  here  in  1721,  and  was  educated 
by  Mr.  Relph.  Like  him,  he  published  a  volume  of 
poems,  besides  which  he  edited  the  supplementary 
volume  to  the  last  edition  of  the  Biographical  Dic- 
tionaiy.     He  died  in  June,  1777,  aged  53  years. 

SEBERGHAM    LOW   BOUND. 

This  township  contained  in  1801,  308  inhabitants: 
in  1811,  307;  in  1820,  338;  in  1831,  340;  in  1841, 
358;  and  in  1851,  349.'  The  hamlets  in  Sebergham 
Low  are  High  Welton,  the  most  considerable  hamlet  in 
the  parish,  eight  miles  south-by-west  of  Carlisle  ;  and 
Nether  Welton,  portion  of  which  is  in  Dalston  parish. 
There  is  a  parish  school  at  High  Welton.  Borrans 
Hill,  the  seat  of  James  Heysham,  Esq.,  is  in  this  town- 
ship, two  miles  from  the  parish  church.  It  is  a  hand- 
some structure,  in  a  pleasant  situation,  overlooking  the 
banks  of  the  Caldew. 

1  Tor  landowners,  &c.,  see  Sebergham  High. 


THURSBY  PARISH. 


251 


THURSBY    PARISH. 

TnuESCY  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Aiktou  parish,  on  tlie  west  and  south  by  that  of  "U'igton,  on  the  south- 
east by  Westward,  and  on  the  east  by  Dalston  and  Ortou.  The  soil,  which  consists  principally  of  gravel,  with 
a  mixture  of  loam,  is  tolerably  fertile,  except  on  the  eastern  side,  where  a  cold  clayey  land  prevails.  Its  situation  is 
rather  low,  along  the  river  Wampool,  where  quantities  of  reed  grow,  especially  on  the  swamp  called  Cardcw  Mires. 
Thursby  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Thursby,  Crofton,  and  Parton-with-Micklethwaitc.  The  rateable  value 
of  the  whole  parish  is  £3,541.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment  of  the  inhabitants,  and  Wigton  and  Carlisle 
are  the  markets  usually  attended. 

TUURSBr. 

The  township  of  Thursby  comprises  an  area  of  1,382 
acres.  Its  population  in  ISOl  was  249 ;  in  1811,  272  ; 
in  121,  355;  in  1831,  373;  in  1841,  390;  and  in 
1851,  411  persons,  resident  in  Thursby  village,  Shalk- 
foot  hamlet,  and  a  number  of  single  houses  scattered 
over  the  township. 

The  manor  of  Thursby  was  given  by  Alan,  second 
lord  of  Allerdale,  to  Herbert  le  Brun,  who  thereupon 
assumed  the  local  name,  styling  himself  de  Thursby. 
His  female  heir  brought  the  inheritance  to  Guide 
BoyviU,  a  3'oungor  son  of  the  Levington  family.  This 
Guido  had  issue  William,  who  with  his  brother  John, 
were  knights  and  foresters  in  Allerdale  from  Shalk  to 
Ellen,  which  was  the  west  ward  of  Inglewood  Forest — 
the  office  of  foresters  descended  to  them  from  the 
Herbert  just  mentioned.  In  1299,  Sir  William  Boyvill, 
Knt.,  held  the  same,  and  seven  years  later  Sir  John  de 
Boyvill,  Knt.,  occurs.  Soon  after  this  we  find  Thursby 
in  the  possession  of  Robert  de  Ogle,  whose  son  Thomas 
de  Ogle,  in  1364,  being  then  under  age,  presented  a 
rector  to  the  church  of  Thursby.  In  14G9  it  was 
found  by  inquisition  that  Sir  llobert  Ogle,  Knt.,  then 
held  the  manor  of  Thursby,  with  the  advowson  of  the 
church  there,  of  the  Lord  Dacre  or  of  his  barony  of 
Burgh,  by  knights'  service.  The  manor  came  after- 
wards to  the  Dacres,  who  held  the  same  united  to  and 
as  parcel  of  their  barony  of  Burgh  ;  and  among  the 
knights'  foes  in  1543  (temp.  Henry  VIII,),  William 
Lord  Dacro  held  Thursby  of  the  king  by  knights' 
service,  and  2."i3.  8jd.  coraage.  From  that  period  it 
lias  continued  to  be  Iield  by  the  lords  paramount  of 
Burgh  barony,  and  is  now  the  property  of  the  l^arl  of 
Lonsdale.  The  landowners  are  Sir  Wastcl  Brisco, 
Bart. ;  John  11.  Wilson,  Esq.,  J.P. ;  and  a  few  resident 
yeomen. 

The  village  of  Thursby  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
Carlisle  and  Wigton  road,  si-^c  miles  south-west  from 
Carlisle,  and  five  miles  east-north-east  from  Wigton. 


TRB    CHCECn. 

Thursby  church,'  dedicated  to  St.  Andrew,  is  situated 
on  an  elevation  a  Htllo  west  of  the  village.  It  is  a 
beautiful  edifice,  in  the  style  of  architecture  prevalent 


in  the  13  th  century,  erected  in  1846,  on  the  site  of 
the  old  church,  which  is  said  to  have  been  built  by 
David  I.  of  Scotland.'  The  funds  for  its  construction 
were  raised  by  a  parochial  rate  of  3s.  6d.  in  the  pound, 
aided  by  £500  left  by  the  late  Sir  John  Brisco.  The 
cost  of  the  bells  was  defrayed  by  a  separate  rate. 
The  interior  of  the  church  is  neatly  fitted  up  for 
the  requirements  of  public  service,  according  to  the 
rites  of  the  Church  of  England.  There  are  four 
marble  monuments  to  members  of  the  Brisco  family, 
whose  last  resting  place  is  here.  The  old  font  is 
preserved  in  the  present  church.  The  benefice  was 
a  rectory,  till  about  the  year  1409,  when  Sir  Robert 
Ogle  granted  it  to  the  prior  and  convent  of  Carlisle; 
but  is  now  a  vicarage  in  the  patronage  of  the  dean  and 
chapter  of  the  diocese.  It  is  valued  in  the  King's 
Book  at  £11  10s.;  its  present  value  is  about  £160, 
exclusive  of  upwards  of  twenty-one  acres  of  glebe.  The 
vicar,  by  prescription,  is  entitled  to  all  the  small  tithes 
of  the  parish,  and  the  great  and  small  tithes  of  the  two 
townships  of  Pai'ton  and  I\Iicldethwaite,  and  Crofton 

'  Bishop  Nicolson,  in  1703,  says  "  I  found  the  church  in  tolerable 
good  order ;  well  paved,  and  pretty  well  scaled.  Mr.  lirisco's  aisle  in 
niut'li  tile  worse  coudiiion,  upon  props  and  ready  lo  full.  lie  pro 
mises  to  put  it  into  a  better  state  immediately.  One  of  the  beils 
broken  and  the  chest  without  a  lock  upon  it.  I  complained  to  Jlr. 
Waite,  llie  vicar,  that  I  had  seen  one  of  Jlr.  Olcy's  books  ( llamiuond 
OH  the  Psalms)  at  Rose;  aud  upon  enquiry  had  found  that  himself  had 
lent  it,  contrary  to  the  engaftenient  of  his  predecessor  and  his  own 
present  oblijjation,  to  Mr.  Wybergh.  He  confessed  his  fault  iu  it; 
auil  promised  that  the  Ust  of  books  should  be  forthwith  entered  in 
the  parish  register,  and  tlie  will  of  the  donor  more  exactly  observed 
hereafter.  Foreseeing  that  I  might  possibly  meet  wiili  the  like  failures 
in  those  other  parishes  that  are  coucerued  iu  this  benefaction,  I 
desired  my  brother,  and  secretary,  at  luy  return,  to  look  out  the  papers 
relative  to  it;  which  ho  did.  And  they  have  beeu  transcribed: — 
Itooks  given  to  ten  poor  vicaroges  (Crosbyon  Kden,  Isell,  Dalslon, 
Thursby,  Wigton,  Askham,  Ainslable,  Decrhaiu,  Crosby- Havens- 
worth,  ISiirgh-upon-Sands)  by  Mr.  liaruabaa  Oley,  1085.  Ur.  Ham- 
mond's Works,  1  vols,  folio;  Bishop  .\uilrew3'  Sermons,  foUo;  Mr. 
Midi's  Works,  folio;  liisbop  Sanderson's  Sermons,  folio;  Bishop 
Sanderson's  Nine  Cases  of  Conscience,  Hvo;  Bishop  Pearson  on  tlie 
Creed,  folio;  Bishop  Usher's  Body  of  Uiviuily,  folio  ;  tlic  works  of 
the  author  of  llie  Whole  Duly  of  Man,  folio;  Bishop  Sparrow's 
Ualionole,  f  vo ;  Bishop  Sparrow's  Collection  of  Canons,  Jio  ;  llr. 
Cave's  Primitive  Chrislianily  ;  1  Icrlwrl's  Country  Parson,  8vo  ;  I/.aak 
Walton's  Lives,  Svo. "  The  bishop  Uieii  gives  ilio  articles  of  agree- 
ment by  the  several  vicars  who  received  these  btuiks  for  the  use  of 
lliemselves.  Some  of  the  parishes  received  instead  of  Or.  1  lanimoud's 
Works,  Dr.  Jackson's  Works,  3  vols,  folio,  and  Dr.  Toweraou's  Works, 
I  vol.  folio. 


252 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW-  DERWENT  WARD. 


and  Wliinnow.  In  1838  the  tithes  were  commuted 
for  a  yearly  rent  charge  of  X*354,  of  which  £150  (the 
rectorial  tithes  of  Thursby  township)  are  leased  by  the 
dean  and  chapter.  The  parish  register  commences  in 
1680. 

Eectoes.— William,  1175;  Henry  de  Burton,  1290 ;  Richard 
<le  Abinden,  ]29S;  William  de  Swindon,  1305;  Robert  de 
Bojrill,  131fi;  Robert  Bix,  1304;  Robert  Paye,  13GC;  John 
Thorsyby,  14«5. 

Vicars. —  Richard  Walles,  alias  Brandling,  1570;  Thomas 
Monk,  1570;  William  Walles,  1600 ;  Christopher  Peale,  10.i2  ; 
John  Hamilton,  IfiCi  ;  Richard  Savaje,  1673 ;  Thomas  Stalker, 
16S0;  George  Theobalds,  1031;  Matthew  Preston,  lO-tS;  Joseph 
White,  1099;  John  Story,  1720;  Robert  Wardale,  1731 ;  Andrew 
HoUiday,  1763;  Thomas  Nicolson,  1T71  ;  Nicholas  Robinson, 
1774;  John  Brown,  1788;  Joseph  Pattinson,  1805;  W.  T. 
Brigs,  1813  ;  James  Webster  Huntley,  1830. 

The  vicarage  house  is  a  good  residence  contiguous 
to  the  church. 

Thursby  School  is  a  handsome  stone  building,  erected 
in  1740,  rebuilt  in  1848.  The  only  endowmeut  which 
this  school  has  acquired  is  from  Thomas  ThomUnson, 
Esq.,  a  native  of  this  parish,  who  died  in  America,  and 
by  his  will,  dated  16th  AprO,  1798,  bequeathed  the 
residue  of  his  personal  property,  not  otherwise  disposed 
of,  to  the  schools  of  Thursby,  Bromfield,  Uldale,  and 
Wigton,  to  be  divided  equally  amongst  them,  and  to 
become  a  part  of  the  funds  of  those  respective  schools. 
The  sum  of  £354  was  received  as  the  share  of  the 
testator's  personal  estate,  bequeathed  to  the  school  at 
Thursby.  It  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  Sir  Wastel 
Brisco,  one  of  the  trustees,  who  pays  four  per  cent 
yearly  interest  (£14  3s.  4d.)  to  the  master,  who,  in 
respect  thereof  teaches  ten  poor  children  at  a  low 
quarterage.  It  is  under  government  inspection,  and 
has  an  average  attendance  of  fifty  children. 


CHABITIES. 


Thomliiison's  Charity  for  the  Poor.  —  The  Thomas 
Thomlinson  mentioned  above  also  in  the  same  year 
bequeathed  to  the  poor  of  Thursby,  Uldale,  and 
Wigton — to  the  first-mentioned  parish  £100,  and  to 
the  two  last-mentioned  parishes  £60  each,  to  be  dis- 
tributed by  the  minister  and  churchwardens  for  the 
time  being  of  the  respective  parishes,  amongst  the 
most  industrious  and  deserving  objects,  and  in  such 
manner  that  their  ordinary  allowances  from  the  said 
parishes  (if  any  there  should  be)  should  not  be  lessened 
thereby.  £155  was  received  for  the  legacy  left  to  this 
parish,  after  the  payment  of  expenses.  The  interest 
of  this  sum,  amounting  to  £7  15s.'  per  annum,  is 
distributed  annually  amongst  six  or  seven  poor  indus- 
trious parishioners,  as  directed  by  the  testator. 

Gibson's  Chanty. — Thomas  Gibson,  by  will,  dated 
14th  November,  1798,  gave  to  the  poor  of  Thursby 


parish  £30  to  be  divided  on  the  Christmas-day  after  his 
decease,  as  the  churchwardens  should  think  proper. 
He  also  gave  to  the  industrious  poor  of  the  said  parish 
£5  for  ever,  on  the  said  Christmas-day.  The  testator 
died  in  1800,  leaving  personal  property  insufficient  for 
the  payment  of  the  debts  and  legacies  which  he  had 
charged  thereon,  a  suit  in  chancery  was  in  consequence 
instituted  against  his  executors,  by  the  different  persons 
who  claimed  any  interest  in  his  effects.  In  the  course 
of  the  cause  it  was  referred  to  the  master  to  take  an 
account  of  the  testators  personal  estate,  and  to  appor- 
tion the  assets  according  to  the  amount  of  the  different 
legacies ;  and  he  was  further  directed  to  have  the 
legacy  of  £5  per  annum  to  the  poor  of  Thursby  valued 
at  a  gross  sum.  On  the  11th  July,  1803,  the  master 
reported  that  there  was  due  to  the  parish  of  Thursby,  for 
the  legacy  of  £30,  with  interest  £32  Os.  8d. ;  for  their 
legacy  of  £5  with  interest,  according  to  a  valuation 
made  thereof,  £125  ;  in  respect  of  which  he  approved 
of  the  following  apportionment:  —  For  the  former, 
£17  2s.  7d. ;  for  the  latter,  £06  4s.  7d. ;  total, 
£78  7s.  2d.  The  amount  of  both  these  legacies  was 
directed  by  the  court  to  be  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of 
stock  in  the  three  per  cent  consols,  which  was  accord- 
ingly done.  In  the  year  1817,  the  stock  was  sold  out 
by  the  trustees,  and  the  produce  being  £107,  was  placed 
in  private  hands  at  five  per  cent  interest.  By  this 
measure  the  interest  was  increased  from  £4  12s.  to 
£5  7s.  per  annum,  which  is  given  away  annually  by 
the  minister  and  churchwardens  to  about  fourteen  or 
fifteen  poor  industrious  persons  residing  in  the  parish, 
whether  they  are  settled  parishionei-s  or  not. 

John  Studholme,  of  Moor  End,  a  celebrated  essayist, 
was  born  in  this  parish. 

Evening  Hill  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township.  Here  is 
the  residence  of  John  Knubley  Wilson,  Esq.,  lieut.- 
col.  of  the  Cumberland  iililitia.  It  is  a  large  mansion 
in  the  Elizabethan  style,  erected  about  twenty-four 
years  ago,  by  its  present  proprietor,  and  commands 
some  beautiful  views  of  the  surrounding  countr>'. 

Moor  End  and  Meal  House  are  also  hamlets  in 
Thursby  losvnship. 

cnOFTOS. 

Crofton  township  occupies  the  centre  of  the  parish, 
and  contains  975  acres.  The  number  of  inhabitants 
in  1801,  was  69;  in  1811,  58;  in  1821,  65;  in  1831, 
106;  in  1841,  80;  and  in  1851,  90,  living  dispersedly 
in  single  houses,  and  in  the  hamlet  of  AVhinnow. 

The  first  recorded  possessor  of  the  manor  of  Crofton 
is  Sir  Gilbert,  son  of  Gilbert  de  D  undraw,  who  lived  in 
the  time  of  King  John.     He  gave  a  parcel  of  Crofton 


THURSBY   PARISH. 


253 


to  the  hospital  of  St.  Nicholas,  at  Carlisle,  and  bound 
that  land  to  grind  at  his  mill  at  Croftou.  He  had 
daughters,  eo-heirs ;  one  of  wliom,  Ada,  was  married  to 
Stephen  de  Crofton ;  after  whom  there  was  John  de 
Crofton,  Robert  de  Crofton,  John  de  Crofton,  and 
Clement  de  Crofton,  wlio  died  in  1309-70,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  son,  Sir  John  de  Crofton,  whose 
daughter  and  heir  was  married  about  1390  to  Isold 
Brisco,  of  Brisco,  whereupon  Crofton  came  into  the 
possession  of  the  Brisco  family,  who  have  continued 
to  hold  it  to  our  own  time.  Sir  Wastel  Brisco,  Bart., 
being  the  present  lord  of  the  manor  and  owner  of  the 
township. 

Crofton  Hall,  tlic  beautiful  scat  of  Sir  Wastel  Brisco, 
occupies  a  delightful  situation  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
Wampool,  about  four  miles  oast-by-riorth  from  Wigton, 
and  one  mile  west  from  the  parish  church.  It  has 
been  considerably  enlarged  and  improved  during  recent 
years,  by  its  present  proprietor.  At  a  little  distance 
from  tlic  liidl  is  a  conical  mount  of  considerable  size, 
bearing  the  name  of  Torquin.  It  is  clothed  with  wood, 
and  is  said  to  have  been  tho  residence  of  two  gigantic 
brothers. 

Whinnow,  a  hamlet  in  tliis  township,  is  three  and  a 
quarter  miles  east-uorth-east  of  Wigton. 

Many  antiquities  have  been  found  in  this  township, 
amongst  others,  several  old  coins,  one  of  which  had  the 
arms  of  England  and  France,  on  a  shield,  with  the 
legend  E.  D.  G.  Rosa  sine  spina,  on  the  obverse ;  on 
tlio  reverse,  Civitas  London. 

^risto  of  (Troffon  ^jall. 

Tho  surname  of  this  family  was  originally  De  Birk- 
skougli,  from  their  abode  being  at  liirkskcugh,  or 
Birkswood,  near  Ncwbiggin,  in  a  lordship  belonging 
to  tho  priory  of  Carlisle,  a  large  portion  of  which 
estate  is  still  in  their  possession. 

Isold  Bnisco  obtained  the  manors  of  Crofton, 'WliinnoiT,  and 
Sundraw,  with  Margaret,  )iis  wilo,  daughter  and  heir  of  Sir 
John  Crofton,  Kill.,  of  Crofton,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

CnnisToniEn  Bnisco,  of  Crofton.  It  appears  by  an  arbitra- 
ment between  tlie  prior  of  Carlisle  and  Ibis  Christopher,  con- 
cerning tho  nmnor  of  Brisco,  that  tho  said  manor  should  remain 
to  the  prior  and  Iiis  successors,  pnying  to  tho  snid  Christopher 
one  hundred  murks ;  and  that  the  capital  messuage,  with  the 
woods  for  building,  should  remain  to  the  said  Christopher  and 
his  lioirs.  This  Christopher  kept  fourteen  soldiers  at  Brisco- 
tbom-upon-Esk.  He  wa~i  taken  prisoner  at  the  burning  of 
Wigton ;  and  on  that  and  similar  occasions  was  forced  to  mort- 
gage a  considerable  piut  of  his  estate.    Ho  was  succeeded  by 

Ids  SOD, 

RoDERT  Biusno,  of  Crofton,  wlio  married  Isabel,  daughter  of 
William  Dykes,  of  Warthole,  by  whom  ho  had  issue, 
I.  Thomas,  a  priest. 


II.  Robert,  who  succeeded  his  father. 

III.  Isold,  who  served  against  the  Saracens,  and  died  a  hermit. 

IV.  Edward  Brisco,  of  Westward,  from  whom    tlie  families    of 

Westward  aud  Aldenhuin,  co.  Hertford,  are  descended. 
v.  Alexander  Brisco,  from  whom  are  descended  the  Briscos  of 
Yarwell,  co.  Northampton  ;  and  two  daughters,  Sytli,  mar- 
ried to  liichard  Brown ;  and  Susan,  married  to  Robert  Ellis, 
of  Bothill. 

Robert  Brisco,  of  Crofton,  second  son  of  the  last  Robert, 
married  Catharine,  daughter  and  sole  heir  of  Clement  Skelton, 
of  Petteril  Wray,  and  had  issue.     He  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

John  Brisco,  of  Crofton,  who  married  Janet,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Salkeld,  Esq.,  of  Corby. 

RiciuRD  Brisco,  of  Croftou,  son  of  John,  married  a  daughter 
of  Leigh,  of  Frisiugton,  by  wliom  he  had  issue  Robert  and 
Leonard ;  the  latter  of  whom  had  a  son,  Robert,  who  married 
the  heiress  of  Coldhall,  in  whose  posterity  that  inheritance  con- 
tinued for  four  generations,  when  that  branch  became  extinct. 

Robert  Brisco,  of  Crofton,  sou  and  heir  of  Richard,  was 
slain  at  the  battle  of  Solway  Moss ;  in  reward  of  whose  services, 
Henry  VIII.  remitted  the  wardship  of  his  infant  son  for  the 
benefit  of  the  widow  aud  the  said  infant. 

John  Brisco,  of  Crofton,  son  and  heir  of  Robert,  married 
Anne,  daughter  of  William  Musgravc,  Esq.,  of  Hayton.  He 
purchased  Leigh's  part  of  the  manor  of  Orton,  in  Cumberland, 
of  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson  and  Maud,  his  wife,  late  wife  of  Thomas 
Leigh,  of  Isell;  and  another  third  part  of  Thomas  Blennerhasset, 
of  Carlisle.     He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  and  heir, 

John  Brisco,  of  Crofton,  who  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Sir 
Thomas  Brathwaite,  of  BurnesheaJ,  and  by  her  had  sixteen 
children,  viz.,  ten  sons  and  six  daughters. 

1.  Thomas,  who  died  in  infancy. 
II.  Thomas,  who  also  died  iu  infancy. 

III.  William,  his  successor. 

IV.  John  Brisco,  of  Wampool,  who  married  Judith,  a  daughter 

of Bewley. 

V.  Edward,  a  merchant  in  London,  who  married  a  daughter 

of Tolsou,  Esq.,  of  Bridekirk,  aud  died  without  issue. 

VI.  Richard,  who  died  young. 
VII.  Thomas,  who  died  iu  infancy, 
viii.  Christopher,  who  died  in  Ireland,  unmarried. 
IX.  Frani'is,   a  oaptaUi  of   horse  in  the  civil  wars,  who  died 

unmarried. 
X.  Nazareth,  wlio  died  in  his  travels  beyond  the  sea,  unmarried. 
I.  .lane,  who  died  unmarried. 

II.  Dorothy,  married  to   Sir  John  Pousonby,  of  Hale,  colonel  of 

a  regiment  in  the  civil  wars,  who  went  over  into  Ireland 
with  CiMinwell,  and  settled  there ;  and  was  ancestor  of  tho 
Earls  of  Beslioniugh. 

III.  Grace,  married  to  Clement  Skelton,  of  Peltentwray. 

IV.  ^lary,  who  died  young. 

V.  Mary,  married  to  the  Rev.  Joseph  Nicolson,  father  (by  her) 

iif  William  Nicolson,  Lord  Bishop  of  Ciu*!isle. 
VI.  .Agnes,  married  to  William  Rnyson,  of  Dalstou. 
Wii.HASi  Bbisco,  of  Crofton,  third  son  and  heir  of  John, 
married  twice.     By  bis  first  wife,  Susanuah,  daughter  of  Sir 
Randal  Cranllcld,  he  had  issue  one  son,  who  died  young.     By 
his  second  wife,  Susannah,  daughter  of  Francis  Brown,  merchant 
and  alderman  of  London,  ho  had  issue, 
I.  John,  who  succeeded  him. 

11.  William,  a  ineribniit  iu  London,  who  died  without  issue. 
111.  Tlionm?,  who  married  Jane,  daiighlcr  of  Lancelot  Fletcher, 
lOsii.,  of  Tallantire,  and  widow  of  Major  Crisp,  by  whom  ha 
bad  issue. 

John  Brisco,  of  Crofton,  eldest  son  and  heir  of  William, 
married  Mercy,  daughter  of  William  Johnson,  of  Kibblesworth, 
in  county  Durham,  alderman  of  Ncwcastle-on-Tyne,  and  by  her 
had  issue, 

I.  William,  who  died  unuiorried. 


251 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW .  DERWENT  WARD. 


n.  Jons,  his  successor. 
lu.  Tliomas,  who  tUed  immarried. 
n  NathKniel,  nhu  also  died  UDmurried. 
T.  Richard.    TI.  Henry. 
I.  Margaret,  who  itiiirried  Georpe  LongstafiT,  Esq. 

II.  Susnuna,  who  married  Rev.  David  Bell,  rector  of  Orton  and 

Aspatria. 
III.  Abigail,    married   to    Henry    Buseo,    of   Backborough,    in 

Ireland. 
IT.  Mary. 

He  was  succeeded  by  his  second  son, 

John  BRisco,Esq.,ofCroftoD,wlio  married  Catherine,  danghter 
of  Sir  Richard  Jlus^rave,  of  Hayton,  aud  by  her  had  issue, 

I.  Richard,  who  married  a  daughter  of  Lamplugh,  of  Lamplugh, 

and  died  before  his  father,  without  issue. 
II.  John,  who  succeeded  his  father. 

III.  William,  rector  of  Dissinglon. 
n*.  Musgrave,  a  captain  in  the  army. 

V.  James,  collector  of  customs  at  Beaumaris. 
VI.  Wastel,  who  went  to  Jamaica. 

vn.  Ralph,  who  married  Dorothy,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Jonathan 
Rowland. 
I.  Dorothy,  married  to  Richard  Lamplugh,  Esq.,  of  Ribton. 
II.  Catherine,  married  to  Jolm  Holme,  of  Carlisle,  attorney-at-law. 
Mr.  Brisco  was  succeeded  by  his  second  son, 

The  Rev.  John-  Bnisco,  of  Crofton  Hall,  rector  of  Orton  and 
Ticar  of  Aspatria,  who  married  Catherine,  daughter  of  John 
Hjlton,  Esq.,  of  Hylton  Castle,  and  had  issue, 

I.  John,  his  successor. 

II.  Richard,  an  officer  in  the  army,  killed  in  Germany, 
ui.  Horlon,  colonel  E.  I.  Co.'s  service. 
IT.  William  Musgrave,  an  officer  in  the  army. 
T.  James,  in  holy  orders,  rector  of  Orton. 

I.  Dorothy,  married  to  Jacob  Morland,  Esq. 

He  was  succeeded,  at  his  decease,  by  his  eldest  son, 
John  Bkisco,  Esq.,  of  Crofton  Hall,  who  was  created  a 
baronet,  11th  July,  1782.  Sir  John  married  Caroline  Alicia,i 
daughter  of  Gilbert  Fane  Fleming,  Esq.,  by  Lady  Camilla 
Bennet,  his  wife,  sister  of  Charles,  4th  Earl  of  Tankerville,  and 
by  her  (who  died  27lh  December,  1822)  he  had 

I.  Wastel,  his  successor. 

II.  Fleming  Jolm,  born  in  17X1. 

I.  Camilla  Caroline.    II.  Caroline. 

III.  Augusta.     IV.  Emma. 

He  died  27th  December,  1800,  aud  was  succeeded  by  his 
eldest  son. 

Sir  Wastel  Bbisco,  Baronet,  of  Crofton  Hall,  bom  in  1778, 
married  18th  November,  180C,  Hiss  Sarah  Lester,  and  has  had 
issue, 

I.  Robert,  bom  17tli  September,  isn8,  married  10th  July,  1832, 

Anne,  third   daughter  of  George    Rimmington,   Esq.,   of 
Tynefield  House,  county  Cumberland,  and  has  issue, 
I.  Musgrave  Horton,  bom  11th  .\ugust,  1833. 

II.  Robert  George,  bom  7tb  September,  183U. 
HI.  Wastel,  born  JlUh  Sei)temlier,  1838. 

IV.  Fleming,  bom  2l.Hh  April,  181-5. 

v.  Arthur  Hylton,  bom  18th  September,  1S17. 
TI.  Alfred,  bom  3rd  April,  18.51. 

I.  Annie  Camilla,    ii.  Ada  Susan. 

III.  Ella.    IT.  Frances  Dykes. 

II.  Hylton  Harrey,  bom  21th  March,  1810. 

t  Her  sister,  Camilla  AnnabeUa,  married  Edward  Cary,  Esq.,  and 
was  mother  of  the  present  George  Stanley  Carey,  Esq.,  of  Follatou 
Park,  Devon. 


III.  Wastel,  l)om  2Cth  October,  1812,  died  in  July,  1835. 
Creation.— nth  July,  1782. 

Arms. — .Vrg.,  three  greyhounds,  courant,  in  pale,  sa. 
Crest. — A  greyhound,  courant,  sa.,  seizing  a  hare,  ppr. 

PARTOX    AND    MICKLETHWAITE. 

This  townsliip  comprises  an  area  of  6'27  acres.  It 
contained  in  1801,  98  inhabitants;  in  1811,  110  ;  in 
18-21,  95  ;  in  1831,  85  ;  in  1841,  101;  and  in  1851, 
90  ;  who  principally  reside  in  the  hamlets  of  Parton  and 
Micklethwaite. 

The  manor  of  Parton  which,  besides  Partou  and 
Micklethwaite,  includes  Xealhouse  in  Thui-sby  town- 
ship and  Cardewlees  in  Dalston  parish,  was  anciently 
held  by  a  family  who  took  their  name  from  the  place. 
From  this  family  it  was  transferred  by  marriage  to  the 
Manscis,  one  of  whom,  PJchard  Mansel,  married  the 
heiress  of  the  Partons,  and  by  her  had  a  son  and  heir, 
Jolm  Mansel,  who  sold  this  manor  to  Robert  de  Mnl- 
caster,  who  granted  the  same,  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
III.,  to  Robert  de  Grinsdale.  This  Robert  de  Giins- 
dale  had  issue  Gilbert,  wlio  had  issue  Alan  and  Robert. 
Alan  had  two  sons,  Thomas  and  Henry,  who  both  died 
without  issue,  when  Parton  feU  to  their  sister  Margaret, 
who  gave  it  to  Robert  de  Roos,  her  second  husband, 
whose  nephew  and  heir,  Richard  Roos,  sold  it  to  Jolm 
Carhel,  incumbent  of  Kirkland,  and  his  nephew  Robert, 
son  of  Robert  Carliel,  sold  it  to  William  Denton,  son  and 
heir  of  John  Denton,  of  Cardew,  in  whose  family  it 
continued  till  George  Denton,  of  Cardew,  sold  the  manor 
to  Sir  John  Lowther  in  lOSO,  and  it  is  now  possessed 
by  his  descendant,  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.'  In  1672,  the 
John  Denton  just  mentioned  sold  to  the  tenants,  for  61 
years'  ancient  rent,  about  £330,  all  rents,  fines,  heriots, 
carnages,  boon -days,  duties,  services,  and  demands 
whatsoever ;  reserving  only  one  penny  rent  to  be  paid  at 
Martinmas  yearly,  and  suit  of  court,  royalties,  escheats, 
and  all  other  mattere  belonging  to  the  lordship.  He 
also  granted  them  liberty  to  cut  wood  for  their  own  use, 
and  to  get  stones  within  their  own  grounds,  or  the 
wastes,  for  their  houses  and  fences.  Sir  AVastel  Brisco, 
Bart.,  John  Addison,  Esq.,  Thomas  Ismay,  Esq.,  and 
John  Hewson,  Esq.,  are  the  principal  landowners. 

The  village  of  Parton  occupies  a  pleasant  situation, 
two  mUes  north-north-east  of  Wigton.  Micklethwaite 
is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  on  the  road  between  Wig- 
ton  and  Carlisle,  two  miles  north  by  east  of  the  former 
place. 

1  This  must  have  been  the  estate  in  Tbursby,  mentioned  in  tlie 
Chronicle  of  Lauercost,  as  given  by  Edward  II.  to  Sir  Richard 
Denton,  for  his  good  services  in  taking  Sir  Andi-ew  de  Hercla 
prisoner,  in  the  Castle  of  Carlisle.    See  pages  88,  89. 


TORPENHOW  PAEISU. 


255 


TORPENHOW    PARISH. 

TuE  parish  of  Torpenhow  lies  on  the  south  side  of  the  river  Ellen,  and  is  about  six  miles  in  length  from  north  to 
south,  by  two  and  a  half  miles  in  breadth.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  river,  ou  the  west  by  Plumbland,  on  the 
south  by  Iscll,  and  on  the  east  by  Ireby.  The  soil  towards  the  north-west  is  of  a  sharp  gi-avelly  nature,  and  in 
the  other  parts  a  strong  loam,  cold  clay,  or  limestone  earth  prevails,  producing  in  general  good  crops  of  wheat,  oats, 
barley,  Ac.  Limestone  is  found  here  in  abundance.  The  parish  includes  the  four  townships  of  Bewaldcth  and 
Snittlegarth,  Blennerhasset  and  Kirkland,  Bothel  and  Threapland,  and  Torpenhow  and  Whitrigg,  whose  united 
area  is  9,670  acres.     The  inhabitants  attend  the  Wigton  and  Cockermouth  markets. 

have  been  purchased  of  the  latter  by  Sir  Gilfrid  Lawson, 
iu  1 712,  and  has  since  passed  with  the  Isell  estate.     It 


TOIiPKXnOW    AND    WniTRir.G. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  townsliip  is  .<;1,3I  0.  The 
population  in  1801  was  310;  in  1811,  262;  in  1821, 
256;  in  18;31,  317;  in  18-11,  315;  and  in  1851,  349. 
Torpenhow  was  enclosed  in  1 808,  under  the  provisions 
of  an  act  passed  in  the  previous  year. 

The  manor  of  Torpenhow  was  given  by  Alan,  son 
of  Waltheof,  to  his  brother-in-law,  Ughtred,  son  of 
Fergus,  lord  of  'ialloway,  to  be  held  by  him  and  his 
heirs  by  homage,  coruage,  and  other  services.  Philip 
de  Valoniis  held  it  in  the  reign  of  Henry  11.,  in  right  of 
his  wife,  who  hold  the  same  of  Reginald  Lucy,  and 
Amabii,  his  wife,  lord  of  the  moiety  of  Allerdale.  In 
the  time  of  King  John  it  was  held  by  Piobert  Estoteville, 
brother  to  Nicholas  Estoteville,  lord  of  Liddell.  In 
1247,  AVUliam,  son  of  WUliam  de  Ulfby,  gave  three 
carucates  of  land  here  to  Robert  de  Mulcaster,  and 
held  five  parts  of  the  same  of  Richard  Brun  ;  the  other 
sixth  part,  which  he  joined  to  the  manor  of  Bothel,  he 
held  of  the  lord  of  Liddell,  heir  of  Estoteville.  The  five 
parts,  just  mentioned,  descended  to  the  Mulcasters,  and 
from  them  to  the  Tilliols,  one  of  whose  co-heirs  brought 
the  same  to  the  Moresbys.  "  The  heir  general  of  the 
Moresbys,"  say  Nicolson  and  Bum,  "  was  married  to 
Weston,  Knevet,  and  Vaughan.  Accordingly  in  the 
35  Henry  VIII.  (1543-4)  it  is  found  that  Henry 
Ivnevet  and  Anno  his  wife,  in  right  of  the  said  Anne, 
held  the  manor  and  to\>-n  of  Torpenhow  of  the  king  in 
eapite,  by  the  service  of  24  s.  coniagc,  lUd.  seawake, 
and  puture  of  tho  Serjeants.  Afterwards,  her  third 
husband,  Vaughan,  joined  with  her  in  levying  a  fine, 
and  thereby  convoyed  the  manor  of  Torpenhow  unto 
.lames  Salkeld  and  John  Appleby."  This  estate  has 
passed  witii  Whitehall,  in  tho  parish  of  Allhallows,  and 
is  now  tile  property  of  John  W.  Charlton,  Esq. 

The  paramount  manor  of  Whitrigg  was,  in  1804  or 
1805,  adjuiiged  to  belong  to  Mr.  Charlton,  who,  at  the 
time  of  tho  enclosure,  had  a  composition  for  his 
manorial  rights.  This  manor  is  at  present  held  by 
John  W.  Chariton,  Esq.  A  subordinate  manor  of  the 
same  name,  wiiich  passed  with  one  of  tho  co-heiresses 
of  tho  Tillinl  family  to  that  of  Coh-ille,  and  was  after- 
wanls  held  by  the  Skeltons,  of  Annathwaite,  is  said  to 


is  now  held  by  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart.  The  prin- 
cipal landowners  in  the  township  are  Sir  Wilfrid  Law- 
son,  Bart.;  Sir  Henry  11.  Vane,  Bart.;  Heuiy  Railton. 
Esq.;  George  Moore,  Esq.;  William  Thornburn,  Esq.; 
John  Thirlwall,  Esq. ;  Mr.  Thomas  Plaskett,  and  Miss 
Moore. 

The  village  of  Torpenhow  occupies  a  pleasant  situa- 
tion, a  short  distance  from  the  Cockermouth  road,  about 
seven  miles  south-south-west  of  Wigton,  and  eight  and 
a  half  miles  uorth-by-east  of  Cockermouth. 

THE  CHUBCH. 

Torpenhow  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Michael,  is  an 
ancient  structure,  containing  some  good  specimens  of 
Norman  architecture, — the  great  arch  is  encircled  with 
chevron  mouldings.  The  capitals  of  the  half  pillars  on 
each  side  arc  remarkably  ornamented  ;  one  of  the  sides 
being  formed  by  an  assemblage  of  grotesque  heads,  the 
other  by  human  figures,  with  interlaced  arms.  The 
church  of  Torpenhow  was  given  by  Sibella  de  Valoniis 
and  Eustachius  Estoteville  to  the  prioress  and  con- 
vent of  Rossdale  in  Yorkshire,  to  whom  it  was  appro- 
priated ;  but  by  an  award  made  iu  the  year  1290,  by 
Bishop  Irton,  the  glebe,  &c.,  of  Torpenhow,  and  the 
great  tithes  of  Torpenhow,  Threapland,  Aldorsceugh, 
Applewray,  SnitUegaith,  Bellasis,  and  Bewaldcth,  were 
assigned  to  the  vicar  for  the  maintenance  of  three 
priests  and  one  sub-deacon,  one  of  the  said  priests  to 
assist  the  vicar  iu  all  parochial  offices,  another  to  cele- 
brate, daily,  the  mass  of  tho  Blessed  Virgin,  and  another 
to  say  mass  for  the  dead,  and  for  the  prosperity  of  the 
bishop  and  his  successors.  Some  of  these  tithes  were 
granted  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  15(')2,  to  Cicely  Pickrell, 
and  the  remainder  in  1574  to  John  Sonkej-  and  Percival 
Gunson.  At  the  enclosure,  which  was  made  in  1808, 
about  i>50  acres  were  allotted  in  lieu  of  all  tithes  ;  those 
of  Torpenhow  and  Bewaldcth  townships  belong  entirely 
to  the  vicar,  for  which  he  has  about  329  acres,  viz. : — 
240  for  the  former,  and  about  eighty  for  the  latter.  He 
has  also  forty  acres  for  the  tithes  of  Bothel,  and  twenty, 
five  for  those  of  Blennerhasset ;  tho  great  tithes  of  the 
former  belong  to  W.  Thornburn,  Esq.,  for  which  he 


250 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW  -  DERWENT  WARD. 


has  eighty  acres  ;  and  for  the  tithes  of  Threaplaud  125 
acres  have  been  awarded.  The  living  is  valued  in  the 
King's  Book  at  £33  Is.  lOd. ;  but  is  now  worth  about 
j£305  per  annum.  It  is  iu  the  patronage  of  the  Bishop 
of  Carlisle. 

ViCAKS.— Roger  Teytenin,  1303 ;    Robert  Jo  Ilalogton,  131(1 ; 

Alan  Jo  Ilomcastle,  1323;  Thomas  RolanJ,  ;    Peter  de 

MorlanJ,  1355;  Thomas  de  Salkeld,  135;);  Thomas  de  Enghle, 

;  Robert  de  Bjx,  1371  ;  John  Jla.son,  1380  ;  John  de  Car- 

lel,  occurs  in  1303 ;  William  Dobson,  deprived  IOCS;  Thomas 
Tookie,  15C8;    Anthony  Walkwood,  1570  ;    Bernard  Robinson, 

1615;    Bernard   Robinson,  junr.,   1033;    William   Sill,  ; 

William  Nicolson,  1081 ;  Thomas  Nevinson,  IfiOS ;  Thomas 
Nicolson,  1723;  William  Fleming,  1735;  Thomas  Wilson, 
1713;  Augustus  11.  Newcombe,  1773;  George  Law,  1787; 
J.  D.  Carljle,  173 1 ;  John  Fenton,  1801 ;  Joseph  Thexton, 
1854.1 

There  is  a  parsonage  house. 

In  the  village  there  is  a  memorial  Sunday  school,  a 
small  but  ueat  building,  erected  in  1855,  by  the  late 
Joseph  Eailton,  Esq.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  a  place 
of  worship  on  Sunday  evenings. 

CHAllITIES. 

In  addition  to  the  school  at  Bethel,  this  parish  pos- 
sesses the  following  charities  : — 

Addison's  Charity. — Thomas  Addison,  by  will,  dated 
14th  December,  1702,  devised  to  trustees  certain  lauds 
and  tenements  in  Torpenhow,  that  they  should  lay  out 
the  rent  of  the  said  premises,  for  the  first  year  after  his 
decease,  in  making  a  convenient  place  for  setting  the 
bread  and  loaves,  thereby  directed  to  be  distributed,  as 
thereafter  mentioned ;  and  upon  further  trust,  yearly, 
for  ever  thereafter,  to  divide  the  rent  of  the  said  premi- 
ses into  fifty-two  equal  parts,  to  bo  laid  out  weekly  by  the 
overseers  of  the  poor  of  the  said  parish,  with  the  appro- 
bation of  the  vicar  or  curate  for  the  time  being,  iu  such 
quantities  of  bread  as  the  said  overseers  should  appoint, 
to  be  set  in  the  place  thereby  ordered  to  be  fitted,  every 
Sunday  during  divine  service,  and  to  be  distributed  to 
such  and  to  so  many  of  the  poor  people  of  the  said  parish 
as  the  said  trustees,  churchwardens,  and  si.xteen  of  the 
said  parish,  or  any  thirteen,  or  more  of  them,  should 
judge  fit,  such  poor  people  to  be  present  in  church  during 
the  service,  unless  hindered  and  kept  from  the  church 
by  some  lawful  impediment.  This  charity  now  pro- 
duces d£10  per  annum,  and  bread  to  that  amount  is 
given  away,  by  weekly  distribution,  on  Sundays,  at 
church,  amongst  the  poor  attending  divine  service. 

Beiraldeth  Quarter.  —  Simpson's  Charity.  —  John 
Simpson,  by  will,  dated  QOth  November,  1753,  gave  to 
the  poor  of  Bewaldeth  Quarter  £40.,  the  interest  thereof 
to  be  paid  yearly,  on  Good  Friday. 

1  This  gentleman  was  curate  from  1S31  till  his  appointment  to 
the  vicarage. 


Blenncrhassct  Quarter. — Bouch's  Charity. — Richard 
Bouch,  by  will,  dated  August  20th,  1713,  gave  to  tho 
poor  of  Blennerhassot  Quarter,  for  ever,  all  the  rents 
and  profits  of  a  freehold  close,  called  GUI  Bushes,  and 
uouiiuated  certain  trustees  to  dispose  of  the  rents  at 
their  discretion,  to  the  use  of  the  poor  of  the  said  quarter 
of  Blennerhasset,  on  every  2nd  day  of  November,  at  the 
parish  church  of  Torpenhow  ;  and  he  empowered  his 
trustees  to  lease,  alienate,  or  convey  the  said  close  at 
their  discretion,  so  as  the  rents  or  interest  of  the  money 
should  continue  to  the  use  and  purpose  aforesaid ; 
keeping  to  themselves  a  moderate  allowance  for  their 
trouble.  Gill  Bushes  was  sold  some  years  ago  to  the 
late  George  Dawson,  Esq.,  and  in  its  stead  a  field,  about 
six  acres  in  extent,  at  Bothcl,  called  Thornbank,  has 
been  purchased,  the  rent  of  which  is  £5  a  year,  which  is 
distributed  to  the  aged  poor  of  the  township  of  Blenner- 
hasset and  Kirkland. 

Whitrigg,  or  Whitcrigg,  said  to  derive  its  name  from 
"the  waste  ground  there  fashioned  like  a  cornrig,"  is  a 
village  and  joint  township  with  Torpenhow,  from  which 
it  is  distant  one  mile  south. 

BEWALDETH    AND    SN'nTLE0.4ETH. 

In  1801  this  township  contained  5.'j  inhabitants;  in 
1811,  05;  in  1821,  97;  in  1831,  72;  in  1811,  73; 
and  in  1851,  90.  The  rateable  value  is  £856  10s.  2d. 
The  soil  here  is  good,  resting  on  limestone. 

The  manor  of  Bewaldeth,  or  Bowaldcth,  was  given  by 
Waltheof,  lord  of  Allerdale,  to  Gilmin,  whose  posterity, 
residing  at  Bothel,  assumed  the  name  of  Bowett. 
Having  afterwards  reverted  to  tlie  lord  paramount,  it 
was  granted  by  Adelaide  Romili,  daughter  of  William 
Fitz  Duncan,  to  John  de  Utterfield.  It  subsequently 
became  the  property  of  the  jMulcasters,  in  which  family 
it  remained  for  several  descents.     In  the  2nd  Edward 

I.  (1273-4)  Robert  de  Mulcaster  granted  by  fine  to  his 
son,  Walter  de  Mulcaster,  the  manors  of  Bewaldeth, 
Bolton,  Torpenhow,  and  Blennerhasset;  and  in  the 
2nd  Henry  VI.  (1400-1)  Robert  de  Mulcaster  granted 
to  Robert  de  Highmore  the  vLU  of  Bewaldeth,  with  the 
water  mill,  &c.  It  continued  to  be  held  by  the  Highmore 
family  till  Mr.  Benson  Highmore  sold  it  to  James 
Spedding,  Esq.,  from  a  descendant  of  whom,  John 
Spedding,  Esq.,  of  Mirehouse,  it  was  purchased  by  Sir 
Frederick  Fletcher  Vane,  Bart.,  grandfather  of  Sir  H. 
R.  Vane,  Bart.,  the  present  lord  of  the  manor.  From 
an  inquisition  quod  damnum  taken  in  the  6th  Edward 

II.  (1312-13)  we  learn  that  the  manor  was  held  of  the 
honour  of  Cockerraouth,  by  the  service  of  maintaining 
one  of  the  king's  servants  once  for  every  three  weeks. 


TORPENnOW  TARISH. 


257 


The  principal  landowners  are  Henry  Railton,  Esq.; 
Sir  Henry  U.  Vane,  Bart.;  Robert  Atkinson,  John 
Bows,  and  John  Birbeck. 

The  village  of  Bewaldeth  is  situated  behind  the  lofty 
mountain  called  Binsey  Fell,  two  miles  north  of  the 
foot  of  Bassenthwaite  Lake,  and  four  miles  south-south- 
west of  Ireby. 

Snittlegarth,  now  the  seat  and  property  of  Henry 
Railton,  Esq.,  is  supposed  to  have  been  formerly  a 
village  of  considerable  magnitude. 

BLENNERHASSET   .\ND    KIHKLAXD. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £1,800.  The 
number  of  its  inhabitants  in  J  801  was  201;  in  1811, 
195;  in  1821,224;  in  1831,238;  in  1811,  224;  and 
in  1851,  211.  The  commons  of  this  township  were 
enclosed  by  an  act  of  parliament  passed  in  180T. 

The  manor  of  Blennerhasset  was  given  by  Alan,  lord 
of  Allerdale,  to  his  brother-in-law,  Rauulph  do  Lindsey, 
from  whose  family  it  passed  by  inheritance  to  the  Mul- 
casters,  one  of  whom,  Robert  de  Mulcaster,  held  it  in 
the  reif;n  of  Henry  HI.  Robert  was  succeeded  in  the 
manor  by  his  son  William,  who  had  issue  Walter,  who 
had  issue  William,  whose  son  Robert  had  a  daughter 
and  co-heir,  who  was  married  to  Jeflbry  Tilliol,  and 
brought  Hayton,  Torponhow,  and  Blennerhasset  to  the 
Tilliols.  Blennerhasset  continued  in  this  family  for  five 
generations,  when  I\Iargaret,  the  younger  sister  of  Robert 
do  Tilliol,  brought  it  in  marriage  to  Robert  Moresby, 
Esq.,  who  died  in  the  :!7th  Henry  VI.  (1458-0).  Tho 
Moresbys  held  the  manor  till  the  demise  of  Sir  Christo- 
pher Moresby,  in  10th  Henry  VII.  (1500-1),  when  it 
was  brought  by  his  daughter,  Anne,  to  Sir  .Tames  Pick- 
ering, Knt.,  of  Killington,  in  Westmoreland.  The 
heiress  of  tho  Pickerings  sold  it  in  tho  following  reign 
to  tho  Salkelds,  as  we  loam  from  an  inquisition  taken 
^r,th  Henry  VIII.  (1543-1),  when  it  was  found  that  Sir 
Henry  Knevet,  and  Anne,  his  wife,  daughter  of  Sir 
Christopher  Pickering,  then  held  the  manor  of  Torpon- 
how, but  she  had  before  sold  tho  manor  of  Blennerhasset; 
for  at  tho  same  time  wo  find  that  Tiiomas  Salkcld,  of 
Wliitehall,  held  tlio  manor  of  Blennerhasset  of  the 
king  in  capitc,  by  the  service  of  tho  third  part  of  one 
knight's  fee,  123.  cornage,  0}d.  seawake,  and  puture 
of  the  sergeants.  From  another  inquisition  taken  in 
the  20lh  Elizabeth  (1577-8),  we  learn  that  at  that  time 
Lancelot  Salkeld  held  tho  manor  of  Blennerhasset, 
some  limo  tho  land  of  the  ICarl  of  Warwick,  by  homage, 
fealty,  and  suit  of  court,  and  paid  yearly  for  cornage 
13s.  Id.;  seawake,  Is.;  turn-silver,  3s.  lOd.;  with  ser- 
geant's food;  in  toto,  I83.  9d.  The  manor  of  Blen- 
nerhasset has  since  passed  with  Whitehall,  and  is  now 

28 


the  property  of  William  Henry  Charlton,  Esq.,  ot 
Hesley  Side.  Up  to  the  time  of  the  publication  of 
Nicolson  and  Burn's  History,  the  tenants  of  this  manor 
paid  an  ancient  annual  rent  of  £23,  and  arbitrary  fines, 
and  also  heriots  as  well  upon  the  widow's  death  as 
death  of  the  tenant,  and  several  boons  and  services, 
viz.:  —  "One  day  mowing,  shearing,  ploughing,  mea- 
dows dressing,  and  two  days  leading  coals." 

The  manor  of  Kirkland,  so  called  from  having  be- 
longed to  the  church,  was  previous  to  the  suppression 
of  the  religious  houses,  held  by  the  prioress  and  convent 
of  Rossdale.  After  the  reformation  it  was  given  to  the 
Salkeld  family,  from  whom  it  has  come  to  William 
Henry  Cliarlton,  Esq.  Nicolson  and  Burn  state  that 
"  the  tenants  here  have  an  e.'ctraordinary  kind  of  tenure, 
namely,  by  lease  granted  to  them  generally  by  Mr. 
Lancelot  Salkeld,  father  of  Sir  Francis,  for  999  years, 
paying  a  certain  yearly  rent  for  every  tenement,  amount- 
ing in  the  whole  to  £6  15s.  Id.  yearly,  and  every 
twenty-one  years  they  are  to  pay  a  fine  to  the  lord, 
viz.,  "  a  twenty-penny  fine,  which  they  called  a  running 
grossem,  and  then  take  new  leases,  but  pay  no  general 
fine  upon  the  lord's  death  nor  upon  change  of  tenant, 
but  they  pay  an  heriot  upon  the  death  of  every  tenant." 
Tlie  principal  landowners  in  the  township  are  Sir 
Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart.;  William  Henry  Charlton,  Esq.; 
.Tohn  Dawson,  Esq.;  Thomas  Jennings,  Esq.;  Christo- 
pher Benson ;  Mrs.  Hartness,  Mrs.  Hodgson,  Mrs. 
Parkings,  Miss  Moore,  Joseph  Cape,  and  the  Rev, 
Joseph  Thcxton. 

The  village  of  Blennerhasset  is  situated  on  the  banks 
of  the  Ellen,  seven  miles  south-west  of  Wigton.  Here 
is  an  Independent  chapel,  a  plain  stone  building, 
erected  in  1828,  at  a  cost  of  X"J40.  There  is  also  a 
school,  which  is  supported  by  the  quarter-pence  of  the 
children,  and  has  an  average  attendance  of  about  fifty 
pupils.     There  is  a  corn-mill  in  tho  township. 

BOTHEL    AND    THREAPLAND. 

.The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  313; 
in  1811,  302;  in  1821,  384;  in  1831,  405;  in  1841, 
455  ;  and  in  1851,  495.  Bethel  and  Threapland  form 
a  joint  township  for  tho  maintenance  of  the  poor,  but 
are  separate  for  the  repairs  of  highways,  \c.  The 
waste  lands  belonging  to  tho  towuship  were  enclosed 
many  years  ago.  The  inhabitants  are  principally 
engaged  in  agriculture,  and  are  chiefly  resident  in  the 
village  of  Bothel.  Tiio  township  abounds  in  limestone, 
and  coal  is  found  in  various  places,  but  no  mines  have 
as  yet  been  opened  here.  The  soil  is  principally  a  strong 
loam.  Cockermouth  and  Wigton  are  the  markets 
usually  attended.     Ou  a  hill  south-east  of  the  village 


258 


ALLERDAXE- BELOW- DEKWEST  WARD. 


of  Botliel,  called  Camp  Hill,  are  the  remoius  of  a 
Roman  encampment,  favourably  situated  for  giving 
■warning  in  times  of  invasion,  for  it  commands  an 
extensive  view  of  the  greater  part  of  the  Solwaj  Frith 
from  Maryjiort  to  Bowness,  and  from  it  a  signal  made 
from  any  of  the  stations  near  the  border  would  be  at 
once  discovered.  In  the  year  ISo'l,  whilst  some  quarry- 
men  were  at  work  in  the  limestone  quarry  at  Botliel, 
they  found  several  human  skeletons  about  two  and  a 
half  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Some  of  them 
were  entire,  but  on  being  exposed  for  a  short  lime  to 
the  influence  of  the  atmosphere  they  crumbled  to  dust. 
A  silver  finger-ring  was  found  among  them.  How  these 
skeletons  came  to  be  in  the  place  they  were  found  is  a 
mystery ;  the  most  probable  supposition  is  that  they 
■were  the  remains  of  some  of  those  who  fell  victims 
to  the  marauding  Scots  during  the  times  of  the  border 
forays. 

The  manor  of  Bothel,  otherwise  Boald,  was  given  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  I.  by  Waltheof,  lord  of  Allerdalo, 
to  Gamel,  son  of  Brun,  whose  posterity  continued  its 
possessors  uutil  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  when,  male 
issue  failing,  it  came  to  co-heiresses,  by  whom  it  was 
brought  in  marriajje  to  the  Harrington,  Culwen,  and 
Bowet  families.  The  descendants  of  Harrington  sold 
their  share,  with  the  parks  and  demesne  to  Thomas 
Lord  Dacre,  who  conveyed  it  in  exchange  to  the 
Dentons.  From  an  inquisition  taken  in  the  20th  of 
Elizabeth  (1577-8)  we  find  that  "  Anthony  Barwise, 
Esq.,  holdeth  the  third  part  of  the  manor  of  Bothel, 
late  the  land  of  Thomas  Culwen;  Thomas  Ellis,  son 
and  heir  of  Jo.  Ellis,  holdeth  another  third  part  of  the 
said  manor,  sometimes  the  lands  of  Thomas  Bowett, 
luiight ;  and  Thomas  Denton,  of  Waraethal,  holdeth 
another  third  part  of  the  said  manor,  sometime  the  land 
of  Michael  Earington,  Knight,  by  homage,  fealty,  suit  of 
court  from  three  weeks  to  three  weeks,  and  sergeant's 
food,  and  payeth  by  year  for  cornage,  8s.  lOd. ;  and  for 
seawake,  2s.;  in  toto,  10s.  lOd."  In  1670  Thomas 
Denton,  Esq.,  sold  the  park,  &c.,  to  Sir  Francis  Salkold, 
and  the  manor  to  Captain  Anthony  Wilkes.  Sir  Henry 
Curwen  sold  the  third  part  of  Bothel,  which  belonged 
to  his  iiimily,  to  the  Barwises  of  Ileldrk,  whose  heiress 
brought  it  to  the  Dentons,  and  the  Deutons  sold  it  to  the 
Salkelds.  Bowet's  share  is  said  to  have  been  conveyed 
by  Sir  Nicholas  Bowet  to  William  Ellis,  whose  grand- 
son sold  it  to  the  tenants ;  but  in  1H07,  William  John 
Charlton,  Esq.,  representative  of  the  Salkelds,  claimed 
to  be  sole  lord  of  the  manor,  and  his  claim  was  allowed 
by  the  commissioners.  The  manorial  rights  are  now 
claimed  by  WiUiam  Henry  Charlton,  Esq.;  Mr.  Brown, 
of  Tallantire  Hall ;  and  Mr.  Turner,  of  Derwent  Hall, 


near  Keswick,  have  also  some  ti'ifling  claims.  Bothel 
Hall  is  now  a  farrn-house. 

The  manor  of  Threapland  was  granted  by  Alan, 
second  lord  of  AUcrdale,  to  his  steward,  Ketel,  from 
whose  descendants  it  passed  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I. 
to  the  family  of  Hercla,  one  of  whom,  Michael  de  Hcrcla, 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  II.  conveyed  it  to  William  de 
Mulcaster,  whose  brothers,  Thomas  and  John  de  Mul- 
caster,  held  it  successively,  the  latter  granting  it  ia 
the  reign  of  Edward  HI.,  by  fine,  to  Sir  Henry  Multon 
and  JIargaret  his  wife,  whose  daughter  and  co-heir 
brought  it  in  marriage  to  the  Skeltons.  In  1578 
William  Skelton  held  Threapland  by  homage,  fealty, 
suit  of  court,  and  other  services,  paying  yearly  for 
comage  4s.  6d. ;  seawake,  8d. ;  free  rent,  20s. ;  and 
for  sergeants  food  and  turn-silver,  2s. ;  in  toto,  27s.  2d. 
It  subsequently  passed  by  sale  to  the  Siilkeld  family, 
and  from  them  to  the  Greggs  of  i\Iirehouse,  one  co- 
heiress of  whom  married  the  Rev.  John  Story,  and  the 
other  Roger  Wilkinson,  Esq.  R.  Jackson,  Esq.,  is  the 
present  lord  of  the  manor.  Threapland  Hall  is  now 
occupied  as  a  farm-house. 

The  principal  landowners  of  the  township  are  Messrs. 
Richard  Jackson,  William  Thornburn,  Jonathan  Harri- 
man,  John  Smitbson,  John  Penrice,  Thomas  Falcon, 
Robert  Miller ;  the  trustees  of  the  late  Wilson  Jackson, 
the  trustees  of  the  late  William  Brisco,  the  trustees  of 
the  late  Joseph  Strong,  the  trustees  of  the  late  Thomas 
Moore;  Miss  Pearson,  Elizabeth  Hodgson,  and  Mrs. 
Spratt. 

The  village  of  Bothel  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
side  of  an  eminence,  one  mile  south-west  of  Torpenhow. 
At  its  east  end  is  a  remarkably  large  boulder  stone, 
probably  drifted  here  from  Norway,  or  it  may  have 
been  tossed  over  the  fells  from  Wastdale  Crag,  or  Shap 
Fells,  in  Westmoreland.  Here  are  chapels  belonging 
to  the  Wesleyans  and  Primitive  Methodists.  That 
belonging  to  the  former  body  was  eret;ted  by  subscrip- 
tion in  1840,  and  that  of  the  latter  in  1830. 

THE    SCHOOI,. 

The  only  account  we  have  of  the  foundation  of  the 
school  at  Bothel  is  derived  from  an  entry  in  one  of  the 
parish  books,  dated  May  12th,  1086,  which  states  that 
a  subscription  was  raised  amongst  the  parisliioners 
towards  the  founding  of  the  school  at  Bothel  into  a  free 
school  for  all  the  parish.  The  school  stock  raised  in 
this  manner  is  entered  in  1688  at  £55,  in  1706  at 
£44.  Part  of  this  appears  afterward  to  have  been  laid 
out  in  the  purchase  of  a  freehold  close,  called  Nicol 
Flatt,  situated  at  Bothel ;  £'10  (other  part  thereof)  was 
put  out  at  interest  till  about  1811,  when  it  was  laid  out 
as  hereafter  mentioned.  There  is  also  the  following  entry 


ULDALE  PARISH. 


259 


in  tbc  parish  book,  under  the  date  12tli  of  May,  1C80, 
and  immediately  preccdiug  the  names  of  the  inhabi- 
tants who  subscribed  to  the  raising  of  the  school 
stock  : — "  Henry  Salkeld,  Esq.,  pays  yearly  the  sum  of 
50s.,  at  the  two  terms  of  May  1st  and  November  1st." 
It  does  not  appear  whether  this  was  a  charge  existing 
before  that  time,  or  whether  Mr.  Salkeld  then  first 
agreed  to  pay  SOs.  annually  towards  the  support  of  the 
school,  nor  have  we  been  able  to  ascertain  whether  that 
payment  was  ever  paid  upon  land.  It  has,  however, 
been  considered  as  a  rent  charge  upon  Mr.  Salkeld's 
property.  In  the  parish  book,  under  the  date  of  108G, 
it  is  mentioned  as  "  Salkeld's  charge  on  Threapland, 
£•2  10s.,"  and  in  a  terrier  dated  1777  it  is  described  as 
payable  out  of  Threapland  Hall.  As  long  as  the  pro- 
perty belonging  to  the  Salkelds  remained  in  the  family 
undivided,  the  50s.  was  regularly  paid.  Previous  to 
the  year  17G8,  the  estate  was  divided  into  two  parcels: 
Threapland  Hall,  with  its  appurtenances,  came  to  Roger 
Williamson,  Esq.,  and  Bothel  Hall,  with  its  appurte- 
nances, to  Mr.  Story.  The  payment  was  then  appor- 
tioned between  these  two  persons,  the  former  paying 
yearly  £1  18s.,  and  the  latter  12s.  About  1708  Mr. 
Story  ceased  to  pay  his  proportion,  and  about  1816,  or 
1817,  Mr.  Williamson  became  embarrassed,  and  since 
that  time  the  payment  of  his  share  has  also  been  dis- 
continued. The  rents  of  two  closes,  the  one  called 
Cuskeld  and  the  other  Witheriggc,  have  also  been 
carried  to  the  school  account  from  the  time  when  the 
subscription  was  raised,  in  1080,  up  to  the  present  time. 
Before  1080  those  rents  had  been  carried  to  the  account 
of  the  parish ;  but  it  is  not  known  how  they  became 
possessed  of  tliis  projierty,  uor  by  what  arrangements 
the  rents  were  transferred  to  the  school.  A  further 
endowment  appears  to  have  been  loft  by  Ilichard  Smith- 
son,  as  we  liud  that,  in  ITOl,  John  Briseo  and  Barbara 
bis  wife  re-leasod  to  the  schoolmaster  and  si.\teen  of  the 


parish  two  acres  of  land  in  Laug  Flatt,  described  as 
being  one  moiety  of  the  land  left  to  the  free  school  by 
Ilichard  Smithson.  And  also  that  two  acres  of  land, 
lying  in  the  same  place,  and  also  described  as  being 
a  moiety  of  the  laud  left  by  Ilichard  Smithson  to 
the  free  school,  were  re-leased  to  the  same  person  by 
William  and  Jane  Allason.  There  is  also  a  close  called 
the  Low  Field,  or  the  parish  close,  the  rents  of  which, 
have  been  apphed  to  the  use  of  the  school  as  long  as 
can  be  remembered  ;  but  by  whom  this  property  was 
given  cannot  now  be  ascertained.  The  only  other 
source  of  income  to  the  school  is  a  piece  of  laud 
allotted  to  it  about  the  year  1811,  upon  the  enclosure 
of  certain  common  lands  in  the  parish.  The  ilO 
residue  of  the  school  stock  above-mentioned  was  laid 
out  in  fencing  this  allotment.  These  lands  are  seve- 
rally let  by  auction,  in  public,  by  the  sixteen  of  the 
parish  (every  seven  years),  in  whom  the  management 
of  the  school  affairs  is  vested.  The  whole  of  the  rents 
are  regularly  paid  to  the  master.  The  repairs  of  the 
school,  when  required,  are  generally  provided  for  by  the 
parish  :  except  when  there  has  been  no  schoolmaster 
the  rents  have  been  retained  and  applied  to  that  pur- 
pose. The  schoolmaster  is  appointed  by  the  sixteen  at 
a  select  vestry ;  and  he  takes  all  the  children  of  the 
parish  that  apply,  without  any  charge,  and  teaches 
them  English,  writing,  and  arithmetic.  A  regulation 
has  been  made  by  the  sixteen  that  no  children  shall  be 
admitted  under  the  age  of  five  years.  The  average 
number  of  scholars  is  now  about  seventy-five. 

In  this  township  there  is  a  small  saw-mill,  carried  on 
by  John  and  George  Messenger.  There  is  also  a  white 
freestone  quarry,  worked  by  the  inhabitants,  and  from 
which  the  houses  in  Bothel  have  been  buUt.  There 
are  in  addition  two  limestone  quarries. 

The  village  of  Threapland,  in  this  township,  is  sevea 
rniles  uorth-uorth-east  of  Cockermouth. 


ULDALE   PARISH. 

The  parisli  of  Uldale  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Bolton,  on  the  west  by  Ircby,  on  the  south  by  Basscnthwaite,  and 
on  the  cast  by  Caldbeik.  It  is  said  to  derive  its  name  from  the  river  Ellen,  which  has  its  principal  source 
hero  from  two  small  lakes,  one  of  which,  Over-water,  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half,  and  the  other,  Little  Tarn, 
about  half  a  mile  in  circumfereucc.  About  a  mile  and  a  half  to  tho  south  of  these  lakes  there  is  a  lino  cascade, 
called  White  Water  Dash,  where  u  brook  is  precipitated  from  a  lofty  mountiiin  ;  and,  after  a  great  full  of  rain,  its 
foaming  down  the  rocks,  which  may  bo  seen  at  a  considerable  distance,  is  grand  and  imposing.  Tlic  parish  contains 
throe  divisions,  viz.,  Uldale,  Aughcrtree,  and  Above  Ouze,  whoso  united  area  is  5,500  acres,  but  comprises 
only  one  township  and  manor.  Cockermouth,  ^Vigtou,  and  Keswick  arc  the  mai-kcts  usually  attended  by  the 
inhabitants. 


260 


ALLEEDALE  -  BELOW  -  DERWENT  WAED. 


The  population  of  Uldale  in  1801  was  284  ;  in  1811, 
279;  in  1821,  343;  in  1831,  344;  in  1841,  330;  and 
in  1851,  388.  Its  rateable  value  is  £1,815.  The  soil 
about  the  village  of  Uldale  is  a  clay,  or  strong  loam, 
and  produces  excellent  crops  of  barley,  oats,  turnips, 
&c.,  and  the  Uldale  Hall  estate  has  long  been  known  as 
one  of  the  finest  grazing  farms  in  the  county.  The 
division  Above-Ouze,  which  is  more  mountainous  and 
much  colder,  is  not  so  fruitful,  the  crops  there  being 
generally  light ;  but  it  alTords  good  pasturage  for  sheep, 
of  which  between  four  and  five  thousand  are  kept  in 
the  parish,  which,  like  Caldbeck  and  other  adjoining 
parishes,  is  famed  for  the  Herdwick  breed.  Large 
quantities  of  limestone  are  obtained  here,  and  a  small 
seam  of  coal  has  also  been  met  with.  There  are  also 
some  veins  of  copper,  which  were  wrought,  but  with 
indifferent  success,  about  seventy  years  ago.  On  Uldale 
common  are  some  ancient  ruins,  apparently  the  remains 
of  two  Roman  stations,  and  in  a  field  near  Orthwaite 
Hall  is  a  very  perfect  Roman  camp  ;  a  tripod  and  other 
things  have  been  lately  dug  up  in  its  vicinity. 

The  manor  of  Uldale  was  given  by  Waltheof,  lord  of 
AUerdale,  to  Adam,  son  of  Lyulph,  brother  of  Phoru, 
son  of  Lyulph,  baron  of  Greystoke,  together  with  the 
manor  of  Gilcrux.  From  this  Adam  it  descended  by  a 
daughter  to  the  Bonekills,  who  granted  Gilcrux  to  a 
younger  brother,  Robert  Bonekill,  whose  sons,  Thomas 
and  Walter,  gave  away  their  inheritance  in  Gilcrux  to 
the  abbey  of  Calder  —  this  grant  was  confirmed  by  Sir 
Ranulph  Bonekill,  lord  paramount  of  Uldale  and  Gil- 
crux.  Sir  Ranulph  had  issue  Alexander,  whose  son 
Adam  gave  Aiverthwaite,  now  Aughertree,  parcel  of 
his  manor  of  Uldale,  to  the  priory  of  Carlisle.  The 
said  Adam  had  issue  another  son,  Alexander,  whose 
daughter  and  heir  was  married  first  to  John  Stuart, 
kinsman  of  the  King  of  Scotland,  and  afterwards  to 
David  Brigham,  a  Scottish  knight  renowned  for  his 
prowess  and  bravery,  and  by  this  marriage  the  manor 
of  Uldale  passed  to  the  Brigham  family.  "This  David 
Brigham,"  say  Jsicolson  and  Burn,  "was  a  companion 
of  William  Wallace  that  was  executed  at  London  for 
treason  committed  against  Edward  I.,  by  resisting  that 
king's  attempt  for  the  superiority  of  Scotland,  and  the 
Baliol's  right  to  the  crown  of  Scotland,  taking  part 
with  Robert  Bruce.  Wallace  was  a  man  of  extraor- 
dinary strength,  and  David  Brigham  an  exceeding  good 
horseman,  whereupon  the  Scots  made  this  rhyme, — 

The  man  was  ne'er  so  wigbt  nor  genj. 
But  worthy  Wallace  durst  him  bide  ; 

Nor  ever  horse  so  wild  or  weud. 
But  David  Brigham  durst  him  ride." 

On  the  attainder  of  Alexander  Senescall,  this  manor 
was  given  to  Anthony  Lord  Lucy,  in  1337,  as  we  learn 


from  the  patent  rolls  of  the  reign  of  Edward  IIL 
From  this  time  it  continued  attached  to  the  barony  of 
AUerdale  until  Henry,  the  sixth  carl  of  Northumber- 
land, gave  it  to  Henry  VIH.,  who,  by  letters  patent 
bearing  date  15tli  of  July,  1543,  granted  to  Thomas 
Dalston,  Esq.,  together  with  other  possessions,  the 
manor  of  Uldale,  for  which  he  was  to  pay  yearly 
47s.  3id.  This  Thomas  Dalston,  two  years  later,  by 
fine,  settled  the  manor  upon  himself  and  his  second 
wife  Eleanor  for  life,  with  remainder  to  his  son  Chris- 
topher Dalston  (by  his  said  second  wife)  and  the  heirs 
of  his  body,  with  remainder  to  his  own  right  heirs. 
Uldale  continued  to  be  possessed  by  the  Dalstons  till 
the  demise  of  Sir  William  Dalston,  Knt.,  of  Acorn 
Bank,  Westmoreland,  when  it  was  sold  to  John  Gaff, 
Esq.,  and  by  his  son  to  the  Earl  of  Egremont,  from 
whom  it  has  descended  to  General  Wyndham,  the 
present  lord  of  the  manor.  The  principal  landowners 
are  Jackson  Gillbanks,  Esq. ;  Henry  Railton,  Esq. ; 
Henry  Grainger,  Esq. ;  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart. ; 
Messrs.  Jonathan  Cowx,  James  Burn,  Richmond  Fell, 
Henry  Norman,  Christopher  Taylor,  Joseph  Scott,  and 
Mrs.  Parkin. 

The  village  of  Uldale  is  situated  six  miles  west-by- 
Kouth  of  Hesket  Newmarket,  nine  miles  south-by-west 
of  AVigton,  and  one  mile  south-by-east  of  Ireby.  A 
sheep  fair  was  established  here  iu  170],  and  continues 
to  be  held  annually  on  the  20  th  of  August. 

THE  cnuEcn. 
Uldale  church,  which  stands  about  half  a  mile  from 
the  village,  is  a  small  structure,  being  only  twenty-two 
yards  in  length,  by  eight  in  breadth.  It  was  built,  at 
the  expense  of  the  inhabitants,  in  1 730,  and  is  kept  in 
good  repair.  The  living  is  a  rectory,  in  the  patronage 
of  Jackson  Gillbanks,  Esq.,  whose  father,  Joseph  GiU- 
banks,  Esq.,  purchased  the  advowson  of  the  Rev.  Jona- 
than Cape ;  he  also  rebuilt  the  chancel,  and  added  a 
vestry  to  the  church.  The  chancel  contains  a  good 
stained  glass  window.  The  tithes  were  commuted  in 
1830  for  a  yearly  rent  charge  of  £130,  exclusive  of 
surplice  fees  and  Easter  dues.  The  glebe  land  consists 
of  upwards  of  twenty-two  acres.  The  living  is  valued  in 
the  King's  Book  at  £17  18s.  l^d.,  and  is  now  worth 
about  £130  per  annum.  The  parish  register  com- 
mences in  1642. 

PiECTons.  —  Robert  de  Depjng, ;   Hugh  de  Eoueestre, 

1305;    Adam   de  Eglesfield,  ;    Hugh,  13:W;  Richard  de 

Askeby,  1354;    William   Aykheved,  ;    Thomas   de    EttoD, 

13C9;    Robert    Mairays,    1375;     John   FryseU,    1385;     John 

Shayres, ;  Thomas  Harrison,  157C;  James  Carlisle,  1583  ; 

George   Hudson,    1(124;     Henry    Fallowfield,  ;     William 

Walker,  1C(!5;  Henry  Guy,  1077;  Thomas  Nevinson,  1C84; 
Peter   Gregory,    1697;    Edward    Bftckhouse,    1719;    Richard 


ULDALE  PARISH. 


261 


Machel,  1752;    AnJrow  Holiday,   1770;    Joseph  Cape,  17S6; 
Jonathan  Cape,  1830 ;  Joshua  Claris,  1633. 

CH.UUT1ES. 

The  Grammar  School. — The  establishment  of  this 
school  originated  in  au  agreement  datej  the  30th  of 
January,  17^0,  between  Mattliew  Caldbcck,  Esq.,  of 
the  one  part,  and  the  inhabitants  of  Uldale  of  the  other 
part.  By  articles  drawn  up  of  the  date  above-mentioned. 
I'eciting  that  the  said  JIatthcw  Caldbeck  has  paid  into 
the  iiands  of  trustees  JtlOO  towards  the  maintenance  of 
a  master  in  the  grammar  school  to  be  erected  in  Uldale 
for  the  teaching  of  the  children  of  the  parishioners  of 
the  said  parish,  parties  to  the  said  agreement,  and  the 
children  of  those  who  should  succeed  to  their  respective 
estates,  and  of  such  poor  persons  as  the  trustees  for 
the  time  being  should  think  lit,  in  the  rudiments  of 
grammar  and  other  useful  learning,  and  in  the  princi- 
ples of  the  Christian  rehgion  according  to  the  doctrine 
of  the  Church  of  England  ;  and  further  reciting,  that 
the  pai'ties  thereto  had  agreed  to  raise,  amongst  them- 
selves, the  further  sum  of  £100  for  the  same  purpose, 
it  viaa  agreed  that  certain  persons  therein  named  should 
be  trustees  for  the  building  and  ordering  the  said  school- 
house,  and  laying  out  the  said  monies  on  sullicient 
security  for  the  maintenance  of  a  schoolmaster,  and 
that  the  said  trustees  should  have  the  nomination  and 
displacing  of  such  schoolmaster ;  and  it  was  further 
agreed,  that  the  school-house  should  be  repaired  by  the 
parties  thereto  and  out  of  the  said  fund.  Indorsed 
upon  the  said  articles  is  an  agreement,  that  certain 
other  persons  who  had  subscribed  to  the  school,  but 
were  not  of  the  parish  of  Uldale,  should  also  have  the 
benefit  of  the  freedom  thereof.  The  full  sum  of  ilOO 
appears  soon  afterwards  to  have  been  raised  amongst 
the  inhabitants,  and  to  have  been  added  to  the  £  1 00 
given  by  Matthew  Caldbeck.  In  the  year  1730 
£ol  10s.,  part  of  the  I'-JOO,  was  laid  out  in  the  pur- 
chase of  about  si.K  acres  of  land  in  Uldale  town  iields ; 
and  in  1759  a  further  sum  of  JEISO  was  laid  out, 
together  with  CH  Ss.  advanced  by  the  trustees,  in  the 
purchase  of  about  fifteen  acres  of  land  in  the  parish  of 
Ireby.  The  sum  of  i' II  5s.  advanced  by  the  trustees, 
continued  as  a  charge  upon  the  property  in  Ireby  until 
sometime  after  the  year  1708,  wlieu  it  was  paid  off. 
Thomas  Thomhnson,  Esq.,  by  will,  dated  April  10th, 
170H,  as  stated  more  fully  in  our  account  of  the  parish 
of  Thursby,  left  part  of  the  residue  of  his  personal 
property  to  the  trustees  of  this  school.  The  share 
received  by  them  was  £35  J,  of  which  there  was  e.\- 
pondcJ  £41  5s.  in  paying  off  the  money  duo  to  the 
trustees  on  account  of  the  purchase  of  the  Ireby  estate; 
about  £10  10s.  in  crectiug  a  marble  tablet  in  the  church 


to  record  the  benefaction  of  the  testator:  and  £300, 
being  the  remainder  of  the  sum,  after  payment  of  some 
expenses  that  were  incurred,  was  placed  out  at  interest. 
The  entire  income  of  the  school  at  present  amounts  to 
£40  1 9s.,  the  whole  of  which  is  paid  to  a  schoolmaster, 
who  teaches  free  as  many  poor  children  of  the  parish. 
as  the  trustees  send  to  him,  and  the  children  of  the 
representatives  of  the  original  subscribers.  For  other 
scholars  he  takes  a  quarterage.  The  average  attend- 
ance is  about  seventy. 

Dalston's  Charity. — The  Charity  Commissioners  were 
not  able  to  ascertain  the  particulars  of  the  bequest  of 
John  Dalston,  but  they  state  that  "  by  indenture  dated 
3rd  November,  1719,  Jennett  and  Joseph  Atkinson,  in 
consideration  of  £30  which  it  was  therein  recited  was 
bequeathed  by  John  Dalston  to  the  poor^of  the  parish 
of  Uldale,  conveyed  two  acres  of  land,  at  Birkmire,  in 
the  parish  of  Uldale,  with  the  houses  thereunto  belong- 
ing, to  the  minister,  churchwardens,  and  overseers  of 
the  said  parish  (whom  they  directed  should  be  trustees 
for  the  said  charity,  for  the  poor)  for  the  remainder  of 
a,  term  of  3,000  years."  The  property  now  belonging 
to  this  charity  is  a  field  of  about  two  or  three  acres, 
without  any  buildings  upon  it.  It  is  let  at  a  yearly 
rent  of  £4  4s.,  which  is  distributed  every  Good  Friday, 
in  the  church,  after  divine  service,  amongst  si.\  or  eight 
poor  persons  who  do  not  receive  parish  relief. 

Cape's  Charily. — Thomas  Cape,  by  will  dated  1 3th 
March,  1771,  left  £300  in  trust,  to  be  disposed  of  for 
the  use  and  benefit  of  such  poor  persons  and  children 
of  Uldale  as  should  not  receive  parish  relief.  This 
legacy  was  paid  over  by  the  representatives  of  the 
testator  to  trustees,  who  secured  it  upon  a  mortgage 
of  land,  which  produces  about  .£8  4s.  per  annum,  which 
sum  is  distributed  annually  on  the  14th  September 
amongst  six  or  eight  poor  persons  who  do  not  receive 
parish  relief.  The  same  persons  who  receive  the  benefit 
of  Dalston's  charity  above-mentioned  generally  receive 
this  also. 

Thniiiliiison's  Charity. — Thomas  Thomlinson,  by  will 
dated  10th  April,  1798,  left  £0(1  to  the  poor  of  Uldale, 
as  more  particularly  mentioned  in  our  account  of  his 
charity  to  the  poor  of  Thursby.  The  sum  received  on 
account  of  tiiis  legacy  for  tho  parish  of  Uldale,  after  the 
payment  of  expenses,  was  £54,  which  yields  £'i  8s.  a 
year  interest.  That  sum  is  distributed  annually  by 
the  minister  and  churcinvardens  amongst  such  of  the 
poor  of  the  parish  as  are  considered  tho  most  necessi- 
tous and  deserving.  It  is  not  confined  to  those  who 
do  not  receive  iwrish  relief. 

In  addition  to  these  charities  there  is  a  free  quit-rent 
of  4s.  Cd.  a  year,  purchased  with  £5  left  by  Mr.  Cowx. 


S62 


ALLERDALE  -BELOW  -DEEWENT  WARD. 


There  are  two  corn  mills  in  the  parish,  one  situated 
near  the  church,  and  the  other  at  Mirkholme. 

Aughertvee  is  one  mile  north-by-east  of  Uldalc.  It 
was  granted  to  the  prior  of  Carlisle  by  Adam  Bonokill, 
as  above  stated,  and  at  the  Dissolution  came  to  Thomas 
Dalston  along  with  the  manor  of  Uldale. 

Longlands  is  one  mile  east-by-south  of  Uldalc,  and 
Orthwaite  two  miles  south.  Orthwaite  Hall  is  a 
fine  old  building,  which  has  been  the  residence  of 
many  old   Cumberland   families,    among  whom   were 


the  Simpsons,  Richmonds,  and  Brownes  of  Tallan- 
tirc.  The  last  owner  of  the  latter  name  was  the  cele- 
brated African  traveller,  from  whose  representatives  it 
was  purchased  by  the  late  Mr.  Gillbanks,  of  Whitefield, 
father  of  the  present  owner,  Jackson  Gillbanks,  Esq. 
.\bout  the  stable  are  the  armorial  bearings  of  the 
Sa'.kelds  of  High  Head  Castle,  and  the  Kichmouds, 
who  married  heu-esses  of  Vaux,  of  Catterlen.  The  old 
mansion  is  now  occupied  as  a  farm-house. 


WESTWARD  PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Westward  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Thursby,  on  the  west  by  Wigton,  on  the  south  by  Bolton  and 
Caldbeck,  and  on  the  east  by  Sebergham  and  Dalston.  The  soil,  which  is  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  consists 
chiefly  of  a  strong  fertile  clay,  with  a  portion  of  sand,  and  produces  excellent  crops  of  wheat,  oats,  &c.,  except  towards 
the  south  and  south-east  parts,  where  it  is  rather  cold  and  wet.  The  higher  grounds  abound  with  hmestone  ;  and 
the  Shawk  and  How  Pugg  quarries  have  long  been  noted  for  the  production  of  red  and  white  freestone,  slate,  flags, 
&e.,  esteemed  the  best  in  Cumberland.  In  the  parish  are  also  several  seams  of  cauucl  and  other  coal,  ■\^'estward 
contains  the  townships  of  Stoneraise,  Woodside,  Eosley,  and  Brocklebank,  whose  united  area  is  13,120  acres. 
Wigton  is  the  market  usually  attended. 

At  the  period  of  the  Norman  Conquest  of  England, 
Westward  was  forest  ground  of  Allerdale,  and  was  con- 
veyed by  Alan,  second  lord  of  that  barony,  to  Henry  II., 
who  annexed  it  to,  and  incorporated  it  with,  his  forest  of 
Inglewood,  and  from  thence  it  received  the  name  of  the 
Westward.'  Subsequent  to  this,  Iviug  John  granted 
the  hermitage  of  St.  Hilda  withiu  the  boundaries  of 
Westward  to  the  monastery  of  Holme  Cultram,  and  the 
monks  of  that  house  erected  a  chapel  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  hermitage,  which  chapel  or  oratory,  in  pro- 
cess of  time  obtained  the  rights  and  privileges  of  a 
parish  church,  but  was  then,  as  all  forests  were,  extra- 
parochial.  In  the  18th  Edward  I.  (1990),  a  memora- 
ble case  occurred  concerning  the  tithes  of  Louthwaitc 
and  Curthwaite,  both  of  which  wei'e  within  the  bounds 
of  the  forest.  The  tithes  were  claimed  by  the  king  as 
of  common  right,  he  being  entitled  to  all  those  of  extra- 
parochial  places  ;  they  were  also  claimed  by  the  bishop 
as  being  within  the  parish  of  Aspatria ;  the  prior  and 
convent  of  Carlisle  also  claimed  them  by  grant  from 
Henry  TL.,  as  of  an  assart  within  the  forest  of  Inglewood ; 
and,  finally,  the  parish  priest  of  Thursby  claimed  them 


1  The  statement  in  tlie  text  is  given  ou  the  authority  of  Nicolson 
and  Burn ;  but  in  the  survey  mnde  iu  157S,  to  which  we  have  so  often 
referred,  we  find  it  stated  that  "  It  appeareth  that  the  said  Westward 
is  not  within  the  limit  of  tlie  forest  of  Inglewood,  for  that  in  a  peram- 
bulation of  the  said  forest  mad""  the  Cih  of  August,  in  tlie  ninth  year 
of  the  reign  of  King  Bicuard  II.,  the  \Yestwaid  is  not  included. " 


as  being  witliin  his  parish — the  case  was  decided  iu 
favour  of  the  monarch.  The  same  king,  iu  the  twenty- 
second  year  of  his  reign  (12'J4),  by  his  chai-ter  setting 
forth  the  settlement  of  the  case  just  mentioned,  and  his 
recovery  of  the  tithes,  granted  unto  the  prior  and  con- 
vent of  Carhsle  not  only  the  tithes  of  the  places  above- 
mentioned,  but  also  all  tithes  accruing  in  all  lauds  and 
places  in  the  forest  of  Inglewood,  that  should  be  after- 
wai'ds  assarted,  not  being  within  the  limits  of  any  parish, 
without  the  impediment  of  the  king  or  his  heirs,  his 
justices,  foresters,  verderers,  or  other  ofiicers,  of  the 
forest.  Since  the  granting  of  this  charter  the  tithes  of 
AVestward  have  been  enjoyed  by  the  church  of  Carlisle, 
dming  Catholic  times  by  the  prior  and  convent,  and 
since  the  Dissolution  by  the  dean  and  chapter.  The 
forest  having  been  granted  to  Henry  II.,  as  we  have 
seen  above,  it  continued  to  be  held  by  the  crown  tUlthe 
reign  of  Edward  IH.,  who,  in  the  seventeenth  year  of 
his  reiga  (1343),  gi-anted  it  to  Thomas  Lord  Lucy  and 
Agues  his  wife,  under  the  name  of  "  Solum  et  herhagium 
de  Allerdale,"  These  possessions  were  afterwards  in- 
creased by  Eobert  Tilliol,  who,  by  deed,  dated  17th 
February  1363,  gave  certain  lauds  adjoining  to  "Hasil 
Spring  (in  Bosco  de  Allerdale^  to  the  said  Thomas  Lord 
Lucy  and  Agnes  his  wife."  Their  daughter  and  last 
surviving  heir,  5Iaud,  conveyed  this  property  to  her 
husband,  Henry  Percy,  Ci-st  Earl  of  Northumberland, 


WESTWARD    PARISH. 


263 


in  whose  family  it  contiiuietl  till  Henry,  the  sixth  Earl, 
gave  it,  with  others,  to  Ilonry  VIII.  Queen  IMary 
granted  these  possessions  to  Thomas  Percy,  brother  to 
the  last  Henry,  but  they  reverted  to  the  crown,  on  bis 
attainder  during  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  Nicolson  and 
Burn  tell  us  that  after  this  forfeiture,  in  the  14th  Eliza- 
beth (1571-2),  a  commission  was  issued  to  Eichard, 
Bishop  of  Carlisle;  Henry  Lord  Scrope;  Thomas  Lord 
Wharton;  Simon  Musgrave,  Knt.;  Henry  Curwen.Knt.; 
Francis  Slingsby,  Cuthbcrt  ^Musgrave,  John  Penruddock, 
Anthony  J^arwise,  Thomas  Leigh,  and  Pvobt.  Higlimoor, 
Esqs.,  to  enquire  upon  certain  articles  to  the  said  com- 
mission annexed ;  and  accordingly  an  inquisition  was 
taken  at  Westward  January  9th  and  10th,  ioTii, 
upon  the  oaths  of  Pilchard  Salkeld,  Francis  Lamp- 
lugh,  Poland  Vaux,  John  Ilichmoud,  Anthony  Curwen, 
Esqrs.,  Alexander Highmoor,  John  Southake,  John  Ellis, 
Thomas  Bewley,  Robert  Vaux,  Robert  Dal ston,  Richard 
Ivirkbride,  John  Skelton,  Richard  Stauwix,  John  Pattin- 
son,  and  Robert  Mulcaster,  gentlemen,  as  follows,  viz ; — 

■"  Articles  and  intcrrogatives  to  be  ministered  and  in- 
quired upon,  for  and  in  behalf  of  the  tenants  and  inhabi- 
tants that  claim  common  and  pasture  within  the  forest 
of  Westward  ;" 

"  Pii-st,  how  the  said  common  and  pasture  hath  been 
used  before  the  late  attainted  Earl  of  Northumberland's 
restitution  to  the  same  by  the  late  sovereign  lady.  Queen 
Mary  ?" 

"  To  this  it  is  answered,  that  the  tenants  of  the  bishop 
of  Carhsle  and  of  the  dean  and  chapter  of  the  cathedral 
church  of  Carlisle,  inhabitants  at  Great  Dalston,  Little 
Dalston,  Hawkcsdale,  Cumdevock,  Cardcw  and  Cardew- 
Ices,  liuckhowbank,  Northauk,  Caldewgate,  and  Caldew- 
stones,  Caldcoats,  Newby,  Great  Cummersd-ale,  Little 
Cummersdale,  Brownelson,  New  Laythcs,  and  Harring- 
ton Houses;  the  tenants  and  the  manor  of  Crofton  and 
Parton,  Jlickletbwaite  aud  Whyney ;  the  Queen's 
Majesty's  tenants,  and  the  tenants  of  her  JIajesty's  free- 
holders of  the  barony  of  Wigton  ;  the  manor  and  town- 
ships of  Wavcrton  aud  Xyket,  Woodside,  Kirklaiul, 
Roshcwcn,  JMoorthwaitc,  Dockwray,  JMoorhouse,  Ultou, 
Lasscnhow,  Kirkbridc,  Caldbeck  and  Kirkthwaitc,  have 
always  used  time  witliout  memory  (before  the  restitution 
of  the  late  attainted  Earl  of  Northumberland  by  the  late 
Queen  Mary)  to  have  common  and  posture  mthin  the 
forest  of  A\'cstward. 

"  Tlie  second  article  :  What  inclosuros  the  said  late 
Earl  of  Northumberland  hath  made  within  the  said 
Westward  ;  what  (luantity  of  ground  the  same  inclosure 
doth  coutain ;  and  how  the  same  hath  been  used  ;  and 
what  yearly  rent  hath  been  paid,  and  answered  since  the 
same  inclosure  ? — Answer  :  Since  the  restitution  of  the 


said  late  attainted  earl,  there  have  been  made  and  im- 
proved six  score  aud  seven  inclosures,  containing  twenty- 
seven  score,  five  acres,  half  acre,  one  rood,  one  half  rood ; 
of  which  six  score  and  seven  inclosures  there  be  newly 
inhabited,  and  houses  buildcd  upon  thirty-two,  which 
thirty-two  contain  ten  score,  five  acres,  half  acre,  one 
rood  and  half  rood  of  ground  ;  the  residue  of  the  said 
six  score  and  seven  inclosures,  which  be  four  score  and 
fifteen  in  number,  and  coutain  seventeen  score  acres, 
are  rejoined  and  annexed  to  the  tenants  that  have  an- 
cient farmholds  besides  :  Aud  they  find,  that  the  rents 
in  hand  or  reserved  upon  the  said  enclosures  (as  they 
learn  and  understand  bv  the  late  receiver-general  of  the 
said  late  attainted  Earl  of  Northumberland)  do  amount 
to  the  sum  of  £0  19s.  .5d. 

"  The  third  article  :  How  many  of  the  inclosures 
may  remain  in  what  state  they  be,  without  annoyance 
and  hurt  to  the  tenants  and  inhabitants  that  claim  com- 
mon and  pasture  there  within  the  same  ? — To  this  they 
find  and  present,  that  none  of  the  said  improvements 
and  inclosures  may  remain  in  the  same  state  they  be, 
without  annoyance  to  the  said  tenants  and  inhabitants 
specified  in  the  first  article,  and  that  claim  common  and 
pasture  within  the  same. 

"  To  the  several  following  articles,  they  give  one 
general  answer,  as  follows,  viz:  'Art.  4.  What  number  of 
tenants  and  inhabitants  there  be,  that  claim  or  ought  to 
have  common  there,  and  in  what  lordships,  baronies, 
parishes,  towns,  and  villages  the  tenants  and  inhabitants 
that  claim  to  have  the  said  common  and  pasture  do  dwell 
and  be  ?  Art.  5.  Whether  any  of  them  that  claim  the 
said  common  and  pasture  be  the  (^leen's  Majestys  ten- 
ants ;  if  they  be,  then  what  number  is  there  of  them, 
and  in  what  lordship,  barony,  town,  or  parish  they  do 
inhabit  ?  Art.  0.  What  annoyance,  hurt,  or  hindrance 
would  the  said  inclosures  be  to  such  as  claim  the  said 
cnmraon  and  pasture,  if  the  same  should  still  remain ; 
and  -whether  may  any  thereof  remain  inclosed  without 
their  hurt'.'  Art.  7.  To  what  yearly  rent  do  the  said 
inclosures  amount ;  and  if  the  said  inclosures  should  be- 
laid open  aud  unclosed,  how  should  the  Queen's  JIajesty 
be  answered  of  the  same  rent,  or  what  yearly  rent  or 
money  should  or  ought  she  have  yearly  of  or  by  the 
said  tenants  and  inhabitants  that  claim  the  said  com- 
mon, if  they  should  enjoy  the  same,  or  what  other 
service  or  considerations  should  they  do,  or  have  they 
heretofore  done,  in  respect  of  or  for  the  same '.'  Art.  8. 
WHiether  have  the  said  tenants  and  inhabit.auts  that 
claim  the  said  common  aud  pasture  had  tlie  same  time 
out  of  mind  of  man  before  the  said  inclosure ;  or  how 
long,  and  at  what  time  have  tiiey  had  the  same'.* 
Answer :  To  these  articles  they  find  and  present,  as 
before  they  have  fouud  and  presented ;  aud  further, 


264 


ALLEEDALE  BELOW- DERWENT  WARD. 


that  they,  the  said  tenants  and  inliabitants  aforesaid, 
claiming  common  for  the  said  grounds  inclosed  to  be 
laid  open  and  prostrate,  will  submit  themselves  and 
stand  to  her  grace's  order  for  the  rent  thereof."  " 

From  the  inquisition  taken  in  1578,  we  learn  the 
following  particulars  relative  to  Westward,  which  are 
now  printed  for  the  first  time,  and  will  no  doubt  be 
acceptable  to  our  readers : — 

"  Within  the  bounder  is  contained  the  whole  chase 
called  the  Westward,  being  all  of  th'  inheritance  of  the 
said  Earl,  Saving  one  parcel  of  ground  called  Cleofield, 
and  certain  tenements  called  East  Kirthwate,  West 
Kirthwate,  and  Starthwate  Lees,  of  the  inheritance  of 
the  Queen's  Majesty;  and  also  three  tenements  in 
Starthwaitorigg  and  one  tenement  lying  in  Kirthwate, 
of  the  inheritance  of  the  late  Lord  Dacre,  and  also  two 
tenements  in  Starthwaiterigg  of  the  inheritance  of  .John 
Starthwaito  and  Edward  Hewet,  and  one  tenement  at 
Fosterfolde  of  the  inheritance  of  John  Robinson. 

"  The  said  earl  hath,  within  the  said  Westward,  by 
charter  dated  at  Westminster  the  18th  day  of  June  anno 
tertio  Ricbardi  Secuudi  (1380),  free  chase  and  free  warren 
throughout  the  wliole  grounds  within  the  limits  and 
bounds  before  specified,  and  also  court  barrens  from 
three  weeks  to  three  weeks,  with  view  of  frank  pledge 
and  court  leet  two  times  in  the  year,  viz.,  within  one 
month  next  after  Easter,  and  within  one  month  next 
after  the  feast  of  St.  Jlichael  the  Archangel,  and  also 
within  the  said  chase  all  goods,  waives,  strays,  goods 
of  felloncs,  fugitives,  of  men  outlawed  and  put  in 
exigent,  the  goods  of  fellons  of  themselves  forfeited,  and 
also  iufangtheof  and  outfangtheof,  the  punishment  by 
amerciament  and  all  frays  and  violent  drawing  of  blood, 
execution  of  presses,  the  forfeiture  by  amerciaments 
of  the  breach  of  the  assize  of  bread  and  ale  within  the 
whole  limits  of  the  said  Westward,  and  also  the  chattels 
or  goods  of  any  person  not  the  lord's  tenant  within 
the  said  Westward  within  the  same  do  pasture  or  be 
found  there,  the  officers  of  the  lord  do  and  may  im- 
pound the  same  and  present  the  offenders  at  the  court 
there,  in  the  which  court  the  said  offences  are  punished 
and  is  punishable  by  way  of  amerciament,  and  in  the 
same  there  hath  been  a  great  store  and  yet  remains 
some  part  of  fallow  deer,  for  the  preservation  whereof 
the  M'-  of  the  same,  bowbearers,  foresters,  keepers,  and 
rangers,  are  by  the  lord  appointed  and  have  certain 
fees  and  allowances,  all  which  liberties,  royalties,  and 
privileges,  with  divers  others,  the  said  carl  and  his 
ancestors  (whose  estate  he  hath  in  the  said  chase)  have 
peaceably  used  and  enjoyed,  the  time  whereof  the 
memory  of  no  man  is  to  be  had  to  the  contrary. 

"  There  is  no  advowson  of  benefices  appendant  or 


belonging  to  the  said  chase,  for  that  the  whole  grounds 
and  compass  thereof  are  of  the  parish  of  St.  JMarie's  at 
Carlisle,  distant  from  thence  five  miles  at  the  least,  in 
consideration  whereof,  Thomas  late  Earl  of  Northum- 
berland (brother  unto  the  said  carl)  procured  the  erec- 
tion of  a  church  there,  now  called  the  new  Kirk  in 
Westward,  whereunto  the  whole  inhabitants  of  the  said 
chase  resorte,  and  all  the  sacraments  there  administered 
unto  them  by  a  curate  or  stypendarie  priest,  found  of 
their  own  charges,  saving  for  his  mansion-house  and 
certain  grounds  thereto  adjoining,  which  ho  hath  of 
benevolence,  and  at  will  and  pleasure  of  the  said  earl, 
as  hereafter  appeareth  among  the  tenants  at  will. 

"  There  is  within  the  said  chase  one  house  called  the 
New  Hall,  near  and  about  the  which  there  is  certain 
pounds  wliich  have  been  inclosed,  and  are  convenient 
to  have  been  inclosed  for  preservation  of  the  game  and 
woods  then  not  or  yet  rented  or  employed  to  any  other 
use,  which  said  grounds  contain  by  estimation  ISO 
acres,  and  in  compass  or  circuit  by  measure  l,06i?. 
roods,  of  which  compass  the  hedges  of  Rethwate, 
Hasilspring,  and  other  do  inclose  —  roods,  the  residue 
being  —  roods  at  8d.  the  rood,  will  amount  to  —  within 
which  said  ground,  where  the  ancient  frith  hath  been 
and  now  needful  to  be  inclosed,  as  w-ell  for  the  pre- 
servation of  deer,  as  also  for  th'  increase  of  woods  as 
is  aforesaid.  Cuthbcrt  Masgrave  and  Anthony  Barwis, 
Esqrs.,  hold  a  great  parcel  of  ground,  where  as  is  now 
the  fittest  place  for  deer  and  the  best  growth  for  wood, 
called  Tougthwate :  and  the  said  Anthony  Barwis 
holdeth  another  parcel  of  ground  adjoining  to  the 
same,  called  Longmire ;  and  Richard  Studholme 
holdeth  there  a  close  adjoining  to  the  same  called 
Waver  Banks,  or  Waver  Riggs ;  all  which  said  parcels 
are  now  remaining  in  the  lord's  hand  for  the  cause 
before  declared,  and  not  demised. 

"  There  is  at  this  present  within  the  said  forest  or 
chase  the  number  of  four  score  and  twelve  fallow  deer, 
or  thereabouts,  which,  if  the  frith  and  grounds  afore- 
said, were  inclosed  and  preserved  would  soon  encrease 
and  plenish  to  a  convenient  number,  and  without  the 
same  provision  there  can  never  be  any  encrease  by 
reason  the  grounds  be  suffered  and  used  as  common  are 
depastured  so  bare  in  summer  that  the  deer,  especially 
the  fawnes  and  old  deer,  die  and  perish  in  winter  (so 
maney  sometimes  more)  as  commonly  encrease  in  the 
summer. 

"  The  tenants  of  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  of  Dalston, 
John  Dalston,  Henry  Denton  of  Cardew,  the  tenants 
of  Thorsby,  Crofton,  and  certain  tenements  of  the 
barony  of  AVigton,  being  all  foresters  or  borderers  of 
the  said   chase  called  Westward  (have  by  suffering] 


•WESTWARD    PARISH. 


265 


had  pasture  there  for  their  cattle,  and  have  sometimes 
license  to  grave  turfes,  and  take  wood  for  their  neces- 
sities, and  paid  for  them  certain  small  amerciaments,  by 
reason  of  wliich  continuance  the  said  tenants  or  parties 
do  challenge  to  enjoy  the  same  of  right,  which  is  much 
hurtful  to  the  inheritance  of  the  said  earl,  and  must  be 
provided  to  be  reformed,  or  otherwise  it  will  be  to  his 
lordship's  great  disinheritance. 

'*  The  grounds  aforesaid  lying  about  the  New-  IlaU 
were  immediately  upon  the  taking  of  this  present  survey 
included  in  two  several  parks,  as  foUoweth,  viz. : — 

"  The  North  Park  is  inclosed  with  a  ditch  and 
quickset  hedge,  and  the  whole  compass  and  circuite  of 
the  same,  as  the  ring-ditch  goeth,  is  by  measure  one 
thousand  three  score  and  two  roods,  allowing  seven 
yards  to  the  rood,  and  five  score  to  the  hundred;  and 
the  lentil  of  the  said  North  Park  from  the  west  part 
thereof,  called  Wysa  Water,  up  to  the  east  end,  called 
Water  Spring,  contains  by  like  measure  330  roods ; 
and  the  bredth  of  the  said  North  Park,  from  the  foot 
of  the  Day  Platts  ou  the  south  side,  to  a  place  called 
the  Prince's  Gill  on  the  north  side,  103  roods  ;  and  the 

whole  park  contains  by  estimation in  which  said 

North  Park  standeth  the  said  New  IlaU,  now  used  for  the 
keeper  lodge ;  and  there  is  in  the  said  North  Park  and 
South  Park  following,  to  the  number  of  four  score  and 
twelve  fullow  doer,  or  thereabouts,  as  aforesaid. 

"  The  South  Park  is,  in  like  manner,  inclosed  with 
a  ditch  and  quickset  hedge;  and  the  compass  of  the 
same,   containing    by   like   measure    1,071    roods   by 

estimation,  coutjiineth  in   all   .      In  which  said 

South  Park  the  said  game  hath  recourse  as  well  as 
in  the  other." 

The  following  is  in  a  different  hand  : — 

"  The  inhabitants  and  Ten"-  at  Westward  claim  a 
certain  custom  of  ton'-  riglit,  which  (it  seemcth)  thoy 
cannot  prove  to  be  any  Interest  for  them,  for  tliat 
y°  ground  'being  a  Chase  or  Forest)  was  at  y"  first 
grant  thereof  (as  appeareth)  not  much  inhabited  with 
dwellers  or  Ten"-  and  a  great  number  of  y°  Tenants 
that  are  now  placed  there,  have  built  houses  upon 
y-  grounds,  improved  within  time  of  memory  .  .  And 
also  in  y'  20lh  year  of  K.  Hen:  C:  it  appeareth  in  a 
book  of  accounts  that  one  Henry  Fenwick,  Knt.,  held 
all  y'  same  grounds  of  y°  said  earl  his  ancestors  for  a 
certain  rent,  by  lease  for  a  term  of  years  ;  and  y  Tenants 
there  are  in  all  Records  and  Precedents  named  Tenants 
at  Will,  and  so  remain." 

TlioMS.  then  gives  alistof  the  tenants  at  will,  with  an 
account  of  their  rcspectivo  tonoments,  itc,  and  concludes 
by  giving  the  "  Sum  general  and  total  of  the  rents  and 
yearly  receipts  within  the  Westward,  besides  the  profits 


of  parks,  and  perquisites  of  courts  now  payable — 
£i5  4s.  7d."  From  this  sum  there  were  several  deduc- 
tions made,  and  the  residue  amounted  to  £37  17s.  7d., 
besides  the  profits  of  parks  and  the  perquisites  of  courts. 
Westward  shared  the  fate  of  the  possessions  of  the 
Percy  family,  passing  from  them  to  the  Earls  of  Egre- 
mont,  coming  ultimately  to  General  Wyndham,  the 
present  lord  of  the  manor. 

STONERAISE. 

The  number  of  acres  in  Stoneraisc  township  is  3,471, 
and  its  rateable  value  £4,390  15s.  Its  population  in. 
1801,  was  434  ;  in  1811,  475  ;  in  1821,  021 ;  in  1831, 
003;  iu  1841,  440;  and  in  1851,  430.  This  town- 
ship, which  has  no  village  of  its  own  name,  is  the 
largest  and  most  fertile  in  the  parish.  The  principal 
landowners  are  General  Wyndham,  Charles  Feather- 
stonehaugh,  Esq.;  Miss  AgUouby ;  F.  L.  B.  Dykes, 
Esq. ;  John  Barnes,  Robert  Jefferson,  and  Mrs.  Peat, 
with  many  resident  yeomen. 

THE    CHTOCn. 

The  parish  church  of  Westward  is  situated  on  aa 
elevated  piece  of  ground,  overlooking  a  deep  ravine,  in 
the  hamlet  of  Churchbill,  and  township  of  Stoneraise, 
three  miles  south  of  Wigton.  The  church  of  West- 
ward is  supposed  to  have  taken  its  origin  from  the 
hermitage  of  St.  Hilda  mentioned  above.  It  contains 
monuments  of  the  Barwis  family,  particularly  that 
of  Pachard  Barnis,  Esq.  (commonly  called  the  Great 
Barwis,  from  his  gigantic  stature)  of  Ilekirk  Hall, 
and  his  wife  Frances,  who  died  in  1048.  The 
benefice  is  a  curacy  certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen 
Anne's  bounty  at  £23,  and  returned,  in  1835,  as 
of  the  average  value  of  £99,  but  is  now  worth  about 
£120  a  year.  There  are  five  acres  of  ancient  glebe, 
together  with  forty  acres  allotted  at  the  enclosure  of  the 
commons  in  1 822  (the  act  for  which  was  passed  in  181 1), 
the  rent  of  which,  with  the  interest  of  a  parliamentary 
grant  of  £1,200,  £22  a  year  from  the  ecclesiastical 
commissioners,  £4  a  year  for  performing  son,-ice  every 
Sunday  afternoon  at  the  chapol  of  ease,  Easter  dues, 
surplice  fees,  &c.,  make  up  the  sura  named  above.  At. 
the  enclosure  1,408  acres  were  awarded  to  the  dean  and 
chapter,  the  patrons  of  the  living,  in  lieu  of  all  tithes, 
viz.,  803 i  acres  for  the  tithes  of  the  common  land,  300 
acres  in  lieu  of  the  tithes  of  the  ancient  land,  07  acres 
as  a  modus  for  the  tithe  of  meal  38^  acres  for  the 
tithe  of  geese,  and  49  acres  in  lieu  of  the  tithe  of  wool 
and  lamb.     The  parish  register  commences  in  1005. 

iNcrMBF.VTS. — •  Pipncy,  orcurs  in  157S;  William  Hayton, 

died  1752;    James   Currie,  17.VJ;  John   r»po,   17(14;    Sarauol 
llallifiuc,  1777;  J.  Uogcrson,  IbU;  Uobt.  Wood,  liceused  in  1S23. 

There  are  schools  at  Church  Hill  and  the  Craggs. 


29 


26G 


ALLEED  ALE  -  BELOW  -  DETIWENT  WARD. 


CHAEITIES. 

Bancis's  Charity. — Frances  Banris,  in  lG57,gave  to 
the  poor  of  Westward  and  ^Yigtou  a  parcel  of  ground 
near  Wigtou,  colled  Stankbank,  or  a  rent-charge  of 
40s.  yearly  therefrom,  whereof  20s.  to  Westward  on  the 
2lst  December,  and  10s.  each  to  Westwai-d  and  Wigton 
on  the  iith  April,  yearly.  Trustees :  The  heirs  of 
Bekirk,  the'minister  of  Westward,  the  heirs  of  Mungo 
Dalton,  of  Swinsty ;  and  of  John  Watson,  of  Stoneraisc. 

John  Jefferson i  Charity. — John  Jefterson,  of  Brack- 
enthwaite,  left  by  will,  in  1747,  £'00  for  teaching  six  poor 
children  belonging  to  the  parish  of  Westward.  With 
this  sum  a  cottage  and  two  acres  of  land  were  purchased 
nearDalston.  Kent  iSO  per  annum.  Trustees :  Tho  per- 
petual curate  and  sidesmen  of  the  parish. 

Papr's  Charity. — The  Rev.  Mr.  Pape,  perpetual  curate 
of  Westward,  left  by  will,  in  1778,  £Q0  for  teaching  one 
poor  child  at  the  church  school,  when  the  incumbent 
is  not  master.  Otherwise  the  interest  to  be  given  to 
poor  persons.  Deposited  in  Carlisle  Savings  Bank, 
interest  12s.  a  year.  Trustees  :  Minister  and  sides- 
men of  Westward. 

Ttoliert  Jefferson's  Charity.  —  Robert  Jefferson,  of 
Chalkside,  left  by  will,  in  1793,  £100  for  the  support 
of  poor  persons  in  Westward  not  receiving  parochi.nl 
relief,  or  the  education  of  their  children.  Invested  in 
bank  annuities.  Interest,  £8  17s.  9d.  per  annum. 
Trustees  :  jMinister  and  churchwardens  of  Westward. 

Hodge's  C7inn/i/.— Joseph  Hodge,  of  Highmoor  House, 
left  by  will,  in  1844,  £000  for  the  clothing  or  main- 
tenance of  poor  women  in  Westward,  or  the  education 
of  poor  children.  Interest,  £21  per  annum.  Trustees; 
WUliam  Banks,  Joseph  Rook,  William  Rook,  Jane 
Pattinson,  William  Henderson,  and  John  Banks. 

Hodyson's  Charity. — Joseph  Hodgson,  of  Bracken- 
thwaite,  left  by  will,  in  1851,  £50  to  the  poor  of  West- 
ward for  their  maintenance,  or  the  education  of  their 
children.  Nett  sum  £i5,  deposited  in  Carlisle  Savings 
Bank.  Interest,  £1  7s.  per  annum.  Trnstoes  :  Per- 
petual curate  and  churchwardens  of  Westward. 

Stoneraise  township  includes  the  hamlets  of  Church- 
hill,  Foresterfold,  Red  Dial,  and  Wai-blebank,  with 
several  dispersed  and  pleasantly  situated  dwellings 
bearing  different  names,  among  which  are  Greenhill 
House,  Forest  Hall,  Rays  Lodge,  Stoneraise  Place, 
Greenrig,  Cunning  Garth,  Westward  Parks,  &c.  At 
Westward  Parks  referred  to  above  as  the  ground  lying 
about  Kew  Hall,  is  a  mansion  belonging  to  General 
Wyndham,  M.P.  for  West  Cumberland,  where  he 
generally  resides  a  few  weeks  in  each  year.  Green- 
hill  House  is  a  large  mansion,  re-built  about  fifteen 
years  ago,  two  miles  south  of  Wigton,  and  the  others  are 


from  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  miles  from 
the  same  town.  At  Red  Dial  hamlet,  which  is  about 
one  mile  and  a  half  south  of  Wigton,  fairs  are  held 
annually  on  the  1st  of  August,  for  sheep  and  wool,  and 
on  the  21st  of  September  for  sheep  only.  At  the  Red 
.Dial  Inn  the  manor  courts  are  held,  and  here  the 
magistrates  meet  monthly  for  tho  appointment  of  the 
surveyors  of  highways,  overseers  of  the  poor,  tho  granting 
of  licenses  to  publicans,  and  the  transaction  of  other 
business. 

Ilelurk,  in  this  township,  had  its  name  from  the 
hermitage  of  St.  Hilda,  the  foundation  of  which  is  now 
unknown.  It  appears  to  have  existed  and  been  well 
known  in  the  twelfth  century,  for  King  John  granted 
"  the  hermitage  of  St.  Hilda,  which  had  before  belonged 
to  Roger  the  Hermit,  to  the  abbey  of  Holme  Cultram." 
On  the  suppression  of  the  monastic  institutions,  Henry 
Vni.,  in  l.')t.j,  granted  the  hermitage  of  Hildkirk  or 
Ilekirk,  with  all  tho  lands  thereto  belonging,  to  Thomas 
Dalston,  Esq.,  who  the  next  year  transferred  it  to 
Anthony  Barwis,  gentleman,  and  it  continued  to  be  held 
by  his  descendants  for  some  generations.  One  of  the 
Barwis  family,  Richard  Barwis,  of  whom  we  have  spoken 
above,  was  famed  for  his  gigantic  stature.  It  is  said 
he  used  to  display  his  great  strength  by  walking  round 
the  court  yard  of  Ilekirk  Hall,  carrying,  at  arm's  length, 
his  wife  on  one  hand,  and  a  stone  of  prodigious  size  on 
the  other.  There  is  also  a  tradition  that  he  once  walked 
along  Eden  Bridge,  Carlisle,  with  his  fair  spouse  seated 
on  his  hand,  and  elevated  over  the  battlements.  There 
is  still  to  be  seen  at  Ilekirk,  a  large  stone,  which  it  is 
asserted  he  could  throw  with  ease  the  whole  length  of 
the  court  yard,  fhougli  there  are  now  few  men  who  can 
raise  it  from  the  ground.  About  the  latter  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  the  last  of  the  Barwis  family  left 
two  daughters,  co-heiresses,  the  elder  of  whom  married 
Major  Fcatherstonhaugh  and  died  without  issue ;  the 
younger  married  Mr.  Kirby,  of  a  Lancashire  family, 
and  sold  Ilekirk  to  Lancelot  Emerson,  from  whom  or 
from  his  daughter,  it  came  to  the  Postlethwaites  and 
Sleet  families,  and  from  them  by  purchase  to  Joshua 
Lucock,  Esq.,  of  Cockermouth;  and  is  now  the  pro- 
perty of  Charles  Featherstonehaugh,  Esq. 

Ilekirk  Hall,  now  a  fai-m-house,  is  sitnated  in  a  deep 
valley,  near  a  small  stream,  about  a  mile  west  of  the 
church. 

Old  Carlisle,  the  ancient  Olenacum,  is  situated  in 
this  township,  nearly  two  miles  south  of  Wigton.  The 
station  is  a  large  one  ;  the  ruins  of  its  ramparts  and 
exterior  buildings  are  boldly  marked.  A  double  ditch 
with  intervening  vallum  seems  to  have  surrounded  the 
fort.     The  small  river  Wiza  runs  in  a  deep  ravine 


WESTWARD  PARISH. 


267 


immediately  below  the  stution  on  its  west  side,  and  at 
remoter  distance,  ou  its  south,  also,  thereby  lending 
to  it  additional  strength.  The  remains  of  suburban 
buildings  may  still  be  seen  outside  the  walls,  on  the 
south,  east,  and  west.  Within  the  fort  a  street  may 
be  distinctly  traced  from  the  north  to  the  south  gate, 
and  another  from  the  east  towards  the  west.  Near 
the  centre  of  the  station  is  a  moist  spot  of  ground 
where  we  m&y  conceive  a  well  to  have  been.  Up  to 
a  recent  period,  the  Koman  roads  leading  from  this 
station  on  the  one  hand,  to  Carlisle,  and  on  the  other 
to  Jluryport,  wore  distinctly  visible.  From  this  station 
the  view  is  very  extensive,  especially  towards  the  west, 
where  it  reaches  to  the  sea,  which  is  distinctly  visible. 
Numerous  remains  of  the  Roman  period  of  our  history 
have  been  discovered  here  from  time  to  time,  consistui'^ 
of  sacrificial  instruments,  statues,  altars,  coins,  inscrip- 
tions, &c.,  several  of  which  are  in  the  possession  of  the 
gentry  in  the  neighbourhood.  The  Messrs.  Lysons  give 
no  less  than  thirteen  inscriptions  found  here.  In  1845 
a  Roman  altar  was  dug  up  here,  three  feet  two  inches 
high,  one  foot  five  inches  broad,  and  five  inches  thick, 
bearing  the  following  inscription,  which  records  its 
dedication  to  the  goddess  Bellona,  by  Ruftnus,  prefect 
of  tlie  cavalry  of  the  Augustan  Ala  (or  wingj  and  his 
son  Lainianus : — 

DE\E   BEI. 
LON.T!  .  KVFI 

HVS.    I>RAB 

EQ.   AL/G   .\va 

ET.    LAINIA 

NVS.    Vlh. 

It  now  stands  at  the  Red  Dial  Inn,  in  this  parish. 
Of  the  many  inscribed  stones  dug  out  of  this  station, 
one  found  in  the  year  1775,  about  '200  yards  east  of  the 
camp,  and  now  in  the  collection  at  Netherby,  is  pro- 
bably the  most  interesting.     It  bears  the  inscription — 

I[ovi]  0[ptimo]  M[aximo] 
I'ro  salvt[e 

Imp[eralori3]  L.  Septim[u] 
Severi  Aug[v3ti]  nostri 
Efivitea  .\Iae 
Avg[vsta!]  cvranto 
Egnntio  Vore 
Crado  I'ra 
cf[ectv3]  posvervnt' 

DROClvLEBANK. 

This  township,  which  forms  the  soathem  extremity 
of  the  parish,  comprises  an  area  of  2,891  ocres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £'I,C8,5  5.s.  Its  population  prior  to 
1341  was  returned  with  tliat  of  Stoneraise  township ; 

'  To  Jupiter  best  ouil  greatesu  for  the  safety  of  Uie  Eropeior  Lucius 
Septimus  Seveni3  our  Augustus;  ihf  cuvalrj-  of  llie  wing  sti/Ud  llie 
Augustan  under  the  direction  of  Eguatius  Verccundus  Prefect 
placed  litis. 


in  that  year  it  was  171,  and  in  1851,  148.  The 
principal  landowner  is  General  Wyndham.  Sir  Heniy 
Fletcher,  Bart. ;  Messrs.  Thomas  ililton,  Joseph  and 
Robert  Coulthard,  George  Johnstone ;  Miss  Baty, 
ilary  Todd,  ^Irs.  Lumley,  and  some  few  others 
have  also  estates  here.  Brocklebank  is  a  hilly 
district,  bounded  on  the  south  by  Caldbeck  Parish. 
Clea  Hall  is  situated  in  tliis  township.  This  place  was 
the  seat  of  a  younger  branch  of  the  Musgraves  of 
Crookdake;  by  intermarriage  with  the  female  heir, 
the  inheritance  passed  to  the  Fletchers  of  Dearham ; 
and  is  now  the  property  of  Sir  Henry  Fletcher,  Bart. 

dlttt^crs  of  €kn  gall. 

This  family  is  descended  from  the  Fletchers  of 
Cockermouth. 

Heney  Fletcher,  Esq.,  of  Cockermouth  Castle,  son  of 
AYilliam  Fletcher,  Esq.,  of  Cockennoutb,  by  his  wife,  a  daughter 
of  Swinbum,  of  Huthwaite,  had  the  trust  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  when  that  princess  journeyed  from  Workington.  3Ir. 
Fletcher  treated  his  royal  charge  with  all  deference  due  to  bur 
regal  station,  and  received  from  her  a  letter  of  thanks  for  the 
presentation  of  a  robe  of  velvet.  This  gentleman  died  in  1574, 
leaving,  with  other  issue,  a  son, 

Thomas  Fi,etcher,  Esq.,  of  Cockermouth,  who  married  Miss 
Jane  Boleen,  and  had,  with  other  issue, 

Eichnrd,  whose  son.  Sir  Henry  Fletcher,  was  created  a  baronet 
in  l(i40,  and  fell  lighting  for  tlie  house  of  Stuart,  at  the  skir- 
mish 01  Rowtou  Heath,  in  lijlj,  leaving  a  son,  Oeorge,  "Jnd 
baronet,  father  of 
Henry,  3rd  and  last  baronet,  and  of  three  daughters;  the 
youugest  of  wlioni,   Catherine,  was  married  to  Lionel 
Vane,  Esq.,  of  Long  Newton,  ancestors  of  Sir  Francis 
Fletcher  Vane,  Bart. 
Philip 

The  younger  son, 
Philip  Fletcher,  Esq.,  was  grandfather  of 
Richard  Fletcher,  Esq.,  whose  sou, 

Major  PiiiLir  Fleiohee,  died  in  1744,  at  a  very  advanced 
age,  leaving  issue, 

I.  Jo  US',  his  heir. 

It.  Pliihp,  sur>eyor-general  of  tlie  province  of  Ulster;  married 
Wary,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Twigg;  and  died  in  17jS, 
having  bad  issue, 

1.  Philip,  died  unmarried. 
*.■.  Tliomas,  killed  at  Deltingcn. 

U.  llichard,  who  married  Anne  Eleanor  Scott,  daughter  of 
Archibald  Ldmoustone,  Esq.;  and  died  m  1782,  leaving 
a  sou, 
Philip,  M.D. :  bom  in  17.17. 
•I.  Edward  of  Lisburn,  in  holy  orders;  who  died  in  1777, 
leaving  by  Jano  Murray,  his  wife,  three  sous, 
Philip  of  Lisburn,  in  holy  orders ;  bora  in  1734. 
Edward,  ui  tliu  East  India  Company's  civil  service ; 

bom  in  1703. 
James,  bora  in  17US. 

I.  Elizabeth,  married  to  Humphrey  Pearson,  Esq. 

The  elder  son, 

JoH.s  Fletcher,  Esq.,  of  Clen  Hall,  married  1st  Mary, 
daughter  of  Evan  Christian,  Es<].,  by  whom  bo  had  no  sur- 
surviving  issue ;  and  Jndly,  Isabella,  daughter  and  co-heir 
of  John  Seiihouse,  Esq.,  of  Notherhall,  CO.  Cumberland,  by 
whom  he  had, 

I.  Philip,  capt.  in  tlie  army,  died  in  174*2. 
IL  John,  also  capt.  in  (he  anny,  dktl  in  17iti> 


268 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW.  DERWENT  WARD. 


in.  George,  capt.  of  Grenadiers,  killed  at  Qaebec  in  1700. 
IT.  Lowther,  Ueut.  R.A.,  lost  ai  sea  in  1708, 

T.  JiENKV,  the  Urst  baronet. 
VI.  Charles,  copt.  of  Marines. 

I.  Grace,  married  to  William  Taylor,  Esq, 
II.  Jane,  married  to  Thomas  Benson,  Esq. 

The  fifth  son, 

Henky  Fletcheb,  Esq.,  of  Clea  Hall,  having  been  en- 
gaged in  the  sea  servica  of  the  East  India  Company, 
and  subsequently  chosen  a  member  of  its  court  of  directors, 
was  created  a  baronet  20th  May,  1782.  He  married  in  1708, 
Catherine,  daughter  and  sole  heir  of  Henry  Lintot,  Esq.,  of 
South  ^Vater,  co.  Sussex,  by  whom  he  had  a  son  and  daughter, 
Henby  and  Catherine.  Sir  Henry  represented  the  county  of 
Cumberland  in  parliament  for  thirty-four  years,  from  17C8  to 
1802.   He  died  20th  ]March,  1807,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Sir  Henky,  2nd  baronet,  who  married  19th  March,  1801, 
Frances  Sophia,  4tli  daughter  of  Thomas  Wright  Vaughan 
Esq.,  of  Woodstone,  by  whom  he  had  surviving  issue, 

Henry,  late  baronet. 
John  Fliilip,  born  in  ]Kl'). 

Sir  Henry  died  10  Aug.,  1821,  and  wag  succeeded  by  his  son, 
Sir  Henry,  3rd  baronet,  born  18th  Sept.,  1807  ;  who  married 
26th  June,  1831,  Emily  Maria,  2nd  daughter  of  George  Brown, 
Esq.,  formerly  member  of  council,  Bombay,  and  had  issue, 

I.  Henry,  present  b.tronet. 

II.  George  Philip,  bom  in  1837  ;  died  in  181D. 

III.  Edward,  born  iu  1841. 

IV.  Lancelot,  born  in  184(3. 

V.  PhiUp,  born  in  1848. 

TI.  John  Lowther,  born  in  18.51. 

I.  EmUy,  died  in  181.'). 

U.  Frances  Sophia,  died  1845. 

HI.  Edith.  IV.  Adelaide  Maria.  v.  .\Iice,  died  1851. 

Sir  Henry  died  Gth  Sept.,  18D1,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
eldest  son, 

SiK  Henhy,  4:th  baronet,  an  officer  in  the  Grenadier  Guards 
born  24th  September,  1830. 

Creation.— 20lh  May,  1782. 

Arms. — Sa.,  a  cross,  engrnilcd,  arg.,  between  four  plates,  each 
charged  with  an  arrow  of  the  first. 
Crest. — .\  horse's  head,  arg.,  charged  with  a  trefoil,  gu. 
Motto. — Martis  non  Ciipidiuis. 
Seat. — Ashley  Park,  Widton-on-Thames,  Surrey. 

The  hamlet  of  Brocklebank  is  about  five  miles  south- 
south-east  of  Wigton.  Clea  Green  and  Reathwaite  are 
also  hamlets  iu  this  township.  Clay  Hall  is  now  a 
farm-house. 

EOSLEY. 

The  area  of  Rosley  township  is  2,947  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £3,8.51  10s.  The  united  population  of 
Eosley  and  Woodside  in  1801  was  484  ;  in  1811,  527  : 
of  Rosley  alone  in  1821,  302  ;  of  Rosley  and  Woodside, 
iu  1831,  050  ;  of  Rosley  alone  in  1841,  279;  and  in 
Eosley  alone  iu  1851,  295.  The  principal  landowners 
here  are  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  for  England, 
General  Wyndham,  and  Sir  Wastel  Brisco ;  but  Messrs. 
Joseph  Jefferson,  John  Richardson,  Joseph  Rook,  — 
Lea,  Thomas  Dockray,  William  Hodgson,  Thomas 
Hodgson,  Wilham  Rook,  Thomas  Hayton,  Wilham 
Pearson,  Christopher  Armstrong,  John  Roper,  and 
George  Wood  have  also  estates. 


The  village  of  Eosley  occupies  a  delightful  situation 
on  the  southern  acclivity  of  an  eminence,  fivo  miles 
east-south-east  of  Wigton,  and  nine  south-by-west  of 
Carlisle.  It  has  long  been  noted  for  its  large  horse 
and  cattle  fairs,  which  are  held  on  Whit-Monday,  and 
on  every  alternate  ^Monday  after  till  Laininas-day. 
Two  other  lairs  for  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep,  established 
here  in  1845,  arc  held  on  the  21st  of  April,  and  oa 
the  third  ^Monday  in  October.  Mr.  T.  Dehton,  writing 
iu  11)88,  says,  "  that  Rosley  fair  was  then  the  best  in 
all  the  north  for  Irish  and  Scotch  horses,  cattle,  and 
sheep."    Rosley  Hill  is  a  large  piece  of  common. 

Brockenthwaite  and  Craggs  are  two  hamlets  in 
this  township,  the  former  being  two  and  a  half  and 
the  latter  three  miles  south-east  of  Wigton.  There  is 
a  school  at  Craggs. 

WOODSIDE. 

Woodside  township  contains  2,443  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £3,331.  The  number  of  its  inhabi- 
tants was  returned  with  Rosley  till  1821,  when  it  was 
364;  in  1831  it  was  again  returned  with  Rosley;  in 
184]  it  was  415;  and  in  1831,  404.  Sir  Wastel 
Brisco  is  the  principal  landowner ;  besides  whom 
John  Taylor,  Esq.,  Rev.  Mr.  Hewson,  Messrs.  John 
Jefferson,  John  Hewit,  J.  T.  Cowen,  Thomas  Light- 
foot,  Kelicker  and  Barnes,  AViUiam  AVooJ,  John 
Gibson,  Thomas  Turtal,  John  Thompson,  Robert 
Jefferson,  Mary  Todd,  and  Eliza  Lowry,  have  also 
estates  here.  Here  is  a  manor  called  Twenty  Houses, 
the  joint  property  of  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson  and  Sir 
Wastel  Brisco.  A  meal  tithe  was  levied  on  this  manor 
by  one  of  the  lords  of  Inglewood  Forest,  for  the  support 
of  the  hotinds  which  were  kept  at  Forester  Fold,  and  J 
the  inhabitants  were  subject  to  its  payment  till  the  ■ 
enclosure  of  the  commons,  when  land  was  allotted  iu 
lieu  thereof.  They  are  toll  free  at  Eosley,  Wigton, 
and  Penrith. 

Westwoodside,  Eastwoodside,  East  and  West  Curth- 
waite,  Howrigg,  and  the  Heights,  are  all  hamlets  in 
this  township,  extending  from  two  and  a  half  to  five 
miles  east  of  Wigton.  At  the  Heights  there  is  a  chapel 
of  ease  to  Westward  church,  erected  in  1840,  at  a  cost 
of  about  d£700,  raised  by  subscription,  aided  by  a  dona- 
tion of  £70  from  the  Incorporated  Society  for  Building 
Churches.  It  is  endowed  with  £100,  the  interest  being 
£4  a  year.     The  site  was  given  by  the  late  Mr.  Hodge. 

Previous  to  the  enclosure  of  the  common  laud,  several 
trenches  and  other  vestiges  of  encampments  could  be 
traced  in  this  parish,  particularly  near  the  Heights, 
but  most  of  them  have  been  levelled,  and  large  quanti- 
ties of  stone  removed  from  their  sites. 


WESTWARD   PARISH. 


269 


JLOnX    OF    THE     PARISH     OF    WESTWAKD     AND     ITS 
IMMEDIATE    NEIGHBOURHOOD. 

There  are  two  circumstances  which  materially  influ- 
ence the  growth  and  number  of  plants  in  any  particular 
district — the  quality  of  the  soil  and  its  elevation  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  In  both  these  respects  the  parish 
of  Westward  presents  a  considerable  variety.  On  the 
north  side,  the  ground  along  the  river  Wampool  rises 
little  above  the  sea  level ;  while  on  the  south  side,  above 
Urocklcbanli,  it  attains  the  height  of  800  or  900  feet. 
Between  these  extremes  there  is  of  course  no  little 
variety  of  surface.  The  quality  of  the  soil  is  not  less 
varied.  Soil,  we  know,  is  but  the  worn-down  parts  of 
the  subjacent  rocks,  mi.Ked  up  with  animal  and  vege- 
table organisms;  and  within  the  district  of  which  we 
speak  we  have  three  great  geological  formations,  the 
lower  scries  of  the  now  red  sandstone,  the  coal  measures, 
and  the  mountain  limestone.  There  is  also  a  small 
band  of  millstone  grit  crossing  the  higher  part  of  the 
parish,  but  it  is  too  small  to  influence  the  nature  of  the 
soil ;  and  at  one  or  two  places,  as  at  Low-ling  and  at 
Shawk-beck,  a  limestone  crops  out  strongly  impregnated 
with  magnesia.  This,  however,  is  not  the  maguesian 
limestone,  as  appears  from  the  fossils  imbedded  in  it; 
the  limestone  here  mentioned  containing  very  fine 
specimens  of  the  beautiful  fossil  called  by  Morris 
"  Strombodcs  floriforme,"  which  does  not  extend  beyond 
the  mountiiin  limestone.  The  sandstone  lies  on  the 
north  and  cast  of  the  parish ;  and  excellent  quarries 
have  been  opened  at  different  points,  particularly  at 
Ilowrigg  and  Shawk,  where  some  beautiful  white 
freestone  strata  have  been  worked,  supplying  building 
stones  to  many  parts  of  the  county.  The  coal  measures 
run  from  Ileldrk  by  Clea  Hall  and  across  Broadmoor, 
where  many  hhallow  pits  have  formerly  been  opened. 
It  seems  probable  that  a  good  band  might  be  found  at 
a  greater  depth,  and  many  seams  of  cannel  coal  are  yet 
unwrought.  The  mountain  limestone  composes  the 
highest  part  of  the  parish. 

I'lio  dilVorencc  of  these  three  great  divisions  is  very 
well  marked  by  the  three  kinds  of  primula)  found 
growing  in  the  locality.  On  banks  overlying  the 
sandstone  we  have  the  common  primrose  in  abundance; 
on  the  limestone  soil  the  cowslip  is  equally  abundant ; 
and  between  these,  on  tho  wet  clayey  soil  of  the  coal 
measures,  the  beautiful  primula  farinosa,  (bird's-eye 
primrose,)  grows  in  gi'eat  numbers.  There  arc  not 
many  plants  of  great  rarity  within  the  district;  per- 
haps the  most  uncommon  is  the  toothwort,  (lathni'a 
squamaria,)  which  is  occasionally  found  in  a  wood  near 
llekirk.  Wo  may  also  mention  tlio  tufted  loosestrife, 
(lysimachia  tliyrsilloia,)  growing  ou  the  Penrith  road, 


through  Rosley;  the  herb  Paris,  (Paris  quadrifolia,) 
which  grows  abundantly  near  Clea  Hall,  a  very  pretty 
flower,  with  its  four  egg-shaped  leaves,  and  golden 
anthers  contrasting  with  the  green  petals ;  the  beauti- 
ful little  pyrola  minor,  less  winter  green,  with  its  slender 
cluster  of  drooping  pale  rose-coloured  flowers,  so  very 
wax-like  and  delicate ;  the  three  different  kinds  of 
sun-dew,  the  round-leaved  being  very  common  but 
well  worthy  of  close  examination,  its  pecuhar-shaped 
leaves  are  covered  with  glandular  hairs  from  which 
exudes  a  viscid  fluid  shining  like  dew,  and  by  which 
flies  are  entangled,  and  supposed,  though  probably 
without  reason,  to  contribute  to  the  sustenance  of  the 
plant.  Chicory  grows  near  the  Wiza,  at  Church  Hill. 
The  greater  bind-weed,  (convolvolus  sepium,)  near  Crof- 
ton  toll-bar.  In  other  places  may  be  found  the  yellow 
asphodel,  the  enchanter's  nightshade,  the  wild  teasel, 
the  mountain  globe  flower,  the  broad-k-aved  heleborine, 
the  hemp  agrimony,  the  sand  garlic,  the  dwarf  elder, 
and  the  great  bell  flower.  Another  beautiful  flower, 
and  in  some  places  rare  plant,  is  the  grass  of  Parnassus, 
(Pamassia  palustris.)  The  more  we  examine  it,  the 
more  we  are  struck  with  the  beauty  displayed  iu  its 
formation;  its  pure  white  flower  leaves  streaked  with 
lines  of  green ;  its  nectaries  placed  alternately  with 
its  stamens,  and  opposite  the  petals,  each  covered 
with  a  Uttlc  yeUow  globe,  like  the  balls  on  an  earl's 
coronet;  its  slender  graceful  stem  and  heart-shaped 
leaves  point  it  out  as  one  of  the  most  elegant  of  our 
native  plants,  and  forcibly  remind  us  how  exquisitely 
beautiful  and  how  faultless  are  the  works  of  the 
Almighty. 

The  following  list  of  plants  growing  in  the  parish, 
in  addition  to  those  above-mentioned,  is  subjoined  not 
on  account  of  their  rarity,  but  iu  hopes  that  persons  who 
have  a  taste  for  botany,  one  of  the  most  innocent  and 
entertaining  of  pursuits,  may,  iu  other  localities  com- 
pare it  with  the  plants  in  their  own  neighbourhood  and 
observing  what  additions  can  bo  made,  in  a  short  time 
a  complete  flora  of  tho  county  might  be  compiled.  A\  e 
will  first  enumerate  the  grasses  which  have  been  ob- 
served growing  naturally  in  the  district ;  and  then  tho 
flowers  arranged  under  the  months  iu  which  they  com- 
monly may  be  found  in  perfection.  It  is  not  easy  to 
say  what  is  the  exact  number  of  British  flowers,  be- 
cause some  writers  enumerate  as  species  what  others 
consider  merely  as  varieties.  Macgillevray,  iu  his  last 
edition  of  Withering,  describes  l,l(i'2  species.  If  from 
them  wo  deduct  the  trees,  b'i ;  tho  willows,  04 ;  and 
tho  sedges,  61 ;  wo  have  remaining  1,'285 :  hence  it 
will  be  seen  that  fully  one-fourth  of  this  number  may 
be  found  iu  the  small  district  of  which  we  speak. 


270 


ALLERDALE- BELOW- DERWENT  WARD. 


The  whole  number  of  British  grasses  is  122.  The 
following  list  contains  40.  Almost  all  the  rest  are  rare, 
growing  only  on  liigh  mountains,  on  the  sea-shore  or 
other  particular  places  : — 

Antlwxanthum  odoratum,  sweet-scented  spring  grass. 
Plialaris  arundinacea,  reed  Canary  grass. 
PhUum  pratensc,  cat's  tail  or  Timothy. 
Alujiecurus  pratatsis,  meadow  fox-tail. 
„         agreslis,  slender        do. 
„         geniculiitus,  lloatin^  do. 
Milium  effusum,  spreading  millet  {jrass. 
Agrosiia  canina,  brown  bent  grass. 

„      vulgaris,  fine  do. 

„      dlbii,  raarsli  do. 

Aira  caspitosa,  turfy  hair  grass, 
„  Jlextiosa,  wavy  do. 

„   caryophyllia,  silver  do. 
Eolcus  avenacetis,  oat-like  soft  grass. 

„      mollis,  creeping  do. 

„      lanatus,  meadow  do. 

Melica  uniHora,  wood  melio  grass. 

„      cccnilea,  purple  do. 

Glyceriajluitans,  floating  sweet  grass. 
Briza  inedia,  common  quaking  grass. 
Poa  trivialis,  rough  meadow  grass. 
„    pratetviis,  smooth         do. 
„    annua,  annual  do. 

Dactylys  glomerata,  cock's  foot. 
Cynosurus  cristatm,  crested  dog's  tail. 
Festuca  ovina,   sheep's   fescue. 

„      duriuscula,  hard    do. 

„       gigantea,  great      do. 

„       hliiicea,  spiked      do. 

„      pratensis,  meadow  do. 

„       elatior,  tall  do. 

„       sylvatica,  slender  wood  fescue. 
Bromus  mollis,  soft  broine  grass. 

„       asper,  hairy  wood       do. 

„      sterilii,  barren  do. 

Lalium peienne,  rye  grass. 
Avena  pratensis,  narrow-leaved  oat  grass. 

„    flavescens,  yellow  do. 

Triticum  repens,  couch  grass. 
„      eaninum,  dog's  wheat. 

A  few  of  these  grasses  grow  only  in  marshes  or 
watery  places ;  as  the  reed  Canary  grass,  the  floating 
fox-tail,  the  floating  sweet  grass.  Others  in  woods,  as 
the  millet  and  melic  grasses,  the  great,  the  tall,  and 
the  wood  fescues,  and  the  hairy  brome  grass.  The 
agrostis  alba  is  called  by  some  the  famous  florin  grass, 
said  to  be  the  most  productive  grass  ever  cultivated. 
The  rest  are  excellent  pasture  grasses.  Three  are 
troublesome  on  account  of  then*  creeping  roots,  called 
twitch,  the  holcus  aveuaceus,  mollis,  and  triticum 
repens.  All  are  perennial  except  the  annual  meadow 
grass,  slender  fox-tail,  silver  hair  grass,  and  bromus 
sterilis. 


Those  flowers  are  omitted  which,  though  growing 
wild  in  some  places,  are  here  found  only  in  gardens, 
as  the  snowdrop,  tulip,  and  such  like. 

In  Fcbruaiy  it  can  scarcely  be  said  that  any  plants 
commence  flowering,  because  those  which  are  then  to 
be  found  in  flower  are  such  as  flower  throughout  the 
whole  year,  as  chickweed,  groundsel,  and  deaduettle. 

In  March  appear  the  pile  wort,  or  less  celandine, 
coltsfoot,  dog's  violet,  wild  strawberry,  butter  bur,  shep- 
herd's purse,  hairy  cardamine,  and  a  few  others. 

In  April,  moschatei,  wall  cress,  wood  anemone,  water 
starwort,  bitter  cardamine,  lamb's  lettuce,  ground  ivy, 
wood  sorrel,  goldilocks,  spurwoit,  rue-leaved  sa.\ifrage, 
early  orchis,  and  dog's  mercury. 

In  May,  bugle,  rampsons,  cuckoo  pint,  woodrufi", 
earth  nut,  gout  weed,  'wood  sauicle,  crosswort,  corn 
gromwell,  wood  loosestrife,  mercury,  beaked  parsley, 
sweet  cicely,  water  parsnip — the  least  of  the  umbeli- 
ferous  order — harebell,  golden  saxifrage,  meadow  saxi- 
frage, stitchwort,  sandwort,  common  avcns,  celandine ; 
ivy  leaved,  bulbous,  and  water  crowfoot ;  several  speed- 
wells, bilberry,  marsh  marigold,  toadflax,  lady's  smock, 
garlick,  hedge  mustard,  bush  vetch,  birdsfoot,  meadow 
orchis,  cow  berry,  and  sweet  gale. 

In  June,  marsh  speedwell,  butterwort,  valerian, 
several  bedstraws,  hoary,  sea-side,  and  buckshorn  plan- 
tain, forget-me-not,  bogbean,  sheepsbit,  pansy,  night- 
shade, wild  carrot,  arrow  grass,  cranberry,  bistort,  com 
cockle,  red  and  white  campion,  agrimony,  water  avens, 
creeping  cinquefoil,  spearwort,  henbit,  lousewort,  yellow 
toadflax,  water  cress,  meadow  uood,  jagijed  and  dove's 
foot  cranebUl,  fumitory,  milkwort,  broom,  rest  harrow, 
kidney  vetch,  bitter  vetch,  goat's  beard,  hawkweed, 
hawk's  beard,  carline  thistle,  mountain  cudweed,  corn 
marigold,  feverfew,  butterfly  orchis,  frog  orchis,  spotted 
orchis,  and  aromatic  orchis,  twayblade,  orache. 

In  July,  common  stonewort,  yellow  iris,  bristle- 
stallced  club  rash,  reed,  wild  teasel ;  small,  field,  and 
bitter  scabions ;  vipers,  bugloss,  centaury,  marsh  penny, 
fool's  parsley,  hemlock,  hemlock  dropwort,  burnet 
saxifrage,  water  purslane,  water  plantain,  several 
willow  herbs,  sea  campion,  red  sandwort,  wild  wood, 
stone  bramble,  rock  rose,  betouy,  hemp  nettle,  wound- 
wort, red  bartsia,  eyebrigat,  cow  wheat,  figwort,  Pep- 
porwort,  musk  mallow,  wood  vetch,  hairy  and  smooth 
tare ;  common,  trailing,  mountain,  hairy,  square,  and 
upright  St.  John's  wort,  wall  lettuce,  rough  and  autumn 
hau'hhit,  cat's  ear,  nipplewort,  sawwort,  hemp  agrimony, 
wormwood,  mugwort,  golden  rod,  sueezewort,  knap- 
weed, blue  bottle,  and  burreed. 

In  August,  marsh  bedstraw,  curled  pondweed,  pepper 
saxifrage,    autumal   gentian,   yellow  saxifrage,   purple 


■RTiSTWARD  TARISU. 


271 


loosestrife,  marsh  woundwort,  wild  basil,  liigliland  cud- 
■necd,  and  hornwort. 

In  September,  biting  persicaria,  perennial  knawcl, 
and  dwarf  wliin. 

MOSSES. 

These  form  a  numerous  family  of  the  crj-ptogamic 
class,  and  present  very  interesting  objects  of  contempla- 
tion with  a  microscope.  The  beautifully  dotted  loaves 
of  the  thread  moss,  and  the  seed  vessels  of  all  the 
different  kinds,  are  well  worthy  of  inspection.  Fii-st 
■we  find  a  slender  stalk  surmounted  by  an  egg-shaped 
cup,  and  this  cup  surrounded  generally  with  one  or  two 
sets  of  fringes :  then  a  neatly  fitting  lid,  and  over  all  a 
fairy  like  umbrella,  altogether  forming  a  receptacle  for 
the  almost  invisible  seed  that  must  excite  our  admira- 
tion. It  is  curious  to  observe  that  the  number  of  teeth 
in  the  fringes  is  always  either  four  or  eight,  or  sixteen, 
or  thirty-two  or  sixty-four ;  no  intermediate  number  is 
ever  found.  The  number  of  British  mosses  is  about  S2Q. 
Some  of  these  are  found  only  in  the  highest  mountains. 
Eightj'-five  have  been  observed  in  this  locality.  Of 
these,  about  twenty-three  sorts  belong  to  the  hypnums, 
or  feather  mosses  ;  some  of  which  are  very  fme,  as  the 
trif[uetrous,  the  prtelongus,  the  proliferous,  the  tree- 
like, and  several  others.  The  water  moss,  abundant  in 
streams,  with  its  dark  three-cornered  stems,  is  another 
line  moss ;  so  is  the  curled  neckera,  which  is  found  near 
Clea  Hall,  the  same  kind  of  moss  which  grows  so 
luxuriantly  on  rocks  overhanging  the  mouth  of  the  cave 
on  the  braes  of  Lochaber,  in  which  the  Pretender  took 
refuge  after  his  defeat  at  CuUoden.  Perhaps  the  most 
beautiful  of  our  mosses  is  the  apple  moss,  with  its  light 
green  leaves  and  perfectly  round  capsules  on  tall 
slender  stalks.  Several  of  the  bryums,  or  thread 
mosses,  are  very  fine,  particularly  the  bryum  ligulatum, 
with  its  long  strnp-shaped  leaves  and  several  seed  stalks 
springing  from  the  top  of  one  stem.  The  bryum 
argentcum  looks  like  a  catkin  of  the  hazel  frosted  with 
silver.  The  bristle  mosses  grow  principally  on  trees ; 
the  hygroractric  cord  moss  where  charcoal  has  been 
burnt.  Then  we  have  several  kinds  of  hair  moss — the 
dwarf,  the  urnbcaring,  and  the  great  broom  hair  moss — 
all  with  two  veils,  or  umbrellas,  instead  of  one.  The 
lattice  moss,  with  its  bright  red  teeth  netted  together; 
tlic  screw  moss,  with  its  twisted  fringe ;  the  fork  moss  ; 
the  fringe  moss,  with  greatly  divided  teeth ;  the  twin 
toothed  moss  ;  tho  hoary  grimmia,  covering  our  moun- 
tainous pastures ;  tlie  cxtingiiish(<r  moss,  with  its  veil 
so  exactly  resembling  the  extinguisher  of  a  candle ;  the 
four-toothed  moss  ;  the  branched  beardless  moss ;  the 
bog  moss,  and  tbo  earth  moss.  Some  of  the  last  are  so 
small  as  scarcely  to  be  visible  to  the  naked  oyc ;  and, 


lastly,  the  split  moss,  the  capsule  of  which  opens  so 
differently  from  most  other  mosses,  being  divided  into 
four  valves  perpendicularly  instead  of  having  its  top  cut 
off  horizontally. 

FEItNS. 

In  the  splendid  volume  of  Nature-Printed  Fenis,  by 
Bradbury,  the  number  of  British  species  is  reckoned  to 
be  forty-five.  Of  these,  we  have  in  this  parish  twenty. 
Some  of  the  specimens  grow  most  luxuriantly,  and 
attain  a  very  large  size.  The  moonwort,  one  of  our 
prettiest  ferns,  is  found  in  great  numbers  in  the 
grounds  belonging  to  General  Wyndham,  at  Hdl  Top  ; 
and  the  oak  fern,  a  handsome  species,  with  its  three 
delicate  light  green  branches,  is  common  in  shady 
places.  The  following  is  the  list  of  species  : — Common 
polybody,  beech  fern,  oak  fern,  parsley  fern,  lobate 
shield  fern,  broad  buckler  fern,  prickly  toothed  fern, 
mountain  fern,  male  fern,  lady  fern,  blacli  spleenwort, 
green  ditto,  maiden  hair  ditto,  ruedeaved  ditto,  hard 
fern,  common  brakes,  brittle  fern,  hart's  tonge,  moon- 
wort,  adder's  tongue. 

ORNITHOLOGT    OF   WESTWARD. 

Birds,  with  respect  to  any  given  locality,  may  be 
divided  into  four  classes — comtant  residents,  summer 
visitants  for  the  sake  of  breeding,  winter  visitants  for 
food,  and  occasional  visitors  or  stragrjlers  which  some 
chance  had  driven  to  tho  place.  There  may  be  dif- 
ference of  opinion  as  to  the  birds  to  be  included  in  any 
of  these  classes ;  nor  need  we  be  surprised  at  this ;  it 
is  tho  same  in  all  classification  whatever  devised  by  the 
art  of  man.  Every  class  has  its  transitional  forms 
which  run  into  some  adjoining  class.  Even  the  line 
which  separates  the  great  kingdoms  of  natm'e  is  invisi- 
ble ;  and  men  of  tho  highest  attainments  in  natural 
science  have  disputed  whether  certain  objects  which 
lie  on  the  boundary  between  the  animal  and  vegetable 
kingdom  do  really  belong  to  the  one  or  the  other. 
Among  our  birds  this  remark  applies  to  tho  wagtails ; 
they  evidently  increase  in  numbers  about  tlie  breeding 
season,  yet  some  are  found  at  all  times  of  the  year. 
They  are  partly  migrant,  therefore,  and  partly  resident. 
Then,  again,  with  regard  to  tho  common  gull  and  the 
heron,  they  neither  breed  in  the  district,  nor  are  they 
driven  from  more  northern  climates  for  winter  food, 
and  yet  they  may  bo  found  occasionally  at  all  times. 

Tho  whole  numlier  of  British  birds,  according  to 
Yan'cl,  is  337.  Of  these  Wi  arc  residents,  50  sum- 
mer visitants,  38  winter  visitants,  and  124  stragglers. 
Leaving  out  this  last  class  as  of  no  value  in  inquiring 
into  tho  ornithology  of  any  district,  wo  have  in  West- 
ward 4U  of  the  first  class,  25  of  the  second,  and  six  of 


272 


ALLEEDALE  -  BELOW  -  DERWENT  WARD. 


the  third,  or  80  birds  in  all.  The  greatest  difference 
is  in  the  winter  visitants,  and  this  arises  from  the 
parish  being  at  some  distance  from  the  sea,  and  without 
any  lakes  or  fens,  so  that  we  derive  no  accession  either 
from  the  swimming  or  wading  class  of  birds  which  are 
so  numerous  in  other  places  in  winter;  while  it  may 
be  noticed  that  of  fifty  birds  that  migrate  to  Great 
Britain  in  summer,  twenty-five  are  common  to  this 
neighbourhood.  In  the  recollection  of  the  writer,  one 
or  two  very  noticeable  changes  have  taken  place  as  to 
the  number  of  particular  kinds  of  birds.  Forty  or  fifty 
years  ago  starlings  were  very  rare  birds  indeed;  now 
they  are  very  common.  The  goldon-crested  wren,  too, 
has  increased  very  much  of  late,  while  the  bittern  or 
mire  drum,  once  not  uncommon,  is  now  entirely  ban- 
ished, and  the  buzzards,  or  gleads,  as  they  were  called, 
are  only  occasionally  seen. 

Of  the  birds  of  prey  we  have  seven  residents,  merlin, 
kestrel,  sparrow  hawk,  common  buzzard  (now  rare), 
common  harrier,   white  or  barn  owl,  and  tawny  owl. 

Of  perching  birds  thirty-two  are  residents,  water 
ousel,  missel  thrush,  song  thrush,  blackbird,  robin,  gold- 
crested  wren,  blue  titmouse,  greater  titmouse,  coal  tit- 


mouse, long-tailed  titmouse,  hedge  sparrow,  pied  wag- 
tail, yellow  wagtail,  crow,  jackdaw,  rook,  magpie,  jay, 
starling,  greenfiuch,  goldfinch,  grey  linnet,  less  redpole, 
house  sparrow,  chaflinch,  common  bunting,  yellow 
bunting,  reed  bunting,  sk3'lark,  bulfinch,  wren,  king- 
fisher. Twenty  summer  visitants  :  'Wheatear.whinchat, 
stonechat,  redstart,  blackcap,  whitethroat,  sedge  warbler, 
grasshopper  warbler,  wood  warbler,  willow  warbler, 
titlark,  tree  pipit,  spotted  flycatcher,  common  creeper, 
cuckoo,  goatsucker,  common  swallow,  martin,  land 
martin,  swift.  Three  winter  visitants :  Fieldfare,  red 
wing,  and  snow  bunting  (frequently.) 

Of  the  rasores,  or  scraping  birds,  we  have  five  resi- 
dents :  Wood  pigeon,  black  grouse,  red  grouse,  par- 
tridge, and  pheasant.  One  summer  visitant:  The 
quail. 

Of  wading  birds,  four  residents  :  Heron,  snipe,  golden 
plover,  and  water  hen.  Four  summer  visitants :  Sand 
piper,  corncrake,  curlew,  and  lapwing.  Two  winter 
visitants  :  Woodcock  and  jacksnipe. 

Of  the  swimming  birds  we  have  only  one  resident, 
the  common  wild  duck,  and  two  that  occasionally  visit 
us  at  all  seasons,  the  teal  and  the  gull. 


WIGTON    PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Wigton  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  parishes  of  Kirkbride  and  Holme  Cultram,  on  the  west  by 
Bromfield,  on  the  south  by  Bolton  and  Westward,  and  on  the  east  by  Aikton  and  Thursby.  It  is  about  five  miles 
in  length  by  three  in  breadth,  and  consists  generally  of  low,  dry,  and  fertile  land,  the  soil  varying  from  loam,  clay, 
and  gravel.  Plenty  of  red  freestone  is  found  here,  but  no  coal  or  limestone.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Wiza,  and 
several  small  brooks  and  rivulets,  and  contains  a  small  lake  called  Mai-tin  Tarn,  in  which  pike,  perch,  &c.,  are 
found.  Wigton  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Wigton.  Onlton,  Waverton,  and  Woodside,  whoso  united  area 
is  ]  1,800  acres.     The  Maryport  and  Carlisle  railway  runs  through  the  parish. 

Adam  had  issue  Odard  the  second,  whose  son  and  heir, 
Adam  the  second,  dying  without  issue,  the  inheritance 
came   to  his  brother   Walter,    who  had   issue   Odard 
the  third.     The  latter  died  without  issue,  as  did  also 
another  Odard,  upon  which   their  brother,   John  de 
Wigton,  son  of  Walter,  came  into  possession.     This 
•John  had  an  only  daughter,  who  was  married  to  John 
Gernon,  and  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  was  impleadedi 
for  her  birthright,  in  consequence  of  which,  her  mothpr.J 
Idonisa  Lovetot,  was  for  a  time  kept  out  of  her  dower, 
but  she  afterwards  regained  it.    Shortly  after  the  demisBj 
of  the  wife  of  John  Gernon,  Wigton  barony  came 
Thomas  Lucy,  lord  of  Allcrdale,  "and  thereby,"  say.l 
Nicolsou  and  Bum,  "  in  right  the  seigniory  of  Wigton  J 
was  extinguished,  and  became  again  part  of  the  ancient  j 
barony  of  Allerdale,  though  it  is  still  taken  and  reputed! 


WIGTON. 

The  population  of  tho  township  of  Wigton  in  1801 
was  2,450:  in  1811,  2,077;  in  1821,  4,050 ;  in  1831, 
4,885;  in  1841,  4,738;  and  in  1851,  4,568.  The 
rateable  value  is  £10,528. 

The  barony  of  Wigton  was  anciently  demesne  of 
Allerdale,  until  Waltheof,  son  of  Gospatric,  earl  of 
Dunbar,  gave  it  to  Odard  de  Lucy,  whose  posterity 
took  their  name  from  the  place.  At  that  time  the 
barony  contained  Wigton,  Waverton,  Blencogo,  Dun- 
draw,  and  Kirkbride,  with  Oulton,  each  of  which  town- 
ships is  still  a  manor  within  itself,  known  by  metes 
and  bounds,  and  Has  in  the  barony  of  Wigton.  Henry 
I.  confirmed  Waltheof  s  gi-ant  to  Odard,  who  lived  until 
the  reign  of  King  John,  so  that  he  must  have  attained 
a  respectable  old  age.    This  Odard  had  issue  Adam,  and 


^VIGTON   PARISH. 


273 


as  a  distinct  barony."  From  the  Lucies  Wigton  came 
to  tlie  Pcrcies,  carls  of  Northumberland,  together  with 
the  rest  of  the  estates  of  that  family.  When  Henry 
Percy,  carl  of  Northumberland,  was  attainted  in  ir)78,  a 
survey  was  made  of  the  barony  of  Wigton,  when  it  was 
found  that  Wigton  was  an  ancient  barony,  and  "  hatli 
been  of  long  time  the  inheritance  of  the  ancestors  of 
the  said  carl  .  .  .  and  was  of  ancient  time  holden 
of  the  kings  of  this  realm  by  knight's  service,  cornage, 
(tc,  and  is  now  holden  by  the  last  letters  patents, 
together  with  all  the  lands  belonging  to  the  said  earl- 
dom by part  of  a  knight's  fee."     From  the  same 

MS.  we  learn  that  the  barony  at  that  time  comprised 
tiic  towns  of  Wigton,  Waverton,  Dundraw,  Kirkbride, 
and  Oulton,  "  the  which  two  last-named  are  accompted 
both  far  one  town ;  and  there  is  also  the  hamlets  of 
Rosenen,  Kirkland,  Woodside,  Aiton,  and  others,  within 
which  circuit  the  said  earl  hath  the  liberties,  royalties, 
and  privileges  of  court  liarron  fi'om  three  weeks  to  three 
weeks;  a  court  leet  at  two  times  in  the  year,  viz., 
within  one  month  next  after  the  feast  of  Easter,  and 
within  one  month  after  the  feast  of  St.  Michael  the 
Archaiigi'l ;  and  also  by  a  charter  bearing  date  at  West- 
minster, the  third  day  of  February,  anno  regni  Ilenrici 
Tertii  40  (1202),  one  market  weekly  at  the  town 
of  Wigton  on  Tuesday,  with  one  fair  there  every 
year,  to  endure  for  three  days,  viz.,  the  even,  the 
day,  and  the  morrow  after  the  feast  of  the  nativity  of  our 
Saviour,  with  all  tilings  to  a  market  and  fair  belonging: 
And  also  the  lords  of  the  said  manor  and  barony  have 
had  and  used  within  their  limits  and  bounds,  free- 
warron  and  all  things  thereto  belonging;  and  also  have 
had  and  used,  through  all  the  wastes  and  commons 
within  tlie  said  barony  according  to  the  limits  thereof 
before  set  down  (c.Kcepting  Dockwray  Moss  and  Morros 
Moss),  free  soarcli  and  drift  yearly ;  and  all  goods  and 
eliattcls  found  there  by  the  said  search  of  any  foreigner 
and  otlier  persons  not  having  liberty  or  interest  of  coni- 
Doon  there  were  taken,  distreyned,  and  impounded,  or 
detayncd  until  such  times  as  the  owners  tiiorcof  did 
compound  and  agree  and  make  amends  for  their  depas- 
turing there,  to  the  use  of  the  lord  of  the  manor.  And 
all  trespasses  committed  u])on  the  said  wastes  or  com- 
mons by  any  person  by  improving  or  taking  up  any 
part  thereof,  without  license  of  the  lord,  or  in  digging 
of  turfe.  pulling  of  ling,  or  any  such  like  offence  there 
committed,  have  always  been  inquired  of  and  presented 
at  tho  courts  of  the  said  manor  or  barony,  and  there 
punished  by  the  way  of  amerciament  or  otherwise,  as 
tho  offence  required." 

The  following  list  of  the  freeholders  of  Wigton  at 
this  period,  extracted  from  tho  same  inquisition,  now 
30 


printed  for  the  first  time,  will  no  doubt  be  interesting 
to  our  readers  : — 

AT  mOTON. 

"Leonard  Dykes  holdeth  two  tenements  at  Tufos- 
thwaite,  in  socage  tenure  and  rent  at  the  feast  of  the 
nativity  of  our  Lord,  pr.  ann.  13s.  The  same  Leonard 
holdeth  six  acres  of  land  at  Guildrigg  by  like  services, 
and  payeth  yearly  at  tlic  feast  abovesaid,  8d. 

"  Anthony  Curwen  holdeth  two  tenements  at  High- 
moor  by  homage,  fealtio  and  suit  of  court,  and  payeth 
by  year  at  the  feast  of  St.  IMartin  and  Pentechost,  8s. 
The  same  Anthony  holdeth  ten  acres  of  meadow  in 
Coldmire,  late  the  lauds  of  John  Lamb,  by  like  services, 
and  rend.  pr.  ann.  5s. 

"Jo.  Tliompson  and  Tho.  Thompson  hold  certain 
lands  at  Wigton  by  like  service,  late  the  lands  of  Piobert 
and  Michel  Thompson,  viz. :  two  acres,  2s. ;  four  acres 
of  land  lying  at  the  foot,  3s.  lOd. ;  si.K  acres  of  land  at 
Ilowrigg,  3s.  fiid. ;  three  acres  of  land  at  Coldmire, 
3s.  ;  two  crofts.  Is.  Od.  ;  a  tenement  and  certain  lands, 
called  Longmoor,  Is.  2d. ;  and  one  tenement,  Od.,  late 
the  lands  of  John  Tliompson,  and  rend.  pr.  ann. 
15s.  OJd. 

"  Cuthbcrt  Grainger  holdeth  there  a  tenement  with 
an  acre  of  land,  late  the  lands  of  Alexander  Highmoor, 
by  like  services,  and  rend.  pr.  ann.  2s.  4d. 

"Jo.  TiQa  holdeth  there  a  tenement  called  the 
Longmoor,  late  the  lands  of  Michael  Thompson,  by  like 
services,  and  tho  13th  mulcture,  and  rend.  pr.  ann. 
Is.  8d. 

"Bartholomew  Lamplugh,  William  Scot,  and  Wil- 
liiuu  Harrison,  hold  there  two  tenements,  one  acre  of 
land,  and  two  acres  of  meadow,  rend.  5s.  5d. 

"  Jo.  Daker  holdeth  at  Wigton  aforesaid  an  acre  of 
meadow  in  Breading,  late  the  lands  of  Adam  Perts.  by 
liko  services  aforesaid,  and  rend.  pr.  ann.  Id. 

"  The  same  Jo.  Daker  holdeth  there  two  tenements 
in  p'tiu',  late  Adam  Perts'  by  the  like  services,  and 
payeth  for  tho  one  7s.,  and  for  the  other  2s.,  in  toto, 
pr.  ann.  9s. 

"  Cuthbcrt  Studholme  holdeth  two  parts  of  one  tene- 
ment, and  Helen,  late  wife  of  Robert  Tifin,  holdeth  the 
third  part,  late  the  lands  of  Robert  Iligbnioor,  by  like 
services,  the  sd.  Cuthbcrt  payeth  2s.  4d.,  and  the  sd. 
Helen  Is.  2d.,  in  toto,  3s.  Od. 

"Jo.  Dogeson,  holdeth  there  a  tenement  lato  William 
Lydall's  by  liko  services,  and  payeth  by  the  year  at  tho 
said  feasts.  Is.  Od. 

"  Anthony  Barwis,  Esq.  holdeth  there  a  tenement, 
lato  Robert  Highmoor,  by  like  service,  and  rend.  pr. 
anil.  2s. 

"Jo.  Tiliii  holdeth  there  a  toft  and  certain  lauds 


274 


ALLERDALE-BKLOW   DEnWENT  WARD. 


called  Brekenlands,  late  the  lands  of  Jo.  Adamson,  hj 
like  services,  and  rend.  2s.  9d. 

"  Michael  Jackson  holdeth  there  a  tenement,  late 
William  Morpith,  by  like  service,  and  rend.  pr.  ann. 
ris.  8d. 

"  Anthony  Barwis,  Esq.,  holdeth  there  a  tenement  or 
tofte  in  p'tiu'  by  like  services,  and  rend.  pr.  ann.  S.^i.  Od. 

"  Edward  Rook  holdeth  there  an  acre  of  land  at  the 
Lonf^moor  by  like  service,  and  rend.  pr.  ann.  8d. 

"  The  heirs  of  Henry  Painter  holdeth  there  a  mes- 
suage and  seven  acres  of  land,  late  the  lands  of  the 
said  Henry  by  homage,  fealtie,  and  suit  of  court,  and 
by  the  service,  l\i.  to  comage,  and  payeth  free  rents 
at  the  feasts  aforesaid.  Is. 

"  The  heirs  of  William  Aiked  holdeth  a  raessnage, 
a  cottiigc,  and  two  crofts,  by  like  service  as  is  aforesaid, 
and  by  the  service  of  IJd.  comage,  and  the  twenty- 
six  moulture,  which  said  lands  were  sometimes  the 
lands  of  William  Aiked,  and  payetli  yearly  at  the  feast 
aforesd.  8d. 

"  The  heirs  of  Tho.  Barwis  holdeth  an  aero  of  land 
in  the  south  end  of  Wigton,  late  the  land  of  Nicholas 
Lowther,  by  like  services,  and  payeth  by  year  2s. 

"  The  heirs  of  Cuthbert  Briscoe  holdeth  there  a 
tenement  called  Longmoor,  late  the  lands  of  Nicholas 
Lowther  afsd.,  by  like  services,  and  rend.,  pr.  ann.,  3d. 
"  Richard  Studholme,  jun.,  holdeth  a  messuage  called 
the  West  End,  and  forty  acres  of  land,  late  the  lands 
of  Nicholas  Lowther  afsd.,  by  like  services,  and  rend. 
pr.  ann.  Id. 

"The  same  Richard  holdeth  four  acres  of  land, 
sometimes  the  land  of  Alex.  Lowther,  and  late  the 
lands  of  Nicholas  Lowther  afsd.,  by  like  service,  and 
rend.  pr.  ann.  5s.  Od. 

"  The  heirs  of  Tho.  Barwis  holdeth  three  acres  of  land 
lying  at  Lideat,  alias  Galabar,  and  another  acre  there 
by  like  services,  rend,  per  ann.  at  the  aforesaid  feasts 
for  the  said  three  acres  Is.  2Jd.,  and  for  the  said  one 
acre  3s.  9d.,  in  toto  pr.  ann.  4s.  4-Jd. 

"  Richard  Richardson  holdeth  there  ono  tenement 
and  one  acre  of  land,  late  the  lands  of  the  said  Nicholas 
Lowther  by  like  services,  and  payeth  yearly  at  the  feast 
afsd.  Is. 

"  The  heirs  of  Cuthbert  Brisco  holdeth  there  a  tene- 
ment called  Longmoor,  late  the  lands  of  Nicholas 
Lowther  by  like  services,  and  rend.  pr.  ann.  6s.  2d. 

"  Tho  heirs  of  Leonard  Brisco  holdeth  there  a  parcel 
of  land  called  the  Black  Acre,  in  the  east  end  of 
Wigton,  late  the  lands  of  the  said  Nicholas  Lowther, 
rend.  pr.  ann.  at  the  feast  afsd.  Is.  4d. 

"  The  heirs  of  Tho.  Barwis  holdeth  there  at  Wigton 
six  acres  of  land,  called  the  Untlands,  late  the  lands  of 


Alex.  Lounde,  and  late  the  lands  of  Nicholas  Lowther 
afsd.,  and  rend.  pr.  ann.  Is.  4d. 

"  Richard  Studholme,  jun.,  holdeth  there  a  messuage 
and  twelve  acres  of  land,   late  the  lands  of  William 
Barker,  and  late  the  lands  of  the  afsd.  Nicholas  Lowther, 
1      by  like  service,  and  payeth  by  year  at  the  feast  before 
named  for  comage  lid.,  for  free  rent  8s.  4d. 

"  The  heirs  of  William  Carpenter  holdeth  a  messuage 
'      and  si-ic  acres  of  land,  late  the  lands  of  William  Car- 
penter, and  late  the  lands  of  the  said  Nicholas  Loivther, 
by  like  services,  and  rend.  pr.  ann.,  at  tho  feast  above- 
,      named.  Id. 

1  "  Richard  Studholme,  jun.,  holdeth  there  a  messuage 

and  three  acres  of  land,  late  the  lands  of  Jo.  Crosby  and 

I      Nicholas  Lowther,  by  like  services,  and  for  comage  lid., 

and  thirteen  nioultcr,  and  payeth  for  free  rent  pr.  ann. 

I      at  the  feast  abovementioned,  4s.  4d. 

"  The  heirs  of  Nicholas  Lowi;hcr  holdeth  there  ono 
I      acre  of  land,  late  the  land  of  the  said  Nicholas  by  tho 
like  service,  and  payeth  yearly  ad  fest.,  6d. 

"  The  heirs  of  llobt.  Gothieson  holdeth  a  messuage 
and  one  acre  of  land,  late  the  lands  of  the  said  Robt. 
Gothieson,  by  like  service,  and  payeth  by  year  ad  fcst. 
before  named  for  comage  ]Jd.  the  thirteen  moulter, 
and  for  free  rent,  4s.  4d. 

"  The  heirs  of  Nicholas  Lowther  holdeth  two  acres  of 
arable  land  and  half  an  acre  of  meadow,  late  the  lands 
of  the  said  Nich.,  by  like  services,  and  payeth  by  year 
at  the  feasts  aforesaid,  2s.  7d." 

A  few  pages  further  on  wo  find  that  the  tenants 
of  the  town  of  Wigton  pay  yearly  to  the  lord  for  com- 
age, 13s.  4d  :  seawake,  2s. :  and  for  tarnsilver,  7s.  Od. ; 
in  toto  pr.  ann.,  23s.  4d. 

From  the  Lucies,  Wigton  passed  by  marriage  to  the 
Duke  of  Somerset,  from  whom  it  has  come  by  inheri- 
tance to  its  present  proprietor,  General  Wviidham. 

The  principal  landowners  in  the  township  of  Wigton 
are  iliss  Aglionby,  Sir  Wastel  Brisco,  Bart. ;  Messrs. 
John  jMartindale,  John  Glaister,  John  Taylor,  Joseph 
Henderson,  Edward  Fidler,  Joseph  Skelton,  John 
Hodgson,  and  John  Maudriel. 

THE    TOWK    OF    WIGTON. 

The  town  of  Wigton  is  situated  near  the  right  bank 
of  the  river  Wiza,  in  54°  40'  north  latitude,  3°  9'  west 
longitude,  distant  eleven  miles  south-west  from  Carhsle, 
303  miles  north-north-west  from  London  by  I'oad,  .and 
312  by  the  North-Western  and  Lancaster  and  Carlisle 
railways.  Its  population  in  1851  was  4,244,  of  which 
2,011  were  males  and  2,233  females,  inhabiting  957' 
houses,  besides  which  52  houses  were  uninhabited,  and 
two  were  in  course  of  erection. 


WIGTON  PARISH. 


a76 


Wigtou  consists  chiefly  of  one  long  and  tolerably  wide 
street,  wliicli  is  lighted  with  gas,  auJ  coutaius  many  well- 
built  houses.  The  principal  manufactures  are  checks, 
ginghams,  and  caUeoes ;  some  linen  is  also  made. 
Tanning,  nail  malung,  brewing,  and  malting,  are  carried 
on,  besides  several  other  branches  of  industry.  The 
market,  which  is  held  on  Tuesday,  is  well  supplied 
with  corn  and  all  kinds  of  provisions ;  a  great  market 
for  butchers'  meat,  apples,  and  honey,  is  held  on  St. 
I'homas'  Day.  Fairs  are  held  on  the  ;^Oth  of  Februarj' 
and  5  th  of  April,  the  former  for  horses,  and  the  latter 
for  cattle  and  merchandise,  Ac.  Wigton  is  one  of  the 
polling  places  for  the  eastern  division  of  the  county. 
I'ettj  sesious  are  held  every  alternate  Tuesday,  at  the 
police  station ;  a  county  court  for  the  recovery  of  debts 
under  £00  is  also  held  here. 

THE    CHUECH. 

Wigton  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Jlary,  is  a 
handsome  structure,  containing  about  1,000  sittiugs, 
and  was  erected  in  1788  ou  the  site  of  a  former 
edifice,  said  to  have  been  built  by  Odard,  first  baron 
of  Wigton,  with  materials  taken  from  the  Roman 
station  of  old  Carlisle  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  town. 
It  contains  monuments  to  the  memory  of  Colonel 
Thomas  liarwis,  who  died  in  1048;  the  Rev.  John 
lirowu,  vicar  of  Wigtou,  17C3  ;  and  the  llev.  Lowther 
Yates,  D.D.,  master  of  Catherine  Hall,  Cambridge,  who 
died  in  1798.  A  splendid  organ  has  recently  been  pre- 
sented to  this  church  by  G.  Moore,  Esq.,  of  London,  a 
native  of  this  neighbourhood.  It  cost  £'M0,  and  was 
opened  ou  the  2Uth  January,  18o9.  Margaret  de  Wigtou 
gave  the  church  to  the  abbey  of  Holme  Cnltram,  to 
which  it  was  soon  afterwards  appropriated,  that  the  com- 
munity might  find  "  four  chaplains,  monks  of  their  own 
house,  to  perform  divine  service  in  the  church  of  the 
abbey,  and  two  secular  chaplains  to  olUciate  in  a  chantry 
of  the  church  of  St.  Mary,  at  Wigton,  for  the  soul  of  the 
said  Margaret,  and  of  her  husband,  John  Gernon,  and  of 
her  ancestors,  and  of  all  faithful  people.'  Shortly  after 
the  church  of  Wigton  was  granted  to  the  abbey,  upon 
tlie  petition  of  Tiiomas  de  Talcane,  theu  abbot  of  Holme 
Cultram,  and  liis  convent  to  Bishop  Kirkby;  the  bishop 
and  his  commissaries,  Ilobert  de  Southayke  and  John 
de  Burden,  confirmed  the  appropriation,  and  ordained 
that  there  should  bo  a  perpetual  vicar,  who  should  have 
au  annual  stipend  of  twenty-six  marks  of  silver,  to  be 
paid  by  the  abbot  and  convent,  and  one  messuage  and 
ten  acres  of  arable  land  in  the  vill  of  Kirkland,  aud  one 
acre  of  land  in  the  vill  of  Wigton,  near  to  the  mansion- 
house,  but  roserving  to  the  bishop  the  collation  to  the 
bcnoGco,  in  recompense  of  the  diminution  of  the  episco- 
pal right  occurring  by  such  appropriation.     After  the 


dissolution  of  the  monastic  institutions  of  this  country, 
(jueeu  Elizabeth,  by  letters  patent,  dated  February  9th, 
1588,  granted  the  corn  tithes  of  the  villages  of  Wigton, 
Waverton,  aud  Oulton,  to  Edward  Downinge  and  Miles 
Dodding,  who  assigned  the  same  to  Robert  Petrie, 
whose  heu',  Sir  John  Petrie,  disposed  of  them  to  Richard 
Fletcher,  of  Cockermouth,  for  JL'GuO.  James  I.,  by 
letters  patent,  granted  the  remainder  to  the  rectory, 
with  the  exception  of  the  tithes  of  eggs,  geese,  and 
apples,  to  Francis  Morice,  Esq.,  and  Francis  Philips : 
who,  in  the  year  1015,  assigned  the  same  to  the  Richard 
Fletcher  above-mentioned.  The  same  monarch,  in  1007, 
granted  the  tithes  of  eggs,  geese,  and  apples  to  Lewis 
Owen  and  Wilham  Bkke,  from  whom  they  passed  to 
the  house  of  Crofton.  These  tithes  have  since  been 
commuted.  The  rectorial  tithes  belonged  to  Sir  Frede- 
rick Fletcher  Vane,  Bart.,  as  impropriator ;  but  he 
obtained  an  act  of  parliament  to  convert  them  into  other 
property,  aud  sold  them  to  the  proprietors  of  the  laud. 
The  benefice  is  a  vicarage,  valued  in  the  King's  Book 
at  £17  19s.  9d.,  aud  having  been  augmented  with 
£450,  obtained  from  Queen  Aune's  Bounty,  and  a 
yearly  rent  charge  of  £13,  left  by  the  Rev.  John 
Thompson,  is  now  worth  about  £150  a  year.  Efforts 
are  now  being  made  to  further  augment  the  living. 
The  Bishop  of  Carlisle  is  patron. 

EECTons.— James  de  Dalilegh,  1308 ;  "William  de  Hilton, 
1317;  Adam  de  Stayngrave, ;  Gilbert  de  Wyggeton,  1332. 

VicAKS.— Heury  de  Appleby,  133G  ;   Thomas  de  CuUerdane, 

;  Kichai-d  de  Aslacby,  13j9  ;   WiUiam  de  Cressop,  : 

TLicliard  Damysell,  1307;  William  de  Hay  ton,  IOCS;  John  de 

Wcllon,    1309;    John   King,   ;    William    LowJen,    1572; 

William  Lowson,  1592;  Thomas  Warcoppc,  l(il2:  John  Cham- 
bers, IGUl;  Henry  GeJdis,  lU7i;  John  Brown,  171i  ;  Wilfrid 
Clarke,  sen.,  1705;  WilTrid  Clarke,  jun.,  1802;  John  Uoild, 
1801;  J.  Irving,  1820  ;  W.  Lyde,  1S57. 

There  was  a  free  chapel  at  or  near  Wigton  attached 
to  the  hospital  of  St.  Leonard,  the  lands  belonging  to 
which  were  granted  by  Edward  VI.  to  Thomas  Dalston 
and  Wilham  Denton.  This  hospital  is  supposed  to 
have  been  at  a  place  called  Spital,  nearly  a  mile  east  of 
the  town,  now  the  property  of  Sir  Wastcl  Briico,  Bart. 

CHAUTIES. 

The  School. — Wigton  Free  lirammar  School,  situated 
in  Market  Hill,  was  erected  about  the  year  17o0.  It 
is  stated  in  a  memorandum  added  to  a  list  of  the 
principal  inhabitants  of  Wigton,  in  the  year  17  U,  that 
a  free  school  should  be  erected,  with  convenient  lodgings 
for  a  master  and  usher,  towards  which  each  inhabitant 
should  contribute  £1  for  every  Id.  they  paid  to  the 
purvey;  and  that  those  who  would  not  pay,  aud  tlieii- 
lieirs,  should  bo  excluded  from  Laving  any  more  benefit 
in  the  school  tlmn  foreigners.     From  the  same  list  it 


276 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW  -  DERWENT   WAIID. 


appears  that  the  family  of  Thomlinsons  subscribed  very 
largely  to  this  establisliment.  The  original  endowment 
of  the  school  also  appears  to  have  been  raised  by  con- 
tribution. In  a  deed  of  re-lease,  dated  2Uh  August, 
1724,  it  is  recited  that  an  agreement  had  been  here- 
tofore made  between  the  Rev.  John  Thomlinson,  rector 
of  Rothbury,  then  deceased,  and  tlio  parishioners  of 
Wigton,  whereby  the  latter  had  bound  themselves  to 
raise  a  sum  of  £417  5s.  6d.  to  be  laid  out  in  a  rent 
charge  of  £Q0  Gs.  8d.,  for  the  endowment  of  a  free 
school  or  charity  school  at  Wigton,  and  that  in  pur- 
suance of  such  agreement  the  said  sum  had  been  paid 
into  tlie  hands  of  the  said  John  Thomlinson.  He 
died,  however,  before  the  said  rent  charge  was  settled ; 
and  by  his  will,  dated  I'Jth  February,  1719,  after  leaving 
to  the  vicarage  of  Wigton  for  the  time  being  £13  per 
annum  out  of  that  part  of  his  rent-charge  paid  by  Robert 
Smitli,  of  Haughton,  in  Northumberland,  he  left  to  the 
churchwardens  of  Wigton,  and  their  successors,  for 
the  use  of  the  free  school,  such  a  further  sum  as  should 
answer  what  he  had  of  them,  at  the  rate  of  five  per 
cent.  It  appears  that  previous  to  the  24th  of  August, 
1724,  the  executors  settled  a  rent  charge  of  £20  Cs.  8d. 
upon  the  free  school,  payable  out  of  the  Haughton 
estate  in  Northumberland.  Since  the  first  establish- 
ment of  the  school  several  persons  have  purchased  their 
freedom,  and  the  following  bequests  have  been  made : — 
John  Allison,  by  will,  dated  20lh  April,  1787,  £1,000 
stock  at  three  per  cent,  reduced,  to  the  ministers  and 
churchwardens  of  Wigton,  the  interest  thereof  to  be  by 
them  paid  to  the  two  schoolmasters  of  the  free  school 
at  Wigton,  share  and  share  alike,  upon  condition  that 
they  should  constantly  teach  four  boys  that  should 
not  belong  to  the  parish  of  Wigton.  Thomas  Thomlin- 
son, Esq.,  by  will,  dated  10th  April,  1798,  bequeathed 
to  this  school  a  third  part  of  the  residue  of  his  personal 
property.'  The  sum  received  by  the  trustees  in  respect 
of  this  legacy  amounted  to  £353.  The  only  additional 
property  belonging  to  the  school  is  a  small  parcel  of 
land  consisting  of  two  roods  thirty  perches,  which  was 
allotted  to  it  on  the  enclosure  of  a  common  in  the 
parish.  The  income  is  now  upwards  of  £70  a  year, 
about  £28  of  which  is  paid  to  the  usher,  and  the 
remainder  to  the  master.  According  to  the  rules  and 
orders  for  the  regulation  of  the  school,  "  the  head 
master  shall  teach  in  Latin  and  Greek,  gratis,  the 
children  of  all  such,  as  by  contributing  to  raise  the 
salary  of  the  school,  have  made  their  houses  free.  And 
that  the  school  may  not  be  burdened  with  a  number  of 
foreigners,  he  shall  not  teach  any  but  who  are  free  for 
a  less  sum  than  five  shillings  a  quarter.  The  under 
1  See  TUiirsby  parish,  page  202,  for  a  more  Jetailed  account. 


master  shall  teach  all  the  children  of  such  as  are  free 
to  read,  write,  cypher ;  and  those  tliat  intend  to  advance 
to  the  head  master,  he  shall  teach  them  the  accidence ; 
and  all  these  gratis ;  nor  shall  ho  take  any  foreigners 
under  his  care  for  less  premium  than  2s.  Od.  per  quar- 
ter, or  any  whatever  till  they  can  read  the  Testament." 
The  rules  further  ordain  that  the  under  master  "  shall 
be  paid  out  of  the  income  of  the  school ;  the  fourth  part 
of  the  school  income,  and  all  the  rest  of  that  income, 
together  with  the  dwelling-house,  to  belong  to  the 
head  master."  Whenever  a  vacancy  happens,  the  head 
master  and  usher  arc  to  be  elected  by  a  majority  of  all 
such  as  are  free  to  the  school,  and  appear  to  that  pur- 
pose, when  due  notice  of  their  meeting  has  been  given 
in  the  church.  Four  boys  are  taught  free  under  the 
will  of  John  AUison.  They  arc  appointed  according  to 
the  directions  of  the  testator,  by  the  heir  of  the  late 
Henry  Allison,  of  Aspatria,  to  whom  the  nomination  of 
the  first  four  boys  was  assigned.  All  the  children,  boys 
or  girls,  of  the  occupiers  of  the  tenements  that  belonged 
either  to  the  original  contributors,  or  to  those  who  have 
since  purchased  their  freedom,  are  admitted  into  the 
school  upon  the  payment  of  a  certain  quarterage.  Until 
about  six  years  previous  to  the  publication  of  the  report 
of  the  Charity  Commissioners,  they  were  all  taught 
free,  but  the  occupiers  of  the  free  tenements  then 
agreed  that  the  master  should  be  permitted  to  demand 
3s.  a  quarter  for  each  of  the  children  learning  Latin  or 
Greek,  and  the  usher  2s.  Od.  for  every  one  learning 
reading,  writing,  or  arithmetic. 

Widow's  Hosjiital. — Tliis  institution  was  founded  in 
1724  for  six  indigent  widows  of  Protestant  beneficed 
clergymen,  by  the  Rev.  John  Thomlinson,  M.A.,  rector 
of  Rothbury,  Northumberland,  who  endowed  it  with  a 
yearly  rent-charge  of  £45.  12s.,  to  be  paid  out  of  lands 
at  Haughton,  in  that  county  ;  CO  a  year  out  of  lands 
near  Gateshead,  in  the  county  of  Durham  ;  and  £G  per 
annum  out  of  lands  at  Blencogo,  besides  a  yearly  rent- 
charge  of  £3.  lO.s.,  which  was  purchased  in  the  latter 
estate,  with  the  £100  left  by  Mrs.  Read,  of  Carlisle, 
sister  to  Dr.  Thomlinson,  one  of  the  e.xecutors  to  the 
will  of  the  founder.  The  hospital  is  incorporated  by 
the  name  of  the  Governors  and  Sisters  of  the  College  of 
Matrons,  or  Hospital  of  Christ,  in  Wigton.  Widows 
of  clergymen  in  the  diocese  of  Chester,  also  those  of  the 
parish  of  Rothbury,  in  Northumberland,  and  Whick- 
ham,  in  the  county  of  Durham,  are  eligible  to  this 
charity.  AVidows  of  clergymen  who  have  served  as 
curates  in  any  of  the  above  places  for  two  years,  are, 
according  to  the  tenor  of  the  regulations,  also  eligible ; 
but  those  of  a  beneficed  clergyman  are  to  have  the 
preference.      No    widow   is   admitted   under  forty-six 


TVIGTON  PAEISH. 


277 


years  of  a^o.  £0  a  year  is  paid  to  eacli  of  tlio  six 
inmates,  and  lOs.  extra  is  paid  to  the  eldest,  who  is 
appointed  goveruess.  They  have  each  three  apartments 
in  the  hos]iital,  wliich  is  a  neat  edifice  on  the  north 
side  of  the  church.  The  chancellor  of  the  diocese,  the 
rectors  of  Aikton  and  Caldbeck,  and  the  vicars  of  Brom- 
field  and  Wigton,  are  the  governors. 

Banvis'  Charitij. — An  account  of  the  origin  and 
history  of  this  charity  is  given  in  our  account  of  West- 
ward Parish.  The  annual  sum  of  ten  shillings,  as 
therein  stated,  is  paid  over  to  tho  vicar  of  Wigton,  and 
by  him  distributed  as  directed. 

Thomas  ThoniUnson's  Bequest  for  the  Poor. — Thomas 
Thonilinson,  by  will,  dated  IGth  April,  179S,  bequeathed 
to  tho  poor  of  Wigton  £'00,  to  he  distributed  by  the 
ministers  and  churchwardens  for  the  time  being, 
amongst  the  most  industrious  and  deserving,  in  such  a 
manner  that  their  ordinary  allowance  from  tho  parish 
should  not  he  lessened  thereby.  Tho  charity  is  distri- 
buted by  the  vicar,  according  to  the  expressed  wishes 
of  the  donor. 

Jolui  Tliomlinson's  Gift  to  the  Vicar. — John  Thoni- 
linson, by  will,  dated  12th  February,  1719,  left  to  the 
vicar  of  Wigton  £13  per  annum,  part  of  a  rent-charge, 
payable  out  of  the  llaughton  estate,  in  Northumber- 
land. 

Wii/toji  and  Oulton  Quarters,  Barnes'  Charity. — 
John  Grainger,  by  will,  reciting  that  his  brother,  John 
Barnes,  had  beijuealhed  to  him  £oO,  to  be  laid  out  for 
raising  the  sum  of  lOs.  a  year,  to  be  distiibuted  by  the 
churchwardens  and  overseers  of  the  poor  of  Wigton 
and  Oulton  quarters,  amongst  the  poor  of  the  said 
(juarters,  on  the  UiJlh  May  and  the  ~'5th  December, 
yearly,  two-thirds  thereof  to  the  poor  of  Wigton  and 
one-third  to  tho  jioor  of  Oulton  ;  and  reciting  that  he 
had  not  met  witli  an  opportunity  of  laying  out  tho 
same,  charged  all  his  froo  and  customary  lord's  rents 
issuing  out  of  several  la. ids  and  tenements  in  tho  town- 
ships of  Oulton,  Kirkland,  Longthwaite,  Lowhouses 
and  Waverton,  in  tho  parish  of  Wigton,  with  a  pay- 
ment of  lOs.  yearly,  to  be  distributed  as  aforesaid,  until 
£50,  or  sulliciont  to  raiso  the  sum  of  40s.  yearly  should 
bo  otherwise  laid  out.  Tho  money  received  on  account 
of  this  cbarity  is  divided  into  three  parts,  two  of  which 
are  paid  over  to  the  overseers  of  Wigton  quarter,  and 
the  third  ]nirt  to  thoso  of  Oulton  quarter,  and  distri- 
buted as  directed. 

Sanderson's  Charily. — Richard  Sanderson,  Esq.,  of 
Xorbury  House,  Croxton,  in  the  county  of  Surrey, 
inerchant  and  citizen  of  London,  but  a  native  of  this 
ni'ighbourhood,  by  will,  dated  September,  1830,  be- 
queathed £5,000  bank  stock,  three  per  cent,  consols. 


upon  trust,  to  the  vicar,  churchwardens,  and  overseers 
for  the  time  being,  after  the  death  of  Honor  Thompson, 
the  interest  thereof  to  be  distributed  by  them  on  the 
20th  December,  in  each  year,  amongst  twenty  poor 
persons,  of  either  sex,  born  and  resident  in  the  parish 
of  Wigtou,  who  shall  have  attained  the  age  of  fifty 
years;  each  person  to  receive  not  less  than  £'>,  nor 
more  than  £10. 

Hodije's  Bequest. — Mr.  Joseph  Hodge,  manufacturer, 
of  Wigton,  who  died  27th  March,  1840,  bequeated  to 
trustees  £1,500,  bearing  interest  at  three  and  a  half 
per  cent.,  for  the  education  of  the  poor  children  of  the 
parish  of  Wigton  and  Westward,  viz. :  £000  to  the 
former  and  £000  to  the  latter;  and  directed  the 
residue,  if  any,  to  be  given  in  clothing  to  poor  women. 
Upon  the  demise  of  the  last  survivor  of  the  first 
trustee  the  money  is  to  be  placed  in  the  funds,  stocks, 
or  other  government  security ;  and  on  the  death  of  a 
trustee  the  remainder  are  to  elect  one  to  fill  up  the 
number.  The  trustees  are  not  to  be  ministers,  curates, 
or  parish  clerks,  either  of  the  Established  Church  or  of 
dissenters  ;  schoolmastei's,  or  teachers.  The  benevolent 
donor  has  also  left  several  small  sums,  varying  from  2s. 
to  8s.  a  week,  to  some  of  his  old  workmen. 

CnUECUES,    CnAPELS,   AND    SCHOOLS. 

St.  Cuthbert's  Catholic  Church  is  a  neat  Gothic 
structure,  consisting  of  nave,  chancel,  and  one  transept, 
the  nave  being  erected  in  1835-0  from  designs  by  Bo- 
nomi,  and  the  other  portions  in  tho  spring  of  lb57, 
when  stone  mullions  were  inserted  in  all  the  windows, 
and  the  entire  edifice  otherwise  much  improved  and 
ornamented,  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of 
Catholic  worship.  Vestries  were  also  added,  and  a  neat 
and  commodious  presbytery,  or  priest's  house,  erected, 
which  is  connected  with  the  vestry  by  an  ornate  cloister. 
Another  cloister  unites  the  south  transept  with  the 
adjoining  schools  and  convent. 

The  school  is  in  tho  same  stylo  as  tho  church,  and 
is  sixty-seven  feet  long  by  eighteen  broad.  It  is  lighted 
by  three  elegant  triple  lancet  windows  at  each  gable, 
and  has  two  doore  opening  on  tho  south  to  the  ample 
play  ground  in  front.  Internally  as  well  as  externally 
it  is  complete  in  every  respect,  and  presents  a  very  neat 
appearance. 

Adjoining  the  school  is  the  Convent  of  the  Sisters  of 
]\Iercy,  a  branch  house  of  the  well-known  Order  of 
Mercy,  founded  for  tho  express  purpose  of  educating 
youth,  relieving  the  sick  and  distressed,  and  adminis- 
tering to  the  sphitual  wants  of  tho  poor.  It  is  tho 
only  establisiiment  of  the  kind  in  Cumberland  and 
Westmoreland,  and  is  the  first  religious  house  erected 


278 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW  -  DERWENT  WARD. 


in  these  counties  since  their  suppression  at  the  period 
of  the  llefonuatiou.  It  is  in  the  midJle-age  style  of 
conventual  arcliitecture,  and  consists  of  two  wings  of 
two  stories  high,  and  excellent  attics,  with  triangular 
dormer  windows.  With  the  south-east  transept 
of  the  church,  and  school  on  the  south,  and  the 
cloister  (connecting  the  convent  with  the  transept) 
on  the  west,  it  forms  a  quadrangle,  embracing  recrea- 
tion grounds  of  some  fifty  yards  by  forty  yards.  Ou 
the  north  and  east  sides  there  are  ample  Idtcheu 
gardens.  Five  ladies,  from  the  Convent  of  the  Sisters 
of  Mercy  at  Bermondsey,  London,  took  possession  of 
this  convent  on  the  third  of  September,  1857.  Two  of 
these  ladies  formed  part  of  that  noble  band  who,  headed 
by  their  superioress,  Mrs.  Moore,  went  forth  umid  the 
rage  of  battle  and  the  strife  of  cruel  warfare  to  tend 
our  sick  and  wounded  soldiers  ou  the  ensanguined 
fields  of  the  Crimea,  and  in  the  pestiferous  hospitals  of 
Varna  and  elsewhere,  sharing  all  the  dangers  and 
suflerings  of  the  campiiigu,  to  which  some  of  their 
companions  fell  victims.'  The  year  1808  saw  the  first 
reception  of  a  nun  in  Cumberland  since  the  time  of 
the  Keformation,  when  a  young  lady,  of  London,  re- 
ceived the  white  veil  of  a  novice  from  the  hands  of  the 
Eight  Rev.  Dr.  Hogarth,  Bishop  of  Hexham,  in  whose 
diocese  the  Catholics  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland 
ai'e  included. 

From  the  period  of  the  Reformation  till  the  year 
IS'M),  the  Catholics  of  Wigton  and  neighbourhood 
possessed  no  resident  priest,  and  had  to  go  from 
time  to  time  to  Carlisle  to  receive  the  sacraments,  but 
iii  the  year  just  named  the  Rev.  John  Dowdal,  a 
gentleman  of  considerable  talents  and  attainments,  and 
an  eloquent  preacher,  founded  a  mission  in  the  town, 
where  he  laboured  zealously  aud  successfully  far  several 
years,  during  which  period  his  retired  and  unassuming 
manner,  aud  kindness  of  disposition,  secured  the  friend- 
ship and  esteem  of  all  parties.  3Ir.  Dowdall  was  subse- 
quently removed  to  St.  Patrick's  Church,  Manchester, 
and  afterwards  to  Bolton-le-Moors,  where  he  died,  in 
1848,  universally  beloved  and  regretted.  His  successor, 
the  Rev.  Edmund  Kelly,  was  appointed  to  Wigton  in 
1838,  where  he  continued  till  1852,  when  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  South  Shields  and  the  Rev.  Canon  Nicholas 
Brown,  the  present  incumbent,  succeeded.    Mr.  Brown's 

1  General  Sir  W.  Codrinp;toii,  eommander-in-claicf  in  the  Crimea, 
in  a  letter,  requested  Sir  John  Hiil,  cbief  of  tlie  medical  staff,  "to 
assure  tlie  superioress  of  the  Sisters  of  Jlercy  of  the  higli  estimation 
in  which  her  ser\ices  and  those  of  the  nurses  were  held  by  them  all, 
founded  as  was  that  opinion  upon  the  experience  of  hunself  and  the 
medical  officers  of  the  hospital,  and  of  the  niauy  patients,  both 
wounded  and  sicli,  who,  during  fourteen  or  fifteen  months  past,  bad 
been  benefitted  by  dieir  care,"  Sio. 


first  care  was  to  improve  the  education  of  the  children  of 
the  poor,  and  the  beneficent  munificence  of  a  good  lady 
(Miss  Aglionby,  daughter  of  the  late  ilajor  Aghonby, 
M.P.),  whose  many  charities  are  but  partially  laiown, 
soon  enabled  him  to  purchase  a  large  portion  of  an 
adjoining  field,  and  to  erect  the  present  elegant  buildings 
as  above  named.  All  the  several  buildings  are  of  stone. 
The  whole  group,  church,  convent,  schools  and  presby- 
tery, gardens,  &c.,  occupying  an  area  of  little  less  than 
two  acres,  present  a  very  pleasing  and  attractive  feature 
ou  entering  the  town  from  the  east.  The  congregation 
numbers  about  four  hundred  persons. 

The  Friends  Meeting  House,  situated  in  Allonby 
Road,  to  the  west  of  the  town,  is  a  handsome  structure 
(if  red  freestone,  erected  in  18JJ0,  upon  the  site  of  a 
previous  meeting  house,  built  in  170(5,  and  will 
accommodate  about  500  persons.  For  many  years 
previous  to  the  erection  of  the  old  meeting  house,  the 
Society  of  Friends  had  a  congregation  in  Wigton,  but 
the  date  of  its  first  formation  cannot  now  be  ascer- 
tained. 

The  Independent  Chapel,  Water  Street;,  was  erected 
in  ISni,  at  a  cost  of  £'1,900,  inclusive  of  the  adjacent 
burial-ground  and  minister's  house.  It  is  a  large 
commodious  edifice  of  three  stories,  and  contains 
sittings  for  600  persons.  Tlie  lowest  story  serves  as  a 
Sunday  school,  and  also  a  British  day  school.  The 
first  chapel  possessed  by  the  Independent  body  in 
Wigton  was  erected  in  Market  Hill  in  1819,  when  the 
cjugregation  \ws  placed  under  the  care  of  the  Rev. 
John  \Valton,  previous  to  which  period  they  had  met 
for  worship  in  a  school-room  in  Strong's  Lane.  Mr. 
AValton  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Edward  Leighton, 
in  1820,  and  he  by  the  Rev.  .Jonah  Reeves  in  1837. 
Two  years  later  the  Rev.  Mr.  Kelsay  became  pastor, 
and  in  1845  the  Rev.  George  Young,  who  was  suc- 
ceeded, in  1858,  by  the  Rev.  Henry  Perfect,  the  pres- 
ent minister. 

The  Presbyterian  (United)  Church  is  situated  in 
Market  Hill.  It  was  erected  iu  1819,  by  the  Indepen- 
dents, who  upon  the  completion  of  their  new  chapel 
in  1834  sold  it,  and  it  is  now  private  property,  rented 
by  the  present  congregation.  It  will  seat  about  300 
persons.  The  Presbyterians  first  formed  a  congregation 
ill  Wigton,  about  seventy  years  ago,  and  had  for  their 
first  minister  the  Rev.  Mr.  Davis,  holding  their  meet- 
ings in  Meeting  House  Lane,  from  which  they  removed 
to  their  present  place  of  worship.  The  congregation 
was  for  some  time  without  any  regular  minister.  The 
Rev.  Alexander  Leitch  has  been  minister  for  the  last 
few  years. 

The  Wesleyan  Chapel  is  a  plain  but  substantial 


■\YIGTO.N   PARISH. 


279 


building  in  George  Street,  erected  by  subscription  in 
18-28,  at  a  cost  of  £000,  and  contains  SOO  sittings. 
This  body  was  established  about  the  year  1819,  when 
they  occupied  the  school-room  in  Strong's  Lane,  after 
the  Independents  had  left  it.  Afterwards  they  re- 
moved to  Meeting  House  Lane,  where  they  continued 
to  assemble  for  worship  till  the  erection  of  their  pre- 
sent chapel — Rev.  Edward  C.  Woolmer,  minister. 

The  Primitive  Jlethodists  formed  a  small  congre- 
gation in  this  town  for  a  short  time,  but  they  have 
long  since  ceased  to  e.xist,  as  such. 

MECH.VWCS'  INSXITUTIOX,   &C. 

Wigton  ^Mechanics'  Institution,  situated  in  AUonby 
Road,  is  a  handsome  building,  erected  in  1650,  from 
designs  furnished  by  the  late  Mr.  John  Walker  and 
Mr.  W.  Ileudei-son,  at  a  cost  of  about  £-100.  It  is  of 
red  freestone,  with  a  portico  in  front,  above  which  is  a 
group  of  three  figures,  the  centre  one  representing 
Fame.  The  institution  comprises  first  and  second- 
class  reading-rooms,  and  a  library ;  in  the  first-class 
reading-room  there  is  a  bust  of  the  late  Sir  Ro- 
bert Smirke,  who  was  born  in  a  small  cottage  which 
formerly  stood  opposite  the  site  of  the  institution.  The 
bust  and  pedestal  of  scagliola  were  presented  to  the 
members  by  Mr.  Sydney  Smirke,  a  son  of  the  cele- 
brated painter.  Both  reading-rooms  are  well  supplied 
with  newspapers  and  periodicals,  &c.,  and  are  orna- 
mented with  maps,  globes,  &c.,  which  have,  at  various 
times,  been  presented  to  the  institution.  The  library 
occupies  a  room  to  the  rear  of  the  first-class  reading- 
room,  and  comprises  upwards  of  1,400  volumes  in  the 
various  departments  of  literature,  science,  and  art.  The 
subscription  to  the  library  and  reading-room.s  is  one 
guinea  per  annum,  to  the  library  alone  eight  shillings — 
the  subscribers  to  the  latter  are  principally  ladies.  Me- 
chanics are  admitted  for  a  subscription  of  eight  shillings 
per  annum  to  llie  library  and  second-class  reading-room. 
The  affairs  of  the  institution  are  managed  by  a  com- 
mittee of  thirteen  members,  who  ai'o  chosen  annually. 
Lectures  arc  frequently  given  in  connection  with  the 
institution. 

A  working  men's  reading-room  was  estabUshed  in 
the  year  1S58  in  a  room  on  Market  IIill. 

The  National  School,  situated  in  the  South  End,  is 
a  plain  stone  building,  with  girls'  school  over  the  boys', 
conducted  by  mastcrand  mistress  and  two  pupil  teachere. 
Average  attendance,  ItiO  boj-s  nud  80  girls. 

In  addition  to  the  school  mentioned  at  page  273,  and 
the  Catliolic  schools,  and  National  school  just  mentioned, 
tliero  arc  several  other  schools ;  well-attended  Sunday 
schools  are  attached  to  all  the  places  of  worship  in  the 
town. 


CEMETEKY. 

I  Wigton   Cemetery  is  handsomely  situated  about  a 

mile  north-west  from  the  town.  It  was  opened  on  the 
1st  of  August,  1855,  and  consecrated  by  the  present 
bishop  of  Carlisle  on  the  11th  of  July  1856.  The 
ground,  which  covers  an  area  of  five  acres,  was  given 
by  the  late  Miss  Matthews,  of  Wigton  Hall ;  £-2,000  was 
expended  upon  it  previous  to  its  being  used  for  inter- 
ments. It  is  divided  into  three  parts  or  divisions,  one 
of  which  is  reserved  to  the  members  of  the  Church  of 
England,  another  for  Catliolics,  and.  the  third  for 
Nonconformists.  There  are  two  chapels,  situated  to 
the  right  and  left  of  the  entrance,  with  a  house  for  the 
registrar ;  these  are  of  red  freestone.  A  wall  seven  feet 
high  encloses  the  entire  cemetery,  with  the  e.\ception  of 
the  space  between  the  idiapel  of  the  Church  of  England 
and  the  registrai-'s  house,  which  is  palisaded. 

GAS   WOEKS. 

The  Gas  Works,  situated  in  Tenters  Field,  was 
erected  in  1831,  by  a  company  of  shareholders  of  £10 
each.  It  was  rebuilt  and  considerably  enlarged  in 
1851,  at  a  cost  of  £3,000,  twelve  retorts  being  added, 
and  room  made  for  fifteen  more,  in  all  twenty-seven. 
There  are  (wo  gasometere,  one  of  which  is  capable  of 
containing  8,000,  and  the  other  2,500  cubic  feet.  The 
gas  is  sold  to  consumers  at  six  shiUings  per  thousand 
cubic  feet.  The  annual  consumption  is  about  2,500,000 
cubic  feet.  The  affairs  of  the  company  arc  managed 
by  a  committee  of  resident  gentlemen  ;  and  the  esti- 
mated value  of  the  works  is  now  about  £5,000. 

POOR  LAW  UNION. 

The  Poor-law  Union  is  divided  into  three  sub-districts, 
viz.,  Wigton,  comprising  Thursby,  Crofton,  Parton  and 
Micklethwaitc,  Oughtorby,  lurkbampton,  Little  Bamp- 
ton,  Eingland,  Drumburgb,  Bowness,  Anthorn,  Kirk- 
bride,  Wampool,  Aikton,  Biglands  and  Gamblesby, 
Wiggonby,  Oulton,  Wigton,  Woodside,  ^A'averton  and 
Ilolme-east  Waver ;  Abbey  Holme,  embracing  Holme 
St.  Cuthbert,  Abbey  Holme,  Dundraw  and  Kelsick, 
lilcncogo,  Bromfiold,  I.angiigg  and  Mealrigg,  West 
Newton  and  Allonby.  Ilaytou  and  ]\Ielay,  Aspatria  atul 
lirayton,  Blennerhasset  and  Kirkland,  Torpeuhow,  and 
Whitrigg,  and  Allhallows  ;  Caldbeck,  including  High 
Bolton,  Low  Bolton,  Stoneraise,  Woodsido,  Rosley, 
Brocklcbank,  Low  Sebergham,  High  Sebcrgham,  Low 
Caldbeck,  High  Caldbeck,  Caldbeck  Haltcliff,  Low 
Iroby,  High  Ireby,  and  Uldale.  The  area  of  the  union 
is  170,529  acres.'     Its  population  in  1S51  was  23,001, 

•  This  areo,  (fivcu  from  llio  ccnniis  rclnrns,  iiirludrs  wntcr,  or  llie 
soaroii^i,  iho  nnn,  acconliii^  to  Uie  rcluru  furuisbed  by  llie  clerk  lu 
the  guunliniu  u  138/^0. 


280 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW  -  DERWENT  WARD. 


of  whom  11,781  wore  males,  and  11.880  females.  The 
number  of  inhabited  houses  at  the  same  period  was 
4,718,  of  uninhabited  391,  and  there  were  29  building. 
The  rateable  value  of  the  union  amounts  to  .£110,174. 
The  following  statement  of  accounts  shows  the  receipts 
and  expenditure  for  the  year  ending  2-2nd  March,  1858. 
The  receipts  were,  from  poor-rates,  £'7,4C1  Is. ;  in  aid 
of  poor-rate,  £309  l.^s.:  total,  .i'7,6G;l  16s.  The  expen- 
diture amounted  to  the  following : — For  in-maintenance, 
£359  9s.  33d.;  outrelief,  £1,901  Os.  fid.;  maintenance 
of  lunatics  in  asylums,  £360  17s.;  extra  medical  fees, 
£13  5s.;  vaccination  fees,  £33  lis.;  registration  foes, 
£73;  county  rates,  £191  133.  4d.;  building  expenses 
(instalment  and  interest  of  loan),  £155  7s.  3d.;  lunatic 
medical  visits,  £5 ;  conveyance  of  lunatics  to  and  from 
asylum,  school  fees,  itc,  £19  Cs.  lid. ;  common  charges, 
including  salaries,  rations,  relief  of  irremovable  poor, 
in-door  and  out-door,  Ac,  £9,148  17s.  3id. :  total, 
£5,480  13s.  7Jd.  Expenditure  of  year  ending  March, 
1857,  £5,259  9s.  O^d.;  increase,  £221  4s.  6Jd.  Num- 
ber of  paupers  relieved  in  the  union  on  the  1st  of 
January,  1838,  in-door,  134;  out-door,  910:  total, 
1,044.  Average  weekly  cost  per  head  of  in-door 
paupers,  9s.  5d. 

Aikhcad,  a  small  hamlet  in  Wigton  township,  about 
one  and  a  half  miles  west-by-north  of  that  town,  was 
long  the  residence  of  John  Eooke,  Esq.,  one  of  the  last 
of  the  English  Neptunian  geologists.  He  was  author 
of  a  Geology  of  the  Lake  District,  and  many  papers  on 
his  favourite  science.  He  died  in  1850,  and  is  interred 
in  ths  Cemetery  at  Wigton. 

Dockray  is  another  hamlet,  one  and  a  half  miles  east- 
by-north  of  Wigton,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Wiza 
and  Wampool.  It  contains  the  old  farm-house  called 
Dockray  Hall. 

Moorhouse  hamlet  is  two  miles  north  of  Wigton, 
where  there  is  a  largo  farm-house  called  Moorhouse  Hall. 

Standing  Stones  is  another  small  hamlet,  occupying 
an  elevated  situation  above  the  railway  station,  half  a 
mile  north  of  Wiston. 


The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £1,840.  The 
number  of  its  inhabitants  in  1801  was  294;  in  1811, 
321;  inl891,  33C;  in  1831,  379;  in  1841,400;  and  in 
1851,  491.  The  Maryport  and  Carlisle  railway  runs 
through  the  township.  A  gi'oat  portion  of  the  land 
here  consists  of  a  kind  of  moss,  producing  nothing  but 
peat.  Martin  Tarn.,  a  small  lake  about  a  mile  in 
circumference,  is  situated  in  this  township. 

The  manor  of  Oulton  was  anciently  held  by  the 


Dalstons,  and  we  learn  from  an  inqusition  taken  in 
1578,  that  "John  Dalston,  Esq.,  holdeth  the  other 
half  of  Kirkbride,  and  the  hamlet  of  Ulton  (as  is  afore- 
noted),  which  were  parcel  of  the  said  barony  (Wigton) 
in  demesne,  and  sold  by  King  Henry  VIII.  to  Thomas 
Dalston,  father  of  the  said  John  Dalston,  and  were  of 

the  yearly  rent  of over  and  besides  the  free  rents 

of  certain  freeholders  in  Ulton  aforesaid,  amounting  to 
the  sum  of  333.  4d.  per  annum,  holden  of  the  said 
barony,  whicli  rents  and  services  of  the  said  freeholders 
the  said  John  Dalston  claimeth  and  detainetli  by  colour 
of  his  said  letters  patent  (quo  pire  ijnor.)  The  rents 
and  services  of  which  freeholders  hereafter  followeth  : 
Robert  D.il^ton  holdeth  a  tenement  and  two  oxgangs  of 
land,  late  William  Jlorpith's,  by  fealtie,  suit  of  court, 
and  moult,  to  the  13th  moult.,  rendering  per  an.  10s. 
John  Kay  holdeth  a  tenement  called  Gamsey  laud,  with 
the  same  service  and  moult.,  and  renders  per  an. 
Os.  2d.  Piobert  Vause  holdeth  certain  tenements  and 
lands  by  like  services  and  moult.,  and  renders  per  an. 
4s.  Od.  John  Thompson  holdeth  two  tenements  and 
certain  lands,  with  other  appurtenances,  by  like  services 
and  moult.,  and  renders  per  an.  5s.  Ilobert  Dalston 
holdeth  there  a  parcel  of  meadow,  sometime  John  Spar- 
row's, \iy  the  like  services  as  aforesaid,  9d.  The 
same  Robert  holdeth  another  parcel  of  meadow,  late 
Thomas  Pattinson's,  by  like  services,  and  renders  per 
an.  9d.  John  Thompson  holdeth  there  three  acres  of 
land,  late  the  lands  of  John  Thompson,  by  like  services, 
rendering  Is.  4d.  Cuthbcrt  Grainger  and  Nicholas 
Allison  holdeth  there  one  parcel  of  meadow,  late  Nicholas 
Brown's,  by  like  services,  rendering  OJ.  The  heirs  of 
Robert  or  Thomas  Leohe,  holdeth  there  three  acres  of 
meadow,  by  like  services,  and  renders  per  annum  ls.4d." 
At  the  same  time  "  Richard  Barwis  holdeth  four  acres 
of  demaine  in  Ulton,  rendering  5s.  4d."  After  the 
extinction  of  the  Dalston  family,  this  manor  was  sold 
to  —  Watson,  Esq.,  from  whom  it  came  to  William 
T.aylor,  Esq.,  of  Greenwich,  and  is  now  held  by  John 
Taylor,  Esq.,  who  holds  customary  courts  from  time 
to  time.  The  landowners  of  the  township  are  Messrs. 
•lohn  Barnes,  Daniel  Barnes,  William  Cape,  H.  J. 
Percy,  .John  Todd.  John  Gibson,  John  Lightfoot,  John 
JI  Watson,  John  Taylor,  .John  Ismay,  and  a  few  other 
small  owners. 

The  village  of  Oulton  is  pleasantly  situated,  two  miles 
uorth-by-west  of  Wigton,  and  contains  a  small  chapel, 
erected  by  the  Baptists  in  1722,  but  rebuilt  in  1 832. 
It  is  now  used  on  week  nights  by  the  vicar  of  Wigton. 

Eskrigg,  Lawrence  Holme,  Tanirigg,  and  Wedholme 
Hill,  are  hamlets  in  this  township,  situated  from  one  to 
two  miles  north  and  north-west  of  Oulton  village. 


WIGTON  PARISH. 


281 


WAVKRTOX. 

The  populalion  of  Wavertoa  township  in  1801  was 
375;  in  1811,  409;  in  1821,  477;  in  1831,  487;  in 
1841,  543;  and  in  1851,  345.  Its  rateable  value  is 
£4,548.  Tho  Jlaryport  and  Carlisle  railway  runs 
through  the  township. 

Wc  possess  no  information  relating  to  Wavertou 
previous  to  1578,  in  wliicli  year  a  survey  of  the  barony 
of  Wigton  was  made,  and  from  it  we  transcribe  the 
following  particulars:  "Leonard  Dykes  holdeth  the 
fourth  part  of  the  town  or  manor  of  Waverton  of  tho  said 
Earl  (Northumberland)  by  the  third  part  of  a  knight's 
fee,  and  suit  of  court  at  Wigton,  from  three  weeks  to 
three  weeks,  cornage,  seawake,  puture  of  the  Serjeants, 
and  for  free  rent  yearly  is.  8d.  The  said  Leonard  Dykes 
holdeth  certain  other  lands  there  of  another  fourth  part 
of  the  said  town,  by  like  services,  and  payeth  for  free  rent 
by  year  '-Js.  Hd.  The  said  Leonard  holdeth  a  parcel  of 
ground  there  called  the  Parke,  by  homage,  fealtio,  &c., 
rendering  per  an.  Is.  4d.  The  said  Leonard  holdetli 
there  two  acres  of  land  by  homage,  fealtie,  suit  of  court 
&c.,  and  renders  per  an.  Is.  William  Osmotherly 
holdeth  a  third  part  of  a  fourth  part  of  Waverton  afore- 
said, by  the  twelfth  part  of  a  knight's  fee,  and  other 
services  as  is  aforesaid,  rendering  per  annum  3^d. 
The  heirs  of  William  Pennington  holdeth  another  third 
of  a  fourth  part  of  Waverton  aforesaid,  by  like  services, 
and  renders  2jd.  Anthony  Curwcu  holdeth  another 
third  part  of  a  fourth  part  of  Waverton  aforesaid,  by 
Uke  services,  rendering  3Jd.  John  Bleiinerhasset 
holdeth  in  Waverton  aforesaid  one  tenement,  sometime 
William  Bowett's,  and  late  the  lands  of  Roger  Dent,  by 
the  like  services,  rendering  per  an.  3s.  The  heirs  of 
Iioger  Lathes  now  holdeth  the  fourth  part  of  Waverton 
by  like  service  as  is  aforesaid,  and  render  per  an.  8s.  Id. 
William  Osmotherly  holdeth  four  acres  of  land  there  in 
Waverton,  called  the  Marshalftat,  by  the  like  service 
as  is  aforesaid,  and  renders  per  an.  Is.  4d.  Robert 
Vaux  holdeth  one  acre  of  land  in  Waverton  by  fealtie, 
suit  of  court,  and  other  services  aforesaid,  and  renders 
per  annum  8d.  John  Plumer  holdeth  certain  land 
and  tenements  in  Waverton  at  Aikbank,  by  homage, 

fealtie,  and  suit  of  court,   rendering  ."     A  few 

pages  further  we  find  that  "the  tenants  of  tho  town  of 
Wavirton  pay  yearly  to  tho  lord  for  cornago  13s.  4d., 
seawake  CJs.,  and  for  turnsilvor  7s.  Od. :  in  toto  per  annum 
'iv!s.  IdJ."  Tho  manorial  rights  of  Waverton  arc  now 
vested  in  General  Wyndham  as  lord  paramount  of  tho 
barony  of  Wigton.  Tho  landowners  are  the  Rev. 
Willian  Hcwson,  llossrs.  Charles  Ray,  John  Stamper, 
John  T.  JelTerson,  Joseph  Barnes,  Pattison  Hayton, 
John  Dixon,  WUliam  Manduel,  Richard  Hall,  John 
31 


Martiudale,  the  trustees  of  the  late  John  Tifhn,  Robert 
Glaister,  Thomas  Dand,  John  Swan,  the  trustees  of 
the  late  Christopher  (iloag,  John  Dand,  —  Bragg, 
]\[essrs.  Tiffin  ;  and  Mrs.  Donald  and  Miss  Jfessenger. 

The  village  of  Waverton  occupies  a  pleasant  situation 
two  miles  south-west  of  Wigton. 

Aikbank,  a  hamlet  a  mile  west  from  Wigton,  was 
long  the  residence  of  Joseph  Rooke,  who  was  interred 
here  in  his  own  garden.  Lesson,  or  Lasson's  Hall, 
originally  Lassell's  Hall,  from  one  of  its  remote  pro- 
prietors, is  described  as  being  an  independent  manor 
in  the  successive  possession  of  the  Waverton,  Multon, 
JIulcaster,  or  Pennington  families.  It  was  purchased 
of  the  latter  by  the  Dalstons,  having  from  that  time 
been  esteemed  parcel  of  the  manor  of  Oulton,  which 
was  enfranchised  by  Sir  George  Dalston,  Bart.,  in 
1747.  Lesson  Hall  is  a  neat  village,  two  and  a  half 
miles  west-by-uorth  of  Wigton,  where  Charles  Ray, 
Esq.,  has  a  commodious  residence. 

The  other  hamlets  are  Barugh,  Blaithwaite  (High 
and  Low),  Parkgato,  Woodrow,  from  two  to  three  miles 
south-west  of  Wigton.  Ilawkrigg  House  is  tho  resi- 
dence of  John  T.  Jefferson,  Esq. ;  Blaithwate  Houso 
the  residence  of  Mrs.  Donald. 

WOODSIDE. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £3,270.  In 
1801  it  contained  238  inhabitants;  in  1811,  344;  in 
1801,587;  iu  1831,  750;  in]S41,  745;  and  in  1851, 
095.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Maryport  and  Carlisle 
railway. 

From  the  survey  quoted  in  our  notice  of  Waverton 
township  we  derive  the  following  information  relating 
to  Woodsidein  1573: — "  William  Osmortherley  holdeth 
at  Lownthwaite  four  tenements,  late  in  the  tenures  of 
the  said  William,  83.  Thomas  Calvert,  83.  Od.;  Thomas 
West  and  Thomas  Calvert,  lis.  8d.;  and  one  piece  of 
land  there  late  in  the  tenure  of  Thomas  Wilkinson, 
2s,  by  fealtie  and  suit  of  court,  and  renders  per 
annum,  at  the  feasts  of  St.  Martin  and  Pentecost, 
25s.  9d."  In  the  margin  is  noted,  in  a  dilferent  hand, 
"  Wm.  Calvert,  1  is.  -id. ;  Stubbs,  1  Os.  Qd."  The  survey 
continues  "  John  PuidclilYe  holdeth  four  tenements,  with 
tho  appurtenances  at  Lownthwate,  by  fealtie  and  suit 
of  court,  and  payeth  at  the  feasts  aforesaid,  per  annum, 
10s.  4d.  Anthony  Barwis  holdeth  certain  acres  of  land 
there  in  Kayrigg,  by  fealtie  and  suit  of  court,  and  paieth 
at  the  said  feasts  Is.  Od.  John  Aylno  holdeth  one  aero 
of  land  at  Kayrigg  aforesaid,  by  like  services,  and  paieth 
by  year,  ut  supra,  9d.  Edward  Adamson  holdeth  one 
acre  of  land  there  by  like  service,  and  payeth  by  year, 
at  tho  feasts  aforesaid,  9d.  The  same  Edward  holdetli 
there  a  tenement  and  three  acres  of  land  by  like  service, 


282 


ALLERDALE  -  BELOW  -  DERWENT  WAUD. 


and  renders  per  annum,  at  the  feasts  aforesaid,  23.  1  Id. 
John  Thompson  holdeth  at  Briggbank  a  tenement  and 
three  acres  of  h\iiJ,  late  John  Daj'es',  by  like  service, 
and  renders  per  annum,  at  the  said  feasts,  3s.  Jolm 
'I'imperon  and  Edwai'd  Barwis  holdeth  there  two 
messuages  and  five  acres  of  land,  late  John  Dayes' 
aforesaid,  by  like  services,  rendering  at  the  said  feasts 
lOs."  The  manorial  rights  of  this  township,  like  those 
of  Waverton,  are  vested  in  General  Wyndham.  The 
landowners  arc  Sir  Waste!  Brisco,  Bart. :  F.  L.  B.  Dykes, 
Esq.;  John  Taylor,  Esq.;  Wm.  Banks,  Esq.,  the  trus- 
stees  of  Brookfield  Academy ;  Messrs.  John  Martindalo, 
Oeorge  Studholmc,  Joseph  Carruthers,  Joseph  Banies, 
Thomas  Ilayton,  John  riichardsou,  the  tnistees  of  the 
late  John  Robinson,  .John  Spencer,  the  Misses  Stock- 
dale,  Miss  Aglionby,  and  Jane  Cowan. 

The  hamlet  of  Ivirkland,  one  mile  east ;  Lownthwaite 
(High  and  Low),  one  mile  south-by-west,  and  Moor- 
thwaitc,  two  miles  east  of  Wigton,  are  in  this  township. 
High  Moor  House,  the  seat  of  W.  Banks,  Esq.,  stands 
on  a  gentle  eminence  commanding  an  extensive  prospect 
of  the  surrounding  countiy,  about  half  a  mile  south  of 
Wigton. 


Brookfield  Academy,  belonging  to  the  Society  of 
Friends,  occupies  a  substantial  building  in  this  town- 
ship, about  a  mile  west  from  Wigton,  erected  in  1826, 
at  a  cost,  inclusive  of  the  purchase  of  land  and  master's 
house,  of  £'(5,100.  The  institution  was  previously  at 
High  Moor  House.  The  number  of  pupils  is  limite  ' 
to  thirty  boys  and  thirty  girls,  from  the  age  of  eight  to 
fifteen  years.  Children  attending  this  school  from  any 
part  of  Cumberland  are  taught  partly  at  the  expense  of 
the  society  should  they  require  such  assistance.  This; 
establishment  is  supported  partly  by  subscription,  and 
the  interest  of  endowments  valued  at  £12,000.  The 
number  of  scholars  taught  in  the  school  since  its  com- 
mencement in  1815,  amounts  to  701. 

Among  the  eminent  natives  of  the  parish  of  Wigton 
we  may  mention  I\Ir.  Ewan  Clarke,  the  Cumberland 
poet ;  P..  Smirke,  Esq  ,  R.A.,  the  eminent  historical 
painter ;  George  Barnes,  a  celebrated  mathematician ; 
and  Joseph  Rooke,  who,  from  the  rank  of  a  poor  weaver, 
became,  self-taught,  a  mathematician  and  philosopher, 
excelling  also  in  music,  optics,  and  botany. 


n'tontt    llar^. 


|)|SRWENT  Waki)  is  bounded  on  the  nortli  b}'  AUerdale-below-Derwent,  on  the  north-west  by  the  Irish  sea,  on  the 
west  by  AIlerJalc-above-Derwcnt,  on  the  south  by  Rootle  Ward,  and  on  the  south-east  and  east  by  Westmoreland  and 
Leath  Ward.  It  is  about  twenty-two  railcs  in  length  by  eleven  in  breadth,  and  contains  the  market  towns  of 
Maryport,  Cockermouth,  and  Keswick.  This  ward,  formed  for  magisterial  purposes  in  1833,  and  for  taxes  iu  1843, 
is  a  highly  picturesque  and  interesting  district,  embracing,  as  it  does,  every  variety  of  scenery  which  mountain  and 
valley,  lake  and  river,  can  impart  to  the  landscape.  It  contains  the  lakes  of  Derwontwater,  Bassenthwaite,  Wast- 
water,  Buttermere,  Thirlmere,  Cruramock,  and  Loweswater ;  and  the  rivers  Derwent,  Wythburn,  Marron,  and 
several  smaller  streams,  whose  waters  augment  the  various  rivers  and  lakes.  Coal,  limestone,  and  plumbago  are 
the  chief  mineral  productions.  Derwent  Ward  comprises  the  parishes  of  Bassenthwaite,  Bridekirk,  Brigham  (including 
Cockermonth,)  Caramerton,  Cross  Gannonby  (including  JIaryport),  CrostUwaite  (iacludiug  Keswick),  Dean,  Dear- 
ham,  Flimby,  Gilcru.x,  Isell,  and  Plumblaud,  and  the  chapelry  of  Loweswater. 


BASSENTHWAITE    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  by  the  parishes  of  Crosthwaite,  Isell,  Torpcnhow,  freby,  Uldale,  and  Caldbcck.  It  com- 
prises no  dependant  townships,  but  is  divided  into  the  two  constablcwicks  of  Highside,  and  Ilawcs  or  Lowside,  and 
its  area  is  0,1)30  acres  ;  the  rateable  value  i'3,10'J   19s.  lOd. 


The  population,  which  is  scattered  over  the  parish, 
numbered  iu  1801,  150;  in  1811,497;  iu  18:21,  537; 
in  1831,540;  inl811,53C;  and  in  185  1,  557.  Agri- 
culture is  the  principal  employment.  The  llobin  Hood 
mine,  which  produced  antimony,  has  been  tried  several 
times,  by  various  parties,  but  without  elfcct,  the  quan- 
tity obtained  not  being  suHicient  to  pay  the  cost  in- 
curred. The  mine  has  been  laid  up  for  the  last  twelve 
years.  Cockermouth  and  Keswick  aro  the  markets 
attended.  The  parisii  includes  tlie  beautiful  bike  from 
which  it  takes  its  name,  as  also  Skiddaw  and  other 
mountains,  which  will  be  found  described  at  page  48. 
The  soil  on  the  north-west  part  of  tiie  piirisii  is  of  a 
wot  and  sterile  nature,  but  since  iho  enclosure  of  the 
commons,  it  has  been  much  improved.  Near  the  moun- 
tains and  lake  it  is  mostly  high  and  gravelly — iu  some 
parts  loamy,  but  in  general  fertile. 

The  manor  of  Bassenthwaite  was  given  by  Alan,  the 
socoud  lord  of  AUcrdale,  to  his  bastard  brother,  Gospatric, 


whose  posterity  assumed  the  name  of  De  Bassenthwaite. 
The  last  heir  male  of  this  family  was  Sir  Adam  do 
Bassenthwaite,  who  died  in  the  reign  of  the  secoud 
Edward,  aad  left  two  daughters,  co-heiresses,  the  elder 
of  whom  having  uwrried  twice,  settled  her  moiety  of 
the  manor,  that  called  Low  Bassenthwaite,  upou  her 
second  husband,  one  of  the  Lawsons  of  Northumber- 
land, in  whose  posterity  it  has  since  continued,  and  is 
now  held  by  Sir  Wilfred  Lawson,  Bart.  The  other 
colieiress  married  cue  of  the  Wartindale  family,  whose 
descendant  having  been  attainted  of  treason,  it  was 
granted  by  the  crown  to  the  Earl  of  Derby.  A  survey 
of  the  barony  of  .Mlenlale.  taken  in  1578,  informs  us 
that  "  Henry  Earl  of  Derbie  holdeth  the  moiety  of  the 
manor  of  Dossiuthwaite,  by  homage,  fealtio,  and  suit  of 
court,  from  three  weeks  to  three  weeks,  and  paveth 
yearly  for  cornago,  Serjeant's  food,  seawake,  and  turn- 
silver,  4s.  7d.  Richard  Irton,  Esq.,  holdeth  the  other 
moiety  of  the  manor  aforesaid,  by  like  service,  and 


284 


DERWENT  WARD. 


payeth  yearly  for  cornage,  seawake,  turn-silver,  and 
Serjeant's  food,  4s.  7d."  lu  1714  tbis  estate,  called 
the  manor  of  High  Bassenthwaite,  passed  in  maniagc 
with  Henrietta  Stanley  to  John  Lord  Ashburnham, 
who,  in  the  following  year,  sold  it  in  parcels  to  the  ' 
tenants  for  the  sum  of  £1,825.  The  manorial  rights 
and  privileges  of  the  manor  are  consequently  vested  in 
Sir  Wilfred  Lawson,  Bart.,  and  the  landowners ;  but 
(jeneral  Wyndham,  who  is  lord  paramount,  is  proprietor 
of  the  fine  lake  of  Bassenthwaite,  and  has  the  sole  right 
of  navigation  and  the  whole  fishery,  with  the  exception 
of  tliree  draughts,  called  Ewen  Bridge,  Stone  Wall,  and 
Elars  Stile,  in  which  Sir  H.  11.  Vane,  Bart.,  has  a  right 
to  fish.  General  AVyndham  receives  a  quit-rent  of 
i3  4s.  lOd.  from  the  parish.  The  principal  landowners 
are  Sir  Henry  Ealph  Vane,  Bart. ;  Thomas  Story 
Spedding,  Esq. ;  Abraham  Fisher,  Esq. ;  and  Messrs. 
John  Eooke,  John  Ewart,  Mrs.  Smith,  and  others. 
This  parish  possesses  no  village  of  its  own  name.  The 
commons  were  enclosed  in  177],  in  pursuance  of  an 
act  passed  in  the  previous  year. 


THE    CHUnCIT. 


The  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Bridget,  is  an 
ancient  structure,  in  Ilighside  Constablewick,  near  the 
margin  of  the  lake,  about  five  miles  north-north-west 
of  Keswick.     It  is  of  the  transition  period  between  the 
Early  English  and  Decorated  styles,  and  consists  of 
nave,  aisle,  chancel,  north  porch,  and  turret,  with  one 
bell.     There  is  an  ancient  brass  in  the  south  aisle  and 
the  Vane  family  has  a  tablet  in  the  chancel.     It  was 
formerly  rectorial,  and  was  given  to  the  Abbey  of  Jcd- 
worth  by  Waltheof,  son  of  Gospatric,  aud  appropriated 
to  that  monastery.     The  dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle 
are  now  the  appropriators,  and  patrons  of  the  perpetual 
curacy,  which  is  worth  about  d£160  per  annum.     The 
tithes  were  commuted  at  the  period  of  the  enclosure  of 
the  commons  in  1771,  when  215  acres  were  allotted 
to  the  incumbent  of  the  parish  in  lieu  of  all  tithes. 
There  are  also  about  eleven  acres  of  glebe.      A  lec- 
tureshii)  was  founded  in  this  church  in  the  beginning 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  by  Matthew  Cape,  a  mer- 
chant of  Carlisle,  who  endowed  it  with  a  lease  of  the 
tithe  of  com  and  hay  in  Levington,  or  Linton  Holme, 
and  Harper  Hill.     The  parish  register  commences  in 
1574. 

iNcuirBENTS.  —  Joseph  Sim,  17C4;  John  Hewer,  1793;  A. 
Turner,  1800;  John  Dunlinson,  1802;  John  Dodgson,  1803; 
William  Sewell,  1805;  John  HalUfax,  1807;  John  Brown,  1814; 


John  Monkhouse,  1824;  Jolin  Barnes,  1835  ;  E.lward  B.  Web- 
ster, 1853;  Thomas  Shnpson,  1855;  Russel  Shurlock,  1850. 

The  parsonage  house  is  a  substantial  stone  building, 
situated  on  the  Keswick  road,  between  the  church  and 
Cbapel.  It  was  erected  in  1858,  at  a  cost  of  £800,  of 
which  £200  was  a  benefaction  from  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty,  the  remainder  being  raised  by  subscription. 

The  school  is  situated  close  to  the  chapel,  and  is 
entirely  supported  by  subscriptions  and  the  donations 
of  a  few  gentlemen,  who  contribute  £i'>  per  annum  for 
that  purpose.     The  average  attendance  is  about  forty. 

CBABITIES. 

A  small  estate  appears  to  have  been  left  for  the  use 
of  the  poor  of  this  parish,  but  by  whom,  or  at  what 
time,  is  unknown.  It  consists  of  a  close  of  about  four 
acres  of  land  in  the  parish  of  Crosthwaite,  with  an 
allottment  of  common,  and  two  closes  in  Bassenthwaite, 
which  bring  in  about  £14  a  year. 

There  is  also  a  house,  an  orchard,  about  four  acres  of 
land,  aud  about  one  acre  of  woodland,  supposed  to  have 
been  left  for  the  use  of  the  parish  clerk  for  the  time 
being,  by  one  Mr.  Grave,  who  was  himself  formerly 
clerk  of  this  parish. 

Hawes  is  a  small  village  in  this  parish,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Hawesbeck,  six  aud  a  half  miles  nortli-by- 
wcst  of  Keswick.  A  feast,  with  sports,  is  held  here  in 
the  early  part  of  August,  which  is  attended  by  a  con- 
siderable number  of  persons. 

Chapel  is  another  small  village,  or  hamlet,  near  the 
Chapcl-beck,  in  Lowsidc  constablewick,  six  miles  north- 
by-west  of  Keswick,  where  there  is  a  chapel-of-ease  to 
the  parish  church,  aud  a  school. 

Arraathwaite  Hall,  the  seat  of  Sir  H.  R.  Vane,  Bart.,' 
occupies  a  delightful  situation  at  the  northern  extremity 
of  the  lake,  of  which  it  commands  a  fine  view,  eight  and 
a  half  miles  north -north -east  of  Keswick.  It  is  sur- 
rouuJcd  with  beautiful  grounds,  and  when  viewed  from 
the  lake,  with  its  trees,  single  or  in  clumps,  spread  over 
the  sloping  lawns,  the  rising  grounds  behind  enrobed 
with  woods,  adds  very  much  to  the  gratification  of  the 
tourist. 

Mirehouse,  the  seat  and  property  of  Thomas  Story 
Spedding,  Esq.,  is  a  beautiful  mansion,  situated  between 
Skiddaw  and  the  lake. 

There  are  two  corn-mills  in  this  parish. 

1  For  genealogy  of  this  family  see  Hutton  parish,  Leath  ward,  at  a 
subsequent  page. 


BRIDEKIRK  PARISH. 


285 


BRIDEKIRK   PARISH. 

BniDEKiBK  parish  extends  along  the  Derweut,  which  separates  it  from  Brigliara,  and  is  about  seven  and  a  half  miles 
long.  It  is  bounded  on  the  other  side  by  the  parishes  of  Camerton,  Flimby,  Dearham,  Gilcrux,  and  Iscll ;  and 
comprises  the  townships  of  Bridekirk,  Broughton  Great,  Broughtou  Little,  Dovenby,  Papcastle  and  Goat,  Kibton, 
and  Tallantire. 


BRIDEKIRK. 

The  area  of  this  townshi}!  is  91G  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  £960.  Its  population  in  1801  was  94;  in 
1811,  115;  in  1821,  141;  in  LS:U,  111;  in  1841, 
121 ;  and  in  1851,  113.  The  inhabitants,  who  attend 
the  Cockermouth  market,  are  principally  collected  in 
the  village  of  Bridekirk  ;  there  are  also  a  few  scattered 
houses.     Agriculture  is  the  only  employment. 

The  manors  of  Bridekirk  and  Appleton,  with  the 
church  of  Bridekirk,  were  given  by  AValtheof,  first  lord 
of  AUcrdalo,  to  Gisbornc  priory,  in  Yorkshire,  which 
grant  was  confirmed  by  Alan,  son  of  Waltheof,  and  after- 
wards by  two  several  charters  by  Alice  de  Romely  for 
the  health  of  her  soul,  and  the  souls  of  her  father  and 
mother,  and  all  her  ancestors  and  successors,  and  her 
husbands,  Gilbert  Pypard  and  Robert  de  Courtney,  and 
the  same  were  confirmed  and  appropriated  to  the  mon- 
astery by  Ralph  de  Irton,  bishop  of  CarUsle.  The 
manor  continued  to  be  held  by  the  priory  of  Gisborne, 
till  the  dissolution  of  the  religious  houses  by  Henry 
VITI.,  who,  by  letters  patent,  in  the  thirty-fifth  year  of 
liis  reign,  granted  it  to  Henry  Tolson,  to  be  held  in 
eapite  by  the  twentieth  part  of  one  knight's  fee  and  26s. 
yearly.  The  manor  has  long  been  enfranchised,  and 
pays  the  fee-farm  rent  of  2Cs.  to  the  crown.  The  lands 
hero  arc  all  freehold.  The  principal  landowners  are 
Mrs.  Dykes,  Major  Andrew  Green  Thompson,  John 
Cowley  Fisher,  and  —  Dawson,  Esqs. 

The  village  of  Bridekirk  is  about  two  miles  north  of 
Cockermouth. 

TUE  CBuncn. 

The  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Bridget,  is  a  very  ancient 
structure,  the  tower  of  which  was  rebuilt  about  the 
year  1720,  at  which  time  sevenJ  of  the  windows  were 
enlarged.  It  contains  a  carved  font  which,  the  Messrs. 
Lysons  say,  is  "  the  best  entitled  to  notice  in  this 
county,  and  probably  the  most  curious  one  in  the  king- 
dom." The  sides  of  this  relic  of  antiquity  are  all 
enriched  with  sculptures  in  bas-relief,  the  style  of 
whicli  alone,  independent  of  a  Runic  iuscription  which 
it  bears,  clearly  indicates  it  to  be  the  work  of  an  age 
antecedent  to  the  Norman  Conquest.  The  south  side 
of  the  font  contains  the  inscription,  which  was  read  by 
Bishop  Nicolson  thus — "Er  Ekard  ban  men  egrocten, 
and  to  dis  men  red  wcr  Taner  men  brogteu  ;"  which  was 


interpreted  "  Here  Ekard  was  converted,  and  to  this 
man's  example  was  the  Danes  brought."  The  late  Mr. 
Kemble,  in  the  Archfeologia,  vol.  xxviii.,  supplies  the 
following  reading:  — "  Herigar  thegn  gewrohte,  UUel 
thegn  Irmunricys  gebrohte," — "  Herigar  the  Thane 
wrought  it,  Utel  Eormaurics  Thane  brought  it.'  "  This 
interpretation,"  he  adds,  "  I  fairly  confess  is  anything 
but  satisfactory  to  myself.  All  that  I  can  claim  for 
it  is  that  it  is  Anglo-Saxon,  which  no  explanation 
hitherto  published  is."  Professor  Munch  has  beeii 
only  able  to  make  out  "...  me  iwrogte,  and  to 
this  .  .  .  me  brogte."  It  has  been  more  recently 
read  "  Ricard  he  me  iwrocte,  and  to  dis  merth  gernr  me 
brocte ;"  which  may  be  interpreted,  "  Richard  he  me 
wrought,  and  to  this  beauty  carefully  mc  brought." 
The  scroll  on  which  the  inscription  is  cut  rests  on  two 
pillars,  one  of  which  is  clustered.  Above  the  inscrip- 
tion is  a  scroll  of  vine  branches,  proceeding  from  a  gro- 
tesque head,  with  the  figure  of  a  man  at  the  opposite 
end,  eating  oue  of  the  bunches  of  grapes  ;  beneath  it  is 
introduced  the  figure  of  a  sculptor,  with  his  mallet  and 
chisel,  executing  a  scroll,  and  supposed  to  represent  the 
maker  of  the  font.  In  the  upper  part  of  this  and  the 
north  and  east  sides,  are  introduced  various  grotesque 
animals  and  foliage,  with  a  sort  of  cross  floree  on  the 
west  side.  The  east  side  bears  a  representation  of  the 
Baptism  of  Our  Saviour  by  St.  John,  with  the  dove 
descending.  On  the  west  side  is  a  circular  ornament, 
supported  by  two  grotesque  animals,  within  a  border  of 
foliage.  The  sculpture  on  the  lower  part  of  the  north 
side  is  supposed  to  refer  to  the  expulsion  of  Adam  and 
Eve  from  Paradise.  The  benefice,  as  has  been  seen 
above,  was  granted  to  Gisborne  Priory.  After  the 
Dissolution,  the  advowson  of  the  vicarage  was  granted 
by  Queen  Mary  to  George  Cotton  and  William  Manne, 
to  hold  as  of  the  manor  of  East  Greenwich,  by  fealty 
only,  and  not  in  ctipitc.  After  this  period  wc  find  the 
presentation  in  the  Lamplugh  family,  from  whom  it  has 
descended  to  Mrs.  Dykes,  in  whom  it  is  now  vested. 
James  I.,  by  letters  patent,  in  the  second  year  of  his 
reign,  granted  to  Job  Gillett  and  William  Blake,  among 
others,  the  titlie  of  corn  and  grain  of  Little  Broughton, 
Groat  liroughton.  and  Papcastle,  to  hold  to  them  aud 
their  heirs  for  ever,  of  the  king,  as  of  his  manor  of 
East  Greenwich,  in  free  socage,  and  not  in  eapite. 


286 


DEEWENT   WAKD. 


The  great  tithes  of  Bridekirk  township  belong  to  John 
Cowley  Fisher,  Esq  ,  of  WooJhall ;  those  of  Great  auj 
Little  B  rough  ton  were  sold  several  years  ago  to  the 
landowners  by  the  late  Sir  F.  F.  Vane,  Bart.;  those  of 
Dovenhy  and  Papcastle  belong  to  lira.  Dykes  ;  those  of 
Hamcshill,  Rihton,  and  Goat,  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale ; 
and  those  of  Tallantire  to  ^\'illialu  Brou-ne,  Esq.;  the 
latter  belonged  to  Gisborne  Priory,  and  wore  granted 
by  Queen  Elizabeth  to  George  Fletcher,  Esq.,  of  Tal- 
lantire.  The  present  amount  of  tithe  rent-charge  for 
Dovenby  is  about  JtoO  ;  Mrs.  Dykes  is  the  owner, 
but  a  considerable  portion  of  original  award  has  been 
given  in  exciiange  for  common  right,  at  the  enclosure  of 
Dovenby  and  Papcastle  commons  in  1842.  The  living, 
valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £10  8s.  Gd.  is  now  worth 
about  £H:0  a  year,  upon  which  there  is  a  charge  of  Mi'i 
per  annum,  to  repay  the  sum  (£375)  borrowed  from 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty  for  the  enlargement  of  the 
vicarage.  In  1839  the  tithes  of  Dovenby  wore  com- 
muted. The  great  tithes,  which  belong  to  Mrs.  Dykes, 
were  awarded  as  £108,  and  the  vicarial  to  the  vicar, 
£20.  In  1820,  on  the  enclosure  of  the  commons,  171 
acres  were  given  to  the  vicar,  in  lieu  of  small  tithes  for 
Great  and  Little  Broughtou  townships.  The  parish 
registers  commence  in  1 585. 

Vicars. — Roger  de  Eboraco, ;  Robert  Urry,  1^07;  Robert 

lie  Wilton,  UlC;  Jolin  de  Tbwenge,  1320;  William  de  Cnithoru, 

;    Teter  de   Uelyington,    13s0;    George   Elletson,    15 j3 ; 

Percival  Wbarton, ;  William  Robinson,  1.503;  Jobu  Wheel- 
right,  1581;    Jobn  Williamson,    10J5;    Nicholas  Beeby,   lfi34  ; 

George  Beuson, ;   Samuel  G^a^ty,  IfifiO;   Thomas  Belman, 

1064;  Richard  Ticlicll,  10-<n;  David  King,  l(iH.5;  John  Har- 
rison, 1701;  John  Harrison,  17iO;  John  Bell,  1755;  Humphrey 
A.  Hervey,  173.5;  Joseph  Balbmtine  Dykes,  1844;  Joseph  B. 
Steel,  1848;  John  Fothergill,  1849;  James  Carter,  1851. 

The  'Vicarage  is  a  good  substantial  building,  close  to 
the  church,  and  was  considerably  enlarged  in  185),  at 
a  cost  of  £375,  borrowed  from  (Jueen  Anne's  Bounty. 

■Woodhall,  in  this  township,  formerly  the  seat  of  the 
Tolsons,  has  been  much  improved  by  J.  C.  Fisher,  Esq. 
It  stands  in  a  beautiful  situation,  commanding  a  view 
of  the  windings  of  the  Derwent,  Cockermouth  Castle, 
and  the  mountains  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Keswick. 
A  handsome  mansion  in  the  village  of  Bridekirk  is  the 
property  and  seat  of  ]\Iajor  A.  G.  Thompson. 

BEOITGHTON    GRE.\T. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was,  408; 
in  1811,  422;  in  1831,  435;  in  1831,  523;  in  1841, 
569;  and  in  1851,  019.  Its  rateable  value  is  £3.371. 
lis.  5d.,  and  its  area,  inclusive  of  that  of  Lii;tle  Brough- 
ton,  is  9,743  acres.  The  Cockermouth  and  Workington 
railway  skirts  the  south  of  the  township. 


On  Broughton  Moor  there  is  a  coal  mine,  worked  by 
the  Broughton  Moor  Colliery  Company,  the  property  of 
John  Harris,  Esq.,  of  Darlington.  It  has  one  shaft  50 
fathoms  deep,  and  another  of  about  10  fathoms.  The 
seams  of  coal  worked  at  present  are  the  "Ten  Quar- 
ters Seam,"  about  5  feet  thick;  and  the  "Canal  and 
Metal  Scam,"  about  25  falhums  below  the  former  seam. 
These  seams  are  of  the  same  thickness  wherever  found 
in  this  part  of  Cumberland.  The  colliery  employs  about 
200  persons,  and  produces  annually  about  (it), 000  tons 
of  coal,  the  whole  of  which  is  shipped  at  Maryport. 

The  manor  of  Broughton,  which  includes  the  two 
townships  of  that  name,  was  given  by  Waltheof,  lord  of 
Allerdale,  in  marriage  with  his  sister,  to  Waltheof,  son 
of  Gilmin,  whose  posterity  took  the  name  of  Broughton, 
and  resided  here  for  several  generations.  This  famUy 
becoming  e.xtinct  about  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  the 
manor  appears  to  have  reverted  to  the  earls  of  Northum- 
berland as  lords  of  AUerdale.  Henry,  the  si.\th  earl, 
conveyed  it  to  Sir  Thomas  Wharton.  From  a  survey 
taken  in  1578  we  learn  the  following  particulars  : — 
"Philip  Lord  Wharton  holds  Little  Broughton  of  the 
ancient  inheritance  of  the  earls  of  Northuraberlaud,  of 
the  yearly  value  of  £3  14s.  8d.,  granted,  among  other 
things,  by  Henry  late  Earl  of  Northumberland,  uncle  to 
the  said  earl  that  now  is,  to  one  Thomas  Wharton,  then 
controller  of  his  household,  to  him  and  to  his  heirs 
male,  paying  therefore  yearly  £3  14.  8d.  The  tenants 
of  the  town  of  Little  Broughton  pay  yearly  to  the  said 
earl  for  cornage,  6s.  8d. ;  seawake,  8d. ;  and  for  turnsilver, 
2s.  8d,;  in  toto,  10s.  The  heirs  of  William  Eaglesfield 
hold  certain  lands  in  Little  Broughtou  by  homage, 
fealtie,  and  suit  of  court,  and  render  per  annum  Cd. 
Phihp  Lord  Wharton  holds  Great  Brnighton,  being  of 
the  ancient  possessions  of  the  Earl  of  Northumberkind, 
of  the  yearly  value  of  £22  4s.  2d.,  granted,  amongst  other 
things,  by  Henry,  late  earl  of  Northumberland,  uncle  to 
the  earl  that  now  is,  to  Thomas  Wharton,  then  con- 
troller of  his  household,  to  him  and  his  heirs  male,  &c., 
and  renders  £22  4s.  2d.  The  tenants  of  the  said  town 
of  Great  Broughton  pay  yearly  to  the  said  lord  in  two 
parts  divided  for  cornage,  13s.  4d. ;  seawake,  i^d.; 
and  for  turn-silver.  Is.;  in  toto,  14s.  8^d."  It  was 
subsequently  purchased  of  the  trustees  of  the  Duke 
of  Wharton,  by  Charles,  Duke  of  Somerset,  from 
whom  it  has  descended  to  its  present  possessor.  General 
Wyndham,  who  holds  a  court  baron  annually  about 
Michaelmas  at  the  Punch  Bowl  Inn  in  the  village  of 
Great  Broughton.  The  tenure  here  is  copyhold  subject 
to  a  nominal  charge  of  one  penny ;  but  on  the  change  by 
death,  &c.,  of  either  lord  or  owner  a  tenpenny  fine  is 
paid.    The  principal  landowners  are  Mrs.  Sewell,  Messrs. 


BRIDEKIRK  PARISH. 


2sr 


William  Paislej,  John  Robinson,  John  Harris,  and 
Isaac  Sibson.  The  common  was  enclosed  in  1820,  in 
pursuance  of  the  provisions  of  an  act  passed  in  1819. 
In  Spencer's  mill-field,  in  this  township,  are  the  remains 
of  an  ancient  chapel. 

The  village  of  Great  Broughton  is  situated  on  the 
southern  acclivity  of  a  hill  above  the  Derwent,  three 
miles  west -by-north  of  Cockcrmcuth.  Here  is  a  Wes- 
leyan  chapel  erected  in  1840.  Between  this  village  and 
that  of  Little  Broughton  there  is  a  chapel  of  ease  to  the 
parish  church,  opened  in  18-j6.  There  is  also  a  school, 
which  was  built  in  1810,  at  a  cost  of  £"200,  towards 
which  government  granted  £70 ;  the  remainder  being 
raised  by  subscription.  It  possesses  an  endowment  of 
.£20  19s.  a  year,  left  in  1735,  by  Mr.  Joseph  Ashley, 
for  the  education  of  the  children  of  the  two  Broughtons. 
An  almshouse  was  founded  here  in  1735,  by  the  Mr. 
Ashley  just  mentioned,  for  "  four  poor  persons,  men  or 
women,  out  of  the  poor  of  Great  or  Little  Broughton, 
and  if  not  four  persons  there,  out  of  any  other  villages 
within  the  parish  of  Bridckirk,"  which  he  endowed  with 
.£8  a  year.  Four  poor  women  arc  appointed  by  the  trus- 
tees. These  also  share  in  Lord  Wharton's  Bible  Charity. 

Broughton  Hall,  situated  in  the  village,  was,  about 
sixty  years  ago,  the  property  and  residence  of  the 
Hoskins  family ;  it  is  now  a  fiirm-house,  and  the  pro- 
perty of  Mr.  Isaac  Sibson. 

nnouonTO-s  little. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  returned  with  Great 
Broughton.  In  1801,  it  contained  243  inhabitants  ;  la 
1811,  231;  in  1821,  237;  in  1831,  297;  in  1841, 
341;  and  in  1351,  439;  who  are  principally  collected 
in  the  village.  Coal  mining  is  the  principal  employ- 
ment ;  some,  however,  arc  engaged  at  the  brick  and 
tile  works  of  Mr.  Joseph  Lucock,  on  Broughton  Moor. 
The  common  was  enclosed  at  tho  same  time  as  that  of 
Great  Broughton,  in  1820. 

The  village  of  Little  Broughton  is  about  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  from  Great  Broughton.  Here  are  a  Friends 
meeting  house,  erected  in  1059,  and  a  Baptist  chapel, 
erected  in  1072  :  tho  Rev.  John  Collins  is  the  present 
minister  of  the  latter.  The  foundation  of  this  congrega- 
tion is  ascribed  by  tradition  to  the  ollicers  of  Cromwell's 
army  when  engaged  in  the  siege  of  Cockermoulh  Castle. 

DOVENPY. 

Dovcnby  comprises  an  area  of  1,880  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £1,009  10s.  Its  population  in  1801 
was  153;  in  1811,  209;  in  1821,  214;  in  1831,  247; 
in  1841,  246;  and  in  1851,  2B1.  To  the  north-west 
of  this  township  is  Dovcnby  Close  Colliery,  carried  on 
by  John  Steele,  Esq.     The  mine  has  one  shaft,  with 


two  air  shafts — the  first  is  forty-si.K  fathoms  deep. 
The  Little  Main  Seam  extends  about  1,000  yards 
south-east  of  the  shaft,  and  600  north-west,  and  is 
one  foot  ten  inches  thick.  Rattle  Seam,  which  is  now- 
worked  out,  extends  eighteen  fathoms  above  the  Little 
JIain  Seam.  These  seams  drift  in  about  170  yards, 
and  come  in  with  a  down-cast  fault,  and  strike  in  with 
the  Kendal  and  Xetile  Seam,  which  is  eight  feet  thick, 
but  mi.xed  with  many  bands.  This  colliery  affords  em- 
ployment to  about  100  hands,  and  produces,  on  an 
average,  when  working,  about  13,000  tons  per  annum. 
There  are  nine  coke  ovens,  burning  about  thirty  tons 
weekly. 

There  are  two  rather  remarltable  appearances  of  very 
ancient  earthworks  close  to  Dovenby  Hall  and  the  vil- 
lage,—  one  is  in  the  park  in  front  of  the  hall,  of  an 
elliptical  shape,  the  greater  diameter  being  about  112 
yards,  the  lesser  about  seventy-two  yards.  At  one,  or 
perhaps  two  points,  in  the  ellipse,  the  line  has  a  sort  of 
a  shoulder  or  bastion  shape  given  it.  There  is  part  of 
a  well  defined  fosse  visible,  three  or  four  yards  wide  at 
the  bottom,  with  the  slopes  well  marked.  The  perpen- 
dicular height  of  these  (from  bottom  of  ditch  to  top  of 
platform)  must  still,  in  some  places,  be  five  or  six  feet. 
There  is  another  in  a  direct  line  west  about  360  yards, 
in  an  old  grass  field  belonging  to  Mrs.  Dykes,  called 
the  "  Guards."  It  is  nearly  circular,  and  about  fifty- 
eight  yards  in  diameter.  One  or  two,  of  the  same 
peculiar  shoulder  shapes  as  in  the  other,  are  also  visible 
in  this.  There  is  again  a  smaller  circular  one  directly 
between  these  two,  in  the  wood  adjoining  the  hall.  As 
usual  in  these  works,  all  three  are  en  the  edge  of  the 
stream,  no  doubt  for  the  convenience  of  water.  All  ai'e 
very  near  the  Roman  line  of  road,  which  itself,  as  in 
other  cases,  might  have  been  formed  on  a  more  ancient 
line.  The  work  in  the  Guai'ds  is  quite  close  to  the 
point  of  junction  described  below  of  the  track  through 
the  fields  and  the  old  high  road.  The  ground  is  on  the 
rise  here,  and  tho  field  has  a  remarkable  appearance  of 
foundations  all  over  it. 

At  a  distance  of  about  200  yards  from  the  hall,  in 
the  grass  land  around  it,  is  the  visible  track  of  the 
Roman  road  from  Glanoventa  ('?),  EUenborougb,  near 
Maryport,  to  Derventio,  Papcastlc.  It  was  cut  through 
in  di-aining  (at  least  the  thickness  that  remaiued)  at 
about  eighteen  inches  or  two  feet  from  the  surface. 
Further  on,  through  some  wood,  the  remains  appear 
exposed  on  the  surface  for  a  short  distance.  This 
track  is  in  a  direct  line  with,  and  joins  part  of.  the 
high  road  formerly  used  between  Maryport  and  Cock- 
ermoulh, which  is  itself  undoubtedly  on  the  very  lino 
of  the  Roman  roaJ,  as  evident  remains  of  the  materials, 


288 


DERWENT  WARD. 


in  many  places,  show.  At  this  point  a  deviation  was 
made  from  the  old  Ixoman  line  in  the  more  modem 
direction  of  Cockermouth,  through  the  adjoining  village 
of  Dovenby,  and  at  this  spot  in  particular,  many  of  the 
immense  paving  stones  are  still  lying  about  the  hedges, 
&c.  The  track  traceable  through  the  fields  and  the 
old  line  of  high  road  which  it  joins  would  together  form 
a  perfectly  straight  and  direct  line  of  communication  as 
used  by  the  Romans  between  these  stations.  The  large 
boulder  stones,  which  formed  the  pavement  of  the 
Roman  road,  have  evidently  been  led  from  the  part 
lying  near  tlie  hall,  and  made  use  of  in  the  building  of 
the  old  tower  and  part  of  the  house,  where  they  appear 
in  the  walls  on  removing  the  cement  or  rough -cast. 
The  same  was  done  generally  in  the  construction  of 
ancient  dwelliugs  and  medieval  castles  near  the  Roman 
works,  the  walls,  &c. 

What  was  called  the  Old  Cross,  formerly  stood  on 
the  common,  when  unenclosed,  sixteen  or  seventeen 
years  ago.  A  piece  of  the  shaft  and  base  vs-as  all  that 
remained.  There  used  to  be  a  tradition  that  markets 
were  held  there  during  the  prevalence  of  the  plague. 
It  is  still  in  the  same  state,  and  w.is  removed,  on  the 
enclosure  of  the  common,  by  Jlrs.  Dykes,  as  lady  of  the 
manor,  into  a  suitable  situation  for  its  security  and  pre- 
servation. In  the  Dovenby  manor  book,  date  1090, 
mention  is  made  of  "  the  Old  Thorn  Cross  on  the  moor," 
which,  no  doubt,  refers  to  the  cross  in  question ;  the 
inference  being  that  it  was  of  a  religious  description, 
and  either  bore,  in  Roman  Catholic  times,  a  representa- 
tion of  the  Crucifixion,  or  only  the  appendages  of  the 
Passion,  a  crown  of  thorns,  inscription,  iScc. 

The  manor  of  Dovenby,  or  Dolfinby,  was  given  by 
Waltheof  to  Dolfin,  son  of  Ailward.  whose  posterity 
assumed  the  name  of  Dovenby,  and  continued  the 
possessors  until  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  when,  the 
male  line  becoming  extinct,  it  was  brought  in  marriage 
to  the  family  of  Rawle,  or  IloUe.  Thomas  Lucy  was 
possessed  of  this  manor  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I. ;  it 
was  afterwai'ds  in  the  Kirkbrides,  whose  heiress,  in  the 
time  of  Henry  IV.,  brought  it  in  marriage  to  Nicholas 
Lamplugh,  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Lamplugh,  of  Lamplugh, 
who  settled  at  Dovenby.  It  descended  from  him  to 
Abraham  Molyne,  Esq.,  in  right  of  Frances,  his  wife, 
the  granddaughter  of  William  Lamplugh,  brother  of 
Sir  Thomas,  the  last  male  descendant  having  surviving 
issue.  He  sold  it,  along  with  the  manor  of  Papcastle, 
purchased  by  Francis  Lamplugh,  of  Dovenby,'  temp. 

■  In  l.j78,  Francis  Lamplugh  held  Dovenby  by  homage,  fealty,  and 
suit  of  court,  paying  yearly  for  comage  63.  8d.,  seawake  8d.,  tum- 
sjlver  4s.  4d.,  seijeant's  food  and  free  rent,  and  rendered  per  annum 
lls.8d. 


Elizabeth,  to  William  Cooke,  scrivener,  of  London,  iu 
107d,  from  whom  it  passed  successively,  by  purchase, 
through  various  parties,  to  Henry  Mason,  Esq.,  of 
London,  who,  in  1777,  sold  it,  along  with  that  of 
Papcastle,  to  the  late  William  Browne,  Esq.,  of  Tal- 
lantire,  whose  son,  the  present  William  Browne,  Esq., 
in  1810,  sold  both  manors  to  Mrs.  Dykes,  who,  as 
descendant  of  the  Lamplughs,  from  whom  she  had  co- 
hcrited  the  mansion  and  demesne,  thus  united  again 
tho  two  manors  to  them,  and  became  the  possessor  of 
the  manorial  rights  and  privileges.  Dovenby  is  an 
independent  manor,  held  by  payment  of  quit  rents  and 
boon  services  now  commuted,  and  certain  fines  on 
alienation  and  death  of  lord  or  tenant.  A  considerable 
portion  of  the  manor  is  enfranchised,  only  £0  5s.  did. 
manorial  rent  remaining,  including  out  -  tenements. 
Courts  leet  and  courts  baron  are  held  as  requested, 
for  the  admission  of  tenants,  on  the  descent  or  aliena- 
tion of  property,  and  various  other  matters  within  its 
jurisdiction,  relating  to  the  township,  for  which  purpose 
a  jury  is  summoned,  empannelled,  and  sworn  by  the 
steward.  The  court  books  of  the  manor  extend  from 
1G63.  The  tenure  is  the  usual  "customary."  About 
one-fifth  or  one-sixth  of  the  township  is  in  demesne. 
The  principal  landowners  are  Mrs.  Dykes ;  William 
Browne,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  Henry  Dodgsou,  Joseph  Archer, 
William  Paitson,  and  Matthew  Smith. 

Dovenby  Hall,  in  this  township,  is  the  seat  of  Mrs. 
Dykes,  lady  of  the  manor,  as  it  was  originally  of  the 
lords.  The  large,  square,  border  tower  was  first  buUt, 
no  doubt,  and  as  early,  most  likely,  from  appeai'ances 
and  circumstances,  as  the  time  of  Henry  II.,  or  pro- 
bably earlier,  as  mentioned  before.  There  is  every 
appearance  of  much  of  the  material,  particularly  the 
large  boulder  stones  used  in  the  construction,  having 
been  brought  from  the  adjoining  line  of  Roman  roads, 
then  existing,  no  dovibt,  comparatively  perfect.  The 
long  and  lower  building — as  a  wing-^aud  next  the 
square  mansion-house ;  additions,  as  usual  in  other  cases 
in  this  country,  were  made  to  it  at  later  periods,  ieinp. 
Henry  IV.  or  Henry  V.,  and  Elizabeth  or  James. 
Some  additions  were  also  made  during  the  present 
century.  In  parts  of  the  first  of  these,  however,  if 
indicative  of  an  earlier  period  than  that  mentioned, 
Roman  road  materials  also  appear.  The  whole  struc- 
ture has  been  modernised,  so  far  as  not  to  show  any 
decisive  character.  On  the  building,  however,  with 
other?,  there  is  a  very  handsome  shield,  in  stone,  bear- 
ing the  Lamplugh  and  Kirkbride  arms  quarterly — 
the  marriage,  as  above,  having  taken  place  between 
those  families  about  2-2nd  Richard  11.  There  are  other 
shields  of  the  Lamplugh  coat,  one  quartering  Barwise, 


BEIDEKIRK  TAKISH. 


289 


Preston,  Feuwick,  and  Lucy.  The  ground  story 
in  the  old  tower,  now  cellars,  still  shows  the  marks 
of  stallage  for  cattle,  made  use  of  in  the  remote  and 
turbulent  periods  of  English  and  Scottish  warfare; 
and  one  of  the  deeply  splayed  but  narrow  embrasures 
still  remains,  as  used  by  the  bowmen,  but  now  bricked 
up,  of  course,  for  the  more  peaceful  modern  arrange- 
ments on  the  other  side.  Tlio  mansion  is  a  large 
and  commodious  one,  and  with  its  old  tower,  has  still 
an  ancient  appearance.  Adjoining  are  ornamental 
grounds  and  gardens,  surrounded  by  park-like  ground. 
In  the  house  are  several  family  and  other  paintings ; 
amongst  the  former  are  portraits  of  Sir  Thomas  Lam- 
plugh,  founder  of  the  school  and  hospital,  temp.  Charles 
I.,  his  wife.  Lady  Lamplugh,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas 
Braithwaite,  of  Burnshcad,  Westmoreland,  who  lived  to 
the  age  of  100 ;  Thomas  Lamplugh,  archbishop  of 
York,  James  II.,  Ac. 

The  village  of  Dovenby  is  two  and  a  half  miles  north- 
west of  Cockermouth. 


School. — Dovenby  Grammar  School  was  founded  and 
endowed  by  Sir  T.  Lamplugh,  about  the  year  1020.  Mrs. 
Dykes  is  patroness,  as  his  representative.  The  endow- 
ment consists  of  a  charge  on  the  tithes  of  Burgh-ou- 
Sands,  since  commuted ;  land  in  Dovenby,  and  a  small 
payment  to  the  master  in  connection  with  the  hospital 
charity  of  Dovenby.  The  number  of  scholars  varies 
from  sixty  to  eighty.  The  building  is  a  picturesque  and 
commodious  one,  erected  in  1843,  from  a  design  sanc- 
tioned by  the  Committee  of  Council  on  Education, 
who  also  granted  £100  towards  defraying  the  cost  of 
building.  The  situation  is  pretty,  sheltered  as  it  is  by 
the  woods  of  Dovenby.  Adjoining  the  school  there  is 
a  playground,  wliich  was  laid  out  at  tho  time  of  the 
enclosure  of  tho  common. 

Ilvspital. — There  is  also  an  hospital,  whicli  was  en- 
dowed by  Sir  T.  Lamplugh,  about  tho  same  time  as  the 
school,  for  "six  poor  aged  persons  of  tho  rehgious  poor." 
It  is  endowed  with  tlie  tithes  of  Rcdmain,  purcliased 
from  Leonard  Dykes,  Esq.,  of  Warthole.  Mrs.  Dykes  is 
patroness.  As  regards  "  religious  poor,"  the  patroness 
makes  no  distinction  of  sects ;  if  poor,  aged,  and  reli- 
giously disposed.  The  building  itself  has  long  since 
gone  to  decay,  there  being  no  funds  for  its  restoration, 
and  it  is  not  of  much  consequence  that  it  is  so,  as 
helpless  people,  recipients  of  the  stipends,  live  more 
conveniently  with  their  friends   than   in  an  isolated 


building. 


Jlglics  of  Jnlitsficlb  rmts  ?iil:irbb:ill,  nofa  of 
gobEiibiT  >)all,  tCc' 

The  name  of  Dykes,  anciently  del  Dykes,  is  derived 
from  the  Roman  Wall  of  Hadrian,  on  the  line  of  which 
Dykesficld,  the  ancient  residence  of  the  family,  is 
directly  situated.  Mr.  Bruce,  in  his  Roman  Wall  (vide 
Dykesfield)  considers  the  name  "  to  be  derived  from 
the  works  of  the  barrier,  and  to  have  been  the  site  of  a 
station."  The  Saxon  appellation  of  the  Dyke,  or  the 
Dykes — for  the  Vallum  and  Murus  joined  here,  the 
former  terminating — was  given  to  the  Wall  here,  as 
"Graham's  Dyke,"  was  to  that  of  LoUius  Urbicus. 
Hence  the  family  located  on  tho  spot  became  del  Dykes 
(of  the  Dykes),  and  their  residence  Dykesfield,  and  that 
the  place  derived  its  name  from  the  family  is  the  tradi- 
tion there  still.  Kimber's  Baronetage,  vol.  ii.  p.  408,  in 
its  account  of  the  Sussex  and  Kentish  branches  of  this 
family  says,  "  The  family  of  Dyke,  or  Dykes,  was  seated 
in  Dykesfield,  in  Cumberland,  before  the  Norman  Con- 
quest, but  by  several  later  marriages  removed  their 
seat  to  Wardhall,  in  that  county,  of  which  was  Leonard 
Dykes,  Esq.,  chief  heir  male.  A  branch  of  this  family 
very  early  removed  into  Sussex,  where  they  were  seated 
at  Henfield  and  other  places,  and  one  was  seated  at 
Cranbrook,  in  Kent,  of  which  was  Reginald  de  Dyke, 
Sheriff  of  Kent,  29  Edward  III."  The  elder  of  these 
junior  branches  is  represented  by  the  present  Sir 
i'crcyvall  Hart  Dyke,  Bart.,  and  another  by  Sir  Thomas 
Dyke  Acland,  Bart.     The  arms  borne  are  the  same. 

In  a  deed  without  date  Robert  del  Dykes  conveys  lands  at 
Burgli  to  William  del  Monkys.  The  name  of  Lord  Hugh  de 
Multon  occuiring  in  this  fixes  the  date  at  the  end  of  Henry  III. 
or  beginning  of  Edward  I. 

The  pedigree  commences  with  William  del  Dykes.  In  a 
deed  also  without  date,  supposed  by  the  writing  to  he  Uiat 
of  Henry  III.  and  Edward  I.,  Syinon  do  Crosseby,  clerk  of 
Carlisle,  conveys  lands  at  Waverton  to  William  del  Dykes.  Wit- 
nesses :  The  Lord  Hugh  de  Benton  (sheriff),  and  others.  He 
was  father  of 

Wiu.iAM  DEL  Dykes,  who,  temp.  Edward  II.,  married  Agnes, 
or  Agueta,  heiress  of  Sir  Hugh  de  Waverton,  of  Wavenon.  In 
Oth  Edward  IH.  is  a  conveyance  of  lands  at  Waverton  to  .lohn  de 
Orraeby,  Agnet  del  Dykes,  and  their  heirs.  With  this  daughter, 
married  to  John  de  Ormcby,  as  appears,  they  had  a  son, 

William  del  Dykes,  living,  temp.  Edward  HI.  In  a  deed, 
12th  I'Mward  HI.,  the  witnesses  are  William  de  Boyvill,  Robert 
do  Quenhow,  William  del  Dykes,  and  others.     He  was  father  of 

WiLiJAa  DEI.  Dykes,  who,  (emp.  Richard  II.,  married  Jane, 
co-heiress  of  Sir  Hugh  do  Dystyngton,  of  Dystyngton.  Mar- 
garet, her  sister,  married  Sir  Hugh  do  Moresby.  In  a  daed, 
0th  Richard  II.,  cited  in  tho  Fleming  pedigree'  William  del 
Dykes  is  a  grantee  of  lands  from  Nicholas  do  Bowcness,  clerk. 
Witnesses :  Sir  Richard  lo  Fleming,  KnL,  ond  others ;  and  in  a 
deed,  20th  Richard  II.,  Adam  Gibson  conveys  lands  to  WilUam 
del  Dykes,  and  bis  heirs.    Their  son, 

WiLLiAU  DEL  Dykes  married,  temp.  Henry  lY.,  Catharine, 

1  Jldt  Bnm,  vol.  i.,  p.  117. 


S3 


290 


DERWENT  WARD. 


dftugliler  of  Willium  Thwayts,  of  ThwBjts ;  ami  9th  Henry  TV. 
is  witness  to  a  deed  with  William  de  Legh  and  others.  AVilh 
two  daughters,  one  married  to  Nicholas  tic  Irton,  of  Irton,  and 
another,  Isabel,  married  to  Robert  Brisco,  of  Orofton,  he  had 
a  son, 

■WiLUAM  DEI.  Dykes,  temp.  Henry  \1.,  who  represented  the 
connty  in  parliament.  By  deeds,  11th  and  13th  Henry  VI., 
Eobert  Whiteliede  convoys  to  him  and  his  heirs  the  manor  and 
lands  of  Wardhalli  (still  in  the  family).  lOth  Henry  VI.  he 
is  witness  to  deeds  with  Sir  Christopher  de  Culwen  and  Sir 
Henry  FenwyUe,  Kiita.,  and  Hugh  de  lowtbcr.  He  maiTied 
Elizabeth,  dau|,'hter  of  William  de  Leigh,  of  Isoll,  the  descendant 
of  Sir  William  de  Leisli,  who,  temp.  Edward  II.,  married  Mar- 
garet, daughter  and  hoir  of  William,  son  of  Hubert  do  Jlulton, 
of  Isell,  younger  son  of  Thomas  de  ^lulton  and  Matilda  de  Vaux, 
of  Gilsland.  Through  the  lines  of  do  Morville,  d'Esti-lvers, 
d'Engayne,  and  de  Mesuhines,  Elizsibelh  de  Leigh  descended 
directly  from  Kinmn,  daughter  of  Arlotta  (mother  of  the  Con- 
queror), and  Ilarlowen  de  Contevillo  or  de  liurgo,  who  was 
himself  sixth  only  in  direct  male  line  from  Charles  Duke  of 
Ingelheira,  fifth  son  of  Charlemagne."  In  a  deed,  0th  Henry 
VI.,  Henry  second  Earl  of  Northumberland  (son  of  Hotspur), 
grants  to  our  well-beloved  William  Dykes,  Esquire,  lauds  at 
Wyggeton,  Ulton,  and  Waverton.  The  seal  attached  to  tho 
deed  bears  the  Brabant  lion  rampant.  From  this  and  other 
circumstances  the  politics  of  the  family  were  evidently  Lan- 
castrian, as  most  in  the  north  were.  In  a  French  genealo- 
gical publication  this  William  del  Dykes  is  mentioned  as  being 
wounded,  on  the  LancasU-ian  side,  at  the  battle  of  Wakefield:— 
"  Sous  le  ri--gne  de  Henri  VI.,  William  del  Dykes  representa  le 
Comte  de  Cumberland,  au  parlement  Anglais.  II  combattit 
pour  la  cause  de  Lancastre,  et  fut  blessc  a  la  bataille  de  Wake- 
field," (to.  His  name  is  returned  amongst  the  gentry  of  the 
county  by  the  commissioners,  lith  Heniy  VI.  s  His  son  and 
successor, 

AViLLiAM  Di-KES,  of  Wai'dhttll,  married,  temp.  Edward  IV., 
Christiana,  daughter  and  co-heu-  of  Sir  Richard  Salkeld,  of 
Corby,  by  his  wife,  .Tane  Vairs,  daughter  and  heir  of  Roland 
Vaux,  of  Triermain.  Marriage  settlement  dated  aist  Edward  IV. 
Witnesses:  Sir  William  Leigh,  Knt.,  ^\■illiam  Musgrave,  and 
others.  3nd  Richard  III.,  WiUiam  Dykes  presented  to  the 
■vacant  rectory  of  Dystj-ngton.*  In  Wetherall  Church  is  the 
curious  old  altar  and  efiigial  tomb  of  Sir  Richard  Salkeld  and 
his  wife,  realising  the  well  known  verses — 

"  Ontstrotcticd  together  are  expressed 

Sir  knight  and  my  lady  lair, 
With  liands  uplifted  on  the  breast, 

In  attitude  of  prayer  ; 
Long-visaged,  clad  in  armour  he — 
With  ruffled  arm  aud  boddicc  she." 

1  The  adjoining  manor  of  Gilcrnx,  which  has  since  proved  a 
valuable  coal  field,  was  acquired  about  die  reign  of  Edwiud  VI.  in 
exchange  for  the  demesne  of  Wavertnn,  which  came  into  the  family 
by  marriage,  as  above,  with  the  heiress,  temp.  Richard  n.  There 
is  a  tradition  and  story,  aud  apparently  a  correct  one,  mentioned  also 
in  Hutchinson,  vol.  ii.  p.  319,  that  all  was  perilled  on  the  turn  of  the 
dice  and  cards,  which  fortunately  proved  a  favourable  one,  as  ran 
the  distich — 

Up  now  ace,  and  down  with  the  traye, 

Or  Wardhall's  gone  for  ever  and  aye. 
It  came  as  the  player  wished,  and  to  perpetuate  the  trick  be  had  the 
card  cut  in  stone,  the  ace  of  clubs,  which  still  exists. 

-  Vide  Bum's  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland :  Isell  Parish — 
Baions  of  Burgh ;  and  Burke's  Extinct  Peerage,  &c. 


'  Fuller's  Worthies, 


*  Bum,  Tol.  ii.,  p.  19. 


There  is  a  quaint  description  of  the  tomb  and  epitaph  in  tho 
Lacsdowne  MS.,  British  Museum,  (Sir  William  iJethick's  col- 
lection, garter,  tnni>.  Elizabeth,)  and  of  the  arms  sculptured  on 
it,  as  "Fretty  (Salkeld)  empaling  Vaux  of  Trevcrmaine,  argent, 
a  bend,  dexter,  chequy,  or,  and  gules."  The  co-heiresses  of  Sir 
Richard  and  his  wife  with  their  husbands,  or  their  descendants, 
conveyed  to  the  Lords  Thomas  and  William  Dacre,  temp.  Henry 
VII.  and  VIII.  and  Edward  VI.  —  as  enrolled  on  the  survey 
of  the  barony  of  Gilsland,  temp,  Elizabeth — their  purpartios 
of  the  lordship  and  demesne  of  Triermaine,  which  are  stated  to 
come  to  them  as  "  inheritance  from  their  mother,  daughter  and 
sole  heir  of  Roland  Vaux,''  &c.;  aud  she  is  described  in  a  pedi- 
gree of  the  Salkeld  family,  in  Lord  William  Howard's  papers, 
preserved  at  Corby,  as  "  Job",  sine  Jana  sola  filia  andhisres 
Rolandi  Vaux  de  Trevermaine,  ao.  a3nd  Henry  VII."'  Thomas 
Dykes,  son  of  William  and  Christiaiut,  conveyed  his  puiTarty  to 
Lord  William  Dacre,  by  deed  (in  Latin),  2aih  Henry  VIII.,  and 
this  gentleman, 

Thomas  Dykes,  of  Wardhall,  married,  temp.  Henry  VII., 
Isabel,  only  child  and  heiress  of  John  Pennington,  Esq.,  of 
Munoaster  Castle,  eldest  son  and  heir  of  Sir  John  Pemiington  of 
tho  same.  Thomas  Dykes  is  recorded  in  the  histories  of  Giun- 
berland  as  furnishing  horse  in  the  border  services  of  this  period, 
and  having  the  command  of  the  watch  and  ward  between  Ellen 
and  Derwcnt.  Thomas  Dykes,  3  jth  Henry  VIII.,  is  found  by 
inquisition  to  hold  the  manor  of  Dystyngton  of  the  king,  as  of 
his  Castle  of  Egremont,  &c.-  His  son  and  successor  (with  a 
daughter,  Jane,  married  to  Richard  Orfeur,  of  High  Close)  was 

Leoxai'.d  Dykes,  Esq.,  of  Wardhall,  who  married,  limp.  Henry 
VIII.,  Anne,  daughter  of  John  Layton,  Esq.,  of  Dalemayne. 
4th  Philip  and  Mary,  he  presents  to  tlio  rectory  of  Distington," 
He  had  issue,  amongst  others,  with  a  daughter,  Catharine,  mar- 
ried to  Gawen  Eaglesfield  (settlement  dated  19th  Elizabeth), 
his  son  and  successor, 

Thomas  Dykes,  escheator  of  Westmoreland,  Icmp.  Elizabeth. 
He  manicd  Jane,  daughter  of  Lancelot  Lancaster,  Esq.,  of  Sock- 
bridge  ;  descended  from  Sir  Roger  de  Lancaster,  half  or  natural 
brother  to  William  de  Lancaster  the  third,  bai'on  of  Kendal,  and 
descended  from  Ivo  de  Tailbois,  first  baron  of  Kendal,  brother 
of  Fulk  Earl  of  Anjou,  and  uncle  of  Gooflry  Plantngonet,  hus- 
band of  tho  Empress  Matilda.  He  had  a  brother,  Oswald 
Dykes,  who  with  himself  is  mentioned  honourably  by  Camden, 
as  stated  in  the  History  of  Cumberland — "  Tliis  also,  among 
others  (inscriptions),  was  copied  for  me  (10&7)  by  Oswald 
Dykes,  a  very  learned  divine,  and  is  now  at  Wai-dhiUl,  tho  scat 
of  his  brother,  T.  Dykes,  a  gentleman  of  great  note."  In  the 
Cottouian  MSS.  of  the  British  JIuseura  (Julius,  c.  iii.,  &c.)  are 
preserved  two  curious  letters  from  Oswald  Dykes  to  his  friend 
Sir  Robert  Cotton.  He  "  commends  himself  right  heartilie 
unto  good  Ml'.  William  Camden,"  etc.  In  a  Ust  in  this  collection 
of  "the!  naymes  of  all  the  gentlemen  wi>  in  the  schyer  of  Cum- 
berland," is  that  of  "  Thorns.  Dykes,  armr,"  temp.  Elizabeth. 
His  son, 

Leonard  Dykes,  married,  43rd  Elizabeth,  Anne,  only  sur- 
viving child  and  heir  of  'Xhomas  RadcUfle,  Esq.,  of  Mayland 

■The  other  four  co-heiresses  married  Thomas  Salkeld,  of  Eosgill ; 
Thomas  BIcnkuisop,  of  Helberk ;  Nicholas  Featherstone,  of  Northum- 
berland; and  Lancelot  Warwick,  of  Warwick.  No  descendants  of 
the  two  first  are  known  to  exist;  there  are  of  the  other  two  in  the 
female  line.  This  documentary  statement,  as  above,  disproves  those 
on  the  subject  in  Sir  B.  Burke's  Extinct  Peerage,  and  Peerage  and 
Baronetage;  aud  in  the  note  in  the  appendix  to  the  Bridal  of  Trier- 
main. 

2  Bum,  vol.  ii.,  p.  49. 

3  Bum,  vol.  ii.,  p.  49. 


ERIDEKIEK  PARISH. 


291 


and  Bishopton,  in  Durham:  marriaso  registered  at  Muncaster 
church,  1001 :  articles  of  marriage  of  this  date  ( 16ih  September, 
1601)  between  his  father,  Thomas,  and  himself.  As  she  was  a 
minor,  and  in  ward  to  the  croaii,  he  was  arraigned  for  U'eason, 
but  received  a  general  pardon  by  warrant  from  the  crown,  under 
the  great  seal,  wliich  is  still  preserved  amongst  the  family 
papers.  He  was  sheritT  for  Cnmberland,  and  (10th  Charles  I.) 
whilst  sharitf  he  was  appointed  by  warrant  treasurer  for  the 
king's  forces  for  the  county  and  garrison  of  Carlisle:  the  docu- 
ment is  still  preserred.  lie  married,  secondly,  Margaret, 
daughter  and  co-heir  of  John  Frecheville,  of  Staveley,  uncle  of 
John  Lord  Frcchevillo  (trustees  for  her  dower,  Oth  December, 
lfi45,  are  William  Pennington,  of  Muncaster,  and  Lawson,  son 
of  Wilfrid  Irton,  of  Threlkeld),  and  hart  a  daughter,  Eliza- 
beth, married  to  Lawson  Irton,  Esq.,  of  Threlkeld.  He  was 
succeeded  by  the  son  of  his  first  marriage, 

Thomas  Dtkes,  a  devoted  Royalist.  After  the  defeat  of  the 
party,  he  concealed  himself  for  some  time  in  a  large  mulberry 
tree  near  his  house,  where  food  was  conveyed  to  him  by  his  wife 
and  daughter :  the  tree  is  still  in  existence.  He  eventually  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Republicans,  and  was  imprisoned  in 
Cockermouth  Castle,  where  he  is  stated  to  have  died.  When 
offered  his  liberty  and  property  if  he  would  recant,  his  reply  was 
"  Prius  frangitur  quara  fleclitur" — since  adopted  as  the  family 
motto.  He  married,  1(523,  Joyce  Frecheville,  daughter  and  co- 
heir of  John  Frechville,  uncle  of  Lord  Frecheville,  of  Staveley,' 
This  lady,  througli  the  families  of  Leke  (Lords  Deincourt), 
Savage  (Earls  of  Rivers),  Stanley,  Fitzal.in,  and  Bohun,  was 
tenth  in  descent  from  Eleanor  Plantagenet,  daughter  of  Henry 
Dake  of  Lancaster,  and  eleventh  from  the  Princess  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Edward  I.,  as  recorded  in  the  Herald's  College ; 
also  (similarly  recorded),  by  another  line  —  Kay  of  Woodsome, 
Wentworth  of  Bretton,  the  eldest  branch  of  the  Fitzwilliams, 
and  the  Warrens  (Ilarls  of  Surrey),  all  now  extinct  in  the  male 
line — she  descended  in  a  direct  line  from  the  Conqueror.  Ralph 
Lord  Frecheville,  her  immediate  ancestor,  of  whom  she  was  a 
CO -representative,  was  summoned  to  parliament  as  a  baron, 
temp.  Edward  I.  His  descendants  have  since  twice  claimed  tho 
barony.  Thomas  Dykes  married,  secondlj-,  Jane,  daughter  and 
heir  of  Ralph  de  la  Vale,  Esq.,  1019,  trustees  for  whose  settle- 
ment are  Sir  Patricius  Curwen  and  William  Penoington,  Esq., 
of  Muncaster.  The  issue  of  his  tirst  raariiage  was,  inUr  alios — 
with  Frecheville,  and  Joyce,  maiTicd  to  Thomas  Curwen,  Esq. 
of  Workington,  wliose  descendant  and  representative,  Joyce 
Curwen,  married  ^Vilfrid  Hudleston,  of  Hullon — his  heir, 

Leonard  Dvees,  who,  Ump.  Charles  II.,  married  Grace, 
daughter  of  John  Salkcld,  of  Thrcapland,  tho  descendant  of 
Lancelot  Salkeld,  of  Whitehall,  who  married  Margaret,  daughter 
and  co-heir  of  Sir  Richard  Hudleston,  of  Milium.  Sir  Richard 
dciceadod,  through  hUs  mother,  Joan,  co-hck  of  Sir  Miles 
Stapleton,  of  Ingham,  from  the  Do  Lancasters,  barons  of 
Randal ;  William  de  Lancaster  (the  first  of  that  lini')  having 
married  Gundred  Countess  of  Warwick,  daughter  of  William 
the  Conqueror.  Mr.  Dykes  was  twice  sheritl'  of  Cumberland. 
He  pulled  down  tho  old  castle,  and  built  a  mansion  with  an 

'  Settlement  in  toil  male  of  tho  eslales,  ltl37,  between  Leonard, 
rbouia.i,  and  .'oyce  Tykes;  John  Frecheville  (afterwards  Lonl 
t'lcoherille),  son  and  heir  of  Sir  P.  Frecheville;  and  John  Pening- 
lon,  sou  anil  heir  of  Sir  J.  Peniiigton,  of  Muncniitrr.  In  Ifll'.', 
Thomas  Dykes  makes  his  will,  eriileully  cuusi'd  by  the  cominouce 
tnent  of  bnsiilitits,  as  was  the  case  in  that  yeiir,  uaming  as  trustees 
"liis  door  fuller  Leonard,  his  loving  father  in-lnv  Peter  Senhuusc 
(husband  of  his  ninlln'rinhiw,  foriuerly  Biirbam  Freehcville,  bom 
I'.yri-),  and  his  friends  Sir  Patricius  Curweu,  and  William  Peuuing- 
'■'M.  of  MuucosUt. 


ornamented  stone  fiont,  from  a  design  by  Inigo  Jones.'  His 
sou  and  heir, 

FiiECHEViLLE  DvKEs,  of  Wardhall,  married,  ICl)",  Jane, 
eldest  sister  of  Sir  Gilfrid  Lawson,  Bart.,  of  Brayton.  They 
had  issue,  with  two  other  sons,  Frecheville,  a  captain  in  tlie 
navy,  lost  at  sea,  and  Gilfrid  Lawson,  and  a  daughter,  Jane, 
married  to  John  Ballantine,  Esq.,  of  Crookdake  Hall.  Their 
son  and  heir, 

Leonard  Dykes,  Esq.,  of  Wardhall,  married,  17^3,  Susanna, 
only  sur\iving  child  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Capstack,  vicar  of 
Newburn,  and  Esther  his  wife,  granddaughter  of  Sir  John 
Lowther,  first  baronet  of  Lowther ;  the  pities  to  subsequent 
settlement,  1T:30,  are  Sir  Richard  Musgrave,  BarL,  of  Hayton 
Castle,  H.  Aglionby,  and  Humphrey  Senhouse.  They  had, 
with  other  issue,  two  sons,  Feecheville  and  Lawson.  The 
elder, 

Fbechevitxe  Dykes,  Esq.,  of  Wardhall,  a  captain  in  the  07th 
Foot,  and  companion-in-arms  of  General  Wolfe,  married,  1703, 
Mary,  only  daughter  aud  eventual  heir  of  her  father,  John 
Brougham,  Esq.,  of  Cockermouth,  and  her  brother,  Peter 
Brougham  Lamplugh,  Esq.,  of  Dovenby  Hall.  John  Brougham 
was  grandson  of  John  Brougham,  of  Fairbank  and  Staveley,  son 
of  Thomas  Brougham,  of  Scales,  and  Mary  le  Fleming,  of  Rydal, 
as  recorded  in  tho  Herald's  College,  common  ancestor  also 
of  the  present  Lord  Brougham.  Sir.  John  Brougham  married 
Frances,  daughter  and  heii-  of  John  Woodhall,  Esq.  and  Eliza- 
hetli,  daughter  and  eventual  heir  of  Richard  Lamplugh,  E.sq.,  of 
Ribtou  Hall,  and  his  wife,  Mary  Molyne,  of  Dovenby  HaU, 
eventual  representative  and  heir  of  the  Dovenby  branch  of  the 
family  of  Lamplugh.  Richard  Lamplugh,  of  Ribton,  cousin  to 
Thomas  Lamplugh,  archbishop  of  York,  lOS.'i,  and  named  so 
in  his  will,  descended  with  him  from  Thomas  de  Lamplugh,  of 
SkelsDioor  (whose  descendant  removed  into  Yorkshire),  younger 
son  of  John  do  Lamplugh,  of  Lamplugh  (of  the  main  line),  and 
Isabel,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Pennington,  and  great-grandson  of 
Sir  John  de  Lamplugh,  who  married  JIargaret,  daughter  of  John 
de  Eaglesfield,  of  Alnburgh,  founder's  kin  of  Robert  de  Eagles- 
field,  founder  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  and  chaplain  to 
Edward  III.  and  his  queen  Philippa.=  The  Dovenby  line 
descended  from  Nicholas,  younger  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Lam- 
plugh, of  Lamplugh,  who  settled  at  Dovenby  on  his  maiTiage  with 
the  sister  and  heiress  of  Richard  Kirkbride,  temp.  Richard  11.' 
Francis  Lamplugh,  of  that  line,  living  there,  Ump.  Elizabeth, 
married  Jane  Salkeld,  of  Whitehall,  as  recorded  in  tho  Herald's 

'Leonard  Dykes  was  living  Slli  Anne,  ITOi),  aged  7,'>.  He  gives 
some  curious  evidence  in  a  case  respecting  the  lords  of  the  manor  of 
Wardhall  being  owners  also  of  the  lithe  within  the  manor  (as  is  the 
ea.sc)  in  connection  with  his  grandfather,  Lcononl,  whose  marriage 
took  place  4;!rd  Elizabeth— a  eousidcnible  lapse  of  time  in  three 
generations!  —  mentioning,  as  circmnstjmces  that  accounted  for 
facts,  or  recalled  them  to  his  recollection,  that  "he  was  taken,  in 
1037,  by  his  grandfalhcr,  to  Cariisle,  where  tliey  stayeil  till  a  year 
after  the  siege  was  broken  up  ;"  that  his  grandfather  on  one  occasion 
mode  liim  a  present  of  "  a  little  brass  caimou  wliich  went  upon 
wliiels"  (such  tliiiijs  wer»'  then  in  vogue  nUo  as  toys!);  lliat  "a 
former  decree  was  burnt— fir  the  family  was  severnl  times  plundered 
in  those  troublesome  limes,  tlieir  writings  burnt,  and  bis  father  aud 
himself  driven  from  their  seate,  where  the  eiiemie  kept  a  guard." 
I'liore  is  a  curious  old  papir  dmwn  up  at  the  time  by  Leonard,  tlie 
';randfatber,  and  his  son  Thomas,  UUt,  detiiling  the  losses  inflicted 
upou  them  by  the  Scottish  tnmps  under  Lord  Montgomery,  tlicn 
quartered  at  Caldbcck. 

9  Bum,  Lamplugh  Pariah ;  Heralds'  College ;  and  Uorlean  Mis- 

cfIIuuv. 

'  Ildc  Bum,  vol.  ii. 


292 


DERWENT  WABD. 


College ;  she  was  daughter  of  Marie  Vaux,  of  Catterlen,  and 
granddaughter  of  Margaret,  co-heiress  of  Sir  Richard  Hud- 
dleston,  of  Millon],  whose  descent  is  given  above.  Francis 
Lamplugh  was  son  of  Robert,  who  first  presented  to  Bridekirk, 
1563,  (his  descendant,  Mrs.  Dykes,  is  still  patroness),  and  Jane 
Preston,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Preston,  of  Preston  I'atrick. 
Her  sister,  Ellen  Lady  Leyburne,  was  mother  of  Elizabeth  Lady 
Dacre,  afterwards  Duchess  of  Norfolk,  and  Anne  Lady  Mount- 
eagle  :  these  ladies,  therefore,  were  first  cousins  to  Francis 
Lamplugh,  of  Dovenby.  The  descendant,  then,  and  great- 
granddaughter  of  Richard  Lamplugh  and  Mary  Molyne,  who 
united  the  two  brandies  of  Kibton  and  Dovenby,  Mary  Brougham, 
(having  married,  as  above,  Frecbeville  Dykes,  Esq.,  of  Ward- 
hall),  their  only  surviving  child,  Mary,  on  their  death,  and  that 
of  her  uncle,  P.  Brougham  Lamplugh,  Esq.,  of  Dovenby  Hall, 
who  had  taken  the  name  and  arms  of  Lamplugh,  inherited  the 
estates  of  Wardhall  and  Dovenby,  &c.,  and  married  her  cousin, 
Joseph  Dykes  Ballantine,  eldest  son  of 

Lawsos  Dykes,  younger  son,  as  above,  of  Leonard  Dykes  and 
Susanna  Capstack.     He   married,  1764,  Jane,   daughter   and 
heir  of  John  Ballantine,  Esq.,  of  Crookdake  Hall  and  Iroby,  &c., 
and  took  the  name  and  arms  of  Ballantine  in  addition,  by  sign 
manual.    Sir  John  Ballantine,  of  Corehouse,  in  Scotland,  their 
immediate  ancestor,  married,  10C3,  Anne,  daughter  and  heir  of 
William  Masgrave,  Esq.,  of  Crookdake  Hall  and  Ireby,  &c.,  by 
Dorothy,  daughter  of  Henry  Dacre,  Esq,  of  Lanercost.     William 
Masgrave  was  the  descendant  and  representative  of  William, 
younger  son  of  Thomas  de  Musgrave  and  Mariotta,  daughter 
and  co-heir  of  Sir  William  Stapleton,  of  Edenhall,  who,  temp, 
Edward  IV.,  marrying   Felicia,  granddaughter  of  John  Colvil 
and  Isabel  TilUol,  acquired  with  her  the  manor  and  estates 
of  Crookdake  and  Ireby,  and  was  the  founder  of  the  Crook- 
dake branch  of  the  Musgrave  family.'    The  family  of  Ballan- 
tine is  termed-  a  family  of  note  in  Scotland ;  one  of  them, 
under  the  Latinised  name  of  Bellendenus,  was  the  author  of 
a  work,  "  De  Stata,"  to  which  Dr.  Parr  wrote  a  learned  preface, 
Ac.     Sir  John   Ballantine   (as  recorded  in   the  Lyon  College, 
Scotland)  descended   from  "  Sir   Richard  of  Bannocktyne  of 
yc  Corhous"  (circa  14(J0),  whose  grandson,  John  Lannatyne, 
married  Lady  Isabel  Hamilton,  eldest  daughter  of  James,  first 
Earl  of  Arran,  and  granddaughter  of  the  Princess  Mary,  eldest 
daughter  of  James  II.   The  name  subsequently  became  changed 
(as  was  not  uncommon  in  those  days)  to  Ballantine.     Sir  John 
Ballantine's  settlement,  1603,  is  witnessed  by  his  brother.  Sir 
■\Villiam  Ballantine,  and  his  friend  Sir  William  Lockhart,  Jcc. 
Miss  Dacre,  mother  of  his  wife,  Anne  JInsgrave,  was  grand- 
daughter of  Alice  Knyvett,  daughter  of  Sir  Henry  Knyvett,  of 
Beckenham  Castle,  Norfolk,  and  Anne,  daughter  and  heir  of 
Sir  James  Pickering,  of  Killington.     Sir  Henry  Knyvett  was 
son   of    Sir   Thomas    Knyvett    and   Lady   Mmiella    Howard, 
daughter  of  Thomas,  second  Duke  of  Norfolk,  fifth  in  descent 
from  Lady  Margaret  Plantagenet,  granddaughter  of  Edward  I. 
and  his  second  wife  Margaret  of  France.    Sir  John  Ballan- 
tine's son  and  heir,  William,  married  Miss  Johnstone,  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  James  Johnstone,  of  Westerhall,  who,  tlirough  the 
Lords  Oliphant,   Enrol,    Huntly,   Erskine,   and  Morton,  de- 
scended from  James  I.  of  Scotland  and  Joan  de  Beaufort, 
great-granddaughter  of  John  of  Gaunt,  son  of  Edward  III.^ 

•  Vide  Bum,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  129  and  105 ;  and  Hntcbinson,  vol.  ii., 
p.  306 ;  and  Musgrave  pedigree. 

=  Hutchinson,  vol.  ii.,  p.  303. 

'  Vide  Knyvett  Pedigree ;  Heralds'  College ;  Bum,  vol.  ii.,  p.  503, 
fw. ;  and  Peerages,  &c. — See  Burke's  Eoyal  Descents. 


The  issue  of  Lawson  Dykes  and  Jane  Ballantine  were  Joseph, 
Frecheville,  major-general  H.E.I.C. ;  Thomas,  East  India  naval 
service ;  and  Mary,  married  to  James  Spedding,  Esq.,  of  Sum- 
mer Grove.    Thoir  eldest  son  and  successor, 

JosEPU  Dykes  Bali.anti.se,  Esq.,  of  Crookdake  Hall,  Scales, 
and  Ireby,  married,  as  above,  IBOO,  his  cousin,  JIary  Dykes,  heir 
to  her  father,  Frecheville  Dykes,  Esq.,  of  Wardhall,  and  her 
uncle,  P.  Brougham  Lamplugh,  Esq.,  of  Dovenby  Hall,  and 
tank  the  name  and  arms  of  Dykes  again,  in  addition,  by  sign 
manual.  He  was  sheriff  for  Cumberland,  1806,  and  died  in 
1830.    The  issue  of  the  marriage  are, 

I.  Fbecueville  Lawson,  M.P.  for  Cockermoulli,  lS3i;  sheriiT 

for  Cumbcrlanil,  Isfi;  married,  1><14,  Anne  EUzo,  eldest 
surviving  dauRliier  iiiid  coheiress  of  J.  Gimsun,  Esq.,  of 
Ingwell,  and  has  issue, 

1.  Frecheville  Brougham. 

2.  Lamplugh  Frecheville. 

3.  Mary  FroHces. 

4.  Adefiza. 

5.  Eveline  Joyce. 

6.  Ida  Isabel. 

7.  Hubert  Frecheville  Lawson. 

8.  Beatrice  Irton. 

II.  Joseph,  late  Fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  and  now 

Rector  of  Headley,  Hants, 
m.  Lamplugh   Brougham,  Fellow  of  Peter  House,  Cambridge, 

and  barrister-at-law. 
IV.  Lawson  P.,  Fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford. 
V.  James  William,  E.I.C.S.,  Madras. 

I.  Mary,  married,  firstly,  John  Marshall,  Jan.,  of  Headingley, 
Leeds,  and  Derwentwater,  CumUerlaud,  and  has  issue, 

1.  Reginald  Dykes. 

2.  Herbert  John,  lieut.  R.N. 

3.  Julian. 

1.  Janet  Mary. 

2.  Catherine  Alice. 

She  married,  secondly,  P.  O'Callaghan,  Esq.  (late  11th 
Hussars),  and  has  issue, 

Desmond  Dykes  Tynte. 

II.  Jane  Christiana,  married  Thomas  Donnelly,  lieuucol.  E.I.C., 

and  has  issue, 

John  Frecheville  Dykes,  lieuU  R.E. 

in.  Ellen,  married  James  Walker,  Esq.,  of  Dairy  House,  N.B., 
and  has  Issue, 

1.  William  Frecheville. 

2.  Frauds  Dvkes. 
1.  Mary  Ellen. 

IV.  Frances,  manied  Edward  Ormerod, Esq.,  of  Seymour  House, 

Old  Trafford,  Lancashire. 

V.  Susan. 

Arms.i—Oi  three  cinquefoUs  sable,  quartering  Waverton,  Dystyng- 
ton,  Salkeld  of  Corby,  Vaux  of  Triermain,  Pennington  of  Muncas- 
ter,  Lancaster,  Radcliffe,  Frecheville,  Fitz  Ralph,  Musard,  Nulhill 
of  Nuthill,  Braose,  Peverel,  Beaufoy,  Brougham,  Woodholl,  Lamp- 
high,  Ballantine,  Musgrave,  De  Ros,  Stapleton,  Vipont,  CoMI, 
Tilliol,  Lowther,  &c. 

Crests.' — On  a  meath  a  lobster,  vert,  for  Dykes.  On  a  wreath  a 
griffin,  couped,  &c.,  for  Ballantine. 

Jl/oHo«s.  — "Prius  frangitur  quam  flectitur"  for  Dykes;  "Nee 
cetonec  tarde''  for  Ballantme. 

I  The  crest  and  arms  (the  first  erroneously  given  in  Moule's  Heraldry 
of  Fish  as  a  "  crayfish")  have  reference,  no  doubt,  to  the  original 
location  of  the  family, "  the  more  than  primeval  beach  "  at  Dykesfield, 
as  described  by  Mr.  Bruce  iu  his  Roman  Wall.  The  lobster  indi- 
cates the  then  preseuce  of  sea,  in  ages  post,  though  now  far  removed, 
and  the  dark-coloured  marsh  cinquefoil  ("sable")  would  flourish  in 
the  more  or  less  submerged  low  ground  adjacent,  which  anciently 
gave  the  name  "  de  Feritate  "  to  its  possessors. 


BRIDEKIEK   PARISH. 


293 


I'APCASTLE. 

The  area  of  this  towusliip  is  1,210  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £3,009  93.  3(1.  The  number  of  in- 
habitants in  1801  was  283;  in  1811,  311  ;  in  1821, 
384  ;  in  1831,  101  ;  in  1841,  308  ;  and  in  1851,  032. 
The  inhabitants  of  the  townships  are  principally  located 
in  the  villages  of  Papcastle  and  Goat,  the  former  of 
which  contains  many  respectable  residences.  A  linen 
thread  manufactory  was  commenced  at  the  Goat  mill, 
near  Cockermouth,  in  1820 ;  and  in  1835,  Messrs. 
Harris  erected  the  Derwent  Side  Mills,  also  near 
Cockermouth,  which  were  enlarged  in  1810  to  three 
times  the  former  size.  They  now  contain  11,000 
spindles,  fend  afford  employment  to  about  750  persons. 

The  first  recorded  possessor  of  the  manor  of  Pap- 
castle, is  Walthcof,  lord  of  Allerd;ile,  who  appears  to 
have  resided  here  previous  to  his  removal  to  Cocker- 
mouth. It  was  afterwards  successively  held  by  the 
Lucies,  Multons,  and  Dacres,  and  on  the  attainder  of 
Leonard  Dacrc,  became  vested  in  the  crown.  From  a 
survey  taken  in  1578,  we  learn  that  William  Lord  Dacre 
held  Papcastle  of  the  ancient  possessions  of  the  earls  of 
Northumberland,  of  the  yearly  value  of  X'lT  2s.,  pur- 
chased of  the  late  king,  Edward  VI.,  to  be  holden  of 
the  said  king  by  sergeantry.  The  same  document  also 
states  that  the  co-heirs  of  Lord  Dacre  held  Papcastle, 
and  paid  yearly  for  cornagc,  6s.  8d. ;  scawake,  Is.  Od.; 
and  for  free  rent,  in  toto,  8s.  2d.  Anthony  Barwis, 
Esq.,  held  one  tenement  at  Papcastle,  called  Hameshill, 
and  paid  yearly  for  free  rent,  2s.  It  was  granted  by 
Queen  Elizabeth  in  1595,  to  Lancelot  Salkeld,  Thomas 
Braithwaite,  and  Richard  Tolson,  from  whom  it  ap- 
pears to  have  been  subsequently  purchased  by  the 
Lamplughs,  and  is  now  possessed  by  Mrs.  Dykes,  of 
Dovenby.  The  principal  landowners  are  Messrs.  John 
Steel,  John  S.  Mawson,  and  William  Thornburn. 
The  principal  part  of  this  manor  has  been  enfranchised, 
only  i;3  Os.  2^d.  of  customary,  or  manorial  rents, 
remaining,  and  including  ont-toncments  in  Bothel  and 
Ireby,  j£5  Is.  lOjd.  Mrs.  Dykes  is  also  the  owner  of 
the  great  tithes,  but  some  part  has  been  exchanged  with 
the  landowners  for  common  right.  The  remaining 
commutation,  or  awarded  rent  charge,  is  X'20  83.  6d. 
The  township  was  enclosed  by  act  of  parliament,  passed 
in  1841. 

The  village  of  Papcastle  occupies  a  pleasant  and 
elevated  situation  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Derwent, 
one  mile  west-north-west  of  Cockermouth,  and  is  said 
to  derive  its  name  from  one  Pipard,  its  owner,  in  Saxon 
times.  On  the  summit  of  a  hill  here  are  the  traces  of 
a  Romau  station  or  castrura,  suppot-ed  to  be  Dcrventio, 
where  a  body  of  troops,  called  the  Numcrus  Derven- 


tionensis,  was  quartei-ed.  This  station  is  connected 
with  that  at  Elleuborough  by  a  Roman  road,  traces 
of  which  are  still  visible.  A  great  number  of  coins 
and  other  interesting  relics  have  been  discovered  at 
this  place  and  in  the  neighbourhood.  The  castrum 
was  subsequently  the  residence  nf  the  above-mentioned 
Waltheof,  by  whom  it  was  demolished,  and  the  materials 
used  in  the  construction  of  Cockermouth  Castle.  The 
new  road  from  Cockermouth  is  cut  through  a  portion 
of  the  field  where  the  castrum  stood.  The  large  edible 
snail  (Helix  pomalia}  is  said  to  be  common  in  the 
adjoining  hedges,  and  may  have  been  introduced  by  the 
Romans  as  an  article  of  diet. 

Goat,  a  village  in  this  township,  forms  the  north-west 
suburb  of  Cockermouth,  with  which  town  it  is  connected 
by  a  stone  bridge.     Here  are  two  corn  mills. 

I  Derwent  Bank,  the  seat  of  John  Steel,   Esq.,  is  a 

handsome  mansion,  erected  in  1840,  on  an  elevation 

I  about  a  mile  north  by  west  of  Cockermouth,  overlook- 
ing the  vale  of  the  river  from  which  it  derives  its 
name. 

CHARITY. 

Whinnay's  Charity. — Mr.  John  Whiunay,  in  1802, 
bequeathed  £0  a-year  to  the  poor  of  this  township. 

Skltoix  of  ^-.ipcastlc. 

The  family  of  Skelton,  of  Armathwaite  Castle,  was 
one  of  great  antiquity ;  and  so  far  back  as  the  time  of 
Richard  II.  we  find  by  a  deed  dated  14th  November, 
in  the  fourteenth  year  of  that  monarch's  reign,  that  Sir 
Robert  do  Mulcastrc  then  granted  to  Sir  Clement  de 
Skelton  "  totam  terram  mcam  a  Threpland." 

EicHAUD  Skelton,  Esq.,  son  of  .Tolin  Skelton,  Esq.,  of 
Armathwaite,  aud  grandson  of  Kichard  Skelton,  Esq.,  of  the 
same  place,  sold  the  castle  and  estate  of  .Vrmalhwaite  to  William 
Sanderson,  Esq.,  in  1712.    Mr.  Skelton  left  a  numerous  issue. 

The  Skeltous  of  Branthwaite  Hall  were  a  junior 
branch  of  the  Skeltons  of  Armathwaite,  derived  from 

Richard  Skeltos,  who  was  present  at  Agincourt  with  Henrjr 
v.,  and  served  tho  otiice  of  high  sheriff  of  Cumberland.  Ho 
was  younger  son  of  Joii.s  de  Skelton,  who  married  in  IVii  tho 
heiress  of  tho  Branthwaite  estate.s,  and  acquired  that  property, 
whore  his  descendants  continued  to  reside  till  about  17J7.  Its 
then  possessor  was  IIkniiv  Skklios,  Esq.,  of  Branthwaite  Hall, 
general  in  the  army,  and  governor  of  Portsmouth.  This  officer 
was  engaged  in  Elanders,  and  also  in  Scotland,  in  1715  :  in  the 
former  country  his  hfe  was  saved  by  his  aide-do  camp.  Captain 
James  Jones,  who  shot  a  dragoon  as  ho  was  on  tlio  point  of 
cutting  down  tho  general.  The  latter,  wh.>  die.l  1757,  did  not 
forget  this,  for  on  the  opening  of  his  will,  it  was  found  that  he 
left  liranthwaito  Hall  and  e'itato  to  his  friend, 

Captain  James  Jones,  of  the  3rd  tiuiuds,  who  tbon  became  of 
Branthwaite.  lie  was  son  of  James  Jones,  who  descended 
from  General  John  Jones,  by  Catherine,  his  wife,  sister  of  Oliver 
Cromwell,  and  relict  of  Wheatslono.    Cnptnin  Jones  married, 


294 


DERWENT  WABD. 


1749,  .Temiina,  ilaujlitpr  of  Colonel  TuUekens,  who  came  from 
Holland  witli  William  Prince  of  Orange,  anJ  by  this  lady  had  a 
son,  Ansoi-prs,  and  a  dau^'hter,  Jemima,  who  married,  17(iy, 
Charles,  first  Marquis  of  Cornwallis.    The  sod, 

Ahnoldus  Jones,  of  the  3rd  Guards,  bom  1750,  assumed  the 
samame  of  Skelton,  1774.  He  married,  October,  1775,  Eliza- 
betli,  daughter  of  William  Hicks,  Ksq.,  of  Whitehaven  and 
Papcastle,  and  by  her  (with  whom  he  aciiairod  I'apcastle)  had 
four  sons  and  five  dauyblers, 

I.  Henbt,  major  lOili  Lancers,  sold  (ho  Brantliwuite  II.iIl  estate, 
1707,  to  .lohii  Cliristinn  Curwcn,  F.S(i.,anil  (liiMlv!lllli  Angusi, 
IHSB,  iinviiip  Imd  no  issne  by  his  wife  Mnria,  eldest  diuif^hter 
of  William  liutly,  Esq.,  of  Dublin,  barrister-at-law,  LI..D. 

II.  Daniel  Jones,  iiresenl  representative. 

III.  Cliurles  Cornwallis,  lieiit.  R.N.,  killed  in  action,  mimarried. 

IV.  William,  lieut.  K.N.  died  unmarried. 

J.  Jemima  TuUekens,  married  to  Thomas  Foster  Gunter,  Esq., 
lieut.  in  the  army. 

II.  Elizabeth,  married  to  William  Birmingham,  Esq. 

in.  Maria,  married  to  William  Rudd,  Esq.  of  Cockermoufh. 

IV.  I'riscilla  Sarab,  married  brst  to  Edward  I'ciiruiUbicke,  Esq., 
of  Fyliekl,  Wilts,  and  secondly  to  James  Walker,  Esq.,  rear- 
admiral,  K.N. 

V.  Mary,  died  unmarried. 

llr.  Jones  Skelton  died  171)2,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Daniel  Jones  Skelton,  Esq.,  of  Papcastle,  county  Cumber- 
land, late  a  captain,  Royal  Art.,  born  17H5  ;  married,  10th  De- 
cember, 1810,  Mary  Anne,  daughter  of  Thomas  Theed,  Esq.,  of 
London,  and  has  issue. 


William  Browne 
died  Jane,  1800, 

James  Barrow, 
of  Sir  ilicbard 

,  formerly  lieut.- 

Esq.,  late  major 


I.  Henry  Charles  Cornwallis,  H.E.I.C.S.,  died  28th  May,  1830. 
II.  HiiNRY  JoSEs,  born  4tb  July,  lS2i,  deceased, 
I.  Anne  Eliza,  married,  28th  February,  1814,  lo 
Fonsouby,  Esq.,au  officer  HJ<),1.C.S.,  who 
leaving  issue. 

II.  Mario,  married  1st  Jannarj-,  1814,  to  the  Kev 

incumbent  of  Asbford,  Bakewell,  nephew 
Fleming.  Bart.,  and  has  issue. 

III.  Mary  Dorothea,  married  I  lenry  Orove,  Esq. 

col.  23rd  Lancers,  and  has  issue. 

IV.  Frances,  married  George  Hutchins  Bellasis, 

H.E.I.C.S.,  and  has  issue. 
V.  Sophia  HenrieWa. 

A)-ms. — Az.,  afesse,  between  three  fleure-de  lis,  or. 

Crest. — A  chough's  head,  erased,  in  the  beak  a  shp  of  oak,  ppr., 
fmcted,  gold. 

Seal. — Papcasde. 


RIBTOK. 

The  area  of  Ribton  township  is  590  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £512.  The  number  of  its  inhabitants 
in  1801  was  47;  iu  1811,  51;  in  1821,  30;  in  1831, 
20;  in  1841,  25;  and  in  1851,  19,  who  occupy  two 
farm-houses  and  two  cottages.  The  Cockermouth  and 
AVorkington  railway  skirts  the  south  of  the  township. 

The  manor  of  Ribton  belonged  to  a  family  of  that 
name,  descended  from  a  younger  son  of  Waltheof,  son 
of  Gilmin.  It  continued  in  possession  of  the  Eibton 
family  for  several  generations,  and,  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.,  we  find  that  John  Eibton  held  it  by  the 
service  of  23.  8d.  cornage,  8d.  seawake,  putture  of  the 


sergeants,  and  suit  of  court  at  Papcastle,  from  three 
weeks  to  three  weeks.  The  Ribtons  occur  as  owners 
as  late  as  1578,  for  in  that  year  William  Ribton, 
though  under  age,  held  Ribton  by  homage,  fealtie,  and 
suit  of  court,  paying  yearly  for  cornage,  Gs.  8d. ;  for 
seawake,  7^6..;  and  for  sergeant's  food,  iu  toto,  7s.  yjd. 
It  was  subsequently  purchased  by  Tiiomas  Lainplugh, 
Esq.,  of  Beverley,  in  the  county  of  York.  His  grand- 
son, Richard  Lamplugh,  Esq.,  eldest  sou  of  Richard 
],amplugh,  Esq.,  of  Dovenby  and  Ribton,  sold  Ribton  to 
Sir  James  Lowlher,  Bart.,  from  whom  it  has  descended 
to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  who  is  also  proprietor  of  the 
lands  in  the  township.  There  are  no  corn-tithes  in 
Ribton;  the  small  tithes  are  £1  Os.  j 

Ribton  Hall,  a  large  stone  building,  formerly  the 
seat  of  the  Lamplughs  and  Lowthers,  is  now  a  farm- 
house. I'rom  an  old  chair  found  iu  the  building, 
bearing  date  1038,  that  year  has  been  conjectured  to 
be  the  time  of  its  erection. 

The  township  is  about  five  miles  west  of  Cocker- 
mouth. 

TALLANTIRE. 

The  townsliip  of  Tallantire  contains  1,913  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  il,072  7s.  Od.  In  1801  it  con- 
tained 182  inhabitants;  in  1811,  213;  in  1821,  244; 
in  1831,  237;  in  184],  240;  and  in  1851,  250.  The 
inhabitants  reside  partly  in  the  village  of  Tallantire ; 
their  principal  employment  is  agriculture. 

The  manor  of  Tallantire  was  granted  by  Waltheof, 
son  of  Gospatric,  to  Odard,  son  of  Liulph,  whose  de- 
scendants assumed  the  local  name,  and  continued  to 
hold  Tallantire  till  a  short  time  previous  to  1578  ;  for, 
from  a  survey  of  the  barony  of  Allerdale  taken  iu  that 
year,  we  learn  that  the  heirs  of  John  Radcliffe  hold 
Tallantire  with  Castlerigg  and  the  Isle  of  Dcrwent- 
water  by  homage,  fealtie,  and  suit  of  court,  paying 
yearly  for  coruago,  21s.  lOd.;  for  seawake.  Is.  4d. ;  for 
sergeant's  food,  turnsilver,  and  free  rent,  2s. ;  iu  toto, 
25s.  2d.  It  afterwards  came  by  purchase  to  the 
Fletchers  of  Cockermouth,  from  which  family  it  was 
transferred,  by  marriage,  to  that  of  the  Partis  of  New- 
castle. In  1770  it  was  purchased  of  Henry  Hopper, 
Esq.,  devisee  of  Fletcher  Partis,  Esq.,  by  William 
Browue,  Esq. ;  in  whose  family  it  still  continues.  The 
landowners  are  William  Browne,  Esq.;  Messrs.  John 
Smith,  Thomas  Smith,  and  Richard  Harboard.  The 
tenants  are  all  enfranchised.  The  township  was  en- 
closed and  tillottcd  iu  1812. 

The  village  of  Tallantire  is  three  and  a  half  miles 
north  by  west  of  Cockermouth,  and  about  a  mile  and 
a  half  north-west  of  Bridekirk. 


BRIGIIAM   PAKISH. 


295 


grofainc  of  ^allairfm  gall. 

The  family  of  Browne  was  settled  at  Woodhall,  in 
the  parish  of  Caklbeck,  for  many  generations. 

TViLUAM  Browne,  Esq.,  bom  19th  Sept.,  1732,  a  younger  son 
of  William  Browne,  Esq.,  of  Woodhall  and  Ortliwailc  Hall, 
both  in  this  county,  purchased  the  lonlsbips  of  Tallaniire, 
Dovenby,  and  Papcastle,  and  served  as  high  sherill  in  the  30th 
George  III.  He  married,  23rd  September,  17711,  Mary,  rehct  of 
Richard  Lancaster,  Esq.,  and  died  in  18{I2,  leaving  a  son,  Wa.- 
I.U3I,  the  present  possessor  of  the  estate,  and  three  daughters, 
Mary  Dorothea,  raarrieii  to  John  Peniberton,  Esq.,  of  Sherburn 
Hall,  CO.  Durham ;  Elizabeth,  married  to  Capt.  John  X'onsonliv, 
Ii.N. ;  and  Isabella,  married  to  John  Smith,  Esq.  Mr,  Browne, 
on  lus  demise,  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 


m 


■\VirxiAM  Browne,  Esq.,  of  Tallantire  Hall,  J.P.,  and  D.L., 
high  sheriff  in  1817,  born  3rd  December,  1780;  mairied  11th 
October,  1803,  Catherine,  daughter  of  the  late  William  Stewart, 
of  Castle  Stewart,  co.  Wigton,  N.B.,  by  bis  wife,  the  Hod. 
Euphemia  Mackenzie,  and  has  issue, 

I.  William,  bom  Oih  July,   1810,  married  in  1817,  Isabella 

Midlord. 
II.  Jobn  Stewart,  bom  lOlli  October,  1811. 

I.  Catherine.  ir.  Jane  Eupliemia. 

H.  Caroline,  married  in  1838,  to  Lord  Teigumouth. 
IV.  Hairiette. 

Arms. — Three  martlets  in  pale,  sa.,  between  two  flaunches,  of  the 
second,  each  charged  witb  a  liuii,  pasaaut,  or. 
Crcsl. — A  grffiiu  3  bead,  vert,  between  two  wings. 
Moilo. — Traducere  a;viim  leuitur. 


BEIGHAM    PARISH. 

Tuts  parish,  which  extends  about  twelve  miles  from  north  to  south,  and  about  nine  miles  from  east  to  west,  is 
bounded  by  the  rivers  Derwent  and  JIarron,  and  by  the  lalics  of  Loweswater,  Crummock,  Buttermere,  and  Bassen- 
thwaitc.  It  contains  the  ancient  borough,  parochial  chapelry,  and  township  of  Cockermouth;  the  parochial  chapelries 
and  townships  of  Emblcton,  and  Lorton ;  the  chapelries  and  townships  of  Buttermere,  Mosser,  Setmurthy,  and 
AVythop  ;  and  the  townships  of  Brigham,  Blindbothol,  Eaglesfield,  Greysouthen,  Whinfell,  and  Brackeuthwaite. 
The  inhabitants  attend  the  markets  at  Cockermouth. 


BninH.\M. 

Brighom  township,  inclusive  of  that  of  Eaglesfield, 
contains  0,006  acres;  its  rateable  value  is  .£'3,522  9s.  9d. 
The  population  in  1801  was  238;  in  1811,  277;  in 
1891,  390;  in  1831,  503;  in  1841,  490;  and  in  1851, 
446.  The  inhabitants  chiefly  reside  in  tho  village  of 
Brigham.  They  are  principally  engaged  in  agriculture, 
but  many  of  the  labouring  classes  are  employed  in  the 
quarries  and  coal  mines  which  adjoin  this  township. 
The  limestone  quarries,  which  are  extensively  worked,  at 
Brigham  Low  Houses,  are  said  to  be  the  finest  in  Cum- 
berland. There  is  a  small  earthenware  manufactory  in 
this  township.  The  soil  hero  is  a  rich,  fertile  loam, 
and  a  dry  gravelly  clay  earth ;  it  is  very  productive. 
The  Cockermouth  and  ■\Vorkiiigton  railway  runs  through 
tho  township  on  the  south  bank  of  tho  Derwent,  and 
has  a  station  near  the  church,  a  short  distance  from 
Brigham,  and  another  at  Broughton  Cross.  The  river 
Derwent  flows  through  part  of  the  township ;  it  is 
spanned  by  a  lino  bridge,  called  Broughton  Bridge, 
built  in  183.'(,  which  unites  the  township  of  Broughton 
with  that  of  Brigham. 

Tho  manors  of  Brigham,  Eaglesfield,  and  Grey- 
southen, wore  given  by  William  do  Meschiues,  to  Wal- 
theof,  son  of  Gospatric,  who  gave  Brigham,  together 
with  tho  manors  of  Dean  and  Clifton,  to  Dolfin,  son 
of  Ailward,  in  marriage  with  his  sister.  After  a  few 
descents  it  was  divided  into  moieties  between  tho  co- 


heirs of  the  Brigham  family ;  one  moiety,  after  remain- 
ing for  some  time  in  the  possession  of  tho  family  of 
Twinham,  and  afterwards  in  that  of  Hercla,  was  for- 
feited on  the  attainder  of  Andi'ew^  do  Hercla,  earl  of 
Carlisle,  and  given  to  a  chantry  in  the  church  of  Brig- 
ham, by  Thomas  do  Burgh,  in  16th  Edward  II. ;  this 
moiety,  after  the  suppression  of  the  religious  houses, 
was  granted  to  the  Fletchers  of  Moresby,  and  was  sold 
to  the  tenants.  The  other  moiety  was  held,  8th  Edward 
I.,  by  Gilbert  Huthwaite,  from  whose  family  it  passed 
to  the  Swinburnes,  one  of  whom,  John  Swinburne,  in 
'■\')\\\  Henry  VIII.,  "held  a  moiety  of  the  vill  of  Brig- 
ham of  tho  king,  as  of  the  honour  of  Cockcnuouth,  by 
knight's  service,  2s.  cornage,  puture  of  the  sergeants 
and  witnessman,  with  suit  of  court  at  Cockermouth 
from  three  weeks  to  three  weeks."  In  1578,  tho  vicar 
of  the  parish  church  of  Brigham  held  there  one  tene- 
ment, with  the  appurtenances  of  tho  Earl  of  Northum- 
berland, as  of  his  honour  of  Cockermouth,  by  homage, 
fealty,  suit  of  court,  and  other  services.  At  tho  same 
date  John  Swinbourne,  gentleman,  hold  a  moiety  of  the 
town  of  Brigham,  and  paid  yearly  for  cornage  2s.  6d. 
.^nthony  Barwis  held  the  other  moiety  by  like  service; 
and  William  Walker  held  one  tonemeut  by  fealty  and 
suit  of  court,  rendering  per  annum  lis.  The  Swin- 
Iiurnes  sold  their  moiety,  in  1699,  to  the  Hon.  Goodwin 
Wharton.  In  1727  tho  trustees  of  the  Duke  of  Whar- 
ton sold  it  to  Mr.  Wilfrid  Grisdalo,  after  the  death  of 


296 


DERWENT  WARD. 


whose  dauglitcr  and  granddaugbter  it  passed  under  bis 
will  to  Mr.  William  Singleton,  who  died  in  1707  ;  on 
his  death  this  and  other  estates  became  vested  jointly 
in  several  persons  under  Mr.  Grisdalc's  will,  and  having 
been  divided  by  virtue  of  a  commission  of  partition 
issued  out  of  the  Court  of  Chancery,  this  moiety  of  the 
manor  of  Brigham  was  allotted  to  Joshua  Lucock,  Esq., 
and  is  now  the  property  of  his  trustees. 

General  Wyndham  is  lord  paramount,  and  the  tenants 
of  this  manor  render  suit  and  service  at  his  honor 
courts,  held  at  Cockermouth  Castle.  The  principal 
landowners  are  the  Earl  of  I^onsdale  ;  William  Lumb, 
Esq.;  J.  K.  Wilson,  Esq.;  Mrs.  Fawcott ;  Messrs.  J. 
Fawcett,  and  L.  and  F.  Grave.  The  common  was  en- 
closed in  1821,  under  an  act  of  parhament  passed  in 
2nd  George  IV. 

The  village  of  Brigham  is  about  two  and  a  quarter 
miles  west  of  Cockermouth.  It  is  irregularly  built,  but 
has  long  been  famous  for  the  salubrity  of  its  atmos- 
phere, and  the  longevity  of  its  inhabitants.  Middlo 
class  houses  are  much  wanted  hero,  and  as  there  is 
plenty  of  lime  and  stone  in  the  vicinity,  and  sites  easily 
obtainable,  it  is  not  easy  to  explain  their  absence. 


THE   CHUECH. 


The  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Bridget,  is  an  ancient 
structure,  supposed  to  have  been  erected  in  the  eleventh 
century,  and  consists  of  nave,  chancel,  aisle,  porch,  and 
square  tower;  but  is  much  in  want  of  renovation  and 
improvement.  It  is  now  a  vicarage,  but  was  formerly 
rectorial.  The  advowson  was  conveyed  by  Thomas  de 
Huthwaite  to  Isabel,  Countess  of  Albermarle,  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  III.,  and  in  1439  it  was  appropriated 
to  the  coUegiate  chui'ch  of  Staindrop,  in  the  county 
of  Durham.  In  1.579  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle  assumed 
the  patronage,  and  in  1018  Sir  llicbard  Fletcher, 
and  one  Hodgson  presented.  The  Earl  of  Ijonsdale  is 
the  present  impropriator  and  patron.  The  living, 
which  is  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £"20  ICs.  OJd., 
is  now  worth  £190  per  annum.  When  the  commons 
were  enclosed  in  18'21,  there  were  203  acres  allotted 
to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  in  lieu  of  corn-tithes.  The 
parish  register  commences  in  1504. 

Incumbents. —  John  Pierson,  1061;  John  Martin,  1605; 
Heory  Stephenson,  1U74;  Roger  Fleming,  1705,  Joseph  Dixon, 
1736  ;  William  Henry  Leech,  17K2  (the  Rev.  Pearson  Simpson 
otficiatecl  as  cm-ate  for  Mr.  Leech  till  1S23,  when  the  Rev.  William 
Henry  Leech,  jun.,  officiated  as  curate  for  his  father  up  to  the 
latter's  death  in  1834);  John  Wordsworth,  1834. 

The  Vicarage  is  a  commodious  house,  near  the  church, 
erected  in  1847,  by  the  Cockermouth  and  Workington 
Railway  Company,  who  purchased  the  site  of  the  old 
vicarage. 


Brigham  Parochial  School,  situated  to  tho  south-east 
of  the  village,  is  a  small  stone  building,  capable  of 
accommodating  about  forty-five  children,  the  average 
number  in  attendance.  At  the  enclosure  of  the  com- 
mons in  1821  the  school  received  an  allotment  of  two 
acres,  which  are  now  let  for  £3  a  year.  The  vicar  and 
churchwardens  for  the  time  being  are  trustees. 

Brigham  Sunday-school,  a  small  building  at  tho 
church  gates,  was  erected  in  1839. 

A  rich  pasture  field  near  the  church,  known  by  the 
name  of  Chantry,  contains  a  fine  spring,  and  a  mound 
supposed  by  some  to  cover  the  ruins  of  some  ancient 
reUgious  edifice. 

The  Wesleyans  have  a  chapel  in  the  village,  which 
was  erected  in  1850,  at  a  oo#aDf  £'120,  and  is  the  first 
dissenting  place  of  worship  that  has  been  built  in  the 
township.  It  is  a  small  stone  structure,  capable  of  seat- 
ing upwards  of  one  hundred  persons.  For  thirty  years 
previous  to  the  erection  of  this  chapel  the  congregation 
met  at  a  house  in  tho  village. 

Fitz  House,  within  about  half  a  mUe  of  Cocker- 
mouth, is  the  property  of  Humphrey  Senhouse,  Esq. 


CHARITIES. 


Susannah  Slater's  Charitij. — About  the  year  1711 
Susannah  Slater  left  £100  to  the  parish  of  Brigham. 
The  Charity  Commissioners  inform  us  that  it  is  under- 
stood in  the  parish  that  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Slater, 
£'55,  being  a  moiety  of  the  principal,  with  one  year's 
interest  thereon,  was  distributed  by  the  then  vicar. 
The  remaining  £50  has  been  secured  on  the  tolls  of 
the  road  between  Cockermouth  and  Workington.  Such 
parts  of  the  parish  as  formed  distinct  chapelries  at  the 
time  this  legacy  was  left,  and  were  thus  separated  from 
the  rest  of  the  parish  of  Brigham,  have  been  considered 
as  not  having  been  intended  to  partake  of  the  benefit 
of  this  charity.  The  interest  paid  upon  the  £50  above- 
mentioned,  amounting  annually  to  £2,  has  accordingly 
been  given  away  on  the  14th  of  February  yearly,  by 
the  churchwardens  of  the  following  divisions,  viz.,  of 
Brigham,  Greysouthen,  Eaglesfield,  Mosser,  BUnd- 
bothel,  and  Whiufell,  amongst  poor  persons  of  their 
divisions  who  receive  no  parochial  relief. 

Saivrci/s  Charity. — Myles  Sawrey,  by  will  dated  17th 
I\Iarch,  1774,  bequeathed  £400,  upon  trust,  to  apply 
the  yearly  dividends  amongst  eight  poor  widows  of  the 
Chin-ch  of  England,  uot  receiving  parochial  relief.  The 
trustees  of  this  charity,  in  1770,  purchased  £500  stock. 
New  South  Sea  Annuities,  out  of  the  dividends  of  which, 
amounting  to  £15,  there  is  given  to  each  of  eight  poor 
and  aged  women  £7  10s.  6d. ;  the  remaining  sum  is 
expended  in  procuring  the  dividends  and  other  charges. 

Broivn's  Charity. — Frances  Brown,  in  1770,  left  £10 


BRIGHAM  PARISH. 


297 


to  the  poor  of  the  township  of  Brighatn.  This  money 
is  invested  at  four  per  cent.,  and  the  interest,  amounting 
to  8s.,  is  distributed  by  the  churchwardens  amongst 
poor  persons  of  the  township  not  receiving  parochial 
relief. 

John  Askew,  a  native  of  this  township,  is  the  author 
of  a  Voyage  to  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  a  work 
which  gives  an  interesting  account  oi  those  far-off  lands 
at  a  time  when  the  utmost  excitement  prevailed,  owing 
to  the  discovery  of  the  Australian  gold  fields. 

BLINDBOTIIEI.. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1,215  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  i'STl.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in 
1801  was  8-2;  in  1811,  90;  in  1821,  112;  in  1831, 
100;  in  1841,  100;  and  in  1851,  128.  Agriculture  is 
the  only  employment  of  the  inhabitants,  who  are  scattered 
over  the  township.  The  mauoriiil  rights  of  the  commons 
are  vested  in  General  Wyndham,  who  is  also  lord  para- 
mount of  the  ancient  land,  which  is  freehold,  and  sub- 
ject only  to  a  peppercorn  rout.  In  1578  the  following 
persons  occur  as  freeholders  here:  —  William  Fawick, 
William  Fearon,  John  Fletcher,  Robert  Yoward,  the 
heirs  of  Cuthbert  Nicholson,  John  Nicholson,  Miles 
Pearson,  the  heirs  of  Matthew  Addison,  Thomas  Head, 
Christopher  Wilkinson,  and  John  Fearon.  The  land- 
owners at  present  (1858)  are  the  trustees  of  the  late 
—  Timpcron,  Esq. ;  Mrs.  Seuhouse  ;  Messrs.  John 
Nicholson,  William  Paisley,  Fletcher  Norman,  Thomas 
Loathes,  Isaac  Nicholson,  and  a  few  small  proprietors. 
The  township  was  enclosed  in  1818,  in  pursuance  of 
the  provisions  of  an  act  of  parhameut  passed  in  1812, 
when  twenty  acres  of  laud  were  awarded  for  the  educa- 
tion of  the  children  of  the  poos  of  this  and  Eaglesfield 
township.  Tho  Earl  of  Lonsdale  received  204  acres 
in  lieu  of  tithes  for  tho  same  townships. 

Blindbothel,  where  tho  school  is  situated,  is  about 
two  and  a  half  miles  south  of  Cockermouth. 

cuahity. 
School.  —  The  land  awarded  to  the  school  at  the 
enclosure  of  tho  commons  as  above  mentioned,  pro- 
duces now  about  £10  per  annum,  which  is  paid  over 
to  tho  schoolmaster,  who  takes  all  the  children  of 
Eaglosficld  and  Blindbothel  at  a  small  i|uartcragc,  as 
fi.ved  by  the  trustees.  Tho  master  is  allowed  to  take 
children  from  other  townships  on  his  own  terms.  He 
has  upon  an  averago  between  si.xty  and  seventy  children 
in  tho  school. 

At  a  place  called  Green  Trees,  in  this  township,  James 
Dickinson,  one  of  tho  earliest  propagators  of  tho  doc- 
trines of  the  Society  of  Friends,  was  born  in  1057. 

S3 


EAGLESFIELD. 

The  area  of  the  townsliip  of  Eaglesfield  is  returned 
with  that  of  Brigham ;  its  rateable  value  is  £1,332  2s.  2d. 
In  1801,  it  contained  310  inhabitants  ;  in  1811,  333  ; 
in  1821,  405;  in  1831,  411;  in  1841,  371  ;  and  in 
1851,  309.  The  population,  whose  employment  is 
agriculture,  are  chiefly  located  in  the  village,  and 
attend  the  markets  at  Cockermouth. 

A  paved  Eoman  way,  seven  yards  in  width,  has  been 
discovered  at  several  places  in  this  township,  leading 
from  north  to  south  ;  and  in  removing  the  surface  for 
the  purpose  of  quarrying  the  limestone  which  abounds 
here,  several  human  bones,  teeth,  and  instruments  of 
war  have  been  found  from  time  to  time,  at  a  place  called 
Endlaw,  from  which  circumstance,  it  is  supposed  to 
have  been  the  site  of  a  Pioman  station. 

The  manor  of  Eaglesfield  was  given  by  William  do 
Meschines  to  Waltheof,  son  of  Gospatric.  It  afterwards 
came  into  the  possession  of  a  family  who  took  the  local 
name,  one  of  whom,  Robert  Eaglesfield,  was  confessor 
to  Philippa,  queen  of  Edward  III.,  and  founder  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford.  This  township  is  parcel  of 
what  is  called  the  manor  of  the  five  towns,  and  the 
manorial  rights  are  vested  in  General  Wyndham.  In 
1578  Nicholas  AVilhamson  held  certain  lands  and 
tenements  in  Eaglesfield  (late  tho  lands  of  Richard 
Eaglesfield)  by  knight's  service,  and  rendered  Os.  8d. 
Richard  Jackson  held,  at  the  same  period,  a  capital 
messuage  with  certain  demesne  lands  belonging  to  the 
same,  in  Eaglesfield,  by  like  sers-ice.  Antliony  Barwis, 
Esq.,  and  Anthony  Curweu,  Esq.,  also  held  laud  here 
by  like  service ;  the  latter  also  held  some  in  Blind- 
bothel and  Greysouthen.  Lancelot  Fletcher,  and  John 
Gill,  also  occur  among  the  freeholders.  The  tenure 
hero  is  principally  copyhold,  or  tenancy  subject  to  a 
fine  of  two  years'  value,  at  tho  death  of  either  lord  or 
tenant.  Courts  are  held  at  Cockermouth  Castle.  The 
Earl  of  Lonsdale,  -Messrs.  John  and  Joseph  Robinson, 
Joseph  Harris,  William  Wood,  and  Thomas  Benn,  Esq., 
aro  the  principal  landownere.  Tho  township  was  en- 
closed at  the  same  time  as  Blindbothel,  in  1818,  and 
the  inliabitiints  participate  in  the  benefits  conferred  by 
the  school  situated  in  that  village. 

Tho  village  of  Eaglesfield  is  two  and  a  half  miles 
south-west  of  Cockermouth.  Close  to  tho  village  there 
is  a  meetiug-houso  belonging  to  the  Society  of  Friends, 
as  also  a  burial-ground  ;  over  tho  entrance  to  the  former 
is  the  date  1711,  over  tho  latter,  1003.  The  Friends 
only  meet  hero  on  occasion  of  a  funeral.  There  is  also 
a  Wcsleyan  chapel,  a  small,  plain,  stono  building, 
situated  in  tho  village,  erected  in  1845,  at  a  cost  of 
£120,  and  will  accommodate  about  120  persons. 


298 


DEBWENT  WAED. 


Fletcher's  Chariti/. — Henry  Fletcher,  of  Green,  in 
Eaglesfield,  by  will  dated  Hth  January,  1730,  gave  to 
the  poor  of  Eaglesfield  the  sum  of  £2  yearly,  to  be 
distributed  at  Green  aforesaid  ;  the  said  ,^"2  a  year  "  to 
be  paid  out  of  the  parcel  of  ground  known  by  the  name 
of  Lowfield,  in  Lortou,  in  the  manor  of  Derwent  Fells." 

Upon  the  enclosure  of  a  common,  in  this  township, 
about  the  year  1814,  twenty  acres  of  land  were  set  out, 
•with  the  consent  of  the  inhabitants,  for  the  maintenance 
of  a  schoolmaster.' 

Dr.  Dalton,  the  celebrated  philosopher  and  chemist, 
was  a  native  of  this  township. 

Fletcher  Christian,  who  led  the  mutineers  in  the 
Bounty,  and  settled  in  Pitcairn's  Island,  went  from 
Moorland  Close  in  this  township. 

GRETSOTITHEN. 

Greysouthen  township  contains  1,635  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £2,784  10s.  The  number  of  its 
inhabitants  in  1801  was  1.55  ;  in  1811,  406;  in  1821, 
416;  in  1831,  555;  in  1841,  .584;  and  in  1851,  633. 
The  inhabitants,  who  are  principally  employed  in  the 
neighbouring  collieries,  are  chiefly  located  in  the  large 
village  of  Greysouthen.  The  township  is  skirted  on 
the  south  by  the  Cockermouth  and  Workington  railway. 
For  upwards  of  seventy  years  coal  has  been  found  hero 
in  abundance,  but  at  present  there  is  only  one  colliery 
at  work,  that  of  Messrs.  Joseph  Harris  &  Co.  It  con- 
sists of  one  shaft  of  about  forty-two  fathoms  perpen- 
dicular depth.  The  seam  worked  is  the  "  Cannel  Band," 
which  is  from  five  to  five  and  a  half  feet  thick.  The 
number  of  hands  employed  is  about  seventy ;  and  the 
produce  of  this  colliery  is  principally  shipped  at  Work- 
ington. 

Greysouthen,  anciently  Crakesothen,  one  of  the  five 
towns  belonging  to  the  honor  of  Cockermouth,  was  given 
by  WiUiam  de  Meschines  to  Waltheof,  son  of  Gospatric, 
and  descended  in  the  same  manner  as  the  rest  of  the 
barony.  In  1578  Henry  Curwen,  Knt.,  held  certain 
lands  here  of  the  Earl  of  Northumberland,  by  homage, 
fealty,  and  suit  of  court,  rendering  per  annum  6s.  8d. 
William  Bell  also  held  one  tenement  by  lilie  services. 
Anthony  Barwis  also  held  some  land  by  knight's  ser- 
vice, as  did  also  Anthony  Curwen,  Esq.  The  principal 
landowners  are  Joseph  Harris,  Esq. ;  William  Paisley, 
Esq. ;  Isaac  Fletcher,  Esq. ;  and  John  Harris,  Esq. 
The  township  was  enclosed  in  1828,  under  the  authority 
of  an  act  passed  in  1819. 

1  See  BUudbothel  township. 


The  village  of  Greysouthen  is  three  and  a  half  miles 
west-by-south  of  Cockermouth.  To  the  east  of  the 
village  is  a  small  Wesleyan  place  of  worship,  erected  in 
1838,  at  a  cost  of  £101  ;  it  possesses  accommodation 
for  about  200  hearers.  Tliis  was  the  first  chapel  of  the 
kind  buUt  in  this  township,  a  private  house  serving  for 
worship  previously.  At  a  short  distance  to  the  cast 
of  the  village  is  a  Friends  meeting  -  house  and  burial- 
ground. 

CHAMTT. 

School.  —  At  the  enclosure  of  the  common,  in 
1828,  fifteen  acres  of  land  were  appropriated  for  the 
education  of  the  poor  of  this  township. 

Here  is  also  an  infant  school,  established,  in  1643, 
by  the  late  Miss  Woodville,  in  a  house  given  for  that 
purpose  by  Joseph  Harris,  Esq. ;  it  is  supported  by 
voluntary  subscriptions,  and  has  an  average  attendance 
of  forty  pupils. 

Tarn  Bank,  the  property  and  residence  of  Isaac 
Fletcher,  Esq.,  is  situated  near  the  village. 

WniJJFELL. 

In  1801  this  township  contained  82  inhabitants;  in 
1811,84;  in  1821, 107;  in  1831,122;  in  1841,  133; 
and  in  1851,  108.  Its  area  is  1,723  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value,  £1,201  lis.  2d.  The  soil  here  is 
various,  chiefly  a  gravelly  loam.  The  township  con- 
sists of  old  enclosures,  lying  in  the  form  of  a  crescent, 
round  the  foot  of  Whinfell  Fell,  which  rises  1,000  or 
1,200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea;  near  the  base 
there  is  soil  of  good  quality,  but  it  becomes  poorer  and 
lighter  at  greater  elevations,  and  is  intermixed  with 
patches  of  gravelly  clay  and  peat. 

The  township  and  manor  of  Whinfell  were,  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  the  joint  property  of  Christopher 
Curwen,  J.  Eaglesfield,  and  Ambrose  Middleton.  In 
1578  Anthony  Barwis  held  certain  lands  and  tenements 
at  ^^■hinfell  and  Blindbothel,  late  the  property  of  Wm. 
Eaglesfield,  by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of  court,  render- 
ing per  annum  one  halfpenny.  The  heirs  of  Ambrose 
Crackenthorp  and  Anthony  Curwen  also  held  certain 
lands  and  tenements  in  Whinfell  and  Blindbothel,  late 
the  lauds  of  the  said  Ambrose  and  Anthony,  by  like  ser- 
vices, rendering  one  halfpenny.  It  was  afterwards  in  the 
AVharton  family,  and,  having  been  sold  by  them  to  the 
Duke  of  Somerset,  came  from  him  to  the  family  of  the 
Earl  of  Egremont.  The  manor  is  now  held  in  moieties, 
one  of  which  belongs  to  General  Wyndham,  the  other 
to  JSIajor  Thompson.  At  the  time  of  the  enclosure  of 
the  common  in  1828,  the  common  and  Major  Thomp- 
son's moiety  were  enfranchised.  The  principal  land- 
owTiers  are  R.  Harbord,  Esq. ;  William  Dixon,  Esq. ; 


COCI^ERMOUTH  PAROCHIAL  CHAPELRY. 


299 


Major  Thompson ;  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson ;  Messrs.  Wilsou 
Robiuson,  Allan  Peele,  John  ^^'^3on,  John  Nicholson, 
M,  Stainton,  and  John  Asbridge.  The  tithes  have  been 
commuted  for  a  rent  charge  of  £14,  payable  to  the  Earl 
of  Lonsdale. 

Whinfell  township  has  no  vUlage  of  its  own  name, 
but  contains  the  small  hanilot  of  Rogerscale,  and  a  few 


scattered  houses  built  on  the  skirts  of  the  Fell,  four  and 
a  half  miles  south  of  Cockermouth. 

CHABITY. 

Lord  Wharton's  Charity. — The  poor  of  this  township 
receive  from  the  minister  of  Dean  a  share  of  the  books 
transmitted  to  him  from  Lord  Whaiton's  trustees,  as 
stated  in  our  account  of  the  parish  of  Dean. 


COCKERMOUTH  PAROCHIAL  CHAPELRY. 


TiiE  parochial  chapelry  of  Cockenuouth  is  about  five  miles 
from  north  to  south.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  D 
and  Lorton,  and  on  the  east  by  the  lake  of  Bassenthwaite 
Cockermouth. 

COCKE  BMOtlTH. 

The  area  of  the  township  of  Cockermouth  is  2,320 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  £12,101.  Its  population  in 
1801  was  2,805  ;  in  1811,  2,iJ0i  ;  in  1821,  3,700  ;  in 
1831,  4,530  ;  in  1811,  4,910  ;  and  in  1851,  5,775. 

Cookcnnouth  is  tlie  site  of  the  barony  of  Allerdale, 
since  called  the  barony  and  honour  of  Cockermouth. 
This  barony  was  given  by  William  do  ileschines  to 
Waltheof,  son  of  Uospatric,  earl  of  Dunbar,  whose 
granddaughter  brought  it  to  William  Fitz-Duncan, 
nephesv  of  Malcolm,  king  of  Scotland ;  one  of  the 
co-heiressos  of  Fitz-Duncan,  was  twice  married,  and 
died  without  issue ;  the  two  others,  whose  issue 
eventually  shared  this  barouy  iu  moieties,  married 
WilUamLe'Jros.cail  of  Mburmarle,  and  RcgiiialdLucy ; 
the  heiress  of  Lucy  manied  one  of  the  Multon  family, 
who  took  the  name  of  Lucy.  After  the  death  of  ^Villiam 
do  Fortibus,  earl  of  Albcrmarle,  and  Isabel  his  countess, 
without  issue,  a  moiety  of  the  castle  and  honour  of  Cock- 
ermouth fell  to  the  crown,  and  having  been  for  a  while 
in  the  possession  of  Piers  Gaveston,  by  the  grant  of 
Edward  II.,  was  some  years  afterwards'  (1323),  granted 
to  Anthony  Lord  Lucy,-  ahcady  possessed  by  inheritance 
of  the  other  moiety.  Maud,  sister  and  heiress  of 
Anthony  Lord  Lucy,  who  died  in  1300,  settled  the 
castle  and  honour  of  Cockermouth  on  Henry  Percy, 
earl  of  Northumberland,  her  second  husband,  and  his 
heirs  male,  on  condition  that  they  should  bear  the  arms 
of  Lucy  quarterly  with  tlieir  own. 

From  a  survey  taken  in  1578  wo  learn  as  follows  : — 
"  The  said  honor  cousisteth  iu  the  liberties  and  terri- 

1  Cart.  18  Edward  11.,  0. 

'  It  was  granted  to  him  fnr  his  gallniilry  (ind  good  servipos  in  taking 
Andrew  de  Hercla,enrl  of  Carlisle,  prisoner,  in  l:ViJ,  in  the  cnstle  of 
Culule,  of  which  he  yita  theu  goveiaur. — Chron.  dc  Lauercogl. 


in  length  from  east  to  west,  and  about  two  miles  in  breadth 

erweut,  on  the  west  by  Brigham,  on  the  south  by  Embletoa 

The  inhabitants  are  principally  collected  in  the  town  of 

tones  of  Cockermouth  and  Darwent  Fells,  with  the 
seiguory  called  the  Five  Towns  on  the  south  of  the 
river  Darwent,  and  of  the  seignory  of  Allerdale  on  the 
north  part  of  the  riv(5r  Darwent,  within  the  several 
meers  and  bounds  hereafter  mentioned.  Within  the 
precincts  of  which  said  bounds  and  hmits  are  situ- 
ated the  manors,  towns,  villages,  and  hamlets  hereunder 
specified  and  declai-eJ,  viz.,  Cockermouth,  Setmurthon, 
Embleton,  Wythop,  Lorton,  Thackthwate,  Drackin- 
thwate,  Lowswater,  Mockerin,  Buttermire,  Thom- 
thwate,  Brathwate,  Coledale,  Rogerset,  Borrowdale, 
.Alt.  Borrowdale ;  and  also  the  manors,  to^v^s,  or  ham- 
lets of  Brigham,  Dean,  Ullock,  Branthwate,  Deanscales, 
Pardshow,  Woodhall,  Crakplace,  Graysoutheu,  Clif- 
ton, Staiuburne,  Eglesfield,  Bliudbothel,  and  Whinfell. 
And  also  within  the  hmits  of  the  aforesaid  boundrio 
and  limits :  The  said  earl  and  all  other  his  ancestors 
(whose  estate  he  now  hath)  have  had,  holden,  and 
peaceably  used  and  enjoyed  tho  hberties,  privileges,  and 
franchises,  and  freedoms  hereunder  mentioned  and  ex- 
pressed, without  any  interruption,  molestation,  let,  or  im- 
pediment, as  by  a  certain  record  taken  by  inquisition  at 
Carlisle,  tho  Thursday  next  after  the  feast  of  St.  Hilary, 
in  the  year  of  the  reign  of  Kiug  Richard  II.,  the  17th 
(1304)  before  William,  then  Lord  Daker,  and  other  com- 
missioners, which  said  record  is  enrolled  in  tlio  High 
Coui-t  of  Chancery,  as  by  the  same  appearcth  agreeing 
with  these  words  following,  viz. : — To  have  within  tho 
aforesaid  limits  one  coroner  by  the  nomination  and  con- 
stitution of  the  lord  of  tlio  said  castle,  honor,  lordship, 
and  manoi-s  aforesaid,  the  same  coroner  to  do  and 
execute  all  things  and  whatever  to  tho  said  ollico  of  a 
coroner  belonging  within  tho  liberties  aforesaid,  in  as 
larce  and  ample  a  inanuer  and  form,  in  all  and  every- 
thing, as  any  coroner  or  coroncry  within  the  body  of  the 
shire  heretofore  have  done  or  may  do  ;   and  also  to  do 


300 


DERWENT  WAKD. 


and  execute  all  and  whatsoever  to  the  said  office  be- 
longeth  for  and   concerning   all  attachments   of  the 
crown  ;  and  likewise  of  all  felonies,  burgallaries,  thefts, 
murders,  manslaughters,  robberies,  and  of  all  other 
felonies  whatsoever;  as  well  as  the  suit  of  our  sovereign 
lady  the  Queen's  majestic,  her  heirs  and  successors,  as 
also  the  partie  and  parties  greved.     And  also  have  had 
and  ought  to  have  the  lands,  tenements,  goods,  and 
chattels  of  all  persons  drowning,  strangling,  or  otherwise 
willingly  and  wilfully  putting  themselves  to  sudden 
death,  and  all  other  forfeitures  and  goods  of  fellones, 
persons  outlawed  and  put  in  esegent.     And  also  they 
have  had  at  Cockcrmouth  Castle  aforesaid  one  gaol  for 
the  security  and   safe   keeping  of  prisoners   and  all 
profits  and  commodities  of  the  said  gaol  belonging ; 
together  with  the  escapes  of  fellones  and  other  prisoners 
whosoever  to  the  said  gaol  committed  as   prisoners, 
and  all  profits  and  commodities  of  the  said  escapes,  in 
such  manner  and  form  as  the  said  earl  and  his  officers 
or  ministers,  and  all  and  other  his  ancestors  whose 
estate  he  now  hath  have  been  and  shall  be  exonerated 
of  all  and  singular  the  escapes  towards  our  sovereign 
lady  the  Queen,  her  heirs  and  successors.    And  also  to 
take  knowledge  of  all  pleas  and  actions  in  his  court  of 
Cockermouth  aforesaid,  to  be  holden  from  three  weeks 
to  three  weeks,  as  well  by  and  in  nature  of  writts  of 
right  of  our  sovereign  lady  the  Queen  at  the  common 
law,  as  also  by  other  actions  there  to  be  begun  and  com- 
menced ;  and  pleas  de  reiito  namio  in  such  manner  and 
sort  as  the  sherilT  hath  and  useth  to  do  within  the 
county,  and  also  the  return  of  all  writts  and  execution 
of  the  same,  and  also  to  levie  and  gather  the  debts  of 
our  sovereign  lady  the  Queen,  her  heirs  and  successors. 
And  also  the  lords  of  the  said  honor  of  Cockermouth 
Lave  and  still  hath  the  privilege  and  royalty  of  keeping 
within  the  said  town,  courts  baron,  courts  leet,  three 
week  courts  ;  and  also  have  and  enjoyed  the  perquisites 
of  the  same  courts  to  theirown  uses  without  interruption. 
There  is  within  the  said  town  of  Cockcrmouth  a  market 
every  week  kept  upon  the  Monday,  and  two  horse  fairs 
ia  the  year — the  one  upon  Whitsun-Mouday,  the  other 
upon  the  feast  of  St.  Michael  the  Archangel.     There  is 
also  a  castle  in  Cockermouth,  situate  between  the  waters 
of  Darwent  and  Coker  (or  Coko),  with  a  trench  or  dry 
ditch  about  the  same,  with  two  barns  and  other  buildings, 
and  also  a  parcel  of  land  called  the  Green,  without  the 
castle  gates,  containing  by  estimation  about  two  acres, 
which  is  of  small  value,  for  that  the  castle  and  other 
buildings  are  situate  upon  the  same.     The  said  castle 
is  now  in  great  decay,  as  well  in  the  stone  work  as 
timber  work  thereof;  the  said  castle  is  covered  with 
lead,  and  worth  bv  estimation .     There  is  also  at 


Cockermouth  a  parke  called  Cockermouth  Parke,  fenced 
about  in  some  places  with  a  stone  wall,  and  in  some 
places  with  a  hedge  and  a  ditch,  and  in  other  some 
places  with  the  river  of  Darwent.    The  said  parke  is  in 
compass  by  estimation  three  miles,  and  containeth  by 
estimation,  of  statute  measure,  340  acres,  whereof  there 
is  of  plain  or  pasture  ground  200  acres,  and  of  wood 
ground  140  acres.     There  is  about  the  castle  certain 
demesne  lands  rendering  J£0  10s.  per  annum."    This  is 
followed  by  a  list  of  the  freeholders  or  burgagers,  and 
the  land  and  tenements  they  held,  and  concludes  with 
the  following  entries:  — "  AU  the  burgesses  of  the  said 
town  of  Cockermouth  pay  yearly  to  the  lord  for  their 
freedom  and  liberties  upon  the  commons  and  moors  of 
Cockermouth,  at  the  feast  of  the  Annunciation  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin,  as  in  old  rentals  and  records  it  ap- 
peareth,   lib.  of  wa.\,  or  4s.     PhiUp  Lord  Wharton 
holdeth  the  herbage  of  the  park  of  Cockermouth  afore- 
said, and  the  mUnes  and  tolls  of  Cockermouth,  and  the 
fishing  of  the  water  of  Darwent,  parcel  of  the  posses- 
sions of  the  said  honour  of  Cockermouth,  granted  by 
Henry,  late  earl  of  Northumberland,  and  uncle  to  the 
earl  that  now  is,  unto  one  Thomas  Wharton,  then  con- 
troller of  his  household,  to  have  and  to  hold  to  him  and 
his  heii-s  males  of  his  body  lawfully  begotten,  paying  for 
the  said  herbage,  £13  6s.  8d. ;  for  the  mUnes  and  tolls 
aforesaid,  £18    15s.  6d. ;   and  for  the  said  fishing  in 
Darwent,  £7  Os.  8d. ;  in  toto,  per  annum,  £34  8s.  lOd. 
The  sum  total  of  the  free  rents  and  burgage  rents 
amounted  to  £37   5s.  8d.,  besides  4s.  7d.,  the  value  of 
wax,  &c."     We  also  find  from  the  same  inquisition 
"  that  the  burgages,  or  freeholders,  within  the  said 
town  of  Cockermouth  liave  been  accustomed  to  pay  to 
the  lords  of  the  said  honour  or  manor,  at  their  several 
deaths,  every  of  them  one  whole  year's  rent  for  and  in 
name  of  a  release  ;  and  that  as  well  the  said  freeholders 
as  also  the  tenants  at  will  have  been  and  are  accus- 
tomed to  be  put  on  juries  and  charged  for  the  tryal  of 
all  accions  betwixt  partie  and  partie  plealed  in  the 
courts  there." 

Elizabeth,  sole  heiress  of  Josceline,  the  last  earl  of 
Northumberland,  brought  Cockermouth  and  other  large 
estates  to  Charles  Seymour,  duke  of  Somerset.  Lady 
Catherine,  second  daughter  and  co-heiress  of  the  duke, 
married  Sir  William  Wyndham,  whose  son.  Sir  Charles, 
was,  in  1749,  created  Earl  of  Egremont,  and  was  father 
of  George  O'Brien,  earl  of  Egremont.  From  this  noble- 
man the  honour  or  barony  of  Cockermouth  has  de- 
scended to  General  Wyndham,  the  present  possessor. 
The  park,  which  was  long  ago  disparked,  and  sold  to 
Sir  Thomas  Wharton,  lias  since  been  re-united  to  the 
honour.     General  Wyndham  is  the  largest  landowner 


COCKEEMOUTH  PAROCHIAL  CHAPELRY. 


301 


in  the  township,  but  Jeremiah  Spencer,  Esq.,  and 
others  have  estates  here.  General  Wyndham  has 
several  manors  of  customary  tenure  in  this  district, 
which  arc  governed  hy  a  number  of  commissioners, 
who  preside  at  the  Court  of  Dimissions,  held  in  the 
castle  of  Cockermouth,  when  the  estates  are  passed 
according  to  their  ancient  tinuro,  "  by  deed,  surrender, 
and  admittance."  All  the  liberties  of  the  baronies  of 
Wigton  and  Egremont ;  of  the  honour  of  Cockermouth; 
of  "  the  Five  Towns  with  Eaglesfield  above  Cocker,'' 
viz.,  Brigham,  Dean,  Greysouthen,  Clifton,  with  the 
hamlets  of  Little  Clifton,  and  Staiuburn ;  and  the 
manors  of  Derwent  Fells,  Braithwaite,  Coledale,  As- 
patria,  Bolton,  Wasdale,  Eskdale,  Mitterdale,  Kenny- 
side,  and  Westward,  are  amenable  to  this  court.  Be- 
sides the  court  of  audit,  a  court  leet  for  this  honour 
is  held  in  the  Court  House,  in  Cockermouth,  at  Christ- 
mas and  Easter,  by  the  agent  of  General  AVyndham. 
The  town  of  Cockermouth,  the  Five  Towns  with 
Eaglesfield,  and  the  manor  of  Derwent  Fells,  are 
amenable  to  this  court,  for  each  of  which  three  liber- 
ties separate  juries  are  charged.  A  Court  Ikron  for 
the  recoveiy  of  debts  under  403.  is  held  in  the  Court 
House  every  three  weeks. 

Cockermouth  Castle,  the  ancient  baronial  seat  of  the 
lords  of  Allerdale,  stands  on  a  bold  eminence  near  the 
confluence  of  the  rivers  Derwent  and  Cocker.  It  is 
supposed  to  have  been  erected  soon  after  the  Conquest, 
but  no  part  of  the  existing  structure  exliibits  the  archi- 
tecture prevalent  at  that  period,  though  it  is  very  pro- 
bable that  it  occupies  the  site  of  an  older  fortress. 
The  present  building  is  entirely  Edwardian  in  its 
character,  and  may  bo  safely  assigned  to  the  latter 
end  of  the  thirteenth,  or  beginning  of  the  fourteenth 
century.  Cockermouth  Castle  is  stated,  upon  the 
authority  of  Ilardyng's  Chronicle,  to  have  been  yielded 
to  Henry  IV.  Part  of  it  appears  to  have  been  kept  in 
repair  till  the  period  of  the  civil  wars,  at  which  time, 
we  are  informed  by  Whitakor  and  Rushwortli,  it  was 
held  by  Lieutenant  Bird,  as  governor  for  the  parlia- 
ment, who  was  besieged  for  some  weeks  by  a  party  of 
Cumberland  Itoyalists,  but  was,  however,  relieved  by 
Colonel  Ashton,  who  was  sent  out  of  Lancashire  by 
Cromwell  for  that  purpose.  From  the  register  of 
burials  for  the  chapelry,  wo  learn  that  "  the  siege  was 
laid  against  Cockermouth  Castlo  .\ugust,  101^,  and  the 
castle  was  relieved  tho  20th  of  September,  in  which 
time  were  slain  of  the  besiegers  George  Buck,  &<:.,  itc." 
It  is  probable  that  the  castle,  if  not  dismantled,  was 
suffered  to  go  to  decay  after  the  civil  war,  since  which 
period  it  has  lain  in  ruins,  with  the  exception  of  the 
gate-house,  the  court  house,  and  some  adjoining  rooms. 


which  are  fitted  up  as  the  residence  of  General  Wynd- 
ham. This  fine  specimen  of  the  military  architecture 
of  the  middle  ages,  forms  an  irregular  square,  enclosed 
by  strong  walls,  000  yards  in  compass,  and  was  formerly 
defended  at  the  entrance  by  a  portcullis,  drawbridge, 
and  moat.  It  consists  of  two  courts,  the  first  a  very 
small  one.  The  Gateway  Tower,  embelUshed  with  the  k 
arms  of  the  Umfravilles,  Multons,  Lucies,  Percies,  and  J 
Nevilles,  is  a  striking  object.  On  each  side  of  the! 
gateway  leading  to  the  interior  and  more  ancient  court 
is  a  deep  vaulted  dungeon,  capable  of  holding  from  forty 
to  fifty  persons.  The  south-west  front,  of  which  much 
still  remains,  stood  on  the  brink  of  the  precipice  above 
the  rivers,  where  appear  to  have  been  the  state-rooms 
and  other  apartments  in  the  great  tower.  Under  this 
tower  is  a  vault  thirty  feet  square,  lighted  by  a  small 
grated  window,  and  approached  by  a  descent  of  twelve 
steps,  the  roof  upheld  by  a  single  octagonal  pillar,  which 
branches  out  into  ribs  supporting  the  groining. 

THE   TOWN    OF    COCKERMOUTH. 

The  ancient  borough  and  market-town  of  Cockermouth 
occupies  a  beautiful  and  advantageous  situation  in  the 
heart  of  a  most  picturesque  and  highly  cultivated  country, 
on  the  south  side  of  the  river  Derwent,  and  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Cocker,  whence  its  name  is  derived,  eight  miles 
east  of  Workington,  seven  miles  south-east  of  Mary- 
port,  fourteen  miles  north-east  of  Whitehaven,  twenty- 
seven  south-west-by-west  of  Carlisle,  and  about  30.5  miles 
north-west  of  London,  in  5i^  40'  north  latitude,  and 
3°  20'  west  longitude.     The  river  Cocker  runs  through 
the  town,  and  on  its  eastern  side  are  situated  the  market- 
place, castle,  and  church.    The  bridge  over  this  stream 
consists  of  one  arch,  100  feet  in  length,  erected,  in  18'28, 
at  a  cost  of  £2,000.      The  two  principal  streets  are 
spacious.     The  Derwent,  after  receiving  the  watere  of 
the  Cocker,  is  crossed  by  a  handsome  bridge  of  two 
arches,  erected  in  18Bi!,  at  a  cost  of  i'3,000.     A  large 
number  of  antique  remains  have  been  found  in  this 
town  and  neighbourhood.      On  the  north  side  of  the 
town  is  a  tumulus  called  Toot's  Hill ;  and  one  mile  to 
the  west  are  the  remains  of  a  rampart  and  ditch  of  an 
encainpnieut,  750  feet  iu  circuit,   called    Fitz-Wood. 
On  the  summit  of  a  hill   at  Papcastle,  a  village  one 
mile  and  a  half  south-west  of  Cockermouth,  there  were 
until  lately  tho  traces  of  a  Roman  aistrum,  which  in 
the   early   Norman   times   served   as   a   residence  to 
Waltlieof,  the  first  lord  of  Allerdale,  by  whom  it  was 
demolished,  and  the  materials  used  in  tho  construction 
of  Cockermouth  Castlo. 

The  early  history  of  Cockermouth  is  interwoven  with, 
and  inseparable  from,  tlio  great  families  who  possessed 


302 


DEIiWf:NT  WARD. 


its  castle,  and  exercised  the  lordship  of  the  honour, 
and  must  be  sought  for  aud  studied  in  connexion  with 
them.  The  town  itself  does  not  appear  to  have  made 
any  figure  in  the  history  of  bygono  ages  previous  to 
the  time  of  Ehzabcth,  when  a  new  interest  became 
attached  to  it  from  its  being  one  of  the  places  iu  which 
the  hapless  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  staid  during  the 
early  days  of  her  sojourn  in  this  country;  aud  as  Miss 
Agues  Strickland  has  desciubed  in  her  own  graphic 
style  all  that  is  kuown  of  Mai-y's  sojourn  iuthis  ancient 
to^vn,  we  cannot  do  better  than  give  in  extenso  the 
account  furnished  by  that  gifted  authoress.  Ilaving 
described  the  Queen's  arrival  at  Workington,  aud  given 
the  letter  which  Mary  wrote,  from  Workington,  to 
Elizabeth,  Miss  Strickland  continues: — 

"Lord  Herries's  letter  to  Sir  Richard  Lowther  having 
prepared  the  authorities  on  the  English  border  for  such 
an  event  (Mary's  landing),  every  one  was  on  the  alert. 
The  news  of  Queen  Mary's  arrival  at  Workington  spread 
with  inconceivable  rapidity,  aud  the  Earl  of  Northum- 
berland, who  claimed  the  pre-emineuce  in  that  district, 
under  colour  of  showing  her  a  mark  of  respect,  sent 
a  baud  of  gentlemen  to  wait  upon  her  as  a  guard  of 
honour,  with  strict  orders  to  prevent  her  from  leaving 
the  country  till  Queen  Elizabeth's  pleasure  concerning 
her  should  be  ascertained.  He  communicated  her  arrival 
at  the  same  time  to  the  council  at  York.  The  result 
was  a  warrant  from  that  body,  addressed  in  the  name 
of  the  sovereign  to  the  high  sheriff,  magistrates,  and 
gentlemen  of  Cumberland,  'to  use  the  Scottish  queen 
and  her  company  honourably,  but  to  see  that  not  one 
of  them  escaped.' 

'•  Thus  it  is  appax'ent  that  the  Earl  of  Northumber- 
land, who  subsequently  lost  his  head  for  engaging  in 
the  northern  rebellion,  which  was  excited  for  the  libera- 
tion of  the  Scottish  queen,  was  the  first  person  who 
constituted  her  a  prisoner,  under  the  pretext  of  doing 
her  honour.  After  the  ai-rival  of  the  gentlemen  deputed 
by  him  to  keep  guard  over  her,  it  was  out  of  her  power 
to  embark  for  France,  which,  with  the  friendly  assist- 
ance of  Sir  Henry  Curweu,  she  might  previously  have 
done.  Under  these  circumstances,  it  is  plain  she  did 
not  exercise  free  will  in  her  advance  to  Cockermouth, 
which,  with  its  strong  and  stately  castle  on  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Cocker  aud  the  Derwent,  its  park,  forest, 
and  manor,  were  the  demesnes  of  the  Earl  of  Northum- 
berland. 

"Attended  by  her  lund  English  host  Sir  Henry 
Curwen,  his  son,  aud  most  of  the  gentlemen  iu  that 
neighbourhood.  Queen  Mary  left  W^orkington  Hall  on 
the  morning  of  the  ]  7th  of  May,  with  her  devoted  little 
train  of  Scottish  nobles  and  ladies.     The  journey,  a 


pleasant  distance  of  six  miles,  was  performed  on  horse- 
back. It  lay  through  a  green  picturesque  country, 
enamelled  with  spring  flowers,  and  intersected  by  the 
devious  coui'se  of  the  beautiful  river  Derwent.  The 
first  bold  range  of  English  mountains,  Skiddaw  '  and 
licr  cubs,'  rose  in  the  foreground ;  while  the  mighty 
forms  of  Screel  and  CrilTel  stood  like  hostile  giants 
across  the  Firth  of  Sol  way.  AVhat  would  have  been 
^Mary's  feeUngs  when  she  saw  their  broad  blue  out- 
lines mingle  with  the  misty  clouds  ou  the  verge  of  the 
horizon,  could  she  have  known  that  her  tearful  eyes 
had  looked  their  last  ou  Scotland,  aud  that  in  England, 
the  land  of  promise  which  lay  so  bright  before  her  iu 
its  May  livery,  nothing  awaited  her — the  representative 
of  the  elder  line  of  Alfred,  and  presumptive  heiress  of 
the  nation — but  a  succession  of  gloomy  prisons  and  a 
bloody  grave  ?  The  dark  page  of  the  future  was  in 
mercy  hidden  from  her  sight,  and  for  the  present  she 
had  met  with  a  frank  and  courteous  reception  from  Sir 
Henry  Curwen,  his  family,  and  the  stout  Cumberland 
knights  and  squires  his  neighbours,  who  mustered 
strongly  round  her,  apparently  to  do  her  honour.  She 
entered  Cockermouth,  if  not  with  royal  pomp,  in  very 
pleasant  fashion,  for  man,  woman,  and  child  came  forth 
in  their  holiday  attire  to  meet  and  welcome  her.  The 
Earl  of  Northumberland  was  absent  from  the  castle, 
being  then  at  his  house  at  Topcliffe ;  so  Mary  and 
her  Scottish  train  were  lodged  at  Cockermouth  Hall, 
the  mansion  of  the  wealthy  merchant,  ]\lastcr  Henry 
Fletcher,  at  that  time  sufliciently  spacious  and  well- 
appointed  to  have  accommodated  a  queen  iu  more 
prosperous  circumstances  than  those  under  which  the 
unfortunate  sovereign  of  Scotland  entered  it.  A  dilapi- 
dated portion  of  the  once  stately  quadrangular  elevation 
of  Cockermouth  Hall  is  still  iu  existence,  but  reduced 
to  the  lowest  degree  of  degradation,  being  divided  into 
three  tenements,  which  are  used  as  a  carpenter's  shop, 
a  beerhouse,  aud  a  mechanics'  lodging-house.  Even  by 
the  humble  occupants  of  the  lodging-house,  three  large 
apartments  on  the  first  floor,  leading  one  through  the 
other,  are  called  'Queen  Mary's  Rooms.''  They  are 
budt  after  the  French  fashion,  and  probably  served  as 
ante-room,  presence-chamber,  aud  bed-chamber  for  the 
distinguished  guest.     In  the  absence  of  documentary 

'  On  entering  the  last,  the  good  woman  Of  the  house  said  to  me, 
"  This  was  Queen  Mary's  bed-cliaraber,  but  she  did  not  sleep  here, 
for  the  poor  lady  was  in  fdar  of  her  life,  and  passed  the  night  iu 
this  olosel,"  opeaiug,  as  she  spoUe,  the  doors  of  an  arclied  recess, 
which  had  been  partially  built  up,  but  was  neither  more  nor  less 
than  tlie  remains  of  the  alcove  where  the  bed  formerly  stood,  a 
fashion  of  which  my  humble  informant  could  scarcely  have  been 
aware,  and  is  therefore  coufirmatory  of  the  local  tradition,  as 
identifying  the  precise  spot  where  the  hapless  Mary  rested  her 
weary  head  the  night  she  passed  at  Cockeimouth. 


COCKERMOUTH   PAROCHIAL  CHAPELEY. 


303 


records,  it  becomes  the  duty  of  her  biographer  to  trace 
the  local  traditions  that,  after  the  lapse  of  centuries, 
linger  on  spots  connected  with  this  romantic  portion  of 
Mary's  histoiy.  The  oral  chroniclers  of  Cockermouth 
declare  that  their  princely  merchant,  Henry  Fletcher, 
observing  the  deplorable  condition  of  his  royal  guest's 
habiliments,  presented  her  with  thirteen  ells  of  rich 
crimson  velvet  to  make  her  a  new  robe  ;  and  this 
pleasing  story  is  verified  by  the  fact  that  Mary  wrote  a 
letter  to  her  kind  host,  thanking  him  for  having  sent 
her  a  velvet  robe,  and  gratefully  acknowledging  all  his 
courtesies  to  her.  Nor  were  these  forgotten  by  her  more 
fortunate  son  James  I.,  who,  when  Thomas  Fletcher, 
the  only  son  and  representative  of  Henry  Fletcher, 
came  to  meet  him  at  Carlisle  on  his  accession  to  the 
throne  of  England,  treated  him  with  great  distinction, 
and  offered  to  bestow  the  honour  of  knighthood  on 
him,  as  a  token  of  grateful  acknowledgment  for  his  late 
father's  kindness  to  his  royal  mother.' 

"  The  next  morning,  May  18th,  Mary  held  a  little 
court  in  her  presence-chamber  at  Cockermouth  Hall, 
for  the  reception  of  the  ladies  of  that  district,  with  Lady 
Scroope,  the  Duke  of  Norfolk's  sister,  at  their  head, 
they  having  been  hastily  summoned  from  their  castles 
and  halls  by  circular  letters,  in  the  queen's  their  sove- 
reign's name,  sent  by  post-haste  expresses,  to  come  in 
their  best  array  to  wait  upon  the  Queen  of  Scotland, 
and  pay  her  all  proper  respect  by  attending  her  on  her 
journey  to  Carlisle.- 

"  Brief  warning  had  there  been  for  the  ladies  of  that 
district  to  equip  themselves  and  ride  to  Cockermouth 
for  presentation  to  the  illustrious  refugee,  whom  they 
were  required  to  meet  and  attend  on  her  way  to  Carlisle ; 
but  it  was  happily  accomplished,  and  all  knotty  points 
of  precedency  amicably  arranged,  in  time  for  them  to 
bring  her  on  to  her  appointed  resting-place  that  day. 
Surely  the  details  of  that  memorable  gathering  of  the 
female  aristocracy  of  the  border,  to  pay  their  devoir  to 

'  Cockormoath  Miscellany.  Thomns  Fletcher,  the  grandfather, 
nnil  Kii  hiiril  I'lctobcr,  llie  futliur  of  this  Henry  Fletclier,  hud  lirat 
hy  trade,  aiid  afterwards  by  uureantile  speculations,  amassed  great 
wealth,  with  which  they  purchased  Wythop  and  divers  lands  and 
teneiiieuts  in  the  neighlvourhood  of  Cockermouth,  and  thus  founded 
n  family  on  iho  houourablc  basis  of  their  own  honest  exertions. 

"  State  paper,  revised  by  Secretary  Cecil — in  .Vuderson's  Collections, 
vol.  iv.  Sir  ICiehard  Lowiher  had,  on  the  first  note  of  the  arrival  of 
the  Toyal  stranger,  sinnmoned  the  gentlemen  >iy  beacon,  according 
to  the  ancient  border  custom  of  telegraphing.  He  afterwards  com- 
plained tlinl  they  werj  negligent  in  attending  to  bit  signals.  Yet  it 
is  certnin  a  very  niunerous  and  splendid  company  was  assembled  in 
nn  inrri'dibly  short  time  at  Cockermouth,  two  dnys,  indeed  before  it 
was  possible  for  tjuecn  Khzabeth  to  have  signitied  her  plcasnre  on 
llic  occasion,  for  she  did  not  receive  Mary's  letter,  till  tlie  -Oili ;  so 
that  ivhat  was  douc  in  her  nimic  on  this  occasion  was  without  her 
orders. 


the  Queen  of  Scots,  the  manner  of  reception  she  gave 
them,  and  the  order  of  their  cavalcade  to  merry  Carlisle, 
must  exist  in  the  family  archives  of  the  Percies,  the 
Scroopes,  the  Dacres,  or  the  Howards,  and  may  one  day 
be  discovered,  and  add  a  rich  page  in  some  future 
edition  of  these  personal  annals  of  the  princess  through 
whom  her  present  Majesty  derives  her  title  to  reign 
over  Great  Britain.  There  had  not  been  time  to 
convert  the  considerate  present  of  the  munificent 
English  merchant  of  Cockermouth  Hall  into  the  regal 
robe  for  which  it  was  designed;  and  though  some  useful 
articles  had  been  contributed  by  the  widowed  mother  of 
Sir  Henry  Curwen  and  his  lady,  the  deficiencies  and 
incongruities  of  a  toilette  thus  made  up  must  have 
been  no  trifling  mortification  to  a  royal  beauty  so 
attentive  to  all  the  elegant  proprieties  of  dress  as  Jlary 
Stuart,  and  who  bad  been  not  only  the  Queen  of  France, 
but  the  glass  of  fashion  in  that  polished  court,  which 
then,  as  now,  gave  laws  to  "Western  Europe  in  all 
matters  of  costume. 

"Mary  had,  however,  every  reason  to  feel  cheered 
and  delighted  with  her  first  reception  in  the  realm  she 
expected  one  day  to  call  her  own,  but  not  only  was  she 
affectionately  and  respectfully  welcomed  by  the  ladies 
of  the  hospitable  northern  counties  of  England  with 
demonstrations  of  sympathy  and  deference,  but  all  sorts 
and  conditions  of  people  flocked  to  meet  and  follow  in 
in  the  procession  which  conducted  her  to  Carlisle;  so 
that  her  journey  thither,  mahjrc  the  presence  of  Captain 
Bead  and  fifty  soldiers  under  hLs  command,  commis- 
sioned to  prevent  her  escape  or  rescue,  resembled  a 
triumphant  progress.  Nor  was  this  wonderful.  'Beau- 
teous, and  royal,  and  distressed,'  she  appeared  under 
circumstances  of  no  common  interest.  Not  yet  six- 
and-twenty,  she  had  experienced  trials  and  vicissitudes 
of  the  most  painful  nature;  but,  unconquered  by  the 
inexorable  destiny  which  appeared  to  pursue  all  of  her 
race  and  name,  she  had  borne  up  under  her  troubles 
with  a  courage,  both  physical  and  moral,  that  excited 
no  common  admiration.  IMany  a  manly  J'.iifjlish  heart 
had  thrilled  at  the  report  of  all  she  had  sutfcred  during 
her  incarceration  in  the  grim  fortress  of  Lochleven, 
and  rejoiced  in  the  marvellous  talo  of  her  dcliveranco 
by  the  foundling  boy  Willie  Douglas,  whose  ann  God 
had  strengthened  for  the  achievement  of  an  enteqirise 
which  tho  stoutest  champion  in  Christendom  might 
have  been  proud  to  have  pcrfonncd.  That  bravo 
stripling  rode  near  bis  royal  mistress  in  tho  faithful 
little  traht  who  had  assisted  in  carrying  her  oflf  from 
the  fatal  field  of  Latigside,  and  attended  her  on  her 
adventurous  voyage  to  England.  Mary  Stuart  was 
the  very  bcan-idcal  of  a  distressed  Queen.     '  No  man,' 


304 


DERWENT  ■WARD. 


says  Brantome,  '  ever  saw  her  without  love,  or  will 
read  her  history  without  pity;'  a  sentiment  that  held 
good  witli  regard  to  the  high-minded  and  generous 
portion  of  mankind,  those,  in  a  word,  whom  sordid  and 
selfish  interests  had  not  hardened,  uor  fanaticism  ia- 
flamed  against  her.  The  impression  made  by  her 
personal  graces  and  winning  manners  in  the  north  of 
England  was  never  forgotten.  The  lapse  of  nearly 
three  centuries,  indeed,  has  not  cooled  the  enthusiasm 
with  which  her  memory  is  still  regarded  by  the  des- 
cendants of  those  who  saw  and  judged  of  her  according 
to  the  witness  of  their  own  senses,  and  not  from  the 
political  libels  of  her  foes. 

"  On  the  road  between  Cockermouth  and  Carlisle, 
Queen  Mary  and  her  cavalcade  were  encountered  by 
Villeroy  de  Beaumont,  the  French  ambassador,  from 
whom  she  had  parted  scarcely  a  week  before  at  Hamilton 
under  circumstances  far  different.  She  was  then  full 
of  hope,  at  the  head  of  a  numerous  party,  in  hourly 
expectation  of  the  arrival  of  the  gay  Gordons  and 
gallant  Ogilvies  to  swell  her  forces  to  such  numbers  as 
might  once  more  have  enabled  her  to  drive  her  per- 
fidious brother  Moray  and  his  faction  over  the  border. 
Yet  she  had  been  willing  to  settle  the  quarrel  amicab  ly, 
and  had  employed  Beaumont  to  negotiate  with  the 
usurpers  of  her  rights.  His  efforts  having  proved 
unavailing,  he  had,  on  the  unexpected  injin  of  her 
cause,  signified  his  intention  of  returning  to  France 
through  England,  but  had  been  beset  and  plundered  by 
the  Regent's  partisans,  and  his  servants  maltreated, 
before  they  could  cross  the  border.  The  only  tidings 
he  could  give  Mary  were  of  the  most  dispiriting  nature. 
He  accompanied  her  to  Carlisle." 

Such  is  the  account  furnished  by  Miss  Strickland  of 
Mary's  residence  in  Cockermouth.  From  the  time  of 
the  departure  of  the  Scottish  queen,  history  is  silent 
respecting  this  ancient  to^vn,  till  the  time  of  her  unfor- 
tunate descendant,  Charles  I.,  when,  as  we  have  seen 
above,  the  castle  was  seized  by  the  Parliamentarians, 
who  resisted  all  the  efforts  of  the  Cumberland  Royalists 
to  dislodge  them.  This  appears  to  have  been  the  last 
military  transaction  which  occurred  in  the  town,  and 
there  is  nothing  since  recorded  save  the  advance  of 
Cockermouth  in  peaceful  industry  and  commerce. 
Among  the  manufactures  of  the  place  that  of  cotton 
claims  the  first  place,  whether  we  consider  the  amount 
of  capital  engaged  in  that  branch  of  trade,  or  the  num- 
ber of  people  depending  upon  it  for  their  support. 
The  Messrs.  Harris  have  a  large  mill  in  the  town- 
ship of  Papeastle,  which  affords  employment  to  800 
persons.  The  woollen  trade  is  carried  on  in  two  estab- 
lishments, Croft  Mills  and  Fitz  Mills,  which  together 


employ  about  100  hands.  The  Messrs.  Banks  pursue 
the  linen  manufacture  at  Simon  Scales,  about  a  mile 
and  a  half  from  the  town.  An  extensive  establishment 
for  the  manufacture  of  bats  was  spiritedly  carried  on 
for  years  by  the  late  Mr.  T.  Wilson  till  his  demise,  when 
his  son  succeeded  him.  Besides  these  establishments 
there  are  four  tanneries,  two  skinnerics,  and  a  brewery; 
and  in  the  neighbourhood  are  extensive  coal  mines.  A 
market  is  held  on  iMonday  for  corn  and  cattle,  and  on 
Saturdays  for  provisions.  From  May  to  midsummer 
cattle  shows  are  held  every  alternate  Wednesday. 
Fairs  for  horses  and  cattle  are  held  on  February  18lh 
and  October  10th;  and  for  hiring  servants  on  Whit 
Monday  and  the  Monday  next  after  Martinmas  Day. 
A  railway  eight  miles  in  length  connects  Cockermouth 
with  Workington,  whence  other  railways  extend  north 
to  Carhsle,  and  south  to  Furness  and  Lancaster ;  the 
station  is  to  the  west  of  the  town.  Cockermouth  is  well 
supplied  with  water,  and  lighted  with  gas.  Gas  works 
were  established  in  1834,  at  a  cost  of  £3,000,  raised  by 
seventy-five  shai'eholders,  in  £5  shares.  In  consequence 
of  the  increased  demand  for  gas,  it  was  found  necessary, 
in  1856,  to  enlarge  the  works,  and  an  additional  sum 
of  £3,000  was  subscribed  by  the  shareholders,  in  tho 
same  proportion  as  before.  The  works  now  comprise 
two  gasholders,  capable  of  containing  30,000  cubic  feet 
of  gas.  While  attending  to  the  requirements  of  the 
living,  the  decent  interment  of  the  dead  has  not  been 
neglected,  a  new  cemetery  being  opened  in  June,  1 856, 
about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south-east  of  tho  town,  and 
consecrated  by  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle  on  the  12  th  of 
the  following  September.  It  contains  upwards  of  five 
acres,  and  possesses  two  neat  chapels,  in  the  Early  Eng- 
lish style.  The  total  cost  was  about  £2,800.  A  high 
opinion  may  be  formed  of  the  salubrity  of  the  town  by 
the  fact  that  in  the  year  18-57  there  were  buried  in  the 
cemetery,  in  consecrated  ground,  eighteen  individuals, 
whose  united  ages  amounted  to  1,486,  two  of  them 
attaining  the  advanced  age  of  92  years.  There  were 
si.xtcen  others  died  during  the  same  period,  whose 
united  ages  amounted  to  1,052  years. 

THE   CnUECH. 

The  church,  dedicated  to  All  Saints,  is  a  beautiful 
and  noble  structure,  situated  on  an  eminence  at  the 
head  of  Kirkgate.  The  foundation  stone  was  laid  by 
.Archdeacon  Hcdlam,  on  the  28th  of  February,  1852, 
and  the  consecration  took  place  on  the  15  th  of  June, 
1 854.  It  is  a  cruciform  structure  in  the  Early  English 
style,  comprising  nave  and  aisles,  transepts,  chancel, 
north  and  south  porches,  and  central  tower,  surmounted 
by  a  spire.     Its  dimensions  are  as  follow: — Length 


COCKERMOUTH  PAROCHIAL  CHAPELEY. 


305 


of  nave,  seventy  feet;  TiiJth  of  transepts,  twenty-two 
feet ;  length  of  chancel,  thirty ;  total  length,  122  feet. 
The  height  of  the  roof  of  the  nave  is  sixty  feet ;  of  the 
tower,  ninety  feet ;  of  the  sjiire,  from  its  base  to  the 
top  of  the  tower,  ninety  feet ;  making  a  total  height  of 
tlie  spire  from  the  ground,  inclusive  of  the  cross,  of 
180  foct.  Nearly  all  the  founilations  of  the  old  church 
remain  undisturbed,  thereby  binding  and  strengthening 
the  foundations  of  the  present  edifice.  The  walls  are  of 
solid  rubble  masonry,  faced  with  hammer-dressed  stones. 
The  nave  consists  of  four  bays  of  elegant  pointed 
arches,  the  pillars  of  which  have  foliated  capitals,  beau- 
tifully sculptured.  The  aisles,  transepts,  and  nave  are 
paved  with  Staffordshire  tiles,  in  diamond  and  other 
patterns  ;  the  chancel  with  ^linto's  encaustic  pavement. 
The  church  is  neatl)'  furnished.  The  seats,  which  are 
all  open,  are  of  red  pine,  stained  and  varnished,  and 
arc  constructed  in  sfiuare-pancllcd  framing,  with  framed 
and  panelled  ends.  The  seats  in  the  chancel  are  more 
ornamental  than  those  in  the  body  of  the  church,  having 
solid  ends  and  carved  poppyheads,  with  tracery  fronts. 
The  reading-desk  is  on  the  south  side,  and  is  ascended 
by  a  wooden  staircase  ;  the  seat  is  in  a  recess,  con- 
structed in  the  solid  masonry  of  the  pier  behind  ;  the 
head  of  this  recess  is  arched,  and  the  border  all  round 
deeply  grooved  and  enriched  with  sculptured  flowers. 
The  pulpit,  which  is  fi.\ed  against  the  north-west  pier 
of  the  tower,  is  of  Caen  stone  ;  it  is  octangular  in  shape, 
and  is  ascended  by  a  stone  staircase,  with  a  fine  circular 
brass  handrail.  The  font  is  also  of  Caen  stone,  and  is 
massive,  chaste,  and  appropriate.  It  was  presented  to 
the  church  by  P.  S.  Coxe,  Esq.,  formerly  of  Cocker- 
mouth.  The  beauty  of  the  interior  is  much  enhanced 
by  three  handsome  screens,  one  of  which  is  under  the 
arch  from  the  chancel  to  the  south  transept  aisle  ; 
anotlier  under  the  opposite  arch,  having  a  doorway  for 
an  entrance  from  the  vestry  ;  and  the  third  under  the 
arch  of  the  north  transept  aisle.  The  principal  trusses 
of  the  roof  of  the  nave  arc  supported  by  finely  curved 
corbels,  which  are  much  and  deservedly  admired.  The 
groined  ceiling  of  the  tower  is  also  a  striking  feature  in 
the  church,  and  is  a  very  scientific,  elegant,  and  well- 
executed  piece  of  work.  The  east  window  is  fitted 
with  stained  glass,  through  which  the  light  streams 
in  beautifully  softened  rays,  giving  to  the  church  that 
solemnity  so  appropriate  and  so  much  admired  by  every 
well-educated  mind.  The  Wordsworth  memorial  win- 
dow in  this  church  was  erected  by  subscription,  and 
is  a  fine  specimen  of  modern  art.  It  consists  of  five 
lights,  with  tracery  in  the  upper  portion.  The  centre 
light  contains  a  representation  of  our  Lord,  seated  in 
majesty ;  beneath,  a  canopy,  on  which  are  figures  of 
34 


Adam.  Eve,  and  St.  John  the  Baptist,  surmounted  by  a 
half-length  figure  of  King  David,  which  occupies  the 
upper  portion  of  the  light.  The  figure  of  our  Lord 
is  surrounded  with  cherubim,  in  the  act  of  adoration  ; 
and  beneath  the  Saviour,  in  the  lower  part  of  the  hght, 
is  a  group  of  the  apostles,  with  the  insignia  of  martyr- 
dom, the  three  in  the  front  of  the  group  being  Peter, 
.Tames,  and  John.  In  the  two  lateral  lights,  on  the 
left  of  the  centre,  are  the  four  greater  prophets,  with 
symbols  and  scrolls,  while  the  side  lights  on  the  right, 
of  the  centre  contain  representations  of  the  four  evan- 
gelists. In  the  various  canopies  are  smaller  figures  of 
the  remainder  of  the  patriarchs  and  prophets.  The 
tracery  consists  of  trefoils  and  sexfoils,  filled  with  figures 
representing  Abraham,  Moses,  Xoah,  St.  ilary  Magda- 
lene, St.  George,  St.  Alban,  St.  Stephen,  St.  Thomas, 
and  St.  Catherine.  The  tower  contains  a  clock,  chimes, 
and  a  peal  of  eight  bells.  The  architect  of  the  church 
was  J.  Clarke,  Esq.,  of  London.  The  total  cost  of  the 
building  amounted  to  £7,143  12s.  7d.,  inclusive  of  organ 
£31)0,  bells  £000,  clock  and  chimes  £240.  There  is 
a  very  beautiful  monumental  tablet,  to  the  memory  of 
the  late  Thomas  Wilson,  a  liberal  contributor  to  the 
funds  for  the  erection  of  church.  In  the  churchyard  is 
a  tombstone,  bearing  the  following  inscription : — "  Rev. 
Joseph  Gillbanks  erected  a  gravestone  in  memory  of 
his  three  faithful  aud  aftectionate  wives — first,  Eliza- 
beth, aged  27  years,  died  August  9th,  1783  ;  second, 
Jane,  aged  42,  died  October  24th,  1701  ;  third,  Marj-, 
aged  38,  died  May  Sth,  1794.  This  stone  is  inscribed 
by  the  above  Joseph  Gillbanks,  twenty  years  minister 
of  this  church,  in  the  firm  hope  of  an  eternal  and  happy 
re-union  with  these  ever-beloved  objects  of  his  atfection." 
The  benefice  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the  patronage 
of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  who  is  also  the  impropriator. 
It  was  returned  to  the  governors  of  (,iueen  Anne's 
bounty,  in  the  early  part  of  the  last  century,  as  being 
worth  £20  13s.  4d ,  paid  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  and 
£8  surplice  fees  ;  and  was  certified  to  the  Ecclesiastical 
Commissionei-s  as  of  the  average  value  of  £132  per 
annum.  The  curacy  was  augmented  in  1798,  with 
£200,  given  by  a  Mr.  Haines;  and  in  1811  it  received 
11  parliamentary  grant  of  £  1 ,000.  The  registers  of  the 
chapelry  commence  in  1032.  There  was  formerly  a 
chantry  in  the  chapel  of  Cockermouth,  founded  in  the 
IStii  Itichard  II..  by  Henry  Percy,  carl  of  Northum- 
berland, who  probably  endowed  it  with  lauds  iu  Cocker- 
mouth,  for  in  the  20th  Elizabeth  there  is  a  grant  from 
the  crown,  to  Porcival  Gunson,  of  two  acres  of  land  in 
Cockermouth,  late  in  the  tenure  of  .Man  Ribton  ;  two 
acres,  late  in  tho  tenure  of  William  Thompson ;  and 
two  acres,  late  in  tho  tenure  of  Michael  Boueh ;  parcel 


300 


BERWENT  -nAED. 


of  the  posspssio'.is  of  tlie  late  collegiate  church  of  Stain- 
drop,  in  the  couuty  of  Durham. 

Incumbents. — Tlobert  Eidtordby,  preTions  to  the  civil  wars ; 
George  Lnrkham,  daring  the  Commonwenlth;  Eobert  Itickardljy 
Again;  Thomas  JeiTersoo,  ICD9 ;  from  177i  to  177.S  it  was 
served  by  the  churchwardens;  Joseph  GiUbank,  17 7S;  John 
Wheatley,  1705;  Edwiu\l  Fawcett,  IBOO. 

The  parsonage  was  erected  in  1814,  at  a  cost  of 

.£1,300,  of  which  £900  was  granted  from  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty,  and  £"100  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  When  the 
commons  were  enclosed,  in  1813,  an  acre  of  land  was 
set  aside  for  the  parsoupge,  to  which  four  acres  were 
added  by  the  parishioners,  in  1815. 

CHUBCHES  .VXD  CUArEI.S. 

The  Catholic  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Joseph,  is  a 
neat  edifice,  in  the  Gothic  style,  erected  in  1850,  from 
designs  furnished  by  Thomas  Gibson,  Esq.,  of  New- 
castle, upon  a  suitable  site  at  the  west  end  of  the  town. 
It  will  accommoilate  about  500  persons,  and  cost,  in- 
clusive of  the  priest's  house,  i  1,400.  The  Bishop  of 
He.xham  was  the  chief  benefactor,  and  to  bim  the 
Catholics  of  Cockermouth  are  much  indebted  for  their 
present  suibible  place  of  worship.  Previous  to  the 
erection  of  the  church,  the  congregation  worshipped, 
for  many  years,  in  a  room  over  a  stable  in  the  Sun  Inn 
Yard,  to  which  place  the  Prince  de  Joinville,  and  other 
members  of  the  exiled  family  of  Orleans,  repaired  to 
hear  mass,  during  their  sojourn  at  Keswick  in  185G. 

The  Primitive  Methodist  chapel  is  situated  in  Sand 
Lane,  and  formerly  belonged  to  the  Weslcyan  body, 
from  whom  it  was  purchased  by  its  present  possessors 
on  the  erection  of  the  V^esleyan  chapel. 

The  Wesleyan  chapel,  a  good  substantial  stone  build- 
ing, in  Maiket-street,  was  erected  in  1841,  at  a  cost  of 
£1,800.  It  contains  850  sittings,  250  of  which  are 
free. 

The  Congregational  chapel  is  a  handsome  Gothic 
edifice,  erected  in  the  year  185t),  at  a  cost  of  £-2,200, 
and  contains  sittings  for  500  persons.  Behind  the 
present  place  of  worship  is  the  old  chap.l,  previously 
occupied  by  this  congregation  ;  it  was  erected  in  IV.'W, 
and  is  now  used  as  a  Sunday  school,  in  which  340 
children  arc  taught.  The  Independents,  or  Cougrega- 
tionalists,  were  formed  into  a  church  in  this  town  as 
early  as  the  year  1C51,  from  which  time  their  records 
are  preserved.  Their  first  pastor,  the  Rev.  George 
Larkham,  who  was  a  man  of  superior  literary  attain- 
ments, and  a  conscientious  Konconformist,  suffered 
imprisonment  for  three  years  in  York  Castle,  for  his 
adherence  to  Puritan  principles.  The  history  of  this 
religious  body  was  chiefly  written  by  ]\Ir.  Larkham, 
during  his  prolonged  pastorate,  and  contains   mauy 


curious  and  interesting  entries  of  the  sufferings  of  botli 
pastor  and  people  during  the  operation  of  the  "  Five 
Mile"  and  "Conventicle"  acts.  The  following  passage 
is  extracted  to  show  the  opinion  of  a  contemporary,  and 
a  country  pastor,  on  the  character  of  Cromwell : — "  On 
this  day  died  that  eminent  servant  of  God,  and  nursing 
father  of  the  churches,  Oliver  Cromwell,  lord  protector 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland."  The  number  of  com- 
municants during  Mr.  Larkham's  ministry  seems  to 
have  averaged  il5,  many  of  whom  resided  at  a  consi- 
derable distance  from  Cockermouth.  Mr.  Larkham 
died  on  tho  '2Cith  of  December,  1700,  after  being 
minister  of  this  religious  body  for  49  years. 

MiKiSTEES.  —  George  Larkham,  1051;  J.  Atkinson,  1701; 
—  Walker,  17.33 ;  W.  Aspinwall,  B.A.,  of  Magdalen  College,  Cam- 
bridge, (ejpcted  from  tlie  rectory  of  Mattersey,  Notts),  liyl;  T. 
Jollie,  1737  ;  T.  Lowtliion,  17C4  ;  Henry  Townsend,  1783  :  Mr. 
Trail,  1793;  Mr.  Williams,  171)3;  Robert  Swan,  1797;  James 
Muscutt,  1815;  Jonathan  Edw-irds,  1819;  Edward  Gatley, 
18il;  Joseph  Mather,  1S35:  Andrew  Fielder  Sliawyer,  1H35 ; 
Eobert  Wilson,  1813;  Tortus  II ewiirt  Davidson,  1848;  Patrick 
-Morrison,  ISuG ;  Wilhaiu  Southwick,  1858. 

SCHOOLS,  ifcc. 

The  Grammar  School  for  the  townships  of  Cocker- 
mouth and  Embletou  is  situated  near  the  church.     It 
appears  to  have  been  founded  in  IGTO.     There  is  the 
following  inscription  over  the  door: — 
scHoi. :  HCjrs  fund  : 

MCT  :    FUEEUNT   XSV.   DIE  ^ 

MENSIS    IIAII  AN   DOM  : 
11.  D.  C.  L.  X.\VI. 

And  on  a  stone  in  the  school-room  arc  inscribed  these 
lines : 


I^, 


Htqoedes  julchras  cum  posteja  viderdt  letas 
Et  Lowry  et  Tubman  sit  grata  utrique  Eic.irdo 
Ultima  cujus  habet  subscripta  linea  nomen, 
Huius  erat  primus  Gymnasiarcha  Schola', 
Gavenus  Noble,  1070. 

The  following  account  of  the  school  is  given  in  Xicol- 
son  and  Burn's  History  of  Westmoreland  and  Cumber- 
land:— "Here  is  a  free  school,  which,  in  1717,  was 
certified  at  £26  i5s.  a  year,  viz.  ±10  paid  by  Mr. 
Fletcher  Yane,  then  impropriator  of  the  church;  £'5 
by  Mrs.  Fletcher,  of  Tallautire;  £5  by  the  Duke  of 
Somerset,  £5  rents  of  houses  in  the  town,  35s.  interest 
of  money.  The  school  was  founded  by  Philip  Lord 
^Miarton,  Sir  George  Fletcher,  Sir  Ptichard  Grahame, 
Doctor  Smith,  dean,  afterwards  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  and 
other  contributors."  In  the  reports  of  the  Charity 
Commissioners  the  endowments  of  this  school  are  set 
at  £34  3s.  Id.  per  annum,  of  which  £10  are  paid  out 
of  the  tithes  of  the  chapelry,  and  the  remainder  arises 
from  rents  of  houses  in  Cockermouth,  dividends  ou 
stock,  and  a  payment  of  Os.  8d.  from  Embkton.     It  is 


COCKERMOUTH  TAROCHIAL  CHArELRY. 


3or 


considercJ  that  with  respect  to  classical  instruction,  all 
the  children  of  Cockermouth  are  froe,  and  those  of 
Erabloton,  ou  the  pa_vment  of  a  small  fee.  All,  how- 
ever, pay  a  small  quarterage. 

The  National  School,  situate  in  New-street,  was 
erected  in  1815,  mainly  through  the  exertions  of  the 
Rev.  Charles  C.  Southey,  son  of  the  poet.  It  is  a  good 
substantial  stone  structure,  capable  of  accommodating 
about  '420  pupils,  the  average  number  in  attendance 
being  ISO.  It  is  supported  by  subscription,  is  under 
government  inspection,  and  is  conducted  by  a  master, 
an  assistant  master,  and  two  pupil  teachers.  In  1S47, 
the  late  Geo^e  L.  Bragg,  Esq.,  of  Lorton  Hall,  left 
£100  to  this  school. 

In  the  same  street  there  is  an  infant  school,  which 
is  also  under  government  inspection,  and  attended  by 
upwards  of  1 00  children.  It  is  conducted  by  a  mistress 
and  two  pupil  teachers. 

The  Catholics  opened  a  school  in  1858,  which  is  now 
attended  by  about  seventy  children. 

CHARITIES. 

Poor  Stock. — Barbara  Relfe,  in  1723,  left  £50  for 
the  benefit  of  the  poor  of  Cockermouth.  Sir  Thomas 
Pangolly,  in  1727,  left  £50,  and  Mary  Winder,  in  1789, 
left  £100  for  the  same  purpose.  Besides  these,  Hugh 
Potter,  in  1000,  left  £52  ;  an  unknown  person,  in  IGO'.), 
£50  ;  Sir  Orlando  Gee,  in  1091,  £50  ;  Thomas  Little- 
dale,  in  172'.),  i'50  ;  John  Mounsey,  in  1700,  £100.  In 
addition  to  these  there  are  some  small  legacies.  The 
whole  amount  of  the  above-named  benefactions  is  £527. 
Speaking  of  these  beiiuesLs,  the  Charity  Commissioners 
say  : — "  Wliether  any  of  these  donations  were  distri- 
buted at  the  time  they  were  given,  or  whether  any  part 
of  them  has  Ijoen  lost,  is  not  known.  It  appears,  how- 
ever, that  in  1781  the  wliole  of  the  stock  then  belong- 
ing to  the  poor  was  £127  12s.  7d. ;  that  sum  was  then 
laid  out,  with  other  charity  money,  in  the  funds,  and 
now  forms  part  of  a  sum  of  £1,3:15  Os.  11 J  d.  stock, 
three  per  cent,  consols.  Out  of  the  dividends  of  that 
stock,  £17  is  annufilly  distributed  on  St.  Thomas's 
Day,  in  respect  of  the  poor  stock,  by  the  chapelwardens 
and  ovei-seers,  amongst  poor  persons  of  the  township  of 
Cockermouth." 

Glaislei's  Charitij. — Joseph  Glaister,  by  will  dated 
22nd  of  January,  177;i,  left  50s.  yearly,  to  be  distributed 
among  poor  housekeepers  of  the  town  of  Cockermouth 
by  the  minister  and  churchwardens.  By  a  codicil  to 
his  will  the  testator  directed  that  no  loss  a  sum  than 
5s.  should  be  given  to  each  housekeeper.  And  he  fur- 
ther directed  that  a  Maryport  harbour  ticket  for  £200 
should  be  appropriated  as  a  security  for  the  paymcut 


above  mentioned.  The  sum  of  50s.,  on  account  of  this 
charity,  is  distributed  amongst  poor  pereons,  together 
with  the  dividends  arising  from  the  poor  stock  belong- 
ing to  this  townsliip,  every  year,  about  Christmas. 

Bread  Money. — Barljara  Relfe,  in  1725,  in  addition 
to  what  she  left  to  be  distributed  to  the  poor,  bequeathed 
also  £50,  the  interest  thereof  to  be  distributed  in  bread, 
every  Sunday,  to  the  poor  widows  frequenting  the  chapel 
of  Cockermouth ;  and  Richard  Baynes,  by  will  dated 
October,  1771,  left  £100,  the  interest  thereof  to  be  dis- 
tributed in  penny  loaves  of  bread  every  Sunday,  to  poor 
persons,  not  receiving  alms,  who  should  attend  chapel. 
There  are  also  mentioned  in  the  table  of  benefactions 
two  other  legacies  for  supplying  bread  to  the  poor — £30 
left  by  Elizabeth  Todd,  and  £20  left  by  ilary  English. 
The  two  legacies  last  mentioned  appear  to  have  been 
entirely  lost,  previous  to  1784.  At  that  time  £150  was, 
with  other  money,  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of  stock, 
which  now  forms  part  of  the  sum  of  £1,335  Os.  Hid. 
three  per  cent,  consols  before  mentioned.  Out  of  that 
stock,  £10  Ss.  is  expended  annually  in  bread,  of  which 
•Is.  worth  is  given  awa}'  every  Sunday,  amongst  poor 
widows  of  the  township  who  attend  divine  service. 

Widows'  Hospital. — The  Rev.  Thomas  Leathes,  by 
will  dated  8th  of  April,  1700,  left  £100  for  the  use  of 
si.x  poor  widows,  or  other  unmarried  poor  women  above 
sixty  years  of  age,  that  should  live  in  a  house  in  Kirk- 
gate,  which  he  gave  for  tlieir  residence,  the  interest  of 
the  said  £100  to  be  divided  equally  amongst  the  said 
six  women  by  the  minister  and  churchwardens.  Eliza- 
beth Winder,  daughter  of  the  said  Thomas  Leathes,  by 
will  dated  Uh  December,  1775,  gave  £50,  secured  on 
the  tolls  of  the  Carlisle  and  Workington  road,  the  in- 
terest of  which  was  to  be  applied,  in  the  first  place, 
towards  the  repaiiing  of  the  premises  in  Kirkgate,  given 
by  her  father,  and  the  residue  thereof  to  be  distributed 
amongst  the  poor  widows,  share  and  share  alike,  with 
the  assistance  of  the  vicar  or  officiating  clergyman  of 
Isell.  The  sum  of  £100,  left  by  the  Rev.  Thos.  Leathes, 
was  laid  out  in  the  funds,  with  other  money,  in  the 
purchase  of  £1,335  6s.  lljd-  three  per  cent,  consols. 
Six  poor  women  are  always  appointed  under  this  charity, 
but  the  house  in  Kirkgate,  which  consists  only  of  three 
rooms,  is  not  sudicieut  to  accommodate  more  than  three 
persons,  the  others  arc  therefore  obliged  to  reside  else- 
where. Out  of  the  dividends  of  iho  stock  !C't  Is.  is  paid 
to  the  six  women,  in  equal  proportions,  as  from  Thomas 
Leathes 's  legacy ;  £2  10s.  is  received  annually  as  tlio 
interest  ui)on  the  turnpike  toll  ticket,  left  by  Elizabeth 
Winder,  the  residue  of  which,  after  the  payment  of  such 
expenses  as  may  be  incurred  in  the  repairs  of  the  alms- 
house, is  divided  amongst  the  said  poor  women.     A 


yo8 


DERWENT  WARD. 


small  allotment  of  very  poor  land  was  made  to  this  hos- 
pital a  few  j-ears  ago,  ou  the  iuclosure  of  a  common  in 
this  parish. 

Eitsoit's  Charity. — Mrs.  Deborah  Pdtson,  who  died 
about  the  year  1800,  loft  CI 00,  the  interest  of  which 
was  to  be  divided  annually,  about  the  month  of  January, 
amongst  poor  widows,  resident  in  or  near  Cockermouth, 
us  should  not  receive  parochial  relief,  in  sums  not 
smaller  than  2s.  Gd.  each.  The  sum  of  £94  only  was 
received,  the  residue  having  been  deducted  for  legacy 
duty,  and  for  e.xpenses  ;  that  sum  was  laid  out  in  the 
purchase  of  stock,  and  forms  part  of  the  £1,335  Os.  Hid. 
three  per  cent,  consols  befor^j  mentioned.  Out  of  the 
dividends  thereof,  £1  2s.  6d.  is  regularly  given  away, 
in  respect  of  this  charity,  to  thirty-three  poor  widows  of 
Cockermouth,  in  sums  of  2$.  OJ.  each. 

Dr.  Bray's  Library. — There  is  a  library  iu  Cocker- 
mouth, established  by  the  associates  of  the  late  Dr.  Brny, 
consisting  of  about  500  volumes.  This  library  is  under 
the  management  of  trustees.  Part  of  the  school 
building  is  appropriated  and  fitted  up  for  this  pur- 
pose. 

Lord  Wharton's  Charity. — The  minister  of  Cocker- 
mouth receives  annually,  from  the  trustees  of  Lord 
Wharton's  Charity,  thirty  Bibles,  and  a  proportionate 
number  of  Expositions  of  the  Catechism,  and  reward 
books,  and  he  distributes  them  according  to  the  direc- 
tions of  the  donor,  amongst  poor  persons  at  Cocker- 
mouth. 

Miss  Leathes  Charity.  —  Miss  EU?abeth  Leathes, 
of  Workington,  repaired  the  alms-houses,  and  in 
1851,  left  i'litO,  vested  in  the  public  funds,  towards 
the  maintenance  of  the  six  widows  placed  iu  the  alms- 
houses. 

MECHANICS'  INSlmiTION,    itC. 

The  Mechanics'  Institution,  held  in  a  building 
attached  to  the  Savings  Bank,  given  gratuitously  by 
the  trustees  of  the  same  for  the  time  being,  was  estab- 
lished by  subscription  in  1845.  It  contains  an  excellent 
library,  and  a  fine  collection  of  birds  presented  to  the  in- 
stitution by  J.  W.  Harris,  Esq.  In  1858  it  received 
a  munificent  bequest  from  General  Benson,  Hasuess, 
who  left  to  it  the  whole  of  his  valuable  library, 
amounting  to  upwards  of  1,000  volumes,  and  also  a 
legacy  of  £100.  The  committee  keep  the  books  thus 
acquired  separate  and  distinct  from  the  general  library, 
and  have  entered  them  in  the  catalogue  as  "  General 
Benson's  Bequest."  The  receipts  during  the  year 
1858,  including  a  balance  of  £G  IBs.  6d.  in  hand,  at 
the  commencement,  amounted  to  the  sum  of  £80  7s.  5d.: 
and  after  deducting  the  expenditure,  £70  83.  9d.,  a 


balance  of  £3  J  8s.  Id.  remained  to  credit.  The  insti- 
tute numbers  upwards  of  2 10  members,  and  has  a 
library  containing  2,300  volumes.  The  members  pay 
a  contribution  of  5s.  a  year,  with  the  exception  of 
ladies  and  junior  members,  who  pay  3s.  There  are 
classes  for  French,  arithmetic,  writing,  &c. 

There  is  a  news-room  iu  the  Court-house  Buildings, 
supported  by  subscribers  of  a  guiuca  each  per  annum  ; 
and  there  is  also  a  working  men's  reading-room,  estab- 
lished in  1855. 

The  Savings  Bank,  established  in  1818,  is  situated 
in  a  neat  building  near  the  Court  House,  erected  in 
1840.  This  institution  has  proved  of  gifiat  utility  to 
the  town  and  neighbourhood,  and  has  been  extensively 
used  by  the  inhabitants.  The  number  of  depositore  at 
present  Q858),  is  1,383,  and  the  deposits  amount  to 
,£44,305.  The  bank  is  opened  every  Saturday  evening 
for  the  receipt  and  payment  of  deposits,  &c.,  from  six 
to  seven  o'clock. 

The  Dispensary,  one  of  the  mpst  important  charitable 
institutions  in  Cockermouth,  was  established  in  1785, 
since  which  time  it  has  administered  medical  and 
surgical  aid  to  thousands  of  indigent  patients. 

rARI.UMENTARV   RF.I'r.ESENTATION. 

Cockermouth  ranks  among  the  oldest  boroughs  in 
the  kingdom,  and  sent  two  members  to  parliament  as 
early  as  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  It  was  subsequcntlj 
disfranchised,  upon  the  petition  of  the  inhabitants,  who 
wished  to  avoid  the  expense  attendant  upon  representa- 
tion, the  members  of  parliament  being  at  that  time 
paid  for  their  services.  In  1040,  the  franchise  was 
restored  by  Charles  I.,  and  it  has  since  continued  to  be 
possessed  by  th,e  town.  Previous  to  the  passing  of  the 
Reform  BiU  of  1832,  the  only  persons  qualified  to  vote 
for  the  election  of  members  of  parliament  for  this  town 
were  those  who  held  their  property  by  burgage  tenure, 
about  300  in  number,  the  baililF  being  the  returning 
officer,  but  for  a  long  period  before  the  passing  of  the  act 
just  named  the  representation  of  the  borough  was  not 
contested,  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  who  owned  most  of 
the  burgage  tenements,  appointing  whom  he  thought 
proper.  The  number  of  electors  is  355.  The  parlia- 
mentary borough  of  Cockermouth  consists  of  Brigham 
and  Eaglesfield,  and  the  chapelry  of  Cockermouth  in 
the  parish  of  Brigham;  the  townships  of  Bridelcirk 
and  Papcastle,  with  a  detached  part  of  Dovenby  town- 
ship, in  the  parish  of  Bridekirk.  Its  population  in 
1851  was  7,275,  of  whom  3,425  were  males  and  3,850 
females,  inhabiting  ],500  houses;  the  number  of  un- 
inhabited houses  being  03,  and  there  were  19  in  course 
of  erection.     We  subjoin  a  list  of  the   members  of 


COCKEKMOUTH  PAEOCHUL  CHAPELRY. 


309 


parliament  for  Cockermouth  from  the  earliest  period  to 
tlie  present  time: — 

Edwap.d  I. 

1295.  William  Bailey,  Peter  del  Hall. 

*  •  • 

Chaeles  I. 
10-10.  Sir  John  Ilirpesle.v,  Francis  Allen. 

Cmiuonwealth. 

1059.  John  Staplcton,  AVilfriJ  Lawson. 

CnAKLES  II. 

1060.  Richard  Tolson,  Wilfrid  Lawson. 
1661.  Richard  Tolson,  AVilfrid  Lawson. 
167U.  Sir  Richard  Graham,  Orlando  Gee. 
1680.  Sir  Richard  Graham,  Orlando  Gee. 
lOyi.  Sir  Richard  Graham,  Orlando  Gee. 

James  II. 
IG85.  Sir  Daniel  Fleming,  Orlando  Gee. 

Wir.I.IAlI    AND    M.UtY. 

1089.  Sir  Henry  Capcl,  William  Fletcher. 
1C90.  Sir  Will'iid  Lawson,  Sir  Orlando  Gee. 

William  III. 

1095.  Sir  Charles  Gerard,  Hon.  Goodwin  Wharton. 
J  fills.  William  Seymour,  George  Fletcher. 
1701.  Thomas  Lamplugh,  William  Seymour. 

Anne. 

ITO'i.  James  Stanhope,  Thomas  Lamplugh. 
1705.  James  Stanhope,  Thomas  Lamplugh. 
170H.  James  Stanhope,  Hon.  Albermarle  ISertie. 
1710.  Joseph  Musgrave,  Micholas  Lechemefb. 

George  I. 
1714.  Sir  Thomas  Pcngelly,  Nicholas  Lechemere. 
1721.  Sir  Thomas  Pengelly,  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson. 

George  II. 

1727.  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  William  Finch. 

17;!3.  lUdred  Cunven,  William  Finch. 

1710.  John  JJordaiiiit,  William  Finch. 

1747.  John  .MoiJaunt,  Sir  Charles  Wyndham. 

1754.  Sir  John  Mordaunt,  Percy  O'Brian  Wyndham. 

George  III. 

1700.  Sir  John  Mordaunt,  Charles  Jenkinson. 
1707.  Sir  George  Mc.Cartmy,  Charles  Jenkinson. 

Sir  James  Lowther,  George  Johnstone. 
1774.  Fletcher  Norton,  George  Johnstone. 

James  Adair,  lialph  Gowland. 
1771).  John  Ldwlher,  J.  13.  Garford. 
I'S'i.  John  Lowther,  J.  C.  Sattcrlhwaitc. 
1780.  J.  IJ.  Garforth,  John  Anstruther. 
1700.  J.  15.  Garforth,  Edward  Burrows. 
1802.  Robert  Ward,  James  Graham. 
IHOO.  Robert  Ward,  Viscount  Garlics. 

James  Grahan;,  John  Lowlln  r. 
1NI2.  Lord  Lowther,  John  Lowther. 
1810.  Hon.  J.  II.  Lowther,  Right  Hon.  J.  Beckett 


GeobgS  I\'. 
1820.  John  H.  Lowther,  Right  Hon.  J.  Beckett. 
1B2G.  Viscount  Garlics,  Lawrence  PeeL 

William  IV. 

1830.  Viscount  Garlics. 

1831.  John  H.  Lowther,  Sir  James  Scarlett. 

1832.  H.  A.  AgUonby,  F.  L.  B.  Dykes. 

1835.  H.  A.  Aglionhy,  F.  L.  B.  Dykes,'  E.  Horsman. 

Victoria. 

1837.  H.  A.  Aglionhy,  E.  Horsman. 

1841.  H.  A.  Aglionhy,  E.  Horsman. 

1847.  H.  .■\.  Aglionhy,  E.  Horsman. 

1851.  H.  Wyndham,  H.  A.  Aglionby,2  John  Steel. 

1857.  Lord  Naas,  John  Steel. 

POOr.-LiW  UNION. 

The  Cockermouth  Union  Workhouse,  at  the  top  of 
Lollart-street,  was  erected  in  1840,  and  with  subsequent 
additions  and  improvements  has  cost  about  £3,800. 
The  average  number  of  paupers  is  about  HO  —  in  the 
winter  season  about  290.  The  union  is  divided  into 
four  sub-districts  as  follow:  —  Keswick,  containing  Be- 
waldeth  aud  Snittlegarth,  J:^mblctou,  Wythop,  Bassen- 
thwaite,  Keswick,  St.  John  Castlerigg  aud  Wjthburn, 
Under  Skiddaw,  Borrowdale,  Xewlauds,  Coledale  or 
Portinscale,  Braithwaite,  Thornthwaite,  and  Greta 
Mills  aud  Briery  Cottages ;  Cockermouth,  including 
Lortou,  Brackenthwaite,  Lowcswater,  Whinfell,  But- 
termere,  Mosser,  Brigham,  Eaglesfield,  Cockermouth, 
Blindbothel,  Setmurthy,  Isell  Old  Park,  Sunderland, 
Bliudcrake  Isell  aud  Kcdmainc,  Bridekirk,  Papcastle, 
Little  Broughton,  and  Great  Broughton ;  Workingtou, 
including  Seatou,  Cammcrton,  Bibton,  Groysouthen, 
Little  Clifton,  Great  Clifton,  Stainburn,  Workington, 
Winscales,  Cloffocks,  Dean,  Ullock,  and  Branthwaite ; 
Maryport,  comprehending  Dovenby,  Tallantire,  Gilcrux, 
I'lumbland,  iiolhel  and  Threaplaud,  Oughtersidc  and 
AUerby,  Cress  Canouby,  Crosby,  Birkby,  JIaryport, 
Dearham,  Elleuborough  and  Ewanrigg,  and  Flimby. 
The  union  comprises  an  area  of  150,025  acres.  Its 
population  in  1851  was  38,510,  of  whom  18,0'J()  were 
males  and  10,814  females.  The  number  of  inhabited 
houses  at  the  same  period  was  7,909,  of  uninhabited 
378,  and  01  were  building.  Wo  subjoin  the  receipts 
aud  expenditure  of  the  union  for  the  year  ending 
Lady  Day,  1858.  The  receipts  were,  from  poor  rates, 
£11,595  8s.:  in  aid  of  poor  rates,  £371  lis.;  total, 
£11,890  193.  The  I'.xpcndituro  was,  for  in -main- 
tenance, £1,751  8s.;  out-relief,  £4,885  lis.;  main- 
tenance of  lunatics  in  asylum,  £5  19  19s.;  workhouse 
loan  repaid,  and  interest  thereon,  £107  14s.;  salaries 

>  Accepted  the  CliUteru  Hundreds  in  February,  1?30. 
<  DM  in  August,  19A4. 


310 


DERWEXT  WAED. 


and  rations  of  officcri?,  .07,^7  ]  5s. ;  other  expenses  of  or 
immediately  connected  with  relief,  .£5;i3  Ms. ;  costs  of 
proceedings  in  law  or  in  eqnity,  £-21  lis. ;  county  and 
police  rate,  £'2,373  ;  constables'  expenses  and  costs  of 
proceedings  before  justices,  £'07  19s. ;  payments  on 
account  of  the  registration  act,  £123  18s. ;  vaccination 
fees,  £59  19s.;  cost  of  parliamentary  registration  and 
grand  jury  lists,  £41  9=. ;  survey  and  valuation  expenses, 
£48  2s. ;  money  expended  for  all  other  purposes,  £777 
7s.;  total  expenses,  £12,159  6s. 

Coekermouth  has  the  honour  of  being  the  birthplace 
of  the  poet  Wordswortli,  and  John  TV'alljer.  31. D.,  "the 
great  apostle  and  martyr  in  the  cause  of  vaccination." 

SETMur.Tnr. 

In  1801  this  township  contained  104  inhabitants; 
in  1811,  140;  in  1831,  188;  in  1831,  182;  in  1841, 
181;  and  in  1851,  167.  Its  area  is  2,579  statute 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value,  £1,831  lis.  0*d.  One 
penny  in  the  pound  of  Setmurthy  property  produces 
£7  123.  8 id.  Agriculture  is  the  only  employment  of 
the  inhabitants,  who  live  dispersedly  in  the  township, 
which  contains  two  gentlemen's  seats,  called  Iligham 
and  Dunthwaite  Hall,  and  sixteen  farm-houses,  not 
including  the  tenement  at  Wytbop.  Coekermouth  is 
the  market  attended. 

Setmurthy  is  parcel  of  the  manor  of  the  Five  Towns, 
and  as  such  its  manorial  rights  and  privileges  are  vested 
in  General  Wyndham. 

The  manor  of  Hewthwaite,  or  Huthwaite,  in  this 
township,  gave  name  to  its  early  possessors,  and,  having 
passed  by  marriage  to  the  Swinburns,  underwent  the 
same  alienations  as  a  moiety  of  the  manor  of  Brigham.' 
After  the  death  of  Mr.  Singleton,  in  1707,  the  manor 
■was  allotted  to  Judith,  the  wife  of  Thomas  Bolton,  and 
■was  by  her  and  her  husband  conveyed  to  the  father  of 
John  Sanderson  Fisher,  Esq.,  of  Woodhall.  It  subse- 
quently became  the  property  of  the  late  H.  T.  Thomp- 
son, Esq.,  of  Bridekirk,  who  exchanged  lauds  in  Lorton 
for  it.  with  the  late  George  L.  Bragg,  Esq.,  of  Lorton 
Hall,  but  is  now  held  by  Major  A.  Green  Thompson. 

The  commons  of  the  township  were  enclosed  in  1891, 
by  an  act  passed  iu  1813.  The  principal  landowners 
are  Thomas  Alison  Hoskins,  Esq.;  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson, 
Bart. ;  Sir  H.  R.  Vane,  Bart.;  and  Mr.  Daniel  Harrison. 

THE  chatel. 
The  chapel,  situated  four  and  a  half  miles  north-east 
from  the  church  at  Coekermouth,  was  rebuilt  iu  1794, 
at  a  cost  of  upwards  of  £107,  subscribed  by  the  iuhabi- 

1  See  Brigliam  township,  puge  295. 


tauts  of  the  township.  It  is  a  small  building,  with  a 
turret  containing  one  bell,  and  will  seat  about  105 
persons.  The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the  gift 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  township,  valued,  at  present, 
at  £45  8s.  4d.,  vi:-:.,  £-.iO  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty, 
the  remainder  from  land.  Tlie  glebe  belonging  to  Set- 
murthy is  as  follows :  two  fields  at  Skeltou,  near 
Penrith  ;  two  fields  at  Broughton  Moor ;  one  at  Botch- 
crgate,  Carlisle, — the  whole  amounting  to  about  thirty 
acres.  The  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  have 
appropriated  to  Setmurthy  £13  2s.  Od. ;  the  interest 
of  which,  8s.  4d.,  is  paid  half-yearly  in  April  and 
October ;  the  rents  are  payable  at  Candlemas  and 
Lammas.'  The  register  of  the  chapelry  commences  in 
1759,  for  baptisms;  for  burials  in  1830;  and  for 
marriages  in  1838. 

Inxumdents. — William  Cookson,  175S;  Henry  Brown,  1700; 
Thomas  Blaml,  1700;  William  Sewell,  1709;  Joseph  Simpson, 
IMl;  Charles  C.  Soutbey,  lSi.2 :  AVilliam  Earee,  1:J51. 

CHARITY. 

The  Scliooh — There  is  a  free  school  in  this  township. 
On  the  enclosure  of  the  commons,  there  were  ratlicr 
more  than  50  acres  of  pasture  land  set  out  by  the 
common  consent  of  the  proprietors  of  this  township, 
under  the  award  of  the  Euclosuro  Commissioners,  as  a 
source  of  stipend  to  the  schoolmaster  for  the  free  educa- 
tion of  all  children  in  Setmurthy.  The  land  at  present 
(1858)  lets  for  £43  15s.  In  addition  to  this  income, 
there  is  a  rent  charge,  or  school  stock,  of  £1  ISs.,- 
arising  from  an  annual  charge  upon  all  the  estates  in 
the  township,  which  makes  a  total  income  of  £45  13s. 
Of  this  sum,  the  ma.ster  receives  £40,  the  remaiuder  is 
devoted  to  the  improvement  of  the  land.  The  master 
is  bound  to  instruct  all  children  of  this  township  free, 
but  has  the  privilege  of  receiving  pupils  from  other 
places,  for  whom  he  may  make  his  own  charge.  He  is 
elected  by  the  inhabitants,  and  may  be  dismissed  on 
receiving  two  mouths'  notice.  The  chapel  warden  for 
the  time  being  is  trustee. 

There  is  a  girl's  school  at  Higham  Lodge,  partly 
supported  by  the  Hoskins'  family. 

1*'  Before  the  aiigmentatiou  of  the  living,^'  says  Hutchinson,  "  the 
reader  of  Divine  Service  had  a  precarious  income;  but  an  actual 
custom  subsisted  for  several  years,  of  allowing  the  poor  minister  a 
ivhitlle  gate.  He  was  privileged  to  go  from  house  to  house  in  the 
chapelry,  and  stay  a  certain  number  of  days  at  Qtu-h  place,  where  he 
was  permitted  to  enter  his  whittle,  or  knife,  with  the  rest  of  the 
people  of  the  honsehold,  and  to  share  the  provisions  prepared  for  the 
use  of  tlie  family.  This  custom  has  been  aboUshed  in  such  modern 
times,  that  it  is  in  the  memoiy  of  many  now  [1794]  living." 

2  Thisschool  stock  arisesfrom  the  surplus  remaining  after  defraying 
the  cost  of  the  rebuilding  of  the  chapel,  which  the  subscribers  agreed 
to  invest  in  the  land  for  the  purpose  above  stated. 


COCKERMOUTH   PAEOCIIIAL  CHAPELRY. 


311 


^osliiits  of  ^igljam. 

This  familj  is  ilosccnded  from 

Alexander  Hoskins,  Esq.,  who  wns  liorn  tit  Moor  Park, 
HertforJsbire,  Aug.,  172i,'ilescen(leJ  from  tlie  family  of  Hoskins 
of  Burrow  Green,  Oxte-.l,  Surrey,  was  preat  f;ram'i3on  of  Sir 
William  Hoskins,  Knight-banneret  of  You^thal.  who  escaped 
from  the  Irish  massacra  in  1041.  Alexander  Hoskins,  Esq., 
sottleil  at  Great  Brougliton,  Cumberland,  in  1748,  and  was  for 
many  years  chainnan  of  the  Quarter  Sessions.  He  died  in  l&OO. 
His  youngest  son,  Geokck  Hoskins,  E.-^q.,  raanied  Marj- 
Alison,  of  Liverpool,  and  left  issue  the  present  Thomas  Ai.ison 
Hoskins,  Esq.,  of  Highnm  ;  George  Alexander,  of  Gloucester 
Square,  London,  who  married,  in  184-3,  Jlary  Thornton  ;  and 
r^Iary  Anne  Hoskins.     Sir.  Hoskins  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Thomas  Ai.ison  Hoskins,  Esq.,  of  Highara,  J.P.  and  D.L., 
liigh  sheriff  in  1k.")4,  born  29(11  March,  ISOO,  married  Kith  Oct., 
IH'27,  Sarah,  daughter  of  Thomas  Irwin,  Esq.,  of  Justicetown, 
and  sister  of  Thomas  Irwin,  Esq.,  of  Calder  Abbey,  and  has 
issue, 

I.  George  Eichaud,  bom  2Sth  Sept.,  1828. 

ir.  Thomas  .\lison,  born  lilth  Dec,  1829. 

III.  William  Senhotne,  born  l-Jth  Dec,  1833,  died  1850. 

IV.  Loui^  Irwin,  bora  Nov.,  ISS.'j. 
V.  Il.'ginald,  born  20di  Oct.,  1>S37. 

I.  Mary.  ii.  Ellon.  ni.  Sarah,  deceased. 

Arms. — Per  pale,  gu.  and  az.,  a  chev.,  engr.,  or.,  between  tliree 
lions  rampant,  iirg. 

CiTxt. — A  cock's  head,  erascil,  or.,  pellettce,  combed  and  wallled, 
gu.,  between  two  wings,  expanded,  of  the  lirst. 

.Ifiillo. — "VirUUe  iion  verbis." 

•Seat. — lligbum,  near  Cockermouth. 

BDTTERJIERE. 

This  township  is  situated  in  a  deep  valley  which  sur- 
rounds the  lake  of  that  name,  about  ten  miles  south- 
south-east  of  Cockermouth.  Its  area  is  4,398  acres, 
and  its  rateable  value  £7(J3  9s.  Gd.  Its  population  in 
1801  was  7-1;  in  1811,  109;  in  1821,  lllO  ;  in  1831, 
Sll;  in  1841,  81;  and  in  l«jl,  78.  Sheep  farm- 
ing is  the  chief  employment  of  tho  iuhabitauts,  but 
sliito  quarrying  is  also  carried  on  at  Houister  Crag, 
which  forms  the  south  bank  of  the  narrow  vale  of 
GatescarthJale.     Cockermouth  is  the  market  attended. 

This  township,  with  tiie  lake,  which  is  customary,  is 
held  of  General  Wyndhain,  as  parcel  of  his  manor  of 
ilraiihwaito  and  Coledale.  Tlie  principal  Lindowners 
are  W.  Marshall,  Es'].,  General  Wyndham,  and  llobert 
Jopson. 

Tho  village  of  Buttcrmere  stands  on  declining  ground 
near  tho  foot  of  the  lake,  eight  miles  south-west  of 
Keswick.  It  consists  of  a  few  scattered  farm-houses, 
and  two  good  inns,  which  aro  mncli  resorted  to  by 
visitors  during  tho  summer  montiis,  and  forms,  by 
reason  of  tho  surroiuiding  hills,  the  very  picture  of 
seclusion.  "Tho  margin  of  the  lake,"  says  Do  Quincey, 
"whiih  is  overhung  by  some  of  tho  loftiest  and  steepest 
ol  tho  Cumbrian  mountains,  exhibits  on  eitiier  side  few 
traces  of  human  neighbourhood  ;  the  level  area,  where 


the  hills  recede  enough  to  allow  of  any,  is  of  a  wild 
pastoral  character,  or  almost  savage.  The  waters  of 
the  lake  are  deep  and  sullen,  and  the  barrier  mountains, 
by  e.xcluding  the  sun  for  much  of  his  daily  course, 
strengthen  the  gloomy  impressions.  At  the  foot  of  this 
lake  lie  a  few  unornamented  fields,  through  which  rolls 
a  little  brook,  connecting  it  with  the  larger  lake  of 
Crummock,  and  at  the  edge  of  the  miniature  domain, 
upon  the  road  side,  stands  a  cluster  of  cottages,  so  small 
and  so  fcvv  that  in  the  riclicr  tracts  of  the  island  they 
would  scarcely  be  complimented  with  the  name  of 
hamlet." 


THE    CHAPEL. 


Here  is  a  chapel -of- ease  to  the  church  of  Brigham, 
erected  by  the  road  side,  at  the  expense  of  the  Rev. 
Vaughan  Thomas,  on  the  site  of  a  .smaller  one,  which 
was  perhaps  the  most  diminutive  of  all  in  England,  as 
it  would  only  hold  about  half  a  dozen  families.  The 
curacy  was  "certified  at  £1 ,  paid  by  contributions  of  the 
inhabitants;"  and  it  was  also  certified — "this  chapel 
and  Wythop  were  served  by  readers,  except  that  the 
curate  of  Lorton  olficiateJ  there  three  or  four  times  in 
tho  year."  The  living  is  now  worth  about  £oS  per 
annum,  and  is  in  the  patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale, 
and  incumbency  of  the  Rev.  J.  M.  Woodmason,  who  is 
also  incumbent  of  Wythop,  which  is  worth  about  i:50  a 
year.  The  tithes  of  Butterracre  have  been  commuted 
for  a  yearly  rent  charge  of  £30. 

Tho  story  of  Mary,  the  beauty  of  Buttermerc,  is  now, 
from  its  repeated  publication,  very  generally  known — 
briefly  stated  it  is  as  follows:  —  She  was  possessed  of 
eonsidenible  personal  charms,  and  being  the  daughter 
of  the  innkeeper,  her  usual  employment  was  to  wait 
upon  those  guests  who  at  that  time  made  their  way  so 
far  into  the  hearts  of  tlie  hills.  Her  beauty  in  this  way 
became  tho  theme  of  what  may  be  called  extensive 
praise.  A  man  who  designated  himself  the  Hon. 
Colonel  Hope,  brother  of  Lord  Hopetown,  but  whoso 
real  name  was  Hatfield,  fleeing  from  the  arm  of  tho  law 
to  those  sequestered  parts,  was  struck  with  Mary's 
attractions,  and  paid  his  addresses  to  hor.  Xo  gre.at 
length  (nfcimo  elapsed  after  the  marriage  before  he  was 
apprehended  on  a  charge  of  forgery.  He  w.is  tried  at 
Carlisle,  and,  being  found  guilty,  suffered  the  extreme 
penahy  of  the  law.  Mary  married  f.>r  her  second  hus- 
band a  respectable  farmer  of  Caldbcck,  nud  died  a  few 
years  ago. 

rMIlI.ETON. 

Embleton  towTiship  is  situated  in  a  fertile  vale,  about 
three  miles  eait-soutli-east  of  Cockermouth.  Its  area 
is  3,870  acres,  and  rattable  value  i'3,l(i7  l.Js.     The 


312 


DEUWENT  WaUD. 


population  in  mn  was  292;  in  1811,  ^38;  in  1821, 
391;  in  1831,  142;  in  1841,  408;  and  in  1851,  421. 
Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment.  There  is  n 
tile  works  in  the  township.  Cockermouth  markets  arc 
attended. 

The  manor  of  Embleton  w.is  given  by  Alice,  one  of 
the  co-heiresses  of  William  Fitz-Duncan,  and  her  hus- 
band, Ilobcrt  Courteney,  to  Orme  Ircby,  whose  family 
held  it  for  several  generations,  subsequently  coming  to 
the  Kirkbys,  one  of  whom,  Sir  John,  held  it  in  fee,  in 
the  39tli  Edward  III.  (1305).  In  22nd  Richard  II. 
(1398),  it  was  held  by  GeotTrey  Tilliol,  in  right  of  Alice, 
his  third  wife.  We  hear  no  more  of  Embleton  till  19th 
Henry  VI.  (144i)-l),  when  an  assize,  of  novel  disseizen, 
was  brought  by  Eleanor,  the  daughter  of  Robert  Ross, 
Kut.,  and  others,  against  James  Kellome,  and  Cathe- 
rine, his  wife,  for  Embleton.  And  in  1453-4  the  said 
James  Kellome,  and  Catherine  his  wife,  recovered  half 
the  lands  against  the  said  Eleanor  Ross.  In  1472 
John  Powlett  held  the  same  of  the  Earl  of  Northum- 
berland. It  came  afterwards  into  the  possession  of  the 
Braitliwaites.  from  whom  it  passed  by  purchase  to  Philip 
Lord  Wharton,  who,  according  to  Denton's  MSS.  pos- 
sessed it  in  168>!.  This  township,  which  is  now  deemed 
to  be  within  the  manor  of  DeriTeut  Fells,  belongs  to 
General  Wyndham.  The  landowners  are  Messrs.  Wm. 
Alexander,  Isaac  Tiiompson,  Thomas  Fearon,  Robert 
Benson,  Carter  and  ilartin,  William  Wilkinson,  Thomas 
—  Glassou,  E.  B.  Steele ;  the  trustees  of  the  late 
W'illiam  Dickson :  Rev.  JI.  P.  Knublcy,  Rev.  T.  Tom- 
linson :  Major  Andrew  Green  Thompson ;  Miss  Rooke, 
aud  several  yeomen.  The  enclosure  of  the  commons 
of  this  township,  amounting  to  2,000  acres,  took  place  in 
1891,  according  to  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  parliament 
passed  in  1813. 


THE   rnAPEL. 

The  chapel -of- ease  to  the  parish  church  is  a  plain, 
but  neat  and  substantial  edilice,  with  a  bell  turret  and 
two  bells,  erected  in  1813,  and  will  accommodate  about 
250  persons.  It  is  dedicated  to  St.  Cuthbert,  and 
stands  in  a  cemetery,  near  to  Bcckhouse  hamlet,  three 
miles  east-south-east  of  Cockemouth.  The  living  is  a 
perpetual  curacy,  in  the  patronage  of  tlie  Earl  of  Lons- 
dale. Hutchinson  says  it  is  "  endowed  with  lands  of 
the  yearly  value  of  i'2  4  s.,  a  stipend  of  .L'5  paid  by  the 
impropriator,  and  £1  Is.  yearly  produce  of  a  money 
stock."  It  was  certified  to  the  Ecclesiastical  Commis- 
sioners as  of  the  annual  value  of  £i)i.  The  tithes, 
which  belong  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  were  commuted 
in  1841  for  i'190. 

iKcuMiiESTS. — Thomas  Fislior,  first  cnrate,  1754;  —  Atty, 
year  not  Iniown  ;  Joseph  Lowthcr,  1823 ;  Henry  Kitchin,  181^  ; 
Andrew  B.  Claike,  1858. 

There  is  a  school  in  this  township  for  the  children  of 
Embleton  and  Wythop  chapelrics.  It  is  supported  by 
the  quarter-pence,  and  has  an  average  attendance  of  forty 
pupils.     A  Sunday-school  is  held  in  Embleton  chapel. 

This  township  pays  Cs.  8d.  per  annum  from  the  poor 
rates  to  the  grammar  school  at  Cockermouth,  in  con- 
sideration of  which  sum  any  person  belonging  to  Emble- 
ton may  send  their  child  to  that  school  to  learn  Latin. 

Beckhouse  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  three  miles 
east-south-east  of  Cockermouth  ;  High  Side  is  another 
hamlet,  consisting  of  a  few  farm-houses  and  cottages, 
three  and  a  half  miles  south-east  of  the  same  place : 
the  hamlet  of  Shatton  is  two  miles  south-south-east, 
and  Stanger  two  miles  south-by-east  of  the  same  town. 
.\t  the  latter  hamlet  is  a  strong  mineral  spring  called 
Stanger  Spa,  said  to  be  very  efllcacious  in  skin  diseases. 
Stanley  Hall  is  another  hamlet  about  three  miles  east 
of  Cockermouth. 


LORTON   PAROCHIAL   CHAPELRY. 

This  chapelry  is  bounded  on  the  north  by%ie  township  of  Embleton ;  on  the  west  by  the  river  Cocker,  which 
separates  it  from  the  townships  of  AVhinfeU  aud  Loweswater;  on  the  south  by  Buttermci'e ;  and  on  the  east  by 
Thornthwaite  and  Bassenthwaite.  It  comprises  the  townships  of  Lorton  and  Brackentljwaite,  aud  the  chapelry  of 
Wythop.     The  inhabitants  are  principally  engaged  in  agriculture,  aud  attend  the  markets  at  Cockermouth. 


LOETON. 

The  area  of  the  township  of  Lorton  is  5,204  acres, 
and  its  rateable  value  £2,045.  Its  population  in  1801 
was  298 ;  in  l>tll,  394 ;  in  1821,  353  ;  in  1831,  388  ; 
in  1841,  391:  and  in  1851,  449.  The  township  was 
enclosed  in  pursuance  of  an  act  passed  in  1820. 


The  manor  of  Lorton  was  early  broken  into  several- 
ties.      In   the  35th  Henry  VIII.  held  one 

third  part  of  the  vill  of  Lorton,  of  the  king  as  of  his 
honour  of  Cockermouth,  by  homage  and  fealty  3s.  4d., 
free  rent,  witnessman  in  Derwent  Fells,  and  suit  of 
court.     William  Sandes  held  another  third  part,  and 


LORTON  PAROCHIAL  CFIAPELRY. 


313 


William  IluJiUeston  the  remaining  third  part,  probaUy 
by  marriage  of,  or  descent  froK,  co- heiresses.  The 
survey  talien  in  1578  informs  us  that  "the  dean  and 
chapter  of  Carlisle  hold  certain  lands  and  tenements 
there  by  homage,  fealtio,  and  suit  of  court.  Robert 
Sandes,  gentleman,  holdeth  the  third  part  of  the  town 
of  Lorton,  by  like  service  and  witnessman,  rendering 
per  annum  3s.  'Id.  Johu  Winder,  gentleman,  liuldeth 
the  third  part  of  the  town  of  Nether  Lorton  by  like 
services,  rendering  per  annum  3s.  4d.  The  heirs  of 
Thomas  Hoaies  hold  certain  tenements  and  lands  there 
by  like  service,  rendering  Is.  8d.  Christopher  Hall 
holdeth  certain  lands  and  tenements  there,  late  William 
Huddlestone's,  by  like  service.  Alexander  Ilighraoor 
holdeth  certain  lands  and  tenements  there  called  High- 
side,  late  the  lands  of  Henry  Mitshal,  rendering  10s. 
Nicholas  Bell  holdeth  a  tenement,  with  the  appurte- 
nances, called  Cassplai:e-of-tlie-IIo\v,  by  like  sorvic3s. 
.lohn  Winder  holdeth  one  tenement  called  Gilbank,  by 
fealty  and  suit  of  court.  The  heirs  of  Richard  Barwis 
holdeth  one  messuage  and  twenty  acres  of  land  and 
meadow  by  like  service.  Relicta  —  de  Williamson  de 
Nether  Lorton  holdeth  certain  lands  and  tenements 
there  by  like  service.  Sum  total  of  tlio  free  rent  in 
Lorton  aforesaid,  ISs.  4d."  The  whole  of  Lorton  now 
belongs  to  the  honour  of  Cockerniouth,  as  parcel  of  the 
manor  of  Derwent  Fells,  except  a  small  customary 
manor  which  is  held  by  the  dean  and  chapter  of  Car- 
lisle, to  whose  court  here  their  tenants  in  this  neigh- 
bourhood are  amenable.  The  customary  tenants  of  the 
dean  and  chapter  pay  a  fourpenny  fine  upon  change  of 
tenant  by  death,  but  the  lord  never  dies,  and  the  tenants 
are  entitled  to  all  wood  upon  tiieir  respective  customary 
estates.  The  manor  of  Dirwenl  Fells  belongs  to  Gene- 
ral Wyndham  as  lord  paramount  of  the  honour  of  Cock- 
ermouth  ;  and  there  are  many  enfranchised  freehold 
and  customary  tenements  within  Lorton  held  of  him  as 
lord  of  the  manor  of  Derwent  Fells.  The  landowners 
ore  Mrs.  Bridge  ;  Richard  Hardliord,  Esq. ;  Messrs. 
John  Jennings,  J.  Wilson,  —  Knublcy,  John  Pearson, 
and  others. 

TUB  cnuncii. 
Till'  church,  or  parochial  chapel,  dedicated  to  St. 
Cnthb(  rt,  bishop  of  Lindisfarne,  i.s  situated  between 
High  and  Low  Lorton,  and  is  a  plain  substantial  build- 
ing with  a  small  square  tower  or  belfry.  It  includes 
within  its  jurisdiction  the  townships  of  Lorton,  Brack- 
cnthwaite,  and  Wythop,  the  inhabitants  of  which,  to- 
gether with  those  of  the  chapelry  of  Bnttcrmcre,  nnirry 
at  Lortou  chapel  and  also  bury  their  dead  there, 
and  consequently  contribute  towards  its  repairs,  under 
the  direction  of  four  chapel  wardens,  appointed  by  the 
3i 


different  quarters  of  this  parochial  chapelry.  The  living. 
a  perpetual  curacy,  ceitilied  to  the  Ecclesiastical  Com- 
missioners as  of  the  average  annual  value  of  i'84,  is  in 
the  patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  tithes  have 
been  commuted  for  the  yearly  rent-charge  of  £25.  The 
registers  of  the  chapelry  commence  in  1D38. 

Incumbents. — Thomas   TKlicr,   17tl;    John  Sihson,  1800; 
Fletcher  ileming,  1H-J3 ;  Williaui  jVrmitsteud,  IHtiG. 


There  is  in  this  township  an  ancient  school-stock  of 
£100,  the  origin  of  which  is  unknown,  but  it  is  secured 
on  the  tolls  of  the  Cumberland  roads.  Besides  this  sum, 
the  school  possesses  £100,  left  in  1844,  by  Arthur  Bowe, 
Esq.,  the  interest  of  which  is  paid  to  the  schoolmaster 
of  Lorton;  and  i'lOO,  left  in  1847,  by  the  late  G.  L. 
Bragg,  Esq.,  for  the  education  of  poor  children  of  the 
township  of  Lorton.  Both  these  sums  are  invested  in 
government  security,  and  yield  £3  per  cent ;  the  minis- 
ter, chapelwardens,  and  overseers  are  the  trustees.  The 
nomination  of  the  master  is  vested  in  five  feoffees. 

High  and  Low  Lorton  are  two  villages  in  this  town- 
ship, distant  about  half  a  mile  from  each  other,  and 
four  miles  south-by-east  of  Cockermouth.  At  High 
Lorton  is  a  flax-spinning  and  thread  manufactory,  be- 
longing to  Mr.  John  Jennings,  and  a  brewery  carried 
on  by  John  Jennings  and  Co.  The  Wesleyans  have  a 
small  chapel  here,  erected  in  1840. 

Lorton  Hall,  the  seat  and  property  of  Jlrs.  Bridge, 
occupies  a  fine  situation  on  the  banks  of  the  Cocker. 

The  sylvan  vale  of  Lorton  will  be  found  described  at 
page  48.  It  is  watered  by  the  river  Cocker,  which, 
issuing  from  Crummnck  Lake,  joins  the  Derwent  at 
Cockermouth.  The  famous  old  Lorton  Yew  is  best 
described  in  the  beautiful  lines  of  Wordsworth — 

"  There  is  a  yew-tree,  priile  of  I.rrlon  Vale, 
Which  to  tliis  (lay  staniU  single  in  tlic  miilst 
Of  its  own  diiikiiess,  as  it  stood  of  yore. 
Not  loth  to  furnish  weapons  for  the  handii 
Of  Unifraville  or  Percy,  ere  they  mareh'd 
To  Scotland's  heaths;  or  those  that  crossed  iho  sea, 
And  drew  their  sounding  bows  at  .\gincourt. 
Perhaps  nt  earlier  Cressy  or  Poicticrs. 
Of  vast  circumference  and  gloom  profound, 
This  solitary  tree!  —  a  living  thing 
Produced  loo  slowly  ever  to  decay  ; 
Of  form  and  aspect  too  maguiliocQt 
To  he  destroyed. " 

BRACKKNXnWAITE. 

This  township  comprises  an  area  of  2,478  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £737  Is.  lOd.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  in  1801  was  130;  in  1811,  141;  in  1821, 
IIU;  in  1-S3I,  130;  in  1811.  110:  and  in  1851,  140. 


31^ 


BKRWENT  WARD. 


The  population,  who  are  all  enjta^ed  in  nnricultural  pur- 
suits, are  vcrv  scattered,  there  being  no  village  or  hamlet 
in  the  township;  but  at  Scale  Hill,  seven  and  a  half 
miles  south-by-east  of  Cocksrmouth,  and  near  the  lakes 
of  Loweswatcr,  Crunimock,  and  Buttermere,  there  is  a 
commodious  and  delightfully-situated  hotel  and  posting- 
house,  where  boats  are  kept  for  the  convenience  of 
tourists  visiting  the  majestic  scenery  of  the  neighbour- 
hood. The  township  is  said  to  derive  its  name  of 
Brackcnthwaile  from  the  brackens  or  ferns  that  formerly 
abounded  here. 

The  manor  of  Brackenthwaite  was  held  in  ancient 
times  by  the  Moresby  family,  from  whom  it  was  pur- 
chased by  Thomas  JIulton,  who  assumed  the  name  of 
Lucy,  and  by  whose  descendants  it  cou'inued  to  be 
held  till  given  by  the  heiress  of  that  family  to  the 
Percys,  by  whom  it  was  given  to  Henry  VIII.     It  was 
subsequently  granted  by  the  crown  to  Lord  Grey,  of 
Wilton,  and  John  Bannister,  Esq.,  who,  by  license 
in  the  ."rd  Edward  VI.  alienated  to  Richard  Robin- 
son, clerk,    "all  the  several   possessions  late  in  the 
tenure  of  Peter  Mirehouse,  Thomas  Wilkinson,  Chris- 
topher Stanger,  John  Robinson,  John  Newton,   and 
John    Stubb,    and   all   those   lands    called   Dolehowes 
and  Thwaite,  in  Brackenthwaite,    late  parcel  of  the 
possessions  of  Henry,  late  earl  of  Northumberland  ; 
and  all  lands,  tenements,  rents,  reversions,  services, 
and  hereditaments  whatsover  in  Brackenthwaite  afore- 
said, and  in  the  ofQco  or  collection  of  the  steward  of 
Brackenthwaite  aforesaid."     There  is  a  similar  license 
in  the  4th  and  5th  of  Philip  and  !Mary  to  John  Robin- 
son, to  alienate  the  same  to  Thomas  Stanley,  Ksq.     In 
]578  Edward  Herbert,  Knt.,  held  "Brackenthwaite, 
parcel  of  the  possessions  of  the  honour  of  CockermouUi, 
purchased  of  the  said  late  King  Henry  VIII. ;  in  the 
same  time  when  the  said  honour  or  lordship  was  in  the 
said  kin"  his  hands,  being  then  of  the  yearly  value  of 
lOs.  'id.,   whereat   there   is   now   reserved    unto    the 
earl,   which   is  now   payable   per   annum,    16s.   8d." 
Subsequently  the  manor  passed  to  the  Fishers  and 
others,  coming  ultimately  to  General  Wyndham,  the 
present  proprietor.      It  is  now,  and  has  long   been, 
considered  to  form   part  of   the   manor  of   Perwent 
Fells,  within   and   parcel   of   the  honour  of  Cocker- 
mouth.        The    principal    landowners    are     General 
Wyndham :   William   ilarshall,    Esq. ;    John   Fisher, 
Esq. ;    Sliss  Jane  AVood ;    and   several  resident   yeo- 
men.     The   tenure  is  principally  enfranchised  free- 
hold. 

In  this  township  is  the  lofty  eminence  of  Grassmoor, 
rising  in  solemn  and  majestic  grandeur  2,706  feet  above 
the  sea  level. 


WYTHOP. 

In  1801  this  township  contained  a  population  of 
137;  in  1811,  130;  in  1821,  100;  in  18.31,  121;  in 
1811, 125  ;  and  in  1851, 110.  Its  area  is  3,013  acres, 
and  its  rateable  value  £070  lis.  Od.  Wythop  is  said 
to  derive  its  name  from  the  "  wyths  "  or  willows  formerly 
growing  here  in  great  abundance.  It  extends  from 
four  to  si.\  miles  south-east-by-east  of  Cockermouth. 

The  manor  of  Wythop  belonged  at  an  early  period 
to  the  Lucy  family,  one  of  whom,  Alice  Lucy,  second 
daughter  and  co-heir  of  Richard   Lucy,   and  wife  of 
Alan  Jlulton,  second  son  of  Thomas  Multon,  who  mar- 
ried the  widow  of  Richard  Lucy,  gave  AVythop  and 
Whiufoll,  near  Lorton,  the  eighth  part  of  Lorton,  and 
certain  corn  out  of  the  mill  at  Aspatria,  with  three 
messuages  and  thirty  acres  of  land  in  Caldbeck,  unto 
John  Lucy,  her  second  son,  whom  she  bore  to  the  said 
Alan  Multon,  upon  the  condition  of  his  disusing  the 
name  of  Multon  and  assuming  that  of  Lucy,  with  its 
armorial  bearings.     Her  reason  for  doing  this  is  said 
to   have    been    in    consequence   of   her   elder   sister, 
Amabil,  having  married  Lambert  Multon,  continued 
the  name  and  arms  of  Thomas  Multon,  their  father,  in 
the  family  of  Egremont.     AVhen   making  the  above 
grant  of  Wyihop,  she  reserved  to  herself  a  penny  rent 
service,  or  a  pair  of  gloves  ;  and  after  it  was  inhabited 
it  was  valued  at  £10  a  year,  and  the  residue,  about 
£8    lis.  2d.,  out  of  which  she  also  reserved  a  rent 
service  of  4d.  a  year.     This  John  Lucy  lived  in  the 
time  of  Henry  III.  and  Edward  I.,  and  died  in  the  8th 
Edward  II.  (1314-15),  or  some  time  before:  for  Hugh 
Lowther,  son  of  Hugh  Lowther,  after  the  demise  of 
the  said  John  Lucy,  enjoyed  Wythop,  and  in  the  year 
just  mentioned   was   impleaded    by   Christian,   John 
Lucy's  widow,  for  her  dower  there.     The  Lowthers 
continued   to   possess   this  manor  for  a  considerable 
period.     By  nn  inquisition  of  knights'  fees  taken  in  the 
35th  Henry  VIII.  (1543-4)  it  is  found  that  J.  Lowther, 
Knt.,  then  held  the  manor  of  Wythop  of  the  king  by 
the  third  part  of  a  knight's  fee,  as  of  the  honour  of 
Cockermouth,  by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of  court,  from 
three  weeks  to  three  weeks,  and  the  fjoe  rent  of  one 
penny  or  one  red  rose.     In  1000  Sir  Richard  Lowther 
sold  the  manor  to  Richard  Fletcher,  of  Cockermouth, 
-who,  as  is  described  at  page  302,  had  the  honour  of 
entertaining  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  during  her  residence 
in  that  town.      Mr.  Fletcher  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood  from  James  I.     Sir  Henry  Fletcher,  Bart., 
one  of  his  descendants,  became  a  convert  to  the  Catholic 
faith,  and  died  in  a  monastery  in  Flanders,  in  the  early 
part  of  the  last  century,  having  settled  the  estate  upon 
Thomas  Fletcher,  with  remainder  to  Henry  Vane,  son 


CAMERTON  PAHISH. 


315: 


to  Mr.  Vane,  of  L:ng  Newton,  Durliam,  so  Ibat  it  now 
belongs  to  Sir  H.  R.  Vane,  Bart. 

HIE    CIIAPEI,. 

Wythop  chapel  is  a  small  edifice  standing  near  the 
farm  called  Kelsick,  over  the  steep  woody  bank  that 
rises  from  the  west  side  of  Bassonthwaite  laUe.  The 
living,  a  curacy  in  the  patronage  of  the  inhabitants, 
was  certified  to  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  as  of 
the  average  annual  value  of  £ol.  The  Rev.  James  M. 
Woodraason  is  incumbent.  The  tithes  were  commuted 
in  IS  1 1  for  £18   9s.  .'5d. 

Old  Scales  and  Houghton  Beck  are  two  small  hamlets 
in  this  township,  four  and  a  half  miles  south-east-b\'- 
east  from  Cockermouth. 

MOSSEU. 

The  area  of  Mosser  township  is  1,018  acres,  its  rate- 
able value  £0:29.  Its  population  in  1801  was  101  ; 
in  1811,  111;  in  18-21,  lO'i  ;  in  1831,  91;  in  1811, 
107;  and  in  18.")  1,  70.  Agriculture  is  the  principal 
employment  of  the  inhabi'tants,  who  attend  the  Cocker- 
mouth  market. 

The  to.vuship  of  ^Mosser,  Mosergh,  or  Mosier,  be- 
longed to  the  S.ilkelds,  one  of  whom,  Thomas  Salkeld, 
of  Corby,  in  15  13,  held  it  of  the  king  as  of  his  castle 
of  Egremont,  by  homage  and  fealty,   suit   of  court, 


133.  4d.  cornage,  and  puture  of  the  sergeants.  It  was 
afterwards  enfranchised.  William  Fletcher,  Esq. ; 
John  Faweott,  Esq.:  John  Harris,  Esq.;  Mr.  Henry 
Dodgson,  Mr.  William  Peile;  Mrs.  M.  Whiteside,  and 
Ann  Blackburn  and  Co.,  are  the  principal  landowners. 
There  are  two  villages  in  this  township,  High  Mosser 
and  Low  Mosser,  the  former  about  four  and  the  latter 
about  three  and  a  half  miles  souih-by-west  of  Cocker- 
mouth. 

lUE  CUAPCL. 

The  chapel-of-ease  is  a  small  plain  edifice,  dedicated 
to  St.  Philip.  The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy  in  the 
patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  and  incumbency  of 
the  Rev  S.  Sherwen,  rector  of  Dean.  It  was  returned 
to  the  Parliamentary  Commissioners  as  of  the  average 
annual  value  of  £44.  The  tithes  were  commuted  iu  1 844, 
for  a  yearly  rent  charge  of  £10.  Previous  to  the  dis- 
solution of  the  monastic  institutions  of  England  iu  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  tliere  was  a  richly  endowed 
chantry  here,  the  possessions  of  which  were  granted  by 
Edward  VI.  to  Thomas  Brende,  scrivener,  of  London. 

Cn,VIUTY. 

Mrs.  Mary  Porter  left,  in  1792,  £100,  which  is 
invested  in  the  Three  per  Cent  Consols,  for  the  educa- 
tion of  the  poor  of  Mosser  chapelry,  legally  settled,  and 
not  receiving  parish  relief. 


CAMERTON    PARISH. 

TnK  parish  of  Camcrton,  which  is  about  three  and  a  half  miles  in  Kngth  by  two  in  breadth,  is  bounded  ou  the 
north  by  Flitnby,  on  the  west  by  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  soutli  by  the  river  Derwent,  and  on  the  east  by  the  township 
of  Great  Broughton.  It  comprises  the  townships  of  Camerton  and  Seaton.  The  population  of  the  parish  is 
principally  located  at  Camerton  and  High  and  Low  Seaton,  and  attend  the  markets  at  Workington.  The  soil  in 
the  nciglibourhood  of  llie  Derwent  is  loamy,  and  very  fertile,  yielding  excellent  crops  of  wheat,  oats,  and  grass  ;  near 
the  coast  it  is  light  and  sandy:  and  iu  other  parts  of  the  parish  a  deep  clayey  soil  prevails.  Agriculture  and  coal 
mining,  but  particularly  the  latter,  are  the  principal  employments  pursued  by  the  inhabitaTts,  who  are  described 
as  "a  hard  working  race  of  men,  but  very  illiterate,  and  prone  to  drink,  and  formerly  much  inclined  to  cockfighting 
and  smuggling."  The  Cockermoutli  railway  intersects  the  parish  all  the  way  from  Holden  Wood  Bock  to  Workington 
Harbour,  and  crosses  the  Derwent  live  times  in  about  three  miles;  and  the  Maryport  railway  runs  along  the  shore 
the  nholo  length  of  the  parish. 


CAMEr.TON. 

Camerton  township,  comprising  788  acres,  contained 
in  1801.  7  1  inhabitants,  in  1811,  85:  in  1821,  80; 
in  1831,  101  ;  in  1811,  154;  and  in  1>S">1,  191.  The 
rateable  value  is  £1,.')17;  total  rent  charge  for  tithe, 
£3U  Is.  'I'liis  township  abounds  with  coal.  Camerton 
Pit,  the  properly  of  lUl|)h  Cooke,  Esq.,  is  worked  by 
Mr.  William  Cooke,  and  consists  of  one  shaft,  the  per- 
pendicular depth  of  which  is  forty-two  fathoms,  with 


about  fifty  acres  of  workings.  The  seams  of  coal  con- 
nected with  the  shaft  are  the  "Ten  Quarters  Seam," 
live  feet  thick ;  tlie  "  Wliiio  Metal  Seam,"  three  feet 
six  inches  thick,  and  a  small  scam  two  feet  eight  inches 
thick.  The  "Main  Seam,"  nine  feet  thick,  has  been 
wrouglit  to  the  we>t  of  the  existing  shaft.  There  are 
about  K<0  persons  employed,  aud  the  annual  produce 
is  about  :J0,0;'0  tons. 
The  manor  of  Camerton,  with  tlut  of  Seaton,  was 


yiG 


DERWENT  WARD. 


given  by  Waltheof,  first  lord  of  Allerdale,  to  Orrae, 
son  of  Ketel,  in  marriage  with  his  sister  Guuhilda, 
"  \v!io,"  according  to  Nicliolson  and  Burn,  "  dwelt 
at  Seaton,  and  made  it  a  manor,  to  which  Camerton  is 
appendant."  The  posterit}'  of  Orme  assumed  the  name 
of  Camerton,  and  afterwards  that  of  Culwrn  or  Curwen,' 
from  whom  the  Curwen  family,  of  Workington  Hall, 
derive  their  descent.  In  ]  .578  Anthony  Curwen,  Esq., 
held  Camerton  "  by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of  court, 
and  paid  yearly  for  cornage,  4s.  Cd.;  for  seawake,  8d.; 
in  toto,  per  annum,  5s.  2d."  The  manor  of  Camerton, 
■with  the  exception  of  a  small  portion  claimed  by  the 
dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle,  is  now  the  property  of 
Ralph  Cooke,  Esq.,  of  Camerton  Hall.  The  township 
was  enclosed  in  1830,  in  pursuance  of  the  provisions 
of  an  act  of  parliament  passed  in  1824. 

The  village  of  Camerton  is  seated  on  the  Derwent, 
three  mUes  east-by-north  of  Workington. 

THE   CHUncH. 

The  church,  which  is  beautifully  situated  on  the 
banks  of  the  Derwent,  was  first  erected  in  the  year 
1000.  It  was  rebuilt  in  1604,  and  in  1796.  In  1835 
a  tower  and  spire  was  erected  by  voluntary  subscription, 
at  a  cost  of  £117;  a  new  bell  was  also  added  at  an 
additional  cost  of  £'Q.3.  Towards  these  expenses  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale  subscribed  £20  ;  Ralph  Cooke,  Esq., 
£■20 ;  Thomas  Jackson,  Esq.,  £33  ;  C.  and  M.  Holli- 
day,  £27  ;  the  dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle,  .£5  ;  Mrs. 
Lowdys,  Green  Gill,  £1 ;  Mr.  James  Ramsey,  Camer- 
ton, £5  ;  Mrs.  Dodgsons,  Ribton  Hall,  £1 ;  Mrs.  Cape, 
St.  Helens,  10s.;  Rev.  Daniel  Wilson,  £3  12s.  7d., 
interest  of  money  while  in  bank,  lis.  4d.;  total, 
£110  3s.  lid.  The  church  is  si.\ty-six  feet  in  length 
by  thirty  in  breadth,  and  will  accommodate  about  300 
persons.  In  the  chancel  window  is  some  fine  painted 
glass,  representing  our  Redeemer  carrying  the  cross  to 
Mount  Calvary.  It  was  presented  to  the  church  by 
Miss  Holliday,  of  Seaton.  There  is  a  marble  monu- 
ment to  the  memory  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Pearson,  for 
forty-four  years  incumbent  of  this  parisli ;  and  an  ancient 
effigy,  in  armour,  of  a  renowned  warrior,  called  "  Black 
Tom,"  who  is  said  to  have  resided  at  Seaton  Castle, 
and  to  have  been  buried  at  Shap,  in  Westmoreland. 
Gospatric,  son  of  Orme,  gave  the  church  of  Camerton 
to  the  priory  of  Carlisle.  The  prior  and  convent  took 
the  tithes  and  employed  a  curate.  The  living  is  now  a 
perpetual  curacy,  in  the  patronage  of  the  dean  and 

1  From  the  nccoutfl  given  of  the  place  by  Nicolson  and  Bum 
we  learn  that  these  mnnors  were  sometime  held  separately  by  (he 
posterity  of  two  brothers,  one  of  whom  took  the  name  of  Cftiuerton, 
or  de  Camerton,  the  other  that  of  Culwen ;  they  were  afterwards 
united. 


chapter  of  Carlisle.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  impro- 
priator, and  rents  the  whole  of  the  tithes,  amounting  to 
£327  Is.  Od.,  from  the  dean  and  chapter.  The  tithes 
were  commuted  in  1841.  The  curacy,  certified  to  the 
governors  of  Queen  Ann's  Bounty  at  £15  10s.,  and  to 
the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  at  £95,  is  now  worth 
about  £94  14s.,  arising  from  motiey  in  the  funds,  and 
twenty-four  acres  of  land  at  Little  Chfton.  The  parish 
registers  extend  through  a  period  of  200  years. 

Incumbents. Barnes, ;  Joseph  Pearson,  179C;  — 

Topping,  1811;  Robert  L.  Joyce,  1«4U  ;  Daniel  Wilson,  1852. 

The  parsonage,  erected  by  subscription  in  1850,  is  a 
neat  modern  Gothic  structure. 

The  parish  school,  situated  at  Seaton,  and  attended 
by  about  forty  children,  was  licensed  by  the  late 
Bishop  Percy,  of  Carlisle,  and  a  full  service  is  per- 
formed there  every  Sunday  evening.  The  present 
incumbent  has  obtained  £5  per  annum  for  the  school 
from  Betton's  Charity,  in  London.  Tbe  Earl  of  Lons- 
dale gives  £2  a  year  to  the  Sunday-school.  There  are 
also  two  dame  schools  in  the  parish,  in  which  about 
fifty  children  are  taught. 

Camerton  Hall,  the  seat  of  Ralph  Cooke,  Esq.,  is  a 
substantial  stone  structure,  rebuilt  in  1833. 

SEATON. 

The  township  of  Seaton  comprises  an  area  of  2,939 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  £4,028  ;  total  rent 
charge  for  tithe,  £295  Os.  6d.  Its  population  in  1601 
was  562;  in  1811,  726;  in  1821,  020;  in  1831,  745; 
in  1841,  787;  and  in  1851,  835.  A  Roman  road 
formerly  passed  through  this  township  on  the  high 
grounds  along  the  shore.  About  four  years  ago  some 
remains  of  antiquity  were  brought  to  light  at  or  near 
Barrow  Walls,  the  ancient  manorial  seat  of  the  Curwen 
family.  Patrick  de  Culwen  is  said  to  have  pulled  down 
the  mansion  at  Seaton,  and  to  have  removed  to  Work- 
ington about  the  latter  end  of  the  twelfth  century.  It 
is  certain,  nevertheless,  that  Thomas  de  Culwen,  in 
1279,  procured  a  charter  for  a  market  at  Seaton  on 
Thursday,  and  a  fair  for  three  days  at  the  festival  of  St. 
Peter  ad  Vincula  (August  lst.1.'  There  are  still  traces 
of  the  old  man.sion.  In  1578,  Henr^'  Curwen,  Knt., 
held  the  manor  of  Seaton  "  by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit 
of  court,  with  other  services,  and  paid  yearly  for  cornage, 
10s.;  for  seawake,  Is.  3d.;  and  for  sergeants'  food, 
turn-silver,  and  free  rent,  3s.  lOd.;  in  toto,  15s.  Id." 
The  manor  passed  by  bequest  from  the  Curwens  to 
Charles  Pelliam,  Esq.,  from  whom  it  was  purchased  by 
the  late  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  whose  son  and  successor  is 
the  present  owner  of  the  manorial  rights  and  privileges. 

1  Cart.  Rot.  Stb  Edward  I.,  41. 


cnOSS  CANONDY  PARISH. 


317 


Nearly  the  wliole  of  the  lands  are  held  under  the  lord 
by  customary  tenure,  and  courts  are  held  at  Seaton 
annually.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  the  largest  land- 
owner. The  commons  were  enclosed  in  l^'SO,  and 
allotted  to  the  respective  proprietors. 

Within  a  mile  north-east  of  Workington,  in  this 
township,  are  the  works  of  the  Dcrwcnt  Iron  Tin-plate 
Company,  which  afford  employment  to  about  ~0()  per- 
sons, and  are  in  connection  with  tlio  Cjuay  Iron  Works, 
at  Workinqton,  whero  the  iron  is  prepared  for  the 
manufacture  of  the  tiu-plate.      There  are  e.\tensive 


brick  and  tile  works  at  Jfurray  Guards,  on  Seaton 
Moor.  There  is  also  a  corn-mill  (Seaton  Mill;  on  the 
Derwent. 

Salmon  Hall,  in  this  township,  the  property  of  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale,  was  erected  about  a  century  ago.  It 
derives  its  name  from  the  occupier  or  owner  holding 
the  fisheries. 

Between  Seaton  and  the  sea  is  a  place  called  St. 
Helen's,  formerly  fortiGed ;  it  is  traditionally  said  to 
be  the  site  of  a  chapel. 


CROSS    CANONBY    PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Cross  Canonliy  is  hounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  the  sea,  on  the  south  by  the  river  Ellen,  and  on 
the  east  by  Aspatria  parish.  It  possesses  in  general  a  light  loamy  or  gravelly  soil,  whicli  produces  early  and  excellent 
crops  of  wheat,  barley,  oats,  &c.  Coal  and  limestone  are  the  principal  minerals,  large  quantities  of  the  former  being 
shipped  at  Maryport,  from  the  mines  in  the  neighbourhood.  Tlie  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Cross  Canonby, 
Crosby,  Birkby,  aud  the  chapelry  of  Maryport.     The  inhabitants  attend  the  Maryport  markets. 

In  the  20th  Elizabeth  (1577-8)  Anthony  Ilighmore 


CAKOXBY. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1,00.T  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £742  83.  5d.  The  population  in  1801 
was  127;  in  18)1,  138;  in  1821,  CO;  in  1831,  .'iO;  in 
1841,  59;  and  in  18.51,  70,  who  are  chiefly  resident 
in  the  small  village  of  Canonby.  Agriculture  is  the 
principal  employment.  The  Maryport  and  Carlisle 
railway  runs  tln'ough  the  township. 

The  manor  of  Crosby,  or  Cross  Canonby,  was  demesne 
of  Alierdale,  and  continued  to  bo  held  by  the  lords  of 
AUerdalo  till  Henry,  the  sixth  Earl  of  Northumberland, 
gave  it  to  Henry  VIII.,  who,  on  February  4th,  1546, 
granted  to  "  llicliard  ISridgcs,  Esq.,  and  John  Knight, 
gentleman,  inter  alia,  the  manor  of  Crosbie,  with  the 
appurtenances,  late  parcel  of  the  possessions  of  Henry, 
late  Earl  of  Northumberland,  and  all  messuages, 
granges,  mills,  profits,  emoluments,  and  hereditaments 
whatsoever  in  Cross  Canonby,  which  late  belonged  to 
the  said  Earl  of  Northumberland,  of  the  yearly  value  of 
£1  Os.  lOJd.  And,  on  the  -JOth  of  January  in  the 
same  year,  there  is  a  license  to  them  for  the  fine  of  28s. 
paid  into  the  Exchequer  to  alienate  the  manor  of 
Crosby,  in  the  parish  of  Cross  Canonby,  and  ten 
messuages,  four  cottages,  two  acres  of  arable  land,  sixty 
acres  of  meadow,  lOH  acres  of  pasture,  110  acres  of 
moor,  and  1 2d.  rent,  with  the  appurtenances  in  Crosbie, 
alias  Cross  Canonby.  lato  parcel  of  the  possessions  of 
Henry,  lato  Earl  of  Northumberland,  to  Gabriel  High- 
more,  gentleman  ;  and,  in  tho  lltb  Elizabeth  (15{58-9) 
Gabriel  lligbraoro  conveyed  it  to  Anthony  Ilighmore." 


held  certain  lands  in  Crosby  "  by  homage,  fealty,  and 
suit  of  court,  and  paid  yearly  for  cornage,  Os.  8d. ; 
seawake.  Is.  2d. ;  turnsilver,  3s.  lOd. ;  Serjeant's  food, 
and  free  farm,  and  rendered  in  toto,  lis.  Od."  Soon 
after  this  Crosby  was  purchased  by  the  Porters  of 
Weary  Hall,  in  which  family  it  continued  for  some 
generations,  until  one  of  them  enfranchised  the  manor 
and  sold  it  to  the  tenants,  who  are  now  all  freeholders. 
The  principal  landowners  are  Joseph  Hall,  Esq. ;  Mrs. 
M.  B.  Dykes ;  Messrs.  John  Currey,  John  llicbmond, 
and  John  Norman. 

Tho  village  of  Canonby  is  situated  three  miles  north- 
east of  Maryport. 

THE   CIIURCn. 

Cross  Canonby  church  is  an  ancient  structure,  dedi- 
cated to  St.  John.  It  consists  of  nave,  chancel,  and  a  bell 
turret  with  one  bell :  and  possesses  a  sculptured  font  of 
great  antii]uity.  Tho  church,  with  a  carucate  of  land, 
was  given  by  Alan,  second  lord  of  .Mlcrdalc,  to  the  priory 
of  Carlisle,  which  grant  was  confirmed  by  tho  kings 
Henry  IE  and  Edward  III.  The  benefice  is  now  a 
perpetual  curacy,  in  the  patronage  of  tho  dean  and 
chapter  of  Carlisle,  and  worth  about  £150  per  annum. 
T'lie  tithes  were  commuted  in  1814,  for  £308  Is.  Od. : 
vi/.. :  — Cmonby,  i'70  lis.  9d.;  Birkby.  £83  12s.: 
Crosby,  £103  18s.  They  belonged  to  tho  dean  and 
clinptcr  of  Carlisle,  but  are  now  held  by  tho  Ecclesias- 
tical Commissioners.      The   church   contains   several 


318 


DKRWENT  WAUD. 


monuments  to  the  memory  of  different  members  of  the 
Senhouso  family. 

Incumbents. — NVilllam  Lnncnster,  died  17CC  ;  Mr.  Tajlor; 
John  Donald ;  Richard  Dugdalc,  18&3. 

DinUBY. 

Tile  area  of  tbe  townsliip  of  Birkby  is  871  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  .£l,()5-3  17s.  Od.  The  population  was 
returned  with  th;it  of  Canonby  township  in  ItSOl  and 
1811;  in  18-21  it  was  90;  inl83I,  IJO;  in  1841,89; 
and  in  l^^ul,  117.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  located 
in  the  village  of  Birkby,  and  in  a  few  good  farms  scat- 
tered over  the  township.  Agriculture  is  the  chief  em- 
ployment. At  Ellengrove  are  a  small  manufactory  for 
pencils  and  a  tannery.  The  Maryport  and  Carlisle 
railway  is  ou  the  south  of  the  township. 

Birkby  manor  is  parcel  of  the  barony  of  Allcrdale,  be- 
longing to  General  Wyndham.  In  the  20th  Elizabeth 
(1577-8),  we  find  it  recorded  that  "Philip  Lord  Wharton 
holdeth  Birkby  of  the  ancient  possessions  of  the  earls 
of  Northumberland,  of  the  yearly  value  of  Cs.,  granted, 
amongst  other  things,  by  Henry,  late  Earl  of  Northum- 
berland, grandfather  to  the  earl  that  now  is,  to  one 
Thomas  Wharton,  then  controlcr  of  his  household,  to 
bimand  his  heirs  males,  and  rendering  6s."  The  dean 
and  chapter  of  Carlisle  have  a  manor  here,  given  to  the 
priory  with  the  church,  by  Alan,  second  lord  of  Allcr- 
dale ;  this  is  annexed  to,  or  is  now  deemed  part  of,  their 
manor  of  Lorton.  William  Ostle,  Esq. ;  Capt.  .Joseph 
Cuthbertson ;  Messrs.  Isaac  Sibson,  Thomas  Bceby, 
and  John  Richmond,  are  the  piiucipal  landowners. 

The  commons,  containing  upwards  of  si.xty-four  acres, 
wore  enclosed  in  1853.  This  township  was  formerly 
subject  to  a  tithe  rent  charge  of  CS3  12s.,  the  greater 
portion  of  which  was  enfranchised,  in  185 U,  by  the 
present  owners  of  the  soil. 

The  village  of  Birkby  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
Aspatria  turnpike  road,  two  miles  east  bj'  north  of 
Maryport,  and  contains  some  good  houses. 

Ellen  Bank,  the  property  and  seat  of  Robert  Ritson, 
Esq.,  is  a  fine  structure,  in  the  Elizabethan  style, 
erected  in  1850.  It  is  very  pleasantly  situated,  about 
a  mile  cast  by  north  of  Maryport. 

Birkby  Lodge  is  another  good  residence  in  this  town- 
ship, two  and  a  half  miles  east  by  north  of  the  same 
place. 

CBOSBY. 

This  township  comprises  1,041  statute  acres;  its  rate- 
able value  is  £2,108  7s.  CH.  In  1801  the  number  of 
iuhabitmts  was  103;  in  1811,  207;  in  1821,  200;  in 
1S31,  197  ;  in  1841,  272  ;  and  in  1851,  973,  who  arc 
ehiefly  collected  in   the  village  of  Crosby,  tho  only 


village  or  hamlet  in  the  township.     Agriculture  and 
coal  mining  is  the  occupation  of  the   inhabitants,  a 
colliery  having  been  opened  here  in  1856,  by  Messrs. 
Cooke,  Nicholson,  and  Co.     The  minn  has  one  shaft 
seventy  fathoms  in  perpendicular  depth.      The  seam 
working  at  present  is  the  "  Ten  Quarters  Seam,"  which 
is  seven  and  a  half  foot  thick:  tho  number  of  hands 
employed  is  upwards  of  100.     The  Maryport  and  Car- 
lisle railway  runs  through  the  south  of  tho  township, 
within  half  a  mile  of  the  villnge.     Cockermouth  and 
ilaryport  are  the  markets  attended.     In  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  the  manorial  rights  belonged  to  the  earls 
of  Northumberland,  and  afterwards  were  in  the  bands 
of  the  Porters  of 'Weary  Hall,  by  whom  they  were  sold 
to  the  different  owners  of  tho  land,  amongst  whom  were 
the  family  of  Osraothcrley.     William  Osmothcrley  was 
twice  high  sheriff,  and  also  M.P.  for  the  county,  in  the 
reign  of  the  unforlunate  Richard  11.     This  old  family 
has  long  since  been  extinct.     One  of  the  daughters 
married  into  tlie  family  of  the  Jacksons,  of  Crosby, 
which  also  ended  in  daughters,  the  last  having  married 
into  the  Reay  family,  of  the  Gill,  the  present  John 
Reay,  Esq.,   being  now  owner  of  the  estate.      This 
family  also  intermarried  with  the  Laws,  the  ancestors 
of  the  earls  of  Elleuborough,  the  first  of  whom  took  his 
title   from    Ellcnborough,   which   adjoins    the    parish. 
A  survey,  taken  in   1578,  informs  us  that  "Thomas 
Porter  holds  in  the  town  of  Alta  Crosby  two  messuages 
and  four  oxgangs  of  land,  late  Thomas  Lowther's,  by 
homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of  court ;  and  jiaicth  yearly 
for   cornage,  Od. ;   for  seawake,   l^d.;    with  Serjeant's 
food,  &c. ;   in  toto,  per  annum,  lOid.     John  Jackson 
holdeth  in  the  same  town  of  Alta  Crosby  one  mes- 
suage with  the  appurtenances,  late   William  Dikes', 
by  like  service,  and  paietii  yearly  for  free  rent  Id." 
The  landowners  are  Henry  Richmond,   Esq. ;    John 
Ileay,  Esq.;  John  Richmond,  Esq.;  Edward  B.  Steel, 
Esq.;  and  William  Swinburn,  Esq.     Each  proprietor 
claims  the  manorial  rights  of  his  own  land  ;   the  tenure 
here  is  freehold.     The  enclosure  of  the  commons  took 
place  in  1853,  when  there  were  two  acres,  which  are 
subject  to  a  rent  charge  of  20s.,  allotted  to  the  guardians 
of  the  poor  of  the  township.     The  tithes  fur  Crosby 
township  amount  to  £153  18s. 

The  village  of  Crosby  occupies  a  pleasant  situation 
thiee  miles  wcstnorih-wost  of  Maryport.  Here  is  a 
small  parochial  school,  capable  of  accommodating  about 
sixty  children. 

rnAr.iTY. 
The  late  Mr.  J.  Nicholson,  in  1818,  left  X" -115  13s.  9d. 
Three  per  Cent.  Consols,  the  interest  of  which,  amount- 
ing to  £12  Os.  4d.  per  annum,  is  divided  in  the  following 


CROSS  CAXONBY  PAEISH. 


319 


manner,  viz.: — Two-thirds   to  the   schoolmaster  of 
Crosby  (if  approved  of  by  the  trustees)  for  the  ediica-      1 
tion  of  twenty  children  of  tlie  townships  of  Crosl)y.      I 
Canonby,  and    Liriiliy ;    and  the  remaining  one-thinl 
to  the  poor  widows  of  Maryport.     The   trustees  are      , 
J.  P.  Senhoase,  Esq.;  Rev.  Mr.  Bewsher,  and  the  Ilev. 
Richard  Dugdale.  | 

t 
Solway  Villa,  the  scat  of  John  Curry,  Esq.,  situated 

close  to  the  village,  is  a  neat  modern  building,  erected 

in  18.53. 

Crosby  corn  mill  is  on  the  river  Ellen,  which  runs 

through  this  township,  and  divides  Cross  Cauonby  and 

Dearham  parishes  at  this  point. 

THE    TOWN    OF    MARYPORT. 

This  seaport  and  market  town  is  situated  on  the  sea-  | 
coast  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Ellen,  in  51'  i;/  north 
latitude,  and  ^^  iO'  west  longitude.  It  is  distant  2'J 
miles  south-west  from  Carlisle,  311  north-west  from  1 
London  by  road,  and  328  via  Carlisle.  The  population 
of  the  town  of  Maryport  in  1851  was  5,00^^,  of  whom 
9,066  were  males,  and  3,033  females,  inhabiting  1,243 
houses  ;  .55  houses  being  uninhabited,  and  13  iu  course 
of  erection. 

The  history  of  ilaryport  belongs  entirely  to  modern 
times.  The  town  is,  as  it  were,  a  creation  of  yesterday, 
and  cannot  full  back  upon  its  old  traditions  or  historical 
reminiscences  like  some  of  the  other  towns  of  the 
county;  yet  its  youth  shadows  foith  great  things,  and 
the  time  will  surely  come  when  it  will  take  its  place  in 
the  annals  of  industry  and  peaceful  commerce — annals 
more  great  and  glorious  than  those  of  war  and  rapine, 
speaking  as  tliey  do  of  science,  and  skill,  and  fortitude, 
and  daring,  and  the  triumph  of  mind  over  matter  in  a 
thousand  dilTerent  ways,  each  of  which  has  been  for  the 
benclit  and  welfare  of  the  whole  human  race.  Maryport  is 
the  growth  of  a  single  century.  Like  many  modern  towns 
in  the  north  of  lingland,  it  has  been  called  into  e.\istunce 
by  tlie  universal  demand  for  coal,  a  demand  that  it  has 
fortunately  been  able,  in  some  measure,  to  supply. 
Little  moro  than  a  hundred  years  ago,  in  1718,  on  the 
present  site  of  -Maryport,  there  stood  but  one  house, 
which  is  described  in  the  act,  27ih  (ieorge  II.,  c.  6.. 
"  as  only  one  farm  house,  with  the  outhouses  and 
offices  thereto  belonging,  standing,  and  built  near  the 
harbour  of  Ellenfoot."  Tbis  farmstead  is  now  the 
*'  Golden  Lion."  Two  years  afterwards,  the  second 
house  was  built,  and  in  1756  iho  town  received  its 
present  name  by  act  of  parliament;  and  it  seems  verv 
probable  that  Pennant  is  correct  in  staling  that  Hum- 
phrey Senhouse,  Esq.,  the  lord  of  the  manor,  suggested 


the  norae,  though  some  of  the  inhabitants  will  have 
it  that  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  gave  it  its  appellation  as 
she  passed  through  it  on  her  vi>it  to  England.  In 
1771  the  town  had  increased  to  lOO  houses  and  1,300 
inhabitants.  This  was  owing  to  the  opening  up  and 
extension  of  the  coal  trade.  Shipping  had  also  com- 
menced in  the  harbour,  and  a  series  of  wooden  pens 
had  been  erected  on  either  side  of  the  river,  for  the 
convenience  of  loading  the  vessels,  about  seventy  of 
which  belonged  to  the  port.  There  was  also  a  consider- 
able trade  and  commerce  in  iron,  potters*  ware,  glass, 
cordage,  and  fish,  and  other  wares  and  merchandise. 
Hutchinson,  in  his  History  of  Cumberland,  published 
in  1791,  observes,  "  The  lacd  at  ilaryport  has  become- 
of  such  value  that  in  a  building  lease,  it  lets  from  Od. 
to  2s.  6d.  a  yard  in  front  and  forty  backwards.  There 
are  about  ninety  vessels  belonging  t)  the  port,  some  of 
them  are  230  tons  burden,  and  upon  an  average  120 
tons  each,  and  seven  men  and  a  boy  to  each  vessel. 
Their  chief  trade  is  the  export  of  coals  to  Ireland  ;  but 
they  al*o  ship  iron  and  gla-s  to  distant  parts.  Before 
the  unhappy  divisions  between  the  mother  country  and 
the  colonies,  they  sent  out  several  ships  to  America. 
They  import  timber,  flax,  and  iron  from  the  Baltic. 
The  place  is  happily  situated  for  sea-bathing,  and  is 
greatly  resorted  to  in  the  proper  season."  Maryport 
has  not,  perhaps,  justified  the  concluding  eulogiura  of 
Hutchinson,  by  becoming  a  fashionable  watering  place, 
but  the  incipient  energy  of  its  traders,  who  had  sent 
their  little  vessels  to  Boston,  before  the  tea  riots  there 
had  estiblished  the  great  modern  republic,  and  who  had 
brought  timber  and  flax  from  the  Baltic,  has  manifested 
itself  in  the  constant  progress  of  the  port  to  our  own 
times.  As  it  is  to  the  coal  trade  that  Maryport  is 
indebted  for  its  present  position,  we  will  first  cast  a 
glance  at  that  branch  of  industry.  There  are  in  the 
vicinity,  and  properly  speaking  belonging  to  JIaryport, 
some  nine  or  ten  pits,  many  of  which  have  only  recently 
been  opened,  though  others  have  been  worked  for  a 
great  number  of  years,  and  with  the  many  improve- 
ments that  have  been  etTectcd  iu  the  winning  of  coal 
the  produce  of  these  pits  has  been  greatly  increased. 
so  much  so,  that  the  quantity  of  coal  exported  has  been 
about  trebled  within  the  last  twenty  years.  In  1630, 
there  were  shipped  Irom  Maryport  of  coal  alone,  about 
110,000  tons.  In  1841,  it  had  increased  to  150,000 
tons,  or  about  3,000  tons  per  week.  In  the  following 
year,  however,  in  consequence  of  the  ruinous  rate  at 
which  coal  was  selling  in  Ireland,  whither,  we  ought 
to  have  observed,  almost  all  the  coal  is  shipped, 
the  trade  considerably  decreased,  and  the  exportation 
sank  much  lower.    By  diut  of  cuergy  and  perseverance 


320 


DERWENT  WARD. 


a  rally  was  raade,  and  in  the  last  five  years  the  returns 
of  this  the  staple  trade  of  Maryport,  stand  thus  : — 


Year. 

No.  of 

Coals. 

Culm. 

Coke. 

Vessels. 

tons. 

tons. 

tons. 

1854 

U,800 

300,504 

1,108 

2,404 

]805 

■■i,r<  U 

•J8l,'.?!)i 

180 

2,121) 

1850 

a.Hio 

201,0(18 

1.521 

2,M77 

1867 

a.ora 

3:l.i,877 

1,102 

2,350 

1858 

2,S10 

3-,>8,03i 

1,425 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  this  trade  is  rapidly  on  the 
road  to  very  great  and  important  results,  and  now,  with 
the  fiicilities  for  loiiding  in  tho  New  Dock,  it  will 
receive  au  additional  impetus. 

Having  thus  glanced  at  the  staple  trade  of  the  town, 
we  -will  proceed  with  the  ne.\t  in  importance — ship- 
building, for  the  operations  connected  with  which  there 
are  three  establishments,  or  yards.  Two  of  those  belong 
to  the  largest  firm,  Messrs.  R.  riitson  &  Co.,  while 
the  other  is  the  property  of  Jlessrs.  J.  Wood  and  Co. 
The  former  company  employ  nearly  2(10  hands  in  the 
various  departments  of  their  business,  and  have  built 
since  their  commencement  in  1S30,  about  fiftj'  vessels 
of  various  sizes  and  burdens.  The  establishment  of 
Messrs.  Wood  and  Co.  is  also  well  and  favourably 
known.  A  large  number  of  workmen  are  employed, 
and  several  fine  ships  have  been  from  time  to  time 
erected  here.  There  formerly  existed  another  yard, 
but  it  has  now  for  some  time  been  unoccupied.  In 
concluding  this  account  of  Maryport  shipbuilding  we 
may  state  that  most  of  the  vessels  constructed  here 
are  engaged  in  the  India  and  China  trades. 

The  rest  of  the  Maryport  trade  is  unimportant,  if  it 
can  be  said  to  have  any  other,  excepting  the  ordinary 
occupations  of  a  rising  seaport  town.  During  the  lish- 
ing  season  employment  is  given  to  a  number  of  hands, 
in  the  herring  and  cod  fisheries,  the  produce  of  which 
afterwards  find  their  way  to  Carlisle,  and  the  other 
towns  in  the  county.  Until  lately  rope  and  cordage 
were  manufactured  in  large  quantities,  hut  this  branch 
of  industry  has  been  discontinued.  Sailcloth  and  sails 
are  made  here,  but  chiefly  for  local  use. 

The  imports  are  not  of  sutBcient  importance  to  form 
a  special  subject  of  interest  in  connection  with  the 
town.  Timber,  a  small  quantity  of  which  arrives  from 
America  every  year,  and  from  the  shores  of  the  Baltic 
at  different  times,  is  the  only  import  worthy  of  the 
name  ;  that  from  America  is  principally  forwarded  by 
the  r.iilways  to  the  various  parts  of  this  and  the  adjoin- 
ing county.  It  is  very  probale  that  as  the  exports  of 
the   town   increase,  so   also  will   its  imports   rise   iu 


importance  and  value,  and   such  a  consummation   is 
much  to  be  desi;-cd. 

Tlie  shipping  and  shipping  stock  of  the  port  during 
this  progress  in  its  trade  and  manufactures  must  of 
course  have  proportionately  increased.  As  stated  above, 
in  1750  there  were  about  seventy  vessels  iu  connection 
with  the  port,  and  from  the  registers  we  learn  that  this 
number  had  increased  in  1810  to  101  vessels,  with  a 
burden  of  13,580  tons.  The  following  table,  made  up 
from  the  Custom-house  returns  since  1830,  exhibits 
the  annual  number  of  vessels,  foreign  and  coastwise, 
which  have  cleared  from  Maryport,  the  number  and 
registered  t  )iinage  of  vessels  belonging  to  the  port,  and 
the  iiniount  of  customs'  duties  received,  thus  giving  a 
resume  of  the  trade  uf  Maryport: — 


CAnaoES  (ODTW'D.) 

VESSELS  BEOISTEBED. 

Ve„. 

Foreign 

Coasting. 

No. 

Tons. 

DutiosRec'd 

1830 

013 

ls.)7 

21 

1,181 

i778 

),s:i.S 

44 

1,188 

13 

1,010 

083 

ls:ll) 

43 

1,184 

28 

3,301 

1.304 

1S4I) 

24 

l,44fi 

48 

0,220 

1,301 

1841 

43 

1,530 

00 

7,0.34 

1,S!I0 

1842 

84 

1,028 

80 

10,108 

1,208 

1.S43 

50 

1,011 

8D 

10,338 

3,2fi(i 

].S44 

37 

2,2.t0 

i)4 

11,108 

4.404 

1K4.5 

1 

2,3Hl 

07 

11,713 

5,S17 

ISK! 

•  ) 

2,.")(;m 

108 

13,007 

7,0<)8 

1M17 

fi 

2, .-111!) 

123 

1.^1.431 

7,021 

1S4K 

i; 

2,:i00 

123 

10,431 

7,!)2l 

ls4n 

0 

2  242 

134 

18,405 

7,0J0 

1S5I) 

II 

2.:ISH 

133 

18,512 

0,(i71 

1851 

7 

2.238 

131 

18,471 

0,717 

1852 

13 

2,212 

124 

ls,3fi4 

(i,H03 

IS  53 

24 

2,300 

117 

17,490 

(;,:i03 

IS  54 

15 

2,N(l(i 

100 

lo.iml 

7,203 

1805 

10 

2,045 

107 

10,427 

7,0(iO 

1>^5U 

15 

2,8]U 

110 

10,230 

7,201 

1857 

15 

3,054 

108 

lli,074 

C,033 

1858 

14 

2,840 

117 

17,858 

0,474 

Up  to  1838  no  ships  were  registered  at  Maryport,  and 
it  was  not  till  1842  that  the  port,  for  Custom-house 
purposes,  was  entirely  separated  from  Whitehaven,  so 
that  in  this  table,  previous  to  that  time,  the  number  of 
vessels  belonging  to  the  port  is  incorrectly  given.  The 
great  decrease  in  the  number  of  "foreign"  vessels 
noticeable  in  1845,  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  Isle  of 
Man  having  in  that  year  being  placed  under  coasting 
regulations.  The  above  table  shows  the  gradual  in- 
crease of  shipping  stock  and  burden  belonging  to  the 
harbour,  which  will,  of  course,  increase  more  rapidly 
as  facilities  for  accommodation  open  up.  Tugs  are 
now  employed  for  facilitating  harbour  and  coast  move- 
ments among  the  vessels.  All  steamers  for  passengers 
were  discontinued  last  year  (1858). 

The  town  and  population  also  have  kept  pace  with 


CROSS  CANONBY  PAEISH. 


321 


the  increase  of  trade  and  shipping.  la  1841  tho 
population  numbered  about  5,300  p^ons,  while  ia 
1851,  as  before-mentioned,  there  were  only  5,000,  so 
that  it  has  increased  its  number  by  almost  one  half 
since  that  period,  being  now  about  8,000.  In  183-t  a 
company  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  lighting  the 
town  with  gis,  and  works  were  erected  at  a  cost  of 
nearly  £4,000.  The  whole  town  is  now  lighted  inside 
and  out,  iiurbour  and  quay,  and  the  general  arrange- 
ments give  great  satisfaction,  as  well  as  reflect  credit 
upon  all  parties  concerned. 

In  addition  to  the  trades  mentioned  above,  there  are 
two  well-known  foundries  for  iron  and  brass  founding, 
the  Valentia  and  the  Solway,  both  of  which  employ  a 
large  number  of  hands,  and  have  existed  for  some  time 
as  sources  of  profitable  labour  in  the  town.  The  chief 
nature  of  the  work  is  of  course  of  a  naval  character, 
consisting  of  the  requisites  in  tho  respective  materials 
of  vessels  being  built  in  the  yards.  There  is  also  a 
steam  flour-mill,  built  originally  for  a  cotton  manufac- 
tory, on  the  shore,  a  little  way  out  of  the  town  ;  and  a 
pencil  mill,  which,  since  1811,  has  sent  out  some  ten 
millions  of  pencils.  The  markets  are  held  on  Friday, 
in  Fleming  S(iuare,  which  possesses  a  covered  building 
for  the  ■'  butler  women  "  in  the  centre.  It  is  well  sup- 
plied with  fruit,  vegetables,  fish,  potatoes,  &c.  The 
corn  market  was  commenced  in  1832-3,  and  is  now  of 
.some  importance.  Petty  sessions  arc  held  in  a  room 
of  tho  Qourthouse  in  the  square  every  Friday. 

In  174'J  trustees  were  appointed  by  act  of  parliament 
to  levy  dues  and  other  moneys  for  tho  maintenance  and 
extension  of  the  harbour.  Until  1833  these  trustees 
continued  to  be  nominated  by  the  lord  of  the  manor, 
but  by  a  new  act  passed  in  that  year,  the  lord  of  the 
manor  was  declared  a  trustee  in  perpetuity,  with  power 
to  place  four  others  on  the  board,  while  eight  addi- 
tional members  were  to  be  elected  by  the  townspeople. 
The  duties  of  the  new  body  include  the  management 
of  tho  town  as  well  as  the  harbour,  and  they  are 
authorised  to  levy  rates  upon  the  town  and  also  upon 
the  harbour,  under  certain  restrictions,  for  the  proper 
development  of  their  resources.  Tho  trustees  are 
elected  every  five  years.  The  qualification  of  a 
trustee  must  be  personal  property  worth  £1,000  — 
freehold,  customary,  or  copyhold  property,  worth  £50 
a  year,  either  by  himself  or  his  \\i(e — the  occupation  of 
a  house  of  tho  clear  annual  value  of  Sl'iO — or  ownership 
of  a  certain  number  of  shares  in  shipping  belonging  to 
the  port.  Tho  qualification  to  vote  for  trustees  is  the 
payment  of  annual  rates  of  not  less  than  £0,  or  a  certain 
value  of  shares  in  ships.  The  constituency  decide  the 
method  of  election,  which,  hitherto,  has  been  by  ballot. 

30 


The  township  and  harbour  are  both  under  the  same 
government,  although  their  accounts  are  kept  separate  ; 
and  from  these  we  extract  the  revenues  for  each  year 
(the  accounts  are  made  up  at  the  beginning  of  October) 
for  the  eight  years  ending  with  1857.  There  are  two 
years  in  which  we  have  not  obtained  the  revenue  of  the 
township : — 


Year. 

Harbour. 

Township. 

£         8.     d. 

£       8.    d. 

1850 

.'},H'^5     9     8 

602     0     0 

1H51 

3,8JH     8     5 

055     2     C 

1852 

i,mi     5  10 

549  16     3 

1«3 

&,'j:i7  17    a 

.. 

1854 

c,--is8  11    a 

1855 

CfiM  12  11 

875     7     0 

185(i 

5,7(iO     7     0 

e94  12  10 

1857 

6,03fi     8     4 

809     8     9 

At  the  8th  October,  1837,  the  liabilities  of  the  harbour 
amounted  to  £03,895,  on  mortgage,  and  £8,437  14s.  Id. 
due  to  the  treasurer,  having  been  increased  by  £17,750 
borrowed  in  1855,  and  by  £2,400  borrowed  in  1853. 
In  1857  the  interest  on  mortgages  amounted  to  £2,729, 
but  even  with  this  heavy  charge,  there  was,  on  the 
ordinary  receipts  and  expenditure,  a  surplus  revenue 
of  £1,5'.I5  ICs.  7d.,  which  was  of  course  swallowed  up,, 
along  with  some  £10,000  more,  by  the  expenditure 
upon  the  New  Dock,  the  total  cost  of  which  will  amount 
to  upwards  of  £40,000.  The  debt  of  the  township 
amounted  last  year  to  £1,350 ;  but  there  was  a  balance 
of  £535   9s.  7d.  in  the  hands  of  the  treasurer. 

Let  us  now  take  a  glance  at  the  harbour  of  JIaryport. 
with  its  progress  and  improvements.  One  hundred 
years  ago,  around  the  mouth  of  the  Ellen,  a  few  wooden 
posts  supported  a  platform  which  constituted  the  pier 
and  quay.  However,  as  trade  increased,  and  capital  accu- 
mulated by  the  levying  of  dues  and  other  charges,  and 
the  investment  of  money  by  the  lord  of  the  manor,  the 
harbour  works  were  reconstructed,  and  something  more 
suitable  and  substantial  erected.  On  reference  to  tlic 
harbour  accounts  for  years  gone  by,  there  wiU  frequently 
bo  found  large  sums  of  money  spent  on  improvements 
in  the  harbour  and  its  approaches.  In  1840  the  pre- 
sent cast-iron  lighthouse  was  erected  at  a  considerable 
expense.  Bridges  have  also  been  buUt,  embankments 
made,  tramways  laid  down,  piers  constructed,  and  all 
the  re(iuisite  harbour  littings  collected  as  moans  per- 
mitted. A  great  flood  and  storm  in  1853  w^ashcd  away 
the  timbers  of  the  pier,  which  resulted  in  an  erection 
of  an  increased  size  and  strength.  The  harbour 
revenues  increased  us  trade  and  commerce  opened  up 
and  the  harbour  extended.  In  lbi51,  in  consequence 
of  the  large  increase  in  the  trade  since  the  port  was 


323 


DERWENT  WARD. 


made  independent  in  1842,  the  harbour  was  declared  of 
the  sixth  class,  and  soon  rose  considerably  in  impor- 
tance. At  length,  in  1853-4,  an  agitation  comnienced 
for  a  flotiting  dock,  a  want  which  hiid  long  been  felt. 
The  harbour,  though  easy  of  access,  was  inadequate  to 
the  increasing  necessities  of  the  times.  Contracts  were 
accordingly  entered  into,  and  a  floating  dock  com- 
menced to  be  built,  fair  acres  in  extent,  and  capable 
of  accommodating  some  150  vessels.  At  the  same 
time  the  deepening  of  the  harbour  and  channel  was 
vigorously  carried  out.  In  little  more  than  three  years 
the  dock  was  completed,  and  a  truly  noble  piece  of 
work  it  is — with  its  solid  masses  of  stone,  its  heavy 
gates,  its  broad  clear  platforms,  and  its  wharfs  and 
sheds.  The  dock  is  situated  at  the  west  end  of  the 
old  harbour.  Its  length  is  600  feet,  and  width  240 
feet ;  consequently  it  covers  an  area  of  a  little  over 
three  acres.  The  entrance  is  fifty  feet  in  width,  and 
the  depth  of  water  over  the  sill  is  twenty-one  feet  at 
spring  tides,  and  about  ten  feet  at  neaps.  The  stone 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  walls  and  entrance  of 
the  dock  is  red  sandstone  —  chielly  obtained  from  quar- 
ries in  the  neighbourhood  ;  the  sill  is  formed  of  Lazonby 
stone,  and  the  hollow  quoins  of  granite  from  the  Xith. 
.Great  care  has  been  taken  and  no  expense  spared  in 
the  construction  of  the  gates.  The  harbour  is  provided 
with  seven  coal  drops,  and  a  timber  slip  has  been  formed 
at  the  south  end.  With  these  improvements,  the  har- 
bour is  one  of  the  most  complete  on  the  coast.  As  an 
additional  improvement  to  the  port,  and  indeed  an  im- 
provement to  the  Solway,  the  trustees  have  placed  at  the 
end  of  the  stone  pier  a  catadroptric  soa  light,  similar 
to  those  in  use  at  Sunderland,  Hartlepool,  and  other 
ports  on  the  east  coast,  and  much  approved  of  in  these 
places.  This  light  will  take  the  place  of  the  present 
inner  light.  It  will  have  a  range  of  twelve  miles  in 
average  weather,  and  will  be  the  next  light  in  impor- 
tance to  that  at  St.  Bees  Head.  The  outer  light  wiU 
also  be  altered  to  a  red  light,  and  placed  so  as  to  give 
vessels  the  lead  into  the  harbour.  The  lineal  quayage 
at  the  dock  is  1,0-30  feet,  and  the  additional  quay  space 
is  lij,000  superficial  yards, — of  which  upwards  of  2,000 
yards  are  available  for  the  landage  and  storeage  of 
timber.  Nor  were  the  railway  company  backward  in 
performing  their  part  in  this  great  undertaking.  They 
evinced  a  most  commendable  spirit,  and  went  to  great 
expense  in  remodelling  and  increasing  the  facilities  for 
shipping.  The  whole  of  their  system  of  lines  in  con- 
nection with  the  dock  were  re-aiTanged  ;  two  new 
bridges  were  erected,  by  which  a  considerable  saving 
of  distance  was  efiected ;  and  a  number  of  minor  im- 
provements were  made,  including  the  erection  of  the 


Hurries.  A  new  station  is  projected  at  a  point  nearer 
the  town,  and  i^  anticipation  of  this  great  improvement 
a  new  street  has  been  laid  out  by  the  trustees,  which 
runs  ilirectly  through  the  town  to  the  site  of  the  pro- 
posed new  station.  The  plans  for  the  dock  were  fur- 
nished by  Mr.  Dees,  and  they  were  carried  out  under 
the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Stanley.  Mr.  Nelson,  of 
Carlisle,  was  the  contractor,  under  whom  the  whole  of 
the  dock  works  were  carried  out.  The  cost  of  the  works 
e.xceeded  £'40,000. 

The  formation  atid  rapid  success  of  the  Maryport  and 
Carlisle  railway  is  intimately  connected  with  the  pro- 
gress of  Maryport  and  its  harbour.  The  year  1845 
saw  the  opening  of  tlio  raihvay,  and  the  through  traffic 
of  the  line  then  commenced.  From  the  subjoined 
statistics  the  reader  will  see  how  much  and  how  fast 
the  traffic  has  increased  : — 

STATEMENT    OP    KEVENCE    BECEITTS. 

Half  year  ending  a  I  St  Dec,      ISifi..  ..       X15,151     9  10 

Half  veur  ending  30th  June, 

1847  i;ifi,0H3    11       !l  YEABLY. 

Do.  01st  Dec,  1847..      1C,77U     4     1 

i32,fcl42  IS  10 

Do.         3nili  June,  1848..  X13,ii41     4     0 
3  montlis,  3Utli  Sept.,  1848  .        8,17;J  11     7 


Line  from  30th  Sept.,  1848,  to  1st  January, 
1H5U,  under  Mr.  Hudson. 

Half  vear  ending  30th  June, 

1850  X14,(U3     2  10 

Do.  31sl  Dec,  1850..      17,UU0     1     1 


21,813  10     1 


32,003     3  11 


Do.        30th  June,  1851..      15,082     111 
Do.  yist  Dec,  1801..      18,417  17  10 

34,309  19     9 

Do.         30th  June,  1852..      10,205  U     5 
Do.  31st  Dec,  1802..      ]8,C)U(i  17  11 


Do.         30th  June,  1853..      17,205     2     5 
Do.  31st  Dec,  1853..      21,052     0     1 


Do.         30th  June,  1854..      22,280     0     3 
Do.  31st  Dec,  1804..      24,!J95  10     4 


Do.         30th  June,  1855..      22,851   15     3 
Do.  31st  Dec,  la.iS..      20,05110     0 


Do.  30th  June,  1850..      23,027     9     2 

Do.  31st  Dec,  1800..      27,5r,0  15     8 


Do.         30th  June,  1S57..      20,049  10     4 
Do.  31st  Dec,  1857..      27,937  10     2 


Do.  30lh  June,  1858..      23,708     5  11 

Do.  31st  Dec,  1858..      27,270     2     0 


34,902     0     4 


38,857     8     0 


47,282     2     7 


40,503  11     3 


51,428     4  10 


03,987    0     0 


.51,038     7  U 


CHURCHES   AKD    CHAPELS. 

Maryport  chapel,  a  chapel -of- ease,  under  Cross 
Canonby,  and  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  is  a  handsome 
edifice  in  the  Early  English  style.  It  was  erected  in 
1760,  and  consecrated  on  4th  of  August,  1763.  The 
cost  of  erection  amounted  to  j£265,  Mr.  Senhouse  giving 
stones  to  the  amount  of  £100.     It  was  considerably 


CROSS   CANONBY  PARISU. 


323 


enlarged  in  1837  by  the  erection  of  a  chancel  and 
transepts,  and  in  1817  a  tower  was  added,  so  that  the 
structure  at  present  consists  of  uave,  chancel,  transepts, 
and  tower.  The  church  contains  a  mural  monument 
to  the  memory  of  Humphrey  Senhouse,  Esq.,  the 
founder  of  Maryport,  and  a  tJiblet  to  the  memory  of 
Mary,  wife  of  Kelsick  Wood,  of  Workington,  and 
daughter  of  Philip  Nelson,  of  Birkby.  A  tablet,  bear- 
ing the  following  inscription,  is  inserted  in  the  north 
wall  of  the  north  transept : — "  This  chapel  was  enlarged 
in  the  year  1837  by  voluntary  subscription,  raised 
amongst  the  inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Maryport,  aided 
by  donations  from  other  places,  and  particularly  by 
means  of  a  munificent  donation  of  four  hundred  and 
fifty  pounds  from  the  personal  representatives  of  the 
late  William  Jenkins,  Esq.,  of  Shepton  Mallet,  a  pious 
and  liberal  Presbyterian,  who,  whilst  he  differed  from 
the  form,  preserved  the  doctrine  and  spirit  of  the 
Established  Church,  and  earnestly  desired  its  welfare." 
The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the  patronage  of 
Mrs.  Pocklington  Senhouse,  whose  family  have  pre- 
sented since  the  chapel  was  erected.  Mr.  Senhouse, 
the  great-grandfather  of  Mrs.  Senhouse,  by  vihom  the 
chapel  was  built,  gave  j£2ilO  to  obtain  Quci^n  Anne's 
Bounty.  The  rights  of  baptism  and  marriage  are  per- 
formed in  the  chapel.  The  living  is  worth  between 
.£150  and  £1(50  per  annum,  and  is  derived  from  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty,  land,  pews,  and  surplice  fees.  The 
registers  of  the  chapelry  extend  from  1 7R1  to  the  present 
time.  At  the  top  of  the  first  page  occurs  the  following 
memorandum  : — "  That  Maryport  chapel  was  built  by 
Ilumphery  Senhouse,  Esq.,  a.  dom.  1700,  and  paid  for 
by  about  70  principal  inhabitants,  who  purchased  pews 
after  it  was  built,  .loscph  Gilbanks,  clerk,  nominated 
mini.sf  U>  the  said  chapel  by  the  s<i.  Humphrey  Sen- 
house,  March  •iiilh,  1701.  Galleries  erected  in  the 
said  chapel  1 70'2.  And  the  said  chapel  consecrated  by 
Charles  Littleton,  lord  bishop  of  Carlisle,  August  4th, 
1763." 

Ikcumdents. — Joseph  Gilbanks  1701 ;  .\nthony  Dixon,  1794; 
Robert  Nicholson  FenlhurstoD,  1H45;   William  Uewsher,  ISOO. 

There  is  a  parsonage  house,  purchased  and  appro- 
priated to  the  living  twelve  or  thirteen  years  ago.  It 
in  an  ordinary  dwelling,  of  moilcrii  erection,  in  no  par- 
ticular style,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  elevated  ground 
overlooking  the  harbour. 

The  Catholic  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Patrick,  is 
situated  in  Crosby-street.  It  is  jwirlly  in  the  Early 
Knglish  style  of  architecture,  and  was  erected  in  18U-5, 
at  a  cost  of  about  1 1,500,  inclusive  of  the  purcha.se  of 
the  site,  and  of  the  organ.  The  altar  is  constructed  on 
tho  meditcval  model,  and  the  chancel  and  aisle  arc 


paved  with  ornamental  tiles.  The  window  over  the 
altar  is  filled  with  richly-stained  glass,  bearing  a  figure 
of  our  Saviour,and  emblematical  representions  of  the  four 
Evangelists.  The  west  window  contains  a  small  figure 
of  the  patron  saint  of  the  church.  For  several  years 
previous  to  the  erection  of  this  church,  the  Catholics  of 
Maryport  assembled  for  worship  in  an  old  house  on  the 
quay,  and  were  dependent  upon  the  ministr  itions  of  the 
priest  at  Carlisle,  who  visited  them  and  administered 
the  sacraineiits  at  stated  periods.  The  Kev.  Francis 
Bernard  Williams,  O.S.B.,  the  first  resident  priest  in 
Maryport,  was  succeeded  by  tho  Rev.  James  Poole,  in 
ISoO.  There  is  a  presbytery,  or  dwelling-house  for  the 
priest,  attached  to  the  church. 

The  Baptist  Chapel,  High-street,  was  erected  in 
183 1,  at  a  cost  of  about  £800.  It  is  a  good  plain  stone 
building,  capable  of  accommodating  500  persons,  and 
contains  an  organ,  which  was  placed  in  tho  chapel  in 
185-1,  at  a  cost  of  about  £30.  The  Baptist  congre- 
gation of  Maryport  was  formed  in  1809,  when  they 
met  for  religious  worship  in  a  sail -loft  in  Senhouse- 
street,  the  services  being  conducted  by  the  Rev.  Charles 
Kitchin  until  the  opening  of  the  chapel  in  1831,  at 
which  date  the  Rev.  Hugh  Anderson  was  appointed 
minister.  This  gentleman  continued  to  officiate  till 
1849,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Daniel  Kirk- 
bride,  the  present  minister. 

The  Friends  Meeting  House  is  a  plain  neat  building, 
situated  at  the  east  end  of  King-street.  It  was  con- 
siderably enlarged  and  improved  about  si.xty  years  ago, 
and  is  capable  of  seatiiig  about  300  people.  There  is  a 
graveyai'd  attached,  but  it  was  closed  to  interments  in 
1855. 

The  Presbyterian  (English)  Chapel,  situated  in  John- 
street,  and  enlarged  in  1811,  will  accommodate  about 
500  persons.  The  congregation  was  formed  in  1770, 
and  was  soon  afterwards  placed  under  the  care  of  tho 
Rev.  Mr.  Dunn,  who  was  succeeded  by  tho  liev.  Mr. 
Wallace,  and  he,  in  his  turn,  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Court. 
The  ne.xt  minister  was  the  Rev.  Mr.  Blackwood  :  after 
whom  comes  the  Rev.  Moses  Harvey,  in  1811,  who 
was  succeeded  in  185'3  by  his  brother,  the  Rev.  William 
Harvey,  the  present  incumbent. 

The  Presbyterian  (United)  Chapel,  in  Crosby-street, 
was  erected  in  1831,  ut  a  cost  of  £1.000,  and  will  seat 
000  persons.  There  are  about  fifty  frt>e  sittings.  The 
Rev.  Wdliam  Brookless  appears  to  have  been  the  first 
minister  of  this  chapel.  Ho  was  appointed  in  1831, 
and,  after  being  pastor  for  twenty  ye:irs.  was  succeeded 
in  1851  by  the  present  minister,  the  Rev.  John  Scott 
Craig.  Previous  to  the  erection  of  this  place  of  worship 
the  cougregalion  assembled  in  a  factory  in  the  town. 


324 


DERWENT  WARD. 


Besides  these  chapels  there  are  a  Primitive  Methodist 
chapel  iu  EaglesQeld-street,  erected  in  1830;  and  a 
Wesleyan  Methodist  chapel  in  Well  Laue,  built  in  1 800. 

SCHOOLS,   ETC. 

The  British   School,  situated   in   High-street,  was 

erected  in  18-15,  and  was  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  a 
class-room  in  1852,  at  a  total  cost  of  £150,  which  was 
raised  by  subscription,  and  a  grant  from  the  Committee 
of  Privy  Council  on  Education.  It  will  accommodate 
180  pupils,  and  has  an  average  attendance  of  165.  It 
is  a  mi-xed  school,  conducted  by  a  master  and  three 
pupil  teachers,  and  is  under  government  inspection. 

The  National  School  is  an  excellent  stone  building, 
in  Eaglesfield-street,  erected  in  1847.  It  compnses 
schools  for  boys  and  girls,  and  will  accommodate  300 
children,  the  average  number  in  attendance  being, 
boys,  seventy ;  girls,  sixty.  It  is  under  government 
inspection,  and  is  conducted  by  a  master  and  one  pupil 
teacher.  There  are  also  several  private  schools  in  the 
town. 

The  Mechanics'  Institution,  held  in  the  Atbcn;cum, 
was  established  in  1844.  It  consists  of  a  reading  and 
newsroom  well  supplied  with  newspapers  and  periodicals; 
a  library  containing  850  volumes,  principally  of  new  and 
popular  works ;  and  a  class-room,  in  which  classes  for 
general  instruction  are  held.  Lectures  are  occasionally 
delivered,  to  which  members  are  admitted  at  a  nominal 
charge.  The  institution  is  supported  entirely  by  the 
contributions  of  its  members,  numbering  about  160, 
who  pay  an  annual  subscription  of  6s.  The  exertions 
of  the  committee  in  holding  annual  pic-nics,  soirees,  &c., 
have  also  been  a  source  of  profit  to  the  institution. 
Polytechnic  exhibitions  upon  an  extensive  scale  were 
held  in  1840  and  1840,  and  attracted  great  numbers  of 
the  public,  but  proving  unremunerative,  they  have  not 
since  been  attempted.  A  general  half-yearly  meeting 
is  held  in  April  and  October,  when  the  members  elect 
by  ballot  the  officers,  to  whom  the  government  of  the 
institution  is  confided. 

The  Maryport  Athenajum,  erected  in  1856,  at  a  cost 
of  £'2,300,  is  the  property  of  a  body  of  shareholders 
designated  in  the  deed  of  settlement  as  the  Maryport 
Public  Building  Company.  It  is  held  in  shares  of  £i 
each,  vested  in  trustees,  and  is  managed  by  a  board  of 
directors  who  are  annually  appointed  by  the  share- 
holders. It  is  one  of  the  largest  halls  in  the  county, 
is  no  less  handsome  than  commodious,  and  will  contain 
on  the  floor,  and  in  the  galleries,  nearly  1,000  persons. 
It  is  decDrated  with  much  good  taste,  and  lighted  like 
the  House  of  Commons,  from  the  glass  covered  roof,  an 
aiTangcment  alike  useful  and  pleasant. 


While  speaking  of  the  schools,  mechanics'  institu- 
tion, Ac,  of  Maryport,  we  may  as  well  say  a  few  words 
respecting  the  local  press.  Four  monthlies  have  been 
commenced  in  the  town  at  different  periods,  by  some 
one  or  other  of  the  printers.  Of  these  periodicals  three 
are  now  extinct,  viz.,  the  Eoyal  Sailor,  the  Locomotive, 
and  the  Gazette;  the  existing  one,  the  Advertiser,  was 
commcno'd  in  1853.  Besides  these,  several  publica- 
tions have  been  issued  here,  chiefly  volumes  of  poems, 
by  residents  and  others. 

IT.OVIDENT   INSTITUTIONS. 

Among  the  provident  institutions  of  the  town  there 
is  one,  the  success  of  which  deserves  special  notice — 
the  Savings  Bank,  established  in  November,  1842,  and 
which  carries  on  its  operations  in  Senhouse- street. 
It  has  been  cordially  cherished  by  the  inhabitants  as  a 
safe  and  not  unprofitable  investment  for  their  small 
yet  regular  savings,  as  the  following  figures  will  clearly 
show: — In  November,  1840,  four  years  after  its  com- 
mencement, the  deposits  amounted  to  £6,509  4s., belong- 
ing to  351  depositors,  of  which  number  fourteen  were 
charitable  and  friendly  societies.  In  the  same  month, 
1858,  there  were  080  depositors,  with  a  tot;il  deposit  of 
£15,370  8s.  Id.  Most  of  the  leading  inhabitants  are 
managers  of  the  bank,  to  which,  no  doubt,  is  owing 
the  confidence  of  so  many  of  their  fellow-townsmen  in 
its  results.  The  respective  orders  of  Free  Masons, 
Oddfellows,  and.  Foresters  have  lodges  in  the  town,  and 
have  proved  of  the  greatest  assistance  to  the  great  bulk 
of  the  population  by  the  timely  relief  alTorded  to  their 
sick  and  distressed  members.  k 

CEMETEUY. 

Maryport  Cemetery  is  situated  a  little  way  oift  of 
the  town,  upon  a  gentle  ridge  rising  from  the  shore.  It 
was  opened  in  1850,  at  a  cost  of  about  .'J3,000.  It  is 
a  pleasant  little  spot,  already  sacred  as  the  last  resting 
place  of  many  who  a  short  time  ago  took  their  part  in 
the  toil  and  bustle  of  the  town,  "  but  whose  place 
is  now  known  no  more,"  a)id  with  the  little  chapels 
that  stand  within  its  enclosure,  forms  an  interesting 
object  from  the  view  of  EUcnborough  Fort. 

The  Roman  station  at  Ellenborough  is  situated  on  a 
hill  above  Maryport,  on  the  north  side  of  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Ellen.  Its  position  gives  it  a  commanding 
view  of  the  Solway  Frith  and  Irish  Channel.  Tho 
camp  is  a  very  large  one,  and  the  lines  of  its  ramparts 
are  very  boldly  developed.  The  eastern  side,  which  is 
the  only  one  that  is  not  defended  by  a  natural  defile, 
or  valley,  was  protected  by  a  double  ditch.  There  are 
some  traces  of  masonry  also  near  the  gateway  on  this 


CROSS  CANONBY  PARISH. 


325 


side,  which  render  it  probable  that  this  entrance  was 
guarded  by  additional  outworks.  Some  portions  of  this 
gateway  remain  ;  the  sill  of  it  strongly  marked  with 
chariot  wheels.  The  ruts  are  about  five  inches  deep, 
and  five  feet  ten  inches  apart.  Within  the  station  is  a 
well,  encased  with  circular  masonry.  The  interior  of 
the  station  was  excavated  in  17011.  An  account  of  the 
appearances  which  were  then  observed,  will  be  found  at 
pages  6  and  7.  In  the  grounds  of  Nether  Hall  is  a  small 
entrenchment  containing  an  area  of  about  an  acre  and 
a  half;  it  is  in  a  low  and  sheltered  position,  and  has 
probably  been  a  retreat  for  invalids.  Ancient  roads 
have  diverged  from  this  station,  leading  to  Bowness, 
Wigton,  and  Papcastle.  On  draining,  some  time  ago, 
the  fields  on  the  line  of  road  leading  owards  old  Car- 
lisle, its  pavement  was  met  with,  and  to  a  great  extent 
removed.  The  body  of  the  road  was  composed  of  large 
granite  boulders,  some  of  them  quarter  of  a  ton  in 
weight ;  the  interstices  being  filled  up  with  smaller 
stones.  On  the  south  side  of  this  way  several  slabs  of 
stono  were  found  lying  flat  on  the  ground.  They 
probably  covered  the  ashes  of  the  dead ;  fragments  of 
pottery  and  glass  were  found  beneath  them.  Very 
numerous  and  important  are  the  remains  of  antiquity 
which  the  station  has  yielded.  With  the  exception 
of  two  altars,  they  are  all  carefully  preserved  in  the 
house  and  grounds  at  Nether  Ilall.  Many  of  the 
scnlptured  stones  which  have  been  found  here  are  more 
highly  can'eJ  and  more  tastefully  designed  than  is 
usual  in  this  part  of  England.  An  altar  to  the  genius 
of  tho  place,  which  has  been  removed  to  Whitehaven 
Castle,  is  remarkable  for  its  elaborate  ornamentation, 
and  bears  the  following  inscription  : — 


OENIO  LOCI 

FORTVNJLE  REUVCI 

BOMAK    AETERNAi: 

ET  FATO  BONO 

O    CORNELIANVS 

PKUEGRIXVS 

TRIB    COIIOR 

EX   PROVINCIA 

IIAVR   CAESA 

UOMO   SE 


To  the  Genius  of  the  place, 

to  eternal  Fortune, 

to  eternal  Rome, 

and  to  propitious  I'ale, 

Gains  Coruelius 

Poregrinus, 

Trihune  of  the  Cohort 

from  tlio  Province  of 

Mauritania  Ca.'saricu!>is, 

native  of  Se    .    . 


The  last  lino  of  the  inscription,  probably  containing 
tho  usual  formula  vsllm  (rotum  iolvens  libentUsimo 
meriio),  has  been  entirely  erased,  and  we  have  only  two 
letters  left  of  the  name  of  the  town  from  which  Poregri- 
nus came  ;  perhaps  it  wos  on  the  river  Scrbes.  Another 
altar  of  peculiarly  graceful  form,  which  has  been  found 
here,  is  of  importance,  as  proving  tho  residence  here  of 
tho  "  Prima  Cohors  Hispanorum."  In  consequence, 
probably,  of  some  service  done  to  Hadrian  this  cohort 


seems,  subsequently  to  the  dedication  of  this  altar,  to 
have  obtained  the  rank  of  MiUiaria  equitata,  and  the 
title  of  ^Elia.     The  inscription  may  be  read — 


irovi]  o[ptimo]m[aximo] 

coh[ors]i  his[paxoevji] 

cvi  prae[est] 

ma[rcts]iiaeni- 

vs  aorip[pa] 

tribv[nvs] 

pos[vit] 


To  Jupiter  the  Best  and  Greatest, 

This  first  cohort  of  the  Spaniards, 

Commanded  by 

Marcus  Mieni- 

us  .^grippa 

The  Tribune 

Erected  this 


A  plain,  square,  but  now  partially  fractured,  pillar, 
inscribed,  Romae  aetersae  et  fortvnae  redvci  ;  a 
boar,  the  symbol  of  the  twentieth  legion ;  and  a  slab 
which  bears  testimony  to  the  labours  which  the  second 
and  twentieth  legion  underwent  in  constructing  the 
works  of  this  station  have  also  been  found  here.  There 
is  preserved  in  the  piazza  at  Nether  Hall,  a  carving  in 
relief  of  a  warrior  on  horseback  tram[iliug  on  a  fallen 
enemy.  Besides  these,  there  arc  several  large  and 
instructive  altars  and  funeral  slabs,  as  well  as  a  tablet 
having  a  Greek  inscription  to  this  effect : — "  Aulus 
Egnatius  Pastor  set  up  this  to  yEsculapius."  The 
minor  antiquities  consist  of  fragments  of  tiles,  one  of 
which  bears  the  stamp  of  the  first  cohort  of  the 
Spaniards,  a  bronze  pot  bearing  a  marked  resemblance 
to  some  which  are  still  in  use,  several  earthenware 
vessels  of  large  size  and  quite  perfect,  implements  of 
iron,  and  weapons  of  war.  Amongst  the  coins  which 
have  been  found  in  the  station,  are  a  great  many  forged 
denarii  of  Trajan  and  Hadrian.  They  are  chielly  formed 
of  lead,  and  are  badly  made  ;  in  some  instances  the  metal 
has  not  reached  the  centre  of  the  mould,  and  in  scarcely 
any  have  the  edges  of  the  castings  been  properly 
dressed.  Genuine  coin  must  have  been  e.\ceedingly 
scarce  amongst  the  soldiery  of  the  camp,  and  their 
credulity  very  great  to  allow  of  the  circulation  of  such 
base  imitations.  A  large  artificial  mound  or  barrow  is 
to  the  left  of  the  station.  The  inhabitants  had  an  old 
tradition  respecting  it;  they  conceived  it  to  be  the 
sepulchre  of  a  king.  It  was  opened  in  1703,  near  the 
centre  the  pole  and  shank  bones  of  au  o.t  were  found, 
but  neither  urns,  burnt  bones,  nor  coins  were  dis- 
covered. There  is  great  uncertainty  about  the  anient 
\  name  of  this  fort.  Camden  pronounced  it  to  be  Oleua- 
I  cum,  chiefly  iulluenced  by  the  resemblance  in  sound 
between  it  and  the  name  of  tho  neighbouring  village 
I  of  EUenborough  (Maryport  is  but  of  recent  origin). 
I  This  supposition  gathers  force  from  the  fact  that  iu 
I  ancient  documents  tho  river  KUen,  which  gives  name 
to  the  place,  is  written  '•  .\lne"  and  "  Olue."  ilodem 
antiquaries  appear,  however,  to  be  incUned  to  make  it 
'      the  site  of  Glanovuuta,  which  is  tho  name  given  to  it 


326 


DERWENT  WARD. 


in  the  ^lap  Britannia  Romana,  published  in  the  Monu- 
mentti  Historica  Uritanuiea.'  A  Roman  altar,  found  at 
this  station,  is  now  in  the  grounds  of  Lorn  House, 
Isle  of  Man,  the  residence  of  the  Lieut.-Governor.  It 
bears  an  inscription,  the  following  reading  of  which 
has  been  suggested  by  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Gumming,  of 
Queen's  College,  Birmingham : — 

lOVI    AVO 
IICENSORIVS 

MFLIVOLTINIA 
CORNEIJANVSI.EG 
TaF.TENSISrRAB 
FECTVSCOHTnN 
SISEX   PROVISCIA 
NARBONDOMO 
NEMAVSVMSLM  - 

Nether  Hall,  a  short  distance  from  the  town,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Ellen,  is  the  residence  of  Joseph  Pockling- 
ton  Seuhouse,  Esq.,  and  is  said  to  have  been  formerly 
called  "  Alneborough  "  or  "  Elleiiborough  Hall,"  being 
within  the  manor  of  Ellenborough,  which  includes  the 
chapelry  of  JIarypart  and  the  township  of  Ellenborough, 
in  Dearham  parish. 

SEiibousc  of  ^ttljir  ^all. 

Joseph  PocKLtNGtoN  Senhouse,  Esq.,  of  Nether  Hall  ami 
Barrow  House,  J.P.,  and  D.L.,  high  sheriff,  ISlfi,  boru  aist 
November,  1S04;  married  I3tli  October,  1S3.5,  Ehzabeth,  eldest 
daughter  and  co-heir  of  the  late  Humphrey  Senhouse,  Esq.,  of 
Nether  Hull,  and  has  issue, 

I.  Humphrey,  born  13ih  August,  18i3. 
1.  Ellen. 
II.  Blanche,  married  3rd  Jidy,  IS.ji;,  to  Alfred  Lord  Scarsdale. 
III.  llary.  iv.  Fanny. 

3Ir.   Pocklington    Senhouse  assumed  his  second   surname  by 
royal  license  on  the  i7tli  of  September,  1842. 

The  very  ancient  family  of  Pocklington  is  supposed 
to  have  derived,  at  an  early  period,  its  appellation  from 
the  town  of  that  name  in  the  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire. 

Thomas  Pocki.inoton  (son  of  William  Pockhngton,  living 
temp.  Henry  VIII.)  had  the  chauntry  lands  in  Coddington, 
Notts,  belonging  to  the  Priory  of  St.  Catherine,  near  Lincoln, 
settled  on  him,  44th  Elizabeth  ;  his  son,  Jous  Pockliscto.n-,  of 
Cottingham,  was  father,  by  Letitia,  his  wife,  of  Wu.liam  Pock- 
LIKGTON,  of  Cottingham,  who  was  one  of  the  grand  jury  who  sub- 
scribed and  sent  iustruutions  to  the  Knights  of  the  Shire  of  Not- 
tingham, during  the  violent  debates  of  the  year  1042,  in  favour  of 
the  king.  By  Mildred,  his  wife,  he  left,  i/iter  alios,  a  son,  Roger 
PooKi-iKOTON,  of  Newark,  father  of  Roger  Pockli.vgton",  of 
Kelham,  Notts,  who  died  31st  October,  1720,  leaving,  by  Mary, 
liis  wife,  daughter  of  Thomas  Saiton,  Esq.,  several  children,  of 
whom  was 

Rogee  Pocklinoton,  Esq.,  of  Bassingham,  co.  Lincoln,  bom 

1  See  also  pages  2, 5,  and  6. 
"lovi  Augusto  Marcus  Censorius  Marei  filius  Voltinia  (e  tribu) 
Comelianua   leginnis  Tretensis  praelectus  Cohortis  Tungrensis  ex 
proviucia  Narbonensi  domo  Nemaus  votum  solvit  libens  merito. 


in  IfiCO,  who  married  Ann,  daughter  of  Thomas  Haslam,  Esq., 
of  Newark,  and  djing  in  1751,  left  a  son, 

William  Pocklington,  of  Newark,  co.  Notts,  bom  lfin4,  who 
married  1734,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Samuel  Uastall,  Esq.,  of 
the  Friary,  Newark,  and  died  July,  1704,  having  had  issue, 

I.  Roger. 

II.  Joseph,  of  Miiskham  House,  Notts,  and  Barrow  House,  co. 
Cuinlierlaud,  born  2jlh  April,  I73(i,  died  unmarried  3l9t 

III.  Mary,  died  unmarried,  8th  March,  1800. 

The  eldest  son, 

Roger  Pjcklinotos,  of  Winthorp  Hall,  co.  Notts,  born  25th 
October,  1734,  married  Jnd  .March,  1774,  Mary,  eldest  daughter 
and  co-heiress  of  William  Hoe,  Esq.,  of  Sudbrook  Hall,  near 
Ancaster,  co.  Liucolu,  and  died  on  12th  October,  1810,  leaving 
issue, 

Roger. 

Elizabeth,  married  lath  September,  1804,  the  Rev.  Godfrey 

(iillicrt  Ciiiipcr,  rector  of  KwUurst,  co.  Sussex;    died  19tU 

February,  1S41. 

The  son, 

Roger  Pocklington,  Esq.,  of  Carlton  House,  oo.  Notts,  bom 
10th  August,  1775,  married  2nd  February,  1802,  Jane,  daughter 
of  Sir  James  Campbell,  Knt.,  of  Inverneil,  co.  Argyll,  and  died 
25th  April,  1847,  having  had  issue, 

I.  Roger,  in  holy  orders,  M.A.,  ricar  of  Wnlesby,  co.  Notts,  bom 
l-'ith  November,  ]xn-i;  married  17tli  November.  18.31,  Mary, 
second  daugliier  of  (ieorge  Hullou,  Esq.,  of  Carltouupon- 
Trei.t,  and  has  issue, 

1.  Roger,  born  2"2iid  September.  1832. 

2.  Bertram  Millnrd,  born  ilili  October,  1830. 

3.  Evelyn,  born  I3ili  .March.  1H37. 

4.  Duncan,  l<uru  lUlli  June,  1811. 

1.  Mary  Jane. 

2.  Frances  Elizabeth. 

II.  Joseph,  the  present  Joseph  Pocklington  Senhouse,  Esq.,  of 

Nether  Hall. 
III.  Evelyn  Henry  Frederiik,  lieut.-col.,  born  ISlh  January,  1811  ; 

married  I'th  August,  1H47,  Barbara  Campbell,  only  child  of 

A   Scon  Broomfield,  Esq.,  of  Hollywood,  co.  Wicklow,  and 

has  issue, 

1.  Evelvn,  bom  13th  June,  1843. 

2.  Frederi  k  fhail.-f,  born  l^tli  June,  181!). 

3.  Aichihnld  James,  bom  9th  June,  18.j1. 

1.  .Alice  .Jane. 

2.  Edith  Harriet. 

I.  Mary  Elizabeth  Agnes. 

II.  Jane  Augusta,  married  20lh  March,  1332,  James  Archibald 
Campbell,  Esq.,  of  Jnverawe,  co.  Argyll,  and  died  11th 
June",  1842. 


FAMILY    OF    SENHODSE. 

The  family  De  Sewynhou.se,  De  Sevenhouse,  or  De 
Senhouse,  derives  its  name  from  Hall  Sevenhouse,  or 
Senhouse,  a  district  of  Cumberland.  The  first  of  its 
members  upon  record, 

W.AT.TER  DE  Sewynhouse  had  a  grant  of  the  fifth  part  of  the 
township  cf  Bolton,  in  the  parish  of  Gosforth,  from  Alan  do 
Copeland,  and  likewise  a  grant  of  other  lands  in  the  same  parish 
from  William  de  Wayberthwaite.  These  grants  are  both  without 
date,  but  both  are  wimessed  by  Sir  Adam  de  Laniplugh,  Knt., 
who  hved  in  the  times  of  Richard  I.  and  King  John.  From 
Walter  descended 

John  Senhouse,  who  married  in  1528,  Elizabeth,  elder  sister 
and  co-heir  of  Richard  Eglesfield,  sou  of  Gawen  Kglesfield,  of 
iVlneburgh  Hall,  High  Sheriff  of  the  co.  Cumberland,  in  9th 
Henry  VIII.  (which  Gawen  was  the  descendant  in  a  right  Una 


CROSS  CANONBY  PARISH. 


327 


from  Jolin  do  EglesfielJ,  the  elder  brotlier  of  Robert  de  Egles- 
field,  llie  founder  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford).  This  Jobo  Sen- 
house  died  Uttiii,  leaving  four  sons,  viz.: — 

I.  Thomas,  ancpsior  of  the  family  of  SExnonsE,  of  SeDScale 

Hull.  CiKiib^-rlaiid,  iinw  extinct  in  the  uiule  hue. 

II.  Peter,  of  k^llenboruiigh  Hull,  died  uumarried. 

III.  John,  of  whom  presently. 

IV.  Richard,  uicunibent  of  C'lnu^'hlon,  Lnnonshire. 

The  third  son, 

JoUN  Se.niiousf,,  of  EUenborouRh,  is  the  person  whom  Cam- 
den mentions  in  his  Britannia,  as  having  collected  with  great 
industry  numerous  Roman  stones,  altars,  lavers,  and  statues, 
with  inscriptions,  which  he  had  placed  with  much  taste  in  his 
houses  and  building^;  and  as  having  entertained  in  iSOU  the 
celebrated  antiquary  himself,  and  Sir  Robert  Cotton,  of  Coning- 
ton,  with  great  civility.  Ho  maiTied  Anne,  daugliter  of  John 
Ponsonby,  Esq.,  of  Hole  Hall,  and  had,  with  other  issue, 

1.  Peteb,  his  successor. 

n.  Simon,  who  was  murdered  near  Dovenby,  by  Skelton,  of 

Ariuuthwuite. 
m.  Richard,  in  holy  orders,  D.D.,  fellow  of  St.  John's,  Cambridge, 
altiTwards  dean  of  Gloucester,  and  subsequently  bishop  of 
Curlisle.i 
I.  Eleanor,  married  to  Henry  Fletcher,  Esq.,  of  Moresby  Hall, 
n.  June,  married  to  Blennerhasset  of  Fliinby. 
111.  Elizabeth,  married  to  WUliam  Briscoe,  Esq.  of  Croftou. 

Mr.  Senhoase  died  1601,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 
Peter  Senhouse,  Esq.,  of  Alneburgh,  or  EUenborough 
Hall,  otherwise  Nether  Hall,  who  was  constituted  by  letters 
patent  ('.iOth  James  I.)  escheator  of  the  counties  of  Cumberland 
and  Westmoreland,  and  served  the  office  of  sherill'  for  the  former 
shire,  3rd  Charles  I.  He  mairied  Frances,  daughter  of  Lance- 
lot Skelton,  Esq.,  of  .Vrmathwaile  Castle,  in  Cumberland,  and 
had,  with  other  children,  John,  his  successor,  and  Thomas,  of 
Long  Newton,  in  Cumberland.  Peter  Scnhouse  died  1051,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

JoDN  Seshouse,  Esq.,  of  Alneburgh  Hall,  who  married 
Elizabeth,  third  daughter  of  Humphrey  Wharton,  Esq.,  of 
Gillingwood,  co.  York,  and  had,  with  other  issue, 

I.  Humphrey,  who  died  before  his  father,  without  issue. 

II.  John,  successor  to  his  father. 

III.  Itichurd. 

IV.  Patricins,  who  married  in-'p."!,  Elizabeth,  daughter  and  heir  of 

Thiinias  Dronilitld.  Ksij.,  i>f  lluineH  I  lull,  Cuuibirluud,  and 
relict  of  Henry  Hulion,  Esci-,  of  Brigham.  This  gentle- 
man's greal-grandsou, 

IIdmi'HBEY  Seniiou9E,  Esq.,  of  Bridgefoot,  co.  Cumber- 
land, .1.1'.,  iniijnr  of  the  Cunilicrhuul  .Militiu,  married 
lsiibullu,duugliter  of  William  I'oiisiinby,  Ks(|.,  of  White- 
liuvcn  (  by  Cuilieriiic,  his  wile,  duugbter  uiid  c.ilieiress  of 
John  Seiiboiisc,  Em\  ,  of  the  same  place),  and  left  issue 
at  his  decease,  ui  ib'M, 

Humphrey,  a  captain  in   the   Cumberland  Militia, 

murried,  and  bus  issue. 
William,   of    Lincoln's   Inn,    barrisler.at-Iaw,  who 

died  IKiU. 
Catherine,  married  to  Ralph  Cook,Esq.,of  Cumcrlon 

Hall. 
Slary. 

I.  Margaret,    niarriixl    lo   Henry   Kgleslicld,   Esq.,    of   Cross 

Cnnonby,  and  died  lilOl. 
II.  Elizabeth,  murried  to  WilUum  Nicholson,  Esq. 


'  See  page  1  Iti  of  the  present  work. 


Mr.  Senhouse  died  l(i07,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

John  Senhocse,  Esq.,  of  Nether  Hall,  captain  in  King  Charles 
I.'s  array.  He  married  first,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Jerome 
Tolhurst,  Esq.,  lieut.-govemor  and  M.P.  of  Carlisle,  hut  had  no 
issue.  He  married  secondly,  .Mary,  daughter  of  Andrew  Uud- 
dleston,  Esq.,  of  Hutton  John,  Cumberland,  and  had  issue, 

I.  John,  his  heir, 
n.  Andrew,  killed  at  sen,  fighting  against  the  French. 

III.  Dudley,  drowned  in  the  river  Lime. 

IV.  Peter,  married  Catheriue.daughterof  Skelton  of  Branthwaite, 

and  had  issue, 

1.  John,  who  had  a  son,  Peter,  who  died  unmarried. 

2.  Richard,  M.D.,  left  a  sou,  Peter,  wbo  died  uninurried 

in  17.')ii 
1.  Cutlierine,  married  to  William  Ponsonby,  Esq.,    of 
Whitehaven. 

V.  Hd.mphrev,  of  whom  presently. 

I.  Dorothy,  married  to  I'atricius  Senhouse,  of  Hames  Hall. 
II.  Mary,  married  to  Richard  Richmond,  Esq.,  of  Crosby. 

Captain  Senhouse  died  1(107,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest 
son, 

John  Senhouse,  Esq.,  of  Nether  Hall,  who  married  Jane, 
daughter  of  Richard  Lamphigh,  Esq.,  of  Dovenby  Hall,  Cum- 
berland, by  whom  (who  married  secondly,  Charles  Orfeur,  Esq., 
of  Plumbland)  he  had  surviving  issue  at  his  decease  in  1001, 

I.  Mary,  first  married  to  Francis  Skelton,  Esq.,  of  Brnnthwaite, 
and  secondly,  to  Richard  Butler,  Esq.,  of  Rockliffe,  Lanca- 
shire. 

II.  June,  married  to  John  Stephenson,  Esq.,  of  Baladool,  Isle 

of  Man. 

III.  Frances,  died  unmarried. 

IV.  Grace,  married  to  Kiehard  Viscount  Shannon. 

T.  Isabel,  miu-ried  to  John  Fletcher,  Esq.,  of  Clea  Hall,  Cum 

berland. 
VI.  Elizabeth,  died  unmarried. 

These  ladies  who  inherited  as  co-heirs  to  their  father,  dis- 
posed ot  the  demesne  of  Nether  Hall  and  manor  of  Alneburgh, 
or  EUenborough,  to  their  unele, 

HuMPHKEV  Senhouse,  who  thus  became  possessed  of  Nether 
Hall,  or  EUenborough.  He  married  Eleanor,  daughter  of 
William  Kirby,  Esq.,  of  Aslack,  co.  Lancaster,  and  had  issue, 

I.  Joseph  Richard,  who  died  unmarried  in  IT  16. 
II.  Humphrey,  his  successor. 
III.  William  John,  who  died  unmarried  in  17*27. 
I.  Bridget,  married  to  John  Christian,  Esq.,  of  I'nerigg  Hall. 
und  bad,  with  other  issue,  a  daughter,  Alai-y,  wbo  married 
Edimnid  Law,  bishop  of  Carlisle. 
II.  Johanna,  married  to  Gustavus  Thompson,  of  Arcleby. 

Mr.  Senhouse,  who  served  the  ollice  of  SheritT  of  Camberitnd 
1st  George  I.  died  173S,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

HuMPHiiEv  Senhoise,  of  Nrtther  Hall,  who  married  Maiy, 
daughter  and  ultimately  co-heir  of  Sir  Georgo  Fleming,  Bait., 
of  Bydal,  bishop  of  Curhsle,  and  had  issue, 

I.  HrMpiinET,  his  sncccsfior. 

II.  William,  boni  in  17H,  a  lieut.  R.N.,  and  snbseqnently  sur- 
veyor geiicml  of  Burbadoti*  and  the  Loewunl  Islandn.  He 
married  Klizubt'ib,  duiigliier  cf  .Samson  \V<«,il,  l-]^.^  of 
Uarboilocs,  speaker  nf  tliu  Huiiyoof  .\s3einbly,  and,  tlying 
in  ISUti,  lefl,  uniuiigsl  other  issue, 

1.  William  Wood,  commander  &.  N.,  died  befofe  his 

father,  in  |HO(l. 

2.  Sarosou,  of   I'onaonhy,  Ciimberloni).  married,  ISOl, 

Miiry,  diiugliter  anil  c,i  heir  ol  NielniJan  le  .Mesuricr, 
K»<|..  of  the  Islund  of  (.Jneni«ey,  Inn  had  no  is.vnc. 

3.  Iluniplmy  I'lcming  (Sir),  pomi'upbiui  K.N.,  K.C.H., 

married,  ItilO,  Klizabelli,  daughter  and  evculually 


328 


DERWENT  WARD. 


coheiress  of  Vice-mlmirnl  John  Manloy,  of  Plyniniiih, 

am)  left  two  daughters,  Klizabetli  Maijey  anJ  Mary 

le  Flemiiif;. 
■1.  George  Septimus,  lieut.  R.N.,  died  unmarried,  1M08. 
!).  Edward    Hooper,  commander   ii.  N.,  married,    1H15, 

Elizabetli  Bisliop,  daughter  of  John  Spooner,  Esq., 

of  Biu'badoes,  and  lias  issue. 
C.  James  Lowtlier,  in  holy  orders,  perpetual  curate  of 

Sawlev.  Derbyshire,  and  rector  of  Gosforlh,  married, 

l^'ii,  Miss  Kiizubetli  Brooks. 
1.  Mary  Ward,  married  to  John  Barrow,  Esi].,  of  Borba- 

does. 

3.  Johanna.  3.  Sarah. 

HI.  Joseph  (Sir),  horn  17i;i,  in  the  E.  I.  Co.'s  Naval  Service, 
kiiighted  17H3,  married  Mary,  daughter  and  co-heiress  of 
Johri  Ashley,  Ks(|.,  <tf  .\shley  St.  Lepers,  co.  Northampton, 
and,  dynig  in  18'Jll,  left  surviving  issue, 

1.  Joseph  Ashley,  H.E.I.C.S. 

'2.  Miebael  le  l-'lemmg,  died  1830. 

:t.  Humphrey  Iiykes  Ballanlyne. 

4.  William,  an  otlieer  in  the  army. 

1.  Miu-ia,  mai'iied  to  .loseph  Gaitskell,  M.D.,  of  Bath. 

2.  Catlierine.  3.  Sarah. 

I.  Mary,  married  to  Robert  Gale,  Esq.,  of  London. 

Mr.  Senhouse  was  high  sheriff  of  co.  Cumberland  in  the  10th 
George  II.  He  died  in  1770,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest 
son, 

Humphrey  Senhouse,  Esq.,  of  Nether  Hall,  lieut.-col.  of  the 
Cumberland  Militia,  M.P.  for  Cockermouth  in  178G,  and  for 


Cumberland  in  1700.  Ho  married,  1708,  Catherine,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Wood,  Esq.,  of  Beadnell,  in  Northumberland,  auJ 
died  in  1814,  leaving  an  only  surviving  child, 

Humphrey  Senhouse,  Esq.,  of  Alneburgh,  or  EUenhorough , 
otherwise  Nether  Hall,  co.  Cumberland;  born  'J7th  November, 
1773;  high  sheriff,  IH-JU ;  married,  yOth  Sept.,  1803,  Ehzabeth 
Frances,  daughter  and  co-heiress  of  Robert  Charles  Greaves, 
Esq.  (who  afterwards  assumed  the  surname  of  Ley),  of  Inglehy 
Hall,  in  Derbyshire,  and  had  issue, 

I.  HUMPHBEY,  bom  lOlh  April,  180!),  deceased. 

I.  KLizAnErn,  mairied,  ls:!.'j,  to  Joseph  Poeklington,  Esq.,  the 

present  .loscph   I'ocklingtou   Senhouse,  Esq.,  of   Nether 

Hall. 

II.  Callieiine. 

III.  Ellen,  married,  ISlh  April,  1837,  Cant.  Goldie  Taubman,  of 

the  Nunnery,  Isle  of  Man,  and  died  on  '.iSlh  January,  1838, 
leaving  a  sou. 

Anns. — Quarterly:  1st  and  4th,  or,  a  parrot,  ppr.,  a  canton,  sa., for 
Senhouse  ;  '.ind  and  3rd,  enn.,  three  bends,  az.,  on  a  chief,  or,  three 
martlets,  sa.,  for  Pocklington. 

Cresls. — 1st,  a  parrot,  as  in  the  arms,  with  a  label  in  its  beak 
inscribed  "Deo  Gr.\tia3,"  for  Senhouse;  2nd,  a  denii- leopard, 
rampant,  ppr.,  holduig  in  the  dexler  paw  an  ostrich  feather,  arg.,  for 

POCKLINOTO.N. 

Motto. — Vae  victis. 
-Sea/.— Nether  Hall. 


CROSTHWAITE    PARISH. 

Crosthwaite  pari.sh,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  interesting  in  tbe  Lake  District,  is  upwards  of  ten  miles  in  lengtli, 
and  eight  in  breadth,  stretching  westward  from  Helvellyn  and  Great  Dodd  to  (jlreat  Gavel,  Grassnioor,  Grisedale 
Pikes,  and  other  mountains ;  and  northward  from  the  boundary  of  Westmoreland  to  Skiddaw  and  Saddleback.  It 
contains  the  beautiful  Lakes  of  Derwentwater  and  Thirlmere,  and  has  that  of  Bassenthwaite  at  its  northern  ex- 
tremity. The  parish  is  very  extensive,  containing  scenery  not  to  be  surpassed,  whether  we  regard  the  varied 
beauties  of  Derwentwater,  the  stem  majesty  of  Thirlmere,  the  lovely  rural  meads  of  Newlands,  the  sublime  gorge  of 
Borrowdale,  or  the  lone  grandeur  of  AVatondlatli.  At  Borrowdale  is  found  the  celebrated  plumbago,  or  black  lead, 
and  in  other  places  lead  and  copper  ore  are  found.  This  extensive  parish  includes  the  townships  of  Keswick,  St. 
John  Castlerigg  and  Wythburn,  Underskiddaw,  Borrowdale,  Coledale,  or  Portingscale,  Braithwaite,  Tbornthwaite, 
and  the  chapelry  of  Newlands,  whose  united  area  is  58,330  statute  acres.  Greta  Mills  and  Briery  Cottages, 
included  in  this  area,  are  deemed  extra -parochial.  Previous  to  the  formation  of  Derwent  Ward,  Borrowdale, 
Braithwaite,  Newlands,  and  Tbornthwaite,  were  in  Allerdale-above-Derwent  Ward,  and  the  remainder  in  AUerdale- 
below-Dcrwcnt  Ward,  but  the  whole  parish  is  now  in  Derwent  Ward. 


UNDERSKIDD.^W. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  338 ; 
in  1811,  380;  in  1831,  487;  in  1831,  477;  in  1841, 
540  ;  and  in  1851,  508.  Its  rateable  value  is  £'3,500. 
Although  the  parish  church.  Grammar  School,  &c., 
are  in  this  township,  yet  it  has  no  village  of  its 
own  name,  but  comprises  the  hamlets  of  Great  Cros- 
thwaite, Applethwaite,  High  Hall,  and  Millbeck,  with 
several  neat  mansions.  There  are  two  coarse  woollen 
factories  in  the  township,  one  situated  at  Applethwaite 
and  the  other  at  MiUbeck. 


The  manor  of  Brundholme,  which  includes  the  entire 
township,  was  part  of  the  possessions  given  by  Henry 
Earl  of  Northumberland  to  Henry  VIII.,  who  granted 
it  to  the  Dalston  family,  one  of  whom,  John  Dalston, 
Esq.,  held  it  in  1578,  under  a  reserved  rent  of  !2'2s.,  due 
to  the  Earl  of  Northumberland.  It  subsequently  came 
into  possession  of  the  Tolsons,  who  sold  it  to  the  Ilelphs, 
from  whom  it  appears  to  have  passed  to  the  Hassels  of 
Dalemain,  who  sold  it  to  the  Bishop  of  Llandaflf.  The 
celebrated  mountain,  Skiddaw,  extends  into  several 
parishes  and  townships — that  part  which  is  in  the  parish 


CROSTHWAITE   PARISH. 


329 


of  Crosthwaitc  is  within  the  manor  of  Brundholmo  and 
tlie  township  of  UudcrskiJdaw.  This  was  enclosed 
liy  an  act  of  parliament,  passed  in  1808,  for  enclosing 
tlie  manor  of  Brundholmc,  and  divided  cliieHy  between 
the  Bishop  of  Llandaff,  Sir  John  Bonn  Walsh,  Bart., 
and  John  Spedding,  Esq.,  of  Mirehouse — the  summit 
belongs  to  Sir  II.  11.  Vane,  Bart.  The  tenants  of  the 
manor  are  enfranchised.  The  principal  landowners  are 
Sir  .lohn  AValsh  ;  Abraham  Fisher,  Esq. ;  and  T.  S. 
Spedding,  Esq. 

THE  curncti. 
Tlie  church  of  Crosthwaite,  dedicated  to  St.  Kenti- 
geni,  stands  on  a  slight  green  knoll,  near  the  centre  of 
the  beautiful  vale  of  Keswick,  about  midwa}-  between 
the  lakes  of  Derwentwater  and  Bassenthwaite,  half  a 
mile  from  the  town  of  Keswick  and  somewhat  farther 
from.  Skiddaw.     It  is  a  spacious  structure,  consisting 
exteriorly  of  nave,  aisle,  clerestory,  western  tower,  and 
south  porch,  but  without  a  distinctly  marked  chancel. 
The  walls,  which  are  coated  with  rough-cast  and  white- 
wash (the  parapets,  battlements,  and  dressings  of  the 
doorways    and    windows    excepted),    are    thick,    and 
strengthened  with  buttresses.     The  prevailing  style  is 
Debased    Perpendicular,   but   many  remnants   of  the 
preceding  styles  may  be  discovered  in  various  parts  of 
the  building.     It  formerly  possessed  a  chantry  dedi- 
cated to  St.  ^lary  Magdalene  of  Keswick,  but  by  whom 
founded,  or  at  wliat  period,  we  arc  entirely  ignorant. 
I'rom  the  circumstance  of  the  eastern  end  of  the  south 
aisle,  which  had  been  appropriated  for  the  purposes  of 
the  chantry,  being  also  used  as  a  place  of  interment  by 
the  early  members  of  the  Derwentwater  family,  and 
adorned  witli  their  monuments,  it  is  very  probable  that 
it  was  established  by  them.     For  the  last  century  the 
exterior  of  the  church  seems  to  have  undergone  little 
or  no  change.     A  drawing  in  pencil  of  its  apjjearance 
in  1745  is  preserved  in   Crosthwaitc's  Museum.     In 
the  year  1818  the  old  leaden  roof,  which  had  become 
full  of  holes,  was  stripped  olf,  and  one  of  slate  substi- 
tuted.    About  the  same  date  much  of  the  ancient  glass 
with  which  the  windows  of  the  church  had  been  decorated 
was  found  to  have  been  removed  by  the  glazier  to  whom 
the  repair  of  the  windows  had  been  intrusted.      Not 
being  looked  after,  ho  was  in  the  habit  of  taking  out 
bits  of  Iho  coloured  gla.ss,  so  tliat  in  process  of  time 
hi'  carried  away  all  except  the  j)iitured  elllgy  of  St. 
Antiiuny,  the  head  of  St.  ilary  ]\Iagdalene,  and  the 
KalclilT  arms,  making  of  the  abstracted  pieces  small 
boxes   for  sale   or  disposal   among  his   friends.      Tlic 
church  underwent  a  partial  rejiair  in  \S'iQ.     In  1811 
it  WHS  found  to  bo  in  a  greatly  dilapidated  state,  tl)e 
roof  of  1812  had  become  decoyed,  and  on  the  point  of 

37 


falling  in;  and  the  exterior  walls  were  in  a  veiT 
unsatisfactory  condition.  Such  was  the  state  of  the 
venerable  edifice  when  James  Stanger,  Esq.,  of  Lairth- 
waito,  proposed  to  restore  and  embellish  it  principally 
at  his  own  e.xpeuse.  The  opportunity  that  thus  pre- 
sented itself  was  not  to  be  neglected,  the  parishioners 
at  once  agreed,  the  necessary  ecclesiastical  consent  was 
soon  obtained,  and  the  work  of  restoration  was  imme- 
diately commenced  under  the  directions  of  G.  G.  Scott, 
Esq.,  from  whose  plans  and  under  whose  judicious 
superintendence  the  church  has  been  brought  to  its 
present  state  of  beauty  and  perfection.  The  entire 
cost,  with  the  exception  of  £"400  subscribed  by  the 
parishioners  for  the  expenses  of  the  roof  of  the  nave, 
being  bonie  by  Mr.  Stanger. 

The  church  at  present  consists  of  a  nave  and  chancel, 
with  north  and  south  aisles,  a  vestry  taken  otT  the  west 
end  of  the  south  aisle,  a  south  porch,  a  chancel  door, 
and  a  western  tower,  containing  si.x  fine-toned  bells, 
hung  in  1707,  previous  to  which  time  the  peal  consisted 
of  four  bells  only.     Viewed  on  the  exterior  the  church 
presents  an  embattled  square  tower  about  sixty  feet  in 
height,  with  stair  turret  at  the  south-western  corner. 
In  the  western  front  of  the  tower,  about  midwav  from 
its  base,  is  a  large  perpendicular  window  of  four  lights, 
and  on  each  side  of  the  story  above  is  a  small  stone 
mullioned  round-headed  belfry  window  of  three  lights. 
A  handsome  south  porch,  erected  in  ISJG,  occupies  the 
site  of  the  old  one — its  coped  gable  terminating  in  a 
floriated  cross.      There  is   also   a   doorway   of  Earlv 
English  character  near  the  cast  end  of  the  south  aisle 
of  the  chancel,  on  the  right  hand  of  which  is  a  small 
niche  with  a  mutilated  stoup,  formerly  used  to  contain 
holy  water.     The  doors  are  of  oak,  studded  with  nail- 
heads,   and   have   large   scroll   hinges   of   ornamental 
character  and  ancient  design.      The  windows  on  the 
south  side  of  the  church  are  six  in  number,  and  are  all 
of  three  stone  mullioned  semi-circular  headed  lights 
each,  under  square-headed  frames.     At  the  west  end 
of  the  south  aisle  of  the  nave  is  an  ogee  arched  stone 
mullioned  two-light  trefoiled  window.     On   the   north 
side  of  the  church  there  are  eight  stone  mullioned  win- 
dows set  within  square  fronies.     Three  of  them  are  of 
two  lights  each,  with  trefoiled  heads  underogeo  arches; 
two  of  two  ligliLs,  with  cin<piefuil  heads  under  lancet 
arches:   one  three-light  trefoil  window  under  an  ogee 
arch ;  and  two  round-headed  of  two  and  three  lights 
respectively.     In  the  centre  of  tlio  east  end  is  the  large 
pointed  east  window,  designed  after  the  old  one.     It  is 
divided  by  simple  chamfered  stone  niuUions,  with  three 
lights,  the  head  bciug  filled  by  very  neat  foliated  inter- 
secting tracery.     The  window  at  the  end  of  the  north 


330 


DERWENT  WARD. 


aisle  has  heavy  stone  muUions,  and  consists  of  two 
trefoil  ligh:s  under  ogee  arches.  The  window  at  tlie 
end  of  the  south  aisle  consists  of  three  round-headed 
lights,  with  square  stone  muliions.  The  roofs  arc 
covered  with  slate ;  and  those  of  tho  nave  and  chancel, 
on  the  south  and  east,  have  an  emhrasured  parapet, 
the  battlements  of  which  harmonise  with  those  on  the 
tower.  The  roof  of  tho  south  aisle  is  less  imposing. 
On  the  north,  placed  at  nearly  equal  intervals,  are  six 
clerestory  stone  niullioued  windows  of  throe  serai-circu- 
lar headed  lights  each ;  and  on  the  south  arc  seven,  all 
of  very  late  Perpendicular.  The  interior  comprises  a 
tower,  open  to  the  nave  by  a  lofty  pointed  arch,  and  a 
nave  and  chancel,  which  arc  separated  from  the  aisles  on 
each  side  by  six  plain  octagonal  pillars  and  two  engaged 
ones.  The  bases  of  the  piers  are  plain,  and  all  have 
capitals  to  match.  The  two  western  arches  are  fdlcd 
with  panelling,  which  partly  encloses  the  vestry  taken 
off  the  south,  and  the  corresponding  portion  of  the 
north  aisle.  The  font  stands  a  little  to  the  north  of 
the  west  end  of  the  nave,  and  immediately  below  the 
gaUery;  it  is  of  stone,  and  has  a  pyramidal  cover  of 
deal,  stained  or  painted  to  imitate  oak.  The  base  of 
the  font  is  square,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  sloping 
surface,  with  mutilated  sculptures,  from  which  rises  an 
octagontd  pedestal,  bearing  on  seven  of  its  sides  carving, 
in  high  relief,  of  windows  with  three  lights,  of  the 
Decorated  Period,  and  on  the  eighth  side  is  represented 
a  window  of  the  same  number  of  lights,  but  in  the 
Early  Perpendicular  st\-le.  The  upper  portion  of  the 
jjedestal  is  quadrangular  in  shape,  and  bears  four  sculp- 
tures, which  are,  however,  so  mutilated  that  they 
cannot  be  defined.  This  is  surmounted  by  the  bowl 
of  the  font  itself,  which  is  octangular  in  form,  and  has 
carved  on  its  lower  part,  in  old  characters,  a  Latin 
inscription,  now  for  every  useful  purpose  illegible.  On 
the  sides  of  the  font  are  some  ancient  sculptures  rudely 
executed.  On  the  fii-st  side  is  a  representation  of  the 
Tree  of  Life ;  the  second,  on  a  triangular  shield,  dis- 
plays the  emblems  of  Passion ;  the  third  face  typifies 
the  word  proceeding  out  of  the  mouth  of  the  Almighty 
to  all  parts  of  the  earth ;  the  fourth  symbolises  the 
Trinity ;  the  fifth  is  difficult  to  make  out,  but  some 
appearances  like  vine  leaves  may  be  traced  ;  the  sixth, 
within  a  triangular  shield,  has  Aaron "s  rod,  and  in  the 
lorners  smaller  escutcheons  of  the  same  form — that  on 
the  dexter  base  of  the  larger,  as  nearly  as  the  almost 
obliterated  state  of  the  sculpture  will  permit  examina- 
tion, is  charged  with  the  armorial  bearings  of  the  Der- 
wentwater  family,  or  of  the  ilultons  of  Cockermouth ; 
and  the  one  on  the  sinister  base  is  likewise  much 
defaced,  though  something  like  unto  frette,  or  chequy, 


on  tho  lower  part  of  the  shield  is  discernible ;  the 
seventh  faco  depicts  tho  Tree  of  Knowledge,  with  the 
tempter  of  mankind  in  the  form  of  a  dragon,  pussing 
through  the  trunk ;  on  the  eighth  face,  within  another 
cscutchcou  of  triangular  shape,  is  the  royal  arms  of 
England,  as  borne  by  Edward  III.  This  face  likewise 
has  two  lesser  seuliform  figures,  that  next  the  dexter 
base  of  the  royal  arms  is  charged  with  a  crescent,  and 
the  one  near  the  sinister  base  carries  three  luces 
hauriant,  the  bearings  of  the  Lucies,  lords  of  Egremont, 
Allerdale,  and  Cockermouth.  Tho  organ  and  singers' 
gallery  occupy  the  west  end  of  the  nave.  The  pulpit 
and  reading  desk  arc  features  of  the  interior  which  add 
much  to  its  general  effect.  The  former,  which  is 
hexagonal,  stands  against  the  south  pier  at  the  joining 
of  the  nave  and  chancel,  and  on  a  line  with  the  reading 
desk.  It  terminates  in  a  single  pedestal,  resting  upon 
a  plinth  of  the  same  design.  The  sides  are  panelled 
and  filled  with  recessed  pointed  cinquefoil  arches,  rising 
from  several  circular  pillars,  above  which  an  eagle 
with  expanded  wings  supports  the  bookboard.  The 
reading  desk  is  slightly  elevated,  and  stands  on  tho 
north  side  of  the  nave,  opposite  to  the  pulpit.  It  is  an 
irrpgukr  pentagon  of  handsome  design.  Light  pillars, 
which  rise  from  an  appropriate  base,  support  cinque- 
foil arches,  and  form  small  pierced  panels.  Above 
them  the  bookboard  rests ;  and  beneath  it  are  half- 
length  figures  of  the  four  Evangelists,  with  their  cus- 
tomary emblems.  The  chancel  is  raised  two  steps 
above  the  floor  of  the  nave,  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  the  pulpit  and  reading  desk,  and  the  high  backs  of 
such  of  the  stalls  as  from  their  transverse  position  are 
turned  towards  the  east,  and  mark  the  distinction 
between  the  two  principal  divisions  of  the  church. 
AVaiuscots  of  oak  open  on  the  upper  part,  and  are 
adorned,with  plain  shields  in  the  expanded  heads  of 
the  balusters  or  rails,  which  sustain  heavy  embattled 
architraves,  from  the  backs  of  the  remainder  of  the 
stalls.  They  extend  between  the  first  arches  from 
the  nave,  and,  pai'tially  flanldng  the  chancel  on  the 
north  and  south,  further  indicate  the  separation  of 
that  portion  of  the  church  from  its  aisles.  The  stalls 
in  the  chancel,  eight  of  which  face  the  east,  are  twenty 
in  number,  and  with  the  numerous  oaken  benches, 
which  were  rendered  necessary  by  the  claims  to  sittings 
of  the  impropriators,  are  of  oak.  These  benches  are 
worked  in  carved  panels  in  front,  and  further  distin- 
guished by  high  raised  standards,  terminated  by  carved 
finials,  and  with  the  benches  in  its  aisles,  which  have 
only  plain  slightly  raised  ends,  face  either  north  or 
south.  The  altar  table,  chairs,  and  rails,  are  of  oak. 
In  the  angle  formed  by  the  east  and  south  walls  is  a 


CROSTHWAITE   PARISH. 


331 


plain  aud  perfect  piscina,  with  a  segmental  head.  The 
roredos  extends  across  the  entire  width  of  iho  chaucel. 
It  is  divided  into  nine  narrow  upright  square-headed 
panels,  filled  with  cinquefoil  arches.  The  middle  panel 
is  of  purple  diapered  ground  enclosed  by  a  border  of 
oak  and  vine  leaves  following  the  course  of  the  arch. 
It  contains  a  cross  floree,  emblazoned  in  gold  and 
i;olours,  within  whose  radiated  centre  is  the  sacred 
monogram,  surrounded  by  a  gold  circle,  bearing  in  red 
and  black  letters  the  sentence  :  "  Behold  the  Lamb  of 
<  lod,  which  tikcth  away  the  sin  of  the  world."  The 
two  next  panels  on  each  side  contain  the  Lord's  Prayer, 
the  Creed,  and  the  Ten  Commandments.  The  east  end 
of  the  south  aisle,  generally  known  as  the  Derwcnt- 
water,  or  Lord's  Chapel,  as  well  as  the  Magdalene 
chantry,  is  divided  from  the  chancel  by  an  arch  whose 
span  is  considerably  wider  than  that  of  the  correspond- 
ing arch  on  the  north  side.  Here  for  many  generations 
rested  the  remains  of  the  Derwentwater  family,  until 
their  removal  to  the  burial  ground,  previous  to  the 
restoration  of  the  church.  This  was  also  the  depository 
of  two  of  thoso  interesting  relics  of  bj'gone  days,  their 
sculptured  efBgies,  which  arc  now  located  near  tl)e 
south  end  of  the  altar  rails,  upon  a*bed  of  red  sand- 
stone, enclosed  by  an  open  screen  of  the  same  material, 
on  the  top  of  which  rests  a  heavy  slab  of  marble  inlaid 
with  the  brass  noticed  below.  The  recumbent  effigies 
are  those  of  a,  knight  and  his  lady,  aud  are  conjectured 
to  commemorate  one  of  the  Derweutwaters  and  his  wife, 
but  wo  havo  no  account  given  of  the  particular  indivi- 
duals ;  the  general  supposition,  however,  is  that  they 
represent  the  last  Sir  John  Derwentwater  and  his  wife, 
who  nourished  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  aud  the 
preceding  sovereigns  of  England.  The  figures  are 
habited  in  the  costume  prevalent  at  that  period.  Be- 
sides these  effigies  there  is  a  sepulchral  brass  in  perfect 
preservation.  It  is  laid  down  on  the  slab  of  grey  marble 
mentioned  above,  and  is  known  as  the  "  lladclyfTo 
brass."  Like  the  sculptured  effigies,  it  also  contains 
figures  of  a  knight  and  his  lady.  The  figure  of  the  knight 
is  sheathed  in  complete  armour  of  plate,  martial  and 
serviceable  in  all  its  appointments.  The  lady  is  repre- 
sented in  the  dress  worn  by  females  of  rank  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VH.  At  the  feet  of 
the  figures  is  the  following  inscription  in  black  letter: — 
"Of  your  charity  pray  for  the  soulc  of  Sir  John  Ratclif, 
Knyglit,  and  for  the  stato  of  Dame  .Alice,  his  wyfe  ; 
which  Sir  John  dyed  y°  Snd  day  of  February,  a.d.  1597, 
»n  wlioso  soulc  Jesus  havo  mercy."  From  this  inscrip- 
tion it  is  apparent  that  Lady  Ratclilf  was  alive  at  tho 
period  of  her  husband's  death ;  aud  it  is  probable  that 
not  only  was  this  brass  under  her  directions  placed 


upon  his  tomb,  but  also  that  other  mark  of  hereditary 
distinction,  his  armorial  escutcheon  in  stained  glass  in 
the  window,  was  likewise  set  up  in  her  lifetime.  Above 
the  head  of  the  knight  is  a  shield  charged  with,  argent, 
a  bend  engrained  sable,  the  bearing  of  the  Eatcliffs ; 
and  at  his  feet  another,  or,  two  lioncels  passant  azure, 
the  device  of  the  family  from  which  Lady  Ratcliff  was 
descended.  The  shield  above  Dame  Alice  also  carries 
her  paternal  cognizance,  and  upon  that  below  are  her 
husband's  arms  repeated,  with  the  additional  charge  of 
a  ciuquefoil,  or  rose  in  the  sinister  chief,  for  a  due  dif- 
ference of  the  younger  house  from  which  he  sprung. 
The  walls  in  the  interior  of  the  church  are  in  places 
incrusted  with  handsome  marble  tablets,  commemorative 
of  the  Wrens  and  Scotts  of  Castlerigg ;  the  Brownriggs 
of  Ormathwaite  ;  the  Calverts  of  Greta  Bank ;  Peachcv 
of  the  Island;  Bristow  of  Portinscale  ;  Jacksons  of 
Armboth ;  tlie  Deutons  and  Edmondsons,  Fishers, 
Whites,  and  Hodgsons,  of  Keswick ;  Leathes  of  Dale- 
head,  and  others ;  but  such  do  not  call  for  more  than 
this  concise  mention. 

The  windows  filled  with  stained  glass  are  but  .six  in 
number.  They  are  all  the  production  of  Waiies  of 
Newcastle,  aud  are  not  the  least  beautiful  specimens  of 
his  triumphs  in  glass  work.  They  are  designed,  with 
the  exception  of  the  large  east  window,  which  is  after 
the  fourteenth  centiu-y,  in  conformity  with  the  style  of 
window  decoration  which  prevailed  in  tiie  succeeding 
age.  The  eastern  window,  as  also  the  windows  at  the 
ends  of  the  south  aisle,  are  the  gifts  of  the  geutleman 
at  whoso  expense  chiefly  the  church  has  been  restored. 
The  large  window  is  very  fine,  and  contains  repre- 
sentations of  the  following  incidents  in  the  life  of  tho 
Piedeemer: — Christ  Washing  the  feet  of  tho  Apostles, 
tho  Last  Supper,  the  Agony  in  the  Garden,  Christ 
bearing  his  Cross,  t'ae  Crucifixion,  and  tho  Resurrec- 
tion. The  upper  portion  of  tlie  window  is  filled  with 
tracery,  containing  the  Ascension,  with  figures  of  angels 
holding  labels  aud  harps ;  and,  above  all,  the  Lamb  of 
God ;  the  whole  being  interspersed  with  devices,  which, 
by  the  disposition  aud  tone  of  the  predominating 
colours,  produce  a  briUiaut  example  of  art,  full  of 
fine  effects  and  devotional  tendencies.  Tho  last  window 
of  tho  south  aisle  is  remarkable  for  its  appropriate 
design,  and  the  beautiful  transparency  of  its  colouring. 
It  contains  pictures  of  ^Mary  MagJalono  anointing  tho 
Saviour's  feet,  tho  Three  Marios  at  tho  sepulchre,  and 
Clirist  aud  Magdalene.  Above  tho  second  of  theso 
subjects,  replaced  in  its  old  position,  appears  in  ancient 
stained  glass,  the  head  of  Magdalene,  aud  below  it  tho 
araiorial  escutcheon  of  the  family,  for  whom  the  voice 
of  intercession  rose  within  the  consecrated  walls,  being. 


332 


DERWENT  WARD. 


quarterly,  first,  Ratcliffe ;  second  and  third,  Someri  de 
Dudley' ;  fourth,  Argent,  two  bars  gules,  on  a  canton  of 
the  second  a  cinqucfoil  of  the  first,  Derwentwatcr.  In 
the  vestry  window  are  representations  of  St.  Kentigern 
and  St.  Cuthbert.  The  east  window  of  the  north  aisle, 
known  as  the  "  Hulton  Window,"  from  its  having  been 
erected  by  a  gentleman  of  that  name  in  the  neighbour- 
liood,  displays  in  the  richest  colours  the  Adoration  and 
Transfiguration,  with  some  beautiful  tracery  and  the 
armorial  bearings  of  the  donor.  The  adjoining  window, 
on  the  north  side  of  the  same  aisle,  the  "  Spedding 
Window,"'  consists  of  three  lights,  in  the  first  of  which 
there  is  a  beautiful  figure  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  with 
the  text  "  Ecce  ex  hoc  beatam  me  vocant  omnes  gene- 
rationes,"  "  Behold,  from  henceforth  all  generations 
shall  call  me  blessed,"  at  her  feet.  The  second  light 
has  the  Saviour  of  the  world  bearing  a  sceptre  and 
"lobe,  surmounted  by  a  cross,  with  this  sentence 
beneath,  "  Ego  sum  resurrectio  et  vita,"  "  I  am  the 
resurrection  and  life."  In  the  third  light  is  St.  John, 
with  the  Eagle  ;  and  below,  the  words  "  Ecce  filius 
tuus" — Behold  thy  Sou.  Underneath  the  Saviour  is  a 
circle  bearing  an  inscription  setting  forth  by  whose 
liberahty  the  window  was  erected  in  1816.  The  second 
window  from  the  east  end  of  the  south  aisle  is  known 
as  the  Memorial  Window.  It  was  erected  at  the  expense 
of  the  parishioners,  to  commemorate  the  restoration  and 
embellishment  of  the  church  by  Mr.  Stanger.  It  is  of 
three  lights,  each  filled  with  two  subjects  taken  from 
the  25  th  chapter  of  the  Gospel  of  St.  Matthew,  and 
representing  what  are  generally  six  of  the  corporal 
works  of  mercy.  Those  in  the  first  light  illustrate 
the  words  "  I  was  an  hungred,  and  ye  gave  me  meat ;" 
"  I  was  thirsty,  and  ye  gave  me  drink."  Those  in 
the  second  light,  "  I  was  a  stranger,  and  ye  took 
nie  in ;  naked,  and  ye  clothed  me."  Those  in  the 
third,  "  I  was  sick,  aud  ye  visited  me ;"  "  I  was 
in  prison,  and  ye  came  unto  me. "  Underneath 
these  pictures  is  the  text  from  the  same  chapter, 
''  Verily  I  say  unto  you;  inasmuch  as  ye  have  done  it 
unto  one  of  the  least  of  these,  my  brethren,  ye  have 
done  it  unto  me."  On  the  sill  beneath  is  aflixed  a 
brass  tablet,  with  the  following  inscription  :  — "  A 
memorial  window  by  the  parishioners  gratefully  to  com- 
memorate the  munificent  restoration  aud  embellishment 
of  this  church  by  James  Stanger,  Esquire,  a.  d.  1815. 
The  Rev.  James  Lynn,  vicar;  Henry  Wood,  George 
Williamson,  churchwardens."  In  the  second  window 
from  the  east  end  of  the  north  aisle  is  the  half-length 
figure  of  a  priest,  with  bell,  book,  and  crutch,  or  staff, 
generally  supposed  to  represent  St.  Anthony.  The 
principal  object  of  interest  in  this  church  is,  however, 


the  monument  raised  to  the  memory  of  the  poet, 
Southey,  aud  one  more  chaste  in  design  and  execution 
as  well  as  appropriate  to  the  position  it  occupies,  it 
would  be  dilficult  to  conceive.  It  is  situated  in  the 
south  aisle  of  the  chancel,  opposite  the  door,  and 
close  to  the  oaken  wainscot,  which  separates  that 
division  of  the  church  from  the  aisle.  It  consists  of 
a  full-length  recumbent  figure,  in  white  marble,  resting 
on  an  altar-tomb  of  Caen  stone,  the  sides  of  which  are 
divided  into  five  square  compartments  or  panels,  the 
centre  one  displaying  au  empty  shield.  The  figure  of 
the  poet,  clad  in  academic  robes,  reclines  upon  a  couch, 
the  head  and  shoulders  elevated  on  cushions.  The 
left  hand  rests  upon  the  bosom ;  and  the  face  turned 
towards  the  spectator,  is  cast  in  meditation,  as  if  musin« 
on  the  contents  of  an  open  volume,  which  in  the 
intensity  of  mental  abstraction  has,  together  with  the 
hand  that  held  it,  dropped  listlessly  by  the  side.  The 
likeness  is  said  to  be  perfect,  and  the  whole  monument 
reflects  the  highest  credit  upon  Lough,  by  whom  it  was 
executed.  The  west  end  of  the  tomb  bears  the  follow-' 
ing  inscription : — 

SACKED  TO  THE  MEMORY 

♦  OF 

K  0  B  E  r.  T      SOUTHEY, 

WU03E    .MORTAL   REMAIN'S    ARE    INTERRED 

IN   THE    AUJOININCi   CanRCHYARD. 

HE    WAS    BORN   AT   BRISTOL,   ALGLST   XH.,   MDCCLXXIV., 

AND    DIED, 

AFTER   A   REFIDEXCE    OF    NEARLY  XL   YEARS, 

AT    uRETA    HALL,   IN    THIS   PARISH, 

MARCH   XXI.,   MDCCCXmi. 

THIS   MEMORIAL  WAS   ERECTED   BY  THE   FIUXNDS   OF 

ROBERT    SOLTHEY. 

Xt  the  east  end  are  the  following  lines  of  Wordsworth. 
his  early  friend,  and  successor  in  the  laureateship. 

Ye  vales  and  hills  whose  beanty  hither  drew 
The  poet's  steps,  and  fixed  them  here  —  on  you 
His  eyes  have  closed !    And  ye  loved  books,  no  more 
Shall  Southey  feed  upon  your  precious  lore, 
To  worUs  tliat  ne'er  shall  forfeit  their  renown 
Adding  immortal  labours  of  his  own  — 
Wlielher  he  traced  historic  truth,  witli  zeal 
For  the  .State's  guidance,  or  the  Church's  weal ; 
Or  fancy  disciplined  with  studious  art 
Informed  his  pen,  or  wisdom  of  the  heart. 
Or  judgment  sanctioned  in  the  patriot's  mind, 
]!y  reverence  for  the  rights  of  all  mankind. 
Wide  were  his  aims,  yet  in  no  human  breast 
Could  private  feelings  find  a  holier  rest, — 
His  joys,  his  griefs,  have  vani.shed  like  a  cloud 
From  Skiddaw's  top ;  but  he  to  Heaven  was  vowed 
Through  a  hfe  long  and  pure ;  and  Christian  faith 
Calmed  in  his  soul  the  fear  of  change  and  death. 

Leading  round  the  tower  of  the  church,  a  well-trodden 
path  leads  to  Southey's  grave.     A  plain  monumental 


CROSTHWAITE  PARISH. 


333 


tablet  records  his  death  and  that  of  his  wife.      The 
grave  is  surrounded  by  others  of  his  household. 

Southey  tells  us  that  "  Alice  de  Romili,  heiress  of 
Egreraont  and  Skipton,  who,  in  the  reign  of  Stephen, 
or  his  successor,  married  the  lord  of  Allerdale,  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  the  person  who  founded  and  endowed 
this  church,  and  subsequently  gave  it  to  Fountains 
Abb'y.  It  was  soon  afterwards  appropriated  to  that 
monastery,  the  collation  being  reserved  to  the  Hishop 
of  Carlisle.  William  Fitz-Duncan,  the  husband  of  this 
Alice,  was  sou  to  the  Earl  of  Murray,  and  brother  to 
David  King  of  Scotland,  and  this  may  perhaps  e.'>:plain 
why  the  church  was  dedicated  to  the  Scotch  Saint 
ivontigern,  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  and  patron  of  that 
cathedral."  This  is  the  only  ivriter  who  states  dis- 
tinctly that  the  Lady  Alice  dc  Romley  was  the  founder 
of  Crosthwaite  church,  the  local  and  other  writers  who 
have  noticed  it,  merely  stating  that  it  was  anciently 
rectorial,  and  was  given  to  Fountains  Abbey  by  this 
lady,  and  soon  after  made  appropriate,  the  presentation 
of  the  vicar  being  reserved  to  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle. 
Such  being  all  the  knowledge  wo  possess  relating  to 
the  first  establishment  of  a  church  at  Crosthwaite,  we 
mav  reasonably  conjecture  that  its  antiquity  dates  to  a 
more  remote  pijriod  than  that  in  which  Alice  de  Romley 
lived,  and  that  it  owes  its  origin  to  the  Scots,  by 
whom  it  was  erected  and  dedicated  to  one  of  their 
tutelar  saints.  But  be  that  as  it  may,  we  know  that  it  is 
very  ancient,  and  was  at  an  early  period  given  to  Foun- 
tains Abbey,  in  Yorkshire.      In  the  "  Valor  of  Pope 

Nicholas,"  taken  in  the  church  of  Crosthwaite 

is  valued  at  £'iO  l.'is.  Id.,  and  the  vicarage  at  £iO. 
In  the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  in  llJlS,  it  is  returned  at 
the  reduced  valuation  of  £10  for  the  church,  and  £\ 
for  the  vicarage.  Its  value  in  the  King's  Book  is 
L',")!)  8s.  lid.  In  18-3'2  it  was  certilied  to  the  Parlia- 
mentary Commissioners  as  of  the  average  annual  value 
of  £31'2,  and  in  1815  the  tithes  were  commuted  for  a 
yearly  rent  in  the  following  proportions : — Keswick, 
vicarial,  £18  13s.  -Id.,  and  £7  Ta.  Od.  to  the  impro- 
priators, who  are  also  the  landowners.  Under  Skiddaw, 
vicarial,  £T'.t  Is.  (id.,  and  £18  18s.  Id.  as  above;  and 
to  Sir  Jolm  Walsh  and  Abraham  Fisher,  Esq., 
£100  73.,  and  to  Juno  Spedding,  10s.  Borrowdale, 
vicarial,  £81  Os.  dd.  St.  John's  Castlcrigg  and  Wytli- 
burn,  vicarial,  £118  18s.  lid.  Over  Derwent, 
CIO  I  7s.  3J.,  vicarial ;  and  to  the  impropriators, 
L'103  33.  (id.:  and  £-2  8s.  to  Sir  John  Walsh  and 
Vbralmm  Fisher,  Esq.  Total,  £13'2  13s.  '3d.  vica- 
lials ;  to  the  impropriators,  who  are  also  tho  landowners, 
£'^83  58.  Id.;  and  to  Sir  John  Walsh  and  Abraham 
Fisher,  Esii.,  £10'2  15s.     There  was  formerly  a  chantry 


here,  dedicated  to  St.  JIary  Maadalene,  as  we  have 
seen  above,  and  endowed  with  lands  ai-d  tenements, 
which,  after  the  dissolution  of  the  religious  houses, 
was  granted  to  one  Thomas  Brcndc,  scrivener,  of  Lou- 
don. From  tho  survey  of  Henry  VIII.  wc  learn  tho 
following  particulars  relating  to  this  chantry  :  —  "John 
Steyle,  chantry  priest  of  the  chantry  of  St.  ]\[ary  of 
Keswick,  within  the  parish  of  Crosthwaite,  which  is 
worth,  one  year  with  another,  on  oath  made,  £4  19s.  7d." 
From  the  certificates  of  surveys  of  chantries  within  the 
county  of  Cumberland,  made  pursuant  to  a  commission 
of  37th  Henry  VIII.,  and  preserved  among  the  records 
of  the  late  Court  of  Augmentation,  it  appears  that  the 
lands  assigned  for  the  support  of  the  chaplain  of  this 
chantry  were  in  possession  of  eight  individuals,  whose 
names,  with  the  respective  rents  payable  by  each,  are 
there  set  forth.  A  certificate  under  another  survey 
made  pursuant  to  a  commission  of  i<ind  Edward  VI., 
certifies  under  tho  various  heads  of  inquiry  that  the 
parish  of  Crosthwaite  contained  "  2>V  M'  howselinge 
people,"  or  persons  of  sufficient  age,  accustomed  to 
receive  tho  holy  communion  ;  and  that  the  chantry  in 
the  church  was  used  ••  to  celebrate  masse."  That 
(lawen  Brathwayte,  aged  thirty-five  years,  who  was  ihc 
incumbent,  had  the  clear  yearly  revenue  of  the  same 
for  his  salary,  and  that  he  had  nothing  else  for  his 
support.  The  parish  registers  commence  in  1562,  and 
for  the  most  part  appear  to  have  been  carefully  kept, 
except  during  from  1058  to  1(10',),  in  which  period  only 
about  a  dozen  baptisms  are  entered,  and  no  marriages 
nor  funerals. 

Vicars. — Jeffrey  WetbainsteaJ,  1'394  ;  Richard  de  Graystoke, 
1311 ;  Thomas  Lime,  occurs  in  13  jl ;  John  Henry  de  Brougli- 
ton,  13511;  Jolm  de  Welton,  13C0;  I'eter  de  Morhiml,  appointed 
curate,  tlio  vicarage  being  vacant,  l.'Sfll ;  John  Ueryuge,  153u; 

Jolin  ItntcUfl', ;  John  Maybraye,  15()7  ;   William  Uennett, 

15(i8;  Peter  Mayson,  10H5;  Kobert  Beck,  15»'2  ;  I'eter  Beck, 
151)7;  Giles  Robinson,  KJO'i ;  Isaac  Singleton,  1G23;  John 
Winter,  lOl.);  William  .Meoles,  died  l(i5'!;  rercivall  Radclitl'e, 
l(i51;  Henry -Mai-sball,  Kiel;  Richard  Lowiie,  1607;  Thomas 
Tnllie,  1710;  lliomas  Nicholson,  17J7;  Thomas  Christian 
17-.2H  ;  James  S.  Lushington,  1770;  Henry  Denton,  17H0  ;  Isaac 
Denton,  17S0;  James  Lynn,  IS'JO;  lloury  Gipps,  1S55. 

The  vicarage  is  situate  on  an  eminence  between  tlio 
church  and  tho  town  of  Kessvick,  and  commands  beau- 
tiful views  of  Dorwentwater  and  tho  surrounding  luouu- 
tain  scenery. 

In  the  year  1300,  Isabel,  tho  second  wife  of  William 
de  Fortibus,  third  earl  of  Albermarle,  lord  of  Skiptou, 
and  who,  in  right  of  her  desoont  from  .Mice  do  Romley, 
inherited  not  only  that  great  lief,  but  also  a  moiety  of 
tho  barony  of  AllerdaJo  and  of  tho  honour  of  Cocker- 
mouth,  being  summoned  to  prove  by  what  right  she 


331 


DEmVEXT  WARD. 


held  a  market  at  Crosthwaite,  denied  she  held  any 
market  there,  but  that  the  men  of  the  neighbourhood 
met  at  the  churcli  ou  festival  days  and  there  sold  flesh 
and  fish  ;  and  that  slie,  as  lady  of  the  manor  of  Derwent 
Fells,  took  no  toll.  It  would  seem  that  this  practice 
obtained,  for  in  1300,  the  inhabitants  of  Cockerraouth 
petitioned  parliament  on  the  subject,  representing  that 
there  was  a  great  concourse  of  people  every  Sunday  at 
Crosthwaite  church,  where  corn,  flour,  beans,  peas, 
liuen.  cloth,  meat,  fish,  and  other  merchandise  were 
bought  and  sold,  which  was  s3  very  injurious  to  the 
market  at  Cockermouth,  that  the  persons  at  the  place 
who  farmed  the  tolls  of  the  king  were  unable  to  pay 
then-  rent.  Upon  this  a  proclamation  was  issued 
against  the  practice,  which  appears  to  have  been  dis- 
continued. 

The  population  of  this  parish,  as  well  as  that  of  most 
others  in  the  north  of  England,  continued  attached 
to  the  Catholic  religion  long  after  the  inhabitants  of 
the  southern  counties  had  embraced  Protestantism,  and 
so  late  as  the  13th  Elizabeth  (luVl)  we  find  that  the 
services  of  the  ancient  church  were  celebrated  here, 
and  attended  by  the  people.  In  that  year  an  ordinance 
was  issued  by  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  directed  to  Henry 
Lord  Scrope,  of  Bolton,  lord  warden  of  the  Western 
Marches  of  England  :  Simon  Musgrave,  Knt.;  Richard 
Dudley,  Esq.,  of  Yanwath  Hall :  and  other  commis- 
siouers  for  causes  ecclesiastical  within  the  province  of 
York  :  the  vicar  of  Crosthwaite,  the  eighteen  sworn  men 
(sidesmen),  the  churchwardens ;  the  representatives  of 
the  house  of  Derwcntwater ;  the  sealer  and  receiver  of 
the  Queen's  majesty's  portion  at  the  mines ;  the  bailiffs 
of  Keswick,  V.'ythburn,  Borrowdale,  Thornthwaite, 
Brundholme,  and  the  forester  of  Derwent  Fells,  who 
are  commanded  to  assemble  at  Crosthwaite  church 
upon  the  afternoon  of  Ascension  Day,  and  then  and 
there  to  elect,  choose,  and  nominate  the  eighteen  men 
for  the  ensuing  year,  and  also  the  churchwardens,  who 
should,  on  the  Sunday  following,  between  morning 
prayer  and  the  saying  of  the  Litany,  before  the  vicar, 
or  the  curate,  take  their  oath  of  office  as  follows  : 
"  You,  and  every  one  of  you,  now  chosen  to  be  for  this 
year  next  coming,  the  eighteen  men  for  this  parish 
of  Crosthwaite,  shall  swear  by  God  and  the  holy  con- 
tents of  the  blessed  evangelists  here  by  you  bodily 
touched  that  you  and  every  one  of  you,  shall  well  and 
faithfully  exercise  and  execute  the  office  whcreunto  you 
be  now  chosen,  to  the  most  commodity  and  behoof  of 
the  said  parish.  The  stock  and  money  accruing  thereof, 
you  shall  maintain,  better  and  not  impair,  and,  finally, 
you  shall  faithfully  fulfil  and  accomplish  all  that  unto 
that  office  of  right  or  lawful  custom  shall  appertain. 


And  at  the  end  of  the  year  you  shall  render  and  give 
up,  together  with  the  office,  a  full,  perfect,  and  true 
account  of  all,  and  singular,  the  sums  by  you  received 
and  employed,  or  bestowed  in  the  said  office ;  wherein 
you  sh.all  do  nothing  without  the  consent  of  the  fellows, 
or  of  a  greater,  or  more  part  of  them.  And  upon  the 
account  determined  j-ou  shall  make  present  pay  of  the 
remainder  of  all  such  sums  of  money  as  shall  rest  in 
your  hands,  and  therewithal  deliver  over  to  the  suc- 
cessor all  such  other  implements  and  goods,  belonging 
to  this  parish,  as  in  your  hands  and  custody  shall 
remain  by  inventory.  So  God  you  help  by  Jesus  Christ." 

A  nearly  similar  oith  is  then  alministered  to  the 
churchwardens,  and  in  order  to  root  out  every  remnant  of 
the  old  religion,  the  churchwardens  and  sidesmen  were 
commanded  by  this  decree,  "  to  sell  before  the  first  day 
of  December  of  the  aforesaid  year,  all  the  Popish  relics 
and  monuments  of  superstition  and  idolatry,  as  pre- 
sently remain  in  the  said  parish,  of  the  church  or  parish 
goods,  converting  the  prices  thereof  received  to  the 
parish  use  wholly,  viz.,  two  pipes  of  silver,  one  silver 
pa.KC,  one  cross  of  cloth  of  gold,  which  was  on  a  vesti- 
ment;  one  copper  cross,  two  chalices  of  silver,  two 
corporasc  rases,  three  hand-bells,  the  iron  whereon  the 
paschal  stood,  one  pair  of  sensures,  one  ship,  one  bead  of 
a  pair  of  sensures,  twenty-nine  brazen  or  Latyne  can- 
dlesticks, of  si.\-  quarters  long:  one  holy  water  tankard  of 
brass,  the  canopies  which  hanged,  and  that  which  was 
carried  over  the  blessed  sacrament ;  two  brazen  or 
Latyne  chrismatories,  the  vail  cloth,  the  sepulchre 
cloths,  and  p.ainted  cloths,  with  pictures  of  Peter  and 
Paul,  and  of  the  Trinity." 

It  was  also  ordered  that  "  the  four  vcstiments,  tunicles, 
five  chestablcs,  and  all  other  vestimeuts  belonging  to  the 
said  parish  church,  and  to  the  chapels  within  the  said 
parish,  be  defaced,  cut  in  pieces,  and  of  them  a  covering 
for  the  pulpit  and  cushions  for  the  church  made  and 
provided ;  and  that  the  albes  and  amyses  should  like- 
wise be  sold ;  and  fine  linen  cloths  for  the  communion 
table,  and  a  covering  of  buckram,  fringed,  for  the 
same,  be  bought  and  provided  before  Christmas  next ; 
and  that  there  should  be  provided  before  that  period, 
for  the  chapels  in  the  parish,  decent  common  cups  of 
silver  or  of  tin."  It  was  also  enjoined,  "  that  before 
Christmas  next  they  should  make  and  set  up  a  decent 
perclost  of  wood,  wherein  the  morning  and  evening 
prayer  should  be  read,  to  be  placed  without  the  choir 
door;  and  that  they  should  also  see  the  said  church 
furnished  with  all  books  convenient  for  the  same  before 
Christmas  then  next ;  that  was  to  say,  with  a  Bible  of 
the  largest  volume,  one  or  two  Communion  Books,  four 
Psalter  Books,  the  two  tomes  of  the  Homilies,  the 


CKOSTHWAITE   PARISH. 


ooo 


Injunctions,  the  Defence  of  the  Apology',  the  Para- 
phrases iu  English,  or  instead  thereof,  Marlorate  upon 
the  Evangelists,  and  Beacon's  Postills,  and  al=o  four 
Psalter  Books  in  metre."  It  was  liliewiso  ordered  that 
"  all  the  parishoners  of  Crosthwaite  being  of  years  of 
discretion,  and  sufficiently  instructed  iu  the  grounds 
and  principles  of  the  Christian  faith,  should  openly 
communicate  at  least  three  times  iu  their  parish  church 
yearly,  whereof  Easter  was  the  one  time ;  and  at  all  such 
general  communions  the  deacons  and  ministers  of  the 
chapels  in  the  parish  should  help  and  assist  the  vicar 
and  curate  at  the  ministation  of  the  same."  It  was 
also  commanded  that  '•  from  henceforth  there  should  bo 
no  divine  service  publicly  said  iu  the  church  on  any 
abrogate  holiday,  or  any  concourse  of  idle  people  to 
church  on  such  forbidden  days ;  that  is  to  wit,  on  the 
feasts  or  days  of  All  Souls,  or  the  evening  or  night 
before;  on  St.  Catherine,  St.  Nicholas,  Thomas  ii 
Beckett,  St.  George;  the  Wednesdays  iu  Easter  or 
Whitsun  weeks ;  the  Conception,  Assumption,  or 
Nativity  of  our  Lady  ;  St.  Lawrence,  Mary  Magdalene, 
St.  Ann,  or  such  like ;  which  are  forbidden  to  bo  kept 
holidays  by  the  laws  of  this  realme."  It  was  "  straitly 
commanded  that  none  should  horeiifter  pray  upon  any 
beads,  knots,  portisse>,  papistical  and  superstitious 
Latyue  primers,  or  otherwi.se  forbidden  or  ungodly 
books,  either  publicly  or  openly,  and  that  there  should 
be  no  communion  said,  celebrated,  or  ministered  at  the 
burial  of  the  dead,  nor  for  any  dead ;  nor  for  any  months' 
minds,  anniversaries,  or  such  superstitions  used." 

The  churchwardens  and  sidesmen  are  still  elected 
according  to  ancient  custom,  take  the  oath  as  above, 
and  exercise  the  powers  vested  ia  their  predecessors 
connected  with  the  church  and  Free  Grammar  School. 

CnAJlITIES. 

The  Siliool. — The  origin  of  this  school  is  (juite 
nnkuown,  though  its  antiquity  is  undoubted.  It  is 
stated  to  have  been  founded  and  endowed  by  the  parish- 
ioners, and  was  in  existence  previous  to  the  Reformation. 
It  is  first  mentioned  iu  the  decree  of  the  31st  October, 
1571,  above  quoted,  which  is  still  preserved  in  the 
school  chest.  This  decree  provides  for  the  yearly  elec- 
tion of  the  eighteen  sidesmen,  as  wo  have  seen,  by 
whom  tho  parish  of  Crosthwaite  was  then  and  is  still 
governed,  and  directs  the  oath  above  givrn  to  bo  token 
on  election,  prescribing  tho  penalties  incurred  by  any 
person  refusing  to  tnko  that  office;  one  of  which  is, 
that  ho  shall  forfeit  lOs.  "to  tho  uses  of  tho  parish 
and  increase  of  the  stock  of  the  sciiool."  Tho  decree 
then  proceeds  as  follows :  "  And  we  having  had  consid- 
eration for  tho  bolter  maintaining  the  common  and  free 
school  at  Crosthwaite,  which  we  find  to  be  supported  of 


the  commodities  accruing  of  and  upon  certain  stock, 
put  forth  to  use  in  tho  said  parish,  which  sums  were 
not  great,  nor  fully  sufficient  to  maintain  and  support 
a  learned  and  industrious  schoolmaster  there,  have  for 
the  enlarging  and  increasing  of  the  said  schoolmaster's 
stipend  and  salary,  decreed,  constituted,  and  ordained, 
that  whereas  every  lire-house  within  the  said  parish  of 
Crosthwaite,  hath,  time  out  ot  mind,  and  yet  doth 
yield,  and  by  the  inhabitants  therein,  yearly,  twopence 
is  paid  for  the  clerk's  wages,  over  and  besides  certain 
ordinary  fees  for  night  watch,  burials,  weddings,  and 
over  and  besides  certain  annual  benevolences  of  Iamb 
wool,  eggs,  and  such  like,  which  seemeth  to  grow  up  to 
a  greater  sum  yearly  than  is  competent  for  a  parish 
clerks  wages  and  stipend,  the  eighteen  men  of  the 
said  parish  shall  this  year,  and  so  forth  yearly  for  ever 
hereafter,  receive,  collect,  gtither,  and  take  up  the  said 
yearly  contributions  of  twopence  for  every  fire-house,  to 
the  use  of  the  said  free  school,  and  to  the  augmenting 
of  the  schoolmaster's  stipend  and  salary,  paying  yearly 
on  the  Sunday  next  after  the  Feast  of  Ascension,  unto 
the  parish  clerk,  Ga'.vin  HadclitTe,  and  his  successors, 
forty-six  shillings  and  eightpence,  lawful  English 
money,  for  his  wages  out  of  the  said  contribution  of 
twopence  for  every  house,  and  employing  the  remainder 
to  the  schoolmaster's  use :  whereof  we  will  that 
they  yield  a  full  account  yearly,  at  their  general 
accompts.  And  we  futheimore  decree  and  ordain,  and 
by  these  presents  firmly  charge  and  command,  that  the 
said  eighteen  men  do  from  henceforth  occupy  the  said 
stock  of  money,  to  the  utmost  and  greatest  commodity 
it  by  any  way  may  thereby,  or  thereof,  accrue  or  grow 
to  the  use  of  the  school;  thinking  that  if  the  said 
sums  were  levied  aud  paid  over  to  purchase  of  a  yeaidy 
annuity  or  rent  charge  of  some  free  and  good  manors 
or  lordships,  upon  good  and  strong  assurance,  there 
might  be  had  about  sixteen  pounds  yearly  annuity  for 
the  same,  aud  faithfully  assured.  Nevertheless  the 
consideration  hereof,  and  the  husbanding  the  said  stock 
and  sums,  for  the  behoof  of  the  said  free  school,  which 
wholly  and  utterly  leave  aud  refer  to  the  eighteen  men, 
from  time  to  time,  as  to  their  discretion  shall  seem 
most  behoveable  to  the  said  school."  -V  dispute  having 
arisen  between  Henry,  lord  bishop  of  Carlisle,  and  the 
eighteen  sworn  men,  respecting  the  riglit  of  collation, 
placing  and  'displacing  of  the  schoolmaster,  and  tho 
bishop  of  the  diocese  having  committed  thirteen  of  the 
sworn  mou  to  prison,  an  inquisition  was  taken  at 
Keswick,  in  the  year  K'llO,  before  Sir  "William  Iluttou 
Knight,  and  othew,  and  a  jury  of  •'thirteen  good  aud 
lawful  men  of  the  county."  The  jury  presented,  upon 
oath,  *•  that  there  hath  been  a  grammar  school,  within  the 


sac 


DERWENT  WARD. 


parish  of  Crosthwaito,  in  tlio  said  eoumy,  time  whereof 
the  memory  of  man  liuoweth  not  the  contrary ;    and 
that  for  like  time  there  hath  always  been  by  an  ancient 
custom,  eighteen  mm  yearly  elected  by  tlie  preceding 
eighteen  men ;  that  the  said  eighteen  sworu  men  have 
always  by  prescription  and  ancient  custom,  yea  even 
times  without  memory,  used  and  accustomed  to  choose, 
place,    and   displace    the    schoolmaster    of    the    said 
school     .     .     .     that   long  time   since,    as  the    said 
jurors  do  plainly  perceive,  by  the  testimony  of  living 
w-ituesses  of  the  age  of  ninety  years  or   thereabouts, 
and   by  the   general   consent  and   reputation   of  the 
parishioners  and  other  good  evidence,  that  divers  of 
the  parishoners  and  inhabitants  within  the  said  parish, 
and   no   other    to    their    knowledge,   voluntarily    and 
freely,  out  of  their  charitable  dispositions,  for  a  more 
certainty  and  increase    of    maintenance  of   the    said 
school,  gave  every  of  them  several  sums  of  money, 
and  collected  the  same  together,  all  amounting,   with 
the   sum   which  was    th  '■    ancient    school    stock,   unto 
one    hundred    and    forty-eight    pounds    two    shillings 
and   threepence    half- penny,    which    was    given    and 
bestowed  by  them,  and  delivered  over  unto  the  con- 
scionable  cure  and  trust  of  tlie  said  eighteen  sworn 
men,  by  them,  and  those  which  should  succeed  them, 
perpetually  so  to  be  employed,  that  out  of  the  increase 
thereof  and  such  other  profits  as  they  then  had  the 
disposition  of,  or  thereafter  might  have,  to  the  use  of 
the  said  school,  a  competent  yearly  stipend  might  be 
raised,   and  paid   by  tliem,    unto  such   schoolmaster, 
whom  they  should  choose,  and  continue  from  time  to 
time,  to  teach  in  the  school  for  the  education  of  the 
youth  of  the  snid  pavisli."     It  was  therefore  decreed, 
under  the  hands  and  seals  of  the  commissioners  and 
jurors,    that  the    "eighteen  sworn   men  of   the  said 
parish,  now,  and  from  time  to  time,  to  be  elected  here- 
after, shall  be,  as  of  right  they  are,  and  ought  to  be  for 
ever  hereafter,  the  sole  and  only  governors  of  the  said 
school  and  school  stock     .     .     .     and  they  shall  have 
the  sole  and  only  power  and  authority  of  election,  col- 
lection, placing,  and  displacing  of  the  said  schoolmaster, 
in  the  said  school,  according  to  their  most  ancient  and 
laudable  custom.''    About  twenty-one  years  subsequent 
to  the  above  inquisition,  2Jst  Charles  I.  (1045-0),  an 
obligatory  decree,  under    the   great  seal  of  England, 
appears  to  have  been  issued,  whereby  the  parties  are 
willed  and  commanded,  firmly,  without  distinction,  that 
all  and  singular  whatsoever,  in  the  decree  aforesaid  con- 
tained and  specified  (so  far  as  to  them  or  any  of  them 
it  belongeth  and  appertaineth)  should  fuIQl  and  execute : 
and  that  every  of  them  should  fulfil  and  execute  with 
effect,  according  to  the  tenor  and  the  true  intention  of 


the  decree  aforesaid,  under  the  penalty  of  £'500.  The 
collections  or  cesses  for  the  support  of  this  school  have 
long  since  ceased ;  it  has  now  for  a  lengthened  period 
been  solely  supportid  by  the  funds  arising  from  the 
property  belonging  to  the  school,  which  consists  of  an 
entire  estate  situate  at  Great  Crosthwaite,  and  another 
estate  at  St.  John's,  called  Wanthwaite.  Part  of  the 
first  property  was  purchased  in  the  year  lOit'i,  for  the 
sum  of  J685,  and  the  other  part  in  \~i):l,  for  the  sum  of 
£12:5;  and  the  latter  estate  in  1731),  for  the  sum  of 
i;i:iO,  out  of  the  school  stock,  which  had  by  degrees 
amounted  to  more  than  the  sums  laid  out  in  the  pur- 
chase of  those  estates.  These  premises  were  conveyed 
to  the  sidesmen  of  the  parish,  their  heirs  and  assigns, 
in  trust  for  the  school,  and  now  bring  in  about  .t'll!! 
a  year.  The  school,  whicli  is  entirely  free  to  the  parish, 
is  in  the  parish  churchyard.  It  is  under  government 
inspection,  conducted  by  a  master,  aided  by  an  assis- 
tant teacher  and  two  pupil  teachers,  and  has  an  average 
attendance  of  1 50  children. 

Sir  John  Banks'  Charitij. — Sir  John  Banks,  a  native 
of  Keswick,  by  wiU  dated  '2:h-d  September,  l(i  12,  devised 
to  trustees,  "two  tenements,  with  the  close,  orchard, 
and  ground  adjoining,  situate  in  Keswick,  and  directed 
that  the  said  tenements  should  be  pulled  down,  and 
that  a  workhouse  should  be  built  there,  to  be  kept 
and  maintain  d  for  ever  for  the  setting  of  poor  people 
on  work;  and  he  devised  to  the  same  persons  .£200  to 
be  employed  for  the  building  thereof,  and  directed  that 
what  remained  should  be  kept  in  their  hands  as  part  of 
a  stock.  He  also  gave  to  the  same  persons  £30  per 
annum,  to  be  employed  for  the  first  three  years  for  the 
increase  of  the  said  stock,  and  he  directed,  that  after 
the  three  years  had  expired,  the  said  stock  of  money, 
as  also  the  £30  per  annum,  should  be  employed  for  the 
raising  and  maintaining  a  sulhoient  stock  of  wool,  flax, 
hemp,  thread,  yarn,  iron,  and  other  necessary  wares  and 
stuff,  to  set  the  poor  people  on  work,  who  should  be  born 
within  the  parisli  of  Crosthwaite:  and  he  dn-ected  that 
his  trustees  should  set  to  work  the  children  of  all  such 
whose  parents  should  not  be  able  to  maintain  them, 
and  the  children  of  the  fatherless,  and  poor  aged  men 
and  aged  women  and  widows,  who  should  be  able  to 
work  in  any  reasonable  manner;  and  also  for  the  setting 
on  work  all  other  persons  born  within  the  said  parish, 
having  no  means  to  maintain  them;  and  he  directed, 
that  the  profits  arising  by  the  said  stock  and  the  said 
£30  should  be  employed  towards  the  necessary  relief  of 
the  same  impotent  old  men  and  women  and  blind,  and 
such  others  of  the  parish  being  poor  and  not  able  to 
work,  and  also  for  the  putting  out  the  children  of  poor 
people  to  be  apprentices.     And  he  further  directed. 


CROSTHWAITE  PABISH. 


337 


that  five  marks  out  of  the  said  profits  and  rent  should 
bo  yearly  laid  up  to  maintain  the  workhouse  in  repair, 
and  for  other  extraordinary  occasions,  and  ho  allowed 
20s.  yearly  to  such  persou  as  should  take  care  of  this 
business;  and  stating,  that  he  conceived  that  the 
weekly  wages  to  the  workers  would  be  moderate ;  and 
that  there  would  remain  the  more  to  perform  the  chari- 
table uses,  he  directed,  that  cloth  of  linen  arising  by 
the  said  manufacture  might  be  given  to  poor  people, 
and  the  rest  sold  for  the  uses  aforesaid ;  and  he  directed 
tliat  the  said  rent  of  £30  should  issue  out  of  all  his 
freehold  lands  and  tenements  in  the  parish  of  Crosth- 
waite,  except  his  dwelling-hoase  and  the  appurtenances 
in  Keswick,  with  a  power  of  distress.  By  a  decree 
of  commissioners  of  charitable  uses,  dated  4th  July 
1072,  reciting  an  inquisition  held  at  Kesrick  of  the 
same  date,  whereby  it  was  found  that  Sir  John  Banks 
made  his  will  as  above  stated,  and  whereby  it  was 
further  found  that  the  trustees  had  not  been  diligent 
in  their  trust,  by  reason  whereof  the  charitable  uses 
had  not  been  performed ;  it  was  ordered  and  decreed, 
that  the  surviving  trustees  should  convey  the  several 
premises  devised  by  the  testator,  and  the  stock  and 
property  belonging  thereto  to  the  use  of  them- 
selves and  other  trustees  therein  named,  of  whom 
the  vicar  of  Crosthwaite,  for  the  time  bsing,  was  to  be 
one  for  the  trusts  of  the  said  will ;  and  it  was  furtlicr 
ordered,  that  when  the  feoffees  should  be  reduced  to 
three,  that  the  survivors  should  convey  the  said  premises 
to  the  use  of  themselves  and  their  heirs,  and  to  the 
vicar  of  Crosthwaite  for  the  time  being,  and  to  the 
heirs  of  Sir  William  Dalston,  Sir  Ralph  Banks,  Richard 
Tolson,  Christopher  Blencowe,  and  Thomas  Tickell,  and 
to  so  many  mora  parishioners  of  Crosthwaite,  and  their 
heirs,  as  should  make  up  the  number  of  six  parish- 
ioners of  Crosthwaite;  and  the  eighteen  sworn  men  of 
Crosthwaite,  with  the  churchwardens  and  overseers,  to 
be  aiding  and  assisting  the  trustees  and  the  church- 
wardens and  overseers  to  act  as  they  should  be  directed 
by  the  trustees ;  and  that  a  chest  should  be  obtained  and 
books  procured  for  keeping  the  accounts  in  the  manner 
tlicroin  mentioned;  and  that  tb.o  trustees  should  take 
order  for  the  setting  up  and  promoting  of  a  trado  when 
they  should  have  an  opportunity,  and  for  the  binding 
and  preferring  of  poor  children  to  bo  apprentices, 
repairing  of  the  house,  distribution  to  the  poor  or  lame 
persons,  or  other  things  mentioned  in  the  said  will; 
and  that  until  they  should  have  such  an  opportunity 
to  set  up  a  munufactory,  some  of  the  rooms  sliould  be 
disposed  of  to  poor  widows,  and  that  some  competency 
should  be  allowed  them ;  and  that  the  rest  of  the  income 
(after  paying  a  colloctor  of  the  rents,  and  five  marks  to 


be  laid  up  in  the  chest  for  repairs  being  first  deducted) 
should  be  yearly  bestowed  upon  woollen  and  linen  cloth 
and  made  fit  for  wearing,  and  some  stockings  and  shoes, 
and  distributed  yearly  at  the  said  workhouse  at  the 
feast  of  All  Saints.  And  further  reciting,  that  although 
the  said  yearly  rent-charge  of  £30  was  extinct,  it 
was  ordered  and  decreed,  that  the  said  rent-charge 
should  revive,  and  that  who  did  or  should  possess 
the  said  lands  charged  with  the  payment  of  the 
same,  should  yearly  pay  the  same  according  to  the  said 
will  and  this  decree,  with  power  for  the  said  trustees 
to  enter  and  distrain  for  the  same.  And  it  was  further 
ordered,  that  certain  sums  of  money,  amounting  in  the 
whole  to  £255  19s.  should  be  paid  by  certain  persons 
therein  named  to  the  trustees  in  the  said  decree  men- 
tioned." At  the  time  of  the  publication  of  the  Charity 
Commissioners'  Report,  from  which  we  have  taken  the 
above  estract,  the  property  in  the  possession  of  the 
trustees  consisted  of  land  and  money:  an  estate  at 
Howard  Coldale,  containing  124  acres  and  35  perches; 
a  field  near  the  church  at  Crosthwaite,  containing  about 
four  acres ;  and  two  cattle  gates  in  White  Moss,  and  an 
acre  of  land  in  a  field  called  the  Cow  Pasture;  au 
estate,  called  Birkett  Wood,  in  Crosthwaite  Parish, 
containing  about  29  acres;  between  three  and  four 
acres  of  woodland  in  Birkett  Wood ;  the  sum  of  £500, 
which  was  out  at  interest  at  -ij  percent;  and  the  work- 
house premises  mentioned  in  Su-  John  Banks'  will.  This 
charity  has  been  augmented  by  20  acres  and  15  perches 
of  laud,  known  as  the  High,  in  Newlands,  purchased  in 
1857,  at  acostof£0 10,  of  which  sum  £500  was  bequeathed 
on  2tith  March,  1852,  by  Miss  Ogle,  and  appropriated, 
by  Sir  Charles  Ogle  and  H.  Denton,  Esq.,  her  e.xecu- 
tors  to  this  charity.  It  was  long  ago  found  imprac- 
ticable to  use  as  a  workhouse  the  premises  devised  by 
the  testator.  The  use  of  machinery  has  rendered  it 
impossible  to  work  up  woollen  with  effect  by  hand. 
The  charity  is  at  present  devoted  to  the  comfortable 
support  of  eighteen  aged  and  poor  persons  of  the  parish 
of  Crosthwaite,  who  reside  in  the  Sir  John  Banks' 
Charity  House,  at  a  short  distance  north  of  the  Town 
Hall,  in  the  towu  of  Keswick. 

Grave's  Charity. — Thomas  Grave,  by  will,  dated 
29th  November,  lOOG,  gave  to  trustees,  eight  cows, 
grasses  and  pasture  for  eight  kine,  in  an  enclosed 
ground  called  White  Moss,  of  which  he  was  then 
mortgagee,  and  if  they  were  redeemed,  the  money  was 
to  bo  devoted  as  thereinafter  mentioned  ;  and  he  also 
bequeathed  all  such  sum  and  sums  of  money  as  were 
owing  unto  him  upon  will  or  bond,  to  be  by  them  let 
out  at  five  per  cent,  until  they  could  conveniently  pur- 
chase free  lauds  with  the  same ;  and  he  desired  that  the 


88 


338 


DERWENT  WARD. 


rent  of  the  said  cows'  grasses,  and  the  interest  of  the 
said  money,  and  the  rent  of  the  land  when  purchased, 
should  be  yearly  upon  Good  Friday,  Easter  Eve,  or 
thereabouts,  distributed  by  the  churchwardens  of  Cros- 
thwaite,  with  the  advice  of  his  trustees  above-mentioned, 
and  such  as  should  be  by  the  surviving  two  of  them  suc- 
cessively elected  and  appointed  to  such  of  the  parish  of 
Crosthwaite  as  were  poor,  blind,  lame,  sick,  widows, 
fatherless  and  motherless  children  not  being  able  to 
work,  nor  to  go  from  door  to  door  to  seek  their  living, 
not  in  the  least  abating  such  allowance  as  should  be 
granted  them  by  law  authority,  or  from  the  parish  not 
easing  the  abler  sort  of  their  cess.  It  is  not  known 
what  was  the  amount  of  the  money  received  under  his 
will.  The  mortgage  of  the  eight  cow  grasses  appears 
to  have  been  redeemed,  and  the  money  was  probably 
applied  in  the  purchase  of  other  property  of  the  same 
nature,  as  we  find  two  deeds,  dated  respectively  in  1088 
and  in  1076,  whereby  fourteen  cow  grasses  in  Whitcy 
Moss  were  conveyed  to  the  trustees  of  this  charity 
in  consideration  of  £71.  In  1672,  the  sum  of  £58 
7s.  3d.  was  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of  fee-farm  rents 
from  the  crown,  of  the  annual  value  of  £3  7s.  8d., 
arising  out  of  the  rectory  of  Crosthwaite.  By  three 
other  deeds,  two  dated  in  1680,  and  the  other  in  1682, 
certain  persons  therein  named,  in  consideration  of  three 
several  sums,  amounting  in  the  whole  to  £'55  IGs., 
conveyed  certain  premises  at  Applcthwaite  to  the  trus- 
tees of  this  charity.  The  whole  of  the  property  at 
present  belonging  to  this  charity  is  as  follows: — The 
house  and  land  at  Applcthwaite,  consisting  of  about 
seven  acres ;  the  fourteen  cow  grasses ;  the  fee-farm  rents, 
the  rent  of  about  an  acre  of  land ;  and  the  interest 
of  £39.  The  proceeds  of  this  charity  are  given  away 
every  Good  Friday  in  small  sums,  varying  from  2s.  to 
8s.  6d.  to  poor  persons  of  the  parish  at  large.  All 
their  names  are  entered  in  a  book,  which  commences 
with  the  year  1707,  and  bears  the  following  title,  "  The 
Distribution  of  the  Charities  of  Mr.  Thomas  Grave, 
and  the  Rev.  James  Clark,"  which  circumstance  is 
explained  by  the  next  charity. 

Clark's  Charity. — The  Rev.  James  Clark  was  vicar 
of  Crosthwaite,  and  in  liis  lifetime  gave  £2,  the  interest 
thereof  to  be  applied  in  the  same  manner  as  Mr. 
Grave's  charity,  and  by  the  same  trustees.  This  is 
supposed  to  form  part  of  the  general  fund,  and  to  be 
distributed  with  the  above  charity  without  any  distinc- 
tion. 

Tickell's  Charities.  —  By  indenture,  dated  February 
27th,  1685,  Hugh  Tickell  conveyed  to  trustees  three 
closes  at  Mill  Beck,  in  Under  Skiddaw,  two  closes  called 
Parrocks,  and  one  close  called  Muddell's ;  one  acre  of 


meadow,  half  an  acre  of  arable  land,  a  dale  below  the 
way  of  Galaborrow;  one  dale  called  Greystones,  situate 
at  Applcthwaite,  in  Under  Skiddaw,  with  the  appur- 
tenances, upon  trust  that  the  yearly  rents  should  be 
distributed  by  the  said  trustees  amongst  such  poor 
people  inhabiting  and  dwelling  within  the  parish  of 
Crosthwaite,  as  in  their  discretion  they  should  think 
meet.  By  another  indenture  of  the  same  date  he  con- 
veyed to  other  trustees  his  messuages,  lands,  and 
tenements  at  Mill  Beck,  in  Under  Skiddaw,  being  of 
the  ancient  yearly  free  rent  of  3s.  4d. ;  three  closes  of 
land,  known  by  the  name  of  Common  Closes ;  one  close 
of  meadow,  called  Loug-with-Ing,  of  the  rent  of  Id. ;  a 
parcel  of  meadow,  called  Sfcinley  Stubbings,  of  the  free 
rent  of  Is.  2d.;  a  parcel  of  ground,  called  the  School- 
house  Orchard,  and  a  house,  situated  in  the  same,  of 
the  free-rent  of  Id.,  all  which  premises  were  situated 
in  the  parish  of  Crosthwaite;  upon  trust,  that  after 
the  death  of  himself  and  his  wife,  the  rents  of  the 
said  premises  should  be  distributed  by  the  said  trustees 
amongst  such  poor  people  as  should  be  inhabiting  and 
dwelling  within  the  said  county  of  Cumberland  as 
they  should  think  meet  and  convenient.  And  the  said 
Hugh  TickeU,  by  will  bearing  date  the  same  27th 
February,  devised  to  his  trustees  a  close,  commonly 
called  Four  Acres,  at  Udder  Skiddaw;  a  close  of  meadow 
called  Long  Stubbings;  and  three  roods  of  land,  called 
Cow  Pasture,  in  Crosthwaite  aforesaid,  in  trust  that 
they  should  divide  the  yearly  profits  thereof  into  three 
equal  parts,  two  parts  thereof  to  be  distributed  amongst 
the  poor  people  inhabiting  and  dwelling  within  the  said 
county  of  Cumberland,  according  to  the  discretion  of 
his  said  trustees  for  Cumberland ;  and  the  other  third 
part  thereof  amongst  such  poor  people  as  should  he 
inhabiting  and  dwelling  within  the  parish  of  Crosthwaite, 
according  to  the  discretion  of  the  Crosthwaite  trustees. 
The  property  now  in  the  possession  of  the  trustees  for 
the  poor  of  the  parish  of  Crosthwaite  consists  of  about 
fifteen  acres  of  land  in  Under  Skiddaw,  producing  about 
£50  a  year,  which  is  given  away  yearly,  on  Whitsun 
Eve,  to  the  poor  of  the  parish  at  large,  in  sums  varying 
from  two  to  ten  shillings.  The  proceeds  of  the  property 
held  for  the  poor  of  the  county  of  Cumberland  is,  and 
always  has  been,  distributed  among  poor  persons  of  the 
Society  of  Friends  in  the  county  of  Cumberland,  to 
which  body  the  donor  belonged. 

Wren's  Charity. — Grace  Wren,  by  will,  dated  23rd 
January,  1721,  left  £40  on  trust,  for  the  use  of  poor 
children  bom  in  the  parish  of  Crosthwaite  ;  that  is  to 
say,  to  lend  out  the  same,  or  purchase  freehold  land 
therewith  ;  and  to  lay  out  the  profits  thereof  yearly  in 
buying  school-books  or  Bibles,  to  he  distributed  about 


CROSTHWAITE   PARISH. 


339 


Easter,  amongst  poor  children  born  in  Crosthwaite. 
This  money  was  laid  out  in  land  in  Borrowdale,  called 
Scale  Closes,  a  copse  and  a  small  enclosure,  altogether 
about  four  or  five  acres  of  laud.  The  enclosure  is  let 
for  about  £5  per  annum.  The  copse  is  detained  in 
hand.  Tt  is  cut  about  every  17  years,  and  the  money 
produced  plactnl  out  at  interest.  There  is  also  belong- 
ing to  this  charity  Ts.  6d.,  received  annually,  called  the 
meal  tithe,  paid  by  the  curate  of  St.  John's  Chapel  out 
of  a  field  called  liirkland  Bikes,  belonging  to  his  curacy. 
The  income  from  these  various  sources,  amounting  to 
upwards  of  £10  a  year,  is  disposed  of  in  bibles,  tes- 
taments, prayer  books,  spelliug  books,  and  religious 
books,  to  the  poor  people  of  the  parish.  The  books  are 
given  away  on  Good  Friday,  when  the  children  from 
the  distant  parts  of  the  parish  attend  to  receive  them. 

Denton's  Charity. — The  late  Henry  Denton,  Esq., 
who  died  in  1857,  bequeathed  £500  to  the  Free 
Grammar  School  of  Crosthwaite,  to  be  paid  ot  the 
death  of  his  brother,  William  Deuton,  Esq.,  of  Greta 
Farm,  near  Keswick. 

Close  to  Keswick,  but  in  this  township,  is  a  Sunday 
school,  erected  in  1833,  by  James  Stauger,  Esq.,  at  a 
cost  of  £1,100.  It  is  now  used,  on  weekdays,  as  a 
national  school  for  girls.  It  is  under  government 
inspection,  and  is  conducted  by  a  mistress  and  one 
pupil  teacher.  There  is  another  Sunday  school  on  the 
road  between  Applcthwaite  and  Mill  Beck,  erected  about 
the  year  1828,  by  the  late  Daniel  Dover,  Esq. 

The  hamlets  in  this  township  arc  Applethwaitc, 
situated  at  the  end  of  a  deep  and  wide  cha.sm,  one  and  a 
half  miles  north  of  Keswick  ;  Great  Crostliwaite,  which 
gives  its  name  to  the  parish,  stands  a  short  distance 
east  of  the  parish  church ;  High  Hill,  not  far  from 
Keswick  ;  Ormnthwaite,  about  a  mile  east-north-east  of 
the  same  place  ;  and  Mill  Beck,  two  miles  north. 

keswuk. 

Tho  population  of  the  township  of  Keswick  in  1801 
was  1,350;  in  1811,  1,683;  in  1821,  1,901;  in  1831, 
'i,lS«;  in  IRIl,  i,Ui:  and  in  1^51,  '2,(UH;  who  are 
located  all  over  tho  township,  but  principidly  in  tho 
town  of  Keswick.     Tho  rateable  value  is  £0,092  Os.  Od. 

This  township  is  included  in  the  manor  of  Castle- 
rigg  and  Keswick,  ulias  Derwcntwater,  which  previous 
to  tho  reign  of  Edward  I.  was  held  by  the  ancient  family 
of  Derwcntwatcr,  or  Do  Dorwentwatcr.  The  heiress 
of  Sir  .lohn  Dorwentwatcr,  in  tho  reign  of  Henry  VI. 
married  Sir  Nicholas  lliUclilTe,  Knt.,  of  Dilston,  in 
tho  county  of  Northumberland,  whoso  descendant.  Sir 
Francis  IlatclilTe,  Knt.,  was,  by  James  II.,  created 


Earl  of  Derwentwater.  James,  the  second  earl,  taking  a 
prominent  part  in  the  '•  rising"  of  1715,  was  beheaded 
on  Tower  Hill,  and  the  above  manor,  with  other 
estates,  becoming  forfeited  to  the  crown,  was  settled 
upon  Greenwich  Hospital  by  act  of  parliament.  In 
1832  it  was  purchased  by  the  late  John  Slarshall, 
Esq.,  whose  son,  Reginald  Dykes  Marshall,  Esq.,  is 
the  present  lord  of  the  manor.  The  tenure  is  princi- 
cipally  leasehold,  subject  to  a  yearly  lord's  rent,  and  a 
fourpenny  fine  at  the  death  or  change  of  cither  lord  or 
tenant.  There  arc  a  few  estates  subject  to  an  arbitrary 
fine.  The  Town  Hall,  in  Keswick,  and  the  tolls  be- 
long to  the  present  lord,  who  holds  there  his  courts  baron 
and  customary  courts  yearly  in  May.  The  enclosure 
of  commons,  in  the  manor  of  Castlerigg  and  Derwent- 
water, which  manor  comprises  the  townships  or  divi- 
sions of  Keswick,  St.  John's,  and  Castlerigg,  the  whole 
containing  200  acres  or  thereabouts,  took  place  by  act 
of  parliament  in  1842,  when  a  field,  containing  two 
and  a  half  acres,  situated  at  Brlgham,  within  one  mile 
of  Keswick,  was  allotted  for  the  recreation  of  the  inha- 
bitants. 

^eriucnltoater  ^amllg. 

This  ancient  family  is  said  to  have  taken  their  name 
from  having  their  seat  on  the  banks  of  the  lake  of  that 
name. 

Sir  John  df.  Derwentw.vteb  seems  to  have  resided  here  in 
the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  as  we  Icaru  from  an  inciuisition  concern- 
ing the  furniture  of  a  chantry  in  the  chapel  of  liohou,  in  West- 
moreland. Sir  John  de  Debwestw.vter  occurs  in  the  JOth 
Edward  II.  (132C-7).  Another  JouN  de  Dekweniwatek  after 
appears  shoriiT  of  Cumberland  in  the  -ISth  Kdward  III.,  and 
again  two  years  later,  as  also  in  the  1st  and  4th  of  Richard  II. 
lie  represented  the  county  in  parliament  in  the  2nd  and  10th 
years  of  tho  same  king's  reign.  This  Sir  John  had  issue  a 
daughter  Margaret  (called  Elizabeth  Whilaker  and  Suitccs), 
married  to  Sir  Nicholas  Radchffe,  Knt.,  a  younger  son  of  Rat- 
clifTe  of  Wymersley,  who  was  a  younger  son  of  Katcliff  of  Uatcliff 
Tower,  an  ancient  Lancashire  family.  Sir  Nicholas  had  issue 
by  his  wife  JIargaret,  a  son  and  heir, 

Sir  Thomas  Eatclufe,  who  married  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Sir  William  Purr,  Knt.,  of  Kendal  Castle,  who  bore  him  six  sons, 
Richard,  Kdward,  John,  Nicholas,  Christopher,  and  Rowland, 
the  two  last  of  whom  embraced  the  religious  life.  Some  dilUcul- 
lies  may  arise  in  tho  tracing  of  this  pedigree,  and  authorities 
difl'er  very  much  on  tho  subject.  We  shall  however  sUte  tho 
facta  as  they  stand,  and  leave  tho  reader  to  draw  his  own 
conclusion ;  and  in  doing  this,  we  must  express  our  obligations 
to  an  article  in  tho  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  May,  1840, 
headed  "Who  was  the  Sir  John  RatclilTo  buried  at  Crostliwaite?" 
The  writer,  after  giving  tho  pedigree  of  the  family  as  above  dovra 
to  Sir  Thomas  RatclilTe,  says,  "  Sir  Thomas  Ratcliffe,  son  of 
Sir  Niolioliis,  and  tho  lioircss  of  Perweutwater,  had  several 
sons,  amongst  whom  were  Sir  Kdward,  John,  and  Sir  Richard. 
Sir  Kdwanl  had  on  elder  son.  Sir  Cuthbort,  and  a  younger  son, 
John.  John,  the  brother  of  Sir  Kdward,  had  a  sou,  John, 
oooordiug  to  somo  aulhorilius  ;  but  according  to  others  he  died 


340 


DERWENT  WARD. 


witliont  issue.  Sir  John  Ratcliffe,  who  married  Dame  Alice,  and 
died  in  1527,  has  been  identified  by  some  with  John,  the  younger 
son  of  Sir  Edward ;  by  others  with  John,  the  son  of  John, 
and  nephew  of  Edward  ;  and,  whilst  some  have  represented  him 
as  dying  without  issue,  others  have  made  him  the  father  of  a 
Sir  John,  and  grandfather  of  a  Dorothy  Ratcliffe,  who  married 
into  the  Dacre  family.  According  to  Hutchinson,  John,  the 
brother  of  Sir  Edward,  died  mthout  issue.  According  to  Nicol- 
son  and  Burn's  History  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  vol. 
ii.,  p.  78,  Sir  John  Ratcliffe  was  the  son  of  Sir  Edward ;  and 
7obn  the  son  of  John,  and  nephew  of  Sir  Edward,  died  without 
issue.  According  to  Surtees,  History  of  Durham,  vol.  i.,  p.  3'2, 
John,  the  brother  of  Sir  Edward,  married  Anne  Fenwick,  and 
had  issue  the  Sir  John  RatcUffe  in  question,  and  a  daughter 
Anne.  The  daughter  became  her  brother's  heir  by  his  di'ath 
without  issue,  and  man-ied  John  Ratcliffe,  the  son  of  Sir  Edward, 
by  whom  she  had  John  Ratcliffe,  the  father  of  Dorothy.  Ac- 
cording to  Harlean  MS.,  lliS,  Sir  John  was  the  son  of  John, 
and  died  without  issue,  as  did  also  John  the  son  of  Sir  Edward. 
According  to  Harlean  MSS.,  1171,  LO^SCjand  15.51,  Sir  John  was 
the  son  of  John  Ratcliffe,  and  had  issue  John,  father  of  Dorothy. 
According  to  the  latter  MS.  John,  the  son  of  Sir  Edward,  died 
without  issue.  Of  the  above  MSS.,  1448,  is  a  copy  of  the  Visi 
tation  of  Northumberland,  taken  in  1G15  by  Richard  St.  George 
Norroy,  and  in  it  the  pedigree  of  this  family,  as  far  as  it  goes, 
seems  tolerably  correct.  153(i  is  Mr.  IMiindy's  copy  of  the 
Visitation  of  Cumberland  in  the  same  year ;  1554  the  Visitation 
of  Northumberland;  in  1575  and  1015,  and  1171  is  described 
as  '  Certain  pedigrees  of  Northumbrian  families  as  registered 
by  William  Flower  Norroy,  at  his  visitation  of  that  county  A.  D. 
1575.'  The  inaccuracies  in  the  Ratcliffe  pedigrees  in  the  three 
last  MSS.  are  wonderful.  After  all,  was  not  Sir  John  Ratcliffe, 
who  died  in  1527,  and  was  buried  at  Crosthwaite  church,  a 
younger  sou  of  Sir  Richard  Ratcliffe?  Surtees  makes  men- 
tion of  a  deed  of  settlement  made  by  Sir  Thomas  Ratcliffe  in 
21st  Edward  IV.  (1481-2)  whereby  (subject  of  course  to  his 
own  life  interest  he  settled  the  Derwentwater  estates  on  Sir 
Eichard,  his  third  son  in  tail  male,  with  remainder  over  to  Sir 
Edward  in  tail  male,  with  remainder  over  to  others  of  his  sons 
successively  in  like  manner.)  Sir  Eichard  was  killed  at  Bos- 
worth  in  his  father's  lifetime,  and  attainted  by  act  of  parliament 
passed  in  the  first  year  of  Henry  VII.  Richard  Ratcliffe,  son 
and  heir  of  Sir  Richard,  obtained  another  act  which  reversed  his 
father's  attainder,  and  on  his  grandfather.  Sir  Thomas's  death, 
should  have  become  possessor  of  the  Derwentwater  estates.  He 
died  without  issue  male,  on  which  event  the  property  would  have 
devolved,  under  the  settlement,  to  his  brother,  if  he  had  one. 
Now,  I  venture  to  suggest  as  a  probability,  that  Ricliard  had 
a  brother,  and  that  Sir  John  Ratchffe  was  that  brother,  but  he, 
dying  without  issue  in  15'27,  the  estate  passed  (still  under  the 
settlement)  to  his  cousin.  Sir  Cathbert,  the  heir  male  of  Sir 
Edward  Ratcliffe,  then  deceased.  The  MSS.  to  which  I  have 
had  access  do  not,  I  confess,  bear  out  my  supposition,  but  then 
they  give  but  very  little  information  as  to  Sir  Richard  Ratcliffe, 
although  he  was  unquestionably  the  most  noted  man  of  his 
family  in  the  age  in  which  he  lived.''  From  these  facts  and 
suggestions  we  may  continue  the  pedigree  as  follows  : — On  the 
demise  of  Sir  Richard  as  a'jove,  he  was  succeeded  by 

Sir  John  Ratcliffe,  Knt.,  who  married  Alice,  daughter  of 
Sir  Edmund  Sutton  de  Dudley,  lord  of  Dudley,  in  Warwick- 
shire, by  Maud,  his  second  wife,  daughter  to  Thomas  Lord 
Clifford,  of  Westmoreland.  This  Sir  John  appears  to  have  been 
a  great  man  in  his  day,  being  repeatedly  selected  to  fill  the 
important  and  then  martial  post  of  sheriff  of  Cumberland,  which 
office  he  held  at  the  time  of  his  decease,  February  2nd,  1527. 


Sir  John  had  no  children.  Dame  Alice,  his  wife,  sun'ived,  and 
died  in  1554,  being  interred  in  the  cathedral  church  of  Salisbury. 
On  Sir  John's  decease,  the  estates  of  the  family  passed  to  hia 
cousin. 

Sir  CoTHBEBT  KATCLiyFE,  Knt,  who  married  Margaret, 
d.iughter  of  Henry  Lord  Clifford,  and  by  her  had  issue  Georoe, 
Thomas,  and  Anthony.  In  an  iuquisition  taken  in  35th  Henry 
VIII.  it  is  found  that  Sir  Cathbert  Ratcliff,  Knt., held  the  manor 
of  Tallantire,  and  divers  messuages,  lands,  and  tenements  in 
Castlerigg  and  in  the  island  of  Derwentwater,  of  the  king  as  of 
his  manor  of  I'apcastle,  by  the  serrice  of  two  knights'  fees, 
2:!s.  ;Jd.  cornage,  lOd.  seawake,  puturc  of  the  sergeants,  and  suit 
of  court  at  Papcastle ;  late  in  the  tenure  of  Lady  Anno  Ratcliff. 
On  the  demise  of  Sir  Cuthbert,  he  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son. 

Sir  Geoboe  Ratclii  r,  Knt.,  who  married  Catherine,  daughter 
of  Sur  John  Mallony,  Knt.,  and  had  issue  one  son, 

Francis  Ratci.imf,,  Esq.,  of  Derwentwater  and  DUston,  who 
married  Isabel,  daugliter  of  Sir  llalph  Grey,  Knt.,  of  Chilling- 
ham,  by  whom  he  had  issue  Edward,  Thomas,  Francis,  John, 
Cutlibert,  Mary,  Margaret,  Catherine,  Elizabeth,  Dorothy,  Anoe, 
and  Jane.     His  successor  was 

EcwARD,  his  eldest  son  and  heir,  who  married  Ehzabeth, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Barton,  Esq,,  of  Whenley,  by  whom  he  had 
issue  a  sou  and  heir.  This  gentleman  was  made  a  baronet, 
and  on  his  decease  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Sir  Francis  Ratci.iife,  Bart.,who  was  advanced  to  the  peerage 
by  James  I.  in  1689,  by  the  titles  of  Earl  of  Derwentwater, 
Baron  Tynedale,  and  Viscount  Ratcliffe  and  Langley.  He  died 
in  lC!/7,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son 

Edward,  the  second  earl,  who  had  married  in  1080  tlie  Lady 
Mary  Tudor,  the  youngest  natural  daughter  of  Charles  II.  It 
was  on  occasion  of  this  marriage  that  the  Derwentwaters  were 
ennobled.  His  lordsliip  had  three  sons  and  one  daughter,  viz., 
James,  Francis,  Charles,  and  Mary  Tudor,  and  dying  in  1705, 
the  titles  and  estates  devolved  upon 

James,  the  third  earl,  born  in  11189.  This  nobleman  married 
Slary  Anne,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Webb,  Bart.,  co.  Dorset. 
This  nobleman  having  taken  part  in  the  rising  of  1715,  was 
captm'ed  at  Preston,  and  at  once  taken  to  London,  wliere  he 
arrived  on  the  0th  of  December,  and  was  committed  to  the 
Tower.  On  the  19th  of  the  following  January,  he  was  brought 
before  his  peers  at  Westminster  where  he  confessed  his  guilt, 
and  threw  himself  on  the  mercy  of  the  king.  His  subsequent 
history  is  thus  told  in  the  words  of  a  modern  historian  : — "  The 
united  interests  and  earnest  supplication  of  the  Duchesses  of 
Cleveland  and  Bolton — of  the  young  Countess  of  Derwentwater, 
pleading  with  tears  for  the  husband  she  tenderly  loved  —  and 
many  other  ladies  of  rank,  failed  in  moving  the  rough  and 
sturdy  king,  who  admitted  them  to  an  audience,  but  adhered  to 
his  purpose,  which  was  the  purpose  of  a  majorily  of  his  ministers. 
Bribes,  which  liad  succeeded  before  in  like  circumstances,  were 
offered  now  without  effect.  Sixty  thousand  pounds  were  ten- 
dered for  the  single  pardon  of  Lord  Derwentwater,  who,  up  to 
the  time  of  the  mad  rising  in  the  north,  had  been  liring  happily 
and  hospitably  in  his  fine  old  castle,  reflected  in  the  clear  waters 
of  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  English  lakes ;  and  for  whose 
present  hard  fate  tears  were  shed  and  lamentations  raised  in 
every  valley  and  on  every  hill-side  in  Cumberland.  At  an  early 
hour  on  the  morning  of  the  24th  February,  he  and  Lord  Ken- 
mure  were  brought  to  the  scaffold  on  Tower  Hill.  The  English 
lord  was  the  first  that  suffered.  He  was  deadly  pale,  but  his 
voice  was  firm,  and  on  the  whole  he  behaved  like  a  man  of 
courage  and  conscience.  He  declared  that  he  died  a  Roman 
Catholic ;  that  he  deeply  repented  his  plea  of  guilty  at  his  trial; 
and  that  he  knew  and  acknowledged  no  king  but  James  III.,  his 


CROSTHWAITE  PARISH. 


341 


rightful  and  lawful  sovereign,  '  whom  he  haJ  an  inclination  to 
servo  from  liis  infancy.'  He  further  insisted  tliat  he  had  intended 
wrong  to  no  man,  that  he  harboured  malice  against  no  man, 
not  even  against  those  of  the  present  ministry  who  were  instru- 
mental in  his  death,  that  ho  had  intended  to  serve  his  country 
as  well  as  his  legitimate  king,  and  to  contribute  to  the  restora- 
tion of  the  ancient  and  fundamental  constitution  of  these  Uing- 
donis.  At  one  blow  the  executioner  severed  the  neck  of  .Tames 
liatcliire,  third  and  last  earl  of  Derwentwater,  a  gallant,  courteous 
young  mtm,  perhaps  the  most  intoresling  victim  of  this  attempted 
revolution."  The  fate  of  this  young  and  generous -hearted 
nobleman  excited  very  general  commisseration.  "  The  apparent 
cnielty  of  his  execution  led  to  his  being  esteemed  in  the  light  of 
a  martyr;  handkerchiefs  steeped  in  his  blood  were  preserved  as 
sacred  relics ;  and  when  the  mansion  house  at  Dilston  was 
demolished,  amid  ihe  regrets  of  the  neighbourhood,  there  was 
great  difliculty  in  obtaining  hands  to  assist  in  the  work  of 
destruction,  which  was  considered  almost  sacrilegious.  The 
aurorea  borealis  was  observed  to  flash  with  unwonted  brilliancy 
on  the  fatal  night  of  his  e-xecution  —  an  omen  it  was  said,  of 
lieaven's  wi-ath ;  and  to  this  day  many  of  the  country  people 
know  th.it  meteor  only  by  the  name  of  Lord  Derwentwater's 
lights."  His  memory  is  still  cherished  and  revered  in  Northum- 
berland, where  numerous  instances  of  his  affability  and  kind- 
ness arc  related  with  feelings  of  sympathy  and  regret.  His  lord- 
ship had  two  children,  a  son  and  a  daughter,  the  latter  of  whom 
was  born  in  171(i,  after  her  father's  untimely  death.  The  son 
died  in  France  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  from  injuries  received 
while  riding  on  horseback ;  the  daughter  was  married  to  Lord 
Petre  in  173i.  The  widowed  countess  died  in  France,  aged 
about  thirty  years,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  the  English 
llegular  Canonesses  of  St.  .A.ustin  at  Louvain.  Charles  llatcliiTe, 
brother  of  the  unfortunata  earl,  who  was  condemned  to  death 
at  tlie  same  time,  escaped  after  conviction,  and  got  safe  to 
Trance.  Here,  after  living  in  a  state  of  indigence  for  several 
years,  he  attached  himself  to  the  fortunes  of  the  Stuarts,  and 
subsisted  on  a  pension  allowed  him  by  the  prince.  In  1724 
ho  married  the  Lady  Charlotte  Livingstone,  countess  of  New- 
burgh,  in  her  own  right.  He  twice  visited  England  secretly, 
but  sought  in  vuin  to  obtain  his  pardon.  In  1740  he  engaged 
ardently  in  the  cause  of  I'rince  Charles  Edward,  and  was  taken 
prisoner  in  the  Esperance  privateer,  on  his  way  to  Scotland. 
After  lying  a  year  in  prison,  ho  was  brought  before  the  bar  of 
the  King's  Bench,  his  former  sentence  was  read  to  him,  and 
after  raising  a  oui-ious  question  of  identity,  which  for  a  time 
perplexed  the  crown  lawyers,  he  was  beheaded  on  Tower  Hill, 
8th  Hecember,  1740,  in  the  fifty  fourth  year  of  his  age.  On  the 
attainder  of  the  earl  in  1711!,  the  large  possessions  of  the  family 
were  confiscated  to  the  crown,  by  whom  they  were  held,  under 
trustees,  till  17.'1.'5,  when  they  were  bestowed  by  act  of  parlia- 
ment upon  Greenwich  Hospital.  The  Earl  of  Newburgh,  the 
representative  of  the  family,  petitioned  parliament  for  the 
reversal  of  the  attainder ;  but  as  the  forfeited  estates  had  been 
appropriated  to  the  support  of  the  hospital,  the  petition  couhl 
not  be  granted;  and  an  annuity  of  X".!,.'5'»  was  all  that  he  could 
obtain.  These  possessions,  which  are  now  said  to  bo  of  Ihe 
annual  value  of  more  than  i'00,<Hi(l,  are  situated  in  the  counties 
of  Cumberland,  Northinuberland,  and  Durham.  The  last  of  tlie 
Katclilfes  died  in  IhU. 
The  arms  of  RatclilTo  were  org.,  n  bend,  ingrailcd,  an. 

Pats^all   J'amilg. 
This  family,  who  now  hold  a  portion  of  tho  Cumber- 
kud  estates  of  tho  Derwentwaters,  is  derived  from  John 


]\rarshall,  Esq.,  of  lleailingley,  near  Leeds,  IM.P.  for 
Yorkshire,  bora  27th  July,  1705,  the  second  son  of 
John  Marshall,  of  Yeadon  Low  Hall,  co.  York,  acquired 
great  wealth  by  his  successful  introduction  of  mechani- 
cal improvements  into  a  branch  of  the  linen  manu- 
facture, the  spinning  of  flax,  for  which  he  founded 
extensive  establishments  at  Leeds  and  Shrewsbury. 
He  married  5th  August,  1795,  Jane,  5th  daughter  of 
William  Pollard,  Esq.,  of  Halifax.     His  second  son, 

John  Marshai.i.,  Esq.,  late  M.P.  for  Leeds,  born  28th  of 
December,  1797,  married  18th  November,  1828,  Mary,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  late  Joseph  Dykes  Ballantyne  Dykes,  Esq.,  of 
Dovenby  Hall,  Cumberland,  and  had  by  her 

I.  Reginald    Dykes,   his   successor,  who   married,  January, 
1808,  Louisa,  second  daughter  of  Bir  John  Hersehell,  llie 
astronomer,  of  CoUiugwood  Park. 
II.  Herbert  John. 
III.  Julian. 
I.  Janet  Mary. 
II.  Catherine  .\Uce. 

This  gentleman  purchased  the  forfeited  estates  of  the  Earls 
of  Derwentwater  from  the  Commissioners  of  Greenwich  Hos- 
pital. He  died  31st  October,  1830,  and  was  succeeded,  in  1807, 
by  his  son, 

Reginald  Dykes  MAnsHALi.,  Esq.,  the  present  lord  of  the 
manor  of  Castlerigg  and  Derwentwater. 

Anns. — Arg.,  three  bars,  sa.,  a  canton,  erm. 
Crest. — A  man  in  armour  proper. 

THE   TOWS    OF   KESWICK. 

The  market  town  of  Keswick  is  situated  in  54"  SB' 
north  latitude,  d"  7'  west  longitude,  and  is  distant  thirty 
miles  south- by-west  from  Carlisle,  and  291  miles  nortb- 
west-by-north  from  London,  by  road.  It  occupies  a  fine 
situation  in  one  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  of  the 
vales  of  Cumberland,  at  the  northern  extremity  of  the 
Lake  District,  on  the  high  road,  and  nearly  midway 
between  Ambleside,  Cockermouth,  and  renrith.  It 
forms  one  of  the  polling-places  for  the  western  division 
of  the  county,  and  is  included  in  the  third  circuit  of 
County  Court  towns.  The  population  of  Keswick  in 
179;i  appears  to  have  been  1,093:  in  1801,  it  was 
1,350;  in  1811,  1,683;  in  ISiJl.  1.901;  in  1831. 
2,159;  in  1841 ;  2,375  ;  and  in  1851.  2.018,  of  whom 
1,250  were  males  and  1,308  females,  inhabiting  552 
houses — twelve  being  uninhabited,  and  six  building. 

Keswick  consists  chielly  of  one  long  street,  in  which 
arc  some  good  stone  houses.  Its  principal  manufactures 
aro  woollens,  ginghams,  Ac.  During  tho  last  century 
tho  first-mentioned  manufacture  formed  the  chief  pro- 
duction of  the  town.  Tho  several  processes  of  carding, 
spinning,  dyeing,  and  weaving,  were  then  principally 
performed  by  luind  labour,  forming  part  of  the  daily 
labours  of  tho  respective  members  of  most  households 
in  the  surrounding  runtl  di^tricts ;  and  even  down  to  i> 


342 


DEBWENT  WARD. 


comparatively  recent  period,  long  subsequent  to  that 
which  witnessed  the  gradual  development  and  appli- 
cation of  scientific  invention  to  manufactures  in  other 
parts  of  the  kingdom,  the  hand-cards  and  spinning-wheel 
formed  part  of  the  requisite  furniture  of  the  farmstead. 
The  town  was  at  that  time  the  emporium  of  the  woollen 
trade  for  the  county,  and  was  much  resorted  to  at  its 
annual  fairs  and  markets ;  its  yarns  and  cloths  forming 
a  considerable  item  of  exportation  to  the  neighbouring 
towns  of  this  and  the  adjoining  county  of  Westmore- 
land. The  woollen  trade  has  considerably  declined 
here  during  the  present  century,  nor  is  there  much  hope 
that  it  will  be  revived,  at  least  for  some  time,  the 
re-arrangement  of  the  lines  of  traffic  by  the  construc- 
tion of  railways  having  placed  Keswick  in  a  somewhat 
isolated  position,  and  nothing  less  than  its  connection 
with  the  great  "  iron  roads  "  by  means  of  a  railway 
will  have  much  effect  upon  the  trade  of  the  town  and 
neighbourhood.  Witliiu  the  last  thirty,  but  principally 
within  the  last  twenty  years,  the  manufacture  of  black 
lead,  and  other  description  of  pencils,  has  made  rapid 
progress  in  Keswick,  and  may  be  said  to  constitute  at 
present  its  principal  article  of  manufacture.  Up  to 
the  period  just  named  the  few  pencils  in  use  were 
made  by  hand  labour,  and  were  sold  at  from  one 
shilling  to  eighteen  pence  each.  They  consisted  solely 
of  those  used  by  artists,  still  manufactured  here,  and 
known  in  the  trade  as  pure  Borrowdale  lead.  The 
number  of  hands  now  employed  in  the  manufacture  in 
Keswick  is  about  one  hundred  and  thirty.  At  a 
moderate  computation,  the  quantity  produced  by  these 
workmen  annually,  and  sent  out  to  all  parts  of  the 
world,  cannot  be  less  than  ten  millions  of  pencils, 
which  are  now  sold,  we  believe,  at  from  one  shilling 
and  sixpence  a  gross,  and  upwards. 

Of  Keswick  in  ancient  times  we  possess  but  little 
information.  Its  early  history  finds  no  place  in  the 
chronicles  and  records  of  the  past.  Surrounded  by  its 
"  everlasting  hills,"  which  secluded  it  from  the  more 
accessible  and  fertile  parts  of  the  island,  the  region 
now  known  as  the  Lake  District,  furnished  few  topics 
of  interest  to  our  early  historians,  though  we  learn 
from  them  that  it  formed  the  retreat  and  refuge  of  those 
Britons  who  would  not  become  the  slaves  of  imperial 
Rome,  and  who  preferred  a  life  of  freedom,  though 
accompanied  with  toil  and  exposure  to  the  rough 
winds  of  heaven,  to  the  privileges  and  honours  of 
Roman  subjects,  when  these  brought  in  their  train 
servitude  and  oppression.  The  Lake  District  continued 
to  afford  a  shelter  to  the  Britons  during  the  time  that 
the  supremacy  of  the  island  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
Anglo-Saxons ;  and  when  the  latter  had  in  turn  to 


submit  to  the  Norman  conquerors  of  England,  it  served 
as  an  asylum  for  such  of  them  as  chose  to  fly  to  its 
fastnesses  rather  than  submit  to  the  invadei-s,  becoming 
in  this  manner  a  resting-place  for  the  bravest  spirits 
of  the  many  races  formerly  dominant  in  the  country, 
whose  various  and  different  languages  give  names 
borne  at  the  present  day  by  the  mountains,  and  hills, 
and  valleys,  and  rivers,  and  streams,  and  towers,  and 
villages,  and  hamlets  spread  far  and  wide  over  the 
fair  face  of  the  district.  How  long  the  parish  church 
of  Crosthwaite  was  built  before  the  twelfth  century  is 
uncertain,  and  there  is  now  no  means  of  ascertaining. 
A  list  of  rectors  is  preserved,  dating  from  about  tho 
close  of  the  thirteenth.  From  the  Close  Rolls  of  the 
reign  of  flenry  III.,  wo  find  that  the  mines  in  tho 
neighbourhood  of  Keswick  were  known  at  that  time. 
The  privilege  of  a  market  was  procured  for  the  town 
from  Edward  I.  by  Sir  John  de  Derwentwater,  lord  of 
the  place.  Edward  IV.  granted  a  charter  for  working 
the  mines.  In  the  2nd  Elizabeth  (1559-00),  the  mine 
of  Goldscope,  in  Newlands,  was  made  tho  subject  of  a 
memorable  trial  between  the  crown  and  Thomas  Percy, 
earl  of  Northumberland,  lord  of  the  manor  of  Der- 
went  Fells.  The  gold  and  silver  in  this  vciu  being 
proved  to  be  of  more  value  than  the  copper  and  lead, 
by  virtue  of  the  royal  prerogative  the  mine  was  adjudged 
to  be  a  royal  mine,  and  the  property  of  the  crown,  by 
whom  it  was  carried  on  under  commissioners.  These 
commissioners  would  appear  to  have  exercised  a  consid- 
erable share  of  influence  in  the  direction  and  manage- 
ment of  local  affairs,  during  this,  and  the  two  succeed- 
ing reigns.  Leland  describes  Keswick  as  "a  poor  little 
market  town  called  Keswike,  a  mile  from  St.  Herberte's 
Isle,  that  Bede  speaketh  of."  Camden  found  it  inha- 
bited by  miners. 

We  possess  no  authentic  information  relating  to 
Keswick  from  this  period  till  the  middle  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century.  An  occasional  traveller,  tempted  by 
a  desire  to  explore  regions  hitherto  almost  unknown, 
or  perhaps,  feeling  an  interest  in  their  mineral  produc- 
tions, passed  through  the  place,  struck  with  scenes  of 
romantic  beauty  in  the  midst  of  so  much  seeming  wild 
seclusion,  and  with  the  simple  manners  of  the  people, 
an  exaggerated  description  of  all  connected  with  tho 
lakes  and  mountains  of  Cumberland  would  seem  to 
have  followed  but  as  a  natural  consequence.  In  early 
numbers  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  several  such 
descriptions  may  be  found.  In  one  of  those  for  the 
year  17.51,  a  writer,  whose  account  of  the  scenery  in 
the  vale  of  Keswick  is  as  marvellously  overwrought 
as  his  character  of  the  people  is  unpardonable,  says, 
"  the  poorer  inhabitants  of  Keswick  subsist  chiefly  by 


A 


CROSTHW.UTE  PARISH. 


343 


stealing,  or  clandestinely  buying  of  those  that  steal, 
the  hlauk  lead,  which  thfey  sell  to  Jews  or  other  hawkers." 
Dr.  Brown,  a  native  of  Cumberland,  an  author  of  no 
inconsiderable  repute,  published  a  letter  to  a  friend, 
in  the  year  1707,  in  which  simple  justice  was  done  to 
the  valo,  without  any  of  the  inflated  descriptions  of  his 
predecessors.  Two  yeai-s  afterwards,  Gray  made  his 
celebrated  tour  to  the  lakes.  The  result  was  a  series 
of  letters  to  his  friend  Dr.  Wharton,  who  had  been 
prevented  by  illness  from  accompauying  him.  The 
publication  of  these  letters  led  the  way  to  the  lakes, 
and  was  the  beginning  of  a  new  order  of  things. 
Mail  roads  took  the  place  of  horse  tracks  and  the  few 
old  military  roads.  Tourists  flocked  to  them  from  all 
parts  of  England ;  wealthy  strangers  soon  began  to 
settle  in  the  district  and  the  face  of  the  country 
gradually  to  assume  a  more  cultivated  appearance. 
The  Lake  District  has  become  better  known  year  after 
year,  and  is  now  annually  visited  by  thousands,  who, 
jaded  and  worn  out  with  years  of  foreign  travel,  find 
that  Kngkud  itself  contains  nooks  and  corners  well 
worth  visiting. 


CHCBCHES  AND   CHAPELS. 


Until  1856  Keswick  was  comprised  in  the  parish  of 
Crosthwaitc,  but  since  the  passing  of  Lord  Blandford's 
act,  in  that  year,  that  portion  of  the  town  situated  south 
and  east  of  the  Town  Hall,  together  with  an  assigned 
district,  has  for  all  ecclesiastical  purposes  become  a 
separate  and  distinct  parish. 

The  church,  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Evange- 
list, is  an  elegant  structure,  in  the  Early  English 
style,  erected  in  1838-9,  from  designs  by  Salvin,  at  the 
solo  expense  of  the  late  John  Marshall,  Esq.,  and 
family,  at  a  cost  of  £4,100.  It  is  constructed  in  ashlar 
work,  of  light  pink  freestone,  from  the  iiuarries  of 
Lamoiiby,  near  Grcystoke,  and  consists  of  nave, 
tower,  and  beautiful  spire,  which  is  a  conspicuous 
object  from  all  the  neighbouring  country.  It  will 
accommodate  about  IfiO  persons.  In  the  interior 
repose  the  remains  of  ilr.  ^larshall,  the  founder,  who 
died  before  the  completion  of  the  building ;  and  in  the 
churchyard  are  laid  those  of  the  first  incumbent,  the 
Rev.  !■'.  !Myers.  There  are  mural  monuments  to  the 
memory  of  each  of  these  gentlemen  in  the  church. 
The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the  patronage  of 
Mr.  Marshall's  heirs,  subject  to  a  power  of  veto  from  a 
trustee  appointed  by  the  congregation,  and  is  worth 
about  £180.  The  whole  value  of  the  living  is  about 
£-iao.  The  registers  commence  in  183!).  A  seniice 
is  held  on  Sunday  afternoons  in  one  of  the  school 
rooms  in  the  parish. 


Incumbents.  —  Frederic  Myers,  1339;  T.  D.  H.  Battersby, 
1851. 

The  parsonage,  a  neat  building  in  the  Elizabethan 
style,  erected  in  184^,  occupies  a  dcUghtful  situation 
a  short  distance  from  the  church. 

The  Independent  chapel,  a  small  building,  erected 
in  1803,  is  situated  in  that  part  of  the  town  where  the 
road  branches  off  to  the  lake,  but  it  wiU  be  soon  super- 
seded by  a  new  and  more  commodious  structure,  the 
erection  of  which  was  commenced  in  June,  1858.  We 
may  here  state  that  Protestant  dissenters  have  existed 
in  Keswick  as  a  distinct  body  for  upwards  of  two 
hundred  years,  the  present  Independent  chapel  occu- 
pying the  site  of  a  building  that  had  served  as  a  place 
of  worship  from  the  time  of  the  Commonwealth. 
Mention  is  made  in  an  old  church  book  at  Cockermouth 
of  the  Keswick  minister  attending  a  meeting  at  the 
former  place  in  1057.  The  present  minister  is  the 
Eev.  W.  Colville. 

High-street  chapel  is  a  neat  building,  in  the  Gothic 
style,  erected  in  1851,  at  the  sole  expense  of  E.  W. 
Wakefield,  Esq.,  of  Birkland,  Kendal,  and  will  seat 
about  300  persons.  The  congregation  which  assembles 
here  for  worship  bears  the  designation  of  "  Cliristian 
Brethren."  They  meet  upon  the  open  communion 
Baptist  principles.  In  connection  with  this  chapel 
there  is  a  Sunday  school  and  library,  which  is  at- 
tended by  upwards-  of  100  children.  This  place  of 
worship  is  conducted  on  the  purely  voluntary  principle, 
by  Mr.  Joseph  Dallow.  who  has  ofliciated  as  minister 
for  upwards  of  fourteen  years. 

The  Wesleyans  have  also  a  small  place  of  worship 
in  a  yard  off  the  principal  street,  erected  in  1814.  It 
is  of  stone,  and  will  accommodate  about  200  persons. 
Previous  to  the  erection  of  this  chapel,  this  body 
worshipped  in  a  dwelling-house  in  the  same  yard. 

SCHOOLS,  MECHANICS'  INSTITUTION,  &C. 

Situated  near  the  church,  and  in  connection  with  it, 
is  a  school  for  girls  and  infants.  It  is  in  the  Ehzabethan 
style,  and  comprises  one  large  school-room,  with  class- 
room, and  a  residence  for  the  teacher  and  apprentices. 
There  is  a  play-ground  attached.  The  original  btiild- 
ing  was  erected  l)y  the  ^larsluiU  fdmily,  and  possesses 
a  small  endowment  of  £8,  but  is  chiefly  supported  by 
volnntaiy  contributions  and  the  payments  of  the  chil- 
dren, about  ninety-eight  of  whom  are  in  regular  attend- 
ance. The  mistress  is  a.ssisted  by  three  pupil  teachers. 
The  schools  are  under  government  inspection. 

There  is  a  second  school  for  boys  and  girls,  erected 
by  the  late  incumbent,  the  Rev.  V.  Myers,  in  1850,  at 
a  cost  of  £500.     It  is  also  under  government  inspection, 


344 


DERWEKT  WABD. 


and  is  conducted  by  a  master,  assisted  by  three  pupil 
teachers.  It  is  supported  by  the  children's  pence  and 
voluntary  contributions.  This  school  is  also  in  the 
Elizabethan  style,  and  has  a  play-ground  and  garden 
attached.  It  contains  the  same  number  of  rooms  as 
the  school  above-mentioned. 

There  is  a  charitable  fund,  left  by  the  late  John 
Marshall,  Esq.,  founder  of  the  church,  for  the  increase 
of  the  stipends  of  poor  clergymen,  schoolmasters,  and 
libraries  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Keswick.  The  in- 
cumbent is  the  administrator. 

The  Keswick  library,  situated  on  the  left  of  the  road 
leading  to  Ambleside,  was  established  by  the  late  Rev. 
F.  Myers  iu  ]&49,  and  contains  about  2,000  volumes 
in  the  various  departments  of  literature.  It  is  sup- 
ported by  the  subscriptions  of  the  members,  proceeds  of 
lectures,  <S:c.  There  is  a  lecture-room  attached,  which 
was  added  in  1855,  with  class-rooms  for  instruction  in 
the  winter.  The  reading-room  is  comfortable  and 
commodious.  The  number  of  members  is  about 
eighty.  In  conne.xion  with  this  institution  (Keswick 
Library)  is  a  working  men's  association,  established  in 
1838,  the  members  of  which  have  a  reading-room  in 
the  centre  of  the  town,  but  have  the  privilege  of  bor- 
rowing books  from  the  Keswick  Library,  and  free 
admission  to  the  lectures  delivered  monthly  during 
the  winter.     The  number  of  members  is  about  forty. 

Keswick  ilechanics'  Institution  was  established  in 
its  present  form  in  1849,  but  existed  some  )'ears  previ- 
ously under  the  name  of  the  "  Young  Men's  Improve- 
ment Society."  Its  rooms  are  iu  the  Market  Place, 
and  are  divided  into  reading-room,  class-room,  and 
library.  The  reading-room  is  supplied  with  the  leading 
metropolitan  and  local  newspapers,  periodicals,  &c. 
Classes  for  elementary  instruction,  conducted  by  paid 
teachers,  are  held  during  the  winter  months,  and  are 
pretty  numerously  attended.  There  are  also  occasional 
classes  for  music  and  drawing.  It  is  supported  by  the 
subscriptions  of  the  members,  of  whom  there  ai-e  about 
100,  who  pay — patrons,  £1 ;  tradesmen,  10s.;  mechanics, 
6s.  each  per  annum.  The  library  is  small,  more  atten- 
tion being  given  to  the  news-room  and  classes,  as  the 
Keswick  library  contains  an  ample  supply  of  books  for 
the  town. 

Keswick  Savings  Bank  was  established  iu  1818, 
and  has  proved  of  great  utility  to  the  town  and  neigh- 
bourhood. The  number  of  depositors  in  the  present 
year  (1838)  is  819,  with  one  charitable  and  three 
friendly  societies.  The  balance  due  to  the  depositors, 
and  in  the  hands  of  the  commissioners  for  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  national  debt,  is  ^917,478  14s.  Cid.;  the 
amount  of  surplus  fund,  £478. 


PUBUC  BUILDINGS,  &C. 

The  Town  Hall,  or  Moot  Hall,  the  property  of  the 
lord  of  the  manor,  erected  in  1813  upon  the  site  of  the 
old  Court  House,  stands  iu  the  centre  of  the  town,  near 
the  top  of  the  main  street.  The  clock  bell,  which  was 
taken  from  a  building  that  formerly  stood  on  Lord's 
Island,  iu  Derweut  Lake,  said  to  have  been  the  manor 
house  of  the  Earls  of  Derwentwater,  has  the  letters 
and  figures  "  H.  D.  K.  O.,  1001,"  upon  it — a  decisive 
proof  of  its  high  antiquity.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
originally  the  curfew  bell  for  the  district.  The  ground 
floor  of  this  building  is  used  as  a  market-house  on 
Saturdays  for  butter,  eggs,  poultry,  bread  stuff,  &c. 
A  spacious  room  overhead  serves  as  a  court-house,  in 
which  the  weekly  petty  sessions  of  the  district  are  held. 
The  manor  courts  are  also  held  here  annually,  in  May, 
for  the  purpose  of  receiving  fines,  adjusting  tenements 
held  under  the  manor,  or  any  other  business  within 
the  competency  of  the  court,  which  may  be  brought 
before  it.  In  this  room  is  exhibited  during  the  summer 
months  the  well-known  model  of  the  Lake  District,  by 
Flintoft. 

The  Oddfellows'  Hall  is  situated  near  the  Town 
Hall,  but  a  little  removed  from  the  front  street,  and 
consists  of  a  large  room  of  a  somewhat  ornamental 
style  of  architecture,  with  the  requisite  offices  for  the 
transaction  of  the  business  of  the  order.  It  was  erected 
in  the  summer  of  1850,  by  the  members  of  the  St. 
Herbert's  Lodge  of  Oddfellows,  of  the  Manchester 
Unity,  which  comprises  a  considerable  number  of  the 
respectable  inhabitants  of  the  town  and  neighbourhood. 

The  Post  Office  is  located  in  part  of  the  conspicuous 
building  known  as  Crosthwaite's  Museum,  a  short  dis- 
tance north  of  the  Town  Hall.  Iu  the  same  building 
is  the  Keswick  branch  of  the  Cumberland  Union  Bank. 

Crosthwaite's  Museum  of  Katural  and  Historical 
Curiosities  and  Antiquities  was  founded  about  eighty 
years  ago  by  Mr.  Peter  Crosthwaite,  a  native  of  Kes- 
wick, and  has  long  had  the  reputation  of  being  unri- 
valled among  the  private  collections  in  the  north  of 
England.  Our  space  precludes  from  giving  more  than 
a  brief  notice  of  the  many  varied  objects  which  may  be 
inspected  in  this  collection,  but  we  may  state,  that 
neither  labour  nor  expense  is  spared  to  make  it  as  com- 
plete as  possible  in  every  respect.  It  is  rich  in  British, 
Roman,  Saxon,  and  Norman  antiquities,  illustrating 
the  early  history  of  the  district,  and  contams  a  fine 
collection  of  Roman  and  early  English  coins.  Among 
the  ancient  books  we  may  mention  a  Book  of  Psalms, 
in  Latin,  of  the  year  1488  ;  Latimer's  Sermons,  1562; 
Titi  Livii,  1548;  Statins  Aldus  Venet,  1302;  Augus- 
tine's de  Trinitate,  1489 ;   an  Ancient  folio  Church 


4 


ST.  JOHN'S -IN -THE -VALE   CHAPELRY. 


845 


Biblo,  black  letter,  101 H;  an  Ancient  Manuscript, 
written  in  a  very  small  hand,  explanatory  of  the 
Church  Catechism,  by  C.  B.,  1022.  The  geology  and 
mineralogy  of  the  Lake  District  are  well  represented, 
as  is  also  its  natural  history.  Wo  may  ad  J  that  this 
museum  is  patronised  by  numerous  visitors  from  every 
part  of  the  United  Kingdom,  from  the  continent,  and 
also  from  America,  and  the  visitors'  book  shows  the 
autographs  of  the  most  emineut  and  distinguished 
persons  of  the  age. 

Flintoft's  Model  of  the  Lake  District  is  exhibited 
(luring  the  summer  months  in  the  Town  HaU.  It  is 
the  labour  of  many  years,  and  is  considered  the  finest 
specimen  of  geographical  modelling  that  has  been 
constructed  in  this  country ;  its  accuracy  is  such  as  to 
have  secured  the  approbation  of  Dr.  Buckland,  Pro- 
fessor Sedgwick,  and  the  other  leading  geologists.  For 
the  tourist  it  possesses  peculiar  interest,  exhibiting,  as 
it  does,  an  exact  representation  of  the  country  through 
which  he  is  travelling,  with  every  object  minutely  laid 
down,  and  the  whole  coloured  after  nature.  The  model 
is  on  the  scale  of  three  inches  to  a  mile,  and  its  dimen- 
sions are  12  feet  9  inches  by  9  feet  3  inches. 

Keswick  Gas  Works,  situated  in  Back  Lane,  were 
established  in  1840,  at  a  cost  of  £2,000,  raised  by  a 
company  in  shares  at  £5  each.  They  comprise  one  gas 
holder,  measuring  about  5,000  cubic  feet,  and  six 
retorts.  There  are  thirty-six  public  lamps.  Gas  is 
supplied  to  the  public  at  Cs.  8d.  per  1 000  cubic  feet. 

The  Water  Works  were  established  in  1856,  by  a 
private  company,  and  cost  1:3,000.  The  value  of  the 
.iharcs  was  £5  each.  The  water  is  supplied  from  Skid- 
daw,  where  a  reservoir  has  been  formed  about  130 
yards  above  the  level  of  the  town,  capable  of  containing 
100,000  gallons.  The  prices  charged  by  the  company 
for  the  supply  of  water  for  domestic  purposes  varies 
from  ts.  Id.  a  year  for  houses  of  the  annual  rent  of  £!>, 
to  SOs.  a  year  for  houses  tho  rent  of  whicli  is  i'40. 


Water-closets  are  charged  lOs.  per  annum  extra. 
Baths,  inns,  manufactories,  workshops,  and  stables  are 
supplied  by  special  agreement.  The  supply  of  water 
is  constant,  and  no  tanks  or  cisterns  are  required. 

Keswick  has  the  honour  of  being  the  birth-place  of 
Sir  .John  Banks,  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  Common  Pleas; 
Peter  Crosthwaite,  the  founder  of  the  museum  which 
bears  his  name  ;  and  Jonathan  Otley,  the  author  of  the 
first  Guide  to  the  Lakes.  Of  the  numerous  celebrated 
men  who  have  resided  here,  their  names  are  now 
"  Household  Words." 

j^otbtrn  of  ^iitlctborpt  anb  dJrtta  ^aU. 

The  present  owner  of  Littlethorpe  and  Greta  Hall  is 
descended  on  the  mother's  side  through  the  Simpsons 
and  Claytons  of  Knaresboro',  from  the  ancient  York- 
shire family  of  Staveley.     His  father,  the  late 

John  Rotiierv,  merchant,  of  Leeds  (son  of  J.  Eotheiy,  who 
died  November  Ist,  1804,  by  his  wife,  Elizabeth  Moss,  of 
Guiseley),  married  Mary  Clayton,  daughter  of  William  Simpson, 
Esq.,  of  Knaresboro'  and  Gilthorn,  by  Mary,  his  wife,  daughter 
and  heir  of  William  Clayton,  Esq.,  of  Knaresboro',  son  of  John 
Clayton,  Esq.,  of  Masham  ( descended  from  the  Claytons  of  West 
Clayton,  parish  of  High  Hoyland),  by  Grace,  his  wife,  third 
daughter  of  Miles  Staveley,  l''.sq.,  of  North  Stainley.  By  Mary, 
his  wife  (who  married  'indly  George  Gibbon,  Esq.,  and  died  in 
January,  ItilO),  Mr.  Rothery  left  issue, 

I.  Charles  William,  of  Littlethorpe. 
II.  John  y. 
I.  Cbiirlottc  Augusta,  married  to  Frederick  Ifeiiry  Wood,  Esq., 

of  Ilolliu  llidl,  CO.  York. 
II.  I'boebc  .Allliea,  married  to  George  Frederick  Leigh,  son  of 
the  Hon.  Mrs.  Leigh,  sister  of  Lord  Byron,  the  poet. 

Mr.  Rothery  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Chaiiles  Wii.i.iAst  Rothery,  Esq.,  of  Littlethorpe,  eo.  York, 
now  resident  at  Greta  Hall,  near  Keswick,  long  the  residence  of 
the  poets  Coleridge  and  Southey,  born  March  Slst,  1823. 

Arms. — Per  bend,  or,  and  gu,  two  bends,  indented,  counter- 
charged. 

Crest. — A  tower,  arg.,  charged  with  two  bendlets,  indented,  and 
issuant  frc^m  ibo  battlements  thereof  a  denii  lion,  gu.,  holding  with 
liis  dexter  paw  three  arrows,  one  in  pale,  and  two  in  saitire,  ppr. 

Motto. — Fcstina  leute. 


ST.  JOHN'S-IN-THE-VALE   CHAPELRY. 

This  chapolry  is  bounded  on  tho  north  by  Penrith  high  road  and  Bloncathra,  or  Saddleback ;  on  the  west  by 
Castlerigg  Fells  and  Shoulthwailo  Moss  ;  on  the  south  by  Dale  Head  Hall ;  and  on  tho  east  by  Wanthwaito  and 
tho  Ilelvollyn  range  of  hills.  Tho  chnpelry  comprises  but  one  township,  whicli  is,  however,  divided  into  the  fivo 
divisions  of  Legberthwaite,  Naddio,  Bums,  Wanthwaite,  and  Foruside.  Tho  inhabitants,  who  arc  a  shrewd, 
sensible,  and  primitive  set  of  people,  remarkably  peaceable,  lioncst,  and  upright  in  their  dealings,  are  engaged  in 
agricultural  pursuits;  thoy  attend  tho  Keswick  markets.  In  this  chapolry  are  two  vales,  separated  by  Naddio 
Fell,  called  tho  Vale  of  Wanthwaite  and  tho  Vale  of  St.  John ;  the  former,  which  is  most  admired  for  its  scenery, 
lias  often  been  taken  for  the  latter. 


39 


346 


DEKWENT  WABD. 


ST.   JOHN  S    CASTLEKIGO    AND    WTTHBDBN. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  returned  with  the  parish : 
its  rateable  value  is  i'3,0 18  17s.  Cd.  The  population 
in  1801  was  469:  in  1811,  006;  in  J821,  5G6  ;  in 
1831,  567;  in  18-11,  49'J ;  and  in  1851,  558. 

The  manor  of  St.  John  and  Castlerigg,  or  Naddle, 
was  part  of  the  Dorwentwater  estate,  and  as  such  is 
now  held  by  R.  D.  Marshall,  Esq.  The  principal  land- 
owners are  R.  D.  Marshall,  Esq. ;  the  trustees  of  the 
late  William  Jackson,  Esq.  :  Abraham  Fisher,  Esq. ; 
Frederick  Cooper,  Esq. ;  T.  L.  S.  Loathes,  Esq.  ; 
Joseph  Hall,  Esq. ;  T.  S.  Spedding,  Esq. ;  Mr.  Dover ; 
and  Mrs.  Scott. 


THE    CHAPEL. 


The  chapel  is  dedicated  to  St.  John,  and  is  most 
romantically  situated  on  the  gass  between  the  Vale  of 
Naddle  and  the  beautifid  Vale  of  St.  John.  It  was 
rebuilt  in  the  year  1842,  at  a  cost  of  j£290,  raised  by 
subscription  and  a  chapel-rate,  and  is  a  very  neat 
structure,  most  comfortable  and  commodious.  The  roof 
is  of  stained  pine,  and  the  whole  of  the  interior  tastefully 
painted.  It  has  a  small  belfry  and  porch,  and  will 
seat  about  230  persons.  The  inhabitants  have  been 
accustomed  to  pay  chapel  gifts  to  the  minister,  which 
formed  originally  his  only  stipend,  and  is  levied  upon 
certain  lands  within  the  township.  These  gifts,  how- 
ever, now  form  but  an  inconsiderable  portion  of  the 
income.  The  rites  of  Christian  burial,  and  of  the 
sacraments,  together  with  the  usual  services  upon 
Sundays,  fasts,  and  festivals,  are  performed  here.  The 
living,  worth  about  £08  a  year,  is  a  perpetual  airacy 
in  the  patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  and  those 
inhabitants  or  landowners  who  pay  chapel  gifts.  In 
1719  the  living  was  augmented  with  £5()0,  of  which 
£200  was  obtained  from  Queen  Aime's  Bounty,  i:200 
^ven  by  Dr.  Gatskaith,  and  the  remainder  by  the 
inhabitants. 

Incumbents. — Thomas  Robinson, ;  Edward  Wilson,  who 

held  the  living  for  a  period  of  forty-nine  years,  and  died  in 
1853  ;  A.  C.  Perring,who  was  removed  1855,  and  was  succeeded 
b;  John  Taylor,  M.A.,  the  present  incumbent. 

The  parsonage  house  has  been  recently  erected,  and 
is  most  beautifully  situated  upon  the  Ambleside  road, 
about  two  miles  from  Keswick.  It  has  been  built 
through  the  active  e.xertions  of  the  present  incumbent, 
■who  has  been  most  liberally  assisted  by  the  principal 
gentry  and  landowners  of  the  neighbourhood. 

The  school  is  chiefly  supported  by  private  subscrip- 
tions and  the  children's  quarter-pence,  aud  a  small 
endowment  of  £5  a  year. 


CHARITIES. 


Williamson's  Charily. — Thomas  Williamson,  by  will 
dated  14th  December,  1574,  gave  £20  to  trustees,  to 
be  laid  out  in  land,  and  the  rent  to  be  bestowed  upon 
poor  people  born  within  St.  John's  chapelry  or  Castle- 
rigg, in  mutton  or  veal,  at  Martinmas  yearly.  This 
charity  was  afterwards  increased  to  £40,  and  was  dis- 
tributed in  meat  till  thu  year  1810;  since  which  date 
the  distribution  has  been  in  money,  two  or  three 
shillings  being  given  to  each  of  ten  or  twelve  poor 
persons  of  St.  John  and  Castlerigg. 

Poor  Stock. — An  entry  in  an  old  parish  book,  under 
the  date  of  1748,  contains  an  account  of  ten  legacies 
and  gifts  (some  as  old  as  1685)  amounting  in  the  whole 
to  £22  IDs.  And  by  another  entry  in  the  same  book 
in  1772,  it  appears  that  the  above  sum  was  laid  out  in 
the  purchase  of  a  turnpike  ticket  for  securing  £25  on 
mortgage  of  the  tolls  of  roads  iu  Cumberland.  The 
interest  received  is  £1  2s.  (id.,  which  is  given  away  by 
the  chapel  warden  on  the  22nd  November  yearly,  in 
sums  varying  from  Is.  to  Od.  amongst  poor  persons 
belonging  to  the  division  of  St.  John's  only,  whether 
they  receive  relief  or  not.  This  and  the  two  following 
charities  do  not  e.'ctend  to  Castlerigg,  which  is  part  of 
the  chapelry  of  St.  John's. 

Howes  Charity. — Thomas  Howe,  who  died  in  1797, 
gave,  by  his  will,  £20  to  the  chapelwarden  of  St.  John's, 
to  be  placed  out  at  interest  by  them,  and  the  produce 
to  be  applied  yearly  for  ever,  for  the  relief  of  the  indi- 
gent aud  necessitous  poor  iu  the  chapelry  of  St.  John's, 
who  had  no  regular  maintenance  or  relief  from  the  said 
chapelry. 

Stanley's  Charities. — Mark  Stanley,  by  will  dated 
0th  June,  1808,  gave  £5  towards  the  expense  of  erfect- 
ing  a  stone  wall  on  the  east  side  of  Gate  Moss,  for  the 
prevention  of  cattle  being  drowned  therein ;  but  in  case 
the  wall  should  not  be  erected  within  twelve  months 
after  his  decease,  then  the  legacy  to  lapse.  He  also 
left  a  guinea  towards  the  expense  of  draining  Stubb 
Moss,  on  similar  conditions.  Also  one  guinea  to  the 
poor  of  St.  John's,  to  bo  distributed  at  the  discretion  of 
his  executor;  and  another  guinea  to  the  poor  of  Threl- 
keld,  to  be  divided  at  the  discretion  of  the  overseers. 
He  also  gave  the  sum  of  £40,  in  trust,  to  the  chapel- 
wardens  of  St.  John's,  that  they  should  make  an  offer 
of  the  same,  in  equal  proportions,  to  the  divisions  of 
Wythburn,  Newlands,  Thornthvvaite,  and  Grisedale,  to 
be  paid  to  the  resjyective  chapelwardcns,  provided  that 
they  should  each  give  security  for  the  regular  payment 
of  l]d.  per  pound  interest,  so  long  as  they  chose  to  keep 
the  said  £10 ;  but  if  this  offer  should  uot  be  accepted, 
and  security  given  within  twelve  months,   then  the 


ST.  JOHN'S-IN-THE-VALE   CHAPELRY. 


347 


testator  further  willed  that  the  whole  legacy  of  £40,  or 
the  part  thereof  so  refused,  should  he  put  out  to  interest, 
and  that  half  of  the  interest  so  arising  should  be  regu- 
larly, on  Old  Martinmas  Day,  divided  among  such  poor 
persons  as  the  trustees  should  think  most  proper;  and 
they  should  divide  the  other  half  amongst  poor  parents 
and  others  in  their  division,  in  aiding  them  to  pay  the 
quarter  pence  for  tlieir  children  at  school.     lie  also  gave 
the  sum  of  £'M  to  the  said  chapelwardens,  in  trust,  to 
place  out  the  same,  and  to  give  the  interest  annually  to 
poor  householders  in  St.  John's  towards  assisting  them 
iu  paying  their  house  rents,  namely,  to  such  of  them 
as  had  no  support  from  the  parish.     He  also  gave  the 
further  sum  of  £'20  to  the  same  trustees,  to  put  out  the 
same,  and  to  lay  out  one-half  the  interest  iu  the  purchase 
of  books  of  Common  Prayer,  to  be  given  to  poor  children 
of  St.  John's;  auJ  the  other  half  amongst  the  poorest 
sort  of  widows  in  St.  John's.     Also  the  further  sum  of 
L20  to  the  said  chapelwardens,  upon  trust,  to  put  out 
the  same,  and  to  lay  out  the  interest  in  purchasing  the 
best  sort  of  sixpenny  whoaten  loaves,  to  be  distributed 
at   their  discretion  at   the  altar  table  iu   St.  John's 
Chapel,  on  Whit  Sunday,  iu  the   afternoon,  to  such 
poor  persons  of  St.  John's  as  should  appear  there  to 
receive  them.     Also  the  further  sum  of  £'20  to  the  said 
chapelwardens,  iu  trust,  to  lay  out  the  same  iu  erecting 
the  seats  of  their  chapel  into  pews.     Also  the  sum  of 
£5  in  addition,  for  the  erection  of  two  new  porches  over 
the  chapel  doors.    The  testator  died  in  ISO'J,  and  when 
the  Cliarity  Commissioners'  published  their  report  they 
stated  that  no  part  of  the  legacies  mentioned  in  this  will 
were  paid,  except  one  guinea  to  the  poor.     The  commis- 
sioners add  that,   "  With  respect  to  the  last  mentioned 
legacies  of  .£'20  and  £5,  a  vestry  meeting  was  held  for  the 
purpose  of  taking  into  consideration  the  propriety  of 
accepting  the  legacy  on  tho  terms  proposed.     \'ery  few 
persons  attended.     Tho  majority  of  those  present  were 
of  opinion  that  tlio  bequest  should  be  accepted,  provided 
the  Lindowners  of  the  parish  would  agree  in  giving  the 
security  re(|aireil ;   but  afterwards,  u[)ou  further  inquirj', 
it  turned  out  that  tho  great  miyority  of  the  principal 
iuhabitants  and  landholders  wore  against  giving  such 
security  or  accepting  the  bequest  upon  those  terms,  and 
uo  further  steps  were  taken  iu  tlie  business.     This 
vostry  meeting  took  place  within  the  year  after  the 
testator's  death.     Tlio  chapel  bus  since  been  [x;wud  at 
the  expense  of  the  inhabitants,  in  conse(iuonce  of  an 
iiyuuction  from  tho  chancellor  of  the  diocese.     These 
legacies  therefore  became  forfeited,  and  sunk  into  tho 
residue  of  tho  testator's  estate." 

Stanley's  and  Howe's  charities  yield  now  about  £6 
per  annum,  which  is  usually  given  to  the  poor  counccted 
with  the  township. 


The  lake  Thiilmere,  through  which  issues  St.  John's 
stream,  which  flows  through  the  beautiful  vale  of  St. 
John,  and  joins  the  Greta  at  Threlkeld  Bridge;  and 
the  Castle  Rock,  which  Sir  Walter  Scott  has  immor- 
talised iu  his  Bridal  of  Triermain,  are  situated  in  this 
vale ;  as  are  also  Lyburthwaite  mill  and  an  old  house 
which,  some  years  ago,  was  nearly  destroyed  by  a  water- 
spout ;  and  Wauthwaitc  mUl,  the  property  of  R.  D. 
Marshall,  Esq. 

<^fnton  ot  Castlctigg. 
This  family  appears  to  have  been  very  anciently 
settled  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Leeds.  Thorsby,  the 
historian  of  that  town,  notes  that  the  first  marriage  of 
the  aucieut  f.imily  of  J.egh  of  Middletou  (a  village 
adjacent  to  Huuslet,  where  they  long  resided,  and  of 
which  they  are  lords  of  the  manor),  after  its  transplant- 
ing into  Yorkshii-e,  was  with  Clarier,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Thomas  Fenton,  8th  Edward  III.,  a.  d.  1332.  Of  tho 
same  family  it  appears  was  Sir  Geofii-ey  Fenton,  Knt., 
secretary  of  state,  who  married  Alice,  daughter  of 
Richard  Weston,  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  by  whom 
he  had  one  son,  William,  and  a  daughter  Catherine, 
married  to  Richard  Boyle,  Esq.,  first  earl  of  Cork, 
from  which  marriage  several  noble  families  derive  their 
descent.  He  died  in  1C08.  In  the  two  years  imme- 
diately preceding  the  restoration,  ^^'iUiam  Fenton  served 
the  office  of  mayor  of  Leeds. 

THOM.V.S  Fenton-,  who  died  in  1689,  aged  73,  left  by  Anne 
'I'atliam,  his  wife,  five  daughters  aud  one  sod, 

Thomas  I'enton,  Esci.,  who  married  twice,  by  his  fu-st  wife, 
Elizabeth,  had  a  son  Auraham,  of  whom  uo  male  issue  remains; 
and  by  his  second,  Mary,  sister  of  James  Ibbetson,  Esq.,  father 
of  the  first  baronet  of  tliut  name,  he  liad  issue,  Thomas,  his 
heir ;  Naomi  died  I'OC,  aged  6:j ;  Tabitha,  married  to  John  Hare, 
M.U.;  Hannah;  Mary,  man-ied  to  Josiah  Oatcs,  Esq.;  Anne, 
married  to  the  Kev.  William  Pendlebury;  llary,  married  to 
Josiah  Ryder,  died  in  1700;  and  Rachel,  married  to  D.  Leach, 
Esq.,  of  Riddlesden  Hall.  Thomas  Fenton  died  1705,  aged  08, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Thomas  Fenton,  Esq.,  who  married  Elizabeth,  daujjhier  of 
Sir  Charles  Houshtun,  IJarl.,  of  Houghton  Tower,  Lancashire, 
by  Mary,  daughter  of  Viscount  John  Masseroene,  and  died  1734, 
aged  40,  leaving,  with  other  issue,  two  sons,  Samckl,  of  whom 
presently;  and  Jaiues,  who  married  Dorothy  Circamo,  and  died 
1N04,  leaving  issue,  James  of  Hampstead.  The  elder  of  these 
two  brothers, 

Samuel  Fentok,  Esq.,  married  Ellen  Leach,  and  died  1794, 
leaving  issue,  three  daughters  and  five  sons, 

I.  Thomas,  bnrristtT  at  law,  died  1704,  aged  37. 
II.  Sauukl,  of  wliDiii  presently. 
III.  .Iiinies,  i>r  Leeds. 

IV.  Williiiiii,  intirried  Mis5  Pearson,  and  had  issue. 

V.  Ibbolsou,  died  IHIl,  aged  44. 

The  second  son, 

Samuei,  Fenton,  Esq.,  married  Ilarriet  Greamc,  and  by  lior 
(who  married  secondly,  Bei^omin  Sadler,  Esq.,  of  Leeds, 
merchant)  by  Iter  had  issue. 


348 


DERWEST  WARD. 


I.  Samuel  Obeame,  now  of  Cftstlerigg. 
II.  George,  lieul.  in  the  army,  died  unmarried  at  Aracao,  in  India. 

I.  Anne,  married  to  Michael  Thomas  Sadler,  Esq. 

II.  Harriet. 

On  Mr.  Fenton's  decease  he  was  sncceeded  by  his  eldest  son, 
Samiel  Greame  Fenton,  Esq.,  bom  30th  May,  17!).5,  mar- 
ried first,  3rd  January,  1820,  Eliza  Catherine,  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  William  Metcalfe,  rector  of  Briiupsfield,  Gloucestershire; 
secondly,  Susan  Agnes,  daughter  of  Thomas  Chorley,  Esq.,  of 
Leeds  ;  and  thirdly,  Anne  Maria,  daughter  of  William  Larileet, 
Esq.,  of  Beddich,  Worcestershire.  By  his  first  wife  he  has  issue, 

1.  Sambel  Greame,  bom  2ith  December,  1821. 
II.  George  Metcalfe,  bom  24lh  September,  1820. 
I.  Georgiana  Anne. 

Arms. — Arg.  a  cross  between  four  fleur-de-lis,  sn. 
Cresl. — .\  flour  de  lis  eufiled  with  a  ducat  coron»t,  or. 
5<a(.— Ciisllerigg,  near  Keswick. 

Wythburn  chapelry  and  joint  township  with  St. 
John's,  extends  from  five  to  ten  miles  south-by-east  of 
Keswick,  to  the  confines  of  Westmoreland,  wliere  Dun- 
maile  Raise  marks  the  boundaries  of  the  two  counties. 
The  manor  of  Wythburn  belonged  to  the  Braithwaites 
ofWarcop.  Sir  Thomas  Braithwaite,  who  died  in  1640, 
was  seised  of  the  manors  or  hamlets  of  Wythburn, 
Armboth,  Smarthwaite,  and  Paddle,  held  of  the  Earl  of 
Northumberland.  This  estate  was  sold  by  Richard 
Braithwaite,  Esq.,  to  George  Fletcher,  of  Hutton  Hall, 
ancestor  of  Sir  Henry  Vane,  Bart.,  the  present  lord  of 
the  manor. 

In  Wythburn  is  Dalehead,  the  seat  of  T.  L.  Stanger 
Loathes,  Esq.,  which  is  beautifully  situated  upon  the 
banks  of  Thirlmere  or  Leathes'  Water.  Mr.  Leathes  is 
the  lord  of  the  manor  here  called  Legberthwaite,  and 
the  owner  of  Thirlmere  or  Leathes'  Water. 

"  The  City''  is  a  small  hamlet  in  Wythburn,  situated 
near  the  head  of  Thirlmere,  eight  miles  south-south-east 
of  Keswick. 

THE    CHAPEL.' 

Wj'thburn  chapel  is  situated  near  "  the  City,"  and  is 
a  very  ancient  structure  of  stone :  the  date  of  its  erec- 
tion is  not  known.  The  living,  a  perpetual  curacy,  in 
the  patronage  of  the  vicar  of  Crosthwaite,  is  now  wortli 
about  iiSO  per  annum,  arising  from  glebe,  purchased 
with  augmentations  amounting  to  £800,  £60  of  which 
was  received  from  Queen  Anne's  bounty,  and  the 
remaining  £200  from  the  Dowager  Countess  Gower. 
The  glebe  lands  are  situated  in  Crosthwaite,  Great 
Salkeld,  and  Grasmere.  The  registers  commence  in 
1777. 

Incumbbnts. — The  Rev.  —  Simpson  held  this  living  for  about 
fifty  years  ;  Rev.  Edward  Wilson,  for  about  two  or  three  ;  Rev. 
Isaac  Denton,  for  about  forty,  who  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev. 
Basil  R.  Lawson,  the  present  incumbent,  in  1851. 

I "  Whytebum's  modest  house  of  prayer, 
As  lowly  as  the  lowliest  dwelling." 


At  page  51,  there  will  be  found  a  full  description  of 
Thirlmere. 

BORRO^'DALE    CHAPELRY. 

The  number  of  inhabitants  in  Borrowdale  township, 
in  1801,  was  342;  in  1811,  319;  in  1821,  346;  in 
1831,  356;  in  1841,  369;  and  in  1851,  425.  The 
rateable  value  is  £1,632  19s.  lOd.  The  population 
is  located  in  a  few  scattered  houses,  and  in  the  villages 
or  hamlets  of  Grange,  llosthwaite,  Stonethwaitc,  Sea- 
toller,  and  Scathwaite.  Sheep  farming  is  the  principal 
occupation.  Situated  near  Grange  is  an  e.\cellent  slate 
quarry.  Near  Derwentwater  lake,  on  the  glebe  land,  is 
a  lead  mine,  carried  on  by  Messrs.  A.  Fletcher  and 
Co.  It  is  worked  by  one  shaft  of  fifteen  fathoms,  and 
though  in  the  third  year  of  its  operation,  a  workable 
vein  has  not  yet  been  met  with.  The  world-famous 
blacklead  mine  of  Borrowdale  is  situated  in  this  town- 
ship, near  the  hamlet  of  Seatoller.  Its  produce  is 
unequalled,  no  other  species  of  native  or  foreign 
plumbago  being  comparable  to  it,  and  it  is  invaluable 
for  artistic  purposes.  So  far  back  as  the  reign  of 
George  II.,  an  act  was  passed  to  prevent  the  lead  of 
this  mine  from  being  stolen,  by  rendering  parties  guilty 
of  this  offence  liable  to  the  same  punishment  as  for 
felony.  In  those  days  the  valuable  quality  of  this 
mineral  for  pencil  manufacture  ,'was  unknown,  for  the 
act  in  question  recites  that  "  it  hath  been  found  by 
experience  to  be  necessary,  in  the  casting  of  bomb- 
shells, round  shot,  and  cannon  balls."  From  1850, 
the  mine  was  closed  till  October  of  the  year  1858, 
when  it  was  again  opened, — a  company  having  been 
formed  for  its  efficient  working.  The  mine  has  been 
leased  from  the  trustees  of  Mr.  Banks,  of  Carfe  Castle, 
by  a  London  company,  the  directors  of  which  are  well 
known  and  respected  in  the  financial  circles  of  the 
metropolis,  and  the  capital  invested  is  £20,000.  Captain 
Di.xon,  the  former  manager  of  the  mine,  has  resumed 
his  old  position,  and  an  efficient  staff  of  officials  and 
operatives  is  in  the  course  of  formation  ;  and  it  is  only 
fair  to  say,  that  the  undertaking  starts  under  auspices 
which,  whether  they  command  or  not,  deserve  success. 
Keswick  is  the  market  usually  attended  by  the  inhabi- 
tants. There  is  a  sheep  fair,  with  the  customary  rural 
sports,  held  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  September,  at 
Rosthwaite.  For  a  full  description  of  the  romantic 
and  picturesque  scenery  of  Borrowdale,  from  the  pen 
of  Mrs.  Harriet  Martineau,'see  pages  46  and  47.  The 
famous  Bowder  Stone  is  a  massive  body  of  rock,  standing 
on  an  elevated  terrace  of  ground,  a  short  distance  from 
the  road  that  runs  through  the  valley.  It  is  si.vty-two 
feet  in  length,  thirty-six  feet  high,  and  measures  in 
circumference  eighty-nine  feet — its   weight  has  been 


ST.  JOHNS -IN- THE -VALK   CHAPELRY. 


349 


computed  at  upwards  of  nineteen  hundred  tous.  The 
most  curious  feature  about  it,  however,  is  its  peculiar 
position. 

"  Upon  a  scmicirqne  of  turf-clad  ground 
A  mass  of  rock,  resembling  as  it  lay 
Right  at  the  foot  of  that  moist  precipice, 
A  stranded  ship,  with  keel  upturned,  that  rests 
Careless  of  winds  and  waves." — Wordswokth. 

'H'rom  the  summit  of  the  rock,  there  is  a  fine  view  of 
the  IJorrowdale  valley  and  mountains. 

The  manor  of  Borrowdalc  was  parcel  of  the  ancient 
manor  of  Castlerigg,  wliich  belonged  to  the  Derwent- 
water  estate.  The  Lawson  family  had  also  a  manor  in 
Borrowdale.  A  survey  of  the  manor  of  Derwent  Fells, 
taken  in  1578,  informs  us  that  "  the  abbot  and  convent 
of  Furness,  late  held  of  the  honour  of  Cockermouth, 
in  pure  and  perpetual  alms,  Borrodale,  which,  by  the 
dissolution  of  the  said  monasterie,  came  to  the  hands 
of  King  Henry  VIII.,  and  as  yet  rcmaincth  in  the 
hands  of  our  Sovereign  Lady  the  Queen's  Majesty  that 
now  is.  The  abbot  and  convent  of  Fountains,  late 
held  the  other  Borrowdalc,  of  the  said  honour,  in  pure 
and  perpetual  alms,  which  came  to  the  said  King,  by 
the  dissolution  of  the  abbey,  and  by  the  said  King 
Henry,  granted  to  Richard  Grame,  and  his  heirs." 
The  manor  of  Borrowdalc  is  now  held  by  Sir  Wilfred 
Lawson,  Bart.,  of  Brayton,  who  holds  a  court  baron 
once  a  year  at  the  inn  at  Rosthwaite.  There  are 
several  resident  yeoman,  but  Abraham  Fisher,  S.  Z. 
Laiigton,  and  Thomas  Simpson,  Esqrs.,  are  the  principal 
landowners. 

Rosthwaite  hamlet  is  beautifully  situated  near  the 
centre  of  the  dale,  and  at  the  confluence  of  the  two 
mountain  brooks  which  form  the  Derweut,  si.x  and  a 
half  miles  south  of  Keswick. 

THE   CHAPEI.. 

A  short  distance  from  Rosthwaite  is  a  chapel-of-easc 
to  the  parish  church  of  Croslhwaite.  It  is  a  small  plain 
stone  structure,  rebuilt  in  1825-0,  at  a  cost  of  about 
i300.  The  living,  in  the  patronage  of  the  vicar  of 
the  parish,  is  now  worth  about  X'mO  :  up  to  1811  it  was 
only  worth  about  CUO,  but  in  that  year  the  Ecclesiastical 
Commissioners  made  a  grant  of  CI '2  per  annum  towards 
its  niigmentation.  Tithes  are  paid  to  the  mother  church 
of  C'rosthwaite.     The  register  commences  iu  1777. 

IxctiMDENTS. — John  ITarrisoD,  who  held  the  living  about  filty- 
thrco  jroars,  he  was  succeeded  by  William  Tarsablc,  about  1H04  ; 
and  in  18.'!8,  George  Newby,  tho  present  minister,  was  inducted. 

The  parsonage  bouse,  a  substantial  stone  building, 
situated  noiir  tho  clmpel,  was  erected  in  ls.12,  at  n  cost, 
including  tho  purchase  of  site,   of  jEOOO.     The   late 


Joseph  Fisher,  Esq.,  left  £800  for  the  purpose  of 
erecting  a  residence  for  the  incumbent,  to  which  sum 
JE200  was  added  by  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty.  The  i'lOO  remaining,  after  defraying  all 
expenses,  is  invested  at  three -and -a- half  per  cent, 
interest,  which  is  paid  to  the  clergyman. 

There  is  a  small  school  in  connection  with  the  chapel. 
It  was  rebuilt  in  1825,  and  is  supported  by  the  pence 
of  the  children,  about  twenty-five  of  whom  constitute 
tho  average  attendance. 

Grange  is  another  hamlet  in  this  township,  situated 
at  the  entrance  of  the  dale,  about  four  miles  south-by- 
west  of  Keswick.  When  the  abbots  of  Furness  owned 
Borrowdale,  a  few  monks  were  placed  at  its  entrance, 
to  receive  and  guard  the  crops  ;  and  this  place  was 
their  granary.  It  is  now  a  picturesque  hamlet,  well 
known  for  its  beauty.  Just  behind  it,  the  noble  wooded 
rock,  which  leaves  room  only  for  the  road  and  tho  river, 
is  Castle  Crag,  the  view  from  the  summit  of  which  is 
splendid.  In  the  hamlet  of  (irango  is  a  small  chapel, 
erected  by  Miss  Heathoote,  which  is  used  also  as  a 
school.  It  is  private  property,  and  is  not  as  yet  com- 
pleted and  endowed. 

The  other  hamlets  in  the  township  are  Stonethwaite, 
seven  miles,  Seatoller  (the  seat  of  Abraham  Fisher, 
Esq.,)  seven  and  a  half,  and  Seathwaite,  eight  and  a 
half  miles  south  of  Keswick. 

In  Park  Field,  near  Grange,  there  is  a  saline  spring. 

The  Rev.  George  Newby,  tho  present  incumbent,  is 
the  author  of  some  poetical  works. 

KEWL.iNDS    CIlAl'ELRY. 

The  area  of  Newlands  is  returned  with  the  paiish;  the 
rateable  value,  inclusive  of  Thornthwaite,  Braithwaite, 
and  Portinscale,  is  ,£3,014  10s.  The  population  of 
Newlands,  including  Coledalc,  or  Portinscale,  was,  in 
1801,282;  in  181],  of  Newlands  alone,  118;  in  1891, 
115;  in  18;U,  113;  in  1811,  133;  and  in  1851,190. 

This  township  is  parcel  of  the  manor  of  Derwent  Fells, 
belonging  to  General  Whyndham.  There  is  an  annual 
shoep  fair  held  at  Newlaiuls  on  the  first  Friday  in 
September.  The  inhabitants  attend  the  markets  at 
Keswick.  There  are  many  resident  yeomen  in  Braith- 
waite, Thornthwaite,  Portinscale,  and  Newlands,  but 
tho  principal  landowners  are  Sir  John  Woodford ;  K. 
E.  W.  P.  Standish,  Esq.;  Sir  John  B  Walsh;  Jobu 
Sanderson,  Esq.;  R.  D.  Marshall,  Esq. ;  H.  II.  Fawcett, 
Esq.;  Mr.  Joseph  Thompson,  and  Miss  Fisher. 

Here  are  load  mines,  one  of  which,  Goldscope  Mine, 
has  been  worked  for  a  great  number  of  years.  It  is 
supposed  that  al)o«t  200  years  ago  large  quantities  of 
copper  were  obtained.      On  the  vein  now  worked  by 


350 


DERWENT  WARD. 


the  Goldscope  Mine  about  190  fathoms  were  driven  in 
a  westerly  direction,  at  which  part  a  crop,  or  load-ore 
vein  was  met  with,  where  it  was  upwards  of  twelve 
feet  wide.  Over  this  level  largo  quantities  of  lead-ore 
were  secured,  and  the  vein  greatly  increased  in  width, 
in  some  places  over  twenty  feet  wide,  and  its  average 
produce  from  three  to  four  tons  per  fathom.  This 
vein  was  discovered  about  six  years  ago,  since  which 
time  upwards  of  2,000  tons  of  lead -ore  have  been 
obtained.  The  lead  contains  but  little  silver.  A  shaft 
has  been  sunk  in  sole  of  the  adit  level  forty  fathoms — the 
vein  is  at  this  point  about  four  feet  wide,  yielding,  at 
places,  two  and  a  half  tons  of  ore  per  fathom.  The 
length  of  the  ore  ground  is  about  twenty-four  fathoms — 
the  strata  bored  through  a  blue  clay-slate.  Mr.  A.  R. 
Clarke  is  the  proprietor  of  the  mine,  which  affords 
employment  to  about  filty  hands,  and  yields  about 
500  tons  per  aanum  of  lead-ore. 

THE    CnAPEL. 

Newlauds  chapel  is  a  plain  but  neat  structure, 
rebuilt  in  1843,  at  a  cost  of  about  £180,  of  which  sum 
£70  was  raised  by  subscription,  £33  collected  amongst 
the  inhabitants  of  the  chapelry,  £10  given  by  the  late 
Queen  Dowager,  and  the  remainder  by  the  incumbent. 
The  windows  of  the  chapel  have  semi-circular  heads ; 
there  is  a  small  porch,  and  a  bell  turret,  with  two  bells. 
In  1845  the  eastern  window  was  filled  with  stained 
glass,  as  a  testimony  of  respect  to  the  incumbent,  and 
to  commemorate  the  rebuilding  of  the  chapel.  The 
living  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the  patronage  of  the 
vicar  of  Crosthwaite.  It  was  certified  to  the  commis- 
sioners as  of  the  annual  value  of  £51,  but  is  now  worth 
about  £80,  ai'ising  from  lands  purchased  in  1757,  with 
£600  received  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty.  The 
register  of  baptisms  commences  in  1749. 

Incumeents. — Joseph  Fisher,  1731  ;  John  Kirby,  1779 ; 
Benjamin  Jackson,  1789;  Christopher  Howe,  179i ;  William 
Craokell,  1793;  William  Parsable,  1794;  James  Currie,  182C; 
John  Monkhouse,  1810. 

The  parsonage  house  is  at  present  occupied  by  the 
schoolmaster,  the  incumbent  residing  ui  Undersldddaw 
township. 

The  school  is  a  neat  building  near  the  church,  and 
is  supported  by  the  children's  quarter  pence,  the  incum- 
bent supplying  the  necessary  amount  to  make  the 
income  £40  a  year,  which  he  guarantees  to  the  teacher. 

CHARITIES. 

UdalVs  C^anJy.— Peter Udall, in  1653,left£4  10s. 4d. 
to  the  poor  of  Thornthwaite,  Great  Braithwaite,  Little 
Braithwaite,  Ullock,  and  Portinscale,  arising  out  of  land, 
called  Bishop's  HaU,  in  Essex ;  but  in  consequence  of 
the  charity  not  being  paid  for  twenty-two  years,  the 


trustees  were  enabk'd  to  purchase  a  field  in  Portinscalo 
Constablewick,  called  Lowfield,  which  now  lots  for 
£12  lus.  a  year,  which,  added  to  the  original  sum, 
makes  a  total  of  £17  53.  4d.  per  annum.  This  amount 
is  annually  divided  on  the  2nd  of  February  amongst 
the  poor  of  the  above-named  places,  when  there  is  8s. 
paid  to  the  minister  of  Thornthwaite,  for  a  goodly 
admonition  to  the  poor,  and  a  like  sum  for  a  dinner  to 
the  six  trustees.  John  Sanderson,  Thomas  Bowe, 
Thomas  Harriman,  George  JIuckle,  John  Walker,  and 
another,  are  the  trustees  at  present. 

Fisker's  Charity. — Mr.  Joseph  Fisher,  a  native  of 
Newlands,  but  at  present  a  resident  of  Portinscale, 
gave,  in  1856,  to  the  perpetual  curate  and  chapehvardcus 
of  Newlands  for  the  time  being,  £100,  the  interest  to 
be  expended  in  books  published  by  the  Society  for 
Promoting  Christian  Kjiovvledge.  On  the  1st  of  June, 
1858,  he  further  gave  £1.")0  to  the  same  trustees,  the 
interest  of  wiiich  he  ordered  to  be  divided  by  them  on 
Whitsun  Thursday  amongst  the  poor  of  Newlands, — 
ten  shillings  to  be  given  to  the  incumbent  for  preaching 
a  sermon  on  that  day.  Both  these  bequests  are  invested 
in  the  Three-per-cent.  Consols. 

Little  Town  is  a  hamlet  in  this  chapelry,  about  four 
miles  south-west  of  Keswick. 

COLEDALE,    OH    PORTINSCALE. 

The  population  of  this  township  was  returned  with 
that  of  Newlands  in  1801;  in  1811,  it  was  225;  in 
1821,  204  ;  in  1831,  253  ;  in  1841,  202  ;  and  in  1851, 
293.  Portinscale,  or  Coledale,  forms  parcel  of  the 
manor  of  Derwent  Fells,  and  its  freeholders,  &c.,  in 
1578,  will  be  found  in  our  account  of  Braithwaite,  at 
page  351. 

At  the  south-west  corner  of  Derwentwater,  in  this 
township,  are  the  Brandley  lead  mines,  which  have  been 
worked  for  several  years,  and  since  1848  by  the  Keswick 
Mining  Company.  There  are  two  shafts,  one,  by  steam, 
of  twenty-six  horse-power,  which  is  fifty  fathoms  deep ; 
the  other,  by  water,  twelve-horse,  of  thirty  fathoms, 
below  the  level  of  the  lake.  About  200  fathoms  have 
been  worked  since  1848 — the  liberty  of  workings  is  about 
six  square  miles.  The  strata  bored  through  are  princi- 
pally clay-slate.  The  vein  varies  from  one  to  six  feet. 
The  number  of  men  employed  is  about  eighty,  and  the 
mine  produces  about  300  tons  of  lead-ore  per  annum. 
There  are  also  veins  of  copper,  but  they  are  not  workable 
at  present.  A  salt  spring  rises  up  at  the  bottom  of  the 
fifty -fathom  shaft.  This  company  have  had  lead-ore 
mines  in  Thornthwaite,  which  are  now  laid  in  in  con- 
sequence of  not  being  productive.  There  is  a  woollen 
manufactory  here  called  Stair  Factory. 


J 


ST.  JOHN'S -IN -THE- TALE  CHAPELRY. 


351 


The  prettj'  village  of  Portinscale  is  situated  at  the 
foot  of  Derwentwater,  ouo  mile  and  a  quarter  north- 
west of  Keswick,  and  in  its  vicinity  are  several  pleasant 
villa  residences,  and  a  capital  hotel,  from  which  fane 
views  of  Derwcnt  lake  and  the  surrounding  scenery 
can  be  obtained. 

UUock  is  a  small  hamlet  in  this  township,  two  and 
a  half  miles  north-west  of  Keswick. 

BRAITffWAITE. 

Its  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  282; 
in  1811,  20.5  ;  in  1821,  211;  in  1831,  21.'j  ;  in  1841, 
318;  and  in  1851,  351. 

The  manor  of  Braithwaite  and  Coledale  form  parcel 
of  the  manor  of  Derwent  Fells,  of  which  General 
Wyndliam  is  lord,  and  his  tenants  here  pay  arbitrary 
fines.  In  a  survey  taken  in  1578,  the  following  particu- 
lars arc  given  under  the  head  "  Brathwate  and  Coledale." 
"  Anthony  Barwis,  Esq.,  holdeth  the  manor  or  town  of 
Thornthwaite,  by  homage,  fealtie,  and  suit  of  court,  and 
witnessman    in    Derwcnt   Fells   and   foreign    service, 

rendering  per  annum .     The  abbot  and  convent 

of  Furnesse,  late  held  of  the  honour  aforesaid,  in  pure 
and  perpetual  alms,  Borrodale,  which,  by  the  disso- 
lution of  the  said  monasterie,  came  to  the  hands  of 
King  Henry  VIII.,  and  as  yet  remaineth  in  the  hands 
of  our  sovereign  lady  the  Queen's  majesty  that  now  is. 
The  abbot  and  convent  of  Fountaine,  late  held  the  other 
Borrodale  of  the  said  honour  in  pure  and  perpetual 
alms,  which  came  to  the  said  king  by  the  dissolution  of 
the  Abbey,  and  by  the  King  Henry  granted  to  Richard 
Grame,  and  his  heirs.  George  Porter,  gentleman, 
holdeth  certain  lands  and  tenements  called  Frankshow, 
late  Richard  Orphewer,  by  homage,  foreign  service, 
witnessmon,  and  other  services,  and  renders  two 
shillings.  William  Bow,  Robert  Mason,  William 
Studdart,  Thomas  Mason,  John  Bow,  and  John  Mason, 
John  Bow  do  Swinesido,  and  Richard  Tickol,  hold 
certain  lands  and  tenements  called  Husacre,  and  Last- 
acre,  —  some  time  the  land  of  Robert  Stanley,  by 
homage,  suit  of  court,  from  three  weeks  to  three  weeks, 
and  witnessman  in  Skiddaw,  and  between  Cocker  and 
Darwont,  and  render  per  annum  for  Lastacre  is., 
for  the  moiety  of  Husacre,  Cs.  8d.,  and  for  one  other 
close  there  Is.  4d.,  in  toto,  1 23.  The  heirs  of  Myles 
Hodgson,  hold  there  the  moiety  of  one  tenement  in 
Portinscales,  late  the  lands  of  John  lie,  by  homage, 
witnessman,  foreign  service,  and  suit  of  court,  and 
renders  per  annum  Is.  The  heirs  of  John  Piced  hold 
there  certain  lands  and  tenements  by  like  service,  and 
render  Is.  Anthony  Barwis,  Esq.,  holilcth  certain 
lands  and  tenements  in  Braithwaite  and  Porlinscule, 


late  the  lauds  of  Thomas  Wilkinson,  by  like  service, 
and  renders  ('(d.  Thomas  Wood  holdeth  certain,  lands 
and  tenements  in  Braithwaite  by  like  service,  and 
renders  Od.  Robert  Bands,  gentleman,  holdeth  one 
tenement  with  th'  appurtenances  in  Gillbank,  by  like 
services,  and  renders  per  annum  4d.  Sum  total  of  the 
free  rents  in  Braithwaite  and  Coledale  aforesaid, 
17s.  4d."  The  mill  at  Braithwaite  was  held  at  the 
same  period  by  John  Robinson,  who  paid  ten  shillings 
a  year ;  and  the  sum  total  of  the  rents  of  the  tenants  at 
will  in  Braithwaite  and  Coledale  amounted  to  £38  12s. 

The  village  of  Braithwaite  is  situated  at  the  lower 
end  of  Winlalter,  two  and  a  half  miles  west-by -north  of 
Keswick.  Here  is  a  large  woollen  manufactory,  and  at 
Force  Cragg  is  a  lead  mine,  worked  by  Walton,  Cooper, 
and  Co.,  which  employs  about  fourteen  hands.  In  the 
village  is  a  Wesleyan  chapel,  and  also  a  neat  national 
school,  with  teacher's  residence,  erected  in  1841,  at  a 
cost  of  above  t'550,  of  which  i'200  was  given  by  John 
Crosthwaite,  Esq.,  nf  Liverpool,  a  native  of  Braithwaite, 
and  the  remainder  by  James  Stanger,  Esq.,  of  Larth- 
■waite.  The  school,  which  is  attended  by  about  forty 
pupils,  is  under  government  inspection,  and  is  supported 
by  the  children's  quarter  pence,  aided  by  a  grant  from 
the  Committee  of  Council  on  Education.  In  connection 
with  the  school  is  a  lending  Ubrary  of  400  volumes,  and 
a  penny  bank  :  the  latter  was  established  in  1854,  and 
is  managed  gratuitously  by  the  schoolmaster.  Besides 
tlie  woollen  manufactory  just  mentioned  there  are  two 
corn-mills,  one  in  the  village,  the  other  situated  near  the 
Stair  Factory,  called  Stair  Mill,  and  a  blacklead  pencil 
manufactory. 

Little  Braithwaite  and  Powter  How,  are  two  hamlets 
in  this  township,  the  latter  being  about  four  and  a  haU" 
miles  north-west  of  Keswick. 

TlIOKNTirWAITE. 

The  number  of  inhabitants  in  this  township  in  1801, 
was  — ;  m  1811,  120;  in  1821,  1G4;  in  183],  J74; 
in  1811,  187;  and  in  1851,  275.  Thornthwaite 
manor  belongs  to  the  executors  of  the  late  John 
Marshall,  Esq.  In  this  township  there  are  a  bobbin- 
mill,  a  woollen  manufactory,  and  a  sand-mill. 

The  village  of  Thornthwaite  is  situated  on  the  Cock- 
ermouth  New  Road,  three  and  a  half  miles  west-north- 
west of  JCeswick. 

TH£  cmntcH. 

Thornthwaite  church,  dedicated  to  the  Holy  Trinity, 
is  a  small  plaui  building,  near  the  head  of  Ba.sseuthwaitc 
Lake.  The  living,  a  perpetual  curacy  in  the  patronage 
of  the  vicar  of  Crosthwaite  and  the  incumbent  of  St. 
John's,    Keswick,   is  worth  about   X'lOO   per  annum. 


352 


DERWENT  WARD. 


having  been  augmented  with  the  sum  of  £2,000  by 
James  Stjingcr,  Esq.,  and  i'1,000  by  Captain  Henrj-. 
The  late  Bishop  of  Carlisle  obtained  a  grant  of  j£800 
from  two  societies  towards  providing  a  parsonage,  which 
was  purchased  in  1845,  and  the  residue  of  the  money 
placed  in  the  Three-and-a-ipartcr  per  Cent  Stock.  The 
Rev.  Mr.  Short  is  the  present  incumbent. 

The  beautiful  lake  of  Derwentwater,  with  its  islands 
and  surrounding  scenery,  will  be  found  described  at 


page  47,  we  need  only  add  here  that,  on  Derwent 
Isle,  a  neat  mansion  or  summer-house  was  erected  by 
the  late  —  Pocklington,  Esq.,  which  has  been  con- 
siderably enlarged  by  the  present  proprietor,  H.  C. 
^Marshall,  Esq.  On  Lord's  Island  may  be  seen  the 
remains  of  the  house  erected  by  the  Derwentwaters. 
Rampsholme  Island  is  the  property  of  R.  D.  Marshall, 
Esq.;  St.  Herbert's  Island  was  purchased  from  Sir 
Wilfred  Lawsou,  by  U.  C.  ilarehall,  Esq. 


GRETA  MILLS  AND  BRIERY  COTTAGES,  EXTRA-PAROCHIAL. 

The  population  of  these  extra-parochial  places  were  prior  to  1841  probably  included  in  the  return  for  Crosthwaite 
parish,  by  which  they  are  surrounded.  In  1841  it  was  100,  and  in  18.51,  91.  The  small  hamlet  of  Greta  Mills 
contains  a  woollen  factory  and  a  bobbin  mill,  the  latter  of  which  employs  about  thirty  hands.  It  is  expected  that 
these  extra-parochial  places  will  be  soon  annexed  to  the  chapehy  of  St.  John-in-the-Vale. 


DEAN  PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Dean  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Brigham.  on  the  west  by  Distington  and  Workington,  on  the  south 
by  Lamplugh  and  Arlecdon,  and  on  the  cast  by  Loweswater.  It  is  about  three  miles  in  length  by  the  same  in 
breadth,  and  comprises  the  townships  of  Dean,  Branthwaite,  and  UUock  Pardshaw  and  Deanscales,  whose  united 
area  is  6,;i60  acres.     The  inhabitants  usuallv  attend  the  Cuckermouth  and  Workington  markets. 


DEAN. 

This  township  contained,  in  1801,  178  inhabitants; 
in  1811,  192;  in  1821,  108;  iu  1831,  193;  in  1841, 
S26  ;  and  in  1831,  205. 

Dean  is  one  of  the  five  towns  given  by  William  de 
Meschines  to  Waltlieof;  having  passed  by  descent 
to  the  families  of  Lucy  and  Percy,  it  was  given  by 
Henry  Earl  of  Northumberland  to  Henry  VIII.  In 
1578  Philip  Lord  Wharton  held  the  town  of  Dean  and 
Whinfell,  sometime  parcel  of  the  possessions  of  the 
honour  of  Cockermouth,  granted  by  Henry  Earl  of 
Northumberland  to  Thomas  Wharton,  the  controller 
of  his  house'nold,  and  to  his  heirs  male,  paying  for 
Dean  £13  8s.  Id.,  and  for  the  lands  and  tenements  at 
Whinfell  £7  Is.  7d.  per  annum.  At  the  same  date 
the  tenants  of  Lord  Wharton  in  Dean  paid  yearly  for 
certain  lands,  &c.,  7s.  6d. ;  and  the  tenants  of  George 
Porter,  2s.  4d.  John  Allason  also  held  lands  in  Dean 
at  this  period.  It  was  afterwards  granted  to  the 
Whartons,  purchased  by  the  Duke  of  Somerset,  and 
firom  him  has  descended  to  General  Wyndham,  the 
present  owner,  who  holds  his  courts  annually  in  Octo- 


ber for  Dean  and  Whinfell,  at  the  Royal  Inn.  The 
commons  were  enclosed  in  1809,  by  an  act  of  Parlia- 
ment passed  the  same  year.  The  land  here  is  all  free- 
hold, except  a  few  small  plots,  for  which  a  20d.  fine  is 
paid. 

The  village  of  Dean  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Marrou,  five  miles  south-west  of  Cockermouth.' 

THE   CHntCH. 

The  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Oswald,  is  an  ancient 
structure,  consisting  of  nave,  chancel,  aisle,  porch,  and 
bell  turret,  with  two  beUs.  It  is  situated  near  the 
village.  It  is  said  to  have  been  erected  in  1447  upon 
the  site  of  a  previous  church,  and  to  have  been  conse- 
crated by  the  Bishop  of  Dromore.  The  benefice  is  a 
rectory,  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £19    13s.  Id., 

*  John  Dalton,  M.D,  the  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Dalton,  rector  of 
Dean,  wlio  was  bom  here  in  1709,  was  an  admired  poet,  and  author 
of  verses  descriptive  of  the  vale  of  Keswick  and  its  neighbourhood. 
In  1750  he  adapted  to  the  stage  Milton's  Comus,  and  during  its 
run  he  sought  out  a  grand-daughter  of  Miltou  in  distressed  circmn- 
etances,  and  procured  a  benefit  for  her,  which  is  said  to  have  pro- 
duced upwards  of  £1'2U.  Dr.  Johnson  wrote  a  prologue  for  the 
occasion,  which  was  spoken  by  Garrick. 


ST.  JOHN'S -IN- THE -VALE  CHAPELRY. 


353 


but  now  worth  about  £'300  a  year.  At  the  enclosure 
of  the  commons  there  was  a  portion  allotted  in  lieu  of 
the  tithes  of  the  parish,  with  the  exception  of  fifty-two 
acres,  which  were  commuted  in  J  a  19  for  £3  per  annum. 
In  1426  Henry  Percy,  earl  of  Northumberland,  pre- 
sented to  this  living.  The  advowson  passed  to  the 
Whartous  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  w.as  granted 
by  Philip  Duke  of  Wharton  to  M.  Smailes,  Esq.,  from 
whom,  after  several  transfers,  it  came  to  the  Rev.  Miles 
Tarn,  rector  of  Dean,  and  is  now  possessed  by  tlie  present 
rector.     The  parish  register  commences  in  1050. 

Uectobs.  —  Thomas  rickarj,  HifiJ.;  Daniel  Pinner,  1C79  ; 
Anthony  Proctor,  KIHS;  John  Dalton,  1705;  William  Ponsonby, 
17P2;  Miles  Tarn,  1750;  John  Tarn,  17S3;  Henry  Lill,  1803  ; 
Samuel  Sherwen,  1827. 

The  rectory  is  a  good  stone  building,  situated  near 
the  church.  It  was  rebuilt  some  years  ago,  and  re- 
modelled in  1833,  by  the  present  rector. 

CHAniTIES. 

The  parochial  school,  situated  close  to  the  church- 
yard, was  endowed  on  the  14th  March,  1590,  by  John 
Fox,  of  the  Goldsmiths'  Company,  a  native  of  Branth- 
waite,  with  the  sum  of  £150,  which  was  then  invested 
in  lauded  property  in  tlio  vicinity  of  Loudon,  out  of 
which  the  master  of  this  school  receives  £10  per 
annum  for  the  free  elucation  of  poor  men's  children 
belonging  to  this  parish,  payable  half-yearly  at  Lady 
Day  and  Michaelmas.  The  commissioners  of  the  Gold- 
smiths' Company  are  the  trustees.  On  the  18th  of 
October,  1850,  the  late  Mrs.  S.  Fidler  left  the  interest 
of  £100,  placed  in  the  Savings  £ank,  Cockermouth, 
for  whieli  the  schoolmaster  is  to  teach  such  children 
as  the  trustees  think  eligible.  There  is  the  interest  of 
another  £l(i!l  left  by  Mrs.  Dinah  Robinson,  in  1822, 
for  the  education  of  poor  children  of  this  parish ;  pre- 
ference, however,  being  given  to  the  children  of  Pard- 
shaw  ]  tail,  as  expressed  in  the  will  of  the  donor. 

Mrs.  Sarah  Fidler,  as  above,  also  bequeathed  £100, 
the  interest  of  which  is  to  be  given  to  the  poor  of  the 
parish  not  receiving  relief. 

An  entry  in  the  churchwardens'  book  states  that 
.loiin  Lancaster,  by  will  dated  23rd  October,  1775, 
gave  £20  to  the  poor  stock  of  the  parish  of  Dean  and 
for  the  same  uses. 

T'ho  parish  of  Dean  is  entitled  to  a  certain  number 
of  Bibles  under  Lord  Wharton's  Charity.  Twenty 
Bibles  with  the  Common  Prayer  are  sent  annually  to 
the  clergyman  of  Dean,  wiio  distributes  them  amongst 
the  children  of  Dean,  Broughton,  in  liridekirk  parish; 
Whinfoll,  in  Brigham  parish ;  and  Birkby,  in  the 
parish  of  Cross  Cauonby,  according  to  the  directions 
sent  witli  the  books. 

40 


BUANXnWAITE. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  271  ;  in 
1811,  321;  in  1821,  355;  in  1831,  317;  in  1841, 
300;  and  in  1851,  332.  They  are  principally  em- 
ployed in  agriculture.  There  is  a  paper-mill  situated 
within  half  a  mile  of  the  village,  and  a  saw-mill  and 
two  corn-mills  in  the  village. 

The  manor  of  Branthwaite  was  granted,  together  with 
Dean,  by  William  de  Meschines  to  Waltheof,  whose  son 
Alan  gave  it  in  marriage  with  one  of  his  kinswomen  to 
a  person  who  took  the  name  of  De  Branthwaite.  The 
heiress  of  the  Do  Branthwaites  brought  the  manor  in 
marriage  to  the  Skeltons,  which  family  continued  in 
possession  for  several  generations.  In  the  35th  Henry 
VIII.  it  was  found  by  inquisition  that  John  Skelton 
held  the  manor  of  Branthwaite  of  the  king  by  knight's 
service,  as  of  his  manor  of  Dean,  rendering  for  the 
same  24s.  cornage,  suit  of  court  at  Dean,  homage  and 
fealty,  and  witnessman  within  the  five  towns.  The 
Skeltons  held  Branthwaite  till  after  1578,  for  in  that 
year  we  find  that  Thomas  Skelton  held  "  the  manor  of 
Branthwaite  as  of  the  said  earl  (Northumberland),  as  of 
his  honour  of  Cockermouth,  by  homage,  fealtie,  and  suit 
of  court  at  Cockermouth,  from  three  weeks  to  three 
weeks,  with  witnessman  and  other  services,  rendering 
per  annum  23s.  4d."  General  Skelton  afterwards  devised 
the  manor  to  Captain  Jones,  whose  son,  Arnoldus  Jones, 
took  the  name  of  Skelton,  and  died  in  1793.  It  was 
afterwards  held  by  the  Curwens  of  Workington,  but  is 
now  the  property  of  General  Wyndham.  The  cus- 
tomary tenants  were  enfranchised  by  Henry  Skelton,  on 
payment  of  eighty  years'  purchase.  The  principal  land- 
owners are  Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  and  John  F.  Harri- 
son, Esq. 

The  village  of  Branthwaite  is  situated  on  the  banks 
of  the  Marron,  four  and  a  half  miles  south-east  of 
AVorkington. 

Branthwaite  Hall  is  supposed,  from  a  date  which  it 
bears,  to  have  been  erected  in  1004.  It  is  a  strong, 
old  building,  nearly  covered  with  ivy,  and  is  the 
property  of  Henry  Curwen,  Esq.  It  now  serves  as  a 
farm-house. 

Calva,  or  Calvah  Hall,  is  another  old  building  in  this 
township,  also  the  property  of  Henry  Curwen,  Esq., 
and  now  occupied  by  a  farmer. 

LLl.OCK. 

Ullock  township  contained  in  1801  229  inhabitants; 
in  1811,220;  in  1821,  309;  in  1831,  350;  in  1841, 
350 ;  and  in  1851,  321.     The  population  is  principally 

I  See  Skcllons,  of  rapcasUc,  pigc  393. 
•  Lyson's  Magna  Brltanuia,  vol.  ii.  p.  86. 


354 


DEEWENT  WAKD. 


collected  in  the  villages  or  hamlets  of  Ullock,  Pard- 
shaw,  ParJsliaw  Hall,  and  Deansealcs  :  agriculture  is 
the  chief  employment.  At  Dean  Moor  is  a  colliery, 
worked  by  Mr.  Percival,  consisting  of  one  shaft,  whose 
perpendicular  depth  is  si. \ teen  fathoms.  The  seam  now 
working  is  two  feet  ten  inches  thick, — the  other  seams, 
varying  from  two  feet  two  inches  to  three  feet,  are 
worked  out.  There  arc  also  some  tile  works  on  the 
Moor. 

A  moiety  of  the  vill  of  Ullock  was  hold  in  ^.jth 
Henry  VIII.,  by  John  Skelton,  as  of  the  manor  of 
Dean,  by  knight's  service,  8^d.  comage,  Ss.  8d.  free 
rent,  service  of  witnessman  within  the  five  towns,  with 
homage  and  fealty.  John  Thompson  held  the  other 
moiety  by  like  services.  From  a  survey  taken  in  1578 
we  learn  the  following  particulars  relating  to  Woodhall 
and  Ullock :  — "  George  Porter  holdeth  a  capital 
messuage,  with  certain  lands  thereto  belonging  or 
adjoining,  called  Woodhall,  late  the  lands  of  Thomas 
Woodhall,  by  homage,  fealtie,  suit  of  court  at  Cocker- 
mouth,  from  three  weeks  to  three  weeks,  and  other 
services,  rendering  per  annum  lOJd.  The  same  holdeth 
certain  lands  and  tenements  at  Woodhall,  (sive  Ullock) 
late  the  lands  of  Thomas  Woodhall,  by  the  same  services, 
rendering  per  annum  Is.  9d.  There  is  yearly  paid  by 
the  tenants  of  Ullock  6s.  8d.  free  rent,  as  followeth  :— 
The  heirs  of  John  Thompson  holdeth  the  fourth  part 
of  Ullock,  nigh  Dean,  by  homage,  fealtie,  and  suit  of 
court,  as  is  aforesaid,  and  payeth  yearly  for  comage,  -Id., 
and  for  free  rent,  Is.  8d.,  with  other  services.  Lancelot 
Fletcher  holdeth  the  moiety  of  the  fourth  part  of  Ullock, 
by  like  serwces,  and  witnessman,  and  renders  for 
comage,  2d.,  for  free  rent,  Is.  Qd.,  in  toto.  Is.  4d. 
William  Skeltou  de  Armathwaite  ar'  holdeth  the  other 
moiety  of  the  fourth  part  of  Ullock,  by  like  services  as 
aforesaid,  and  renders  2d.  The  heirs  of  Oswald  Crake- 
place,  holdeth  the  fourth  part  of  Ullock  aforesaid,  late 
Robert  Nicholson's,  by  like  services  as  aforesaid,  and 
payeth  for  comage,  4id. ;  for  free  rent.  Is.  2d.  •  in  toto, 
Is.  6Ad.      Cuthbert   Roger,   Thomas   Lathes,    Henry 


Bowman,  and  William  Skelton,  holdeth  certain  lands 
and  tenements  in  Ullock  aforesaid,  by  like  services, 
and  render  Is.  7Jd.  All  the  tenants  of  Ullock  afore- 
said, pay  yearly  4d.  at  the  feast  of  St.  Michael  the 
Archangel." 

Tlie  village  of  Ullock  is  situated  on  the  Marron,  at 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  parish,  five  and  a  half 
miles  south-west-by-south  of  Cockermouth. 

Pardshaw  is  a  hamlet  in  this  parish,  four  and  a  half 
miles  south- south -west  of  Cockermouth.  By  the 
inquisition  mentioned  above  of  knights'  fees  in  Cum- 
berland, in  the  35th  Henry  VIIL,  it  is  found  that 
"  Thomas  Salkcld,  of  Corkby,  then  held  Pardishow  of 
the  king,  as  of  his  manor  of  Dean,  by  the  service  of 
the  moiety  of  one  knight's  fee,  2s.  8d.  comage,  puture 
of  the  Serjeants,  8d.  free  rent,  homage  and  fealty."  In 
1578  George  Salkeld,  in  right  of  his  wife,  Barbara, 
daughter  and  heir  of  Richard  Salkeld,  Esq.,  held  certain 
lands  at  Pardshaw,  by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of  court, 
paying  yearly  for  cornage,  2s.  8J.,  for  free  rent, 
10s.  8d. :  in  toto,  los.  4\d.  George  Porter,  James 
Pieed,  John  Fearm,  also  occur  as  fi-eeholders.  Pardshaw 
Hall  is  about  four  miles  south-by-west  of  Cockermouth, 
where  there  is  a  meeting-house  of  the  Society  of 
Friends  and  a  Methodist  chapel.  Pardshaw  School 
is  endowed  with  £'3  12s.  a  year,  the  interest  of  £100 
left  in  ls22  by  Sarah  Fletcher.  In  the  seventeenth 
century  the  Quakers  were  very  numerous  in  this  parish. 
George  Fox,  their  founder,  in  his  journal,  speaks  of 
two  general  meetings  held  at  Pardshaw  Crag,  in  1057 
and  1603. 

Deanscales,  or  shields  for  the  cattle  of  Dean,  is 
another  hamlet  in  this  parish,  three  and  a  half  miles 
south-west-by-south  of  Cockermouth.  It  is  situated  on 
what  was  formerly  a  common,  being  a  place  for  shelter- 
ing the  cattle.  The  common  has  been  since  enclosed 
and  granted  into  tenancies.  The  following  occur  as 
freeholders  at  Deanscales  in  1578: — John  Fearon. 
Thomas  Porter, 


DEARHAM   PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  river  Ellen,  on  the  west  by  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  south  by  the  township 
of  Dovenby  and  the  parish  of  Fhmby,  and  on  the  east  by  Gibrux  parish.  It  comprises  the  townships  of  Dearham 
and  EUenborough  with  Unerigg.  The  :\laryport  and  Carlisle  railway  runs  through  the  parish,  the  inhabitants  of 
which  usually  attend  the  markets  at  Cockermouth  and  Maryport. 


DEARHAM  PAEISH. 


355 


DEARUAII. 

The  area  of  tliis  towuship  is  2,153  acres.  The 
population  in  1801  was  403;  in  1811,  443;  in  1821, 
515;  in  1831,736;  in  1841,  1,037;  and  in  1851,1,209. 
principally  resident  in  the  village  of  Dearham.  Coal 
mining  is  the  chief  employment  of  the  people  in  this 
neighbourhood.  There  are  two  coal  pits  situated  near 
the  Tillage,  and  worked  by  the  firm  of  -lohn  and  Thomas 
Walker.  Those  mines  possess  two  shafts,  called  respec- 
tively the  "  Lonsdale"  and  the  "  Lowther,"  the  former 
of  which  is  about  si.iity  fathoms  deep,  to  the  "  Ten 
Quarters  Seam,"  of  about  seven  and  a  half  feet  in 
thickness  ;  the  latter  si.xty-one  fathoms  deep,  to  the 
•'  Metal  Band."  The  two  collieries  employ  about  300 
liauds.  There  is  also  the  "  Orchard"  pit,  which  is 
worked  by  John  Steel,  Esq.,  and  possesses  a  shaft  of 
forty-si.'c  feet  perpendicular  depth.  The  seam  worked 
in  this  pit  is  the  "  Little  Main  Seam,"  one  foot  ten 
inches  thick,  which  extends  about  800  yards  north  and 
south  of  the  shaft.  Another  small  seam,  the  "  Ligbank," 
two  feet  ten  inches  thick,  but  now  worked  out,  lay  eight 
fathoms  below  the  "Little  Main."  The  "Orchard" 
pit  gives  employment  to  about  eighty  persons,  and  when 
in  constant  work  produces  about  11,000  tons  per 
annum.  Besides  these,  there  is  the  "  John"  pit,  which 
lies  a  little  south  of  the  "  Orchard"  pit,  but  is  now 
worked  out.  Its  shaft,  thirty-six  fathoms  deep,  is  at 
present  used  for  pumping  water  from  the  "  Orchard"  pit. 

A  moiety  of  the  manor  of  Dearham  was  given  by 
.Man,  second  lord  of  jUlerdde,  to  Simon  Sheftling,  and 
tho  remaining  moiety  to  I>olphin,  son  of  Gospatric. 
Sheftling's  posterity  assumed  the  name  of  Dearham,  or 
Deerham,  and  continued  to  possess  their  moiety  till 
their  heiress  brought  it  in  marriage  to  the  Barwis  family, 
the  last  male  descendant  of  whom,  Richard  Barwis,  Esq., 
of  Islokirk,  had  a  sister  and  heir,  who  married  a 
Lamplugh,  and  had  a  son,  Richard  Lamplugh,  Esq., 
who,  in  172'2,  sold  this  estate  to  Sir  James  Lowther, 
IJart.,  ancestor  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the  present 
proprietor.  The  other  moiety  carao  to  tho  Multons, 
and  was  given  by  Thomas  de  ^lulton,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.,  to  Calder  Abbey,  to  which  it  continued 
attached  till  the  suppression  of  the  religious  houses, 
when  (Jucen  Elizabeth,  under  letters  patent,  bearing 
date  Juno  23rd,  1564,  granted  "to  Thomas  Lyfford 
and  John  LyiTord  (inter  aliul  twenty-one  tenements  and 
two  cottiges  in  Dearliam,  in  tho  tenure  of  so  many 
different  persons,  and  also  the  water-mill  there,  late 
parcel  of  the  possession  of  the  priory  of  Caldcr ;  and 
also  all  woods,  lamls,  rents,  reversions,  services,  court 
loet,  view  of  frank  pledge,  fines,  amerciaments,  free 
warren,  and  all  other  jurisdictions,  liberties,  privileges. 


profits,  and  hereditaments  whatsoever,  in  Dearham 
aforesaid ;  and  tliis  moiety  soon  after  seems  to  have 
been  conveyed  to  the  tenants  in  sevralty."  Besides  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale,  Calder  Abbey,  and  the  freeholders, 
the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  CarUsle  claim  a  share  of  the 
manorial  rights  and  privileges.  The  commons,  amount- 
ing to  408  acres,  were  enclosed  in  1820. 

The  village  of  Dearham  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  glen, 
about  two  and  a  half  miles  east  of  Maryport. 

TirE    CHCnCH. 

Dearham  church  is  an  ancient  structure,  in  the 
Norman  style,  consisting  of  nave  and  chancel,  and  large 
square  tower  ;  but  was  much  modernised  in  1814.  It 
contains  a  very  ancient  square  font,  ^the  sides  of  which 
are  ornamented  with  sculptured  imagery. '  Over  one  of 
the  windows,  on  the  south  side  of  the  nave,  is  a  grave 
stone,  with  a  cross  tlort^e  and  sword,  having  the  words 
"  Kesttula  Radulph  .  .  ."  (Cestula  Radulphi,  the 
coffin  of  Radulphus)  cut  upon  it  in  antique  characters.' 
In  the  church  tlicre  is  a  gravestone,  without  any 
inscription,  ornamented  with  a  very  rich  cross  floree, 
from  the  staff  of  which  proceed  branches  of  oak  ;  on 
one  side  is  a  book,  and  on  the  other  a  pair  of  shears.* 
.Another  gravestone,  with  the  cross  and  sword,  but 
without  inscription,  is  found  in  the  porch.  A  stone, 
three  feet  si.x  inches  in  length,  which  appears  to  have 
been  part  of  an  ancient  cross,  is  now  used  as  the 
transom  stone  of  a  window  in  the  north  aisle.  It  is 
covered  with  rude  sculpture  in  bas-relief.  In  the  church 
yard  is  a  cross,  five  feet  four  inches  in  height,  ornamented 
with  guilloches,  and  not  unlike  some  of  the  crosses 
found  so  plentifully  in  the  Isle  of  Man.  The  church 
contains  a  monument  for  the  family  of  Christian  of 
Unerigg,  and  that  of  William  and  Ann  Bowman, 
who  lived  si.\ty-four  years  together  as  man  and  wife, 
and  died  in  1800  ;  he  aged  eighty-seven,  she  ninety- 
one.  The  church  of  Dearham  was  given  by  Alice  do 
lloraeley,  daughter  of  William  Fitz  Duncan,  "  to  God 
and  the  church  of  St.  Mary,  at  Cisburne,  and  the  canons 
serving  God  there,  for  the  health  of  her  soul,  and  tho 

I  This  font  is  engraved  iu  Lysons'  Mttgua  Uriuniiia,  vol.  iv. 

p.  CXCIT. 

»  "  This  inscription,"  sny  the  Messrs.  I.T3ons,  was  commiinioated 
liy  tJic  Viciir  of  Deiirlmni  to  Mr.  G.  Siuilh,  os  beiiiK  in  Ihe  u-indow 
of  Ills  diuroli,  itixl  WHS  iiiserleil  in  the  (iiutli'miin'a  .M»){a7.inc  for 
1".')I,  p.  Il'i.  The  Intc  ^f^.  Peffpe,  under  his  nauiil  si|<iiature  of 
I'buI  OemseRe,  aflerirnnls  eonimuniciited  his  i-onjectures  iip.)n  it  to 
the  .same  niiiga/ine,  (p.  AJi).  Siip|iosing  it  to  have  been  on  the 
jjlass,  ami  to  have  relai^il  to  some  repairs  of  tho  church  nindovs, 
with  nil  small  decree  of  inifenuily  he  ronji'dured  lliat  it  slimilil  be 
read,  "  llarfcncrtnu  Ualfridus  Gudng  liepiuaTit  Ann?  Domino 
.M.L'.I..'— i/ii(/.  Brit.  p.  cxoiv. 

*  Engrareti  in  Ly«oin'  Cumberland. 


356 


DERWENT  WARD. 


souls  of  her  father  and  mother,  and  all  her  ancestors 
and  successors,  and  her  husbands  Gilbert  de  Pipard  and 
Eobert  de  Courtenay,  which  grant  was  confirmed  by 
Ilugli,  bishop  of  Carlisle,"  to  which  tho  great  tithes 
were  appropriated ;  they  are  now  vested  in  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale,  and  amount  to  (com.)  £148  15s.  Id. ;  they 
were  commuted  in  1830.  In  IS^O,  at  tho  enclosure  of 
the  common,  31  acres  were  allotted  to  the  vicar,  in  heu 
of  small  tithes.  After  tho  dissolution  of  the  monastic 
estabhshments  the  advowsou  of  Dearham  was  granted  bv 
Queen  JMary  to  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle  ;  but  the  right  of 
presentation  was  claimed  and  exercised  by  two  York- 
shire gentlemen,  to  whom  it  had  been  granted  by  the 
prior  and  convent  of  Gisbourne,  previous  to  their  sup- 
pression. The  patronage  came,  subsequently,  to  the 
bishop  of  the  diocese,  by  whom  it  was  exercised  till 
1747 ;  it  is  now  possessed  by  the  Christian  family  of 
Unerigg  Hall.  The  living,  a  vicarage,  is  worth  about 
£120  a  j-ear.'  The  parish  register  commences  about 
1500. 

ViCABS. — John  de  Gilcrouce, ;  John  de  Derham,  1S,54  ; 

■William  do  Hayton,  1305;  Robert  Udall, ;  Thomas  Wat- 
son,- 15C3;  Henry  Simpson,  1573;  William  Troughcre,  1577; 
Edward  Dykes,  1578;  Henry  Adcock,  1593;  Edward  Dykes 
again;  Jolm  Bowman,  ICOO;  Michael  Hurd, ;  William  Har- 
rison, 16-J3  ;   Jlusgrave  Sleddall,  ;    Richard   Murthwaite, 

1080;  Peter  Murthwaite,  1701 ;  Joseph  Ritson,  I73G;  Anthony 
Sharp,  1757;  Mr.  Dalzell,  1794;  John  Whitelock,  1815;  John 
Swinbum,  1834 ;  Henry  Overend,  1836 ;  James  Currie,  1839. 

The  vicarage,  situated  close  to  the  church,  is  a  plain 
stone  building,  erected  about  the  year  181.5. 

The  Wesleyans  have  a  place  of  worship  in  the  village, 
erected  in  1839  ;  a  schoolroom  was  added  in  1844  ;  the 
cost  of  the  whole  amounted  to  1'300.  The  chapel  will 
seat  about  300  persons.  The  Primitive  Methodists 
built  a  chapel  here  in  1850,  which  contains  sittings 
for  about  300,  at  an  expense  of  £210. 

The  parochial  school,  situated  in  the  village,  has  an 
average  attendance  of  00  pupils.  It  receives  £3  a  year 
from  Beton's  charity.  During  the  summer  months  an 
evening  school,  which  is  well  attended,  is  carried  on  in 
the  same  building. 

CHAKITY. 

Ewan  Christian's  Charity. — Ewan  Christian,  by  will 
dated  Xov.  22nd,  1718,  devised  a  rent-charge  of  20s. 
yearly  on  the  close  called  Rough  White  Croft,  for  and 
towards  the  buying  of  books,  viz.,  the  Whole  Duty  of 
Man,  Bishop  Boveridge's  (or  some  other)  E.xposition  of 
the  Catechism,  and  Common  Prayer  Books,  to  be  dis- 
tributed to  such  persons  within  the  parish  of  Dearham 
and  township  of  Flimby  as  his  representatives  should 

'  See  Flimby  Parish. 
'  Deprived  in  1-573,  for  not  subscribing  the  Thirty-nine  Articles, 


think  fit ;  the  said  books  to  be  so  given  yearly,  at  the 
schoolhouse,  every  11th  day  of  March,  the  anniversary 
of  the  testator's  baptism.  This  charity  is  carried  out 
according  to  the  directions  of  the  donor. 

The  Dearham  General  Improvement  Society,  which 
was  established  in  1855,  consists  of  53  members,  and 
possesses  a  good  library,  of  about  300  volumes.  The 
receipts  for  the  past  year  amounted  to  £35  IDs.  lOd., 
and  the  expenditure  to  £34  Os.  5d. 

There  are  two  corn-mills  in  this  township,  one  situate 
in  the  village,  the  other,  called  Dearham  Mill,  on  the . 
river  Ellen,  near  the  railway  station. 

ELLENBOROUGII  AND  USERIGO. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1,224  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  £3,975  5s.  Id.  The  number  of  inhabitants 
in  1801  was  471 ;  in  1811,  038  ;  in  1821,  021 ;  iu  1831, 
713  ;  in  1841,  766  ;  and  in  1851,  969,  who  are  princi- 
pally collected  in  the  village  of  EUcnborough.  ilining 
is  the  chief  employment.  The  manor  of  Ellenborougb, 
formerly  called  Alneburgh,  comprising  the  township 
of  Ellenborough,  in  Dearham  parish,  and  Nether- 
hall,  in  Cross  Canonby  parish,  was  at  a  very  early 
period  possessed  by  Simon  de  Sheftling,  in  whose  family 
it  continued  till  the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  when  it  was 
purchased  by  the  Eaglesfields.  In  the  reigij  of  Ilenry 
VIII.,  a  co-heiress  of  the  Eaglesfields  brought  it  to  John 
Senhouse,  Esq.,  of  Scascales,  at  which  place  the  ances- 
tors of  this  ancient  family  had  boon  settled  for  several 
generations.  A  younger  sou  of  this  John  settled  at 
Netherhall,  now  the  property  and  residence  of  J.  P. 
Senhouse,  Esq.,  the  present  lord  of  the  manor. 

The  manor  of  Unerigg,  or  Ewanrigg,  appears  to  have 
been  anciently  possessed  by  a  family  bearing  the  local 
name,  as  Robert  do  Ewanrigg  appears  as  witness  to  several 
deeds.  In  1 308  the  Lady  Margaret  de  Multon  appears  to 
have  been  iu  possession  of  this  place,  for  in  that  year  a 
license  was  granted  by  the  bishop  to  Jolm  de  Thwaytes 
to  bo  domestic  chaplain  to  her,  in  any  convenient  build- 
ing within  the  manor.  It  afterwards  became  the  pro- 
perty of  the  Thwaytes  family ;  and,  iu  1 038,  was  con- 
veyed by  Richard  Barwise,  Esq.,  to  Ewan  Christian, 
Esq.,  of  Milntown,  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  deemster  of  that 
island,  from  whom  it  has  descended  to  the  present  lord, 
H.  T.  Christian,  Esq. 

The  township  was  enclosed  in  1849,  when  two  acres 
were  allotted  as  a  pleasure  ground,  and  a  like  quantity 
for  cottage  gardens,  for  the  use  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Ellenborough. 

The  village  of  Ellenborough  is  situated  one  and  a  half 
mile  east-south-east  of  Maryport.  Lord  Chief  Justice 
Law  derived  his  title  from  this  place. 


DEARHAM   PARISH. 


357 


CHARITIES. 


School. — Ewau  Christian,  by  will  dated  22nd  Nov., 
1718,  devised  to  his  heirs  a  building  at  Unerigg,  to  be 
used  as  a  schoolhouse  for  ever,  and  for  the  support  of  a 
schoolmaster  therein,  and  necessary  repairs  of  the  said 
school,  and  gave  and  devised  a  yearly  rent-charge  of 
£6  Os.  Ud.  John  Christian,  by  will  dated  Feb.  23rd, 
1742,  "  reciting,  amongst  other  things,  that  his  brother 
William  Christian  had  bequeathed  to  him  £10,  upou 
trust,  to  dispose  of  the  same  in  the  purchase  of  freehold 
lands  or  tithes,  one  moiety  of  the  rents  or  profits  thereof 
for  the  augmentation  of  the  yearly  maintenance  of  the 
master  of  Unerigg  school,  and  the  other  moiety  for  the 
use  of  the  poor  of  the  townships  of  Unerigg  and  Ellen- 
borough,  to  be  distributed  on  the  3rd  of  February  every 
year,  by  the  said  John  Christian  or  his  heirs  ;  and  fur- 
ther reciting  that  his  aunt,  Mrs.  Margaret  Christian, 
had  by  her  will  bequeathed  £50  upon  trust,  to  be  set- 
tled by  the  said  John  Christian  in  the  purchase  of  free- 
hold lands  or  tithes  for  the  augmentation  of  the  yearly 
maintenance  of  the  master  of  Unerigg  school,  and  until 
such  purchase  was  made,  that  he  should  pay  the  yearly 
sum  of  50s."  In  performance  of  the  several  trusts 
reposed  in  him,  and  for  the  assuring  of  the  said  several 
payments,  pursuant  to  the  charitable  intentions  of  his 
brother  and  aunt,  he  devised  the  close  called  White  Rough 
Croft,  charged  with  the  payment  of  lOs.  and  5its.  yearly, 
to  be  paid  to  the  master  of  the  said  school,  amongst  the 
poor,  according  to  the  wills  of  his  aunt  and  brother, 
provided  that  if  hU  son  or  heirs  should  thereafter  lay 
out  £90  in  the  purchase  of  freehold  lands  or  tithes,  then 
tho  said  payments  should  cease.  Though  the  school 
has  been  discontinued  for  about  twenty  years  the  trus- 
tees have  received  the  yearly  rent-charge,  for  which  it 
is  now  supposed  they  intend  establishing  a  girls'  school 
iu  the  village. 

An  additional  endowment  was  given  to  this  school  by 
Mrs.  Anno  Bowman,  who,  by  will  dated  5th  July,  1800, 
left  to  trustees  tlie  sum  of  £001  Ss.  2d.,  to  be  invested 
in  tbo  public  funds,  upon  trust  that  they  should  pay 
the  dividends  thereof  to  the  master  of  this  school,  or  of 
such  other  school  as  tho  said  trustees  should  think 
proper,  for  the  instruction  of  poor  children  of  Ellen- 
borough.  This  legacy  was  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of 
stock,  and  produces  a  dividend  of  nearly  £2ii,  which  is 
paid  to  the  master  of  Ellenborough  and  Unerigg  school, 
who  also  receives  the  weekly  payments  of  the  scholars, 
whoso  average  number  is  sixty.  Tho  trustees  for  Mrs. 
liowman's  bequest  are  Mcssi-s.  Thomas  Bowman,  Wil- 
liam Bowman,  and  Joseph  Robinson. 

John  Christian's  Charity. — It  is  stated  in  tho  above 
report  of  tho  school  that  tho  sum  of  203.  yearly  was 


left  for  the  poor  of  the  township  by  William  Christian, 
Esq.,  and  was  charged  by  his  brother  John  upon  the 
close  called  tho  Rough  White  Croft.  This  rent-charge 
is  distributed  as  directed. 

Unerigg  Hall,  a  large  mansion,  pleasantly  situated, 
is  the  property  of  II.  T.  Christian,  Esq. 

Cljristiaii  of  ^Intrigg  ^all. 

The  first  ancestor  of  the  family  on  record  was  a 
member  of  the  House  of  Keys,  in  the  Isle  of  Man, 
at  tho  Tynwald  Court  held  in  that  island  in  1422. 
The  manorial  records  previous  to  that  year  were  all 
destroyed,  and,  in  consequence,  the  pedigree  cannot  be 
traced  farther  back.  It  is  registered  in  the  College  of 
Arms,  Book  VII.,  D.  II,  p.  170.  The  first  who  settled 
at  Unerigg  was 

EwAN  Christian,  Esq.,  of  Milntown.barrister-at-Iaw,  eldest  son 
of  Edward  Christian,  Esq.,  of  Milntown,  a  deemster  of  the  Isle 
of  Jlao,  by  Dorotliy,  his  wife,  sister  of  Edward  Wilson,  Esq.,  of 
Dalkm  Tower,  and  grandson,  by  Margaret,  his  wife,  daughter  of 
John  Parker,  Esii.,  of  Bradkirlc,  co.  Lancaster,  of  John  Christian, 
Esq.,  of  Afilntown,  living  in  lUl:!,  who  was  son  of  Ewan  Christian, 
Esq.,  of  Milntown,  made  deemster  of  tho  Isle  of  Man  in  1C05, 
and  grandson  of  William  Mc.Christian,  of  Milntown,  a  member 
of  the  House  of  Keys  in  11J2.  Ewan  Christian  (the  first 
settler  of  Unerigg,)  married  in  IC7T,  Mary,  eldest  daughter  of 
John  Cainc,  Esq.,  and  dying  in  1719,  was  succeeded  by  bis 
eldest  suniving  son. 

JoHM  Christian,  Esq.,  of  Unerigg  and  Milntown,  bom  in 
1088,  who  married  14th  May,  1717,  Bridget,  eldest  daughter  of 
Humphrey  Senhouse,  Esq.,  of  Nether  Hall,  and  by  her,  who 
died  in  17i9,  bad  seven  sons  and  four  daughters ;  of  the  latter, 
Mary  married  Edward  Law,  bishop  of  Carhsle,  and  was  mother 
of  Edward  Law,  Baron  Ellenborough.  Mr.  Christian  died  20th 
September,  1745,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

JoH-S  CuRiSTiAX,  Esq.,  of  Milntown  and  Unerigg  Hall,  bom 
5th  October,  17U),  high  slioiilVof  Cumberland  in  17liO  ;  married 
Jane,  eldest  daughter  of  Eldrcd  Curwen,  Esq.,  of  Workington 
Hall,  CO.  Cumberland,  and  by  her,  who  died  in  1702,  had  two 
SODS  and  six  daughters,  viz. : 

I.  Join),  his  heir. 

II.  llenrj',  bom  in  17GI. 
Bridget. 

Julia,  married  in  1709,  to  Edward  Stonley,  Esq.,  of  Work- 
ington. 

Jane,  married  to  William  Blamire,  Ksq. 

l-'niuces,  miurried  lo  Edward  Christian,  Esq.,  of  Braocaslcr, 

Norfolk. 
Dorothy,    married  in    1771,    to   John   Toubmaii,    Esq.,    of 
Nunnery,  Isle  of  Man. 
VI.  Mary. 

He  died  in  l'')',  and  was  succecdoil  by  his  eldest  son, 

John  Chiustun,  Esq.,  of  Milntown  and  Unerigg  Hall,  who 
married,  first,  10th  September,  177,'),  Margaret,  daughter  of 
John  'r.tubman,  Esq.,  of  the  Islo  of  Man,  and  by  her,  who  died 
in  1778,  liad  one  son,  Joux,  now  of  Unerigg.  He  married, 
secondly,  >'ilh  October,  17S'.>,  Isabella,  doughter  and  solo  heir  of 
Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  M.l'.,  of  Workington  Hall,  and  hud  by  her 
four  sons  and  Ihreo  dougbtcrs.  (Sec  Curwen,  of  Workington.) 
Mr.  Christian,  who  was  for  many  years  M.P.  for  Cumberland, 


I. 
II. 


V. 


a&8 


DERWENT   WARD. 


assumed  the  surname  of  Curiren.  Ha  died  1  jth  December,  1829, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  his  sou  by  his  first  marriage,  the 
present  John  Christian,  Esq.,  of  Unerigg  Hall  and]  Milntown. 
Cbeistia!»,  Jons,  Esq.,  M..4.,  of  Unerigg  Hall,  and  Miln- 
town,  Isle  of  Mjn,  barrister-at-law,  and  chief  judge  of  the  Isle 
of  Man,  born  lath  July,  177(1,  married  i'Jrd  April,  1807, 
Susanna,  daughter  of  Lewis  Robert  Allen,  Esq.,  of  Bath,  ami 
has  issue, 

I.  John  Allen,  bom  28th   February,    1809,   died,   immarried, 
;)rd  June,  182S. 

II.  Hesby  Taubmax,  bom  20 th  January,  1810 

III.  Robert,  born  30th  August,  ISli,  died  1813. 


IV.  William  Bell,  in  holy  orders,  born  17th  August,  If!.'),  mirried 
Charlotte  Klizubelh,  daughter  of  Thntiuia  Urine,  E.<q  , 
of  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  has  issue,  Annie  Loui«*,  and 
Charlotte  Elizabeth. 

V.  Charles  Craik,  bom  C!f<lh  llarch,  1S21,  died  in  1M8. 

I.  Susan  Curwen,  married  to  Augustus  William  Hillary,  only 
son  of  Sir  William  ilillarr,  Bart. 

n.  Margaret,  married  to  Thomas  0nderwood,  Esq.,  M.D. 

III.  Isabella  Anne. 

I V.  Louisa  Dorothy,  married  to  the  Rev.  John  William  Molyneux. 

Armi. — Az.,  a  demi  mascle,  between  three  oovered  cops,  or. 
Crest. — An  unicorn's  head,  erased,  org.,  armed,  and  gorged 
with  a  collar,  invecked,  or. 
Slotto. — Salus  per  Christum. 


FLIMBY  PARISH. 

Flimbt  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north-east  and  north  by  the  parishes  of  Dearham  and  Cross  Canonbv,  on  the  west 
by  the  Irish  Sea.  and  on  the  south  and  south-east  by  Camerton  parish.  It  comprises  no  dependent  townships. 
Fhmby  has  sometimes  been  esteemed  extra-parochial,  sometimes  as  a  separate  parish,  and  sometimes  as  a  chapelry, 
under  Camerton.     It  is  called  a  parish  in  the  population  returns. 


Flimby  contains  1 ,843  acres,  and  its  rateable  value 
is  £3,184  Is.  Id.  Its  population  in  1801  was  273  ; 
inlSll,  '371;  in  1821,  376;  iu  1831,  404;  in  1841, 
546;  and  in  IS.jl,  555.  The  inhabitants,  who  are 
chielly  engaged  in  mining,  dwell  for  the  most  part  in 
the  village,  and  attend  the  Cockermouth  and  ilaryport 
markets.  The  Whitehaven  and  ilaryport  railway  in- 
tersects the  township.     Coal  is  abundant  here. 

The  manor  of  Flimby  was  part  of  the  possessions 
of  Orme,   son  of  Ketel,  whose   son,    Gospatric,  gave 
it  to  the  abbey  of  Holme  Cultram,  as  we  learn  from 
the  grant  in  the  register  of  that  abbey,   from  which 
it  appears  that  Gospatiic,  the  son  of  Orme,  with  the 
consent  of  Thomas,  his  son  and  heir,  and  Alan,  his  son, 
granted  to  God  and  St.  ilary  of  Holme  Cultram,  and 
the  monks  serving  God  there,  Fhmby,  with  its  appur- 
tenances, within  the  boundaries  then  specified,  engaging 
at  the  same  time  to  do  himself  the  foreign  service  due 
for  the  same  to  the  king,  and  also  the  services  due  to 
the  lord   of   AUerdale,  such  as  seawake,    castleward, 
pleas,  aids,  and  other  services.     This  gift  was  confirmed 
by  Thomas,  san  of  Gospatric,  who  also  granted  to  the 
abbot  and  convent  of  Holme  Cultram,  with  the  consent 
of  Grace,  his  wife,  eight  acres  of  land  in  Seton,  con- 
tiguous to  their  own  estate  there.     Adam,  another  son 
of  Gospatric,   who  was  also  patron  of  the  church  at 
Camerton,  granted  to  the  same  community  the  chapel 
of  Fhmby,  and  all  the  land  and  tithes  thereof,  which  be- 
longed to  the  mother  church  of  Camerton.     Gospatric 's 
grant  was  confirmed  by  King  John,  Henry  III.,  and 
Richard  I.     The  abbot  and  convent  of  Holme  Cultram 
also  received  from  Alice  de  Romley,  daughter  of  William 


Fitz  Duncan,  a  grant  of  common  of  pasture  on  Brechton 
Moor,  for  the  cattle  of  the  grange  of  Flimby;  and 
Edward  I.  granted  them  free  warren  in  their  demesne 
of  Flimby.  In  1279  Robert  do  Havcrington,  son  of 
Michael  de  Havcrington,  before  tlie  justices  itinerant  in 
Cumberland,  quitted  claim  to  Gervase,  abbot  of  Holme 
Cultram,  of  the  whole  of  the  manor  of  Flimby,  with 
the  exception  of  380  acres,  and  the  abbot  and  convent 
enrolled  him  amongst  the  benefactors  of  the  community, 
and  as  such  he  had  a  place  in  their  daily  prayers. 
After  the  suppression  of  the  rehgious  houses,  Henry 
VIII.,  on  1 2th  July,  1545,  granted  to  Thomas  Dalston, 
Esq.,  and  Eleanor,  his  wife  (amongst  other  particulars), 
nine  messuages  and  tenements  in  Flimby,  and  all  other 
the  lands  then  called  Lambert  Garths,  Thwaite  Croft, 
and  Rey  Garths,  a  fishery  in  Flimby,  and  the  wood  and 
lands  called  Flimby  Park,  late  the  property  of  the  abbey 
of  Holme  Cultram  ;  and  on  the  11th  of  June,  in  the 
following  year,  a  license  was  granted  to  Thomas  Dalston, 
Esq.,  of  Carlisle,  and  Eleanor,  his  wife,  to  alienate  their 
property  in  Flimby,  to  John  Blennerhasset,  Esq.,  and  his 
heirs,  for  the  sum  of  14s.  Id.,  paid  into  the  exchequer, 
and  from  that  time,  till  1772,  Flimby  Hall  was  tlie 
chief  residence  of  the  Blennerhasset  family.*  In  the  year 
just  mentioned  Flimby  was  sold  by  Wm.  Blennerhasset, 
Esq.,  to  Sir  James  Lowther,  Bart.     The  royalties  are 

>  This  family  seems  lo  have  sprang  from  Blennerhasset,  in  this 
county;  hut  for  many  generations  they  seem  to  have  lived  in  or 
near  Carlisle.  One  of  the  name  was  mayor  of  that  city  iu  1.382; 
another  in  U30;  and  a  third  in  lOU  and  ICJii.  One  of  them 
represented  the  same  city  in  parliament.  William  Blennerhasset 
was  sheriff  of  the  county  in  1077  and  1078.  Their  arms  are  — 
Gu  a  chevron,  between  three  dophins  naiaut,  embowed  proper. 


GILCEUX  PARISH. 


359 


now  vested  in  the  freeholders  :  the  demesne  and  hall 
are  the  property  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  besides  whom 
Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  and  Thomas  Walker,  Esq.,  are 
the  principal  landowners.  The  common  was  enclosed 
and  divided  among  the  landowners  in  1820. 

The  village  of  Flimby  occupies  a  pleasant  situation, 
two  and  a  half  miles  south-east  of  Maryport. 

THE  cHcr.cn. 
nimby  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Nicholas,  is  a  neat 
but  plain  edifice,  rebuilt  in  ITtlt,  on  the  site  of  the 
previous  church ;  it  will  accommodate  about  200  persons. 
On  the  suppression  of  the  monastic  establishments 
the  living  of  Elimby  appears  to  have  been  made  a 
vicarage,  but  it  is  now  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the  patron- 
age of  such  landowners  as  pay  moduses.  The  parish  is 
tithe  free,  but  there  is  a  small  modus,  amounting  to 
.£2  10s.,  which  is  paid  out  of  the  land,  ond  si.'cteen 
cottages,  at  8d.  each.  In  1B28,  by  an  order  of  Hugh 
IJishop  of  Carlisle,  there  were  two  parcels  of  land 
awarded  as  glebe  to  the  incumbent  of  this  pai'ish  ;  one, 
containing  three  acres,  is  situated  at  Flimby  Outgang, 
and  now  lets  for  i'O  a  year  ;  the  other,  situated  at  the 
bottom  of  Flimby  village,  contains  half  an  acre,  on 
which,  in  1811,  the  parsonage  house  was  erected.  In 
17CC  the  governors  of  (>ucen  Anne's  bounty  purchased 
lands  iu  the  Abbot  Park,  in  the  parish  of  Coulton,  and 
county  of  Lancaster,  amounting  to  145  acres,  of  which 
71  acres  were  allotted  to  I'limby,  !50  to  Borrowdale,  and 
38  to  Dearham.     This  land  produces  i'OO  a  year,  one 


half  of  which  is  payable  to  the  incumbent  of  Flimby, 
the  other  half  being  equally  divided  between  Dearham 
and  Bon-owdalc.  There  is  also  the  interest  of  £200, 
received  in  1820,  and  likewise  a  further  augmentation 
out  of  the  parliamentary  grants,  to  the  amount  of 
£1,200,  in  1817,  all  in  the  hands  of  the  governors  of 
(>ueon  Anne's  Bounty,  at  three  per  cent.  Out  of  this 
parliamentary  augmentation  there  was  raised,  in  1841, 
£275,  for  the  erection  of  the  parsonage  house,  wMch 
leaves  the  present  value  of  the  living  at  £70.  The 
parish  register  commences  in  1690, 

Incumbents.  —  Henry  Maltlnson,  1774;  William  Mawson, 
1798 ;  WilUam  I).  Grice ;  1839  ;  A.  F.  Sheppard,  1805. 

The  parsonage  house,  which  is  now  let,  is  a  good 
substantial  stone  building,  situated  at  the  end  of  the 
village  ;  it  was  erected,  as  we  have  seen  above,  in  1 841, 
at  a  cost  of  £275. 

The  Wesleyans  have  a  neat  chapel  in  the  village, 
which  was  erected  in  1858,  and  opened  in  the  following 
year. 

The  parochial  school,  situated  iu  the  village,  is  a 
small  structure,  possessing  accommodation  for  about 
80  children.  It  is  supported  by  the  quarter  pence  of 
the  pupils,  and  £3  a  year  from  Beton's  Charity.  The 
average  number  in  attendance  is  40. 

There  is  also  a  boarding-school,  conducted  by  Miss 
Wilson,  at  Flimby  Lodge,  which  is  beautifully  situated 
near  the  sea. 

For  Ewaii  Christian's  Charity,  see  Dearham  Parish. 


GILCRUX   TAEISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  river  Ellen,  which  divides  it  from  Crosby,  AUerby,  and  Oughterside 
townships ;  on  the  west  by  Uow  Oill  and  part  of  Outlield  Beck,  separating  it  from  Dearham  parish  ;  on  the  south- 
west and  south  by  Grange  Grassings  farm-house,  Threeping  Beck,  and  pait  of  the  road  leading  from  Tallantire; 
and  on  tho  east  by  Gill  Beck,  which  divides  it  from  I'lumblaud.     It  possesses  no  dependent  townships. 

Gilcrus  township  comprises  an  area  of  1,004  acres, 
and  its  rateable  value  is  £2,;105  10s.  In  1801,  the 
population  was  219:  in  1811,  270;  in  1821,  377;  in 
1831,  382;  in  1841,  401;  and  iu  1851,  501,  who  aro 
principally  collected  in  the  village,  and  chiefly  engaged 
in  coal  mining.  Tlie  inhabitants  are  steady  and  indus- 
trious, and  consequently  iiro  much  respected ;  they 
attend  the  markets  at  Maryport  and  Cocl<ermoutli. 
Tho  Maryport  and  Carlisle  railway  intersects  tho 
township. 

Tho  first  recorded  pos-;essor  of  Gilcrux  is  Waltheof, 
first  lord  of  Allerdalc,  who  gave  it  to  Adam,  eon  of 


Lyulph,  whose  daughter  and  heiress  brought  it  in 
marriage  to  one  of  tho  Bonnckill  family,  who  granted 
tho  same  to  a  younger  brother,  Robert  ]$onnekill,  whose 
sons,  Thomas  and  Walter,  gave  it  to  tho  Abbey  of 
Calder;  a  grant  confirmed  by  Sir  Kanulph  Bonnckill, 
Knt.,  but,  upon  the  appropriation,  tho  patronage  was 
reserved  to  the  bishop.  After  the  dissolution  of  tho 
monastic  establishments  King  Philip  and  Queen  Mary, 
in  1557-8,  granted  to  Alexander  Armstrong  "all  those 
twenty-four  messuages  and  tenements  and  water-mill, 
with  the  appurtenances,  lying  and  being  in  the  town  of 
Gilcrux,  in  tho  county  of  Cumberland,  in  the  sercrai 


360 


DERWENT  WAED. 


tenure  of  divers  tenants  there,  at  the  will  of  the  lord, 
late  parcel  of  the  possessions  of  the  late  monastery  or 
priory  of  Colder,  with  a  free  rent  then  of  SiJd.,  and  other 
rents  and  profits  of  the  yearly  value  of  £11  15s.  lOd., 
to  hold  to  the  said  Alexander  and  his  heirs  male,  on 
condition  of  finding  and  maintaining  five  horsemen 
ready  and  well  furnished  whensoever  the  king  and 
queen,  and  the  successors  of  the  said  queen,  shall 
summon  them  within  the  said  county."  In  1565 
Alexander  and  Herbert  Armstrong,  conveyed  by  fine,  to 
William  Armstrong,  son  of  the  said  Herbert  and 
Katharine  Dalston,  and  the  heirs  of  the  said  William,  the 
manor  of  Gilcrux,  with  all  its  appurtenances  iu  the  town 
and  fields  of  Gilcrux,  holden  of  the  king  iti  capite.  The 
manor  appears  to  have  been  afterwards  resumed  by  the 
crown,  for,  iu  the  17th  Elizabeth  (1575),  under  date 
22nd  of  June,  there  is  a  grant  by  that  queen  to  John 
Soukey  and  Percival  Gunson  of  the  grange  and  vill  of 
Gilcrux,  and  "all  the  messuages,  lands,  tenements, 
water-mill,  rent,  reversions,  and  services,  with  the 
appurtenances,  in  Gilcrux  aforesaid,  late  in  the  tenure 
of  William  Armstrong,  parcel  of  the  possessions  of  the 
late  monastery  or  priory  of  Calder,  to  hold  as  of  the  manor 
of  East  Greenwich,  by  fealty  only,  iu  free  and  common 
socage,  and  not  in  capite,  nor  by  knight's  service.'" 
Gilcrux  came  subsequently  into  the  possession  of  the 
Dykes  family,  who  are  still  its  owners;  Mrs.  Dykes 
being  lady  of  the  manor,  and  also  the  largest  landowner ; 
the  others  arc  Messrs.  Matthew  and  Joseph  Smith, 
James  Moffet,  the  executors  of  the  late  Mrs.  Hutchinson, 
the  e.xecutors  of  the  late  Mrs.  Smith,  and  Tho'mas  Hall. 
A  court  for  the  manor,  the  first  since  18U,  was  recently 
held  at  Mrs.  HalliJay's  inn. 

The  village  of  Gilcrux  is  about  five  and  a  half  miles 
east-by-north  of  Maryport,  and  five  north  of  Cocker- 
mouth.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  number  of  its  springs, 
which  rise  at  almost  every  door,  and  when  united  form 
a  considerable  stream.  In  a  field  a  little  to  the  east  of 
the  village  are  two  springs,  about  forty  or  fifty  yards 
asunder,  one  being  of  fresh,  and  the  other  of  salt  water, 
the  latter  having  medicinal  properties,  and  being  known 
as  "  Funny  Tack."  The  formation  of  these  numerous 
springs  is  ascribed  to  the  great  dyke  which,  crossing  by 
the  low  side  of  the  village,  prevents  the  passage  of  the 
water,  and  causes  it  to  rise  to  the  surface.     There  are 


'  In  the  margin  of  Coke's  First  Institutes,  pp.  ."JO,  60,  it  is  noted, 
that  a  cause  was  depending  in  ;lsth  Elizabeth  (15!)5-G),  touching  the 
customs  of  this  manor.  The  lord  claimed  an  arbitrary  fine  at  the 
lord's  will  npon  every  change  of  lord,  tliough  tlic  change  grew  by  his 
own  net,  and  that  daily.  A  case  was  made,  and  opinion  given  by  nil 
the  judges  with  Lord  Chief  .Justice  Popham,  "That  the  custom  to 
take  fines  upon  every  alienation  of  the  lord  was  unreasonable  and 
oiilani'ul.'' 


five  excellent  fresh  water  springs,  which  never  fail  in 
summer,  besides  numerous  smaller  ones. 

THE   CnUBCH. 

Gilcrux  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  is  a  very 
ancient  structure,  pleasantly  situated  on  an  eminence 
cast  of  the  village,  and  possesses  a  turret  with  one  bell. 
The  benefice  was  formerly  rectorial,  but  being  appro- 
priated to  Calder  Abbey,  it  became  a  vicarage,  which  it 
has  since  continued.  In  1368  Bishop  Strickland  set 
out  and  appointed  an  endowment  for  the  vicar,  consist- 
ing of  "  the  mansion  house  opposite  to  the  church, 
with  the  lands  arable,  meadow,  and  pasture,  in  the  fields 
of  Gilcru.x,  half  of  the  tithe  of  hay,  and  all  the  tithes  of 
wool,  Iamb,  mills,  fishings,  and  oblations,  with  the  whole 
altarage  and  other  profits,  except  only  the  corn  tithes ; 
and  that  the  abbey  and  convent  of  Calder  shall  pay 
moreover  to  the  vicar  four  marks  yearly.  The  vicar  to 
bear  all  charges  ordinary  and  extraordinary,  except  the 
repair  of  the  chancel."  The  living,  valued  in  the  King's 
Book  at  £5  14s.  2d.,  was  certified  to  the  governors  of 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty  at  £22  16s.  4d.,  and  to  the 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  as  of  the  annual  value  of 
£71  ;  it  is  now  worth  about  £120.  Mrs.  Mary  Dykes, 
lady  of  the  manor,  is  the  impropriator,  and  the  Bishop 
of  Carhsle  patron.  The  tithes  were  commuted  in  1844 
for  £33  16s.  9d. ;  of  which  £10  10s.  is  payable  to  the 
vicar;  £16  10s.  to  Mrs.  Dykes,  and  £5  10s.  9d.  to 
other  landowners.  The  greater  part  of  this  parish  is 
free  of  tithes,  several  landowners  having  purchased  them 
from  the  late  Mr.  Dykes. 

Vicars.— John  Lestoson,  13.31;   William  de  Kirkby,  ; 

Richard  de  Irland,   11371;    Adam  Fonward,  ;    Robert  de 

Pomfret,  1385;    William  Milner,  ;    Thomas  Trowghere, 

KiOS;  Thomas  Dover,  iriRI);  Nicholas  Banks, ;    Edward 

Cooke,  1011;    Ricliard  Wilkinson,    ICIS;    Peter   Murthwaite, 
10C4;    Richard   Mnrthwaite,  1C75;    Peter  Murthwaite,  1704; 

Thomas  Hobson,  173B  ;  William  Walker, ;  Anthony  Sharp, 

17ii2;  Henry  Fletcher  Sharp, ;  John  Cowen, ;    Jona- 
than Irving, ;  William  Passable, ;  Joseph  Hutchinson 

Whitelock,  1837. 

The  parsonage,  which  is  an  old  building,  is  now  let 
with  the  glebe  farm,  containing  about  seventy-five  acres. 

The  parish  school  is  situated  in  the  village  near  the 
church,  and  is  attended  by  from  fifty  to  sixty  children. 

iCnAEITV. 

School. — By  indenture  dated  4th  December,  1799, 
Joseph  TordifF  assigned  and  assured  £800  in  the  Three- 
per-Cent  Consols  to  several  parties  upon  trust,  the 
dividends  to  be  applied  half-yearly  towards  the  support 
of  the  schoolmaster  of  the  parish  of  Gilcrux,  for 
educating  and  instructing  in  the  principles  of  the 
Church  of  England  as  by  law   established,   and  the 


GILCRUX  PARISH. 


361 


church  catechism,  and  in  reading  English,  and  writing, 
and  other  proper  and  useful  learning  as  free  scholars, 
such  and  so  many  of  the  children  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Gilcrux,  whether  boys  or  girls,  or  the  majority  of  the 
governors  of  Gilcrux  school  should  direct  and  appoint ; 
such  children  being  of  the  inhabitants  of  Gilcrux,  owners 
of  real  and  personal  property  under  .C90  a  year,  or 
occupiers  under  £00  a  year,  or  children  of  owners 
under  £10  a  year,  who  should  at  the  same  time  be 
occupiers  under  £30.  And  he  directed  that  the  said 
schoolmaster  should  not  receive  any  presents  from  the 
children  educated  by  this  charity,  but  that  he  should 
be  at  liberty  to  receive  other  scholars,  children  of  the 
inhabitants.  The  interest  of  the  stock  above-mentioned 
being  £2l,  is  paid  regularly  to  the  schoolmaster  of 
Gilcrux,  for  which  he  instructs  twenty-four  children 
qualified  in  the  manner  mentioned  in  the  endowment. 
The  children  are  appointed  by  the  governors  of  the 
parish  school,  who  have  limited  the  number  to  twenty- 
four.  Messrs.  William  Swinburn  and  Jonathan  Fell 
arc  the  present  trustees. 

Ellen  Hall,  an  old  ruined  building  near  the  river 
Ellen,  anciently  the  seat  of  the  Dykes  family,  is  now  a 
farm-house.  Besides  Ellen  Hall,  the  single  houses 
having  particular  names  are  High  Flatt,  Grange, 
Grange  Grassings,  and  Greengill. 

Joseph  Jackson,  an  eminent  philosopher  and  mine- 
ralogist, was  a  native  of  Gilcrux,  and  died  at  Bordeaux 
in  1789,  on  his  return  from  Spain,  whither  ho  had 
gone  to  open  a  colliery  in  Andalusia. 

In  the  midst  of  a  field  on  the  Grange  Hill,  in  the 
occupancy  of  5Ir.  Davidson,  is  a  naturid  cave  in  the 
limestone  rock,  into  which  runs  a  stream  of  fresh  water. 
It  is  said  to  have  served  at  one  time  as  a  place  for  illicit 
distillation. 

Gilcrux  Colliery  is  leased  by  John  Steel,  Esq.,  'M.V., 
of  Derwent  Bank,  near  Cockermouth,  and  consists  of 
two  pits,  the  Jane  and  tho  Eliza,  the  depth  of  the 
former  being  seventy-six  and  a  half  fathoms,  and  of 
tho  latter  twenty-seven  fathoms.  Jane  pit  was  first 
sunk  in  the  year  1815,  and  has  since  been  sunk  deeper 
at  three  dilferent  periods.  On  the  first  occa.sion  it  was 
sunk  forty-seven  fathoms  to  the  Ten  Quarters  Scam, 
and  when  all  the  coal  on  that  level  was  worked  out 
the  pit  was  sunk  nine  fathoms  deeper.  In  consequence 
of  a  downcast  dyke  on  the  south  side,  a  drift  was  made 
to  the  south  to  raise  the  coal  through  the  dyke,  and 
one  to  the  north  to  raise  a  greater  hold  of  the  coal  to 
the  dip.     On  this  level  there  was  worked  about  sixty 


acres  of  Ten  Quarters  coal,  great  part  of  which  was 
worked  out  of  the  dip  with  steam  and  horse  power. 
It  was  then  sunk  again  twenty  and  a  half  fathoms 
deeper  to  the  Yard  coal,  on  account  of  a  gi'eat  downcast 
to  the  east  side  of  tho  pit.  Fortunately  the  Ten  Quar- 
ters coal  was  on  a  level  with  the  Yard  coal  through  the 
dyke,  also  by  a  drift  through  the  Nine  Fathoms  Dyke 
on  the  south  side  of  the  pit  the  Jletal  Band  coal  was 
won.  There  are  now  three  different  bands  or  seams  of 
coal  on  one  level,  and  at  present  worked.  There  have 
been  about  100  acres  of  tho  Ten  Quarters  coal  worked 
in  this  pit,  about  fifteen  acres  of  Yard  coal,  and  about 
six  of  Metal  Band.  The  following  arc  the  particulars 
of  tho  seams: — First,  Ten  (Quarters,  twenty  fathoms 
below  Thirty-inch  and  Metal  Band  Seam,  and  tea 
fathoms  below  the  Metal  Band  is  the  Yard  coal. 
These  seams  are  all  that  arc  worth  working.  There  is 
a  number  of  other  small  scams,  but  they  are  not  of 
sufficient  importance  to  claim  attention.  The  Yard 
Seam  is  the  deepest  seam  known  here,  and  though 
the  strata  below  it  have  been  bored  to  a  great  depth, 
nothing  has  been  found  workable.  These  mines  are 
very  expensive  to  work  on  account  of  the  number  of 
faults,  dykes,  hitches,  &c.,  which  interrupt  the  general 
working  of  the  mines  by  running  in  every  direction, 
and  having  to  be  crossed  with  drifts.  The  great 
faults  or  dykes  generally  keep  a  direct  course.  The 
coal  field  is  cut  up  by  a  great  upcast  to  the  south, 
which  runs  cast  and  west,  and  brings  up  the  limestone 
on  its  south  side.  The  course  of  the  dyke  on  the 
surface  is  by  Occupation  Road  from  Outfields,  by  the 
low  side  of  the  village  of  Gilcrux,  and  through  by  Near- 
stidc  Guards.  There  is  rough  brown  freestone,  as  well 
as  limestone,  on  the  south  side  of  this  great  dyke. 
Eliza  Pit  was  sunk  in  1854.  It  is  also  in  tho  Ten 
Quarters  Scam,  and  is  situated  about  one  mile  east  of 
Jane  Pit.  The  quantity  of  coal  raised  per  day  at  these 
pits  is  250  tons,  which  is  carried  by  tho  Maryport  and 
Carlisle  railway  to  Maryport  for  shipment  to  Ireland. 
The  pits  are  close  to  the  railway.  The  number  of 
people  employed  is  about  150,  and  with  steam  power 
amounting  to  1 50  horses.  The  Ten  t^uarters  coal  is 
generally  sold  for  household  purposes,  on  account  of 
the  ashes  being  heavy,  and  making  little  dust,  and 
it  possesses  great  durability  and  heat,  which  cause  it 
to  bo  superior  to  any  coal  in  the  neighbourhood.  The 
Yard  coal  is  tho  best  hero  for  making  coke.  Tho 
mines  are  tho  property  of  Mrs.  Dykes,  but  are  leased 
as  above. 


362 


DERWENT  WARD. 


ISELL  PARISH. 

Tnis  parish  is  bounded  on  tbe  east  and  nortb  by  Torpcnhow,  on  tbe  west  by  Bridckirk,  and  on  tbe  soutb  by  the  river 
Denvent.  It  comprises  tbe  townships  of  Blindcrake,  Isell.  and  Redmaiu,  Isell  Old  Park,  and  Sunderland,  whose  united 
area  is  0,700  acres.  There  are  surveys  for  the  enclosure  of  the  commons  of  Isell  Old  Park,  Sunderland,  and 
Moota,  in  Blindcrake  township,  made  in  1810.  There  is  a  survey  of  Redmain  township,  made  by  the  tithe  commis- 
sioners about  the  year  1840.  The  population  is  spread  over  the  several  townships  of  tbe  parish  in  small  villages  and 
hamlets,  and  in  a  few  separate  farm  houses.  The  people  are  all  employed  in  agriculture,  or  in  small  mechanical 
trades  more  or  less  connected  with  agriculture.  The  geological  character  of  the  rocks  forbid  an  old  prevailing  notion 
that  there  can  be  underlying  beds  of  coal.  There  are  no  old  workings  of  copper,  as  Hutchinson  imagines,  but  merely 
fissures  here  and  there  in  the  rocks,  produced  at  the  very  remote  period  of  the  upheaving  of  the  range  of  hills  extend- 
ing from  Buiscy,  in  the  parish  of  Torpenhow,  in  a  line  westward  of  the  Derwent  through  the  parish.  The  inhabitants 
are  in  general  truthful,  industrious,  and  comfortable.  This  may  in  part  arise  from  the  smallness  of  the  population, 
and  in  part  from  the  endeavours  made  by  their  superiors  to  improve  them.  The  people  here  invariably  attend  the 
markets  at  Cockerraouth,  held  on  Monday.  There  does  not  appear  to  be  any  remains  of  the  early  inhabitants  of 
Britain  in  the  parish,  but  there  is  a  line  of  fields  lying  between  the  villages  of  Blindcrake  and  Piedmain,  along  the 
brow  of  the  rising  ground  called  the  "  Grey  Barrow,"  and  it  has  been  assumed  that  these  might  in  former  times  be 
the  stone  sepulchres  of  the  people  of  the  neighbourhood.     This  notion  is  not  improbable. 


BLnfDCEAKE,    ISELL,    AND    EEDM.UN". 

The  population  of  this  townsliip  in  1801  was  188  ; 
in  1811,  233;  in  1821,  311;  in  1831,  823;  in 
1841,  347;  and  in  1851,  370.  Its  rateable  value  is 
.£2,770  13s.  4d.  The  land  in  Blindcrake  is,  on  the 
north,  high  and  poor  ;  in  the  middle,  excellent  for  pas- 
ture; on  the  south,  good,  but  requires  draining.  In 
Isell  the  land  being  almost  entirely  in  grass,  is,  on  the 
north,  high  but  good ;  and  on  the  south,  near  the  Der- 
went, excellent.  The  land  in  Piedmain  is,  on  the  north, 
high  and  poor;  in  the  west,  called  the  Trinities,  in 
grass,  and  very  good ;  in  the  south,  good,  and  fruitful  in 
com. 

The  parish  of  Isell  now  constitutes  but  one  manor, 
originally  granted,  with  the  exception  of  Eedmain,  by 
Alan,  lord  of  Allerdale,  to  Pianulph  de  Engayne.  His 
granddaughter,  Ada,  conveyed  it  in  marriage  to  Simon 
de  Morvillc,  whose  grandson,  Hugh  de  Morville,  is  said 
to  have  been  implicated  in  the  murder  of  Thomas 
a  Becket,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  II.  The  daughter  of  this  last  conveyed  the 
manor  by  marriage,  in  the  time  of  Henry  III.,  to 
Thomas  de  Multon,  whose  great-granddaughter,  Mar- 
garet, in  the  reign  of  Edwarc^II.,  brought  it  in  marriage 
to  Thomas  Leigh.  Their  descendant,  Thomas  Leigh, 
married  Maud  Eedmain,  lady  of  the  manor  of  Redmain, 
in  the  time  of  Elizabeth.  She  having  the  manor  of 
Isell,  bequeathed  to  her  by  her  husband,  conveyed  in 
the  reign  of  James  I.,  by  marriage  to  William  Lawson, 
of  Fawkesgrave,  in  the  county  of  York.  The  present 
lord  of  the  united  manors  of  Isell  and  Eedmain  is  Sir 
Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart.,  of  Brayton,  in  the  parish  of 
Aspatria.  During  the  last  hundred  years  the  lords  of 
the  manor  of  Brayton  have  been  the  lords  of  IseU  and 


Redmain,  and  have  generally  resided  at  Brayton. 
Cornage  money  is  annually  paid  to  the  superior  barony 
of  Egremont.  About  one-third  of  the  whole  parish  is 
demesne.  The  other  landowners  are  J.  C.  Fisher,  Esq., 
Wood  Hall,  Bridekirk  ;  Major  Green  Thompson,  Bride- 
kirk  ;  General  Steel,  of  the  East  India  Service ;  and 
the  Eev.  Joseph  Simpson,  of  Home  Cultram.  The  lands 
of  the  parish  are  in  general  free.  The  lands  in  the  town- 
ship of  Redmain  were  enfranchised  in  1003,  those  in 
Blindcrake  and  Sunderland  in  1804.  Since  that  time  the 
courts  of  the  manor  have  generally  ceased  to  be  held. 
The  lands  in  the  townships  of  Isell  and  Isell  Old  Park 
belong  to  the  lord  of  the  manor,  Sir  Wilfred  Lawson, 
Bart.  There  is  no  unenclosed  land  within  the  parish — 
the  act  of  Parliament  for  enclosure  would  be  about 
1 808.  The  lord  of  the  manor  has  the  ancient  seat  of 
IseU  Hall,  in  the  townsliip  of  Isell,  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  Derwent,  in  one  of  the  most  eligible  situations 
that  can  be  imagined,  on  a  slight  elevation  looking 
westward  do^vn  the  valley  of  the  Derwent  towards 
Cockermouth,  and  having  a  splendid  opening  of  the 
vaUey  eastward  to  the  range  of  Skiddaw,  haiing  on  the 
south  the  view  of  a  gently  elevated  range  of  hUls 
covered  with  wood,  and  on  the  north  the  park  belonging 
to  the  mansion,  beautified  with  a  natural  succession  of 
terraces  of  wood,  which  are  finally  surmounted  by  the 
rocky  and  picturesque  heights  of  what  are  called  the 
Glints.  The  hall  consists  of  a  strong  and  high  embat- 
tled tower  of  the  period  of  Henry  VI.,  and  of  a  long 
edifice  of  the  period  of  Queen  Ehzabeth.  Within  the 
present  century  the  hall  had  much  the  appearance,  in 
its  external  walls  and  guard-house,  of  a  regularly  fortfied 
place.  The  ancient  armour  and  paintings  have  generally 
been  carried  to  Brayton. 


ISELL  PAEISH, 


363 


Tbc  village  of  Isell  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  Derwent,  three-and  a-quarter  miles  east- 
north-east  of  Cockermouth. 

THE   CHUECU. 

Isell  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Jlichael,  stands  in  a 
most  sequestered  spot,  ou  the  bank  of  the  Denvent, 
and  a  short  distance  east  from  the  hall.  It  is  a  very 
ancient  building,  and  consists  of  a  nave  and  chancel, 
with  porch  and  bell-turret,  containing  two  bells.  The 
entrance  doorway  is  Norman,  as  is  also  the  arch  leading 
into  the  chancel.  There  is  a  beautiful  ancient  monogram 
of  our  Saviour  in  the  wall  ou  the  north  side  of  the 
entrance  into  the  chancel.  There  are  two  ancient 
monuments,  one  on  each  side  of  the  chancel  window, 
to  members  of  the  Lawson  family.  The  impropriator 
is  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart.,  the  lord  of  the  mauor. 
The  churcli  aud  tithes,  at  the  dissolution,  belonged  to 
the  prior  and  convent  of  He.xham,  in  Northumberland. 
These  continued  in  the  crown  until  the  year  1559,  when 
they  were  granted  by  Queen  Elizabeth  to  Thomas 
Leigh,  the  lord  of  the  manor,  since  which  period  the 
advowson  has  continued  to  be  held  with  the  manor. 
Sir  Wilfred  Lawson,  the  third  lord  of  that  name,  granted 
the  tithes  of  Blindcrake,  Sunderland,  and  Isell  Old 
Park,  to  the  church.  The  living,  valued  in  the  King's 
Book  at  £8  13s.  9d.,  is  now  worth  £157.  At  the  time 
ofthe  enclosure  of  the  commons  the  tithes  of  Blindcrake, 
Sunderland,  and  Isell  Old  Park,  were,  by  mutual  consent, 
commuted  for  portions  of  land  on  the  respective  commons 
of  these  townships.  The  tithes  of  Pieduiain,  after 
remaining  for  some  time  in  the  crown,  came  at  last  into 
the  possession  of  Thomas  Lamplugh,  of  Dovenby  Hall, 
who,  in  the  beginning  of  the  last  century,  conveyed 
them  towards  tho  support  of  an  alms  house,  and  the 
endowment  of  a  school  at  Dovenby,  in  Bridekirk  parish. 

ViCAns. — William  nurton,  1341 ;  Jnlin  Wanton, — ;  John 
Baynard,  IUli'.i;  John  Mason,  l:!>^5;  WilUam  .\Jcock,  deprived, 
1575;  Thomas  Harrison,  1575  ;  William  Adcock,  restored,  1577  ; 
Leonard  Cape,  15hI  ;  Anthony  Whnrton,  1504  ;  I'crcival  Head, 
1638  ;  Richard  Fletcher,  lOCl  ;  George  Stark,  1H6!)  ;  Peter 
Farish,  170:);  William  Pool,  1711 ;  Thoma.s  Leather,  171!) ;  John 
Kendal,  17'.!(l;  John  Waito,  1782;  Peter  How,  1815;  Christopher 
Hilton  Wyhergh,  182(1. 

There  is  a  good  parsonage-house,  built  by  the  Ticar, 
John  Waite,  about  the  year  1785,  and  enlarged  and 
improved  by  the  Bev.  Peter  How,  on  his  appointment 
to  tho  vicarage. 

The  parish  school  occupies  a  central  situation  near 
Isell  Hall.  It  is  a  plain  but  neat  building,  somewhat 
in  tiio  Elizabethan  style,  erected  in  183(1,  on  tho  site 
of  an  ancient  one,  for  tho  purpose  of  educating  the 
children  of  the  parish.  It  has  a  small  income  of  X'O  per 


annum,  arising  from  the  bequest  of  a  Mr.  Cannell,  of 
London,  who,  about  the  year  1823,  left  the  interest  of 
€500,  three-per-cents,  to  the  poor  and  school  of  this 
parish,  viz.,  the  interest  of  £300  to  the  former,  and 
that  of  £200  to  the  latter.  The  vicar  and  church- 
wardens are  the  trustees  of  this  charity.  The  average 
number  of  children  in  attendance  is  about  forty-five. 

There  is  a  good  lending  library,  which  has  been  ia 
existence  about  twenty  years,  and  has  for  its  object  the 
conveyance  to  the  people  of  rehgious  and  useful  know- 
ledge. It  is  supported  by  donations  and  subscriptions, 
and  is  free  to  the  people  of  the  parish. 

Isell  Grange,  a  mansion  near  the  hall,  is  the  resi- 
dence of  Captain  Peter  Wybergh. 

Blindcrake  is  a  village  in  this  township,  four  miles 
north-east  of  Cockermouth,  and  has  descended  with 
Isell  to  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart. 

The  manor  of  lledmain  was  given  by  Alan  Lord  of 
Allerdale  to  the  priory  of  Gisborne,  in  Yorkshire,  to 
which  it  continued  annexed  until  the  period  of  tho 
dissolution,  when  it  was  granted  to  the  Curwen  family, 
who  appear  to  have  been  its  possessors  in  1688.  The 
Curwens  enfranchised  the  tenants  for  eighty  years'  pur- 
chase, mortgaged  the  demesne  called  the  Trinities  to 
Sir  John  Lowther,  and  afterwards  sold  it  to  Sir  Wilfrid 
Lawson.  Picdmaiii  is  a  small  but  neat  village  three 
miles  north-east  of  Cockermouth.  There  are  some  few 
remains  of  an  ancient  oratory  in  a  field  called  Chapel 
Guards,  or  Chapel  Yard,  adjoining  a  large  extent  of 
good  land,  called  the  Trinities,  upon  which  it  is  pro- 
bable there  might  have  been  a  chapel,  or  hospital, 
dedicated  to  the  Holy  Trinity.  The  site  of  the  ancient 
hall  of  the  lledmaines,  a  Yorkshire  family,  who  became 
lords  of  Redmain  after  the  dissolution  of  monasteries, 
is  still  distinguished  near  the  village  of  Redmain. 

Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  of  Isell  Hall  and  Brayton, 
member  for  Cockermouth  in  the  reign  of  William  and 
Mary  (1090),  was  among  the  most  prominent  public  men 
of  the  period.  In  playful  reference  to  his  crest,  which 
was  tho  sun  supported  by  tho  arms  of  a  warrior,  he 
was  long  fondly  and  gratefully  remembered  under  the 
name  of  the  "  Bright  Star  of  tho  North." 

At  Redmain  was  born  of  a  family  long  established, 
and  once  having  considerable  possessions  there,  in  the 
year  1710,  tho  Rev.  Joseph  Simpson,  D.D.  He  was 
educated  at  (Jueen's  College,  iu  the  I'niversity  of 
O.xford.  He  was  nn  eminent  Greek  scholar,  and  pub- 
lislicd  an  edition  of  several  of  the  Greek  philosophers. 
This  work  has  passed  through  several  impressions,  and 
has  not,  for  more  than  u  century,  been  superseded  by 
any  superior  edition. 

At  Redmain  also  was  bom,  in  1719,  tho  Rev.  Bolton 


364 


DERWENT  WARD. 


Simpson,  D.D.,  brother  to  the  above,  who  was  also 
educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford.  He  was  a  very 
eminent  tutor  in  the  university,  and  published  an 
edition  of  Zenophon,  which  retains,  even  to  the  present 
day,  its  reputation  as  a  work  of  much  learning. 

Dr.  John  Redraayne,  master  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  and  one  of  the  compilers  of  the  Litany  of 
1548,  is  understood  to  have  been  a  member  of  the 
Yorkshire  stem  of  the  branch  family  of  Redmain  Hall. 

ISELL    OLD    PARK. 

The  number  of  inhabitants  in  this  township  in  1 801 
was  88;  in  1811,  81  ;  iu  1821,  90;  iu  1831,  108;  in 
1841,  107;  and  in  1851,  87.  The  land  here  is  gene- 
rally poor,  and  would  be  much  improved  by  draining. 
This  township  comprises  six  scattered  farm-houses, 
bearing  the  respective  names  of  Isellgate,  Longclose, 
Harrisongate,  Old  Park,  Irton  House,  and  Coalbeck, 
which  are  situated  about  four  and  a  half  miles  east- 
north-east  of  Cockermouth. 

SUNDKRLAND. 

The  population  of  Sunderland  township  in  1801  is 
not  returned  separately  ;  in  1811  it  was  61  ;  in  1821, 
48;  in  1831,  77;  in  1841,  81;  andiu  1851,  99.  The 
land  here  is  generally  poor,  and  might  be  much  improved 
by  draining.  Its  area,  exclusive  of  woodlands,  is  G98 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  £495   15s.  6d. 

The  village  of  Sunderland,  which  consists  of  six  good 
farm-houses  and  several  cottages,  is  pleasantly  situated 
six  miles  north-east-by-east  of  Cockermouth. 

The  parish  of  Isell  is  situated  between  the  clay  slate 
ranee  of  the  mountains,  and  the  red  sandstone  and  coal 
deposits  of  Aspatria,  Gilcrux,  &c.  There  is  a  limestone 
range  extending  from  east  to  west,  metomorphic,  or 
amorphous  on  its  highest  point  of  the  Glints,  ovcrlook- 
inc  the  hall,  where  the  stones  arc  reposing  in  large 
horizontal  masses,  with  deep  ravines  between  them. 
This  ranee,  in  its  westward  course,  seems  to  consist 
almost  entirely  of  encrinites — and  at  the  extremity  of 
the  range,  a  little  to  the  west  of  Redmain,  is  a  high  and 
striking  hill,  thrown  up  by  internal  convulsion,  and 
presenting  everywhere,  along  with  the  most  ancient  rock, 
specimens  of  lava  and  pumice  stoue.  On  an  offshot  of 
this  range,  or  the  Moota  range,  there  is  on  the  highest 
point  of  elevation,  and  surrounded  by  limestone,  a 
considerable  deposit  of  white  sandstone.  There  is  a 
bridge  near  the  church  over  the  Derwent,  and  one  over 
a  small  stream  near  the  hall,  on  which  stream  there  is, 
in  the  township  of  Isell,  a  corn-mill. 


In  former  times  it  is  said  the  people  were  much 
given  to  the  game  of  archery,  and  there  is  near  the 
hamlet  of  Redmain  a  knoll  on  the  broad  summit  of  the 
volcanic  hill  above-mentioned,  which,  by  its  name, 
indicates  that  they  were  there  accustomed  to  erect  their 
target  for  the  indulgence  of  the  said  games.  In  later 
times,  and  until  the  enclosure  of  the  common  lands, 
the  people  seem  to  have  been  fond  of  the  athletic  game 
of  football.  At  present,  the  sole  indulgence  with 
many  is  to  bo  found  in  drinking  at  the  ale-house.  In 
former  times  the  people  were  very  superstitious.  Their 
situation  favoured  this  tendency.  In  a  locality  thinly 
peopled,  looking  down  from  their  villages  on  an  old  hall, 
connected  with  which  wore  many  black  stories  of  the 
olden  time, — inhabiting  an  upland  country,  covered  in 
part  with  deep  woods,  and  living  from  childhood  to  old 
age  within  sight  of  the  deep  and  rapid  waters  of  the 
Derwent,  rolling  many  hundred  feet  beneath  them,  and 
continually  sending  up  to  them  the  voice  of  its  waves. 
Education,  or  rather  the  spirit  of  the  times,  has  dis- 
sipated most  of  these  airy  fancies.  The  parish  is 
considered  to  be  very  healthy. 

Many  of  the  yeomen,  in  former  times,  who  had 
received  the  benefits  of  education,  were  fond  of  poetry. 
Spencer,  and  Shakespeare,  and  Milton,  were  not 
unknown  in  the  families  of  the  yeomen,  or  small  pro- 
prietors. These  are  now  nearly  an  extinct  race,  and  the 
farmers  and  cottagers  have  become  a  more  matter-of- 
fact  people. 

The  name  of  this  parish,  Isell,  seems  to  have  been 
more  properly,  in  former  times,  written,  "  Ishall,"  or 
the  hall  which  is  nearly  surrounded  as  an  isle,  by  the 
waters  of  the  Derwent,  and  by  a  brook  which  flows  into 
the  river,  on  the  west  of  the  edifice.  The  word  Blen- 
crake,  or  Blindcrake,  as  it  is  sometimes  written,  is 
uncommon  in  its  form.  It  might  be  compounded  of 
Bla,  an  old  Icelandic  word,  signifying  a  village,  and  the 
Teutonic  word  crake,  a  crow, — the  neighbouring  woods 
have  always  been  remarkable  for  the  immense  number 
of  rooks  that  frequent  and  build  in  them. 

A  fishpond,  communicating  with  the  Derwent,  and 
adjoining  the  vicarage,  existed  until  the  commencement 
of  this  century.  It  is  understood  to  have  been  for  the 
use  of  the  vicar  during  Lent  and  at  other  times,  previous 
to  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  The  woods  of  Isell,  in 
consequence  of  the  retreat  afforded  in  the  crevices  of 
the  rocks,  have  always  been  remarkable  for  fo.xes  and 
otters.     Game  is  also  most  abundant. 


PLUMBLAND   PARISH. 


365 


PLUMBLAND   PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Plumbland  is  bounded  on  tlic  north  by  the  river  Ellen,  which  separates  it  from  Aspatria ;  on  the 
west  by  a  streamlet,  known  by  the  name  of  Warthole  Beck,  which  separates  it  from  Gilcrux ;  on  the  south,  partly 
by  the  Cockermouth  and  Wigton  highway  ;  and  on  the  east  by  Popplebeck,  which  divides  it  the  whole  length  from 
the  township  of  Threapland,  in  the  parish  of  Torpcnhow.  It  possesses  no  dependant  township.  Plumbland  has 
been  surveyed  for  the  purpose  of  tithe  commutation,  and  a  copy  of  the  survey  is  kept  iu  the  parish,  as  well  as  in  the 
proper  office. 


Plumbland  comprises  an  area  of  2,970  statute  acres, 
and  its  rateable  value  is  X'4,015.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  in  1801  wis  330  ;  in  1811,  237  ;  in  1821, 
890;  in  1831,  52t  ;  in  1841,  729;  and  in  1851,  800. 
The  parish  is  divided  into  four  villages  or  hamlets,  vi/., 
Plumbland,  where  the  houses  are  closely  connected  ; 
Parsonby,  where  they  are  a  little  more  scattered ; 
Arkleby,  still  more  dispersed;  and  Warthole,  where  the 
farm-houses,  all  detached,  surround  the  church  on  all 
sides,  from  which  no  house  is  more  than  a  mile  distant. 
There  arc  about  twenty-five  farmers  in  the  parish, 
occupying  farms  varying  in  size  from  forty  to  200 
acres,  one  containing  375  acres,  four  of  which  are  held 
by  the  proprietors  themselves  ;  these  give  employment 
to  many  of  the  inhabitants.  Coal  and  lime  have  long 
beeu  worked  in  the  parish;  the  former  is  at  present 
(1838)  dormant,  but  a  considerable  number  of  miners 
reside  in  the  parish,  who  are  engaged  iu  the  collieries  in 
the  neighbourhood.  Two  lime  works  are  at  present  in 
active  operation.  About  one  half  of  the  population  is 
employed  in  the  coal  mines  and  lime  works.  Tlie  coal 
seams  here  consist  of  several  bands,  one  of  which,  the 
"  Metal  Band,"  about  five  feet  iu  thickness,  is  of 
excellent  quality  ;  this  and  the  "  Thirty  Inch  Band," 
arc  the  two  that  have  been  worked  to  the  most  advantage. 
Tho  working  classes  in  the  parish  are  very  industrious, 
and,  as  they  have  good  wages,  live  very  comfortably  ;  in 
fact,  present  comfort  is  with  them  everything,  little  or 
no  provision  being  made  for  old  age,  or  for  any  other 
purpose.  The  quality  of  the  soil  throughout  Plumbland 
is  good,  generally  loam  or  clay,  producing  excellent 
wheat.'  The  ^laryport  and  Carlisle  railway  crosses  a 
portion  of  the  parish,  but  has  no  station  in  it.     The 

I  Till-  mo<lcm  system  of  a(?ricultnriil  ilraining  is  fast  ilcslroying 
many  of  il:c  rarer  indiKeiioiis  plants,  uikI  bringing  nearly  overy  place 
to  the  same  level  in  that  respect  Tlic  composite  genus  is  llio  most 
prevalent  here.  There  are  no  very  rare  plants,  but  the  following 
may  be  ennnuraleil ; — Ituntincutus  auricumus,  t'nllhu  I'lJualru, 
Berbery,  Canlmninr  amara,  iJrnlia  iiicniut,  Ilmfslci  Napul, 
Drosera,  Ilyperinm,  I.iiium  Ciitliarlicnm,  Gerdiiiiim,  Stiliim  acre, 
Adunia,  i'lirimMirt,  Chry.toiileinum,  Genista  tinrlnria.  Anihyllia 
ouliieraritt,  (Vrdiiis  pad,  .li/rii/ioiiiii  F.upuloria,  AlclumUta  riitjarii, 
Shenirdia  Anvusis,  I'dlerMna,  D'mrin,  Vitlennua,  Officinalis, 
Eupnti>ruim  i'annahisciim,  Auchusa,  Lilhrosperniiim,  Polemeniiim 
CirniUiim,  PUiilaijc  Majnr,  Kryllinra  cenlaiiriiim,  Qentiana  Amo, 
rella,  I.naimachia  nem,  Alularia,  UelUiorui  vividil. 


inhabitants  usually  attend  tho  Cockermouth  and  Mary- 
port  markets.  The  northern  half  of  the  parish  belongs 
to  the  coal  measures  of  the  Whitehaven  coal  fields, 
and  dips  considerably  to  the  north-west ;  the  southern 
portion  is  included  in  the  carboniferous  or  mountain 
limestone  which  surrounds  the  Lake  District.  Previous 
to  the  influx  of  the  mining  population  the  parish  was 
remarkable  for  the  longevity  of  its  inhabitants  ;  even 
now  there  are  several  individuals  above  eighty  years  of 
age. 

A  little  to  the  south-west  of  Ewe  Close,  on  Ward 
Hill,  are  the  remains  of  what  is  called  a  lloman  camp, 
and  though  it  bears  the  impress  of  lloman  costramenta- 
tion,  it  is  very  probable  that  it  afterwards  served  as  the 
site  of  a  beacon.  It  is  now  nearly  obliterated.  The 
enclosure  of  the  common,  including  rather  more  than 
139  acres,  took  place  in  1823,  in  pursuance  of  an  act  of 
Parliament  passed  in  1818.  The  land  was  allotted  to 
tho  owners  of  the  soil,  and  a  small  portion,  containing 
limestone,  was  left  out  for  the  use  of  the  inhabitants  of 
I'lumbland  village.  There  are  no  ancient  crosses  at 
present  here,  but  there  is  no  doubt  there  were  some  iu 
former  times,  as  there  is  a  farm-house  called  Little 
Cross,  and  on  the  same  road,  about  a  mile  to  the  west 
is  Gilcrux,  and  the  same  distance  cast  is  Cross  Gill, 
which  names  arc  tho  same,  gill  meaning  ravine. 

This  parish  includes  four  manors,  those  of  Plumbland, 
Arkleby,  Parsonby,  and  Warthole. 

The  mauor  of  Plumbland  was  formerly  possessed  by 
the  family  of  Orfew,  who  were  its  possessors  as  early  as 
the  reign  of  Edward  IL  It  continued  to  be  held  by 
this  family  till  the  commencement  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  when  it  was  sold  by  Charles  Orfew,  Esq.,  who 
died  in  \1-i5,  to  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart.,  in  whose 
family  it  has  since  remained.  It  has  since  been 
enfranchised  ;  but  the  demesne  land  called  High  Close, 
where  is  the  site  of  tho  ancient  manor  house,  continued 
in  the  Lawson  family,  and  having  [xisscd  under  the  will 
of  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  tho  tenth  baronet,  to  tho  nephew 
of  his  wife,  Thom.is  Wybcrgh,  Esq.,  who  assumed  tlio 
surname  and  arms  of  Lawson,  is  now  vested  in  his 
brother  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  tho  present  baronet 
.\bout  thirty  years  ago  coniago  rent  was  claimed  by 
tho  lord  of  this  manor,  but  the  tenants  resisted  on  the 


366 


DERWENT  WARD. 


grounds  of  its  having  been  for  a  long  period  uncollected, 
and  so  the  matter  dropped. 

The  manor  of  Ai'ldeb}'  was  held  in  ancient  times  by  a 
family  bearing  the  local  name,  as  appears  from  many 
old  deeds  in  which  several  of  the  Arldebys  occur  as 
witnesses.  From  this  family  it  passed  to  the  Martin- 
dales,  in  whose  possession  it  continued  till  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth,  when  it  was  forfeited  to  the  crown,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  head  of  the  house  taking  part  in  the 
insurrection  of  the  Northern  earls.  It  was  afterwards 
granted  by  Queen  Elizabeth  to  Sir  .John  Penruddock, 
whose  grandson.  Sir  John,  was  beheaded  at  Salisburj', 
by  Cromwell,  in  1052.  According  to  Dexton,  it  was 
subsequently  hold  by  the  Orfeurs,  of  High  Close, 
whose  heiress  brought  it  to  Henry  Peirsou,  Esq.,  from 
whom  it  was  purchased  by  Gustavus  Thompson,  rector 
of  Plumbland,  in  1 702.  His  son,  Gustavus  Thompson, 
Esq.,  erected  Arkleby  Hall,  now  used  as  a  farm-house. 
Arkelby  came  afterwards  into  the  possession  of  the 
Satterthwaites,  by  v^'hom  it  was  sold  to  Sir  Wilfrid 
Lawson,  and  is  now  the  property  of  his  representative. 

Parsonby  manor  is  held]  of  the  rector  for  the  time 
being.  The  manor  of  Warthole  belonged  formerly  to 
the  abbey  of  Caldcr.  Since  the  suppression  of  the 
monastic  establishments  it  has  been  for  several  genera- 
tions in  the  family  of  Dykes,  and  is  now  held  by  Mrs. 
Dykes,  of  Dovenby.  AVarthole  Hall  is  now  in  ruins. 
Near  it  is  an  old  decayed  mulberry  tree,  in  which  it  is 
said  one  of  the  family  of  Dykes  took  refuge  after  the 
battle  of  ]Marston  ^loor,  and  whose  ample  foliage 
effectually  concealed  him  from  some  of  Cromwell's 
ironsides  who  were  sent  to  apprehend  him.  Tradition 
says  that  a  lady  of  the  Warthole  famUy  was  addicted  to 
gaming  at  high  stakes,  according  to  the  custom  of  the 
times,  and  that  having  "  set  her  all  upon  a  cast,"  wheu 
lifting  the  last  card  she  exclaimed — 

"  Up  ft  deuce,  or  else  a  tray, 
Or  Warthole's  gone  for  ever  and  aye." 

Fortune  however  smiled  upon  the  lady,  and  Warthole 
was  saved. 

THE  cHuncn. 

The  church,  though  called  Plumbland  church, 
stands  at  Parsonby,  hence  the  distich — 

''  The  greatest  wonder  ever  was  seen 
Is  Plumbland  church  on  Parsonby  Green.", 

It  is  dedicated  to  St.  Cuthbert.  The  living  is  a  rectory, 
having  a  glebe  farm  of  more  than  130  acres,  rented  off 
for  more  than  £200.  The  tithes  were  commuted  about 
seven  years  ago  for  £128,  but  the  High  Close  Estate, 
Arkleby  Hall,  and  Warthole  estates,  only  paid  a  small 


modus,  which  they  continue  to  do  under  the  above 
commutation.     Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  is  patron. 

Rectors. — Walter  de  Acnconrt,  :    Peter  do  Aencomt, 

1310;  Adam  de  Bassenthwaite,  1358;  William  Potter,  ; 

Lancelot  Wallace,  1503;    William  Richardley,  1508;  Lancelot 

Fletcher,  1028  ;   Joseph  Nicholson,  ;    Michael  Robinson, 

16S8;  Gustavus  Thompson,  170i;  Peter  parish,  1711 ;  Thomas 
Lealhes,  1728  ;  Adam  Askew,  1700  ;  John  Bird,  1788  ;  Edward 
Stanley,  1802;  John  Curwen,  1834;  John  Wordsworth,  1812. 

The  rectory  was  erected  at  the  expense  of  the  Rev. 
John  Bird,  who  laid  the  foundation  stone  May  1st, 
1788.  He  took  down  the  old  rectory,  which  stood  on 
a  very  wet  part  of  the  glebe  called  the  "  Guards,"  a 
short  distance  south  of  the  church. 

The  Grammar  School  was  founded  in  pursuance  of 
the  will  of  Captain  John  Sibson,  dated  the  29th  June, 
1759,  but  not  to  have  effect  till  after  the  death  of  his 
wife.  This  latter  event  took  place  in  1797  ;  the  next 
year  the  foundation  was  effected,  and  in  1799  the 
school  was  built.  It  contains  two  rooms,  in  one  of 
which  the  classics  are  taught,  and  in  the  other  English, 
&c.  Captain  Sibson's  legacy  was  invested  in  the  funds, 
and  now  produces  £87  13s.  a  year.  All  the  childrea 
of  the  parish,  with  some  exceptions  specified  in  the 
will,  and  all  children  of  the  name  of  Sibson,  wherever 
they  come  from,  have  the  liberty  of  attending  the 
school,  and  "  be  instructed  in  Latin  and  English,  in 
writing  and  accounts,  without  any  charge  or  expenses 
whatsover."  There  are  two  masters.  The  average 
attendance  is  rather  more  than  a  hundred  children  of 
both  se.KCS.  The  school  was  opened  in  1800,  and  was, 
before  the  influx  of  the  mining  population,  an  academy 
of  some  note  for  gentlemen's  sons,  but  from  the  increase 
of  respectable  schools,  and  the  number  of  poor  children 
that  attend  it,  it  has  fallen  off  in  that  respect. 

CHAIUTY. 

Sibson's  CJiarity. — Besides  his  legacy  to  the  school. 
Captain  Sibson  bequeathed  £1  per  annum  to  the  poor 
widows  of  the  parish,  and  a  guinea  to  bo  paid  to  the 
clergyman  for  preaching  a  sermon  on  Good  Friday. 
The  present  trustees  for  Captain  Sibson's  charities  are 
J.  Curwen,  Esq.,  Workington  Hall ;  G.  Moore,  Esq , 
Bow  Churchyard,  Loudon  ;  and  James  Dobinson,  Esq., 
Pbilpot  Lane,  Loudon. 

The  vUlage  of  Plumbland  is  about  seven  miles  east- 
by-north  of  Maryport.  It  contains  a  small  Independent 
chapel,  erected  in  1847.  Parsonby  is  contiguous  to 
Plumbland.  Arkleby  is  a  little  distance  to  the  north ; 
and  Warthole  to  the  west.  Low  Leathes,  that  is.  Low 
Bams,  deriving  its  name  from  being  the  barn  attached 
to  Warthole  Hall ;  and  Little  Cross,  near  the  church, 
are  two  farms  in  this  parish. 


LOWESWATER  PAROCHIAL  CHAPELKY. 


367 


The  small  streamlet,  Popple,  which  bounds  the  parish 
on  the  east,  has  a  course  of  about  five  miles.  For 
about  a  mile  in  the  middle  of  its  course  it  goes  through  a 
subterranean  passage,  winding  its  way  in  the  intricacies 
of  limestone  rocks,  from  which  it  emerges  into  clay  a 
much  larger  stream.  This  outburst,  says  tradition,  ran 
blood  on  the  day  that  Charles  I.  was  beheaded.  There 
is  an  eminence  of  considerable  elevation,  called  at 
present  Parsonby  Hill,  but  there  is  little  doubt  that 
in  former  times  it  was  called  Ward  Hill,  and  thus  gave 
name  to  that  division  of  the  parish.      On  this  hill 


beacons  were  formerly  lighted  to  give  notice  of  any 
disturbance  on  the  Solway,  of  which  it  commands  an 
extensive  view.  Few  countries  afford  greater  facilities 
for  communication  by  beacons  than  this  part  of  Cum- 
berland. Tallantire  Hill,  Ward  Hill,  Wharles  (Ward 
Hills)  at  Bothel,  and  Catlands  in  Bolton,  are  still  pecu- 
liarly adapted  for  telegraphing  according  to  the  system 
practised  in  the  rude  times  of  border  warfare. 

There  are  two  mills  on  the  river  EUen  in  this  parish, 
called  respcctivly  Plumbland  and  Arldeby  Mills. 


LOWESWATEE,    PAROCHIAL    CHAPELRY. 

The  parochial  chapelry  of  Loweswater  extends  about  seven  miles  from  north  to  south,  and  about  three  miles  from 
east  to  west.  It  is  bounded  by  the  mountains  of  Grassmoor,  Whiteside,  Mellbreak,  Blake  Fell  and  Low  Fell,  and 
by  the  parishes  of  Lamplugh,  Dean,  and  Brigham.  Loweswater  was  formerly  included  in  the  pai-ish  of  St.  Bees', 
to  which  it  still  pays  an  annual  ti'ibutc  of  ;3s.  td.  if  taken  to  the  mother  church,  from  which  it  is  distant  upwards  of 
seven  miles ;  or  Cs.  8d.  if  the  curate  of  St.  Bees'  has  to  apply  for  it.  It  is  divided  from  Lorton  by  the  river 
Cocker,  which,  together  with  several  smaller  streams,  waters  the  chapehy.  The  soil  in  the  enclosed  land  here  is 
generally  light  and  gravelly,  producing  excellent  oats  and  potatoes,  with  some  wheat  and  barley.  The  inhabitants 
are  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  attend  the  markets  at  Cockermouth. 


Loweswater  comprises  an  area  of  0,473  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £1,785.  The  population  in  1801 
was  294;  in  1811,  330  ;  in  1821,110;  in  1531,451; 
ia  1811,  430  ;  and  in  1851,  301. 

The  manor  of  Loweswater  was  the  estate  of  Pian- 
Jolphus  or  Ranulphus  de  Lindsay,  and  in  the  reign  of 
Kichard  I.  William  Jjindsay  sued  out  a  writ  of  right 
against  Henry  Clarke,  of  Appleby,  the  Countess  of 
Albcrmarle,  and  Nicholas  Estoteville  for  Loweswater 
and  other  lands.  It  was  anciently  the  demesne  of 
Egrcmont,  and  by  partition  bctwecu  the  daughters 
and  co-heirs  of  riichard  Lucy  it  fell  to  the  share  of 
Aluu  Multau  and  ^Vlico  his  wife,  as  the  twentieth  part 
of  the  barony  of  Egremont.  Thomas  !Multon  assuming 
his  mother's  name,  Lucy,  seated  himself  here.  Ho 
purchased  Brackenthwaite  of  the  Moresbys  in  exchange 
for  a  moiety  of  Distington,  and  also  Thackthwaite  of 
Agnes  Druraburgh,  wife  of  Roger  Lindsay,  which  he 
gave  to  his  sister  Agnes,  wife  of  Thomas  Stanley;  but 
the  same,  after  some  time,  reverted  to  the  Lucy  family, 
and  the  whole  devolved  upon  Maud  Lucy,  who  gave 
the  same,  together  with  the  rest  of  her  patrimony  to 
her  second  husband,  Henry  Percy,  the  first  earl  of 
Northumberland  of  that  name,  in  whose  family  it  con- 
tinued till  Henry,  the  sixth  earl,  gave  the  same  to 
Henry  VIH.,  by  whom  it  wa.s  sold  to  I'.ichard  Itebinson, 
clerk ;  and  John  Rubiuson,  goldsmith,  of  London,  Eold 


the  same  to  Thomas  Stanley,  Esq.,  whose  daughter  and 
heir  married  Sir  Edward  Herbert,  and  in  conjunction 
with  her  and  her  husband  sold  the  property  to  Anthony 
Patrickson,  Esq.,  from  whom  it  was  purch;iscd  by 
Gill'rid  Lawson,  Esq.  It  was  subsequently  bought  by 
Joshua  Lucock  Bragg,  Esq.,  whose  trustees  sold  it  to 
John  JIarshall,  Esq.,  and  it  is  now  held  by  WiUiam 
Marehall,  Esq.,  M.P.,  of  Patterdalc  Hall. 

Mockerkin  and  Sosgill,  or  Soskill,  is  another  manor 
in  this  township,  and  is  held  by  General  Wyndham,  as 
lord  paramount  of  the  manor  of  Derwent  Fells,  parcel 
of  the  honour  of  Cockermouth.  From  a  survey  taken 
in  1578,  we  extract  the  following  particulars  relating  to 
this  manor :— "  The  tenants  of  Slockerkin  and  Sosgill  pay 
yearly  for  a  miln  moulturo  for  every  whole  tenement  Us., 
which  of  ancient  beiug  only  Ss.  did  amount  to  lOs.,  besides 
8s.  which  the  said  tenements  do  pay  yearly  to  tbo  grave 
of  Loweswater,  viz.,  out  of  every  tenement  Is."  A 
memorandum  accompanies  this  statement,  which  says, 
"  The  said  town  of  Mockcrin  hath  been  in  ancient 
surveys  of  eight  tenements,  but  now  divided  as 
appcarcth.  Tho  said  town  is  situate  in  the  uttermost 
bounds  of  the  liberties  of  Cockermouth,  in  that  part 
which  joius  tho  townsliip  or  hamlet  of  Lamplugh, 
being  of  tho  inheritanco  of  John  Lamplugh,  Esq.,  who 
presently  makcth  claim  and  hath  interest  (in  disturb- 
ance of  tho  teuauts  of  ilockerin)  upon  parcels  of  their 


368 


DEUWENT  WARD. 


commons  or  waste  grounds  to  the  value  of  sixty  acres, 
or  thereabouts,  which  for  the  relief  of  the  said  tenants 
is  to  be  regarded  and  considered  upon,  for  that  the 
tenants  (as  they  affirm)  have  always  used  the  said 
ground  (so  challenged  by  the  said  Jo.  Laraplugh)  as 
their  common  soil,  and  that  the  said  Jo.  Lamplugh 
nor  his  ancestors,  whose  estate  he  now  hath,  had  ever 
anything  to  do  with  the  said  ground — save  only 
escapes  with  the  cliattels  as  the  said  tenants  of  Mocke- 
rin  hath  in  like  manner  in  their  commons.  That  the 
said  tenants  and  inhabitants  of  Mockcrin  have  common 
pasture  with  the  graveship  of  Loweswater  as  well  in 
the  forrest  aa  without,  without  any  interruption."  The 
principal  landowners  at  present  in  the  township  are 
W.  Marshall,  Esq.;  Captain  Robertson  Walker,  W. 
Fletcher,  Esq.,  Miss  Hudson,  and  the  Misses  Skclton. 
The  hamlet  of  Loweswater  is  situated  near  the  foot 
of  the  lake,  seven  miles  south  of  Cockermouth.  A 
sheep  fair  was  formerly  held  here  on  the  second  Friday 
in  September,  but  since  1854,  it  has  been  held  alter- 
nately at  Churchstyle  in  this  township,  and  Scale  Hill 
in  Brackenthwaito.  The  distance  between  the  two 
places  being  about  a  mile. 

THE    CHURCH. 

Loweswater  church  or  chapel  was  erected  by  the 
inhabitants  in  1827,  upon  the  site  of  an  older  chapel- 
of-ease.  It  is  a  neat  edifice,  with  a  bell  turret,  sur- 
mounted by  four  ancient  crosses.  It  is  very  probable 
that  Loweswater  chapel  was  founded  by  the  Randulphus 
de  Lindsay  mentioned  at  page  202,  for  we  find  that  he, 
early  in  the  twelfth  century,  gave  to  the  prior  and 
convent  of  St.  Bees  the  church  or  chapel  of  Loweswater, 
find  two  bovates  of  land.'  After  the  suppression  of  the 
religious  houses,  certain  of  the  possessions  of  the  priory 
of  St.  Bees,  in  Loweswater,  were  granted  to  Lord 
Graj-e,  of  Wilton,  and  John  Bannister,  Esq.  :  and  in 
8rd  Edward  VI.  (1.519-50, J  there  is  a  license  to  them 
to  alienate  unto  Richard  Robinson,  clerk,  a  cottage 
called  Kirkstall,  and  two  small  closes  called  Kirkcroft 
and  Milnehow,  in  Loweswater,  and  pasture  for  300 
sheep  on  Loweswater  Moor,  late  parcel  of  the  possessions 
of  the  priory  of  St.  Bees,  belonging  to  the  abbey  of  St. 
Mary,  at  York.  In  like  manner,  in  the  3rd  and  4th 
Philip  and  Mary,  John  Robinson  conveyed  the  same  by 
fine  to  Thomas  Stanley,  Esq.     The  chapel  was  certified 

1  See  page  202.  Some  typographical  errors  having  inadvertently 
occurred  in  the  printing  of  the  Latin  quotations  on  that  page,  we  give 
the  quotations  here  correctly.  "  Capellam,  cum  dnabus  bovatis 
terrje  eidem  cappelte  pertinentibus,"  by  the  gift  of  Kandulphus  de 
Lindsay,  ''jam  quiuquaginta  aunis  transactis."  "Ex  dono  Raudulti 
de  Liudesia  totam  terrain  quam  babuit  prtedictus  Kandulfus  in 
Arthureth,  et  totam  terram  suam  de  Loretuute,  cum  moleadino  et 
cum  omnibus  pertineoUis  ejusdem  terrs." 


at  £4  lis.,  part  of  it  being  interest  of  money  given  by 
will  of  several  persons,  and  the  rest  made  up  by  the 
inhabitants  ;  which  stock  was  lodged  in  the  hands  of 
twelve  inhabitants,  who  paid  the  curate  by  turns.  In 
1723  it  was  augmented  with  £200,  and  again  in  1745 
with  £400,  of  which  £200  was  obUxined  from  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty,  £100  given  by  Dr.  Stratford,  and  £100 
by  the  inhabitants.  The  present  value  of  the  living  is 
about  £05.  The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the 
patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  but  the  inhabitants 
had  formerly  the  advowson,  and  from  time  immemorial 
presented  through  the  medium  of  twelve  sidesmen. 
Sir  II.  R.  Vane  is  the  impropriator  of  the  tithes,  which 
were  commuted,  in  1841,  for  a  rent  charge  of  £03  per 
annum.     The  registers  commence  in  1007. 

The  churchyard  was  enlarged  in  1859  by  public  sub- 
scription. Miss  Skelton  of  Foulsyke  having  given  the 
land. 

In  1858  the  inhabitants  placed  a  tablet  in  the  church 

to  the  memory  of  the  late  Mr.  Atkinson,  who  was 

twenty-nine  years  their  pastor. 

Incumbent. — Jeremiah  Atkinson,  Ififi*  ;  Henry  Forest,  1CS9 ; 
Andrew  Naingley,  1739 ;  T.  Cowper,  1713  j  Jeremiah  AlkinsoD, 
ElOred  Green,  1858. 

The  parsonage  house  was  erected  in  1832,  at  a  cost 
of  £070,  inclusive  of  the  purchase  of  the  site.  The 
parishioners  subscribed  £200  towards  the  e.tpense,  the 
governors  of  Queen  Aime's  Bounty  a  similar  sum  ;  the 
remainder  being  defrayed  by  the  Royal  Bounty  Fund. 

Loweswater  School  was  erected  in  1839  by  the  late 
John  lilarshall,  Esq.,  on  ground  given  by  John  Hudson, 
Esq.  It  is  a  neat  structure,  capable  of  accommodating 
about  eighty  children,  but  the  average  number  in  attend- 
ance is  only  forty.  The  master  receives  £4,  and  the 
mistress  £9,  from  an  endowment  raised  by  subscription, 
the  Marshall  family  being  the  chief  contributors. 

CHARITIES. 

School. — Tliere  is  another  school  situated  on  the 
common  called  Howe,  near  Mockerkin,  which  was 
founded  and  endowed  with  nearly  £200,  in  1781,  hy 
Mary  Mirehouse.  The  money  is  invested  in  govern- 
ment securities,  and  produces  £8  a  year,  which  is  paid 
to  the  master.  There  are  five  trustees.  The  average 
number  of  children  in  attendance  is  only  twelve. 

Wooddlle's  Gift  — Tiffins  Gift  — Knit's  Gift.— 
William  Woodville,  in  1087,  left  £50  to  the  poor  of 
Loweswater  not  receiving  parish  relief.  John  Tiffin, 
in  1722,  left  £20;  and  John  Nutt,  in  1784,  gave  £5 
for  the  same  purpose.  The  money  is  invested,  and 
produces  £2  12s.  Cd.  a  year  interest,  which  is  distri- 
buted on  St.  Thomas's  Day,  by  the  twelve  sidesmen 
amongst  the  poor  of  the  township  not  receiving  relief. 


LOWESWATER  PAROCHIAL   CHAPELRY. 


369 


Mockerkin  is  a  small  village  in  this  township,  situated 
on  a  lofty  eminence  five  miles  south-south-west  of  the 
8ame  town,  and  forms,  with  two  farms  called  Sosgill, 
a  separate  constablewick. 

Thackthwaite  is  a  hamlet  five  and  a  half  miles  south 
of  Cockermouth. 

The  lake  of  Loweswater  gives  name  to  this  pic- 
turesque district,  which  also  includes  part  of  Crummock 
Water.  It  is  scarcely  a  mile  long,  and  the  scenery  at 
its  head  is  tome ;  but  that  around  its  foot,  when  the 


Crummock  mountains  are  added  to  the  views,  is  of  a 
magnificent  description.  Crummock  Water  is  three 
miles  long,  by  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile  broad; 
its  sounded  depth  is  twenty-two  fathoms.  There  are 
three  small  and  prettily  wooded  islands  at  the  head, 
but  they  arc  too  near  the  shore  to  add  much  to  the 
other  beauties  of  the  scenery.  These  lakes,  with  the 
scenery  by  which  they  are  surrounded,  will  be  found 
more  fully  noticed  at  page  49. 


^Ikkle-I^kfe- 


Mm^. 


The  Ward  of  AUerdale-above-Derwent  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Derwent  Ward,  on  the  west  by  the  Irish  Sea,  on 
the  south  by  the  estuary  of  the  Duddon.  and  on  the  east  by  Lancashire  and  Derwent  Ward.  It  is  of  an  irregular 
oblong  form,  about  thirty-five  miles  in  length  from  north  to  south,  and  in  breadth  at  its  widest  part  about  fifteen 
miles.  The  Whitehaven  and  Fumess  railway  runs  along  the  whole  of  its  western  side,  and  connects  it  with  the 
south,  while  the  Whitehaven  Junction  connects  with  Jlaryport  and  the  north.  The  northern  part  of  the  ward,  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  coast,  is  a  fertile  district,  abounding  in  coal,  iron-ore,  and  other  minerals.  Here  are 
situated  the  flourishing  ports  of  'S^liitehaven,  Workington,  and  Harrington.  The  Derwent,  Duddon,  Calder,  Bleng, 
Ehen,  Irt,  and  Mite,  are  the  principal  rivers.  At  the  quarter  sessions  held  at  Carlisle,  October  20th,  1857,  this 
ward  was  deprived  of  the  parishes  of  Bootle,  Corney,  Muncaster,  Waberthwaitc,  Whicham,  and  Whitbcck ;  and  the 
townships  of  Birker  and  Austhwaite,  Millom,  and  Ulpha,  in  the  parish  of  Millom,  and  the  townships  of  Eskdale 
and  Wasdale,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Bees.  This  new  arrangement,  which  came  into  operation  on  the  1st  of  January, 
1858,  does  not  extend  to  police  purposes.  Allerdale-above-Derwent  Ward  at  present  includes  the  parishes  of 
Arlecdon,  Cleator,  Distington,  Drigg,  Egremont,  Gosforth,  Hale,  Harrington,  Irton,  Lamplugh,  MUlom  (part  of), 
Moresby,  Pousonby,  St.  Bees  (except  as  above  stated),  St.  Bridget's  Beckermet,  St.  John's  Beckormet,  and 
Workington,  besides  the  extra- parochial  places  of  Cloflfocks,  and  Salter  and  Eskatt. 


ARLECDON  PARISH. 

This  parish  is  about  four  miles  in  length  from  north  to  south,  and  about  two  and  a  half  miles  from  east  to  west.  It 
is  bounded  by  the  parishes  of  Lamplugh,  Dean,  Distington,  Moresby,  and  Cleator,  and  the  townships  of  Weddicar 
and  Kenniside  in  the  parish  of  St.  Bees.  It  comprises  the  townships  of  Arlecdon,  Frisington  High  and  Low,  and 
Whillimoor,  whose  united  area  is  5,700  acres.  The  population  in  1801  was  354;  in  1811,  438;  in  1831,  478;  in 
1831,475;  in  1841,  558;   and  in  1851,  643. 


ARLECDON. 

The  principal  part  of  the  parish  is  held  by  customary 
tenure  under  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  and  Lady  le  Fleming, 
of  Eydal  Hall,  Westmoreland ;  and  the  whole  is  tithe 
free,  land  having  been  awarded  in  lieu  thereof  many 
years  ago.  The  inhabitants  attend  the  Whitehaven 
markets.  Coal,  iron,  and  limestone  are  found  in  the 
parish.  The  principal  landowners  are  the  Earl  of  Lons- 
dale, the  Baroness  de  Sternberg,  Thomas  Dixon,  Esq., 
John  Lindow,  Esq.,  Thomas  Brokellbank,  Esq.,  John 
Steel,  Esq.,  Messrs.  Douglas,  John  Dickinson,  Isaac 
Fletcher,  John  Lamplugh  Eaper,  Esq.,  Mrs.  Hartley, 


and  Messrs.  John  Watson,  C.  Mossop,  James  Key,  A. 
Spittall,  H.  Wood,  W.  S.  Wilson,  H.  Jackson,  and  J. 
Yeates.  The  Roman  road  leading  from  Egremont  to 
Cockermouth  passed  through  this  parish. 

The  township  of  Arlecdon  contains  1,400  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £1,131  17s.  6d.  There  are  several 
scattered  houses  in  the  township,  as  well  as  the  village 
of  Arlecdon,  and  the  hamlet  of  New  Asby.  The  soil 
here  is  much  varied,  but  yet  fertile.  The  manor  of 
Arlecdon  is  a  fee  of  Beckermet,  as  that  place  is  of 
Egremont,  and  was  given,  together  with  Frisington, 
Rotington,  Weddicar,  and  other  places,  by  WiUiam 


AELECDON  PARISH. 


371 


Mescliines  to  Michael  le  Fleming,  Knt.,  ancestor  of 
Lady  le  Fleming,  of  RyJal  Hall,  the  present  proprietor. 
The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  lord  of  the  common,  which  is 
freehold,  as  is  also  a  great  part  of  the  ancient  lands, 
whose  separate  owners  claim  the  manorial  rights  of  their 
own  property. 

The  village  of  .\rlocdon  is  situated  about  six  miles 
eastby-north  of  Whitehaven.  Cattle  fairs  are  held  here 
on  April  2Uh,  the  first  Friday  in  June,  and  September 
17th. 

THE   CHURCH. 

Arlecdon  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Michael,  is  a  small 
but  very  neat  ediGce,  consisting  of  nave,  chancel,  and 
porch,  with  turret  containing  two  bells.  It  was  erected 
in  1829,  upon  the  site  of  the  old  church,  at  a  cost  of 
£798  Cs.  4d.,  raised,  with  the  exception  of  £100  given 
by  the  Bishop  of  Chester,  by  a  rate  on  the  parishioners. 
The  benefice  of  .\rlccdon  was  a  rectory  till  the  thir- 
teenth century.  In  20  Henry  III.  (1241)  it  was  given 
by  John  le  Fleming,  grandson  of  the  first  Michael,  to 
the  abbey  of  Calder;  and  in  12C2,  in  consideration  of 
the  total  appropriation  of  the  church  of  Beckermet  to 
the  said  abbey,  whereby  the  Archdeacon  of  Richmond 
would  lose  the  benefit  of  institution  thereunto,  and 
other  casual  profits,  the  church  of  Arlecdon  was,  by  the 
Archbishop  of  York,  Godfred  Ludham,  appropriated 
to  the  archdeaconry  of  Richmond.  The  living  is  now 
a  perpetual  curacy,  of  which  the  bishops  of  Chester 
were  appropriators  and  patrons  till  1850,  when,  on  the 
demise  of  Bishop  Percy,  the  authority  of  the  Bishop  of 
Chester  ceased  in  Cumberland,  and  his  rights  and 
privileges  in  that  county  were  transferred  to  the  Bishop 
of  Carlisle,  who  is  now  patron.  The  living  does  not 
occur  in  the  King's  Book.  It  was  certified  to  the 
governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  as  of  the  clear 
annual  value  of  £10;  and,  in  or  about  the  year  1764, 
was  augmented  with  £000  by  the  Countess  Dowager 
Gower;  and,  in  1810,  by  a  parliamentary  grant  of 
£200  ;  it  is  now  worth  £110  per  annum.  At  the  time  of 
the  enclosure  of  the  commons  of  Arlecdon  and  Whilli- 
moor,  in  1820, 100  acres  of  land  of  the  former,  and  200 
acres  of  the  latter  were  given  in  lieu  of  all  tithes  of 
these  townships.  The  tillies  of  Frisington  were  com- 
muted in  1811),  for  £81,  the  whole  of  which  is  payable 
to  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle.  The  parish  register  for 
marriages  commences  in  17.'10;  for  burials,  17!!5;  for 
b»ptisms  in  1752. 

iNCfMnF.sTa. — TIiomtt.s  Ilaxlor,  17W;  John  Baxter,' 1787; 
Joacpli  I'lillorton,  1708;  George  Wilkinson,  182U;  Francis 
Jolin  .Mlnutt,  1817. 

The  parsonage  house  is  a  good  substantial  building 
in  the  Elizabethan  stylo,  situated  about  three-quarters 


of  a  mile  from  the  church.  It  was  erected  in  1842,  at 
a  cost  of  £000,  taken  out  of  the  fund  arising  out  of 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty.  A  Sunday  school  is  held  at  the 
parsonage,  and  is  attended  by  about  sixty  scholars. 

There  is  a  small  Wcsleyan  place  of  worship  in  this 
township,  situated  on  the  Laraplugh  road,  about  a  mile 
east  of  Arlecdon.  It  is  a  small  stone  building  erected 
in  1829. 

Arlecdon  School  is  supported  by  the  quarter  pence 
of  the  children,  and  £5  each  from  Beaton's  charity  and 
the  Baroness  de  Sternberg,  and  has  an  average  atten- 
dance of  thirty-five  children. 

New  Ashy  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township. 

William  Dickinson,  Esq.,  of  North  Mosses,  a  few 
years  ago,  wrote  two  works  on  agriculture,  for  which  he 
received  premiums  from  the  Agricultural  Society. 

FRISINGTON,    HIGH    AND    LOW. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1,030  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £1,770  10s.  The  soil  here  varies 
much,  but  is  fertile,  and  abounds  in  freestone,  iron,  and 
coal.  The  population  of  the  township)  is  included  in 
the  parish  returns,  not  having  as  yet  been  returned 
separately. 

The  manor  of  Frisington  is  a  fee  of  Beckermet,  and 
was  anciently  held  by  a  family  bearing  the  local  name, 
whose  last  heir,  male,  dying  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV., 
left  three  daughtere,  coheiresses  —  Johanna,  married 
to  Richard  Sackfield  ;  Agnes,  married  to  John  Lawson  ; 
and  ]\Iargaret,  wife  of  John  Atkinson ;  by  whom  the 
manor  was  sold  to  John  Leigh,  in  whose  family  it 
remained  till  purchased  of  a  descendant  by  Anthony 
Patrickson.  It  subsequently  passed  to  the  Williamsons, 
who  sold  it,  excepting  the  parks,  to  Sir  James  Lowther, 
Bart.,  ancestor  of  the  Fiarl  of  Lonsdale,  the  present 
lord.  A  grandson  of  the  Anthony  Patrickson  above- 
named  sold  the  parks,  part  of  the  demesne  of  this 
manor,  to  the  Fletchers  of  Hutton,  from  whom  it  was 
purchased  by  the  Lampluglis.  Tlio  lauds  here  were 
enclosed  under  an  act  of  Parliament  passed  in  1805. 
The  Whitehaven,  Cleator,  and  Egremout  railway  have 
a  branch  line  to  the  iron  mines  in  this  township. 

The  Parkside  Jlining  Company  possesses  two  shafts 
in  the  royalty  of  Moses  Peter,  Esq.,  of  Egrcmont, 
one  twenty  fathoms,  the  other  thirty  fathoms — the 
depth  of  ore  is  about  thirty-five  feet.  The  same  com- 
pany also  possesses  a  shaft  in  the  royalty  of  tho  late 
Mr.  James  Fit/simons,  the  depth  of  which  is  thirty 
fathoms,  with  ."iO  feet  of  ore  ;  and  another  shaft  in  the 
royalty  of  the  I'.arl  of  Lonsdale,  fifiy-four  fatlioms  in 
depth,  exclusive  of  tho  depth  of  ore,  which  is  about 
fifty  feet.    The  quantity  raised  from  two  pits  during 


372 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DEBWENT  WARD. 


the  past  year  was  SO.OOO  tons.  The  other  two  pits  are 
not  long  opened,  and  may  be  expected  to  produce  about 
60,000  tons  per  annum.  This  is  tbo  largest  iron-ore 
deposit  in  the  district,  and  the  ore  is  of  superior  quality. 
The  number  of  men  at  present  engaged  is  about  250. 
These  mines  are  connected  by  a  horse-tramway  with  the 
Whitehaven,  Cleator,  and  Egremont  railway  at  Frising- 
ton.  rroprietors :  Joseph  Fletcher,  James  Dees,  Peter 
Fisher,  and  John  JMusgrave. 

There  are  two  iron-ore  mines  here,  called  the  Yeat- 
house  and  Winder  mines,  worked  by  four  shafts,  two  in 
each  mine.  The  Yeathou.se  mine,  which  produces  a  rich 
hematite  iron-ore,  has  been  in  the  hands  of  the  present 
proprietors,  Messrs.  Fletcher,  Miller,  and  Co.,  since 
1858,  previous  to  which  it  was  worked  by  Messrs.  Tulk 
and  Ley,  who  became  its  proprietors  in  1839.  The 
Winder  mine  is  worked  by  the  same  proprietors,  having 
been  opened  by  Messrs.  Tu'.k  and  Ley  in  1850.  The 
ore  in  tliis  mine  lies  stratified,  having  a  flat  roof  lying 
above  it  similar  to  what  is  usually  found  in  coal  mines. 
One  of  the  pits  was  sunk  through  the  magnesian  red 
conglomerate,  and  grit  series  witli  beds  of  slate,  before 
the  ore  was  arrived  at.  The  bed  upon  which  the  ore 
rests  is  most  irregular,  beiug  in  some  places  thirty  feet 
distant  from  the  roof  lying  above  the  ore,  and  at  other 
places  it  approximates  to  the  roof  till  it  nearly  touches 
it,  and  thereby  diminishes  the  thickness  of  the  ore. 
These  mines  afford  employment  to  about  250  persons. 

Messrs.  Smith  &  Co.  have  an  iron -ore  mine  here 
called  the  High  House  Mine.  It  was  opened  in  1853, 
jHider  a  lease  from  I.  Fletcher,  Esq.,  and  employs  about 


fifty  hands,  producing  about  COO  tons  of  ore  per  week. 

The  village  of  Frisington  is  about  five  miles  east  of 
Whitehaven.  Here  is  a  school,  which  is  attended  by 
about  forty  children,  and  is  under  government  inspec- 
tion. 

At  a  place  called  Crosslacon,  and  near  the  residence  of 
Thomas  Di.ton,  Esq.,  is  an  ancient  cross  of  rude  work- 
manship, about  three  and  a  half  feet  high.  It  is  con- 
nected with  the  ceremonies  of  the  Catholic  church  by 
a  tradition  which  says,  that  in  olden  times,  when  a 
corpse  was  being  brought  to  St.  Bees  for  interment,  it 
was  set  down  here  for  a  short  time  while  a  portion  of 
tlie  burial  service  was  read  by  one  of  the  monks,  the 
indentation  on  the  top  of  the  cross  having  been  made 
for  the  purpose  of  supporting  the  book  used  on  these 
occasions. 

On  the  Cringlehall  estate  there  is  a  chalybeate  spring, 
said  to  possess  medicinal  properties. 

Kheda,  the  seat  and  property  of  Thomas  Dixon,  Esq., 
is  in  this  township,  four  miles  firom  Whitehaven. 

WHILLIMOOB. 

Whillimoor  township  contains  1,983  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £830.  The  population  has  not  as  yet 
been  given  separately,  but  is  included  in  the  parish 
returns.  The  land  here,  being  formerly  an  open  com- 
mon, is  generally  sterile,  and  still  covered  in  many 
places  with  black  heath.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  John 
Douglas,  and  J.  L.  L.  Raper,  Esqrs.,  are  the  chief  land- 
owners— the  former  possessing  what  manorial  rights 
and  privileges  appertain  to  the  township. 


CLEATOR  PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Cleator  is  about  three  miles  in  length,  from  north  to  south,  and  one  and  a  half  in  breadth,  from  east 
to  west  It  is  bounded  on  tlie  north  by  Frisington  ;  on  the  west  by  Kenniside ;  on  the  south  by  Egremont ; 
and  on  the  east  by  St.  Bees.  The  soil  in  this  parish  is  principally  clay,  and  is  naturally  wet;  but  there 
are  a  few  small  parcels  of  light  hmestone  land.  It  is  however  with  its  mineral  productions  that  the  property 
of  Cleator  and  the  neighbourhood  is  connected.  The  increase  of  population  in  this  parish  has  been  very  rapid  of 
late  vears.  About  two  centuries  ago  there  were  only  a  few  scattered  dwellings ;  the  two  principal  lines  of  houses 
being  Cleator  Maines  and  Cleator  Row.  In  1688  the  population  was  330.  In  1801  it  was  302  ;  in  1811,  571; 
in  18^1,  818  ;  in  1831  (in  cousequence  of  the  stoppage  of  work  at  a  flax  manufactory)  it  decrea.sed  to  487  ;  in  1841 
it  was  703;  since  which  time  it  has  greatly  increased  in  population,  owing  to  the  extension  of  iron  and  coal  works, 
and  the  establishment  of  manufactories,  attaining  in  1851,  177'J  inhabitants,  and  at  present  (1858)  the  number  is 
probably  more  than  3,000.  This  parish  possesses  no  dependant  townships.  It  is  connected  with  the  coast  hj  the 
Whitehaven,  Cleator,  and  Egremont  railway. 


The  parish  of  Cleator  was  anciently  called  KekeHten, 
from  the  rivulet  Kecklo,  which  bounds  it  on  the  west. 
Probably  the  district  derived  its  name  from  Ketel,  third 
buon  of  Kendal,  who  may  have  had  the  manor  granted 


to  him,  as  Kelton,  in  the  neighbouring  parish  of 
Lamplugh,  was  ;  and  the  derivation  of  the  name  Kelton, 
as  given  in  an  old  MS.,  is  "  Ketel's  Town."  We  may 
also  infer  that  Ketel,  or  his  successors,  among  their 


CLEATOR  PAEISH. 


373 


other  grants  to  the  priory  of  St.  Bees,  included  Cleator. 
The  manor  is  mentioned  in  an  ancient  chronicle  as 
belonging,  in  1316,  to  the  monastery  of  St.  Bees ;  at 
which  time,  during  the  invasion  of  llobert  le  Brus,  the 
manor  houses  of  Cleator  and  Stainbum  were  burnt,  and 
the  monastery  itself  pillaged  by  a  party  of  Scots,  under 
the  command  of  James  Douglas.'  The  manor  is  said  to 
have  been  enfranchised  before  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 
for  in  the  35th  year  of  the  reign  of  that  monarch 
(IT)  1.3-1),  an  inquisition  of  knights'  fees  in  Cumberland 
was  taken,  and  from  it  we  learn  that  at  that  period  the 
free  tenants  of  Cleator  held  jointly  the  manor  of  Cleator 
of  the  king  in  capile  as  of  his  castle  of  Egreraout,  by  the 
ninth  part  of  one  knight's  fee,  rendering  homage  and 
suit  of  court  and  12d.  seawake.  But  at  the  same 
inquisition,  it  is  said  that  Richard  Irton,  Esq.,  of  Irton, 
possessed  Cleator;-  and  also  that  Fdchard  Kirkby  held 
lands  in  Cleator  by  the  same  tenure  as  his  manor  of 
BoItOD,  and  paying  a  fee  Ikrm  rent  of  2s.  for  the  said 
lands.'  The  parish  was  enclosed  by  act  of  Parliament, 
passed  in  ISIO.  The  manorial  rights  of  the  common 
are  vested  in  (General  Wyndliam.  The  landowners  in 
Cleator  are  Samuel  and  John  Lindow,  Thomas  Ains- 
worth,  George  Dixon,  Thomas  E.  Brocklebauk,  James 
Robertson,  John  Morison,  Thomas  liitlle,  Charles 
Dean,  S.  R.  G.  Braddyll,  William  Jenkiuson,  and  Capt. 
J.  R.  Walker,  Esqrs. ;  the  executors  of  the  late  Mr. 
Smith,  Mrs.  Waters,  the  Hematite  Iron  Company,  and 
the  Carron  iron  Company. 

The  Whitehaven  Iron  Works,  established  here  in 
18-12,  comprises  three  blast  furnaces  capable  of  pro- 
ducing 100  tons  of  pig-iron  each  per  week.  At  these 
works  the  pure  red  Hematite  ore  alone  is  used,  no 
admixture  of  other  iron-stone  or  ore  being  allowed,  and 
it  is  the  only  place  where  the  pig-iron  is  smelted  from 
this  ore  alone.  To  produce  blast  for  the  furnaces  here 
there  is  a  steam-engine  of  100  horse  power,  and  another 
of  larger  dimensions.  A  machine  is  in  use  for  washing 
all  impurities  out  of  the  coal  previous  to  its  being  put 
into  the  coke  ovens.  The  proprietors  of  the  iron  works 
are  also  lessees  of  an  extensive  coal-field  in  the  same 
district  from  which  the  coal  for  consumption  at  the 
blast  furnaces  is  raised.  The  total  number  of  men  and 
boys  employed  at  the  iron  works,  coke  ovens,  collieries, 
ice.,  amounts  to  about  oOO.  The  pig-iron  made  here  is 
of  a  superior  quality,  and  althuugh  made  with  hot  blast, 
is  eonsideri'd  equal  to  tlie  Welbh  cold  blast  iron  ;  and 
as  a  mixture  with  Scotch  hot  blast  iron  for  casting, 

1  Jefferson's  "  History  and  Antiquities  of  Allcrdalc  Ward  aboTe 
Derwent,"  pp.  52  »ud  138. 
3  Ibid,  p.  .^2. 
•  Ibid,  p.  107. 


where  strength  is  an  object,  is  of  great  benefit,  producing 
castings  of  great  strength.  The  pig-iron  made  here  is 
conveyed  to  Whitehaven  by  the  AVhitchaven,  Cleator, 
and  Egremont  railway,  and  thence  shipped  to  various 
parts  of  the  kingdom.  The  iron  company  have  a  very 
valuable  limestone  quarry  on  their  own  property. 
Messrs.  Samuel  and  John  Lindow  carry  on  the  Cleator 
forge,  as  also  several  iron-ore  mines  in  the  parish  and 
neighbourhood.  Mr.  John  Stiriing  also  works  au  iron- 
ore  mine  here,  which  was  commenced  in  185-3.  The 
vein  varies  in  thickness  from  a  few  feet  to  fifty-five  feet. 
Cleator  flax-mill  was  commenced  in  the  year  1800,  by 
Messrs.  Birley  and  Son ;  but  in  1 834  it  became  the 
property  of  Messrs.  Ainsworth  and  Stirling.  In  the 
aggregate  it  employs  about  3(10  hands,  earning  in  wages 
about  £120  a  week,  or  £0,240  a  year.  In  Eebruary, 
1859,  a  new  flax  spinning-mill  was  opened  by  the  same 
proprietors,  and  is  capable  of  receiving  30,000  spindles. 
THE  cnmcH. 
Cleator  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Leonard,  was, 
with  the  exception  of  the  chancel,  rebuilt  in  1841,  in 
consequence  of  the  damp  and  dilapidated  state  of  the 
old  building.  It  now  consists  of  nave,  chancel,  porch, 
and  bell  turret,  with  vestry  beneath.  Including  the 
chancel,  it  is  ninety-four  feet  in  length  and  thirty-nine 
in  width,  and  contains  upwards  of  400  sittings.  The 
windows  of  the  nave  are  lancet-shaped  :  the  roof  is  open 
to  the  timber  work ;  but  the  chancel  roof  is  concealed. 
In  the  chancel,  on  the  south  side,  is  a  small  window, 
which  has  not  been  altered  probably  since  the  buildin" 
of  the  first  church  ;  it  is  square-headed,  and  of  two 
lights.  The  font,  which  formerly  belonged  to  St  Bees' 
church,  is  hexagonal  at  the  upper  part  containing  the 
basin,  but  is  supported  on  a  round  pedestal.  Cleator 
church,  during  Catholic  times,  was  wholly  appropriated 
to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary,  at  Calder.  In  the  Valor  of 
Pope  Nicholas  its  revenues  are  entered  under  that 
abbey,  and  the  tithes  and  Easter  otferinga  are  valued  in 
it  at  £4  4s.  5d.  per  annum.  At  the  dissolution  of  the 
monastic  institutions,  the  original  endowment  appears 
to  have  been  seven  marks  per  annum,  or  i'l  13s.  4d., 
which  has  come  down  to  the  present  time.  There  is 
also  a  pension  of  £U  from  the  crown  arising  from  the 
property  of  the  Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  By 
grants  from  (.hiecn  Anne's  Bounty, parliamentary  grants, 
and  a  donation  from  Lady  Gower,  and  also  a  small 
allotment  of  land  on  the  enclosure  of  the  common,  the 
stipend  has  been  increased  to  £10.  In  llOU  John 
Robertson,  Esq.,  of  Cleator  Maines,  had  the  impro- 
priation and  patronage.  It  6ubsc()uently  passed  to 
Wilson  Gale,  Esq.,  of  Cleator  Hall,  who  succeeded  to 
the  estates  of  the  Braddylls  of  Conishcad  Priory.    Tliat 


374 


ALLERDALE-ABOVEDERWENT  WAUD. 


family  recently  sold  the  patronage  of  the  living  to  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale,  aud  the  tithes  to  Thomas  Ainsworth, 
Esq.,  of  the  Flosh ;  but  an  estate,  called  the  Nook,  is 
charged  with  the  payment  of  the  original  endowment, 
and  with  the  other  liabilities  of  the  impropriation. 
Some  of  the  landowners  have  redeemed  the  tithe  of 
their  farms.  The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy.  The 
following  is  the  most  perfect  list  of  the  incumbents  that 
can  be  at  present  obtained  from  the  parish  register : — 

Incumdents.— William  Barne,  160—,  died  1643  ;i  William 
Barne,  161 — ;-  John  Stamper,  1728  ;  Peter  Richardson,  1730  ; 
Joseph  Dixon,  1731 ;  T.  Brocklehank,  1755  ;  —Jennings,  1761  ; 
John  Lowther,  1762;  William  Stockdale,  1763  ;  H.Nicholson, 
1764;  — Aarcy,  1765;  Joseph  Harrison,  1769;  Ralph  Tuns- 
dale,  1761) ;  John  Fisher,  1770  ;  Henry  Mossop,  1772 ;  John 
Bmnt,  1822  ;  W'illiam  Malone  Jukes,  1815  ;  William  Hadfield, 
1847  ;  John  Taylor,  1852;  Frederic  Addison,  1856. 

The  Catholic  church  of  St.  Bega  is  situated  about  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  village  of  Cleator,  in  a  field, 
called  Priest  Croft,  which  is  said  to  have  been  the  site 
of  a  church  or  chapel  previous  to  the  Reformation.  It 
is  a  handsome  stone  structure,  in  the  Decorated  st3'le, 
with  a  square  tower,  and,  when  completed,  will  cost 
about  £1,300,  inclusive  of  the  site,  priest's  house,  and 
schools.  The  altarpiece  is  a  fine  painting,  representing 
the  Crucifixion ;  there  is  a  very  good  organ.  The 
church  will  accommodate  about  COO  persons.  The  cost 
of  erection  was  defrayed  by  subscriptions,  collected 
through  the  unwearied  exertions  of  the  late  Rev.  W.  G. 
Holden,  who  was  himself  a  large  contributor.  The 
church  is  served  by  priests  of  the  order  of  St.  Benedict. 
We  have  been  favoured  with  the  following  remarks 
respecting  the  late  incumbent  of  this  church,  by  one 
who  knew  him  well: — "  Few  men  have  done  more  or 
worked  longer  for  the  good  of  souls  than  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Holden,  of  Cleator.  ITis  services  in  the  cause  of 
religion  were  so  well  known  to  the  late  Earl  of  Lous- 

•  His  name  first  occurs  in  the  registers  in  1000,  aa  "Clerical 
curatus  de  dealer."  To  him  the  parish  is  indebted  for  the  presena. 
tion  of  the  earlier  registersof  the  church.  He  had  caused  the  fonner 
paper  documents  from  1072  to  l.Olli)  to  be  copied  on  parchment  in  a 
beautiful  hand,  and  at  every  second  or  fourUi  page  is  the  following 
attestation,  which  may  be,  even  in  these  days,  an  example  of  care  and 
accuracy  in  preserving  parochial  documents;  —  "Concordat  cum 
veteri  libro  chartaco,  testes  sunt  hi  quorum  nomina  subscribuntur 
videlicit  Willielmus  Barne,  curatus  ecclesiae  parochialis  de  Cleater, 
Willielmus  Bebie,  Nicholaus  Sharpp,  Anthonius  Lister,  et  Willm 
Bychmond,  Gardiani  ibidem." 

>  Son  of  the  preceding.  He  is  last  mentioned  as  "curatus"  in 
1676.  There  are  four  generations  of  this  name  in  lineal  descent  in 
the  church  registers. 


dale  |that  that  nobleman,  purely  from  respect  for  Mr. 
Holden,  gave  a  large  plot  of  ground,  near  the  coach- 
road  at  Whitehaven,  for  the  building  of  a  new  Catholic 
church  and  presbytery,  both  of  which  Mr.  Holden 
completed,  .^fter  thirty-six  years  spent  in  the  active 
performance  of  every  pastoral  duty  at  Whitehaven,  Mr. 
Holden  established  the  now  flourishing  mission  of 
Cleator,  where  he  continued  to  labour  till  his  decease, 
in  1858."  His  successor  at  Cleator  is  the  Rev.  Francis 
B.  Williams. 

At  Crossfield,  in  this  parish,  the  Society  of  Friends 
had  a  meeting-house,  prior  to  the  erection  of  their 
present  place  of  worship  at  Whitehaven.  Nothing, 
however,  now  remains  except  the  burial-ground. 

The  parochial  school,  situated  in  the  village,  was 
erected  by  subscription  in  1834,  at  a  cost  of  j£300, 
and  is  a  neat  stone  building,  capable  of  accommodating 
about  150  children;  the  average  number  in  attendance 
is  eighty.  The  Baroness  de  Sternberg  gives  £5  a  year 
towards  the  support  of  the  school. 

There  is  a  parochial  library  of  100  volumes,  the 
books  of  which  circulate  at  present  in  all  parts  of  the 
parish,  and  are  lent  by  the  incumbent  on  the  payment 
of  a  small  monthly  subscription,  to  defray  expenses. 

On  account  of  the  increase  of  population  in  Cleator 
Moor,  a  private  school-room  was  licensed  in  1858,  by 
the  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  for  the  celebration  of  divine 
service  and  for  baptisms.  There  is  also  a  Church 
Sunday  school  in  connexion  with  it. 

In  1857  the  Hematite  Iron  Company  erected  a 
commodious  school  for  children  of  both  sexes,  close  to 
their  works  at  Cleator  Moor,  for  the  education  of  the 
children  of  their  workmen.  The  average  attendance 
is  120. 

The  Roman  road  from  Cockermouth  passes  through 
the  parish.  It  enters  at  the  boundary  stone  on  the 
road  to  Frisington,  and  pursues  a  south-westerly  direc- 
tion past  the  Catholic  church,  and  then  is  probably 
merged  into  the  high  road  through  Cleator  village. 
The  larger  stones  composing  it  have  nearly  all  dis- 
appeared, but  traces  of  it  are  very  distinct. 

Dent  Hill,  which  is  the  last  of  the  mountains  of  the 
slate  formation,  bounds  the  parish  on  the  east.  Veins 
of  copper  ore  have  been  found  in  it,  but  not  of  sufBcient 
richness  to  be  wrought. 

Wath  and  Crossfield  are  hamlets  in  this  parish,  the 
former  is  about  four  miles  south-east  of  Whitehaven. 


DISTINGTON  PARISH. 


375 


DISTINGTON   PARISH. 

This  is  a  small  parish,  containing  about  three  square  miles,  and  is  without  dependant  townships.  It  is  bounded  by 
Moresby,  Harrington,  Arlccdon,  Lamplugh,  and  Dean.  The  inhabitants  are  principally  collected  in  the  village  of 
Distington,  but  there  are  several  scattered  houses,  and  the  smull  hamlet  of  Gilgarran.  Coal  and  limestone  are 
abundant  here,  but  are  not  worked  at  present.  Freestone  is  obtained  in  considerable  quantities  from  the  Bamgill 
and  Robin  Hood  quarries.  Whitehaven  and  Workington  are  the  markets  usually  attended.  The  parish  is  remark- 
able for  its  salubrity,  and  is  known  throughout  the  district  for  the  longevity  of  its  inhabitants. 

Distington  contains  2,910  statute  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  is  £'3,558  10s.  9d.  Its  population  in  1801 
was  724;  in  1811,  910;  iu  1821,  988;  in  1831,  900; 
in  1841, 1,108  ;  and  in  1851,  1,106.  The  Whitehaven 
and  Marj-port  railway  runs  near  the  westerly  side  of  the 
parish. 

The  first  recorded  possessor  of  the  manor  of  Disting- 
ton is  Gilbert  de  Dundraw,  who  held  it  in  the  reigns  of 
Richard  I.  and  John.  This  Gilbert  was  the  son  of  Sir 
Gilbert  de  Dundraw,  son  of  Odard  de  I..ogis,  lord 
paramount  of  Wigton.  lie  was  lord  of  Distington, 
Crofton,  and  Dundraw,  and  gave  lands  in  the  two  first- 
(lamed  places  to  the  abbey  of  Holme  Cultram,  and  the 
priory  of  St.  Mary  Curlislo.  He  appears  to  have  had 
no  male  issue,  but  we  meet  with  the  names  of  two 
daughters,  one  of  whom,  Isolda,  became  the  wife  of 
.\dam  de  Tynemouth,  and  with  her  husband,  in  the  42nd 
Henry  HI.  (1257-8)  gave  the  fourth  part  of  Distington 
and  the  advowson  of  the  rcctoiy  to  Thomas,  son  of 
Lambert  de  Multon.  The  other  daughter  was  espoused 
by  Stephen  de  Crofton,  who,  with  his  wife,  gave,  in  the 
6th  Edward  I.  (1277-8)  their  part  of  Distington  to 
Thomas  do  Moresby  and  Margaret,  his  wife.  This 
Margaret  exchanged  it  with  her  brother,  Thomas  Ijucy, 
for  Thackthwaite,  and  he,  in  his  turn,  gave  it  to  the 
Moresby  family,  receiving,  in  return,  Brackenthwaite 
in  Loweswater.  Distington  came  afterwards  into  the 
possession  of  tho  family  of  Dykes,  as  wo  learn  from 
the  escheats  in  the  reign  of  Richard  III.;  and  in  tho 
2nd  year  of  that  monarch  (1484-5),  WiUiam  Dykes 
occurs  as  presenting  to  tho  rectory.  In  the  35th 
Henry  VIII.,  Thomas  Dykes  hold  tho  manor  of  the 
king,  as  of  his  castle  of  Egremont,  by  homage,  fealty, 
and  suit  of  court,  paying  for  cornago  10s.,  seawako  llil., 
and  puturc  of  the  scrjiants;  and  in  tho  Ith  Philip  and 
Mary  (1557-8)  Leonard  Dykes  presented  to  the  living 
of  Distington.  From  a  suivey  taken  in  1578  we  learn 
that  "Leonard  Dykes  ami  William  Fletcher  holdcth 
the  hamlet  of  Distington,  by  homage,  fciJtio,  and  suit 
of  court,  and  knights  service,  and  by  tho  rent  of 
123.  lid.,  undo  acccdit  domini  do  propartia  Fitzwater 
Is.  lOd.,  do  propartia  domini  I,ucy  lis.  Id.,  in  toto 
123.  1  Id."  At  the  same  period,  William  Fletcher  held 
tho  moiety  of  Gilgarran  by  like  services.     Tho  whole 


manor  seems  to  have  been  brought  eventually  by  mar- 
riage to  the  Fletchers,  and  after  the  death  of  the  last 
of  that  family  it  was  sold,  under  a  decree  in  Chancery, 
in  1720;  the  purchaser  being  John  Brougham,  Esq., 
of  Scales,  who,  in  1737,  conveyed  it  to  Sir  James  Low- 
ther,  Bart ,  from  whom  it  has  descended  to  its  present 
owner,  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale ;  but  it  is  stated  that  he 
possesses  the  manorial  rights  of  the  common  only,  each 
proprietor  of  the  ancient  land  claiming  the  manorial 
rights  of  his  own  property,  the  tenure  being  freehold. 
The  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  Capt.  James  E.  Walker,  ll.N., 
Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  and  Dr.  Thomas  Peile,  are  the 
principal  landowners.  The  commons  were  enclosed  by 
act  of  Parliament  in  1708,  when  a  portion  was  allotted 
in  lieu  of  tithes,  so  that  the  parish  is  now  titlie-free. 

Hay,  or  Hayes  Castle,  of  which  some  remains  are 
still  in  existence,  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  manor- 
house  of  the  ancient  lords  of  Distington,  and  the  seat 
of  the  Moresby  family.  It  was  formerly  possessed  by 
the  Dickinsons,  from  whom  it  was  purchased  by  Mr. 
John  Hartley,  ancestor  of  Thomas  Hartley,  Esq.,  of 
Gillfoot,  near  Egremont,  and  is  still  held  by  his  de- 
scendants. Tho  ruins  of  this  ancient  stronghold  adjoin 
a  flour-mill,  called  Castlo  Mill,  which  is  situated  to  the 
south  of  the  village,  on  the  left  of  tho  road  leading  from 
Whitehaven.  Near  this  mill,  on  elevated  ground,  can 
be  traced  the  foundations  of  a  square  building,  and  a 
portion  of  the  northern  wall,  of  immense  thickness,  and 
still  of  considerable  height.  The  moat,  on  two  sides,  is 
in  a  very  perfect  condition.  From  the  appearance  of 
what  remains,  the  castle  seems  to  have_beeu  a  single 
tower  of  great  strength. 

Tho  village  of  Distington  is  about  four  and  a  half 
miles  north-north-east  of  Whiteliavin,  and  four  miles 
south  of  Workington.  It  is  large,  and  consists  chiefly 
of  one  long  street  of  well-built  houses.  There  is  here 
a  manufactory  of  edge  tools. 

Tin  CRuncB. 
Distington  church,  situated  on  an  eminence  west  of 
the  village,  is  an  ancient  structure,  consisting  of  a  navo 
and  chancel,  south  porch,  and  bell  turret,  with  two  bells. 
Tho  porch  is  seated,  and  has  a  pointed  arch.  The 
windows  of  the  church  are  of  various  styles,  some  round- 


376 


ALLEKDALE-ABOVE-DERWKNT  WARD. 


headed,  and  some  modern.  The  font,  which  is  of  stone, 
and  square  in  form,  bears  the  date  of  1002.  The 
church  contains  a  few  mural  monuments.  The  living 
is  a  rectory,  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £7  Is.  0}d., 
and  was  certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty  at  £07  19s.  2d.,  but  is  now  worth  upwards  of 
£300  a  year.  The  glebe  consists  of  530  acres.  The 
patronage  of  the  living  has  descended  with  the  manor, 
and  is  now  vested  in  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  parish 
register  commences  in  1053. 

Kkctoes. — William  Curwen  occurs  1535;  —  Fletcher  occurs 
about  1043  ;  Richard  Armstead,  1069;  Richard  Tickell,  1685; 
Lancelot  Teasdale,  1092;  JohnDalton,  171J;  W.  Briscoe,  1720; 
Thomas  Sewell,  1745;  Thomas  Spedding,i  1747;  W.  Loirther, 
1753;  Thomas  \V.  Morley,  1785;  Heury  Lowther,  1813. 

There  are  two  small  dissenting  places  of  worship  in 
the  village ;  one  belonging  to  the  Wesleyans,  erected 
in  1830;  and  the  other  to  the  Primitive  Methodists, 
built  in  1838 — they  will  each  accommodate  about  liJO 
persons. 

There  is  a  school  in  this  parish,  which  was  built  on 
the  waste  in  1754,  by  the  voluntary  contributions  of 
the  inhabitants;  and,  about  1770,  upon  the  enclosure 
of  the  commons,  an  allotment  was  made,  with  the  con- 
sent of  the  parishioners,  containing  about  three  acres, 
for  the  use  of  the  schoolmaster.  He  has  the  entire 
management  of  the  laud,  which  now  lets  for  £4  5s. 
a  year.  The  school  is  supported  by  the  children's 
pence,  and  is  attended  by  about  thirty  scholars. 

The  Sunday  school,  situated  near  the  church,  was 
erected  by  the  parishioners  in  183(5,  at  a  cost  of  about 
£200. 

Gilgarran  is  a  hamlet  two  miles  east  of  Distington, 
where  the  stately  mansion  of  Captain  James  Robertson 
Walker,  R.N.,  is  situated. 

J^obtrlsBn-Mallitr  of  (Silgarran. 

This  is  a  branch  of  the  ancient  baronial  house  of 

Lude. 

John  Robertson,  of  Arnbill,  younger  son  of  Robertson,  of 
Gay,  a  cadet  of  Lude,  married  Janet,  daughter  of  Steward,  of 
Bongkied,  co.  Perth,  and  vas  father  of 

•  Daring  Mr.Spedding's  incnmbency,  "  the  tithes  were  commnted 
for  oommou  land  ;  imd  iuJependeut  of  ninety  acres  of  ancient  glebe, 
there  are  nearly  60ii  acres  of  the  above  land  which  are  under  a  lease 
for  three  lives." — Jefferson. 


The  Rev.  James  RonunxsoN,  minister  of  Loch  Broom,  co. 
Ross,  bora  about  17i)l;  hn  married  I7.'il,  Anne,  second  daughter 
of  Murdock  Mackenzie,  of  Lettercwu,  and  by  her  (who  died  in 
1791)  left  at  his  decease,  in  March,  1770,  six  sons  and  two 
daughters,  viz.; — 

I.  .lohn,  who  died  unmarried  in  1776. 

u.  Alexander,  who  ser%'ed  as  a  captain  in  the  army,  and  died  iu 
Nova  Scotia. 

III.  James,  of  whom  we  treat. 

IV.  Charles,  of  T.onclon,  deceased. 
V.  Hector,  died  nnmnrried. 

VI.  Murdoch,  a  distinguisliod  officer  in  th^  British  naval  Bervic^ 
married  Miss  Jlac  Rae,  and  left  issue. 

I.  Janet,  married  to  Alexander  Mackenzie,  of  Badachrae. 
M.  Mnrgaret,  married  to  John  Fisher,  Esq.,  of  RoUiesay,  Bute. 
The  third  son, 

James  Rouertsos,  Esq.,  J.P.  and  D.L.,  and  many  years 
collector  of  customs  at  the  port  of  Storsaway,  married,  1781, 
his  cousin-german  Annabella,  daughter  of  John  Mackenzie,  Esq., 
of  Letterewe,  and  died  31st  of  .\ngust,  1840,  having  had  issue, 

I,  James,  of  Gilgarran. 

II.  Murdoch,  married  Anne,  eldest  daughter  of  John  HiggiD, 

Esq.,  of  Lancaster,  and  left  a  son  James. 
ni.  John,  married   Barbara,  eldest  daughter  of  Francis  Shand, 
Esq  ,  of  Liverpool,  and  had  two  sons  and  a  daughter. 
I.  Johanna. 

II.  Kalberine,  married  to  Lewis  Mc.Iver,  Esq.,  of  Cress. 

III.  Anne.  IV.  Margaret  V.  Annabella. 

VL  llectorina,  married  to  the  Rev.  William  Scott  Monareiffe, 
minister  of  I'eunicuick,  N.B. 

Mr.  Robertson,  on  his  decease,  was  succcedud  by  his  son, 
Jasies  Robektson- Walker,  Esq.,  of  Gilgarran,  co.  Cumber- 
land, J.P.,  high  sheriff  in  1841,  commander  R.N.,  bom  22nd 
June,  1783  ;  married  first  24th  June,  1824,  .\nn,  daughter  of  the 
late  William  Walker,  Esq.,  of  Gilgarran,  and  heiress  of  her  brother 
William  Walker,  Esq.;  and  secondly,  21st  October,  185C,  the 
daughter  of  John  Mackenzie,  Esq.  Captain  Robertson- Walker 
was  mate  of  the  Victory  (Lord  Nelson's  ship)  at  Trafalgar, 
died  in  1858. 

.4rms.— Gu.,  three  wolves'  heails,  erased,  arg.,  armed  and  langued, 
az  :  Lying  under  the  arms  a  wild  man,  chained,  for  a  comportment. 
Seat. — Gilgarran,  co.  Cumberland. 

Prospect  House,  the  seat  of  Captain  Spencer,  is  near 
Distington,  as  is  also  Belle  Vue,  the  residence  of  John 
Stanley,  M.D. 

There  are  two  corn-mills  in  the  village,  Hayes  Castle 
Mill  and  Distington  Mill. 

Distington  possesses  an  e.xcellent  Museum,  founded 
some  years  ago  by  Mr.  Joseph  R.  Wallace,  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  "Mans  Liberal."  It  contains  many 
curiosities  in  the  shape  of  antiquities,  among  which 
we  may  mention  a  fragment  of  a  Ruiuc  Cross  of  the 
same  character  as  those  found  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 


DRIGG  PARISH. 


877 


DRIGG   PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Drigg  is  bounded  on  tlie  north  by  that  of  Gosforth,  on  the  west  by  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  south  by 
the  river  ilito,  wliieh  divides  it  from  JIuncaster,  and  on  the  east  by  the  parish  of  Irtou,  and  the  chapclry  of  Wasdale. 
It  extends  along  the  coast  for  about  four  miles,  its  greatest  breadth  being  about  two  miles  and  a  half ;  and  though 
divided  by  the  Irt  into  two  parts,  Drigg  and  Carletou,  yet  it  forms  only  one  township.  The  Whitehaven  and  Furness 
railway  runs  through  the  parish. 

The  area  of  Drigg  is  6,347  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  £2,135  Ss.  6d.  The  number  of  its  inhabitants 
in  1801  was  367;  in  1811,  373;  in  1831,  433;  in 
1831,  432;  in  1811,  429;  and  in  1851,  430,  residing 
principally  in  the  village  of  Drigg.  Agriculture  is  the 
principal  employment  of  the  population  ;  but  some  are 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  bricks  and  tiles,  which  is 
carried  on  near  the  railway  station,  established  in  1853. 
The  Whitehaven  and  Furness  Junction  railway  runs 
through  the  parish.  Whitehaven  is  the  market  usually 
attended.  The  Irt,  which  llows  south-west-by-west  from 
Wastwater,  to  the  west  end  of  Drigg  village,  is  fre- 
quented by  salmon  and  abounds  with  trout,  &c. ;  and 
Camden  speaks  of  the  shell-fish  in  this  river  producing 
pearls.  The  soil  on  the  east  side  of  the  Irt  is  chiefly  a 
deep  clay  and  fertile  loam,  but  on  the  west  and  north  it 
is  mostly  of  a  saady  nature.  It  is  remarkable  for  yielding 
large  quantities  of  fine  potatoes.  Near  the  sea  shore 
is  a  strong  chalybeate  spring,  highly  esteemed  for  its 
medicinal  properties,  and  was  once  much  resorted  to  by 
invalids  and  others.  There  is  also,  on  the  sea  coast,  in 
this  parish,  a  large  boulder  stone,  twelve  feet  in  length, 
nine  in  breadth,  and  five  and  a  half  in  height,  which 
bears  the  name  of  Carl  Crag.  It  consists  of  a  very  fine 
grained  sienite,  divided  into  transverse  parallel  sections 
of  about  two  feet  each  by  a  vein  of  shale  of  half  an 
inch  in  breadth  between  two  narrow  strips  of  quartz. 
Some  years  ago,  three  hollow  tubes  of  a  vitrified  sub- 
stance were  observed  projecting  from  the  surface  of  a 
sandliill  on  tho  sea  coast,  one  of  which  was  traced 
downwards  to  a  depth  of  about  thirty  feet.  It  is 
supposed  tliey  were  produced  by  the  action  of  lightning 
on  tho  drifted  sand. 

The  first  recorded  possessors  of  tho  manor  of  Drigg 
are  the  family  of  Stutoville,  or  Estotevillo,  who  held  it 
in  tho  reign  of  Henry  II.,  and  whose  heiress  brought  it 
in  marriage  to  Baldwin,  Lord  Wake,  baron  of  Liddol. 
In  tho  liiih  Edward  I.  (1281-2),  William,  tho  son  of 
Thomas  do  Graystoke,  and  the  Lady  Adingham,  in 
Furness,  held  a  knight's  fee  between  them,  in  Drigg, 
of  the  Baldwin  just  mentioned;  and  in  tho  29th  year 
of  the  reign  of  the  same  monarch  (1300),  the  Abbot  of 
Calder,  Patrick  Culwen,  and  the  Lady  Margaret  Mul- 
ton,  held  Drigg  of  John  do  Graystoke,  and  of  John,  the 
sou  of  Robert  llarringtou;  and  they  of  Lord  Wake. 


Subsequent  to  this  the  portion  of  Drigg  held  by  the 
Harrington  family  passed  with  an  heiress  to  the  Cur- 
wens  of  Workington  Hall,  who  continued  its  possessors 
till  the  reign  of  James  I.,  when  Sir  Nicholas  Curwea 
sold  it  to  Sir  William  Pennington,  of  Muncaster,  whose 
successors  have  continued  to  enjoy  the  manorial  rights 
and  privileges.  General  Wyndham  is,  however,  lord 
paramount  of  the  whole  parish,  and  the  tenants  owe 
suit  and  service  at  the  courts  of  the  barony  of  Egre- 
mont.  The  lord  of  the  manor  claims  jiotsam — wreck 
floating  on  the  water,  and  jetsam — goods  cast  from  any 
vessel,  or  thrown  on  the  shore,  and  lagan— ^oo^s  that  are 
sunk.'  From  a  survey  of  the  barony  of  Egremont  taken 
in  1587,  we  learn  that,  in  that  year,  "Jos.  Penning- 
ton holdeth  certain  lands  and  tenements  in  Dregg,  late 
Richard  Eaglesfield's,  and  before  that  Thomas  Wake's, 
by  homage,  fealtie,  and  suit  of  court,  from  three  weeks 
to  three  weelvs,  and  by  the  rent  for  cornage  Cs.  8d. ;  for 
seawake,  Is.;  for  Serjeant's  food,  43. ;  wholly  belonging 
to  the  lord  de  propartia,  Dni.  do  Lucy."  The  landowners 
at  present  are  Edward  A.  Burrow,  John  Taylor,  John 
Thompson,  William  Hodgkin,  John  Hodgkin,  William 
Sherweu,  John  Singleton,  Isaac  Clements,  John  Pearson, 
and  William  Leavens.  The  manor  is  nearly  all  freehold 
and  tithe  free.  Lord  iluneaster,  the  lord  of  the  manor 
and  lay  rector,  having  in  the  last  century  taken  1,100 
acres  of  common  land  in  lieu  of  all  tithes,  and  enfran- 
chised his  customary  tenants. 

The  vilLage  of  Drigg  is  a  street  of  well-built  detached 
houses,  bearing  various  names,  and  extending  from  tho 
vicinity  of  the  sea  to  Holm  Rook,  on  the  Whitehaveu 
road,  two  and  a  half  miles  north  of  Ravenglass.  With 
respect  to  Drigg  there  is  a  well-known  Cumberland 
saying,  "  Let  us  gang  together  like  lads  of  Drigg  and 
lasses  of  Beckermet,"  which  has  reference  to  the  man- 
ner in  which  Barnscar,  or  Bardscar,  a  ruined  Danish 
city,  or  town,  near  the  foot  of  Devoko  Water,  is  said  to 
have  been  peopled.  This  was  accomplished  by  taking 
the  men  of  Drigg  and  marrying  them  to  the  women  of 
Beckermet,  whose  original  iielpmates  had  been  slain  in 
battle — what  had  become  of  the  women  of  Drigg  is  a 
point  upon  which  tho  legend  is  silent.  Drigg,  formerly 
Dregg,  may  possibly  take  its  name  from  the  circum- 

1  Jeflenoo's  "AUerdalo  Ward  Above  Denreot,'  p.  103. 


48 


878 


ALLERDALE-ABOA'E-DEKWENT  WARD. 


Stance  just  alluded  to — old  Norso  divg,  from  tlie  verb 
tlraija,  to  draw  or  lead  away.'  We  must,  however,  state 
that  some  writers  "have  derived  the  name  from  deriyh, 
or  dergh,  a  Celtic  term  for  the  oak. 

THE   CHURCH. 

Drigg  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Peter,  is  a  small 
structure  in  the  Perpendicular  style,  erected  on  the 
site  of  the  old  church,  in  1850,  and  will  accommodate 
about  250  persons  —  forty  sittings  are  free  and  unappro- 
priated. This  church  appears  to  have  been  appropriated 
to  Conishead  Priory,  in  Lancashire,  but  the  abbots  of 
Calder  seem  to  have  had  part  of  the  manor.  Bishop 
Gastrell  informs  us  that  Anselm,  son  of  Michael  de 
Furness,  gave  the  chapel  of  Drog  to  the  priory  of 
Conishead,  and  supposes  that  Drog  has  been  a  clerical 
error  for  Dreg  or  Drigg.  In  the  King's  Book,  the 
church  of  Drigg  is  mentioned  among  the  possessions  of 
Conishead  Priory,  and  is  valued  at  £7  7s.  4d.  It 
subsequently  became  so  closely  appropriated  that  it 
became  a  perpetual  curacy,  and  is  returned  to  the 
governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  as  of  the  annual 
value  of  £o  Cs.  8d.  It  is  now  worth  about  ,i;90  a  year. 
On  the  dissolution  of  the  monasteries  in  England,  Drigg 
church  was  granted  to  the  Curwen  family,  and  was  sold 
with  the  manor,  by  Sir  Nicholas  Cui'wen,  to  the 
Penningtons,  of  Muncaster.  The  late  Lord  Muncaster 
sold  the  advowson  to  Samuel  Irton,  Esq.,  the  present 
patron.      The   parish  registers   commence   in    1631.° 

Incumbents. — John   Benson,   1G7C  ;    Joseph   Benn,   1081; 
Edward  Burrough,  17LIU;  Jolin  Steble,  1775;  Clement  Walts, 


1  "The  Northmen  in  CumberianJ  and  Westmoreland,''  by 
Kobert  Ferguson,  p.  21. 

-  Tliere  is  a  series  of  entries  of  marriages  extending  over  a  period 
of  two  years,  16-"i0-7,  which  were  solemnised  before  the  justices  of 
the  peace.  Two  of  the  entries  are  given  in  Jefferson's  "Allerdale 
Ward  above  Derwent,"  p.  1 12. 


1780;  John  Grice,  171)7;  Henry  W.  Hodgson, ;  Robert  G. 

Calthrop,  1H.")«. 

Tlie  parish  possesses  two  endowed  schools,  one  in 
Carleton,  and  the  other  in  the  village  of  Drigg.  The 
former  school  was  founded  in  1723,  and  in  1727  wax 
endowed  with  £20lt,  by  Joseph  Walker,  for  the  educa- 
tion of  the  children  of  tiiose  who  had  previously  con- 
tributed to  the  erection  of  a  school-house,  subject, 
however,  to  a  small  annual  gratuity  to  the  master  at 
Shrovetide,  locally  denominated  "cock  penny."  Through 
bad  management  and  other  causes  the  endowment  of 
this  school  has  dwindled  into  insignificance,  the  income 
now  being  barely  sitfficient  to  keep  the  building  in 
repair.  The  school  at  Drigg  was  erected  in  1828  by 
the  Rev.  William  Thompson,  M.A.,  a  native  of  the 
parish,  curate  of  Earn  worth,  near  Prescot,  Lancashire, 
and  its  government  was  invested  in  seven  trustees. 
The  master  is  to  teach  eight  poor  children,  natives  of 
the  parish,  for  the  payment  of  Is.  entrance,  and  Is. 
per  quarter  each,  but  is  allowed  to  take  other~pupils, 
who  pay  a  regular  quarterage.  The  school-house  is  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  church,  on  a  site  granted  by 
the  late  Lord  Muncaster.  The  endowment  is  ^12  per 
annum,  arising  from  money  invested  in  the  Three-per- 
Cent  Consols.  i'40  of  the  proceeds  go  directly  to  the 
master  in  half-yearly  payments,  and  the  remaining  40s. 
are  at  the  disposal  of  the  trustees  for  the  repair  of.  the 
school  and  school-house.  The  teachers'  house  adjoins 
the  school. 

Carleton,  a  constablewick  in  tliis  parish,  lying  be- 
tween the  rivers  Irt  and  Mite,  contains  a  few  dispersed 
houses,  and  the  hamlet  of  Hall  Carleton  with  Carleton 
Hall,  the  seat  of  Edward  A.  Burrow,  Esq.,  about  one 
mile  north  of  Fiavenglass.  It  contains  about  twelve 
farms,  formerly  held  of  the  Penningtons  of  Muncaster, 
as  of  their  manor  of  Drigg,  but  the  tenants  have  been 
enfranchised.  Carleton  Hall  commands  fine  ^iews  of 
Scawfell,  the  Pikes,  Great  Gable,  and  other  mountains. 


EGREMONT    PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Egremont  is  bounded  by  those  of  St.  Bees,  Cleator,  Hale,  St.  John  Beckermet,  and  the  chapelrj-  of 
Ennerdale.  It  extends  about  three  miles  from  north  to  south,  and  two  and  a  half  from  east  to  west,  possessing  no 
dependent  townships.  The  soil  here  is  principally  a  thin  light  mould,  incumbent  in  gravel.  The  inhabitants  are 
principally  engaged  in  the  flax,  <fcc.j  manufacture,  and  in  the  iron  mines  of  the  neighbom'hood. 

Egremont  comprises  an  area  of  2,708  acres,  and  its 


rateable  value  is  £5,509  17s.  Id.  The  population  in 
1801  was  1,515;  in  1811,  1,550;  in  1821,  1,741;  in 
1831,  1,741;  in  1841,  1,750;  and  in  1851,2,049. 
The   Whitehaven,    Cleator,   and    Egremont   railway. 


opened  for  passengers  in  1857,  runs  through  the  parish, 
and  has  one  of  its  termini  in  the  town. 

In  the  year  1072  William  the  Conqueror  gave  to 
Piaufe,  or  Ranaulph  de  Briquesard,  surnamed  Le  Mes- 
chin,  or  the  younger,  Viscount  de  Bessin,  (one  of  that 


EGBEMONT  PARISH. 


979 


numerous  band  of  Norman  warriors,  who,  on  the  inva- 
sion, had  flocked  to  share  in  the  spoil  of  the  rich  and 
fruitful  soil  of  England,)  the  whole  of  Cumberland, 
together  with  thiit  part  of  WestmoreLind  which,  iu  the 
Confessor's  time,  was  known  as  Appelbischyre,  the 
grantor  enjoining  his  old  companion-in-arms  to  holJ 
that  large  district  of  him  and  his  successors  in  capite, 
lis  supreme  lord  of  the  fee,  by  homage,  fealty,  and  the 
service  of  a  certain  number  of  knight's  fees,  or,  in  other 
words,  to  perform  military  service  to  the  crown  when- 
over  called  on  by  his  sovereign.  Having  obtaim-d 
inTesture  of  that  vast  feudal  chieftainrie,  together  with 
his  elevation  to  t;ie  earldom  of  Cumberland,  and  lord- 
ship of  Carlisle,  the  powerful  noble,  after  appropriating 
the  C8ntr.ll  portion  to  his  especial  use,  in  order  to 
establish  his  authority  more  firmly  over  his  new 
acquisitions,  parcelled  Cumberland  into  eleven  great 
territorial  divisions,  or  baronies,  on  which  he  placed  an 
equal  number  of  his  kinsmen,  or  chief  military  adhe- 
rents, whom  ho  bound  to  hold  their  respective  gifts  of 
him  and  his  heirs  by  knight  service,  and  the  rendering 
of  various  feudal  obligations,  proportioned  to  the  extent 
aud  circumstances  of  their  several  grants.  Among  the 
superior  fees  thus  created,  was  the  barony  of  Coupland 
or  Copeland,  which,  with  its  wild  rugged  wastes,  Cam- 
den affirms  was  so  designated  "  because  it  runs  in 
pointed  mountains,  which  by  the  Britons,  were  called 
Kopa."  In  length  it  was  about  thirty-live  miles,  by 
twenty  in  mean  breadth,  and  was  bounded  by  the  sea 
and  the  rivers  Duddon  and  Derwent.  That  e.Ucnsive 
tract,  which  comprised  within  itself  numerous  manors 
and  seigniories,  the  lord  of  Cumberland  bestowed 
upon  his  youngest  son,  William,  to  hold  by  the  like 
sorvicea  aa  required  from  the  grantees  of  the  other 
baronies.  Several  years  after  that  distribution  among 
his  chief  va.ssals.  Earl  Rtiuilph  died,  and  Ranulph,  or 
llandal,  his  eldest  son,  on  the  occasion  of  the  loss  at 
sea,  in  a.d.  lll'-t,  of  his  cousiu  Richard,  earl  of 
<;hester,  in  that  calainittus  wreck  of  the  White  Ship, 
in  which  the  king's  son,  William  Duke  of  Norman<iy, 
and  many  other  persons  of  high  rank  perished,  became 
heir  to  the  possessions  of  the  earldom  of  Chester. 
Having,  in  consequence  of  the  power  and  influence 
derived  from  his  augmented  estates,  e.xcited  the  fears 
or  cupidity  of  Henry  I.,  he,  on  being  enfeoffed  with  his 
relative's  inheritance,  in  ordew  to  remove  all  cause  of 
uneawness,  surrendered  to  his  sovereign  the  great 
domains  he  held  in  the  north,  and,  retiring  to  Chester, 
(contented  himself  with  the  enjoyment  of  that  princely 
palatinate.  Previous,  however,  to  the  cession  of  his 
northern  estates,  he  stipulated  that  all  those  who  there 
held  lands  of  himself,  should  be  coutinucd  in  possession 


under  the  king  in  capite;  in  pursuance  of  which  agree- 
ment Henry  11.,  upon  coming  to  the  throne,  re-granted 
to  their  feudatories  the  baronies  bestowed  upon  them 
by  the  first  Earl  Ranulph,  with  the  difference  in  tenure 
merely  of  requiring  them  to  hold  the  same  immediately 
of  the  crown,  and  subject  to  the  fulfilment  of  tlie  seve- 
ral conditions  they  wore  primarily  enjoined  to  observe. 
Among  the  rest,  the  barony  of  Copeland  was  confirmed 
to  William  de  Meschines  and  his  heirs.  Quieted  in 
the  enjoyment  of  his  large  and  picturesque  fief,  that 
martial  noble  changed  its  ancient  name  to  Egremond, 
or  Allerdale-above-Derwent;  and,  for  the  purpose  of 
more  eft'ectually  securing  his  title,  he  raised  his  baronial 
castle  on  the  banks  of  the  Egre  or  Ehen,  near  the  centre 
of  his  possessions,  which  he  made  as  strong  as  the  skill 
and  appliances  of  tlie  times  would  admit.  Still  further 
to  strengthen  his  authority,  by  that  chain  of  many  links 
which  extended  the  principle  and  the  rule  of  feudal  policy 
from  the  throne  to  the  cottage,  William  de  Meschines 
divided  his  barony  into  numerous  smaller  tracts,  or 
dependent  manors,  which  he  meted  out,  as  rewards  to 
his  immediate  retainers,  for  their  services  and  attach- 
ment, and  all  his  fees  which  he  and  his  heirs  granted  to 
any  subordinate  vassal  within  the  barony  were  bound 
to  be  holden  as  of  the  castle  of  Egremont,  upon  con- 
dition of  rendering  for  the  same  certain  stipulated 
imposts  incident  to  the  feudal  sj-stem  in  the  north, 
of  England.  So  much  of  the  barony  as  lay  between 
the  Cocker  and  the  Derwent  William  de  Meschines 
re-granted  to  Waltheof,  or  ^Valdieve,  lord  of  Allerdale, 
son  of  Gospatric  Earl  of  Dunbar,  with  the  honour  of 
Cockermouth,  and  the  lordship  of  "the  five  towns  above 
Cocker,"  Brigham,  Dean,  Eaglesficld,  Braithwaite,  and 
Greysouthen.  William  de  Meschines  made  Egremont 
the  seat  of  his  barony,  erecting  his  castle  there;  and  all 
lands  which  he  or  his  successors,  lords  of  Copeland, 
granted  within  the  barony,  were  to  be  held  of  the  castle 
of  Egremont.  This  William  de  Jloschines  gave  Work- 
ington, Salter,  Kelton,  and  Stockhow,  to  Kotel,  son  of 
Eldred,  son  of  Ivo  de  Tailbois,  baron  of  Kendal :  the 
manors  of  Beckermot,  Frisiugton,  Rotington,  Weddicar, 
aud  Arlecdon,  to  —  Fleming;  Kirkby  Begog  (Sl  Bees), 
to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary,  at  York  ;  Mulcaster,  to  an 
ancestor  of  the  Pennington  family;  Drigg  and  Carleton, 
to  one  of  the  Stutevilles,  or  Estotevilles ;  Millom,  t» 
(5odard  Boyvill;  and  Santon,  Bolton,  (iosforth,  and 
Hale,  to  Thomas  Multon,  of  Gilslaud.  William  do 
Meschines  had  an  only  dauglitcr  and  heiress,  who 
married  Robert  do  Romelcy,  lord  of  Skipton,  whose 
daughter  and  heiress,  Alice,  married  William  Fiiz 
Duncan,  earl  of  Murray,  son  of  Duncan,  brother  of 
David,    King  of    Scotland,   by  Octhrcda,  sister  and 


380 


ALLEEDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


heiress  of  Walthcof,  son  of  Alan,  son  of  Waltheof,  first 
lord  of  AllorJale,  son  of  Gospatric  before  mentioned. 
By  this  marriage,  William  Fitz  Duncan  became  lord 
both  of  Skipton  and  Egremont.  Cicely,  one  of  the 
three  co-heiresses  of  Fitz  Duncan  and  Alice  de  llome- 
lev,  married  William  de  Gros,  earl  of  Albermarle,  and 
inherited  the  barony  of  Skipton  ;  Alice  was  twice  mar- 
ried, but  had  no  issue  ;  Amabel  married  Reginald  de 
Lucy,  and  had  two  daughters,  co-heiresses,  married  to 
two  brothers  of  the  Multon  family.  In  the  year  1300 
the  barony  of  Egremont  was  in  moieties  between 
Thomas  do  !Multon  and  Thomas  de  Lucy,  the  latter 
having  taken  the  name  of  Lucy  from  his  maternal 
grandfather.  The  Multons  subsequently  became  pos- 
sessors of  the  whole  barony,  which  they  held  till  it  be- 
came divided  among  the  sisters  and  co-heiresses  of  John 
de  Multon,  the  last  heir  male  of  that  family,  who  died 
in  1335  ;  one  of  these  married  Thomas,  Lord  Lucy, 
grandson  of  Thomas  Multon,  who  took  the  name  of 
Lucy,  as  above  mentioned.  Henry  Percy,  the  first 
earl  of  Northumberland,  having  married  Maud,  the 
only  sister  and  heir  of  Anthony,  the  last  lord  Lucy, 
who  died  in  1300,  the  earls  of  Northumberland,  by  gift 
or  purchase,  eventually  became  possessed  of  the  whole 
barony.  During  the  time  that  the  Percys  held  Egre- 
mont, in  1578,  a  survey  was  made  of  the  barony,  from 
which  we  extract  the  following  particulars  : — 

"  The  seignory  or  lordship  of  Egremond  aforesaid,  by 
descent  of  inheritance,  came  from  John  de  Multon  to 
his  three  sisters,  who  were  then  his  heirs,  viz.,  Johan, 
married  to  Robert  Fitzwater ;  Elizabeth,  married  to 
Walter  Birringham  ;  and  ^Margaret,  married  to  Thomas 
Lucy ;  amongst  whom  the  said  seignory  and  lordship 
was  divided  by  ordinary  partition  indre  tripartite,  by 
virtue  of  writs  to  the  exiles  directed  for  that  purpose,  in 
which  partition  the  royalties  and  liberties  remain  in 
common,  and  certain  lands  and  other  things,  as  appeareth 
in  the  said  partition,  and  the  castle,  parkes,  demesne 
lands  and  customary  lands  and  tenants  at  will,  and  also 
the  services  and  tenures  of  freeholders,  together  with 
the  forests,  chases,  wastes,  and  advowsons  of  benefices, 
were  equally  divided  into  three  parts,  two  parts  whereof 
are  now  of  the  inheritance  of  the  said  Earl  (Northum- 
berland) viz.,  the  part  of  Thomas  Lucy  and  Margaret, 
his  wife,  by  ancient  descent  of  inheritance :  the  other 
part  of  Robert  Fitzwaters  and  Johan,  his  wife,  being 
the  eldest  sister,  by  exchange  for  other  lands,  from 
Edmund  Viscount  Fitzwaters,  made  with  Henry,  late 
earl  of  Northumberland,  uncle  to  the  said  call  that  now 
is,  in  the  —  year  of  King  Henry  the  Eighth,  which  two 
parts  particularly  appear  in  the  survey  following. 

"  The  towns  and  hamlets  within  the  precincts  of  the 


boundary  of  the  barony  are  as  foUoweth.  Egremond 
Bigrigg,  Corkocle  and  Coulderton,  Scalcrofte,  Beetle, 
Birkby,  Mulcaster,  Dregg  and  Ravenglass,  Irton  and 
Sancton,  Bolton,  Gosforth,  Newton  and  Ponsonby,  Cal- 
dcr  and  Bcckermct,  Kirkby,  alias  St.  Bcgc,  Wilton  and 
Braistones,  Haile,  Workington  and  Winscales,  Har- 
rington, Disington,  Gilaron  and  Castlerigg,  Moreton, 
Moresby,  Mosergh,  Rotington,  Wedacre  and  Harase, 
Lamplnph,  Frisiiigton  and  Arghladown,  Kelton,  Cletor. 
And  within  the  same  circuito  and  limits  are  contained 
the  forests  and  chases  of  Wasdalehead,  Eskdaleward, 
Netherwasdale,  I\Iiddleward,  Keunyside,  and  Ehcnder- 
dalc,  withiu  which  there  be  divers  dales  and  hamlets, 
as  in  the  survey  hereafter  appeareth. 

"Withiu  the  precincts  and  limits  aforesaid,  the  lords 
of  the  said  seignory  and  lordship  have  and  always  have 
used,  as  have  been  allowed  by  judgement  in  quo  war- 
ranto, itc,  courts  baron,  three  weeks  courts,  courts  leet 
with  view  of  frank  pledge,  with  the  assize  of  bread  and 
ale,  and  to  hold  plees,  and  to  have  the  return  of  all 
writs  of  our  sovereign  lady  the  queen,  and  to  hold  pleas 
of  the  crown  of  our  said  sovereign  lady,  and  also  of 
attachments  and  appeals  of  fellons,  and  to  prosecute 
the  prosecutions  of  these  appealers  to  such  as  be 
appealed  with  in  the  court  of  Egremond,  unto  the 
outlarie  or  exigent,  viz. :  by  twenty-four  weeks  at  every 
court  which  there  are  holJen  from  three  weeks  to  three 
weeks,  and  aforesaid  to  witness  the  said  accusations  in 
the  county,  and  afterwards  in  the  county  the  said  party 
(so  appealed)  shall  be  outlawed  if  they  do  not  appear, 
etc.,  and  to  have  the  custody  of  the  prisoners  taken 
within  Coupland,  and  of  ancient  custom  to  do  and 
exercise  all  these  things  which  do  appertain  to  the 
office  of  coroner  and  sheriff,  by  their  baylilT,  through  all 
the  land  of  Coupland  (except  the  lordship  of  the  five 
towns),  and  also  to  have  all  the  chattels  of  fellons,  con- 
victed persons,  and  persons  beheaded,  except  the  moiety 
of  fellons'  goods  between  Esk  and  Dudhen,  through  all 
the  land  of  Coupland  aforesaid ;  and  also  free  chase 
through  all  the  land  of  Coupland  (except  Whitehaven 
and  Kirbey,  alias  Kirkbee),  seawake,  waif,  stray, 
iufanktheif,  outfankthief,  toule,  through  toUe,  oxen  of 
the  diseisor  by  disesen  made,  the  first  being  of  any 
goods  saleable  comeing  as  well  by  waters  as  land,  and 
also  to  have  keil  toll,  viz.,  toll  of  ships  and  all  mer- 
chandize sold  in  the  havens  of  Coupland ;  and  the 
amendment  of  the  assize  of  netts  broken  in  the  waters 
of  Esk  between  Ehen  and  Caldre,  the  masts  whereof 
are  of  lesser  breth  than  four  inches  ;  and  also  to  have  a 
market  at  Egremond  every  week,  upon  Saturday,  and  a 
fair  at  Ravenglass  every  year,  in  the  even,  the  feast- 
day,  and  the  morrow  after,  of  St.  James  the  Apostle ; 


EGREMONT  PARISH. 


381 


gibbit  and  pilliorie  at  Egremond  aforesaid,  of  ancient 
custom;  and  one  market  at  )iis  manor  of  Egremond,  by 
the  charter  of  Henry  III.,  lung  of  England,  in  the 
fifty-first  year  of  his  reign  (1SU7),  every  week,  upon 
Wednesday;  with  one  fair  every  year,  by  tliree  days, 
enduring  the  even,  the  day,  and  the  morrow  after,  of 
the  nativity  of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  and  to  bo  quite 
from  suit  of  the  county  courts  and  hundred  courts,  and 
from  all  fines  and  amerciaments  tliere  ;  and  the  toll 
aforesaid,  within  the  said  seignory  of  Coupland,  of 
ancient  custom,  is  used  as  foUoweth,  viz. :  for  one 
horse  shodd,  of  the  seller  9d.,  and  of  tlie  buyer  2d. ; 
for  one  horse  unshod,  of  the  seller  Id.,  and  of  the  buyer 
Jd. ;  for  one  ox,  of  the  seller  Id.,  and  of  the  buyer  Id.; 
for  ten  sheep,  of  the  seller  Id  ,  and  of  the  buyer  Id. ; 
for  ten  swiue,  of  the  seller  Id.,  and  of  the  buyer  Id.; 
for  one  pack  of  cloth,  Id. ;  for  one  piece  of  cloth,  of  the 
seller  \il.,  and  of  the  buyer  id.;  fur  one  barrel  of  salt- 
herring,  of  the  seller  4d.,  and  of  the  buver  4d. ;  and 
one  daker  of  leather,  of  the  seller  3d.,  and  of  the  buyer 
3d.;  one  bond  of  iron,  of  the  seller  rjd.,  and  of  the 
buyer  Ad. ;  for  evevy  stall  in  the  market,  upon  the 
market-day  in  Egremond,  ^d.  Keil  toll  in  all  havens: 
for  one  ship  having  a  flotc  boat,  8d.;  for  every  vessel 
without  a  llote  boat,  4d.  Toll  by  the  king's  charter, 
viz. :  for  every  stall  of  the  market,  upon  the  market- 
day,  ^d.;  for  every  stall  upon  the  fair-day,  the  even 
and  the  morrow  of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  4d. ;  for  every 
horse  that  is  shod  2d.,  for  every  horse  unshod  Id.,  and 
for  every  o.v  Id.,  within  the  hberties  aforesaid.  Con- 
cerning the  execution  of  offices  there,  there  are  between 
Darwent  and  Ehen  one  Serjeant  of  amies,  called  the 
bayliir,  between  Ehen  and  Darweut  by  the  lord  deputed 
and  assigned ;  and  another  Serjeant,  called  the  baylilT, 
between  Ehen  and  Dudlien,  by  the  lord  deputed  and 
assigned;  which,  being  sworn,  make  attachments,  sum- 
mons, and  all  other  things  to  the  said  offices  belonging. 
"  The  bounder  particularly  taken  between  the  lord 
lands  belonging  to  the  lordship  of  Egremond  and  the 
town  of  Kirkby,  alias  St.  Beges,'  beginning  at  the  sea, 
and  so  over  the  scars  or  rocks  to  a  ditch  called  the 
Mereditch,  between  Kirkby  and  Coulderton  toward  the 
east,  unto  Ellergill  Beck,  and  so  ascending  tho  said 
beck  to  a  close  called  Brackenlhwaite,  being  of  the 
lordship  of  Egremond,  to  a  stone,  being  a  mere  stone, 
and  from  thence  to  another  stone  near  to  the  turn  of  a 
close  called  tho  Boardland  of  piillasliit,  then  turning 
cast  by  way  and  the  said  close  edge,  unto  a  close  called 
Jordan  Close,  and  so  continuing  towards  tho  east  to  a 

'  To  lliis  tliero  ia  n  nolo  in  tlio  margin  ns  follows; — "St.  Hogna 
cluiiii  furiliir  tnwurd  ilio  sniiili  in  the  sen  then  Ibe  liuiJ  mccrs  answer 
wUicli  is  llionglit  to  bo  wrong." 


place  of  an  old  hedge  where  it  cometh  to  the  ground  of 
Walton,  and  tlience  north  by  a  hedge  and  a  valley  to 
another  hedge  between  Bigrigg  and  the  lands  belong- 
ing to  the  tenants  of  J.  Xicholson,  in  Egremond ;  and 
thence  as  the  meers  go  between  Bigrigg  and  Walton, 
and  between  Hensiugham  and  Korkecle  on  the  one 
side  and  the  lordship  of  St.  Bees  on  the  other  side  till 
it  come  to  the  ground  called  the  Flatt,  and  so  com- 
passing that  ground,  parcel  of  St.  Bees,  as  the  meers 
goeth  unto  the  sea."  Egremont  barony  continued  to 
be  possessed  by  the  earls  of  Northumberland  till 
Elizabeth,  daughter  and  sole  heir  of  Joscelinc,  the  last 
earl,  brought  it,  in  the  year  lCb.3,  to  Charles  Duke  of 
Somerset,  whose  son  Algernon,  the  succeeding  duke, 
was  in  1749  created  Baron  Cockermouth  and  Earl 
of  Egremont,  with  remainder  to  Sir  Charles  Wyndham, 
son  of  his  sister  Catherine,  by  Sir  WUham  Wyndham, 
Bart.  Algernon  Earl  of  Egremont,  died  7th  February, 
1750,  when  his  neyhew,  Sir  Charles  Wyndham,  suc- 
ceeded as  Eai'l  of  Egremont,  and  from  him  the  barony 
of  Egremont  and  honour  of  Cockermouth  have  descended 
to  the  General  Wyndham  the  present  lord.  The  princi- 
pal landowners  are  the  trustees 'of  tho  late  Thomas 
Hartley,  Esq. ;  Anthony  Di.xon,  Esq. ;  Thomas  Nelson, 
Esq.;  the  trustees  of  the  late  William  Bragg,  Esq.; 
Henry  Jefierson,  Esq.;  John  Birley,  Esq.;  — Gaits- 
kell,  Esq.;  and  B.  Caddy,  Esq.  We  subjoin  the 
following  account  of  the  lords  of  Egremont  from 
JctTerson's  AUerdale  Ward- above -Derwent,  page  08, 
et  seq. : — 

Jlc  glescbines. 

"William  de  Meschines  received  this  barony  by  grant 
from  his  brother  Ranulph.  He  left  at  his  death  an 
only  daughter,  Alice,  married  to  Robert  de  Romeley, 
lord  of  the  honour  of  Skipton  in  Craven. 

^t  JKonuItn. 

"  Robert  de  Romeley  just  mentioned  acquired  the 
barony  of  Egremont  on  his  marriage  as  above,  in  right 
of  his  wife.     He  had  issue  a  daugliter,  Ahce,  married  to 

i'^H  Jluiuaii. 
"  William  Fitz-Duncan,  earl  of  ilurray,  nephew  oj 
David  lung  of  Scots,  being  the  sou  of  his  brother 
Duncan  by  Ochthreda,  liis  wife,  sister  and  heiress  of 
Waltheof,  or  N\'ulilieve,  first  lord  of  AUerdale,  who  was 
the  son  of  Gospatric  Earl  of  Dunbar.  William  Fitz- 
Duncan  had  issue  by  Alice,  his  wife,  just  named, 
William,  who  died  an  infant,  and  three  daughters 
co-heiresses — First,  Cicely,  who  was  married  to  William 
le  Gros,  earl  ol  Albcrmarle,  and  had  issue  a  daughter 


;382 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


named  Ilawise,  who  was  niarrieJ  to  tliree  husbands 
successively ;  first  to  William  de  Mandcville,  earl  of 
Esses,  to  whom  she  bore  no  issue ;  secondly,  to 
William  de  Fortibiis ;  and  thirdly,  to  Baldwin  I>eton, 
carl  of  the  Isle  of  Wight.  To  her  second  husband, 
William  de  Fortibus,  who  in  her  right  assumed  the 
title  of  Earl  of  Albermarle,  she  had  a  son,  William  de 
Fortibus,  who  had  issue  the  third  William  de  Fortibus ; 
whose  daughter  and  heir,  Avcline  (wife  to  Edmund 
Crouchback,  brother  of  Edward  I.),  dying  without  issue, 
the  third  part  of  William  Fitz-Duncan's  lands  (which 
was  Skiptou  in  Craven)  came  to  the  king's  hands,  and 
by  Edward  II.  was  granted  to  Robert  de  Clifford,  in 
exchange  for  the  Clifford  lands  in  the  county  of 
Monmnutb,  in  whose  posterity  it  still  remains.  2ud, 
Amabil,  the  second  daughter  of  William  Fitz-Duncan, 
had  for  her  part  of  the  inheritance  this  barony  of 
Egremont;  and  was  married  to  Reginald  Lucy,  of 
whom  hereafter  as  lord  of  Egremont.  3rd,  Alice,  third 
daughter,  and  co-heiress  of  William  Fitz-Duncan,  was 
married  to  Gilbert  Pippard,  who  was  justice  itinerant 
in  Wiltshire  in  the  23rd  Henry  II.  (1176-7),  and  after- 
wards was  married  to  Robert  Courtney,  but  had  no 
issue;  and,  in  consequence,  her  share  of  her  father's 
inheritance  (which  was  the  liberty  of  Cockermouth, 
Aspatria,  and  the  barony  of  Allerdale-below-Derwent) 
was  divided  between  the  Earl  of  Albermarle,  her  eldest 
sister's  husband,  and  Richard  de  Lucy,  her  other  sister's 
son.  And  so  it  continued  diN-ided  until  the  eldest  sister's 
issue  was  extinguished  by  the  death  of  Aveline  above- 
mentioned,  daughter  of  the  last  William  de  Fortibus  ; 
after  whose  demise,  all  the  land  of  the  Romeleys,  both 
above  and  below  Derwcnt,  came  entirely  to  the  heirs 
of  Reginald  Lucy  and  Amabil  llomeley,  his  wife,  second 
daughter  of  William  Fitz-Duncan. 

"  Reginald  Lucy,  whose  parentage  Dugdale  declares 
his  inability  to  discover,  married,  as  we  have  seen, 
Amabil  Fitz-Duncan.  He  occurs  as  governor  of  Not- 
tingham during  the  rebellion  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  and  was  present  at  the  coro- 
nation of  Richard  I.  By  his  wife  Amabil  he  had  issue 
his  successor, 

"  Richard  Lucy,  who  granted  a  charter  to  the  bur- 
gesses of  Egremont.  In  the  1st  of  King  John  (1109- 
1200)  he  paid  a  flne  to  the  crown  of  three  hundred 
marks  for  livery  of  his  lands  and  license  to  marry  with 
whom  he  should  think  proper.  Four  years  afterwards 
he  gave  five  marks  and  one  palfrey  to  the  king,  that  he 
might  have  jurors  to  inquire  what  customs  and  services 
his  tenants  had  used  to  perform,  and  to  do,  him  and 


his  ancestors  for  their  lands  in  Coupland.  And  the 
same  year  (1203-4)  he  obtained  a  grant  from  the  king 
to  himself  and  Ada,  his  wife,  daughter  and  co-heir  of 
Hugh  de  Morville,  of  the  forestership  of  Cumberland. 
The  ne.xt  year  he  paid  nine  hundred  marks  and  five 
palfreys  to  have  livery  of  the  property  of  the  said  Ada, 
and  to  enjoy  the  forestership  of  Cumberland  as  amply 
as  Hugh  de  Slorville  had  it,  without  any  partition 
whatsoever.  He  died  in  or  before  the  15th  of  King 
John  (1213-14),  for  then  Ada,  his  widow,  gave  a  fine 
of  five  hundred  marks  for  livery  of  her  inheritance ; 
as  also  for  her  dowry  of  his  lands,  and  that  she  might 
not  be  compelled  to  marry  again,  she  espoused,  without 
compulsion  however,  and  without  the  king's  license, 
Thomas  de  Multou,  in  consequence  of  which  the  castle 
of  Egremont,  and  her  other  lands,  were  seized  by  the 
crown.  But  upon  paying  a  compensation  they  were 
restored,  and  she  had  livery  of  tliem  again.  Her  first 
husband,  Richard  de  Lucy,  left  two  daughters,  his  co- 
heirs, who  became  wards  to  her  second  husband  on  his 
payment  of  1,000  marks  to  the  crown,  and  were  married 
to  his  sons.  Amabil  espoused  the  eldest,  Lambert,  and 
conveyed  to  him  the  lordship  of  Egremont;  Alice  was 
married  to  the  younger,  Alan,  and  their  son,  Thomas 
de  Multon,  assumed  the  surname  of  his  maternal  family, 
and  was  ancestor  of  the  Barons  Lucy  of  Cockermouth. 

glulton. 

"  Thomas  de  Multon,  lord  of  Multon,  co.  Lincoln, 
before  his  man-iage  with  Ada,  widow  of  the  above 
Richard  Lucy,  in  the  17th  King  John,  being  in  arms 
with  the  rebellious  barons,  was  taken  prisoner  and  con- 
fined in  Corfe  Castle;  but  on  the  accession  of  Henry 
III.  he  obtained  his  liberty  and  restitution  of  his  lands. 
Three  years  after  his  marriage,  he  paid  £100  fine  to 
the  Iting,  and  one  palfrey,  for  the  oifice  of  forester  of 
Cumberland,  it  being  the  inheritance  of  Ada,  his  wife. 
In  the  17th  Henry  III.,  he  was  sheriff  of  Cumberland, 
and  remained  in  office  for  several  succeeding  years. 
Moreover,  he  was  one  of  the  justices  of  the  King's 
Court  of  the  Common  Pleas,  from  the  8th  Henry  III., 
and  a  justice  itinerant  for  divers  years,  from  the  ninth 
of  the  same  reign.  Matthew  Paris  sa)-s  of  him,  '  la 
his  youth  he  was  a  stout  soldier,  afterwards  very  wealthy, 
and  learned  in  the  laws;  but  overmuch  coveting  to 
enlarge  his  possessions,  which  lay  contiguous  to  those 
of  the  monks  of  Crowland;  he  did  them  great  wrong  in 
many  respects.'  By  his  wife  ...  he  had  issue 
as  above  stated ;  and  the  issue  of  his  second  marriage 
were — 

"  Thomas,  ancestor  of  the  Maltons  of  Gilsland ;  and 
"  Juiian,  married  to  Robert  le  Vavasoor. 


EGREMONT  PARISH. 


388 


He  died  in  1240,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  bod, 

"  Lambert  do  Miilton,  who,  as  before  stated,  married 
Amabil,  eldest  daugliter  and  co-heiress  of  Richard 
Lucy.  In  the  year  ]2<L6,  he  obtained  an  extraordinary 
privilege  from  the  Pope,  that  uo  one  should  have  power 
to  excommunicate  him,  but  by  a  speciiil  mandate  from 
his  holiness.  But  he,  who  had  this  liherty,  says  Mat- 
thew Paris,  to  sin  without  punishment,  and  to  do  injury 
to  others,  riding  with  rich  trappings  very  proudly,  from 
a  trial  at  law,  no  sooner  alighted  from  his  horse,  but 
(meriting  God's  judgment)  was  suddenly  smitten  with 
a  grievous  disease,  of  which  falling  to  the  ground,  he 
died  before  his  spurs  could  be  taken  off,  being  then  at 
his  house  at  Multon,  in  Lincolnshire.  By  his  first 
wife  he  had  a  son,  Thomas,  his  successor.  He  espoused 
secondly,  Ida,  widow  of  Geoffrey  de  Oilli,  but  had  no 
issue.  His  death  occurred  in  1247,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son, 

"  Thomas  de  Multon,  designated  '  of  Egremont,'  who, 
in  40lh  Henry  III.,  was  in  arms  against  his  sovereign. 
In  the  42nd  Edward  III.,  he  had  a  grant  of  free 
warren  in  all  his  demesne  lands  at  Egremont.  He 
man-led  .  .  .  and  dying  in  1204,  was  succeeded 
by  his  son,  Thomas. 

"  Thomas  de  Multon,  son  and  heir,  was  summoned  to 
Parliament  from  the  27th  Edward  I.,  1299,  to  the  14th 
Edward  II.,  1320;  after  the  1st  Edward  II.  with  the 
addition  of  '  do  Egremuiid.'  He  was  previously  sum- 
moned in  the  25th  Edward  I. ;  but,  sajrs  Nicolas,  it  is 
doubtful  if  that  writ  was  a  regular  summons  to  Par- 
liament. He  was  much  engaged  in  the  Scottish  wars. 
Lord  Multon  died  in  13:12  ;  and  was  succeeded  by 

"  John  de  Multon,  son  and  heir,  second  baron,  who 
was  summoned  to  Parliament  from  Uth  Edward  III., 
1332,  to  bth  Edward  III.,  133  1,  as  '  Johanui  de  Mul- 
ton.' He  married  Annabel,  daughter  and  heiress  of 
Lawrence  de  l£oll>eche;  but  dying  without  issue,  in 
1331,  his  estates,  including  the  manors  of  Thurstanes- 
ton,  in  Suffolk,  and  Egremont  and  Cockcrmouth,  in 
Cumberland,  were  divided  amongst  bis  three  sisters, 
thus,  viz. : — 

"  Joane,  wife  of  Robert,  Baron  Fit/.  Waltrr,  jiad  for  her  share 
tho  cftsUe  of  E(,Ti-moDt,  with  llic  lliinl  piirt  of  tbat  nianor, 
aud  the  thin)  pari  of  oilier  manors. 

"  ICliznliulli,  niarriuJ  to  Robert,  cUiest  son  of  Sir  John  de  Har- 
rington, of  Harrington,  kniRlit  (iliod  before  bis  father),  bad 
certain  lands  at  Closfortli, |iuriel  of  the  niaoor of  Egruniont, 
and  a  proportion  of  other  inunont. 

"  Margaret,  married  Thomas,  Lord  Lucy,  bod  certain  lands  in 
Cumberland  and  parcel  of  the  manor  of  Kgramont,  besides 
a  proportion  of  other  estates. 

"Among  their  descendants  and  representatives,  tho 
barony  of  Multon,  of  Egremont,  is  now  in  abeyance. 


'Thus,'  says  Mr.  John  Denton,  'this  barony  was  broken 
into  parts,  which  from  the  conquest  had  continued  en- 
tire, e.^icept  Loweswater  and  the  lands  between  Cocker 
and  Derwent,  and  the  five  towns  granted  to  Waltheof,  as 
aforesaid;  but  now  of  late  it  is  re-united  by  the  earls  of 
Northumberland,  who  are  lords  thereof  by  gift  and  pur- 
chase, but  not  by  descent  from  any  of  the  co-heirs.' 

"  Thomas  Lord  Lucy,  second  baron,  who  married 
one  of  the  sisters  and  co-heiresses  of  the  last  male  heir 
of  the  Multons  of  Egremont,  as  stated  above,  had  issue 
by  her — 

"  Anthony,  who  succeeded  as  third  baron. 
"  Maud,  or  Matilda,  who  was  twice  married — firstly,  to  Gilbert 
de  Urafraville,  earl  of  Angus,  who  died  without  children  ; 
and  secondly,  to  Honrj-  Percy,  first  earl  of  Nortliumberland. 
Upon  the  marriage  of  this  hidy,  then  sole  heiress  of  the 
barons  Lucy,  with  the  Karl  of  Nortliumberland,  it  was  stipu- 
lated that  the  castlo  and  honour  of  Cockermouth,  part  of 
her  inheritance,  should  be  settled  upon  the  earl  and  her- 
self, and  the  heirs  male  of  their  two  bodies ;  failing  which, 
upon  the  heirs  of  her  body  ;  and  in  case  she  should  die 
without  issue,  tlien  upon  Henry  Lord  Percy,  the  earl's  son 
and  heir  by  his  Erst  wife,  and  the  heirs  male  of  his  body, 
upon  condition  that  the  said  Henry  and  liis  heirs  male 
should  hear  the  arms  of  Percy  quarterly  with  the  arms  of 
Lucy,  viz.,  '  gules,  three  lucies,  ar.,'  in  all  shields,  banners, 
&c.     The  said  ilaud  died  without  issue. 

"Thomas  Lord  Lucy  died  in  1 305,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Anthony. 

"Anthony  Lord  Lucy,  third  and  last  baron,  was  never 
summoned  to  Parliament.  He  was  joined  w  ith  Roger  de 
Clifford  in  the  guardianship  of  '  the  marches  towards 
Cumberland  and  Westmoreland.'  He  died  13CB,  leav- 
ing by  Joane  his  wife,  widow  of  AVilliam  Lord  Grey- 
stoke,  an  infant  daughter,  who  died  in  the  following 
year,  when  the  above  !Maud,  countess  of  Angus,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  barony  of  Lucy  and  the  honour  of  Cocker- 
mouth,  with  the  other  estates. 

fcrqj. 

"The  illustrious  family  of  Percy,  says  Burke,  is 
descended  from  one  of  the  Xormnn  chieftains  (William 
de  Percy)  who  accompanied  William  the  Conqueror 
into  England  in  lOOO ;  and  it  derives  its  name  from 
the  village  of  Percy,  near  \'illediere.  The  family  of 
Percy,  of  Normandy,  deduce^l  its  pedigree  from 
GeolFrey  (son  of  Mainfred,  a  Danisli  chieftain),  whp 
assisted  RoUo  in  012  in  subjugating  that  principality, 
and  acquiring  considerable  possessions  there. 

"  Henry  Percy,  fourth  Lord  Percy  of  .-Vluwick,  earl 
marshull,  was  advanced  to  the  c.vldom  of  Norlhiunber- 
land  on  the  day  of  the  coronation  of  lUcharJ  II.  in 
1377  ;  lUid  was  made  K.  G.  in  tho  7th  Richard  II. 
He  was  appointed  lord  high  constable  for  life  in  1399. 


384 


ALLERDALEABOVE-DERWKNT   WARD. 


Bj  bis  first  wife,  Margaret,  daughter  of  Ralph  Lord 
Mevitl  of  Raby,  he  had  issue, 

"Sir  Henry,  K.G.,  the  giiUant  and  renowned  Hotspur,  who 

married  Phihppa,  dmighter  of  Edmund  Mortimer,  earl  of 

March.      He  fell  at   the  hattle   of  Shrewsbury,  in   1103, 

during  the  lifetime  of  his  father,  leaving  issue, 

"  Hear)',  who  succeeded  as  second  earl. 

"Elizabeth,  married  firstly,  to  John  Lord  Clifford ;  and 

secondly  to  liiilph  Nevill,  second  earl  of  Westmoreland. 

"  Sir  Thomas,  who  married  a  daughter  and  coheiress  of  the 

Enrl  of  Athol. 
"  Sir  Ralph,  who  married  the  other  daughter  and  co-heiress. 
"  Alan. 
"  Margaret. 

"  The  earl  married  secondly,  Maud,  sister  and  co- 
heiress of  Anthony  Lord  Lucy,  as  stated  above.  Some 
years  afterwards,  however,  being  proclaimed  a  traitor, 
and  bis  lands  declared  forfeited  by  King  Richard,  his 
lordship,  iu  conjunction  with  his  son,  Sir  Henry  Percy, 
surnaraed  Hotspur,  and  Henry  Duke  of  Lancaster, 
accomplished  the  dethronement  of  that  monarch,  and 
placed  the  crown  upon  the  head  of  Henry  L>uke  of 
Lancaster,  under  the  title  of  Henry  IV. 

"  The  Earl  of  Northumberland  fell  (in  1407-8)  in 
arms  against  that  king,  in  assisting  to  place  whom  on 
the  throne  he  had  beeu  so  eminently  conspicuous ; 
when  bis  honours  became  forfeited  under  an  attainder, 
but  were  restored  in  1-11-1,  to  his  grandson,  only  son 
of  the  valiant  Hotspur. 

"  Henry  Percy,  second  carl  of  Northumberland, 
married  the  lady  Eleanor  Nevill,  widow  of  Richard 
Lord  Spencer,  and  daughter  of  Ralph  Nevill,  first  earl 
of  Westmoreland,  K  G.  His  lordship  was  made  lord 
high  constable  by  Henry  VI.;  he  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  Agincourt,  and  fell  at  St.  Albans,  93rd  May, 
1455,  fighting  under  the  banner  of  that  monarch.  Of 
the  issue  of  this  earl  the  following  curious  account  is 
given  in  a  MS.  iu  the  British  Museum,  stated  to  be 
extracted  '  Ex  Registro  Monastery  de  Whitbye ' :  — 
'  Of  this  Alianor,  his  wife,  he  begat  IX  sonnes  and  III 
daughters,  whose  names  be  Johanne,  that  is  buried  at 
Whitbye  ;  Thomas  (created)  Lord  Egremont ;  Ratheyue 
Gray  of  Ruthyn  (wife  of  Edmund  Lord  Gray,  after- 
wards Earl  of  Kent);  Sir  Raffe  Percy;  Wilham  Percy, 
a  byshopp ;  Richard  Percy ;  John,  that  dyed  without 
issue ;  another  John  called  by  Vincent,  in  bis  MS. 
baronage  in  the  Herald's  Ofiice,  John  Percy,  senior,  of 
Warkworth);  George  Percy,  clerk;  Henry,  that  dyed 
without  issue ;  besides  the  eldest  sonne  and  successor, 
Henry,  third  earl  of  Northumberland.' 

"  He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  surviving  son, 

"  Henry  Percy,  third  earl,  who  had  married  Eleanor, 
daughter  and  sole  heiress  of  Richard  Poynings,  who 
died  in  the  lifetime  of  his  father,  Lord  Poynings ;  by 


which  marriage  the  baronies  of  Poyning,  Fitzpayue, 
and  Bryan,  came  into  the  family  of  Percy  ;  and  Sir 
Henry  Percy  was  summoned  to  Parliament,  while  bis 
father,  the  Earl  of  Northumberland,  yet  lived  (29th 
Henry  VI.),  as  Baron  Poynings.  His  lordship  fell, 
leading  the  van  of  the  Lancastrians,  sword  iu  hand,  at 
the  battle  of  Towton,  on  the  '29th  March,  1401,  and 
his  honours  became  subsequently  forfeited  by  an  act  of 
attainder,  but  were  restored  to  his  only  son, 

"  Henry  Percy,  fourth  earl,  K.G.,  who  was  confined 
in  the  Tower  from  the  death  of  his  father  until  1409, 
when  he  was  restored  to  his  freedom  and  dignity.  He 
married  Maud,  daughter  of  the  Lord  Herbert,  and  had 
issue  four  sons  and  three  daughters.  He  was  slain  in 
a  riot  at  his  bouse,  at  Coxlodge,  co.  York,  ^Sth  April, 
1189,  having  rendered  himself  unpopular  by  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties  as  lord-lioutenaut  of  the  county,  in 
levying  a  tax  for  the  king's  service.  His  lordship  was 
buried  at  Beverley;  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest 
son, 

"  Henry-Algernon  Percy,  fifth  earl,  K.G.,  who  mar- 
ried Catherine,  daughter  and  co-heiress  of  Sir  Robert 
Spencer,  Knt,  of  Spencer-Combe,  Devon,  by  Eleanor, 
his  wife,  daughter,  and  at  length  co-heir,  of  Edmund 
Beaufort,  duke  of  Somerset,  by  whom  he  had  issue — 

"  Henry,  his  successor. 

"  Thomas  (Sir),  executed  for  Ask's  conspiracy,  29th  Henry 
VIII.,  leaving  two  sons, 
tt  Thomas  )  A 

"Henrv  '  fSocoessively  earls  of  Nortliumberland. 

"  Ingelram  (Sir). 

"  Miurgaret,  married  to  Henry  Clifford,  first  earl  of  Cumber- 
land. ; 
"  Maud,  married  to  Lord  Coniers. 

"  His  lordship  died  in  1527,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  eldest  sou, 

"  Henry-Algemou  Percy,  sixth  earl,  K.G.  This 
nobleman  married  Maiy,  daughter  of  George  Talbot, 
earl  of  Shrewsbury;  but  dying  without  issue,  in  1537, 
and  his  brother.  Sir  Thomas  Percy,  having  been  previ- 
ously attainted  and  executed,  all  the  honours  of  the 
family  became  forfeited,  and  the  dukedom  of  Nor- 
thumberland was  confened  by  King  Edward  VI.  upon 
John  Dudley,  earl  of  Warwick ;  but  that  nobleman 
having  forfeited  his  life  and  honours  by  treason  against 
Queen  Mary,  1553,  her  majesty  was  pleased  to  advance, 
by  letters  patent, 

Thomas  Percy,  seventh  earl,  K.G.,  son  of  the  attainted 
Sir  Thomas  Percy  (second  son  of  the  fifth  earl).  lie  was 
created,  by  letters  patent  bearing  date  3(ith  April,  15.57, 
Baron  Percy,  of  Cockermouth  and  Pctworth  ;  Baron 
Poynings,  Lucy,  Bryan,  and  Fitz-Payne ;  and,  on  the 
following  day.  Earl  of  Northumberland.    His  lordship 


EGREMONT  PARISH. 


385 


married  Anne,  daughter  of  Henry  Somerset,  second  earl 
of  Worcester,  by  wliom  he  had  issue.  He  was  made 
lord  warden  of  the  marches;  but  being  concerned  in 
the  rebellion  with  tho  Karl  of  Westmoreland,  he  was 
attainted  in  1571,  and  beheaded  at  York  in  the  follow- 
ing year. 

"  Henry  Percy,  eighth  earl,  brother  and  heir,  suc- 
ceeded, notwithstanding  tlio  attainder  of  his  brother,  in 
consequence  of  the  special  entail  to  him  in  the  patent. 
He  married  Katherine,  eldest  daughter  and  co-heiress 
of  John  Nevill,  baron  Latimer,  by  whom  he  had  a 
numerous  family.  He  remained  loj-al  during  the 
defection  of  his  brother,  but,  falling  under  suspicion  of 
favouring  the  cause  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  he  was 
confined  in  the  Tower,  where  he  was  found  dead  in  his 
bed,  having  been  shot  through  the  heart,  "21  st  June, 
1585. 

"  Henry  Percy,  ninth  earl,  K.G.,  son  and  heir,  mar- 
ried Dorothy,  sister  of  the  Earl  of  Essex,  and  widow  of 
Sir  Thomas  Perrot,  Knight,  by  whom  he  had  issue. 
Although  he  was  a  Protestant,  yet  having  a  kinsman, 
Henry  Percy,  concerned  in  the  gunpowder  plot,  ho  fell 
under  suspicion  of  treason,  and,  like  his  predecessor, 
was  confined  in  the  Tower,  and  sentenced  to  pay  a  fine 
of  £30,000.  By  a  singular  coincidence,  his  death 
occurred  on  the  anniversary  of  the  day  which  had  cost 
him  so  much  trouble — 5th  November,  1032. 

"Algernon  Percy,  tenth  earl,  K.G.,  son  and  [heir, 
succeeded  his  father.  He  was  twice  married — firstly, 
to  Anne,  daughter  of  William  Cecil,  earl  of  Salisbury ; 
and  secondly,  to  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Theophilus 
Howard,  carl  of  Suffolk,  the  mother  of  his  heir,  and 
through  whom  he  became  possessed  of  Northumberland 
House,  Charing  Cross,  built  by  Henry  Howard,  earl  of 
Northampton.  His  lordship  died  13th  October,  1008, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  only  son, 

"  Josceline  Percy,  eleventh  earl,  who  married  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  Thomas  Wriothesley,  earl  of  South- 
ampton, by  whom  he  had  an  only  daughter,  Elizabeth. 
The  earl  died  21st  May,  lO'o,  aged  twenty-six. 

"  The  Lady  Elizabeth  Percy,  his  solo  daughter  and 
heiress,  married,  1082,  Charles  Seymour,  sixth  duke  of 
Somerset,  of  whom  hereafter. 

Scnmour. 
"  Charles  Seymour,  sixth  duke  of  Somerset,  K.G., 
married  tho  sole  heiress  of  the  last  carl  of  Northumber- 
land, by  whom  he  had  issue — 

"  AlBomon,  who  was  summoned,  on  tlio  death  of  his  mother, 
at  liaron  Percy,  and  afterwards  succcodcd  as  Duko  of 
Somerset. 

"  rpfov    1 

"  Charles,  P''^*''"""''"''"^- 
44 


"Elizabeth,  married  to  Henry  O'Brien,  earl  of  Thomond,  who 
died  without  children. 

"  Katherine,  married  to  Sir  William  Wyndham,  Bart.,  and  had 

issue— 

"  Charles,  second  earl  of  Element,  of  whom  hereafter. 
"  Percy  O'Brien,  created  Earl  of  Thomond,  who  died  un- 
married. 
"  Frances,  died  unmarried. 

"Anne,  married  Peregrine  Osbom,  marquis  of  Carmarthen, 
and  afterwards  Duke  of  Leeds. 

"The  duke  married,  secondly,  Charlotte,  daughter  of 
Daniel  Finch,  earl  of  Winchelsea,  and  had  two  daugh- 
ters— 

"  Frances,  married  to  .John  Manners,  the  celebrated  Jlarqnis 
of  Graiiby,  and  was  mother  of  Charles,  fourth  duke  of 
Rutland. 

"  Chariotte,  married  Heneage  Finch,  earl  of  Ajlesford. 

"  His  grace,  who  was  known  as  '  the  proud  duke,' 
died  in  1748,  and  was  succeeded  by  liis  eldest  son, 

"Algernon  Seymour,  seventh  duke,  who  married 
Frances  Thynne,  granddaughter  of  Thomas,  first  Vis- 
count Weymouth,  by  whom  he  had  issue — 

"  Elizabeth,  married  to  Sir  Hugh  Smithson,  Bart.,  afterwards 
created  Duke  of  Northumberland,  K.G.,  grandfather  of  the 
present  duke. 

"  George,  who  died  during  the  lifetime  of  his  father,  unmarried. 

"  On  the  2nd  October,  1749,  he  was  created  Baron 
Warkworth  and  Earl  of  Northumberland,  with  remain- 
der to  his  son-in-law,  Sir  Hugh  Smithson,  Bart.,  afore- 
said ;  and  the  next  day  he  was  created  Baron  Cocker- 
mouth  and  Earl  of  Egrcmont,  with  remainder  to  the 
sous  (Charles  and  Percy,  aforesaid)  of  his  sister,  the 
Lady  Katherine  Wyndham.  He  died  7th  February, 
1750,  when  the  dukedom  of  Somerset  descended  to  the 
heir  male,  Edward,  and  the  earldoms  of  Egremont  and 
Northumberland  according  to  their  respective  limita- 
tions. 

2Jl!)nbb;iiit. 

"  The  family  of  Wyndham,  which  is  traced  back  to 
the  time  of  tho  Coni)uest,  is  of  Saxon  origin.  Aihvardus 
de  Wymondham,  being  possessed  of  lands  at  Wyniond- 
hara,  now  Wjnidham,  co.  Norfolk,  soon  after  that  period 
assumed  that  surname  from  his  possessions. 

"  On  tho  death  of  Algernon,  seventh  duke  of  Somer- 
set, who  was  created  Earl  of  Egremont  and  Baron 
Cockormouth,  which  occurred  7th  February,  I'SO, 
those  titles  devolved  on 

"  Charles  Wyndham,  second  earl,  son  of  Sir  William 
Wyndham,  third  baronet,  M.P.,  'master  of  tho  buck 
hounds  to  Queen  Anne,  and  chancellor  of  tho  exche- 
quer, 1713)  by  his  wife,  I'uitherine,  daughter  of 
Charles,  sixth  duke  of  Somerset.  Sir  William  died 
17th  July,  1740.  His  lordship  was  born  in  1710;  was 
secretary  of  state,  1701  :  and  lord-lieutenant  of 
Cumberland  and  Sussex.     He  married,  12th  March, 


386 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


1751,  Almeria,  sister  of  George  Carpenter,  first  carl  of 
Tyrconiiel,  and  by  her  (who  remarrioJ  in  1707,  Count 
Bruhl,  of  Saxony,  and  died  1791,)  had  issue, 

"  George  O'Brien,  his  successor. 

"  Elii'-abcth  Alicia  Maria,  morrieii  Henry  Herbert,  first  earl  of 

Carnarvon. 
"  Frances,  married  Charles  Marsham,  first  evrl  of  Romncy. 
"  Percy  Charles. 

"Charles  William,  married,  firstl.v,  Anne  Barbara  Frances, 
daughter  of  George  Bussey  Villiers,  fourth  earl  of  Jersey; 
and  widow  of  William  Henry  Lambton,  Esq. 
*'  William    Frederick-,    married,    firstly,    Frances    Hartford, 
daughter    of    Frederick    Calvert,    lord     Baltimore;     and, 
secondly,  Julia  de  Sraorsewski,  countess  de  Spyterki ;   by 
the  first  marriage  he  had  issue, 
"  George  Francis,  captain  R.N.,  married  Jane,  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  Williaiu  Roberts,  vice-provost   of    Eton 
College. 
"  Frances,  married  William  Miller,  Esq. 
"  Laura,  married  tho  Kev.  Cliarles  Boullbee. 

"  This  earl,  while  a  commoner,  represented  the 
borough  of  Cockermouth  in  one  Parliament,  chosen 
21st  George  11.  On  the  30th  April,  1751,  his  lordship 
took  the  oaths  before  the  king,  at  St.  James's,  as  Irird- 
lieutenant  and  custos-rotulorum  of  the  county  of  Cum- 
berland. His  lordship  died  01st  August,  17G3,  and 
was  succeeded  in  his  titles  by  his  son, 

"  George  O'Brien  Wyndham,  third  earl,  F.R.S.,  and 
F.S.A.,  ■who  -was  born  18th  December,  1751,  and 
educated  at  Eton.  His  Majesty  George  TI.  was 
sponsor  at  his  baptism. 

"  On  the  death  of  Charles,  duke  of  Richmond,  his 
lordship  was  appointed  lord-lieutenant  of  Sussex,  Cth 
November,  1819.  Ho  executed  that  important  office 
until,  in  1833,  his  increasing  infirmities  compelled  him 
to  resign  it.  During  the  two  following  years  his  health 
rapidly  declined  until  his  death,  which  occurred  at  the 
advanced  age  of  cight3Mive,  11th  November,  1837,  at 
Petworth.  His  lordship's  remains  were  deposited  on 
the  91st,  in  a  vault  built  by  himself  at  Petworth. 

"  The  Earl  of  Egreraont  was  distinguished  no  less 
for  the  princely  style  of  magnificence  in  which  his 
correct  taste  patronised  tho  fine  arts  than  for  the 
countless  acts  of  charity  and  liberality  which  brought 
down  upon  him  the  blessings  of  the  needy  living  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  his  palace — the  '  princely  Petworth." 
described  as  '  the  temple  of  the  noblest  productions  of 
genius,  of  whatever  the  scholar,  the  sculptor,  and  the 
painter  could  produce.'  Had  he  not  been  possessed  of  a 
spendid  fortune,  with  a  rental,  of  late  years,  of  £81,000 
per  annum,  his  liberal  spirit  could  not  have  derived 
enjoyment  from  dispensing,  during  the  last  sixty  years 
of  his  life,  the  immense  sum  of  JE1,200,000  in  acts  of 
charity  and  liberality. 


•  By  a  lady,  now  deceased,  who  bore  the  name  of 
!Mrs.  Wyndham  (daughter  of  tho  Rev.  —  Ilifl',  of  West- 
minster school),  the  earl  had  issue, 

"  George,  a  colonel  in  the  army. 

"  Henry,  a  major-gcnend  in  the  army,  of  whom  hereafter  as 

lord  of  Egremont. 
"  Charles,  a  colonel  in  the  army. 
"  Frances,  roamed  to  Sir  Charles  Merrick  Burrell,  Bart.,  and 

has  issue. 
"  Mury,  married  to  George  Earl  of  Munster,  eldest  son  of  his 

late  Itajesty  William  I\'„  and  ha-s  issue. 
"  Cbai-lottc,  married  to  John  King,  Esq. 

"  The  earl  left  by  will,  Petworth,  and  the  adjoining 
estates,  to  Colonel  George  Wyndham,  his  lordship's 
eldest  son ;  the  Cumberland  estates  to  JIajor-General 
Wyndham,  the  second  son ;  to  Colonel  Charles  Wynd- 
ham, the  youngest  son,  the  whole  of  his  funded  pro- 
perty, amounting  to  about  £220,000.  To  each  of  his 
daughters  he  left  £ir),OO0. 

"  An  excellent  portrait  of  the  noble  earl  is  engraved 
in  mezzotinto,  by  Reynolds,  from  a  painting  by  T. 
Phillips,  Esq.,  R.xA. ;  a  smaller  copy  of  the  same  is  in 
Fisher's  National  Portrait  Gallery. 

"  The  present  earl,  George  Francis,  his  lordships 
nephew,  being  the  son  of  the  Hon.  Frederick  William 
AVyndham  (born  30th  August,  1785),  succeeded  to  the 
old  family  estate  of  Orchard- Wyndham,  co.  Somerset, 
and  others  in  Cornwall  and  Devonshire. 

"  Slajor-General  Henry  W^yndham,  second  son  of 
George,  third  earl  of  Egremont,  succeeded,  on  the 
death  of  his  father,  in  1837,  to  the  lordship  of  tho 
barony  of  Egremont,  and  the  honour  of  Cockermouth, 
with  other  his  estates  in  Cumberland.  General  Wynd- 
ham is  one  of  that  annually-decreasing  number  of  field 
officers  who  were  present  at  the  brilliant  achievements 
which  have  immortalised  the  field  of  Wateiioo.  His 
Cumberland  residence  is  Cockermouth  Castle  —  a 
baronial  fortress  supposed  to  have  been  built  soon 
after  the  Conquest, — the  seat  of  the  lords  of  AUerdale, 
and  whose  history  is  closely  connected  with  that  of 
Egremont,  having  been  possessed  by  William  de 
Meschines,  Fitz-Duncan,  the  Lucys,  the  Multons,  the 
Percys,  the  Seymours,  and  the  Wyndhams. 

The  castle  of  Egremont,  the  ancient  baronial  seat  of 
the  lords  of  Egremont,  occupies  the  summit  of  an  emi- 
nence a  short  distance  to  the  south-west  of  the  town 
and  was  formerly  a  place^of  great  strength  and  impor- 
tance. It  was  built  by  William  de  Meschines,  soon 
after  the  Norman  conquest,  and  is  supposed  to  stand 
upon  the  site  of  a  Roman  camp  or  station,  but  this  is 
only  cotijecture.  The  approach  and  grand  entrance, 
from  the  south,  was  by  a  drawbridge  over  a  deep  moat ; 
and  the  entrance  to  the  castle  was  by  a  semicircular 


EGREMONT   PARISH. 


387 


archway,  wilh  a  groined  roof,  guarded  by  a  strong  square 
tower,  whicU  is  the  principal  part  of  the  fortress  uow 
standing.  The  outer  wall  enclosed  a  large  square  area, 
•but  has  sutfered  so  much  from  tlic  destroying  hand  of 
time  that  we  are  completely  ignorant  of  the  manner  in 
which  it  was  fortified.  On  the  side  next  the  town  are 
the  reraiiiiis  of  a  postern  ;  and  on  the  west  are  three 
narrow  gateways,  which  have  communicated  with  the 
outworks,  and  are  of  a  more  modern  style  of  architecture 
tlian  the  other  portions  of  the  ruins.  ISejond  these 
gates  is  an  artilicial  mount,  on  which  there  formerly 
stood  a  circular  tower,  seventy-eight  feet  in  perpen- 
dicular height  above  the  ditch.  Though  but  little  now 
remains  of  this  once  strong  structure,  enough  is  still 
visible  to  give  a  very  fair  idea  of  wliat  it  was  when  in 
the  days  of  its  pride  and  glory.  It  was  at  the  gate  of 
this  castle  that  the  horn  was  hung  in  crusading  days 
which  was  twice  blown  by  Sir  Juistace  do  Lucy.  As 
tradition  tolls  us,  Sir  Eustace  and  liis  brother  Hubert 
rode  forth  together  to  the  holy  wars ;  and  Sir  Eustace 
blew  the  horn,  saying  to  his  brother,  "  If  I  full  in 
Palestine,  do  thou  return  and  blow  the  horn,  and  take 
possession,  that  Egremont  may  not  be  without  a  Lucy 
for  its  lord."  In  Palestine,  ambition  of  the  wide  domain 
of  this  lordship  so  took  possession  of  Hubert,  that  he 
hired  ruffians  to  drown  his  brother  in  the  Jordan,  and 
the  ruHians  assured  him  that  the  deed  was  done.  He 
returned  home,  and  stole  into  the  castle  by  night — not 
daring  to  sound  the  horn.  But  he  soon  plucked  up 
spirit,  and  drowned  his  remorse  in  revels.  In  the  midst 
of  a  banquet,  one  day,  the  horn  wa.s  heard — sounding 
such  a  blast  that  the  echoes  came  back  from  the  fells, 
after  startling  the  red  deer  from  its  covert  and  the  wild 
boar  from  his  drinking  at  the  taru.  Hubert  knew  that 
none  but  Eustace  could  or  would  sound  the  horn  ;  and 
he  fled  by  a  postern,  while  his  brother  I'.ustace  entered 
by  the  gate.  Long  after,  the  wretched  Hubert  came  to 
ask  forgiveness  from  his  brother,  and,  having  obtained 
it,  retired  to  a  convent,  where  ho  practised  penance 
until  he  died. 

TlIK    TOWN    OV    KOr.EMONT. 

The  ancient  market  town  of  Egremont,  which  con- 
sists principally  of  one  wide  street,  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  river  Ebon,  over  whicli  there 
is  a  bridge  of  two  arches,  six  miles  south-east  of  Whitc- 
luvon,  and  about  three  miles  from  the  western  coast. 
Despite  its  Roman  name — the  Mount  of  Sorrow — it  has 
a  very  cheerful  appearance.  It  is  stated  to  liavo  been 
a  borough  at  the  period  when  parliamentary  representa- 
tives were  remunerated  for  their  services;  and  that,  to 
avoid  the  expense  of  a  member,  the  burgesses  petitioned 


to  have  the  town  disfranchised,  which  was  accordingly 
done.  About  the  reign  of  King  John,  Richard  Lucy, 
lord  of  Egremont,  granted  to  the  burgesses  of  the  town 
a  charter  of  privileges,  by  the  provisions  of  which  Egre- 
mont was  for  a  long  time  governed.  This  charter 
appears  to  have  granted  burgage  tenure  in  the  town 
upon  condition  of  the  burgesses  finding  armed  men  for 
the  defence  of  the  castle  forty  days  at  their  own  charge. 
The  lord  was  entitled  to  forty  days'  credit  for  goods  and 
no  more ;  and  the  burgesses  might  refuse  to  supply  him 
till  the  debt  which  had  exceeded  that  date  was  paid. 
They  were  bound  to  aids  for  the  redemption  of  the  lord 
and  his  heir  from  captivity,  for  the  knighthood  of  one 
of  the  lord's  sons,  and  for  the  marriage  of  one  of  liis 
daughters.  They  were  to  find  him  twelve  men  fc^r  his 
miUtary  array,  and  were  to  hold  watch  and  ward.  They 
were  prohibited  from  entering  the  forest  with  bow  and 
arrow.  They  were  restrained  from  cutting  off  their 
dogs'  feet  within  the  borough,  as  being  a  necessary  and 
customary  defence ;  this  restriction  points  out  that 
within  the  limits  of  forests,  the  inhabitants  keeping 
dogs  for  defence  were  to  lop  off  one  foot  or  more,  to 
prevent  their  chasing  the  game;  which  did  not  spoil 
them  for  the  defence  of  a  dvveUiug.  A  singular  privi- 
lege appears  in  the  case  of  a  burgess  committing  forni- 
cation with  the  daughter  of  a  lustic,  one  who  was  not  a 
burgess,  that  lie  should  not  be  liable  to  the  fine  imposed 
in  other  cises  for  that  offence,  unless  he  had  seduced 
by  promise  of  marriage.  The  fiue  for  seducing  a  woman 
belonging  to  the  borough  was  three  shillings  to  the  lord. 
]5y  the  rule  for  inspecting  tho  dyers,  weavers,  and 
fullers,  it  seems  those  were  the  only  trades  at  that  time 
within  the  borough  under  tho  character  of  craftsmen. 
The  burgesses  who  Imd  ploughs  were  to  till  the  lord's 
demesne  one  day  in  the  year,  and  every  burgess  to  find 
a  reaper — their  labour  was  from  morning  to  the 
hour  of  noon,  or  in  other  works  from  six  in  the 
morning  till  three  in  the  afternoon.  The  inquisition 
wade  in  l.lTiS,  and  mentioned  in  our  account  of  the 
barony  at  page  380,  tells  us  that,  "  There  is  an  ancient 
borough  and  burgesses  at  Egremond,  and  they  have 
there  (as  tiicy  allege)  an  ancient  corporation,  bv  name 
of  bailiif  and  burgesses,  and  have  by  tho  said  oflicers 
the  use  of  the  market  and  direction  of  tho  order  of  the 
fair  at  Ravcnglass  which  they  now  occupie  and  exercise, 
and  have  at  liavenglass  in  the  meadows  there  (in  the 
time  of  the  fair)  certain  dailes  or  swarths  of  gross  for 
their  horses  with  other  duties,  and  they  have  also  cer- 
Uiin  liberties  in  tho  borough,  in  tlie  demesnes,  &c.,  at 
ICgremond.  with  divers  ordinances  and  laws  confirmed  to 
them  by  charters."  The  market,  which  was  held  in 
ancient  times  on  Wednesday,  is  now  held  on  Saturdav, 


388 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


and  is  well  supplied  with  corn,  butchers'  meat,  and 
other  provisions.  Annual  fairs  for  horses,  cattlo  &e., 
are  held  on  tlie  ITth  of  February,  and  the  third  Friday 
in  May.  On  the  three  days  following  the  18th  of 
September,  a  sort  of  feast  is  kept,  when  the  burgesses 
are  allowed  to  sell  ale  without  a  license.  A  hiring  for 
servants  is  held  on  one  of  tlio  markt't  days  at  Whitsun- 
tide and  Martinmas.  A  court  baron  for  the  recovery  of 
debts  under  iOs.  is  held  here  by  adjournment  every 
sixth  Friday,  under  Generid  Wyudhaui,  the  lord  of  the 
barony  of  Egremont.  A  court  Icet  and  a  customary 
court  for  the  purpose  of  appointing  inspectors  of 
nuisances,  &c.,  are  held  annually  in  the  spring,  at  the 
King's  Arms  Inn.  Formerly  the  tenants  paid  Id,  each 
to  the  lord  yearly,  for  the  burgage  tenements.  Two 
baiUffs  together  with  constable,  hedge  and  corn  viewers, 
and  assessors  of  damages,  are  choseu  annually  at  the 
court  leet.  The  office  of  borough  sergeant,  though  still 
preserved,  is  not  now  an  annual  appointment.  Here 
are  the  flax  and  tow  spinning-mills  of  Messrs.  Eobert 
Brisco  and  Co.,  and  Messrs.  Thomas  W.  C.  Chapman 
and  Co.;  the  former  employ  about  200  hands,  and  the 
latter  about  eighty.  There  are  also  three  tanneries,  a 
skin  yard,  and  a  brewery  in  the  town,  as  also  a  corn- 
mill.  The  Woodend  iron-ore  mine,  worked  by  Messrs. 
James  H.  Atwood  and  Son,  contains  two  shafts,  of  the 
respective  depths  of  ten  and  fourteen  fathoms.  The 
vein  of  ore  varies  iu  thickness  from  two  to  fourteen  feet. 
About  seventy  persons  are  employed  here.  Egremont 
is  lighted  with  gas,  the  works  being  established  in  1853, 
by  a  company  of  shareholders,  in  1'20  shares  at  £10 
each.  There  are  thirty  town  lamps ;  and  the  quantity 
of  gas  consumed  is  about  1,300,000  cubic  feet  per 
annum. 

IIIE   CHUBCH. 

Egremont  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  is  a  neat 
edifice,  consisting  of  a  nave,  chancel,  and  square  tower, 
containing  two  bells,  one  of  which  is  ancient  and  bears 
a  Latin  inscription.  The  interior  is  well  pewed.  and 
has  a  handsome  appearance.  Gas  fittings  were  intro- 
duced in  1854.  There  are  several  mural  monuments 
to  members  of  the  Hartley,  Poole,  Birley,  and  Benson 
families.  At  an  early  period  the  church  of  Egremont 
was  given  by  WiUiam  de  Meschines  to  the  priory  of 
St.  Bees,  a  cell  of  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary,  at  York, 
.yter  the  dissolution,  Edward  VI.,  in  the  second  year 
of  his  reign  (1548-9)  granted  to  Wilham  Ward  and 
Eichard  Venables,  one  messuage,  one  garden,  and  two 
acres  of  land  in  Brisco,  in  the  county  of  Cumberland, 
which  had  previously  belonged  to  a  chantry  priest  in 
the  church  of  Egremont,  and  had  been  assigned  to  him 


for  his  support.  The  same  king,  in  the  following 
year,  granted  to  Henry  Tanner  and  Thomas  Becker, 
messuages  and  tenements  in  the  parish  of  Egremont, 
iu  the  possession  of  different  persons,  late  belonging  to 
a  stipendiary  in  St.  Mary's  Cliurch,  at  Egremont.  In 
1420  the  abbot  of  St.  Mary's  presented  to  this  church. 
The  presentation  subsequently  came  to  the  earls  of 
Northumberland,  and  from  them  passed  to  the  crown, 
and  in  1509  Queen  Elizabeth  presented.  In  1C73 
the  Earl  of  Essex  and  William  Pierpont  occur  as 
presenting;  and  in  1085  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of 
Somerset.  The  advowson  has  since  remained  in  the 
lords  of  the  barony,  and  is  now  held  by  General  Wynd- 
ham.  The  benefice  is  a  rectory,  valued  in  the  King's 
book  at  £d  lis.  It  was  certified  to  the  governors  of 
(Jueen  Anne's  Bounty  at  £45  15s.  lOd.,  and  is  now 
worth  about  £-il'.)  a  year.  The  tithes  have  been  com- 
muted for  a  yearly  rent  charge  of  X'200  4s.  3d.  The 
parish  register  commences  in  1030. 

liEcTOKs.  —  Edmund  Metcalfe,  occurs   1.535;  —  Antrobns' 

occurs  about  10-12;  —  Ilalsell,' ;  Richard  Tickell,  1673; 

Richard  Tickell,  1085;  Henry  Ogle,  1002;  Thomas  Robinson, 
1700;  Joseph  Eitson,  1737;  Thomas  Jameson,  1758;  Nicholas 

Turner,  17B7;  Eobert  C.  Herbert,  1781);  Alexander  Scott, ; 

■\Villiam  Henry  Leech,  1835. 

The  rectory  is  a  commodious  building  situated  near 
the  church. 

The  Primitive  Methodists  and  Wesleyan  Association 
have  places  of  worship  here. 

The  parish  school  was  rebuilt  in  1844.  There  is 
also  an  infant  school,  which  was  estabhshed  in  1855, 
in  the  old  poorhouse. 

CEAMTIES. 

Speaking  of  Egremont,  the  Charity  Commissioners 
observe:  "In  our  inquiries  into  the  charities  belonging 
to  this  parish  we  met  with  considerable  difficulties, 
owing  to  the  loss  of  nearly  all  the  documents  relating 
thereto.  The  following  account,  which  is  the  best  we 
have  been  enabled  to  collect,  is  in  many  respects  de- 
fective."   We  subjoin  their  account. 

"  Donor  unknown. — There  arc  two  pieces  of  land, 
situate  in  the  parish  of  St.  John's,  in  Cumberland, 
called  Dovedale  and  Low  Close,  consisting  of  about 
tlirec  acres,  which  are  supposed  to  have  been  bought 
for  £3i  10s.,  by  the  churchwardens  and  overseers  of 
this  parish,  in  the  beginning  of  the  last  century.  It  is 
understood  that  the  purchase  money  was  part  of  a  fund 
called  the  parish  stock,  the  whole  amount  of  which  is 
unknown,  as  well  as  its  origin.  This  property  was  let 
from  year  to  year,  from  1779  to  the  time  of  our  inquiry, 

I  Ejected,  in  1602,  for  nonconformity. 


GOSFOKTH  PARISH. 


389 


at £2  10s.  per  annum;  the  rent  having  previously  been 
£2  5s.  Since  our  inquiry,  it  has  been  let  in  public  for 
£5  10s.  per  annum.  For  tlie  whole  period  through 
which  we  could  trace  the  application  of  this  rent,  it 
appears  to  have  been,  and  is  now,  distributed  every 
year,  on  Easter  Sunday,  amongst  poor  persons  of 
Egrcmont  who  have  not  regularly  received  parochial 
relief. 

"  Thomas  Benn's  Cliarity. — By  au  inscription  in  the 
church  it  appears  that  the  Rev.  Thomas  Benn,  vicar  of 
Millom,  who  died  in  1743,  left  S,-2U,  the  interest  thereof 
to  be  given  in  bread,  on  Sundays,  to  such  poor  people 
as  should  come  to  church. 

"John  Nicholson's  Charity. — The  date  as  well  as  the 
particulars  of  this  bequest  are  unknown.  It  is  supposed 
that  one  John  Xicholson  left  by  will  £100,  to  be  applied 
in  putting  out  apprentices,  by  lending  .ClU  to  the  mas- 
ter of  any  boy,  for  seven  years,  without  interest.  The 
loan  of  £10  is  so  trifling  au  object  to  any  person  taking 
an  apprentice,  that  it  has  been  found  impossible  to  com- 
ply with  the  supposed  directions  of  the  testator ;  and, 
in  consequence  thereof,  the  sum  of  £J00  has  been  put 
out  to  interest  for  many  years,  and  the  produce  thereof 
applied  in  the  education  of  poor  children.  The  interest 
is  applied,  togetlicr  with  other  sums  raised  annually  by 
voluntary  subscription,  in  the  support  of  a  school;  and, 
from  tliesc  sources,  .£10  per  annum  is  paid  to  a  school- 
master, who  teaches  all  the  poor  children  of  the  piurish 
without  any  additional  charge. 

"  Mtiri/ant  r,ichardson's  Charily. — Jlrs.  Margaret 
Richardson,  by  will,  dated  I'Jth  August,  1784,  be- 
queathed to  the  poor  householders  of  Egremont  the 
sum  of  ten  guineas.  There  is  no  entry  in  the  parish - 
book  of  this  date,  relating  to  the  receipt  of  this  legacy. 
It  appears,  however,  in  the  trust  account  delivered  by 
the  executor  of  the  testatri.x  to  her  residuary  legatee, 
that  the  executor  took  credit  to  himself  for  the  sum  in 
question  as  having  been  pi)id  by  him  ;  and  it  is  sup- 
posed that  the  money  was  distributed  at  the  time 
amongst  the  objects  of  the  testatrix's  charity. 

"  The  Naliouul  School. — This  school,  which  is  chiefly 


supported  by  voluntary  subscriptions,  affords  education 
to  about  sLxty-five  children.  It  has  an  endowment  of 
about  £0  per  annum,  for  which  six  poor  boys  are  taught 
free. 

"  Mrs.  Jane  Birlcy's  Charity. — Mrs.  Jane  Birley,  of 
Carleton  Lodge,  who  died  in  1833,  left  by  will  the 
interest  of  £50,  to  be  distributed  annually,  on  Good 
Friday,  to  the  poor  of  the  parish  who  are  not  receiving 
parochial  rehef." 

There  is  a  mechanics'  institution,  which  was  founded 
in  1840.  It  now  numbers  about  sLxty  members,  and 
has  a  library  of  about  450  volumes.  The  members 
are  of  two  sorts — ordinary,  paying  seven  shillings  a 
year  ;  and  honorary,  paying  ten  shillings. 

Gillfoot,  situated  near  the  town,  is  the  property  of 
the  trustees  of  the  late  Thomas  Hartley,  Esq.,  and  is 
at  present  occupied  by  his  widow  and  family. 

^arlkg  of  (Sillfoot. 
Tbe  late  Thomas  Haetlev,  Esq.,  of  Gillfoot,  was  bom  Sep- 
tember aotli,  1802,  and  married  April  10th,  1830,  Georgianna, 
youngest  daughter  of  George  Kimmington,  Esq.,  of  Tyne  Field 
House.  He  was  a  magistrate  for  the  county,  and  served  the 
office  of  high  sherill'of  Cumberland  in  1830.  Mr.  Hartley  was 
the  son  of  Thomas  Hartley,  l^sq.,  by  Anne,  his  wife,  eldest 
daughter  of  Thomas  Hartley,  Esq.,  of  Gillfoot,  and  grandson  of 
Jolin  Hartley,  Esq.,  of  Whitehaven,  and  Klizabeth  Jlilham,  his 
wife.  3Ir.  Hartley  had  two  brothers — Wilfrid,  M..V.,  in  holy 
orders;  and  Grayson,  died  in  Xow  South  Wales,  October,  1838; 
and  three  sisters,  viz.,  Elizabeth,  married  in  November,  1836? 
to  the  Rev.  J.  Carter;  Catherine,  manied  in  July,  1S31,  to  the 
late  Very  Rev.  R.  rarUinson,  D.D. ;  and  Anne  Eliza,  married  ia 
May,  I'-al,  to  D'jVrcy  Boulton,  Esq.    Mr.  Hartley  died  in  1855. 

Arms. — Arg.  on  a  cross,  gu.,  pierced,  of  the  lield,  four  ciuqucfoils, 
or,  in  the  1st  and  4th  qunrters,  a  martlet,  sa. 

Crest.  — A  martlet,  sa.,  holding  in  the  beak  a  cross-crosslel, 
litcliee,  or. 

Springfield,  four  miles  south-south-east  of  White- 
haven, is  the  seat  and  property  of  Henry  Jefferson,  Esq. 

Park  House,  about  the  same  distance  from  White- 
haven as  Springlield,  is  the  seat  of  John  Stirling,  Esq. 

Catgill  Hall,  now  a  farm-house,  is  the  property  and 
residence  of  Mr.  Thomas  Nelson. 


GOSFORTII   PARISH. 

Tnr.  parish  of  Gosforth  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Ponsonby,  on  the  west  by  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  south  by 
Drigg,  and  on  the  east  by  Irton  and  Nethrr  Wasdale.  It  possesses  no  dependant  townships,  but  comprises  the 
four  constablewicks  of  Gosforth,  Boonwond,  High  Bolton,  and  Low  Bolton,  whose  united  area  is  8,Ci>0  acres.  The 
inhabitants  are  much  scattered  over  tbe  parish,  and  aro  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits— they  attend  the  markets  at 
Whitehaven.  The  Whitehaven  and  Furness  Junction  railway  ruu3  through  the  parish,  and  has  a  station  at 
Scoscalce. 


300 


ALLEKDALE-ABOVE-DEnWENT  WAED. 


The  population  of  Gosforth  in  1801  was  652;  in 
1811,  CS5;  in  1821,  P'^S;  in  18:?I,  935;  in  1841, 
1,113;  and  in  1851,  1,110.  The  rateable  value  is 
£4,589  10s.  8(1.  This  parish,  though  not  mountainous, 
has  rather  a  high  situation.  The  soil  is  chiollj  of  a 
light  red  sand,  and  is  watered  by  several  rivulets,  which 
follow  an  easterly  direction,  and  fall  with  the  iJleng 
into  the  Irt.  Large  quantities  of  freestone  are  found 
here,  but  neither  coal  nor  limestone. 

Tiie  manor  of  Gosforth  was  held  in  ancient  times  by 
a  family  bearing  the  local  name,  the  last  of  whom, 
Robert  Gosforth,  left  his  lands  to  be  divided  among 
his  five  co-heirs,  viz.,  Mariot,  the  wife  of  Allan  Caddy, 
his  eldest  daughter;  Isabel,  wife  of  Henry  Hustock, 
his  second  daughter;  Johan,  wife  of  Adam  Garth,  the 
third  daughter;  Eleanor,  wife  of  William  Kirkby,  the 
fourth  daughter;  and  John  Multou,  son  of  Agnes  East- 
holme,  the  fifth  co-heir.  In  the  2nd  year  of  Edward 
III.  (1328),  Sarah,  the  widow  of  Robert  Leybura,  held 
Caddy's  part ;  John  Pennington  held  Kirkby 's  part ; 
and  the  said  John  Multon  the  residue.  An  inquisition 
taken  in  1578  informs  us  that  at  that  date,  "The 
tenants  of  the  lands  in  Gosforth  hold  the  said  lands  by 
like  service  and  by  the  rent  of  19$.  8d.  for  free  rent, 
comage,  seawake,  and  Serjeants'  food,  de  propartia  Dni. 
Fitzwater."  In  Mr.  John  Denton's  time  the  manor  was 
held  by  Pennington,  Kirby,  and  Senhouse  of  Seascale. 
A  Mr.  Robert  Copley,  who  was  for  many  years  steward 
to  Sir  William  Pennington,  of  Muncaster,  and  who  held 
the  office  of  chief  bailiff  of  Copolaud  Forest  under  the 
Earl  of  Xorthumberland,  purchased  that  portion  of  the 
manor  of  Gosforth  which  had  belonged  to  the  Kirkbys, 
and  is  said  to  have  erected  a  large  handsome  house  and 
wardens,  but  these  had  become  ruinous  in  177G.  The 
manorial  rights  are  now  possessed  by  the  freeholders, 
but  General  Wyndham  is  lord  paramount,  and  the 
landowners  attend  his  court,  but  pay  no  fines.  Gos- 
forth Hall  adjoins  the  church,  and  is  now  used  as  a 
farmhouse.  From  its  appearance  it  seems  to  have  been 
erected  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  most  pro- 
bably by  the  Copleys.  Over  an  old  chimney-piece  are 
the  initials,  R.  C.  J.  'Richard  and  Jane  Copley),  and 
the  date  1673. 

Bolton  is  another  manor  in  this  parish,  and  appears 
to  have  been  possessed  at  an  early  period  by  the  Way- 
bergthwaite  family,  one  of  whom,  Williim  de  Way- 
bergthwaite  in  the  23rd  year  of  the  reign  of  Edward  I. 
(1294-5),  held  £10  lands  there  of  Thomas  de  Multon, 
of  Gilsland,  and  his  land  in  Waybergthwaite  of  the  lord 
of  Millom.  In  the  35th  Henry  VIII.  il543-4),  William 
Kirkby  held  the  manor  of  Bolton  of  the  king,  as  of  his 
castle  of  Egremont,  by  knight's  service,  paying  yearly 


10s.  comage,  and  seawake,  homage,  and  suit  of  court, 
and  witnessman.  At  the  same  time  he  held  lands  in 
Gosforth  and  Clcator,  by  the  like  homage,  fealty,  and 
suit  of  court,  and  paying  to  the  king  a  fee  farm  rent 
of  8s.  for  the  lands  in  Gosforth,  and  2s.  for  the  lands  in 
Cloator ;  and  2s.  seawake,  and  also  puture  of  two  Ser- 
jeants. It  subsequently  became  the  property  of  Lancelot 
Senhouse,  whose  father  was  third  brother  to  the  bouse 
of  Seascales,  and  he  had  it  by  grant  from  the  lord 
thereof,  his  brother.  The  manor  came  afterwards  to 
the  Lutwidge  family,  one  of  whom,  Charles  Lutwidge, 
Esq.,  held  it  in  1777,  from  whom  it  passed  successively 
to  his  younger  brothers.  Henry  and  Admiral  Skeffington, 
coming  ultimately  to  the  nephew  of  the  latter,  Major 
Skeffington  Lutwidge. 

The  manor  of  Seascales  and  Newton  was  anciently 
the  seat  of  the  family  of  Senhouse,  by  whom  it  was 
held  for  many  generations.  In  1578  "  Thomas  Senhouse 
held  the  manor  of  Newton  by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of 
court,  and  by  knights'  service,  paying  yearly  for  comage, 
5s.;  seawake,  3s.;  Serjeants  food,  and  free  rent,  which 
wholly  belongs  to  the  lord  pro  partia  Dni.  de  Lucy."  In 
1688  Seascales  was  the  seat  of  John  Senhouse,  Esq. 
It  was  subsequently  purchased  by  Mr.  Blaylock,  a 
merchant  of  Whitehaven,  whose  daughter  and  heiress 
married  Augustus  Earl,  Esq.,  from  whom  it  passed  to 
his  two  sisters,  co-heiresses,  and  eventually  to  the 
liUtwidge  family.  After  the  death  of  Charles  Lutwidge, 
Esq.,  the  manor  of  Seascales  and  Newton  came,  by  pur- 
chase, to  Sampson  Senhouse,  Esq.,  of  London.  It  is 
now  the  property  of  Anthony  Benn  Steward.  Esq.,  of 
Chapel  House,  who,  in  1853,  purchased  the  manor, 
with  the  estates,  from  Lady  Senhouse.  Seascales  Hall 
is  now  a  farmhouse.  On  the  wall  is  an  escutcheon, 
cut  in  stone,  bearing  the  arms  of  Senhouse  and  Pon- 
sonby  quarterly,  and  the  initials  T.  S.  and  M.  S.,  and 
the  date  1600.  This  old  building  has  lately  undergone 
considerable  repair,  at  a  cost  of  about  £1,000,  by  the 
present  owner,  A.  B.  Stewai'd,  Esq. 

General  Wyndham  is  lord  of  the  common  land,  and 
lord  paramount  of  the  whole  parish,  with  the  exception 
of  the  manor  of  Seascales  and  Newton.  The  land- 
owners are  Anthony  Benn  Steward,  Esq.;  Thomas 
Brocklebank,  Esq. ;  the  trustees  of  the  late  Dr.  Robin- 
son;  Captain  Charles  Parker;  Samuel  Irton,  Esq.; 
Captain  Scott;  Messrs.  Joseph  Younghusband,  J.  and 
J.  Gaitskell;  Rev.  John  Fo.x ;  John  Singleton;  the 
trustees  of  the  late  Isaac  Hartley ;  John  Hartley,  Wm. 
Poole,  Joseph  Jackson,  John  Tyson,  Martin  Ashburn, 
Isaac  Leech,  John  Colebank,  John  Sherwen,  John 
Walker,  Isaac  Leech,  Edward  Robinson,  and  Matthew 
Sherwen.     The  commons  were  enclosed  in  1811. 


GOSFOETH  PARISH. 


391 


The  village  of  Gosforth  is  situated  on  the  soutliern 
declivity  of  a  gentle  eminence  near  the  Whitehaven 
and  Ulverstone  road,  ahout  six  miles  south-south-east 
of  Egremont,  and  live  miles  north  of  llavenglass.  It 
is  largo,  and  contains  several  good  houses,  and  two 
corn-mills.  The  plague  seems  to  have  been  very 
violent  here  iu  l.'i'jO,  for  wo  learn  from  the  parish 
register,  that  in  that  year,  no  fewer  than  1 00  persons, 
out  of  a  population  of  000,  fell  victims  to  the  pestilence. 

iiii:  cnuEcu. 
Gosforth  church,  dedicated  to  St.  JIary,  is  a  neat 
structure,  consisting  of  a  nave  and  chancel,  and  a  bell 
turret,  containing  three  bells.  It  underwent  con- 
siderable alterations  in  1780,  when  nearly  all  the 
external  marks  of  antiquity  were  destroyed.  In  the 
interior  we  have,  however,  the  ancient  chancel  arch, 
the  piers  of  which  are  Norman,  though  the  arch  itself 
is  pointed.  There  are  three  galleries,  the  one  at  the 
west  end  containing  the  organ.  There  are  a  few  mural 
monuments.  In  an  old  chest  kept  in  the  church  is  a 
black  letter  copy  of  the  Book  of  Homilies,  folio,  10:!:!. 
In  the  chui-chyard,  on  the  south  side  of  the  church, 
is  a  cross,  supposed  to  be  of  Danish  origin."  It  is 
about  fourteen  feet  iu  height  and  about  fourteen  inches 
in  mean  diameter ;  the  lower  part,  which  is  fixed  in  a 
pedestal  of  three  steps,  is  rounded,  but  the  upper  part, 
being  rather  more  than  lialf  the  length,  is  nearly  square. 
The  four  sides  are  enriched  with  various  guilloches 
and  other  ornaments,  besides  several  iigures  of  men 
and  animals  in  bas  relief.  It  is  remarkable  that  the 
liguro  of  a  man  on  horseback  is  represented  upside  down, 
and  another  is  represented  in  the  same  manner  on  the 
west  side.  Formerly  another  column  stood  at  the 
distance  of  about  seven  feet  from  the  existing  cross, 
and  between  the  two  was  a  stone  placed  horizontally, 
on  which  was  rudely  sculptured  the  figure  of  a  lari'e 
and  antique  sword.  Tho  rector  has  in  his  possession 
fragments  of  one  or  two  other  crosses,  supposed  to  have 
been  found  in  different  parts  of  the  churchyard  ;  as  also 
some  other  remains  of  bygone  days  which  have  been 
found  in  tho  neighbourhood.  The  parish  registers 
commence  in  liJTJ.  Tho  benefice  is  a  lectory,  valued 
in  the  King's  Book  at  X)7  14s.  7d.,  and  was  certi- 
fied to  tho  governors  of  Queen  Annos  Bounty  at 
tljo  yearly  value  of  i;;!.")  ;  and  to  the  Ecclesiastical 
Commissioners,  at  is.")  per  annum,     in   I.'Ul-l  William 

'Engraved  in  Lysoa's  Magna  Britannia,  and  in  Uic  Uculleman's 
Magazine,  for  17»9. 


Pennington,  Esq.,  of  Muncaster,  died  siesed  of  the 
advowsou  of  this  church.  The  patronage  seems 
afterwards  to  have  become  vested  in  the  crown ;  and 
in  15.5U  Edward  VI.,  by  his  letters  patent,  granted  the 
advowson  and  right  of  patronage  to  Fergus  Greyrae, 
gentleman,  his  heirs  and  assigns.  In  March,  1564, 
a  license  was  granted  to  Fergus  Greyme  empowering 
him  to  alienate  the  same  to  Thomas  Senhouse,  gentle- 
man, for  the  fine  of  10s.  lOd.  paid  into  the  hanaper. 
In  this  manner  tho  advowson  became  tho  property  of 
the  Senhouse  family,  the  representatives  of  the  late 
Sir  H.  F.  Senhouse  being  patrons. 

Hectors. — Edward  Kellall  occurs  153.') ;  John  Benn,  1662  ; 
Thomas  JlorlanJ,  KiTU ;  Christopher  Denton,  17-41 ;  I'eter 
Murthwaite,  17:33 ;  Charles  Cobb  Churchhill,  ll'' ;  HeDTy 
Bragg,  ISlig;  Charles  Lowther  Senhouse,  18'J7;  i"rancis  Ford 
Pinder,  1835. 

The  rectory  is  a  pleasant  residence,  adjoining  the 
churchyard. 

rHAitiTi'. 

Previously  to  the  year  1797,  there  was  a  sum  of  £01, 
the  interest  of  which  was  given  away  to  poor  house- 
holders of  Gosforth  not  receiving  parish  relief.  It  is 
not  known  from  what  source  this  fund  was  derived.  In 
1797  Henry  Lutwidge,  in  whose  hands  the  money  had 
been  placed,  died  insolvent,  and  £'33  lis.  was  the  whole 
that  the  parish  could  recover.  The  expenses  of  prose- 
cuting this  claim  was  paid  out  of  the  poor  rates.  The 
sum  of  £33  ]  Is.  is  now  out  at  interest,  and  produces 
£1  7s.  per  annum,  which  is  distributed  by  the  parish 
officers  and  tho  minister,  on  the  Sunday  after  Easter, 
amongst  four  or  live  poor  householders  not  receiving 
parish  relief. 

High  Bolton  and  Low  Bolton  are  two  constablewicks 
in  this  parish,  respectively  one  mile  south-east  and  one 
mile  south  of  Gosforlli.  Boonwood  is  another  consta- 
blewick,  one  mile  north.  At  this  latter  place  fairs  are 
held  twice  a  year,  viz.,  on  the  3.">th  of  .\pril  for  cattle, 
and  on  the  18th  October  for  cattle  and  horses.  When 
the  commons  were  enclosed,  iu  1811,  sii  acres  were 
allotted  for  these  fairs. 

At  a  short  distance  from  the  village  of  Gosforth  is  a 
neat  modern  mansion  called  Seascalc,  the  rosideoco  of 
I^ady  Senhouse  ;  and  within  about  a  mile  south-east  is 
Park  Nook,  the  resilience  of  Captain  C'lmrles  Parker. 
Near  the  railway  station  at  Seascalcs  is  tho  Scawfell 
Hotel,  the  property  of  Jlr.  John  Tyson,  which  ufTords 
excellent  accommodation  to  tho  numerous  visitors  who 
now  frequent  this  place. 


392 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


HALE   PARISH. 

This  parish,  which  e.xtends  about  four  miles  from  east  to  west,  and  one  mile  and  a  half  from  north  to  south,  is 
bounded  by  the  parishes  of  Egremont,  St.  John's,  St.  Bridget's,  and  St.  Bees.  It  contains  the  joint  townships  of 
Hale  and  Wilton,  and  is  watered  by  several  small  streams.  The  soil  is  in  general  of  a  light  gravelly  nature,  well 
adapted  for  barley,  wheat,  and  turnips.  Freestone  and  Limestone  are  found  here.  A  few  of  the  houses  in  the 
village  of  Beckermet  are  in  this  parish. 


The  area  of  Hale,  or  Haile,  is  3,220  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £1,727.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in 
1801  was  220;  in  1811,  947;  in  1821,  249;  in  1831, 
272  ;  in  1841,  303  ;  and  in  1851,  330. 

Shortly  after  the  Conquest,  the  manor  of  Hale,  with 
Gosforth,  Bolton,  and  Santon,  was  granted,  by  the 
first  lords  of  Egremont,  to  Thomas  Multon  of  Gilsland. 
It  subsequently  came  into  the  possession  of  a  family 
who  assumed  the  name  of  Hale,  and  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.  we  find  it  held  by  Alexander  de  Hale;  and 
in  the  23rd  of  Edward  I.  (1204-5),  Agnes  and  Con- 
stance, his  daughters,  held  it  of  Thomas  de  Multon. 
In  an  inquisition  post  mortem  of  John  de  Multon,  in 
the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  the  name  of  Christian  occurs 
as  proprietor.  Agnes,  one  of  the  co-heiresses  of  the 
above  named  Alexander  de  Hale,  brought  her  share  to 
the  Ponsonby  family,  who  eventually  became  sole  pro- 
prietors. In  "  1578  Simon  Ponsonby  held  the  hamlet  of 
Hale,  for  which  he  paid  2s.,  de  propartia  Dni.  Fitz- 
water."  At  the  same  time  he  also  held  "the  moiety  of 
Wilton,  late  the  lauds  of  Ale.^andcr  Hale,  rendering  for 
them  per  aunum,  dc  propartia  Dni.  Fitzwater,  Is.  6d." 
Richard  Hale  held  at  Wilton  one  tenement,  for  which 
he  paid  8d.  a  year ;  and  Roger  Kirkby  and  others  held 
there  a  tenement,  for  which  tlioy  rendered  4d.  Miles 
Ponsonby,  Esq.,  is  the  present  lord  of  the  manor ; 
besides  whom,  William  Walker,  Esq.,  Messrs.  William 
Russell,  Thomas  Walker,  John  Johnson,  John  Smith, 
Richard  Jackson,  John  Wood,  William  l^ragg,  Frede- 
rick G.  Brydle,  John  Birkctt,  William  Bonn,  Henry 
Mossop,  Anthony  Lewthwaite,  Peter  Sherwen,  Mrs. 
Eleanor  Thompson,  and  the  Lowthcr  charity,  are  the 
principal  landowners.  The  parish  was  enclosed  in 
1811,  when  lands  were  allotted  to  the  Earl  of  Lons- 
dale, as  impropriator  of  the  tithes. 

The  village  of  Hale  is  about  two  and  a  half  miles 
south-east  by  south  of  Egi-emont,  where  there  is  a 
small  school. 

THE    CHURCH. 

Hale  parish  church  is  a  plain  building,  standing  in  a 
beautiful  and  secluded  situation,  a  short  distance  from 
the  village,  with  a  turret,  containing  two  bells.  As 
early  as  the  year  1345,  the  church  of  Hale  was  appro- 
priated, by  the  Archdeacon  of  Richmond,  to  the  priory 


of  Conishead,  in  Lancashire,  reserving  to  himself  a 
yearly  pension  of  £0  8s.  The  benefice  is  not  men- 
tioned in  the  King's  Book.  It  was  certified  to  the 
governors  of  (jueen  Anne's  Bounty  at  £7,  but  is  now 
worth  about  £82  a  year.  The  living  is  a  perpetual 
curacy,  in  the  patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  who 
is  also  impropriator,  and  incumbency  of  Rev.  John 
Fox,  M.A.     The  parish  registers  commence  in  1545. 

CIIAUITT. 

Poor  iloneij. — In  a  parish  book  containing  accounts 
of  the  distribution  of  the  poor  money,  commencing  in 
1715,  is  the  following  entry,  dated  December  21st, 
1718  : — "  Then  disbursed  of  30s.,  being  the  interest  of 
£30,  left  to  be  disposed  of,  every  St.  Thomas's  Day,  to 
the  poor  of  the  parish  of  Haile,  and  to  other  pious  and 
charitable  uses,  at  the  discretion  of  the  lord  of  the  said 
manor  of  Haile,  curate,  and  churchwardens." 

Hale  Hall,  the  seat  and  property  of  Miles  Ponsonby, 
l>sq.,  is  a  neat  mansion,  occupying  a  pleasant  situation, 
uud  has  for  many  ages  been  the  residence  of  the  Pon- 
sonby family. 

Ponsonbg  of  ^oitsonbn  anb  ^alc. 

The  Ponsonbys  are  descended  from  an  ancient  and 
noble  family  of  Picardy,  in  France,  and  were  established 
in  England  by  one  of  the  companions  in  arras  of 
William  the  Conqueror.  At  an  early  period  they 
settled  at  Hale,  where  they  assumed  the  name  of 
Ponsonby,  from  the  lordship  of  Ponsonby,  which  they 
possessed,  and  had  the  office  of  barber  to  the  King  of 
England  conferred  upon  them.  Owing  to  a  change  of 
the  name  from  Ponsonby  to  De  Hale,  it  is  not  easy  to 
give  the  descent  of  this  family  regularly. 

There  was  one  Ponson,  in  the  reign  of  King  Stephen  and 
Ilcnry  I.  His  son  John  Fitz-Ponsos,  lived  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  II.  This  is  probably  he  who  gave  the  church  of  Pon- 
sonby to  the  priory  of  Conishead. 

Alkxandeb,  son  of  Kichard  Ponsonby,  lived  about  the  time 
of  Edward  II.,  William  in  the  reign  of  Edwaid  III.,  and 
PtonERT  in  that  of  Richard  II. 

During  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  Hale  was  the  property  of 
Alexandeb  he  Hale.  His  daughters,  Agnes  and  Constance, 
held  it  of  Thomas  de  Multon  of  Gilsland,  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
I.,  at  which  time  the  Ponsonbys  got  Agnes's  part ;  and  in  the 
lime  of  Richard  U.  they  became  possessed  of  the  whole. 


HARRINGTON  PARISH. 


393 


John  Ponsonby,  Esq.,  of  Ilnle,  was  father  of  Simeon  Pox- 
SONBY,  Esq.,  of  Ilttlo,  who  married  Anne  K^lesfield,  of  Alne- 
liurgh  Hall,  CumbLiland,  and  had  a  son,  IlivSny  Ponsondy, 
Esq.,  who  married  Dorotliy  Sandys,  of  Uotlington,  in  Cumber- 
land, by  whom  lie  lind  two  sons,  both  of  whom  were  officers  of 
rank  in  Cromwell's  anny,  and  accompanied  him  to  Ireland  in 
1640,  \h.,  John  (Sir),  of  whom  we  ti-eat,  and  Henry,  ancestor  of 
the  Crotto  family.     The  elder. 

Sir  John  Ponsoniiy,  Knt.,  born  in  IfiOS,  colonel  of  horse  in 
Cromwell's  array,  went  with  his  regiment,  which  ho  raised  for 
the  service  of  tlie  Commonwenlth,  to  Ireland,  in  1040,  and 
became  sheriff  of  the  counties  of  'WiclJow  and  Kildare  in  1054. 
He  represented  the  co.  Kilkenny  in  the  lirst  Pailiamcnt  in  ICCl. 
Sir  John  married,  firstly,  Dorothy,  daughter  of  John  Brisco, 
Esa.,  of  Crofton,  co.  Cumberland,  and  by  her  had  a  son  John, 
of  whose  line  we  treat.  He  married,  secondly,  Klizabetb, 
daughter  of  John  Folliott,  and  widow  of  Richard,  son  and  heir 
of  Sir  Edward  Wingfield,  and  by  this  lady  was  ancestor  of  the 
earls  of  Bcssborough.  Sir  John  died  in  1078.  His  son  by  his 
first  wife, 

John  Ponsonby,  Esq.,  of  Hale,  married  Anne  Copley,  of  Cos 
forth,  and  had,  with  other  issue,  a  son  and  heir, 

John  Ponsonby,  Esq.,  of  Hale,  who  married  Isabella,  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Patrickson,  Esq.,  of  Scalegill  Hall,  co.  Cumber- 
land, and  was  father,  with  other  children,  of 

John  Ponsondy,  Esq.,  of  Hale,  who  married  Dorothy,  daugh- 
ter of  Miles  Wilson,  Esq.,  of  Ashness,  co.  Cumberland,  and  had 
(with  three  daughters,  Mary,  Isabella,  and  Dorothy,  maniod  to 
—  Steel,  Esq.,  of  Cockermoutli)  four  sons,  John,  died  a  minor; 
Miles,  of  whom  presently;  Anthony,  and  WiUiam.  The  second 
aon, 

Miles  Ponsonby,  Esq.,  of  Hale  Hall,  J.P.  and  D.E.,  married 


Catherine,  daughter  of  Wilfred  Clementson,  Esq.,  of  Cocker- 
mouth,  and  had  issue  five  sons,  who  all  died  without  issue, 
and  five  daughters.     The  third  daughter, 

Dorothy  Ponsonuy,  of  Hale,  married,  1800,  John  I'isher, 
Esq.,  of  Whitehaven,  .T.P.  and  D.L.,  who,  in  her  right,  and 
under  the  will  of  his  father-in-law,  assumed  the  surname  of 
Ponsonby.     They  had  issue, 
I.  Thomas,  died  a  minor. 
:i.  Miles,  heir  to  his  father. 
III.  ,)uhn. 
I.  Mary. 
II.  Catherine. 
III.  Dorothy. 

Jlr.  Ponsonby  died  lOth  November,  184.3.  Mrs.  Ponsonby 
died  30th  January,  If&t!. 

Miles  Ponsonby,  Esq.,  of  Hale  Hall,  J.P.,  born  6th  December, 
1808;  married  30th  May,  ls;)7,  Barbara,  daughter  of  the  late 
Christopher  Wilson,  Esq.,  of  liigniaden  Park,  co.  Westmoreland, 
and  has  issue, 

1.  Miles  de  Hale,  born  1  lib  May,  1S41. 
II.  Henry,  bom  23rd  Mnrcli,  1851. 
I.  Catherine  Cumpstoue  I'iorence. 
II.  Dorothy  .Tune. 
lU.  Barbara  Ellen. 

Arms. — Gu.,  a  chev.,  between  tliree  combs,  arg. 
Crest. — On  a  ducal  coronet,  or,  three  arrows,  one  impale,  and  two 
ill  soliier,  the  poititJi  downwai-ils,  entwined  by  a  serpent,  ppr. 
Mutto. — Pro  rege,  lege,  grige. 

Wilton  is  a  haralot  in  tbis  parish,  about  two  miles 
east  of  Egremout.  Here  is  a  small  school,  erected  iu 
1854. 


HARRINGTON  PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Harrington  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Workington,  on  the  west  by  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  south  by 
Moresby,  ami  on  the  east  by  Workington  and  Distington.  It  extends  about  two  miles  and  a  half  along  the 
eea  coast,  and  is  about  one  mile  in  breadth:  containing  the  small  port  of  Harrington,  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  rivulet 
called  the  Wyre.  It  possesses  no  dependent  townships.  The  commons,  which  formed  the  greater  part  of  this 
parish,  were  enclosed  about  the  year  1770,  and  it  still  retains  a  bare  appearance  from  its  want  of  trees. 


The  area  of  Harrington  is  2,790  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  £5,580.  The  population  in  1801  was  1,357; 
in  1811,  l.O-Jl  :  in  IBvJl,  1,815;  in  1831,  1,755  ;  in 
1841,  l.Ot'.l;  and  in  1851,  2,100.  In  this  parish, 
near  Parton,  are  situated  the  I-owca  Engine  Works, 
established  in  1790,  by  Messrs.  Adam,  and  Crosby, 
Ileslop,  and  Co.  They  were  carried  on  by  Jlessrs. 
Tiilk  and  Ley  till  the  year  1«57,  when  they  became 
the  property  of  Jlessrs.  Fletcher,  Jennings,  and  Co., 
the  present  occupiers,  who  employ  about  150  persons. 
The  works  consist  of  an  extensive  foundry,  for  iron  and 
brass.  Marine,  stationary,  and  locoinotivo  engines  are 
manufactured  on  the  premises.  In  1^13  there  was  an 
iron  vessel  built  on  the  adjoining  shore  by  Messrs. 
Tulk  and  Ley,  the  proprietors  at  that  period.     Great 

a 


facilities  are  afforded  for  carrying  on  the  works,  by  the 
fact  of  the  Whitehaven  and  Slaryport  railway  passing 
through  them.  Messrs.  Williamson  and  Son  have  a 
shipbuilding  yard,  situated  near  the  harbour,  com- 
menced by  them  in  1838,  and  affording  employment  to 
150  hands.  Ships  of  from  500  to  700  tons  burden  are 
built  here.  There  is  also  a  blast  furnace,  a  tannery, 
and  a  corn-mill.  Largo  quantities  of  coal  are  raised  in 
the  parish.  The  Harrington  Colliery  consists  of  two 
pits — the  "John,"  and  "Ilodson;"  the  former  is  95 
fathoms  deep,  in  the  middle  seam  stono  drift,  and  the 
coal  is  four  feet  thick.  This  seam  is  the  lowest  of  any 
in  the  neighbourhood,  being  only  thirty  fathoms  above 
the  great  limestone  deposit,  which  in  1824  was  p.ir- 
tially  wrought  five  fathoms  lower,  and  is  now  exten- 


394 


ALLERDALE-ABOA"E.DERWENT   WAED. 


sively  worked  at  Distington,  Dcnn,  and  Brigham. 
"  Hodgson "  pit  is  CO  fathoms  deep,  and  the  coal 
four  feet  thick.  The  '•  yard-haud,"  30  inches  thick, 
is  38  fathoms  above  this  seam,  and  30  fathoms  belovr 
the  four-feet  working  in  the  middle  seam  of  the  "John" 
pit. 

Shortly  after  the  Norman  conquest,  the  manor  of 
Harrington,  together  with  Workington,  was  granted  to 
the  Talebois  family,  barons  of  Kendal,  in  Westmore- 
land, and  was  held  as  a  fee  of  Workington.  At  an 
early  period  it  passed  to  the  fiimily  of  Harrington,  of 
■which  house  there  were  several  branches,  resident  at 
Beaumont  in  Cumberland,  Withcrslack  in  Westmore- 
land, Aldingham  in  Lancashire,  and  at  two  other 
places  in  Rutlandshire  and  Lincolnshire.  The  first 
of  this  family  who  held  Harriiigton  married  the  heiress 
of —  Seaton,  in  the  parish  of  Camertou.  She  died  in 
the  lifetime  of  her  grandfather,  Thomas,  son  of  Gos- 
patric.  The  next  of  the  family  upon  record  is  llobert 
de  Harrington,  who,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  married 
the  heiress  of  Cancefield,  Agnes,  sister  and  heiress  of 
William,  son  of  Richard  de  Cancefield,  who  married 
Alice,  sister  and  heir  of  Sir  Michael  le  Fleming,  son  of 
William,  son  of  the  first  Sir  Michael  le  Fleming,  of 
Beckermet,  Knt.  Ho  had  a  son  and  heir,  John  de 
Harrington,  Knt.,  first  baron  by  writ,  who  was  sum- 
moned to  Parliament  from  30th  December,  1321  to 
13th  November,  1345.  In  the  early  writs  he  is  styled 
"  John  of  Haverington."  His  eldest  son,  Robert,  mar- 
ried Elizabeth,  one  of  the  three  sisters  and  co-heiresses 
of  John  de  Multon  of  Egremont,  and  died  in  the  life- 
time of  his  father,  leaving  John,  eon  and  heir,  his  suc- 
cessor. This  John  dc  Planington  was  summoned  to 
Parliament  in  1318  and  the  foUowhig  years,  and  died 
in  13C3,  leaving  issue  a  sou  and  heir,  Sir  Robert  de 
Harrington,  Knt.,  who  receiver]  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood at  the  coronation  of  Richard  II.,  and  was  sum- 
moned to  Parliament  from  1377  until  his  death  in 
1405.  He  married  Isabel,  daughter  and  co-heiress  of 
Sir  Nigel  Loring,  Knt,  by  whom  he  had  issue  Sir 
John  de  Harrington,  Knt.,  who  died  without  children 
in  1418.  Sir  William  de  Harrington,  his  brother,  who 
succeeded  him,  was  summoned  to  Parliament  from 
1421  to  1430.  He  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Sir 
Robert  Neville,  Knt.,  of  Hornby,  by  whom  he  had  issue 
a  daughter,  Elizabeth,  who  married  William  Lord  Bon- 
ville,  and  in  this  manner  brought  to  that  family  the 
estates  of  the  Harringtons,  Flemings,  and  Cancefields, 
a  third  part  of  the  great  estate  of  Multon,  and  a  moiety 
of  that  of  Loring.  Sir  William  died  in  1457,  without 
male  issue,  leaving  his  grandson  his  next  heir,  who 
became   Baron   Harrington   in  right   of  his   mother. 


William  Lord  Bonville,  Baron  Harrington,  married 
Catherine,  daughter  of  Richard  Neville,  earl  of  Salis- 
bury, and  left,  an  only  daughter,  Ciceley,  who  married 
Thomas  Grey,  first  marquis  of  Dorset,  by  whom  she 
bad  issue  Thomas  Grey,  second  marquis  of  Dorset, 
K.G.,  father  of  Henry  Grey,  third  marquis,  who  was 
rvcatcd  Duke  of  Suffolk  in  15,")1.  This  nobleman  mar- 
ried Frances,  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Charles  Brandon, 
duke  of  Suffolk,  by  Mary,  Queen  Dowager  of  P'rance, 
and  sister  of  Henry  VIII.,  by  whom  he  had  three 
daughters,  Jane,  Kathcrine,  and  Mary.  The  Lady 
Jane  Grey,  his  eldest  daughter,  was  proclaimed  queen 
of  England,  on  the  demise  of  Edward  VI.,  and  was 
soon  afterwards  behc.ided.  Her  father  also  suffered 
death  as  a  traitor ;  and  his  estates,  including  the 
manor  of  Harrington,  were  forfeited  to  the  crown. 
Philip  and  Mary,  by  letters  patent,  bearing  date  in  the 
third  and  fourth  years  of  their  reign,  granted  to  Henry 
Curwen,  Esq.,  the  manor  of  Harrington,  with  its  ap- 
purtenances, being  at  that  time  of  the  yearly  value  of 
1M8  14s.  8d.,  with  the  exception  of  the  advowson  of  the 
living,  to  be  held  in  capite,  by  the  fortieth-part  of  a 
knight's  fee,  for  all  rents,  services,  and  demands.  It 
has  since  continued  to  be  held  by  the  Curwens  of 
Workington  ;  Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  being  the  present 
lord  of  the  manor.  The  demesne  is  williin  the  enclo- 
sure of  Workington  Park,  which  bounds  this  parish  on 
tlie  north.  Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  is  the  principal 
landowner. 

The  small  and  flourishing  port  of  Harrington,  about 
three  miles  south  from  Workington,  is  a  creation  of 
modern  times,  being  the  growth  of  a  single  century,  for 
in  1760  there  was  not  one  house  here,  nor  a  single 
vessel  belonging  to  the  port.  In  171)1  the  number  of 
vessels  belonging  to  Harrington  was  about  sixty,  ave- 
raging 100  tons  burthen;  in  182-J  the  number  was 
thirty-eight,  of  an  aggregate  burden  of  4,970  tons ;  in 
1828  the  number  had  increased  to  forty-three,  and 
their  burden  was  equal  to  5,479  tons;  in  1840  there 
were  forty-four  vessels  belonging  to  the  port,  and  theii- 
burden  was  0,052  tons ;  in  1850  the  number  of  vessels 
was  thirty-five,  and  the  aggregate  burden  was  0^000 
tons;  and  in  1858  wc  find  there  were  thirty  vessels, 
with  a  burden  of  5,780  tons.  The  harbour  is  well 
constructed,  and  the  houses  mostly  modern  and  well 
built.  Coal  and  lime  are  exported.  In  the  coal  trade. 
which  is  carried  on  chiefly  with  Irish  ports,  upwards  of 
forty  vessels  are  employed  ;  and  in  the  lime  trade, 
which  is  carried  on  with  the  opposite  coast  of  Scot- 
land, there  ai'e  a  largo  number  of  sloops.  The  ship- 
building yard  and  other  works  wc  have  spoken  of  above. 
The  port  is  under  Whitehaven. 


IRTOX   TARISH. 


395 


THE  cauBcu. 


Harrington  church  is  a  neat  edifice,  consisting  of 
nave  ami  chancel,  with  square  western  tower,  and  occu- 
pies a  picturesque  situation  on  an  eminence  overlooking 
the  port.  The  nave  is  low  and  narrow,  hut  the  chancel 
is  lofty,  and  of  greater  breadth,  with  an  eastern  window 
of  three  lights.  There  arc  a  few  mural  monuments. 
The  living  of  Uarrington  was  given,  with  that  of 
Workington,  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary,  at  York,  by 
Ketel,  sou  of  Eldrcd,  son  of  Ivo  de  Talebois.  On  the 
dissolution  of  the  monastic  institutions,  Henry  VIII., 
by  lettere  patent,  bearing  date  August  20th,  1514, 
granted  to  Robert  Drookelsbyc  and  John  Dyer  the 
advowson  and  right  of  jialronage  of  the  churches  of 
Harrington  and  Workington,  to  be  held  in  free  socage 
by  fealty. only.  On  the  27th  of  January,  1545,  the  two 
rectories  were  conveyed  to  Thomas  Dalston,  Esq.,  of 
Carlisle.  On  the  12th  October,  1.501,  John  Dalston, 
Esq.,  received  a  hcense  by  which  he  was  empowered  to 
convey  the  advowson  and  right  of  patronage  of  the 
churches  of  Harrington  and  Workington  to  Henry 
Ourwen,  Esq.,  in  whose  posterity  they  have  since  been 
vested.  In  1731  the  University  of  Cambiidge  pre- 
sented in  consequence  of  the  lord  of  the  manor  being  a 
Catholic.     The  living  is  a  rectory,  valued  in  the  King's 


Book  at  £7  7s.  3id.,  and  certified  to  the  governors  of 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty  at  .£37  ;  viz.,  glebe,  £8  ;  all 
tithes  belonging  to  the  rectory,  i'25  ;  prescription  for 
Mr.  Curwen's  demesne,  £2  ;  Easter  dues  and  surplice 
fees,  £2.  Its  present  value  is  about  £250.  The  parish 
register  commences  in  105 3. 

Rectors. — Nicholas  Cowerson  occurs  1553  ;  —  Hndson  occnrs 
about  1012;  R.  Clir.  MatlinsoD,  1601;  Jeremiah  Topping,  1062; 
John  Proctor,  103(1;  Thomas  Orfeur,  1C95 ;  Charles  Richard- 
son, I7J1;  Chai'les  Richardson,  1724;  Charles  Noble,  ITSi; 
Darcy  Otley,  175;i;  John  Bird,  1780;  Joseph  Adderton,  1785; 
Peter  IIow,  nU-j;  'Wilham  Curwen,  1817;  John  Curwen,  1823; 
Peter  Voa  Essen,  1810;  B.  S.  Kennedy,  1857. 

Tlio  Wesleyan  chapel,  erected  in  1 828,  at  a  cost  of 
about  £000,  is  a  good  building  of  stone,  capable  of 
accommodating  about  500  persons.  The  first  floor  is 
partitioned  off  for  a  private  day  school,  and  serves  also 
as  a  Sunday  school.  About  fifty  years  ago  this  body 
met  for  worship  in  an  old  clay  mill  prepared  for  the 
purpose  by  the  late  Mr.  Joseph  Button. 

The  Primitive  Methodist  chapel  was  erected  in  the 
same  year  as  the  above,  at  a  cost  of  £228.  It  will  seat 
about  200  persons ;  half  of  the  seats  arc  free. 

The  parochial  school,  situated  in  the  village,  is  chiefly 
supported  by  the  payments  of  the  children. 


IRTON   PARISH. 

Tuis  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Gosforth ;  on  the  west  by  Hri'^g;  on  the  south  by  the  Mite,  wliich  divides  it 
from  the  parish  uf  Muucaster;  on  the  east  by  the  manor  uf  Mitcrdido  and  the  chapclry  of  \\'asdale,  in  the  parish  of 
St.  Bees.  The  parish  was  enclosed  pursuant  to  an  act  of  Parliament  passed  in  1809.  The  surface  of  the  parish  is 
hilly,  and  in  the  northern  parts  rather  mountainous ;  the  soil  varying  in  quality  from  gravel  and  clay  to  a  mossy 
earth.  Granite  is  plentiful  at  Irton  Hall,  but  neither  coul,  limestone,  nor  freestone  is  found  here.  The  Irt,  from 
wliich  the  name  of  the  parish  is  derived,  flows  through  it  in  a  south-westerly  direction,  and  abounds  with  trout  and 
salmon.  Irton  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Irton  and  Santonwith-Melthwaile,  whose  united  area  is  5,270 
acres.  The  population  in  ISOl  was  400 ;  in  1811,  490 ;  in  1821,  500 ;  in  1831,  531 ;  in  1841,  509 ;  and  in  1851, 
572.  The  rateable  value  of  the  parish  is  £2,059  lOs.  The  principal  landowners  are  Samuel  Irtou,  Esq. ;  Thomas 
Brocklcbank,  Esq. ;  Capt.  II.  Lutwidgo  ;  Anthony  B.  Steward,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  Gaitskell,  Joseph  Watson,  Joseph 
Burrough,  —  Shcrsveu,  and  Saul  Rogers. 


Irton  township  contains  several  scattered  houses  lying 
between  the  Irt  and  Mite,  from  two  to  four  miles  north- 
east of  Ravenglass. 

The  manor  of  Irton  has  been  held  by  a  family 
'••(  the  same  name  since  tho  time  of  the  Conquest. 
In  the  3Jth  Henry  VIII.  it  was  found  by  inquisition 
that  Richard  Irton,  Esq.,  held  the  manor  and  town 
of  Irton  of  tho  king  as  of  his  castle  of  Egreraont, 
by  homage  and  fealty,  Id.  rent,  and  suit  at  tho 
court  of  Egremont.      He  also  possessed  Cleator  and 


a  moiety  of  the  manor  of  Basscnthwmtc.  In  1578 
liichard  Irton  held  the  manor  of  Irton  by  homage, 
fealty,  and  suit  of  court,  and  by  tho  rent  of  7d.  for 
cornage.  The  demesne  is  large  ;  three  estates  pay 
customary  rents,  arbitraiy  lines,  and  heriots,  with 
other  boons  and  services. 

Irton  Hall,  tho  ancient  seat  of  the  Irton  family,  is 
pleasantly  seated  amid  noble  ti'ecs,  on  the  summit  of  aa 
eminence  rising  from  the  Irt,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
east  from  the. parish  church.    The  most  striking  archi- 


396 


ALLERDALE  ABOVE-DEUWENT   WARD. 


tectural  feature  of  Irton  Hall  is  a  quadrangular  tower 
built  in  the  castellated  style,  with  embrasures,  which, 
from  its  great  antiquity,  and  from  the  fact  that  the 
other  parts  of  the  mansion  being  of  various  and  more 
modern  dates,  is  generally  supposed  to  have  constituted 
the  principal  part  of  the  manorial  hall.  In  front  of  the 
hall  is  the  trunk  of  an  old  gigantic  oak,  whose  girth 
three  men  can  scarcely  encompass  with  their  arms 
extended.  The  following  account  of  the  Irton  family 
■will  clearly  shew  the  descent  of  the  manor  : — 

^lioit  of  ^rton. 
The  Irtons  have  been  seated  at  Irton  from  a  period 
antecedent  to  the  Conquest,  and  have  since  that  period 
been,  in  a  direct  line,  successive  lords  thereof.  The 
first  of  this  family  mentioned  by  Mr.  Wharton,  Somer- 
set herald,  is 

Baktram  D'Yrton,  who  lived  in  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of 
Henry  I.;  and  Richard  is  mentioned  soon  after  the  Conquest,  as 
appears  by  a  deed  of  gift  in  the  exchequer  of  lands  given  to  the 
abbey  at  York  by  Andrew  de  Blorwick,  to  which  Bartram  was  an 
evidence.    He  was  succeeded  by 

Adam  D'Yuton  of  Yrton,  who  was  one  of  the  knights  of  St. 
John  of  Jerusalem;  and,  attending  Godfrey  of  Boulogne  and  the 
other  Christian  princes  to  the  Holy  Land,  was  at  the  siege  of 
Jerusalem.  During  the  war  be  slew  a  Saracen  general,  and  is 
said  to  have  severed  at  one  blow  the  infidel's  head  from  his  body. 
He  married  Joan  Stutville,  and  was  father  of 

HcGU  D'Yrton,  who  married  Gertrude  Tilliol,  of  an  ancient 
and  eminent  family,  which  possessed  Scaleby  Castle  and  a  large 
estate  on  the  borders,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Edmund  D'Yeton,  who  joined  the  crusade,  under  Richard  I., 
and  participated  in  all  that  monarch's  wars.  He  lost  bis  life  in 
the  journey  to  Jerusalem ;  and  left,  by  his  wife,  the  daughter  of 
Edmund  Dudley  of  Yanwath,  in  'Westmoreland,  a  son  and  suc- 
cessor, 

SrEPHES  D'Y'rton,  who  married  Jane  Dacre,  and  had  two 
sons,  namely,  Roger,  his  heir,  and  Randolpli,  or  Ralph,  consti- 
tuted in  1230  Bishop  of  Carlisle.     The  elder  son, 

Roger  D'Yrton,  married,  and  had  a  son  and  successor, 

■Wu.T.iAM  D'Yeton,  who  married  Grace  Hanmerof  Shropshire, 
a  near  relatire  of  the  Hanmers  of  Hanmer,  in  FUntshu-e,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Roger  D'Yrton,  living  in  1293,  who  married  Susan,  daughter 
of  Sir  Alexander  Basinthwaite.  By  this  lady  Roger  D'Yrton 
acquired  the  manors  of  Basinthwaite,  Loweswater,  Unthanl;, 
and  divers  other  lands  of  considerable  value ;  and  had  a  son  and 
heir, 

Adam  D'Yrton,  who  manied  Elizabeth,  sole  heiress  of  Sir 
John  Copeland,  and  obtained  with  her  the  manors  of  Birker, 
Birkby,  and  Santon.  He  left  two  sons,  of  whom  the  younger, 
Alexander,  married  a  lady  of  the  family  of  Odingsuls,  and  settled 
at  Wolverly,  in  Warwickshire.     The  elder, 

RiCHAED  D'Yrton,  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  John 
Broughton  of  Broughton,  in  StafTordshire,  and  was  father  of 

CHRisTorHEK  Irton  of  Irton,  who  married  Margaret,  daugh- 
ter of  Richard  Redman  of  Herwood  Castle,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son, 

Nicholas  Irton  of  Irton,  who  married  a  daughter  of  William 
Dykes  of  Wardell,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 


John  Irton,  Escj.,  of  Irton,  living  temp.  Edward  IV.,  who 
married  Anne,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  l.aniplugh,  Knt.,  by 
Eleanor  his  wife,  daughter  of  Sir  Henry  Fenwick  of  Fenwick, 
and  had  (with  another  son,  Josepli,  who  left  two  daughters — 
Klizaletli,  married  to  William  Armorer,  Esq.;  and  Mary,  mar- 
ried to  John  Skelton,  Esq.,  of  Armatliwaite  Castle),  a  son, 

William  Ikton,  Esq ,  of  Irton,  who  was  appointed,  in  1-193, 
general  to  the  Duke  of  Cloucester,  and  (as  appears  by  an  old 
grant  in  the  family)  his  deputy-lieutenant.  He  married  a 
daughter  of  the  ancient  house  of  Fleming  of  Rydal,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  son, 

Thomas  Irton  of  Irton,  who  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
liood  from  tlie  Earl  of  Surrey,  at  Flodden  Field,  and  was  slain 
in  a  skirmish  at  Kelso,  with  the  Scotch.  He  died  without 
children,  and  was  succeeded,  in  1D03,  by  his  brother, 

RiciiARD  Irton  of  Irton,  who  served  as  sherifl'  for  Cumber- 
land, a'2nd  Henry  VIII.  He  married  Anne,  daughter  of  Sir 
William  Middleton,  Knt.,  of  Stokeld  Park,  and  left  a  son  and 
heir, 

CuRiSTOniEE  Irton,  Esq.,  of  Irton,  who  married,  in  154.3, 
Ehzabelh,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Millory,  Knt.,  of  Studley 
Park,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

John  Irton,  Esq.,  of  Irton,  who  married,  in  1577,  Annei 
daughter  of  Richard  Kirby,  Esq.,  of  Kirby,  by  Mary  his  wife, 
daughter  of  Sir  Roger  Bellingham,  and  was  father  of 

John  Ikton,  Esq.,  of  Irton,  who  married,  in  1038,  Anne, 
sister  of  Sir  Harrj-  Ponsonby,  ancestor  to  the  earls  of  Bess- 
borough,  and  left  a  son  and  successor, 

John  Irton,  Esq.,  of  Irton,  who  mairied,  in  1C58,  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Musgrave  of  Mealrig,  youngest  brother  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Musgrave,  Knt,  of  Crookdake,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
son, 

George  Irton,  Esq.,  of  Irton,  who  married  Eliza,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Lamplugh,  Esq.,  of  Lamplugh,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son, 

George  Irton,  Esq.,  of  Irton,  high  sheriff  of  Cumberland  in 
1753,  who  married,  in  ICnS,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  David  Poole, 
Esq.,  of  Knottingley,  and  Syke  House,  co.  York,  and  had  two 
sons  and  five  daughters.     He  was  succeeded  by  the  eldest, 

Samuel  Irton,  Esq.,  of  Irton,  who  mamed  Frances,  only 
daughter  and  heiress  of  Robert  Tubman,  Esq.,  of  Cockermouth, 
and  had  three  sons  and  as  many  daughters.  The  eldest  surviv- 
ing son, 

Edmi'sd  LAMPLVGn  IiiTON,  Esq.,  of  Irton,  married,  firstly. 
Miss  Hodgson  of  Hawkshead,  and  by  her  had  u  daughter,  Anne 
Frances,  married  to  Joseph  Gunson,  Esq.,  of  Ingwell.  He  mar- 
ried, secondly,  2nd  Aug.,  1787,  Haniet,  daughter  of  John  Hayne, 
Esq.,  of  Ashbourne  Green,  co.  Derby.  By  the  latter  (who  died 
8th  November,  18-10)  he  had  issue,  Samuel,  liis  heir;  Richard, 
lieutenant-colonel  in  the  litle  brigade,  married  Selina,  daughter 
nf  Joseph  Sabine,  Esq.,  and  is  deceased;  and  Fiances,  married, 
cth  October,  1812,  to  Sir  E.  S.  Prideaux,  Bart.  Mr.  Irton  died 
2nd  November,  1820,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Samuel  Ieton,  Esq.,  of  Irton  Hall,  J. P.  and  IJ.L.,  M.P.  for 
the  western  division  of  the  county  from  1833  till  1857,  when 
lie  retired.     Bom  29lh  September,  1700.     Married,  25th  July, 
1825,  Eleanor,   second  daughter  of  Joseph  TilTen  Senhouse, 
Esq.,  of  Calder  Abbey. 
Arms, — Arg.,  a  fesse,  sa.,  in  chief,  three  mullets,  gn. 
Cresl. — A  Saracen's  head. 
Motto. — Semper  constans  et  fidelis. 

the  chobch. 
Irton  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Paul,  is  a  handsome 
modern  structure,  consisting  of  nave,  chancel,  and  square 


IRTON  PAEISH. 


397 


tower,  rcliuilt  in  170.').  It  contains  several  niuuunients 
to  the  memory  of  different  members  of  the  Irton,  Lut- 
widgc,  Winder,  and  Mossop  families.  As  we  learu 
from  Tanner,  the  church  of  Irton,  \Yhich  he  tells  us 
was  dedicated  to  St.  Michael,  was  appropriated  in  the 
year  ]2'27,  to  the  nunnery  of  Seaton  or  Leakly.  On 
the  suppression  of  the  monastic  institutions  it  was 
granted  to  the  Penningtous  of  Muucaster,  ancestors 
of  the  present  Lord  Muncaster.  The  tithes  and  the 
right  of  advowson  remained  in  that  family  until  they 
were  purchased  hy  Samuel  Irton,  Esq.,  the  present 
patron.  There  is  no  mention  made  of  Irton  in  the 
King's  Book;  but  it  was  certified  to  the  governors  of 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty  at  the  annual  value  of  £4  13s.  4d. 
When  the  parish  was  enclosed,  in  ]  809,  an  allotment 
of  land  was  given  in  lieu  of  tithes.  The  living  was 
formerly  rectorial,  but  is  now  only  a  perpetual  curacy, 
valued  at  X'90  a  year.  The  parish  registers  commence 
in  1G97.  In  the  churchyard  is  an  ancient  cross,  nearly 
ten  feet  in  height,  and  ornamented  with  some  rich 
carving,  representing  elegant  scroll  work,  knots,  and 
frets,  very  much  in  the  style  of  some  of  the  Kunic 
crosses  found  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 

IscrMDENTS. — John  Benson,  1076;  Joseph  Benn,  1681; 
Edward  Burrough,  17l!0;  John  Steble,  H"'!;  ClementWatts, 

1780;  John  Grice,  1707;  Henry  W.  Hodgson, ;  Robert  G. 

Calthrop,  1S50. 

CniltlTlES. 

Poor  Money. — The  interest  of  £17  is  given  away 
annually  at  Easter,  amongst  poor  householders  of  the 
parish  of  Irton,  not  receiving  parochial  relief. 

Bread  and  Cheese  Money. — The  sum  of  3s.  4d.  is 
paid  aimually,  under  the  description  of  bread  and 
cheese  money,  out  of  the  iluncaster  estate.  The  origin 
of  the  payment  is  unknown. 

School. — Ilcnry  Caddy,  by  deed,  dated  Ith  Decem- 
ber, 1710,  gave  £150  towards  the  maintcuanco  of  a 
master,  to  teach  a  free  English  and  grammar  school 
for  the  benefit  and  advantage  only  of  so  many  of  the 
parishioners  of  Irton  and  Santon,  who  should  propor- 
tionably  contribute  to  the  building  of  a  school-room,  to 
be  erected  upon  Irton  Moor;  and  he  appointed  fJeorgo 
[rton  of  Irton,  his  heirs  and  successors,  and  Wiiliain 
Caddy,  his  heirs  and  successors,  owners  of  Gaskclh, 
perpetual  trustees,  with  three  other  persons  to  bo  nomi- 
nated from  time  to  time;  and  he  directed  tliat  any 
parishioner,  who  had  not  contributed  to  the  building  of 
the  school,  if  he  wished  to  be  free  thereof,  should  not 
pay  less  than  303.  for  liis  freedom  ;  the  interest  whereof 
was  to  bo  paid  to  the  schoolmaster.  And  he  furtlior 
directed  that  all  poor  persons'  children,  within  Irton 


and  Santon,  should  be  free  of  the  school,  the  said 
trustees  to  judge  who  should  go  under  that  denomina- 
tion. Articles  of  agreement  were  entered  into  ou  the 
same  day  by  the  subscribers  to  the  building  of  the 
school  to  the  same  effect.  The  sum  of  £150,  by 
accumulation  of  interest  and  additional  bequests,  has 
increased  to  £181.  In  addition  to  the  interest  of  the 
money  above-mentioned,  amounting  to  £9  Is.,  the 
schoolmaster  receives  £3  as  the  rent  of  an  allotment  of 
land  containing  about  one  and  a  half  acre.  This  allotment 
was  given  in  respect  of  the  school  upon  the  enclosure 
of  an  adjoining  common ;  it  is  let  for  £3  a  year.  No 
children,  though  they  are  considered  as  entitled  to  their 
freedom,  are  taught  entirely  free,  a  small  quarterage  is 
paid  for  them ;  for  others,  the  master  charges  a  higher 
quarterage.  The  average  number  of  scholars  is  about 
fifty;  they  are  instructed  in  reading,  writing,  and 
accounts ;  and,  if  it  is  required,  classics  and  mathe- 
matics are  taught ;  but  for  the  latter,  the  master  makes 
his  own  terms.  The  Eev.  Stanley  Burrough,  formerly 
master  of  Piugby,  left  to  this  school  £10  per  annum, 
payable  out  of  land.  This  was  paid  for  a  short  time, 
but  it  is  now  refused,  as  having  been  a  void  bequest 
under  the  statute  of  mortmain. 

Admiral  Lutuidge's  Charity. — Admii-al  Lutwidge,  by 
will,  left  three  guineas  per  annum,  charged  upon  land, 
to  be  distributed  annually  at  Christmas  amongst  six 
poor  widows  of  this  parish.  This  is  regularly  paid,  and 
applied  according  to  the  directions  of  his  will. 

SANTON    AND    MELTHWAITE. 

The  acreage,  population,  and  rateable  value  of  Santon 
and  Melthwaite  are  returned  with  the  parish.  The 
township  contains  the  village  of  Holm  Rook  and  several 
scattered  houses  on  the  north  side  of  the  Irt,  about 
three  miles  uorth-by-cast  of  Raveuglass. 

The  manor  of  Santon  appears  to  have  been  held  in 
the  time  of  Ilenry  III.  by  Alan  do  Copcland,  who 
resided  in  Bootle  parish,  and  "  held  of  Tiiomas  de 
Multon  of  Gilsland,  who  held  over  of  the  lord  of  Egre- 
mout."  He  was  succeeded  by  bis  sons  *Vlan  and 
Richard,  and  they  by  John  and  Richard.  In  the  aiJnd 
Itichard  II.  (1398-'.!)  .\ian,  son  of  Richard  Copcland, 
held  lands  here.  From  a  survey  taken  in  1378  we 
loam  that  Roger  Kirkby,  E>q,  held  Santon,  certain 
lands  in  Gosforth,  Halo,  and  other  places,  by  homage, 
fealty,  and  suit  of  court,  and  by  the  payment  of  6s,  t<d. 
for  fee  farm,  coninge,  seawake,  Serjeant's  food,  &c.,  all 
of  the  purjiarty  of  tlio  Lord  Fitzwater.  In  the  year 
1777  Santon  was  held  by  tho  families  of  Irton  and 
Winder ;  the  moiety  held  by  tho  latter  having  been 
purchased  of  -•  Lotus,  Esq.,  who  bought  it  of  the 


398 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DBBWENT  WARD. 


Lancaster  family.  It  is  now  the  property  of  Captain 
H.  Lutwidge. 

Tho  village  of  Holtnrook  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  banks  of  the  Irt,  and  the  high  road  from  Ravenglass 
to  Egreraont. 

Holmrook  Hall,  tho  scat  of  C:iptain  H.  Lutwidge, 
is  situated  on  the  northern  bank  of  the  Irt,  three  miles 
north-east  from  Piavenglass. 

^uiteibgc  of  |)olmrooli. 
Thomas  LnTwrooE,  Esq.,  J.P.,  of  Wliitebaven,  bom  ia  1070, 
on  extensive  merchant  an  J  sliip-owner  ;  Iiigh-sheriif  of  the  co. 
Cumberland,  12th  George  I.  He  manied  Istly  Hannah  Rumbold, 
and  had  by  her  a  son,  Palmer,  born  10th  Jannary,  1700  or  1703, 
and  died  10th  April,  1701.  He  married  2ndly,  fith  February, 
ifai,  Lucy,  youngest  daughter  of  Sir  Charles  HoghtoD,  15art., 
of  Hoghton  Tower,  co.  Lancaster,  (by  Mary,  his  wife,  oldest 
daughter  of  J.  Skeffinjilon,  viscount  Jtassereene,)  and  by  her 
(who  died  17lh  September,  17t<U)  he  had  issue, 

I.  Charles,  bom  20ih  January,  1722,  J.P.  and  D.L.  of  the  co. 
Cumberland,  receiver  and  surveyor  general,  i:e.,  of  llie  Isle 
of  JIan,  and  surveyor  ntul  ctimptroller  general  of  the  coasts 
of  Cumberland  and  Wcstinorehuid,  and  the  part  of  Lancas- 
ter, &c. ;  he  possessed  considerable  landed  property  near 
Whitehaven,  and  elsewhere  in  the  co.  of  Cumberland,  and 
nurehased,  17.jy.  as  a  summer  residence,  Holmrook,  near 
Ravenglass,  with  the  manor  of  ii.dton,  which  estate  still 
remains  in  tlie  family.  He  died,  unmarried,  in  October, 
1781. 
II.  Heurv,  formerlv  of  Cooper's  Hill,  Waltnn-Ie-Dale,  near  Pres- 
ton, burn  nih  .Inne,  1721;  married,  8th  September,  1707, 
Jane,  second  dauglitcr  and  co-heiress  of  Itigby  Jlolinenx, 
of  Preston,  captain  of  infantrv,  (eldest  son  of  Thomas,  third 
son  of  Sir  J.  .Molinenx,  third'  baronet  of  Teversal,  Notts., 
by  Mary,  daughter  of  Oliver  Marton,  Esq.,  of  Lnncasler,for 
many  years  Jl.P.  for  that  town,)  born  in  1715, died  in  1791. 
He  died  1st  August,  1711s,  having  had  issue, 

1.  Charles,  born  loth  June,  HC,  major  in  the  1st  regiment 
of  Koyal  Lancashire  Militia,  and  afterwards  collector 
of  customsat  the  port  of  Kingston  upon-IluU.  Hesuc- 
cceded  to  Holmrook,  and  ultimately  sold  the  estate  to 
his  uncle.  Admiral  Lutwidg.'.  Air.  Charles  Lutwidge 
married,  l.'ith  January,  17Us,  Elb.abeth  Anne,  daughter 
of  the  Rt.  licv.  Charles  Dodgson,  lord  bishop  of  Elphin, 
and  died  7ili  September,  lb48,  having  had  issue, 

Charles  Henry,  (Rcr.')  vicar  of  East  Farleigh,  co. 
Kent,  born'2lst  March,  ISDrt,  ilied  at  Hastings, 
15th  Januarv,  Wi:^.  He  married,  3rd  November, 
1831,  Ann  Louisa,  oidy  daughter  of  Robert  Raikes, 
Esq.,  of  Welton  House,  Yorksl:ue,  and  had  issue, 

Uu.VRLEs   RoHERT  Flktcuer,  present  repre- 
sentative of  the  family. 
Caroline  Louisa. 

Robert  Wilfred  Skcffington  Lutwidge,  barrister-at- 
law,  born  17th  January,  1S02. 

Elizabeth  Frances,  married,  17th  February-.  192.3, 
Thomas,  eldest  son  of  Robert  Raikes,  Esq.,  of 
Welton  House,  Yorkshire,  and  has  issue, 

Ch.arles,  born   17tli  November,  1823,  oflicer  of 

artillerv,  E.l.Co's.  service. 
Frederick,  bom  1:3th  August,  18.10 ;  died  27th 

March,  IS:U. 
Elizabeth  Lucy. 

Frances  Jane,  married,  5th  .April,  1S27,  her  cousin, 
the  Veil,  .\rcljdeacon  Dodgson,  rector  of  Croft, 
Yorkshire  (eldest  son  of  Cl'arles  Dodgson.  captain 
of  Dragoons,  eldest  son  of  Charles,  Bisbop  of 
Elphin),  by  l.ucy.  daughter  of  James  Hume,  Esq., 
chairman  of  theB'.ard  of  Customs,  and  died  26th 
January,  1801,  leaving  issue, 

Lucy.  Charlotte  Afenella. 

Margaret  .\nne.      Henrietta  Miu-y. 


2.  Skcffington,  D.L.,  bom  2-lrd  May,  I77!l,  of  Holmrook, 

late  major  11th  Native  Infimtryj  E.l.Co's.  Service,  and 
deputy  judge  advocate  general  of  the  Miujras  army, 
married,  llltli  Marrli,  IsU,  Mary  .Margaret,  dauglitcr  of 
Gen.  Loekliart,  of  co.  Lanark,  and  died  without  issue 
"rd  Feliruiuy,  IS.'jl. 

3.  Homy  Thomas,  born  Ulh  October,  1780;  captain  R.N.; 

was  present  at  Lord  Bridporl's  action  in  June,  1700, 
and  at  .'\dmiral  Sir  J.  Jervis's  action  olf  Cape  St. 
Vincent,  14th  February,  1797;  shipwrecked  on  the 
French  coast,  in  the  "  Hussar"  frigate,  in  February, 
1804,  taken  ])risoner,  and  detained  in  France  till  the 
end  of  the  war;  married,  22nd  June,  1N24,  Mary, 
youngest  datighterof  John  Taylor,  Esq.,  of  Townhead, 
CO.  Lancaster,  by  Dorothy,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas 
Rumbold,  Bart.,  governor  of  ^ladras. 

1.  Charlotte  Jane,  died  5th  January,  18.51;  married,  Istly, 
2()th  .May,  17SS,  William  Henn,  Esq.,  of  Hensiugham, 
near  Whitehaven  (who  died  in  171)1));  and  2ndly, 
Thomas  Cope,  Esq.,  of  Osbastou  Hall,  co.  Leicester, 
who  died  luih  May,  18:17. 

a.  Lucy,  died  10th  April,  18:11 ;  married,  in  1812,  the  EcT. 
William  Grice,  vicai  of  Irton,  co.  Cumberlaud, and  left 
a  daughter. 

3.  Margaret,  married  to  J.  E.  Carter,  Esq.,  of  Leicester,  and 

died  without  issue  .'jth  Jime,  1809. 

4.  Cordelia,  died  in  1777. 

i.  Henrietta  Octavia,  died  18th  September,  ISIS;  married, 
6th  January,  1801,  Charles  Poole,  Esq.,  of  The  Grove, 
Sianmore,  Middlesex  (who  died  17ih  May,  1838),  and 
had  issue. 

HI.  Thomas,  born  5th  October,  172.3;    died,  unmarried,  March, 
17411. 

IV.  John,  born  23rd  July,  172S;  died,  unmarried,  1st  July,  1740. 
V.  Samuel,  bora  l-'jth  November,  17:10 ;  lii'utenant,  R.N.,  served 
under  Admiral  Watson  in  the  East  Indies,  one  of  the 
volunteers  from  the  stjuadron  who  jiiined  Lord  (then 
Colonel)  Clive  in  his  utmck  upon  Calcutta,  in  which  he  was 
severely  wounded.  He  died  of  his  wounds,  and  uumarried, 
10th  March,  1757. 

VI.  Walter,  bora  17  th  December,  1733;  died  yoimg  and  unmar- 
ried. 

VII.  Skcffington,  bora  13th  March,  1737;  admiral  of  the  red,  com- 
manded the  Carcass  bomb-ship,  in  Commtmder  Phipps's 
voyage  of  discovery  to  the  North  Pole,  in  1773.  Tliia 
gallant  seaman,  the  friend  of  Nelson,  commanded  the 
Terrible,  74,  in  Lord  Hood's  fleet,  and  was  eventually 
appointed  coinmander-iu-chief  of  the  Downs.  He  married 
Catherine,  sister  of  the  late  Sir  Robert  Bateson  Harvey, 
B.art.,  of  Langley  Park,  Bucks.,  and  died,  without  issue,  at 
Holmrook,  lOlh  .\ugust,  1814. 
I.  .Margaret,  born  in  1726  ;  died,  unmarried,  at  WTiitehaven,  iu 
1801. 

It.  Cordelia,  born  5th  March,  1732;  died  2nd  December,  1732. 

III.  Lucy,  born  30th  April,  1735  ;  died  12th  August,  1730. 

Mr.  Lutwidge  died  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 
Charles  Robebt  Fletchee,  Esq.,  born  2nd  August,  133.5. 

Arms. — .\z.,  three  chapeanx,  or  caps  of  maintenance  or  turned  up 

erm. 

Crest. — .\  lion,  rampant,  gn. 
Motto. — Deo,  pairia,  amicis. 

Opposite  to  Irton  Hall,  but  in  this  township,  are  the 
extensive  nursery  grounds  of  the  Messrs.  Gaitskell, 
which  are  laid  out  in  a  very  neat  and  elegant  manner. 
The  conservatory  of  rare  and  valuable  exotics  is  very 
attractive.  Lower  down  is  the  beautiful  villa  of  Green- 
lands,   the   property   of    Thomas    Brocklebauk,    Esq. 

Santon  Bridge,  where  there  are  a  few  dispersed  houses, 
and  a  small  Methodist  chapel,  erected  in  1828,  is  four 
miles  from  Ravetiglass.  There  is  a  com-miU  here,  and 
another  at  Holmrook. 


LAMPLUGH   PARISH. 


399 


LAMPLUGH   PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Lamplugh  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Dean,  on  the  west  by  Arlecdon,  on  the  south  by  Ennerdale, 
and  on  the  cast  by  Lowcswater.  It  is  divided  into  the  four  townships  of  Lamplugh,  JIurton,  Kelton,  and  Winder, 
which  are  united  for  the  reHef  of  the  poor,  but  are  separate  for  highway  purposes.  The  parish  contains  0,354  acres, 
inchuHng  upwards  of  1,500  acres  of  unenclosed  land,  belonging  in  common  to  the  townships  of  Lamplugh  and 
Murton.  The  mineral  royalty  of  the  unenclosed  laud  (containing  the  mountains  called  Blake  Fell  and  Knock 
Murton)  belongs  to  J.  L.  L.  Raper,  Esq.  The  common  Innd  of  Kelton  is  enclosed  and  apportioned  ;  the  mineral 
ro3'alty  belongs  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 

The  rateable  value  of  the  parish  is  j£8,625  17s.  Od. ; 
the  gross  estimated  rental  is  £o,0'22  3s.  The  population 
in  1801  was  535;  in  181],  532;  in  1821,  001  ;  in 
1831,  024;  in  1841,  015;  and  in  1851,  010.  The 
soil  is  principally  gravel  and  loam,  incumbent  on  lime- 
stone. It  is  interspersed,  in  some  places,  with  pieces 
of  peat  earth.  In  1855,  as  some  workmen  were  exca- 
vating for  mining  purposes,  at  Smaithwaitc,  they  found 
embedded  in  peat  earth,  at  the  distance  of  twelve  feet 
from  the  surface,  a  quantity  of  hazel  nuts,  which  it  is 
supposed  were  relics  of  an  ancient  forest.  There  are 
iron  ore  workings  in  operation  at  Knock  Murton,  be- 
longing to  ]\!r.  Thomas  Carmichacl.  There  is  not  a 
sunk  pit,  but  the  ore  is  drifted  in  from  the  breast  of 
the  mountain,  and  run  out  by  men.  The  number  of 
workmen  employed  is  aliout  twenty.  The  greater  part 
of  the  ore  is  carted  to  Workington,  but  some  of  it  has 
also  been  carried  to  the  furnace  on  Cleator  Moor. 
Agnes  Pit,  belonging  to  Messrs.  Fletchers,  Miller,  and 
Co.,  is  in  the  south-western  extremity  of  this  parish, 
but  it  is  very  near  the  Yatehousc  mines,  in  Frisington, 
belonging  to  the  same  firm. 

Mr.  John  Denton  supposes  that  "  the  place  was 
originally  named  Glan-Flough,  or  Glan-Fillough,  of  the 
Irish  inhabitants  before  the  conquest,  which  word  sig- 
nifies the  Wet  Dale — vallis  humida  ;  and  thereof  is 
formed  the  present  word,  Lamplugh,  or  Lanflogb.' 
Tho  same  writer  also  says  :  "Lamplugh  in  the  fells  is 
that  manor-house  and  seignory  in  the  barony  of  Egre- 
mont  which  gave  name  to  the  ancient  family  of  Lanip- 
lughs ;  a  race  of  valorous  gentlemen,  successively  for 
their  worthyness  knyghted  in  the  field,  all  or  mo.st  of 
them."  On  an  eminence  in  tho  Stockhow  Hull  estate, 
in  this  parish,  aro  tho  remains  of  a  Druidical  circle, 
called  Standing  Stones.  Only  the  uorthern  portion  i.s 
now  visible,  the  remainder  liaving  been  blasted  and 
removed  several  years  ago,  to  make  fences  with.  Tlio 
part  remaining  consists  of  six  large  stones,  of  tho  kind 
provincially  called  tho  smooth  blue  cobble,  placed  at 
irregular  distances,  varying  from  eighteen  paces  to  one, 
and  tiio  circle,  when  perfect,  nuiy  have  been  a  hundred 
paces  in  diameter.  Tho  stones  aro  mostly  of  an  oblong 
figure,  placed  endwise  in  the  circumfcrenco  of  tho  cir- 


cle ;  four  of  the  largest  are  nearly  four  feet  in  height 
above  ground,  and  are  supported  in  an  upright  position 
by  other  large  stones  around  their  bases  underground. 
The  neighbouring  rock  is  of  limestone.     AVe  can  ascer- 
tain no  tradition  relating  to  the  stones  beyond  the 
name,  which  is  common  to  similar  erections  in  other 
parts  of  the  kingdom.     There  is  a  tradition  of  an  oak 
tree  having  grown  in  the  forest,  on  the  steep  southern 
side  of  Blake  Fell,  where  now  is  nothing  but  the  naked 
and  moving  debris  of  the  slate  rock,  and  from  which  a 
table  was  made  of  a  single  plank,  nearly  four  feet  in 
width  and  several  yards  in  length,  to  grace  the  hall  of 
the  manorial  residence  of  the  Lamplughs.     On   the 
demolition    of    the    ancient    residence,    for    materials 
wherewith  to  erect  the  modern  house  and  farm  build- 
ings, the  table  was  cut  into  two  leugths,  and  the  half 
of  it  now  stretches  entirely  across  the  roomy  farm 
kitchen — a  noble  though  much  diminished  specimen  of 
tho  growth  of  the  oak  in  the  day  when  tho  squirrel  was 
chased  from  Lamplugh  Fells  to  Jloresby  without  its 
alighting  on  the  ground  :   so  closely  was  the  country 
covered  with  noble  forest  trees  for  many  miles  where 
now  are  only  stunted  hedgerows.     The  Roman  road 
from  Egremont  to  Cockerraouth  passed  through  this 
parish.     Its  remains  are  visible  on  tho  south  side  of 
Ilowrah,  and  from  thence  to  tlie  Scallow,  whence  they 
run  to  the  west  of  JIurton  and  Whinnah,  and  to  the 
east  of  Gatra  and  Woodend,  in  direction  of  Streetgate. 
A  great  part  of  this  parish  is  very  elevated,  and  com- 
mands an  extensive  prospect  in  Scotland,  and  on  the 
Irish  Sea,  including  the  Isle  of  Man.     Near  Lamplugh 
Hall  is  a  mineral   spring,  of  a   powerful   astringent 
qiittlity.     An  ancient  cross,  which  until  lately  remained 
in  the  parish,  has  shared  tiie  same  fato  as  the  old  hoU, 
and  has  been  wantonly  destroyed. 

i.AMri.ruH. 
The  population,  acreage,  and  rato.iblc  value  of  Lamp- 
lugh township  is  included  in  tho  parish  returns.  Tho 
cavlicNt  recorded  possessor  of  Lamplugh  manor  is 
Wiiliam  do  Lancaster,  baron  of  Kendal,  who  appears  to 
have  given  it,  with  Workington,  in  cxchnngo  for  Mid- 
dlcton  ill  LousJalo,  to  Gospatric,  sou  of  Orme,  lord  of 


400 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE  DERWENT  WARD. 


Seaton,  in  Derwcnt  Ward.  William  de  Lancaster 
Bcems  to  have  tfiken  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  times  in 
which  he  lived,  and  it  is  on  record  tliat  he  was  "a  great 
commander  under  Henry  II.  in  the  wars  against  David 
of  Scotland,  and  Earl  Henry,  his  son,  and  helped  to 
recover  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland 
from  the  Scots,  which  King  Stephen  had  given  them." 
Gospatric  died  in  possession  of  Lamplugh,  and  his  son, 
Thomas,  gave  it  to  Robert  Lamplugh  and  his  heirs,  on 
condition  of  their  "  paying  yearly  a  pair  of  gilt  spurs  to 
the  lord  of  Workington."  In  1578  John  Gatefold  held 
certain  lands  and  tenements  in  Lamplugh,  by  homage, 
fealty,  and  suit  of  court,  paying  for  the  same  Is.  Id.  a 
year.  J.  L.  L.  Raper,  Esq.,  is  lord  of  the  manor  of 
Lamplugh  and  Murton,  but  the  customary  rents  of  the 
old  enclosed  lands,  together  with  the  right  of  working 
the  minerals  contained  therein,  were  purchased  free  of 
Thomas  Lamplugh,  by  the  respective  owners  of  the  soil, 
about  the  year  1718.  J.  L.  L.  Raper,  Esq.,  and  John 
Dickinson,  Esq.,  are  the  principal  landowners,  but 
A.  B.  Steward,  Esq.,  and  Messrs.  W.  F.  Dickinson, 
John  Bowman,  John  Nicholson,  Peter  Dodgson,  Joseph 
Robinson,  and  Mrs.  Ann  Roger,  have  each  an  estate 
here. 

^ampluglj  of  JTmnphiglj- 
The  pedigree  of  tliis  family,  certified  by  John  Lamp- 
lugh, Esq.,  at  Sir  William  Dugdale's  visitation,  in  1005, 
is  as  follows  : — 

Sir  Robert  de  LAjirr.uon,  Knt.,  lord  of  Lamplugh  and  of 
Hailcnrde,  co.  Lancaster,  temp.  Henry  II.  and  Richard  I.,  who 
was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Sir  Ad.am  nn  LAMPr.rc.n,  Knt.,  wlio  lived  in  the  reigns  of 
Richard  I.  and  King  Jolin.  He  Iiad  a  confirmation  nf  Lamp- 
lugh to  him  and  his  heir.-;,  with  many  privileges,  from  Richard 
de  Lucy,  lord  of  Copelnnd. 

Sir  Rop.KRT  r>E  Lamplugh,  Knt.,  occurs  4.".rd  Henry  III.  He 
married  Meliora  .  .  .  "an  inheritrix;  for  on  her  marriage 
her  husband  paid  a  relief  to  Henry  III.'' 

Ralph  de  Lamplugh,  7th  Edward  I.  Margaret,  his  widow, 
was  impleaded  by  the  lord  of  Workington  for  the  wardship  of 
Robert,  her  son,  whereby  she  lost  the  tuition  of  him. 

Sir  RopERT  DE  Lasipligh,  Knt.,  married  Constance  .  .  . 
and  had  issue,  John,  Raphe,  William,  and  a  daughter,  Christian. 

Sir  John  de  Lamplugh,  Knt.,  nth  Edward  I. 

Raphe  de  Lamplugh,  13th  Edward  III.,  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of    .     .     .     Preston. 

John  de  Lamplugh. 

Sir  Thomas  de  Lamplugh,  Knt.,  had  issue,  Joh.n-,  Robert, 
Nicholas,  Thomas,  William,  and  Raphe. 

John  de  Lamplugh,  QOth  Richard  II. 

Hugh  de  Lamplugh,  12th  Henry  IV.,  married  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Pickering. 

Sir  John  de  Lamplogh,  Knt.,  married  Margaret,  daughter  of 
John  Edgsfiold. 

Thomas  de  Lamplugh,  7th  Edward  IV.;  married  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  Henry  Fenwick. 


John  de  Lamplugh,  19th  Edward  IV. 

John  de  Lamplugh,  1st  Henry  VII.;  married  Isabel, 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Pennington,  Knt.,  and  had  issue, 

\.  John,  his  heir. 
II.  Tluinifts  of  Skelamorc,  whose  son, 

1.  Adam,  marrying  Agnes,  daiiehtcr  of  Robert  Ben,  had,  with 
two  daughters,  .huie  and  Mary,  n  .son,  Thomas,  of  Little 
Ritson,  in  co.  York,  anno.  1084,  who  married  .lane, 
duuKhier  of  Robert  Fairfn;t,  Esq.,  of  I'ockthorpo,  and  had 
issue, 

Christopher  of  Ritson,  in  Ifiia,  who  mnnicd  Anne, 

(laughter  lunl  colieir  of  'I'honins  Knpcr,  of  ( )ctnn. 
Thomas,  who  pnrcliascd  tliemaiiorof  Kihinu,  anil  died 
in  ItiVi),  aged  iJS,  leaving  by  .\gnps,  liis  wife,  (with 
another  son,  Richard,  wlioninrricd  Frimces,  daughter 
of  Sir  Christoplicr  I.nwthfr,  liiirt .  c>f  Wliirthaven.) 
Thomas,  I).D.,  .^rchbisliop  of  York,  who  married 
CiUhcrinc,  diiughlcrof  Edward  Davenam,  bishop 
of  Salisbury,  and  had  a  son  and  successor. 
Thomas    Lamplugh,    1)  I) ,    archdeacon    of 
Riciunond,  bnrn    in    lliul,  who  married  a 
lady  named  Margaret,  niiil  by  her  hail,  with 
other  issue,  a  son  au'l  Iieir, 

Thomas  if.ampUigli.rcclorof  Bolton  Percy, 
and  canon  residentiary  of  York,  of 
whom  hereafter,  as  inheritor  of  Lamp- 
high,  upon  tlie  demise  and  un<ler  the 
devise  of  Thomas  Lamplugh,  Esq. 

John  de  Lamplugh  was  succeeded  by  his  son. 

Sir  John  de  Lamplugh,  Knt.,  of  Lamplugh,  sheriff  of  Cum- 
berland 20th  Henry  VIII.,  who  married,  fir.stly,  Isabclln,  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  Christopher  Curwen  of  Workington,  and  had  by  her  ix 
son,  John,  his  heir.  He  married,  secondly,  Catherine,  daughter 
and  co-heir  of  UnyForsterof  Howsam,  and  l.ad  three  daughters, 
viz.,  Mary,  married  to  Thom.is  Skelton  ;  Mable  ;  and  Frances, 
married  to  David  Fleming,  third  son  of  Hugh  Fleming.  Sir 
John  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

John  Lamplugh,  Esq.,  of  Lamplugh,  who  was  twice  married. 
By  his  first  wife,  Jane  Blennerhasset,  he  had  one  son,  Elward, 
who  died  without  issue  ;  and  by  the  second,  Is.abel,  daughter  of 
Christopher  Stapleton  of  Wighill,  another  son,  his  successor, 

Richard  Lamplugh,  Esq.,  of  Lamplugh,  father,  by  Alice 
Maude,  his  wife,  of 

John  Lamplugh,  Esq.,  of  Lamplugh,  who  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Sir  Edward  Musgrave,  Knt.,  and  dying  in  Mi'iCt,  was 
succeeded  by  his  son, 

John  Lamplugh,  Esq.,  of  Lamplugh,  born  in  IfilO.  This 
gentleman,  devoted  to  tlie  royal  cause  during  the  civil  war,  was 
colonel  of  a  regiment  of  foot  under  Prince  Rupert,  and  fought 
at  Marston  Moor,  in  101-1,  when  he  received  several  wounds, 
and  was  taken  prisoner.  He  married  Istly,  Jane,  daughter  of 
Roger  Kirby,  Esq.,  of  Lancashire ;  2ndly,  Frances  Lady  Low- 
ther,  daughter  of  Christopher  Lancaster,  Esq.,  of  Sockbridge, 
in  Westmoreland;  and  ."irdly,  Frances,  daiigliter  of  Thomas 
Lamplugh,  Esq.,  of  Ribton.    By  the  last  only  he  had  issue,  viz., 

I.  Tho.mas,  his  heir. 
IL  Edward,  died  unmarried. 
111.  John,  died  without  issue. 

I.  Elizabeth,  second  wife  of  Henry  Brougham,  Esq.,  of  Scales. 
Upon  ibe  demisH  of  Elizabeth,  dnugbter  of  Thomas  L;\m- 
phigli,  in  17":!,  the  male  line  failing.  Ibis  F.Iiziibeth  liecume 
heir  general  of  die  senior  brancii  of  the  bouse  uf  Lamplugh 
of  Laniplngli,  which  is  now  represented  by  the  eldest  male 
descendant,  Henry  Lord  Brougliam  and  Vaux. 
n.  Phoebe,  appears  to  have  died  unmarried. 
Colonel  Lamplugh  was  succeeded  at  his  decease  by  his  eldest 
son, 

Thomas  Lamplugh,  Esq.,  born  in  lfi57,  who  served  the  oflice 
of  sheriff  of  Cumberland,  13th  William  III.  His  son  and 
successor, 


LAMPLUGH   PARISH. 


401 


Thomas  Lampi.it.h,  Esq.,  of  Lainplugh,  by  Frances,  his  wife, 
liad  an  only  daugliter  and  heiress, 

Elizabetfi,  mnrried  tn  George  Irton,  Esq.,  of  Irton,  but  died 
s.p.  devisinfj  by  "'iU,  dated  fiili  Nov.  177M,  her  eatnte  at 
Dnveiiby,  to  t)ie  Kev  Thomas  Lftmphigh,  of  Ccqigrove,  Co. 
York,  fi)r  life,  with  reinuinder,  in  default  of  mule  issue,  to 
Peter  Hronglmio,  deseeoded  front  Khzabdh  LiiniphiRh,  of 
Lampliigli.  lie  sucreeded  in  17>^.*J,  iind  died  in  17!)1,  s.p.^ 
when  Doveiiby  passed  to  his  niece  and  heiress,  Mury  Dykes. 

Mr.  Lainplugh  died  in  17.37,  and  bequeathed  by  will,  dated 
J7.'U,  "the  capital  messuage  of  Lamplugh  Hall,  and  the 
demesne  lands  of  I.aniplnsh,  'tc,  to  his,  the  testator's  cousin," 
The  Rev.  Thomas  Lampi.uoh,  rector  of  Bolton  Percy,  and 
canon  residentiary  of  York.  This  gentleman  married  17th  April, 
J7ai,  Honor,  daughter  of  William  Chaloncr,  Esq.,  of  Gainsbro', 
CO.  York,  and  had  issue, 

I.  Tuo.MAS,  his  heir. 

I.  Honor,  died  unmarried,  2nd  .January,  1795. 
II.  Miiry,  died  unmarried  before  I78IJ. 

111.  Kntherine,  co  heir  with  her  brother  Thomas,  married  the 
Kev.  Goilfred  Wolley,  rector  of  Thumscoe,  and  of  Warms- 
worth,  and,  dying  in  180i,  left  issue, 

1.  Edward  Wolley,  of  Fulford  Grange,  and  Nether  Hall, 

Co.  York,  who,  in  ISIO,  a.ssumed  the  name  and  arms 
of  Copley.     He  died  in  IH!  3. 

2.  Thomas  Wolley,  vice-admiral  of  the  white,  married, 

and  has  issue. 

3.  Godfrev   Wollev,  in    holv  orders,   rector  of    Hultou 

liusliel,  died  in  IR2J. 

4.  Isaac  Wolley,  captain  H.N.,  married,  and  had  issue. 

1.  Honor  Wolley,  married  to  the  Kev.  A.  F.  Eyre. 

2.  Cordelia  Wollev,  married  to  George  Bower,  Esq. 

.1.  Kfttheriiie  Wulley,  married  to  .J(thn  Kaper,  Esq.,  of 
Lotherton,  and  mother  of  tlte  prcsent.Iohn  Laniplugli 
Lamplugh  Itaper,  Esq.,  of  Lamplugb. 

i.  Mary  Wolley. 

.\XNE,  coheir  with  her  brother  Thomas,  who  married  8th 
October.  ITfiO.  .lohn  Kaper,  Esq.,  of  Aberford,  co.  York, 
and  dying  in  -Inly,  178:(,  left  a  son, 

John  Kaper,  of  Aberford  and  Lotherton,  who  succeeded 
his  uncle,  Thomas  Laioplugh,  at  Laniptugh. 
Jane,  married  to  Samuel  Pawsuu,  of  York,  merchant. 
Sarah,  died  young. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Lnmplngh  was  succeeded  by  his  only  son, 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Lamituoii  of  Laniplugh,  rector  of  Cop- 
grove  and  Gonldsbro',  and  prebendary  of  Wiston,  who  married 
Mary,  daughter  of  James  Collins,  of  Knaresbro'  and  I'oloyfole, 
but  dying  without  issue  in  178:1,  was  succeeded  by  (the  son  of 
his  sister  Anne)  his  nephew, 

.ToiiN  Ratku,  of  Aberford  and  Lotherton;  who  then  became  of 
T.amidngh.  Ho  married  10th  October,  178!),  Kalherinc,  thinl 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Godfrey  Wolley,  by  Kathcrine,  his  wife, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Laniplugh  of  Lamplugh,  and  had 
two  sons  and  one  daughter,  viz.; — 

I.  John  LAMci.taii  Raper,  his  heir. 

II.  Henry  Raper,  of  Li::eoln's  Inn,  barrislerat  law,  bom  12th 
February,  17!1.'>,  married  Itith  December,  18'2t,  Georgiaim, 
third  daughter  of  .lobn  Moore,  Esq.,  captain  in  the  .'ith 
Iteginu'iit  of  Dragoon  Guards. 
I.  Ann  Kaper,  mnrried  to  James  Brooksbank,  merchant,  of 
London,  second  S(m  of  BenjanJn  Brookabank,  of  Healaugh 
Hall,  in  the  West  Riding  of  York. 

Mr.  Raper  died  July,  1821,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

John  LamPhich  LAMrr.ri.ii  lUri:n,  Esq.,  of  Ijtmplugh  and 
Lotherton,  born  lllth  Jtdy,  ITflO;  married  2.1111  October,  181;), 
.lane,  second  daughter  of  Benjamin  Brooksbank,  Esq,  of 
Healaugh  Hall,  West  Riding  of  York.  This  gentleman,  whose 
patronymic  is  Raper,  assumed  by  sign  manual,  loth  March, 
1823,  the  additional  aurname  and  arms  of  Lamplugh. 

Arms. — Or,  a  cross  fleury  sa. 

Crest.— A  goats's  bead,  arg.,  attired  and  bearded,  or. 
40 


THE   CHTTBCH, 

Lamplugh  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Michael,  is  an 
ancient  edifice,  standing  near  the  hall.  It  consists  of 
a  nave  and  chancel,  the  latter  of  which  is  the  most 
ancient,  and  is  said  to  have  heen  the  family  chapel  of 
the  Lamplughs  when  the  parish  church  stood  at  Kirk- 
land,  three  miles  distant.  The  Lamplugh  vault,  which 
is  at  the  south-east  corner  of  the  chancel,  is  surmounted 
by  two  elaborately-carved  marble  monuments,  one  of 
which  is  to  the  memory  of  Mrs.  Margaret  Brisco, 
daughter  of  Thomas  and  Frances  Lamplugh,  and  wife 
of  Sir  Richard  Brisco  ;  the  other  is  to  the  memory  of 
Thomas  and  Francos  Lamplugh.  The  living  is  a 
rectory,  and  the  patronage  has  always  been  annexed 
to  the  manor.  In  the  King's  Book  it  is  valued  at 
£10  4s.  7d.,  but  was  returned  in  183.5  at  £"250.  The 
tithes  were  commuted  in  1839  for  a  rent  charge  of 
£300  a  year.    The  parish  registers  commence  in  1581. 

Rectors. — Robert  Layburn  occurs  1535;  —  Braithwaite 
occurs  about  1042;  Galfrid  Wibergh,  1700;  David  King,  1701; 
Thomas  Jefferson,  1730;  Richard  Dickenson,  1768;  Joseph 
Gilbanks,  1817;  Walter  Brooksbank,  1854. 

The  rectory  was  erected  in  1822,  at  a  cost  of  about 
£70(1,  by  J.  L.  L.  Raper,  Esq.,  the  patron  of  the  livin", 
who  took  in  e.Kchange  for  the  erection  and  four  acres 
of  land,  the  old  parsonage  house,  adjoining  the  church- 
yard, and  the  croft  opposite. 

cnAMTIF.S. 

Uicluird  Brisco's  Charity. — Richard  Brisco,  Esq.,  of 
Lamplugh  Hall,  by  deed,  dated  23rd  Februarj',  1747, 
granted  to  trustees  a  rent  charge  of  .l'I'2,  issuing  out  of 
Skelsraoor  demesne  lands  in  Lamplugh,  to  bo  applied 
as  follows : — £6  8s.  to  the  school,  £3  12s.  to  poor 
widows  not  receiving  parochial  relief,  and  £2  for  books 
to  the  school. 

There  is  a  friendly  society,  which  was  instituted  in 
1788,  held  at  Lamplugh  Cross.  lis  members  pay  10s. 
entrance  and  Is.  3d.  per  month  afterwards  (excepting 
the  first  cighteon  montlis,  when  it  is  double).  It  allows 
8s.  per  week  during  sickness,  and  to  its  superannuated 
members  n  pension  of  2s.  weekly  during  life  ;  also  £8 
for  funeral  expenses.  It  numbers  about  a  hundred 
members,  and  possesses  a  fund  of  about  £700. 

KELTON. 

Tiio  area,  population,  .vc,  of  this  township  are  in- 
cluded in  the  parish  returns. 

Keton,  or  Ketel's  Town,  was  in  ancient  times  parcel 
of  the  manor  of  Lamplugh,  from  which  it  was  severed 
by  Kclel,  grandson  of  Ivo  do  Tiilebois,  baron  of  Kendal, 
and  it  was  held  as  a  fee  of  Bcckcrmet,  as  that  was  of 


403 


ALLERDALE-ABOATl-DERWENT  WARD. 


Egremont.  Kclton  being  in  the  Harrington  division 
of  the  Multon  estate,  came  from  them  by  an  heiress  to 
the  Bonvillo  family,  and  from  tliem  to  tlie  Greys,  mar- 
quises of  Dorset ;  and  by  the  attainder  of  Henry,  the 
third  marquis,  it  was  forfeited  to  the  crown,  as  is  seen 
in  the  account  of  Harrington  manor,  at  page  394. 
Philip  and  Wary  granted  Kelton  to  Christopher  Morys 
(or  Moorhousel  and  Ehzabeth  his  wife,  and  their  heirs. 
In  the  20th  of  Elizabeth  (1578)  John  Moorhouse  held 
Kelton  by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of  court,  and  by  the 
rent  of  two  shillings  for  coniage  and  seawake  and  Ser- 
jeant's food,  belonging  wholly  to  the  Lord  Fitzwater. 
It  was  subsequently  held  by  the  families  of  Leigh, 
Salkeld,  and  Patrickson,  from  the  latter  of  whom  it 
was  purchased  by  Sir  John  Lowther,  from  whom  it  has 
descended  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the  present  lord  of 
the  manor ;  besides  whom,  J.  L.  L.  Eaper,  Esq.,  Mr. 
•Joseph  Bowman,  and  eight  others,  arc  landowners. 
Most  of  the  ancient  enclosed  land  here  is  freehold  : 
the  minerals  therein  belonging  chiefly  to  the  owners 
of  the  soil. 

This  township  comprises  a  number  of  dispersed 
houses  and  the  hamlet  of  Kirkland,  which  is  about 
six  miles  north-east  of  Whitehaven. 


For  population,  acreage,  rateable  value,  &c.,  see 
returns  for  "the  parish. 

Murton,  or  IMoortown,  is  parcel  of  the  manor  of 
Lamplugh,  and  is  held  of  the  barony  of  Egremont. 
It  was  long  held  by  a  femily  bearing  the  local  name, 
from  whom  it  passed  in  the  reign  of  Edward  II.  to  the 
Lamplughs,  who  have  since  continued  its  possessors. 
In  1578  John  Lamplugh  held  Murton,  with  its  appur- 


tenances, by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of  court,  by  the 
rent  of  Os.  for  coraage,  and  other  services.  The  land- 
owners in  the  township  are  Messrs.  Daniel  Rogers, 
John  ^^'ood,  Stanley  Dodgson,  John  Southward,  and 
eleven  others.  The  customarj'  rents  of  the  old  enclosed 
lands  here,  together  with  the  right  of  working  the 
minerals  contained  therein,  were  purchased  of  Thomas 
Lamplugh,  by  the  respective  owners  of  the  soil,  about 
the  year  1718. 

JSIurton  township  comprises  the  small  hamlets  of 
Smaithwaite,  Lund,  Winnah,  and  several  scattered 
dweUings,  distant  about  eight  miles  east-by-north  of 
AVhitehaveu.  There  is  a  forge  at  Lane  Foot  for  the 
manufacture  of  spades,  shovels,  and  edge  tools,  carried 
on  by  Messrs.  Hatton  and  Cookson,  of  Liverpool.  In 
the  township  is  iron  ore. 

Here  is  a  school,  which  is  supported  by  the  quar- 
terage of  the  scholars,  by  subscription,  and  a  permanent 
endowment  of  £7  4s.  8d.  The  average  attendance  is 
upwards  of  forty  children.  It  is  proposed  to  build  a 
new  school  at  a  short  distance  from  the  old  one. 

WINDEK. 

For  the  acreage,  etc.,  of  Winder  township,  sec  the 
parish  returns.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  lord  of  the 
manor,  but  most  of  the  ancient  enclosed  land  is  also 
freehold,  the  minerals  therein  belonging  chiefly  to  the 
owners  of  the  soil.  The  landowners  are  Messrs. 
Skelton,  Lewthwaite,  Armistead,  Turner,  and  six 
others.  The  township  is  about  six  and  a  half  miles 
east-hy-north  of  AVhitehaven,  containing  the  small 
hamlet  of  Fiowrah,  and  nine  farms,  each  of  which  bears 
a  separate  name. 


mLLOM   PARISH. 

MiLLOM  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  river  Esk,  on  the  west  by  Wabcrthwaite,  Corney,  Bootle,  Whitbeck, 
and  Whicham ;  and  on  the  south  and  east  by  the  mouth  of  the  Duddon.  It  occupies  the  extreme  southern  point 
of  the  county,  and  comprises  the  four  townships  of  Birker  and  Austhwaite,  Chapel  Suckcn,  MUIom  Below,  MiUom 
Above,  and  the  two  chapelries  of  Thwaitcs  and  I'lpha.  The  southern  part  of  the  parish  is  in  general  fertile,  but  a  large 
portion  of  the  north  consists  of  wastes  and  pasture  grounds.  Extensive  pastures  are  found  in  Thwaites  Chapelry,  as 
also  in  that  of  Ulpha,  which  in  addition  contains  extensive  woodlands.  Limestone  is  abundant,  and  is  extensively 
quarried.  Iron  ore  has  been  obtained  at  Hotbarrow  and  !Millom  Park.  Copper  has  also  been  found.  By  the 
regulation  adopted  at  the  quarter  sessions  held  at  Carlisle  October  20th,  1857,  the  townships  of  Birker  and 
Austhwaite,  Millom,  and  Ulpha,  in  this  paiisli,  were  assigned  to  the  newly-formed  Bootle  Ward.  The  Whitehaven 
and  Furnoss  railway  runs  through  this  parish,  and  has  stations  at  Holborn  Hill,  Under  Hill,  and  Green  Bead. 

The  lordship  of  Millom,  the  largest  within  tlie  barony  is  of  a  triangular  form,  about  eighteen  miles  in  length, 

of  Egi-emont,  contains  the  parishes  of  Millom,  Bootle,  ^  and  its  greatest  breadth  is  about  eight  miles.  It  is 
Whicham,  Whitbeck,  Corney,  and  Waberthwaite.     It  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Duddon,  on  the  south 


MILLOM  PARISH. 


40S 


by  the  Isle  of  Walney  and  the  Pile  of  Fouldra,  on 
the  west  by  the  Irish  Sea,  and  on  the  nortli  by  the 
Esk,  and  the  mountains  UarJknott  and  Wrynose. 
It  contains  several  manors,  which  are  holdeu  immedi- 
ately of  tlie  lordship  of  Millom,  as  Millom  is  of  Egre- 
mont,  with  some  difference  of  service.  This  lordship 
anciently  enjoyed  great  privileges :  it  was  a  special 
jurisdiction  into  which  the  sheriff  of  the  county  could 
not  enter ;  its  lords  had  the  power  of  life  or  death,  and 
enjoyed  jura  ref/alia  in  the  six  parishes  forming  their 
lordships.  Mr.  Denton,  writing  in  1688,  says  that 
the  gallows  stood  on  a  hill  near  the  castle,  on  which 
criminals  had  been  executed  within  the  memory  of 
persons  then  Lving.  To  commemorate  the  power 
anciently  possessed  by  the  lords  of  this  lordship,  a 
stone  has  been  recently  erected,  with  this  inscription — 
"  Here  the  lords  of  Millom  exercised  jura  reiialia." 
Mr.  John  Denton  gives  the  following  account  of  this 
lordship: — "Tliis  great  manor,  in  the  time  of  King 
Henry  I.  was  given   by  William  Meschines,  lord  of 

Egrcmont,  to  de  Boyvill,  father  to  Godard  de 

Boyvill  (named  in  ancient  evidences  Godardus  Dapifer), 
who  being  lord  of  Milium,  did  give  unto  the  abbot  and 
monks  of  Fumess  a  carucate  of  land  there,  with  the 
appurtenances,  called  yet  to  this  day  Monk  I'orce, 
which  Arthur,  the  son  of  Godard,  confirmed  unto  the 
abbey,  and  after  him,  in  like  sort,  his  son  and  heir, 
Henry,  the  son  of  Arthur,  reserving  only  the  harts 
and  hinds,  wild  boars  and  their  kinds,  and  all  aeries  of 
hawks.  But  whatsoever  the  lord  of  Egremout,  William 
Meschines,  reserved  upon  the  first  grant  of  the  Boyvills, 
whether  demesne  or  forest  hberties,  Dame  Cicely 
Romcley  (one  of  the  co-heirs  of  William  Fitz-Duncan) 
countess  of  iUbcrmarle,  to  whose  posterity  tliis  Milium 
was  allotted  by  partition,  gave  and  fully  confirmed  the 
same  to  the  said  Arthur  Fitz-Godard,  aud  to  Henry,  his 
son,  and  their  heirs,  by  her  charter  yet  extant,  under  seal, 
bounding  the  same  thus  : — "  Dodi  et  concessi  Henrico 
filio  Arthuri  et  Ilxri'dibus  suis  jus  lliereditariuni, 
yiz.  totam  terram  et  totum  feodum  inter  Esk  et  Dod- 
don  cum  p'tinentiis,"  &c.  And  Dame  Hawise  her  sole 
daughter  aud  heir,  then  the  wife  of  William  de  Mande- 
ville,  advised  her  husband  to  confirm  it.  And  for  a 
recognition  of  the  said  grant  made  to  the  Boyvills, 
Artliur,  and  Henry,  his  son,  by  Dame  Cicely,  the 
countess,  they  paid  to  King  Henry  11.  for  a  post  line, 
one  hundred  pounds,  and  five  couples  of  houmls,  the 
records  terming  them  decgm  fugatores.  And  an  old 
tradition  makes  theso  Boyvills  to  have  been  very  near 
of  kin  to  the  lords  of  Egrcmont,  and  gives  us  an  account 
of  the  occasion  upou  which  Milium  was  transferred  to 
the  said  Boyvils,  which  is  said  to  be  tlius :  The  baron 


of  Egrcmont  being  taken  prisoner  beyond  the  seas  by 
the  infidels,  could  not  be  redeemed  without  a  great 
ransom,  and  being  far  from  England,  entered  his 
brother  or  kinsman  for  liis  surety,  promising,  with  all 
possible  speed,  to  send  him  money  to  set  him  free; 
but  upon  his  return  home  to  Egremont  he  changed 
his  mind,  aud  most  unnaturally  aud  uuthaukfuUy 
suffered  his  brother  to  lie  in  prison,  iu  great  distress 
and  extremity,  until  his  hair  was  grown  to  au  unusual 
length,  like  to  a  woman's  hair.  The  Pagans  being  out 
of  hopes  of  the  ransom,  in  great  rage  most  cruelly 
hanged  up  their  pledge,  binding  the  long  hair  of  his 
head  to  a  beam  iu  the  prison,  and  tied  his  hands  so 
behind  him,  that  he  could  not  reach  to  the  top  where 
the  knot  was  fastened  to  loose  himself.  During  his  im- 
prisonment, the  Paynim's  daughter  became  enamoured 
of  him,  and  sought  all  good  means  for  liis  deliverance, 
but  could  not  enlarge  him ;  she  understanding  of  this 
last  cruelty,  by  means  made  to  his  keeper,  entered  the 
prison,  aud  taking  her  knife  to  cut  the  hair,  being 
hastened  she  cut  the  skin  of  his  head,  so  as  with  the 
weight  of  his  body  he  rent  away  the  rest,  and  fell 
down  to  the  earth  half  dead ;  but  she  presently  took 
him  up,  causing  surgeons  to  attend  him  secretly  till  he 
recovered  his  former  health,  beauty,  and  strength,  and 
so  entreated  her  father  for  him  that  he  set  him  at 
liberty.  Then  desirous  to  revenge  his  brother's  ingra- 
titude he  got  leave  to  depart  to  his  own  country,  and 
took  home  with  him  the  hatterell  of  his  hair,  rent  off 
as  aforesaid,  and  a  bugle-horn,  which  he  commonly 
used  to  carry  about  him,  when  he  was  iu  England, 
where  he  shortly  ai'rivod,  and  coming  towards  Egi'emont 
Castle  about  noontide  of  the  day,  where  his  brother 
was  at  dinner,  he  blew  his  bugle-horn,  which  (says  the 
tradition)  his  brother,  the  bai'on,  presently  acknow- 
ledged, aud  thereby  conjectured  his  brotlier's  return; 
and  then  sending  his  friends  and  servants  to  leani  his 
brother's  mind  to  him,  and  how  ho  had  escaped,  they 
brought  back  report  of  all  the  miserable  torment  which 
lie  had  endured  for  his  unfaithful  brother  the  baron, 
which  so  astonished  the  baron  (lialf  dead  before  with 
the  shameful  remembrance  of  his  own  disloyalty  and 
breach  of  promise)  that  ho  abandoned  all  company,  and 
would  not  look  on  his  brother,  till  his  just  wrath  was 
pacified  by  diligent  entreaty  of  his  friends.  And  to  bo 
sure  of  his  brother's  future  kindness,  he  gave  the  lord- 
ship of  Milium  to  him  and  his  heirs  for  ever.  Where- 
upon the  first  lords  of  Milium  gave  for  their  arms  the 
horn  and  the  hatterell.  But  whatever  the  occasion  of  the 
grant  was,  the  Boyvills  were  from  the  place  called  Do 
Milium,  and  have  anciently  held  the  same  with  great 
hberties,  and  had  jura  rtgcdia  there.     John  Hudleston 


404 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


did  prescribe  thereto  in  the  20th  year  of  King  Edward 
I.,  and  was  allowed  before  Hugh  de  Cressingham  in 
the  pleas  of  quo  warranto,  holden  for  the  king."  The 
Boyvilles  or  Boisvilles  took  their  surname  from  the  place, 
and  were  styled  De  Millom ;  they  held  the  same  in 
their  issue  male  from  the  reign  of  Henrj'  I.  to  the 
reign  of  Henry  III.,  a  space  of  one  hundred  years, 
when  the  name  and  family  ended  in  a  daughter. 

^aubjiit,  f  orbs  of  gtillom. 
The  first  of  this  family  upon  record  is, 

GoDAED  DE  BoYviLLE,  to  whom  William  de  Meschines 
granted  lUe  lordsbip  of  Millom.  He  gave  the  manor  of  Kirk- 
santon  to  his  second  son,  William,  in  whose  posterity  it  remained 
until  the  reign  of  Edward  II. 

GoDAHD  DE  BoYTiLLE,  second  lord  of  Millom,  gave  Monk 
Force  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary,  in  Furness,  as  aforesaid,  with 
the  churches  of  Bootle  and  Whicham ;  "  all  the  parishes  between 
the  Esk  and  Milium,  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary's,  York ; "  to  which 
abbey  Matilda,  his  wife,  gave  also  Anderset  or  Agnes  Seat.  He 
is  called  in  ancient  evidences  Godardus  Dapifer. 

Arthur  Boytii.le,  or  de  Millom,  son  of  Godard,  confirmed 
his  father's  grants  to  the  abbeys  of  Furness  and  York.  To  the 
former  abbey  he  granted  the  services  of  Kirksanton  in  Millom, 
which  Robert  de  Boyville,  his  cousin-german,  then  held  of  liim, 
and  soon  after  he  mortgaged  the  same  to  the  abbot  of  Furness, 
until  his  return  from  the  Holy  Land. 

Henry  de  Millom,  son  of  the  above,  confirmed  the  grants  of 
his  ancestors,  and  enfeoffed  Ilanulph  Corbett  and  his  heirs  of  the 
manor  of  Brattaby,  in  Millom,  with  the  appurtenances.  "He 
also  gave  Kaisthwaite,  in  Dunnersdale,  to  one  Orme,  the  son  of 
Dolphin;  and  Leakley  to  Henry  Fitz-William  in  frank  marriage 
with  his  daughter,  Goynhild  Boyville,  with  shields  for  her  cattle, 
and  common  of  pasture  in  '  Croch-beege  and  the  forest,'  which 
Goynhild  afterwards  (being  a  widow)  gave  to  the  abbey  of  Holme 
Cultram,  and  William  de  Milium  (the  son  of  Henry  de  Jlillum, 
the  son  of  Arthur  de  Milium)  brother  of  the  said  Goynhild,  did 
after  confirm  tlio  same.  And  afterwards  John  Huddleston,  and 
Joan,  his  wife,  sole  daughter  of  Adam  de  Milium,  son  and  heir 
of  the  said  Henry,  confirmed  Leakley,  and  the  Uberties  aforesaid 
(so  granted  by  Goynhild)  unto  the  abbot  and  convent  of  Holme 
Cultram  and  his  successors.  The  said  Henry  Fitz-.\rthur  gave 
the  other  lands  in  Leakley,  now  called  Seaton,  unto  the  nuns  of 
Leakley,  or  Seaton,  which  of  late  were  granted  unto  Sir  Hugh 
Askew,  Knight.  The  deed  of  feofment,  made  by  the  said  Henry 
Fitz-Arthur  to  Goynhild,  his  daughter,  approves  the  same,  for 
therein  is  excepted  as  follows : — '  Excepta  terra  in  Leakley  quam 
dedi  Sanctis  moniaUbus  servientibus  Deo  et  Sancta;  Marioe  in 
Leekleya."' 

Wn.T.TAM  DE  Millom,  son  of  the  above. 

Adam  de  Millom,  brother  and  heir  of  William. 

JoAS  DE  Millom,  daughter  and  heiress  of  the  above,  married 
Sir  John  Hudleston,  Knight,  and  thus  ti-ausferred  the  lordship 
into  that  family,  with  whom  it  continued  for  a  period  of  about 
500  years. 

Mr.  John  Denton  says  "  all  the  residue  of  the  fees  of 
Milium  were  thus  granted  by  the  Boyvills,  lords  of 
Milium,  to  their  kinsmen  or  friends,  or  with  their 
daughters  or  sisters  in  marriage;   and  accordingly  by 


tiic  Hudlestons  and  their  heirs,  some  as  manors,  and 
some  as  lesser  freeholds,  as  namely,|Ulfhay,  Thwaites, 
Dale-garth,  and  Waybergthwaite,  and  some  in  mortmain, 
as  Leakley  and  Kirksanton,  all  which  places  gave  siroamo 
to  the  posterity  of  the  feoffees,  as  Thwaite  of  Thwaites, 
Waybergthwaite  of  Waybergthwaite,  and  the  rest  whereof 
some  do  yet  remain,  and  some  names  are  worn  out; 
but  ancient  records  report  and  remember  them."  In 
Mr.  Sandford's  M.S.  we  have  the  following  account:  — 
"Eastward  from  Seaton  you  goe  into  MiJlome  lordship, 
twenty  miles  to  the  head  of  the  foresaid  Dudden  great 
river:  all  the  land  and  freeholds  of  the  lord  of  Millome 
Castle,  great-great-grandchild  of  the  said  Sir  John  Hud- 
leston, of  grand  estate  :  but  he  gave  much  away  with 
his  daughters ;  and  married  Dalavise  of  Southam  besides 
Teuxbcrry,  £5U0  per  annum,  in  Gloucestershire.  And 
yet  it  is  a  lordhke  living,  £:3,000  per  annum,  and  £500 
per  annum,  at  Hasley,  some  £10  miles  beyond  Oxford. 
And  Ffardinando  now  lord  thereof,  and  all  the  estate  of 
Millome  Castle  at  it,  and  sonne  of  S'  AVilUam  Huddle- 
ston, and  a  daughter  of  Montcastre,  and  colonel  of  a 
regiment  of  horse  and  foote;  and  seven  brothers, 
captains  under  him,  in  the  royal  armies.  And  his 
grandfather,  a  great  swash  buckler  in  Queen  Elizabeth's 
time,  and  a  great  gamester,  lived  at  a  rate  beyond  his 
income.  A  great  countes,  his  friend,  asldng  him  how 
he  lived  so  gallantry:  quoth  he,  of  my  meat,  and  my 
drink!'    (^uoth  she,  '  I  even  looked  for  such  an  answer." 

gnblrsfOT,  ^Dibs  cf  ^illom. 

The  pedigree  of  this  very  ancient  family'  is  traced 
back  to  five  generations  before  the  Conquest.  The 
first,  however,  of  the  name  who  was  lord  of  Mdlom  was, 

Sir  John  HirDLESxox,  Knight,  who  was  the  son  of  Adam, 
son  of  John,  son  of  Richard,  son  of  Reginald,  son  of  Nigel,  son 
of  Richard,  son  of  another  Richard,  son  of  John,  son  of  Adam, 
son  of  Adam  de  Hodleston,  in  co.  York.  The  five  last  named 
(according  to  the  Y'ork  M.S.)  were  before  the  Conquest. 

Sir  John  de  Hoddleston,  Knight,  in  the  year  1270,  was 
witness  to  a  deed  in  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary,  in  Furness.  By  his 
marriage  with  the  Lady  Joan,  Sir  Jolm  became  lord  of  Anneys, 
in  Millom.  In  the  20th  Edward  1.  (1202)  he  proved  before 
Hugh  Cressingham,  justice  itinerant,  that  he  possessed  jura 
regalia  within  the  lordship  of  Millom.  In  the  25th  (1297)  he 
was  appointed  by  the  king  warden  or  governor  of  Galloway,  in 
Scotland.  In  the  27th  (1299)  he  was  summoned  as  baron  of 
the  realm  to  do  military  service.  In  the  next  year  (1300)  he 
was  present  at  the  siege  of  Carlaverock.  In  the  29th  (l:iOI), 
though  we  have  no  proof  that  he  was  summoned,  he  attended 
the  parUament  at  Lincoln,  and  subscribed  as  a  baron   the 

I  The  Hudlestons  of  Hutton-John  were  descended  from  a 
younger  branch  of  the  family  at  Millom;  as  were  the  Hudle- 
stons of  Swaston,  co.  Cambridge,  who  settled  there  (temp. 
Henry  ^^II.)  in  consequence  of  a  marriage  with  one  of  ihe  co- 
heiresses of  the  Marquis  Montague. 


MILLOM  PARISH. 


405 


celebrated  letter  to  the  pope,  by  the  title  of  lord  of  Anneys.  He 
was  Btill  alive  in  the  -ttli  of  Edward  IV.  (Kill).  Sir  John  had 
three  sons.    John,  who  died  early,  and  Richard  and  Adam. 

RlCHAiiD  Hi'Dij;sTON,  son  and  heir,  succeeded  his  father. 
Both  he  and  his  brother  Adam  are  noticed  in  the  later  writs  of 
PMward  I.  They  were  both  of  the  faction  of  the  Earl  of  Lan- 
caster, and  obtained  in  the  Tth  Edward  II.  (1313)  a  pardon  for 
their  participation  with  him  in  the  death  of  the  kin!,''s  favourite, 
Gaveston.  Adam  was  taken  prisoner  with  the  earl  in  the  battle 
of  Boronghbridge,  in  1.j2U,  when  he  bore  for  arms — giilcs,  fretted 
with  silver,  with  a  label  of  azure.  Richard  was  not  at  that  battle, 
and  in  the  lOth  of  the  king  (13'JC),  when  Edward  II.  summoned 
the  knights  of  ever)-  county  to  the  I'luliament  at  Westminster, 
was  returned  the  first  among  tlie  knights  of  Cumberland.  He 
married  Alice,  daughter  of  Richard  Trousjhtou,  in  the  13th 
Edward  II.  (1310-20),  and  had  issue, 

John  HfDr.Esxos,  son  of  the  above-named  Richard,  who  suc- 
ceeded his  father  in  1337,  and  married  a  daughter  of  Henry 
Tenwick,  lord  of  Fenwick,  co.  Xorthumberland. 

EiCHAKD  Hldleston,  SOU  of  John. 

Sir  Richard  Huuleston,  Knight,  served  as  a  banneret  at  the 
battle  of  Agincourt,  in  1415.  He  married  Anne,  sister  of  Sir 
■\Villiam  Harrington,  K.G.,  and  served  in  the  wars  in  France,  in 
the  retinue  of  that  knight. 

Sir  John  IIuI'I.eston,  Knight,  son  of  Richard,  was  appointed 
to  treat  with  the  Scottish  commissioners  on  border  matters,  in 
the  4th  Edward  IV.  (1404);  was  knight  of  the  shire  in  the  7  th 
(14(i7);  appointed  sne  of  the  conservators  of  the  peace  on  the 
borders  in  the  20th  (14N0);  and  again  in  the  And  of  Richard 
(1481),';  and  died  on  the  Cth  of  November,  in  the  !)th  of 
Henry  VII.  (141)4).  He  married  Joan,  one  of  the  co-heirs  of 
Sir  Miles  Stnpleton,  of  Ingham,  in  Yorkshire.  He  was  made 
bailiff  and  keeper  of  the  king's  woods  and  chases  in  Bamoldwick, 
in  the  county  of  York,  sherilT  of  the  county  of  Cumberland  by 
the  Duke  of  Gloucester  for  his  life,  steward  of  Penrith,  and 
warden  of  the  west  marches.    He  had  three  sons, 

I.  Sir  BicnARD,  K.B.,  who  died  in  the  lifetime  of  his  father,  1st 
Itichard  III.  He  married  Margaret,  uatural  daughter  of 
iticlmrd  Nevill,  ciul  of  Wiu-wick,  und  had  one  sou  and  two 
duugliters,  viz., 

Richard,  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Lady  Mabel 
Darre,  ami  died  without  issue,  when  the  estates,  being 
entailed,  passed  to  (be  heir  male,  the  descendant  of  his 
uncle  John. 
Johan,  married  txi  Hugh  Fleming,  Esq.,  of  Rydal, 
Margiu-ct,  married  to  Limcelot  Salkeld,  Esn.,  of  White- 
hall. 

II.  Sir  John. 

III.  Sir  William. 

Sir  John  Hvdlf.ston,  second  son  of  Sir  John  and  loan  his 
wife,  married  Joan,  daughter  of  Lord  Filz  Hugh,  and,  dying  the 
5th  Henry  VIII.  (1513-14),  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Sir  JoUN  Hldi.estos,  K.B.,  espoused,  firstly,  the  Lady  Jane 
Clifford,  youngest  daughter  of  Henry  Earl  of  Cumberland,  by 
whom  he  had  no  issue.  Ho  married,  secondly,  Joan,  sister  of 
Sir  John  Seymour,  Knt.,  and  aunt  of  Jane  Seymour,  queen  con- 
sort of  Henry  A'lTI.,  and  by  her  he  had  issue, 

Anthony,  his  heir. 

Andrew,  who  inurriid  Mary,  sister  and  co. heiress  of  Thomas 

lluiion,  Ksi).,  of  llutton-John,  from  whom  descended  the 

brimrli  at  lliiil  niiuision. 
A  dnugbiir,  «)io  married  Sir  Hugh  Askew,  Knt,  Teoman  of 

the  cellar  to  Ileury  VIII;  and  Ann,  married  to  Balph  Latus, 

Esq.,  of  the  Heck. 

Sir  John  died  3»th  Heiirj-  VIII.  (1540-7). 
Anthonk  lIuuLEsioN,  Esq.,  son  and  heir,  married  Mary, 


daughter  of  Sir  William  Barrington,  Knight,  and  was  sncoeeded 

by  his  son, 

William  Hudi.kston,  Esq.,  knight  of  the  shire,  in  the  43rd 
Elizabeth,  who  married  Mary,  daughter  of  —  Bridges,  Esq.,  of 
Gloucestershire. 

Fep-dinando  Hudleston,  son  and  heir,  was  also  knight  of  the 
shire,  in  the  2Ist  James  I.  He  married  Jane,  daughter  of  Sir 
Ralph  Grey,  Knight,  of  ChiUingham,  and  had  issue  nine  sons, 
WiLiJAM,  John,  Ferdinaudo,  Richard,  Ralph,  Ingleby,  Edward, 
Robert,  and  Joseph,  all  of  whom  were  ofiBcers  in  the  service  of 
Charles  I.     He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Sir  WiLLUJi  HuniESToN,  a  zealous  and  devoted  royalist,  who 
raised  a  regiment  of  horse  for  the  service  of  his  sovereign,  as 
also  a  regiment  of  foot;  the  latter  he  maintained  at  his  own 
expense  during  the  whole  of  the  war.  For  his  good  sen-ices 
and  his  great  personal  bravery  at  the  battle  of  Ildgehill,  where 
he  retook  the  royal  standard,  he  was  made  a  knight  banneret  by 
Charles  I.,  on  the  field.  He  married  Bridget,  daughter  of  Joseph 
Pennington,  Esq.,  of  Muncaster.  He  had  issue  (besides  his 
successor)  a  daughter,  Isabel,  viho  married  Richard  Kirkby, 
Esq.,  of  Fumess,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Ferdinand  Hudleston,  Esq.,  who  married  Dorothy,  daughter 
of  Peter  Hunley,  merchant,  of  London,  and  left  a  sole  daughter 
and  heiress,  Mary,  who  married  Charles  West,  Lord  Delawar, 
and  died  without  issue.  At  his  decease  the  representation  of  the 
family  reverted  to, 

Richard  Hudleston,  Esq.,  son  of  Colonel  John  Hudleston, 
Esq.,  (second  son  of  I'erdinando  Hudleston  and  Jane  Grey,  his 
wife).  This  gentleman  married  Isabel,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Hudleston,  Esq.,  of  Bainton,  co.  York,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
son, 

Ferdinando  Hudleston,  Esq.,  who  married  Elizabetb, 
daughter  of  Lyon  Falconer,  Esq.,  co.  Rutland,  by  whom  he  had 
issue, 

William  Hudleston,  Esq.  This  gentleman  married  Ger- 
trude, daughter  of  Su:  William  Meredith,  Bart.,  by  whom  he  had 
issue  two  daughters,  Elizabeth  and  Isabella.  Elizabeth,  the 
elder,  married  Sir  Hedworth  Wilhamson,  Bart.,  who,  in  1774, 
sold  the  estate  for  little  more  than  i'-20,000  to  Sir  James  Low- 
ther,  Bart.,  by  whom  it  was  devised  to  his  successor,  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale. 

]MiIlom  Castle,  considerable  romains  of  wliieli  are 
still  in  e.Kisteuce,  is  pleasantly  situated  in  the  township 
of  Millom  Below,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Duddon.  It 
was  fortified  and  embattled  in  13H5,  by  Sir  Jolm  Hud- 
leston, who  obtained  a  license  from  the  king  for  that 
purpose.  In  ancient  times  it  was  surrounded  by  a  iiue 
park.  Here,  for  many  centuries,  the  lords  of  Millom 
held  their  feudal  pomp  and  state,  undisturbed  "by 
war's  tempestuous  breath,"  from  which  the  more 
northerly  parts  of  tho  county  sutVered  so  severely 
aud  so  often  ;  and  we  do  not  hear  that  the  castle 
was  ever  attacked  previous  to  the  wars  of  the  Parlia- 
ment, when  it  appears  to  have  been  invested,  though 
no  particulars  respecting  tho  occurrcuco  have  been 
recorded.  It  is  at  this  period  that  the  old  vicarage 
house,  which  was  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  castle, 
was  pulled  down,  "lest  the  rebels  should  take  refuge 
therein."  'Mr.  Thomas  Denton  tells  us  that  in  1088 
the   castle  was   much   in   want  of  repair.     Uc   also 


406 


ALLEBDALE-ABOVE-DER\VENT  WAED. 


informs  us  that  the  gallows,  where  the  lords  of  Millom 
eiercised  their  power  of  punishing  criminals  with 
death,  stood  on  a  bill  near  the  castle,  and  that  felons 
had  suffered  there  shortly  before  the  time  at  which  he 
was  writing.  He  describes  the  park  as  having  within 
twenty  years  abounded  with  oak,  which  to  the  value  of 
£4,000  had  been  cut  down  to  serve  as  fuel  at  the  iron 
forges.  When  John  Dentou  wrote  the  castle  appears 
to  liave  been  in  a  partly  ruinous  state,  although  the 
lords  still  continued  to  reside  there  occasionally.  In 
1739  the  old  fortress  appears  to  have  been  in  much 
the  same  condition  as  it  is  in  our  own  times.  In  1774, 
when  Nicolsoa  and  Burn  published  their  history,  the 
park  was  well  stocked  with  deer,  and  this  state  of 
things  continued  till  the  year  1802,  when  it  was 
disparked  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  old  feudal 
stronghold  of  the  Boyvilles  and  Hudlestons  now 
serves  as  a  farmhouse  :  the  principal  part  remaining 
is  a  large  square  tower,  formerly  embattled,  but  at 
present  terminated  by  a  plain  parapet.  The  chief 
entrance  appears  to  have  been  in  the  east  front,  by 
a  lofty  flight  of  steps.  In  a  wall  of  the  garden  are 
the  arras  of  Hudleston,  as  also  in  the  wall  of  an 
outhouse.  On  the  south  and  west  sides  traces  of  the 
moat  are  still  visible.  The  lordship  of  Millom  still 
retains  its  own  coroner. 

MlLiOM    BELOW. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  included  in  the  parish 
returns.  The  rateable  value  is  £3,340.  The  number 
of  inhabitants  in  1801  was,  inclusive  of  Millom  Above 
township,  589;  in  1811,  884;  in  1821,  of  Millom 
Below  alone,  320;  in  1831,  400;  in  1841,  411;  and 
in  1851,  410.  This  township,  which  contains  the 
village  of  Holboni  Hill,  the  parisli  church,  and  several 
detached  houses,  occupies  the  most  southern  portion  of 
the  county  of  Cumberland,  which  is  here  about  four 
miles  in  breadth  only.  In  1250  Millom  bad  a  charter 
for  holding  a  market  here  weekly  on  Wednesday,  and  a 
fair  for  three  days  at  the  festival  of  the  Holy  Trinity. 
The  market  has  long  been  obsolete. 

THE    CHURCH. 

Millom  church,  dedicated  to  the  Holy  Trinity,  is 
situated  close  to  the  castle,  in  the  township  of  Millom 
Below.  It  is  a  venerable  structure,  consisting  of  a 
nave  and  chancel,  a  south  aisle,  and  a  modern  porch, 
with  a  bell  turret  containing  two  bells.  This  church 
has  suffered  much  from  the  tasteless  alterations  which 
it  has  undergone  from  time  to  time — the  circular 
headed  north  door  has  been  walled  up,  and  most  of  the 
old  windows  has  been  replaced  by  modern  substitutions. 


Near  the  eastern  window  is  the  ancient  piscina,  and  at 
the  west  end  of  the  church  is  an  octagon  stone  font, 
ornamented  with  quatrofoils,  and  a  shield  charged 
with  the  arms  of  Hudleston  and  ii  label.  The  church 
contains  an  ancient  mural  tablet,  to  the  memory  of 
several  members  of  the  Hudleston  family,  and  near  to 
it  is  an  altar  tomb  ornamented  with  ( iothic  tracery,  &c., 
on  which  rechne  the  effigies  of  a  knight  and  his  lady, 
but  in  a  very  mutilated  condition.  In  the  churchyard 
are  the  remains  of  a  cross,  the  shaft  of  which  is  charged 
with  four  shields.  The  church  of  Millom  was  rectorial 
liU  the  year  1228,  when  it  was  given  to  the  abbey  of 
SL  Mary,  in  Furness.  One  moiety  was  appropriated 
by  Walter  de  Grey,  archbishop  of  York,  to  that 
monastery  to  have  the  right  of  presentation  ;  the  other 
(which  the  archbishop  reserved  for  his  own  disposal) 
he  assigned,  in  1230,  for  the  maintenance  of  three 
chaplains,  with  clerks  and  other  charges,  for  the  sup- 
port of  his  chantry  of  St.  Nicholas  in  the  metropolitan 
church  ef  York.  The  living,  a  vicarage,  was  valued 
in  the  King's  Book  at  £8  5s.  8d.,  and  was  certified  to 
the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  as  of  the  annual 
value  of  £26  Is.  8d.  About  the  year  1721  it  was  aug- 
mented with  £250  left  by  the  Rev.  John  Posdethwaite, 
master  of  St.  Paul's  School,  London ;  and,  about  the 
same  time,  with  £200  from  the  governors  of  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty ;  both  of  which  sums  were  expended  in 
the  purchase  of  an  estate  called  Fawcett  Bank,  near 
Sedbergh,  in  Yorkshire,  the  yearly  rent  of  which  is 
paid  to  the  vicar.  The  total  income  of  the  living  is 
now  about  £170  a  year.  The  tithes  have  been  com- 
muted for  £128  per  aunum.  The  Queen,  as  Duchess 
of  Lancaster,  e.xercises  the  right  of  patronage.  The 
parish  register  commences  in  1598. 

YicABS. — Edmund  Staneforth  occurs  1535 ;  Roger  Askew, 
16G1;  William  Wells,  1670;  Joseph  Taylor,  1690;  Thomas 
Benn,  1713;  Matthew  Postlethwaite,  1743;  Edward  Nicholson, 
1778;  John  Smith,  1781;  John  Bolton,  1707;  John  Smith, 
18-21;  Henry  Dixon,  1822;  Henry  Pickthall,  1836;  Edmund 
Edward  Allen,  B.A.,  1855. 

The  vicarage  is  a  cottage  of  very  rough  construction 
and  inadequate  size,  which,  with  the  glebe  attached  to 
it,  was  purchased  about  the  year  1781,  for  the  sum  of 
£240 ;  £200  of  which  was  obtained  from  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty,  and  the  remainder  was  paid  by  the  then  vicar. 
There  are  four  day-schools  in  the  parish,  attended  by 
about  140  children  collectively. 

CHiOUTIES. 

The  School  at  Millom  Below. — Joseph  Hudleston, 
Esq.,  of  Millom  Castle,  who  died  in  1700,  endowed  this 
school  with  £100;  but  that  endowment  has  been  irre- 
coverably lost,  by  the  insolvency  of  a  person  in  whose 


I 


MILLOM  PARISH. 


407 


hands  it  was  deposited.  It  now  enjoys,  in  common 
with  the  two  schools  at  JMillom  Above  and  Thwaites,  a 
share  of  a  bequest  of  £800,  bequeathed  in  1811,  by  the 
late  Mr.  William  Atkinson  of  Bog  House,  who  ordered 
it  to  be  invested  in  government  stock,  and  the  interest, 
■with  the  exception  of  £2  12s.,  to  be  applied  half-yearly 
for  the  education  of  poor  boys  aud  girls  in  these  three 
townships,  at  the  discretion  of  the  trustees,  provided 
"that  not  more  than  4s.  be  given  for  teaching  any  poor 
scholar  for  a  quarter  of  a  year,  nor  even  that  if  the 
scholars  can  bo  well  and  diligently  taught  for  less." 
Fifty  shillings  of  the  interest  is  to  be  given  annually 
to  the  customers  at  Upper  Beckstones  mill ;  no  family 
to  have  more  than  three  shillings  nor  less  than  cue 
shilling. 

The  Grammar  School  of  Whicham  and  Millom. — For 
an  account  of  this  charity,  see  our  account  of  Whicham 
parish,  at  a  subsequent  page. 

Poor  Stock. — In  172v!  it  was  certified  that  there  was 
a  poor  stock  of  £30  2s.  belonging  to  this  parish,  the 
donors  of  which  were  unknown. 

School  at  lialhj  Green. — On  December  4th,  1809, 
this  school  was  opened,  being  solely  instituted  and  sup- 
ported by  the  Ecv  —  Myers,  of  Shipley  Hall,  ior  the 
instruction  of  twenty  girls  in  all  the  necessary  and  use- 
ful branches  of  female  education,  the  children  of  sober 
and  industrious  labourers  belonging  to  this  parish. 

Mrs.  Tluddlestons  Bequest. — Jlrs.  Bridget  Huddle- 
ston,  about  the  year  1714,  left  £100  for  the  support  of 
a  school  at  llillom.  This  sum  was  lent  on  bond,  and 
the  whole  was  lost. 

Holbom  Hill  is  a  large  village,  on  an  eminence, 
eight  miles  south  south-east  of  Bootle,  and  is  said  to 
derive  its  name  from  liolborn  Hill  in  London.  Here 
is  a  station  on  the  Whitehaven  aud  Furness  railway. 

Burrow  Crnil,  or  Barwick  Bails,  is  a  natural  harbour 
or  creek  iu  this  township,  eight  miles  south-south-east 
of  Bootle,  where  slate,  corn,  ifeo.,  have  been  shipped, 
and  coals  imported,  in  vessels  of  small  tonnage.  A 
coast-waiter  is  stationed  at  Holboru  Hill,  which  is 
nearly  a  mile  north-north-west ;  and  a  httle  above  the 
harbour  is  the  farmhouse  called  Burrow  Crails. 

From  au  eminence  near  New  Hall  are  extensive 
views  of  the  Duddou  Sands,  the  I.ancashiro  coast,  the 
Isle  of  Alan,  and  the  Welsh  mountains,  in  IS'.'l  an 
ancient  Britisli  battle  a.\c,  thirteen  aud  a  half  inches 
long,  was  dug  u]i  at  Lowscales,  and  scvcnd  other  relics 
have  been  found  in  the  same  neighbourhood. 

MILI.OM    ADOVE. 

]''or  the  ai-ea  of  this  township  sec  the  parish  returns. 
The  rateable  value  is  £2,073.  The  population  in  1801, 


inclusive  of  Millom  Below,  was  589;  in  1811,  884;  in 
1821,  of  this  township  alone,  400;  in  1831,  515;  in 
1841,  511;  and  in  1851,  564.  This  township  contains 
two  small  \'illages,  called  The  Hill  and  The  Green,  be- 
sides a  number  of  scattered  houses,  about  four  miles 
south-south-west  of  Broughton,  in  Lancashire.  The 
Hill  is  about  eight  miles  south-cast-by-south  of  Bootle. 
Near  Underbill  is  a  sulphur  ore  mine,  which  was 
opened  in  1851.  The  ore  lies  at  a  depth  of  from 
ten  to  forty  yards,  and  the  vein  is  from  six  to  twenty- 
two  feet  thick,  producing  a  large  quantity  annually, 
which  is  sent  to  Newcastle  to  undergo  the  chemical 
process  of  extracting  the  sulphur.  It  employs  about 
thirty  hands.  There  are  several  springs  in  this  town- 
ship, below  Marshside,  impregnated  with  salt,  and  of 
an  aperient  quality.  There  is  also  a  similar  one  at 
Hotbarrow.  They  are  called  holy  wells  by  the  people 
of  the  neighbourhood. 

BIRKER    AND    AUSTin\-AITE. 

This  township  lies  between  the  river  Esk  and  Ulpha 
chapelry ;  the  first-named  forming  its  boundary  on  the 
north  and  west,  and  the  latter  on  the  east.  The  area 
is  included  in  the  parish  returns.  The  rateable  value 
is  £540.  In  1801  its  population  was  98;  in  1811, 
109;  in  ;82I,  101;  iu  1831,  102;  in  1841,  105;  and 
in  1851,  118.  The  inhabitants  have  the  privilege  of 
marrying,  burying,  Ac,  at  the  neighbouring  chapel  of 
r^skdale  {part  of  the  parish  of  St.  Bees),  in  consequence 
of  their  distance  from  Millom  parish  church  or  its  sub- 
orditiate  chapels.  The  small  lake  of  Devoko  Water 
and  the  falls  of  Stanley  Gill  and  Birker  Force,  are  iu 
this  township.  Devoke  Water  is  a  lonely  tarn,  with  a 
rocky  island  in  the  centre.  Stanley  Gill  fall  has  much 
the  character  of  Ara  Force,  and  its  immediate  neigh- 
bourhood may  perhaps  be  rivalled  by  other  waterfalls 
in  the  Lake  District ;  but  the  glen  itself  is  indisputably 
the  finest  iu  the  region.     Birker  Force  is  a  line  cascade. 

In  1102  the  manor  of  Austhwaite  was  granted  by 
one  of  the  BoyviUcs,  lords  of  Millom,  to  a  family  who 
assumed  the  local  name,  styling  themselves  De  Aus- 
thwait'',  and  continued  iu  possession  till  about  the  year 
1315,  when,  male  issue  failing,  the  heiress  of  the  Aus- 
thwaites  brought  it  in  marriage  to  Nicholas  Stanley, 
Es<i.,  from  whom  it  has  descended  to  Edward  Stanley, 
Esq.,  the  present  lord  of  the  manor ;  besides  whom, 
Messrs.  John  Sharpc,  Tliomas  Lyson,  Edward  Sbarpc, 
the  trustees  of  the  late  William  Batcman,  the  heir  of 
the  lato  Edward  J^yson,  .lohn  Vicars,  and  others,  are 
the  landowners.  Dalegarth  Hall,  the  ancient  seat  of 
the  .\usthwaitos  and  Stanleys,  has  been  converted  into 
a  farmstead.  For  an  account  of  the  Stanley  family,  see 
Ponsonby  parish. 


408 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


There  is  a  corn-mill  situated  at  the  west  end  of  the 
township. 

This  township  is  about  seven  miles  east-by-north  of 
Ravenglass ;  and,  according  to  the  arrangement  made 
at  the  quarter  sessions  held  at  Carlisle,  October  20th, 
1857,  is  included  in  the  newlj-formed  Bootle  Ward. 

CHARITY. 

Foor  Money. — The  inhabitants  of  the  township  of 
Birker  and  Austhwaite,  though  parishioners  of  Millom, 
attend  chapel  in  the  townsliip  of  Eskdale,  in  the  parish 
of  St.  Bees.  Several  legacies  have  been  left  for  the 
poor  of  these  townsliips,  the  particulars  of  which  will 
be  found  in  our  account  of  Eskdale.  The  sum  of  ;£'2  is 
received  yearly  by  the  chapelwardens  for  Birker  and 
Austhwaite,  as  a  moiety  of  the  interest  of  those  lega- 
cies, and  is  distributed  on  the  first  Sunday  after 
Easter,  amongst  poor  householders  not  receiving  paro- 
chial relief. 


CHAPEL  SUCKEK. 

The  area  of  Chapel  Sucken  or  Sunken  is  2,051 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  £1,521.  The  popu- 
lation was  not  returned  separately  till  18'21,  in  which 
year  it  was  251 ;  in  1831,  291 ;  in  1841,  21 1  ;  and 
in  1851,  275.  This  township  is  long  and  narrow, 
stretching  between  a  small  rivulet  and  the  sea,  six 
miles  south  by  east  of  Bootle,  and  comprises  the  ham- 
lets of  Kirk  Santon  and  Havcrigg,  at  the  former  of 
which  places  there  is  a  small  tumulus,  on  the  summit 
of  which  are  two  stones  standing  perpendicularly,  about 
eight  feet  in  height,  and  a  distance  from  each  other  of 
about  fifteen  feet.  Hutchinson  tells  us  that  several 
other  large  stones  formerly  stood  here.  A  church  or 
chapel  is  supposed  to  have  stood  at  Kirk  Santon  in 
ancient  times,  but  beyond  tradition,  and  the  name  itself, 
we  have  nothing  which  would  lead  to  that  conclusion. 


THWAITES  CHAPELRY. 

Tuw.viTEs  Chapelry  extends  along  the  Duddon,  south  of  Ulpha,  from  Duddon  Grove  to  Millom  Green,  and  contains 
the  small  hamlets  of  Duddon  Bridge,  Hall  Thwaites,  and  Lady  Hall,  with  several  dispersed  houses.  The  area  of  the 
chapelry  is  returned  with  that  of  Millom  farish:  its  rateable  value  is  £2,000.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in 
1801  was  52.3:  in  1811,  334:  in  1821,  310;  in  1831,  324;  in  1841,  350;  and  in  1851,  304.  At  Duddon  Bridge 
is  an  iron  funiace.  A  little  above  Duddon  Grove  is  Hans  Bridge,  which  spans  the  river  with  two  arches,  springing 
from  perpendicular  rocks. 


The  manor  of  Thwaites  was  held  under  the  lords  of 
Millom  by  a  family  bearing  the  local  name,  who  occur 
here  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  In  the  35th 
Henry  IH.  (1250-1 ),  Eleanor,  wife  of  John  Boyville  and 
Michael  de  Cornee,  passed  this  manor  by  a  fine;  and 
in  the  10th  Edward  I.  (12S7-8)  John  Hudleston  im- 
pleaded WUliam,  sou  of  John  Thwaites,  for  200  acres 
of  pasture  here.  The  manor  was  conveyed  by  the 
Hudlestons,  in  the  seventeenth  century,  to  Sir  John 
Lowther,  Bart.,  from  whom  it  has  descended  to  the 
present  possessor,  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  principal 
landowners  are  Rev.  George  MUlers,  John  Lewtliwaite, 
Robert  Postlethwaite,  and  Thomas  Dixon,  Esqrs. 

THE  CHAPEL. 

Thwaites  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Anne,  is  situated 
near  Hall  Thwaites,  about  three  miles  distant  from  the 
parish  church.  It  was  erected  in  1853-4,  and  is 
a  handsome  stone  building  in  the  early  English  style, 
with  porch,  and  bell  turret  carrying  two  bells.  The 
interior  consists  of  nave,  chancel,  and  one  aisle ; 
the  nave  is  separated  from  the  chancel  by  a  lofty 
perpendicular  arch  ;  and  the  aisle  is  divided  from 
the  nave  by  four  perpendicular  stone  arches.      The 


east  window,  which  is  lancet-shaped  and  of  three 
lights,  is  filled  with  stained  glass  ;  the  centre  compart- 
ment contains  a  representation  of  the  Crucifi.Kion ;  the 
remainder  being  various  passages  from  the  life  of  our 
Saviour.  In  the  nave  is  also  a  stained  glass  window, 
with  the  following  inscription  : — "  To  the  glory  of  God, 
and  in  memory  of  Agnes  Postlethwaite,  Sep.  13,  1853." 
The  seats  are  open  and  of  wood,  which,  with  the  read- 
iug-desk  and  roof,  are  stained  to  represent  oak  ;  the 
pulpit  and  font  are  of  Caen  stone,  both  handsomely 
carved;  the  latter  is  sufficiently  large  for  immersion, 
and  is  supported  by  four  columns  of  Purbeck  marble. 
The  chancel  is  laid  with  encaustic  tiles  and  filled  up 
with  open  benches,  having  carved  ends,  for  the 
choristers.  The  roof,  which  is  of  great  height,  is 
lighted  with  clerestory  windows,  of  quartrefoU-shape ; 
the  aisle  contains  four  handsome  windows  with  trefoil 
headings;  the  windows  of  the  nave  are  lancet-shaped, 
of  two  lights  each  and  trefoU  heads  ;  over  the  principal 
entrance  are  three  windows,  considerably  elevated,  of 
the  same  design;  above  them  is  a  handsome  circular 
window  filled  with  stained  glass.  The  altar-cloth  is  of 
rich  crimson  velvet,  with  gold-coloured  fringe,  on  the 
centre  of  the  autipendium  is  the  monogram,  with  the 


MILLOM  PAEISH. 


409 


letters  I.H.S.  beautifully  wrought  in  gold.  The  chancel 
contains  a  handsome  marble  mural  tablet,  in  the  memory 
of  W.  Lewthwaite,  Esq.,  and  his  wife,  Eleanor  of  Broad- 
gate.  In  1715  the  chapel  was  certified  as  having  no 
endowment.  Subsequently  it  was  endowed  with  the 
sum  of  £200;  it  has  also  received  £800  from  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty;  and,  in  J825,  a  parhamentary  grant 
of  £1,000.  In  1835  it  was  returned  as  of  the  annual 
value  of  £99.  The  patronage  is  vested  in  the  proprie- 
tors of  the  estates  of  Beck-Bank,  Broadgate,  Oaks,  and 
Greystone  House,  and  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  who,  as 
lord  of  tho  manor  and  lay-rector,  has  a  casting  vote. 
The  registers  commence  in  1724. 

Incumdekts. — Daniel  Steele,  17 — ;  Daniel  Stephenson,  about 
1755;  John  Parke,  1778;  Henry  Borrowdale,  1815;  John 
Ormondj,  18i2 ;  —  Sanders,  1847 ;  Jonathan  Stackhouse,  1849. 

The  parsonage  house,  situated  at  Bridge  End,  in 
Millom  Above  township,  was  erected  in  1847. 

CHAEITIES. 

Ann  Smithson's  Charities. — Ann  Smithson,  in  1778, 
bequeathed  £20  to  the  most  needy  poor  of  Thwaites, 
the  interest  thereof  to  be  distributed  in  bread  on  the 
first  Sunday  after  tho  13th  day  of  February;  and  the 
further  sum  of  £20,  the  interest  thereof  to  be  paid  to 
the  schoolmaster  there.  These  legacies  formed  part  of 
£400  which  was  laid  out,  in  1788,  in  purchase  of  lands 
in  Millom,  for  the  augmentation  of  this  curacy. 

Wennington  and  Benson's  Charities.  —  John  Wen- 
nington  gave  £30  for  the  use  of  the  poor  of  this  chapelry ; 
and  Bernard  Benson  gave  £5  for  the  like  purpose. 
Tiiese  sums  arc  secured  upon  two  tenements  in  the 
neighbourhood. 

A  small  library  was  founded  here  about  a  century  ago 
by  the  associates  of  Dr.  Bray,  but  the  boolts  are  now 
entirely  lost,  with  tho  exception  of  a  few  volumes. 

Buckraan  Brow  School  is  a  neat  building  in  the 
Elizabethan  style,  erected  in  1845,  by  Miss  Frances  E. 
Millers,  who  also  left  £2,000  for  tho  instruction  of 
girls  between  the  ages  of  five  and  sktecn  years  in 
reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  sewing,  and  the  Church 
Catechism.  Tiiirty  pounds  a  year  and  a  residence 
■were  to  be  allowed  to  a  governess.  Tho  number  and 
mode  of  admission  of  the  children  are  regulated  by  tho 
trustees,  who  are  tho  ministers  of  tho  respective 
chapclrics  of  Broughton  in  Furness,  and  Thwaites,  and 
the  owners  of  tho  estates  of  Duddon  Hall,  Ulpha,  and 
Broadgate. 

Hall  Thwaites  hamlet  is  about  four  miles  south-west, 


and  Lady  Hall  hamlet  three  miles  south-by-west  of 
Broughton. 

Duddon  Hall,  the  residence  of  J.  J.  Kawlinson,  Esq., 
J. P.,  is  delightfully  situated  on  tho  banks  of  the  river 
from  which  it  derives  its  name,  about  two  miles  from 
Broughton,  and  six  from  Millom  church  and  castle,  and 
is  surrounded  by  conserratories,  beautiful  grounds,  and 
the  most  picturesque  scenery. 

At  Swineside,  in  this  chapelry,  are  the  remains 
of  a  Druidical  circle,  or  temple.  It  consists  of 
fifty  large  stones,  with  several  small  ones  lying 
among  thera,  and  forms  a  circle  of  about  eighty-four 
feet  in  diameter,  the  entrance  to  which  is  about  five 
feet  wide.  The  largest  stone  is  conical  in  form,  and 
nearly  nine  feet  high.  There  is  a  great  similarity 
between  this  circle  and  that  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Keswick,  with  the  exception  of  the  rectangular  recess 
which  is  possessed  by  the  latter,  and  which  is,  we 
believe,  peculiar  to  it. 

fffctblnailf  of  froabgatt. 

This  family  appears,  from  ancient  documents,  to 
have  held  lands  in  various  parts  of  Cumberland  from 
an  early  period. 

Thomas  Lewthwaite  of  Whicham,  married  a  daughter  of  — 
Newby  of  Haverigg,  and  had  a  son, 

Thomas  Lewthwaite,  born  Stli  December,  1588,  married  a 
daughter  of  —  Askew  of  Greymains.  This  Thomas  purchased 
Broadgate,  and  settled  there.  He  died  in  1007,  having  had 
three  children, 

I.  John,  a  captain  in  a  regiment  of  foot  raised  by  Sir  William 
Huillestcn  of  Millom  Castle,  for  the  senice  of  King 
Charles  I.,  iu  which  loyal  cause  he  was  slain  at  Edgehill, 
in  161"-i,  without  issue. 

n.  James,  who  succeeded  his  father. 

I.  Margaret,  married  William  lieuson  of  Waberthwaite. 

James  Lewthwaite  of  Broadgate,  mamed  Agnes,  daughter 
of  William  Dickson,  Esq.,  of  Beckbank,  and  had  issue, 

I.  John,  who  succeeded  his  fatlier. 
II.  lialpli,  who  died  in  London,  without  issue. 

III.  William,  born   7th   Ilecember,    lCli7;    married    Catherine, 

daughter  of  Sir  Gilfrid  Lansou,  Bart.,  of  Brayton,  and 
had  issue, 

1.  Alfred,  who  dieil  an  infant. 

'■i.  John,  a  mcrclinnt  at  Wliilolmven ;  married  Grace, 
daughter  of  Uobirt  Jack.son,  Ksq.,  of  Bransty 
llouso,  and  had  a  sou  UilfriJ,  drowned  at  \Vhit«- 
haven. 

IV.  James,  of  Lady  Hall,  miuricd  a  daughter  of  Mylos  Winning- 

ton,  Esq.,  of  Greystone  House,  and  bad  two  suns:  James, 
settled  in  Cbi'Ster,  andbml  issue;  and  .Ir)lin.  married  Eliza- 
betli,  daughter  of  James  Lancaster,  and  btul  issue  two  sons: 
John,  settled  in  Lomlun;  and  George,  of  Ulverstoue. 
V.  Anthony,  died  at  Lancaster,  witliout  issue. 


I.  Elizabetli, 


.\11  died  without  issae. 


Agnes, 

Margaret, 

Ellen,  innrricd  William  Robinson  of  Wabertliwaite,  and  bad 
a  daughter,  Elizabetli,  niarrictl  John  llalied,  and  bad  issue 
one  sou,  who  died  iu  Dublin,  iu  ITtM,  without  issue. 


410 


ALLEKDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


John  LEwrinvArrE  of  Broatigiitc,  married  Eleanor,  daughter 
of  John  Wingfield,  Esq.,  of  Woodland,  in  tlio  parish  of  Kirby 
Irleth,  CO.  Lancuster,  and  had  issue, 

I.  James,  died  young. 
II.  William,  succeeded  his  father. 

I.  Eleanor,  niarried  John  Lewis,  of  St.  Jomes'-street,  London, 

and  had  issue,  Charles  Lee  Lewis,  a  celebrated  comedian, 
married  and  had  issue;  and  Elizabeth  Lewis,  married  — 
Dawkiue,  and  died  without  issue. 
II.  EUzabeth,  inarried  lohn  Addison,  geudeman,  of  Karenpilass, 
and  had  issue,  Ilenry  .Addisou,  died  in  London,  without 
issue ;  John  Addison,  died  in  London,  without  issue ; 
Elizabeth  Addison,  married  George  Fenwick,  Esq.,  of 
Lainbton,  co.  Durham,  and  had  issue,  William  Fen^vick, 
George,  John,  .-Yddison,  Eidph,  and  Bobert;  Elizabeth. 

■WiLUAM  Lewthwatte,  of  Broadgate,  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  John  Towers,  Esq,,  of  Hockler  Hall,  co.  Lancaster, 
and  had  issue, 

I.  John,  who  succeeded  his  father, 

II,  W1LLIA.M,  of  whom  hereafter. 

lU.  George,  a  merchant  in  Antigua,  and  died  there,  witliout  issne, 
I.  Eleanor,  married  William  Postlethwaite,  of  Ellenfoot,  gentle- 
man, and  had  issue,  Thomas  Postlethwaite,  died  in  Lon- 
don, unmarried;  William,  died  in  London,  unmarried; 
Elizabeth,  died  immarried;  .^gnes,  married  John  Wilde, 
Esq.,  of  Broughton,  and  died  without  issue. 

II.  Elizabeth,  married  William  Hunter,  Esq,,  of  Cross  House, 
in  Millom,  and  died  without  issue. 

HI.  Agnes,  married  Thomas  Bailey,  of  Broughton,  in  Fumess, 
and  died  without  issue. 


IV.  Margaret,  married  — 
died  without  issue. 


Taylor,  a  solicitor,  in  Liverpool,  and 


Joh:;  Lewthwaitk,  a  merchant,  in  Lancaster,  died  on  his 
plantation,  at  Chcckhall,  in  the  island  of  Dominica,  in  June, 
1781.  Having  married  Mrs.  Griee,  of  the  island  of  Antigua, 
and  leaving  no  issue,  he  was  succeeded  by  his  brother, 

WrLixvM  LEWTiiWAriE,  of  Broadgate  and  Whitehaven,  J.P,, 
married  Mary,  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Joseph  Nicholson,  Esq,, 
of  Milholm,  in  Bootle,  and  had  issue, 

I,  William,  who  succeeded  his  father  at  Broadgate. 
11.  Johu,  miuried  Margaret,  eldest  daughter  of  Koger  Taylor, 

Esq.,  of  Stott  Park,  Lancashire,  and  had  issue,  Wilham, 

Gilfrid,  Marianne,  and  Frances  Jane. 


III.  George,  rector  of  Adcl,  ro.  York,  .I,P,,  married  Martha, 

daughter  of  Thomas  Rirley,  Esq.,  of  Kirkbain,  Lancashire, 
and  had  issue,  William  Henry,  George,  and  Morgareu 

IV.  Joseph,  a  merchant,  in  the  West  Indies,  cUed  in  ISIO,  un- 

married. 

I.  Agnes,  married  to  Uie  Rev.  R.  Armistcad,  rector  of  Moresby. 

II.  Alary,  married  to  Milham  Hartley,  Esq.,  of  Rose  Hill. 

III.  Ann,  married  to  Peter  Dixon,  Esq.,  of  Newington,  Surrey, 

and  died  in  l80;i,  without  issue. 
rv.  Margaret,  married  to  Peter  Taylor,  Est].,  of  Belfield,  West- 

murelaiul,  major  in  the  Royal  Westmoreland  Militia,  and 

died  in  ISil.'j,  \rithout  issue. 

V.  Frances,  died  young. 
Ti.  Betsey  of  Hazel  Moimt, 

The  eldest  son, 

WiLr.iAJi  liEWTXiwAlTE,  Esq.,  of  Broadgate,  J.P.,  married 
Eleanor,  daughter  of  Thomas  Cragg,  Esq.,  of  Lowscales,  and  by 
her  (who  died  1830)  had  issue, 

1.  John,  of  Broadgate. 

I,  Man,-,  married  to  William  Postlethwaite,  merebont,  of  Uhrer- 

stune. 
u.  Agues,  married  to  Robert  Postlethwaite,  Esq.,  of  Brougbton. 
ni.  Eleanor,  died  unmarried, 
IT.  Elizabeth,  died  immarried. 

Mr.  Lewthwaite  died  IPL"),  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 
John  Lewtiiw.ute,  Esq.,  of  Broadgate,  J.P.  and  D.L,,  bom 

1 792 ;  married  1S2(),  Anne,  daughter  of  William  Kirkbank,  Esq,, 

D,L,,  of  Becksidc,  and  has  issue, 

I.  WrLLiAM,marriedMaTy,daughteraf  William  Clialoner, Esq. 
II.  Joseph. 

III.  George. 

I.  Mary,  married  to  Walter  Buchanan,  Esq.,  of  Liverpool. 
II.  Elizabeth, 
ni.  Eleauor,  monied  to  Bobert  Francis  Calrow,  Esq. 

IV.  Ann. 

V.  Agnes. 


Arms. — Erm.,  a  cross-flory,  az.,  fretty,  or. 
Crest. — A  garb,  bound  by  a  serpent,  nowed,  ppr., 
moutli,  a  cross-crosslet,  fitchee,  gu. 
Motto. — Tendens  ad  sethera  virtus. 
Scat. — Broadgate. 


holding  in  the 


ULPHA  CHAPELRY. 

This  chapelry  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Eskdale,  on  the  west  by  Birket  and  Austhwaite,  on  the  south  by  Thwaites 
chapelry,  and  on  the  east  by  the  Duddon,  which  divides  it  from  Lancashire.  It  is  about  eleven  miles  in  length  by 
three  in  breadth,  and  comprises  about  one-tliird  of  the  parish.  The  lower  part  is  very  woody  and  good  laud,  the 
upper  part  more  rocky  and  barren,  being  terminated  by  the  mountains  of  Hardknott  and  Wrynose,  to  the  west  and 
south-west  of  which  ore  Birker  Fell,  Barter  Fell,  and  several  smaller  eminences.  The  area  is  returned  with 
Millom  parish.  The  rateable  value  is  £1,295,  The  population  in  1801  was  202:  in  1811,  298;  in  1821, 
208  ;  in  1831,  40f) ;  in  1841,  375  ;  and  in  1851,  370.  By  the  arrangements  of  wards  made  at  the  October  quarter 
sessions,  ]837,  Ulpba  was  transfen-ed  from  the  ward  of  AIlerdale-above-Derweut  to  the  newly-formed  Bootle  Ward. 
Here  is  a  bobbin-mill,  worked  by  Mr.  William  Eussell ;  and  there  are  also  a  com  and  saw-mUls.  Copper  has  been 
extensively  worked  in  this  chapelry,  but  at  present  the  working  is  discontinued.  Ulpha,  like  many  other  places  in 
Cumberland,  is  remarliablc  for  the  longevity  of  its  inhabitants. 


Mr.  J,  Denton  informs  us  that  "  Ulphay  was  granted 
to  one  Ulf,  the  son  of  Evard,  whose  posterity  enjoyed 
it  till  the  time  of  King  Henry  III,  Ulf  had  issue 
Ailsward  and  Ketell,     Ailsward  paid  to  King  Henry 


HI.,  in  the  17th  year  of  his  reign  (1232-3),  twentj- 
marks  for  a  fine  assessed  upon  him  for  an  attaint. 
Ketell  had  divers  sons,  Bennett,  William,  and  Michael : 
Bennett  lived  in  King  John's  time,  and  had  a  son 


MUXOM  PAEISH. 


411 


named  Allan.  But  now  the  land  is  reduced  to  demesne 
again,  and  Mr.  lludlostonc,  the  present  lord  of  Milium, 
and  divers  of  his  ancestors,  have  made  there  a  park, 
inclosed  for  deer,  which  yet  to  this  day  is  called  Ulphay 
Park."  Having  reverted  to  the  lords  of  Millom,  Ulpha 
was  again  constituted  part  of  that  manor,  and  remained 
connected  with  it  till  sold  by  Sir  Hedworth  AVUliamson 
and  his  wife  (heiress  of  the  Hudlestons)  to  Mr.  Single- 
ton of  Drigg.  It  was  subsequently  pm-chased  fi'om 
Miss  Singleton  by  Lord  Muncaster,  who,  in  his  turn 
disposed  of  it  to  Joseph  Burrow,  Esq.,  of  Carlton  Hall, 
who  sold  it  to  George  Harrison,  Esq.,  of  Linethwaito, 
near  "\Miitohaveu,  who  afterwards  sold  it  to  Lord 
Lonsdale,  the  present  lord  of  the  manor.  The 
old  hall,  now  a  farm-house,  bears  marks  of  great 
antiquity,  and  was  probably  the  seat  of  the  lords  of 
Ulpha  in  days  now  long  departed.  Near  to  it  is  a 
well,  bearing  the  name  of  the  Lady's  Dub,  where 
tradition  says  a  lady  was  killed  by  ono  of  the  numerous 
wolves  that  formerly  infested  this  region.  The  principal 
landowners  are  Lord  Muncaster,  W.  Rawhuson,  Esq., 
Mr.  W.  Dawson,  and  Mr.  Gunson. 

The  small  hamlet  of  Ulpha  Kirk,  is  situated  about 
seven  miles  from  Broughton.  The  river  Duddon  is 
here  spanned  by  a  bridge,  which  discloses  a  beautiful 
view  up  and  down.  "  Ulpha  lurk,"  says  Haniet 
Martiueau,  "  is  ono  of  the  primitive  places  where  the 
old  manners  of  the  district  may  be  traced  more  clearly 
than  in  most  road-sido  settlements.  The  people  still 
think  it  no  sin  to  do  their  farm  work  on  Sundays,  when 
tho  weather — so  precarious  hero — is  favourable;  and 
the  familiar  style  of  '  tho  priest'  in  tlieso  parts  makes 
tlie  transition  from  work  to  worship  very  natural. 
Some  time  since  there  was  a  blind  '  priest'  settled  there. 
Ono  Sunday  morning,  tln'  bell  rang  before  the  people 
were  all  ready ;  and  especially  the  stoutest  fanner  in 
the  neighbourhood,  who,  detained  by  somo  oow,  pig,  or 
sheep,  entered  tho  church  last  of  all,  '  thuunoriu'  down 
tho  aisle.'  '  VVha's  comin'  now'.''  asked  tho  blind 
priest;  and  being  informed  by  the  clerk  that  it  was 

John  T ,  ho  inquired  further,   '  afoot  or  a-horso 

back?'  Odd  sprinklings  of  liarning  are  found  in  these 
by-places,  aa  in  Scotland.  Somo  students  staying  at 
tlio  littlo  inn  here,  and  wanting  to  settle  their  account, 
wroto  a  note  in  Latin  to  tho  landlord,  asking  for  tlio 
bill,  and  scut  it  by  tho  girl  who  waited,  ilr.  Gunson, 
tho  landlord,  immediately  sent  in  the  bill  in  Greek.  It 
was  too  much  for  the  students,  who  wore  obli^^od  to  ask 
to  httvo  it  in  English.  There  was  a  '  heigh-larnod' 
woman,  not  far  from  hence,  who  married  a  farmer  on 
tlio  moor.  When  ovorj-body  was  lamontiug  the  hard 
times,  she  declared  that,  for  her  pact,  aho  would  be 


contented  if  she  conld  only  obtain  food  and  raiment, 
whereupon  her  husband  rebuked  her  presumption. 
'Thoo  fule,'  said  he,  'thoo  dusu't  think  thoo's  to  hev 
mare  than  other  folk.    I'se  content  wi'  meat  and  claes.'  " 

THE   CH.VPEI.. 

Ulpha  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  John,  is  distant  seven 
miles  north  of  the  mother  church  of  Millom.  Words- 
worth, in  one  of  his  beautiful  sonnets,  tells  us  that — 

The  kirk  of  Ulpha  to  the  pilgrim's  eye 

Is  welcome  as  a  star,  tlmt  doth  present 

Its  shining  forehead  through  the  pencefal  rent 

Of  a  black  cloud  diffused  o'er  half  the  sky  ; 

Or  as  a  fruitful  palm  tree,  towering  high 

O'er  the  parched  waste  beside  an  Arab's  tent ; 

Or  the  Indian  tree,  whoso  branches  downward  bent 

Take  root  again,  a  boundless  canopy. 

How  sweet  were  leisure  !  could  it  yield  no  more 

Thau  mid  that  wave-washed  churcliyard  to  recline, 

From  pastoral  graves  extracting  thoughts  divine ; 

Or  there  to  pace,  and  mai-k  the  summits  lioar 

Of  distant  moonUt  mountains  faintly  shine, 

Sooth'd  by  the  uusecn  river's  gentle  roai'. 

The  chapel  of  Ulpha  was  certifled  to  the  governors 
of  Queen  Anne's  ]}ouuty  as  of  the  annual  value  of  £5  ; 
.63  Gs.  8d.  of  which  was  the  ancient  chapel  salary.  It 
has  been  since  augmented  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty, 
and  in  1835  was  returned  as  worth  £49  j>er  annum. 
The  benefice  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the  gift  of  the 
vicar  of  Millom.  The  Rev.  Jeremiali  Walker  b  the 
present  incumbent.  The  registers  commence  in  1703. 
At  the  time  the  chapel  was  consecrated  it  was  endowed 
with  the  small  tithes  of  the  district,  or  rather  a  modus 
in  lieu  of  them,  as  it  is  a  C.^ced  annual  payment  from 
every  landowner  and  tenement  in  the  chapelry. 

The  AVesleyans  have  a  place  of  worship  here. 

There  was  a  Baptist  school  erected  in  this  chapelry, 
in  1853,  by  Mrs.  Wilson. 

CHARITT. 

William  Danson's  Bequest. — William  Danson,  of  the 
parish  of  St.  Clement  Danes,  Westminster,  by  will, 
dated  November  17th,  1793,  left  i'3  per  annum,  charge- 
able upon  tho  Folds  estate,  to  be  distributed  amongst 
the  most  needy  of  the  poor  of  Ulpha,  his  native  place. 

A  library  was  established  here  in  1701,  by  tho  asso- 
ciates of  Dr.  Bray,  but  tho  books  haw  long  been  lost. 

On  tho  summit  of  the  first  ascent  of  Hardknott,  a 
mountain  near  the  northern  extremity  of  the  parish, 
nro  tho  remains  of  a  Britisii  or  Roman  fort,  known  as 
Hardknott    Castle.'     Bishop    Gibson    supposes   these 

>  Uordknotl  Oftstle  is  on  an  cauto  bduugiug  to  Edward  Stanley, 
Kaq^  of  Ponsonby,  calUd  BrotJicrv  KolJ,  a  slioip-fiinn  onniainiug 
nbotii  I4,0<X)  ncres,  whicli  was  pivseuteU  to  tile  Slauley  family  ou  tlw 
dJMolutlou  of  FumeM  Abboy. 


412 


ALLEr.DALE-ABO\'E-DERWENT   WARD. 


remains  to  have  belonged  to  some  church  or  chapel  which 
formerly  stood  here ;  and  Gough,  in  his  Additions  to 
Camden,  supposes  the  ruins  may  be  those  of  a  chapel 
or  cross  erected  upon  this  mountain,  as  was  the  case 
upon  Cross  Fell.  Be  this  as  it  may,  Ilardknotl  Castle 
commands  a  magnificent  view  of  Scawfell  and  the 
Pike — the  loftiest  mountains  in  the  Lalic  District  —  as 
also  of  the  Irish  Sea.  Formerly  the  pack-horses  which 
went  from  Kendal  to  Whitehaven  crossed  Wrynose  and 
Hardkuott,  a  road  now  only  seldom  visited  except  by 
the  shepherd  and  the  adventurous  tourist. 

From  the  road  over  Stoneside  a  very  fine  view  of 
Ulpha  and  the  valleys  of  Lewthwaite  and  Dounerdale  is 
obtained.  After  climbing  the  rugged  ascents  over 
■which  the  road  leads,  these  delightful  valleys,  which 
are  near  the  river  Duddon,  burst  on  the  sight,  em- 
bosomed amid  barren  mountahis,  and  forming  pictures 
of  surpassing  beauty,  on  which  the  eye  loves  to  dwell, 
and  the  recollection  of  which  fully  illustrates  the  truth 
of  the  saying  that  "a  thing  of  beauty  is  a  joy  for  ever." 
Donnerdale,  verdant  and  well  cultivated,  looks  like  a 
rich  garden ;  while,  beyond,  the  mountains  stretch 
away  far  to  the  north.  The  river  Duddon,  which 
forms  the  eastern  boundary  of  this  chapelry,  as  well  as 
of  the  parish  of  Millom,  is  well  known,  wherever  the 
Enghsh  language  is  spoken  or  read,  by  the  sonnets  of 
Wordsworth,  according  to  whom  it  may  be  compared  to 
any  river  of  equal  length  of  course  in  any  country. 
Speaking  of  his  sonnets,  he  says  :  "  The  reader  who 
may  have  been  interested  in  the  foregoing  sonnets,  will 
not  be  displeased  to  find  in  this  place  a  prose  account 
of  the  Duddon,  extracted  from  Green's  Comprehensive 
Guide  to  the  Lakes,  lately  published.  '  The  road  lead- 
ing from  Coniston  to  Broughton  is  over  high  ground, 
and  commands  a  view  of  the  river  Duddon ;  which  at 
high  water  is  a  grand  sight,  having  the  beautiful  and 
fertile  lands  of  Lancashire  and  Cumberland  stretching 
each  way  from  its  margin.  In  this  extensive  view  the 
face  of  nature  is  displayed  in  a  wonderful  variety  of  hill 
and  dale,  wooded  grounds  and  buildings  ;  amongst  the 
latter,  Broughton  Tower,  seated  on  the  crown  of  a  hill, 
rising  elegantly  from  the  valley,  is  an  object  of  extraor- 
dinary interest.  Fertility  on  each  side  is  gradually 
diminished  and  lost  in  the  superior  heights  of  Black- 
comb  in  Cumberland  and  the  high  lands  between 
Kirkby  and  Ulverstone.  The  road  from  Broughton  to 
Seathwaite  is  on  the  banks  of  the  Duddon,  and  on  its 
Lancashire  side  it  is  of  various  elevations.  The  river 
is  an  amusing  companion — one  while  brawling  and 
tumbling  over  rocky  precipices,  untU  the  agitated  water 
becomes  again  calm  by  arriving  at  a  smoother  and  less 
precipitous  bed;  but  its  course  is  soon  again  ruffled, 


and  the  current  thrown   into   every  variety  of  foam 
which  the  rocky  channel  of  a  river  can  give  to  water.' 

"  After  all,  the  traveller  would  be  most  gratified  who 
should  approach  this  beautiful  stream,  neither  at  its 
source,  as  is  done  in  the  sonnets,  nor  from  its  termi- 
nation, but  from  Coniston  over  Walna  Scar ;  first 
descending  into  a  little  circular  valley,  a  collateral 
compartment  of  the  long  winding  vale  through  which 
flows  the  Duddon.  This  recess,  towards  the  close  of 
September,  when  the  after-grass  of  the  meadows  is 
still  of  a  fresh  green,  with  the  leaves  of  many  of  the 
trees  faded,  but  perhaps  none  fallen,  is  truly  enchanting. 
At  a  point  elevated  enough  to  show  the  various  objects 
in  the  valley,  and  not  so  high  as  to  diminish  their 
importance,  the  stranger  will  instinctively  halt.  On 
the  foreground,  a  little  below  tho  most  favourable 
station,  a  rude  foot-bridge  is  thrown  over  the  bed  of 
the  noisy  brook  foaming  by  the  way-side.  Russet  and 
craggy  hills,  of  bold  and  varied  outline,  surround  the 
level  valley,  which  is  besprinkled  with  grey  rocks 
plumed  with  birch  trees.  A  few  homesteads  are 
interspersed,  in  some  places  peeping  out  from  among 
the  rocks  like  hermitages,  whose  site  has  been  chosen 
for  the  benefit  of  sunshine  as  well  as  shelter ;  in  other 
instances  the  dwelling-house,  barn,  and  byre  compose 
together  a  cruciform  structure,  which  with  its  embow- 
ering trees,  and  the  ivy  clothing  part  of  the  walls  and 
roof  Uke  a  fleece,  call  to  mind  the  remains  of  an  ancient 
abbey.  Time,  in  most  cases,  and  nature  everywhere, 
have  given  a  sanctity  to  the  humble  works  of  man  that 
are  scattered  over  this  peaceful  retirement.  Hence  a 
harmony  of  tone  and  colour,  a  perfection  and  consum- 
mation of  beauty,  which  would  have  been  marred  had 
aim  or  purpose  interfered  with  the  course  of  conveni- 
ence, utility,  or  necessity.  This  unvitiated  region 
stands  in  no  need  of  the  veil  of  twilight  to  soften  or 
disguise  its  features.  As  it  ghstens  in  the  morning 
sunshine  it  would  fill  the  spectator's  heart  with  glad- 
someness.  Looking  from  our  chosen  station  he  would 
feel  an  impatience  to  rove  among  its  pathways,  to  be 
greeted  by  the  milkmaid,  to  wander  from  house  to 
house,  exchanging  '  good  morrows,'  as  he  passes  the 
open  doors ;  but  at  evening,  when  the  sun  is  set,  and  a 
pearly  light  gleams  from  the  western  quarter  of  the 
sky,  with  an  answering  light  from  the  smooth  surface  of 
the  meadows — when  the  trees  are  dusky,  but  each  kind 
still  distinguishable — when  the  cool  air  has  condensed 
the  blue  smoke  rising  from  the  cottage  chimneys — 
when  the  dark  mossy  stones  seem  to  sleep  in  the  bed 
of  the  foaming  brook ;  then  he  would  be  unwUhng  to 
move  forward,  not  less  from  a  reluctance  to  relinquish 
what    he    beholds    than    from    an    apprehension    of 


i 


MORESBY  PAEISH. 


413 


disturbing  by  his  approach  the  quietness  beneath  him. 
Issuing  from  the  plain  of  this  valley  the  brook  descends 
in  a  rapid  torrent,  passing  by  the  churchyard  of 
Seathwaite.  The  traveller  is  thus  conducted  at  once 
into  the  midst  of  a  wild  and  beautiful  sceneiy  which 
gave  occasion  to  the  sonnets  from  the  11th  to  the  20th 
inclusive.  From  the  point  whore  the  Seathwaite  brook 
joins  the  Duddon  is  a  view  upwards  into  the  pass 
through  which  the  river  makes  its  way  into  the  plain 
of  Donnerdale.  The  perpendicular  rock  on  the  right 
bears  the  ancient  British  name  of  The  Pen ;  the  one 
opposite  is  called  Wallabarrow  Cragg,  a  name  that 
occurs  in  several  places  to  designate  rocks  of  the  same 
character.  The  chaotic  aspect  of  the  scene  is  well 
marked  by  the  expression  of  a  stranger,  who  strolled 
out  while  dinner  was  preparing,  and   at  his  return, 


being  asked  by  his  host  '  AVhat  way  he  had  been 
wandering  ? '  replied,  '  as  far  as  it  is  finished  ! ' 

"  The  bed  of  the  Duddon  is  here  strewn  with  large 
fragments  of  rocks  fallen  from  aloft,  which,  as  Mr. 
Green  truly  says,  '  are  happily  adapted  to  the  many- 
shaped  waterfalls  (or  rather  waterbreaks,  for  none  of 
them  are  high,  displayed  in  the  short  space  of  half  a 
mUe.'  That  there  is  some  hazard  in  frequenting 
these  desolate  places  I  myself  have  had  proof,  for  one 
night  an  immense  mass  of  rock  fell  upon  the  very  spot 
where,  with  a  friend,  I  had  lingered  the  day  before. 
'  The  concussion,'  says  Mr.  Green,  speaking  of  the 
event  (for  he  also,  in  the  practice  of  his  art,  on  that  day 
sat  exposed  for  a  still  longer  time  to  the  same  peril), 
'  was  heard,  not  without  alarm,  by  the  neighbouring 
shepherds.' " 


MORESBY   PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Moresby  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  parishes  of  Harrington  and  Distington,  on  the  west  by  the 
sea,  on  the  south  by  the  township  of  Whitehaven,  and  on  the  east  by  Arlecdon.  It  contains  about  three  square 
miles,  being  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  length  and  breadth.  The  land  towards  the  sea  is  rich  and  fertile,  being 
partly  loam  and  gravel ;  but  on  the  cast  side  of  the  parish  it  is  cold  and  sterile.  The  commons  were  enclosed  about 
tl:e  year  1774,  since  which  time  the  land  here  has  been  much  improved  by  careful  cultivation.  Coal  is  abundant, 
and  there  is  a  quarry  of  excellent  freestone.  There  are  two  coal  pits,  the  "Countess"  and  "Moresby"  pits, 
worked  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  former  was  opened  in  1835  and  the  latter  in  18-19,  and  afford  employment 
to  about  101)  persons.  The  "Countess"  is  now  nearly  worked  out,  but  the  "Moresby"  produces  from  30,000  to 
40,000  tons  of  coal  per  annum.  This  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Moresby  and  Parton,  whose  united  area  is 
2,187  acres. 


MORESBY. 

The  area  of  the  township  is  2,157  acres ;  its  rate- 
able value  i3,0ai  15s.  The  population  in  1801 
was  371;  in  1811,  lO'J  ;  in  1821,  43s ;  in  1831, 
424;  ia  1841,  5J2;  and  in  1851,  533.  Moresby 
township  contains  several  handsome  villas. 

The  first  possessor  of  the  manor  of  Moresby  upon 
record  is  one  Morris,  who  is  stated  to  have  been  seated 
at  ^Moresby  in  the  time  of  William  Rufus,  and  from 
him  the  family  of  Moresby,  Morisceby,  Moriccbi,  or 
Mauriceby,  derived  their  origin.  His  successor  boro 
the  name  of  Urknian,  and  probably  was  his  son  or 
grandson.  The  opinion  that  ho  was  lord  of  the  fee  is 
strengthened  by  his  name  being  preserved  in  the 
chartulary  of  tho  abbey  of  Holme  Cultram,  among 
those  of  its  earliest  patrons,  as  enriching  the  monastery 
with  a  grant  of  land  in  Ilarrays,  now  written  Harris, 
in  Moresby,  and  of  common  in  tho  same  manor.  He 
is  followed  by  Ilugono  do  Moriccbi,  who  occurs  as 
witness  to  a  charter,  dated  a.d.  1192,  from  William  de 


Fortibus,  earl  of  Albcrmarle  (in  right  of  his  wife> 
Hawise,  baron  of  Egremont),  confirming  to  the  priory 
at  St.  Bees  the  grants  theretofore  made  by  that  lady's 
ancestors,  De  Meschines  and  Do  Piomelcy.  The  lord 
of  Moresby,  whom  ancient  records  next  disclose,  is  one 
whose  name  is  appended  to  a  deed  without  a  date  (but 
which,  in  the  annals  of  the  old  house  of  Lc  Fleming 
of  Piydal  and  Coniston,  is  assigned  to  the  reign  of  King 
John),  made  by  Sir  John  le  Fleming  of  Bct-kermet, 
respecting  certain  lauds  iu  Cumberland.  To  that 
document  a  Sir  Hugh  de  Moriceby  appears  as  witness, 
together  with  Robert  Prior  of  St.  Bees,  Sir  Peter  de 
Wyrkyngton,  Sir  Adam  de  Jlillom,  and  Sir  Richard  do 
Coupland.  Whether  to  his  father's  name  and  estates 
another  Hugh  must  now  be  considered  to  have  suc- 
ceeded, or  whether  it  was  tho  person  last-named,  who 
testified  to  the  following  deed,  no  evidence  has  been 
met  with  to  certify  tho  fact.  But  about  1240  the 
name  of  Ilugono  do  Morisceby  is  found  among  other 
witnesses,  set  to  a  deed,  whereby  John  do  Hodleston, 


414 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DEKWENT  WARD. 


first  lord  of  Jlillom,  of  that  name,  in  right  of  his  wife 
Joan,  heiress  of  the  old  family  De  Boisville,  or  De 
Millom,  confirmed  to  God  and  the  monks  of  Holme 
Cultram  all  tho  lands  of  Lekoley,  or  Seaton,  in  Cum- 
berland, which  had  been  given  to  them  by  GuuUJa,  or 
Goynhilde,  daughter  to  Harry  de  Millom.      Another 
lord  arises  in  the  person  of  Nicholas  de  ^Moresby,  who, 
about  A.D.  1'2'jO,  witnessed  a  deed  by  which  the  charter 
of  Gunilda  above-mentioned  was  confirmed  by  Joan, 
then  widow  of  John  de  Hodleston  of  Millom — and 
whose  attestation,   along  with   those   of  Johanne  de 
Lamplugh,  Benediote  de  Kotington,  and  others,  like- 
wise found  to  a  charter  of  Gilbert  da  Hothwayt  and 
Christiana  his  wife,  confirming  certain  lands  to  the 
religious  institutions  of  the  Blessed  ilarie,  at  York, 
and  to  St.  Bega,  in  Couplaud.     The  next  inheritor  is 
named  Hugh,  who,  it  is  very  likely  was  son  to  the 
foregoing.      At  least  the  lands  at  Moresby  acknow- 
ledged his   rightful    possession ;    for,   continuing   the 
bounty  of  his  family  to  Holme  Cultram  Abbey,  he,  in 
1257,  bestowed  lands  in   Crombcc   and  Waver,  and 
subsequently  gave  six  acres  of  arable  and  four  acres  of 
meadow  land  in  Distington  to  that  monastery,  in  whose 
chartulary  those  offerings   are   registered.      A   deed, 
relating  to  part  of  the  estates  of  the  monastery  of  St. 
Mary,   in   Furness,   attests   that    he  likewise   owned 
certain  rights  to  minerals  in  that  district;   as  by  an 
instrument  done  in  the  said  abbey,  the  14th  October, 
1270,  Robert  de  Lcybournc  quitted  claim  to  St.  Mary's 
Abbot,  all  right  of  getting  iron  and  copper  within  tliat 
dignitary's  jurisdiction,  except  a  limited  quantity  which 
he  had  by  grant  from  Hugh  de  Morecebi,  with  consent 
of  the  abbot  and  convent  during  the  life  of  the  said 
Hugh.     The  witnesses  to  the  said  deed  being  John  de 
Hodleston,  Allan  de  Coupland,  and  Robert  de  Har- 
rington, all  men  of  kniglitly  degree.    Besides  the  lands 
to  whic'n  they  have  given  their  name,  the  Moresbys 
also   held,   as   one  of  their   earliest  possessions,  the 
adjoining  manor,  or  moiety  of  the  manor  of  Distington 
which  centred  in  them,  either  by  grant  or  purchase, 
in  Henry  III.'s  reign,  and  there  they  resided  in  the 
formidable    stronghold,    whose    fragmentary    remains, 
pleasingly  cresting  a  slight  knoll  in  the  centre  of  the 
expanded  head  of  the  vale  which  roaches  from  Moresby 
to  Distington,  still  remain.   The  inheritance  of  Moresby 
seems  afterwards  to  have  descended  upon  Adam  de 
iloresby.     He  was  likewise  possessed  of  the  adjoining 
manor,  or  moiety  of  the  manor,  of  Hensiugham,  though 
by  what  title  has  not   been  discovered,  as  in   1272 
Robert   de   Branthwaite,    lord    of    the    neighbouring 
seigniory  of  that  name,  is  recorded  to  have  held  the 
half  of  Hensingham  as  a  vassal  of  the  said  Adam,  who. 


with  this  brief  mention,  retires  out  of  sight.  From 
the  succeeding  notice  respecting  the  family,  which,  iu 
chronological  order,   has    fallen  under  review,   it  is 

;^'athorcd  that  Thomas  do  ^Moresby,  who  had  married 
Margai-et,  daughter  of  Thomas  de  Lucy,  lord  of  Cock- 
crmouth,   by   Margaret,  one   of    the    daughters   and 
co-heirs  of  John  de  Multon,  last  baron  of  Egremont 
of  that   name,  came   next   to  tho  estate,  and  about 
1278  acquired   the   adjacent  lordship  of  Distington, 
if  reliance  is  to  be  placed  upon  the  statement  by  Den- 
ton, quoted  in  the  local  history,  that  "Adade  Morville, 
wife  of  Richard  de  Lucy,  Dundraw,  and  he  had  issue 
Ada  de  Dundraw,  ^vife  of  Stephen  de   Crofton,  who 
gave  their  part  of  Distbgton  to  Thomas  do  Moresby 
and  Margaret  de  Lucy,  his  wife,  anno  0  th  Edward  L, 
ilargaret  did  exchange  it  with  her  brother,  Thomas 
Lucy,  for  lands  in  Thackthwaite,  and  Thomas  the  same 
in  Moresby  for  Brackenthwaite  in  Loweswater:"  or,  in 
other  words,  Thomas  Lucy  again  exchanged  Distington 
with  the  Moresbys  for  Brackenthwaite.     It  is,  however, 
difficult  to  reconcile  Denton's  account  with  the  informa- 
tion derived  from  the  chartuluiy  of  Holme  Cultram, 
which  manifests  that,  several  years  previously,  Hugh 
de  Moresby  had  given  lauds  in  Distington  to  that  insti- 
tution— a  donative  it  is  improbable  he  would  have  be- 
stowed had  he  not  possessed  the  fee.   John  de  Moresby 
is  the  next  of  the  family  upon  record.     His  wife  was 
Helena,  daughter  to  William  D'Aubeny,  a  man  sprung 
from  a  house  not  inferior  to  that  with  which  his  own 
had  blended.     After  De  Moriceby's  decease,  his  widow 
married  Nicholas  Veteriponte,  lord  of  Alston,  who  died 
in  1315,  leaving  a  son,  Robert,  twelve  years  old  at  his 
father's  death.     The  pedigree  of  the  Alston  Veteri- 
pontes  is  silent  respecting  the  family  of  which  that  lady 
was  a  descendant,  though  it  certifies  that  she  had  an 
interest  in  lands  at  Kescliffe  and  Dufton,  in  West- 
moreland, as  well  as  in  Ivirkthwaite,  Lyvethwaite,  and 
Johnby,  in  Cumberland,  and  that  she  did  not  die  till 
1307.     We  have  no  further  information  respecting  this 
John  de  Moresby.     He  upon  wiiom,  in  the  course  of 
hereditary  succession,  the  estates  next  devolved,  bore 
the  name  of  Hugh.     He  married  Margaret,  daughter 
of  Sir  Robert  Asby  of  Asby,  in  Westmoreland,  receiving 
with  her  the  estates  of  the  Asbys ;  but,  dying  without 
children,  his  wife,  as  we  learn  from  an  old  deed,  exer- 
cised, in  her  own  right,  seigneurial  jurisdiction  over 
the  manor  so  far  back  as  the  year  1201.     In  a.d.  1323 
De  Moresby  was  one  of  the  three  knights  selected  by 
his  kinsman  of  Cockermouth  (the  others  being  Hugh 
dc  Lowther  and  Richard  de  Denton)  to  assist  in  the 
surprise  of  the  castle  of  Carlisle,  and  the  arrest  of 
Andrew    de    Hercla,    its    governor.     Culgaitb,    near 


MOEESBY  PAEISH. 


415 


Penrith,  was  in  1 32 1  granted  to  Sir  Hugh  of  Moresby,  for 
his  "bravery,  good  services,  and  loyalty"  on  the  occa- 
sion referred  to.  In  the  fifteenth  and  nineteenth  years 
of  the  following  reign  the  command  of  the  castle  of 
Carlisle  was  confided  to  him  by  the  martial  sovereign 
who  then  ruled  the  destinies  of  England.  In  1339  and 
1337  he  was  knight  of  the  shire  of  Westmoreland.  In 
1335  he  was  elected  to  the  same  honourable  post  for 
Cumberland  ;  for  which  county,  in  the  7th  and  ISth 
Edward  III.,  he  likewise  served  what,  at  that  time,  was 
the  warlike  and  onerous  office  of  sherilf;  and  in  the 
last-mentioned  year  he  was  also  one  of  the  escheators 
appointed  by  the  crown,  on  the  death  of  Lord  Clifford, 
to  inquire  into  and  survey  his  estates.  In  1343  Sir 
Hugh  was  deceased,  though  the  inquisition  post 
mortem,  under  which  it  was  found  that  he  had  been 
seised  of  Jloresby  and  the  other  lands  therein  men- 
tioned, was  not  taken  until  1349  ;  as  in  the  former 
year  a  fine  was  levied  of  the  manor  of  Great  Asby, 
between  his  son  Christopher  and  Isabel  his  wife  of  the 
one  part,  and  Margaret,  widow  of  Sir  Hugh,  of  the 
other  part,  to  hold  to  the  said  Christopher  and  Isabel, 
and  the  heirs  of  their  bodies,  remainder  to  the  heirs  of 
the  said  Margaret  (who  is  said  to  have  survived  until 
1375),  in  fee.  On  the  demise  of  Sir  Hugh,  the  pos- 
session of  his  augmented  estates  rested  upon  his  son 
Christopher,  who  in  his  father's  lifetime  was  affianced 
to  Isabel,  daughter  to  John  do  Derwentwatcr,  lord  of 
the  manors  of  Castlerigg  and  Tallantire,  in  Cumber- 
land, and  of  Bolton,  in  Westmoreland.  On  the  con- 
tract of  marriage,  a  deed  in  Norman  French,  extant 
among  the  muniments  of  John  Ilill,  Ksq.,  the  present 
lord  of  Asby,  was  made  and  interchangeably  sealed  at 
l?olton,  on  the  Monday  next  before  the  feast  ol  Saint 
^Michael,  in  the  fifteenth  year  of  the  reign  of  King 
I'ldward  III.,  between  Mons.  Hugh  de  Morisceby  of 
the  one  part,  and  Mons.  John  de  Derwentwater  of 
the  other  part,  by  which  the  former  covenanted  that 
(Jhristophcr,  his  son  and  heir,  should  marry  Isabel, 
daughter  to  the  latter,  who  agreed  to  give  with  her  a 
portion  of  180  marks — a  large  sum  in  an  ago  when  the 
mark  was  valued  at  thirty  shillings  of  the  money  of 
that  day.  During  the  next  quarter  of  a  century  their 
ancestral  vault  seems  to  have  closed  over  the  seigneurs 
do  Moresby  in  rapid  succession  ;  otherwise  it  is  not 
easy  to  accnunt  for  the  frequent  cliange  of  name  in 
those  who,  but  for  a  brief  space  each,  appear  to  have 
ratained  the  estates,  there  being  no  less  than  throe 
disclosed  within  a  few  j-ears  :  thougli  in  such  unfixed 
outline  that,  but  for  the  escheats  issued  after  their 
respective  deaths,  the  hold  which  they  have  upon 
attention    is    little    more    than    nominal.      Probably 


Christopher,  the  inheritor  who  is  next  recorded,  was 
son  to  the  afore-named  Christopher  and  Isabel :  as 
among  the  returns  to  the  inquisitions  of  the  year  1353 
is  one  which  finds  that  Thomas  de  Lucy  was  seised, 
"  pro  Cliristophero  de  Moricebi,"  of  the  manor  of 
Moresby,  and  others.  In  the  34th,  35th,  30th,  and 
37th  Edward  III.,  he  served  the  office  of  sheriff  for 
Cumberland,  and  in  the  two  first  of  those  years  was 
also  knight  of  the  shire  for  Westmoreland.  Little 
more  concerning  him  is  known  than  that  he  was 
deceased  in  the  43rd  Edward  III.,  a.s  in  that  year 
he  was  found,  by  escheat,  to  have  held  the  lordships 
and  lands  already  mentioned;  and  that,  in  1374, 
Stephen  de  Mebum  is  recorded  to  have  been  instituted 
to  the  living  of  Asby,  on  the  king's  presentation,  in 
right  of  the  heir  of  Christopher  de  Moresby,  then  in 
wardship  to  tlie  crown.  On  attaining  his  majority 
Hugh  came  into  possession  of  his  patrimony ;  there 
being,  in  a  return  to  an  inquisition  taken  49th  Edward 
III.,  after  the  decease  of  Joan,  widow  of  John  de  Coup- 
land,  to  whom  the  king  had  granted  that  portion  of  the 
barony  of  Kendnl  afterwards  known  as  the  Piichmond 
fee,  a  finding  that  Hugh  de  Moresby  held  of  the  said 
Joan  the  manor  of  Hutton  Roofe,  by  homage  and  fealty, 
and  the  service  of  i^s.  a  year,  as  of  her  manor  of  Kirby 
in  Kendal.  After  Hugh,  of  whom  the  above  is  all  that 
is  recorded,  attention  is  drawn  to  another  Christopher, 
who  sat  in  Parliament  for  Westmoreland  in  a.-d.  1391, 
and  likewise  tilled  the  sheriflffllty  of  Cumberland  the 
same  year.  His  wife's  name,  if  any  he  had,  has  eluded 
research,  as  well  as  the  time  of  his  death,  or  where  he 
was  interred.  Upon  his  decease  the  estates  seem  to 
have  vested  in  another  Christopher,  who  was  one  of  a 
numerous  armed  band  of  gentlemen  of  name,  from  the 
counties  of  AN^estmoreland  and  York,  against  whom,  in 
A.D.  1414,  the  abbot  of  Saint  Mary,  at  Fountains, 
petitioned  Parliament,  for  having,  \nth  his  confederates, 
violently  broken  into  and  plundered  tliat  fumed  reli- 
gious house  of  all  its  plate,  jewcU.  and  oUior  valuables, 
and  ill-treated  the  conventual  inmates.  All  the  redress, 
however,  which  the  abbot  obtained,  was  answer  referring 
him  for  remedy  to  the  common  law  of  the  land.  Chris- 
topher, with  his  brother  Pobert,  in  Jnly  of  the  follow- 
ing year,  attended  by  a  small  band  of  military  retainers, 
rode  into  Southampton,  and  joined  the  armament  there 
assembling,  under  Henry  V.,  for  tlie  invasion  of  I'ranco. 
On  the  1 1  th  August  the  king  and  his  army  sailed  from 
tliat  port.  On  the  14th  tliey  landed  near  Uartlour,  in 
Normandy,  from  which  place  their  subsequent  progi-ess 
forms  one  of  the  most  glorious  pages  in  our  island's 
history,  lu  the  same  remarkable  year  Sir  Christopher 
is    likewise    enumerated,    bv    the    eminent    northern 


416 


ALLERDALE  ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


historian,  Surtees,  as  having  been  present,  with  certain 
of  the  gentry  of  Northumberland,  Durham,  and  AVest- 
morcland,  to  assist  Sir  Ralph  Elbrie  and  two  others 
"  in  taking  saysonno  and  possession,  for  the  bishop's 
use,"  of  the  third  part  of  Tyne  Bridge,  with  the  tower 
on  the  south  end,  which  Cardinal  Thomas  Langley, 
bishop  of  Durham,  had  recovered,  by  suit  in  the  king's 
court,  against  the  mayor  and  commonalty  of  Newcastle. 
In  the  3rd,  7th,  and  17th  Henry  VI.,  he  served  the 
office  of  sheriff  for  Cumberland  ;  and  in  1438  he,  in 
conjunction  with  his  neighbour.  Sir  Christopher  Cur- 
wen,  and  others  of  the  first  men  on  the  English  borders, 
was  one  of  the  conservators  of  the  truce  entered  into 
with  the  Scots.  A  previous  notice  of  him  likewise 
occurs  in  the  return  to  an  inquisition  taken  after  the 
death  of  John  Lord  Clifl'ord,  10th  Henry  V.,  wherein, 
among  other  matters,  the  juror  found  that,  belonging 
to  the  castle  of  Brougham  there  was  a  certain  rent  of 
twenty  quarters  of  oats  and  30s.  to  be  received  yearly 
out  of  the  vills  of  Clyburne,  Wynanderwath,  and 
Brougham,  which  rent,  as  well  of  oats  as  money, 
together  with  the  custody  of  the  office  of  head  forester 
of  Winfell,  were  granted  to  Christopher  de  Moresby  for 
life  ;  the  reversion  to  Thomas,  son  and  heir  to  the  said 
John  de  Clifford,  and  his  heirs.  What  was  the  after 
career  of  Christopher  Moresby,  whom  he  married,  or 
when  his  towers  mourned  for  their  lord,  we  have 
no  records  to  show.  A  son  named  Christopher, 
or  James  (for  the  information  supplied  by  the  pro- 
vincial antiquaries  is  imperfect  and  conflicting),  con- 
tracted the  splendid  matrimonial  alliance  with  the 
heiress  of  the  TyUiols,  which  is  peculiarly  noticeable 
in  the  annals  of  the  Moresbys,  as  it  contributed  so 
much  to  enlarge  the  possessions  and  importance  they 
already  enjoyed.  Tliis  lady,  Sfargaret  Tylliol,  died 
!ith  August,  1400,  as  certified  under  an  inquisition 
taken  after  her  decease,  and  preserved  among  the 
palatinate  records  in  the  library  of  the  dean  and 
chapter  at  Durham.  To  the  large  domains  of  his 
house,  his  union  with  their  wealthy  heiress  enabled 
Moresby  to  add  a  moiety  of  the  lordship  of  Layton, 
Witton  Gilbert,  Hetton-le-Hole,  Ebchester,  the  East 
Hall  and  the  West  Hall  of  Great  Lumley,  with 
other  lands  in  Durham,  while  the  Cumbrian  manors 
of  Upmanby,  Eicardby,  Solport,  and  Torpenhow, 
with  the  castle  and  demesne  of  Scaleby,  one  of  the 
most  interesting  of  the  ancient  edifices  in  Cumberland. 
Little  more  has  been  ascertained  respecting  the  owner 
of  those  accumulated  estates  than  that,  on  the  floor  of 
the  nave  in  Greystoke  church,  near  the  pulpit,  is  the 
following  legend,  on  a  plate  of  brass:  —  "Of  your 
charite  pray  for  the  souls  of  James  Moresby  and  Mar- 


garet, his  wife,  on  whose  souls  Jesu  have  mercy. 
Amen."  But  whether  that  monumental  chronicle 
relates  to  James  Moresby  and  Margaret  Tylliol,  or  to 
Margaret  Colvyle,  who  espoused  the  Moresby  of  a  later 
day  we  have  no  means  of  ascertaining.  Christopher, 
the  eldest  son  of  the  alliance  alluded  to,  now  appears. 
He  attained  liis  ninjority  in  llOO,  and  seems  scarcely 
to  have  done  so  when,  in  1461,  he  died;  as,  on  an 
inquest  to  prove  his  age,  taken  10th  March,  1402, 
and  enrolled  among  the  archives  at  Durham,  one 
Nicholas  Crozier,  aged  fifty,  deposed  that  he  was 
present  in  Cockermouth  church,  with  the  rector,  when 
Christopher  Moresby  was  baptised,  on  the  feast  of  St. 
Thomas  a  Beckett,  1439.  Who  was  his  wife  has  not 
been  discovered,  though  it  appears  he  was  married,  as, 
after  his  decease,  Christopher,  his  son,  was  found  under 
age.  But  of  that  Moresby  further  mention  must  be 
postponed  until  his  son  also  has  been  passed  in  review. 
That  son  likewise  bore  the  name  of  Christopher.  The 
tomb  claimed  him  for  its  own  in  the  lifetime  of  his 
father,  but  not  until  after  his  own  espousal  to  Elizabeth, 
one  of  the  daughters  and  coheiresses  of  Sir  Henry 
Fenwick,  Knt.,  of  Fenwick,  in  Northumberland.  By 
that  lady,  who  survived  him  (and  subsequently  married 
John  Warton,  Esq.,  of  Kirbythorne,  in  Westmoreland, 
to  whom  she  had  a  family,  and  in  whose  pedigree  she 
is  styled  relict  of  Sir  Christopher  Moresby,  Knt.),  he 
had  not  any  children.  Her  name,  however,  appears 
thus  united  with  his  on  their  monument  in  Penrith 
church: — "Orate  pro  anima  Christophori  Moresby, 
miUtis,  et  Elizabetha  uxoris,  quorum  Auimabus  pro- 
pitietur  Deus.  Amen."  Attention  must  now  be 
thrown  back  to  Sir  Christopher  Moresby,  father  to  the 
last-named  individual,  who  along  with  the  Hudelstons 
of  Millom,  Broughtons  of  Broughtou,  the  Whartons  of 
Warthon,  Parr  baron  of  Kendal,  the  Harringtons  of 
Wraysholme,  Yewbarrow,  and  Amside  Towers,  the 
Dacres  of  Dacre,  Greystoke  of  Greystoke,  Musgrave  of 
ilusgrave  and  Eden  Hall,  Strickland  of  Sizergh,  and 
his  relatives,  the  Eatclifl'es  of  Dem-entwater,  took  part 
with  the  House  of  York  in  the  wars  of  the  Roses. 
By  Edward  IV.  and  Richard  IIL  he  was  distiuguished 
by  several  manifestations  of  their  special  favour  and 
regard,  and  had  several  offices  of  trust  and  emolument 
conferred  upon  hira.  In  1483,  he,  with  the  flower  of 
the  northern  English  chivalry,  followed  to  the  field  the 
last-named  sovereign,  and  was  in  the  list  of  those  firm 
and  faithful  supporters  who,  on  the  eve  of  the  fight  at 
Bosworth,  "  swore  that  Richard  should  wear  the  crown." 
Having  survived  the  contest  between  the  rival  factions, 
he  ultimately  weathered  all  the  storms  of  the  times. 
He  was  also  a  tried  and  valiant  soldier  in  the  wars  with 


i 


MOKESBY  PAEISH. 


417 


Scotland,  and  was,  moreover,  held  in  so  great  considera- 
tion by  the  various  sovereigns  that  he  was  frequently 
entrusted   with   the    execution   of   many   momentous 
public   employments,   especially  in    1181,    1487,  and 
1497,  when,  with  several  of  the  first  men  in  the  realm, 
be  was  appointed  to  treat  of  peace  with  the  Scots.     In 
the  0th  Edward  IV.  ho  represented  Westmoreland  in 
Parliament,  and  in  the   11th  of  the  same  reign,  as 
well  as  in  the  Ist,  3rd,  and  11th  of  Henry  VII.,  he 
discharged  the  office  of  sheriff  for  Cumberland.     His 
wife  was   Margaret,  uterine  sister  to  the   "  Shepherd 
Lord  Clifford,"  and  daughter  to  Sir  Lancelot  Threlkeld 
of  Threlkeld,  by  Margaret  Dowager  Lady  Clifford,  who 
descended  from  tho  old  Lords  Vesci,  of  Alnwick,  was 
in  her  own  right  Baroness  de  Vesci,  in  Yorkshire.     By 
that  lady  Sir  Christopher  had  two  children — a  son, 
who,  as  before  stated,  died  before  his  father,  and  one 
daughter.     Thus  left  the  sole  male  heir  of  his  race,  he 
expired  in  the  last  year  of  the  15  th  century,  and  the 
blazoned  marble,  with  its    "  Hie  jacet  Christophorus 
Moresby  miles,   qui  obiit  20'  die  mensis  Julii,  a.d. 
1499,  Jesu  Maria,"  which  shadows  his  grave,  is,  with 
the  brief  evidences  collected  in  these  pages,  and  some 
fugitive  traditions,  tinged  with  memories  of  its  great- 
ness, the  sole  remembrance  that  time  has  spared  to 
tell  the  tale   of  the   house   of  Moresby.     With  the 
decease  of  Sir  Christopher  the  lineal  male  line  of  his 
flourishing  family  became  extinct,  and  the  vast  heritage 
of  her  ancestors  was,  by  his  only  daughter  and  heiress, 
Anne  Moresby,  bestowed,  together  with  her  hand,  on 
Sir  Christopher  Pykerynge,   the   representative   of  a 
knightly  Westmoreland  house.     Distinguished  in  local 
genealogy   from   a   very   early   period,    the  family  of 
Pykerynge,  whose  escutcheon  —  gerent,  ermine,  a  lion 
rampant  azure,  crowned,  or — was  now  loaded  with  the 
rich  quarterings  of  tho  Moresbys  and  their  alliances, 
had  their  chief  place  of  residence  at  Killington,  in  the 
parish  of  Kirby  Lonsdale,  where  the  remnants  of  their 
ancestral  hall  lies  embedded  in  its  narrow  vale,  amid 
tho  bleak  hills,  over  which  wends  the  road  from  Sed- 
bergh  to  Kendal.     Tho  site  of  this  sequestered  edifice, 
whoso  ivy-shrouded  walls  adil  tlio  charm  of  romantic 
association  to  landscape  of  exceeding  loveliness,  is  on 
tho  verge  of  a  rocky,  tree -fringed  dell,  which,  at  a 
short  distance  from  the  hall,  opens  into  the  splendid 
valley  of  Lunodale.     No  part  of  the  original  fabric  of 
tho  Pykcrynges  is  now  remaining,  save  one  roofless 
tower,  which,  retaining  some  of  its  early  features,  pro- 
claims  its   date   to   tho   time   of   tho   third    Edward. 
Wearing  the  changeful  hue  and  marks  of  bygono  days, 
this  affecting  memorial  of  ancient  grandeur  stands 
annexed  to  buildings  constructed  by  the  Ritsons,  into 
i6 


whose  hands  it  and  the  manor,  vested,  by  purchase 
from  intermediate  owners,  in  Charles  I.'s  reign,  and  the 
initial  letters  of  their  name,  with  the  date  1640,  are 
on  one  of  the  gables  in  front  of  tlie  later  structure. 
On  this  small  seigniory  the  family  had  been  settled 
since  a.d.  1200,  when  Peter  de  Brus,  baron  of  Kendal, 
granted  to  William  do  Pykerynge,  to  hold  in  fee,  on 
condition  of  rendering   for   the   same  a  pair  of  gilt 
spurs  yearly,  and  doing  mUitary  service  for  the  twentieth 
part  of  one  knight's  fee.      From  that  ancestor,  after 
many  descents,  the  manor  and  other  extensive  domains 
fell,  in  the  course  of  succession,  upon  Sir  Christopher, 
or,  as  Dr.  Burn  calls  him,  Sir  James  Pykerynge,  who 
married  the  heiress  of  Jloresby,  by  whom  he  had  six 
children,  who  all  allied  themselves  with  the  first  families 
in  Westmoreland.   For  two  generations  the  descendants 
of  Sir  Christopher  and  Anne  enjoyed  their  large  estates, 
and  occasionally  made  the  hall  at  Moresby  their  abode, 
where,  during  their  periodical  visits,  the  tradition  of 
the  neighbourhood  avers  they  lived  in  a  style  so  pro- 
fusely magnificent,   and   made   the   old   mansion  the 
scene  of  such  festive  revellings,  as  most  probably  laid 
the   foundation   of  the   necessity   under  which   their 
posterity  seem  to  have  been  obliged  to  alienate  their 
lands.     Be,  however,  tho  cause  of  such  ultimate  dis- 
persal   what    it   might,    the   memory   of    their   great 
doings  still  hves  as  a  proverb  among  the  inhabitants  of 
that  part  of  Cumberland  adjoining  tho  house,  where 
splendour  of  living  in  man  or  woman  is  generally 
expressed  by  the  significant  term  that  "  they  are  as 
great  as  Moresby  Ha'  folk,"  a  saying  which,  to  this 
day,  attests  at  least  the  popular  faith  in   the  story; 
and  even  a  hand  at  whist,  when  containing  many  of 
the  court  cards,  is  joyfully  spoken  of  as  being  full  of 
the  same  "folk."     Sir  Christopher,  who  married  the 
wealthy  heiress  of  tho  Moresbys,  died  in   1512,  and 
was   buried    in   Penrith   church,    where   tho   solemn 
memorial   above  his   grave  is   still   extant,  with    tho 
legend  — "  Orate  pro   anima    Christophori   Pykyryng 
militis  qui  obiit  VII.  die  mensis  Sept.  Anno  Dom. 
railles"  D"  XII."      To  him  succeeded  his  eldest  son, 
likewise  named  Christopher,  whoso  wife  was  Eleanor, 
daughter  and  sole  heiress  of  Roger  Lewknor,  Knt.,  one 
of  the  co-heirs  of  the  barony  of  Camoys.     He  died  in 
tho  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  but  the  place  of  his  sepulture 
is  unknown ;    and  although  the  chapel  at  Killington 
was  then  in  existence,  there  arc  not  in  it  any  monu- 
ments that  revive  its  memory.     On  his  decease,  tho 
lineal  male  lino  of  tho  house  of  Pykoryng  of  Killington 
also  terminated,  when  tho  inheritance  descended  upon 
Anne,  or,  as  she  has  been  by  some  writers  erroneously 
named,  Eleauor,  his  only  child  and  heiress,  respecting 


418 


ALLERD.VLE  ABOVE-DERWENT   WARD. 


some  of  the  circumstances  of  whose  life  there  is  but 
Ihtlc  uncertainty.  Endowed  with  an  ample  inheritance, 
her  hand  was  early  sought  in  marriage,  and,  as  if  the 
number  of  her  mother's  espousals,  who  had  been  three 
times  married,  was  to  be  her  daughter's  rule,  the 
wealthy  heiress  of  the  house  of  Killington  formed  no 
exception  to  tlie  maternal  example,  for  she  likewise 
was  thrice  married.  Her  first  husband  was  Sir  Francis 
Weston,  Knt.,  of  Sutton  Place,  in  Surrey,  the  head  of 
a  family  which  had  been  seated  for  many  generations 
in  that  county.  Her  second  husband  was  Sir  Henry 
Knyvett,  Knt.,  of  East  Horsley,  in  Surrey,  second  son 
to  Sir  Thomas  Knyvett,  of  Buckenham  Castle,  in  the 
county  of  Norfolk,  who  was  master  of  the  horse  to 
Henry  VIII.,  by  his  wife  Muriel,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Howard,  duke  of  Norfolk,  and  widow  of  Grey,  viscount 
Lisle.  To  her  second  husband  Lady  Anne  bore  two 
sons  and  two  daughters — Sir  Henry,  the  eldest,  and 
Sir  Thomas,  who  by  James  I.  was,  in  1007,  created 
Baron  Knyvett  of  Escrick,  in  the  county  of  York ; 
Margaret,  wife  of  Henry  Vavasour,  of  Copenthorpe,  in 
Yorkshire,  and  Katharine,  united  first  to  Henry  Lord 
Paget,  and  secondly  to  Sir  Ednaid  Carey,  Knt.,  master 
of  the  Jewel  House.  Sir  Henry  Knyvett  espoused 
Elizabeth,  the  only  child  and  heiress  of  Sir  James 
Stumpe,  of  Charleton,  in  the  county  of  Wilts.  Besides 
three  children,  who  died  in  infancy.  Sir  Henry  Knyvett 
•was  the  father  also  of  three  daughters,  named  Katha- 
rine, Elizabeth,  and  Frances,  who  all  attained  to  the 
honours  of  the  peerage ;  and  on  the  brows  of  Lady 
Anne's  descendants  yet  rest  the  coronets  which  of 
yore  encu'cled  the  heads  of  her  three  granddaughters 
of  the  house  of  Knyvett — respectively  countesses  of 
Suffolk,  Lincoln,  and  Rutland.  Thirteen  years  after 
the  death  of  his  first  wife,  Sir  Henry,  as  the  herald's 
certificate,  yet  extant,  tells  us,  died  at  his  manor  of 
Charlton,  the  1-tth  day  of  June,  159f^.  Lady  Anne's 
third  husband  was  John  Vaughan,  Esq.,  of  Porthamell, 
in  the  county  of  Brecknock,  and  of  Sutton- upon-Darweu. 
in  the  county  of  York — a  scion  of  one  of  the  oldest 
Welsh  families ;  on  the  issue  of  which  imion  the 
Westmoreland  estates  appear  to  have  been  settled. 
By  Vaughan,  who  also  died  in  her  lifetime,  she  had 
two  children  :  a  son,  called  Francis,  who  chose  for  his 
wife,  Anne,  daughter  to  Sir  Thomas  Baynton,  of  the 
county  of  York,  and  who  was  subsequently  slain  in 
the  Irish  wars,  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign,  leaving, 
witli  other  children,  a  son,  three  years  old,  in  1385,  and 
a  daughter,  Frances,  the  wife  of  Thomas  Lord  Burgh, 
deputy  of  L'eland.  She  died  in  1382.  The  Cumber- 
land estates  had  been  previously  aliened.  They  had  been 
put  into  settlement  on  her  first  marriage,  and  in  her  life- 


time, her  son.  Sir  Henry  Weston,  with  her  concurrence, 
disposed  of  all  in  that  shire,  and  among  them  sold 
the  ball,  manor,  and  advowson  of  Moresby  to  Wilham 
Fletcher,  Esq.,  iu  157C,  from  whom  the  Fletchers  of 
Moresby  descended.  His  son,  named  Henry  or  John, 
it  is  not  clear  which,  as  the  pedigrees  are  somewhat 
obscure  and  at  variance  on  the  subject,  came  next  to 
the  succession,  and  is  considered  to  have  been  the 
rcbuilder  of  the  front  of  the  hall.  William,  his  eldest 
son,  died  unmarried,  when  the  inheritance  devolved 
upon  his  second  son,  Henry,  who,  like  his  more  noted 
kinsman  of  the  house  of  Ilutton,  ranged  himself  under 
the  royal  banner,  and  fought  gallantly  for  Iviug  Charles, 
in  the  civil  wars  of  the  seventeenth  century.  Excepting, 
however,  the  enumeration  of  his  name  in  a  list  of  those 
who  sent  in  provisions  to  the  gai'rison  at  Carlisle  in 
164-3  and  the  following  year,  there  does  not  occur  any 
further  notice  of  him  in  those  stormy  times.  On  the 
death  of  the  stout  royidist,  Moresby  became  the  pro- 
perty of  his  son  William,  who,  about  the  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century  espoused  his  kinswoman  Anne  or 
Frances,  daughter  to  Sir  Henry  Fletcher  of  Hutton. 
And  on  liis  decease  in  1703,  a  monumental  tablet  of 
brass  was  affixed  to  the  north  wall  of  the  chancel  of  the 
old  parish  church  of  Moresby.  He  was  succeeded  by 
his  son  Thomas,  also  designated  Fletcher  of  Hutton, 
who  took  to  wife  the  youngest  daughter  of  George 
Middleton  Oldfield,  Esq.,  of  Cheshire,  and  of  Beetham 
Hall,  iu  Westmoreland.  With  him  the  family  ended, 
and  dying  a  childless  man,  about  the  year  1720,  the 
Fletchers  of  Moresby,  like  their  predecessors  iu  the 
manor,  also  became  extinct.  We  must  now  revert  to 
Thomas,  the  sixth  and  youngest  son  to  Henry  Fletcher, 
the  host  of  the  Queen  of  Scotland.  That  gentleman, 
who,  with  his  father,  was  also  a  merchant  and  manufac- 
turer in  Cockermouth,  was  the  immediate  root  from 
which  sprang  the  Fletchers  of  Clea  Hall,  who  descend 
from  the  male  line,  and  the  Fletcher  Vanes  of  Hutton 
and  Armathwaite  Halls,  who  derive  through  a  female 
branch.  Sir  Richard  Fletcher,  Knt.,  his  eldest  son, 
lived  in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  and  removed  to  Hutton, 
which  estate  (anciently  held  of  the  crown  by  the  service 
of  maintaining  the  paling  or  fences  of  the  royal  forest 
of  Plumpton,  and  holding  the  king's  stirrup  when  he 
mounted  his  horse  in  his  castle  of  Carlisle,  a  feudal 
service  since  commuted  into  a  small  chief  rent,  pay- 
able to  the  lord  paramount)  he  purchased  in  1005. 
On  his  decease  his  eldest  son,  Henry,  inherited  the 
Hutton  estate.  He  pulled  down  the  old  mansion  in 
Cockermouth,  to  which  the  brief  residence  of  Mary  of 
Scotland  had  imparted  a  degree  of  interesting  celebrity, 
and  rebuilt  it.     After  a  time  the  new  structui-e  likewise 


MOEESBY   PAEISH. 


419 


obtained  the  name  of  the  Old  Hall.  Having  lain  in  a 
neglected  state  for  a  long  period,  it  was  sold  in  lots 
some  years  ago  by  the  late  Sir  Frederick  Fletcher 
Vane,  aud  having  since  being  divided  into  tenements, 
scarce  a  vestige  is  now  to  be  descried  of  its  former 
respectability.  Sir  Henry,  who  filled  the  office  of 
sheritf  of  Cumberland  in  1017,  was  one  of  the  numer- 
ous baud  of  gentry  upon  whom,  in  10-10,  King  Charles 
I.  conferred  the  honour  of  baronetcy.  Having,  along 
viith  the  majority  of  the  ancient  landed  aristocracy  of 
the  country,  perilled  his  blood  and  fortune  for  the  cause 
of  his  monarch,  in  the  disastrous  wars  that  followed,  he 
fell  in  1015,  at  llowton  Heath,  leaving,  besides  other 
children,  a  daughter  Frances,  subsequently  united  in 
marriage  to  William  Fletcher  of  Moresby.  George, 
his  eldest  son  and  heir  followed,  and  died  in  1700, 
leaving  a  son  Heury,  on  whom,  as  third  and  last 
baronet,  the  title  and  estates  devolved.  Three 
daughters  also  survived  him,  of  whom  Catherine,  the 
youngest,  became  the  wife  of  Lionel  Vane,  Esq.,  of 
Long  Newton,  in  the  county  of  Durham,  and  from 
that  union  the  present  Sir  Ralph  Harry  Fletcher  Vane, 
Bart.,  is  descended.  Sir  Henry,  who  was  the  last 
lineal  male  survivor  of  his  branch  of  the  family,  never 
married.  "  Ho  was,"  says  the  pedigree  of  his  house, 
"  reputed  to  be  a  person  of  whom  great  hopes  and 
expectations  were  foi-med."  Fur  several  years  it  was 
his  custom  to  leave  London  for  a  season  and  visit  his 
estates  in  the  north,  but  having  become  wearied  with 
the  world,  he  tired  of  rural  diversions,  and  his  personal 
convictions  in  favour  of  its  creed  having  become  deep 
and  engrossing,  he,  without  the  knowledge  of  any  of 
his  friends,  embraced  the  Roman  Catholic  faith;  and, 
when  his  inclinations  were  suspected,  he  refused  to 
admit  any  argument  to  the  contraiy.  Shortly  after 
his  father's  death  he  retired  to  Douay,  where  his 
thoughtful  and  devout  spirit  sought  a  home  in  the 
solemn  cloister,  and  having  taken  the  vows,  he  died 
:i  monk  in  the  English  monastery  in  that  place,  where 
ha  lies  buried  under  a  sumptuous  tomb  in  a  chapel 
he  built  for  the  institution  at  his  own  expense. 
Before  he  made  his  monastic  profession,  he  settled 
his  estates  at  Hutton  and  elsewhere  upon  his  rela- 
tive, Thomas  Fletcher  of  lloresby,  the  head  of  tho 
eldest  house  of  his  name  and  blood,  reserving  only  a 
small  annuity,  and  on  bis  (U'ath  the  honours  and  male 
lino  of  the  Fletchers  of  Hutlon  ended.  On  tho  demise 
of  Sir  Heury,  tho  mouk,  Henry  Vane,  second  son 
of  Lionel  and  Catherine  Vane,  assumed  the  name  of 
Fletcher,  and  contested  at  law  the  disposition  of  his 
ancle's  property.  The  suit  was,  however,  temiinated 
by  an  arrangemout  that  Fletcher  of  Moresby  should 


retain  Hutton  and  the  other  estates ;  and  if  he  should 
die  without  male  issue,  they  should  then  revert  to  the 
adverse  claimant.  j\lr.  Fletcher  thereupon  continued 
in  the  undisturbed  use  and  enjoyment  of  those  lands 
as  long  as  he  lived,  and  on  his  decease  without  children, 
the  right  of  possession  fell  to  Henry  Fletcher  Vane,  in 
accordance  with  the  agreement. 

The  antique  hall,  whose  early  owners  history  has 
thus  faithfully  limncJ,  is  situated  to  the  north  of  the 
road  leading  from  Whitehaven  to  Workington,  where 
it  is  the  chief  and  most  interesting  'architectural  orna- 
ment of  the  district,  and,  as  old  Dugdale  would  say, 
"  for  beauty  and  state  much  cxccedeth  any  in  these 
parts."  It  rests  upon  the  eastern  slope  of  what  once 
was  the  Roman  Castrum  of  Morbium.  The  front  of 
the  mansion  is  said  to  have  been  erected  from  the 
designs  of  Inigo  Jones,  who  was  in  the  north  of 
England  in  the  train  of  Anne,  consort  of  James  L, 
on  her  visit  at  Brougham  Castle  in  1617.  This 
extensive  front  was  probably,  therefore,  built  in  the 
reign  of  James  I.  by  the  second  Fletcher,  who  in- 
herited the  manor,  on  the  site  of  the  principal  portion 
of  the  more  ancient  hall  of  the  Moresbys  ;  while  other 
parts,  which  iu  the  thickness  of  their  walls,  naiTow  circu- 
lar stone  stairs,  and  low  wide  stone  mullioned  windows, 
unveil  indications  of  greater  age,  are  remnants  of  the 
anterior  structure.  Among  these  may  be  noticed, 
tapering  in  stages  from  the  ground,  an  immense  but- 
tressed chimney.  An  old  gate  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  whose  heavy  rustic  piers  are  surmounted  by 
large  stone  globes  which  rest  on  projecting  cornices, 
atfords  means  of  approach  into  the  court  before  the 
house.  On  the  western  side  of  this  open  space,  placed 
after  the  fasliiou  of  similar  buildings  of  the  same  age, 
e.vtend3  a  range  of  ancient  stables,  now  converted 
into  the  useful  adjuncts  of  a  modem  farmery,  but 
whose  few  decorative  traces,  as  well  as  utile  unsight- 
lincss,  arc  in  a  great  measure  hidden  by  folds  of  mant- 
ling ivy.  Within  the  present  centurj-  this  was  quite 
a  wilderness,  in  which  all  spoke  of  dilapidation  and 
neglect.  Its  green  sward  was  partially  overgrown  with 
brambles,  or  strewn  with  rubbish  and  other  deformities, 
while  the  air  of  desolation  around'gave  an  uncomfortabla 
idea  of  the  habitiition  to  those  who  passed  by.  It  is 
now  transformed  into  a  smiling  plcasnuneo  or  tlower 
garden,  whose  fair  and  scented  ornaments  blending 
their  sweetest  charms  of  form  and  fragrance  attest  the 
horticultural  taste  displayed  iu  their  careful  nurture, 
whilst  cognate  dispositions  have  been  made  on  other 
sides  that  relieve  the  time-worn  editice  from  the  extreme 
look  of  forsaken  ruin  it  had  at  tliat  period  recalled. 


430 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DER^TENT  WARD. 


Turning  through  the  gateway,  a  hundred  paces  brings 
the  visitor  to  the  door,  whose  rich  though  mutilated 
appearance  causes  a  vain  regret  that  the  heraldic 
adornments,  as  well  as  much  of  the  more  fragile  and 
elaborate  parts  of  the  sculpture,  have  been  destroyed. 
The  grand  front,  which  in  sober  dignity  faces  the 
south,  exhibits  an  elevation  of  three  stories.  Though 
marred  by  the  plain-looking  farm  offices  that  adjoin,  it 
presents  a  tasteful  example  of  architecture  in  what  is 
called  the  Anglo-Ttalian  manner  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  an  era  especially  to  be  noticed,  Tvhen  great 
incongruity  of  style  was  often  produced  iu  connecting 
buOdings  that  retained  much  of  what  is  denominated 
the  Gothic  manner  of  au  earlier  age,  with  changes 
newly  introduced  from  more  classic  lauds,  and  of  which 
corrupt  heterogeneous  union  this  mansion  endures  with 
but  one  inferior  exception,  so  unique  a  specimen  in 
this  part  of  England.  Fabricated  with  what  has 
once  been  handsome  light -coloured  sandstone,  now 
tinted  by  exposure  with  every  imaginable  variety  of 
hue,  and  on  which  a  sharp  cutting  of  the  mason's 
chisel  has  been  abraded  by  the  hand  of  time,  this 
sumptuous  facade  is  stamped  by  a  certain  vigour 
and  breadth,  for  which  character  it  is  indebted,  as 
■well  to  the  width  of  the  piers  between  the  windows, 
which  gives  it  dignity  and  repose,  as  to  a  horizontally 
rusticated  cornice  of  the  Attic  order,  that  accords  it 
much  unity  of  expression,  while  a  boldness,  as  well 
as  finish  of  surface  is  also  produced  by  the  smooth 
intersecting  rustic  work,  with  which  the  whole  front 
beneath  the  cornice  is  covered.  The  windows  and 
doorway,  which  in  the  Italian  are  equivalent  to  what 
the  orders  arc  in  the  Temple  architecture  of  antiquity, 
are  predominaut  features  in  the  composition.  There 
are  three  windows  on  each  side  of  the  entrance,  sur- 
rounded by  architraves  and  hntcls  ornamented  with 
Doric  tryglyphs.  Seven  windows  are  on  the  second 
floor,  and  an  equal  number  of  sm.aller  ones  on  the  upper 
story.  They  are  all  filled  with  lozenges  of  plain  glass, 
and  are  divided  into  two  lights  each  by  upright  stone 
mullions,  those  on  the  first  and  second  floors  being  like- 
wise crossed  by  transomes  at  two-thirds  of  their  height. 
The  windows  on  the  second  floor  are  more  highly 
decorated  and  of  loftier  proportions  than  the  others. 
They  have  enriched  elbow  architraves  set  on  moulded 
sUls  or  side  dressings,  and  are  alternately  capped  by 
triangular  and  segmented  pediments.  The  pedented 
head  over  the  centre  window  is  broken  at  the  crown,  so 
as  to  admit  the  top  of  the  scutcheon,  and  being  supported 
on  consoles,  is,  with  its  heraldic  achievements,  a  more 
conspicuous  feature  than  the  rest.  The  armorial  cogni- 
zance of  the  Fletchers,  graven  on  an  ornamented  shield, 


once  formed  a  suitable  and  highly  characteristic  finish 
over  the  door  ;  but  that  perishing  evidence  of  tlie  glory 
of  other  times,  on  whose  sculptured  blazonry  their  sons 
looked  as  upon  lofty  and  ennobliug  influences,  having 
become  partially  defaced  by  the  wasting  agencies  of 
atmospheric  action,  was  removed  when  the  last  alter- 
ations were  effected  in  the  house,  though  a  repetition  of 
the  same  elegant  enrichment,  smaller  and  less  elegantly 
adorned,  still  forms  a  prominent  and  interesting  fenestral 
embellishment  over  the  stately  centre  window  on  the 
principal  floor.  A  soft  and  living  air  is  also  lent  to  the 
chaste  outline  of  this  Palladian  edifice  by  luxuriant 
clusters  of  sober  looking  passion  flowere,  mingled  with 
the  waving  tendrils  of  ivy,  which,  clambering  in  gi-aceful 
festoons  along  the  walls,  and  bowering  over  the  ornate 
architecture  of  the  door  and  antique  casements,  contend, 
with  broad  effect  of  contrasting  hues,  in  briUiaut  rivalry 
with  red  and  blue  convolvuli,  roses,  honeysuckle,  jas- 
mine, and  that  ruin-loving  plant,  whose  constancy  and 

" simple  faith  is  dear 


To  roofless  tower,  and  to  prostrate  sbrine," 

the  fragrant  wallflower,  to  enliven  with  a  riant  charm 
the  aspect  of  the  whole  building.  The  demesne  around 
the  hall,  which  formerly  abouuded  in  all  the  qualities 
of  the  ancient  chase ;  shadowy  woods,  aveuues  of  stately 
trees  and  bright  sunlit  glades  through  which  the  deer 
browsed  and  bounded  in  every  direction,  and  which  in 
1774  was  described  by  the  local  antiquaries  as  "  large 
and  woody,"  has  since  been  enclosed  and  divided  into 
fields;  and  the  old  timber  having  also  fallen,  that 
adjunct  to  its  sylvan  magnificence  has  been  but  spar- 
ingly  supplied  by  a  spring  of  new  wood  along  the  river, 
and  in  some  other  sheltered  situations.  On  entering 
the  house  admission  is  obtained  into  a  spacious  stone- 
floored  hall,  hghted  by  two  windows  in  front.  This 
apartment  at  one  time  contained  an  ample  fire-place, 
adorned  with  a  mantelpiece  of  heavy  stonework,  carved 
with  the  arms  of  the  Fletchers.  That,  likewise,  was 
removed ;  and,  in  the  progress  of  such  destructive 
alterations,  several  skeletons,  embedded  in  the  floor, 
were  dug  up,  which,  having  lain  for  some  time  exposed 
to  view,  were  subsequently  re-interred  iu  the  adjacent 
cemetery.  Of  the  history  of  those  to  whom  such  moul- 
dering fragments  of  humanity  belonged  no  trace  has 
been  fallen  upon,  as  neither  relic  nor  legend  was  found 
associated  with  them  that  threw  any  light  upon  their 
story.  From  the  mode  of  sepulture,  however — each 
being  enclosed  between  four  stones  or  slates — it  is  a 
probable  supposition  they  were  those  of  some  of  the 
primitive  British  inhabitants,  whose  earthly  existence 
had  terminated  ages  before  even  the  oldest  haU  was 


MOEESBY  PARISH. 


421 


erected  over  tlieir  unnoticed  graves.    On  each  side  is  a 
large  parlour,  in  one  of  which  only  are  traces  dis- 
cernible of  its  former  style  of  ornamentation.     Crossing 
the  hall,  an  inner  one  is  reached,  from  whence  ascends 
the   spacious   staircase  leading   to   the   rooms   above. 
On   one   side    of    this    hall    is    an    approach    to   the 
kitchens  and  domestic  offices,  and  on  tho  opposite  a 
door  permits  egress  into  a  small  irregularly-constructed 
interior  court,  which  has  likewise  undergone  curtail- 
ment of  its  pristine  form  and  extent,  and  along  two  of 
whose  sides  are  disposed  portions  of  the  older  build- 
ings.    Throughout  the  seventeenth  century  the  hall 
continued  to  bo  the  seat  of  the  chief  family  of  Fletchers, 
by  whom  it  was  kept  up  with  all  the  dignified  respect- 
ability of  their  times.     In  the  commencement  of  the 
following  age,  that  branch  of  the  family  having  died  out, 
it,  along  with  tho  manor,  was  sold  under  a  decree  of 
chancery,  to  John  Brougham,  Esq.,  of   Scales  Hall. 
The  property,  nevertheless,  was  soon  destined  to  fall 
into  the  ownership  of  another,  as,  about  1737,   Mr. 
Brougham,   wlio    shortly    before    had    purchased    the 
estate  at  Brougham,  on  which  his  grand-nephew,  the 
present  noble  and  eminent  Lord  Brougham  and  Vaux, 
has  recently  erected  the  mansion  which  adds  another 
classic  as  well  as  architectural  charra  to  the  beauties 
of  Westmoreland,  disposed  of  Moresby  to  Sir  James 
Lowther,  Baronet,  of  Whitehaven.     Since  that  period, 
the  hall,  demesne  lands,  and  manorial  rights  have  been 
held  as  part  of  the  vast  possessions  of  the  house  of 
Lowther,  whose  patrician  head  has,  with  appropriate- 
ness,  been  styled   "  the   provincial   monarch  of  un- 
measured lands." 

The  village  of  Moresby  is  pleasantly  situated  about 
two  and  a  half  miles  northby-east  of  Whitehaven,  on 
the  road  to  Workington.  About  seventy  years  ago  it 
consisted  of  a  few  indilToreut  cottages,  but  now  pos- 
sesses some  very  good  dwellings,  principally  occupied 
by  gentry.  Moresby  House  is  a  modern  mansion  in 
tho  village,  tho  residence  of  I\Irs.  Hartley.  Hose  Hill 
is  another  delightfully-situated  residence  in  this  town- 
ship, and  the  robideuce  of  G.  \V.  Hartley,  Esq. 

TU£  cuuncu. 

Tho  church  of  Moresby,  dedicated  to  St.  Bridget, 
occupies  an  open  cheerful  situation  on  tlio  western 
side  of  tho  hall,  and  on  tho  south-east  angle  of  tho 
area  once  occupied  by  tho  lloman  fort.  It  is  a  plain- 
looking  building,  erected  in  1822.  Tho  old  church 
for  which  this  edifice  was  substituted,  presented  in  its 
plan  tho  same  simple  details  as  many  others  in  the 
county.  It  consisted  of  a  nave,  with  a  south  porch  tliat 
was  seated,  and  had  an   arch   at   tho  entrance.     A 


chancel,  connected  with  the  nave  by  a  pointed  arch  of 
a  simple  chamfered  order,  springing  from  half-circular 
or  engaged  piers,  and  a  bell  turret  at  the  west  end 
carrying  two  bells,  underwhich  a  west  porch,  approached 
up  a  flight  of  steps,  gave  admittance  into  the  gallery. 
It  was  rebuOt,  or  more  probably  repaired,  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  as  was  inferred  from  the  date  1650 
being  carved  upon  a  stone  built  into  the  upper  part 
of  the  belfrey,  but  having  become   decayed,  and  too 
small   for   the   increasing    population,  was   removed ; 
and  all  that  remains  of  it  is  the  solitaiy  chancel  arch, 
which  was  left  standing  to  indicate  the  site  of  the  older 
church.     In  the  progress  of  the  work  of  demolition,  a 
sculptured  gravestone,  or  cover  of  a  stone  coffin,  now 
in  the  garden  at  Rose  Hill,  was  discovered  and  taken 
out  of  the  wall.     It  is  of  early  date,  and  cut  in  high 
relief  carries  the  device  of  a  cross  and  a  pair  of  shears. 
The  small  dimensions  of  the  slab  would  show  that  it 
had  covered  the  grave  of  a  child,  as  it  measures  only 
three  feet  in  length  by  ten  inches  broad  at  the  head, 
from  whence  it  narrows  to  the  bottom.     From  a  com- 
parison with  other  similar  memorials,  the  age  of  this 
gravestone  may  be  nearly  assumed,  for  it  could  not 
have  been  placed  in  the  church  or  its  cemetery  before 
the  first   quarter  of  the  eleventh  century,  the  time 
when  such  sepulchral  slabs  are  said  to  have  first  come 
into  use  in  England,  nor  later  than  the   thirteenth, 
when  shields  with  armorial  bearings  being  introduced 
upon  the  sides  of  tombs,  they  were  gradually  disused. 
There  can  be  httle  doubt  that  this  stone  had  been 
placed  over  a  grave  in  the  churchyard,  which  may  have 
been  disturbed  when  the  church  was  rebuilt,  and  may 
have  been  used  in  the  reconstruction  of  tliat  edifice, 
not  so  much  for  the  sake  of  material  as  from  a  wish  to 
preserve  whatever   might   have  been  connected  with 
religious  uses,  just  as  we  know  that  relics  of  other 
Idnds  have  been  often  secreted  by  being  built  up  in 
the  walls  of  churches.     In  what  age  or  by  what  pious 
founder  tho  first  Christian  church  was  erected  ou  this 
deserted    stronghold   of    Paganism,   or   whether   that 
which  was    taken    down    in    IS'ii   was    tho    earliest 
religious  structure,  or  was  only  built  after  tho  cus- 
tom of  antiquity  on   tho  site  of  a   still    older  fane, 
there    are    not    any  authentic    records    that    atFord 
information,  tho  ecclesiastial  archives  of  the  dioceso 
being  without  any  iiiforniatiou  on  the   subject.     As, 
however,  tho  advowson  has  always  been  appendant  to 
tho  manor,  it  is  beyond  tho  uncertainty  of  conjecture 
that  tho  edifice  was  first  founded  and  endowed  by  tho 
iloresbys  in  the  early  ages  of  Christianity  in  tho  north; 
it  being  the  almost  universal  practice,  in  tho  centuries 
immediately  following  the  introduction  of  the  Christian 


422 


ALLEKDALE-ABOYE-DERWENT  WARD. 


religion  into  England,  for  the  possessor  of  a  manor  to 
erect  upon  it  a  church,  and  charge  the  lands  for  ever 
with  the  maintenance  of  a  priest.  The  earliest  authentic 
notice  relating  to  the  church  at  Moresby  is  afforded 
by  the  Taxatio  Ecclcsia  of  Pope  Nicholas  IV.,  about 
1291,  in  which  it  is  returned  as  of  the  annual  value  of 
£4  13s.  Id.,  subject  to  a  pension  of  10s.  payable  to  the 
prior  of  Huntingdon.  In  the  Nova  Taxatio  of  the 
northern  benefices,  undertaken  in  1318,  chiefly  on  ac- 
count of  the  sutferings  of  the  clergy  from  the  unremit- 
ting ravages  of  the  Scots,  by  which  they  were  rendered 
unable  to  repay  the  former  tax,  it  is  set  down  as  worth 
"  nichil ; "  and  in  the  Valor  Ecclesiasticus,  taken  in 
the  reigu  of  Henry  VIII.,  the  living  is  returned  as  a 
rectory,  of  tlie  annual  value  of  £6  2s.  3id.,  of  which 
Charles  MartinJale  is  named  rector,  and  the  church 
stated  to  be  dedicated  to  St.  Bridget.  It  was  subse- 
quently certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty  as  of  the  clear  yearly  value  of  j£23,  and  is  now 
worth  i'120  a  year.  The  parochial  registers  commenced 
in  1717  only.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  patron.  The 
tithes  have  been  commuted  for  a  yearly  rent  charge  of 
£69  5s.  There  are  not  any  monuments  within  its  walls 
deserving  of  especial  notice,  though  there  was  a  tablet 
of  brass,  encrusted  by  damp  and  dirt,  affixed  to  the 
north  wall  of  the  chancel  of  the  old  church,  immedi- 
ately over  the  burial  place  of  the  Fletchers,  charged 
with  a  long  inscription,  commemorative  of  William 
Fletcher,  Esq.,  who  died  in  1703,  and  of  his  ancestors. 
When  that  edifice  was  taken  down  the  brass  was  re- 
moved into  the  new  building,  where,  after  lying  for 
some  years,  thrown  by  and  uncared  for,  it  was,  so  late 
as  ]  8 10,  taken  away  by  some  person  unknown,  and  all 
clue  to  it  is  now  lost. 

Kbctobs. — Charles  MartiDilale  occurs  15:J5 ;  Ea.  Calvert,  1068 ; 
Francis  Yates,  1711 ;  Peter  Farrish,  1720;  Fr.incis  Yates,  17'-IS; 
Peter  Eicbardson,  1735 ;  W. Watts,  1704;  Henr)- Nicholson,  1780 ; 

Richard  Armistead,  died   1831;  —  Thompson,  ;    Andrew 

Huddleston, ;  Fletcher  Woodhouse,  1"'37. 

The  Koman  camp  at  Moresby  occupies  an  elevated 
position  commanding  extensive  prospects.  Its  western 
and  southern  ramparts  are  still  good.  The  parish 
church  and  churchyard  border  upon  its  eastern  wall. 
A  sculptured  stone,  evidently  chiselled  by  Roman 
hands,  lies  upon  the  spot,  under  the  ruined  chancel 
arch  of  the  old  church.  This  important  slab,  bearing 
the  name  of  the  Emperor  in  the  genitive  case,  was 


found  in  digging  for  the  foundations  of  the  present 
church.  A  military  way  ran  along  the  coast  from  this 
station  by  way  of  Maryport  to  the  extremity  of  the 
Roman  wall  at  Bowness.  By  this  means  the  defence 
of  the  coast  could  be  more  perfectly  secured.  As  the 
distance  between  Maryport  and  Bowness  is  consider- 
able, a  small  camp  was  planted  at  Malbray,  which  is 
about  midway  between  the  places.  The  site  of  it  is 
now  a  ploughed  field.  The  station  or  camp  at  Jloresby 
is  identified  by  inscriptions  found  on  the  site  with  the 
Morbium  of  the  Notitia,  a  place  occupied  by  the 
cavalry  called  Eqtiites  Cataphractarii. 

PABTON. 

The  rateable  value  of  Tarton  is  £569   4s.  5d.,  its 

area  (tliirty  acres)  is  returned  with  that  of  the  parish. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1801  was  360  ;  in  1811, 
172  ;  in  1821,  496  ;  in  1831,  559  ;  in  1841,  663  ;  and 
in  1851,  778. 

The  village  of  Parton  is  situated  on  the  sea  shore, 
one  mile  and  a  half  north-by-cast  of  "WTiitehaven,  and 
is  more  ancient  than  the  latter  place.  Previous  to 
1795  several  vessels  were  employed  in  the  coal  trade 
here ;  but  in  that  year  the  pier  was  washed  away  by 
an  unusually  high  tide,  and  the  harbour  has  been  since 
deserted,  the  neighbouring  ports  engrossing  the  coal 
trade.  The  WTiitehaven  and  Maryport  railway  skirts 
tlie  village. 

There  is  a  free  school  in  the  village,  erected  in  1818, 
by  Joseph  Williamson,  Esq.,  who  endowed  it  with  a 
freehold  estate,  in  Arlecdon  parish,  which  now  produces 
about  £15  a  year.  The  founder's  nephew,  Cliilwell 
Williamson,  Esq.,  of  Luton,  in  Bedfordshire,  has  since 
bequeathed  a  house  in  Parton  for  the  residence  of  the 
master,  who,  by  the  deed  of  settlement,  is  to  teach  sixty 
free  scholars,  under  the  superintendence  of  three  resi- 
dent trustees  and  five  other  respectable  gentlemen. 
The  benefit  of  this  charity  is  restricted  to  the  children 
of  Parton.  The  trustees,  &c.,  hold  an  anniversary 
meeting  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  June.  There  are 
sixty  free  scholars.  The  village  also  possesses  an 
iufant  school  and  a  girls'  school  of  industry,  erected 
in  1837.  This  useful  institution  was  established  by 
Jliss  Mary  Robinson,  and  is  supported  by  voluntary 
subscription,  with  a  small  weekly  payment  by  the 
children.  The  average  attendance  at  the  infant  school 
is  about  seventy,  and  at  the  school  of  industry  thirty. 


I'ONSONBY   PARISH. 


423 


PONSONBY   PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  the  river  Calder,  on  the  south  and  east  by  Gosforth.  The 
prevailing  soil  is  a  rich  mould,  except  near  the  sea,  where  a  strong  clay  prevails,  which  produces  wheat  and  other 
grain  equal  to  any  in  the  county.  Freestone  is  abundant,  but  there  is  neither  coal  nor  Umcstone,  though  the 
neighbouring  parishes  produce  large  quantities  of  both.  The  air  is  pleasant  and  salubrious.  Since  the  latter  end 
of  last  century  the  parish  has  been  extensively  planted  with  trees,  being  previously  but  indifferently  wooded. 
The  parish  possesses  no  dependent  townships,  but  is  divided  into  two  quarters  or  constablewicks,  Pousonby  and 
Calder. 

The  parish  comprises  an  area  of  2,265  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £1102  5s.  The  population  in  1801 
was  78;  in  1811,  U7 ;  in  1821,  150;  in  1831,  180; 
in  18H,  187;  and  in  1851,  190.  The  inhabitants, 
who  are  chiefly  engaged  in  agriculture,  attend  the 
markets  at  Whitehaven.  On  Iiifell,  in  this  parish, 
are  the  remains  of  what  tradition  says  was  a  Roman 
encampment,  but  no  inscriptions  or  other  evidences 
have  been  brought  to  light  to  warrant  the  supposition. 

The  manor  of  Ponsouby  belonged,  at  a  very  early 
period,  to  the  family  of  Ponson,  who  gave  their  name 
to  the  place,  which  thus  became  Ponsonby.  From  a 
deed  bearing  date  1388,  we  leani  that  Nicholas  Stan- 
leigh,  lord  of  Austhwaite,  bought  the  manor  and 
demesne  of  Ponsonby  of  Adam  do  Eskdale,  and  the 
property  has  since  belonged  to  his  family.  An  inquisi- 
tion taken  in  1578,  informs  us  that  at  that  date 
Thomas  Stanley,  gentleman,  held  the  manor  of  Pon- 
sonby by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of  court,  and  by  the 
sixth  part  of  a  knight's  fee,  sergeants'  food,  and  wit- 
nessraen.  The  manor  of  Ponsonby  is  now  held  by 
Edward  Stanley,  Esq.  The  tenements  were  mostly 
either  purchased  or  enfranchised  by  George  Edward 
Stanley,  Esq.  Two  or  three  tenements  in  the  parish 
of  Gosforth  belong  to  the  manor  of  Ponsonby.  Besides 
the  lord  of  the  manor,  Jlcssrs.  Thomas  Robinson,  John 
Gunson,  J.  Nicholson,  .John  Dixon,  Jonathan  Watson, 
Thomas  Watson,  and  Henry  Batenian  are  landowners. 

Ponsonby  Ilall,  the  seat  of  Edward  Stanley,  Esq., 
is  situated  in  a  beautiful  park  about  half  a  mile  from 
Calder  Bridge.  It  was  erected  in  tbe  year  1780  by 
the  father  of  the  present  proprietor,  and  commands 
extensive  and  varied  prospects  of  sea  and  land, 
including  the  beautiful  ruins  of  Calder  Abbey,  the 
mountains  of  Wales,  and  the  Isle  of  Man.  The  park 
is  entered  through  a  gateway,  tho  pillars  of  which  are 
surmounted  liy  the  crest  of  the  family.  The  entabla- 
ture of  tho  portico  of  the  hall  is  supported  by  four 
columns  thirteen  and  a  half  feet  in  height,  cut  out 
of  one  solid  block  of  stone.  In  tho  hall  is  preserved 
a  very  curious  carved  oak  bedstead,  which  has  Vhjcu 
brought  from  Dalegarth  Hall — the  pillars  are  massive, 
and   the   carvings   uuusually  rich.      Tlie    cornice   is 


decorated  with  shields  bearing  the  arms  of  tlio  Stanleys 
quartered  with  Austhwaite.  It  bears  the  date  1345 
rudely  carved  on  the  back.  The  apartments  contain 
many  valuable  paintings,  including  six  on  copper  by 
Ilolbein,  —  Henry  VUL,  Anne  Boleyn,  his  queen; 
Chaucer,  Ben  Jonson,  Latimer,  and  Cranmer;  John 
Stanley,  Esq.,  the  royalist;  Sir  George  Fleming,  Bart. ; 
Bishop  of  Carhsle,  by  Vanderbank;  the  late  George 
Edward  Stanley,  Esq.,  by  Opie  ;  and  his  lady,  by 
Eomuey ;  Edward  Stanley,  Esq.,  by  Lonsdale  ;  and 
Mrs.  Stanley,  by  Mrs.  Carpenter ;  Henry  Lord  Viscouut 
Lonsdale  ;  i\Irs.  Dacre  ;  and  Mr.  Stanley.  The  gardens 
are  laid  out  with  great  taste,  and  are  especially  rich  in 
choice  flowers.  The  walks  embrace  both  sides  of  the 
Calder,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  rustic  bridge. 

^tauUg  of  .SaltgarllT  :inb  ^mtsmtbg. 
The  Stanleys  rank  amongst  the  most  ancient  and 
influential  famihes  in  the  kingdom.  They  were  of 
consequence,  says  Camden,  half  a  century  before  tho 
Conquest ;  and  they  have  invariably  held  an  eminent 
place  in  history.  The  branch  of  which  we  are  more 
immediately  about  to  treat  has  been  located  in  the 
north  for  several  centuries ;  and  the  most  ancient  of 
their  estates  in  Cumberland  have  descended  through 
an  unbroken  succession  of  father  and  son,  over  a  period 
of  not  less  than  five  hundred  years,  to  the  present  pro- 
prietor. 

JonN  Stanleigh,  second  son  of  John  Stanleigli,  lonl  of 
Stanley  and  Stourton,  nnj  younger  Irother  of  Sir  William 
Stanley,  ancestor  of  tlie  nobli>  house  of  Derby,  jnirchased  lauds 
at  Cireysoullien,  in  Cumberlaiul,  and  represented  the  city  of 
Cntlisle  in  I'arliamcnt,  20lh  ]-Mward  III.     His  prandson, 

N1CH01.AS  Stanij:igh  of  Ureysouthen,  marrying  ConstaDcc, 
daughter  and  heiress  of  Thomas  do  Austliwaite,  lord  of  .\as- 
tliwaite,  acquired  lliat  manor  (now  denominated  Daleganh),  as 
appears  by  deed  dated  a.d.  I'.MS,  In  mss  Nicholas  Stanleigh 
obtained  by  purchase  Uie  manor  and  demesne  of  Ponsonby.  He 
WHS  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Thomas  SiA>a.F.ioB,  Esq.,  lord  of  Austhiraitc,  temp,  llenry  VI., 
and  M.l'.  for  Carlislo. 

Nicuuijis  Stan'leigii,  Esq.,  lord  of  Austhwaite,  his  son  and 
heir,  was  father  of 

Thomas  Stani.ev,  Esq.,  of  Dalrgulli,  who,  marrying  Ann, 
daughter  of  Sir  lUchanl  Uadleslon,  Knt.,  was  siuceeded  by  his 
son, 

WiLUAM  SiAxuiv,  Esq.,  of  Austhwoitc  and  Dalegarth,  17th 


iU 


ALLERDALEABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


Henry  VII.,  who  married  Alice,  daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Ducket, 
Knt.,  nnd  had  a  son, 

Thomas  Stanley,  Esq.,  of  Dalegarth,  who  married  Jlargaret, 
daughter  of  Jolm  Fleming,  Esq.,  and  liad  issue,  John,  his  suc- 
cessor, and  Thomas  of  Greysouthcn,  appointed  master  of  the 
mint  in  l.''i70;  his  only  daughter  and  heiress,  Morj',  married  Sir 
Edward  Herbert,  afterwards  created  Earl  of  Powis.    The  eldest 

SOD, 

John  STAKLEY,Esq.,  of  Dalegarth,  married  Margaret,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Senhouse,  Esq.,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Thomas  Stanley,  Esq ,  of  Dalegarth,  who  married  Isabel, 
daughter  of  John  Leake,  Esq.,  of  Edmonton,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son, 

Edward  Stanley,  Esq.,  of  Dalegarth,  who  married  Ann, 
daughter  and  coheiress  of  Thomas  Briggs,  Esq.,  of  Cawmire, 
in  Westmoreland,  and  had  a  son, 

John  Stanley,  Esq.,  of  Dalegarth,  an  active  and  zealous 
royalist,  who  married,  Istly.Mary,  daughter  of  Thomas  Stanley, 
Esq.,  of  Lee,  in  Sussex ;  nnd  2ndly,  Dorothy,  daughter  of  Henry 
Fetherstonehaugh,  of  Fetherstonehaugh,  in  Northumberland. 
He  was  succeeded,  at  his  decease,  by  his  son, 

Edward  Stanley,  Esq.,  of  Dalegarth,  who  was  high  sheriff 
for  CO.  Cumberland  at  the  Revolution,  and  proclaimed  William 
III.  He  married  Isabel,  eldest  daughter  of  Thomas  Curwen, 
Esq.,  of  Sella  Park,  aud  had  a  son  and  successor, 

John  Stanley,  Esq.,  of  Dalegarth  and  Ponsonby.  He  mar- 
ried Dorothy,  co-heiress  of  Edward  Holt,  Esq.,  of  Wigan,  co. 
Lancaster,  and  had  three  sons, 

I.  Edward,  his  successor. 

11.  John,  ill  holy  orders,  rector  nf  Workington,  who  married 
Clara,  daughter  of  Jolm  Philipson,  Esq.,  of  Calgartli,  co. 
Westraorelnnd,  and  Imd  a  son  Edward,  who  married  .lulia, 
daughter  of  John  Christian,  Esq.,  of  Unerigg,  and  had 
several  children. 
in.  Holt,  a  lieut.  in  BrigncUcr-gen.  Wenthwnrth's  Regiment  of 
Foot,  died,  unmarried,  in  the  expedition  against  Porlobello. 

The  eldest  son, 

Edw.ard  Stanley,  of  Dalegarth,  married  Mildred,  youngest 
daughter  of  Sir  George  Fleming,  Bart.,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  and 
dying  1751,  left  a  daughter,  Dorothy,  wife  of  Lieut.  Joseph 
Dacre,  and  a  son, 

George  Edward  Stanley,  Esq.,  of  Ponsonby  and  Dalegarth, 
born  March,  1748,  high  sheriff  1^74,  who  married,  Istly,  1774, 
Dorothy,  youngest  daughter  of  Sir  WiUiam  Fleming,  Bart.,  of 
Kydal,  by  whom  (who  died  in  17ftG)  he  had  two  daughters, 
Mildred  and  Elizabeth.  He  married  '2ndly,  1789,  Ehzabeth, 
daughter  of  Morris  Evans,  Esq.,  of  Middlesex,  and  had  further 
issue. 


I.  Edwabd,  his  successor. 
iL  George,  bom  1791. 


Jane. 


Edward  Stanley,  of  Dalegarth  and  Ponsonby,  J.P.  and  D.L.. 
late  M.P.  for  the  county,  and  high  sheriff  1823,  horn  1790; 
married  Dec.  1821,  Mary,  daughter  of  William  Douglas,  one  of 
the  judges  in  the  East  Indies,  and  has  had,  with  three  daughters, 
three  sons,  riz.: — 

I.  Edward,  bom  in  September,  1822;  died  182.5. 
II.  William,  bom  September  15,  1829. 
iiL  George  Edward,  born  November  21, 1831. 

Arms. — Arg.,  on  a  bend,  az.,  cotised,  vert,  three  bucks'  heads 
cabossed,  or,  qnarteriug  the  Austhwaite  arms,  viz.,  gu.,  two  bars, 
arg.,  in  chief  diree  mullets  of  six  points,  pierced,  or. 

Crest. — A  stag's  head,  arg.,  attired,  or,  collared,  Tert. 

Motto. — Sans  changer. 


THE  CHuncH. 
Ponsonby  church,  the  dedication  of  which  nppcars  to 
bo  unknown,  is  situated  in  the  park,  about  the  centre 
of  the  parish,  and  a  short  distance  from  the  hall.  It 
is  an  ancient  structure,  but  has  undergone  several 
repairs  and  alterations,  which  give  it  a  comparatively 
modern  appearance.  It  consists  of  nave,  chancel,  and 
western  tower  and  spire,  the  latter  of  which  were 
erected  in  1840  at  the  expense  of  Mr.  Stanley.  The 
arch  separating  the  nave  and  chancel  is  pointed.  The 
east  window  contains  some  stained  glass,  emblazoned 
with  the  arms  of  the  Stanley,  Brigg,  and  Hutton 
families.  On  the  north  wall  of  the  nave  is  a  monu- 
mental brass,  with  an  inscription  commemorating 
Frances  Patryckson,  daughter  of  Su:  Thomas  Wyet, 
Knt.,  privy  councillor  to  King  Ilonry  VIII.  There 
are  also  mural  monuments  to  tho  memory  of  various 
members  of  the  Stanley  family,  and  one  to  Thomas 
Curwen,  Esq.,  one  of  the  Curwens  of  Workington. 
The  church  of  Ponsonby  was  given  by  John  Fitz- 
Ponson  to  the  priory  of  Conishead  in  Fumess.  We 
are  not  informed  to  whom  it  was  granted  at  the  disso- 
lution ;  but  in  the  year  1689  a  presentation  from  the 
crown  was  procured  to  this  church  as  a  vicarage,  but 
it  was  afterwards  revoked.  The  living  was  certified  to 
the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  at  £9  12s., 
viz.,  £,&  paid  by  the  impropriator,  £'3  given  by  William 
Cleator,  M.D.,  for  monthly  sermons,  and  2s.  surplice 
fees.  In  1717  it  was  certified  that  the  William  Cleator 
just  mentioned,  gave  by  his  will  £'100  to  the  minister 
for  preaching  twelve  sermons  a  year  till  the  impropria- 
tion should  be  restored  to  the  church,  when  it  was  to 
bo  transferred  to  the  use  of  a  school  in  the  parish ; 
but  a  part  of  this  money  was  lost,  together  with  another 
sum  given  by  the  Stanleys.  In  1789  the  income 
appears  to  have  amounted  to  £'22,  besides  the  surplice 
fees,  viz.,  £6  by  the  impropriator.  It  has  since  been 
augmented  with  £1,000  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty, 
given  in  sums  of  £200  each,  in  tho  years  17-14,  1780, 
1790,  J  791,  and  1792,  besides  two  benefactions  of 
£200  each,  given  in  1790  and  1792,  making  a  total  of 
£  1,400,  with  which  the  Nun  House  estate,  in  the  parish 
of  Dent,  Yorkshire,  and  the  Green  Moor  Side  estate, 
in  St.  Bridget  Beckermet,  were  purchased  ;  £200  being 
given  for  the  fonner  in  1774,  aud  £1,200  for  the  latter 
in  1793.  The  present  value  of  the  living  is  about  £'113. 
Nearly  200  acres  of  the  parish  are  tithe  free,  and  the 
tithes  of  the  remainder  were  commuted,  in  1846,  for  a 
yearly  rent  charge  £19  Os.  Id.  The  benefice  is  a  per- 
petual curacy  in  the  impropriation  and  patronage  of 
Edward  Stanley,  Esq.  The  parish  registers  com- 
mence in  1723. 


ST.  BEES   PARISH. 


425 


Incumbents. — George  Cannell  occurs  ITi.'i ;  Matthew  Hall, 
1780;  John  Gaitskell,  18—;  John  rleming,  Ib'^iO;  A.  Middle- 
tOD,  1857. 

Calder  is  a  small  hamlot  ia  this  parish,  four  and  a 
half  miles   south -south -cast   of  Egremout,   and   one 


mile  south  of  Calder  Bridge,  which  connects  this  parish 
with  that  of  St.  Bridget,  Bcckermet. 

There  is  a  corn-mill  iu  this  parish,  known  as  New 

Mm. 


ST.  BEES  PARISH. 

St.  Bees  parish,  the  largest  in  the  county  of  Cumberland,  is  very  irregular  in  form,  and  extends  ten  miles  along  the 
coast,  from  Braystoncs,  near  Beckermet,  to  Whitehaven,  from  which  place  it  stretches  inland  in  a  south-easterly 
direction  to  Eskdale,  a  distance  of  about  eighteen  miles.  Its  western  portion  lies  between  the  river  Eheu  and  the 
sei;  and  the  eastern  part,  which  consists  chiefly  of  a  long  range  of  mountains  and  valleys,  contains  the  lakes  of 
Ennerdale,  Wast  Water,  and  Barn  Tarn.  The  land  in  nearly  every  part  of  the  parish  is  generally  high,  and 
without  much  wood,  but  the  soil  towards  the  sea  is  fertile.  Coal,  freestone,  and  limestone  are  abundant ;  iron  ore  is 
obtained  at  Eskdale,  and  lead  ore  is  raised  at  Kinniside.  Besides  the  large  and  opulent  town  of  Whitehaven,  the 
parisli  contains  the  five  chapelries  of  Ennerdale,  Eskdale,  Heusingham,  Nether  Wasdale,  and  Wasdale  Head ;  and 
is  divided  into  the  following  thirteen  townships,  viz.,  St.  Bees,  Ennerdale,  Eskdale,  Hensingham,  Kinniside, 
Lowside  Quarter,  Nether  Wasdale,  Preston  Quarter,  Rottington,  Sandwith,  AVasdale  Head,  Weddicar,  and  the  town 
of  Whitehaven.  Eskdale  and  Wasdale  townships  have  been  transferred  to  Boolle  Ward  by  the  new  arrangement  of 
Wards  made  at  the  Quarter  Sessions  held  at  Carlisle,  October,  185". 

sisters  with  her,  driven  in  by  stormy  weather  at  White- 


ST.    BEES. 

St.  Bees  township  comprises  1,495  acres  of  land, 
and  its  rateable  value  is  .t'^C27  9s.  9d.  Its  popula- 
tion in  1801  was  409  ;  in  1811,  4'iu  ;  iu  18:2],  055; 
in  1831,  517  ;  in  1841,  557  ;  and  in  1851,  971.  The 
manorial  rights  are  vested  in  the  governors  of  St.  Bees 
Grammar  School.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  Major  Spedding, 
Mrs.  Harrison,  and  William  Fo.\,  are  the  principal 
landowners. 

St.  Bees,  like  many  other  places  in  England,  owes 
its  origin  to  a  religious  community,  one  of  which  was 
founded  here  long  anterior  to  the  compilation  of  Domes- 
day Book,  or  the  lauding  of  the  Normans.  The  parish 
takes  its  name  from  Bega,"  an  Irish  saint,  who  founded 
a  small  nunnery  hero  about  the  year  050.  She  seems 
to  have  led  a  life  of  piety  and  virtue,  and  after  her 
decease  a  church  was  dedicated  to  God  under  her  invo- 
cation. There  are  many  accounts  given  of  the  founda- 
tion of  the  original  convent  of  St.  Bees.  Some  of  them 
are  very  contradictory.  The  common  version  is  that 
given  in  Sandford's  JISS.,°  and  which  is  as  follows: — 
"This  Abbie,  by  tradition,  built  upon  this  occasion  (for 
the  time  I  refer  you  to  the  chronicles',: — That  there 
was  a  pious  and  religious  lady-abbess,  and  some  of  her 

'From  llie  calendar  of  sninls'dnys  it  appears  that  Si.  Bcga,  or  SL 
Dees,  13  eommemnratcil  nii  ihe  Ulh  of  Scplcnibcr;  anil  Su  Begs, 
virgin,  on  the  a'2n<l  of  Novnnibcr. — "  Life  of  llie  Sninl."  lugulphus 
meuliona  a  litUe  bell  at  CroylaiiJ,  nliicb  is  called  Hega. 

'Dean  and  Chapter  Library,  Carliali'. 


haven,  and  [the]  ship  cast  away  i'lh'  harbour,  and  so 
destitute.  And  so  she  went  to  the  lady  of  Egrcmont 
Castle  for  rcliefe.  That  lady,  a  godly  woman,  pitied 
her  distress,  and  desired  her  lord  to  give  her  some  place 
to  dwell  in,  which  he  did,  at  the  now  St.  Bees.  And 
.she  and  her  sisters  sewed  and  spinned,  and  wrought 
carpets  and  otlier  work,  and  lived  very  godly  lives,  as 
gott  them  much  love.  She  desired  Lady  Egrcmont  to 
desire  her  lord  to  build  them  a  house,  and  thoy  would 
lead  a  religious  life  together,  and  many  woldc  joine  with 
them  if  they  had  but  a  house  and  land  to  live  upon. 
Wherewith  the  Lady  Egremont  was  very  well  pleased, 
and  spoke  to  her  lord  ho  had  land  enough,  and  should] 
give  them  some  to  lye  up  treasure  in  heaven.  .\nd  the 
Lord  laughed  at  the  Ladye,  and  said  he  would  give  them 
as  much  land  as  snow  fell  upon  the  next  morning,  and 
iu  Midsummer  Day.  And  on  the  morrow  looked  out 
at  the  castle  window  to  the  sea-side,  two  miles  from 
Egremont,  all  was  white  with  snow  for  threo  miles 
together.  And  thereupon  buildcd  tliis  St.  Bees  Abbie, 
and  gavo  all  those  lands  was  snowcn  unto  it,  and  the 
town  and  haven  of  Whitehaven  :  and,  sometimes  after, 
all  the  tithes  thereabout,  and  up  the  mountains  and 
Iiierdale  Forest,  eastward,  was  appropriated  to  this 
abbey  of  St.  Bees;  which  was  got  by  oue  Mr.  Dacres, 
of  kindred  to  the  Lords  Dacres :  gott  a  long  lease  of  it 
at  fall  of  Abbies,  and  married  one  Mrs.  Latos  of  the 
Beck  Hall,  Millom ;  who  afterwards  married  Squire 


426 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


Wybridge  [Wybergh]  of  Clifton,  in  Westmorland,  wlw 
purchased  tlie  inheritance  of  this  Abbie  of  the  crowns, 
and  sold  it  to  old  Sir  John  Lowther,  who  gave  it  to  his 
younger  son,  Sir  Christopher  Lowther,  Kt.-bart.,  soon 
after." 

Mr.  Jefferson,  in  his  AUerdale  Ward-above-Derwent, 
makes  the  following  remarks  on  the  account  given  by 
Sandford  of  the  foumlation  of  St.  Bees : — "  That  snow- 
is  occasionally  seen  even  now,"  he  says,  "  on  Midsum- 
mer Day,  on  the  Cumberland  mountains,  is  certain.  .\ 
correspondent  of  the  Carlisle  Journal  states  that  on 
Midsummer  Day,  1838,  the  snow  was  lying  two  feet 
thick  upon  Glencowendale  Fell.  Whether,  however, 
the  parish  is  indebted  to  the  legend  for  its  singular 
form,  or  whether  the  legend  has  been  invented  from  the 
shape  of  the  parish,  cannot  be  decided.  One  thing  is 
certain,  that  the  name  of  St.  Bega  is  inseparably  con- 
nected with  the  miracle  of  snow  :  all  accounts  agree  in 
this.  The  life  of  St.  Bega  places  the  snow  miracle 
many  hundred  years  after  the  death  of  the  mild  saint, 
in  the  tim^j  of  Randolph  Meschines.  The  monkish 
historian  relates  that  certain  persons  had  instilled  into 
the  ears  of  that  nobleman  that  the  monks  had  unduly 
extended  their  possessions.  A  dispute  arose  on  this 
subject,  for  the  settlement  of  which,  by  the  prayers  of 
the  religious,  the  whole  land  became  white  with  snow, 
except  the  territories  of  the  church,  which  stood  forth 
dry." 

History  is  entirely  silent  respecting  the  convent  of 
St.  Bees  during  the  time  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  domina- 
tion in  England.  There  is  little  doubt  that  it  suffered 
during  the  numerous  invasions  of  the  Northmen.  Its 
nearness  to  the  sea  would  invite  their  attacks.  The 
nun,  and  the  monk,  and  the  priest  were  the  persons 
towards  whom  they  exercised  the  greatest  cruelty.  Of 
this  fact  the  history  of  England  furnishes  us  with 
numerous  examples.  On  their  conversion  to  Chris- 
tianity the  fierce  sons  of  the  north  gave  a  name  to 
this  place  in  their  own  language,  and  Kirkby  Beges, 
Kirkby  Begock,  or  Ku-kebybetok,  the  churchtown 
of  Bees,  the  name  by  which  it  is  known  in  the 
ancient  records,  proves  that  round  the  church  and 
altar  which  their  forefathers  so  ruthlessly  destroyed,  the 
Christian  Danes  formed  themselves  into  a  community, 
or  town,  in  which  they  dwelt,  mixed  up,  no  doubt,  with 
a  goodly  number  of  Angles,  till  the  time  when  the 
Norman  brought  England  into  subjection,  and  par- 
celled out  its  fair  fields  among  his  followers. 

We  have  nothing  beyond  the  name  of  the  place  to 
guide  us  in  tracing  out  the  history  of  St.  Bees,  till  the 
reign  of  Henry  I.,  when  the  conventual  church  and 
monastery  were  restored  by  William  de  Meschines,  who 


made  it  a  cell  of  the  celebrated  Benedictine  abbey  of 
St.  Mary  at  York.'  At  this  time  the  community  of  St. 
Bees  consisted  of  a  prior  and  six  monks.  In  the  charter 
of  foundation  William  do  Meschines  "  grauted  to  God, 
St.  j\Iary  of  York,  and  St.  Bega,  and  the  monks  serving 
God  there,  all  the  wood  within  their  boundaries,  and 
everything  within  the  same,  except  hart  and  hind,  boar 
and  hawk :  and  all  liberties  within  their  bounds  which 
he  himself  had  in  Copeland,  as  well  on  land  as  on  the 
water,  both  salt  and  fresh."  Besides  this,  William  de 
Meschines  grauted  to  the  priory  of  the  church  of  St. 
Bees  seven  carucates  of  land  there,  the  chapel  of  Egre- 
mont  and  the  tithes  of  his  demesne  in  Copeland,  and 
the  manor  of  Anenderdale.  Waltheof  granted  the 
church  [chapel]  of  Stainbum ;  Ketel  tlie  church  of 
Preston  ;  Reiner  two  bovatos  of  land  and  one  villein 
in  Rottington  :  Godard  the  churches  of  Whittington 
and  Botele ;  and  William  de  Lancaster,  son  of  Gilbert, 
gave  them  Swarthoft.  All  these  gifts  were  confirmed  by 
Ranulph,  son  of  the  William  de  Meschines  mentioned 
above,  anil  he  also  gave  them  "all  the  woods  within 
their  boundaries,  from  Cuningshaw  to  the  sike  between 
Preston  and  Hensingham,  which  runs  down  to  White- 
haven and  there  falls  into  the  sea ;  and  whatever  they 
could  take  in  those  woods,  except  hart,  hind,  boar,  and 
hawk."^  About  the  year  1193  William  de  Fortibus,  earl 
of  Albermarle,  by  charter  confirmed  to  the  community 
of  St.  Bees  the  grants  made  by  his  ancestors, — "four- 
teen salmons  which  they  bad  by  the  gift  of  Alan  son  of 
Waltheof;  and,  by  the  same  gift,  half  a  carueate  of  land 
in  Aspatria ;  and  six  acres  of  land  in  the  same  vill,  by 
the  gift  of  the  said  Alan ;  and  six  salmons,  which  they 
had  by  the  gift  of  the  Lady  Alice  de  Romeley ;  and 
half  a  mark  of  silver,  by  the  same  donation,  out  of  the 
fulling  mill  at  Cockermouth,  and  one  messuage  in  the 
same  vill.  He  also  granted  to  them  one  mark  of  silver 
out  of  the  said  fulling  mill  yearly."  This  charter  is 
witnessed  by  the  Lord  Galfrid  de  Chandever;  the  Lord 
Thomas  Keret ;  the  Lord  William  de  Ireby ;  William 
de  Driffeld,  seneschal  of  Cockermouth  ;  Alan,  parson  of 
Caldbcck;  Hugone  de  Moriceby;  Ada  de  Havcrington 
[Harrington] ;  Galfrid  de  Tallantire ;  John  de  Brigham  : 
and  many  others.'' 

About  the  year  1200  a  dispute  appears  to  have  arisen 

'  The  priory  of  Neddrum,  in  Ulster,  was  a  cell  to  the  priory  of  St. 
Bees,  having  beeu  granted  by  Sir  John  de  Coiucy,  a  descendant  of 
Willinm  Meschines.  Eespecting  t)ii3  Irish  dependency  of  St.  Bees, 
a  small  parclimeut  roll,  consiilernbly  mutUiited,  remnius  m  the  Cot- 
toriau  CuUection.  It  consists  of  nine  documents  very  closely  written, 
concluding  with  a  bull  of  Pope  Honorius  III.,  dated  121(j,  confirm- 
ing the  endowment. 

2Dngdale'8  "  Jlonasticon, "  p.  393. 
'Dngdale's  "Monasticon,"  p.  396. 


ST.  BEES  PAniSH. 


42r 


respecting  the  right  of  burial  at  Hawcshead,  which  was 
tiventy  miles  distant  from  the  motlicr  church  of  Dalton. 
A  commissiou  was  appointed  by  Pope  llonorius  to  settle 
the  dispute,  and  wo  learn  from  the  coucher  book  of 
Fumess  Abbey  that  the  prior  of  St.  Boes  was  one  of 
the  commissioners.  DurinR  the  wars  between  England 
and  Scotland  this  part  of  Cumberland  seems  to  have 
suffered  severely,  lu  1315,  the  time  of  the  invasion  of 
Bruce,  the  priory  of  St.  lices  and  the  manor  houses  of 
Cleator  and  Stainbuni  were  visited  by  a  party  of  Scots 
commanded  by  James  Douglas,  and  we  are  told  that 
the  priory  was  pillaged  and  the  manor  houses  destroyed. 
An  inspeximus  was  dated  at  St.  Bees,  September  10th, 
147;),  by  Henry  Percy,  fourth  earl  of  Northumberland, 
and  lord  of  the  honour  of  Cockermouth,  of  the  charter 
of  William  do  Fortibus,  earl  of  Albermarle.  In  the 
reign  of  Henry  IV.  a  Ilichard  Ilunte  was  appointed  to 
St.  Bees,  as  a  free  chapclry  in  the  gift  of  the  crown, 
but  the  abbot  of  St.  Mary's,  at  York,  remonstrated 
with  the  king,  and  the  grant  was  revoked.  Bishop 
Turner  informs  us  that,  under  St.  Bees,  there  was  a 
email  nuuuery  situate  at  llottington,  about  a  mile  from 
the  mother  church.  This  is  couOrmed  by  the  ancient 
names  of  places  still  retained  there,  but  few  other  vestiges 
are  now  to  be  found.  Whilst  speaking  of  the  priors  of  St. 
Bees,  we  must  not  overlook  the  fact  that  they  held  the 
rank  of  barons  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  as  such  were 
obliged  to  give  their  attendance  upon  the  kings  and 
lords  of  Man  whensoever  they  required  it,  or,  at  least, 
upon  every  new  succession  in  the  government.  The 
neglect  of  tliis  important  privilege  would  probably 
involve  tho  loss  of  tho  tithes  and  lands  in  that  island, 
which  the  devotion  of  the  kings  had  conferred  upon  the 
priory  of  St.  Bees.  An  abbot  from  Ireland  and  another 
from  Scotland  were  also  constrained,  by  the  same  reli- 
gious liberality,  to  appear  in  Man  as  barons  when 
called  upon. 

About  the  year  ir)23  the  monks  of  St.  Ikes  apjiear 
to  have  been  alarmcil  by  a  meditated  invasion  of  this 
"  angle  of  Cowplandc."  Tho  following  letter'  was 
written  by  tho  prior,  Alanby,  to  tho  Lord  William 
Dacre,  lord -warden  of  tho  west  marches,  prayiug  fur 
help : — 

"To  tliH  Lord  I)acre«. 

"  My  riglit  honorable  and  nijNt  Kpcciull  good  Lord,  in  mj 
tDO»i  lanley  maiur  I  rerniiicndc  me  unlo  \our  good  Lordnhip, 
ever  more  ln'Hcking  our  Lordc  God  lo  ronard  jour  good  Lord- 
sliip  for  iiic  nl  nil  tjmrs.  And  now  n»  c^porinll)'  n»  I  cnn  tliink, 
I  bosiclie  .>niir  ^ood  Loidsliip  fur  your  gnud  tiMitj nuance.  For 
my  good  Lord,  it  is  llius  ol'  siiriie,  llml  gronl  numbru  n(  Sliippia 
are  souc  upon  this  CoHt  butU  upun  liidayo  and  Salurdayo  last 


>  From  a  scarce  book,  "Duo  renuu  Anglioarum  wrlptorcs  veKrei." 
Oxon,  I73i. 


past.  And  we  have  wamyng  that  they  are  of  the  Dulce  of 
Albany's  company,  and  woU  land  upon  us  licre  in  Cowplande 
and  destroye  us  utterly.  WLerefore  my  speeiiiU  good  Lorde,  I 
bcsichc  your  good  Lordship,  to  regard  this  pour  cost  and  coun- 
trey,  whiche  belongeth  nnto  your  raercliies  and  undre  yonr  pro- 
tection, and  is  not  accustomed  with  siche  wcres,  but  only  such 
certcin  gentilmen  and  their  company,  as  your  said  Lordbhip 
have  called  upon  heretofore  at  your  time  of  nede,  that  ye  wol 
be  good  Lorde  nowe,  so  as  to  assigne  and  command  Mr.  Christo- 
pher Curwcu  of  Wirliin^ton,  and  Mr.  John  Lamplew  Icutenaunt 
of  Cockermouth,  nnd  Mr.  Ilichard  Slielton  of  liranthwate,  to 
gyve  attendaunce  with  the  help  and  aide  with  the  hole  company 
of  this  little  Angle  of  Cowplande,  to  resist  and  defende  the  coun- 
trey  with  the  grace  of  God  and  pra>er  of  his  holy  sainctes,  to 
whonie  your  Lordship  now  may  hynde  us  ever  more  to  pray  for 
your  good  preservation  and  good  spede.  And  els  I  cannot  see, 
btU  this  countrey  slial  be  utterly  destroyed  fur  ever,  which  God 
forbide,  whom  1  hartily  besichc  to  preserve  and  prosper  yotu" 
good  Lordship,  with  all  goodnes,  after  your  dcasire.  Amen. 
Scriblyd  in  hast  at  Suinct  Bees  upon  Sainct  Luke  day  the 
evangelist. 

by  your  awne  dayely  bedeman, 

DoM  Hubert  Albant,  prior  of  Sainct 
Bees  aforesaid.'* 

From  this  time  till  tho  beginning  of  the  sixteenth 
century  we  have  nothing  recorded  relating  to  St.  Bees. 
In  the  King's  Book  the  priory  of  St.  Bees  was 
valued  at  £143  10s.  2d.  At  the  time  of  the  Dis- 
solution its  revenues,  according  to  Dugdale,  amounted 
to  £143  17s.  2d.;  or,  according  to  Speed's  valuation, 
£149  19s.  Cd.  From  these  statements  it  appears 
that  there  were  only  two  religious  houses  in  the  county 
more  amply  endowed  than  the  priory  of  St.  Bees ;  these 
were  the  abbey  of  Holme  Cultram  and  the  priory  of  St. 
Mary,  Carlisle. 

In  the  year  1553  Edward  VI.  granted  to  Sir  Thomas 
Cbalouer,  Knt.,  "tho  manor,  rectory,  and  cell  of  St. 
Bees,  with  all  its  rights,  members,  and  appurtenances, 
and  all  tho  possessions  belonging  to  the  same  in  St. 
Boes  and  Enncrdule,  and  elsewhere  in  the  county  of 
Cumberland  (not  granted  away  by  tho  Crown  before),  to 
hold  to  the  said  Thomas  Chaloncr,  his  lieirs  and  assigns, 
in  fee  farm  for  ever,  of  tho  king,  his  heirs,  and  suoces- 
Bors,  as  of  his  manor  of  Sherill  llutton,  in  Yorkshire, 
in  free  and  common  socage,  by  fealty  only,  and  not  t» 
capilf :  paying  to  tho  crown  yearly  the  fee  farm  rent  of 
£143  lOs.  2id."  On  tho  demise  of  Edward  VI.  his 
successor,  Mary,  in  1057,  granted  to  Cuthbert  Scott, 
bishop  of  Chester,  and  bis  successors  in  tbo  sec,  the 
yearly  rent  just  mentioned,  subject  to  the  payment  of 
£43  ?s.  4d.  per  annum  to  tho  crown.  From  tho 
Chaloners  tho  estates  passed  to  tho  Wybcrgh  fami^, 
who  mortgaged  it  to  the  Lowlhers,  and  on  a  suit  insti- 
tuted by  Sir  John  Lowther,  of  Whitehaven,  the  equity 

*  This  I«a4!r,  tcoonUng  to  Ucarni,  wu  wriltm  kjt.  IM3,  ISth 
IlMtfy  VIII. 


A 


428 


ALLERDALE  ABOVEDERWENT   WARD. 


of  redemption  was  fcreclosed,  and  the  estate  decreed  to 
him  and  his  heirs,  in  the  year  1CC3,  since  which  period 
it  has  continued  in  the  possession  of  his  family,  and  now 
forms  part  of  the  possessions  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 
The  village  of  St.  Bees  lies  in  a  narrow  valley  near 
the  shore,  four  miles  to  the  south  of  Whitehaven,  and 
near  the  rocky  promontory  of  St.  Bees  Head.  From 
very  early  times  it  has  heen  distinguished  for  its 
religious  and  scholastic  foundations.  A  bridge  over 
the  rivulet  Tow,  or  Poc,  in  the  village,  bears  the  date 
1585,  and  the  arms  of  Archbishop  Grindal.  This 
small  stream,  known  locally  as  the  Pow  Beck,  divides 
the  church,  school,  and  college  of  St.  Bees  from  the 
village.  It  is  remarkable  that  it  flows  towards  the  sea 
by  two  separate  channels.  Rising  near  the  middle  of 
the  vale,  it  is  fed  in  its  course  by  Myre's  Beck  and 
Lowhall  Gill  Beck,  and,  having  received  these  small 
streams,  it  forms,  or  rather  is  absorbed  in,  a  large  pool, 
called  Scalegill  Pit,  which  serves  to  supply  the  steam- 
engines  employed  in  the  collieries  with  water.  From 
this  pool,  as  from  a  centre,  the  river  issues  in  two 
streams,  one  of  which,  passing  by  the  church,  &c.,  falls 
into  the  ocean  at  St.  Bees  ;  the  other  flows  towards 
Whitehaven,  where,  for  about  a  mile  from  the  town, 
it  is  arched  over,  passing  under  the  Market  Place,  and 
then  mingles  with  the  ocean  in  the  harbour. 


TOE    CIlURCn. 


The  priory  church  of  St.  Bees,  now  the  parish 
church,  is  situated  in  Preston  Quarter,  near  the  village. 
It  is  a  cruciform  building,  of  considerable  size  and 
beauty — a  rude  but  noble  work  of  that  interesting 
period  in  which  the  Norman  style  of  architecture 
passes  gradually  away  into  the  Early  English.  The 
several  parts  of  it  are  given  below,  with  the  estimated 
dates  of  their  erection  :  —  1 .  Nave  and  Aisles  :  West 
door,  south  wall  and  buttresses,  tower  piers  (internal 
masoniy  and  bases  now  hidden).  Late  Norman,  circa 
1150;  west  end,  circa  1900;  six  arches  on  each  side, 
with  five  pillars  of  various  designs.  Early  English, 
circa  1250.  Clerestory  windows,  and  the  north  wall  of 
north  aisle,  Debased,  probably  1011.  2.  Tower:  The 
casing  of  piers,  arches,  and  lower  part  of  staircase 
turret,  circa  1200.  The  upper  part  is  of  later  date, 
but  the  Debased  windows  of  1611  have  been  built  up, 
and  the  tower  has  been  carried  up  to  the  height  of 
more  than  a  hundred  feet,  1858.  Its  eastern  arch  is 
filled  up  with  a  rubble  wall,  in  which  are  a  round- 
headed  door  (now  hidden)  and  two  windows  of  Debased 
work.  The  pier  capitals  are  of  very  unusual  design, 
but  genuine  and  curious.  3.  North  Transept :  Circa 
1200 ;  genuine  and  interesting  both  outside  and  in. 


Some  remains  of  colouring  have  been  discovered,  and 
some  relics.  A  plain  and  mutilated  aumbry  has  left  a 
trace  in  the  north  wall.  4.  South  Transept :  West 
wall,  circa  1200;  east  wall.  Debased,  10)  1;  south  wall, 
new.  In  the  old  walling  has  been  found  nearly  all  the 
upper  part  of  a  fine  Transition  door,  brought  as  rubble 
from  tlie  old  priory  buildings.  5.  The  chancel,  or  Lady 
chapel,  has  a  south  aisle,  now  ruined,  of  the  fourteenth 
centurj'.  The  original  chancel  is  a  very  noble  edifice 
of  circa  1200,  and  ranks  high  among  contemporary 
buildings — not,  indeed,  for  size,  or  delicacy  of  work- 
manship, but  for  beauty  of  design.  The  interior  (and 
especially  the  east  end)  is  very  striking.  In  the  north 
wall  is  one  window  of  Transitional  character  (circa 
1200),  and  formerly  of  two  hghts,  which  possibly  gave 
light  to  the  altar  of  the  choir;  and  certainly,  by  the 
difference  of  design,  suggests  the  idea  of  some  corre- 
sponding internal  arrangements.  When  the  priory  was 
dissolved  the  whole  church  was  unroofed,  and  became 
an  utter  ruin.  The  tower  fell,  crushing  the  east  wall 
of  the  south  transept,  and  the  clerestory  and  the  north 
wall  of  the  nave  disappeared.  About  1011  the  need  of 
a  parish  church  seems  to  have  been  felt.  The  chancel 
was  left  in  ruins ;  through  it  the  parishioners  went, 
entering  the  church  through  the  east  tower  arch.  A 
wall  was  run  up  one  bay  from  the  west  end,  and  the 
holy  table  was  there  placed.  The  necessary  re-building 
was  done  in  a  rude  but  substantial  way ;  the  old  domes- 
tic buildings  serving  for  a  quarry.  The  church,  thus 
reversed,  remained  in  use  tUl  about  forty  years  ago, 
when  the  altar  was  removed  to  the  eastern  end  of  the 
nave,  and  a  diminutive  chancel  formed  for  it  by  an 
alcove.  The  upper  part  of  the  western  wall  of  1611 
was  broken  down,  to  make  room  for  a  gallery,  the  font 
set  in  its  right  place,  and  other  alterations  made; 
which,  though  not  worthy  of  this  fine  church,  show 
perhaps  as  much  taste  and  knowledge  as  were  possible 
at  that  time.  In  1849  a  handsomely-cai'ved  oak  reading- 
desk  was  presented  by  the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Parkinson; 
and  in  the  following  year  a  pulpit 'to  match  it  was 
erected,  the  gift  of  persons  connected  with  the  place, 
including  the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Fox,  provost  of  Queen's 
College,  Oxford.  In  1855  the  transepts  were  repaired, 
re-roofed,  and  added  to  the  parish  church.  In  1858  a 
fine  peal  of  eight  bells  was  purchased  by  subscription, 
aud  the  tower  raised  to  receive  them.  These  restora- 
tions have  been  carried  out  after  the  design  of  Mr. 
Butterfield.  A  handsome  font  has  been  presented 
by  Mr.  Howes,  contractor  for  the  restorations ;  the 
font-cover  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Captain  Fitchet. 
The  communion  plate  appears  to  have  been  presented 
by  the   benevolent  archbishop   whose   memory   is   so 


ST.  BEES  PARISH. 


429 


intimately  connected  with  the  place  as  the  founder  of  the 
Free  Grammar  School.  It  bears  the  date  1571,  and 
the  arms  of  the  archiepiscopal  see  of  York,  impaled 
with  those  of  Grindul.  Some  fragment?  of  the  ecclesi- 
astical buildings  anterior  to  the  Norman  priory  still 
e.\ist.  A  Saxon  impost,  with  a  bas-relief  of  Beowulf  (?) 
and  the  dragon,  is  built  into  the  south  aisle  wall  of  the 
nave,  outside ;  and  two  fragments  of  crosses,  found  in 
the  foundations  of  the  west  end,  are  placed  close  to  the 
west  door,  inside,  with  some  sepulchral  stones  of  very 
early  date.  The  lower  part  of  a  churchyard  cross,  of 
the  seventh  or  eighth  century,  stands  in  its  ancient 
place,  to  the  north  of  the  church.  Its  unusual  situation 
probably  shows  a  change  in  the  position  of  the  church. 
A  bust  of  the  late  Kev.  William  Aingcr,  D.D.,  by 
Lough,  is  placed  in  the  church,  over  a  monumental 
slab  bearing  the  following  inscription :  — 

TO   THE   JIEMORY  OF 
WILLIAM     AINGEIl,     D.D., 

Late  Fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  Canon  of  Chester, 

And  for  ~i  years  Incumbent  of  the  Parish, 

And  Principal  of  the  Clerical  Inslitulion  of  St.  Bees, 

Who  died  Oct.  20,  1840.     Aged  55  years. 

E.xemplary  in  all  the  relations  of  social  life. 

Gifted  with  a  kind  temper,  of  sound  learning,  and  high  principles, 

lie  gained  the  love  and  respect  of  all  who  hud  the  privilege 

of  liis  friendship. 

As  a  Parish  Priest  he  was  faithful  in  preaching  the  doctrines 

And  steadfast  in  upholding  the  discipline  of  the  Apostolical 

Church ; 

And  he  continued  during  the  best  years  of  his  life 

To  BUbtain  the  cause  of  religious  Truth 

Hy  his  writings  and  public  teaching  ;  above  all 

By  his  unwearied  devotcdness  to  the  Good  of  the  Clerical 

Institution, 

■Which  was  begun  under  his  superintending  care. 

And  where  ho  trained  fur  the  Ministry  of  the  Church, 

Both  in  England  and  its  Colonies,  several  hundred  Labourers, 

Who  entered  on  their  sacred  duties 

Strengthened  by  his  lessons  of  wisdom. 

Animated  by  his  zeal,  and  guided  by  his  example. 

To  commemorato  such  important  services,  and  labours  so  highly 

blessed, 

This  monnment  was  erected  by  a  subscription 

Of  bia  sorrowing  friends  and  pupils. 

Mfaff  I  die  the  death  of  the  riohttoiu,  and  may  my  last  end  be  like  Au. 

In  102'i  Bishop  Hridginan,  who  then  held  tho  sec  of 
Chester,  ordered  tho  inhabitants  of  the  five  chapclries 
of  Eskdalc,  EoQcrdole,  Wasdale  Head,  Netlier  VVasdale, 
and  Lowcswater,  to  contribute  to  tho  repairs  of  this  the 
mother  church.  In  1705  St.  Bees  was  certified  by  tho 
impropriator  as  worth  JU12  a  year.  Tho  bciiericc  is  a 
perpetual  curacy  in  tho  impropriation  and  patronage  of 
tho  Karl  of  Lonsdale,  and  is  now  worth  about  £103  per 
annum.  The  parish  registers  commence  in  1533,  and 
arc  perhaps  the  most  perfect  in  tho  county. 


Incumbents.— Pilchard  Jackson,  from  1704  to  17:i7  ;  William 

Scott,  to  1770 1  Robert  Scott, ;  Daniel  Rirkett, ;  William 

Harrison,  17S5;  Peter  Danson,  IHOfi;  James  Page,  18U7;  Peter 
Danson,  1810;  William  Wilson,  181 1 ;  William  Ainger,  D.D.,  1816 ; 
Robert  P.  Buddicom,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  1840;  Richard  Parkinson, 
D.D.,  E.S.A.,  1840  ;  George  H.  Ainger,  M.A.,  1858. 

ST.    BEES   COIXEOE. 

This  college  was  founded  by  Bishop  Law,  in  the 
year  1816,  endowed  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  with 
the  incumbency  of  the  parish  of  St.  Bees,  and  recognized 
by  act  of  Parliament  (3rd  and  4th  Vic.  cap.  77).  Its 
object  is  to  supply  a  good  and  economical  education 
for  candidates  for  holy  orders.  The  time  necessary  to 
be  spent  in  the  college  is  in  all  cases,  not  less  than  two 
years.  This  period  is  divided  into  four  terms  ;  during 
which  residence  is  indispensable.  The  first  term  com- 
mences about  the  25th  of  January,  and  ends  towards 
the  5th  of  May;  the  second  begins  about  the  25th  of 
August,  and  closes  about  the  5  th  of  December.  The 
tliird  and  fourth  are  Lke  the  first  and  second.  Students 
are  required  to  be  in  residence  sometime  before  the 
commencement  of  lectures,  which  begin  punctually 
(Sundays  excepted)  on  the  1st  of  February,  and  the 
1st  of  September.  Students  are  admitted  at  the  com- 
mencement of  either  term.  There  being  no  colle- 
giate buildings,  each  student  furnishes  himself  with  a 
house  or  lodgings  in  the  village,  under  tho  direction 
and  control  of  the  principal.  The  expense  of  board 
and  lodgings,  with  moderate  economy,  may  be  from 
eighteen  shillings  to  twenty-four  shillings  a  week,  for 
each  student.  The  fee  for  tuition  is  £10  a  term,  paid 
each  term  in  advance  :  three  guineas  are  paid  by  each 
student  when  ho  comes  into  residence,  in  aid  of  a  fund 
for  keeping  tho  college  in  repair,  and  increasing  tho 
library;  the  cap  and  gown  cost  about  £1  10s.;  this, 
with  tho  additional  cost  of  some  prescribed  books, 
includes  all  the  necessary  expenses.  The  librarian, 
who  is  generally  a  distinguished  student  of  the  college, 
is  exempted  from  tho  payment  of  tho  college  fee. 
Before  any  application  for  admission  can  be  entertained, 
the  principal  must  be  furnished  with  testimonials  from 
two  clergymen  of  the  Church  of  England  ;  one  of  these 
must  certify  (after  a  long  and  intimate  aciiuaintince) 
that  tho  person  in  whoso  behalf  it  is  given  is  a  man  of 
unblemished  morality  and  consistent  piety  ;  that  ho  is 
cordially  attached  to  the  Church  of  England ;  and 
lilted,  by  his  general  habits,  character,  and  attainments, 
for  tho  ollico  of  the  ministry.  It  raust  also  specify  his 
ago  and  condition,  as  well  as  his  pursuits  from  tho 
time  w  hen  lie  left  school  to  that  in  which  the  certificate 
is  grunted.  The  other  testimonial  is  to  certify,  after 
a  sincere  and  bonaJlJe  examination,  that  the  individual 


430 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DEKWENT  WARD. 


desiring  admission  is  able  to  construe  the  Greek  gospels 
and  Grotius  "  De  Veritate  "  readily  and  giammatically ; 
and  that  be  has  a  con*ect  knowledge  of  tl>e  rudiments  of 
Latin  composition.  Nu  student  can  continue  a  member 
of  the  college  whose  conduct  is  not  in  all  respects  satis- 
factory to  the  authorities.  The  limits  of  age  are  twenty- 
one  and  thirty-five.  It  is  desirable  that  the  testimonials 
should  be  sent  in  as  early  as  possible  before  the  com- 
mencement of  that  term  in  which  the  student  proposes 
to  begin  his  residence.  The  course  of  study  durin" 
the  four  terms  embraces  scriptural  and  ecclesiastical 
histoiT".  the  evidences  of  religion,  external  and  internal; 
an  expository  knowledge  of  the  New  Testament;  lectures 
on  the  creeds,  and  the  articles  of  religion ;  theology, 
doctrinal  and  pastoral;  and  Latin  and  English  com- 
position, especially  that  of  sermons.  The  lectures 
of  the  college  are  delivered  in  what  was  formerly 
the  chancel  of  the  priory  church,  which  was  fitted 
up  for  the  purpose  in  1810,  when  the  college  was 
founded.  One  of  the  lecture  rooms  ser^'es  as  the 
library,  and  contains  some  valuable  books.  Words- 
worth, in  the  preface  to  his  poem  of  St.  Bees,  tells  us 
that  "  the  old  conventual  church  is  well  worthy  of  being 
visited  by  any  strangers  who  might  be  led  to  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  this  celebrated  spot."  In  that  poem  the 
history  of  the  ecclesiastical  buildings  of  St.  Bees  is 
thus  summarized : — 

When  Beza  sought  of  yore  the  Cumbrian  coast. 

Tempestuous  winds  her  holy  passage  cross'J : 

She  knelt  in  prayer — the  waves  their  wrath  appease  ; 

And  from  lier  vow,  well  weigh'd  in  heaven's  decrees, 

Rose,  where  she  toueh'd  the  strand,  tlie  chantry  of  St.  Bees. 


When  her  sweet  voice,  that  instrument  of  love. 

Was  glorified,  and  took  its  place  above 

The  silent  stars,  among  the  angelic  quire, 

Her  chantry  blazed  with  sacrilegious  fire, 

And  perished  utterly  ;  but  her  good  deeds 

Had  sown  the  spot  that  witnessed  them  with  seeds, 

Which  lay  in  earth  expectant,  till  a  breeze, 

With  quickening  impulse,  answei'd  their  mute  pleas, 

And  lo !  a  statelier  pile,  the  Abbey  of  St.  Bees. 

■Who  with  the  ploughshare  clove  the  barren  moors, 
And  to  green  meadows  changed  the  swampy  shores? 
Thinn'd  the  rank  woods ;  and  for  the  cheerful  grange 
Made  room  where  wolf  and  boar  were  used  to  range? 
Who  taught  and  showed  by  deeds,  that  gentler  chains 
Should  bind  the  vassal  to  the  lord's  domains  ? 
The  thoughtful  monks  intent  their  God  to  please. 
For  Christ's  dear  sake,  by  human  sympathies 
Poured  from  the  bosom  of  thy  Church  of  St  Bees. 

But  all  availed  not;  by  a  mandate  giveu 
Through  lawless  will,  tlie  brotherhood  was  driven 
Forth  from  th?ircell ;  their  ancient  house  laid  low 
In  reformaUon's  sweeping  overthrow. 


But  now  once  more  the  local  Heart  rerives, 

The  inextinguishable  spirit  strives. 
Oh,  may  that  I'ower  who  hush'd  the  stormy  seas. 
And  clear'd  a  way  for  the  first  Votaries, 
Prosper  the  new-born  College  of  St,  Bees. 

The  following  have  filled  the  office  of  principal  of 
St.  Bees'  College  : — 

PRiscirALs. — William  Ainger,  1810 ;  Eobert  P.  Buddicom, 
1910;  R.  Parkinson,  lyiO;  G.  H.  Ainger,  1S08. 

TUE   GRAMMAS  SCHOOL. 

The  Grammar  School  of  St.  Bees  was  founded  by 
Archbishop  Grindal  in  1587,  under  a  charter  from 
Queen  Elizabeth,  which  provided  that  there  should  be 
seven  governors,  the  provost  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
and  the  rector  of  Egremont  for  the  lime  being,  always 
to  bo  two.  By  the  provisions  of  the  same  charter  it 
was  provided  that  after  the  founder's  demise  the  nomi- 
nation of  the  master  should  be  vested  in  the  provost  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  if  "  a  person  of  learning  "  and 
a  native  of  one  of  the  four  counties  of  Cumberland, 
Westmoreland,  York,  or  Lancaster ;  and  if  he  should 
neglect  for  two  months,  then  the  master  of  Pembroke 
Hall  is  to  nominate.  The  statutes  and  ordinances 
drawn  up  by  the  archbishop  for  the  government  of  the 
school  bear  date  July  3rd,  1583  ;  and  the  founder 
appointed  certain  lands,  &c.,  to  be  purchased,  of  the 
yearly  value  of  £50,  for  the  maintenance  of  his  school, 
to  be  employed  as  follows: — "For  the  finding  of  one 
fellow  and  two  scholars  in  Pembroke  llall,  £20 ;  to  the 
schoolmaster,  £20;  to  the  usher,  £3  Cs.  8d. ;  to  the 
receiver,  for  his  fee,  £1  ;  for  the  dinner  at  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  governors,  13s.  4d. ;  total,  £45.  The 
residue,  with  all  the  penalties  and  fines  paid,  to  be 
appropriated  in  repairs  and  other  necessary  charges." 
Archbishop  Grindal  died  July  0th,  1583,  before  the 
foundation  was  fully  completed,  leaving  £500  in  the 
hands  of  his  executors,  for  the  purchase  of  lands  of  the 
annual  value  of  £30,  for  the  further  maintenance  of 
the  school.  In  15S6  a  second  patent  was  granted  by 
(Jueen  Elizabeth.  James  I.,  by  letters  patent  dated 
June  25th,  1004,  in  augmentation  of  the  endowment, 
granted  to  the  school  skteen  messuages  or  tenements 
in  Sandwith,  previously  belonging  to  the  priory  of  St. 
Bees,  with  pasture  for  300  sheep  on  Sandwith  Marsh  ; 
forty-eight  messuages  in  the  manor  of  St.  Bees,  with 
divers  quit  rents,  A'c;  and  ICs.  8d.,  called  "Walk  Mill 
Silver,"  payable  yearly  by  the  tenants  of  the  manor ;  a 
rent  of  24s.  out  of  the  manor  of  Hensingham ;  with 
four  messuages  at  Hensingham  and  Wray.  These 
premises  were  parcel  of  the  lands  and  possessions  of 
Sir  Thomas  Chalouer,  Knt.,  then  deceased,  and  of  the 
yearly  value  of  £28  8s.  0}d.,  and  were  to  ba  held  as  of 


ST.  BEES  PAKISH. 


431 


the  manor  of  SheriEf  HuUod,  co.  York,  in  free  socage. 
These  grants  were  shortly  al'terwai'ds  coufirnicd  by  act 
of  Parliament.  Sir  John  Lowther,  who  died  in  1705, 
gaTe  a  valuable  library  to  this  school,  and  it  has  since 
been  augmented  by  other  donors.  The  site  of  the 
school  and  master's  house  was  given  by  T.  Chaloner, 
Esq.,  and  the  Lite  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  said  to  havo 
expended  a  considerable  sum  in  repairing  and  enlarging 
the  school,  which  forms  the  north  wing  of  the  present 
building.  It  is  now  very  comfortable  and  complete,  and 
will  accommodate  about  forty  boarders.  There  are  two 
exhibitions,  of  .t'25  per  annum  each,  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  founded  by  Dr.  Thomas  lUshop,  of  Piochester, 
for  the  sons  of  clergymen  of  the  diocese,  and  educated 
at  the  grammar  schools  of  St.  Bees  and  Carlisle.  A 
St.  Bees  scholar  has  also  the  privilege  of  becoming  a 
candidate  for  one  of  the  five  valuable  e.xhibilious  founded 
by  Lady  Elizabeth  Hastings,  in  1739.  The  late  Rev. 
J.  Dixon,  Fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  left  by 
will,  in  1858,  the  sum  of  .1'  1,000,  to  found  a  scholarship 
at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  for  a  native  of  Whitehaven 
who  had  been  educated  at  Si.  Bees  school ;  and  also 
£1,000  to  found  another  scholarship  at  the  same  college 
in  Oxford,  for  a  native  of  Whitehaven,  educated  at  St. 
Bees  or  any  other  school.  At  rembroke  College,  Cam- 
bridge, there  arc  three  e.xhibitions,  worth  £'iS  a  year, 
and  tenable  for  three  years  ;  and  when  the  present 
Grindal  fellowship  becomes  vacant,  the  college,  in  lieu 
of  it,  is  bound  to  give  to  the  school  f200  a  year, 
to  be  divided  by  the  governors  of  the  school  among 
boys  going  up  from  the  school  to  Cambridge,  in 
such  a  way  as  the  governors  may  think  fit.  The 
late  provost.  Dr.  Fox,  a  few  years  before  his  death, 
founded  a  scholarship  for  the  benefit  of  this  school ;  the 
value  of  it  is  the  perpetual  interest  of  i'1,000.  In  1815 
the  revenue  of  the  school  was  £\\'2  10s.,  exclusive  of  a 
bouse  and  about  five  acres  of  hind,  arising  chiefly  from 
coal  pits,  and  partly  from  lonl's  rents.  Its  accounts  in 
1858  were  as  follow  : — .Vmount  of  rents,  dividends  from 
funds,  and  returns  of  property  ta.x,  .£139  Os.  2d ;  balance 
in  receiver's  hands,  £1,21 1  fis.  3d. ;  amount  of  stock  in 
the  Throe-per-cont  Consols,  to  the  account  of  the  school, 
£22,382  6s.  2d. ;  and  amount  to  the  sinking  fund 
account,  £2, 091  VU.  Id.  There  were  during  the  same 
year  i;850  received  from  the  foundation  scholars,  and 
£289  3s.  2d.  as  balance  due  from  accounts  of  last  year. 
The  number  of  boys  in  the  school  at  Christmas,  1858, 
was  150,  of  which  forty-two  were  on  the  foundation. 
We  subjoin  the  rules  for  regulating  the  admission  and 
continuance  of  scholars  on  the  foundation; — "1.  No 
boy  will  bo  admitted  on  the  foundation  under  the  age 
of  niue  years,  nor  aboro  the  age  of  fourteen  jeors 


(except  under  particular  circumstances);  and  all  boys 
so  admitted  are  considered  in  a  probationary  position 
for  the  first  six  mouths,  after  which  time,  if  their  con- 
duct and  diligence  be  satisfactory,  their  nomination  is 
confirmed.  2.  Candidates  for  admission  are  required 
to  produce  certificates  of  their  baptism  an  1  birth  within 
either  of  the  counties  of  Cumberland  or  Westmoreland, 
together  with  testimonials  of  good  conduct  from  the 
minister  of  their  piirish,  or  their  schoolmaster,  accom- 
panied by  the  written  application  of  a  parent  or 
guardian.  3.  The  charge  for  board  and  lodging  is 
fi.Ked  for  the  present  at  the  sum  of  £20  per  annum, 
which  must  be  paid  half  yearly  in  advance.  This  sum 
includes  all  expenses  of  maintenance,  attendance,  wash- 
ing, and  education,  except  for  books  and  stationery,  and 
the  sum  of  2s.  Od.  payable  to  the  head  master  on  each 
scholar's  admission.  4.  Vacancies  are  filled  up  at  the 
two  half  yearly  meetings  of  the  governors,  in  the  months 
of  June  and  December ;  and  all  applications  for  admis- 
sion, together  with  the  certificates,  testimonials,  and 
application  mentioned  in  rule  2,  must  be  forwarded 
(postage  free)  to  the  head  master,  or  to  the  cleik,  before 
the  end  of  the  first  week  in  those  months.  5.  Boys 
must  bring  with  them  a  sufficient  supply  of  clothing,  in 
good  serviceable  condition,  to  be  renewed  and  kept  in 
repair  at  the  expense  of  their  parents. — It  is  requested 
that  before  the  removal  of  a  foundation  scholar  the 
parents  do  give  a  month's  previous  notice  to  the  clerk, 
in  order  that  the  vacancy  may  be  filled  up."  Boys  from 
any  county  are  received  into  the  school  as  boarders  with 
the  head  master.  The  school  house  is  a  plain  substan- 
tial building  near  the  church.  The  door  is  surmounted 
with  the  founder's  initials  and  the  following  inscrip- 
tion : — 

E         1587        a. 

ISOItEDBnB   CT    FnOIi'lCIAS. 

Uead  Masters.— Nicholas  Copeland,  15S6;  Willijun  Briseo 
1503;  William  Lickbarrow,  1012;  Francis  Ra<iolill'e,  1B30; 
BurnanJ  Gilpin,  lUTl);  .lonntlian  Banks,  1081;  lliclinrJ  Jackson, 

1(1H(J;    Alau  risher,  17:IS;    .lolm  .lames,  ;    Uobert  Scott, 

17;:l;  .lolm  Ilutchinson,  177S  ;  .Tolm  Barnes,  1791;  AVilliam 
Wilson,  It'll  ;  Thomas  Brnilley,  1(417;  John  Fox,  ISaO;  Miles 
AUiinson,  1843;  U.  H.  Heslop,  1H56. 

The  existence  of  the  Grammar  School  precludes  the 
necessity  of  a  boy's  national  school  in  the  township, 
except  for  infants,  as  tlie  village  boys,  above  seven 
years  of  age,  who  are  ible  to  read  fairly,  are  at  onco 
received  into  the  English  department,  on  the  founda- 
tion. ISoys  resident  in  tlio  village  ami  not  natives  of 
the  counties,  pay  a  quarterage. 

There  is  a  girls'  aud  infant  school  in  St.  Bees 
vilkge,  in  connection  with  the  national  society.  Tho 
mistress  is  appelated  by  the  iacuinbcnt  of  St  Bees. 


432 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


This  school  has  lately  been  endowed  with  the  perpetual 
interest  of  £500,  by  Mrs.  Thompson,  of  St.  Bees. 

There  is  a  missionary  association  for  collecting  sub- 
scriptions from  the  college  and  parish,  under  the  control 
of  the  principal  of  the  college,  of  which  the  bishop  of 
the  diocese  is  the  president,  and  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  the  patron.  The  public  meetings  held  in 
connection  with  this  association  are  two  at  St.  Bees, 
two  at  Sandwith,  and  one  at  Ncthertown  annually. 
It  transmits  about  £100  a  year  to  the  parent  missionary 
societies. 

There  is  also  a  clothing  club  for  the  benefit  of  those 
parents  who  have  children  in  any  of  the  three  national 
schools ;  it  has  been  working  well  for  some  time. 

Edwin  Sandys,  or  Sands,  archbishop  of  York,  was  a 
native  of  St.  Bees,  and  probably  educated  at  the  Gram- 
mar School  here.  He  was  the  founder  of  Hawkeshead 
School,  and  died  in  1588. 

I.OWSIDE   QUARTER. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  2,666  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £'2,145  13s.  In  1801  it  contained 
226  inhabitants;  in  1811,  311;  in  1821,  353;  in 
1831,  229;  in  1841,  299;  and  in  1851,  362.  This 
township  extends  from  Egremont  to  Braystones,  and 
contains  the  ruins  of  Egremont  Castle.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Whitehaven  and  Furness  junction  rail- 
way. General  Wyndham  is  lord  of  the  manor.  The 
landowners  are  Robert  Brisco,  Esq. ;  —  Brocklebauk, 
Esq. ;  and  H.  Jefferson,  Esq.  Here  is  a  flax  spinning 
mill,  carried  on  by  Messrs.  Robert  Brisco  and  Co. 

The  hamlets  in  the  township,  with  their  distance 
and  bearing  from  Egremont,  are  as  follow:  —  ^MidJle- 
town,  one  mile  and  a  half  south-west ;  Nethertown,  two 
miles  south-west ;  Coulderton,  two  and  a  quarter  miles 
south-west-by-west ;  with  part  of  the  hamlet  of  Lowmill, 
one  mile  south. 

Rothersyke,  the  residence  and  property  of  Henry 
Jefferson,  Esq.,  is  about  seven  mQes  south  of  White- 
haven. 

Here  is  a  school,  used  as  a  day-school,  for  children  of 
both  se.\es.  It  is  conducted  by  a  master,  and  serves 
also  as  a  Sunday-school  on  Sunday  afternoons,  when 
service  is  performed  by  one  of  the  clergy  from  St.  Bees, 
as  in  the  case  of  Sandwith. 

PRESTON   QUARTER. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  2,699  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £5,076.  It  contained  in  1801,  1,886 
inhabitants;  in  1811,3,261;  in  1821,4,256;  in  1831, 
4,323;  in  1841,  4,547;  and  in  1851,  5,102.  This 
township  extends  northward  from  St.  Bees  to  White- 
haven, to  which  town  it  forms  a  populous  suburb.    The 


Earl  of  Lonsdale  possesses  extensive  collieries  in  the 
township,  and  is  also  the  principal  landowner,  but  W. 
Lamb,  Esq.,  and  Mrs.  Burton  have  also  estates  here. 
The  manorial  rights  and  privileges  are  possessed  by  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale. 

The  Whitehaven  Union  Workhouse  is  situated  in  this 
township,  on  the  St.  Bees  road,  one  mile  south  of 
Whitehaven.  It  is  a  good  substantial  stone  structure, 
erected  in  1855-6,  and  possesses  accommodation  for  400 
persons.  The  cost  of  erection  amounted  to  £8,140, 
inclusive  of  the  site.  It  is  considered  the  finest  build- 
ing of  the  kind  in  the  north.  There  are  two  fever 
wards,  one  for  males  and  the  other  for  females. 

Preston  Quarter  township  also  includes  the  White- 
haven Cemetery,  which  is  about  a  mile  from  the  town. 
It  covers  an  area  of  eleven  acres,  and  is  very  tastefully 
laid  out,  commanding  good  views  of  the  surrounding 
country.  There  are  two  very  neat  Gothic  chapels  for 
the  Church  of  England  and  the  Dissenters,  and  a  neat 
lodge.  The  cost  of  the  whole,  inclusive  of  the  purchase 
of  the  land,  was  £6,100.  The  cemetery  was  consecrated 
on  the  18th  November,  1855. 

Banks  Hall,  or  Green  Banks,  is  the  seat  and  property 
of  Wilham  Lumb,  Esq. 

ROTTISGTON. 

The  area  of  Rottington  is  735  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  £540.  The  population  in  1801  was  48  ;  in  1811, 
52 ;  in  1821,  50  ;  in  J  831,  45  ;  in  1841,  52  ;  and  in 
1851,  49. 

The  manor  of  Rottington  belonged,  in  ancient  times, 
to  a  family  bearing  the  local  name.  From  the  Rotting- 
tons  it  passed  in  marriage  to  the  Sands,  originally  of 
Burgh-upon-Sands.  In  1578  Robert  Sands,  gentle- 
man, held  tlie  hamlet  of  Rottington,  late  the  property 
of  Jolin  Fleming,  by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of  court. 
The  Sands  sold  it  to  the  Curwens  for  the  sum  of  £700. 
Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  devised  it  to  Henry  Pclham, 
Esq.,  from  whom  it  was  purchased,  in  1762,  by  Sir 
James  Lowthcr,  Bart.,  afterwards  Earl  of  Lonsdale, 
from  whom  it  has  descended  to  the  present  carl,  who 
is  also  the  principal  landowner.  The  tithes  of  the 
township  have  been  commuted  for  £24,  payable  to  the 
lord  of  the  manor. 

Rottington  Hall,  supposed  to  have  been,  in  olden 
time,  a  residence  of  the  Mossop  family,  has  been  super- 
seded by  a  modern  farmhouse,  the  residence  of  Mr. 
Henry  Mossop,  who  derives  his  descent  from  a  branch 
of  the  Mossop  family. 

SANDWITH. 

The  area  of  Sandwith  township  is  1,406  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  £2,417.    The  population  in  1801  was 


ENNEEDALE   CIIAPELKY. 


433 


180;  in  1811,  283;  in  1831.  358;  in  1831,  328;  in 
1841,  310;  and  in  1851,  374.  This  township  lies 
north  of  that  of  Rottington,  and  extends  to  St.  Bees 
Head.  It  is  iiiekuled  in  that  portion  of  the  manor  of 
St.  Bees  which  belongs  to  the  governors  of  St.  Bees 
Grammar  School.  Mrs.  Hartley,  A.  Thompson,  Esq., 
and  the  Rev.  11.  Lowther,  are  the  principal  hiud- 
onners. 

There  were  formerly  three  coal  pits  in  this  township, 
the  Fo.x  Pit.  the  Wilson  Tit,  and  the  Croft  Pit ;  the 
two  former  have  been  laid  in  for  many  years.  The 
Croft  Pit  is  still  working.  It  has  one  shaft,  of  the  per- 
pendicular depth  of  150  fathoms.  It  employs  about 
200  hands,  and  produces  about  300  tons  of  coal  per 
day. 

Here  is  a  school  for  girls  and  infants,  the  mistress  of 
which  is  appointed  by  the  incumbent  of  St.  Bees.  It  is 
used  as  a  Siimlayschool  on  Sunday  afternoons,  and  in  the 
evening  full  church  service  is  performed  here  by  one  of 
the  clergy  from  St.  Bees.  This  afternoon  school  and 
evening  service  are  supplemental  to  the  service  at  the 
parish  church,  and  to  the  Sunday-school  in  the  morning. 

On  St.  Bees  Head,  in  this  township,  in  latitude 
54°  31'  north,  longitude  3°  30  west,  is  a  lighthouse,  the 
light  of  which  is  stationary  and  333  foot  above  water 
mark  ;  it  is  seen  twenty-three  miles,  with  a  range  from 


north -north -east  seaward  to  south -south -east.  This 
lighthouse  was  erected  in  18;i2,  in  place  of  a  former 
one,  which  had  been  burnt  down.  The  cliffs  abound 
with  sea-fowl. 

WEDDICAR. 

Weddicar  comprises  an  area  of  92i3  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  .l'r/2(j.  Its  population  in  1801  was 
34;  in  1811,  41);  in  1821,  52;  in  1831,  55;  in  1841, 
59;  and  in  1851,  40. 

The  numor  of  Weddicar  formerly  belonged  to  the 
Ponsonby  family.  By  an  inquisition  post  mortem  of 
Thomas  de  Multon  of  Egremont,  taken  in  the  15th 
Edward  11.  (1321-2),  it  appears  that  John,  son  of 
Rayiier  le  Fleming,  held  of  the  said  Thomas  the 
hamlets  of  Rottington,  Weddicar,  Beckerraet,  Frising- 
ton,  and  Arlecdon,  by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of  court 
at  Egremont.  In  1578  John  Patrickson  held  the 
hamlet  of  Weddicar  by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of 
court.  The  manor  is  now  held  by  the  Earl  of  Lons- 
dale, who,  with  the  Baroness  de  Sternberg,  is  the  prin- 
cipal proprietor. 

The  township  contains  only  eight  scattered  houses,  a 
cottage,  and  a  mill  belonging  to  Messrs.  Randelsou  and 
Forster,  in  which  dyewood,  colours,  &c.,  are  ground. 


ENNERDALE   CIIAPELRY. 

Tnis  chapelry  is  bounded  on  tho  north  by  Eskdale,  Salter,  and  Eskatt  (extra  parochial),  and  Winder  and  Kolton, 
in  the  parish  of  Ldinplugh  ;  on  the  north-cast  by  Lo.veswatcr  and  Buttcrmerc  chapelry  ;  on  the  east  by  Borrowdale; 
on  the  south  by  Kinniside,  the  extra  parochial  district  of  Copeland  Forest,  Nether  Wasdale,  and  Eskdale  and 
Wasdale.  It  comprises  the  townships  of  Ennerdalc  and  Kinniside,  and  has  been  considered  by  some  to  form  a 
separate  parish,  or  parochial  chapelry;  but  that  it  is  dependent  on  St.  Bees  is  proved  by  a  verdict  given  at  Carlisle 
in  1090,  and  in  the  population  returns  it  is  always  given  as  a  chapelry  of  the  ancient  parish  of  St.  Bees.  The 
principal  landowners  of  the  chapelry  are  liOrd  Lonsdale :  John  Dickinson,  Esq.;  Heury  Attwood,  Esq.;  Thomas 
Ainsworth,  Esq.;  Messrs.  William  Towerson,  Hichard  Shepherd,  and  Henry  Steel. 

known  to  tourists  until  within  tho  last  few  years.     A 


ENNEIIDALE. 

The  area  of  the  township  is  17,782  acres,  and  the 
rateable  value,  inclusive  of  Kinniside  township,  is 
£1,021  18s.  (id.  The  population  in  1801  was  190; 
in  1811,  189;  in  1821,  209;  in  1831,  192;  in  1841, 
183;  and  in  1851,  193. 

Ennerdulo  appears  to  have  been  forest  land  in  old 
times,  and  in  the  Sandford  MSS.  wo  find  several 
references  to  the  bow  bearer  of  Enncrdalo  Forest,  and 
also  to  tlio  fact  that  the  forest  and  mountains  of  Enner- 
dalc were  "stocked  with  deer,  harts,  and  stags."  Enner- 
dalc lake,  two  miles  distaut  from  tho  church,  was  little 
BO 


comfortable  and  commodious  inn  was  erected  about 
1855,  on  its  borders,  and  is  much  resorted  to.  The 
lake  covers  1,400  acres  of  land.  Tho  water  is  con- 
sidered the  purest  in  the  north,  and  from  it  the  town  of 
Whitehaven  receives  its  supply.  It  is  of  no  great 
depth,  but  abounds  with  fine  trout  and  other  fish. 
Tho  river  Elicn  takes  its  rise  here,  and  the  Liza  forms 
a  tributary  stream  to  the  lake.  The  pa.ssagc  winding 
round  the  base  of  tho  mountains  afTords  a  variety  of 
narrow  pastoral  scenes  overlooked  by  scowling  rocks 
and  precipices,  of  which  those  called  the  Pillar,  Stye 


434 


ALLEEDALEABOTE-DEBWEKT  WARD. 


Head,  Honister  Crag,  Wasdale,  Red  Pike,  and  Steeple, 
are  tlic  great  landmarks  of  this  tract,  and  the  most 
remarkable. 

The  manor  of  Ennerdale,  or  ratlicr  a  portion  of  it, 
was  given  by  Eanulpb,  son  of  William  de  Meschines, 
to  the  priory  of  St.  Bees ;  the  other  portion  passing  in 
the  division  of  the  barony  of  Egremout  to  the  Har- 
ringtons of  Harrington,  from  them  came  by  successive 
heiresses  to  the  Boyvilles  and  Greys,  and  was  ultimately 
forfeited  to  the  crown,  in  1551,  by  the  attainder  of 
Henry  Duke  of  Suffolk.  The  whole  of  the  manor  is 
BOW  held  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 

Castle  How,  another  manor  in  the  township,  was 
long  the  scat  and  property  of  the  Patrickson  family,  by 
whom  it  was  sold  to  Joseph  TifEn,  Esq.  It  was  sub- 
sequently purchased  by  Joseph  Senhouso,  Esq.,  of 
Calder  Abbey,  who  rebuilt  the  capit.al  messuage  of 
Castle  How,  or  How  Hall,  and  saved  many  of  the 
antiquities  of  the  place. 

The  village  of  Ennerdale  is  situated  on  the  banks  of 
the  river  Ehen,  one  mOe  west  of  the  lake  from  which  it 
derives  its  name,  and  eight  miles  south-south-east  of 
Whitehaven.  An  annual  sheep  fair  is  held  here  on  the 
second  Tuesday  in  September. 

THE     CHAPEl. 

Ennerdale  chapel,  distant  about  six  miles  from  the 
mother  church  of  St.  Bees,  is  a  neat  Norman  structure, 
erected  in  1858,  upon  the  site  of  the  old  chapel,  and 
was  consecrated  by  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  in  July  of 
the  same  year.  The  seats  are  open,  sufficiently  nume- 
rous to  accommodate  about  300  persons,  and  arc 
uniform  in  construction.  The  exterior  includes  a  turret 
in  which  the  original  bell  of  the  old  chapel  has  been 
placed.  On  removing  the  bell  to  its  new  position,  it 
was  found  to  bear  an  inscription  round  the  rim  to  the 
following  effect : — "  Sancta  Bega,  era  pro  nobis  " — St. 
Bega,  pray  for  us.  Interiorly  the  chapel  consists  of 
a  nave  and  apse,  in  the  latter  of  which  stands  the 
communion  table.  Mr.  C.  Eaglesfield,  of  Maryport, 
was  the  architect,  and  Mr.  J.  Cape,  of  Cockermouth, 
the   contractor.      The   funds    for  the   reconstruction 


of  the  edifice  were  raised  by  subscriptioc  among  the 
residents  of  the  neighbourhood,  assisted  by  a  grant 
of  i'OO  from  the  Church  Building  Society.  Ennerdale 
chapel  was  certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty  at  £i  13s.  4d.,  which  was  paid  by  the  im- 
propriator ;  and  was  returned  to  tlie  Ecclesiastical 
Commissioners  as  of  the  annual  value  of  £84.  In 
1810  the  tithes  were  commuted  for  a  yearly  rent 
charge  of  £143,  viz.,  .£08  for  Ennerdale,  and  £75  for 
Kinniside.  The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the 
patronage  of  Henry  Curwen,  Esq.  The  registers  of 
the  chapelry  commence  in  1548.  The  Eev.  William 
Malonc  Jukes  is  the  present  incumbent. 

The  parsonage  house,  of  no  particular  style  of  azcbi- 
tecture,  was  erected  in  1843. 

The  parish  school,  supported  by  the  quarter  pence  of 
the  children,  is  attended  by  about  thirty  scholars. 

CHABITY. 

Ennerdale  and  Kinniside  (donor  unknown). — There 
is  in  this  township,  the  sum  of  £27,  the  interest  of 
which,  £1  Is.  9d.,  is  given  away  yearly  on  Ea,ster 
Tuesday,  to  the  poor  who  do  not  receive  parochial  relief. 

KINNlSrCE. 

The  area  of  Kinniside  is  1 1,950  acres.  The  number 
of  inhabitants  in  1801  was  179;  in  1811,  209;  in  1821, 
225;  in  1831,  297;  in  1841,  223;  and  in  1851,  939. 
This  township  is  about  five  and  a  half  miles  east-south- 
cast  of  Whitehaven.  Here  is  a  lead  mine  leased  by  the 
London  Lead  Company,  of  General  Wyndham,  who  is 
lord  of  the  manor.  The  soil  belongs  mostly  to  resident 
yeomen. 

In  an  inquisition  taken  in  1578,  Kinniside  is 
returned  as  within  the  forest  of  Copeland,  and  it  is 
stated  that  the  tenants  there  paid  yearly  to  the  lord 
"  for  the  freelege  of  their  tolls  through  all  the  markets 
and  fairs  in  Copeland  a  certain  custom  called  Doortoll, 
viz.,  for  every  tenements'  door  2d,"  which  then  amounted 
to  Cs.  lOd.  The  sum  total  of  the  rents,  Ac,  in  luuni- 
side  amounted  to  £6  ISs,  5d. 


ESKDALE    CHAPELRY. 

KsKDALE  chapelry  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Ennerdale  and  Crosthwaite ;  on  the  west  by  Nether  Wasdale,  Irton, 
and  Muncaster;  and  on  the  south  and  cast  by  Birker  and  Austhwaite,  in  the  parish  of  Millom.  Eskdale  and 
Wasdale  Head  form  a  joint  township,  which  contains  the  hamlets  of  Boot,  Gatehouse  Green,  and  Miterdale,  with  a 
few  scattered  dwellings  in  the  romantic  vale  of  the  Esk.  Under  the  new  arrangement  of  wards  which  was  effected 
m  1857,  Eskdale  and  Wasdale  Head  were  included  in  Bootle  AVard.  Copper  is  worked  iu  the  vale  of  the  Esk  by 
the  Birker  Copper  Mining  Company.  The  lake  of  Wastwater  is  partly  in  Nether  Wasdale,  and  partly  in  Eskdale 
and  Wasdale.     Scawfell  is  in  Eskdale  and  Wasdale. 


KSKDALE    CHAPELRY. 


435 


The  area  of  Eskdale  is  13,000  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  jEl,89-i  133.  Tlie  number  of  inhabitants  ia 
1801  was,  inclusive  of  Wnsdale  Head,  333;  ia  1811, 
238;  in  1821,396;  in  is? I,  354;  iu  1841.  of  Eskdale 
alone,  340;  and  in  1851,  374.  General  Wyudhaiu  is 
lord  of  the  manors  of  Eskdale  and  Miterdale,  as  parcel 
of  his  barony  of  Egremont,  but  the  farms  have  beeu 
enfrancbLsed,  and  are  now  discharged  of  fines,  heriots, 
and  customary  services,  except  the  payment  of  doortoll 
and  greenhew,  doing  suit  and  service  at  the  courts  leet 
and  baron,  &c.,  at  Ravenglass.  Au  inquisition  taken 
in  1578  records  that  at  that  period  the  tenants  of 
Eskdale  paid  yearly  for  every  tenement  or  householder 
doortoll,  for  which  they  were  free  in  all  the  fairs  and 
markets  within  the  lordship  of  Copeland,  and  \Yhich 
doortoll  amounted  to  5s.  2d.  per  annum.  The  sum 
total  of  the  rents  in  Eskdale  at  the  time  mentioned 
was  67  15s.  4  Jd.  The  same  inquisition  further  informs 
us  that  the  tenants  of  Miterdale  enjoyed  the  same 
privileges  of  freedom  from  toll,  &c.,  by  paying  a  door- 
toll amounting  to  Is.  4d.  a  year;  the  sum  total  of  the 
rents  of  Miterdale  being  £3  4s.  5d.  The  landowners 
in  the  township  are  General  Wyndham,  Rev.  Joseph 
Kitchen,  Messrs.  Stephen  Nicholson,  John  Towers, 
Joseph  Sharpe,  John  Sharpe,  John  Russell,  Joseph 
Rodgers,  Jonathan  Benson,  John  Porter,  and  several 
small  proprietora. 

THE  CHAPEL. 

Eskdale  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Catherine,  is 
situated  in  the  centre  of  the  dale,  about  fourteen 
miles  from  the  mother  church  of  St.  Bees.  It  is  a 
very  ancient  structure,  with  bell  turret  carrying  two 
bells,  and  possesses  accommodation  for  about  ^00 
persons.  There  arc  thirty  free  sittings.  Some  of  the 
windows  contain  stained  glass,  on  which  is  depicted 
the  figure  of  the  patron  saint  of  the  chapel,  with  the 
wheel,  her  distinguishing  symbol.  In  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  chapel  is  St.  Catherine's  Well.  The 
cbapel  was  certified  in  1717  at  £9  per  annum,  of 
which  sum  £5  arose  from  the  interest  of  .ClOO  given 
by  Edward  Stanley,  Esq.,  in  the  reign  of  William  III. 
It  possesses  a  small  glebe,  and  the  benefice  has  been 
augmented  by  Queen  Anne's  Bounty.  The  living  is 
a  perpetual  curacy,  the  presentJition  to  which  was 
anciently  in  the  purisbionei-s ;  but  tho  patronage, 
which  has  beeu  some  time  in  the  Stanley  family,  is 
now  vested  in  Edward  Stanley,  Esq.,  of  Pousonby. 
In  1792  the  benelico  was  worth  about  £30  a  year;  it 
is  now  worth  about  £70.  The  great  tithes  belong  to 
Edwurd  Stanley,  Esq.  Tho  registers  of  tho  chapelry 
commence  in  1020. 


Incuiibents. — Thomas  Parker,  died  1769;' Aaron  Marshall, 
1770;  Robert  I'owley,  IMl. 

In  1849  a  small  Wesleyan  chapel  was  erected  at  the 
west  end  of  the  township ;  and  there  are  two  schools. 

CHAIUTrES. 

For  Hut  Poor.  —  A  table  of  benefaction  in  Eskdale 
chapel  contains  the  following  charities  for  the  use  of 
tho  poor.  Edward  Stanley,  Esq.,  in  1715,  left  to  the 
poor  of  Eskdale  and  Birker  £40,  the  yearly  interest  to 
be  distributed  in  bread  on  Easter  even;  John  Uartley, 
of  Church-house,  in  1733,  to  the  poor  of  Eskdale  £10; 
—  Tidy,  prior  to  1715,  left  to  the  poor  of  Birker 
£7  10s.;  Edward  Hartley,  of  Spout  House,  in  1752, 
left  to  the  poor  of  Eskdale  and  Birker  £20 ;  some 
person  or  persons  unknown  left  to  the  poor  of  Eskdale 
and  Birker  £20;  in  ITJo  the  trustees  deducted  from 
the  interest  to  increase  the  principal  £2  10s. ;  total, 
£100.  Bilker,  the  place  mentioned  above,  is  in  the 
chapelry  of  Eskdale,  but  is  no  part  of  that  township,  as 
it  forms,  with  Austhwaite,  a  hamlet  in  the  parish  of 
Millom.  Half  of  tho  interest  is  given  away  the  first 
Sunday  after  Easter,  by  the  minister  and  chapel  wardens 
of  Eskdale  and  Birker,  amougst  poor  householders  of 
Eskdale,  and  the  other  half  amongst  poor  householders 
of  Birker  and  .A.usthwaite.  The  money  is  not  given  te 
any  person  who  has  received  parochial  relief  in  the 
course  of  the  year.  The  name  of  every  person  who  has 
received  tliis  charity,  with  the  sum  given,  has  been 
entered  regulai'ly  in  the  chapel  book,  at  least  from  tha 
year  1751. 

School. — It  is  inscribed  on  tho  tablet  of  benefactions 
above-mentioned  that  Edmund  Wilson  of  Gillbank,  prior 
to  1723,  left  by  will  to  Eakdale  School  £M0.  Edward 
Hartley  of  Spout  House,  in  1762,  left  to  the  said  school 
£30,  the  yearly  interest  thereof  "  for  the  use  of  the 
schoolmaster  in  Eskdale,  who  should  teach  poor  children 
in  Eskdale  free."  The  sums  of  £7  and  £1,  arising 
from  savings  during  a  vacancy  in  the  school,  have  been 
added  to  the  principal.  The  interest  of  tills  money  is 
regularly  paid  to  the  teacher  of  the  school. 

WASDALE    HEAD. 

Wasdale  Head  is  a  joint  township  with  Eskdale,  and 
contains  an  area  of  7,000  acres.  The  population  till 
l!?4l  was  returned  with  Eskdale:  iu  that  yeai'  it  was 
35,  and  iu  1851,  47,  inhabiting  seven  houses.  Iron  ore 
has  been  found  here,  but  has  not  beeu  worked  since 
1855.  The  township  possesses  a  bobbin  manulkctoij, 
a  woollen  mauufactury,  and  a  corn-milL 

'  Tliii  i^nlleman  was  blinii  for  twrntj  years  heton  his  dtemte, 
yet  (liiriii^  tliat  tiiiif  Itc  pn-echrd  niiil  perfnrmrd  every  luinistorial 
>liuy,  villi  ilie  exccpiiua  of  ruuliug  Uie  psaluia  aud  Icssuus,  nUich 
«ei«  read  by  bis  son. 


436 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


Wnsdalo  Head  form'!  part  of  the  manor  of  Eskdale, 
belonging  to  General  Wyudham.  Mr.  John  Denton 
informs  us  that  Wasdalo  was  a  place  full  of  red  deer ; 
"  the  inheritance  of  the  Earls  of  Xorthumbcrkind  ;  and 
before  the  Lucys'  lands  being  parcel  of  their  third  part 
of  the  barony  of  Egremout,  which  Thomas  Lucy  got 
with  his  wife  Margaret,  one  of  the  daughters  and  co- 
heirs of  John  Moulton,  last  of  that  name,  baron  of 
Egremont."  In  1378  an  inquisition  was  taken,  from 
which  we  subjoin  the  following  particulars  relating  to 
Wasdale  Head:—"  The  tenants  of  Wasdale  Head  hold 
a  great  parcel  of  the  lord's  waste  called  forest  male, 
being  (as  they  alledge)  a  common  only  proper  to  them- 
selves, and  render  per  annum  17s."  The  same  docu- 
ment also  gives  the  "  sum  total  of  the  rents  in  Wasdale 
Head  "  at  £7  7s. ;  and  it  further  informs  us  that  "then 
hath  been  (and  also  is  at  this  day)  paid  unto  the  said 
earl  heriots  at  the  several  deaths  of  every  tenant  in 
Nether  Wasdale,  Mitenlale,  and  Wasdale  Head,  which 
custom  continueth.  There  is  yearly  paid  unto  the 
Queen's  [Elizabeth]  majesty,  out  of  one  common  in 
Wasdale  Head,  called  forest  male,  Ss.  4d.''  The 
chapelries  of  Wasdale  Head,  Nether  Wasdale,  and 
Eskdale,  adjoin  each  other,  and  form  a  mountainous 
region  of  about  forty  square  miles.  Green  tell  us  that 
the  vale  of  Wasdale  Head  is  fruitful,  and  if  divested  of 
its  stone  walls  and  better  planted  would  truly  be  a 
pastoral  paradise ;  all  its  inhabitants  are  shepherds, 
and  live  at  the  feet  of  the  most  stupendous  mountains. 
Hutchinson  tells  us  that  in  his  time  one  of  the  land- 
owners, whose  name  was  Fletcher,  derived  "  the  family 
possessions  here  from  a  course  of  not  less  than  700 
years." 

The  small  hamlet  of  Wasdale  Head  is  situated  at  the 
head  of  Wastwater,  twelve  miles  north-east  of  Raven- 
glass,  and  fourteen  miles  cast-by-soulh  of  Egremont, 
and  consists  of  the  cliapel,  a  few  scattered  homesteads, 
and  a  school. 

THE    CHAPEL. 

AVasdale  Head  Chapel  is  a  small  unpretending  struc- 
ture, containing  only  eight  pews,  and  unprovided  with 
a  burial-ground,  the  dead  being  interred  at  the  chapel 
of  Nether  Wasdale.  It  was  certified  to  the  governors 
of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  as  of  the  annual  value  of  £3, 
and  to  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  at  £19  ;  the 
Clergy  List  gives  its  present  value  at  £80  a  year.  The 
tithes  belong  to  Edward  Stanley,  Esq.,  of  Ponsonby. 
The  benefice  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the  patronage  of 
the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  registers  commence  in  1721. 
The  Rev.  Joseph  Kitchen  is  the  present  incumbent, 
being  appointed  in  1819. 

Boot  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  seven  miles  east- 


north-east  of  Ravenglass ;  a  fair  is  held  here  on  the 
2nd  of  September.  Gatehouse  Green  is  another  ham- 
let five  miles  north-east  of  the  same  placo.  ^litcrdale 
is  a  beautiful  glen,  lying  between  the  screes  and  the 
hills  on  the  north  side  of  Eskdale.  It  contains  a  few 
farmhouses,  seven  miles  north-east  of  Ravenglass. 

On  a  stone  near  Buck  Crag  are  the  impressions  of 
the  foot  of  a  man,  a  boy,  and  a  dog,  whicli  appear  to 
be  the  work  of  nature.     Doe  Crag  and  Earn  Crag  are 
two  remarkable  precipices,  the  former  being  480  feet 
in  perpendicular  height,  and  the  latter  31J0  feet. 
Bummoor  Tarn  is  in  this  township. 
The   aggregation   of  mountains,  called   collectively 
Scawfell,  which  stand  at  the  head  of  Wasdale,  in  this 
township,  form  four  several  summits  bearing  separate 
names.     The  most  southerly  of  the  four  is  Scawfell, 
3,100  feet  high ;  the  next  is  Scawfell  Pike,  3,100  feet; 
Lingmell,  of  considerably  lower  elevation,  is  more  to 
the  west,  forming  a  sort  of  buttress  for  the  support  of 
the  loftier  heights;  and  Great  End  is  the  advanced 
guard  on  the  north,  having  its  aspect  towards  Borrow- 
dale.     The  whole  mass  is  composed  of  hard  dark  slate. 
The  Pike  is  the  highest  summit  in  England,  and  is 
marked  as  such  by  a  staff  set  up  on  a  pile  of  stones  by 
the  ordnance  surveyors.     The  summit  is  bare  of  every- 
thing that  grows,  except  moss.    Not  a  blade  of  grass  is 
to  be  seen;  and,  such  being  the  case,  it  follows  that 
the  herdsman  and  shepherd  have  never  to  come  here 
after  their  charge.     Blocks  and  inclined  planes  of  slate 
rock  compose  the  peak.    With  regard  to  the  view  from 
it,  we  cannot  do  better  than  transciibe  portions  of  that 
Letter  to  a  Friend  which  Wordsworth  published  many 
years  ago,  and  which  is  the  best  account  we  have  of  the 
greatest  mountain  e.xcursion  in  England.    The  weather 
was,  however,  unusual.    The  guide  said,  when  on  the 
summit,  "  I  do  not  know  that  in  my  whole  life  I  was 
ever,  at  any  season  of  the  year,  so  high  upon  the  moun- 
tains on  so  calm  a  day."     It  was  the  7tli  of  October. 
"  On  the  summit  of  the  Pike,"  says  the  letter,  "  which 
we  gained  after  much  toil,  though  without  difficulty, 
there  was  not  a  breath  of  air  to  stir  even  the  papers 
containing  our  refreshment,  as  they  lay  spread  out 
upon  a  rock.     The  stillness  seemed  to  be  not  of  this 
world.     We  paused  and  kept  silence,  to  listen,  and  no 
sound  could  be  beard.     The  Scawfell  cataracts  were 
voiceless  to  us,  and  there  was  not  an  insect  to  hum  in 
the  air.   The  vales  which  we  had  seen  from  Esk  Hause 
lay  yet  in  view;  and,  side  by  side  with  Eskdale,  we 
now  saw  the  sister  vale  of  Donnerdalc,  terminated  by 
the  Duddon  Sands.    But  the  majesty  of  the  mountains 
below,  and  close  to  us,  is  not  to  be  conceived.  We  now 
beheld  the  whole  mass  of  Great  Gable  from  its  base,  the 


HENSINGHAM   CHAPELRY. 


437 


Den  of  Wasdalc  at  our  feet — a  gulf  immeasurable;  Gras- 
mire,  and  the  other  mouutains  of  Crummock;  Enner- 
dale  and  its  mountains  ;  and  the  sea  bc^'oud  !  .  .  . 
While  wc  were  gazing  around,  'Look,'  I  exclaimed,  'at 
yon  ship  upon  the  glittering  sea!'  'Is  it  a  ship?'  re- 
plied our  shepherd  guide.  'It  can  be  nothing  else,' 
interposed  my  companio«;  'I  cannot  be  mistaken,  I 
am  80  accustomed  to  the  appearance  of  ships  at  sea.' 
The  guide  dropped  the  argument;  but,  before  a  miuute 
was  gone,  he  quietly  said,  'Now  look  at  your  ship— it 
is  changed  into  a  horse!'  So  it  was — a  horse  with  a 
gallant  neck  and  head.  We  laughed  heartily;  and  I 
hope,  when  again  inclined  to  be  positive,  I  may  remem- 
ber the  ship  and  the  horse  upon  the  glittering  sea,  and 
the  calm  confidence,  yet  submissiveness,  of  our  wise 
man  of  the  mountains,  who  certiiiily  had  more  know- 
ledge of  the  clouds  than  we,  whatever  might  be  our 
knowledge  of  ships.  I  know  not  how  long  we  might 
have  remained  on  the  summit  of  the  l^iko,  without  a 
thought  of  moving,  had  not  our  guide  warned  us  that 
we  must  not  linger,  for  a  storm   was  coming.     We 


looked  in  vain  to  espy  the  signs  of  it.  Jlountains, 
vales,  and  sea,  were  touched  with  the  clear  hght  of  the 
sun.  '  It  is  there! '  said  he,  pointing  to  the  sea  beyond 
Whitehaven;  and  there  we  perceived  a  light  vapour, 
unnociceable  but  by  a  shepherd  accustomed  to  watch 
all  mountain  bodings.  We  gazed  around  again,  and 
yet  again,  unwilling  to  lose  the  remembrance  of  what 
lay  before  us  in  that  mountain  solitude,  and  then  pre- 
pared to  depart.  Meanwhile  the  air  changed  to  cold, 
and  we  saw  that  tiny  vapour  swelled  into  mighty  masses 
of  cloud,  which  came  boiling  over  the  mountains. 
Great  Gable,  Helvellyn,  and  Skiddaw  were  wrapped  in 
storm,  yet  Langdale  and  the  mountains  in  that  quarter 
remained  all  bright  in  sunshine.  Soon  the  storm 
reached  us.  We  sheltered  under  a  crag;  and,  almost 
as  rapidly  as  it  had  come,  it  passed  away,  and  left  us 
free  to  observe  the  struggles  of  gloom  and  sunshine  in 
other  quarters.  Langdale  had  now  its  share ;  and  the 
Pikes  of  Langdale  were  decorated  by  two  splendid  rain- 
bows. Before  we  again  reached  Esk  Hause,  every 
cloud  had  vanished  from  every  summit." 


HENSINGHAM 

This  chapelry  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Weddicar  and 
detached  portion  of  Sandwith  township  ;  on  the  south  by 
Egremont,  and  township  of  St.  Bees ;  and  on  the  east  by 
Hensinghara  only.     There  are  numerous  gentlemen's  seats. 

The  area  of  Ilensingham  township  is  956  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  £4,290.  The  number  of  inhabitants 
in  1801  was  590;  in  1811,  8-20;  in  18-21.  800;  in 
1831,  936;  in  1811,  1,019;  and  in  1851,  1,330. 

The  earliest  recorded  possessor  of  the  manor  of  Hen- 
singham  is  one  Gillesbeuth,  whose  sons,  Roger  and 
William,  granted  to  the  abbey  of  St.  JIary  at  York  two 
bovates  of  land  here.  The  tenants  appear  to  have  been 
included  in  this  grant.  Other  authorities  inform  us 
that  Alan,  son  of  Ketcl,  at  the  instance  of  Chrislian, 
his  wife,  gave  millstones  to  the  abbot  and  monks  of 
Holme  Cultram  out  of  his  lands  at  Ilensingham.  The 
Moresby  family  appear  to  have  hold  land  here.  In  the 
reign  of  Edward  I.  we  find  a  moiety  of  the  ninnor  held 
of  Adam  de  Moresby  by  the  Branthwaitcs.  l''rom  the 
last-named  family  this  moiety  descended  to  the  Whitrigs, 
lords  of  Little  Bampton,  from  whom  it  passed  by  mar- 
riage to  the  Skeltons  of  Brauthwaite,  who  in  the  reign 


CHArELRY. 

Moresby ;  on  the  west  by  Preston  Quarter  and  a  small 

the  extra-parochial  district  of  Low  Keekle, '  parish  of 

Frisingtou  and  Cleator.     It  comprises  the  township  of 

of  Henry  VI.  held  it  of  the  abbey  of  St.  Mark  at  York, 
by  the  fourth  part  of  a  knight's  fee.  It  was  purchased 
of  the  Skeltons  by  the  Salkelds  of  Brayton,  whose  co- 
heiresses, about  the  year  1088,  sold  it  to  Sir  Wilfrid 
Lawson,  in  whoso  family  it  continued  till  the  year 
1748,  when  it  was  purchased  by  Anthony  Benn,  Esq. 
Subsequent  to  this  a  dispute  arose  concerning  the  manor 
between  the  Benns  and  the  Lowthcr  family,  which  was 
terminated  by  the  purchase  of  the  share  held  by  the 
former,  and  the  manor  has  since  been  held  by  the  suc- 
cessive Earls  of  Lonsdale.  The  principal  landowners 
are  the  Eail  of  Lonsdale ;  F.  L.  B.  Dykes,  Esq. ;  MHJor 
Spedding;  Anthony  B.  Steward,  Esq.  ;  A.  Thompson, 
Esq.  ;  George  Harrison,  Esq.  ;  Daniel  Bell,  Esq.  ; 
Charles  Dean,  Esq.;  General  Scott;  Mrs.  Isabella 
Milward  ;  and  Captain  Walker. 

The  village  of  Ilensingham  is  about  a  mile  south- 
cast  of  Whitehaven.      It  stands  ou  elevated  ground. 


'  I^w  Keekle  is  an  extra  paroctiial  pineo  contnininj  nbonl  lliirlj-ninc  arres,  the  properly  of  Charles  Dean,  Eiq.     Il  u  boandcd  on  iLc  north 
ly  Ilensiiiighniu,  on  the  souiU  aud  west  by  Egreuiout,  and  ou  ibo  east  by  Cleator. 


438 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


commanJiiig  a  gool  vinw  of  the  town  and  harbour  of 
Whitehaven,  aud  contains  many  good  houses  and 
detached  mausiuns. 

THB    CHAl'EL. 

Hensingham  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  John,  is  a  neat 
stone  structure,  iu  the  Early  English  style.  It  contains 
about  1,000  sittings,  100  of  which  are  free  and  unappro- 
priated. It  possesses  au  endowment  valued  at  £100  per 
annum,  arising  from  an  estate  given  by  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale,  aud  is  worth  about  CI "2(1  a  year.  The  bene- 
fice is  a  perpetual  curacy  in  the  patronage  of  the  lord 
of  the  manor.     The  registers  commence  in  1811. 

Incumbents.  —  Charles  Church,  1811;  George  Whitehead, 
IS17;  Robert  Whitehead,  1832;  J.  M.  Lowther,  1851. 

There  is  a  Wesleyan  chapel,  a  neat  stone  building, 
erected  in  1856,  situated  in  Marina  Terrace. 

The  parochial  school  was  erected  by  subscription  and 
a  grant  of  £55  from  the  National  Society,  in  1851,  on 
the  site  of  the  old  one,  at  a  cost  of  £470.  It  is  a  good 
building,  containing  rooms  for  boys  and  girls,  capable 
of  accommodating  200  children.  There  is  a  teacher's 
house  attached.  The  school  is  supported  by  the  chil- 
dren's payments,  aided  by  subscriptions. 

Hensingham  Hall,  situated  in  the  village,  is  a  large 
building  belonging  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  now  divided 
into  two  dwelling-houses. 

Hensingham  has  the  honour  of  being  the  birth-place 
of  Archbishop  Griudal,  who  was  born  here  in  1510. 
He  filled  the  sees  of  York,  London,  and  Canterbury, 
and  founded  the  Grammar  School  of  St.  Bees.  He 
died  in  1583. 

The  seats  in  this  township  are  —  Ingwell,  F.  L.  B. 
Dykes,  Esq.,  situated  three  miles  south-south-east  of 
Wbitehaven  ; '  Linethwaite,  George  Harrison,  Esq.; 
Chapel  House,  Anthony  B.  Steward,  Esq. ;  Summer- 
grove,  Major  Spedding;  HoUins,  Mrs.  Bell;  The 
Cross,  Anthony  Thompson,  Esq. ;  Kichmond  Hill, 
Mrs.  Isabella  Milward.  All  these  residences,  with 
the  cjtception  of  the  two  first  named,  are  from  one  aud 
a  half  to  two  miles  of  Whitehaven. 

Sjrcbbing  of  Sunmurgrobc. 

This  family,  which  came  originally  from  Ireland,  was 
afterwards  resident  for  some  generations  in  Scodand. 
The  first  who  settled  in  Cumberland,  about  the  year 
1685,  was 

Edward  Speddino,  who  married  Sarah  Carlisle,  a  co-heiress, 
and  had  issue, 

I.  JOHN.bigh-sheriff  of  Cumberland  in  the  year  1758,from  whom 
'  See  DoTCnby  for  an  account  of  the  Dykes  family. 


Iiave  de.sceuded  the  Spsddings  of  ArmiUhwaite  Hall  aud 

Mirehousc. 

II.  George.  in.  Lancelot.  iv.  Cablislk. 

And  two  daughters. 

The  fourth  son, 

Carlisle  Speddixg,  mamed  Sarah,  daughter  of  Edward  and 
Jane  Towerson,  aud  had  issue, 

I.  John,  who  died  young,  i 

II.  .Ia.mes. 

111.  Thomas,  in  holy  orders. 

And  two  duuglitets.  • 

The  eldest  surviving  son, 

James  Speddino,  married,  Istly,  Mary,  daughter  of  Henry 
Todd,  of  St.  Bues,  by  whom  he  bad  a  duughter,  Elizabeth, 
married  to  Peter  John  Heywood,  of  the  Numicry,  Isle  of  Man, 
one  of  his  majesty's  deemsters  for  that  island ;  and,  2ndly, 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas  aud  Lucy  Harrington,  of  Carlisle, 
a  descendant  of  the  ancient  family  of  ilairiugton'  of  Ilarring- 
ton,  by  whom  he  bad  issue, 

I.  James  Spkddino,  present  representative  of  the  family. 
u.  Carlisle,  lieiKcnunt  colonel  in  the  army,  who  ser\'<'d  as  captain 
iu  the  till  KiKiuieut  of  Uragimns,  under  ibe  Duiie  of  Wel- 
lington, in  8piiin  and  Purtuga],  during  n(*aily  the  whole  of 
tiltj  Peninsular  war,  was  ])resent  at  most  of  the  actions  and 
sieves,  anil  was  iiUten  pnsoiar  at  the  baiile  of  Albuera,  iu 
IHll.  He  married  Sarah,  daugbler  of  Hugh  Parkin,  Esq., 
of  SkirsgiU  House,  Cumbeiland,  and  has  issue, 

Carlisle  Harrington,  an  officer  in  ILM.'s  fiOth  Regiment. 
Sarah  EUzabetli. 

I    Sariib,  married  to  Baldwin  Wake,  M.D.,  son  of  Drnry  Wake, 

Ksc].,  formerly  of  the  ITdi  Dragoons,  and  nephew  to  Sir 

Wiilrain  Wake,  Bart.,  of  Courleen  Ilall,  Nortbaniptnusbire. 

IL  Anne,  married  to  Charles  Wake,  M.D.,  brotlier  of  the  above 

Dr.  Wake,  ami  died  iu  18it. 

III.  Elizabeth,  married  to  John  Cowham  Parker,  Esq^.,  of  Hull. 

On  Mr.  Spodding's  decease,  he,  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

James  Speddino,  Esq.,  of  Summergrove,  co.  Cumberland, 
J.P.  and  D.L.,  late  captain  iu  the  1st  Regiment  of  Foot  Guards, 
and  major  of  the  Royal  Westmoreland  Militia,  born  13lh  Octo- 
ber, 1779.  He  served  in  the  1st  Regiment  of  Foot  Guards,  on 
the  continent,  under  General  Sir  Ralph  Abercrombie  and  his 
Royal  Iligliness  the  Duke  of  Yorlc,  and  in  the  MediteiTanean, 
under  General  Sir  John  Moore,  and  was  severely  wounded  in 
the  engagement  on  the  2nd  of  October,  1799,  near  Egmout-op- 
Zee,  in  North  Holland.  He  married,  15th  November,  1808, 
Mary  Dykes,  daughter  of  Lawson  Dykes  Ballantyne,  E.sq.,  of 
Oockermouth,  aud  Crookdale  Hall,  in  the  same  shire,  and  has 
issue, 

I.  James,  caiUain  Royal  Westmoreland  Militia,  bom  2.'ith  Octo- 
ber, IslO,  married  Emily,  youngest  daughter  (hy  his  second 
wife,  JuhaCoimre^^s  Spytecka)  of  ilie  Hon.  William  Frederick 
Wyiidham,  fourth  sou  of  Charles  Eiu"!  of  Egremout,  aud  died 
in  B'raucp,  October  ti,  18.J1,  leaving  issue. 


'  The  branch  of  the  Harrington  family  by  which  the  above  Eliza- 
beth Hairiugton  is  descended,  settled  at  an  early  period  iu  Cartmell, 
in  Furness.  co.  Lancaster,  where,  after  residing  some  generations, 
Thomas  Harrington  became  atliuuted  in  the  rebellion  of  Martin 
Swartz,  and  Henry  VII.,  aud  lost  his  lands  in  Caitmell  by  forfeiture, 
dying  without  issue.  His  nephew,  Thomas  Harrington,  dwelt  at 
Wollay,  or  Wooloak,  in  Cumberland,  and  died  in  1.542,  leaving  a  son, 
James  Harrington,  who  married  Grace,  daughter  of  Lancelot  Lan- 
caster, of  Sockliridge,  from  the  issue  of  which  marriage  the  above 
Elizabeth  Harrington  is  desceudeil;  and  tliis  branch  may  be  con- 
sidered extinct,  by  the  death,  iu  18136,  of  her  first  cotlsiu,  Sobert 
Harrington,  U.D.,  of  CarUsIe. 


NETHER  WASDALE   CHAPELKY. 


439 


1.  James  Wyndham  Harrington  Percjy,  bom  18Ui  April, 

lN.li». 

2.  Carlisle  James  Scott,  bom  23r(l  June,  1852. 

1.  Marr  Jrnie  Hamilton,  married  to  Mirk  Ilildeslcy  Qnayle,  Esq., 
<>r  CnsdetowD,  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  clerk  of  tlie  toUa  of  ikat 
island. 

n.  Sarah  Anne. 

III.  Klizabeth. 

IT.  Lacy  Isabella  Harrington. 

T.  Emily  Frances  Rallantine,  married  to  Cnptnin  Anhnr  Wynd 
hum,  U.E.I.U.B.,  son  oi  the  ubiivc  Uou.  VVUliaui  Frederick 


Wyndliam,  son  of  Charles  Earl  of  Egremont  and  his  secocd 
wife,  tlie  Countess  ypjtecka. 

Arms. — Gules,  on  a  fesso,  ergr.,  between  three  icoins,  slipped,  or, 
a  mural  crown,  between  two  rosea,  of  the  field. 

Crest. — Ont  of  a  mural  crown,  or,  a  dexter  arm,  embowed,  in 
annour,  the  right  baud  grasping  a  scimitar,  and  the  arm  cliarged 
wiih  three  acorns,  one  and  two,  and  entwined  by  a  branch  of  oak, 
all  ppr. 

llolto. — Utile  dolci. 


NETHER    WASDALE    CHAPELRY. 

This  chtipelry  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  extra-pnrocliial  district  of  Copeland  Forest  and  Ennerdale;  on  the 
east  by  Kskdale  and  Wasdalo  ;  on  tlie  west  by  Gosforth  ;  and  on  the  south  by  Irtou.  There  is  also  a  small  detached 
portion  of  this  township,  nearly  half  a  mile  distant  southwards,  surrounded  by  Irton,  Eskdale,  and  Wasdale.  It 
comprises  the  township  of  Nether  Wasdale,  which  includes  the  romantic  lake  of  Wastwater. 


The  area  of  Xother  Wasdale  is  10,0(10  acres,  and  its 
rateahle  value  £000  lOs.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in 
1801  was  137;  in  1811,  159;  in  1851,211;  in  1831, 
185;  in  1841,  203;  and  in  1851,  '200.  An  inquisition 
taken  in  1578  informs  us  that  the  tenants  of  Nether 
Wasdale  pay  yearly,  for  the  freedom  of  tolls  in  all  the 
markets  and  fairs  in  Copeland,  a  certain  custom  called 
door-toll,  viz.,  for  every'teneraent  or  householder's  door 
2d.,  which  at  that  period  amounted  to  7s.  At  the  same 
date  the  sum  total  of  the  rents  of  the  tenantsat-will  in 
Nether  Wasdale  amounted  to  £5  9s.  6d.  TLe  manorial 
rights  arc  vested  in  General  AVyndham.  The  land- 
owners are  Stansfield  Rawson,  Esq.,  Messrs.  Robert 
Fletcher,  Isaac  Coal  bank,  Joseph  Porter,  William 
Nicholson,  the  trustees  of  the  late  William  Tyson, 
John  Coalbank,  John  Jackson,  Isaac  Taylor,  John 
Millar,  Tlenry  Mossop,  the  trustees  of  the  late  Dr. 
Whiltaker,  Joseph  Jackson,  John  and  Henry  Nichol- 
son, and  Miss  Ann  Wasdale. 

Wasdale  Hall,  the  beautiful  scat  of  the  late  Stansfield 
Rawson,  Esq.,  is  now  the  property  of  his  trustees. 

For  a  full  description  of  Wastwater,  which  is  in 
this  township,  see  page  .Vt. 

Nether  Wasdale  is  at  the  foot  of  Wastwater,  about 
nine  miles  north-cast-by-north  of  Egremont.  A  sheep 
fair  is  held  here  on  the  first  Monday  in  September. 

The  chapel  of  Nether  Wasdale  is  about  ten  miles 
distant  fioiu  the  mother  church  of  St.  liees.  It  is 
an  ancient  edifice,  in  a  ml\ed  style  of  architecture, 
with  n  bell  gable  containing  two  bells.  Internally  it 
consists  of  a  uavc,  chaucel,  and  one  aisle,  tlie  latter 


being  added  a  few  years  ago,  at  the  expense  of  the 
late  Stansfield  Rawson,  Esq.  The  chancel  contains 
two  handsome  marble  tablets  to  the  memory  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Rawson  family.  The  font,  which  is  of 
stone,  and  handsomely  carved,  was  erected  in  1855, 
at  the  expense  of  Mrs.  Rawson.  The  chapel  was 
certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  at 
£5  per  annum,  and  in  1835  was  returned  as  of  the 
annual  value  of  £00.  The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy 
ill  the  patronage  of  the  incumbent  of  St.  Bees,  and  in 
the  impropriation  of  Edward  Stanley,  Esq.,  of  Ponsonby, 
whose  ancestor  purchase  1  the  tithes  from  Sir  Thomas 
Challoner,  to  whom  they  had  been  granted  on  the  disso- 
lution of  the  priory  of  St.  Bees.  The  registers  com- 
mence in  1711.  The  Rev.  Frederick  Lipscomb,  M.A., 
is  the  present  incumbent. 

The  parish  school  is  a  very  neat  building,  erected  by 
the  late  S.  Rawson,  Esq.  It  is  supported  by  the 
children's  quarter  pence.  There  is  also  a  Sunday- 
school  held  in  the  building. 

IH.MUTV. 

Donnr  Uiihiotrn. — There  was  in  this  township  th« 
sum  of  £20,  the  interest  of  which  was  given  away  to 
poor  householders.  It  is  not  known  from  what  source 
this  money  wa.«  derived.  In  the  year  177;l  al>out  four 
acres  of  land  in  Hallow  Bank  t^iuarter,  in  Kentmcre,  in 
Westmoreland,  were  purchased  for  £47  10s.,  of  which 
£27  was  the  sum  above-mentioned,  and  £20  10s.  was 
money  belonging  to  the  ehapelry  of  Nether  Wa-sdale  : 
and  it  was  subsequently  ogreed  that  .L'l  Os.  (Id.  should 
be  paid  out  of  the  rents  to  the  curate  of  Nether  Wasdale, 
and  the  residue  for  the  use  of  the  poor. 


440 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DEUWENT  WARD. 


WHITEHAVEN. 


The  township  of  Wliitehaven  comprises  an  area  of 
267  acres,  ami  its  rateable  value  is  £27,487  6s.  Id. 
The  population  in  1801  was  8,749;  in  1811,  10,100; 
in  1821,  12,438;  in  1831,  11,393;'  in  1841,  11,854; 
and  in   1^*01,   14,1 00. 

The  manor  of  Whitehaven  formerly  belonged  to  the 
priory  of  St.  Bees.  On  the  dissolution  of  the  religious 
houses  the  manor  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  crown. 
It  was  subsequently  purchased,  in  his  father's  lifetime, 
by  Sir  Christopher  Lowther,  second  son  of  Sir  John 
Lowther,  'of  Lowther  in  Westmoreland,  who  erected  a 
mansion  near  the  town  for  his  own  residence.  lie  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1042,  and  died  in  1044.  Sir 
John,  his  son,  removed  his  residence  to  the  site  of 
"the  Castle,"  which  is  now  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale.  Sir  James,  second  son  of  Sir  John,  being 
the  fourth  and  last  baronet  of  this  branch,  died  without 
issue,  in  1755,=  and  was  succeeded  in  his  estates  at 
Whitehaven  by  Sir  James  Lowther,  Bart.,  who  in 
1784  was  created  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  By  a  subsequent 
patent  in  1797  he  was  created  Viscount  Lowther  of 
Whitehaven,  with  remainder  to  the  heirs  male  of  the 
Rev.  Sir  William  Lowther,  Bart.,  of  Swillington.  The 
earl  dying  without  issue  in  1802,  was  succeeded  in  the 
title  of  Viscount  Lowther  by  Sir  William  Lowther, 
Bart,  eldest  son  of  Sir  William  above  mentioned,  to 
whom  he  bequeathed  almost  the  whole  of  bis  princely 
fortune.  Whitehaven  passed  under  the  will  of  Sir 
James  Lowther,  who  died  in  1735.  William  Viscount 
Lowther  was  in  1S07  created  Earl  of  Lonsdale;  and, 
dying  March  10th,  1844,  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  the 
present  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  who  is  lord  of  the  manor  of 
Whitehaven.' 

Whitehaven  Castle,'  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale's  seat  at 
Whitehaven,  and  where  he  occasionally  resides,  is  a 
large  quadrangular  building,  pleasantly  situated  near 
the  south-eastern  entrance  of  the  town.  The  principal 
portion  was  erected  by  James,  first  earl  of  Lonsdale. 
The  castle  is  surrounded  by  a  fine  lawn,  with  pleasure- 
grounds  and  ornamental  gardens.  The  front,  which  is 
towards  the  town,  has  a  handsome  appearance.     In  the 

'  This  decrease  of  population  is  attributed  to  the  absence  of  800 
seamen  in  vessels. 

2  He  was  interred  at  Trinity  Church,  Whitehaven,  where  there  is 
a  nioiiuinent  to  his  memory. 

'  A  full  account  of  the  Lowther  family  will  be  found  in  the  history 
of  Lowther,  at  a  subsequent  page. 

*  This  mansion,  desciibed  by  Mr.  T.  Denton,  in  ICSM,  as  "a  stately 
new  pile  of  building  called  the  Flatt,"  was  then  made  the  manor- 
house.  The  former  manor  house  had  been  at  the  west  end  of  the 
town,  at  the  foot  of  the  rock. — Denton's  MS. 


entrance  hall  is  a  Roman  altar  and  a  ccnturial  stone, 
the  former  of  which  was  found  at  Ellenborough,  and  is 
said  to  be  the  largest  discovered  in  Britain,  being  no 
loss  than  five  feet  in  height.  It  is  described  at  page 
323,  and  the  inscription  given.  The  conturial  stone 
was  found  at  Moresby,  by  the  llev.  George  B.  Wilkin- 
son, who  presented  it  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  It  has 
this  inscription  :  — 

IMP  CAK3  Of  the  emperor  Ciesar 

Tii.iis  HADRi  Trajanus  Hadri- 

ANi  AUG  r.p.  amis  Augustus,  father  of  his  country 

LEO.  .\x  vv.  The  tweutieth  legion,  the  valiant  and  victorious. 

The  staircase  and  apartments  of  the  castle  contain 
several  fine  paintings  by  eminent  masters,  among 
which  wo  may  mention  the  Marriage  at  Cana,  by 
Tintoretto;  Uero  and  Lcander,  by  Guide;  and  fine 
large  groups  of  animals,  by  Snyders.  Among  the 
family  portraits  are  those  of  William,  late  earl  of 
Lonsdale,  in  his  robes,  by  Hoppncr;  Sir  Christopher 
Lowther,  first  baronet ;  Sir  William  Lowther,  fourth 
baronet ;  James,  first  earl  of  Lonsdale ;  Mrs.  Hannah 
Lowther,  of  Marskc,  who  died  in  1757,  aged  103  years; 
and  some  others. 

THE   nOROUGU    OP   WHITEHAVEN. 

This  market  town,  sea  port,  and  parliamentary  bo- 
rough is  situated  on  a  level  inlet  between  rocky  and 
precipitous  cliffs,  in  54°  33'  north  latitude,  and  3°  35' 
west  longitude.  It  is  distant  thirty-eight  miles  south- 
west from  Carlisle,  294  miles  north  north-west  from 
London  by  road,  and  340  miles  by  the  North-Western 
and  connected  railways,  via  Carlisle.  Its  population 
in  1831  was  18,910,  of  whom  8,898  were  males  and 
10,018  females,  inhabiting  3,027  houses;  152  houses 
being  uninhabited  and  nineteen  in  course  of  erection. 

The  town  of  Whitehaven,  like  that  of  Maryport,  is 
of  comparative  modern  dale.  Its  buildings  are  without 
antiquity.  Its  histo  y  extends  over  little  more  than 
two  centuries.  In  the  time  of  Elizabeth  it  was  a  small 
fishing  village,  consisting  of  about  si.K  or  seven  houses, 
and  was  of  so  little  consequence  that  Camden  does  not 
notice  it.  It  contributed  a  vessel  of  ten  tons  to  the 
fleet  raised  to  meet  the  Spanish  Armada.  It  is  close 
upon  two  hundred  years  since  the  first  step  was  taken 
which  led  to  Whitehaven  attaining  its  present  impor- 
tance. In  1060  Sir  John  Lowther  procured  a  grant 
of  such  lands  as  had  belonged  to  the  monastery  of  St. 
Bees,  and  still  continued  in  the  crown,  for  he  had  con- 
ceived a  project  of  extending  the  collieries  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Whitehaven.     In  1G78  a  further  grant  of 


THE    BOROUGH    OF    WHITEHAVEN. 


441 


land  (about  150  acres)  was  obtained,  consisting  of  all 
the  derelict  land  lying  between  high  and  low  water-mark 
for  some  distance  in  the  vicinity  of  the  harbour.  These 
things  being  accomplished,  Sir  John  commenced  his 
great  work,  and  lived  to  see  the  small,  obscure  village 
of  a  few  thatched  cottages,  grow  up  into  a  thriving 
and  populous  town,  which  in  109.3  contained  2,9'23  in- 
habitants. The  founder  of  the  prosperity  of  Whitehaven 
died  in  170.'),  his  second  son  succeeding  to  the  estates, 
and  about  17'25  to  the  title,  on  the  decease  of  Sir  Chris- 
topher, the  eldest  son,  who  had  been  disinherited.  By 
prosecuting  with  zeal  his  father's  plans,  extending  the 
operations  of  the  collieries,  and  improving  the  harbour, 
he  caused  such  an  influx  of  trade  and  such  an  increase 
of  population,  that  at  his  death,  in  17.55,  the  town  is 
said  to  have  contained  about  11,000  inhabitants;  the 
shipping  of  the  port  having  increased,  between  that 
period  and  1085,  from  forty-six  vessels  carrying  1.871 
tons  burden,  to  SCO  sail  of  nearly  30,000  tons.  We 
are  told  that  in  1785  Whitehaven  contained  nearly 
17,000  inhabitants.  Acts  of  Parliament  for  improving 
the  town  and  harbour  of  Whitehaven  were  passed  in 
1708  and  1711;  another  act,  for  making  the  former 
more  efToctual  and  repairing  the  roads  leading  to  the 
town,  passed  in  1710.  The  increasing  importance  of 
the  town  seems  to  have  been  well  known  at  tiiis  period. 
A  few  years  afterwards,  in  1778,  it  was  visited  by  the 
American  privateer,  Paul  Jones,  who  with  about  thirty 
men  from  his  ship,  the  Ratvjcr,  set  fire  to  three  of  the 
ships  in  the  harbour,  with  the  intention  of  destroying 
the  whole  number.  He  was,  however,  betrayed  by  one 
of  his  crew,  who  fled  into  the  town  and  alarmed 
tho  inhabitants.  This  becoming  known  to  Jones  and 
his  companions,  they  retreated  to  their  ship,  having  first 
spiked  all  the  guns  in  one  of  the  batteries.  Tliis  descent 
of  the  American  privateer  caused  the  inhabitants  to  put 
the  harbour  in  a  proper  state  of  defence,  at  a  cost  of 
JE857,  which  they  subscribed  for  the  purpose.  Siuco 
the  visit  of  Paul  Jones  much  has  been  done  for  the 
improvemont  of  Whitehaven,  whiLh  will  be  found  fully 
noticed  in  our  account  of  tho  harboilr,  kc.  We  can 
only  say  here  that  tho  town  is  well  built ;  most  >f  the 
streets  are  broad  and  straight,  intersecting  each  other 
at  right  angles,  and  since  tiie  iron  oro  of  the  surround- 
ing district  has  been  brought  for  shipment  by  railway, 
are  kept  in  a  tolembly  good  condition.  The  houses  are 
chiefly  built  of  stone,  and  roofed  with  blue  slate,  and 
some  of  tlie  public  buildings  are  iiandsome  and  spacious 
Structures.  Tho  principal  npproacii  to  the  town  is  on 
the  north  side,  by  a  fine  spacious  road  of  gradual  descent, 
between  two  eminences,  the  banks  on  one  .sido  being 
liiid  out  as  gardcua  and  the  other  overshadowed  with 


trees.  The  entrance  to  the  town  is  by  a  fine  arch, 
of  freestone,  with  a  rich  entablature,  oruaraeuted  with 
the  arms  of  the  Lowther  family.  This  arch  was  erected 
as  a  viaduct  from  the  colliery  to  the  harbour,  but  since 
the  construction  of  the  railways  its  use  is  entirely  orna- 
mental. 

Whitehaven  owes  its  present  proud  position  amongst 
the  towns  of  Cumberland  to  the  coal  trade,  and  such 
being  the  case  we  will  first  take  a  short  review  of  that 
branch  of  industry.  On  tlio  first  attempt  to  work  coal 
near  Whitehaven,  a  level  or  water  course  was  driven 
from  the  bottom  of  the  valley,  near  the  Pow  Beck,  tiU 
it  intersected  a  seam  of  coal,  known  as  the  "Bannock 
Band,"  and  drained  a  considerable  field  of  coal,  which 
was  drawn  out  of  pits  from  tsventy  to  sixty  yards  deep. 
After  this,  another  level  was  driven  westward,  from  near 
the  farm-house  called  Thicket,  across  the  seam  called 
the  Main  Band.  This  level  also  effectually  drained  a 
large  bed  of  coal,  which  was  raised  from  the  pits  by 
means  of  windlasses,  and  tlieu  cirried  to  the  ships  oa 
the  backs  of  galloways,  in  packs  of  fourteen  stones  each. 
A  later  attempt  to  get  coals  here  was  made  at  the  Ginns, 
where  both  the  coil  and  water  were  drawn  from  the  pits 
by  means  of  horses  and  vertical  machines,  called  ginns, 
a  name  that  has  since  been  bjrne  by  the  populous  suburb 
which  has  arisen  upon  the  spot.  The  employment  of 
horses  in  pumping  water  from  the  mines  was  super- 
seded by  the  steam-engine,  which  was  introduced  into 
Whitehaven  by  Sir  James  Lowther,  and  tho  town  is 
said  to  have  possessed  the  second  machine  of  the  kind 
erected  in  England.  Another  powerful  engine  wjis 
subsequently  erected  near  the  Ginns,  and  by  this  means 
the  drainage  of  a  considerable  extent  of  coal  was  etTectcd. 
The  Parker  pit  was  afterwards  opened,  and  a  tramway, 
or  railway,  for  the  more  easy  passage  of  coal  waggons 
was  extended  from  it  to  the  harbour  staith.  Another 
pit,  abjut  I '20  feet  deep,  was  sunk  at  Silton  about  tho 
year  1711,  and  this  was  followed  by  the  Ilowgill  and 
Whingill  collieries,  the  former  situated  to  the  south- 
west of  tho  town,  and  the  latter  to  the  north-east. 
Tliey  have  both  been  very  successful.  There  are  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Whitehaven  four  collieries,  which, 
so  to  say,  belong  to  tho  port.  Three  of  these  are  the 
property  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  ;  but  two,  those  known 
as  the  "  Whitehaven  C.dlieries,"  will  alone  dem.ind  out 
attention  in  this  place.  Tiieso  collieries  consist  of  tho 
"  William"  and  the  "  WcIlington"pit3.  The  former  is  103 
fathoms  in  depth.  There  are  three  seams  of  coal  worked ; 
tho  "  Bannock  Band,"  about  live  and  a  half  .<"eet  thick; 
the  "  Main  Band,"  from  nine  to  ten  feet  thick:  and  the 
"  Six  Quarters,"  or  "  Low  Bottom,"'  averages  about 
five  feet  in  thickness.     There  are  two  engines  to  this 


442 


ALLERD^tLE-ABOVE  DERWENT  WARD. 


pit,  one  of  seventy  horse  po-wer  'for  raising  the  coal,  the 
other  of  120  horse  power  for  pumping  water.  The 
number  of  hands  emplojrd  amounts  to  JIO,  and  there 
are  twenty-eight  horses.  The  WeUington  pit  has  two 
shafts  of  149  fathoms  each.  The  seams  are  similar  to 
tliose  worked  in  the  William  pit,  and  bear  the  same 
names.  Besides  the  seams  mentioned  there  is  another 
called  the  "Yard  Band,"  which  has  not  been  worked  for 
some  time.  The  Wellington  pit  also  possesses  two  engines 
of  si.xty  and  forty-eight  horse  power  re>!poctivcly.  It  is 
worked  by  034  hands  and  forty-eight  horses.  When 
these  pits  are  in  full  work,  they  together  produce  nearly 
1,000  tons  of  coal  per  day.  The  workings  extend  in  a 
north-westerly  direction  about  a  mile  under  the  bed  of 
the  sea.  The  Salton  pit  is  now  used  only  for  pumping 
from  the  Wellington,  and  the  James  pit  serves  as  a 
furnace  shaft.  In  connexion  with  these  pits  there  are 
sixteen  coke  ovens.  The  buildings  in  connection  with 
the  Whitehaven  collieries  are,  we  believe,  unique.  Near 
to  the  noble  West  Pier,  the  attention  of  every  stranger 
is  attracted  by  the  appearance  of  a  scries  of  towers  and 
castellated  erections,  of  a  style  of  architecture,  magnifi- 
cence of  design  and  execution,  rarely  to  be  seen,  present- 
ing the  appearance,  seaward,  of  extensive  fortifications. 
In  relation  to  the  shipment  of  the  coal,  a  great  im- 
provement has  been  effected,  by  the  removal  of  the  old 
unsightly  hurries  which  formerly  stood  on  the  south  side 
of  the  harbour,  and  the  substitution  in  their  stead  of  a 
substantial  iron  roadway,  supported  by  pillars,  with  close 
iron  hurries,  for  delivering  coals  into  the  vessels;  thus 
opening  a  good  access  to  the  baths,  and  to  the  un- 
equalled promenade  on  the  West  Pier,  and  its  spacious 
parapet,  where  a  walk  of  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
direct  out  to  sea  from  the  old  quay  is  afforded.  The 
first  iron  hurry  was  erected  here  in  1837.  On  the 
north  wall  the  coals  arc  lowered  to  the  ship's  hatch- 
ways by  an  hydraulic  arrangement,  invented  by  the  late 
Mr.  Matthewson,  some  time  engineer  to  Messrs.  Tulk 
and  Ley.  The  coals  are  dropped  from  a  waggon  into 
a  box  supported  by  an  unseen  rod,  which,  on  turning 
a  tap,  is  permitted  to  descend,  by  forcing  water  from 
a  cylinder  below  into  an  ornamental  tank  placed  on 
columns  over  the  waggon  ;  wheu  the  coals  are  allowed  to 
fall  into  the  hold,  the  wat:r,  again  descending,  raises 
the  empty  box.  On  the  south  of  the  harbour  various 
mechanical  devices  are  in  operation  for  returning  the 
empty  waggons  by  the  descent  of  the  laden  ones ;  and 
an  air  cylinder  is  applied  as  an  effectual  break  on  the 
steep  inclined  plane.  In  the  history  of  the  coal  trade 
we  find  a  few  incidents  worth  notice.  One  is  the  seiid- 
ing  of  firedamp,  as  is  called,  enclosed  in  bladders  to  the 
Eoyal  Society,  in  1733,  for  examination  by  the  learned 


chemists  who  then  held  their  meetings  in  Crano  Conrt 
And  about  the  middle  of  last  century  'Mr.  Spedding. 
colliery  agent,  lighted  his  office  with  gas  led  from  the 
pits  by  pipes,  and  he  offtjred  to  lay  on  a  supply  for  the 
whole  town  ;  but  his  offer,  as  we  can  easily  believe, 
was  not  accepted.  The  average  quantity  of  coal  ex- 
ported from  Whitehaven  from  1781  to  179d,  was  80,000 
chaldrons.  For  the  five  years  ending  December,  1B14, 
100,000  waggon  loads;  in  I8'a6,  upwards  of  135,000 
chaldrons;  in  1827,  114.(!il3  chaldrons  of  forty-eight 
cwt.  each  ;  in  1810,  the  quantity  entered  at  the  custom- 
house for  Whitehaven,  Harrington,  and  AVorkington, 
was  321,835  tons  of  coal,  and  4,832  tons  of  culm.  We 
subjoin  the  statistics  of  the  coal  trade  of  Whitehaven 
from  1850  to  the  present  time: — 


1 

Yt»r. 

Coals, 
tous. 

Calm, 
tons. 

1850 

2:V,',nn-3 

4,150 

1801 

217,201! 

8,848 

1852 

215,.MS 

C,0U4 

1853 

220,094 

2,593 

1H54 

212,354 

2,700 

1S55 

aoj,?.^ 

1, (■<■■••> 

185(i 

2II7,«46 

775 

1857 

197,4wO 

1,400 

1858 

1 

170,507 

778 

Having  thus  given  a  rapid  resume  of  the  principal 
trade  of  the  town,  we  will  call  attention  to  the  hematite 
iron  ore,  for  which  the  Whitehaven  district  is  famous. 
A  full  account  of  this  mineral  will  be  found  at  page  70, 
with  the  statistics  of  the  iron  trade  of  the  county. 
The  total  quantity  of  iron  ore  shipped  from  W^hite- 
haven  in  1852,  was  84,900  tons;  in  1853,  115,731 
tons;  in  1854,  145,520  tons  were  shipped;  and 
40,785  tons,  12  cwt,  passed  over  the  Whitehaven 
Junction  railway,  for  use  in  the  iron  furnaces  of 
Northumberland  and  Durham  ;  in  1855,  the  quantity 
shipped  amounted  to  129,409  tons;  in  1850,  152,875 
tons  were  shipped,  05,075  sent  away  by  rail,  and 
89,017  tons  were  used  at  the  iron-works  in  the  dis- 
trict ;  in  1857,  the  total  quantity  shipped  amounted 
to  193,850  tons,  60,651  were  sent  by  railway  out  of 
the  district,  56,511  were  used  at  iron-works,  Cleator 
Moor,  Harrington,  and  Seaton,  and  0,800  tons  vrere 
carted  from  mines,  making  a  total  of  .'523,812  tons; 
in  1858,  197,905  were  shipped  at  Whitehaven. 

Shipbuilding  is  the  next  important  branch  of  industry, 
and  is  prosecuted  to  a  considerable  extent.  There  are 
three  shipbuilding  yards,  carried  on  by  Messrs.  Thomas 
and  John  Brocklebank,  Messrs.  Lumley,  Kennedy,  and 
Co.,  and   Jfr.  Hugh  Williamson,   employing  in  the 


THE    BOEQUGH   OF   WHITEHAVEN. 


44S 


aggreg^  30U  liands.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  has 
crecte^*a  patent  slip  here,  which  will  admit  four 
Tassels  of  150  tons  burden,  and  by  which  vessels  of 
amy  burden  may  be  drawn  out  of  the  water  into  the 
yard  to  be  repaired.  The  other  branches  of  White- 
haven trade  include  manufactures  of  sail-cloth,  checks, 
ropes,  cabinet  goods,  earthenware,  colours,  snuff  and 
tobacco,  soap,  candles,  anchors,  cables,  nails,  Sec. 

During  the  progress  of  the  trade  and  manufactures 
of  Whitehaven,  the  shipping  and  shipping  slock  of  the 
port  must  have  proportionably  increased.  As  early  as 
the  tenth  century  "  Wythopliaven"  is  named  as  being 
resorted  to  by  ships.  In  the  twelfth  century  the 
Nevilles  of  Riby  sailed  from  this  place  to  Ireland, 
when  called  upon  to  attend  the  king,  Heury  II.,  in 
his  expedition  to  that  country.  In  the  reigu  of 
Elizabeth,  when  the  maritime  towns  of  England  were 
summoned  to  furnish  vessels  for  the  fleet  then  being 
collected  to  defend  the  country  against  the  Spanish 
Armada,  mention  is  made  of  one  vessel  being  found  at 
Whitehaven,  but  whether  that  was  the  only  vessel 
belonging  to  the  port,  or  the  only  vessel  in  the  port, 
wa  are  not  informed.  In  the  year  1772  Whitehaven 
possessed  107  vessels;  in  1790,  )ilij  vessels;  in  1810, 
188  vessels,  with  a  burden  of  29,312  tons;  in  1822, 
181  vessels,  tonnage  20,220;  in  1821,  19.5  vessels, 
tonnage  :>0,',IGU  ;  in  I'^IO,  217  vessels,  tonnage  3U,800  ; 
in.  1846,  there  were  207  vessels  registered  at  White- 
haven, with  a  tonnage  of  about  42,000.  The  following 
talile,  made  up  from  the  custom-house  leturns  since 
1846,  exhibits  the  annual  number  of  vessels,  foreign 
and  coastwise,  which  have  entered  and  cleared  from 
Whitehaven,  the  number  and  registei-ed  tonnage  of 
vessels  belonging  to  the  port,  and  the  amount  of 
customs    duties  received  : 


CAKQt'U 

CAltUOCH 

VKH'KUi 

(iNWABDa  ) 

(OUTWAKU) 

BraiATRKKD. 

1 

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til 

B 

1 

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a 

1 

£ 

it 

t'()0,5I7 

184C 

;m 

HTi 

10 

■21)48 

:iu 

:>i,r,x> 

latT 

:l( 

MIS 

lU 

liMII-2 

:)3:| 

M,7hl 

70,(ll« 

1846 

•u 

IHU> 

a 

27  U 

•,w 

M.iiii 

•i7,:l4| 

IH4II 

•ill 

lU'.l 

in 

:JI6ll 

3-.'!» 

0&,70( 

'•om-i 

iNr.o 

■j;i 

k:iu 

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:iOni) 

■2J(I 

•■I.').|-il> 

ilO,:)!!) 

1K51 

40 

nri-2 

14 

:i;t').'i 

•>in 

.l.t.SOH 

(II, -'Jl 

\HVi 

■ii 

H74 

1.' 

H.\ri 

•urn 

:iH,570 

(!■,', JON 

lHfi8 

:\2 

7n5 

11 

.■nil') 

•JHII 

:K.nn 

<i4,t»J1 

IBM 

:U 

8ti4 

IH 

:toi.'> 

nil 

.'iU,7Ml 

lilLfOO 

.  INAi 

:l.% 

UJH 

:;i 

:15H7 

17-2 

■27,774 

70,)«A1 

ItlAK 

•>•:» 

t)l.'l 

17 

.-l.tui 

I7;t 

•.'7,U7:l 

7fi.U0n 

IH.')7 

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iniin 

P! 

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17.'. 

•-'7,r.>7 

7r,,7n7 

IH.'.K 

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inu 

-.!:( 

:|M'J9 

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28,300 

7;l,J6;i 

'lt<»U 

17 

onn 

11 

MUl 

IHJ.INI 

Maryport  was  constituted  an  independent  port  on  the 
'Srd  of  February,  1842 ;  and  Workington  with  Har- 
rington attached,  on  the  Cih  of  April,  1850.  The 
decrease  in  the  al)ove  returns  arises  from  Maryport, 
Workington,  and  Harrington  having  been  constituted 
independent  of  this  port,  and  the  vessels  belonging 
to  those  ports  struck  off  the  list  each  year,  as  they 
have  been  req^uired  to  bo  registered  de  novo  at  their 
own  ports. 

The  principal  imports  direct  are  brandy,  wine,  hemp, 
timber,  &c.  Sugar,  coffee,  tea,  currants,  raisins, 
tobacco,  wine,  and  spirits,  &c.,  received  coastwise  under 
bond,  and  also  general  gooJs  of  colonial  and  foreign 
produce  received  coastwise  duly  paid,  and  also  general 
British  goods. 

The  first  account  we  have  of  the  harbour  of  White- 
haven is  furnished  by  Mr.  Denton,  who  tells  us  that  a 
pier  was  erected  here  before  lUd7,  which  rendered  the 
harbour  sufficiently  commodious  to  contain  a  fleet  of 
100  sail.  Two  acts  of  Parliament,  passed  in  the  seventh 
and  eleventh  years  of  the  reign  of  Queeu  Anne,  esta- 
blished a  tonuago  duty  for  the  improvement  of  the 
harbour,  and  in  consequence  many  additioual  works 
were  erected.  In  J  707  the  New  Quay  was  lengihened, 
and  in  1784  the  north  wall  was  iiuished.  In  1792 
the  Old  Quay  was  made  longer.  Li  1809  many  other 
improvements  were  carried  out.  Thfl  new  West  Pier 
was  commenced  in  1824,  and  after  a  labour  of  fifteen 
years  was  completed  in  1839.  It  is  a  noble  work  of 
great  strength,  extending  about  300  yards  northward 
from  the  West  Pier,  and  terminates  in  a  round  head, 
the  erection  of  which  is  stated  to  have  cost  .t'30,000. 
On  this  head  is  a  lighthouse  with  a  revolving  light. 
There  is  another  half-tide  ligluhonse  on  one  of  the  inner 
piers,  and  another  on  St.  Beos  Head.  The  new  Xortli 
Pier  is  also  a  splendid  structure,  finished  in  1841, 
and  has  a  lighthouse  or  harbour  guide.  Indeed,  no 
town,  perhaps,  in  England  can  boast  of  two  such 
splendid  piers  as  Whitehaven  ;  and,  taken  alto- 
gether, the  harbour  here  is  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  convenient  pier  harbours  in  the  kingdom. 
On  the  west  and  north  the  piers  just  noticed  afford 
sultieicnt  protection,  while  six  olhci-s  iutersoct  the 
enclosed,  and  greatly  facilitate  the  loadingand  unloading 
of  vessels,  and  the  transaction  of  the  other  business  of 
the  port.  The  port  of  Whitehaven,  as  regulated  by  a 
treasury  order  of  March  30tli,  180O,  and  board's  order 
.\pril  20th  of  the  same  year,  extends  from  tlie  mid- 
stream of  the  river  Duddon,  and  three  miles  seaward 
tai\  stream  called  Lowcu  Beck,  wbidi  separates  tho  tnro 
parishes  of  Moresby  aud  Harrington. 

The    guvcrumeut    of  the    town    oud    horfoonr   of 


444 


ALLERDALE-ABOVEDEI^WENT  WARD. 


Whitelittven  was  provided  for  by  the  acts  7  Annc.c.  5,  and 
10  Atiiie,  c.  3,  the  provisions  of  which  were  subsequently 
amended  and  extended  by  other  acts;  and  continued  in 
force  till  the  present  year,  when  a  new  act  was  passed 
for  the  government  of  the  town  and  harbour.  As  this 
is  of  great  importance  we  subjoin  the  act  in  full : 

ANNO   VICESIMO   SECUNDO   VICTOBI^K    BEOIN.E. 

Chap.  xrv.  —  An  Act  for  transferring  the  Government  of  the  neic 
Limiti  of  the  Ilarhourof  JVIiitrhaven  in  the  cnunli/  of  Cumber- 
land to  the  Harbour  Trusttcs;  for  making  better  Provision  for 
the  F.Uctinn  of  Trustees;  and  for  the  Alteration  of  certain 
Hales  and  Duties  payable  in  respect  of  the  sidd  Harbour  and 
in  the  Toien  of  Whiultaven.  [19tft  April,  1859.] 

Whereas  by  an  act  of  Parliaitient  passed  in  the  thirty  second 
year  of  the  reign  of  his  majesty  King  George  tlie  Third,  inti- 
tuled "An  Act  for  Enlarging  and  Improving  the   Harbour  of 
Whitehaven  in  the  County  of  Cumberland,"  after  reciting  or 
referring  to  divers  acts  of  Parliament  relative  to  the  said  harbour 
(including  an  act  passed  in  the  second  year  of  his  said  majesty), 
by  which  acts  it  had,  amongst  other  things,  been  enacted  to  the 
effect  that  from  and  after  the  time  therein  mentioned,  and  long 
since  past,  on  every  first  Friday  in  the  month  of  August  in  every 
third  year  successively,  fourteen  persons  to  be  chosen  and  ap- 
pointed by  ballot  by  the  majority  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  town 
of  Whitehaven   in   the   said   county,   of   such   description    as 
therein  mentioned,  together  with  James  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  his 
heirs  and    assigns,  lord   of  the  manor  of  Saint   Bees   in   the 
county  of  Cumberland  aforesaid,   for  the  time  being,    or  any 
person  deputed  by  him  or  them,  and  six   other  persons  to  be 
nominated  and  appointed  by  the  said  James  Earl  of  Lonsdale, 
his  heirs  and  assigns  as  aforesaid,  by  writing  or  writings  under 
his  or  their  hand  and  seal,  and  from  time  to  time  to  be  changed 
or  altered  as  he  or  they  should  think  proper,  should  be  trus- 
tees for  carrying  the  said  acts  into  execution,  it  was  by  the  said 
act  now  in  reciul,  amongst  other  things,  enacted  that  tlie  new 
limits  and  the  new  extent  of  the  said  harbour,  should  thence- 
forth for  ever  thereafter  extend  und  be  as  follows  :   (that  is  to 
say,)  from  Redness  Point,  on  the  outside  of  a  wall,  then  in- 
tended to  bo  erected  until  it  reached  within  one  hundred  and 
twenty  ynrds  of  the  then  outward  works  of  the  pier  or  quay  of 
the  then  harbour,  and  from  thence  in  a  line  until  it  came  within 
forty  yards  of  the  then  outward  quay  or  pier,  and  from  thence 
to  the  north  side  of  the  Sugar  House  bulwark,  and  from  thence 
along  the  Sugar  House  bulwark,  and  along  the  seashore,  until 
it  met  the  aforesaid  Redness  Point;  and  that  the  same  should 
be  from  thenceforth  appropriated  to  the  lying,  anchoring,  and 
mooring  of  all  such  ships,   vessels,    and  boats  as  might  have 
occasion,  at  any  time  or  times  thereafter,  to  make  use  of  the 
said  harbour ;  and  it  was  by  the  said  act  now  in  recital  iurther 
enacted,  that  the  new  limits  and  new  extent  thereby  made  part 
of  the  said  harbour,  and  all  moles,  wharfs,  and   quays  which 
might  be  erected  by  nrtue  of  the  said  act,  with  all  things  apper- 
taining thereto,  should  be  under  the  direction  and  government 
of  the  owner  or  owners  of  the  soil  for  the  time  being,  and  that 
the  said  owners  should  be  invested  with  the  same  powers  and 
authority  over  all  such   new  limits  and  extent,  and  all  such 
moles,  wharfs,  and  quays,  and  things  as  aforesaid,  as  the  said 
trustees  were,  by  virtue  of  the  said   thereinbefore  recited  acts, 
invested  with,  over  other  parts  of  the  said  harbour  of  White- 
haven,  and   the   moles,  wharfs,  quays,  and  other  places  and 
things  therein  mentioned ;  and   by  the  same  act  it  was  further 
enacted,  that  thn  owner  or  owners  of  such  soil  as  aforesaid 
might  erect,  build,  or  alter,  from  time  to  time,  as  occasion  might 


)rfltfy 

think  necessary  for   the  improvement  or  benefit  (flpch  new 
limits  or  extent  as  aforesaid  :  And   whereas  by  a  certain  award, 
bearing  date  the  twenty-second  day  of  October  one  thousand 
seven  liundred  and  nintUy-two,  and  made  under  the  respective 
liands  and  seals  of  Sir  Joseph  Scuhouse,  (knight)  and  George 
■Vickers,(gentleniaiil,who  had  been  duly  appointed  arbitrators  for 
the  purpose,  under  the  provisions  of  the  said   recited  act,  the 
exact  boundaries  of  such   new  limits  and  extent  as  aforesaid 
were  fully  and  finally  set  forth  and  determined  as  in  such  award 
is  particularly  mentioned  :  And  whereas   another  act  of  Parlia- 
ment relative  to  the  said  town  and  harbour  was  passed  in  the 
fifty  sixth  year  of  his  said   mtyesty,  by   which  it  was,  amongst 
other  things,  enacted  that  from  and  after  the   twenty-ninth  day 
of  September  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixteen,  there 
should  be  payalile  to  the  said  trustees  for  and  upon  all  goods, 
wares,  merchandise,  and  commodities  whatsoever  imported  from 
parts  beyond  the  seas,  or  brought  coastwise  into  the  said  port  of 
Whitehaven,  or  exported  to  parts  beyond  the  seas  from  such 
port,  the  several  rates  and  duties  respectively  mentioned  in  the 
two  several  schedules  thereto   annexed,   and   respectively  dis- 
tinguished by  the  letters  A.  and  13. ;  and  it  was  by  the  said  act 
now  in  recital  further  enacted  that  so  much   of  the  said  respec- 
tive acts  of  the  second  year  and  the  forty-sixth  year  of  the  reign 
of  bis  said  majesty  as  authorised  the  said  trustees  to  assess  and 
levy  rates  upon  and  from  the  inhabitants  of  the  said  town  of 
Whitehaven,  for  the  purpose  of  watching,  paving,  lighting,  and 
securing  the  same  against  fire,  should  be  repealed,  and  thai  for 
paying  such  expenses  and  supplying  the  said  town  with  water, 
it  should  be  lawful  for  such  of  the  said  trustees  as  therein 
mentioned,  to  cause  money   to  be   raised  by  such   a  rate   or 
assessment  as  therein  also  mentioned,  on   the  owners,  inhabi- 
tants, or  occupiers  of  tenements  within  the  limits  of  the  powers 
and  jurisdictions  of  the  said  trustees  :  And  whereas  in  schedule 
(A.)  to  this  act  annexed  are  mentioned  the  several  acts  relating 
to  the  port,  harbour,  and  town  of  Whitehaven,  and  it  is  expe- 
dient that  the  said  acts,  so  far  as  certain  things  therein  authori- 
sed require  the  consent  of  the  lord  of  the  manor  of  St.  Bees, 
should  be  repealed  :  And  whereas  it  is  also  expedient  that  the 
mode  of  election  of  trustees  under  the  said  acts  and  the  right 
of  voting  in  the  election  of  trustees  should  be  altered  in  man- 
ner hereinafter  provided   :  And  whereas  it  is  expedient  that  the 
government  of  the  whole   of  the  said  harbour  of  Whitehaven, 
including  such  new  Umits  and  new  extent  as  aforesaid,  should 
be  vested  in  one  body  ;  and  it  is  also  expedient  that  the  rates 
on  goods,  wares,  merchandises,  and  commodities,  and  on  tene- 
ments, so  respectively  imposed  or  authorized  to  be  imposed  by 
the 'said  recited  act  of  the  fifty-sixth  year  of  the  reign  of  his 
said  majesty  as  herein-before  is  mentioned  or  referred  to,  should 
be  respectively  altered  or  authorised  to  be  altered  in  the  man- 
ner   hereinafter  mentioned   or  referred   to  respectively  :    And 
whereas  it  is  also  expedient  that  so  much  of  the  said  acts  of  the 
second,  forty-sixth,  and  fifty-sixth  years  of  King  George  the 
Third  as  relates  to  the  rates  and  assessments  on  the  inhabitants 
of  the  said  town  of  Whitehaven  should  be  repealed,  and  other 
rates  and  duties  paid  in  lieu  thereof ;  but  these  purposes  cannot 
be  effected  without  the  authority  of  Parliament :  May  it  there- 
fore please  your  JIajesty  that  it  may  be  enacted ;  and  be  it  en- 
acted by  the  Queen's  most  excellent  Majesty,  by  and  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  Lords  Spiritual  and  Temporal,  and 
Commons,  in  this  present  Parliament  assembled,  and  by  the 
authority  of  the  same,  as  follows  ;  that  is  to  say, 

I.  The  said  several  acts  in  schedule  (A.)  mentioned  (except 
so  far  as  they  are  hereby  altered  or  repealed),  shall  continue  in 
full  force  and  effect. 


THE    BOROUGH    OF     WHITEHAVEN. 


445 


II.  The  trustees  for  carrying  into  execution  and  effect  tho 
said  several  aots,  and  tlieroby  elected  and  appointfd,  shall  be 
and  they  are  liereby  declared  to  be  trustees  for  carrying  into 
effect  the  powers,  authorities,  provisions,  rpgulations,  and  pur- 
poses of  the  said  acts  and  of  this  act,  and  shall  continue  in 
ofSce  as  such  trustees  until  the  first  Tuesday  in  November  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  tiftynine. 

III.  The  day  of  election  of  trustees  shall  be  the  first  Tuesday 
in  November  in  each  year,  and  the  first  election  sliall  take  place 
on  that  day  in  the  year  one  th.msaMd  eight  hundred  and  fifty- 
nine,  and  the  number  of  trustees  to  be  elected  in  manner 
hereinafter  provided  shall  be  fifteen,  of  whom  three  shall  be 
elected  for  each  ward. 

IV.  .\nd  whereas  by  the  pcts  mentioned  in  the  schedule  (A.) 
(hercin-afler  called  tho  said  acts)  the  consent  of  the  lord  of 
the  manor  of  St.  Bees,  either  singly  or  in  conjunction  with  a 
certain  number  of  trustees,  is  essential  to  the  carrying  into 
effect  of  several  of  the  provisions  of  the  said  acts,  therefore 
the  said  acts,  so  far  as  such  consent  is  requisite  and  necessary, 
shall  be  and  the  same  are  hereby  repealed. 

V.  All  acts  of  the  trustees  to  be  done  in  virtue  of  the  said 
acts  or  of  this  act,  and  uU  the  powers  and  authorities  by  the 
said  acts  and  this  act  vested  in  tlie  said  trustees,  may  be  done 
and  exercised  by  Ihcni,  or  a  major  part  of  them,  at  any  meeting 
whereat  eleven  or  more  of  them  shall  be  present. 

VI.  Tlie  lord  of  the  manor  of  Saint  Bees  for  the  time  being 
shall  on  and  after  the  first  Tuesday  in  November  one  thousand 
eight  hurnlrod  and  fifty-nine  nominate,  appoint,  and  change 
from  time  to  time,  as  in  the  said  acts  mentioned,  five  persons 
to  be  trustees,  instead  of  six,  as  in  the  said  acts  provided. 

VII.  Every  person  who  if  resident  would  be  entitled  to  vote 
in  the  election  of  trustees  shall  be  qualified  to  be  elected  a  trus- 
tee under  this  act,  provided  he  resides  within  seven  miles  from 
the  parUamenlary  boundary  of  the  borough  of  Whitehaven,  and 
may  be  elected  a  trustee  for  any  ward  whatsoever,  whether  he 
be  resident  or  registered  within  such  ward  or  not,  but  this  quali- 
fication shall  not  extend  to  the  case  of  any  trustee  appointed  or 
to  be  appointed  by  the  lord,  for  the  time  being,  of  the  manor 
of  Saint  Bees. 

Vm.  Tho  town  of  Whitehaven  shall,  for  tho  election  of 
trustees  under  lliis  and  the  said  acts,  bo  divided  into  five  wards, 
to  be  called  as  follows  ;  (that  is  to  say,) — St.  James'  ward,  St. 
Nicholas'  ward,  Trinity  ward,  Newtown  ward,  and  Harbour 
ward,  which  wards  are  delineated  on  a  plan  of  the  town,  signed 
by  the  Right  Honourable  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, in  duplicate,  one  of  which  plans  shall  bo  deposited  by 
the  trustees  in  the  private  bill  ofiici',  and  tho  other  at  the 
harbour  office  of  tho  said  trustees,  and  the  limits  of  tho  said 
wards  arc  described  in  schedule  (B.)  to  this  act  annexed  ;  and 
tho  names  of  the  said  wards  respectively  are  mentioned  on  the 
said  plan. 

IX.  The  persons  entitled  to  vote  in  the  election  of  trustees 
shall  be  as  follows  (that  is  to  say)  ;  — 

The  master  of  every  vessel  belonging  to  and  registered  at  the 
port  of  Whitehaven,  who  shall  have  resided  within  the  limits 
of  tho  parliamentary  borough  for  six  months  immediately 
preceding  the  first  day  nf  September  next  Icforo  Uio  day 
appointed  for  the  said  election. 

Every  person  owning  not  less  than  four  sixty-fourth  shares  of 
any  such  vessel,  who  shall  have  been  a  registered  owner  of 
such  shares,  and  who  shall  havo  resided  within  such  limits 


as  aforesaid,  for  six  months  immediately  preceding  the  said 
first  day  of  September. 
Every  person  residing  within  the  limits  of  any  of  the  said  wards 
who  shall  occupy  any  house,  shop,  office,  counting  house, 
warehouse,  or  other  building  within  any  of  the  said  wards, 
and  shall  in  respect  of  such  occupation  be  rated  at  a  net 
annual  rateable  value  of  not  less  than  six  pounds  per  annum 
in  the  rale  in  force  fur  tho  relief  of  the  poor  made  and  pub- 
lished immediately  preceding  the  said  first  day  of  September, 
and  sliall  have  been  rated  for  such  period  as  hereinafter 
mentioned. 

X.  Ou  the  first  day  of  September,  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  fifty-niue,  and  so  in  every  year  thereafter,  the  overseers  of 
the  poor  of  the  parishes  and  townships  within  which  the  limits 
of  the  said  wards  are  comprised,  shall  make  out  an  alphabetical 
list,  from  the  rate-book  then  in  force  for  their  several  parishes 
and  townships,  of  every  person  who  shall  occupy  any  house, 
shop,  oflice,  counting-house,  warehouse,  or  other  building  within 
the  limits  of  any  of  the  said  wards,  and  who  shall  in  respect  of 
such  occupation  be  rated  at  a  net  annual  rateable  value  of  not 
less  than  six  pounds  per  annum,  and  shall  deliver  such  fist  to 
the  clerk  of  the  trustees,  on  or  before  the  tenth  day  of  Septem. 
ber,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  fifty-nine,  and  so  in  every 
year  thereafter ;  provided  that  no  person  shall  be  entitled  to 
have  his  name  placed  on  such  list  unless  he  shall  have  been 
rated  for  six  months,  within  the  Umits  of  some  ward,  next  im- 
mediately preceding  the  said  first  day  of  September. 

XI.  Upon  tho  receipt  of  the  said  lists  the  said  clerk  shall 
forthwith  divide  and  arrange  tho  names  therein  according  to  the 
different  wards  in  which  such  persons  shall  respectively  occupy, 
and  shall  also  make  out  a  separate  list  in  respect  of  such  wards, 
and  shall  omit  from  such  list  the  name  of  any  person  who  shall 
not  then  reside  within  the  limits  of  any  of  the  said  wards,  and 
shall  add  to  each  of  such  lists  the  name  of  every  person  being  a 
master  or  owner  of  any  vessel  qualified  to  vote  as  aforesaid,  and 
who  shall  reside  in  such  ward  respectively;  and  if  any  such 
master  or  owner  shall  not  reside  within  any  of  the  said  wards, 
the  said  clerk  shall  include  his  name  in  the  list  of  the  ward  to 
the  limits  of  which  his  residence  shall  in  his  judgment  be  the 
nearest ;  and  the  said  clerk  shall,  on  or  before  the  twenty-fourth 
day  of  September  in  each  year,  publish  tho  said  fists,  and  such 
lists  are  hereinafter  called  the  register,  and  the  persons  whose 
names  are  included  therein  arc  hereinafter  called  the  voters ; 
and  the  register  shall  be  printed  by  the  trustees,  and  copies 
thereof  shall  be  furnished  to  parties  requiring  the  same,  at  a 
rate  not  exceeding  one  shilling  for  the  register  applicable  to 
each  ward. 

XII.  Tho  rate  collectors,  or  persons  appointed  by  them,  shall 
attend  at  the  elections  under  this  act,  and,  in  the  event  of  any 
dispute,  assist  in  ascertaining  that  the  persons  presenting  them- 
selves to  vote,  as  occupiers  rated  as  herein-before  mentioned  to 
the  relief  of  the  poor  in  each  such  ward,  are  persons  duly  quali- 
fied to  vote  at  such  election. 

XUI.  On  the  day  of  election  of  trustees  the  voters  for  each 
ward  who  are  desirous  of  voting  shall  meet  at  the  place  appointed 
for  such  election,  and  shall  llieii  and  there  nomiiiaie  two  voters 
of  such  ward,  who  shall  bo  then  present,  as  fit  and  proper  per 
sons  to  bo  inspectors  of  votes ;  and  tho  person  appointed  to  pre- 
side at  such  election  shall,  immediately  after  such  nomination 
as  aforesaid  by  llio  said  voters,  nominate  two  otlier  such  voters 
to  be  such  inspectors. 

XIV.  Any  person  whose  name  shall  not  appear  upon  the  said 


446 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DEEWENT  WARD. 


regisMr,  and  vho  shsll  claim  to  vote  at  Ibe  election  in  any  ward, 
bhall,  immediately  after  such  nomination,  bo  entitled  to  prove 
hjl  right  to  vote  before  the  jiresiding  officer,  and  t)ie  inspectors 
of  voles  shall  bear  and  decide  upon  sncb  claim,  and  such  deci- 
MOD  shall  be  final ;  and  if  the  presiding  officer  and  the  said  in- 
spectors, or  the  nifljor  part  of  tliem,  shall  decide  the  claim  to 
vote  to  be  valid,  the  presiding  officer  shall  add  such  name  to  the 
register  accordingly. 

X\ .  Any  person  whose  name  shall  appear  upon  the  register 
of  any  ward  may  object  to  the  name  of  any  voter  which  is  in- 
cluded therein,  by  giving  a  written  notice  of  such  bis  intention 
to  the  said  clerk  by  leaving  the  same  at  the  liarbour-ofBce,  and 
to  the  said  voter  by  leaving  the  same,  or  sending  such  notice  by 
post  to  the  address  specified  in  Iho  said  list;  and  the  proof  of 
posting  such  notice  shall  beprimn/aci'c  evidence  of  the  sending 
of  such  notice;  and  such  person  so  objected  to  shall  attend  be- 
fore the  said  returning  otlicor  and  the  inspectors  of  votes  for  the 
ward  in  which  such  voter  so  objected  to  shttll  be  registered,  and 
the  person  so  objecting,  or  some  one  on  bis  behalf,  shall  prove 
the  service  of  such  nrtice,  and  shall  also  support  his  objection ; 
and  the  voter  objected  to,  or  anyone  on  his  behalf,  may  support 
his  right  to  vote  before  such  presiding  officer  and  inspectors  of 
votes,  who  shall  thereupon  hear  and  decide  upon  such  oblection, 
and  such  decision  shall  be  final;  and  if  the  presiding  officer  and 
the  said  inspectors,  or  the  major  part  of  them,  shall  decide  in 
tavoar  of  such  objection,  the  presiding  officer  shall  expunge 
such  name  from  the  register  accordingly,  but  if  not,  such  name 
shall  be  retained  thereon. 

XVI.  The  presiding  officer  is  hereby  empowered  to  examine 
upon  oath  any  person  claiming  a  right  to  vote  or  making  an 
objection  to  a  right  to  vote,  and  also  any  witness  temlcred  on 
behalf  of  or  against  any  such  claim  or  objection,  and  every  per- 
son authorised  by  law  to  make  an  affirmation  instead  of  taking 
an  oath  shall  make  an  affirmation  in  lieu  thereof;  and  if  any 
person  taking  any  such  oath  or  making  any  such  affirmation 
shall  wilfully  swear  or  affirm  falsely,  such  person  shall  be  deemed 
guilty  of  perjury,  and  sbali  be  punished  accordingly. 

XVII.  The  register  when  amended  shall  be  conclusive  evi- 
dence of  the  right  to  vote. 

XVIII.  After  such  nominations  and  claims  as  aforesaid  (if 
a»y),  the  voters  shall  elect  such  iliUy  qualified  persons  as  they 
shall  think  proper,  and  who  are  there  proposed  for  the  office  of 
trustees,  the  presiding  officer  shall  declare  the  persons  who  shall 
haj'e  Iwen  elected  trustees  by  the  majority  of  votes  at  such  meet- 
ing to  be  trustees  under  this  and  the  said  recited  acts. 

XIX.  Provided  always,  that  any  five  voters  may  then  and  there, 
in  writing  or  otherwise,  demand  a  poll,  which  shall  be  taken  by 
ballot  on  the  day  next  following  the  day  of  such  election,  and 
shall  commence  at  eight  of  the  clock  in  the  forenoon  and  close 
at  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  each  voter  depositing,  as  herein- 
after provided,  a  folded  paper  containing  the  names  of  the  per- 
sons for  whom  such  voter  shall  vote  as  fit  and  proper  persons  to 
be  such  trustees  ;  and  each  voter  shall  have  one  vote  in  respect 
of  each  trustee  to  be  elected  at  such  meeting,  but  so  nevertheless 
as  not  to  give  more  than  one  vote  in  favour  of  each  tnistee. 

RX.  Every  person  entitled  to  vote  in  the  election  of  trustee  as 
a  rated  occupier,  shall  vote  for  trustees  for  that  ward  wherein  be 
shall  reside;  ami  every  master  and  owner  qualified  to  vote  as 
aforesaid  shall  vote  in  the  ward  in  which  he  shall  be  registered; 
and  if  ar-y  person  shall  be  registered  in  more  than  one  ward  he 
may  vote  for  trustees  f.ir  any  one  of  such  wards,  but  having  so 
voted  he  shall  not  afterwards,  at  the  same  eleetion,  vote  for  a 


trustee  for  any  other  ward,  and  any  vote  so  afterwards  given  by 
him  shidl  be  void. 

XXI.  TIh'  persons  voting  shall  deposit  such  folded  papers  in 
a  ballot  glass  or  bni,  which  shall  bo  closed  at  the  times  hercin- 
bsfore  fixed  for  the  closing  of  the  poll;  and  the  inspectors  of 
vote.s  for  each  ward  shall  forthwith  meet  together  and  proceed 
to  examine  the  snid  votes,  and  if  necessary  shall  continue  tho 
examination  by  adjournments  from  day  to  day,  not  exceeding 
two  days,  until  they  shall  have  decided  upon  the  persons  who 
may  have  beeu  chosen  to  fill  the  office  of  trustees. 

XXII.  In  case  an  equality  of  votes  appear  to  the  inspectors 
to  be  given  for  any  two  or  more  persons  to  fill  the  office  of 
trustee,  the  inspectors  shall  decide  by  lot  upon  the  person  to  be 
chosen. 

XXIII.  If  any  person  knowingly  personateand falsely  aMome 
to  vote  in  the  name  of  any  voter  entitled  to  or  claiming  to  vote 
in  any  election  under  this  act,  or  forge  or  in  any  way  falsify  any 
names  or  writings  in  any  papers  purpurling  to  contain  the  vote 
or  votes  of  any  voters  voting  in  any  such  election,  or  ly  any  con- 
trivance attempt  to  obstruct  or  prevent  the  proceedings  at  any 
such  elections,  the  person  so  offending  shall,  upon  conviction 
before  any  two  or  more  justices  of  the  pence  having  jnrisdiction 
in  the  said  ward  or  any  part  thereof,  be  liable  to  any  penalty  of 
not  less  than  ten  pounds  and  not  more  than  fifty  pounds,  ard  in 
default  of  payment  thereof  shall  be  imprisoned  for  a  term  not 
exceeding  six  nor  less  than  three  months. 

XXIV.  The  inspectors  in  each  vi'ard  shall,  immediately  after 
they  have  decided  upon  whom  the  aforesaid  elections  have  fallen, 
deliver  to  the  clerk  of  the  said  trustees  a  list  of  the  persons 
chosen  by  the  voters  to  act  as  such  trustees  in  each  ward  re- 
spectively, and  the  said  list  shall  be  preserved  by  the  said  clerk, 
and  a  copy  thereof  shall  be  published,  as  heroin  provided ;  and 
if  auy  trustees  be  elected  for  any  ward  without  ballot,  the  clerk 
shall  in  like  manner  publish  lire  names  of  such  trustees. 

XXV.  If  any  inspector  wilfully  make  or  cause  to  be  made  an 
incorrect  return  of  the  said  votes,  even'  such  offender  shall,  upon 
information  laid  by  any  person  before  two  or  more  justices  of  the 
peace  having  jurisdiction  in  the  ward  in  which  such  election  is 
held,  and  upon  conviction  for  such  ofTenco,  be  liable  to  a  penalty 
of  not  less  than  twenty-five  pounds  and  not  exceeding  fifty 
pounds,  and  in  default  of  payment  shall  be  imprisoned  for  a 
term  not  exceeding  six  months  nor  Iciss  than  three  months. 

XiVI.  The  trustees  shall  provide  in  each  ward  fit  and  proper 
places  for  the  holding  of  the  elections  under  this  act,  and  hold- 
ing of  the  poll  thereat;  and  the  expenses  of  providing  such  places, 
of  publishing  notices,  of  taking  the  poll,  and  of  making  the  re- 
turns at  elections  of  the  said  trustees,  shall  be  paid  out  of  tho 
respective  rates  levied  under  the  said  recited  acts  and  this  act, 
in  such  proportions  as  the  trustees  shall  determine. 

XXVII.  The  trustees  shall  take  an  account  of  the  reasonable 
expenses  incurred  by  the  said  clerk  and  by  the  overseers  in  car- 
rying into  efiect  the  several  provisions  of  this  act,  and  shall  order 
the  same  to  be  paid  out  of  the  moneys  coming  into  their  hands 
by  virtue  of  the  said  acts  and  this  act,  in  such  proportions  as  the 
trnstees  shall  think  fit. 

XXVIII.  If  any  churchwarden,  overseer,  rate  collector,  or 
other  parish  officer,  or  the  said  clerk  shall  refuse  or  neglect  to 
call  any  meeting,  or  prepare  any  list,  or  give  any  notice,  or  do 
any  other  act  required  of  him,  under  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
be  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

XXIX.  The  following  provisions  of  the  "  Commissioners 
Clauses  Act,   1817,"  save  so  far  as  the  saise  are   expressly 


Trre    BOROUGH    OF    WHITKnAVEN. 


447 


eicepted  or  varied  by  this  act,  or  ara  inconsistent  with  or  repng- 
nant  to  the  provisions  of  tliis  act,  are  hereby  incorporated  with 
this  Act ;  <tliat  is  to  say,) 
With  respect  to  the  election  and   rotation  of  the  commis- 
sioners, where  llic  commissioners  are  to  be  elected  by  tlie 
ratepayers  or  other  like  class  of  electors,  except  sections 
twenty-one,  twenty-tliree,  twenty-four,  twenty-iive,  twenty- 
six,  thirty,  anil  thirty-one. 
With  respect  to  access  to  the  special  act: 
Provided,  that  the  day  on  which  the  elected  trustees  shall  go  out 
of  office  shall  le  the  first  Tuesday  in  November  in  each  year. 

XXX.  The.  following  words  and  expressions  in  the  provisions 
incorporated  with  this  act  of  "  The  Commissioners  Clauses  Act, 
1S47,''  shall  have  for  the  purpose  of  this  act  the  following  mean- 
ings, unless  there  be  something  in  the  subject  or  context  repug- 
nant to  such  construction;  (that  is. to  say,) 

"  The  Special  Act"  shall  mean  and  include  the  said  acts  and 
this  act; 

"The  Commissioners"  shall  mean  the  trustees  from  time  to 
time  cli'cted,  appointed,  ami  nominated  under  this  act  for 
executing  the  said  acts  and  this  act  respectively. 

XXXI.  At  the  first  or  other  meeting  of  the  trustees  after  the 
passing  of  this  act  they  shall,  by  the  raajurity  of  the  voles  of  the 
tmstees  present,  elect  one  of  the  entire  body  of  ti-ustees  to  be 
their  chairman  until  the  next  election  of  the  trustees,  and  so 
after  each  such  election  the  said  trustees  shall,  in  like  manner, 
elect  a  chairman  until  t)ie  period  of  the  then  next  election,  and 
in  case  the  chairman  die,  or  resign,  or  cease  to  be  a  trustee,  or 
otherwise  become  di>qu,ilified  to  act  as  such  chairman,  the 
trustees  present  at  the  n.eeling  next  after  the  occurrence  of  such 
vacancy  sliall  choose  some  other  of  their  body  to  fill  such  vacancy, 
and  tlte  chairman  so  elected  shall  continue  in  ofhce  so  long  only 
as  the  person  in  whose  place  he  was  elected  would  have  been 
entitled  to  continue  chairman ;  and  if  at  any  meeting  of  tlie 
trustees  the  chairman  be  not  present,  one  of  the  trustees  present 
shall  be  elected  chairman  of  such  meeting  by  the  majority  of  the 
TOtcs  of  the  trustees  present  at  such  meeting. 

XX.<11.  The  chairman  so  to  b<i  appointed  shall  bo  tlic  return- 
ing officer  at  the  first  election  after  this  act,  and  shall  have  for 
the  purposes  of  such  election  all  the  powers  of  '-the  chairman 
of  commissioners  onder  the  Commissioners  Clauses  Act,  1S17." 

XXXHI.  The  present  trustees  shall  be  eUgible  for  ru-eleution 
as  trustees  under  this  act. 

XXX IV.  In  consideration  of  tho  harries,  coal  spouts,  and 
other  wnrks  to  bo  made  and  maintained  by  the  trustees,  as 
hereinafter  providoil,  for  tho  accommodation  of  the  collieries  be- 
longing to  the  owner  for  the  time  being  of  tho  soil  of  tho  new 
limits  and  extent  njentiomd  or  refened  to  in  the  said  recited 
act  of  llio  thirty-second  year  of  the  reign  of  his  said  majesty, 
and  of  tho  minerals,  merchandise,  and  goods,  shipped  or 
unshipped,  by  or  on  behalf  of  such  owier,  bis  lessees,  tenants, 
or  agents,  such  owner  sludl,  nssoou  as  may  be  after  tho  passing 
of  this  act,  transfer  and  make  over  to  such  trusle&s  tlie  whole 
government  and  direction  of  such  new  limits  and  extent,  so  and 
to  the  intent  and  ellect  that  the  government  and  direction  of 
snch  no.v  limits  may  thenceforth  Le  abaolutely  vested  in  aneh 
trustees,  in  the  same  manner,  to  nil  intents  and  purposes,  and 
with  the  like  powers  and  authorities,  as  tho  government  ami 
direction  of  the  remainder  of  the  said  h.irbour  (exclusively  of 
such  new  limiia  and  extent),  but  subjeci  and  always  witbint 
prejudice  to  any  other  ri>(hl8  or  inlerustfl  of  inch  owner  or 
oiruers,  irre>poeiiTc  of  lueh  government  and  direction  :  provided 


always,  that  it  is  hereby  enacted,  that  the  validity  and  effect  of 
any  such  transfer  as  aforesaid  shall  be  in  no  way  affected  or 
prejudiced  by  the  fact  of  the  transferer  or  transferors,  or  any  of 
them,  being  a  trustee  or  trustees,  or  holding  or  exercising  any 
other  jurisiliction  under  the  said  acts,  or  any  of  them. 

XXXV.  The  trustees,  after  the  government  and  direction  of 
such  new  limits  and  rxtent  shall  have  been  transferred  to  them 
as  aforesaid,  and  before  they  shall  open  to  the  public  any  dock 
to  be  constructed  by  them  upon  or  within  such  new  limits  and 
extent,  shall  if  required  so  to  do  by  William  Earl  of  Lonsdale, 
his  heirs  and  assigns,  make  and  maintain,  in  connexion  with 
such  new  dock,  and  within  such  new  limits,  for  the  loading  and 
unloading,  shipping  and  unshipping  into  and  from  vessels  using 
the  said  dock,  the  coals,  ininerids,  goods,  and  merchandises  of 
and  belonging  to  William  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  bis  heirs  and 
assigns,  and  their  lessees,  tenants,  and  occujiiers,  in  such  part 
or  parts  of  the  wet  dock  :is  may  be  a::reed  upon  by  the  said 
trustees  and  the  said  William  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  his  heirs  and 
assigns,  the  works  following  ;  (that  is  to  say). 

Two  suUicieut  and  properly  constructed  hurries  or  spouLs  with 
all  necessary  and  convenient  loading  berths,  waggon-ways, 
and  approaches  thereto. 

XXXVI.  The  trustees  shall  likewise,  if  required  so  to  do  as 
aforesaid,  make  and  maintain,  for  the  launching  into  sucli  new 
dock  all  snch  ships  or  vessels  as  shall  be  built  in  or  upon  the 
shipbuilding  yards  situated  on  the  east  side  of  the  site  of  the 
proposed  new  dock,  and  now  in  tho  several  occupations  of  Messrs. 
T.  and  J.  Brocklebank,  Messrs.  Lumley,  Kennedy  and  Co.,  and 
John  Johnston  Peile,  in  such  part  or  parts  of  the  said  new  dock,  as 
may  be  agreed  upon  by  the  saiil  trustees,  and  the  said  William 
Karl  of  Lonsdale,  his  heiis  and  assigns,  the  works  followiog; 
(that  is  to  say). 

Six  proper  and  sufTicient  launching  slips  or  launching  places, 
with  all  necessary  and  proper  accommodation  for  launching 
vessels  from  the  said  yards  into  tho  said  new  dock. 

XXXVII.  Provided  always,  that  the  said  William  Earl  of 
Lonsdale,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  shall  not  be  entitled  to  require 
the  making  of  such  new  hurries  or  spouts,  and  other  works  con- 
nected therewith,  or  such  proper  and  sufficient  launching  places 
as  aforesaid,  in  addition  to  the  hurries  and  staiths,  and  approaches 
thereto,  and  works  connected  therewith,  which  the  said  William 
Earl  of  Lonsdale  now  uses  ami  enjoys  upon  and  adjoining  to  tlie 
eastern  side  of  the  limits  of  the  present  hurbour,  upon  a  part  in 
the  said  plan  hereinafter  mentioned,  called  the  North  I'ier. 

XX.XVllI.  This  act,  c.icept  so  far  as  it  relates  to  the  election 
and  nomination  of  trustees,  shall  como  into  effect  and  operation 
on  thu  first  day  of  August  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  Gfty- 
nine,  and  not  earlier,  and  after  that  day  there  shall  be  payable 
and  paid  to  the  said  trustees  for  the  time  being,  or  to  their  col- 
lectors i>r  deputies,  fur  and  upon  all  goods,  wares,  merchandises 
and  commodities  whatsoever  imported  from  parts  beyond  the 
seas  or  broaght  coastwise  into  the  port  of  Whitehaven  aforesaid, 
or  exported  to  parts  beyond  the  seas  from  the  said  port  by  the 
owner  or  owners,  consignee  or  consignees,  of  sudi  goods,  wares, 
mercjiandises,  or  other  commodities,  in  lieu  of  the  rates  and 
diuies  authorised  or  imposed  under  or  by  rirluo  of  the  said 
recited  act  of  the  liftysixili  year  of  the  reign  of  his  wtid  Majesty, 
the  several  rales  and  duties  partictihirly  specified  and  set  forth 
in  the  two  schedules  hereunto  aiuicxed,  and  respeelively  distin- 
guished by  the  letters  C  and  1),  su  far  as  such  goods,  wares, 
merchandises,  tod  comrou  lilies  so  to  be  imported  or  exported 
as  aforesaul  are  particularieed  in  tlie  said  schedules,  or  either  «f 


448 


ALLERDALE-ArOVE-DEBWENT  WARD. 


them;  and  all  suoli  of  tlic  saiil  goods,  ware-!,  merchandises,  and 
commoilitien,  so  to  be  imported  or  exported  as  afiresaid,  as  are 
not  particularised  ami  set  forth  in  the  said  schedules,  or  •■illicr 
of  ihom,  shall  be  charged  with  and  pay  a  rate  or  duty  on  their 
being  so  imported  or  exported  into  or  out  of  the  said  port  eijual 
to  the  rate  or  duty  rated  or  atfixed  on  goods,  wares,  merchan- 
dises, and  commodities  of  a  similar  nature,  package,  and  quality, 
in  and  by  the  said  schedules,  or  one  of  them. 

XXXIX.  Such  parts  and  so  much  of  "The  Harbours,  Docks, 
and  Piers  Clauses  .■\ct,  1847,"  as  is  or  are  hereinafter  particu- 
larly mentioned  or  referred  to,  shall  be  incorporated  with  ami 
form  part  of  this  act;  that  is  to  say,  the  clauses  numbered 
twenty-seven,  twenty-eight,  twenty-nine,  and  tliiriy,  with  respect 
to  the  rates  to  be  taken;  and  the  clauses  numbi-red  thiity-four, 
thirty  five,  thirty-six,  thirty-seven,  thirty-eight,  thirty-nine,  forty, 
forty-one,  forty-three,  forty-four,  forty-five,  forty-six,  forty-seven, 
and  forty-eight,  with  respect  to  the  collection  and  recovery  of 
rates. 

XL.  Such  parts  and  so  much  of  the  said  recited  act  of  the 
fifty-sixth  year  of  the  reign  of  his  said  Majesty  as  authorises  the 
trustees  therein  mentioned  to  assess,  levy,  or  raise  rates  upon  or 
in  respect  of  any  lands,  houses,  shops,  wharves,  warehouses, 
buildings,  and  erections  within  the  said  town  of  Whitehaven, 
and  the  limits  of  the  jurisdiction  of  such  trustees,  shall  be,  and 
the  same  are  and  is,  hereby  repealed;  and  for  paying  and  defray- 
ing the  expenses  for  t!ie  several  purposes  of  lij^hting,  paving, 
and  cleansing  the  said  town  and  the  streets,  lanes,  and  places 
within  the  said  town  of  Whitehaven,  and  within  the  limits  of 
the  powers,  authorities,  and  jurisdictions  of  the  said  trustees,  as 
given  by  the  said  recited  act  of  the  fifty-sixth  year  of  the  reign 
of  his  said  llnjesty,  and  providing  security  against  fire  in  the 
said  town  and  harbour,  and  within  the  limits  aforesaid,  it  shall 
and  may  be  lawful  for  the  said  trustees,  and  they  are  hereby 
authorised  and  required  twice  or  oftener  in  every  year,  as  they 
shall  see  occasion,  to  cause  such  sum  and  sums  of  money  to  be 
raised  by  a  rate  or  assessment  on  all  and  every  the  person  or 
persons  who  do  or  shall  inhabit,  hold,  occupy,  or  enjoy  any  land, 
bouse,  shop,  wharf,  warehouse,  or  other  tenement  within  the 
said  town  of  Whitehaven,  and  within  the  limits  aforesaid,  not 
exceeding  in  the  whole  in  any  one  year  (such  year  to  be  com- 
puted from  the  eleventh  day  of  November),  the  sum  of  two 
shillings  and  sixpence  in  the  pound  on  the  annual  value  of  such 
lands,  houses,  shops,  wharves,  warehouses,  buildings,  and  erec- 
tions: provided  always,  that  the  owners  of  all  rateable  property, 
of  which  the  full  net  annual  value  does  not  exceed  the  sum  of 
six  pounds,  or  which  shall  be  let  to  weekly  or  monthly  tenants 
or  in  separate  apartments,  shall  be  rated  to  and  be  liable  to  pay 
the  rales  by  this  act  directed  to  be  made,instead  of  the  occupiers 
thereof,  but  so,  nevertheless,  that  three  fourth  parts  of  the  said 
rate  only  shall  be  collected  from  and  be  payable  by  such  owners. 

XLI.  And  whereas  the  wards  described  in  the  schedule  (B.) 
to  this  act  annexed  comprise  the  limits  within  which  the  trus- 
tees at  present  exercise  the  power  of  rating  :  .\nd  whereas, 
under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  the  fifty  sixth  George  the 
Third,  chapter  forty-four,  the  said  trustees  have  power  to  extend 
such  limits  for  the  purposes  of  rating  from  time  to  lime,  and  it 
is  desirable  that  all  persons  so  liable  to  be  rated,  upon  being 
brought  within  the  limits  of  the  said  acts,  should  vote  in  the 
election  of  trustees,  therefore,  when  and  so  often  as  any  new 
limits  shall  be  constituted  by  the  said  trustees  :  The  said  trus- 
tees shall  be  and  they  are  hereby  empowered  to  declare  by 
writing,  under  tlie  hand  of  their  chairman  for  the  time  being, 


that  such  new  limits  shall  be  included  within  such  of  the 
ailjoiuing  wards  for  all  the  purposes  of  this  act  as  the  said 
trustees  shall  at  any  meeting  resolve  and  determine,  and  imme- 
diately thereupon  all  persons  within  such  new  limits  shall  have 
all  the  same  and  the  like  privileges  as  to  voting,  residence,  and 
otherwise,  as  any  person  has  by  this  act,  if  occupying  or  resi- 
dent within  the  limits  of  any  of  the  said  wards. 

XLII.  Such  parts  and  so  much  of  "  the  Towns  Improvement 
Clauses  Act,  1817,"  as  are  or  is  hereinafter  particularly  men- 
tioned or  referred  to,  shall  be  incorporated  with  and  form  part 
of  this  act  (that  is  to  sa\),  the  clauses  numbered  one  hundred 
and  sixty-seven,  one  hundred  and  sixty-eight,  one  hundred  and 
sixty-nine,  one  hundred  and  seventy,  one  hmulred  and  seventy- 
one,  one  hundred  and  seventy-two,  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
•  three,  one  hundred  and  seventy-four,  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
five,  one  hundred  and  seventy-six,  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
seven,  one  hundreil  and  seventy-eight,  one  hundred  and  eighty, 
one  hundred  and  eighty-two,  one  hundred  and  eighty  three,  and 
one  hundred  and  eighty-four,  with  respect  to  the  manner  of 
making  rates  ;  the  clauses  numbered  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
five,  one  hundred  and  eighty  six,  one  hundred  and  eighty-seven, 
one  hundred  and  ci>;hty  eight,  one  hundred  and  eighty-nine, 
and  one  hundred  and  ninety,  with  respect  to  the  appeal  to  be 
made  against  any  rate ;  and  the  clauses  numbered  one  hundred 
and  ninety-one,  one  hundred  and  ninety-two,  one  hundred  and 
ninety-three,  one  hundred  and  ninety-four,  one  hundred  and 
ninety-five,  one  hundred  and  ninety-six,  one  hundred  and 
ninety  -seven,  and  one  hundred  and  ninety-eight,  with  respect  to 
the  recovery  of  rates. 

XLI  II.  The  said  rates  or  assessments  not  exceeding  two 
shillings  and  sixpence  in  the  pound,  upon  the  persons  inhabiting 
and  dwelling  in  the  said  town,  and  within  the  limits  aforesaid, 
shall  be  applied  by  the  said  trustees,  and  be  disposed  of  for  the 
several  purposes  of  defraying  the  costs,  charges,  and  expenses 
of  paving,  lighting,  and  cleansing  the  said  town,  and  the  several 
streets,  lanes,  passages,  and  places  within  the  limits  aforesaid, 
and  for  pro  id.ng  the  means  of  security  against  fire,  and  of  de- 
fraying other  costs,  charges,  and  expenses,  incin-red  by  effecting 
and  executing  such  several  purposes,  and  all  such  rates  and 
assessments  shall  be  paid  to  the  respective  collectors,  appointed 
by  the  said  trustees,  by  virtue  of  the  acts  relating  to  the  said 
town  and  harbour,  and  such  moneys  shall  be  by  every  such  col- 
lector paid  over  to  the  said  trustees  of  the  said  port,  harbour, 
and  town  of  Whitehaven,  or  to  such  other  persons  at  such  time 
and  in  such  manner  as  any  five  or  more  of  the  said  trustees 
shall  from  time  to  time  appoint  and  direct  :  Provided  always, 
that  the  trustees  may,  if  they  think  proper,  light  the  lamps 
authorised  by  them  to  be  proWded  within  the  said  town  and 
harbour  and  the  liberties  and  precincts  thereof,  from  sun-setting 
to  sun-rising,  during  the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  year. 

XLIV.  Nothing  herein  contained  shall  at  any  time  hereafter 
prejudice  oraSect  the  right  of  the  said  trustees  to  recover  any 
rates  or  duties  which  may  become  due,  or  be  payable,  or  recover- 
able, under  the  said  recited  act  of  the  fifty-sixth  year  of  the 
reign  of  his  said  majesty  or  any  other  or  others  of  the  said  acts 
before  or  up  to  ttie  said  first  day  of  August  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  fifty  nine. 

XLV.  Nothing  herein  contained  shall  be  deemed  to  exempt 
the  said  harbour  and  docks  from  the  provisions  of  any  general 
act  relating  to  harbours,  or  dues  on  shipping,  or  on  goods  carried 
in  ships  now  in  force,  or  which  shall  be  passed  in  the  present 
or  any  future  session  of  Parliauient,  or  from  any  future  revision 


THE    BOROUGH    OF   T/hITEHAVEN. 


449 


and  alteration  under  the  authority  of  Parliament  of  the  rates 
and  duties  authorized  by  this  act. 

XLVI.  Except  as  is  by  this  act  expressly  provided,  this  act, 
or  anything  tliercin,  shall  not  take  away,  lessen,  prejudice,  or 
affect  any  of  the  estates,  rights,  franchises,  powers,  and  privi- 
leges of  the  lord  of  the  manor  of  Saint  Ueos,  for  the  time  being, 
or  any  right  he  may  now  have  of  using  any  of  the  present 
hurries  or  stniths  and  approaches  thereto. 

XLVII.  Nothing  herein  contained  shall  prejudice  the  rights 
or  interests  of  any  mortgagee  or  other  person  having  any  lien 
or  claim  on  any  of  such  rates  or  duties  which  may  be  altered  or 
otherwise  affected  by  the  passing  of  this  act  and  every  such 
mortgagee  or  other  person  shall  have  the  same  or  like  lien 
or  claim,  on  any  substituted  ratus  or  duties  to  be  imposed  or 
levied  under  the  authority  of  tliis  act,  which  he  previously  had 
on  any  rates  or  duties  imposed  under  any  former  act  or  acts  for 
which  other  rates  or  duties  shall  be  substituted  under  this  act. 

XLVI  11.  In  citing  this  act  for  any  purpose  whatsoever,  it 
shall  bo  sufEcient  to  use  the  expression  "The  Whitehaven 
Town  and  Harbour  Act,  1859." 

XLIX.  The  expenses  of  applying  for  and  obtaining  this  act, 
and  incidental  thereto,  shall  bo  defrayed  by  the  trustees  for  tho 
time  being  out  of  the  funds  of  the  trustees. 

The  Schedules  to  which  the  foregoing  Act  Tefer$. 

Schedule  A.— Acts  relating  to  the  port,  harbour,  and  town 
of  Whitehaven,  in  the  county  of  Cumberland. 


7  Anne,  e.  S. 
10  Anne,  c.  ;!. 
13  Geo.  II.,  c.  14. 

1  Geo.  III.,  c.  44. 

a  Geo.  III.,  c.  87. 
28  Geo.  lU.,  c.  61. 


•ii  Geo.  III.,  c.  75. 
4fi  Geo.  III.,  c.  115. 
50  Geo.  III.,  c.  44. 
fiS  Geo.  III.,  c.  15. 
12  Vict.  c.  17. 
21  Vict.  c.  2. 


Schedule  Ti.—Detcriplion.  of  Wnrds.—l.  St.  James  Ward 
comprises  those  parts  of  the  town  which  are  bounded  as  follows 
(that  is  to  say):— By  a  line  commencing  ut  the  southeast  end  of 
Duke-street,  proceeiling  in  a  northerly  direction  along  the  walls 
of  White  I'ark  and  Harris  Park,  unto  and  round  the  north-east 
comer  of  Hilton  Terrace;  thence  in  a  westerly  direction  along 
Hilton  Terrace  to  the  boundary  of  Whiteliaven  township,  near 
Wheelbarrow  Brow  ;  thence  along  such  boundary  in  a  northerly 
direction  to  the  wall  of  the  turnpike  road  leading  from  White- 
haven to  Moresby ;  thence  along  the  south  wall  of  the  said 
turnpike  road  in  a  westerly  direction  to  a  point  opposite  tho 
Railway  Hotel  at  Brausty;  thence  across  the  turnpike  road, 
and  proceeding  northerly  to  a  point  between  tho  liransly  ropery 
and  Whitehaven  gasworks;  thence  in  a  westerly  direction  to  tho 
Whitehaven  junction  railway,  and  along  the  boundary  thereof  to 
the  arch  near  William  Tit;  thence  westerly  to  high-water  mark 
of  tlio  sea  shore,  and  along  tho  said  high  watir  murk  and  shore, 
in  a  south-western  direction,  to  tho  North  I'icr;  thonoo  along 
the  strand,  between  tho  hiirbour  and  tho  shipbuilding-yards 
occupied  by  Messrs.  Lumley,  Kennedy,  and  Company,  to  the 
north-west  corner  of  Duke-street,  and  thonoo  along  tlio  centre  of 
Duko-Htreel  to  tho  point  first  beforenamed. 

2.  St  Nicholas  word  comprises  tliose  parts  of  the  town  which 
are  bounded  a.s  follows  (that  is  to  say) :— By  a  lino  commencing 
at  tho  south-oast  corner  of  Roper-streot;  thence  proceeding 
along  the  centre  of  Scotch  street  to  tho  centre  of  Duko-strect; 
thence  along  tho  centre  of  Duke-street,  in  u  northerly  direcUon] 
to  tho  south-west  end  of  Duke  sUcet,  near  Iho  bulwark;  thonoe 
S3 


in  a  westerly  direction,  between  the  town  and  the  harbour,  as 
far  as  East  Strand;  thence  along  East  Strand,  across  the  Market 
Place,  and  along  the  cenU-e  of  Koper-street,  to  the  point  first 
named. 

•■).  Trinity  ward  comprises  those  parts  of  the  town  which  are 
bounded  as  follows  (that  is  to  say):— By  a  line  commencing  at 
the  south  east  end  of  Ptoper-street;  thence  proceeding  along  the 
centre  of  Scotch-street  to  the  centre  of  Duke-street;  thence  along 
the  centre  of  Duke-street,  in  a  southerly  direction,  to  the  land  of 
the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  adjoining  to  Somerset  House;  thence  in  a 
southerly  direction,  along  tho  boundary  of  the  township  of  'White- 
haven, to  tho  turnpike  road  near  Corkickle  ;  thence  across  such 
road,  and  proceeding  in  a  southerly  direction  along  the  south- 
west side  thereof,  to  the  Retreat,  round  the  Retreat  to  Fox 
Houses  and  Meadow  House,  and  along  the  western  boundary 
fence  of  the  garden  at  Meadow  House,  and  from  thence  in  a 
northerly  direcUon  to  the  coach  road,  across  the  said  coach  road 
to  the  south  boundary  wall  of  ironworks  and  land  in  the  occupa- 
tion of  Mr.  John  Johnston  Peile ;  thence  along  such  boundary 
wall  in  a  western  direction,  across  the  Whitehaven  and  Fumess 
junction  railway,  to  Poe  Beck;  thence  in  a  northerly  direction, 
along  Poe  Beck  and  across  the  railway  station,  to  the  north- 
western corner  at:  the  cricket  ground  ;  tlience  in  an  easterly 
direction  by  the  boundary  walls  of  Mill-street  and  tho  militia 
barracks,  and  thence  in  a  northerly  direction  to  the  north-west 
corner  of  tho  Castle  Meadow  ;  thence  in  an  easterly  direction, 
along  the  boundary  walls  of  houses  in  Ii-ish-street,  to  the  point 
near  Trinity  Church  first  named. 

4.  Newtown  ward  comprises  those  parts  of  the  iowa  which  are 
bounded  as  follows  (that  is  to  say) :— By  a  Une  commencing  at 
tho  southeast  end  of  Roper-street,  and  proceeding  along  the 
western  boundary  wall  of  Trinity  Churchyard  to  the  Castle 
Meadow;  thence  in  a  westerly  direction,  along  the  boundary 
walls  of  properties  in  Irish-street,  to  tho  north-west  corner  of 
the  Castle  Jleadow ;  thence  in  a  southerly  direction,  along  the 
eastern  wall  of  tlie  militia  barracks,  to  the  cricket  ground ;  thence 
along  the  north-western  sides  of  the  cricket  ground  to  tho  rail- 
way station ;  thence  in  a  southerly  direction,  across  the  railway 
and  along  the  centre  of  Poe  Beck,  to  the  south-east  comer  of 
Sir.  John  Wilkinson's  pottery,  at  the  Ginns ;  thence  in  a  westerly 
direction  to  the  highway  leading  from  Whitehaven  to  St.  Bees ; 
thence  across  such  road  to  tho  south-west  corner  of  tho  new 
houses,  and  thence  along  the  west  side  of  tho  back  row  of  tho 
new  houses  in  Preston  Quarter,  and  in  a  stiuight  line  to  a  point 
in  the  land  of  tho  Earl  of  Lonsdale  in  tlie  lino  of  the  centre  of 
Albion  stieet ;  thence  in  an  easterly  direction,  across  tho  said 
land  and  along  the  cenUo  of  Albion  street,  to  the  centre  of 
Jaines-strcet;  thence  in  a  southerly  direction  to  Irish-street; 
tlience  along  the  centre  of  Irish-street,  in  an  easterly  direction 
to  the  point  first  named. 

5.  Harbour  ward  comprises  those  parts  of  tlio  town  which  arc 
boundoil  as  follows  (that  is  to  say) :— By  a  lino  commencing  at 
tho  south-oast  end  of  Ropcr-strcet ;  thenco  proceeding  in  a 
north-westerly  direcUon  along  Roper-stroct,  across  tho  .Market 
Place,  to  the  patent  slip  yard  situated  in  tho  Ka.st  Strand;  thenco 
along  the  customhouse  quay  and  the  West  Strand  to  and 
round  the  wash  and  bath  houses  on  tho  ca.st  side  tliercof,  and 
80  round  the  houses  near  the  south  end  of  tho  West  Pier- 
thenco  in  a  south-westerly  direction,  along  highwaler  mark  of 
tho  seashore,  to  the  boundary  of  tho  township  of  Whitohavcn 
near  Wellington  Pit ;  thenco  in  a  ^outlicra  direction  along  such 
boundary,  through  tho  coal  yard  and  coal  stailhs  of  the  Earl  of 


450 


ALLEBDALE-ABOVE-BERWENT  •WARD. 


lionadale,  to  Monnt  Pleasant,  and  along  the  west  side  of  Monnt 
rieasant  to  Kosemary-lane,  across  the  said  lane,  in  a  southerly 
direction,  to  a  point  in  the  land  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  opposite 
to  the  centre  of  Albion-street ;  thence  in  an  easterly  direction, 
across  the  said  land  and  along  the  centre  of  Albion-street,  to  the 
centre  of  Jaraes-strect;  thence  in  a  southerly  direction  to  Irish- 
street;  thence  along  tlio  centre  of  Irish-street,  in  an  easterly 
direction,  to  the  first  named  point  at  Iho  south-east  end  of 
Roper-street. 

CaURCHES  AND    rH.U>ELS. 

St.  Nicholas's  Church  is  a  large  plain  structure,  with 
a  spacious  burial-ground  ornamented  with  trees,  situ- 
ated in  the  neighbourhood  of  Church-street,  Lowther- 
street,  and  Queen-street.  It  was  erected  in  1087-93, 
at  an  expense  of  £1,006  16s.  2id.,  which  was  defrayed 
by  Sir  John  Lowther  and  the  inhabitants.  In  the 
same  year  a  petition  was  presented  to  Parliament, 
praying  that  Whitehaven  might  be  constituted  a  sepa- 
rate and  distinct  parish,  but  the  prayer  was  refused. 
The  church  has,  externally,  no  pretensions  to  archi- 
tectural elegance;  the  interior  is,  however,  handsomely 
fitted  up.  The  organ  is  a  fino-toned  instrument,  built 
by  Snetzler,  and  was  placed  here  in  1750.  There  are 
several  mural  monuments  to  members  of  the  Pdchard- 
son.  Hartley,  Gale,  Griffin,  Hudleston,  Littledalc,  Lut- 
widge,  and  Benn  families.  St.  Nicholas's  was  certified 
to  the  governore  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  at  about 
£60  per  annum,  £40  of  which  arose  from  seats,  and 
£20  from  contributions.  It  has  since  received  a  Par- 
liamentary grant  of  £800,  and  is  now  worth  about  £188 
a  year.  The  benefice  is  a  perpetual  curacy  in  the  pa- 
tronage of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  registers  com- 
mence in  lOO-i.  The  three  churches  in  Whitehaven 
became  separate  and  distinct  parishes  for  all  ecclesias- 
tical purposes  on  the  10th  of  June,  1835,  by  an  act 
passed  some  time  previously,  which  enabled  the  Queen 
in  council  to  form  new  parishes.  Under  this  new  ar- 
rangement St.  Nicholas's  Church  had  an  ecclesiastical 
district  attached  to  it,  which  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  Duke-street,  on  the  west  by  the  sea,  and  on  the  south 
by  the  ecclesiastical  district  attached  to  the  Trinity 
Church.  The  population  of  the  pai-ish  of  St.  Nicholas, 
in  185 1,  was  4,482.  The  number  of  males  was  1,925, 
of  females,  2,557;  there  were  at  the  same  period  860 
inhabited  houses,  seventy-nine  uninhabited,  and  fotir 
in  course  of  erection. 

Incumbents.    —  Yates,  1C93 ;  Francis  Yates, ;  Ciirwen 

Hudleston,  1738;  Wilfrid  Huilleston,  1771;  Andrew  Hudleston, 
1811;  Prederick  W.  Wicks,  1851. 

Holy  Trinity  Church,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
Scotch-street,  Irish-street,  and  Koper-street,  was  erected 
in  1715,  and  is  in  style  very  similar  to  St.  Nicholas's. 
The  communion  table  occupies  an  apse,  or  semicircular 


recess,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  painting  of  the  Ascension, 
by  Reed.  The  organ  is  by  Wrenn  of  JIanchester.  The 
church  contains  several  mural  monuments ;  one  of 
which,  near  the  tower,  is  to  the  memory  of  Sir  James 
Lowther,  the  fourth  and  last  baronet  of  this  branch  of 
the  family,  who  died  without  issue  in  1755.  The  fami- 
lies commemorated  on  the  monuments  and  tablets  are 
HaiTison,  Benn,  Church,  Jloore,  Littledide,  Spedding, 
Bateman,  and  Pennyfeather.  Holy  Trinity  Church 
was  certified  to  the  governors  of  (Jueen  Anne's 
Bounty  at  about  £60,  of  which  £10  arose  from 
sittings,  and  the  remainder  from  contributions.  la 
1831  the  living  was  returned  as  of  the  annual 
value  of  £250,  having  been  augmented  by  William 
Earl  of  Lonsdale,  and  with  £100  received  from  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty.  The  presentation  to  the  living  is  vested 
iu  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  and  the  seat-holders,  who  pre- 
sent alternately.  By  an  order  in  council,  bearing  date 
June  10,  18.J5,  an  ecclesiastical  district  was  attached 
to  this  church,  and  it  was  constituted  a  separate  and 
distinct  parish  for  all  ecclesiastical  purposes.  The  dis- 
trict is  bounded  by  the  higher  part  of  Lowther-street, 
and  part  of  Scotch-street,  Carter  Lane,  part  of  Queen- 
street,  part  of  Iloper-street,  down  through  the  market- 
place to  the  sea ;  and  on  the  south  by  the  limits  of  the 
borough.  In  1851  Holy  Trinity  parish  comprised  a 
population  of  4,300  persons,  of  whom  2,003  were  males, 
and  2,243  females.  The  number  of  inhabited  houses 
at  the  same  period  was  818,  of  uninhabited,  forty-five, 
and  two  were  in  course  of  erection. 

Incumbests. — John  Dalton,  ITl."} ;  William  lirisco,  1729 ; 
Thomas  Sewell,  1745;  Charles  Cobbe  Church,  1781;  Thomas 
Harrison,  1808;  Thomas  Balton,  1840. 

St.  James's  Church  was  erected  in  1752,  and  occu- 
pies an  elevated  situation  at  the  top  of  Queen -street. 
In  style  it  is  somewhat  similar  to  the  two  churches 
just  described  ;  and  it  contains  monuments  to  the 
memory  of  the  Piev.  Thomas  Spedding,  the  Rev. 
Richard  Armitstead,  and  various  members  of  the  Dixon, 
Wood,  Grundy,  Brown,  Harrison,  Forster,  Sarjeant, 
and  Richardson  families.  This  church,  like  that  of  St. 
Nicholas,  received  a  grant  of  £800,  and  an  augmenta- 
tion from  William  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  living  is  a 
perpetual  curacy,  returned  to  the  Ecclesiastical  Com- 
missioners as  of  the  annual  value  of  £200.  The  Earl 
of  Lonsdale  is  patron.  Attached  to  this  church  there 
is  an  ecclesiastical  district,  which,  by  an  order  in  coun- 
cil dated  June  10th,  1835,  was  created  a  separate  and 
independent  paiish  for  all  ecclesiastical  purposes.  This 
new  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Moresby  parish, 
on  the  north-west  by  the  sea,  on  the  south  by  Duke- 
street,  and  on  the  south-east  by  the  turnpike-road  to 


THE    BOROUGH    OF    WHITEHAVEN. 


451 


Hensingbam,  including  part  of  that  village.  In  1851 
the  parish  comprised  0,020  inhabitants,  2,757  of  whom 
were  males,  and  3, 203  females,  inhabiting  1,211  houses, 
17  being  uninhabited,  and  9  building. 

Ikcumbe.nts. — Thomas  Spe.dding,  HOi  ;  Richard  Armitstcad, 
1783;  William  Jackson,  1821;  John  Jenkins,  1833;  John 
KobinsoD,  1833 ;  Charles  Augustus  Perring,  1855. 

Christ  Church,  situate  in  Preston-street,  is  a  neat 
structure  in  the  Norman  style,  erected  in  1847,  at  a 
cost  of  about  i'2,200,  all  raised  by  subscription,  with 
the  exception  of  £700  obtained  from  the  Diocesan  and 
Incorporated  Societies.  It  wUl  seat  nearly  1,000  per- 
sons. The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  endowed  by 
the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  of  England  with 
£200  a  year,  and  was  in  the  alternate  patronage 
of  the  queen  and  the  bishop  of  the  diocese,  until  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale  purchased  the  patronage  in  IS.jS. 
Attached  to  this  church  is  an  ecclesiastical  district, 
formed  by  order  in  council,  dated  August  5th,  1845, 
and  which,  on  the  consecration  of  the  church,  in  1847, 
became  a  separate  and  independent  parish  for  all  eccle- 
siastical purposes.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Whitehaven  township,  on  the  west  by  the  sea,  on  the 
south  by  the  township  of  Sandwith  and  part  of  Preston 
Quarter,  and  on  the  east  by  the  turnpike-road  from 
Whitehaven  to  Hensingbam.  In  1851  this  parish  con- 
tained 3,909  inhabitants,  of  whom  1,933  were  males, 
and  2,030  females,  inhabiting  739  houses  :  ten  being 
uninliabited,  and  four  building.  The  llcv.  John  Rim- 
mer  is  the  first,  and  present  incumbent. 

St.  Mary's  (Catholic)  is  in  Duke-street,  and  is  a  very 
poor  building.  It  was  erected  about  the  year  1780,  and 
enlarged  in  1824. 

St.  Gregory's  (Catholic)  is  situated  at  the  south- 
eastern extremity  of  the  town,  on  the  road  leading 
from  Ginns  to  Corkicle.  It  was  built  in  1834,  on  land 
given  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  who  also  contributed 
£100  towards  the  erection.  It  is  a  plain  building, 
capable  of  accommodating  about  0.")()  pereons.  The  en- 
closure contains  a  small  burial  ground,  with  presbytery 
or  priests'  residence.  The  Revs.  T.  M.  Shepherd  and 
.1.  B.  Jolley  are  the  present  priests. 

Tho  Baptist  (English)  Chapel  is  situated  in  Charles- 
street.  It  was  erected  in  175  I,  but  was  rebuilt  and 
enlarged  in  1842,  at  a  cost  of  i'30(),  which  was  defrayed 
by  subscription.  It  is  a  plain  stone  structure,  with 
accommodation  for  300  persons.  Tiiis  congregation 
was  formed  in  1751.  There  is  a  Sunday-school  in 
connection  with  the  chapel. 

The  Scotch  Baptists  have  a  chapel  in  Gore's  Build- 
ings. 

The  Independent  Chapel,  Duke-strocl,  was  built  in 


1793,  and  enlarged  in  1838,  at  a  cost  of  about  £650. 
It  will  accommodate  about  800  persons.  This  chapel 
originally  belonged  to  Lady  Huntingdon's  Connexion. 
It  has  a  good  Sunday-school  attached,  wliich  is  nume- 
rously attended. 

James '-street  Presbyterian  Church.  About  the  latter 
end  of  the  seventeenth  century  four  or  five  families  of 
Presbyterians  from  tho  north  of  Ireland  settled  in 
Whitehaven,  and  shortly  afterwards  received  a  grant  of 
land  from  Sir  John  Lowther,  lord  of  the  manor,  upon 
which  they  erected  a  church,  in  1095.  About  si.\ty 
years  afterwards,  in  consequence  of  the  increased  num- 
bers of  the  congregation,  the  church  was  considerably 
enlarged,  and  a  manse  erected  for  the  residence  of  the 
minister ;  tho  cost  of  this  alteration  being  defrayed  by 
a  bequest  from  one  of  the  congregation,  named  Hicks. 
In  1857  the  church  was  again  enlarged,  beautified,  and 
otherwise  improved  by  the  erection  of  a  front  in  the 
Gothic  style,  at  a  cost  of  upwards  of  £800.  The  wood 
work  in  the  interior  is  all  stained,  and  there  are  several 
stained  gla.ss  windows.  The  church  will  scat  about 
800  persons.  The  Rev.  James  Burns  is  the  present 
minister. 

The  United  Presbyterian  Church  is  in  High-street. 
It  is  a  plain  stone  building,  erected  about  the  year  1700, 
and  possesses  accommodation  for  about  700  persons. 
The  Rev.  W.  Drummond  is  the  minister. 

Tho  Primitive  Methodist  Chapel,  situated  in  Mill- 
street,  was  erected  in  1859,  at  a  cost  of  about  £500, 
and  will  accommodate  about  COO  persons. 

The  Society  of  Friends  have  a  meeting-house  in  Sand- 
hill Lane.  It  was  erected  in  1727,  and  has  a  small 
burial  ground  attached,  which  ceased  to  be  a  place  of 
sepulture  under  the  Health  of  Towns  Act,  in  1855. 
Tho  society  havo  now  a  plot  of  ground  spcciiilly  set 
apart  in  the  new  cemetery.  Prior  to  the  erection  of 
the  present  place  of  worship,  the  members  of  this 
reUgious  body  were  principally  engaged  in  agriculture, 
and  tlieir  place  of  worship  was  at  Crossfield,  near 
Keekle  Grove,  about  two  miles  distant  from  the  town, 
where  the  site  of  the  burial  ground  may  stiU  be 
observed. 

The  Wesleyan  Association  Chapel  is  situate  in 
Catharine-street.  It  was  built  in  1836,  the  year  after 
the  secession,  at  a  cost  of  £1,700,  and  is  a  neat 
structure,  possessing  accommodation  for  1,000  persons. 
Iichind  tho  chapel  there  is  a  spacious  building  which 
serves  as  a  Suuday-school.  In  1358  the  congregation 
of  this  chapel  united  themselves  with  the  Methodist 
Reformers,  who  now  bear  tho  title  of  the  United 
Methodist  I'rec  Church. 

The  Wosleyau  Methodist  Chapel,  in  Michaei-etrect, 


452 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE  DERWENT  WARD. 


was  rebuilt  in  1818.  It  is  gallcried  all  round,  and  has 
sittings  for  1,000  persons.  The  Sunday-school  attached 
to  this  chapel  was  the  first  established  in  Whitehaven. 
The  Birdites,  so  called  from  their  attachment  to  the 
doctrines  and  views  put  forward  by  the  late  Rev.  George 
Bird,  have  a  place  of  worship  at  the  Guinea  Ware- 
house. 

PUnUC     SCHOOLS. 

Foremost  among  the  schools  of  Wliitehaven,  in  point 
of  age,  stands  the  Marine  School.  It  was  founded 
in  1817,  by  Jlatthew  Piper,  Esq.,  of  Whitehaven,  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  who  munificently 
endowed  it  with  £2,000  navy  five-per-cent.  annuities, 
vested  in  the  hands  of  fifteen  trustees,  "  for  the  education 
of  sixty  poor  boys  resident  in  the  town  of  Whitehaven, 
or  the  neighbourhood,  in  reading,  writing,  arithmetic, 
guagiug,  navigation,  and  book-keeping."  In  1859  an 
additional  bequest  was  made  by  the  late  Mrs.  Benson 
of  Sandwith,  of  £100,  the  interest  to  go  towards  the 
education  of  three  additional  scholars.  The  school, 
which  is  situated  in  High-street,  was  erected  by  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale,  and  opened  in  1 822.  Prior  to  being 
admitted,  every  boy  must  be  able  to  read  the  New 
Testament,  and  be  above  eight  years  of  age — none  are 
allowed  to  remain  more  than  five  years.  "  Although  the 
school  is  intended  to  convey  such  material  instruction 
as  shall  qualify  its  pupils  to  act  as  mates  and  masters 
of  vessels,  they  arc  not  placed  under  any  obligation  to 
go  to  sea,  as  the  name  of  the  institution  may  be  sup- 
posed to  imply." 

The  National  School  occupies  a  large  building  at  the 
top  of  Wellington  Row,  erected  in  1824,  and  is  a  good 
stone  building,  of  two  stories  high,  and  eighty-four  feet 
long;  the  girls'  school  is  held  on  the  second  floor. 
It  was  cemented  and  palisaded  in  front  in  1835,  by  the 
late  Mr.  John  Pennyfeather,  at  a  cost  of  £150.  In 
1852  the  late  Rev.  Andrew  Huddlcstone,  D.D.,  incum- 
bent of  St.  Nicholas,  left  £1,000  invested  in  the  harbour 
bonds  at  four  per  cent,  towards  the  support  of  this 
school.  It  will  accommodate  500  children.  The  number 
in  attendance  is  120  boys  and  100  girls.  St.  James's 
Sunday-school  is  also  held  here. 

St.  Nicholas's  Infant  and  Sunday-school,  in  Scotch- 
street,  which  was  erected  in  184C,  at  a  cost  of  £930, 
is  a  neat  building,  possessing  accommodation  for  300 
children.  The  average  number  in  attendance  is  240. 
It  is  under  government  inspection,  and  is  conducted 
by  one  master,  aided  by  four  pupU-teachers. 

The  Refuge  School,  for  children  of  both  sexes,  is 
situate  in  James'-street.  It  was  erected  in  1852,  and 
enlarged  in  1859,  upon  a  site  granted  by  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale,  on  a  lease  for  ninety-nine  years,  at  a  cost  of 


£1,200,  defrayed  by  subscription,  and  will  accommodate 
400  children ;  the  average  number  in  attendance  being 
80  on  weekdays,  and  250  on  Sundays.  The  school 
is  in  conne.'cion  with  the  Church  of  England. 

The  Dissenters  have  a  Refuge  Sunday-school,  held 
for  some  time  in  the  Temperance  Hall,  but  now  held 
in  an  adjoining  room. 

The  Whitehaven  Colliers'  School  for  the  education  of 
the  children  of  the  workpeople  employed  in  the  coal  miaes 
of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  was  commenced  by  his  lordship 
in  1853,  the  old  glasshouse  in  the  Ginns  being  altered 
and  made  suitable  for  that  purpose.  There  are  rooms 
for  boys  and  girls,  capable  of  accommodating  500 
pupils.  The  children  pay  a  small  charge  wecld}'.  The 
schools  are  conducted  by  a  master  and  mistress,  with 
assistants.     The  average  attendance  is  about  300. 

Holy  Trinity  National  School,  situated  in  Howgill 
street,  was  erected  in  1852,  the  cost  being  defrayed 
by  the  money  received  from  the  railway  company  for 
the  old  schools,  and  a  grant  from  the  Committee  of 
Council  on  education.  The  amount  incurred  in  the 
erection,  inclusive  of  teachers'  residences,  was  £1,500. 
The  schools  are  under  government  inspection,  and  are 
conducted  by  a  master  and  mistress,  with  nine  pupil 
teachers,  five  males  and  four  femalcsj.  The  average 
attendance  is,  boys  214,  girls  150. 

St.  Nicholas's  Schools,  in  Scotch-street,  were  built  in 
1847,  at  a  cost  of  £1,000,  and  form  a  substantial  stone 
building,  capable  of  accommodating  300  children ;  the 
average  number  in  attendance  is  about  100. 

The  Catholic  School,  held  in  the  chapel.  Duke-street, 
is  supported  by  subscription,  and  is  attended  by  about 
100  children.  Efforts  are  being  made  to  erect  a  new 
school. 

CHAKITABLE    INSTITUTIONS. 

The  Whitehaven  and  Westmoreland  Infirmary  occu- 
pies a  large  building  in  Howgill-street,  and  has  a 
dispensary,  and  house  of  recovery,  or  fever  hospital 
attached.  A  dispensary  has  existed  in  the  town  since 
1783,  and  a  house  of  recovery  since  1819,  but  the 
Infirmary  was  only  estabhshed  in  1830,  and  the  gi'eat 
benefit  of  such  an  invaluable  institution  has  become 
more  apparent  every  year.  The  building  was  enlarged 
in  1 85  7,  by  the  addition  of  new  wards,  erected  by  the  late 
Baroness  de  Steinberg,  at  a  cost  of  upwards  of  £6,000. 
The  same  benevolent  lady  paid  £50  a  year  to  a  chap- 
lain, and  previous  to  her  decease  endowed  the  chap- 
laincy for  ever.  During  the  first  thirteen  years  of  its 
existence,  the  number  of  patients  averaged  between  forty 
and  fifty  annually.  In  1844  the  number  of  patients 
admitted  was  104.  From  the  report  for  the  year  1858 
we  learn  that  the  number  of  out-patients  who  attended 


THE    BOROUGH    OF    WHITEHAVEN. 


453 


at  the  surgery  was  more  numerous  than  that  of  the 
preceding  year,  whilst  the  patients  attended  at  their 
own  liomcs,  though  fewer  than  in  the  previous  year, 
were   above   the  average.     The   spring   and   summer 
months  were  unusually  fatal  to  consumptive  patients, 
although   the   town   was   at   that  time   comparatively 
healthy.       The   diseases   commonly    so   prevalent   in 
autumn  were  less  severe  than  usual.     During  the  last 
two  months  of  the  year  there  was  a  great  amount  of 
sickness  among  children,  especially  infants.     This  may 
partly'^be  attributed  to  the  epidemics  of  scarlatina  and 
measles  which  began  to  bo  prevalent  about  the  end  of 
September;   and   although   the   mortality  from   these 
diseases  was  slight,  they  left  much  weakness  behind 
them,  which  predisposed  children  to  numerous  other 
complaints.      A  large  proportion  of  infantile  diseases 
occurred  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Market  Place  ;  in  one 
street  nearly  every  house  had  one  or  two  inmates  in- 
valided, and  the  deaths  were  nearly  one  third  of  the 
number  attended.     This  contrasts  with  what  occurred 
in  the  higher  part  of  the  town,  wliich  suffered  so  much 
from  the  epidemic  of  small  pox  in  1857.     The  number 
of  patients  admitted  into  the  wards  was  smaller  than 
the  year  previous,  owing  to  there  having  been  few  cases 
of  fever.     An  ambulance  was  obtained  in  1858,  which 
will  add   much  to  the  comfort  of  jmtients  who  have 
to  be  conveyed  to  the  infirmary  from  a  distance.     The 
following  arc  the  number  of  in-patients  admitted  within 
the  3'ear  1858  : — remaining  on  tlie  books,  December 
31st,  1857,  11;  since  admitted,  86;  total,  97.     They 
are  classified  as  follow  : — accidents  and  operations,  20; 
other  cases,  71;  of  whom  72  were  cured,  1  relieved, 
•1  unrelieved,  9  died,  and  11  remained  on  the  books 
at  the  close  of  the  year.     The  statistics  of  the  out- 
patients  are   as   follow:  —  remaining    on   the    books, 
December    .'?lst,    1857,    13,   since    admitted,    1,011; 
total,  1,054.     The   accidents  and  operations   number 
74;   skin  diseases,  01;  measles,  00;  scarlatina,  29; 
consumption,  92;  other  cases,  1,410;  of  whom  1,424 
were  cured,  18,  relieved,  09  re-admitted,  05  dead,  and 
78  remain  on  the  books.     Of  tho  above  number,  000 
were  attended  at  their  own  homes.     The  dental  report 
gives  tho  number  of  teeth  and  stumps  e.\tracted  at 
604.    The  receipts  for  the  year  ending  December  31st, 
1858,  amounted  to  £027  93.  Id.;  tho  expenditure  for 
tho  same  period,  X'549   133.   9d. ;  balance  in  favour 
of  the  institution,  £77  15s.  4d. 

In  1815  tho  Earl  of  Lonsdale  established  an 
hospital  in  tho  Back  Row  for  tho  benefit  of  those 
who  met  with  accidents  in  his  lordship's  employment. 

Besides  tho  Infirmary,  Whitehaven  possesses  tho 
Ladies'  Charily,  which  affords  relief  and  assistauco 


to  married  women  in  cliildbed,  in  their  own  houses, 
and  to  widows  whose  husbands  have  died  during  their 
pregnancy,  resident  in  the  town  and  suburbs.  It  was 
instituted  in  1805.  There  are  also  a  Ladies'  Bene- 
volent Society,  for  visiting  and  relieving  the  sick  poor, 
formed  in  1818  ;  and  a  Blanket  and  Clothing  Society, 
which  not  only  supplies  the  poor  with  cheap  clothing, 
but  also  enables  them  to  deposit  small  sums,  and  to 
pay  for  articles  of  clothing  by  such  instalments  as  they 
can  conveniently  spare.  There  is  also  a  Soup  Kitchen, 
in  Queen-street,  which  furnishes  the  poor  with  nutri- 
tious soup  in  winter,  pursuant  to  a  bequest  of  the 
benevolent  Matthew  Piper,  Esq.,  who  left  the  interest 
of  £1,000  for  that  purpose. 

r.ELiaioDS  AND  rnAniTAHLE  societies,  &c. 
The  CopelanJ  District  Committee  for  the  promotion 
of  Christian  Knowledge,  was  established  in  1824,  and 
is  supported  by  the  clergy  and  others  of  the  Established 
Church  in  this  deanery.  The  annual  subscription  is 
not  less  than  one  guinea,  and  the  number  of  books 
distributed  during  the  year  1858  was  230  Bibles, 
140  Testaments,  350  Prayer-books,  6,000  miscella- 
neous books  and  tracts.  The  receipts  for  the  same 
j-ear  amounted  to  £110.  The  depository  is  in  Low- 
ther-street. 

The  Independents  have  a  branch  of  the  London 
Missionary  Tract  Society,  and  there  are  missionary 
and  other  societies  belonging  to  the  Wesleyaus,  Bap- 
tists, etc. 

rOBI.IC    BUILDINGS. 

Tho  Town  Hall  is  a  fine  building,  in  Duke-street, 
now  in  the  hands  of  trustees,  and  in  its  rear,  in  Scotch- 
street,  is  the  police  station.  The  petty  sessions  are 
now  held  in  a  new  ollice,  erected  in  1859,  behind  the 
police  station. 

The  County  Court,  situate  in  Sandhill  Lane  and 
Scotch-street,  is  a  good  substantial  stone  building, 
erected  in  1857,  at  a  co.ot  of  £2,000.  It  contains  the 
public  otliccs,  registrars'  oilices,  and  court-room. 

The  Temperance  Hall,  rebuilt  in  1857,  is  a  neat 
building,  with  sitting  accommodation  for  500  persons. 

The  LiMisdale  Hotel,  one  of  tho  largest  and  finest 
buildings  of  the  kind  in  the  north  of  England,  was 
erected  in  1840-7.  It  is  in  the  Lombardian  stylo  of 
architecture,  and  was  built  by  tho  Earl  of  Lonsdale, 
at  a  great  expense,  from  a  design  by,  and  under  tho 
superintendence  of,  ilr.  Bonies,  of  London ;  Mr. 
Hugh  Todhunter,  of  Whitehaven,  being  tlic  builder. 
It  covers  an  area  of  0,000  superficial  feet ;  is  100  feet 
in  length,  and  si.xty  in  width.  There  are  about  eighty 
rooms,  including  a  spacious  ball-room,  a  large  public 


4S4 


ALLERDAUE-ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


coflfee-room,  Ac.  It  is  situate  at  Branstj-,  contiguous 
to  the  Wbitehavcu  Junction  Railway  Station,  and  is 
a  great  ornament  to  the  town  and  harbour.  This  fine 
building  is  now  (1859)  closed,  and  it  is  rumoured  that 
it  is  intended  to  convert  it  into  a  part  of  the  intended 
new  railway  station,  \Yheu  it  will  serve  as  offices,  &c. 

NF.WSPArEnS. 

Tlie  press  of  ^^'hitehaven  comprises  four  news- 
papers, all  weeklies.  The  Cvmberland  Pacquet, 
published  every  Tuesday,  by  Mr.  Robert  Foster,  King- 
street,  is  the  oldest  newspaper  in  the  county,  having 
been  established  in  1774.  by  Mr.  "Ware,  and  is  con- 
servative in  politics ;  its  circulation  is  very  extensive. 
The  Whitehaven  Herald,  established  in  1830,  is 
published  every  Saturday,  by  Mr.  William  Smith, 
Lowther-street — it  favours  the  whig  or  liberal  policy. 
There  are  also  two  penny  papers,  published  on  Thurs- 
day, the  Whitehaven  Times,  and  the  Whitehaven  News. 
Two  other  weekly  newspapers  have  been  published  here, 
viz.,  the  Chronicle,  which  only  lived  for  a  short  period, 
and  the  Gazette,  which  continued  from  1810  to  1826, 
-ffhen  it  was  purchased  by  the  proprietor  of  the  Pacquet. 

MECHANICS'  IKSTlTurtON,   itc. 

The  Whitehaven  Mechanics'  Institution,  situated  in 
Lower  Queen-street,  was  established  in  March,  1845. 
Its  objects  are  "  the  dififusiou  of  useful  knowledge  in 
general  literature,  the  sciences,  and  the  arts,  by  means 
of  a  library,  a  reading-room,  and  news-room,  a  museum, 
the  delivery  of  lectures,  discussions,  and  the  reading 
of  essays,  &c.,  by  the  formation  of  classes  for  the 
study  of  any  art  and  science,  and  such  other  means 
as  the  committee  for  the  time  being  may  deem  expe- 
dient." The  members  ai'e  divided  into  honorary, 
■who  pay  a  subscription  of  10s.  each  per  annum ; 
ordinary,  paying  Cs.  per  annum ;  females,  paying  4s. 
per  annum;  juvenile,  who,  being  under  sixteen  years 
of  age,  or  apprentices,  pay  4s.,  and  subscribers  to 
the  news-room,  who  pay  4s.  per  annum.  The 
institution  is  supported  by  the  subscriptions  of  its 
members,  the  number  of  whom  is  now  about  300. 
The  library  contains  about  8,000  volumes,  and  is 
rapidly  increasing.  There  are  several  elementary 
classes  held  during  the  winter  season.  The  reading- 
room  is  well  supplied  with  quarterly,  monthly,  and 
weekly  periodicals,  and  the  news-room  with  the  various 
metropolitan  and  local  papers.  The  institution  is  in 
connection  with  the  Society  of  Arts,  London. 

The  Whitehaven  Christian  Improvement  Society 
was  founded  in  1858,  and  holds  its  meetings  in  the 
room  above  the  Guinea  Warehouse.  It  is  instituted 
to  promote   the   mental   and    religious    improvement 


of  young  men,  by  means  of  readings  in  Scripture, 
discussions,  conversations,  essays,  and  lectures.  The 
affairs  of  the  society  are  managed  by  a  president, 
vice-president,  treasurer,  and  secretary,  with  a  com- 
mittee of  ten  members,  the  whole  of  the  officers 
being  elected  by  ballot.  The  number  of  members 
at  present  (1859)  is  sixty ;  the  subscription,  one  shil- 
ling a  year. 

The  Subscription  Library  was  founded  in  1797, 
and  now  occupies  a  handsome  building,  in  Catharine- 
street,  erected  by  the  late  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  It  com- 
prises about  10,000  volumes,  and  has  at  present  132 
members,  subscribing  one  guinea  each  per  annum. 
The  entrance  fee  is  one  guinea. 

The  News  Room,  in  the  upper  part  of  the  public 
office,  Lowther-street,  is  very  elegantly  fitted  up  and 
ornamented  with  paintings  of  William  IV.,  her  present 
Majesty,  and  the  late  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  It  is  attended 
by  subscribers  of  one  guinea  each  per  annum,  and 
is  well  furnished  with  the  various  London  and  pro- 
vincial papers,  &c. 

COUniS  OP   LAW,  &c. 

The  sessions  for  the  county  were  removed  to  Car- 
lisle in  1858.  Petty  sessions  are  held  here  every 
Monday  and  Thursday.  A  Court  Baron  for  the  recovery 
of  debts  under  40s.  is  held  monthly,  under  the  lord 
of  the  manor.  The  County  Court  for  the  recovery  of 
debts  under  iSO  is  also  held  here  monthly.  The  police 
establishment  consists  of  a  superintendent,  inspector, 
two  sergeants,  and  twelve  men,  for  the  borough. 

BANKS,    MAKKETS,   FAIRS,    &C. 

There  arc  throe  banks  in  the  town,  viz.,  the  Bank  of 
Whitehaven,  the  Whitehaven  Joint  Stock  Bank,  and 
a  branch  of  the  Carlisle  Old  Bank  (J.  M.  Head  &  Co.) 
established  in  1819.  The  iirst  bank  established  in 
UTiitehaven  was  opened  in  1780,  by  Messrs.  T. 
Hartley,  M.  Hartley,  and  S.  Potter.  Another  was 
established  in  1793,  by  Messrs.  Moore,  Hamilton, 
Harrison,  Sergeant  and  Co. ;  another  under  the  firm 
of  Johnston,  Adamson,  and  Co.,  suspended  payment 
during  the  panic  of  1825,  and  the  commercial  insti- 
tutions now  in  the  town  are  concentrated  in  the  banks 
above-mentioned.  There  is  also  a  Savings'  Bank, 
which  was  established  here  in  1818,  its  deposits  now 
amount  to  £79,537,  belonging  to  2,402  depositors, 
including  charitable  and  friendly  societies. 

The  markets  are  held  on  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and 
Saturday,  and  are  well  supplied  with  all  kinds  of  pro- 
visions, especially  on  Thursday,  which  is  the  principal 
market  day.  The  Market  Place,  which  is  surrounded 
with  well-stocked  retail  shops,  is  tolerably  spacious. 


THE    BOROUGH    OF    WHITEHAVEN. 


455 


having  been  enlarged  and  rendered  more  commodious 
about  a  century  ago,  by  throwing  an  arch  over  the 
Pow  Beck,  which  runs  under  this  part  of  the  town. 
It  now  extends  from  King-street  to  Irish-street,  and  con- 
tains a  neat  market  house,  designed  by  Smirke,  which  is 
devoted  to  poultry,  butter,  eggs,  &c.  The  Com  iSIarket  is 
held  in  Duke-street.  Chapel-street  divides  the  shambles 
into  two  parts,  viz.,  the  Low  Market,  extending  to  King- 
street,  and  George's  Market,  which  leads  to  Church-street. 
The  two  butcher  markets  are  private  property  :  they 
have  slaughter-houses  attached.  Formerly  the  h.arbour 
occupied  that  part  of  the  town  on  which  the  buildings 
between  Strand-street  and  Chapel-street  now  stand. 
The  gut  which  separated  them  was  filled  up  early 
in  the  last  century.  The  stone  bridge  which  crossed 
the  Pow  Beck,  opposite  the  Golden  Lion,  was  removed, 
and  the  stream  covered  over  as  at  present.  Fairs  are 
held  annually  on  the  121  h  of  August. 

The  Whitehaven  and  "West-Cumberland  Benefit 
Land  and  Building  Society  was  established  in  18.54, 
and  it  now  numbers  about  200  shares  at  J£30  each. 

RAILWAYS,    r,AS,  WATEnWOEKS,   X'C. 

Whitehaven  is  the  centre  of  a  railway  system  which 
connects  it  with  the  north  ami  south  of  the  county, 
and  the  other  parts  of  England.  These  lines,  which 
will  bo  found  fully  described  at  page  66,  are  the 
Whitehaven  and  Fumess,  the  Whitehaven  Junction, 
and  the  Whitcliaven,  Cleator,  and  Fgremont.  The 
railway  station,  which  is  totally  unworthy  the  wealth 
and  importance  of  the  town,  is  situate  at  Bransty, 
and  it  is  hoped  will,  before  long,  give  place  to  a  better 
and  more  convenient  structure.  The  Fumess  line 
had  a  station  in  Preston-street  till  18!i6,  when  it 
was  annexed  to  Bransty,  by  means  of  a  tunnel  from 
that  station  to  Corkide,  the  tunnel  also  serving  as 
a  means  of  communication  between  Bransty  and  the 
Whitehaven,  Cleator,  and  I'Igrcmont  line. 

llntil  1831  ^^'h^tohaven  was  lighted  with  oil  lamps, 
but  in  the  year  just  named  gas  works  were  erected  at 
a  cost  of  £8,000,  raised  by  a  company  in  £20  shares. 
These  works  are  situated  at  Bransty,  and  comprise 
twenty-six  retorts,  which  supply  two  gasometers,  capable 
of  containing  2,500  cubic  feet  of  gas.  A  new  gas- 
works was  established  in  185!^,  in  the  Preston  Quarter, 
and  the  competition  between  the  two  companies  has 
been  of  tho  greatest  value  to  the  public,  who  are 
supplied  with  gas  at  two  shillings  and  two  shillings 
sixpence  per  l,(i00  feet. 

The  Whitehaven  Water  Works,  situated  in  the  Pres- 
ton Quarter,  between  Hcnsingham  and  Whitehaven, 
and  ouo  mile  from  tho  latter  place,  were  commenced 


in  1819,  and  finished  in  1850,  at  a  cost  of  £25,000. 
They  are  under  the  superintendence  of  the  town  trus- 
tees. The  water  is  conveyed  from  Enncrdalc  Lake,  a 
distance  of  eight  miles,  and  has  a  fall  of  tliirty  feet 
per  mile.*  There  are  filtering  beds  at  Wath,  from 
which  place  pipes,  ten  inches  in  diameter,  convey  it 
to  the  town,  llensingliam  is  also  supplied  with  water 
from  the  same  source,  by  steam  power  attached  to  the 
works.     The  daily  supply  averages  one  million  gallons. 

While  speaking  of  the  water  works  we  may  advert 
to  the  baths  and  washhouses,  in  Newtown,  erected  by 
the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  in  1858,  for  the  use  of  his  work- 
people: and  though  last  not  least  in  our  estimation, 
the  public  di-inking  fountains,  seven  of  which  have 
been  erected  and  opened  in  ^^'hitehaven.  The  first 
of  these  iu  point  of  time  is  that  in  the  Green  Market, 
which  was  erected  by  tho  Loyal  Lebanon  Tent  of  the 
Order  of  Kechabites  in  Whitehaven,  at  a  cost  of  about 
£10.  It  is  a  handsome  upright  of  cast  iron,  painted 
dark  green,  the  upper  part  being  ornamented  with  a 
variety  of  grilliu-like  faces,  from  the  open  mouth  of  one 
of  which  flows  a  sparkling  jet  of  mountain  water  fresh 
from  Ennerdale.  A  white  metal  ladle  of  shell  pattern 
hangs  by  a  chain  from  each  side.  The  fountain  was 
opened  May  12th,  1859,  by  Mrs.  Bateman  Wilson,  in 
the  presence  of  a  numerous  concoui-se  of  spectators. 

On  the  West  Strand  is  a  convenient  suite  of  cold, 
warm,  and  shower  salt  water  baths,  erected  by  the 
town  and  harbour  trustees  in  181 1. 

Whitehaven  Cemetery  is  situated  in  Preston  Quarter, 
and  will  be  found  noticed  at  page  432. 

PAIUJASreSTAKY  EEPBESENTATION. 

Previous  to  1832  ^Miitehavcn  was  without  a  repre- 
sentative in  the  Imperial  Parliament,  but  by  tho 
Reform  Bill,  passed  in  that  jear,  it  was  invested  with 
the  privilege.  The  parliamentary  borough  of  White- 
haven consists  of  the  township  of  Whitehaven,  and 
part  of  the  township  of  Preston  (Quarter,  containing 
4,720  inhabitants.  The  population  is  18,916:  th© 
number  of  electors  being  535.  We  subjoin  a  list  of 
the  members  of  Parliament  from  18.S2  to  the  present 
time:— J832-35,  M.  Attwood,  Esq.:  1835-37,  M. 
Attwood;  1837-41,  M.  Attwood;  1841-47,  R.  C.  Hild- 
yard;  1852-56,  R.  C.  Hildyard:  1856-7,  R.  C.  Hild- 
yard;  1857,  G.  Lyall :  1850,  G.  LyaU. 

roon-uiw  uniou. 

Tho  Whitehaven    Poor-law  Union    embraces    four 

sub-districts,  viz.,  Harrington,  including   Harrington, 

Pistington,   Arlccdon,    Ijamplugh,  Salter  and   Eskat, 

Enncrdalc,  Kinniside,  Wcddicar,  Jforcsby,  and  Parton ; 


456 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


Whitehaven,  which  includes  the  township  of  White- 
haven ;  St.  Bees,  comprising  Hensinghara,  Preston 
Quarter,  Sandwith,  Rottington,  Lowside  Quarter,  and 
St.  Bees ;  and  Egremont,  containing  Cleator,  Egremont, 
Hale,  St.  John  Beckermet,  St.  Bridget  Beckermet, 
Ponsonby,  Gosforth,  and  Nether  Wasdale.  The  area 
of  the  union  is  99,'-203  statute  acres.  Its  population 
in  1851  was  .3.j,G14,  of  whom  17,108  wore  males, 
and  18,500  females.  The  number  of  inhabited  houses 
at  the  same  period  was  6,743,  of  uninhabited  260, 
and  there  were  47  in  course  of  erection.  The  total 
receipts  of  the  union  iu  the  year  1858  amounted  to 
JE7,941  9s.  8s.;  and  the  expenditure  to  Je7,900  10s.  9d. 
Until  1855-0  there  was  no  new  workhouse  erected  iu 
this  union  from  the  time  of  its  formation,  the  old  work- 
houses being  considered  suflSciently  capacious.  The  new 
workhouse,  situated  in  Preston  Quarter,  was  erected  in 
the  years  just  named.  It  is  a  good  substantial  stone 
structure,  possessing  accommodation  for  400  persons, 
and  cost  £8,140  inclusive  of  the  site.  It  is  considered 
the  finest  building  of  the  kind  in  the  north.  The 
number  of  inmates  at  present  (1859)  is  200.  There  are 
two  fever  wards,  one  for  males  and  the  other  for  females. 

CHARITIES. 

Mrs.  Gale's  Charity.— Urs.  Elizabeth  Gale,  by  will 
dated  30th  February,  1735,  left  £200  to  trustees  on 
trust  to  place  out  the  same,  and  pay  the  interest  at 
Christmas  yearly  for  the  augmentation  of  the  salary 
of  the  minister  of  the  old  chapel  in  Whitehaven,  and 
his  successors,  provided  that  he  and  his  successors 
should  continually  cause  twelve  poor  children  at  least 
to  be  instructed  to  read  English,  and  should  yearly  on 
Christmas  Eve,  within  the  said  chapel,  distribute  40s. 
to  and  amongst  so  many  of  the  poor  inhabitants  of 
Whitehaven,  as  he  and  they  should  think  meet ;  and 
the  testatrix  expressed  her  desire  that  the  said  £200 
should  be  laid  out  iu  obtaining  Queen  Anne's  bounty  for 
the  said  chapel,  the  minister  still  being  subject  to  the 
provision  before-mentioned.  At  a  vestry-meeting  held 
iu  1752,  it  was  agreed  that  this  bequest  should  be  laid 
out  in  building  on  a  vacant  spot  of  ground  near  twelve 
yards  square,  behind  the  minister's  house,  and  belong- 
ing to  the  said  chapel,  fronting  Church-street,  and  that 
the  income  should  be  applied  for  the  augmentation  of 
the  minister's  salary,  subject  to  the  provisos  in  the 
wUl.  It  appears  that  an  application  had  been  made  to 
obtain  Queen  Ann's  bounty,  but  without  effect.  Some 
buildings  were  erected  on  the  spot,  which  are  now 
chiefly  divided  into  small  rooms,  and  if  all  were 
properly  let,  they  might  be  worth  seven  guineas  a 
year ;  but  the  present  minister  does  not  receive  so 
much  as  two-thirds  of  that  sum.     The  premises  being 


occupied  by  poor  persons,  it  is  difficult  to  obtain  any 
rent  at  all.  It  is  not  quite  clear  what  buildings  were 
erected  with  this  bequest,  and  what  were  previously 
existing  there.  The  minister  distributes  annually  on 
the  Epiphany  40s.  to  forty  poor  widows,  and  the  same 
distribution  appears  to  have  been  made  regularly ;  but 
we  do  not  find  that  any  children  have  ever  been  in- 
structed according  to  Mrs.  Gale's  will.  This  latter  con- 
dition was  not  known  to  the  minister  till  the  enquiry  of 
the  Charity  Commissioners  took  place ;  and  it  is  clear 
that  the  bequest  would  be  far  from  an  augmentation  to 
his  salary  if  he  were  obhged  to  provide  for  the  educa- 
tion of  twelve  chUden,  which  would  not  cost  less  than 
£12  a  year.  The  bequest  would  be  an  injury  to  the 
minister  on  such  terms  ;  and  if  on  failing  to  comply 
with  the  condition,  he  were  called  upon  to  give  up  the 
advantage  of  this  donation,  we  do  not  see  how  the  rent 
of  buildings  could  bo  separated  from  the  land  belonging 
to  the  chapelry  on  which  they  are  buUt.  The  mode  in 
which  this  bequest  was  laid  out,  appears  not  to  have  been 
well  considered,  as  these  buildings  may,  very  probably, 
be  aa  injury  rather  thau  an  advantage  to  the  incum- 
bent. 

Mrs.  Grace  Towerson's  Charity. — Mrs.  Grace  Tower- 
son,  by  will  dated  12th  April,  1770,  gave  to  the  Rev. 
Wilfred  Iludleston,  and  Henry  Littledale,  £100  iu 
trust,  that  they  and  the  survivor  of  them  should  place 
out  the  same  on  good  security,  and  apply  the  interest 
yearly  towards  putting  to  school  and  educating  such 
and  so  many  poor  children  belonging  to  the  town  of 
Whitehaven  as  they  should  think  proper ;  and  the 
further  sum  of  £100  upon  trust,  to  pay  the  interest 
thereof  yearly  unto  such  and  so  many  poor  widows  of 
the  town  of  Whitehaven,  as  they  should  judge  the 
most  deserving.  The  amount  of  these  bequesis  was 
paid  to  Mr.  Iludleston,  who  then  resided  at  White- 
haven. Mr.  Littledale  died  many  years  ago,  and  the 
whole  management  rested  with  Mr.  Iludleston,  in 
whose  hands  the  money  remained.  The  sum  of  £4 
has  been  distributed  regulai-ly  on  the  4th  of  .June,  as 
interest  of  £100,  amongst  poor  widows  of  Whitehaven, 
in  sums  varying  from  2s.  Od.  to  10s.  No  money  was 
for  many  years  apphed  for  putting  boys  to  school,  and 
£100  was  added  as  arrears  of  interest  for  twenty  years, 
to  the  principal  sum  of  £100  in  the  trustees'  hands 
for  the  purpose  of  putting  boys  to  school.  The  sum 
of  £200,  together  with  the  £100  before- mentioned, 
was  subsequently  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of  £358 
4s.  2d.  four -per -cent,  stock,  (£119  8s.  for  the  poor 
widows,  and  £238  Kis.  2d.  for  putting  boys  to  school) 
and  the  charity  is  now  carried  out  as  directed  by  the 
testator. 


THE   BOROUGH   OF  WHITEHAVEN. 


457 


Joseph  Olaister's  Ckarity. — Joseph  Glaister,  by  will 
dated  22nd  January,  1773,  gave  £'>  yearly  for  ever,  to 
be  distributed  every  Christmas  Eve  to  poor  housekeepers 
in  the  town  of  Whitehaven,  at  the  discretion  of  the 
minister  and  chapelwardens  of  Trinity  Chapel  for  the 
time  being;  and  ho  directed  his  trustees  to  vest  in 
some  of  the  public  funds,  or  place  out  at  interest  in  the 
harbour  or  turnpike  of  Whitehaven,  in  the  name  of 
the  minister  and  chapelwprdens  of  Trinity  Chapel,  as 
much  as  would  be  sufficient  from  the  yearly  interest  or 
dividends  to  pay  the  said  sum  yearly  to  poor  house- 
keepers in  Whitehaven.  By  a  codicil  to  his  will,  the 
testator  directed  that  a  ticket  or  instrument  for  £200, 
entitling  the  possessor  to  receive  £4  10s.  per  cent 
from  the  trustees  appointed  by  act  of  Parliament,  for 
enlarging  and  preserving  the  Maryport  harbour,  should 
be  appropriated  as  a  fund  to  secure  the  payment  of  50s. 
annually  to  poor  housekeepers  of  Cockermouth,  as 
mentioned  in  his  will,  and  for  the  above  charity  of  £5 
a  year  for  poor  housekeepers  of  Whitehaven ;  and  he 
directed  that  no  less  a  sum  than  os.  should  be  given  to 
each  poor  housekeeper,  and  whatever  yearly  interest 
should  accrue  from  the  said  ticket. 

Mrs.  Seivell's  ChariUj. — Mrs.  Susannah  Sewell,  by 
will  dated  1 7th  December,  1 782,  bequeathed  to  the  Rev. 
James  Sedgwick,  then  lately  elected  minister  of  Trinity 
Chapel,  £200,  upon  trust  to  place  the  same  out  on  good 
public  or  private  security,  and  distribute  the  interest 
on  St.  Thomas's  Day  unto  and  amongst  twenty  poor 
families  or  single  persons  who  should  keep  house,  in 
such  proportions  as  he  should  think  suitable  to  their 
circumstances;  and  in  case  the  said  James  Sedgwick 
should  resign  or  be  removed  from  the  said  chapel,  the 
testatrix  gave  the  same  to  the  next  succeeding  minister 
and  chapelwardens  of  the  said  chapel,  and  their  suc- 
cessors, upon  the  same  trusts.  The  sum  received 
under  this  bequest  was  invested  in  1780  in  the 
purchase  of  £rjO  stock  in  the  five-per-cents,  iu  the 
names  of  the  minister  and  chapelwardens.  In  1810  it 
became  necessary  to  have  the  stock  transferred  into 
the  names  of  new  trustees,  by  which  an  expense  was 
incurred  of  £8  18s.  5d.  The  dividends  arising  from 
Mrs.  Sewell's  bequest,  and  the  annual  payment  left  by 
Mr.  Glaister,  are  distributed  together  on  St  Thomas's 
Day,  by  the  minister  and  chapclvardens  of  Trinity 
Chapel.  The  money  is  divided  amongst  twenty  poor 
persons.  As  Mrs.  Sewell's  donation  is  limited  to  twenty 
persons  and  Mr.  Olaister's  is  directed  to  be  given  away 
in  sums  not  less  than  5s.  to  each  person,  it  is  thought 
advisable  to  adopt  this  mode  of  distribution.  The 
trustees  generally  select  widows  for  the  objects  of  this 
charity,  and  it  is  their  wish  to  give  to  those  who  do 
A3 


not  receive  parochial  relief;    but  this  is  not  strictly 
attended  to. 

AUL'SEMEXTS,    CUSTOUS,    &C. 

The  Theatre  is  a  neat  structure,  in  Eoper-street, 
erected  in  1709. 

The  Cricket-ground  and  Bowling-green,  at  the  end 
of  Howgill-street,  covers  an  area  of  about  six  acres, 
and  has  been  given  for  the  purpose  by  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale.  It  affords  healthy  recreation  to  the  young 
gentry  of  ihe  town,  and  is  well  supported  by  100  mem- 
bers, who  pay  a  yeariy  subscription  of  ten  shillings 
each. 

At  Christmas  the  old  custom  of  "  mumming  "  is 
still  kept  up — the  mummers  going  about  among  the 
country  houses,  and  exhibiting  their  dramatic  powers 
iu  the  halls  of  kitchens.  The  very  curious  and  simple 
kind  of  drama  which  they  perform  is  of  very  ancient 
date,  somewhat  rcsombliug  the  old  Jliracle  Plays. 
On  Christmas  Eves  the  whole  town  seems  alive  and 
waking  till  near  dawn — music  of  aU  kinds,  merry- 
making and  psalm-SHiging,  and  a  constant  crowd 
parading  the  streets,  make  the  sleep  of  the  soberer 
inhabitants  a  thing  almost  impossible.  There  is  a 
superstition  among  the  inhabitants  of  Whitehaven, 
concerning  a  very  remarkable  and  unearthly  noise, 
which  until  the  last  few  years  was  often  heard  at 
night  by  them.  It  is  called  the  "  Newtown  Bogle," 
(Bogle  being  a  common  word  for  some  uneasy  spirit) 
and  is  supposed  to  be  some  wicked  and  restless  ghost : 
though  the  traditions  of  its  origin  are  various  and 
uncertain.  The  noise,  however,  is  by  no  means  a 
fiction,  as,  though  it  has  not  been  heard  for  eight  or 
ten  years,  it  is  distinctly  vouched  for  by  many  persons 
as  a  wild  and  fearful  scream,  beginning  in  a  low  wail, 
and  gradually  rising  to  a  higher  pitch.  The  only 
practical  solution  of  the  mystery  is,  that  it  may 
have  been  caused  by  the  escape  of  air  from  the 
numerous  coal-workings  with  which  the  foundations 
of  tho  town  are  honeycombed.  Some  such  general 
source  it  would  seem  there  must  be  for  so  widely - 
extended  a  result,  though  in  this  case,  it  is  not 
known  why  it  should  now  have  ceased. 


EMINENT    BEN. 


Among  the  eminent  men  connected  with  White- 
haven, we  may  mention  tho  following : — 

Bacon,  .Anthony,  Esq.,  who  was  born  in  this  town, 
and  raised  himself,  after  his  thirtieth  year,  by  his 
talents,  from  the  position  of  a  master  mariner  to  the 
rank  of  one  of  tho  first  merchants  in  Loudon,  and  to 
a  seat  in  the  House  of  Commons  during  three  suc- 
cessive parliaments. 


458 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT   WARD. 


Bacon,  Thomas,  author,  who  published  in  a  lat^o 
folio  volume,  "A  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  Maryland,"  a 
volume  of  sermons,  and  the  "  S^'stem  of  the  Revenue 
in  Ireland." 

Brownrigg  William,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  physician,  who, 
■while  in  practice  in  this  town,  fully  investigated  the 
nature  of  the  exhalations  which  produced  such  extra- 
ordinary effects  in  the  coal  mines.  He  also  applied 
himself  to  the  Study  of  mineral  waters,  and  is  said 
to  have  been  the  first  to  discover  the  nature  of  chaly- 
beate springs.     He  died  in  1800,  aged  eighty  years. 

Nutter,  Henry,  a  celebrated  portrait  painter. 


Dixon,  J.,  Esq.,  M.D.,  physician,  author  of  a  "  Life 
of  Dr.  Brownrigg, '"  and  a  treatise  on  ah,  fevers,  &c. 

Spedding,  James,  Esq.,  well  known  for  his  philo- 
sophical attainments.     He  died  in  1789. 

Williamson,  Eev.  David,  pastor  of  the  United 
Secession  Church  in  this  town,  author  of  "  Lectures  on 
Civil  and  Kcligious  Liberty,"  political  debates,  and 
correspondence  with  the  Eev.  John  Newton,  of  London. 

Chambers,  William,  schoolmaster,  author  of  several 
works  on  algebra,  navigation,  and  kindred  subjects. 

The  celebrated  Dean  Swift  is  said  to  have  received 
the  rudiments  of  his  education  in  Whitehaven. 


ST.   BRIDGET  BECKERMET   PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Hale  and  St.  John  Beckermet,  on  the  west  by  the  Trisb  Sea,  on  the  south- 
east by  the  river  Calder,  which  separates  it  from  Ponsonby,  and  on  the  east  by  the  mountains  of  Copcland  Forest. 
The  soil  on  its  western  side  is  light  and  fertile,  but  towards  the  east  it  is  cold  and  sterile.  Freestone  is  found  here; 
towards  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  parish  are  Cald  Fell  and  Wasdalo  FeUs,  which  afford  pasturage  to  large  flocks 
of  sheep.     The  parish  possesses  no  dependent  townships. 


The  area  of  St.  Bridget  Beckermet  is  5,025  acres, 
and  its  rateable  value  £3,490.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  in  1801  was  400;  in  1811,  469;  in  1821, 
545;  in  1831,  574;  in  1841,  030;  and  in  1851,  004; 
•who  are  chiefly  congregated  in  the  villages  of  Becker- 
met and  Calder  Bridge,  and  the  hamlets  of  Sella  Park, 
or  Sella  Field,  Prior  Scales,  Yotton  Fews,  and  Scalder- 
skew.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment,  and 
Whitehaven  the  market  usually  attended. 

The  manor  of  Great  Beckermet,  so  called  to 
distinguish  it  from  that  of  Little  Beckermet,  in  the 
adjoining  parish  of  St.  John,  has  never  been  severed 
from  the  demesne  of  the  barony  of  Egremont,  and  in 
consequence  is  now  held  by  General  Wyndham.  One 
estate,  known  as  the  Calder  Lordship,  belongs  to  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  landowners  iu  the  parish  are 
Captain  Irwin,  John  Sharp,  Esq.,  Edward  Stanley, 
Esq.,  Thomas  Brocklebank,  Esq.,  Miles  Ponsonby, 
Esq.,  Messrs.  Isaac  Bateman,  Thompson  and  Snooks, 
Henry  Gunson,  George  Jackson,  Robert  Sherwen,  the 
executors  of  the  late  Jacob  Benson,  Isaac  Powe, 
Charles  Mossop,  William  Nicholson,  Joseph  Watson, 
Clement  Mossop,  Thomas  Douglas,  John  Dalzell,  John 
Dixon,  Isaac  Atkinson,  Robert  Bone,  John  Chester, 
Joseph  Hartley,  John  Poole,  Russell  Atkinson,  Mrs. 
Mary  Shepherd,  Mrs.  Iredale,  and  Miss  Hannah 
Brocklebank. 

The  village  of   Beckermet  is  partly  in  this  parish 


and  partly  in  that  of    St.  John,  2^  miles  south  of 
Egi'emont. 

Calder  Bridge  is  a  pleasant  village  four  miles  south- 
south-east  of  Egremont,  on  the  high  road,  where  the 
river  Calder  is  crossed  by  a  good  bridge,  and  hence 
its  name.  For  the  convenience  of  tourists  and  others 
there  are  two  good  inns,  one  of  which  is  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Calder  in  Ponsonby  Palish. 


THE  cnrnicH. 


The  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Bridget,  is  situ- 
ated in  the  village  of  Calder  Bridge.  It  was  erected 
in  1842,  at  the  sole  expense  of  Thomas  Irwin,  Esq.,  of 
Calder  Abbey,  and  is  a  very  neat  cruciform  structure, 
with  a  square  tower,  surmounted  with  pinnacles.  The 
exterior  of  the  church  has  a  chaste  and  elegant  appear- 
ance, as  has  also  the  interior ;  the  communion  table  is 
of  oak,  beautifully  carved,  and  there  is  an  excellent 
organ.  The  church  contains  two  monuments,  one  to 
the  late  Rev.  Sharp  Mossop,  first  minister  of  the 
new  church,  recently  erected  by  the  pai-ishioners  and 
his  friends  ;  the  other  to  .the  memory  of  Joseph  Tiffin 
Senhouse,  Esq.,  and  his  eldest  daughter,  erected  by 
Mrs.  Irwm.  The  old  church,  which  is  now  iised  only 
for  interments,  is  situated  about  half-a-mde  south-west 
of  the  Ydlago  of  Beckermet.  On  the  south  side  of  the 
churchyard  is  an  interesting  monument,  consisting  of 
the  remains  of  an  ancient  cross  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 


ST.  BEIBGET  BECKKEMET   PABISH. 


459 


times.  It  is  in  its  present  state  a  cylindrical  column, 
bevelled  to  a  square  near  the  top,  and  on  one  of  the 
bevels  may  be  traced  an  inscription  in  Runic  characters, 
like  all  these  early  inscriptions  in  verse,  and  comraeuio- 
rating,  as  it  has  been  read  and  translated  by  the  llev. 
Daniel  H.  Haigh,  of  Erdington,'  Tuda,  bishop  of  the 
Northumbrians,  who  perished  in  the  terrible  pestilence 
which  ravaged  the  whole  island  in  the  year  06-4. 
The  inscription  mentions  the  pestilence,  and  is  doubly 
valuable  as  identifying  Beckermet  as  the  site,  hitherto 
unknown,  of  the  early  monastery  of  Piugnala'ch,  where 
Bedc  says  that  Bishop  Tuda  was  buried  "  honourably.'' 
There  is  nothing  on  record  relative  to  the  first  founda- 
tion of  the  church  of  St.  Bridget  Beckerraet,  but,  as 
we  have  seen,  the  ruined  cross  in  its  churchyard  con- 
nects it  with  Anglo-Saxon  times.  It  appears  to  have 
been  appropriated  to  the  abbey  of  Calder  previous  to 
1202,  and  continued  so  till  the  time  of  the  Dissolution, 
during  the  whole  of  which  period  this  parish,  and  those 
of  St.  John  and  Arlecdon,  were  under  the  spiritual 
supervision  of  the  community  of  the  abbey.  On  the 
suppression  of  the  monastic  institutions,  the  parish  fell 
into  a  state  of  great  poverty,  as  the  revenues  of  the 
church  were  not  restored  after  being  granted  to  the 
Flemings  of  Pivdal.  In  the  time  of  Bishop  Bridgman, 
who  held  the  see  of  Chester  from  1619  to  1057,  the 
parishes  of  St.  Bridget  and  St.  John  paid  synodals  and 
procurations  jointly,  but,  since  that  period,  they  have 
been  exempt,  "  by  reason  of  their  poverty."  From 
the  time  of  the  Dissolution  till  )  842  these  two  parishes 
wore  supplied  by  one  curate,  who  officiated  at  each 
church  alternately.  John  Fleming,  Ksrj.,  gave  the 
church  of  St.  Bridget  to  Sir  Jordan  Crossland,  Knt., 
on  his  marriage  with  his  daughter,  whose  coheiresses 
sold  it  to  Richard  Patrickson,  Esq.  It  subsequently 
became  the  property  of  the  families  of  Todd  and  Gait- 
skell,  and  in  1 840  was  purchased  by  Thomas  Irwin, 
Esq.,  of  Calder  Abbey,  the  present  patron.  The  living 
is  not  mentioned  in  the  King's  Book,  excepting  as 
being  appropriated  to  the  Abbey  of  Calder.  It  was 
returned  to  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  as 
of  the  annual  value  of  i'7.  Henry  Gaitskell  is  the 
impropriator  of  the  tithes,  except  those  belonging  to 
the  Calder  Abbey  estate.  The  Rev.  John  Hutchinson 
is  the  present  incumbent. 

•'  About  a  mile  from  Calder  Bridge  stand  the  ruins  of 
Calder  Abbey,  the  way  to  which  is  through  the  church- 
yard, and  along  tho  banks  of  the  Calder,  where  again 
the  most  beautiful  tricks  of  light  are  seen,  with  brown 

Una  paper  on  "The  Snxon  Cross  at  Bcwcastlo,"  published 
in  the  transactions  oC  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Newoastle- 
npon-Tyno. 


water  and  its  white  foam,  red  precipitous  banks,  and 
the  greenest  vegetation,  with  a  wood  crowning  all. 
The  scene  is  thoroughly  monastic.  There  is  no  sound 
at  noon-day  besides  the  gushing  water,  but  the  wood- 
man's axe,  and  the  shock  of  a  falling  tree,  or  the  whirr 
of  the  magpie,  or  the  pipe  of  the  tlirush:  but  at  night 
the  rooks  on  their  return  to  roost  fill  the  air  with  their 
din.  The  ruins  are  presently  seen,  springing  sheer 
from  the  greenest  turf.  Relics  from  the  abbey  are  now 
placed  beside  the  way;  and  the  modem  house  appears 
at  hand.  The  ruins  should  be  approached  from  the 
front,  so  that  the  lofty  pointed  arches  may  best  disclose 
the  long  perspective  behind  of  grassy  lawn  and  sombre 
woods.  The  abbey  is  built  of  the  rod  sandstone  of  the 
neighbourhood,  now  sobered  dovra  by  time  into  the 
richest  and  softest  tint  that  the  eye  could  desire.  .  . 
The  church  was  small,  as  the  scanty  remains  show; 
and  the  monastery,  which  now  looks  like  a  continuation 
of  the  same  building,  could  not  have  contained  a 
numerous  company.  From  the  fragments  of  effigies 
preserved,  it  appears  that  some  eminent  persons  were 
buried  here ;  but  who  these  knights  and  nobles  were, 
there  is  no  record  that  can  tell, — carefully  as  these  mem- 
orials were  wrought  to  secure  the  immortality  of  this 
world.  The  eye  is  first  fixed  by  the  remains  of  the 
tower,  from  whose  roofless  summit  dangles  the  ivy,  and 
whose  base  is  embossed  by  the  small  lilac  blossoms  of 
the  antirrhinum ;  but  at  last  the  great  charm  is  found 
in  the  aisle  of  clustered  pillars.  Almost  the  whole 
aisle  is  standing,  still  connected  by  the  cornice  and 
wall  which  supported  the  roof.  The  honeysuckle  and 
ivy  climb  till  they  fall  over  on  the  other  side.  There 
is  a  sombre  cornei'  where  the  great  ash  grows  over 
towards  the  tower,  making  a  sort  of  tent  in  the  recess. 
There  are  niches  and  damp  cells  in  the  conventual 
range.  It  is  a  small  ruin,  but  thoroughly  beautiful : 
and  when  the  stranger  looks  and  Ustens,  as  he  stands 
in  tho  green  level  between  woods,  ho  will  feel  how  well 
the  old  monks  knew  how  to  choose  their  dwelling  places, 
and  what  it  must  have  been  to  the  earnest  and  pious 
amongst  these  Cistercians  to  face  their  river  bank,  and 
to  attune  their  thoughts  to  the  unceasing  music  of  tho 
Calder  flowing  by.  In  the  broad  noon  it  is  a  fine  thing 
to  see  the  shadows  flung,  short  and  sharj),  on  the  sward, 
and  to  catch  the  burnish  of  the  ivy,  and  woo  tho  shade 
of  tho  avenue:  and  in  tho  evening,  it  is  charming  to 
sea  how  the  last  glow  iu  the  west  brings  ont  the  pro- 
jections and  recesse.s  of  the  ruins,  and  how  the  golden 
moon  hangs  over  the  eastern  mass  of  tree  tops,  ready 
to  take  her  turn  in  disclosing  tho  beauties  of  the  mon- 
astic retreat."  Such  is  tlio  descriptiou  given  of  Calder 
Abbey  by  the  gifted  Harriot  Marlincau,  and  we  may 


460 


ALLERDALE-AUOVE-DERWENT   WARD. 


now  add  such  an  account  of  its  rise  and  fall  as  we 
have  been  able  to  glean  from  the  records  of  the  past 
and  from  the  works  of  those  who  have  preceded  iis. 
Calder  Abbey  was  founded  about  the  year  1134,  by  the 
second  Eanulph  de  Meschines,  for  monks  of  the  Cister- 
cian order,  but  it  is  said  not  to  have  been  fiuished  till 
the  time  of  Thomas  de  Multon,  one  of  its  benefactors. 
Its  church,  like  all  other  Cistercian  churches  in  ancient 
and  modern  times,  was  dedicated  to  the  Blessed  Virgin. 
It  was  a  filiation  from  the  abbey  of  Furness.  West, 
in  his  history  of  that  abbey,  gives  the  following  account 
of  the  setthug  of  the  new  commuuity  at  Calder.  He 
tells  us  that  ''  Ceroid,  abbot  of  Calder,  having  beeu 
detached  from  the  abbey  of  Furness,  anno  35th  Henry 
I.  (1134-5),  with  twelve  monks,  to  found  the  abbey  of 
Caldre  in  Couplaud,  in  the  county  of  Cumberland,  which, 
as  has  been  observed,  they  had  by  the  gift  of  William, 
nephew  to  David  King  of  Scots,  and  where  they  remained 
four  years,  when  David,  making  an  inroad  into  those 
parts,  Gerold,  with  his  brethren,  returned  to  the  mother 
monastery  in  Furness.  This  happened  about  the  3rd 
of  King  Stephen.  The  abbot  of  Furness  refused  to 
receive  Gerold  aud  his  companions,  reproaching  them 
with  cowardice  for  abandoning  the  monastery,  aud 
alleging  that  it  was  rather  the  love  of  that  case  and 
plenty  which  they  e.xpected  in  Furness  than  the  devas- 
tation of  the  Scottish  army,  that  forced  them  from 
Caldre.  Some  writers  say  that  the  abbot  of  Furness 
insisted  that  Gerold  should  divest  himself  of  his 
autliority,  and  absolved  the  monks  from  their  obedi- 
ence to  him  as  a  condition  of  their  receiving  any 
relief,  or  being  again  admitted  into  their  old  monastery, 
This  Gerold  aud  his  companions  refused  to  do,  and 
turning  their  faces  from  Furness,  they,  with  the  remains 
of  their  broken  fortune,  which  consisted  of  little  more 
than  some  clothes  and  a  few  books,  with  one  cart  and 
eight  oxen,  taking  Providence  for  their  guide,  went  in 
search  of  better  hospitality.  The  result  of  their  next 
day's  resolution  was  to  address  themselves  to  Thurstan, 
archbishop  of  York,  and  beg  his  advice  and  relief.  The 
reception  they  met  with  from  him  answered  their 
wishes ;  the  archbishop  graciously  received  them,  and 
charitably  entertained  them  some  time,  then  recom- 
mended them  to  Gundrede  de  Aubigny,  who  sent  them 
to  Robert  de  Alueto,  her  brother,  a  hermit,  at  Hode, 
v;here  she  supplied  them  with  necessaries  for  some 
time.  Gerold  afterwards  went  to  Salo,  abbot  of  Savigni, 
who  received  his  dependance  on  that  house,  anno  1142; 
but  dying  at  York  on  his  return,  Roger,  one  of  bis 
companions  in  Caldre,  succeeded  him  in  his  abbacy. 
The  abbot  of  Furness,  understanding  that  Gerold  had 
obtained  a  settlement  at  Hode,  in  the  East  Riding  of 


Yorkshire,  sent  another  colony,  with  Hardred,  a  Fur- 
ness monk,  for  their  abbot,  to  settle  at  Caldre.     After 
Roger  had  quitted  Hode,  and  obtained  a  seat  at  Byland, 
Hardred,  abbot  of  Caldre,  challenged  a  jurisdiction  over 
his  house  at  Byland,  in  right  of  filiation,  as  belonging 
to  the  abbey  of  Caldre,  from  whence  they  had  departed; 
but  after  some  altercation,  Hardred  renounced  all  right 
to  Roger.      The   abbott   of  Furness   still  claiming  a 
subjection  from   Roger  and  his  monks,  the  question 
was  at  last  submitted  to  a  reference,  of  which  Aldred, 
abbot  of  Reival,  was  umpire ;   when,  in  presence  of 
several   abbots   and   monks  of  different   monasteries, 
judgment  was  given  against  the   abbot  of  Furness." 
From  a  charter  of  confirmation  granted  to  the  abbey 
by  Ilcniy  II.,  we  learn  that  it  possessed  the  following 
previous  to  that  confirmation  :  "  By  the  gift  of  Ranulph 
de  Meschines,  the  ground  on  which  the  abbey  stood, 
and  Bemerton  and  Holgate  with  the  appurtenances, 
one  house  in  Egremont,  two  salt  works  of  Whithane, 
a  fishing  in  Dement,  another  in  Egre,  pasture  for  the 
cattle  in  the  forest  of  the  said  Ranulph  as  much  as  required, 
necessaries  for  their  salt  works  and  fisheries  and  build- 
ing of  their  houses,  and  liberty  for  their  hogs  without 
pannage.    By  the  gift  of  John,  son  of  Ada  and  i\Iatthew 
his  brother,  all  the  land  of  Stavenage  with  the  appur- 
tenances.    By  the  gift  of  Robert  Bonekill,  one  carucate 
of  land  in  Lesser  Gilcrux,  and  twelve  acres  one  perch 
more  in  the  same ;  and  one  acre  of  meadow  between 
the  Greater  and  Lesser  Gilcrux,  and  pasture  for  twenty 
oxen,  twelve  cows,  and  six  mares,  with  their  young  of 
one  year.    By  the  gift  of  Roger,  son  of  William,  lands  in 
IkeUnton  and  Brackamptou,  and  part  of  the  mill  of 
Brackampton.     By  the  gift  of  Richard  de  Lucy,  one 
moiety  of  the  mill  of  IkeUnton,  with  all  things  thcrunto 
appertaining.     By  the  gift  of  Beatrix  de  Molle,  five 
bovates  of  land  in  Lesser  Gilcrux,  and  a  fourth  part 
of  the  mill  of  Greater  CUlcrux.     By  the  gift  of  Thomas, 
sou  of  Gospatrick,  a  toft  in  Workington,  and  twenty 
salmon  yearly  at  the  feast  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  and 
one  net  in  Derwent  between  the  bridge  and  the  sea. 
By  the  gift  of  Thomas  de  Multon,  a  moiety  of  the  vill 
of  Dereham,  with  the  advovvson  of  the  church  there." 
In  1242   Sir  John  le  Fleming,  Knt.,  of  Beckermet, 
gave  lands  in  Great  Beckermet  to  this  abbey,  aud  in 
the  year  1202  the  churches  of  St.  John  Baptist,  Beck- 
ermet, and  St.  Michael,  Arlecdon,  were  appropriated  to 
the  same  institution.     Besides  the  benefactors  to  the 
abbey  mentioned  above  we  have  the  following  : — William 
do  Esseby  and  Ilectrat  his  wife  gave  Beckermet  and  its 
appurtenances ;  Richard  de  Boisville  gave  nine  acres 
in  his  part  of  Caldretun,  with  common  of  pasture  and 
other  appurtenances ;  John  de  Hudleston  gave  pasture 


ST.  BRIDGET   BECKERMET    TARISH, 


461 


for  four  horses  and  six  cows,  and  their  calves  of  one 
year  old,  and  for  forty  sheep  and  their  lambs  until  one 
year  old,  in  the  common  pasture  of  Millom,  on  con- 
dition of  the  community  not  keeping  a  greater  quantity 
of  cows,  horses,  or  sheep  as  appendages  to  their  salt 
pans  there,  saving  to  the  monks  there  the  other  privileges 
granted  to  them  in  the  charters  of  his  ancestors,  and 
further  granting  to  them  that  their  place  for  carrying 
ou  their  salt  works  at  Sandslof  should  coutiiin  two 
acres,  and  that  they  might  turn  the  Kattanpul  in  such 
manner  that  it  should  do  no  injury  to  their  said  works. 
In  1291  John,  son  of  John  do  Hudleston,  assigned  to 
the  abbot  and  monks  of  Calder,  William,  sou  of  Richard 
of  Loftscalcs,  with  all  his  retiuue  and  chattels,  "  so 
that  from  this  time  they  may  be  free,  and  exempt  from 
all  state  sorvitudc  and  reproach  of  villeinage"  from  the 
grantor  or  his  heirs.  From  this  period  till  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII.  we  have  nothing  recorded  of  Calder 
Abbey.  In  the  King's  Book,  compiled  by  order  of 
that  monarch,  we  find  the  possessions  of  the  abbey 
described  as  worth  £.50  9s.  3d.  It  is  very  probable 
that  Calder  Abbey  .was  dissolved  in  1530,  vrhen  Henry 
VIII.  suppressed  about  380  of  the  lesser  monastic 
institutions.  The  revenues  of  the  abbey  were  valued 
by  Dugdalo  at  ,£30  9s.  3d.,  and  by  Speed  at  £64  3s.  9d. 
By  letters  patent  bearing  date  July  2Gth,  1538,  the 
king  granted  to  "  Thomas  Leigh,  L.LD.,  and  his  heirs, 
the  demesne  and  site  of  the  late  abbey  or  manor  of 
Calder,  and  the  cliurch,  steeple,  and  churchyard  thereof, 
and  all  messuages,  lands,  tenements,  houses,  buildings, 
barns,  dovecotes,  gardens,  orchards,  waters,  ponds, 
mills,  ground  and  soil,  as  well  withiu  as  nigh  unto  the 
site  and  precinct  of  the  said  monastery ;  as  also  all 
lands,  tenements,  granges,  meadows,  pastures,  woods, 
common  of  pasture,  with  divers  enclosures  by  name, 
containing  in  the  whole  217  acres,  at  Calder  aforesaid 
(with  divers  granges  elsewhere)  of  the  clear  yearly  value 
of  £13  ]0s.  Id.,  to  hold  of  the  Iting  in  capite  by  the 
tenth  part  of  one  knight's  fee  and  the  rent  of  .£27  Os.  Id. 
in  the  name  of  tenths,  to  bo  paid  into  the  court  of 
augmentations."  Sir  Ferdinand  Leigh,  grandson  of 
the  Dr.  Leigh,  to  whom  the  grant  of  Calder  wa.s 
made  by  Ilenr)"  VIII.  sold  the  property  to  Sir  Richard 
Fletcher,  Knt.,  of  Ilutton,  who  gave  it  iu  marriage  with 
his  eldest  daughter,  Bridget,  to  John,  second  son  of 
Tiioraas  I'atrickson,  Esq.,  of  Castlchow.     His  son  sold 


it  to  Mr.  Tiffin  of  Cockermouth,  by  whom  it  was  given 
to  liis  grandson,  John  Senhouse,  Esq.  On  the  mar- 
riage of  ^lary,  eldest  daughter  of  Joseph  Tiffin  Senhouse, 
Esq.,  with  Thomas  Irwin,  Esq.,  she  brought  the  estate 
to  that  gentleman,  who  is  now  the  proprietor  of  Calder 
Abbey,  where  he  resides,  a  modern  mansion  having 
been  erected  on  the  south  side  of  the  ruins. 

Irhjiit  of  lusluslotou  anil  Calbtr  ^bbrg. 

Thomas  Irwin,  Esq.,  of  Justustown,  and  in  right  of  his  wife, 
of  Calder  Abbey,  J.P.,  high  sheriff,  1830,  bom  19th  Nov.,  17B9 , 
married  ICth  April,  IHi'.i,  JIary,  only  daughter  and  heiress  of 
the  late  Joseph  Senhouse,  Esq.,  of  Colder  Abbey,  who  died  15th 
March,  1803.  Mr.  Irwin  is  a  captain  on  half  pay  of  the  Ennis- 
killen  Dragoons.  He  is  son  of  the  late  Thomas  Irwin,  Esq.,  of 
Justustown  (who  married  in  1788,  Jane,  second  daughter  of 
John  Senhouse,  Esq.,  of  Calder  Abbey,  and  died  3rd  January, 
18."'i),  and  grandson  of  Thomas  Irwin,  Esq.,  of  Mosside  and 
Justustown.  Captain  Thomas  Irwin  has  had  two  brothers  and 
three  sisters,  viz.,  John,  lieutenant  E.  I.  Co.'s  service,  died  21st 
September,  18'.i4  :  Joseph,  lieutenant  K.  N.,  married  Emily 
Dillon  (of  an  Irish  family) ;  Jane ;  Mary,  wife  of  \\.  N.  Hodgson, 
Esq.,  of  Carlisle  ;  and  Sarah,  wife  of  T.  A.  Hoskins,  Esq.,  of 
Higham,  near  Cockermouth. 

^nHs.— Arg.,  three  holly  leaves,  ppr. 

Cresl. — A  dove  holding  an  olive  branch  in  its  beak. 

Motto. — Ilaud  uUis  labautia  ventis. 

Sella  Park,  an  ancient  retired  mansion,  situated 
one  mile  and  a  half  from  the  mouth  of  the  Calder, 
was  formerly  the  property  of  the  community  of  Calder 
Abbey,  who  had  a  deer  park  here.  On  the  suppression 
of  the  monastic  institutions.  Sella  Park  was  granted  to 
Sir  Ilcnry  Curweu,  Knt.,  of  Workington,  whose  grand- 
son, Darcy  Curwen,  built  the  present  mansion,  which 
has  however  fallen  from  its  high  estate,  and  now  serves 
as  a  farm-house.  Having  been  purchased  from  the 
Curwens  by  the  Stanleys  of  Pousonby,  it  is  now  the 
property  of  Edward  Stanley,  Esq. 

Sella  Field  Hamlet  is  near  the  sea.  Sella  Field 
Tarn  is  a  small  sheet  of  water  between  the  Eheu  and 
Calder.  Prior  Scales  are  two  farms  and  a  few  houses, 
about  a  milo  above  the  abbey,  opposite  the  mountain 
called  Cald  Fell,  near  to  which  rise  the  "  Haycocks" 
and  Great  Gowder  Crag. 

Situated  near  Beckermet  village,  iu  this  parish,  is 
a  forge  for  the  manufacture  of  spades :  there  is  also  a 
saw-mill  close  to  the  forgo  ;  both  aie  driven  by  water 
power. 


462 


ALLERDALE .^OTE-DERWENT  W.UID. 


ST.   JOHN   BECKERMET. 

St.  Johk's  parish  is  bounded  by  the  parishes  of  St.  Bridget,  St  Bees,  Hale,  and  Egremont.  Tlie  inhabitants  are 
principally  engaged  in  agriculture,  and  bacou  curing  is  extonsively  carried  on  in  the  village  of  Bcckermet.  This 
parish  contains  the  south-eastern  suburbs  of  the  town  of  Egremont  aud  a  part  of  the  village  of  Beckermet,  as  divided 
by  the  Eark  Beck. 


The  area  of  the  parish  is  9,752  acres,  aud  its  rateable 
value  £'9,350.  The  population  iu  ISOl  was  3i28 ;  in 
1811,  391;  in  1821,  549;  in  1831,  397;  in  1841, 
4G8;  and  in  1S51,  541. 

The  manor  of  Little  Beckermet  has  for  many  ages 
been  in  the  possession  of  the  Flemings  of  Eydal,  iu 
Westmoreland,  who,  as  mesne  lords  between  the  bai'ons 
of  Egremont  aud  the  possessors  aud  land  tenants  of 
Rotington,  Frisington,  Arlecdon,  and  Weddicar,  did 
hold  them  as  fees  of  Beckermet,  and  itself  as  demesne 
of  the  baron  of  Egremont  barony.  An  inquisition  taken 
in  1578  informs  us  that  AVilliam  Fleming  at  that  time 
held  the  hamlet  of  Little  Beckermet  by  homage,  fealty, 
and  suit  of  court  from  throe  weeks  to  three  weeks,  and 
by  the  ninth  part  of  a  knight's  fee,  aud  paid  yearly  for 
cornage  lid.,  and  for  seawake  aud  Serjeant's  food  2s.  Bd., 
in  all  3s.  4d.  The  manorial  rights  and  privileges  are 
now  held  by  Lady  Le  Fleming.  The  landowners  are 
W.  Hartley,  Esq.,  Henry  Gaitskell,  Esq.,  and  some 
smaller  owners. 

The  village  of  Beckermet  is  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Black  Beck  and  Kirk  Beck,  two  aud  a  half  miles 
south  of  Egremont.  The  name  of  this  village,  formerly 
Beckermot,  is  a  pure  Scandinavian  name,  signifying 
"the  meeting  of  the  becks,"  aud  is  derived  from  its 
situation.  An  old  Cumbrian  saying  in  connection  with 
tliis  place,  "  Let  us  gang  together  hke  lads  of  Drigg 
and  lasses  of  Beckermet,"  is  explained  by  a  tradition 
referring  to  the  manner  in  which  the  Danish  city  of 
Barnscar,  near  the  foot  of  Devoke  Water,  was  peopled. 
Thi.s  was  accompUshed  by  taking  the  men  of  Drigg  and 
marrying  them  to  the  women  of  Beckermet,  whose 
original  husbands  had  bsen  slain  in  battle. 

TUE  caimcn. 
The  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Baptist, 

is  an  ivy-covered  edifice,  occupying  a  delightful  situation 
on  the  side  of  a  hill,  near  the  Kirk  Beck,  and  near  the 
junction  of  the  parishes  of  Hale,  St.  John,  and  St. 
Bridget.  It  consists  of  nave,  chancel,  and  west  porch, 
over  which  is  a  beU  turret  containing  two  bells.  The 
entrance  to  the  porch  is  by  a  pointed  arch,  preserved 
from  the  old  church,  enriched  by  a  triangular  canopy, 
ornamented  with  crockets.  The  cross  which  ornaments 
the  east  end  of  the  chancel  is  also  a  rehc  of  the  old 


church.  The  present  structure  was  erected  in  1810. 
It  contains  mural  monuments  to  members  of  the  Rich- 
ardson, Todd,  and  Biiley  famiUes.  A  gravestone,  with 
a  cross  and  sword  in  good  preservation,  but  with  no 
inscription,  is  built  into  the  north  wall  of  tlie  porch. 
The  church  of  St.  John  was  given  by  the  Flemings  to 
the  abbey  of  St.  ilary,  at  Calder,  and  iu  the  year  12Gi5 
it  was  totally  appropriated  to  that  house,  aud  the  com- 
munity performed  all  the  duties  appertaining  to  the 
cure  of  souls  in  the  parish  till  the  period  of  the  Dissolu- 
tion, when  St.  John's  parish  suffered  the  fate  of  so 
many  others  in  England,  and  was  left  iu  a  state  of 
poverty  and  without  anyone  to  minister  to  the  spiritual 
wants  of  the  inhabitants.^  In  the  year  1702  a  curate 
was  nominated  to  the  two  parishes  of  St.  John  and  St. 
Bridget,  by  Richard  Patrickson,  Esq.  In  1707  Henry 
Todd,  Esq.,  was  the  impropriator;  and  iu  1828  the 
curacy  was  in  the  impropriation  and  patronage  of  the 
llev.  Henry  Jolm  Todd,  rector  of  Settrington,  York- 
shire. It  was  shortly  afterwards  sold  to  Heury  Graits- 
kell,  Esq.,  the  present  impropriator  and  patron.  The 
living  was  certified  to  the  governors  of  (jueen  jVnne's 
Bounty  at  £7  per  annum;  it  is  now  worth  i;57.  The 
Rev.  John  Hutchinsou  is  the  present  incumbent. 

The  parochial  school  is  situated  near  the  village  of 
Beckermet,  but  in  the  parish  of  St.  Bridget.  It  was 
rebuilt  in  1858  at  a  cost  of  about  £120,  raised  by 
subscription,  the  material  required  for  the  erection  of 
the  building  being  carted  free  of  charge  by  the  farmers 
of  the  parish.  It  is  a  neat  stone  building,  capable  of 
accommodating  100  children,  and  has  an  average  atten- 
dance of  thirty. 

CBASITIES. 

John  Richardson's  Charitij. — John  Richardson,  by  a 
codicil  to  his  will  dated  4th  October,  1808,  directed  his 
wife,  whom  he  appointed  his  executrix,  out  of  his  per- 
sonal estate  to  lay  out  £100  at  interest,  either  in  the 
public  funds  or  in  good  real  or  personal  sccurit3%  the 
interest  thereof  to  be  applied  annually  ou  Easter  Sun- 
day amongst  such  poor  persons,  inhabitants  of  the 
parish  of  St.  John's,  as  should  not  receive  any  relief 
from  the  poor  rates  of  the  said  parish,  in  such  propor- 
tions as  his  wife  should  think  fit  dming  her  life,  and 

■  See  St.  Bridget  Beckermet,  as  the  same  remarks  are  applicable 
to  both  parishes. 


WORKINGTON   PiiRISH. 


463 


after  her  death  to  be  dividtKl  by  her  executors  or  ad- 
ministrators together  with  the  minister  of  the  parish  of 
St.  Johu's,  as  they  should  think  fit,  amongst  such  poor 
persons. 

Mrs.  Bliiey's  Charity. — Mrs.  Jane  Birley,  who  had 
been  left  a  widow  by  the  above  Mr.  Richardson,  left  by 
will,  in  1833,  the  interest  of  £50  to  be  distributed 
annually  on  Easter  day,  to  the  poor  of  the  parish  who 
do  not  receive  parochial  rchcf. 

Wotobank,  or  Wodowbaak,  near  the  village  of  Becker- 
met,  and  about  a  mile  south  of  Egremont,  is  the  seat 
and  property  of  William  Hartley,  Esq.  It  bears  the 
name  of  Wotobank  from  the  hill  upon  which  it  stands. 
The  derivation  of  the  name  is  assigned  by  tradition  to 
the  following  incident.  A  lord  of  Beckermet,  with  his 
lady  and  servants,  wore  one  day  hunting  wolves. 
During  the  chase  the  lady  was  discovered  to  be  missing. 


After  a  long  {and  painful  search  her  body  was  found 
on  this  hill  or  bank,  slain  by  a  wolf,  which  was  dis-. 
covered  in  the  very  act  of  tearing  it  to  pieces.  In  the 
first  transports  of  his  grief,  the  husband  exclaimed, 
"  Wo  to  this  bank ! " 

"Wo  to  thee  bank !  th'  attendants  echoed  ronnd, 
And  pitying  shepherds  caught  the  grief-fraught  soond  : 
Thus,  to  this  hour,  through  ev'ry  changing  age. 
Through  ev'ry  year's  still  ever-varying  stage. 
The  name  remains ;  and  Wotobank  is  seen 
From  ev'ry  mountain  blealf,  and  valley  green — 
Dim  Skiddaw  views  it  from  its  monsUous  height, 
And  eagles  mark  it  in  their  dizzy  flight." ' 

Yeorton  Hall,  three  miles  south  of  Egremont,  is  the 
seat  and  property  of  Henry  Gaitskell,  Esq. 

Situated  near  Egremont,  in  this  parish,  is  Brisco  Corn 

Mill. 

'  Mrs.  Cowley's  "Edwma,"  in  Hutchinson's  Cumberland,  vol.  ii., 
p.  10. 


SALTER   AND    ESKATT    EXTRA-PAROCHIAL    PLACE. 


Salter  and  Eskatt  is  an  extra-parochial  place,  situated 

The  demesne  of  Salter  was  given  by  Gospatric,  son 
of  Orme,  son  of  Ketel,  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary,  at 
York,  and  was  subsequently  consigned  to  the  priory  of 
St.  Bees.  After  the  suppression  of  the  monastic  insti- 
tntions  it  was  purchased  by  Dr.  Leigh,  and  sold  by  his 
grandson  to  the  Salkelds  of  Wliito  Hall,  from  whom  it 
passed  to  the  families  of  Patrickson,  Robertson,  and 
Fryer,  and  is  now  the  property  of  Mrs.  Margaret 
Dickinson.    The  area  is  4U0  statute  acres.    The  popu- 


about  eight  miles  east-by-south  of  Whitehaven. 

lation  m  18-21  was  37;  in  1831,  42  ;  in  1811,  40  ;  and 
in  1851,  35. 

Salter  Hall  is  one  of  the  oldest  houses  in  this  part  of 
the  county,  having  been  buUt  by  Thomas  Salkeld  in 
1583,  as  appears  from  an  inscription  over  the  kitchen 
door.  There  is  here  a  very  ancient  staircase  of  carved 
oak.  Uuhke  most  old  houses,  Salter  Hall  is  both  com- 
modious and  comfortable. 


WORKINGTON    PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Workington  is  bounded  on  tho  north  by  the  river  Derwcnt,  which  separates  it  from  Camcrton,  on  the 
west  by  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  soutli  by  Harrington,  and  on  tho  east  by  tlie  river  Marron,  which  divides  it  from  tho 
parishes  of  Dean  and  Brigham.  A  tract  of  light  sandy  soil  extends  along  tho  coast,  but  towards  the  eastern  part  of 
the  parish  tho  soil  in  some  places  consists  of  a  fertile  loam,  and  in  otlicrs  is  inclined  to  moss.  The  'UTiitehaven, 
!Maryport,  and  Carli-slo  railway,  and  the  Cockermouth  and  Workington  railway,  run  through  the  parish.  The 
inhabitants  attend  the  markets  at  Workington,  Cockermouth,  Whitehaven,  and  Maryport.  Workington  parish  com- 
prises the  townships  of  Workington,  Great  Clifton,  Little  Clifton,  Stainburn,  and  Winscalos,  whose  united  area  is 
S,31()  statute  acres. 

WORKINGTON.  1821,  G,12 1 ;  in  1831,  0,415  ;  in  1841,  0,045  ;  and  in 

Workington  township  comprises  an  area  of  2,810  1851,  0.280; — who  are  principally  congregated  in  the 

acres,   and   its   rateable   value   is   £15,112    ISs.     Its  town  of  Worlungton.    The  township  has  been  enclosed, 

population  in  1801  was  5,710;   hi  1811,  5,807;   in  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  Parliament 


464 


ALLERDALEABOVE-DERWE NT  WARD. 


passed  in  1809,  when  allotraeats  were  made  to  the 
rector  and  the  lord  of  the  manor. 

A  Roman  road,  connecting  the  station  at  Moresby, 
near  Whitehaven,  with  that  at  Ellenborough,  near 
Maryport,  is  supposed  to  have  gone  through  this  town- 
ship. Its  course  here  would  he  along  the  Old  Ford^ 
over  the  Cloffocks,  by  Borough  Walls  Hill,  where 
traces  of  a  Roman  camp  or  station  still  exist ;  thence 
along  by  Siddick,  or  Sea  Dyke,  past  Flimby,  to  Mary- 
port.  On  the  north  side  of  Workington  is  a  Roman 
camp  or  station,  called  Borough  or  Burrow  Walls, 
which  appears  to  have  been  overlooked  by  all  histo- 
rians. That  it  has  been  a  station  of  some  importance, 
is  proved  by  the  foundations  met  with  recently,  and 
which  have  been  traced  over  an  area  of  at  least  twenty 
acres  of  ground.  It  would  seem  that  no  remains  were 
found  previous  to  1852.  In  that  yeai-  the  workpeople 
employed  by  Mr.  Jackson,  of  Seatou  Mill,  near  Work- 
ington, whilst  engaged  in  digging  about  the  foundations 
of  the  present  waUs,  for  the  purpose  of  draining  the 
land  around,  met  with  several  Roman  altars,  in  a  very 
dilapidated  state.  One  of  the  most  perfect  of  them 
Mr.  Jackson  has  kept,  and  it  may  be  seen  in  his  garden 
at  Seaton  Mill.  It  has  upon  one  side  what  appears  to 
be  a  priest  in  bis  vestments,  with  a  rod  or  staff  of  office 
in  his  right  hand,  whilst  in  his  left  hand  he  holds  what 
appears  to  be  a  small  vessel  for  burning  incense.  On 
the  reverse  side  is  a  female  figure,  also  holding  a  staff 
in  her  right  hand;  she  has  something  in  her  left  hand, 
but  what  it  is  cannot  bo  m.ade  out.  Probably  she  is 
meant  to  represent  Victory.  This  altar  was  discovered 
close  to  the  foundation  of  what  appears  to  have  been 
the  main  entrance  to  the  station.  Besides  the  Roman 
altars  found,  there  were  several  pieces  of  earthenware, 
or  Roman  pottery,  discovered ;  as  also  quantities  of 
hand  mUlstones,  for  grinding  com,  and  some  tablets, 
one  of  which  (in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Jackson,  of 
Seaton  MUl),  has  the  following  letters  inscribed  on  it, 
S  L  A  N.  Some  human  skeletons  were  also  dug  up, 
which,  on  being  exposed  to  the  air,  crumbled  to  dust. 
The  skeletons  were  found  on  the  breast  of  the  hill, 
close  to  the  foundation  of  the  west  wall,  where  there 
was  also  found  a  quantity  of  very  large  rams'  horns, 
broken,  and  teeth  and  bones  of  various  animals,  as  if 
they  had  been  thrown  in  a  heap  and  buried. 

In  a  niche  in  an  old  building  erected  in  1703,  at 
Cross  Hill,  Workington,  is  a  small  equilateral  cross, 
said  to  have  been  taken  out  of  a  chapel  erected  there 
in  the  reign  of  King  Richard  I.,  by  some  one  who  went 
out  with  the  king.  Parties  formerly,  when  bringing 
their  dead  to  bury  from  the  country,  used  to  rest  the 
bier,  &c.,  at  this  spot,  and  a  homily  was  read  over  the 


corpse  before  proceeding  into  the  town.  The  market 
was  also  held  here  about  130  years  ago. 

In  the  fields  between  Workington  and  Harrington, 
about  a  mile  from  the  former  town,  is  an  ancient  roofless 
building,  generally  known  as  the  Old  Chapel,  and  called 
by  mariners  How  Michael.  Pennant  mentions  having 
noticed  on  an  eminence  near  the  sea  a  small  tower 
called  the  Holme  Chapel,  said  to  have  been  built  as  a 
watch  tower,  to  mark  the  motions  of  the  Scots  in 
their  naval  inroads;  "but  it  is  much  more  probable 
that  it  has  been,  as  its  name  imports,  the  chantry 
chapel  which  was  granted  (with  some  land)  by  Queen 
Elizabeth,  in  the  17th  year  of  her  reign,  to  Percival 
Gunson  and  John  Sowkey,  and  described  as  "  three  acres 
of  land  called  Chapel  Flatt,  in  Workington ;  and  also 
one  chapel,  together  with  one  acre  of  land  there." 
There  is  a  tradition  that  the  sea  formerly  flowed  round 
this  building.  The  masonry  is  rude ;  the  ground 
floor  is  arched ;  and  a  norrow  winding  staircase, 
sufficient  only  for  the  passage  of  one  person,  leads  to 
the  upper  floor.  The  windows  are  narrow  loopholes, 
excepting  two  on  the  land  side,  which  are  of  larger 
dimensions,  but  destitute  of  all  ornament.  The  build- 
ing is  useful  to  mariners  as  a  land  mark;  and  is  kept 
regularly  whitewashed.  The  hill  top  upon  which  it 
stands  is  ninety  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Within  a  mile  of  the  town,  and  in  the  township  of 
Workington,  is  the  Schoose,  a  very  ancient  farm-house 
where  the  proprietor,  Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  about  forty 
or  iifty  years  ago  held  an  annual  agricultural  show. 
The  fai-m  now  comprises  about  1,000  acres;  but  was 
at  that  time  considerably  larger. 

The  only  hill  in  this  parish  worth  noticing  is  Chapel 
Rank  Hill.  Roniar,  or  Roman  Bog  Well,  on  Clifton 
Moor,  is  a  mineral  spring  strongly  impregnated  with 
iron.  The  Friars',  or  Friar's  Well,  is  a  spring  of  remark- 
ably pure  water  issuing  out  of  the  Workington  Hall 
grounds,  underneath  the  Hall  Brow. 

The  bridge  over  the  Derwent,  which  was  nearly 
opposite  Workington  Hall,  was,  according  to  Mr.  T. 
Denton,  rebuilt  by  the  county  in  1050.  This  bridge 
was  replaced  in  1763  by  one  of  three  arches,  but  so 
exceedingly  narrow  and  dangerous,  that,  after  having 
been  the  source  of  numerous  accidents,  was  at  length 
superseded  by  the  new  one  adjoining  the  soapery, 
Workington,  built  by  Mr.  Thomas  Nelson  of  Carlisle, 
in  1841,  and  considered  one  of  the  ilnest  pieces  of 
masonry  in  this  part  of  the  county.  In  the  centre  of 
the  bridge  is  a  stone  with  the  following  inscription : 
"  Workington  Bridge,  built  a.d.  1811 ;  Thomas  Milton, 
civil  engineer;  Thomas  Nelson,  builder." 


WOHONGTON  PAEISH. 


465 


There  are  two  corn-mills,  Workington  Hall  Mill  and 
Seaton  Mill,  and  a  marble  works  mill. 

The  manors  of  Workington  and  Lamplugh  were 
given  by  William  de  Lancaster,  in  exchange  for 
Middleton,  in  Westmoreland,  to  Gospatric,  son  of 
Orme,  brotherin-law  of  AValtheof,  lord  of  AUerdale. 
Thomas,  son  of  Waltheof,  having  a  grant  of  the  great 
lordship  of  Culwen,  in  Galloway,  his  posterity  assumed 
the  name  of  De  Culwen,  subsequently  changed  to  Cur- 
wen,  and  continued  to  hold  the  manor  of  Workington 
until  almost  our  own  times.  By  an  inquisition  taken 
in  the  34th  Henry  VIII.  (1542-3),  it  was  found  that, 
at  that  date,  Sir  Thomas  Curwen,  Knt.,  held  the  manor 
of  Workington  of  the  king  by  knight's  service,  as  of  his 
castle  of  Egremont  by  the  service  of  one  knight's  fee, 
458.  2d.  comage,  seawake,  and  puture  of  two  Serjeants. 
In  1578  another  inquisition  was  taken,  and  we  are  told 
that  Sir  Henry  Curwen,  Knt.,  held  the  manor  by 
homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of  court,  and  by  knight's 
service,  and  by  the  rent  of  45s.  3d.  comage,  4s. 
seawake,  and  Is.  8d.  for  Serjeant's  food  and  fee  farm. 
Up  to  the  year  1006  the  manor  had  been  entailed  by 
various  owners.  In  that  year,  Thomas  Curwen  and 
Eldred,  his  half-brother,  joined  in  a  fine  and  a  re- 
covery, and  by  deed  enrolled  declared  the  uses  to 
Thomas  for  life,  his  issue  in  tail  male ;  to  Eldred 
for  life ;  to  Patricius,  Eldred's  son,  for  life,  and  his 
issue  in  tail  male ;  to  Henry,  Eldred's  second  son, 
for  life,  and  his  issue  in  tail  male ;  to  the  other  sons  of 
Eldred  in  tail  male ;  to  the  use  of  Darcy  Curwen, 
of  Sella  Park,  for  life,  and  his  issue  in  tail  male; 
remainder  to  two  brothers  of  Daroy;  and  an  ultimate 
remainder  to  tlie  right  heirs  of  Thomas  for  ever.  This 
settlement  remained  in  force  until  1725.  Thomas  died 
without  children  in  1G72.  Eldred,  his  half-brother, 
succeeded  to  tho  estate,  and  died  in  1073.  Patricias, 
Eldred's  first  son,  died  in  1009;  and  Henry,  the 
second  son,  succeeded  to  the  manor  and  estates,  which 
he  enjoyed  for  upward.s  of  fifty  years,  till  his  death,  on 
the  25th  of  May,  1725,  unmarried,  and  without  issue. 
This  Henry  Curwen  is  remembered  as  "  Henry  the 
Horse  Courser,''  or  "Galloping  Harry,"  having  been  in 
his  time  a  renowned  patron  of  the  turf.  By  virtue  of  the 
settlement  in  1060,  tho  manor  on  the  death  of  Henry 
the  Horse  Courser,  reverted  to  another  branch  of  the 
family,  viz.,  tho  children  of  Darcy  Curwen  of  Sella 
Park,  who  was  himself  then  dead,  and  Henry  Curwen 
was  his  eldest  surviving  son.  He  entered  upon  the 
manor,  and  in  Hilary  Term,  1725,  sutTered  a  recovery 
declaring  the  uses  to  himself  in  fee.  Ho  died  in 
l49ndon  on  the  12th  July,  1727,  and  was  buried  at  the 
parish  church  of  St.  Swithin  there  on  the  19th  of  tho 

64 


same  month,  and  dying  without  issue  was  succeeded  by 
bis  only  brother  and  heir-at-law  Eldred  Curwen.  Eldred 
Curwen,  Esq.,  died  in  1745,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
only  son  Henry,  who  died  in  1778,  leaving  an  only 
daughter,  Isabella,  to  whom  he  devised  the  manor  in 
strict  settlement.  Miss  Isabella  Curwen,  in  1782, 
married  her  cousin,  John  Christian,  Esq.,  of  Unerigg 
Hall,  in  Cumberland,  and  Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  of 
Workington  Hall  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  marriage,  and 
lord  of  the  manor,  which  is  extensive,  with  the  town- 
ships of  Workington  and  Winscales,  and  also  comprises 
certain  lands  at  Clifton,  known  by  the  designation  of 
Clifton  in  Priestgate.  These  lands  have  all  been 
enfranchised  by  the  Curwen  family,  reserving  the 
royalties,  except  one  estate,  called  Crossbarrrow,  the 
property  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  which  is  still  a  cus- 
tomary estate  of  inheritance  parcel  of  the  manor.  All 
the  lords  of  the  manor  in  succession  have  been  interred 
at  Workington,  except  Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  who  died 
in  1727. 

The  customs  of  the  manor  of  Workington,  regula- 
ting the  tenure  of  lands  therein,  are  for  tho  most  part 
similar  to  other  customary  tenures  in  the  county  of 
Cumberland  as  distinguished  from  copyhold,  which  is  a 
tenure  of  a  very  dififerent  character.  The  manor 
contains  two  divisions,  Uppergate  and  Priestgate.  la 
Uppergate  the  tenants  pay  a  fine  of  20  years'  rent  on 
death  of  lord  and  tenant,  and  30  years'  rent  oa 
alienation.  In  Priestgate  the  lord  is  said  never  to 
die,  fines  being  payable  only  on  death  of  tenant  and 
alienation.  A  tenant  in  Priestgate  dying  intestate, 
his  widow  is  entitled  during  her  widowhood  to  a  moiety 
of  the  estate.  If  a  tenant  of  the  manor  mortgages 
his  estate  the  lord  is  entitled  to  a  licence  fee  of  one 
shilling  in  the  pound  on  the  amount  of  the  mortgage 
money  and  the  alienation  fine  in  such  cases  is  usually 
respited.  The  course  of  descent  of  customary  lauds 
in  the  manor  of  Workington  is  regulated  by  the 
common  law  except  in  the  case  of  females,  for  it  is  said 
they  take  in  a  succession  similar  to  the  crown  of 
England,  the  eldest  being  preferred  first,  so  if  a  tenant 
die  leaving  daughters,  sisters,  or  nieces  only,  the  eldest 
daughter,  sister,  or  niece  is  his  customary  heir.  The 
lord  is  entitled  to  work  all  mines  and  minerals  under 
the  customary  lands,  and  tho  trees,  woods,  and  under- 
woods belong  to  him,  except  what  may  be  lawfully 
required  for  repairing  the  tenements.  The  lord  by  his 
steward  holds  a  general  court  baron  once  in  five  years, 
but  a  special  court  can  be  held  before  the  steward  at 
any  time  to  suit  tho  convenience  of  tenants  requiring 
to  transfer  their  property.  The  court  rolls  extend  no 
furtlier  buck  thau    1725,  the  period  of   the  death  of 


466 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT   WARD. 


Henry  the  Horse  Courser,  and  the  accession  of  the 
Sella  Park  branch  of  the  family.  Henry  the  Horse 
Courser  was  on  bad  terms  with  his  successor,  and  having 
alienated  the  manors  of  Seaton  and  Stainburn  from  the 
family  possessions,  it  is  believed  the  earliest  court  rolls 
of  the  manor  of  Workington  went  into  the  hands  of 
Charles  Pelham,  Esq.,  of  Bracklesby  in  the  county  of 
Lincoln  to  whom  the  manors  of  Seaton  and  Stainburn 
were  devised. 

We  subjoin  tho  boundaries  of  the  lordship  of  Working- 
ton, kindly  contributed  by  C.  Litt,  Esq.,  of  Stainburn 
House:  —  "Whoso  will  ryde  or  goe  the  boundary  that 
divides  Coupland  and  AUerdale  and  the  towns  and 
Couplaud.  shall  have  knowledge  in  the  buke  as  the  meres 
were  sett  and  bounded  in  old  tyme  in  the  king's  bukes. 
First,  for  dividing  of  Coupland  and  AUerdale  ye  shall 
begin  at  Kyblan  Stone,  the  foot  of  Derwent,  nere  the 
grand  eb,  and  so  from  the  said  stone  to  a  dub  called 
the  Patturde  in  the  same  water,  and  so  by  the  mid 
stream  under  the  lurk  of  Workington  by  the  south  side 
of  Fyt  Cloffhow  to  Hearll  Dub  under  Stainburn,  and 
then  over  the  water  to  the  end  of  the  mere  dyke  at  the 
Alyne  Fytt,  and  so  by  the  said  dyke  to  tlie  ege  of 
Pimdar  Banks,  and  so  lineally  to  the  mere  stone  on 
Sunny  Banks,  and  then  descending  to  the  great  mere 
stone  to  the  foot  of  Soalesgill  Beck  at  the  henynge  brige, 
and  at  that  place  begins  the  boundary  of  the  six  towns 
and  Coupland,  and  so  you  sail  goe  up  the  said  Scale- 
beck  to  the  head  of  Scale  Gill  at  the  foot  of  Crakbeck, 
and  then  ascending  upwards  up  the  mere  dike  bv  the 
north  side  of  Water  of  Skewes  called  the  Ox  Close,  and 
so  lineally  up  the  mere  dyke  by  the  uorth  side  of  Layne- 
barrow  Mere  or  to  Gilderscow  Bock,  and  then  ascending 
up  the  mere  dyke  of  Gilderscow  to  Custes  Stone,  and 
so  descending  lineally  by  Bigrigge  Dyke  on  to  Pystbeck 
Stone,  and  then  turning  northwards  by  the  mere  stane 
lying  on  the  west  side  of  Cranberry  iloss,  and  so  then 
eastward  by  the  said  moss  to  the  mere  stane  on  Calyl 
Bank ;  the  whilk  mere  stane  has  en''  bene  called  a  pall 
mere  betwixt  Coupland  and  the  six  towncs,  and  so  fro 
the  said  stone  going  south-east  to  the  great  mere  stone, 
ligging  iu  the  corner  of  Stargill  Close,  and  so  fro  the 
said  mere  stone  turning  south  and  be  este  lineally  to  the 
blak  mere  stone  at  the  east  side  of  the  ajanke  wa  by 
the  stanges,  and  then  up  the  east  side  of  Cozenhow 
Bek  to  the  old  mere  stane  sett  to  the  south  side  of 
Lucy  Close,  and  so  up  the  beck  to  the  foot  of  the  marras 
of  Withmire  at  the  north  side,  and  then  going  on  the 
south-east  side  of  the  said  Withmire,  all  way  by  the  marras 
of  the  hard  land  deptys  and  merys  sett  them  on  iu  to 
Gilgarron  Bek,  and  then  up  the  bek  for  the  six  towns, 
and  down  Gilgarron  Beck  for  dividing  of  lordships  of 


Workington  and  Distington  and  Harrington,  and  then 
descending  by  the  mid-stream  from  the  south  end  of 
the  said  morass  to  the  south  side  of  the  old  dike  above 
the  mill  of  Distington,  and  so  then  ascending  and 
descending  by  the  said  dike  up  to  the  head  of  Har- 
rington Baughsyke  at  the  foot  of  Hornhow  Gyll,  and 
then  descending  westward  the  said  syke  to  the  gate 
side  of  Harrington  cge,  and  so  ascending  lineally  up 
Harrington  ego  to  hayuynge  rayse,  and  then  descend- 
ing by  the  said  rayse  by  the  dike  of  Dykesthow  Gill 
by  the  mere  dyke  called  Chwane  Dyke  on  to  Ellerbeck, 
and  so  descending  by  the  said  mid-streame  of  Ellerbeck 
to  the  north  side  of  the  psen  close  of  Harrington,  and 
so  from  the  corner  of  the  said  close  descending  to  the 
great  mere  stone  at  the  east  end  of  dowff  Scarth  at 
the  whilk  stane,  the  Kirkland  denydys  fro  Weddry'ofs 
and  lavay  flats  to  the  old  mere  stanes  en  sett,  and  so 
under  tho  said  dowff  Scarth  to  the  arabel  land  of  ymp 
garthcs,  and  so  then  turning  south-eastward  unto  the 
old  water  rase  towards  the  mill-dam's  head  and  then 
going  north-west  to  Horrow." 

Tho  boundary  betwixt  Workington  and  Stainburn 
"  begins  at  Hearl,  and  so  on  by  the  high  side  of 
llillfltt  to  Huming  Beck,  thence  up  the  beck  to  the 
Scows,  and  thence  up  the  hedge  betwixt  the  Scows  and 
Stainburn  Fields,  and  so  by  the  hedge  betwixt  the  lord's 
ground  and  Stainburn  to  the  foot  of  Gilderskugh,  thence 
up  by  the  hedge  to  cut  stone  in  the  Flatts  Dyke,  thence 
to  the  head  of  Bunnbank  Gill,  and  from  thence  to  the 
heap  or  ruckol  of  stones  on  Brackenbarrow — 1705." 

The  boundary  of  Stainburn  "  begins  at  the  north 
end  of  the  town  to  the  stakes  of  Cammerton  Mill, 
from  thenco  ascending  in  a  direct  line  towards  the 
south  through  the  middle  of  the  Storthe  Eayne  by 
the  ancient  ditch  called  the  Byorlathe,  and  from 
thence  by  the  north  part  of  the  ditch  of  Stainburn 
hills,  and  so  from  thence  in  a  straight  line  by  the  old 
ditch  to  the  west  end  of  Hest  Gill,  and  so  ascending 
to  a  stone  upon  Brown  Bank,  from  thence  towards  the 
south  to  a  great  stone  upon  Brackenbarrow,  and  from 
Brackenbarrow  to  Armat  Gill,  otherwise  Swinstny  Gill, 
and  so  rising  by  the  bottom  of  Lostrigg  to  Trindells  of 
Rothmer,  and  so  by  Trindells  of  Piothmer  to  a  great 
stone  called  ]\loredimplc,  on  the  south  side  of  Stargill, 
and  so  rising  up  to  ilonkwath,  and  so  from  Monkwath 
descending  to  Haithkeld,  and  from  Haithkeld  to  a  stone 
on  the  south  side  of  Cavel  Gill,  and  so  straight  thro 
the  middle  of  AVinscales  Tarn  to  a  certain  lapidum 
(stane)  at  the  ditch  of  Hungill,  and  so  from  Hungill 
coming  down  the  ditch  between  Winscales  and  Hungill 
to  a  certain  silctii,  and  so  by  (siletum)  westwards  to 
the  west  end  of  Gdderscow,  and  from  the  head  of 


WORKINGTON  PAEISH. 


467 


Gilderscow  in  a  line  towards  the  north  to  a  stone  iu 
Esthus,  and  so  in  a  line  northwards  beyond  Ellerbeck  to 
the  north  part  of  Wangappe,  and  so  rising  by  Ellerbeck 
to  the  norlh  end  of  West  Leeys,  and  so  going  down  by 
the  old  ditch  or  hedge  to  the  corner  of  Neyldringe,  and 
so  descending  by  Scalegill  to  two  stones  at  Henning 
Gate  and  from  thence  ascending  Sunny  Bank  by  the 
old  ditch  to  the  river  Derwcnt  towards  the  north. 

This  is  a  true  copy  of  the  boundary  of  Staiuburn, 
the  original  of  which  is  somewhat  defaced,  being  dated 
in  the  year  1550.     In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereto 
subscribed  my  hand,  the  13th  June,  1G87. 
(Signed)  Wm.  Helme, 

Steward  of  the  Curweus." 

Cnriunts  of  ©lorkmgtfln. 

The  ancient  and  time-honoured  family  of  Curwen 
derive  their  descent  from  Gospatric,  earl  of  North- 
umberland ;  and  took  their  surname,  by  agreement, 
from  Culweii,  a  famil}'  of  Galloway,  whose  heir  they 
married.     The  first  on  record  is 

Ito  de  Tailbois,  or  Talbovs,  first  baron  of  Kendal,  trotlier 
of  Fulk,  earl  of  Anjou  and  king  of  Jerusalem,  who  espoused 
Elgiva,  JaugUter  of  our  Saxon  monarch  Ethehed,  and  was 
father  of 

Eldred,  or  Ethelred,  second  baron  of  Kendnl,  who  married 
Adgitha,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Ketel,  third  boron  of  Kendal.  Kctcl  married  Christiana,  as 
appears  hy  his  grant  of  Morland  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary  at 
York,  to  which  she  was  witness.  By  her  he  had  issue  Orme,  his 
successor;  William;  and  Gilbert,  who  succeeded  to  tlie  barony 
of  Kendal,  whoso  sou  William,  according  to  Dugdale,  from 
being  governor  of  the  castle  of  Lanca-ster,  assumed  the  surname 
of  Lancaster,  and  from  hiui  descended  John  de  Lancaster,  sum- 
moned to  ParUument  as  a  baron  in  lid'.K  He  received  from 
William  de  Meschines  a  graat  of  Workington,  Salter,  KeltoD, 
(ind  Stockhouso ;  and  gave  the  parish  church  uf  Workington, 
with  two  camcatcs  of  land  and  a  mill  there,  to  tlie  abbey  of  St. 
Mary  at  York. 

Oriii'.,  the  aeconJ  son,  married  Gunilda,  sister  of  Weltheof, 
first  lord  of  Allerdale,  son  of  Qospatric,  earl  of  Dunbur;  and 
acquiring,  by  grant  from  the  said  Wallhoof,  the  manor  of  Seaton 
took  up  his  abode  there.  Hy  the  same  conveyance  he  had  also 
the  towns  of  Camerton,  Greysouthen,  and  Flimby.  Mr.  John 
Denton  says  the  walls  and  niius  of  tlie  mansion  house  at  Seaton 
were  visible  in  bis  time. 

OosPATRir,  son  and  heir  of  Orme,  received  from  Alan,  second 
lord  of  Allerdale  (his  cousin-gennan).  High  Ireby,  which  re- 
mained in  a  younger  branch  of  the  Curwen.s  until  it  terminated 
in  heiresses.  Gospatric  received  the  manors  of  Workington  and 
Lamplugh  from  his  cousin-gennan,  William  do  Ijincastre,  in 
exchange  ior  Middleton,  co.  Westmoreland,  in  which  exchange 
the  said  WiUinTn  reserved  to  liimself  ami  his  heirs  a  yearly  rent 
of  Od.  at  Carlisle  fair,  or  a  pair  of  gilt  spurs,  and  bound  Gospa- 
trio  and  his  heirs  to  do  homage,  and  to  discharge  his  foreign 
service  for  the  same,  to  the  barony  and  costlo  of  K.gromonL 
'H«  gave  two  parts  of  the  fishery  iu  Uerwent  to  the  abbey  of 
ilolmo  Cultram,  with  the  appurtenances,  except  Waytcroft, 
which  he  gave  to  tlie  prior  of  Carlisle.    John,  then  prior  of  Car- 


lisle, re-granted  Waytcroft  to  Thomas,  son  of  Gospatric,  and  his 
heirs ;  to  be  holden  of  the  priory  freely,  paying  yearly  7s.  rent 
at  Pentecost  and  Martinmas.  He  had  issue  Thomas,  his  heir; 
Alan;  Adam,  parson  of  the  church  of  Camerton;  Gilbert; 
Orme ;  and  Alexander. 

Thomas,  son  and  heir,  succeeded  his  father  in  the  inheritance. 
He  received  a  grant  of  the  great  lordship  of  Culwen,  in  Gallo- 
way, and  granted  Lamplugh  to  Robert  de  Lamplugh  and  his 
heirs,  to  be  holden  by  the  yearly  presentation  of  a  pair  of  gilt 
spurs.  He  gave  to  the  convent  of  Holme  Cultram,  and  tlie 
monks  serving  God  there,  the  fishery  of  the  Denvent  at  Seaton- 
He  died  December  7th,  115^,  and  was  inten-ed  in  the  abbey  of 
Sliap,  CO.  Westmoreland,  to  which  during  his  life  he  had  been  a 
great  benefactor.  By  liis  wife,  Grecia,  he  had  issue  Thomas, 
who  married  Joan,  daughter  of  Robert  de  Veteripont,  but  died 
without  issue  iu  the  lifetime  of  his  father;  Patricils,  his  suc- 
cessor; Hugo;  and  John.  To  his  second  son,  Patricius,  he  had 
given,  during  the  lifetime  of  his  eldest  son,  the  lordship  of  Cul- 
wen ;  and  Patricius,  assuming  his  name  therefrom,  became 

Patricics  de  Culwen  ;  and  his  elder  brother  djing  subse- 
quently without  issue  male,  Patricius  succeeded  to  the  whole 
estates,  and  was  thenceforth  known  as  Patricius  de  Culwen  of 
Workington.  The  name  of  his  wife  is  unknown;  but  he  appears 
to  have  had  three  sons,  Thomas,  his  heir ;  Gilbert,  who  suc- 
ceeded his  brother;  and  Robert;  and  a  daughter,  .\licia,  who 
became  the  wife  of  Thomas  de  Coupman.  He  was  succeeded  by 
his  eldest  son, 

Thomas  oe  Cclwen,  who  died  without  issue,  and  was  sne- 
ceeded  by  his  brother, 

Gilbert  de  Culwes,  known  also  as  Gilbert  de  Culwen  de 
Workington,  who  had  three  sons,  Gilbert,  his  heir;  Thomas, 
who  died  without  issue  ;  and  John.  Ho  was  succeeded  by  his 
eldest  son, 

Gllbebt  de  Cdlwen,  lord  of  Workington,  who  married  Eda, 
or  Editha,  and  by  her  had  issue  Gilbert,  his  heir;  Robert; 
Roger;  John;  Thomas;  and  WiUiam,  subsequently  rector  of 
Newbiggin,  Westmoreland,  and  afterwarils  of  Bromtield,  Cum- 
berland. .Vn  incpiisition  post  mortem  held  in  the  iird  Edward 
IIL  (l'229-3l))  informs  us  that  he  was  at  that  time  deceased, 
that  his  wife  Eda  was  living,  and  that  Gilbert,  his  son  and  heir, 
was  then  thirty-three  years  of  age.     His  successor. 

Sir  Gilbert  de  Ctlwen,  Knt.,  who  married,  firstly,  Avicia, 
by  whom  ho  had  a  son  and  heir,  William,  or  Gildert;! 
secondly,  Margiuet.  In  the  14th  Edward  111.  (IJUO-ll),  be 
gave  a  messuage  and  ten  acres  of  land  in  Thavelberd  to  Iho 
abbey  of  Slinp,  tliat  masses  might  be  olfered  and  prayers  said 
for  the  repose  of  the  souls  of  his  wives,  Avicia  and  Margaret 
He  was  knight  of  tlio  shire  in  the  47th,  4Wtli,  and  &Oth  of 
Edward  III.     On  his  decease  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Sir  Gilbert,  or  Sir  Wiij.mm  de  Cl-i.«en,  Knt.,  who  was 
knight  of  the  shire  in  the  5lli  Richard  11.  He  died  about  two 
years  afterwards,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son. 

Sir  Christoi'hkr  de  Culwen,  Knt,,  who  represented  tho 
county  in  Parliament  in  the  'Jnd  Henry  V.,  and  iu  the  -iixA,  ;lrd, 
(Uli,  and  IHh  Henry  VI.  Ho  was  shoritl'  of  Cumberland  iu  the 
2ud,  and  (Uh,  and  again  in  the  litli,  Henry  VI.,  by  tlie  name  of 
Culwen,  and  iu  the  Otli  of  the  said  king  by  the  name  of  Curwen, 
to  which  last  name  the  family  has  ever  since  adhered.  Sir 
Chiistopher  (with  Sir  Thomas  Uacre  of  Giltloud  and  Sir 
William  Fitzhugh,  Knt.)  was  commissioned  by  lleury  \L,  A.D. 
1442,  to  take  the  oatha  of  the  wardens  of  the  west  marches  for 

1  The  Dodsworth  MSS,  Bibl.  Bodl.,  Vol.  XLV.,  1 27,  say  Gilbert ; 
but  ibo  MSS.  Cotton.  Jul.  F.  VI.,  p.  'iiV,  and  ouc  of  the  records  in 
the  Tower,  say  William. 


468 


ALLEIlDALE.ABO\'E-DERWENT  WAED. 


the  obserrance  of  the  truce  conclnded  willi  the  king  of  Scots. 
By  bis  wife,  Klizabetb,  be  bail 

Sir  TuoMAS  CuRWEN,  son  and  heir,  who  represented  the 
county  in  the  ISth,  SOtb,  a7th,  and  38tli  Henry  VI.,  and  died  in 
the  3rd  Edward  IV.  He  manied  Anna,  daughter  of  Sir  John 
lludleston,  Knt.,  and  by  ber  bad  a  son  and  heir,  Chiustofheb, 
and  WilUam.     Ho  was  succeeded  by 

Sir  CiiMSTopHER  CimwEN,  bis  eldest  son,  who  married  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  Sir  Roger  Bellingham,  Knt.,  and  by  licr  had 
issue  Thomas,  son  and  heir ;  Edmond,  John,  and  Robert ;  and 
two  daughters — Alice,  married  to  Thomas  Lamplugh,  Esq.,  of 
Dovenby  ;  and  Ellen,  married  to  John  Preston,  Esq.'  He  died 
in  the  7tb  Henry  VII. 

Sir  TuoMAs  CuRWEN,  son  and  heir,  died  in  tbc  34tb  Henry 
Till. ;  in  which  year,  on  an  inquisition  of  knight's  fees  in  Cum- 
berland, it  is  found  that  Sir  Thomas  Curwen,  Knt.,  held  the 
manor  of  Workington  of  the  king  by  knight's  service,  as  of  bis 
castle  of  Egremont,  viz.,  by  the  service  of  knight's  fee,  45s.  3d. 
comage,  4s.  seawake,  and  puture  of  two  seqeants.  He  held  at 
the  same  time  the  manor  of  Thomthwaite,  and  one-third  of  the 
manor  of  Bothills,  and  the  manors  of  Seaton  and  Camerton,  and 
divers  tenements  in  Gilcru.\,  Great  Brougbton,  and  Dearbam. 
He  appears  in  the  list  of  the  gentry  of  the  county  who  were 
called  out  by  Sir  Thomas  Wharton,  in  1543,  "  on  tlie  service  of 
the  Border,"  when  he  was  to  furnish  "  horse  at  bis  pleasure." 
By  his  wife,  Agnes,  daughter  of  Walter  Strickland,  he  had  issue 
Henry,  his  heir;  Lucy,  married  to  Sir  John  Lowtlier;  and  Joan. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  son. 

Sir  Henry  Cukwen,  knight  of  the  shire  fith  Edward  VI.  and 
1st  Elizabeth.  He  was  twice  married :  firstly,  to  Mary,  daughter 
of  Sir  Nicholas  Fairfax,  by  whom  be  had  issue  Nicholas,  his 
successor;  and  secondly,  to  Jane  Crosby,  by  wliom  he  bad 
George,  who  died  without  issue;  Thomas,  who  left  (with  two 
younger  sons)  Darcy,  who  bad  (with  four  other  sons,  who  died 
without  issue)  Henry,  and  Eldred,  who  also  succeeded  to  the 
estate.  Sir  Henry  had  the  honour  of  receiving  at  his  mansion- 
house  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  May  16, 1568,  when  she  landed  at 
Workington,  on  ber  way  to  Carlisle.  He  died  in  the  30tb 
Elizabeth,  and  was  succeeded  by  bis  eldest  son, 

Sir  Nicholas  Curwen,  M.P.  for  Cumberland,  who  married, 
firstly,  Anne,  daughter  of  Sir  Simon  Musgrave  of  Edenhall, 
Bart,  (by  whom  ho  had  no  issue) ;  and  secondly,  EHzabelh, 
daughter  of  Judge  Carus.  Hu  died  in  the  :ind  James  I.,  and 
was  succeeded  by  bis  son  and  heir, 

Sir  Henry  Curwen,  knight  of  the  shire  in  the  18th  James  I., 
who  died  in  the  21st  of  that  reign.  He  married  Catherine, 
daughter  and  co-heiress  of  Sir  John  Dalston,  by  whom  he  had 
issue  I'ATRicius,  bis  heir;  Tuomas,  who  succeeded  his  elder 
brother.  Sir  Henry  married,  secondly,  Margaret,  daughter  of 
—  Wharton,  by  whom  he  had  issue  ELnBBD,  who  succeeded 
Thomas  Curwen,  Esq. 

Sir  Patuicii's  Curwen,  Baronet,  eldest  son  and  heir  of  Sir 
Henry,  represented  the  county  in  several  Parliaments  in  the 
reigns  of  Charles  I.  and  Charles  II.  He  was  created  a  baronet 
in  102G.  He  married  .  .  .  .  ;  but  dying  without  issue,  in 
1664,  the  title  became  extinct,  while  the  estates  devolved  upon 
bis  brother, 

Thomas  Cubwen,  Esq.,  who  also  died  without  issue,  in  the 
25th  Charles  II.,  when  the  estates  passed  to  bis  half-brother, 

Eldred  Curwen,  Esq.,  who  died  in  the  26tb  Charles  II. 

Henry  CimwEN,  Esq., son  and  heir,  djing  without  issue,  12lh 
George  I.,  the  estate  and  representation  reverted  to  bis  cousin, 

Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  eldest  surviving  son  of  Darcy,  son  of 
Thomas,  son  of  Sir  Henry  Curwen,  by  bis  second  wife,  Jane 

I  Harl.  MS.,  No.  1,499,  p.  49. 


Crosby.  He  died  without  issue  in  the  I3th  George  I.,  and  was 
succeeded  by  bis  brother, 

Eldred  Curwin,  Esq.,  M.P.  for  Cockermoutb,  in  tho  7th 
George  II.,  who  dying  in  the  18tb  of  the  same  reign,  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  sou, 

Henby  Curwen,  Esq.,  M.P.  for  the  city  of  Carbsle  in  1762  ; 
and  for  the  county  of  Cumberland  in  17CH.  He  married  Isabella, 
daughter  of  William  Gale,  Esq.,  of  Whitehaven,  by  whom  he 
had  an  only  daughter,  Isabella  (born  1765),  who  married  John 
Christian,  Esq.,  of  Unerigg  Hall,  and  conveyed  to  bim  the  family 
estates  ;  be  assumed,  in  1790,  their  surname  and  arms,  and  thus 
became 

John  Christun  Cubwen,  Esq.  He  bad  previously  been 
married  to  Jliss  Taubman,  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  by  whom  he  had 
issue, 

I.  John  Christian,  Esq.,  of  Unerigg  Hall,  one  of  the  deemsters 

of  that  island. 
By  the  heiress  of  the  Curwens  (bis  second  wife)  he  had  issue, 

II.  Henry,  of  whom  hereafter. 

III.  William,  in  holy  orders,  rector  of  Harrington,  now  deceased. 

IV.  Edward,  of  Belle  Grunge,  co.  Lancaster. 

T.  John,  in  holy  orders,  rector  of  Haniugton  1823  to  1840,  in 

which  year  he  died. 
I.  Bridget,  married  to  Charles  Walker,  Esq.,  of  Ashford  Court, 

Salop. 
11.  Christiana  Frances,  of  Uppington,  Salop. 

Mr.  Curwen  served  the  office  of  high  sberilT  for  Cumbeiland  in 
1784.  In  17H0  be  was  returned  to  Parliament  for  Carlisle ; 
and  continued  to  represent  that  city  in  several  Parliaments. 
He  was  subsequently  JI.P.  for  the  county,  and  so  remained 
until  bis  decease.  "  -Mr.  Curwen  acquired  distinction  by  liis 
rural  pursuits ;  and  as  a  practical  fanner,  introduced  numerous 
valuable  improvements  under  his  own  immediate  superintend- 
ence, which  gave  a  novel  direction  to  the  business  of  the  agricul- 
turist." Mr.  Curwen  was  tlie  author  of  Observations  on  the 
State  of  Ireland,  &c.,  2  vols.  8vo,  1818.  He  died  on  the  !)th 
December,  1828,  and  was  succeeded  in  his  own  estates  by  bis 
eldest  son,  John  Christian,  Esq.,  in  those  of  the  Curwens  by  bis 
second  son, 

Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  who  was  born  5th  December,  1783, 
and  on  tlie  1 1th  October,  1804,  married  Jane,  daughter  of  Edward 
Stanley,  Esq.,  of  Whitehaven,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

L  John. 

II.  Edward  Stanley,  formerly  of  the  14tb  Dragoons,  married  22nd 

Jauuary,  183:i,  Fnmces,  daughter  of  Edward  Jesse,  Esq.,  of 
Hampton  Court,  Middlesex,  and  has  issue. 

III.  Henry,  in  iioly  orders,  rector  of  Workington,  married  to  Dora, 

daughter  of  Major-General  Goldie,  and  has  issue. 

IV.  Charles. 

V.  William-Blamire. 

I.  Isabella,  married  to  the  Rev.  John  Wordsworth,  M.A.,  rector 

of  I'lumbland  and  vicar  of  Brigbani. 
II.  Julia.  III.  Jane. 

Mr.  Curwen  succeeded  to  the  estates  on  the  decease  of  bis  father, 
Otb  December,  1828.  He  is  in  the  commission  of  the  peace  for 
Cumberland,  and  filled  tlie  office  of  higb-sherilT  of  the  coimty  in 
1834. 

^rms.— Arg.,  fretty,  gu.,  a  chief,  az. 

Crest. — A  unicorn's  bead,  erased,  arg.,  armed,  or. 

Motto. — Si  je  n'estry. 

THE   TOWN    OF   WORKINGTON. 

This  market  town  and  seaport,  in  the  parish  of  the  same 
name,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Derwent,  about 


WOEKINGTON  TARISH. 


4G9 


a  mile  from  its  junction  with  the  sea,  in  54°  39'  north 
latitude,  aud  3°  33'  west  longitude.  It  is  distant  32 
miles  south-wt'St  from  Carlisle,  300  miles  north-north- 
west from  London  by  road,  and  330  miles  by  the 
London  and  North -Western  and  connected  railways, 
via  Carlisle.  Its  population  in  1851  was  5,837,  of 
whom  2,588  were  males  and  3,249  females,  inhabiting 
1360  houses,  119  being  uninhabited,  and  five  building. 
The  town  e.vtends  above  a  mile  along  the  south  bank 
of  the  Denvent,  and  though  straggling  and  irregularly 
built,  contains  several  good  shops,  spacious  streets,  and 
handsome  dwellings. 

The  first  of  the  old  writers  who  mentions  the  town 
of  Workington  is  Loland,  who  tells  us  that  its  name  is 
derived  from  the  Wyre,  a  rivulet  which  flows  info  the 
sea  at  Harrington,  but  there  seems  litde  probability  in 
this  statement,  although  the  orthogi'aphy  of  the  name 
of  the  town  as  formerly  written,  Wyrekinton,  Wyrken- 
ton,  and  Wyrkington,  may  lend  some  sanction  to  it, 
as  the  stream  is  upwards  of  two  miles  from  the 
modern  to\vu.  The  writer  just  mentioned,  who 
lived  in  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.  informs  us  that 
Workington,  is  a  place  "where  as  shyppos  cum  to, 
wher  ys  a  prety  fysher  toun,  cawlid  Wyrkenton,  and 
ther  is  the  chif  house  of  Sir  Thomas  Curwyn." 
From  the  time  of  Leland's  visit  we  hear  no  more  of 
Workington  till  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  In 
1508  the  unfortunate  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  determined 
to  seek  refuge  in  England  from  the  treasons  and 
rebellions  which  surrounded  her  in  her  native  land. 
Miss  Strickland  informs  us  that  she  embarked  at  "  the 
Abbey  Bumfoot,  the  picturesque  and  secluded  little 
bay  where  the  beautiful  rivulet  that  flows  past  Dun- 
drennan  Abbey,  after  winding  its  way  over  a  rocky  bed 
for  nearly  two  miles,  through  a  long  grove  of  ash  aud 
elder  trees,  rushed  into  tlio  Solway  Frith,  at  the  point 
of  Dunfiu.  When  the  boat  had  laboured  through 
the  surf,  which  is  always  very  heavy  at  the  Abbey 
Creek,  and  pushed  out  into  the  broad  expanse  of 
waters,  and  (Juecu  Mary  looked  back  upon  the  land  she 
was  leaving,  it  presented  a  frowning  prospect  of  broken 
rocks  and  rugged  clilfs,  rising  hke  a  hostile  barrier 
against  her,  as  if  to  forbid  her  return."  The  same 
gifted  ^writer  continues — "  Mary's  mind  misgave  her 
when  she  was  fairly  out  to  sea,  and  under  sail  for 
England,  and  she  said  she  would  go  to  France.  The 
boatmen  made  an  ineffectual  attempt  to  change  their 
course,  but  the  wind  and  tide  were  contrary,  and  carried 
the  little  vessel  rapidly  across  the  Frith  of  Solway, 
and  drove  her  into  the  harbour  of  Workington,'  a 
small   seafaring  town  on  the   coast  of   Cumberland. 

I  Camdeu.  HUtoricol  Tradilious  of  Woikiiigtou  and  Kirkcudbright. 


The  voyage  is  said  to  have  been  performed  in  four 
hours.  The  boat  was  navigated  by  four  mariners; 
and  there  were  sLvteen  persons  who  accompanied  the 
Queen.  As  it  was  Sunday  evening,  the  general  hoUday 
of  high  and  low,  an  unusual  number  of  people  assembled 
to  see  the  Scotch  boat  come  in:  no  gaily -appointed 
galley  or  gilded  barge,  with  the  crown  aud  royal  lion  of 
Scotland  emblazoned  on  her  poop  and  silken  pennons, 
but  one  of  the  rough  crafts  used  by  the  half  civilized 
Galwegiaus  in  their  fishing  expeditions,  and  trans- 
porting coals  and  hme. '^  Rude  as  this  vessel  was, 
she  excited  lively  curiosity,  for  it  was  instantly  per- 
ceived that  her  passengers  were  neither  fisher  folk, 
colliers,  nor  Kirkcudbright  traders.  There  are  some 
persons  on  whom  nature  has  impressed  traits  of 
individual  dignity  that  nothing  can  disguise,  espe- 
cially when  accompanied  with  a  lofty  stature  and 
an  elegant  line  of  features.  This  was  the  case  with 
Mary  Stuart.  We  have  seen  the  ill  success  of  her 
attempt  to  shroud  her  graceful  form  iu  a  laundress's 
hood  and  muffler  at  Lochleven.  It  needed  not  regal 
ornaments,  or  robes  of  purple,  to  proclaim  her  rank, 
exhausted  with  grief  and  fatigue  though  she  had 
been  for  the  last  three  days  and  nights,  and  wearing 
the  travel-soiled  garments  of  white  silk  in  which  she 
had  fled  from  the  lost  battle  of  Langside.  The  moment 
she  stepped  on  shore  she  was  recognized  as  the  fugitive 
CJueen  of  Scotland,  from  her  majestic  stature,  far  above 
the  common  height  of  women,  and  her  resemblance  to 
her  pictures  and  her  coins.  The  coarse  libels  of  the 
traitors  who  had  robbed  her  of  her  throne  had  not  then 
been  published  to  counteract  the  sympathy  and  lively 
interest  which  her  calamities,  her  high  and  heroic 
courage,  united  with  feminine  softness  and  beauty, 
excited  in  generous  hearts ;  and  she  was  welcomed  with 
enthusiastic  demonstrations  of  aff'ection  and  respect. 

"  St.  George's  Pier  is  said  to  be  the  place  where  Mary 
Stuart  first  set  foot  on  Euglish  ground.  Sir  Henry 
Curwen,  the  manorial  noble  of  the  district,  received 
her  with  great  respect,  and  conducted  her  and  her 
faithful  little  train  to  his  own  home,  Workington  Hall, 
a  spacious  castellated  mansion  pleasjintly  seated  in  a 
well-wooded  park,  on  a  gentle  eminence,  scarcely  two 

'Such  indeed,  even  in  our  own  days  of  liixorions  travelling,  are 
tlie  only  kind  of  boats,  genrmlly  speakinf;,  Ui«t  ply  belween  Uie  now 
populous  aud  nealthy  towns  of  KirkcudlTiglii  and  WorkinRlon.  At 
least,  R9  Inlely  aa  the  year  IK17,  when,  Willi  anulhcr  l»dy,  the  com- 
panion of  my  historical  pilgrimago  on  Queen  Mary's  track  from 
Luugsido  to  Hundrennnn  Abliey,  I  dosired,  at  tlie  termination  of 
our  agreeable  visit  to  the  noble  Ladies  of  St.  Mary's  Isle,  to  com- 
plete tlie  adventure  by  croaaing  llie  Kritii  of  Solway  to  \S'orkiiigton, 
but  were  dissiiiuled  from  milking  the  attempt  by  tlie  assunuice  that 
no  lady  would  enterprise  tlie  voyage  in  one  of  tlicsc  incoinmwlious 
vessels,  unless,  ai  in  tile  cose  of  Mary  Stuart,  the  oecessity  of  tlic 
case  amouuted  to  a  queation  of  extreme  urgeacy. 


470 


ALLKRDALE.AB0VE-DER1;\-ENT  WARD. 


furlongs  from  tho  haven.  This  fine  olj  house,  which 
derives  no  slight  historic  interest  for  having  beoa 
Mary's  first  resting-place  in  England,  and,  alas !  almost 
the  only  one  where  it  was  her  lot  to  repose  a  night  in 
freedom,  and  to  taste  that  hospitality  and  kindness  which 
she  had  fondly  anticipated,  is  still  iu  existence.  The 
embattled  gateway,  with  its  flanking  turrets,  is  the 
same  which  overshadowed  the  royal  guest  whom  Sir 
Henry  Curwen  brought  home  to  share  his  Sabbath 
evening  supper  on  the  10th  of  May,  1508.  Wary  was 
received  and  welcomed  by  Lady  Curwen,  the  wife  of 
her  kind  host,  and  the  Dowager  Lady  Curwen,  his 
mother,'  who  is  said  to  have  supplied  her  and  her  ladies 
with  a  change  of  linen,  and  such  articles  of  dress  as 
could  be  rendered  available  for  their  use.  One  rehc 
of  Mary's  visit  to  Workington  Hall,  a  small  Scotch 
agate  cup,  or  quaigh,  called  "The  luck  of  Workington" 
is  carefully  preserved  there  as  a  precious  heirloom, 
being  her  parting  gift  to  Sir  Henry  Curwen,  when, 
as  tradition  affirms,  she  enhanced  the  value  of  the 
trifling  token  of  the  hearty  old  English  fashion,  with 


'Though  his  mother,  Agnes  Strickliuid,lhe  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas 
Strickland  of  Sizergh,  and  Edith  NeTelle  of  Thornton  Briggs,  Sir 
Henry  Curwen  wus  llie  cousin  of  Queen  Catherine  Parr,  the  last 
wife  of  Henry  VIII.  Queen  Murj's  aunt  by  marriage.  By  the  said 
maternal  descent.  Sir  Henry  could  also  claim  affinity  in  blood  to 
Mary  herself,  and  lo  Queen  Elizabeth.  Ralph  Nevill  Earl  of  West- 
moreland, the  grandfather  of  Cicely  Duchess  of  York,  having  been 
their  common  ancestor;  a  family  connection  whicli,  though  ixnnoticed 
by  any  of  tlie  historians  who  record  Mary's  brief  sojourn  at  Work- 
ington Hall,  was  not  likely  to  have  been  forgotten  by  her  host,  who 
recognised  iu  his  illustrious  guest,  and  kinswoman  in  the  fifth 
degree  of  cousinship,  the  heiress  presumptive  of  the  realm,  and,  iu 
spite  of  her  present  reverse  of  fortune,  anticipated  (he  probability  of 
her  wearing  the  threefold  garland  of  the  Britannic  empire.  It  is 
worthy  of  notice  that  Camden,  the  great  topographical  historian  of 
Britain,  and  the  author  of  the  "Annals  of  Queen  Elizabetli,"  was 
the  nephew  of  Sir  Henry  Curwen.  He  was  about  seventeen  years 
of  age  at  the  time  Queen  Mary  was  his  uncle's  guest  at  Workmgton 
Hall.  It  is  therefore  possible  that  he  enjoyed  the  opportunity,  not 
only  of  hearing  her  tell  her  own  slory,  but  also  of  obtaining  its 
verification  from  the  lips  of  the  noble  Scotch  exiles  who  had  for- 
saken all  to  follow  her  fallen  fortunes  iu  a  laud  of  strangers.  Of 
all  contemporary  historians,  Camden  bears  the  most  important 
testimony  in  Mai-y's  favour  in  his  plain  unvarnished  statement  of 
facts.  *' Writing"  as  he  says,  "with  Ceeirs  secret  correspondence 
before  him,"  he  possessed  the  key  to  many  a  political  mystery  which 
few  besides  could  fathom.  Burnet  has  endeavoured  to  impugn  his 
veracity,  by  pretending  tliat  he  wrote  thus  of  Mary  to  flatter  her  son 
James  I.  but  Camden  was  the  most  truthful  and  single-minded  his- 
torian of  his  age  —  the  oidy  one  who  grounded  liis  statements  on 
documentary  evidence.  His  illustrious  contemporary  Spencer,  who 
as  private  secretary  to  the  Earl  of  Essex  and  personally  acquainted 
with  all  Uie  prominent  characters  and  events  of  the  period,  wa.s  a 
competent  witness,  passes  the  following  well-deserved  ettloguim  on 
him: — 

"Camden,  the  nourice  of  antiquity. 
And  lanthom  unto  late  succeeding  age 
To  see  the  lisht  of  simple  verity. 
Camden !  though  Time  all  monuments  obscure, 
Yet  thy  just  labours  ever  shall  endure." 

Speneer,  Bmneaiof  Time. 


the  friendly  sentiment,  "Luck  to'Workhigton  !"  This 
quaigh  was  evidently  brought  by  Lord  Hurries,  or  one 
of  the  gentlemen,  from  Dundrennan  Abbey,  in  the 
hastily-packed  basket  of  refreshments  provided  for  the 
voyage.  It  would  be  a  violation  of  tho  propriety 
of  historical  biography  to  suggest  the  probability  of 
the  stout  Galwcgian  lord  having  endeavoured  to  cheer 
the  drooping  spirits  of  his  royal  mistress  and  her  ladies 
by  proll'ering  an  occasional  sip  of  the  national  cordial  of 
Old  Scotia  from  this  fairy  goblet,  in  the  course  of  her 
passage  from  the  Abbey  Burnfoot  to  the  port  of  Working- 
ton. In  the  picture  gallery  of  Workington  Hall  is  the 
curious  contemporary  portrait  of  Mary  Stuart,  presented 
by  herself  to  Sir  Henry  and  Lady  Curwen.  It  is  in 
profile,  and  represents  her  at  five  and  twenty,  when  the 
domestic  sorrows  and  successive  tragedies  of  two  years 
and  a  half  of  unprecedented  sufTering  had  given  her 
bitter  experience  of  the  pains  and  penalties  of  royalty, 
and  tempered  the  brilliancy  of  her  beauty  with  a  per- 
vading shade  of  sadness,  genuine  characteristic  of  a 
true  Stuart.  The  costume  in  which  she  is  delineated 
in  the  Workington  portrait  is  a  loose  gown  of  crimson 
brocade,  slashed  with  satin  in  longitudinal  stripes,  edged 
with  gold  escallops.  She  has  no  rufl',  but  a  straight 
collar,  embroidered  and  edged  with  gold,  open  in  front 
to  show  a  pearl  necklace,  white  point  tucker,  and  muslin 
kerchief.  Her  chesuut  hair  is  rolled  from  the  face 
precisely  in  the  style  which  has  been  adopted  by  the 
Empress  Eugenie,  so  as  to  display  the  contour  of  her 
noble  forehead,  delicately-formed  ear,  and  long  slender 
throat.  A  small  round  cap  is  placed  at  the  back  of 
her  head,  over  which  is  thrown  a  large  transparent  veil, 
edged  and  diagonally  striped  with  gold,  which  forms  a 
graceful  drapery,  falling  like  a  mantle  on  her  shoulders. 
During  her  brief  sojourn  at  Workington  Hall,  Mary 
wrote  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  explaining  the  injurious 
treatment  she  had  received  from  the  successful  con- 
spirators, who  had  reduced  her  to  the  dire  necessity  of 
throwing  herself  on  her  royal  kinswoman's  protection, 
confiding  in  her  oft -reiterated  professions  of  friendship 
and  promises  of  assistance  in  her  troubles.  This  letter, 
which  is  too  long  for  insertion,  concludes  with  the 
foUowing  touching  appeal  to  the  compassion  of  her 
royal  kinswoman : — 

I  intreat  you  to  send  £br  me  as  soon  as  possible,  for  I  am  in  a 
pitiable  condition,  not  only  for  a  queen  but  even  for  a  gentle- 
woman, having  nothing  in  the  world  but  the  clothes  in  which  I 
escaped,  riding  sixty  miles  tlie  first  day,  and  not  dating  to  travel 
afterwards  except  by  night,  as  I  hope  to  be  able  to  show  you,  if 
it  please  you  to  have  compassion  on  my  great  misfortunes,  and 
permit  me  to  come  and  hewaU  them  to  you.  Not  to  weary  you, 
I  will  now  pray  God  to  give  you  health  and  a  long  and  happy 
life,  and  to  myseU  patience,  and  that  consolation  that  I  await 


■WORKINGTON  PARISH. 


471 


firom  yon,  to  whom  I  present  my  humble  commendations.  From 
Workington,  tliis  17th  of  Jlay. 

Tour  very  faithful  and  affectionate  good  sister  and  cousin  and 
escaped  prisoner,  Mabie  R.' 

The  (late  manifests  the  falsehood  of  the  charge  subse- 
quently brought  by  Elizabeth  against  Mary  through 
Walsingham,  to  the  King  and  Queen  mother  of  France, 
'  That  the  Queen  of  Scots  landed  privily  in  her 
dominions,  and  remained  there  concealed  for  several 
days,  till  her  disguise  was  penetrated.'''  Now,  it  is 
certain  that  Mary  landed  on  the  evening  of  the  1 6th  of 
May  at  Worlungton,  three  days  after  the  defeat  of  her 
army  at  Langside,  and  wrote  to  Elizabeth  early  the 
ne.xt  morning,  and  that  she  was  carried  on  to  Cocker- 
mouth  the  same  day."' 

From  the  time  of  Mary's  visit  we  Lave  nothing  of 
importance  recorded  relating  to  the  town.  Pennant 
describes  the  town  as  extending  "  from  the  castle  to 
the  sea ;  it  consists  of  two  clusters — one,  the  more 
ancient,  near  the  castle,  the  other  near  the  church  and 
pier,  and  both  contuin  about  four  or  five  thousand 
inhabitants ;  they  subsist  by  the  coal  trade,  which  is 
hero  considerable.  The  Derwent  washes  the  skirts  of 
the  town,  and  discharges  itself  into  the  sea  about  a 
mile  west.  On  each  bank  near  the  mouth  are  piers, 
where  the  ships  lie ;  and  the  coals  arc  convoyed  into 
them  from  frames  occasionally  dropping  into  them 
from  the  railroads.  Ninety-seven  vessels  of  different 
burdens,  some  even  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  tons, 
belong  to  this  port."  Hutchinson,  in  his  "  History 
of  Cumberland,"  published  in  1791,  tells  us  that  "  tho 
increase  of  this  place  has  been  very  rapid  of  late  years, 
and  many  of  the  new  buildings  aro  handsome ;  in 
the  old  parts  of  the  town  the  streets  are  narrow 
and  the  houses  ill  built.  Tho  town  contains  between 
eleven  and  twelve  hundred  houses.  Tho  ground  rents 
for  building  are  lower  here  than  in  any  part  of  the 
county,  being  no  more  than  one  shilling  per  yard  front 
and  twenty  backwards.  Tho  river  is  navigable  for 
ships  of  four  hundred  tons  burden.  There  are  now 
an  hundred  and  sixty  vessels  belonging  to  this  port,  on 
an  avcrngo  about  an  hundred  and  thirty  tons  each ; 
and  every  ship  of  an  hundred  tons  costs  j£I,500,  and  so 
in  proportion.  Tho  chief  trade  in  export  is  in  coals  for 
Ireland,  but  some  arc  taken  up  here  for  tho  east  country 
service.  The  imports  are  timber  and  shipbuilding 
materials.  During  tho  summer  sca-son  the  situation  of 
the  town  is  delightful ;   but  it  cannot  bo.ast  of  many 

'  Tlio  orij?inRl  document,  written  in  French,  nmy  be  seen,  iu  Murj's 
o\ni  iiniiil,  aiuong  ilio  Cottoniaii  .MSS.,  BriliBh  Musiiim. 
»  MS.  Miniitea  iif  Pvivy  Council— hislnielions  to  Wulsingham. 
3  "Lives  of  the  (iucens  of  Scotland,"  vol.  vi.,  p.  lol,  ct  scq. 


elegant  buildings,  or  the  streets  of  being  well  paved. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  is  computed  to  exceed  six 
thousand."  The  ancient  part  of  the  town  is  narrow 
and  irregular,  but  the  modem  is  well  laid  out,  and 
contains  several  good  public  buildings.  The  lower  part 
of  the  town  is  situated  on  a  marsh,  hence  the  name  of 
the  Marsh  Side,  and  the  Marsh  End  Quay,  now  cor- 
rupted into  the  Merchant's  Quay. 

The  coal  trade  of  Workington  is  of  great  importance. 
The  coal  is  met  with  at  a  depth  of  eighty-three  fathoms 
from  the  surface,  the  seam,  the  Metal  Band,  being 
three  feet  thick;  the  next  seam,  the  Moorbauk  Seam, 
three  feet  six  inches  thick,  is  found  at  110  fathoms  ; 
at  IS!  fathoms  tho  Little  Main  Band,  three  feet  two 
inches  thick;  and  at  150  fathoms  the  Main  Bitnd,  ten 
feet  thick.  About  the  year  1722  the  coal  pits  were 
described  as  from  forty  to  fifty  fathoms  in  depth, 
having  generally  two  or  three  workable  bands, — the 
first  three  feet,  the  second  four  feet,  and  the  third  firom 
ten  to  eleven  feet.  About  the  same  time  eight  or  nine 
of  Bolton  and  Watt's  steam  engines  were  erected  iu  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  to\TO,  for  the  purpose  of  raising 
the  coal  and  pumping  the  water  from  the  mines. 
The  number  of  persons  employed  was  about  600. 
There  are  now  three  pits  in  the  Workington  Colliery, 
viz.,  Buddie  Pit,  Jane  Pit,  and  Jackson  Pit.  The 
Buddie  Pit  is  forty-three  fathoms  deep,  the  Jane 
seventy,  and  the  Jackson  twenty-three.  The  Jane 
Pit  is  the  only  one  now  working.  The  chimneys  of 
the  engine-house  are  built  in  the  castellated  style,  and 
have  as  pleasing  an  appearance  as  it  is  possible  for 
chimneys  to  have.  Chapel  Bank  Colliery  was  lost  in 
1837,  owing  to  an  eruption  of  the  sea.  We  subjoin  tlie 
following  account  of  the  catastrophe  from  a  treatise  on 
the  "Winning  and  Working  of  Collieries,"  by  M.  Dunne, 
j^gq. : — "  Another  of  these  frightful  events,"  ho  teUa 
us,  "  took  place  at  this  colliery  on  the  30th  day  of  July, 
1837.  The  two  pits,  Lady  and  Isabella,  were  worked 
to  the  distance  of  1 ,600  yards  under  the  Irish  sea,  with 
a  ten -feet  seam,  which  was  ninety  fathoms  deep,  botli 
pits  being  situated  close  upon  tho  sea  shore.  In  the 
course  of  a  long  roUeyway,  and  in  the  iutcrscctions  of 
several  dykes,  a  good  deal  of  level  had  been  lost  before 
aniving  at  tiie  inmost  working,  wliich  were  also  driven 
considerably  to  the  rise,  at  the  rate  of  one  in  the  three, 
which  at  length  brought  them  within  fifteen  fathoms  of 
the  bottom  of  the  seji.  Tho  ordinary  mauner  in  which 
the  colliery  was  worked  was — width  of  working  five 
yards,  and  the  piUar  seven  to  eight  yards — which  was 
barely  sufficient  to  inahitnin  tiie  roof  unbroken.  Piolph 
Coxou,  the  manager  of  tho  colliery,  having  no  fear  of 
consequences,  and  being  anxious  to  produce  an  excessive 


472 


ALLERDALE  ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


quantity  of  coals  to  supply  the  market,  proceeded  in 
a  most  recldess  and  unguarded  manner  to  attenuate 
the  pillars,  already  scarcely  sufficient  to  afford  support 
to  the  superincumbent  strata.  His  proceedings  were 
deprecated  by  every  one  conversant  with  the  colliery ; 
and  it  bad  not  been  allowed  to  proceed  for  any  length, 
of  time,  till  warning  was  given  of  approaching  danger 
by  some  heavy  falls  of  the  roof,  accompanied  by  currents 
of  salt  water.  The  danger  of  letting  in  the  sea  now 
became  the  subject  of  common  conversation  ;  but  week 
after  week  passed  on,  without  creating  any  change  of 
system.  In  the  meantime  several  of  the  men  left  the 
colhery  through  dread  of  consequences ;  and  Mr. 
Bowncss,  one  of  the  under  agents,  expressed  his  con- 
victions and  fears  to  me  (as  I  formerly  had  the  manage- 
ment of  the  colliery)  in  a  succession  of  letters.  In 
consequence  of  these  letters  the  proprietor  was  apprised 
as  to  the  risk  which  he  was  incurring,  and  which 
induced  him  to  question  Coxon ;  but  he  silenced  all 
fears  with  asseverations  of  safety.  Matters  were  there- 
fore allowed  to  go  on  under  implicit  reliance  on  the 
present  management,  notwithstanding  the  repeated 
heavy  falls  and  discharges  of  water,  which  were  ren- 
dered still  more  hazardous  by  the  contiguity  of  some 
material  faults.  The  last  communication  I  received 
from  Mr.  Bowness  ran  as  follows: — 'Unless  some 
interference  can  be  made,  a  very  few  days  or  weeks 
■will  most  assuredly  bring  down  the  waters  of  the  sea ; 
and  that  opinion  is  now  so  generally  expressed  that 
men  are  leaving  the  colliery  every  day'  Thus  matters 
stood  till  the  30th  of  July,  1837,  when  the  whole  neigh- 
bourhood was  appalled  by  the  breaking  in  of  the  sea ; 
and  so  extensive  was  the  commotion,  that  many  persons 
at  the  distance  of  hundreds  of  yards,  observed  the  swirl 
of  the  waters  directly  over  where  the  fracture  took 
place.  A  few  of  the  pitmen  escaped  by  groping  their 
way  to  the  day-hole  in  the  rise  workings  underneath 
some  cottages  at  Chapel  Bank  ;  and  thirty-six  men  and 
boys,  and  as  many  horses,  with  all  the  extensive  stock 
underground,  were  irrecoverably  destroyed,  the  waters 
having  filled  up  the  whole  of  the  extensive  workings  in 
this  thick  seam  to  the  level  of  the  sea  in  a  few  short 
hours.  The  event  was  the  more  deplorable  since  the 
deluge,  before  it  occurred,  was  not  only  the  subject  of 
common  conversation,  but  also,  as  before  related,  after 
repeated  warnings  had  been  given." 

For  five  years  previous  to  1813  the  average  annual 
exports  from  the  Workington  collieries  was  about 
28,000  waggon  loads.  In  1826  about  200,000  tons 
were  shipped  from  the  coal  mines  of  Henry  Curwen, 
Esq.,  Messrs.  John  Fletcher,  and  Thomas  Westray. 
In  1837,  37,761  tons  were  shipped  from  the  csllieries 


of  Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  alone.  The  following  figures 
show  the  coal  trade  of  Workington  from  1850  to  1858 
inclusive  :  — 1850,  113,650  tons;  1851,  95,703; 
1852,  83,014;  1853,  120,289;  1854,  128,681; 
1855,  111,1%;  1856,  129,275;  1857,  133,875; 
1858,  133,211.  Cuhn:  — 1855,  20  tons;  1856,  2; 
1858,  20. 

Nest  in  importance  to  the  coal  trade  is  that  of  ship- 
building, for  the  operations  connected  with  which  there 
are  two  yards,  one  belonging  to  the  Harrington  and 
Workington  Shipbuilding  Co.,  who  employ  l.*)©  hands 
in  the  various  departments  of  their  business,  and  have 
built  since  their  commencement  in  1773  about  250 
vessels,  with  an  average  tonnage  of  350  tons.  The 
establishment  of  Charles  Lamport,  Esq.,  is  well  and 
favourably  known,  and  affords  employment  to  about 
120  hands  on  an  average.  It  was  commenced  in  1849, 
and  has  produced  twenty  vessels,  varying  from  150  to 
1,000  tons  burden.  The  establishment  includes  saw- 
mills and  steam  ropery. 

Besides  the  coal  trade  and  ship  building,  Workington 
possesses  iron  works.  The  Quarry  Iron  Works,  which 
employs  120  hands,  is  engaged  in  the  getting  up  of 
finished  tin,  for  the  manufacture  of  tin  plates  at  their 
works  at  Seaton.  Situated  near  the  town,  but  in  the 
township  of  Seaton,  are  the  Workington  Hemtite  Iron 
Works,  erected  in  1857.  Working  operations  were 
commenced  in  February,  1858,  by  a  company  bearing 
the  designation  of  the  Hemtite  Iron  Company  (Limited). 
There  are  four  blast  furnaces,  and  the  number  of  men 
employed  amounts  to  100. 

The  remainder  of  the  Workington  trade  does  not 
call  for  special  notice,  if  it  can  be  said  to  have  any 
other,  beyond  the  ordinary  occupations  of  a  seaport 
town.  There  are  brick  and  tile  works,  roperies,  and 
manufactories  in  which  sail  cloth  and  sails  are  made, 
but  chiefly  for  local  use. 

It  is  almost  unnecessary  for  us  to  remark  that  the 
shipping  and  shipping  stock  of  the  port  have  under- 
gone the  same  vicissitudes  as  the  trade  of  the  town, 
decreasing  with  its  decrease,  and  increasing  with  its 
increase.  About  the  year  1770  Workington  possessed 
ninety-seven  vessels  some  of  which  were  250  tons 
burden.  Twenty  years  later  the  number  had  increased 
to  160,  with  an  averaged  burden  of  130  tons.  In  1810 
there  were  134  ships,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of 
18,941  tons;  in  1822,  117  ships,  burden  18,094  tons; 
1828,  129  ships,  burden  19,930  tons;  1840,  217  ships, 
burden  36,800  tons;  1846,  80  ships,  burden  12,000 
tons.  The  following  table  made  up  from  the  Custom- 
house returns  since  1850,  exhibits  the  annual  number  of 
vessels,  foreign  and  coatwise,  which  have  entered  and 


■WORKINGTON   PAPJSH. 


473 


cleared  from  Workington,  tlio  number  and  registered  ton- 
nage of  vessels  belonging  to  the  port,  and  the  amount  of 
customs  duties  received,  thus  giving  a  rusumu  of  the 
trade  of  Workington : — 


Year. 

OAROoes 

UIWABD. 

CAR00E8 
OUTWARD. 

VKSSELS 
11IOI3T1UIED. 

Duties 
Kecciv'd 

Foreign 

Cuast- 
ing. 

Foreign 

Coast- 
ing. 

No. 

Tons. 

£ 

1850 

1851 

1852 

1853 

1851. 

1855 

1850 

1857 

1858 

• 

9 
13 
10 
11 
12 

7 
U) 
12 

0 

129 
130 
121 
105 
lU 
109 

93 
111 

97 

10 
7 
C 
7 
8 
5 
8 

12 
8 

1077 
854 
727 
1100 
1202 
1000 
1247 
1158 
1194 

102 
103 
99 
95 
96 
95 
99 
90 
U9 

18,510 
19,510 
18,187 
18,012 
18,572 
18,540 
19,924 
20,131 
20,777 

3408 
3503 
3350 
3045 
2503 
2319 
1927 
2398 
2481 

Workington  possesses  a  safe  and  capacious  harbour, 
with  a  breakwater  and  extensive  quaN's,  whicli  are,  how- 
ever, capable  of  much  further  improvement.  The 
Merchants'  Quaj'  and  the  South  Quay  are  built  on  the 
opposite  banks  of  a  wide  branch  of  the  Derwent,  called 
the  South  Out,  which,  with  the  mill-race,  separates  the 
town  from  the  large  meadow  or  common  called  Cloffocks, 
about  1,800  yards  long  and  200  broad.  The  depth  of 
water,  at  spring  tides,  is  from  fifteen  to  eighteen  feet, 
and  at  neap  tides  from  [eight  to  ten  feet.  Vessels  can 
sail  into  the  harbour  with  a  southerly,  westerly,  or 
north-nofth-east  wind.  When  there  are  eight  feet  of 
water  in  the  harbour  a  red  ball  is  hoisted  upon  a  pole 
on  St.  John's  Pier,  and  at  iii;,'lit  a  light  is  exhibited 
upon  the  pierhead,  which  answers  a  like  purpose,  and 
can  bo  seen  in  clear  woather  at  about  throe  leagues 
from  any  point  seaward.  On  each  of  the  inner  piers 
are  two  smaller  lights  to  guido  ships  into  the  harbour. 
Workington  was  created  a  separate  and  independent 
port  in  1850.  The  limits  of  the  port  of  Workington 
are  from  a  stream  called  Lowca  Beck  on  the  south- 
west to  Canker  Beck  on  the  north-east  of  the  town, 
and  extending  three  miles  seaward  from  low  water 
mark. 

CBuncnES  and  ciupels. 

The  parish  church  of  Workington,  dedicated  to  St. 
Michael,  is  a  jilain  structure  willmut  any  architectural 
pretensions,  rebuilt  in  1780,  and  consists  of  a  nave, 
with  a  low  square  tower,  which  formed  part  of  the  old 
church.  It  is  lighted  by  two  rows  of  semicircular- 
headed  windows.  The  communion  table  occupies  a 
recess  at  the  cast  end  of  the  nave,  and  is  surmounted 
by  a  window  of  three  lights,  tho  upper  part  of  which 
is  filled  with  stained  glass.  On  the  north  side  of  tho 
window  is  a  painting  of  the  Descent  from  tho  Cross, 
and  ia  tho  south  another  representing  the  Ascension. 
M 


There  are  two  side  galleries,  and  one  at  tho  west  end 
containing  the  organ.  Under  the  tower  is  an  altar 
tomb,  on  which  recline  the  effigies  of  a  knight  and 
his  lady.  He  is  in  plate  armour ;  his  head  rests  on  a 
cushion,  placed  against  an  animal,  and  there  is  another 
at  his  feet.  An  inscription  runs  round  the  top  edge  of 
the  tomb,  but  it  has  been  defaced  and  rendered  illegi- 
ble by  successive  coats  of  paint.  Previous  to  its  last 
painting  the  date  1410  could  be  traced.  On  the  front 
side  are  five  recesses,  with  cinquefoil  heads,  each  of 
which  contains  a  shield,  which  are  thus  described  by 
Jefterson, — "  1.  Fretty  and  a  chief,  Curwen;  impaling 
Lozengy  ....  2.  Curwen,  impaling  Fretty  of 
six  .  .  .  3.  Curwen,  without  impalement.  -1.  Cur- 
wen, impaling  six  Annulets,  three,  two,  and  one  .  .  . 
5.  Curwen,  impaling  five  fusils  in  fess  with  a  label  of 
five  points."  The  head  of  the  lady  reclines  on  a 
cushion  supported  by  angels.  Near  the  tomb  is  part 
of  an  ancient  octagonal  stone  font.  Tho  pew  of  the 
Curwen  family  has  some  fine  old  carved  work,  and 
the  arms  of  the  family  occur  twice,  in  one  place 
impaling  on  a  fess  two  lions'  heads,  between  them 
St.  Andrew's  crosses.  The  tower  contains  six  bells. 
On  the  east  wall,  south  of  the  communion  table, 
is  a  fine  monument  of  white  marble,  by  Dunbar,  to  the 
memory  of  tho  llev.  Edward  Stanlc}-,  with  two  figures 
representing  Faith  and  Justice,  and  an  inscription. 
Near  the  south  door  is  another  monument,  to  the 
memory  of  the  Rev.  Peter  How  and  his  wife.  There 
are  also  mural  tablets  to  the  memory  of  various  mem- 
bers of  the  Curwen,  Sherwen,  Ponsonby,  Beck,  Pks- 
ket,  Addison,  Hodgson,  Thompson,  and  Selkirk  famihes. 
The  church  of  Workington  was  given  by  Ketel  (son  of 
Eldrcd,  son  of  Ivo,)  third  baron  of  Kendal,  with  two 
carucates  of  land  and  a  mill  there,  to  the  abbey  of  St. 
^lary,  at  York,  to  which  it  continued  attaehod  till  the 
suppression  of  the  monasteries  by  Henry  VIII.,  who, 
by  letters  patent,  bearing  date  August  20th,  1544, 
granted  to  Robert  Brocklesby  and  John  Dyer  the 
advowson  and  right  of  patronage  of  the  churches  of 
Workington  and  Harrington,  to  hold  tho  same  of  the 
king  in  free  socage  by  fealty  only,  and  not  in  capite. 
On  tho  2Ttli  of  Jaimary  in  the  following  year  they  con- 
veyed, by  fine,  these  two  rectories  to  Thomas  Dalston, 
Esq.,  of  Carlisle;  and  in  1556  wo  find  John  Dalston 
exercising  tho  rights  of  presentation.  Henry  VIU. 
mado  a  second  gniut  of  the  advowson  of  the  church  of 
Workington  to  John  Bird,  tho  first  bishop  of  Chester, 
in  exchange  for  certain  temporalities ;  and  it  was 
exchanged  again  by  (Juecn  Mary,  for  Childwall  and 
otherplaces;  but  it  having  been  granted  before  to  Brock- 
lesby and  Dyer,  it  was  found  that  the  bishop  had  no  title. 


474 


ALLERDALE-ABOYE-DERWENT  WARD. 


On  the  12  th  of  October,  1564,  a  license  was  granted 
empowering  John  Dalston,  Esq.,  to  convey  the  advowson 

and  rij?lit  of  patronage  of  the  churclies  of  Workington 
and  Harrington  to  Henry  Curweu,  Esq.,  in  \yho?r 
posterity  they  have  since  remained.  Tlie  living  is  a 
rectory,  and  is  said  to  be  tlie  richest  in  the  county. 
It  was  valued  in  the  King's  Booli  at  UiS  5s.,  and  con- 
tinues to  pay  a  pension  of  £2  15s.  4d.  to  St.  Bees, 
and  13s.  4d.  to  the  sovereign  for  a  chantry.  It  is  now 
worth  about  £1,000  a  year.  The  parish  registers 
commence  in  10G3. 

From  tlio  true  and  perfect  terrier  of  the  glebe,  glebe 
houses,  and  out  buUdings,  belonging  to  the  rectory  of 
Worliington,  signed  August  20th,  ]S35,  we  learn  that, 
at  that  period,  the  possessions  of  the  church  of  Worlc- 
ingtou  comprised  "  An  ancient  parsonage  house,  stable, 
and  cow  house,  situated  in  a  large  court  and  garden 
ground,  adjoining  the  church  yard,  Church  Lane,  and 
Parson's  Lane,  and  opposite  tlie  latter  a  garden  and 
poultry  yard,  an  old  house  stead  at  tlie  west  end  of 
Porter's  Brow  (which  fell  to  the  parson  by  escheat),  and 
a  tithe  barn  (now  converted  into  a  smithy)  at  Little 
Clifton.  Besides,  the  above-named  buUding,  premises, 
and  church  yard,  the  ancient  glebe  lands  belonging  to 
the  rectory  of  Workington  consisted  of  about  one 
hundred  and  seven  acres  in  nine  fields  or  closes;  nine- 
teen acres  of  which  ancient  glebe  were  exchanged  in 
the  year  1809  for  thirty-eight  acres  of  other  lands  in 
eight  fields  or  closes,  as  they  are  fully  set  forth  and 
described  in  certain  deeds  of  exchange,  enrolled  in  thu 
Episcopal  Archives  of  the  Diocese  of  Chester,  on  ledger 
pages  5-13,  ijli,  5-15,  540,  517,  and  548.  Besides  the 
one  hundred  and  twenty-six  acres  contained  in  ancient 
fields  and  inclosures  with  gardens  and  premises  imme- 
diately adjoining  the  parsonage  house,  seven  hundred 
and  two  acres  of  now  glebe  have  been  added  to  the 
rectory  of  Workington  in  lieu  of  tithes,  as  particularly 
set  forth  and  described  in  three  Inclosure  Acts  and  in 
the  Commissioners'  Awards,  and  also  in  two  leases  of 
certain  allotments  of  the  said  new  glebe  in  the  townships 
of  Workington,  Winscales,  and  Stainburn,  and  of  the 
privilege  of  working  the  glebe  coal  for  twenty-one  years, 
which  said  leases  bear  date  the  latli  day  of  llarch, 
1810,  and  have  both  been  confirmed  by  the  diocesan; 
and  in  the  latter  lease  there  is  a  clause  whereby  it  is 
stipulated  that  the  present  rector  shall  give  up  the 
whole  of  the  principal  of  the  reserved  rent  of  one 
hundred  pounds  per  annum,  for  erecting  sufiicient 
farm  buildings  and  other  pui-poses  of  permanent  benefit 
to  the  rectory  as  by  reference  to  the  said  lease  may 
more  fully  appear,  and  a  now  dwelhng  house  has  been 
built  this  present  year  ou  the  said  new  glebe.     The 


other  tithes  and  possessions  of  the  church  which  have 
not  been  exchanged  or  affected  by  the  late  Inclosure 
Acts  are  set  forth  in  a  terrier  lodged  in  the  Episcopal 
Itogistry  of  Chester,  and  bearing  date  in  the  year  1098, 
and  in  the  court  books,  and  other  records,  memoranda, 
and  papers,  belonging  to  the  rectory  of  Workington." 

EECTons.  —  EJmund  'VVhalley  occurs  153');   Lowther, 

occurs  about  1012  ;  Clirisioplier  Mattenson,  ICOi  ;  John  Bolton, 
1C;0;  Robert  Loxam,  }~U;  John  Stanley,  1700;  William  T. 
Adaison,  1753:  Edward  Christian,  ni)2;  Peter  How,  1803; 
Edward  Stanley,  1831 ;  John  Wordsworth,  1H34 ;  Henry  Curwen, 
1837. 

St.  John's  Church,  in  Washington-street,  waS  erected 
in  1823  by  the  Commissioners  for  Building  Churches,  at 
a  cost  of  .£10,000,  and  will  accommodate  about  1,000 
persons.  It  possesses  a  Doric  portico,  the  entablature 
of  which  is  supported  by  four  massive  pillars ;  in  other 
respects  it  is  architecturally  a  faUuro.  The  seats  in 
the  body  of  the  church  are  free ;  the  rents  of  those  in 
the  galleries  being  devoted  to  the  support  of  the  incum- 
bent. In  1840  a  tower  was  added  at  a  cost  of  upwards 
of  X'],70il,  Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  giving  the  stone. 
The  churchyard  was  enlarged  in  1849,  during  the 
prevalence  of  the  cholera.  In  1835  the  parish  of 
Workington,  for  ecclesiastical  purposes,  was  divided, 
and  a  district  assigned  to  St.  John's  Church,  whicli 
thus  became  a  district  church ;  and  by  the  operation 
of  Lord  Blandford's  Act,  passed  in  1850,  is  now  for  all 
church  purposes  a  separate  and  distinct  p^sh.  The 
new  parish  comprises  the  township  of  Winscales  and 
part  of  that  of  Stainburn,  and  in  the  year  1851  com- 
prised a  population  of  about  3,000.  The  living  is  a 
perpetual  curacy,  in  the  gift  of  the  rector  of  the  parish. 

Incumbents. — John  Curwen,  1823;  Joseph  Simpson,  1828; 
Pelor  Vou  Essen,  1831 ;  William  Jackson,  1840;  John  Irving, 
185C. 

The  Catholic  church,  dedicated  to  St.  ilichael,  is 
situated  near  the  Guards.  It  is  beautifully  fitted  up, 
and  will  seat  about  500  persons.  The  Catholic  body 
in  Workington  long  formed  a  portion  of  the  Whitehaven 
mission.  About  the  commencement  of  the  j'resent 
century  many  Irish  Catholics  sought  employment  in 
the  extensive  coal  mines  of  the  neighbourhood,  and 
eventually  settled  in  the  town.  These  became  so 
numerous  that  it  was  found  necessary  to  separate  this 
place  from  AVhitehaven,  and,  in  1810,  a  resident 
Catholic  priest,  the  Rev.  Thomas  B.ishton,  a  Monk  of 
the  Order  of  St.  Benedict,  was  appointed  to  the  charge 
of  the  Mission,  which  ever  since  has  been  served  by 
members  of  the  same  religious  order.  At  first  the 
Catholics  had  no  place  of  worship  of  their  own,  but 
rented  a  room  here  and  there  as  circumstances  per- 


WORKINGTON  PARISH. 


475 


mitted.  Most,  if  iiot  all,  the  Catholics  being  in  tlie 
employ  of  Johu  Christian  Curwen,  Esq.,  lord  of  the 
manor,  he  generously  presented  them  with  half  an  acre 
of  ground,  in  the  rising  land  on  the  soutli-west  of  tlie 
town.  On  this  was  eventually  built,  by  subscription, 
the  church,  and  subsequently  the  presbyterj",  or  priest's 
house.  'J'lie  ground  is  charged  with  a  rent  of  £5  a 
year,  which  is  regularly  presented  to  the  lord  of  the 
manor,  but  always  graciously  returned  as  a  donation. 
We  subjoin  the  succession  of  priests. 

PniESTs. — Thomas  BishtoD,  1810;  Samnel  Barber,  181-t, 
removed  tlie  snmejear;  John  Rigley,  ]8U,  who  kft  in  IBIC, 
after  which  there  was  no  resident  priest  till  the  return  of  Thos. 
Rishton,  in  1819;  llichanl  Ti^wers,  1820;  Abraham  Abrani, 
ISJ'J;  Kilward  Glassbrook,  1831;  Charles  Kershaw,  1838; 
Henry  Sutton,  1811 ;  Michael  Sinnevan,  1813 ;  Francis 
Williams,  1814;  Cuthbert  W.  Clifton,  181U. 

The  Independent  chapel,  situated  in  South  AVil- 
liam-strect,  is  a  good  stone  building,  with  a  front  in 
the  (Jothic  style,  remodelled  and  enlarged  in  1855. 
there  is  a  Sunday  school  attached.  The  Independents 
of  Worldngton  were  first  formed  into  a  congregation 
about  the  year  178G,  when  Lady  Glenorchy,  ou  her 
way  to  Scotland,  stopped  at  Workington,  where  she 
purchased  ground  for  the  erection  of  this  chapel,  and 
saw  the  work  commenced  before  she  left.  During  the 
works  consequent  upon  the  alterations  in  1S55,  the 
workmen  pulled  down  an  old  cottage  in  order  to  enlarge 
the  burial  j^'rouiul,  amongst  the  ruins  of  which  a  small 
glass  tumbler  was  discovered,  apparently  of  foreign 
manufacture,  bearing  the  date  1080.  The  glass  was 
of  a  pale  blue  colour. 

The  Presbyterian  Church  (English)  is  a  neat  struc- 
ture, erected  in  1858-9,  upon  the  site  of  the  manse 
and  old  church,  and  is  in  fact  an  addition  to  the  latter 
building,  though  the  architect,  Mr.  Charles  Eaglesfield, 
has  so  tastefully  designed  the  additions  that  they  fonn 
one  harmonious  whole.  The  style  of  architecture 
adopted  is  the  Early  English,  with  a  pointed  door 
case,  diamond-paned  windows  to  harmonise,  and  but- 
tresses between  the  windows.  The  body  of  the  church 
contains  some  forty  free  pews  and  suiltiblc  accommo- 
dation for  the  choir;  there  is  also  a  gallry  for  Sunday- 
school  children,  and  anotlicr  above  the  entrance  for 
general  use.  Altogether  there  is  accommodation  for 
about  100  persons.  Tlie  roof  is  supported  with  exposed 
timbers  beautifully  stained,  and  the  temperature  of  the 
building  is  regulated  by  means  of  hot  water  pipes  and 
apparatus.  The  total  cost  of  the  alterations,  Ac., 
amounted  to  .L'TOO.  The  I'rosbyterian  congregation 
of  Workington  was  first  formed  about  the  year  1710. 
The  following  have  been  the  succcssioD  of  pastors:  — 


Rev.  Messi-s.  Thompson,  Selkirk,  Turner,  Nicholson, 
Turbit,  William  Gordon,  Ale.xander  Douglas,  David 
McLeod. 

The  Wesleyan  Chapel,  situated  in  South  William- 
street,  is  a  good  substantial  stone  building,  erected  in 
1840,  at  a  cost  of  £'2,000.  The  number  of  sittings  is 
860,  of  which  1 50  are  free.  The  old  chapel  in  Tiffin 
Lane  was  erected  in  1791 ;  it  is  now  used  as  a  Sunday- 
school.  The  first  Wesleyau  congregation  in  Workington 
was  formed  by  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Brown  in  the  year 
1767,  when  they  assembled  for  worship  at  the  haU 
stables,  and  afterwards  at  private  houses  till  they  were 
able  to  build  their  first  chapel.  The  present  minister 
is  the  Rev.  J.  R.  Clementson. 

The  Primitive  I\Iethodist  Chapel,  John-street,  was 
erected  in  1827,  at  a  cost  of  £930.  It  is  a  neat  stone 
building,  containing  550  sittings,  260  of  which  are  free. 

Besides  these  chapels  there  is  a  room  on  the  quay 
attached  to  the  Bethel  Union  for  the  benefit  of  seamen. 

SCHOOLS,   itc. 

The  Free  Schools,  intended  for  the  instruction  of 
about  500  scholars,  with  residences  for  both  master  and 
mistress,  are  now  in  course  of  erection,  from  the  design 
of  Thomas  Nicholson,  Esq.,  Diocesan  architect,  Here- 
ford, at  an  estimated  cost,  including  the  site,  of  .£2,500. 
The  land,  part  of  the  glebe,  was  presented  by  the  Rev. 
H.  Curwen,  and  the  funds,  including  a  government 
grant  of  £1,215,  were  obtained  from  public  subscrip- 
tions. The  style  of  the  buildings  is  Early  English, 
and  the  extended  frontage  is  broken  and  relieved  by 
recessing  the  two  wings,  and  by  a  handsome  central 
spire.  The  funds  for  carrying  on  this  institution  will 
be  provided,  beyond  the  children's  pence  and  tht;  capi- 
tation allowance  of  the  Privy  Council  on  Education,  by 
private  subscription.  The  trust  deed  enacts  that  "  no 
religious  Catechism  shall  be  taught  in  the  schools,  but 
that  the  Bible  shall  be  read  daily,  and  fully  e.iplaiued, 
and  shall  form  the  basis  of  the  moral  training  of  the 
children  therein."  The  master  and  mistress  will  be  of 
the  Church  of  England,  and  the  rector  of  Workington 
ex -officio  chairman  of  the  school  committee.  The 
schools  are  expected  to  be  open  early  in  1860,  and  will 
sui)ply  an  educational  want  long  and  pressingly  felt  in 
the  town. 

The  School  of  Industry,  in  Guard -street,  is  a  good 
and  substantial  stone  building,  two  stories  high,  erected 
in  1831.  On  the  first  floor  is  the  infant  school,  per- 
petually endowed  by  the  founder,  Mr.  Thomas  Wilson, 
of  Workington,  with  the  interest  of  £500,  which  is 
payable  half-yearly  to  the  teacher:  and  with  the  interest 
of  another  £100  to  be  applied  to  the  necessary  repairs 


476 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DEEWENT  WARD. 


of  the  building.  The  average  number  in  attendance  is 
about  seventy.  Tl>e  school  of  industry'  is  limited  to 
twenty  pupils,  and  is  supported  by  the  ladies  of  the 
town,  having  for  its  object  "  the  inculcation  of  habits 
of  industry  iu  young  females,  so  as  to  make  tliem 
noteablo  housekeepers  and  good  Christians." 

The  Church  of  England  Schools,  open  to  all 
denominations,  the  foundation -stone  of  which  was  laid 
June  12th,  1850,  are  now  in  course  of  erection  upon 
a  site  consisting  of  an  area,  situated  in  John-street, 
nearly  opposite  the  Primitive  Jlethodist  Chapel,  being 
the  east  end  of  a  field  purchased  by  a  few  genilemeu 
interested  iu  promoting  the  cause  of  education  from 
Miss  Tickell.  The  heads  of  the  trust-deed  adopted  by 
the  committee  are  as  follow : — 1.  The  schools  to  be  open 
to  children  of  all  denominations.  2.  The  master  and 
mistress  to  be  members  of  the  Church  of  England. 
3.  The  schools  to  be  opened  daily  with  prayer,  t.  The 
Bible  to  be  read  daily,  accompanied  by  such  general 
remarks  from  the  master,  by  way  of  explanation,  as  he 
may  consider  suitable.  5.  All  the  children  to  attend 
the  Bible  class.  G.  The  Church  of  England  Catechism, 
and  the  Catechisms  of  the  Wesleyau  and  Presbyterian 
bodies  respectively,  to  be  taught  iu  the  school.  7.  The 
parents  or  guardians  of  each  child  shall  be  required  to 
state  which  Catechism  (if  cither),  they  wish  their  child 
to  be  taught.  8.  Xo  child  to  be  required  to  learn  their 
Catechism,  where  the  parents  or  guardians  object.  9. 
The  ministers  of  the  Wesleyan  and  Presbyterian  con- 
gregations in  Workington,  to  be,  ex  officio,  members  of 
the  committee  of  management.  10.  The  instruction 
to  be  given  in  the  Catechism  and  the  formularies  of 
the  Church  of  England,  and  in  the  other  Catechisms, 
shall  form  part  of  the  fixed  routine  of  the  school  instruc- 
tion, and  shall  be  given  on  the  afternoons  of,  at  least, 
two  days  in  each  week  (say  the  afternoons  of  Wednesday 
and  Friday),  and  within  the  regular  hours  ;  the  former 
under  the  superintendence  of  the  clergy  of  the  parish 
church  and  St.  John's,  the  latter  under  that  of  the 
ministers  of  the  above-named  congregations.  11.  No 
one  shall  be  eligible  to  be  elected  on  the  committee  of 
management  who  is  not  a  resident  iu  the  parish,  and 
a  member  of  the  Church  of  England,  or  of  one  of  the 
three  dissenting  bodies  now  existing  in  Workington, 
namely,  the  Wesleyan,  Presbyterian,  and  Independent. 

Workington  Mechanics'  Institution,  situated  in  Pow- 
street,  was  established  in  1849.  Its  objects  are  the 
diffusion  of  useful  knowledge  in  general  literature,  the 
sciences,  and  the  arts,  by  means  of  a  library,  reading- 
room,  news-room,  and  museum;  by  the  delivery  of 
lectures,  discussions,  and  the  reading  of  essays,  &c. ; 
and  by  the  formation  of  classes  for  the  study  of  the  arts 


and  sciences,  and  such  other  means  as  the  committee 
for  the  time  being  may  deem  expedient.  The  members 
are  divided  into  honorary  (who  pay  a  subscription  of  not 
less  than  10s.  each  per  annum),  and  ordinary,  including 
females,  paying  us.  per  annum ;  by  paying  .t'5  a  person 
is  constituted  a  member  for  life.  The  institution  is 
supported  by  the  subscriptions  of  its  members,  the 
number  of  whom  is  now  about  300.  The  library  con- 
tains about  1,700  volumes. 

The  News-room,  situated  in  Portland -square,  was 
established  in  1810.  It  is  supported  by  the  subscrip- 
tions of  its  members,  who  pay  25s.  a  year. 

GAS-WOUKS,  WATER-WORKS,   &C. 

The  original  gas-works,  situated  to  the  north-west  of 
the  town,  were  established  by  a  private  company  in 
1840-1,  at  a  cost  of  £5,000;  but  in  1840,  were 
purchased  by  the  trustees  of  the  town  for  the  above 
sum.  They  contain  one  gas-holder,  capable  of  holding 
11,500  cubic  feet;  and  13  retorts.  One  purifier  supplies 
130  public  lamps,  and  the  annual  consumption  is  now 
about  4,120,000  feet,  which  sells  for  5s.  per  1,000  feet. 
These  will  be  superseded  by  entirely  new  and  more 
extensive  works  (which  are  now  nearly  completed) 
erected  at  the  lowest  level  of  the  town,  adjoining  the 
harbour.  The  gas-holder  has  a  capacity  of  30,000  feet, 
and  the  works  generally  will  produce  a  supply  of  gas 
for  a  population  double  that  of  the  town  at  present. 
The  cost  of  the  new  works  is  £'2,050,  including  the 
removals  for  the  laying  of  the  principal  mains  necessary 
for  the  change  of  site.  Being  in  the  immediate  locality 
of  the  railway  station,  a  considerable  saving  is  expected 
in  avoiding  cartage  of  coal ;  and  being  also  at  a  much 
lower  level,  the  pressure  on  the  mains,  and  conse- 
quently the  leakage,  will  be  less.  The  profits  of  these 
works  are  carried  to  the  credit  of  the  improvement- 
rates  of  the  town. 

The  Workington  Water-works  were  commenced  in 
1858,  under  the  superintendence  of  Thomas  Hawksley, 
Esq.,  engineer,  by  a  joint  stock  company  (limited), 
at  an  estimated  cost  of  J£S,000,  raised  in  £5  shares, 
and  are  now  completed.  The  water  is  raised  from 
the  river  Derwent  into  a  reservoir  on  the  crest  of  the 
hill  behind  the  Stainburn  Old  Hall,  which  is  capable 
of  containing  a  sufficient  quantity  for  two  days'  con- 
sumption, and  is  constructed  upon  the  most  modem 
and  approved  principle,  divided  into  a  number  of 
compartments,  arched  and  covered  with  brick-work. 
From  the  reservoir  an  inclined  cart  road,  cut  out 
of  the  hill  side,  leads  to  the  engine-house  and 
other  works  connected  with  the  establishment,  mana- 
ger's residence,  <S:c.     These  are  situated  at  the  foot  of 


WORKINGTON   PARISH. 


477 


the  hill,  nearly  opposite  Seaton  mill.  An  abundant 
supply  of  tlie  finest  water  flows  into  the  well,  through 
a  natural  filter  of  sanj  and  gravel,  where  two  engines 
pump  the  water  to  the  higher  level,  after  which 
gravitation  does  its  work,  and  in  due  course  pours  an 
ample  supply  thi'ough  every  street  and  lane  in  the  town 
where  it  has  been  so  long  needed.  It  is  impossible  to 
even  estimate  the  importance  of  this  work  in  a  sanitary 
point  of  view,  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  of 
Workington  proving,  with  an  unlimited  supply  of 
Derwent  water,  followed  by  eOicient  uiaiuaj^c  and 
cleanliness,  one  of  the  healthiest  towns  in  the  kingdom. 

In  1859  Charles  Lamport,  Esq.,  presented  the  town 
with  a  drinking -fountain.  It  consists  of  a  neat  mural 
slab  and  basin  of  polished  granite,  and  is  situated  in 
Sanderson-street. 

A  new  covered  market  is  now  in  course  of  erection 
by  a  company  under  the  Limited  Liability  Act,  the 
number  of  shares  being  '^oO,  at  £o  each.  The  market 
is  e.xpected  to  be  completed  in  October,  18.V.).  The 
])rincipal  entrance  is  in  Portland  -  street ;  there  is 
another  in  Curwen-street. 

The  Savings  Bank,  which  occupies  a  good  building 
in  Pow-street,  was  established  in  1828.  The  deposits 
now  (1850)  amount  to  I'2'J,0o  1  Us.  Od.,  belonging  to  072 
depositors,  including  charitable  and  friendly  societies. 

The  Workington  Benefit  Building  Society,  which 
was  estabhshed  in  May,  1857,  has  now  125  members, 
who  at  present  hold  785  £24  shares.  It  is  progressing 
very  favourably. 

CBAIIITIES. 

Sir  Patricius  Curwen,  Bart.,  by  will  dated  13th  of 
December,  ItJUl,  bequeathed  £10  towards  erecting  a 
school-house  in  the  parish  of  Workington,  in  such 
convenient  place  as  his  wife  and  exccutri.v  slmuld  think 
fit ;  and  he  thereby  further  gave  and  bequeathed  the 
annual  sum  of  X'O  Os.  8d.,  towards  the  maintenance  of 
such  schoolmaster  or  schoolmasters  as  should  be 
appointed  and  elected  by  the  ministers  of  Workington 
and  Uarrington,  for  the  time  being,  and  their  several 
successors,  when  the  said  school  should  become  vacant, 
together  witli  the  consent  of  any  two  of  the  church- 
wardens of  the  said  parish  of  Workington,  and  which 
annual  sum  of  £0  Os.  8d.,  for  tlic  maintenanco  of  a 
schoolmaster  so  elected,  he  thereby  directed  should 
arise  and  accrue  out  of  his  deraesno  of  Workington;  and 
he  thereby  charged  the  said  sum  as  a  rent-charge  upon 
Lis  said  demesne  of  Workington  during  the  term  of 
090  years,  to  bo  paid  yearly  by  the  respective  heirs 
and  occupiers  thereof  to  the  said  schoolmaster  selected 
and  appointed  as  abovcsaid,  with  u  power  to  the  said 
schoolmaster  to  distrain  in  case  of  nonpayment.    .\nd 


Thomas  Curwen,  by  will  dated  18th  December,  1072, 
granted  and  bequeathed  towards  the  maintenance  and 
for  the  better  encouragement  of  a  schoolmaster  in  the 
said  school,  then  lately  built  at  Workington,  all  those 
three  closes  or  inclosures,  commonly  known  by  the 
name  and  names  of  Colker  Close,  Dobby  Miller's  Close, 
and  Moor  Close,  adjoining  thereto,  situate,  lying,  and 
being  within  the  fields  of  Workington,  together  with 
all  the  appurtenances  thereto  belonging,  to  the  proper 
use  and  behoof  of  the  schoolmaster  of  the  said  school 
for  the  time  being,  and  to  all  and  every  the  successive 
schoolmaster  or  schoolmasters  of  the  said  school,  for 
and  during  the  term  of  21  years  after  his  the  said 
testator's  decease ;  and  after  the  expiration  of  the  said 
21  years,  the  said  closes  with  the  appurtenances,  to  be 
to  the  use  of  the  said  school  for  ever ;  the  respective 
schoolmasters  paving  yearly,  upon  the  2ud  of  February, 
Cs  free  rent  to  the  respective  heirs  of  Workington  ;  and 
he  thereby  directed  the  several  and  respective  heirs  of 
his  estate  would  in  no  wise  oppose  or  withstand  or 
endeavour  to  defeat  the  said  charitable  bequest  and 
intention ;  and  that  his  said  bequest  might  attain  the 
end  of  which  he  desired  it,  he  thereby  appointed  his 
several  and  successive  heirs  of  Workington,  the  parson 
of  Workington  for  the  time  being,  and  his  successors, 
together  with  the  parson  of  Harrington  for  the  time 
being,  and  his  successors,  whenever  the  said  school 
should  become  vacant,  to  elect  under  their  hands  and 
seals,  or  under  the  hands  and  seals  of  any  two  of  them, 
a  schoolmaster  or  schoolmasters,  as  they  should  think 
fit,  for  tlie  said  school  to  enter  into  the  said  closes,  with 
the  appurtenances  to  their  or  his  the  said  schoolmaster's 
proper  use  and  behoof,  during  his  or  their  continuing 
master  of  the  said  school.  It  appears  that  a  school- 
house  was  erected  soon  after  the  death  of  Sir  Patricius 
Curwen,  by  his  executrix,  upon  part  of  the  wastes 
adjoining  the  town  of  Workington ;  and  there  was 
also  a  Grammar  school  kept  there  by  a  master,  who 
received  his  appointment  from  the  heirs  of  the 
Workington  estate.  Up  to  the  year  1724,  the  closes 
of  land  devised  by  Thomas  Curwen,  seem  to  have  been 
enjoyed  by  the  schoolmaster  for  the  time  being,  but 
it  does  not  appear  that  the  rent-charge  of  £t)  Cs.  8d., 
left  by  Sir  Patricius,  was  ever  paid ;  if  it  was, 
the  payment  has  been  discontinued  for  many 
years.  In  1724,  Ilenry  Curwen,  Esq.  had  obtained 
the  possession  of  the  closes,  and  information 
was  filed  against  him  by  His  Majesty's  attorney- 
general,  at  the  relation  of  the  miniater  and  church- 
wardens of  Workington,  for  the  purpose  of  having 
the  two  wills  carried  into  e.\eculiou  and  the  charity 
established;    the  defendant,  however,  died  before  ho 


478 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DEllWENT  WARD. 


had  put  in  an  answer  lo  the  information,  and  tlie  suit 
was  never  revived.  It  appears,  liowever,  that  the 
schoolmaster  enjoyed  the  closes  again  up  to  the  year 
1798,  when  Joseph  Winder  was  appointed  master;  and 
he,  by  lease,  date  23rd  June,  1798,  demised  the  same 
for  the  term  of  fourteen  yeare,  in  case  he  should  so  long 
live  and  continue  master  of  the  school,  to  John  Christian 
Curwen,  Esq.,  who  was  then  owner  of  the  Workington 
estate,  at  the  yearly  rent  of  i'4v!.  The  rent  was 
regularly  paid  until  the  death  of  Joseph  Winder,  in 
1803,  Mr.  Curwen  having  at  that  time  discovered,  by 
reference  to  his  title  deeds,  that  Thomas  Curwen,  the 
devisor,  had  no  power  to  devise  the  closes  above-men- 
tioned, having  been  only  tenant  for  life  of  that  property, 
determined  to  apply  the  rents  and  prolits  thereof  to 
some  other  charitable  purpose,  which  he  thought  more 
advisable.  He  appointed,  however,  the  Eev.  Anthony 
Dalzell  to  the  ofUce  of  schoolmaster,  then  vacant,  and 
agreed  to  give  him  a  salary  of  £10  10s.  per  annum. 
The  closes  above-mentioned  contain  70  acres  of  land, 
and  are  worth  £140  per  annum.  An  information  was 
filed  in  1810  against  Mr.  Curwen  and  other  persons,  by 
his  majesty's  attorney-general,  at  the  relation  of  the  Earl 
of  Lonsdale,  to  compel  the  payment  of  the  said  rent-charge 
of  £■()  Cs.  8d.,  and  to  recover  the  possession  of  the  land 
above-mentioned,  devised  by  Thomas  Curwen.  An 
answer  was  put  in  by  Mr.  Curwen,  stating  that  the 
said  Sir  Patricius  Curwen  was  merely  tenant-in-tail  of 
the  said  manor  lauds  and  hereditaments,  and  that  the 
said  Thomas  Curwen  was  merely  tenant  for  life  of  the 
same,  and  that  they,  or  cither  of  them,  had  no  right  to 
grant  any  rent-charge  out  of  the  said  land,  or  to  devise 
any  part  thereof;  but  that  such  devises  were,  and  each 
of  them  was,  void  and  of  no  effect.  Exceptions  were 
taken  to  his  answer;  and  a  further  answer  was  put  in 
by  him,  with  a  schedule  of  the  deeds  in  his  custody ; 
and  upon  the  inspection  of  those  deeds,  a  letter,  of 
which  the  following  is  a  copy,  was  sent  by  the  solicitor 
for  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  to  the  solicitor  for  the 
defendant. 

Deah  Sir, — After  a  minute  investigation  of  the  title  to  the 
AVorliington  school  lanJs,  I  beg  leave  to  inform  you,  as  Mr. 
Curneii's  solicitor,  that  under  the  circumstances  of  the  case  the 
devise  of  Mr.  Thomas  Curwen  cannot  be  established,  and  that 
the  lands  cannot  be  recovered  for  Uie  use  of  the  school. 

I  am,  ic.. 
To  Ben.  Thompson,  Esq.  Peieh  H.  Younger. 

Whitehaven,  May  27th,  1813. 

The  information  was  soon  after  dismissed  with  costs, 
which  were  paid  accordingly.  It  appears,  upon  enquiry, 
that  by  deed  of  settlement,  dated  ^9th  September,  1012, 
and  a  fine  levied  thereon.  Sir  Henry  Curwen  settled  the 


manor  and  estate  of  Workington  upon  himself  for  life, 
with  remainder  to  his  first  and  other  sons  in  tail  under 
this  settlement.  Sir  Patricius  Curwen,  the  eldest  son 
of  Sir  Henry,  became  tenant-in-tail,  and  died  without 
issue,  leaving  a  brother,  Thomas  Corwen,  who  succeeded 
him.  Sir  Patricius.  therefore,  had  no  power  to  change 
the  inheritance.  By  deed  of  settlement,  dated  26th 
February,  ICflO,  and  a  fine  levied  thereon,  Thomas 
Curwen  and  Eldred  Curwen  settled  the  said  manor 
and  estates  on  the  said  Thomas  Curwen  for  life,  with 
remainder  to  his  first  and  other  sons  in  tail;  and,  in 
default  of  issue,  on  the  said  Eldred  Curwen  for  life, 
with  remainder  to  his  first  and  other  sons  in  tail. 
Thomas  Curwen  died  without  issue,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Eldred  Curwen,  who  died,  leaving  a  son,  so  that 
Thomas  Curwen  was  only  tenant  for  life,  and  had  no 
power  of  devising  the  closes  above-mentioned.  The 
site  of  the  school-house,  which  was  built  upon  the 
waste,  appears  never  to  have  been  conveyed  to  any 
person  in  trust  for  the  charity;  the  soil,  therefore, 
remained  in  the  lord  of  the  manor.  In  1813  the 
building  was  pulled  down  by  Mr.  Curwen,  and  a  room 
in  the  town  was  appropriated  by  him  for  the  purposes 
of  a  school.  The  waste  has  since  been  enclosed  under 
an  act  of  Parliament;  and  the  site  of  the  school,  with 
the  adjoining  land,  has  been  set  out  and  allotted  by  the 
commissioners. 

Scott's  Charitij. — Jane  Scott,  by  will  dated  21th  of 
January,  1810,  bequeathed  £800  stock,  five-pcr-cents, 
unto  the  Rev.  Peter  How,  rector  of  Workington,  and 
three  others  upon  trust,  out  of  the  dividends  thereof  to 
pay  sixteen  persons  therein  named  40s.  each  for  their 
lives,  to  be  paid  on  the  1st  of  January;  and  as  they 
should  respectively  die,  or  cease  to  inhabit  the  town- 
ship of  Workington,  upon  trust  to  pay  40s.  in  like 
manner  to  each  such  persons,  being  wives,  unmarried 
women,  or  widows,  and  resident  in  the  said  township 
of  Workington  (to  be  appointed  as  thereafter  mentioned), 
as  should  be  considered  by  her  trustees  to  bo  in  want, 
aud  proper  objects  of  the  charity.  And  upon  further  trust, 
to  retain  and  keep  the  remainder  of  the  divilends,  after 
payment  of  all  expenses,  to  their  own  use  and  benefit 
as  a  compensation  for  their  trouble.  And  the  testatrix 
directed,  that  when  any  of  the  said  annuitants  should  die, 
or  no  longer  reside  in  the  said  township,  or  should  not 
be  considered  as  a  proper  object,  her  trustees  should 
appoint  another  person  to  fill  up  the  vacancy,  so  that 
the  number  of  women  should  always  be  kept  up  to 
sixteen.  And  the  testatrix  directed,  that  in  case  the 
said  Peter  How  should  be  no  longer  resident  rector, 
that  the  other  trustees  might  nominate  another  person, 
of  Workington,  to  be  a  trustee  in  his  stead,  it  being 


WOEKINGTON  PARISH. 


479 


her  express  will  that  the  number  of  trustees  sboulJ 
always  be  kept  to  four  ;  and  that  one  of  the  four  should 
at  all  times,  for  ever,  be  the  resident  rector  or  minister 
of  the  parish  church  at  Workington,  provided  that  the 
surviving  trustees  should  think  him  a  proper  person. 

Jacksoiis  Charity.  —  ]\Ir.  llobert  Jackson,  late  of 
Workington,  who  died  4th  April,  1820,  by  his  will 
dated  0th  December,  1820,  beciucathed  £800  for  the 
benefit  of  sixteen  poor  women  resident  in  Workington, 
to  the  vicar  of  Workington  for  the  time  being,  and 
three  other  trustees.  In  consequence  of  a  Chancery 
suit  against  the  trustees  and  executors,  the  principal  is 
now  reduced  to  the  sum  of  £430  Us.,  which  is  placed 
in  the  Thrce-per-cent  Annuities.  The  dividends  are 
paid  to  the  poor  women  on  each  \ew  Year's  Day. 

Leathes'  Chnrit;/.  —  Miss  Elizabeth  Leathes,  late  of 
Workington,  who  died  7th  July,  1858,  by  will  dated 
18th  April,  1856,  bequeathed  £800  in  the  ordinary 
capital  stock  of  the  CJro:it  Western  Railway  Company, 
the  dividends  to  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  £1  each 
to  the  four  trustees,  one  of  whom  to  be  the  rector  of 
Workington  for  the  time  being :  out  of  the  remainder 
£2  each  is  to  be  paid  to  six  poor  women  who  are  mem- 
bers of  the  Church  of  England,  natives  of  Workington 
township,  and  not  under  sixty  years  of  age.  To  be  paid 
on  the  25  th  of  December  each  year.  If  any  surplus 
after  payment  of  annuities  in  any  year,  it  is  to  bo 
deposited  in  the  Cumberland  Union  Bank,  or  Savings 
Bank,  as  a  provision  against  any  deficiency  in  the 
annual  income,  or  pay  such  surplus  to  such  other  poor 
women,  and  in  such  proportions,  as  the  trustees  and 
rector  shall  think  lit. 

AJIUSEMENTS. 

Easter  Tuesday  is  a  great  ilay  amongst  the  colliers 
and  sailors,  who  meet  on  the  Cloffocks'  at  four  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon  of  that  day,  for  the  purpose  of  playing 
the  game  of  football — an  old  custom  peculiar  to  the 
place,  and  which  has  existed  fov  time  out  of  mind,  and 
which  induces  hundreds  to  come  from  a  distance  to 
witness.  The  mode  of  procedure  is  as  follows.  The 
centre  of  the  Clotfocks  being  determined  as  near  as  can 
be  done,  the  sailors  take  the  lower  part,  to  the  end  of 
the  Mcrcliants'  Quay;  whilst  the  colliers  take  the 
higher  part  of  the  said  Cloffocks,  to  Workington  Ilall 
Park.  The  ball  is  then  thrown  off,  when  the  sailors 
endeavour  to  force  it  down,  by  kicking  and  bearing 
and  throwing  it  towards  the  Merchants'  Quay ;  whilst 

I  The  extrapnrorliinl  plncc  culled  Cloffocks,  comprisinirnhont  100 
ncrcn,  seems  to  Imve  liocii  incluiled  in  tlie  returns  fur  Workini^on 
towii»1iiii  in  iNul,  iNll,  luxl  ls:il.  lu  IK'JI  the  niiinlur  of  its 
inlmbitiiiiis  was  l.'i;  in  I'^ll,  1.  Tlic  housi'S  liuving  been  token 
ilonu,  Clofibcks  nas  nninlmbitcd  in  1801. 


the  colliers  strive  to  prevent  them,  and  endeavour  to 
force  it  up  bank  towards  Workington  Hall.  Every 
exertion  is  made  on  both  sides;  they  haul  and  pull  one 
another  about  like  demented  men,  in  many  instances 
tearing  each  others  clothes  to  pieces :  each  party  cheer- 
ing as  the  ball  goes  up  or  down.  The  colliers'  main 
aim  whilst  engaged  in  the  play  is  to  force  the  ball  into 
the  river  Derwent,  which  having  accomplished  they 
endeavour  to  carry  it  up  the  centre  of  the  river  ;  whilst 
the  sailors,  and  others  who  are  trying  to  get  the  ball 
down,  strive  to  prevent,  and  duck  one  another  overhead 
in  the  river,  sometimes  holding  each  other  under  the 
water  for  a  considerable  time.  After  playing  for  two  or 
three  hours  the  ball  is  haled  by  either  one  side  or  the 
other.  The  successful  party  is  then  treated  with  a  sum 
of  money,  wliich  is  spent  in  drink,  and  eventually  finish 
up  with  a  fight  or  two,  as  all  disagreements  during  the 
past  year  arc  put  off  until  this  night  to  settle ;  and  the 
town  is  almost  considered  in  a  state  of  siege,  as  the 
lower  class  think  whatever  wrong  they  do  on  tliat  day 
the  law  cannot  lay  hold  of  them. 

GREAT    CLIFTON. 

This  township  contains  893  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  is  £1,010.  The  population  in  1801  was  208;  in 
1811,  228;  in  1821,  251;  in  J831,  280;  in  1841, 
378;  and  in  1851,  374.  Since  the  last  census  the 
population  lias  greatly  increased,  in  consequence  of  the 
extension  of  the  collieries. 

Great  and  Little  Chfton  form  a  manor,  which  was 
given  by  William  do  Meschines  to  Waltheof,  son  of 
Gospatric  Earl  of  Dunbar,  and  by  the  heiress  of  that 
family  came  to  the  Lucys,  and  from  them  to  the 
Eglesficlds,  and  subsequently  to  the  Berdsoys,  one  of 
whom,  William  de  Berdscy,  in  the  35th  Henry  ^'1II. 
was  found  by  inquisition  to  hold  his  messuage  and  vill 
of  Clifton  of  the  king  as  of  the  manor  of  Dean,  by 
knight's  service,  rendering  for  tho  same  2s.  lOd. 
cornage  and  17s.  Id.  for  rent,  and  suit  of  court, 
homage,  and  witnessman  in  the  five  towns.  He  held 
Kirk  Clifton,  or  Great  Clifton,  by  tho  service  of  3s.  4d. 
cornage,  with  suit  of  court,  witnessman  as  aforesaid, 
and  Serjeant's  food.  By  a  daughter  and  co-heir  of  the 
said  William,  Clifton  manor  came  to  the  Solkolds  of 
Whitcliall.  An  inquisition  taken  in  1578  tells  us  that 
at  that  period  "  Lancelot  Salkeld,  Esq.,  in  riglit  of  his 
wife,  daughter  and  heiress  of  ^lichal  Bardsey,  Esq., 
held  certain  lands  and  tenements  in  Clifton,  late  the 
lands  of  Margaret  Bardsey,  by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit 
of  court,  and  paid  yearly  for  coniage  Os.  2d.,  and 
for  free  rent  17s.  5d.,  in  toto  per  annum  233.  7d." 
The  Salkeld  family  sold  Clifton  manor  to  Sir  James 


480 


ALLERDALE-ABO\TE-DER^VENT  WARD. 


Lowther,  Dart.,  from  whom  it  has  descended  to  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale,  tlio  present  lord.  Tlie  principal 
landowners  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  and  R.  Watts, 
Esq.  The  townships  of  Great  and  Little  Clifton 
were  enclosed  by  act  of  Parliament,  jiassed  in  1814. 

The  village  of  Great  Clifton,  or  Kirk  Clifton,  is 
situated  on  the  south  side  of  the  Derwcnt,  two  and 
a  half  miles  cast  of  Workington,  and  five  and  a 
half  miles  west  of  Cockcrmouth.  Tradition  tells  us 
that  a  market  was  formerly  held  here,  and  in  cor- 
roboration of  the  statement  the  remains  of  an  ancient 
cross  are  stiU  pointed  out. 


THE    CUAPEL. 


Clifton  Chapel  is  a  very  ancient  edifice,  said  to  have 

been  founded  in  the  time  of  Henry  L,  but  it  has  been 

much  modernised  by  frequent  repairs.     It  occupies  a 

very  picturesque  situation  in  the  township  of  Little 

Clifton,  on  the  summit  of  a  cliff  overlooking  the  village. 

In  the  sixteenth  and  early  part  of  the  seventeenth 

century  marriages  were  solemnised  in  this  chapel.  The 

burial  ground  was  disused,  and  the  walls  were  in  a 

state  of  decay,  from  1730  to  1821,  when  Dr.  Law, 

bishop  of  Chester,  consecrated  an  additional  piece  of 

ground.     The   living   is   a   perpetual   cuiMcy,   in   the 

patronage  of  the  rector  of  Workington,  and  is  worth 

about  £100  a  year,  arising  from  £800  obtained  from 

Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  in  1733,  ]75'3,  1773,  and  1793, 

with  which  twenty-two  acres  of  land  were  purchased  in 

Kinniside,  near  Whitehaven,  in  the  year  1700,  and 

subsequently  fifteen  acres  two  roods  and  sixteen  perches 

in  the  township  of  Great  Clifton.     In  addition,  there 

was  a  Parliamentary  grant  of  £1,000  obtained  in  1810, 

and  £25  a  year  from  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners 

in  1843.     On  the  enclosure  of  the  commons,  in  1817, 

there  were  upwards  of  329  acres  allotted  in  lieu  of 

tithes,  prescriptions,  itc,  to  the  living  of  the  old  church 

of  Workington;   Little  Clifton  township  giving  193 

acres  and  32  perches,  and  Great  Clifton  134  acres  and 

20  perches.     The  chapel  will  accommodate  about  220 

people. 

Incumbents. — Joseph  WluJer,  1703;  Anthony  Dalzell,  1804; 
Joseph  Hetherington,  1850. 

The  Wesleyans  have  a  small  chapel  in  the  village. 

Clifton  House,  the  seat  of  Richard  Watts,  Esq.,  is  a 
large  mansion,  occupying  a  delightful  and  elevated 
situation,  two  miles  cast  of  Whitehaven,  overlooking 
the  picturesque  vale  of  the  Derwent,  and  commanding 
beautiful  and  extensive  prospects  both  by  sea  and  land. 

THE    CLIFTON   COAL    FIELD. 

This  coal  field,  lying  within  the  townships  of  Great 
and   Little   Clifton,   comprises   two   workable    seams. 


known  by  the  local  designations  of  the  Ten  Quarters 
and  the  Main  Rand,  which  are  separated  by  about 
twenty-five  fathoms  of  sandstone  and  shales.  The  fol- 
lowing sections  of  the  two  seams  are  taken  in  the 
workings  in  the  Lowther  Pit,  belonging  to  Messrs. 
Flctclier: — 

TES  QUAnrrRs.  ft.    In. 

Top  Coal    'i     3 

Laying  in 1   10 

Parting 0     :) 

Stone 0     4 

Sparr 0     7 


Total  , 


M.UN   BAND.  ft. 

Crow  Coal 1 

Black  Shal.' 3 

Top  Coal    0 

Slate 0 

Felling 1 

Duff   0 

Laying  in 1 

„       Duff    0 

Bottom  Coal 1 

Canuel   0 

Tom 0 

Little  Coal    

Dirt    


3 

io. 
4 
0 

10 

8 
1 
o 

1 

10 
0 
0 


p.  . 

|i 


Total . 


n  10 

0     2 


The  Main  Band  coal  is  considered  superior  to  almost 
any  other  raised  in  Cumberland,  and  owing  to  its  free- 
dom from  pyrites  (sulphuret  of  iron)  is  well  adapted  for 
puddling  and  blast  furnaces,  and  for  locomotive  pur- 
poses. It  also  enjoys  a  high  reputation  in  the  Irish 
markets  both  as  a  steam  and  house  coal.  Collieries  are 
known  to  have  existed  at  the  rise,  or  southern  extremity, 
of  this  coal  field  upwards  of  a  century  ago.  Traces 
still  remain,  about  half  a  mile  higher  up  the  river 
Marron  than  Little  Clifton,  of  several  iron  furnaces 
which  belonged  to  an  ancestor  of  John  Cookson,  Esq., 
of  Newcastle,  and  which  were  supplied  with  fuel  from 
pits  immediately  adjacent.  Some  of  these  pits  were 
worked  by  Mr.  Cookson  himself,  and  others  by  the 
Lowther  family.  They  were  drained  either  by  adits 
driven  from  the  side  of  the  Marron  or  by  means  of 
water-wheels,  for  which  that  stream  supplied  the  motive 
power.  Towards  the  close  of  last  century  Jlr.  Cookson 
relinquished  his  collieries,  owing  to  the  exhaustion  of 
some  of  his  royalties  and  the  suspension  of  his  iron 
works.  About  the  same  time  also.  Sir  James  Lowther 
(afterwards  Lord  Lonsdale)  threw  in  his  pits  here,  in 
consequence,  as  tradition  tells  us,  of  a  curious  mis- 
understanding with  his  agent.  It  is  said  that  the 
agent  secretly  entered  into  partnership  with  the  origina- 
tors of  the  Seaton  iron  works,  for  which  a  lease  was  to 


WORKINGTON  PAEISH. 


481 


be  granted  by  Sir  James,  and  that  in  tbis  double 
capacity  he  managed  to  introduce  into  the  lease  some 
clauses  much  more  favourable  to  the  former  than  to  the 
latter.  One  stipulation  was,  that  as  long  as  tho  Low- 
thers  worked  any  coal-mines  within  a  certain  distance  of 
the  iron-works  they  were  bound  to  supply  the  iron-works 
with  coal  at  a  specified  price.  In  course  of  time  Sir 
James  happened  to  discover  the  state  of  the  ease,  and 
having  no  power  to  break  through  this  condition  he  at 
once  determined  to  evade  his  liability  by  closing  the 
whole  of  his  pits  within  the  prescribed  circuit.  Accord- 
ingly tho  Clifton,  Seaton,  and  St.  Helen's  collieries 
were  all  abandoned,  almost  without  a  day's  notice.  So 
suddenly,  indeed,  was  the  step  taken  that  the  pumps 
and  two  brass  working  barrels,  in  Keulfit  I'it,  near 
Bridgefoot,  were  left  in,  where  they  remain  to  the 
present  time.  No  further  attempt  was  made  to  open 
out  the  Clifton  coal  field  until  18d7,  when  Mr.  Thomas 
Westray  accomplished  the  winning  of  tlie  Ten  Quarters 
Seam,  and  afterwards  of  the  Jlain  Band  (at  a  depth  of 
fifty-five  fathoms),  in  a  royalty  belonging  to  the  late 
Mr.  Cookson,  not  far  from  Great  Clifton.  In  1842, 
Mr.  Westray  having  worked  out  this  royalty,  tho  Earl 
of  Lonsdale  purchased  the  colliery,  in  order  to  afford 
him  access  to  his  own  coal  adjoining,  and  it  has  since 
been  prosecuted  to  a  considerable  e,\tent,  first  by  his 
lordship  and  then  by  his  lessees.  In  the  year  1852, 
Messrs.  Isaac  and  William  Fletcher,  of  Tarn  Bank 
(whose  father  and  grandfather  had  been  largely  engaged 
in  the  coal  trade  of  West  Cumberland),  took  a  lease  of 
the  royalties  in  Little  Clifton  belonging  to  Henry 
Curwcn,  Esq.,  of  Workington  Ilall,  and  immediately 
sank  a  pit  (forty  fathoms  to  tho  Main  Band)  near  Cross- 
barrow.  Two  years  subsequently  these  gentlemen 
obtained  from  John  Cookson,  Esq.,  a  lease  o(  his 
remaining  coal  in  that  township,  and  proceeded  to 
open  out  another  winning  in  the  same  seam  at  Harry 
Gill,  about  100  yards  from  the  river  Derwent  and  con- 
tiguous to  tho  Cockermouth  and  Workington  railway. 
The  success  of  the  speculation  induced  Lord  Lonsdale 
to  sink  a  new  pit  half  a  mile  to  the  westward,  which 
reached  tho  Main  Band  in  the  winter  of  185.^-0,  at  a 
depth  of  only  thirty  fatlioins.  A  little  prior  to  this 
time  Messrs.  Fletcher  had  taken  of  the  owners  of  the 
surface  some  other  royalties  of  coal  in  Little  Clifton,  to 
which  tho  Earl  of  Lonsdale  preferred  a  claim  as  lord 
of  tho  manor.  A  dispute  arose,  and  seemed  likely  to 
proceed  to  extremities,  when  it  was  set  at  rest  by  his 
lordship  purchasing  the  estates  iu  question,  and  in 
conformity  with  a  previous  arrangement,  renewing  tho 
leases  of  the  coal  to  Messrs.  Fletcher.  Several  laud- 
owners  in  Great  Clifton  now  raised  a  doubt  whether 


the  lord  of  the  manor  was  entitled  as  such  to  the  coal 
under  their  freehold  property  adjoining  his  lordship's 
new  pit.  This  dispute  was  finally  settled  in  the  same 
way  as  that  in  Little  Clifton,  and  the  noble  earl  very 
soon  became  the  owner  of  nearly  all  the  soil  in  both 
townships.  In  March,  1856,  Lord  Lonsdale  granted 
a  lease  of  the  whole  of  his  royalties,  ancient  and 
acquired,  in  Great  and  Little  Clifton,  to  Messrs. 
Fletcher,  who  completed  the  working  arrangements  of 
the  new  (or  Lowther)  pit  in  a  style  of  durability  and 
efiiciency  that  will  bear  comparison  with  that  of  any 
colliery  in  the  kingdom.  In  working  to  the  westward 
of  this  pit  the  lessees  encountered  a  downthrow  "  fault " 
of  twenty -five  fathoms,  beyond  which  they  are  now 
working  the  Ten  Quarters  Seam.  They  have  recently 
sunk  the  pit  thirty  fathoms  deeper  to  enable  them  to 
win  by  a  drift  the  Main  Band  coal  on  the  west  side  of 
the  "fault."  Messrs.  Fletcher  have  at  present  three  pits 
in  operation,  employing  upwards  of  GOO  hands,  and  it  is 
understood  they  are  in  a  position  to  raise  from  600  to 
800  tons  daily.  A  portion  of  the  coal  is  sent  by  rail- 
way to  Cockermouth,  for  local  consumption  there,  and 
a  portion  to  the  iron  works  at  Workington  and  Seaton, 
but  the  great  bulk  is  exported  to  Dublin  and  Belfast, 
and  other  Irish  ports.  The  Workington  harbour  and 
tho  Cockermouth  and  Workington  railway  are  both 
chiefly  dependent  for  their  revenues  upon  the  Clifton 
colliery.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  and  Messrs.  Fletcher 
have  lately  erected  upwards  of  sixty  cottages  in  con- 
nection with  the  colliery,  in  which  a  degree  of  provision 
is  made  for  the  comfort  and  decency  of  the  inmates 
highly  creditable  to  the  owners.  A  national  school' — a 
very  handsome  Gothic  building,  capable  of  accommo- 
dating 400  scholars — has  just  been  established,  midway 
between  Great  and  Little  Clifton,  for  the  benefit  of  the 
increasing  mining  population.  A  colliers'  reading-room 
has  also  been  set  on  foot  at  Great  Clifton,  where  lec- 
tures are  occasionally  delivered.  Messsrs.  Fletcher's 
workmen  all  belong  to  a  medical  club,  and  many  of 
them  to  a  general  benefit  club. 

LITTI.E    CLIITON. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  160; 
in  1811,  193;  iu  1821,  '203;  in  1831,  2-i I  ;  in  1841, 
281 :  and  in  1851,  239.  Its  area  is  1,038  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  £l,0t'i.'3.  The  landowners  are  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale,  liiehard  Watt.s,  Esq.,  Isaac  Tliomp- 
son,  Esq.,  and  L.  Bouch,  Esij.     Within  tliis  township 

1  Tho  school  cosl  upwards  of  £S."0;  of  whicli  £3in  was  contributed 
by  Uie  Ciiiimiilti-e  of  Pri\y  Council  on  Education,  £*i1ll  (including 
Ui»  value  of  the  site)  by  Messrs.  I.  »nd  W.  Kiel  bcr,  £100  bv  Lord 
Lousdule,  oud  £00  by  liicliard  \Vi>u«,  Esq. 


06 


482 


ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT  WARD. 


are  a  corn-mill  and  an  edge-tool  and  Bickle  mannfactory. 
The  village  of  Little  Clifton  is  situated  on  an 
eminence  near  the  junction  of  the  Marron  with  thi- 
small  rivulet  called  the  Lostrifjg,  three  miles  east  of 
Workington,  and  four  and  a  half  west  of  Cockermouth. 

STAISBURS. 

The  area  of  Stainbum  is  1,143  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  £'1,604.  In  1801  it  contained  137  inhabitants  : 
in  1811,  140;  in  1821,  138;  in  1831,  174;  in  1841, 
179 ;  and  in  1851,  152.  This  township  is  said  to 
derive  its  name  from  stain,  or  stein,  stone,  and  bimt, 
a  stream  or  rivulet,  and  means  the  stony  stream. 
"Waltheof,  lord  of  AUerdale,  son  of  Gospatric,  earl  of 
Dunbar,  gave  Stainbum,  which  consisted  of  three 
carucates  of  land,  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary,  at  York, 
for  the  use  of  the  cell  of  St.  Bees.  The  prior  of  the 
last-named  house  seems  to  have  built  here  a  chapel  or 
oratory,  to  which  Henry  TV.  presented  Eobert  Hunt ; 
but  the  right  of  presentation  as  exercised  by  the  king 
was  questioned  by  the  abbot  of  the  mother  house  of 
York,  and  the  king,  upon  inquiry  and  trial,  revoked  the 
grant.  The  manor-house  of  Stainbum  was  burnt  by 
the  Scots  in  1315.  Lord  Lonsdale,  J.  Harrison,  Esq., 
and  Michael  Falcon,  Esq.,  are  the  principal  landowners. 
This  township  was  enclosed  in  pursuance  of  an  act 
passed  in  1812.  At  the  enclosure  of  the  common  there 
was  a  portion  set  aside  as  a  public  quarry,  for  the  use 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  township. 

We  subjoin  the  following  customs  of  the  manor  of 
Stainbum  : — This  manor  seems  anciently  to  have  been 
held  under  the  church  by  some  particular  customs  yet 
remaining ;  accordingly  we  find  that  it  still  pays  a  free 
rent  of  3s.  4d.  yearly  to  the  dissolved  monastery  of  St. 
Bees.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  impropriator.  There 
was  formerly  a  chapel  at  Stainbum,  situated  probably 
in  a  field  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south-west  of  the 
village,  which  still  retains  the  name  of  Chapel  Close ; 
there  is  now  no  vestige  remaining  to  point  out  the 
place.  It  is  held  nearly  by  the  same  tenure  as  Priest- 
gate,  in  the  manor  of  Workington,  which  also  pays  a 
small  free  rent  to  St.  Bees,  and  whilst  both  manors 
were  held  under  the  Curwens  of  Workington  Hall,  the 
tenants  were  said  to  attend  at  both  courts  as  jurymen 
or  suitors  on  special  occasions.  Stainbum  is  also 
obliged  to  send  a  man  twice  in  the  year  to  attend  the 
head  courts  of  Cockermouth,  held  in  the  spring  and 
autumn,  to  make  presentments  if  anything  is  wrong 
about  hedges,  roads,  water-courses,  pinfolds,  &c.,  within 
the  manor,  who  is  liable  to  serve  on  the  jury  and 
answer  the  call  for  Stainbum.  In  Stainbum  manor 
the  lord  never  dies :  that  is,  there  is  no  general  fine 


due  or  paid  on  his  death  in  that  respect,  resembling 
lands  held  of  the  king  or  of  spiritual  lords  of  church 
lands.  A  tenant  of  Stainbum  dying  possessed  of  a 
messuage  or  tenement,  his  or  her  heir-at-law  pays  a 
twenty-penny  fine  certain,  or  twenty  times  the  ancient 
yearly  customary  lord's  rent  upon  his  or  her  admission 
to  the  descended  premises.  A  tenant  of  Stainbum 
selling  his  customary  estate,  the  purchaser  pays  a 
thirty-penny  fine  certain,  or  thirty  times  the  ancient 
yearly  customary  fineable  lord's  rent  on  his  or  her 
being  admitted  tenant  to  the  alienated  premises.  A 
man  and  his  wife  being  joint  purchasers  were  formerly 
admitted  as  joint  tenants  on  payment  of  a  forty-five- 
penny  fine  certain  (being  equal  to  an  alienation  twice- 
and-a-half.)  But  this  has  been  out  of  usage  of  late, 
the  stewards  not  choosing  to  have  more  than  one 
tenant  for  one  parcel.  How  far  this  is  right  yet 
remains  to  be  tried.  It  is  certainly  not  in  accordance 
with  the  custom  of  the  manor.  A  tenant  of  an 
estate  at  Stninbum  dying  unmarried  or  a  bachelor 
(without  leaving  a  widow)  the  estate  pays  no  heriot.  A 
tenant  in  Stainbum  having  occasion  to  mortgage  his 
customary  estate,  pays  a  license  money  of  five  per  cent, 
to  the  lord.  The  mortgagee  is  admitted  tenant,  and 
the  alienation  fine  is  respited  for  seven  years  crn  the 
mortgagee  giving  his  note  for  the  money,  payable  at 
the  end  of  that  time ;  which  the  lord  has  seldom  or 
never  been  known  to  receive,  though  forfeited.  There 
is  a  fog  mail  rent  paid  yearly  to  the  lord  on  Good 
Friday  of  8s.  4d.,  being  5d.  each  land  for  eight  original 
lands,  for  the  right  of  putting  each  a  cow  into  the  lord's 
ground  in  fog  time ;  this  privilege  seems  at  present  lost 
or  fallen  into  disuse.  The  greave  for  Stainbum,  col- 
lecting the  lord's  rents,  hens  and  eggs,  and  fog  mail, 
itc,  pays  no  hens  nor  eggs  for  his  estate  the  year  he 
does  the  oflBce  of  greave.  There  is  a  prescription  in 
lieu  of  tithe  hay  paid  out  of  Stainbum  yearly  to  the 
rector  of  Workington,  being  6s.  8d.,  equal  to  lOd.  each 
tenement  for  eight  original  lands.  The  customary  lands 
in  Stainbum  pay  corn-tithes  in  kind  to  the  rector  of 
Workington,  being  the  tenth-part  and  other  small  dues. 
The  hall  demesne  is  exempted  on  papng  a  prescription. 
Stainbum  township  maintains  its  own  poor. 

The  village  of  Stainburn  is  on  the  Cockermouth 
road,  one  mile  east  of  Workington. 

Stainbum  House  is  the  property  of  John  Hanison, 
Esq. :  Briery  Dale  the  residence  of  ^Michael  Falcon, 
Esq. :  and  EUerdale  the  seat  of  Charles  Litt,  Esq. 

¥iarrison  nf  MtJtJtaUs  anli  Stainburn. 

John  Haerison,  Esq.,  of  Winscales  and  Stainburn,  married, 
in  the  year  1834,  Anne,  eldest  daughter  of  Allison  Cros- 
thwaite,  Esq.,  of  Workington,  and  has  issue  two  sons  and  one 


WORKINGTON  PARISH. 


483 


daughter.  This  geatlemao  13  the  eldest  son  of  William  Falcon, 
Esq.,  by  Jane,  his  wife,  second  daughter  of  Thomas  Harrison, 
Esq.,  of  Wiuscales,  and  great  grandson  of  Michael  Falcon,  Esq., 
a  shipbuilder  of  great  eminence  at  Workington,  who  was  the 
descendant  of  a  very  ancient  family  in  Cumberland.  The  sur- 
name he  now  bears  Mr.  Harrison  assumed  by  royal  hcense, 
dated  19th  August,  1844,  on  succeeding  to  the  estate  of  his 
maternal  ancestors,  at  the  decease  of  his  nncle,  John  Haaison,. 
Esq. 

.<<r7ni.— Quarterly:  Ist  and  4tli,  arg.,  two  bars  gemeUes,  aa.,  be- 
tween three  liares,  courant,  ppr.  fur  llarrisoii;  2iid  and  :Jrd,  erm., 
two  chevronels,  paly,  az.  and  sa.,  between  three  falcons,  ppr.,  belled, 
or,  and  holding  in  the  beak  a  lure,  of  the  last,  for  Falcon. 

Crest. — Upon  a  moimt,  vert,  a  sing,  courant,  regardant,  sa.,  semee 
of  quatrefoils,  attired  and  unguled,  or,  holding  in  the  mouth  an  arrow, 
in  bend,  sinister,  ppr.  of  Harrison;  on  a  fret,  so.,  a  falcon,  rising, 
ppr.,  belled,  or,  aud  holding  iu  the  beak  a  lure,  of  tlie  last,  for  Falcon. 

Motto. — Vite,  coarageux,  iier. 

WINSCALES.    4 

Wiuscales  comprises  an  area  of  903  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £908.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in 
IfiOl  was  153;  in  1811,  105;  iu  1821,  157;  iu  1831, 
100;  iu  1841,  111;  aud  iu  1851,  Hi.  Wiuscales  is 
included  iu  the  manor  of  Workingtou.  It  includes 
the  small  hamlet  of  Midtown,  two  miles  south-east  of 
Workiugton,  and  several  scattered  fann-bouses.  The 
principal  landowners  are  Henry  Curwen,  Esq.,  and  John 
Harrison,  Esq.  This  township  was  enclosed  in  pur- 
suance of  an  act  passed  in  1809. 

Wiuscales  House,  a  neat  mansion,  commanding 
extensive  prospects,  is  the  property  of  J.  Harrison,  Esq. 

Joseph  Thompson,  a  farmer  at  Wiuscales,  an 
eccentric  character,  used  to  attend  Harrington  church 


during  the  time  of  ilr.  Xoble's  ministry,  and  sat  beside 
the  clerk  reading  aloud  with  him  the  responses,  which 
used  to  annoy  the  clerk  so  much,  that  on  one  paiticular 
Sunday,  Mr.  Thompson  responding  louder  tliau  usual, 
so  incensed  the  clerk  that  he  gave  Mr.  Thompson  a 
slap  across  the  mouth  with  his  hand,  exclaiming,  "thee 
clerk  or  me  clerk,"  which,  when  service  was  ended,  Mr. 
Thompson  complained  of  to  Jlr.  Noble.  Mr.  Noble 
rather  sided  with  the  clerk,  and  gently  reproved  Mr. 
Thompson,  telling  him  "  he  ought  not  to  read  so  loud 
as  to  drown  the  clerk's  voice."  "  Very  well,"  Mr. 
Thomson  says,  "  if  I  am  not  allowed  to  please  myself 
I  Kill  come  no  more  to  your  church."  Which  promise 
he  faithfully  kept,  never  entering  the  doors  again. 
Mr.  Thompson,  when  on  his  death  bed,  desired  tliat 
his  body  might  be  quietly  biuied  at  midnight  in  the 
middle  of  the  moor  (now  enclosed  land)  at  Scaw,  near 
Harrington,  without  any  service  being  read  over  it, 
which  was  accordingly  done  at  his  request ;  aud  there 
is  still  to  be  seen  at  the  top  of  a  field  called  Headstone 
Field,  at  Scaw,  a  massive  headstone  with  the  following 
inscription  engraved  on  the  top  : — 

"  Joseph  Thompson  may  here  bo  found. 
Who  would  not  ly  in  consecrated  ground. 
Died  May  y«  31, 1745, 
Aged  63  when  he  was  alive." 

Some  farmer  at  Scaw  having  thoughtlessly  pulled  up 
the  headstone  out  of  the  middle  of  the  field  and  placed 
it  underneath  the  hedge  at  the  top  of  the  rigg  that  Mr. 
Thompson  was  buried  upon. 


®arb. 


Tnis  new  division  of  the  county  has  been  formed  in  pursuance  of  an  arrangement  made  Ly  the  magistrates  of  the 
county  at  the  quarter  sessions  held  at  Carlisle,  October  20th,  1857.  The  new  arrangement  came  into  effect  on  the 
Ibt  Januaiy,  1858,  but  does  not  extend  to  police  purposes.  Bootle  Ward  embraces  the  parishes  of  Bootle,  Comey, 
Muucaster,  Waberthwaite,  Whicham,  and  Whiibeck;  and  the  township  of  Birker  and  Austhwaite,  Millom,  and 
Ulpha,  in  the  parish  of  Millom,  and  the  township  of  Eskdale  and  Wasdale,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Bees.  The  Esk  and 
the  Dud  Jon  are  the  principal  rivers  in  this  part  of  the  county.     Bootle  and  Ravenglass  are  the  principal  towns. 


BOOTLE     PARISH. 

Bootle  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  "Waberthwaite,  on  the  west  by  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  south  by  Whiibeck, 
and  on  the  east  by  Coruey  and  Thwaites.  It  comprises  no  dependent  townships.  Esk  Meals,  which  extends 
along  the  coast,  is  remarkable  for  its  large  rabbit  warren.  In  this  parish  is  a  small  bay,  called  Selker's  Bay, 
where,  it  is  said,  in  calm  weather  the  sunken  remains  of  small  vessels  or  galleys  can  be  seen,  which,  tradition  says, 
are  Roman,  having  been  left  here  by  the  imperial  legionaries  in  one  of  their  invasions. 

east  to  Black  Dyke  (being  the  confines  of  Fell  Side 
Pasture  and  Swinside),  and  from  thence  south-westerly 
to  a  place  called  Seavy  Syke,  and  from  thence  to  Rawa- 
treeford,  from  thence  alongside  the  boundary  of  the 
manor  of  Whicham  and  Silecroft  through  a  place  called 
Hentoe,  in  a  direct  line  south-westerly  between  Great 
Godderside  and  Little  Godderside,  being  the  south-west 
boundary  of  the  manor  of  Whicham  and  Silecroft,  and 
from  thence  in  a  direct  line  westerly  to  a  great  stone 
upon  the  common  or  fell  above  a  place  called  Broughton 
Tenement,  near  Moukfoss,  and  from  the  said  great 
stone  south-westerly,  or  near  west,  to  a  place  called 
Gutterby  Lane-end,  at  the  sea-beach,  and  from  thence 
in  a  direct  line  down  to  low  water-mark,  and  from 
thence  northwards  along  the  coast  to  the  foot  of  the 
river  Esk,  where  the  same  runs  into  the  sea.  The 
Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  lord  of  the  manor. 

At  Bootle  there  formerly  stood  an  old  mansion  of  the 
Copelands,  an  ancient  family  who  had  an  estate  here, 
which,  in  the  reign  of  the  unfortunate  Richard  11.  or 
Henry  IV.,  was  divided  between  three  daughters,  co- 
heiresses, married  to  members  of  the  Hudleston,  Pen- 
nington, and  Senhouse  families. 


Bootle  parish  comprises  an  area  of  7,146  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £3,705.  The  population  in  1801 
was  547;  in  1811,  G02;  in  1821,  650;  in  1831,  7S7; 
in  1841,  600;  and  in  185),  811,  who  are  resident  in 
the  town  of  Bootle  and  in  dispersed  dwellings  all  over 
the  parish.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment, 
but  bacon-curing,  and  the  manufacture  of  candles  afford 
employment  to  many  of  the  inhabitants.  The  soil  is 
much  varied,  but  on  the  whole  fertile.  The  Whitehaven 
and  Furness  railway  passes  tlirough  the  lower  part  of 
the  parish,  and  has  stations  at  Bootle  and  Esk  Meals. 
The  inhabitants  attend  the  markets  at  Ulverstone  and 
AVhitehaven. 

The  manor  of  Bootle  includes  the  parish  of  Bootle 
and  part  of  the  parish  of  Whitbeck.  The  boundaries 
of  the  manor  are  as  follow :  —  Beginning  at  the  north 
end  of  a  place  called  Prior  Park  Wall,  at  which  place 
the  boundary  of  this  manor  unites  with  the  boundary  of 
the  manor  of  Ulpha,  and  from  thence  to  a  place  called 
Paddy  Cragg,  which  said  Paddy  Cragg  is  the  north 
boundaiy  of  the  manor  of  Thwaites,  and  from  the  said 
Paddy  Cragg  south-westerly  to  Little  Paddy  Cragg, 
from  thence  to  Charity  Chair,  and  from  thence  south- 


BOOTLE  PARISH. 


485 


THE   TOWN    OF    EOOTLE. 

This  ancient  market  town,  said  to  be  the  smallest 
market  town  in  England,  is  situated  in  54°  7'  north 
latitude  and  3°  20'  west  longitude.  It  is  si.xty  miles 
south-south-west  from  Carlisle,  and  278  north-west 
from  London  by  road,  and  about  two  miles  west  from 
the  Irish  Sea.  It  consists  of  a  long  street  of  tobrably 
well-built  houses.  The  market  was  granted  to  John  de 
Hudleston,  in  1347,  to  be  held  on  Wednesday;  and  a 
fair  for  four  days  at  the  Feast  of  the  Exaltation  of 
the  Holy  Cross,  September  14th.  The  market  has  been 
discontinued  for  many  years;  but  fairs  for  cattle, 
horses,  and  sheep,  are  held  on  the  26th  of  April 
and  24th  of  September :  and  for  the  hiring  of  servants, 
on  the  Friday  before  Whitsuntide  and  the  Friday 
before  the  1 1  th  of  November.  The  market  cross  is 
surrounded  with  steps,  and  has  four  shields  at  tho  base 
of  the  shaft,  one  of  which  is  charged  with  the  arms  of 
the  Iludlestons,  formerly  lords  of  Millom. 

THE   CBCBCH. 

Bootlc  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Michael,  is  an  ancient 
structure,  which  in  the  course  of  ages  has  undergone 
extensive  alterations,  retaining  in  our  days  but  little  of 
its  original  appearance.  It  was  repaired  at  the  end  of 
the  last  century,  and  again  in  1837,  when  north  and 
south  transepts  were  added.  The  church  was  originally 
Norman,  but  when  the  additions  were  made  the  whole 
was  altered  to  Early  English,  with  the  exception  of  the 
chancel,  which  is  still  Norman.  The  erection  of  a 
tower  was  begun  in  IStOG,  but  from  the  want  of  funds 
is  not  yet  completed.  When  digging  the  foundations 
for  this  part  of  the  church  sL\  skeletons  were  found,  of 
tall  stature,  lying  north  and  south.  The  interior  of  the 
church  is  neatly  pcwed,  and  all  the  improvements  have 
been  effected  in  good  taste.  The  font  is  a  capacious  red 
sandstone  basin,  of  an  octagonal  form,  having  in  each 
square  two  shields,  with  tho  following  inscription  in 
black  letter:  "  In  Nomine  Patris  &  Filii  &  Spirit  Sancti." 
There  are  also  the  initials  "  r.  it. ;"  and  on  another  shield 
a  bugle  horn,  and  the  initials  "J.  h."  in  black  letter.  A 
uionuniental  brass  on  the  south  wall  of  the  chancel 
bears  tho  elhgies  of  a  knight  in  armour,  with  the  fol- 
lowing iuscription:  "Here  lieth  Sir  Hugh  Askew, 
Knyght,  late  of  the  seller  to  Kynge  Edward  the  VI., 
which  Sir  Hugh  was  made  Knyght,  at  Mussclborough 
felde,  in  tho  year  of  ouro  Lord  1047,  and  died  the 
second  day  of  Marclio,  in  the  ycre  of  our  Lord  Ood 
1502."  There  are  tablets  and  inscriptions  to  the 
memory  of  members  of  the  Benson,  Uulton,  Steele, 
and  Wcnnington  families.  The  church  was  enlarged 
in   the  year    1837,   by   which   means   118  additional 


sittings  were  obtained ;  and  in  consequence  of  a  grant 
from  the  Incorporated  Society  for  Promoting  the  En- 
largement, Building,  and  Ilepairing  of  Churches  and 
Chapels,  eighty-four  of  that  number  are  hereby  declared 
to  be  free  and  unappropriated  for  ever,  in  addition  to  3 1 5 
sittings  formerly  provided,  thirty  of  which  are  free.  The 
benefice,  a  rectory,  was  given  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary 
at  York,  by  Godard  Dapifer,  the  second  lord  of  Millom. 
In  the  year  1537  the  abbot  and  convent  presented 
a  rector  ;  in  lOiiO  William  Pennington  presented;  and 
in  1604  a  rector  was  instituted  on  the  presentation 
of  the  king.  In  1717  R.  Pennington,  Esq.,  was  cer- 
tified as  the  patron.  Lord  Muncaster,  his  descendant, 
sold  it  to  E.  W.  Wakefield,  Esq.,  of  Kendal,  from  whom 
the  advowson  was  purchased  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale, 
the  present  proprietor.  The  hving  was  valued  in  the 
King's  Book  at  £19  17s.  3id.,  and  was  certified  to 
the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  at  £!>)  is.  2d.; 
but  it  is  now  worth  £525  a  year.  The  tithes  were 
commuted  in  1849  for  £439.  The  parish  registers 
commence  in  1655. 

Ekctors. — Richard  Brown  occurs  15^5 ;  Richard  Hulton, 
ineo;  Richard  Hulton,  10C4  ;  Uenry  Holmes,  1704;  Daniel 
Steele,  1729;  Miles  WeDuington,  1761;  Henry  Crookbaine, 
1771;  Thomas  Smith,  1770;  Thomas  Smith,  17BIJ;  James 
Sulterthwaite,  1807;  John  Fleming,  1S13;  Alexander  Scott, 
lt<35  ;  .Vrthur  Wilkin,  1848. 

The  rccloiy,  pleasantly  situated  near  the  church, 
is  a  handsome  Elizabethan  building,  erected  by  the 
late  rector,  at  a  cost  of  about  £1,200. 

There  is  one  dissenting  place  of  worship  in  the 
town,  which  was  erected  in  1780,  by  the  late  Mr. 
Joseph  Whitridge,  for  the  use  of  Lady  Huntingdon's 
Connexion,  and  he  endowed  it  with  £1,000,  vested  in 
trustees,  who  have  placed  the  chapul  in  the  bauds 
of  the  Presbyterians — or,  rather,  the  minister,  the 
Rev.  Thomas  L.  Lessel,  is  connected  with  that  reli- 
gious body.  The  chapel  will  accomniuJate  about  250 
persons. 

Boolle  pai'isb  contains  two  schools.  The  old  school, 
situated  at  Hysemoor,  was  rebuilt  by  the  railway  com- 
pany in  1817,  the  old  school-house  being  required  by 
them.  It  consists  of  two  separate  schools  for  boys  and 
girls,  and  possesses  an  endowment,  for  which  the  master 
educates  gratuitously  six  children  of  this  parish,  and 
also  children  from  the  three  estates  of  Middleton  Place, 
Whitestone,  and  Kinraont  in  Corney  parish,  and  from 
tho  estate  of  Annaside,  in  the  parish  of  Whitbeck. 
The  other  school,  erected  in  183i),  is  a  good  substantial 
building,  in  the  Gothic  style.  The  cost  of  erection 
was  defrayed  by  tho  lato  Captain  Shaw,  who  also 
bequeathed  the  sura  of  £300  to  the  rector  of  Bootle 


486 


BOOTLE  WARD. 


and  Comej,  and  the  perpetual  curate  of  AA'hitbeck  for 
the  time  being,  iu  trust,  to  be  invested  by  them  in 
government  securities  at  three  per  cent ;  and  he  directed 
that  the  interest  so  arising  should  be  auuuuJly  apphed 
by  them,  in  the  first  iustance,  towards  the  necessary 
repairs  of  the  scliool,  and  the  residue  iu  payment  of  the 
master's  salary. 

CHAItlTIES. 

Henry  Singlfton's  Gift. — Henry  Singleton,  by  deed 
dated  29th  January,  1713,  gave  to  trustees  the  sum  of 
£200  for  the  use  and  towards  the  perpetual  maintenance 
of  a  master  to  teach  a  free  school  for  the  benefit  and 
education  of  children  of  the  parish  of  Bootle  and  the 
towns  of  Middleton  Place,  iu  the  parish  of  Corney,  and 
Annaside  in  the  parish  of  Whitbeck  (iu  which  places 
he  had  lauds) ;  the  school  to  be  kept  in  the  school- 
house  then  erected  on  Hysemoor  Side,  io  Bootle ;  and 
ho  directed  that  the  said  £'200  should  be  put  out  at 
interest,  laid  out  in  lauds,  or  otherwise  disposed  of; 
and  that  the  product  thereof  should  belong  to  the 
master  of  the  free  school  for  the  time  being  for  ever. 
The  rector  and  seven  other  persons  are  trustees. 

Ann  Hodgson's  Bequest.  —  Mrs.  Ann  Hodgson,  by 
will  dated  9th  May,  1779,  left  J£:")0  to  the  minister  and 
churchwardens  of  Bootle,  to  lay  out  the  same  to  the 
best  advantage  for  the  use  of  the  free  school,  and  to 
pay  the  interest  thereof  to  the  schoolmaster  for  the 
time  being ;  and  she  directed  that  the  estates  of  Low 
Kinmont  and  Whitestoues,  in  the  parish  of  Corney, 
should  be  free  to  the  said  school  by  virtue  of  her  legacy. 

Rev.  Henry  Holmes's  Gift. — The  Rev.  Henry  Holmes, 
a  former  rector  of  Bootle,  also  gave  £50  to  this  school. 

Mrs.  An7i  Hvdgson's  and  Rev.  Miles  Wennitigtoii's 
Charities  for  the  Poor. — Mrs.  Ann  Hodgson  left  £10, 
and  the  Rev.  Miles  Wennington,  rector  of  the  parish, 
£•20,  to  the  minister  and  churchwardens,  in  trust,  that 
they  should  lay  out  the  same  for  the  use  of  poor  house- 
keepers in  Bootle,  not  being  pensioners,  the  interest 
thereof  to  be  distributed  by  them  amongst  such  persons 
3'early  on  St.  Thomas's  Day.  This  sum  of  £30  was 
carried  to  the  parish  account,  and  3(Js.  out  of  the  poor 
rates  is  annually  distributed,  on  St.  Thomas's  Day, 
amongst  four  or  five  poor  housekeepers,  who  do  not 
receive  regular  parish  reUef 

POOB-UIW  UNION. 

The  Bootle  poor-law  union  is  divided  into  two  sub- 
districts,  viz. :  Muncaster,  comprising  Eskdale  and 
'Wasdale,  Birker  and  Austhwaite,  Irtou,  Drigg,  and 
Carleton,  embracing  Muucaster,  Stainton  Farm,  and 
Waberthwaite ;  and  Bootle,  including  Corney,  Bootle, 
Whitbeck,  A\'hicham,  Chapel  Sucken,  Millom  Below, 


Millom  Above,  Thwaites,  and  Ulpha.  The  area  is 
100,000  statute  acres.  The  population  iu  1851  was 
0,008,  of  whom  3,154  were  males,  and  2,854  females. 
The  number  of  inhabited  houses  at  the  same  period 
was  1,050;  of  uninhabited,  58;  and  12  were  building. 
The  total  receipts  of  the  union  in  the  year  1858 
amounted  to  £1,889  17s.  IJd.,  and  the  expenditure  to 
£1,846  16s.  3id.  Situated  between  Bootle  and  the 
lailway  station  is  the  new  workhouse,  which  was  erected 
iu  1850-7,  at  a  cost  of  £-2,2.')0.  It  is  a  substantial 
stone  building,  capable  of  accommodating  100  persons. 
The  number  of  inmates  at  present  (1859)  is  fifty. 

At  Seaton,  in  this  parish,  are  the  remains  of  Seaton 
Priory,  called  also  the  Nunnery  of  Loakley,  consisting 
of  a  portioii  of  the  priory  chapel,  including  a  line  Early 
English  window.  The  date  of  the  foundation  of  this 
religious  house  does  not  appear  to  be  known.  It  must 
have  been  previous  to  the  commencement  of  the  thir- 
teenth century,  for  we  find  that  at  that  period  Henry 
Fitz  Arthur  gave  lands  at  Seaton  to  the  nuns  of 
Leakley,  or  Seaton,  which  lands  were  excepted  in  the 
deed  of  feofi'ment  made  by  him  to  his  daughter  Gun- 
liilda.  The  priory  was  founded  for  nuns  of  the  order  of 
St.  Benedict,  and  was  dedicated  to  St.  Leonard.  The 
church  of  Lton  appears  to  have  been  appropriated 
to  this  nunnery  in  1227.  Shortly  after  its  foundation, 
Henry  Duke  of  Lancaster,  subsequently  King  Henry 
IV.,  by  charter,  dated  1357,  granted  to  the  nuns  of 
Seaton  the  hospital  of  St.  Leonard  iu  Lancaster,  with 
power  to  nominate  the  chaplain.  This  grant  was  made 
ia  consequence  of  the  poverty  of  the  community  of 
Seaton.  In  1459  Thomas  York,  abbot  of  Holme 
Cultram,  leased  to  Elizabeth  Creft,  prioress  of  Seaton, 
all  the  lands  between  the  rivers  Esk  and  Duddon, 
for  twelve  years,  at  the  yeaaly  rent  of  twenty  shillings. 
Tliese  lands  appear  to  have  been  granted  to  Holme 
Cultram  Abbey  by  Gunhilda,  daughter  of  Henry  de 
Boyville,  fourth  lord  of  Millom,  and  were  confirmed 
to  the  same  abbey  by  John  de  Hudleston  and  Joan  his 
widow.  In  the  King's  Book  the  priory  of  Seaton  is 
valued  at  £12  12s.  per  annum.  At  the  Dissolution 
the  possessions  of  this  convent  were  valued  at 
£12  12s.  6d.  according  to  Dugdale,  or  £13  17s.  4d. 
according  to  Speed.  In  the  year  1542  Henry  VIII. 
granted  this  priory  to  Sir  Hugh  Askew,  Knt.,  to 
hold  of  the  Idng,  in  capite,  by  the  service  of  the 
twentieth-part  of  one  knight's  fee,  and  of  the  rent  of 
9s.  2d.,  to  be  paid  yearly  into  the  court  of  augmenta- 
tions. Sir  Hugh  settled  the  property  upon  his  wife  (a 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Hudleston);  and  she,  after  his 
decease,  marrying  into  the  family  of  the  Penniugtons 


CORNEY  PAEISH. 


487 


'of  Muncaster,  gave  the  same  to  her  younger  son, 
William  Pennington.  It  was  subsequently  sold  by 
John  Lord  Muncaster,  and  is  now  tho  property  of 
Edward  Wakefield,  I'lsq.,  of  Kendal. 

Seaton  Hall,  which  adjoins  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
priory,  is  the  residence  of  J.  E.  Weston,  Esq. 

Esk  Meals,  the  scat  and  property  of  Mrs.  Falcon,  is 
situated  at  the  northern  e.\treraity  of  the  parish,  three 
and  a  half  miles  north  of  Bootle. 

Blackcombe,  rightly  so  called  from  tlio  gloomy 
heather  on  its  surface,  is  in  this  parish.  The  base 
being  at  tho  extremity  of  tho  mountain  chain,  on  the 


sea  shore,  between  Ravenglass  and  the  estuary  of  the 
Duddon,  the  prospect  is  one  of  the  greatest  variety. 
The  sublime  ocean  forms  one-half  of  the  circumference, 
with  Peel  Castle  and  the  Isle  of  Walncy  on  the  south ; 
in  the  west,  the  Isle  of  Man  is  a  conspicuous  object; 
the  fine  indented  coast,  tho  bulwark  of  Cumberland, 
tends  away  to  the  north ;  the  towns  of  Egremont  and 
Ravenglass,  Bootle  and  Broughton,  give  animation 
to  the  scene ;  the  beauties  of  Duddon  repose  at  the 
feet;  and,  far  in  the  east,  a  mighty  assemblage  of 
mountams  roar  their  gigantic  heads. 


CORNEY    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Waberthwaito,  ou  the  west  and  south  by  Bootle,  and  on  the  east  by  a  range 
of  lofty  foils  extending  to  Bkckcombe.  The  soil  on  the  west  or  low  side  of  the  parish  consists  of  a  deep  clay  or 
lonm,  exceedingly  productive  iu  the  growth  of  wheat  aud  other  grain  ;  and  on  the  high  grounds  it  is  for  the  most 
part  light  and  dry,  yielding  large  quantities  of  green  and  other  crops,  and  supplying  pasturage  for  numerous  flocks 
of  sheep.     Iron-ore  exists  iu  several  parts  of  the  parish.     Corney  possesses  no  dependent  townships. 


The  area  of  Corney  parish  is  3,890  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  CI, 772  10s.  The  population  iu  1801 
was  ii^  ;  in  1811,  231 ;  in  1821,  289  ;  in  1 831,  292  ; 
in  1841,  273:  and  in  1851,  278;  who  are  dispersed 
over  the  parish.  Agriculture  is  the  only  employment ; 
Whitehaven  and  TJlverstone  are  the  markets  attended. 
Many  of  the  farms  here  are  occupied  by  their  respective 
owners,  and  the  parish  is  remarkable  for  tho  longevity 
of  its  inhabitants.  The  lovers  of  picturesque  scenery 
will  be  amply  repaid  by  visiting  a  deep  ravine  on  the 
Corney  Hull  estate,  called  Black  Dub  Gill,  where  the 
spectator  cannot  fail  to  be  agreeably  surprised  at  the 
majestic  rocks  which  rise  one  above  another,  clothed 
with  wood  of  every  hue,  while  tho  deep  sound  of  the 
Annas,'  which  flows  through  this  romantic  gkn,  adds 
not  a  little  to  tho  general  interest,  making  it  one  of  the 
most  delightful  places  in  the  neighbourhood.  Corney 
has  long  been  noted  for  its  superior  breed  of  cattle. 

The  manor  of  Corney  belonged  at  an  early  period 
to  "  Michael  Falconer,"  whoso  posterity  assumed  the 
local  name,  styling  themselves  De  Cornoy,  aud  in  the 
roign  of  King  John,  or  Henry  HI.  were  enfeolVod  of  tlic 

'  The  Aiiims  lakes  its  rise  at  Cornoy  Fell,  aud  after  flowin);  throagh 
the  pnrisli,  enteit  that  nf  llmiilo,  wliirli  it  iliTidcs  from  VVliilbeck, 
finally  emptyiug  itself  into  tin' son  at  the  liamlcl  of  AuunsiJe.  On 
tilt'  '.li'ili  of  Jul}',  1h:I6,  the  inln\l>it>uits  of  tills  iiitrisli  ncrc  suilileiily 
alamidl  by  the  bursting  of  a  waler^pout  on  Corney  Fell.  The  moun- 
tain iircsi'ntPil  one  entire  sheet  of  water,  nhirh  caino  rolling  ilonn 
with  awful  inipeiuoiiity,  in  it-s  eoarsc  ilrinolisliing  fences,  tearing  up 
and  rendering  inipnssable  the  ronda,  niiahing  down  several  briilges, 
and  inundntiug  the  low  grounds  to  an  extent  never  before  known. 


manor.  This  family  is  supposed  to  have  failed  in  issue 
male,  and  so  became  extinct,  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
III.,  when  the  heiress  of  the  De  Corneys  brought  it  in 
marriage  to  the  Penningtons,  ancestors  of  liord  Mun- 
caster, the  present  lord  of  the  manor.  The  manor 
house,  long  since  decayed,  was  at  Middleton  Place,  the 
ancient  residence  of  the  JTiddletoii  family.  Several  of 
the  estates  here  have  been  enfranchised,  yet  there 
are  still  many  customary  tenants.  The  Earl  of 
Lonsdale  is  lord  of  certain  lands,  messuages,  .tc, 
and  a  few  of  the  landowners  are  lords  of  their  own 
lands.  About  sixty  acres  of  land,  called  Whitwray, 
pay  poor  and  highway  rates  to  Waberthwaite,  and  a 
prescription,  or  modus,  of  two  shillings  a  year  to  the 
rector  of  Coniey.  The  landowners  are  Lord  Muncaster, 
Richard  Hobson,  Esq.,  John  Bonn,  Esq. ;  Miss  Tysou, 
Mrs.  Ann  Jackson,  Elizabeth  Pritt,  Miss  Jane  Grindale, 
Mrs.  Jane  Falcon,  !\Irs.  Anne  Falcon,  Elizabeth  Pick- 
thall ;  -Mcssi-s.  Edward  Hardy,  Edward  Suddurd.  Joseph 
Jackson,  Thomas  Smith,  William  Pritt ,  Daniel  Pritt,  John 
Jackson,  Henry  Piilloin,  J.  B.  Posilethwaite.  William 
Dickinson,  Thomas  C'arr,  Captjiin  John  Willock,  John 
Borrowdalo,  Edward  Wakefield,  John  Poole,  John  and 
Robert  Pickthall,  William  Pickthall,  Thomas  Jackson, 
and  others.     The  parish  was  onclo-sed  in  1818. 

THE  cnmcn. 
Corney  church,  dedicated  to  St.  John  tho  Baptist,  is 
a  plain  edifice,  occupying  an  elevated  site  near  the 
centre  of  the  parish,  four  miles  south -south -east  of 


488 


FOOTLE  WARD. 


Ravenglass,  and  two  miles  north-by-east  of  Bootle.  A 
Testry  was  added  in  1847.  The  benefice  formerly 
belonged  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Jfary,  at  York,  the  abbot 
of  which  presented  in  1536,  but  it  is  now  a  rectory  in 
the  patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the  advowson 
being  purchased  of  John,  first  baron  of  Muncaster,  in 
1803.  The  living  is  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at 
£9  17s.  Id.,  and  was  certified  to  the  governors  of 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty  at  £22  lis.  lOd. ;  it  is  now 
worth  £175  a  year.  The  tithes  were  commuted  in  1845 
for  a  yearly  rent  charge  of  £147.  The  parish  registers 
commence  in  1754. 

Eectohs. — Robert   Hutton   occurs   1535;   Francis   Berkeley, 
1601 ;   Robert  Crompton,  10(1(1 ;  William  IJenson,  1077  ;  John 

Fisher,  1738;  Peter  How,  1787  ;  Allison  Steble, ;  Thomas 

Harrison,  ;    William  Benn,  1S40;   Clement  Fox,  1810; 

Cliristopher  Abbott,  1818. 

There  is  an  old  parsonage -house  near  the  church. 


but  it  is  uninhabitable.  A  gravestone,  with  a  cross 
fttid  sword,  but  without  any  inscription,  is  placed  as 
a  lintel  over  the  door  of  an  outhouse. 


Tlie  sum  of  £30  has  been  left  to  the  poor  of  the 
parish  of  Comey  who  do  not  receive  parochial  relief, 
the  interest  of  which  is  distributed  annually  on 
Christmas  Day. 

Mr.  Edward  Troughton,  an  eminent  mathematical 
instrument  maker,  of  Loudon,  was  born  at  Welcome 
Nook,  a  farmhouse  in  this  parish. 

Middleton  Place  is  a  small  hamlet,  about  a  mile 
north  of  the  parish  church.  High  Corney  is  another 
small  hamlet,  three  and  a  quarter  miles  uorth-north- 
eost  of  Bootle.  Parknook,  where  the  manor  courts  are 
held,  is  another  hamlet,  containing  a  good  inn,  one  and 
a  quarter  mile  north-north-west  of  the  parish  church. 


MUNCASTER     PARISH. 

TiiK  parish  of  Muncaster  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Irton  and  Drigg,  on  the  west  by  the  L'ish  Sea,  on  the  south  by 
Waberthwaite,  and  on  the  east  by  the  cbapelries  of  Ulpba  and  Eskdale.  It  comprises  two  townships,  Muncaster 
and  Birkbj-,  whose  united  area  is  5,106  acres,  and  its  rateable  value  £2,052  2s.  6d. ;  the  former  including  the  lands 
between  the  Mite  and  the  Esk,  and  Birkby  lying  on  the  south  side  of  the  latter  river.  The  soil  towards  the  sea 
is  loamy,  and  tolerably  fertile ;  but  farther  eastward  it  is  mossy,  and  near  the  mountains  gravelly.  A  vein  of  iron 
ore  is  supposed  to  exist  at  a  place  called  Bninkeuwalls  Gill;  but  neither  coal,  limestone,  or  freestone,  is  found  in 
this  parish.  The  Esk,  Mite,  and  Irt  abound  with  trout ;  and  there  was  formerly  so  great  an  abundance  of  woodcocks 
here  that,  "  by  a  special  custom,  the  tenants  were  obliged  to  sell  them  to  the  lord  for  one  penny  each." 


MUNCASTER. 

The  population  of  the  parish  in  ISO!  was  448  ;  in 
1811,  591  ;  in  1821,  555;  in  1831,  C57  ;  in  1841, 
602;  and  in  1851,  623.  The  landowners  are  Lord 
Muncaster  ;  Anthony  B.  Steward,  Esq. ;  Kev.  Samuel 
Dapre ;  Messrs.  Caddy;  Messrs.  Beiijumin  Bibby,  W. 
Thompson,  John  Brown,  William  Middleton,  .lohu  T. 
Taylor,  —  Hodgson,  Josepli  Benn,  Edward  Bibby,  John 
Troughton,  William  Vickers,  Abraham  Vickers ;  Mrs. 
Fvunmer;  Mrs.  Nicholson  ;  and  a  few  others. 

In  old  records  Muucaster  appears  as  Meolcastre, 
Mealcastre,  and  Mulcaster.  Near  Ilavenglass  is  an 
old  building  bearing  the  name  of  Walls  Castle,  which 
is  said  to  have  been  the  ancient  residence  of  the 
Pennington  family,  from  whom  the  present  Lord 
Muncaster  is  descended,  but  some  writers  consider 
it  to  be  the  work  of  one  of  the  ancient  Celtic  tribes 
■who  formerly  peopled  Cumberland.  The  walls  are 
cemented  with  run  lime.     Kemains,  usually  designated 


Celtic  by  archaeologists,  have  been  found  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood, as  well  as  Roman  and  Anglo-Saxon  coins. 
Tiie  Messrs.  Lysons  tell  us  that  "  a  small  brass  kettle, 
with  two  handles,  standing  on  three  legs,  in  form 
6.\actly  resembling  the  iron  ones  still  in  use,  was  found 
at  the  Pioman  station  on  Esk  Meals,  in  this  parish, 
and  is  now  in  the  possession  of  E.  L.  Irton,  Esq." 
"  This  vessel,"  continue  the  same  writers,  "  does  not 
exhibit  anything  the  least  like  Roman  workmanship, 
but  it  has  the  appearance  of  great  antiquity  —  having 
undergone  frequent  repairs,  apparently  long  after  it 
was  manufactured.  Several  small  holes  have  been 
stopped  by  bits  of  copper  cut  out  and  rivetted  on  ;  and 
one  of  the  legs,  which  has  been  broken,  is  spliced  in  a 
very  clumsy  manner  by  a  piece  of  metal  soldered  on. 
Another  of  the  same  form  has  been  found  at  the  same 
place,  and  is  also  in  the  possession  of  IMr.  Irton." 
According  to  Jefferson  a  very  singular  custom  is  ob- 
served here  on  New  Year's  Eve,  "  «hcu  the  children 


MUKCASTER  PAEISH. 


489 


go  from  house  to  house  singing  a  ditty,  and  begging 
the  bounty  '  they  were  wont  to  have  in  old  King  Ed- 
ward's days.'"  He  adds,  "Nothing  is  known  respecting 
the  origin  of  this  custom.  Has  not  the  name  been 
altered  from  Henry  to  Edward  ?  And  may  it  not  have 
an  allusion  to  the  time  wlien  the  sixth  Henry  was 
entertained  here  in  his  flight  from  his  enemies'.' " 

The  manor  of  JIuneastcr  is  thus  noticed  by  Mr. 
John  Denton :    "  The  next   fee  unto   Milium,   holdeu 
immediately  of  the  barony  of  Egreraont,  is  Mulcaster, 
seated  on  the  north  side  of  the  seignory  of  Milium. 
The  manor   is  bounded  between  the   river  Esk  and 
a  little  rill  or  beck  called  Mite.     It  is  in  form  a  long 
ridge  or  rising  ground  of  hills  from  the  foot  of  the 
i'isk,  extended  along  between  those  rivers  unto  the  great 
and  vast  mountains  belonging  to  Egremont  in  Eskdale, 
Wastdale,  and  Mitredale.     There  are  not  many  under 
foes  belonging  to  the  manor.  The  place  is  now  corruptly 
called  Muncaster,  howbeit  the  riglit  name  is  ]Mulcastre, 
or  Meolcastre,  of  an  old  castle  there  towards  the  water 
side,  near  under  to  Eskmeal,  which  was  the  ancient 
dwelling-house  of  the  Penningtons.  and  is  yet  visible  in 
the  ruins,  they  call  it  the  Old  Walls;  for  their  present 
mansion-house  is  of  later  erection,  made  by  some  of 
them  much  better,  and  more  conveniently  set  for  state, 
and  for  avoidance  of  the  air  and  sharp  distempers  of 
the  sea.     It  was  called  Meolcastre,  or  Mulcastre,  from 
the  meal  on  which  it  anciently  stood  ;  and  it  is  accord- 
ingly written  Mulccastre,  and  Mealcastre,  in  all  the 
old   evidences   aud   records.      Eskmeal  {whereon   the 
ancient  castle  stood)  is  a  plain,  low,  dry  ground,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Esk,  between  the  mountains  and  the  sea, 
which   sort  of  ground,    lying   under   mountains   and 
promontories    into,    or    at    the    sea,    are    commonly 
called  mules,  or  meils,  as  it  were  the   entrance  or 
mouth    from    the    sea    into    a    river,    or    such    like 
place,  as  this  I\Ieil  of  Esk,    Kirksar.ton  ]\Ieil,   Cart- 
moil,  Jloalholrae,  the  Mull  of  Galloway,  and  Milium 
itself,  and  many  other  such  like.     The  estate  is  now 
iu  the  possession  of  Joseph  Pennington,  Esq.,  whose 
ancestors  have  enjoyed  the  same  over  since  the  Con- 
quest, sometimes  collaterally,  but  for  the  most  part 
lineally  descending  by  their  issue  male  to  this  time. 
They  were,  for  the  most  part,  knights  successively,  and 
men  of  great  valour  in  tiic  king's  services,  ou  the  borders 
and  marches,  and  in  other  expeditions  where  it  pleased 
tlie  king  to   connnand  them.     They  took  their  name 
from   Pennington   iu    Lancashire ;    and   tliough   this 
manor  (of  Mulcastre)  was  always  theirs  as  aforesaid, 
yet  some  have  greatly  mistaken  the  same  to  have  been 
first  the  Mulcaster's  patrimony,  and  to  have  come  from 
them   to  the  Penningtons   by  marriage  or  purchase. 

07 


All  the  Mulcasters  are  descended  from  one  David  do 
Mulcaster,  the  son  of  Benedict  Pennington,  who  lived 
in  King  .John's  time.  He  had  two  sons,  John  and 
Adam,  called  both  De  Mulcaster,  aud  so  their  posterity 
take  their  name  of  the  place  where  their  first  ancestor, 
David,  died."  In  ITiTS  Joseph  Pennington,  then  under 
age,  the  heir  of  William  Pennington,  Esq.,  held  the 
manor  of  JIulcaster  by  homage,  fealty,  and  suit  of 
court  from  three  weeks  to  three  weeks,  and  the  sixth 
part  of  a  knight's  fee,  and  the  rent  of  8s.  by  the  year, 
and  for  seawake  Is.,  with  sergeant's  food,  &c. 

Muncaster  Castle  occupies  a  delightful  situation  ou 
the  side  of  an  eminence  north  of  the  Esk,  rather  more 
than  a  mile  east  of  Poivenglass.     It  is  surrounded  by 
beautiful  grounds,  and  commands  extensive   views  of 
the  vale  of  the  Esk,  bounded  by  wild  mountain  scenery. 
The  castle  is  a  modern  structure,  having  been  nearly 
rebuilt  by  John,  first  baron  Muncaster.     The  principal 
tower  of  the  ancient  fortified  mansion  has  been  pre- 
served, but  has  no  longer  its  original  external  appear- 
ance.    The  windows  of  the  entrance  hall  contain  some 
very  fine  stained  glass  ;  tlio  chimney-piece  is  of  carved 
oak ;  and  that  in  the  drawing  room  is  a  very  costly 
one  of  marble,  exquisitely  carved.     King  Henry's  bed- 
room contains   a  full  length  portrait  of   Henry  'VI. 
kneeling  before  an  altar,  with  the  "Luck  of  Muncaster  " 
in  his  hand.     The  bedstead  is  of  carved  oak  ;  it  has 
the  initials  II.  H.,  and  bears  a  crawn.      The  chairs, 
the  doors,  and  the  chimnoy-piece  iu  this  room,  are  of 
old  carved  oak.      In  the  library  are  the  arms  of  the 
families  with  whom  the  Penningtons  have  been  allied 
by  marriage.      On  the  staircase  is  a  curious  portrait  of 
Thomas  Skelton,  "the  fool  of  Muncaster,"  who  is  said 
to  have  lived  here  at  the  time  of  the  civil  wars,  and  of 
whose  sayings  there  are  many  traditional  stories.      He 
is  dressed  in  a  chock  gown,  blue,  yellow,  and  white  ; 
under  his  arm  is  an  earthen  dish  with  ears ;    in  his 
right   hand  a  white  wand ;  in  his  left  a  white  hat, 
bound  with  pink  ribbands  and  with  blue  bows  ;  in  front 
a  paper,  on  wliich  is  written  "  Mrs.  Dorothy  Copeland." 
The  following  lines  are  inscribed  on  the  picture  : — 

"  Tli3.  Skelton  late  Fool  ctf  Miim-asler's  lout  trill  nnd  TVstamtnl." 
"  Be  it  kni)wn  to  yo,  oli  gnive  nn<l  wise  men  all, 
That  I  Tliom  Fool  am  SlierilV  of  ye  Hall, 
I  mean  tlie  Hall  of  Haigli,  whcro  I  command 
What  neither  I  nor  you  Jo  unJcrsland. 
My  IhiJer  Slierill'  is  Ilalph  Wayto  you  know, 
As  wise  a.<i  I  am  aiiJ  a.^  nitty  too. 
Of  KKremoml  I  have  BniTowSerjeant  bcenc. 
Of  Wicgaii  IlailifT  too,  a.s  may  be  seen 
I)t  my  while  stall"  of  offwe  in  my  hand, 
BeinR  carrieil  stroight  as  the  hadgc  of  my  command  : 
A  low  high  constable  too  wos  once  my  calling, 
Which  I  enjoyed  under  King  Henry  Itawling  ; 


490 


BOOTLE  WARD. 


And  when  the  Fates  a  new  Sheriff  send, 

I  'm  UnJer-Sherifl'  prickM  World  without  end. 

He  who  doth  question  my  authority 

May  see  the  seal  and  patten  here  ly  by. 

The  dish  with  luggs  which  I  do  caiTy  here 

Sliews  all  my  living  is  in  good  strong  beer. 

If  snurvy  lads  to  me  abuses  do, 

I  '11  coll  'em  scurvy  rouges  and  rascals  too. 

Fair  Dolly  Copcland  in  my  cap  is  placed  ; 

Monstrous  fair  is  slio,  and  as  good  eis  all  the  rest. 

Honest  Nich.  I'ennington,  honest  Th».  Turner,  both 

AVill  bury  mc  when  I  this  world  go  forth. 

But  let  me  not  be  carry'd  o'er  the  brigg. 

Lest  falling  I  in  Duggas  River  ligg  ; 

Nor  let  my  body  by  old  Cliarncck  lye, 

But  by  Will.  Caddy,  for  he  '11  lye  ijuietly. 

And  whou  I  'm  bury'd  then  my  friends  may  drink, 

But  each  man  pay  for  Inmself,  that 's  best  I  think. 

This  is  my  Will,  and  this  I  know  will  be 

Perform'd  by  them  as  they  have  promised  me. 

Th3.  Skeltoh, 
"  Sing'd,  Sealed,  Publish'd,  and  Declared  X  his  mark, 

in  the  presence  of 

Henry  Eawling, 

Henry  Troughton, 

Th".  Turner." 

"  The  Luck  of  Muucaster,"  which  has  been  preserved 
here  for  several  centuries,  is  "an  ancient  glass  vessel 
of  the  basin  kind,  about  seven  inches  in  diameter, 
ornamented  with  some  white  enamelled  mouldings." 
According  to  family  tradition,  Sir  John  Pennington, 
who  lived  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  entertained  that 
unhappy  and  thrice -deposed  monarch  at  his  mansion, 
whither  he  had  fled  from  his  enemies ;  and  on  his 
leaving  Muncaster  (a.d.  14,01)  he  presented  his  host 
with  this  vessel,  which  has  since  been  preserved  with 
the  most  religious  care. ' 

The  castle  contains  a  large  number  of  pictures  and 
family  portraits ;  among  which  we  may  mention  the 
following: — In  the  drawing-room:  John,  first  lord  of 
Muncaster,  a  full  length,  with  other  portraits  in  the 
same  picture.  In  the  dining-room :  Sir  William  Pen- 
nington, first  baronet,  died  1730  ;  Sir  Joseph  Penning- 
ton, fourth  baronet,  father  of  the  first  Lord  Muncaster, 
died  1773  ;  Sir  Joseph  Pennigton,  second  baronet,  died 
1744  ;  John,  first  Lord  Muncaster ;  The  Hon.  Margaret 
Lady  Pennington,  sister  of  Henry  Lord  Viscount  Lons- 
dale. On  the  grand  staircase :  A  large  painting  repre- 
senting King  Henry  VI.  giving  to  Sir  Jolin  Pennington, 
on  leaving  his  castle,  1461,  "  The  Luck  of  Muncaster;" 
another,  Caxton  presenting  the  first  book  printed  in 
England  to  Edward  IV.  In  the  library :  Sir  John 
Pennington,  Lord  High  Admiral;  Sir  William  Pen- 
nington, first  baronet,  died  1730 ;  Sir  James  Lowther, 

1  A  similar  relic  is  preserved  at  the  seat  of  Sir  George  Mnsgrave, 
Bart.,  well  known  as  "  The  Luck  of  Edeuholl." 


Bart.,  son  of  Sir  John  Lowther,  ]5art.,  of  .Whitehaven, 
died  1755 ;  John,  first  Lord  Viscount  Lonsdale,  born 
1(155  :  Sir  John  liOwther,  Bart.,  of  Whitehaven;  William 
Pennington,  Esq.,  died  lCh)'i  :  Sir  Joseph  Pennington, 
fourth  baronet ;  Richard  Viscount  Lonsdale,  died  1713 ; 
James  I'larl  of  Balcarrcs ;  Thomas  Lord  Coventry.  In 
another  room :  Henry  VI.  with  "  the  Luck  of  Mun- 
caster" in  his  hand,  date  Udl ;  Dame  Askew,  wife 
of  Sir  William  Pennington,  Knt.,  a.ti.  1571;  Henry 
.Lord  Viscount  Lonsdale,  died  1751. 

^cnningtoit,  ^orb  P^uncastcr. 

The  ancient  family  took  their  name  from  Pennington, 
in  Furness,  Lancashhe,  where  they  resided  until  about 
the  year  1242,  and  where  "  there  is  still  visible  the 
foundation  of  a  square  building,  called  the  castle,  near 
the  centre  of  the  vill .  .  .  Here  the  family  of  Pen- 
nington resided  before  the  Conquest."'  The  first  ances- 
tor of  this  family  that  occurs  after  the  Conquest,  is 

Gamei,  de  Penotxgtok,  a  person  of  great  note  and  property." 
Froni  him  descended  another  Gamel,  who  liad  two  sons,  Jleldred 
and  Gamel.  In  the  reign  of  King  John,  Jocelin  dc  Penning- 
ton, of  this  family,  was  abbot  of  Furness:  he  was  eminent  for 
learning,  and  obtained  from  the  pope  some  special  privileges  for 
his  abbey.  The  next  that  occurs  is  Benedict  de  Pennington,^ 
he  was  father  of  another  Gamel,  and  gave  the  church  of  Mol- 
castre  (Muncaster)  and  the  chapel  of  .Vldeburfr  to  the  hospital 
of  Conisbead.  The  same  Benedict,*  and  Mcldred,  his  brother, 
with  conseut  of  their  heirs,  gave  to  the  abbey  of  Furness,  Skeldon 
Moor.  Alan,  son  of  Alan  de  Pennington,  gave  to  the  hospital 
of  Conisbead,  after  it  was  erected  into  a  priory,  an  acre  of  land 
in  Overton  (Orton)  in  Westmoreland;  and  after  that  Gamel  de 
Pennington  gave  to  the  priory  of  Conisbead  the  church  of  Pen- 
nington, with  appurtenances ;  and  confirmed  the  grant  of  the 
church  of  Muncaster  from  Benedict  de  Pennington  ;  and  also 
gave  the  church  of  Wbitbeck  and  Skeroverton  (Orton)  and 
Pulton  to  the  said  priory.  These  benefactors  flourished  between 
the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  ICing  Henry  HI.  and  the  first  of 
King  Edward  III.  The  hospital  of  Conisbead  was  founded  by 
the  third  William  de  Lancaster,  eighth  baron  of  Kendal,  in  the 
reign  of  King  Hem'y  III.,  and  the  foundation  was  confirmed  by 
King  Edward  II,,  which  sufficiently  proves  the  time  of  their 
occurrence. 

AI.AN  DE  PEN>aNGT0N,5  Knt.,  is  witness  to  the  grant  of  five 
hides  of  land  from  EUzabeth,  late  wife  of  Sir  Richard  Ic  Fleming, 
to  the  abbey  of  Furness,  a.d.  1254.  Alan  de  Pennington,"  Knt., 
had  a  dispute  with  the  monks  of  Furness,  about  land  which 
laid  to  the  high  road  that  leads  from  Pennington  to  Kirkby 
Ireleth,  in  the  reign  of  King  Henry  III.,  a.d.  ITiS.  Sir  Alan 
de  Pennington'  is  mtness  to  a  grant  from  Gilbert  de  Bardescy 
to  the  monks.  33rd  Henry  IIL  .ignes,  daughter  of  John 
de  .  .  .  late  wife  of  T.  de  Pennington,  came  to  an  agree- 
ment with  the  abbot  of  Furness  concerning  some  land  in  dispute. 
The  same  Agnes,  a.d.  1254,  released  to  the  abbot  of  Furness  the 
marriage  of  her  children,  by  T.  Pennington,  son  and  heir  of 


'West's  Furness. 
J  Dodsworth's  MS. 


^West's  Furness. 
■■»  I)o(lswortli's  MS. 
'  Dodswordj's  MS. 


^  Monast.  Ang. 
!■'  Dodsworth's  MS. 


MUNCASTER  PAEISH. 


491 


Alan  de  J'eanington.  Hence  it  appears  that  T.  de  Penniagton 
died  bcfora  bis  I'atber;  and  the  Alan,  who  occurs  in  the  reign  of 
Kdwunl  I.  wm  the  son  of  Thomas,  and  succeeded  his  grand- 
father, Sir  AJon. 

Wii.r.iivBi  DE  Penjojioton,'  a.d.  1318,  made  an  agreement 
with  tile  abbot  of  Furness  for  the  suit  and  service  of  his  muior 
of  Penniuglon. 

This  pedigree  as  given  bj  West,  differs  from  that  in 
Nicolson  and  Burn.     They  give  it  as  follows  : — 

Gamel  de  Pennington,  temp.  Henry  11.  gave  the  churches 
of  Jlulcastre,  Pennington,  Wbitbeck,  and  of  Orton  in  West- 
morelnnJ,  to  the  priory  of  Conishead;  which  grant  was  con- 
firmed by  Kilward  II.  in  the  12lli  year  of  his  reign.  His  son 
Benedict  had  several  children.  Alan,  son  of  Alan,  son  of  Bene- 
dict, granted  lands  at  Orton  aforesaid,  to  his  uncle  Simon,  son 
of  the  said  Benedict;  but  according  to  their  family  pedigree 
(after  tlie  death  of  an  elder  son  Robert)  he  was  succeeded  by 
his  son  David,  fatlier  of  John,  father  of  Alan,  to  whom  Richard 
Lucy,  as  is  hereafter  mentioned  in  the  reign  of  Iving  John, 
granted  the  fee  of  Ravenglass.  Thomas,  son  of  Alan  ;  Alan, 
son  of  Thomas  ;  John,  son  of  Alan,  of  whom  mention  is  made 
in  the  21st  Edward  I.  WiUiam  son  of  John.  Thus  far  Nicolson 
and  Burn. 

Of  this  family  was  Sir  Jonx  Pennixgi'on,  Knt.,  son  of  Sir  Alan, 
who  was  steadily  attached  to  the  unfortunate  monarch,  Henry  VI., 
whom  he  had  the  honour  of  entertaining  at  Muncaster  Castle 
in  his  llight  from  the  Yorkists.-  In  acknowledgment  of  the 
protection  he  had  received,  the  king  presented  his  host  with  a 
curious  glass  cup  (which  is  still  preserved  at  the  castle.  See 
page  4911)  with  a  prayer  that  the  family  should  ever  prosper, 
and  never  want  a  male  heir,  so  long  that  tliey  preserved  it 
luibrokeu  ;  hence  the  cup  was  called  "  The  Luck  of  Jluncxstcr." 
Sir  John  is  said  to  have  been  a  db>tinguishcd  militAry  character, 
and  to  liave  commanded  tht!  left  wiug  of  the  EngUsh  army  in 
an  expedition  against  Scotland.^ 

Jonx  Pexnixotok,  Esq.,  his  son,  married  Mary,  dangliter  of 
Sir  John  Iludleston ;  on  which  marriage,  in  the  23rd  Edward 
IV.  the  estate  was  settled  upon  the  issue  male.  And  be  having 
only  a  daughter  Isabel,  married  tu  Thomas  Dykes,  Escj.,  of 
Wartbole,  the  estate  came  to  the  second  brother, 

WiLLiAJi  Pesnisotox,  Esq.,  who  was  succeeded  by 

Joseph  Penmnqton,  Esq.,  son  and  heir. 

I Dodsworlli's  MS. 

-  This  event  is  supposed  to  have  taken  place  in  1401 ;  and  that 
date  is  assigned  to  it  in  a  picture  at  Muncaster  Castle,  as  also  on 
ibe  monument  crertpil  to  ilie  memory  of  Sir  John  Penniuglon,  in 
the  chnnccl  of  tlic  cbiireb  at  Muncaster.  That  monument,  however, 
has  been  recently  erected.  It  is  a  well  known  fact  ibiit  after  the 
battle  of  Towtou,  wbicli  was  fought  on  Palm  Sunday,  viOtb  March, 
MCI,  ttrminnting  in  favour  of  the  Yorkisln,  Henr}-  VI.  look  flight 
into  Scotland.  We  hove  no  evidence  ihal  be  wa»  iJien  re<oivcd  here, 
neither  un  his  journey  northward,  nor  ou  his  return.  It  appears  to 
be  opially  prnltabi''  that  Ilcnry  wns  here  after  the  battle  of  llexliom, 
14th  May,  MOM,  when  his  troops  sustained  another  defeat,  and 
"  Henry  fiwed  bis  safely  to  the  swiftness  of  bis  steed."  Hume  says, 
"  Rome  of  bis  friends  look  him  under  their  proteclion,  and  eonveyed 
liini  into  Liuicashire;  where  he  remained  ronrealed  during  n  twelve 
nionUi."  This  nnforlnnate  monarch  was  also  concealed  for  some 
lime  n;  lioltoo  Hall,  in  Yorksliire.  (See  "Ucnlleman's  Magazine," 
May  and  June,  ISll.) 

'  His  grandson.  Sir  John  Pennington,  was  in  the  battle  of  Flodden 
Field ;  another  desreiulant  of  die  same  name  wns  Oilmiral  to  King 
Cliarles  I.,  and  much  trusted  bv  timl  muuarch  in  nnvml  aflain. 


Sir  William  Pekni.sgtox,  Knt.,  son  and  heir,  married  Isabel, 
daughterof  John  Farrington,  Esq., of  Warden,  in  Lancashire, with 
whom  he  had  the  manor  of  Farrington.  On  an  inquisition  of 
knights'  fees  in  Cumberland,  in  the  ;!5th  Henry  VIII.,  it  is 
found  that  Sir  Wilham  held  the  manor  of  Muncaster  of  the  king 
as  his  castle  of  Egremont,  by  the  service  of  the  sixth  part  of 
one  knigbt's  fee,  rendering  to  the  king  yearly  for  scawake  lid., 
and  the  puture  of  two  sergeants  ;  and  that  he  held  the  hamlet 
of  Ravenglass  in  like  manner,  by  homage  and  fealty,  and  tlie 
service  of  the  17th  part  of  one  knight's  fee,  and  patnre  of 
sergeants  as  above. 

Joseph  Pexnixgton,  Esq.,  married  Margaret,  daughter  of 
John  Fleetwood,  Esq.,  of  Penworiham,  co.  Lancaster.  He  was 
succeeded  by  his  son  and  heir. 

Sir  WiLLiiJi  Pexxixotox,  first  baronet,  so  created  21st  June, 
2Sth  Charles  II.,  KITC.  He  married  Isabel,  eldest  daughter  of 
Jolin  Slapleton,  Esq.,  of  Warter,  co.  York  (son  of  Sir  Phihp 
Stapleton,  Knt.)  with  whom  the  manor  of  Warter  came  to  the 
FenningtoDs.     He  had  issue, 

I.  Joseph,  his  heir. 

11.  Philip,  died  17.!1,  without  issue. 

I.  Elizabeth,  married  Istly  to  John  Archer,  Esq.,  of  Oxhenholme, 
and  2udly  to  Thomas  Strickland,  Esq.,  of  Sizergh. 

II.  Miugnret. 

Sir  William  dying  in  IVJiO,  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Sir  JosEPa,  M.P.  for  the  co.  of  Cumberland,  who  married  the 
Hon.  Margaret  Lowther,  daugbter  of  John  Viscount  Lonsdale ; 
and  had  issue, 

I.  John,  bis  heir. 

II.  Joseph,  successor  to  his  brother. 

I.  Catherine,  married  in  1731,  to  Robert  Lowdier,  Esq.,  governor 
of  Biurbadoes. 

Sir  Joseph  died  in  1744,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son. 
Sir  John,  M.P.  for  Cumberland,  lorddieutenant  and  custos- 

rotulorum  of  the  co.  Westmoreland,  who  died  without  issue,  and 

was  succeeded  by  his  brother. 

Sir  Joseph.  This  gentleman  married  Sarah,  daughter  and  sole 

heir  of  John  Moore,  Esq.,  of  Somersetshire,  by  whom  he  left, 

I.  John  Hexhy,  his  successor. 

II.  Joseph. 

lU.  LowruEB,  second  lord. 

I.  Jane.  ii.  Margaret. 

III.  Catlicruie,  married  to  H.  B.  Osbaldeston,  Esq., of  Hunmanby. 

lie  died  in  177^,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  elder  son. 

Sir  JoHX,  who  was  created  a  peer  of  Ireland  2 1st  October, 
1783,  as  Baron  Muncaster,  with  remainder  to  his  brother, 
Lowther  Pennington,  Esq.  His  lordship  married  Penelope, 
daughter  and  heir  of  James  Compton,  Esq.,  by  whom  he  had, 

Maria  Frances  Marijttret.  who  married  in  1*11  Jomcs,  present 
Eiu-1  of  Crawford  ind  Balcarres ;  she  died  lOdi  .Nov.  1S80. 

He  died  in  18l:t,  leaving  no  male  issue,  when  tJio  peerage 
devolved,  according  to  the  limitation,  upon  his  brother, 

LowTHEii,  fllh  baronet,  as  2nd  baron,  a  general  officer  in  the 
army,  and  colonel  of  one  of  the  royal  veteran  battalions.  His 
lordship  married  in  1H02  Esther,  second  daughter  of  Thomas 
Barry,  Esq.,  of  Claplmm,  co.  Surrey,  and  widow  of  Janu-s  Mor- 
rison, Esq.,  by  wlioni  (who  died  in  October,  1S2T)  he  loft  at  his 
decease,  in  IHIH,  an  only  son, 

LowTUEu  Augustus  Jou.n,  3rd  baron;  bom  14th  December, 
1802;  married  ISlh  Doembor,  ls2S,  Frances  Catberinp,  youngest 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Uamsden,  Bart.,  and  by  her  (who  died  in 
1853)  had  issue, 

I.  Gamel  Acoi'sti'i,  present  peer. 

II.  JosstUu,  an  officer  in  the  army ;  boni  20th  December,  1834. 


492 


BOOTLE  WAED. 


III.  Alnn  Joseph,  R.N.,  bora  1837. 

I.  Funny  Ciiroline.  ii.  Kachel  Matilda. 

Hi.  Luuisu  Theodosia. 

His  lordship  died  in  1B33,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 
Gamf.i,  Augustus  Pennington,  Baron  Jluncaster,  in  the 
peerage  of  Ireland,  and  a  baronet  of  Groat  Britain,  bom  3rd 
December,  1831;  succeeded  his  father,  as  4th  biiron  and  8th 
baronet,  30th  April,  If  38 ;  married  •ind  August,  1805,  Ijuly  June 
Grosvenor,  daughter  of  the  Jlarcjuis  of  Westminster. 

Creations. — Baronet,  21st  June,  ICTiJ.    Baron,  21st  October,  1783. 

Arms. — Or,  tive  fusils,  in  fesse,  uz. 

Crest. — A  moiintuincot,  passant,  ppr. 

Supporters. — Dexter,  a  lion,  regardant,  ppr.;  charged  on  the  breast 
witli  au  oiik  branch,  vert ;  siuster,  a  horse,  ppr.,  bridled,  or. 

Motto. — Viucil  aiuor  patriae. 

Sen/s.— Muucaster  Castle,  Cumberland;  and  Warier  Hall,  York- 
ehiie. 

THE   CHURCH. 

Muncaster  church,  deJicatcJ  to  St.  Jlichael,  is  an 
ancient  edifice,  standing  in  the  park,  near  the  centre  of 
the  parish,  and  closely  adjoining  the  castle.  It  is  com- 
pletely surrounded  by  trees  ;  and  with  its  ivy-clad  walls 
and  venerable  appearance,  produces  that  tranquillising 
effect  upon  the  mind  so  conducive  to  devotional  feeling. 
It  consists  of  nave  and  chancel,  with  a  western  hell- 
turret  containing  two  bells.  The  masonry  is  good.  A 
south  porch  has  been  converted  into  the  vestry :  its 
gable  seems  to  have  been  surmounted  with  a  cross. 
The  principal  entrance  is  from  the  west,  beneath  a  win- 
dow of  three  lights  with  cinquefoil  heads  under  a 
semicircular  arch.  On  the  apex  of  the  gable  of  the 
eastern  end  of  the  nave  where  it  joins  the  chancel,  is 
a  small  turret,  supposed  to  have  contiined  in  Catholic 
times  the  "  Sanctus  Bell," — a  bell  rung  at  the  conclu- 
sion of  what  is  called  the  Preface,  a  prayer  preceding 
the  Canon  of  the  Mass,  and  again  at  the  Elevation. 
The  parapets  of  the  nave  and  chancel  are  battlemented. 
The  nave  is  lighted  by  squarehoaded  windows  of  two 
lights.  Its  walls  are  hung  with  boards,  upon  which 
texts  of  Scripture  are  inscribed.  There  is  a  gallery  at 
the  west  end.  The  pulpit  and  reading-desk  are  placed 
under  the  chancel  arch,  on  the  south  side,  thus  leaving 
the  whole  interior  exposed  to  view.  The  chancel  is 
lighted  by  an  east  window  of  three  lights.  It  is  in  the 
Perpendicular  style.  In  the  south  side  of  the  chancel 
are  three  windows  of  two  semicircular-headed  lights 
each.  The  walls  of  this  part  of  the  church  are  covered 
with  monuments  to  various  members  of  the  Pennington 
family,  whose  pew  occupies  the  north  side  of  the  chan- 
cel. The  earliest  of  these  monuments  bears  the  date 
1390.  Another  has  this  inscription:  —  "Of  youre 
charitie  praye  for  the  sowl  of  Syr  John  de  Penyngton, 
Sonne  of  Syr  Alan  de  Penyngton  who  hadde  to  wyfe 
Elizabeth  dowter  of  Syr  Nichols  de  Radcliffe  de  Der- 
wentwater,  a  woman  of  noble  blode  yis  Syr  John  res- 
seved  hoHe  Kyuge  Harrye  whyche  was  Henry  ye  Sixth 


at  Molcastre  l-t61  Kyngc  Harrye  gave  Sir  John  a 
brauvc  workyd  glassc  cuppe,  witti  his  rod  before  yat 
whyllys  the  famylie  sliold  keep  hit  unbrccken  thei 
shold  gretelye  thrif  whyche  cuppe  is  kalled  the  lucke  of 
Molcastre.  He  was  a  grete  captain,  and  heded  the  left 
wingo  of  the  armie  agayne  the  Scotties  ;  whylles  Erie 
of  Northumberland  heded  the  mayno  bodie."  On  the 
south  side  of  the  churchyard  is  an  ancient  cross,  four 
feet  nine  inches  high,  and  ornamented  with  gnilloches. 
Near  it  are  two  venerable  yew  trees.  The  church  of 
Jluncaster  was  appropriated  to  the  priory  of  Conishead 
by  Gamel  de  Pennington,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II. 
The  appropriation  was  confirmed  by  Edward  II.  On 
the  suppression  of  the  religious  houses  the  church  was 
restored  to  tho  Pennington  family,  and  they  have  since 
continued  possessors  of  the  advowson.  Tiie  benefice 
was  formerly  returned  as  worth  £10  a  year.  In  IT'2!? 
it  received  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  an  augmentation 
of  £'300,  and  was  returned  to  the  Commissioners  for 
Inquiring  into  tlie  Ecclesiastical  llevcnues  at  £97  per 
annum.  The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the 
patronage  of  Lord  Jluncaster.  The  registers  com- 
mence in  the  year  1790. 

Incumbents. — Thomas  Nicholson, 

1771;  Joseph  Stanley,  18J3  ;  Thomas  Kobinson,  1814. 

CEAinTIES. 

Joseph  Pennington's  Charity.  — Joseph  Pennington 
by  will,  dated  Gth  March,  1640,  left  £32  10s.,  the 
interest  thereof  to  be  bestowed  in  penny  loaves  of 
bread,  twelve  loaves  to  be  dealt  weekly  every  Sunday 
throughout  the  year  to  the  poor  of  Muncaster,  at  the 
parish  church,  by  the  churchwardens  for  the  time  being. 
The  lord  of  the  manor  of  Muncaster  for  the  time  being 
to  see  to  the  application.  This  charity  is  now  distri- 
buted in  money  at  the  same  time  with  the  other 
charities  of  the  parish,  to  the  most  necessitous  poor, 
those  being  preferred  who  do  not  receive  parochial 
reUef.  Since  the  death  of  John  Lord  Muncaster,  tho 
money  so  laid  out  has  been  charged  to  the  account  of 
the  estate. 

Bread  and  Cheese  Money. — There  is  au  entry  in  the 
parish  book,  dated  1667,  which  states  that  "  20s.  is 
yearly  given  at  Easter  by  the  lords  and  owners  of  Mun- 
caster, for  heu  and  in  consideration  of  bread  and  cheese 
formerly  given  at  Easter."  This  is  the  only  account 
we  have  of  the  origin  of  this  charity.  The  sum  of  £1 
is  regularly  paid  at  Easter,  and  charged  to  the  account 
of  the  Muncaster  estate.  It  is  distributed  with  the 
interest  of  the  poor  money  hereafter  mentioned. 

Poor  Money. — Previously  to  the  year  1817,  there  was 
a  sum  of  £35,  the  interest  of  which  was  distributed 


MUNCASTER  PARISH. 


493 


amongst  poor  persons.  Of  that  sum,  twenty  marks 
appear  to  have  beau  left  by  Thomas  Troughton,  in 
1610,  to  help  and  maintain  the  poorest  sort  at  Mun- 
caster  to  pay  the  tithes,  and  other  good  and  charitable 
purposes.  Of  this  poor  money,  £1(1  was  placed  in  the 
hands  of  one  Joseph  Jacksou,  a  man  of  some  property 
in  the  parish.  In  1817  he  failed,  and  afterwards  died 
insolvent,  and  nothing  has  been  recovered  from  his 
effects.  Of  the  remainder  of  the  money,  £~o  is  now 
out  at  interest,  which  amounts  to  10s.  8d.  per  annum, 
and  is  distributed  together  with  the  twenty  shillings, 
called  bread  and  cheese  money,  on  the  Sunday  after 
Easter,  to  poor  persons  not  receiving  parochial  relief. 

School.  —  llichard  Brocklebauk,  by  will  dated  2nd 
June,  1696,  left  £160  for  the  use  and  benefit  only  of 
so  many  of  the  parishioners  within  the  parish  of  llun- 
caster  as  should  contribute  proportiouably  to  the  build- 
ing of  a  school  in  Muncaster  Town  Lane,  the  interest 
thereof  to  be  disposed  of  for  the  maintaining  a  master 
to  teach  the  said  free  school  in  Muncaster,  for  the  sole 
benefit  of  so  many  of  the  parishioners  of  Muncaster  as 
should  contribute  proportionately  to  the  building  of  the 
school  aforesaid  ;  no  other  person  whatever  to  be  free 
to  the  said  school.  By  articles  of  agreement  entered 
into  by  several  of  the  parishioner,  dated  .Oth  April, 
1700,  reciting  that  a  school-house  had  been  erected  by 
the  parties  thereto  at  their  own  expense,  it  was  agreed, 
and  the  said  parlies  obliged  themselves  in  the  penal 
sum  of  £20  to  repair  the  free  school,  and  pay  all  cesses 
to  be  laid  thereon  ;  and  that  tho  advantage  of  the  said 
free  school  should  extend  to  the  several  estates  which 
belonged  to  the  parties  to  that  agreement ;  and  it  was 
also  agreed  that  future  purchasers  of  laud  within  the 
parish,  if  they  descended  from  certain  persons  therein 
named,  who  had  contributed  to  tho  building  of  the 
school  should  have  the  full  benefit  thereof;  and  that  it 
should  also  bo  extended  to  such  poor  persons  at  Jlun- 
caster  as  sliould  receive  alms.  The  sum  of  £160,  left 
by' llichard  Brocklebank,  together  with  £100,  left  to 
the  school  by  Sir  William  Pennington,  £10  left  by 
Thomas  Kirby,  and  i';i  paid  by  two  parishioners  for 
tho  freedom  of  the  school,  amounting  in  the  whole  to 
£273,  form  the  endowment.  Tho  master  takes  no 
children  free,  the  trustees  having  found  it  necessary  to 
permit  him  to  take  Is.  Od.  a  (juarter  from  those  who 
are  called  free.  A  higher  quarterage  is  demanded  from 
those  who  are  not  entitled  to  their  freedom.  There 
are  upon  an  average  forty  or  fifty  children  in  the  school. 
They  arc  taught  reading,  writing,  and  accounts. 

J^ord  Muiicastei's  Charity. — John  Lord  Muncaster, 
by  will  dated  11th  April,  1812,  directed  his  executors  to 
pay  to  the  respective  clergyman  and  overseers  of  the  poor 


of  the  several  parishes  of  Muncaster,  Waberthwaite, 
and  Drigg,  the  sum  of  £50  each,  to  be  distributed  at 
their  discretion  to  the  poor  of  these  respective  parishes 
not  receiving  alms. 

THE    TOWN    OF    RAVESGLJISS. 

The  ancient  market  town  and  port  of  Ravenglass  is 
in  the  township  of  Muncaster.     It  is  situated  at  the 
coniluence  of  the   rivers   Esk,   Irt,  and  3Iite,  about 
sixteen  miles  south-south-east  of  Whitehaven,  and  six 
miles  north-by-west  of  Beetle.    Tho  estuary  of  the  three 
rivers  just  named  forms  a  large  sandy  harbour,  which 
has  twenty-two  feet  of  water  on  the  bar  in  spring  tides, 
and  twelve  feet  at  neap  tides.     Sandford  tells  us,  that 
formerly  Ravenglass  was  a  place  of  some  importance  as 
a  fishing  town.     Mr.  John  Denton  gives  us  the  follow- 
ing account  of  the  place: — "Ravenglass,  now  a  village, 
anciently  a  green  of  ferns  (corruptly  called  of  two  Irish 
words,    rainigh    fcrnsald,   glass   green)  was  anciently 
another  fee  of  Egremont.     It  stands  at  the  foot  of  Esk, 
where,  by  King  John's  grant,  made  to  Richard  Lucy, 
then  lord  of  Egremont  (dated  the  tenth  year  of  that 
king's  reign)  was  kept  a  market  and  fair  yearly,  in  right 
of  the  haven  there,  by  the  lords  of  Egremont,  as  lords 
paramount:  and  the  same  liichard  Lucy,  in  the  same 
year,  confirmed  by  fine,  levied  to  the  mesne  lords,  and 
terr-tenants,  all  the  land  and  fee  of  Ravenglass,  namely, 
to  Alan  Pennington,  William  Fitz-IIugh,  and  Roger 
Fitz-Edward,  to  hold  the  same  of  the  said  William  and 
his  heirs,  and  gave  them,  moreover,  estovers,  to  make 
their  fishgartiis  in  the  river  Esk,  which  is  continued  to 
this   day;    the   Penningtons   have   long   enjoyed    the 
manor,  and  other  lands  there  near  adjoiuin"."     The 
yearly  fair  above  alluded  to  was  held  on  the  eve,  the 
day,  and  the  morrow  after  the  Feast  of  St.  James  the 
Apostle,  and  the  weekly  market  every  Saturday.    With 
respect  to  the  manor,  we  have  only  to  adtl  that  from  an 
inquisition  taken  in  1578,  we  learn  that,  at  that  date, 
Joseph  Pennington  (at  that  time  under  age),  the  Iieir 
of  William  Peimington,  held  Ravenglass  by  homage, 
fealty,  suit  of  court  from  three  weeks  to  three  weeks, 
and  tho  twelfth  part  of  a  knight's  fee,  and  a  rent  of  four 
shillings   per  annum.     The  same  inquisition  further 
informs  us  that  the  lord's  tenants  in  Ravenglass  had 
connnon  of  posture  on  Muncaster  Fell,  for  which  tiiey 
yielded  several  boon  days,  and  a  small  payment  annually. 
Until  comparatively  recent  times  the  fair  at  Puivenglass 
was  attended  by  some  customs  which,  in  all  probability, 
had  been  observed  from  the  period  that  the  fair  was 
first  established.     These  customs  arc  thus  given  by 
Nicolson  and  Burn,  whoso  work  was  published  in  1777. 
"  At  present,"  they  say,  "  the  Earl  of  Egremont  holds 


4.U 


BOOTLE   WAED. 


the  fair  of  Ravenglass  on  the  eve,  day,  and  morrow  of 
St.  James.  On  the  first  of  these  da)'8,  in  the  moriiiug, 
the  lord's  officer  at  proclaiming  the  fair,  is  attended  by 
the  Serjeants  of  the  bow  of  Egremont,  with  the  insignia 
belonging  thereto;  and  all  the  tenants  of  the  forest  of 
Copelnud  owe  a  customaiy  service  to  meet  the  lord's 
officer  at  Eavenglass  to  proclaim  the  fair,  and  abide 
with  him  during  the  continuance  thereof ;  and  for  sus- 
tentation  of  their  horses  they  have  two  swaiths  of 
grass  in  the  common  field  of  Ravenglass  in  a  place  set 
out  for  that  purpose.  On  the  third  day,  at  noon,  the 
earl's  officer  discharges  the  fair  by  proclamation;  imme- 
diately whereupon  the  Peuningtons  and  their  tenants 
take  possession  of  the  town,  and  have  races  and  other 
divertisements  during  the  remainder  of  the  day."  In 
1796  John  Lord  Muncaster  procured  a  charter  for 
two  weekly  markets  at  Ravenglass,  on  Wednesday  and 
Friday,  and  three  fairs  for  one  day  each:  11  tk  March, 
14th  April,  and  12th  October.  These  fairs  have  ali-eady 
become  obsolete.  Two  ancient  fairs  for  horses  and 
homed  cattle  are  still  held;  one  on  the  8th  June  and 
the  5th  August.  The  market  has  long  since  fallen  into 
disuse.  Some  of  the  steps  of  the  market  cross  still 
remain.  Railway  communication  has  entirely  done 
away  with  the  shipping  trade  of  the  port,  which  now 
only  possesses  one  vessel.  Guano  is  occasionally  im- 
ported for  use  in  the  neighbourhood.  The  salmon 
fisheries  belong  to  General  Wyudham. 

The  Whitehaven  and  Fumess  railway  has  a  station 
near  to  the  town. 

BIBKBT. 

The  acreage,  population,  and  rateable  value  of  Birkby 
are  included  in  the  parish  returns.  The  township  is 
small,  containing  a  few  scattered  houses,  three  miles 
south  of  Ravenglass,  on  the  south  side  of  the  river  Esk, 
which  is  here  crossed  by  a  good  bridge.  At  a  place 
called  Chapelgarth,  in  this  township,  some  ruins  were 
dug  up  in  \8i2,  supposed  to  have  been  those  of  a 
chapel  or  church  which  formerly  stood  here.  There  is 
a  bobbin  mill  in  this  township. 

The  manor  of  Birkby  has  long  been  the  property  of 
the  Stanley  family,  and  is  now  held  by  Edward  Stanley, 
Esq.,  of  Ponsonby  HaU.  Jefferson  gives  us  the  follow- 
ing extracts  from  the  rolls  of  this  manor : — "  Item,  we 
do  order  and  put  in  pain,  that  every  the  inhabitants, 


within  the  manor  of  Birkby,  who  shall  hereafter  take, 
or  catch,  kill,  or  come  by  any  wild  fowl  whatsoever, 
shall  not  sell  them  to  any  foreigner  or  stranger,  but 
shall  bring  them  to  the  lord,  or  his  bailiff  for  the  time 
being,  at  the  prices  and  rates  hereafter  specified,  viz., 
for  every  mallard,  4d. ;  duck,  3d.  Every  long  mallard 
or  widgeon,  2d.;  woodcock  or  patridge.  Id.;  feelfaws, 
throsdee,  ousels,  each  four  for  Id.  Every  curlew,  3d. ;  * 
for  two  seals.  Id. ;  plover,  Id. :  lapwings,  one  halfpenny; 
under  pain  and  forfeiture  of  3d. ;  -Id.  for  every  fowl 
otherwise  sold,  as  formerly  accustomed." 

On  Birkby  Fell,  near  the  foot  of  Devoke  Water,  are 
the  remains  of  a  fort  or  encampment,  called  the  ruins  of 
the  city  of  Barnscar,  or  Bardscar,  which  is  traditionally 
stated  to  have  belonged  to  the  Danes.  The  name  is 
purely  a  Scandinavian  one,  "  derived,"  says  Mr.  Fer- 
guson, "  from  its  probable  founder,  some  Northman 
called  Barna  or  Bardi."  'J'he  description  of  the  place  in 
Hutchinson's  "  History  of  Cumberland"  is  as  follows: 
"  This  place  is  about  300  yards  long  from  east  to  west, 
and  100  yards  from  north  to  south  ;  now  walled  round, 
save  at  the  east  end,  near  three  feet  in  height ;  there 
appears  to  have  been  a  long  street,  with  several  cross 
ones;  the  remains  of  housesteads,  within  the  walls, 
are  not  very  numerous,  but  on  the  outside  of  the  walls 
they  are  innumerable,  especially  on  the  south  side  and 
west  end ;  the  circumference  of  the  city  and  suburbs 
is  near  three  computed  miles ;  the  figure  an  oblong 
square ;  there  is  an  ancient  road  through  the  city, 
leading  from  Ulpha  to  Ravenglass."  At  present 
(1859j  there  is  little  more  to  be  seen  than  a  number 
of  small  piles  of  unwrought  stones  scattered  along 
the  foot  of  the  lake,  and  upon  the  hills  bordering 
the  north  side ;  the  stones  comprising  the  founda- 
tions appearing  to  have  been  gathered  into  heaps  in 
order  to  clear  the  ground.  About  the  beginning  of 
the  last  century  a  considerable  treasure  of  sUver  coin 
was  found  concealed  in  the  foundation  of  one  of  the 
houses,  none  of  which,  unfortunately,  has  been  pre- 
served. This  Danish  city  is  said  to  have  been  peopled 
by  taking  the  men  of  Drigg  and  marrying  them  to  the 
women  of  Beckemiet,  whose  original  helpmates  had 
been  slain  in  battle.  This  event  is  preserved  in  the 
Cumberland  saying,  "  Let  us  gang  together  like  lads 
of  Drigg  and  lasses  of  Beckermet." 


WABERTHWAITE   PARISH. 


495 


WABERimYAITE    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  tlio  north  by  the  river  Esk,  which  separates  it  from  Muncaster,  on  the  west  by  Bootle, 
and  on  the  south  and  cast  by  Corney.  The  soil  here  is  rich  and  loamy,  except  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  parish, 
where  it  is  hi)»h  and  rocky.  It  possesses  no  dependent  townships,  but  includes  a  small  village  of  its  own  name, 
and  the  small  hamlet  of  Newbiggiu. 


The  area  of  the  parish  is  1,901  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  £808  1.3s.  The  population  in  1801  was  122; 
in  IRll,  114;  in  1821,  138;  in  1831,  139;  iu  1841, 
140;  and  in  1851,  -212;  who  are  principally  engaged 
in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  attend  the  Whitehaven 
markets. 

The  manor  of  Waberthwaite  was  held  in  ancient  times 
by  a  family  bearing  the  local  name,  one  of  whom  mar- 
ried a  daughter  or  sister  of  Arthur  Boyville,  third  lord 
of  Millom,  son  of  Godard  Dapifer,  with  whom  the  said 
Arthur  gave  this  manor  in  free  marriage.  The  Waber- 
thwaites  subsequently  removed  to  St.  Bees,  and  then  to 
Clifton,  in  Westmoreland,  settling  ultimately  at  Isell. 
This  manor  camo  afterwards  to  the  Penningtons  of  Mul- 
caster,  but  whether  by  sale  or  marriage  historians  aro 
not  agreed,  some  stating  that  it  passed  in  the  former 
manner,  some  in  the  latter.  Lord  Muncaster  is  the 
present  possessor  of  the  manorial  rights  and  privileges. 
Formerly  the  customary  tenants  paid  arbitrary  fines, 
rents,  heriots,  and  boon  service,  but  they  have  been 
enfranchised,  and  many  of  the  fanns  are  now  occupied 
by  their  respective  owners.  Messrs.  James  Pickthall, 
Daniel  Pritt,  Edward  Chorley,  John  Knight,  Philip 
Myers,  Joseph  Pearson,  Benjamin  Bibby,  Joseph  Bur- 
rough,  A.  Borrow,  John  Caddy,  Thomas  Jackson,  James 
Pritt,  John  DoJgson,  and  Mrs.  Falcon,  are  the  principal 
landowners. 

The  village  of  Waberthwaite  is  about  two  miles 
80ulh-by-east  of  llavenglass. 


THE   CHUECH. 

Waberthwaite  church,  dedicated  to  St.  John,  is  an 
ancient  [ilain  building,  consisting  of  nave  and  chancel. 
The  living  is  a  rectory,  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at 
£3  lis.  8d.,  and  returned  to  the  governors  of  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty  at  £'18  16s.  Gd.  clear  yearly  value. 
It  has  since  been  augmented  by  that  bounty,  and  is 
now  worth  about  £130  a  year.  The  great  and  small 
tithes  produced  £30  in  1794,  and  in  1842  they  were 
commuted  for  a  yearly  rent  charge  of  £10-5.  In  1421 
and  1425  Sir  Richard  de  Kirkby  presented  to  this 
rectory.  In  1580  Ilenry  Kirkby  presented.  In  1608 
the  presentation  appears  to  have  been  in  the  Penning- 
tons, in  whom  it  still  continues.  The  parish  registers 
commence  in  109.>. 

Eectors. — William  Walker  occurs  in  1535 ;  WUliam  Granger, 
1077;  Henry  Holme.s  1698;  Robert  Mansion,  1704;  John 
Steele,  170S;  John  Steele,  1737;  Thomas  Nicholsou,  177C; 
Joseph  Stanley,  ls2o ;  T.  Molineux,  1847. 

CHAKmr. 

Poor  StocK-. — There  is  an  ancient  poor  stock  of  £10(1 
belonging  to  this  ptirish,  £80  of  which  were  given  by 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Park,  rector  of  Barton,  Norfolk,  the 
interest  thereof  to  be  distributed  annually.  This  parish 
also  shares  in  a  bequest  of  Lord  Muncaster,  the  par- 
ticulars of  which  will  be  found  stated  in  our  account  of 
Muncaster  parish. 

Newbiggin  is  a  small  hamlet  in  this  parish. 


'WHICHAM    PARISH. 

Whiciiam  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Whitbeck,  on  the  west  by  the  sea,  and  on  the  south  and  east  by  i^fillom. 
It  contains  the  village  of  Silecroft  and  several  scattered  dwellings,  but  has  no  assemblage  of  houses  bearing  its  own 
name.  Tlic  soil  towards  the  sea  is  fertile,  but  eastward  the  parish  stretches  over  liilly  grounds,  which  afford 
pasturage  to  large  Hocks  of  sheep.  There  are  no  dependent  townships.  The  Whitehaven  and  Furncss  railway  runs 
through  the  parish,  and  has  a  station  at  Silecroft. 


Whicham  comprises  an  area  of  7,502  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £2,057  15s.  Tiie  population  in  1801 
was  235;  in  1811,  201;  in  1821,  301;  in  1831,  285; 
ill  1H41,  299;  and  in  1S51,  329.  Agriculture  is  the 
jirincipal  employment  of  tho  inhabitjinla;  they  attend 
the  markets  at  Whitehaven  and  Ulverstono. 


The  manor  of  Whicham  was  formerly  hold  as  a  feo 
of  Millojn,  and  is  said  to  have  received  its  name  from 
Wyche,  its  possessor,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I.,  but 
analogy  would  load  us  to  infer  that  tho  name  of  tho 
place  dates  its  origin  from  -Vnglo-Sa-xon  times,  and  that 
it  was  the  homo  of  some  Anglian  chieftain.     Tho  two 


496 


BOOTLE  WARD. 


sons  of  tlie  Wychc  just  mentioned  appear  as  witnesses 
to  a  deed  of  mortgage  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  but  the 
issue  general  brought  their  lands  into  other  families 
about  the  time  of  Henry  III,,  for  at  that  period  wo  find 
that  Kadulph  de  Bcthcrn  licld  land  here,  and  in  the  Oth 
Edward  I.  (1^77-8)  he  granted  estovers'  to  John,  parson 
of  Whicham,  in  his  woods  there.  In  the  9th  Edward  I. 
(1280-81)  Robert,  son  of  Eadulph  de  Betheru,  did 
warrant  lands  in  Silccroft  and  Sattcrton,  in  the  lordship 
of  Millom.  In  the  9th  Edward  II.  (1315-10)  the 
manors  of  Silccroft  and  Whicham  appear  to  have  been 
held  by  another  family,  as  appears  by  a  fine  thereof 
levied  between  William  Corbett  and  Alicia  his  wife, 
complainants,  and  John  de  Corney.  The  manor  was 
subsequently  divided  into  severalties,  and  passed  through 
many  hands,  but  all  account  of  these  transfers  appears 
to  have  been  lost.  Whicham  and  Silecroft  are  now  held 
by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the  former  estate  having  been 
purcliased  by  Sir  James  Lowther,  Bart.,  from  Jlr. 
Henry  Fearon  and  others.  Part  of  the  parish  is  still 
attached  to  the  lordship  of  Millom.  The  landowners 
are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  i\Irs.  Kirkbank,  Messrs.  John 
Kirkbank,  William  Brocklebank,  Richard  Cleminson, 
William  Case,  John  Porter,  Philip  Hartley,  John 
Hodgson,  William  Myers,  Henry  Myers,  WilHam 
Newby,  John  Walton,  George  Newton,  Bernard  Gilpin, 
and  John  Case. 

Whicham  Hall,  now  occupied  as  a  farm  house,  is  the 
property  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  Near  this  hall  is  a 
Held,  known  as  Scots'  Croft,  where,  according  to  tradi- 
tion, a  battle  was  fought  between  the  English  and  Scots 
during  the  turbulent  days  of  border  warfare. 

THE  cnuncH. 
Whicham  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Jlarj-,  is  a  plain 
ancient  structure.  In  1858,  it  underwent  several 
repairs,  new  windows  being  put  in  and  a  north  tran- 
sept added.  It  was  given  by  "Reynard  the  Fewer" 
to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary,  at  York,  to  which  it  continued 
attached  till  the  period  of  the  Dissolution,  when  the 
patronage  was   granted   to   Hugh   Askew,  Esq.,  who 

'  "Estovers"  from  the  Norman  French  esloffa:  In  law, 
necessaries,  or  supplies ;  a  reasonable  allowance  out  of  lands  or 
goods  for  the  use  of  a  tenant. 


presented  in  154-t.  In  the  year  1717,  one  of  the 
Penningtons  occurs  as  patron,  and  it  continued  to  be 
held  by  that  family  till  Lord  Muncaster  sold  it  to  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the  present  patron.  The  benefice  is 
a  rectory,  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £8  15s.  lOd., 
and  was  certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty  as  of  the  annual  value  of  £49  13s.  3d.  It 
is  now  worth  £100  a  year,  and  there  are  seventy-five 
acres  of  glebe.  The  parish  registers  commence  in 
1509. 

Reciohs. — John  Wodall,  occurs,  \M5;  Robert  Crompton, 
1C30;  —  Tubman  occurs  about  1012;  John  Lawrey,  1720; 
William  Scott,  1745;  Kcibert,  Scott,  1701;  James  Satterthwaite, 
IHOl;  Allison  Stebble,  imi;  Alexander  Scott,  1832;  George 
Wilkinson,  1817. 

The  rectory  is  a  very  ancient  building. 

CnARITIES. 

Whicham  and  Millom  Grammar  School. — By  an 
inquisition  taken  under  a  commission  of  charitable 
uses,  and  bearing  date  28th  September,  1080,  it  is 
found  by  the  jurors,  that  some  pereon  unknown,  had  by 
deed  or  by  will,  given  to  the  parishes  of  Wiiicham  and 
Millom,  an  annual  payment  of  £10,  for  the  maintenance 
of  a  free  grammar  school  iu  the  parish  of  Whicham,  for 
the  benclit  of  the  parishes  of  Whicham  and  Millom. 
The  sum  of  £11),  which  forms  the  whole  of  the  endow- 
ment, is  payable  out  of  the  crown  revenues  of  the 
county  of  Cumberland,  in  pursuance  of  a  warrant  from 
the  E.Kchequer  to  that  effect. 

Parish  Money,  and  the  Rev.  Robert  Cromptoiis 
Bequest. — It  appears,  by  the  parish  books,  that  there 
was  formerly  iu  the  hands  of  different  persons  the  sum 
of  £21  Os.  4d.,  the  interest  of  which  was  distributed 
amongst  poor  persons.  The  only  bequest  of  which  we 
could  find  any  trace,  was  the  sum  of  £5,  which,  accord- 
ing to  an  entry  in  the  parish  register,  was  left  to  the 
poor  by  the  Rev.  Robert  Crompton,  who  died  rector  of 
this  parish  in  1720.  Whether  that  £5  formed  any  part 
of  the  £21  Os.  4d.,  or  whether  it  was  distributed  at  the 
time,  we  could  not  learn. 

Silecroft  is  a  neat  village  near  the  sea,  four  miles 
south-by-east  of  Bootle,  and  eight  miles  south-west  of 
Broughton,  Lancashire,  where  there  is  a  station  on  the 
Whitehaven  and  Furuess  railway. 


WHITBECK  PARISH. 


497 


WHITBECK   PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Whitbeck  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Bootle,  on  the  west  hj  the  Irish  sea,  on  the  south  by  WTiicham, 
and  on  the  cast  by  the  mountain  of  Black  Comb.  The  soil  towards  the  sea  is  rather  sandy,  inclining  to  a  clay,  and 
towards  Black  Comb  gravelly.  The  surface  of  the  parish  is  irregular  and  uneven.  A  vein  of  peat  moss,  containing 
in  some  places  nearly  onc-fifth  of  the  breadth  of  the  parish,  runs  longitudinally  through  the  middle  of  the  [greatest 
part  of  the  land,  dividing  the  soil  into  two  kinds.  The  sea  has  made  considerable  encroachments  in  many  parts  of 
the  parish,  old  roads  and  hedges  being  visible  some  distance  below  low  water  mark.  There  are  no  dependent 
townships.  • 


The  parish  contains  5,372  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  is  £1,600.  The  population  in  1801  was  180; 
in  1811,  191;  in  1801,  2'21  ;  in  1831,  23-t ;  in 
1841,  208;  and  in  1851,  217.  The  parish  is  remarka- 
ble for  its  great  salubrity,  and  the  longevity  of  its 
inhabitant-s.  One  mile  south  of  Bootle,  on  the  Barfield 
estate,  there  is  a  tarn  about  000  yards  in  circumference, 
which  abounds  with  perch  and  trout :  another  tarn  near 
Gutterby,  produces  large  quantities  of  leeches.  Around 
here,  and  in  the  neighbouring  morasses,  ignes  fatui 
are  frequently  seen  in  the  evenings.  It  is  stated  in 
a  communication  by  the  Rev.  William  Pearson,  in 
Hutchinson's  "  Cumberland,"  that  "  when  the  wind 
blows  from  the  east  over  Black  Comb  the  inhabitants 
of  the  houses  which  stand  close  under  its  base  find  it 
most  violent ;  when  the  wind  blows  from  the  sea  the 
most  temperate.  In  Whicham,  behind  the  mountain, 
it  is  quite  the  reverse ;  so  that  whenever  it  is  calm  in 
one  parish,  it  is  stormy  in  the  other,  when  it  blows 
from  the  east  or  west."  The  same  writer  also  tells  us 
that  at  that  time  (1791)  the  following  customs  and 
superstitions  were  observed  in  the  parish : — "  Newly 
married  persons  beg  corn  to  sow  their  first  crop  with, 
and  are  called  conilaiters.  People  always  keep  wake 
with  the  dead.  .  .  .  The  labouring  o.\  is  said  to 
kneel  at  twelve  o'clock  at  night,  preceding  the  day  of 
the  Nativity ;  the  bees  are  hoard  to  sing  at  the  same 
hour.  On  the  morn  of  Christmas  Day  the  people 
breakfast  early  on  hack  pudding,  a  mess  made  of  sheep's 
heart  chopped  with  suit  and  sweet  fruits.  To  which- 
ever quarter  a  bull  faces  in  lying  on  All  Hallow  Eve, 
from  thence  the  wind  will  blow  the  greatest  part  of 
tho  winter.  Tho  Shrovetide  sports,  April  day  jostings 
and  frolics  peculiar  to  other  seasons,  known  in  other 
parts  of  the  country,  are  also  practised  here." 

.\t  Hall  Foss  are  the  remains  of  a  Druidical  monu- 
ment called  Standing  Stones,  which  formed  a  circle 
twenty- five  yards  in  diameter.  In  Hutchinson's 
"Cumberland"  they  are  described  as  consisting  of 
"  eight  ma-ssy  rude  columns,"  and  it  is  added,  "  somo 
have  lately  been  broken  and  tjikcn  away."  A  similar 
monument  of  bygone  days  is  found  at  Annasido,  near 
tho  sea,  and  forms  a  circio  si.tty  feet  in  diameter,  cou- 
08 


sistiug  of  twenty  stones.  On  the  north-west  are  the 
ruins  of  a  building  through  which  an  old  road  leads, 
but  nothing  is  known  respecting  it.  On  the  Moorgreen 
farm  is  another  monument  composed  of  thirty  stones, 
and  called  Kirkstones.  They  form  parts  of  two  circles, 
an  outer  and  inner  one,  somewhat  similar  in  position 
to  those  of  Stonehenge.  About  two  hundred  yards  to 
the  south  of  Kirkstones  is  a  large  cairn  about  fifteen 
yards  in  diameter.  Severid  places  in  this  parish  are 
called  Foss,  as  Monk  Foss,  Hall  Foss,  <tc.,  but  of  its 
origin  we  have  no  authentic  account. 

Tho  first  recorded  possessor  of  the  manor  of  "UTiit- 
beck  is  Sir  William  Morthiug,  who  gave  it  by  fine  to 
the  prior  and  convent  of  Conishead,  to  which  monastery 
the  church  also  was  given  by  Gamel  de  Pennington. 
The  Morthings  appear  to  have  been  settled  in  Millom 
at  a  very  early  period.  Their  names  appear  in  old 
evidences  in  tho  reigns  of  Henry  III.  and  Edward  II., 
and  they  seem  to  have  been  held  in  considerable 
estimation.  The  manor  continued  to  be  held  by  the 
community  of  Conishead  till  tho  Dissolution,  when  it 
came  to  the  crown.  In  1087  the  manor,  the  rectory, 
and  advowson  were  granted  to  Mr.  Lawrence  Parke, 
whose  descendants  continued  possessors  till  1 807,  in 
which  year  Charles  Parke,  Esq.,  sold  them  to  the  Earl 
of  Lonsdale,  the  present  lord  of  the  manor.  The 
Parkes  resided  at  an  old  mansion  at  Whitbeck,  now 
occupied  as  a  farm-house. 

Monk  Force,  a  small  manor  in  this  parish,  was  given 
by  William  de  Mcschines  to  the  abbey  of  St.  ]\[ary,  in 
Furncss,  and  on  the  dissolution  of  that  house  was  granted 
to  the  Hudlestons  of  Millom,  who  sold  it.  In  1777  it 
was  tho  property  of  Edward  Gibson,  Esq.,  of  White- 
haven, from  whose  family  it  passed  to  tho  Lcwthwaites, 
and  it  is  now  tho  property  of  Miss  Lcwthwaite. 

Scoggerbar,  another  manor,  was  given  by  Sir  William 
lludloston  to  his  second  son  Joseph,  who,  by  the  death 
of  his  elder  brother  Ferdinand,  became  possessed  of  tlie 
lordship  of  ilillom,  when  tho  manor  was  reunited  to  the 
lordship. 

The  landowners  in  tho  parish  are  tho  Earl  of  Lons- 
dale, Miss  Lewthwaite.  Mr.  James  Grice,  G.  S.  Petty. 
Mrs.  Petty,  Mrs.  Grindale,  J.  B.  Wilaou,  Jolm  Hunter, 


498 


BOOTLE  WARD. 


John  Walker,  Thomas  Williamson,  the  trustees  of  the 
lato  G.  Parke,  Mrs.  Kiug,  David  Xoblo,  J.  F.  Whit- 
ridge,  John  Brownrigg,  Miss  Grice,  William  Herbert, 
and  James  Robinson. 


THE    CHCnOH. 

The  parish  church  of  Whitbeck,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  , 
is  situated  in  the  hamlet  of  Newtown.  It  is  an  ancient 
edifice,  consisting  of  nave  and  chancel,  with  bell  turret 
at  the  western  end,  containing  two  bells.  In  the  course 
of  ages  it  has  been  much  curtailed  of  its  fair  proportions, 
and  many  alterations  have  been  etlected  in  the  structure. 
none  of  which  have  improved  its  appearance  as  an  edi- 
fice, but,  on  the  contrary,  have  sadly  interfered  with 
the  simplicity  and  elegance  of  its  original  appearance. 
The  roof  of  the  nave  is  of  open  timber  work ;  the  font 
is  of  stone,  and  stands  near  the  door.  There  is  a  mural 
tablet  to  the  memory  of  several  members  of  the  Pearson 
family:  and  a  monumental  effigy,  said  to  represent 
some  one  of  the  ancient  lords  of  Whitbeck.  This  last 
memento  of  departed  greatness  was  formerly  inside  the 
church,  but,  in  consequence  of  the  east  wall  having 
been  rebuilt  some  feet  nearer  the  naye  than  it  formerly 
■was,  it  is  now  outside,  "exposed  to  the  winds  and  dews 
of  heaven."  The  church  of  Whitbeck  was  given  by 
Gamel  de  Pennington  to  the  priory  of  Conishead.  In 
1087,  the  advowson  and  tithes  were  sold  to  Mr. 
Lawrence  Parke,  with  whose  descendants  they  con- 
tinued tiU  1807,  when  they  were  purchased  by  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the  present  patron  and  lay-rector. 
His  lordship  is  proprietor  of  half  the  tithes.  The 
beneBce,  which  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  is  not  entered  in 
the  King's  Book.  It  was  certified  to  the  governors  of 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty  as  of  the  annual  value  of 
£9  148.  8d.,  and,  in  1747,  was  augmented  from  the 
same  bounty  with  .£200,  and  JE2.50  given  by  the  patron 
and  impropriator,  being  the  produce  of  the  sale  of  a 
portion  of  the  tithes.  A  further  sum  was  given  by  the 
governors  about  the  year  1700.  Witli  these  benefac- 
tions an  estate  was  bought  near  Daltou,  in  Furness. 
In  178.5,  the  benefice  received  a  further  augmentation 
of  £200,  in  addition  to  £200  from  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty,  with  which  were  purchased  a  house  and  land 
in  Whitbeck,  now  the  minister's  residence.  The  parish 
register  commences  in  1597. 

Incl-itbents. — John  Davies,  16'24;  Bichard  Huatson,  16 — ; 

William  Eobinson,  1(173  ;  Lancelot  Walker,  1679  ;  John  Sawrey, 
1709;  David  Noble,  1725  ;  John  Jackson,  1731 ;  John  Bradley, 
173C;  Thomas  Green,  1737;  Thomas  Smith,  1773;  John 
Atk-inson,  1775;  John  Brocklebank,  1791;  Thomas  Caddy, 
1825  ;  Charles  Nicholson,  1848;  Thomas  Ormandy,  1850. 


CBABrriES. 

The  Hospital. — Henry  Parke,  of  Kendal,  mercer,  a 
native  of  this  parish,  by  will  dated  28ih  April,  1B31, 
bequeathed  the  sum  of  £400,  to  be  bestowed  on  lands, 
or  otherwise  put  out  on  good  and  sufficient  security,  the 
yearly  benefit  thereof  to  be  and  remain  to  si.\.  poor 
people  within  the  parish  of  Whitbeck  for  ever,  being 
such  as  have  been  of  honest  living,  and  are  grown  old, 
poor,  and  impotent.  And  he  directed  that  the  vacancies 
should  be  filled  up  at  the  discretion  of  the  church- 
wardens for  the  time  being,  with  the  assistance  of  four 
of  the  most  substantial  men  of  the  said  parish  ;  and  he 
further  directed  that  the  parishioners  of  the  said  parish 
should,  upon  their  own  charges,  erect  and  build  a  fair 
house,  slated,  and  with  fit  and  convenient  rooms  and 
lodgings  therein  for  the  said  si.\  poor  men  to  dwell  and 
inhabit  Ln,  at  a  place  called  3Ioor  Green,  in  Whitbeck 
aforesaid.  There  is  now  in  Whitbeck  a  house  consisting 
of  three  apartments,  called  the  Hospital,  which  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  built  in  pursuance  of  the  directions 
of  the  testator,  Henrj-  Parke.  By  indenture,  dated 
19th  April.  1039,  William  and  Bridget  Hudlestone,  iu 
consideration  of  £400  granted  to  trustees  for  the  use  of 
si.K  poor  men  in  the  hospital  at  Whitbeck,  gave,  for  the 
same  purpose,  a  rent-charge  of  £24,  issuing  out  of  au 
estate  called  Scoggabar,  iu  the  parishes  of  Bootle  and 
Whitbeck,  and  out  of  a  messuage  and  tenement  caUeS 
Crosbythwaite  and  Ulpha.  The  sum  of  £24  has  been 
from  time  to  time,  and  is  now,  regularly  paid  out  of  the 
Scoggebar  estate.  Four  of  the  principal  inhabitants  of 
Whitbeck  are  the  trustees  of  this  hospital,  and  have  the 
entire  management  of  it.  Of  late  years  tbcy  have 
generally  nominated  two  or  three  persons  to  reside  in 
the  hospital,  and  others  of  the  same  description  residing 
elsewhere  to  receive  certain  weekly  allowances,  which 
are  paid  out  of  the  rent-charge  of  £24. 

Henry  Parke's  Charity  for  Apprentices. — Mr.  Henry 
Parke,  by  his  will,  left  to  the  aldermen  and  brethren  of 
the  burgh  of  Kirkby  Kendal,  and  their  successors,  £.50, 
upon  trust,  that  they  should  put  out  apprentices  ten 
poor  boys,  whereof  one  should  be  sent  from  Whitbeck ; 
£5  to  be  lent  to  the  master  with  each  apprentice,  upon 
good  security,  which  was  to  be  repaid  at  the  end  of 
seven  years,  and  the  like  number  of  apprentices  to  be 
put  out  again  in  the  same  manner,  and  so  continue  for 
ever.  The  loan  of  £5  is  so  tiilling  an  object  that  no 
boys  of  the  parish  of  Whitbeck  have  ever  applied  for 
the  advantage  of  it. 

Hudleston  Parke's  Charity. — By  an  account  entered 
in  the  register  of  this  parish,  1737-8,  it  appears  that 
Hudleston  Parke  gave  the  yearly  interest  of  £0,  to  be 
distributed  to  ten  poor  widows  or  people  of  the  parish 


WHITBECK  PARISH. 


499 


of  Whitbeck,  on  St.  Thomas's  Day.  Five  shillings  per 
annum  were  formerly  paid  as  the  interest  of  £6,  out  of 
the  manor  of  Whitbeck,  which  had  been  the  projftrty  of 
the  donor.  In  1810  the  manor  was  sold,  and  £'0  was 
then  paid  to  the  churchwardens.  The  interest  is  distri- 
buted by  tlio  churchwardens  amongst  poor  widows,  or 
poor  people  who  do  not  receive  parocliial  relief. 

Henry  Siiu/letoii's  Charity. — The  inhjibitants  of  the 
district  of  Annaside,  in  this  parish,  are  entitled,  under 
the  gift  of  Henry  Singleton,  to  send  their  children  to 
the  free  school  at  Bootle.  The  particulars  are  stated  in 
our  account  of  that  school. 

Besides  these  charities,  we  have  the  following; -In 
1580  John  Kitchin  gave  twenty  marks,  half  the  in- 
terest thereof  to  be  applied  to  the  poor,  and  the  other 
half  to  the  church.  In  1617  Lawrence  Parke  gave 
£10  for  a  like  purpose.  In  1C34  Arthur  Myers  gave 
X'lO  for  the  use  of  the  schoolmaster;  in  167-t  Henry 
Fiobinson  gave  £5  for  the  same  purpose.      In  1735 


Agnes  Walker  gave  £10  for  the  use  of  the  poor.  Henry 
Parke  and  John  Iluddleston  gave  a  donation  for  the 
poor  on  their  entering  into  the  hospital. 

Newtown,  or  Town  End,  is  a  small  hamlet  on  the 
Broughton  road,  two  and  a  half  miles  south  of  Bootle. 

Annaside  is  a  hamlet  near  the  sea,  a  mile  and  a  half 
south-west  of  the  same  place. 

At  Gutterby  there  is  a  spa  well,  the  water  of  which 
has  been  analysed,  with  the  following  result : — "  The 
water  contains  a  large  quantity  of  chloride  of  sodium, 
also  sulphate  of  .soda,  sulphate  of  lime,  and  carbonate  of 
magnesia,  and  is  somewhat  similar  in  composition  to 
the  saline  spring  at  Cheltenham.  When  taken  in 
quantity  the  medicinal  effect  would  be  shghtly  purga- 
tive, and  may  have  a  tendency  to  obviate  the  formation 
of  uriuary  calculi."  Many  persons  have  been  benefitted 
by  the  use  of  this  water. 


at\  Wm^, 


Leath  Ward  is  bounded  ou  the  north  by  the  county  of  Xorthuniberland,  Eskdale  Ward,  and  Cumberland  Ward ;  on 
the  west  by  AUerdale-below-Derwent  Ward,  and  Derwent  Ward;  on  the  south  by  Westmoreland;  and  on  the  east  by 
the  county  of  Durham.  It  comprehends  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  county  of  Cumberland;  and  is  of  an  irregular 
oblong  form,  about  thirty-live  miles  in  length  by  from  twelve  to  fourteen  in  breadth.  It  is  a  highly  interesting  and 
picturesque  district,  watered  by  the  rivers  Eden,  Petteril,  Eamont,  Croglin,  Xent,  Tees,  and  Tyne,  with  several 
smaller  streams,  and  possesses,  in  many  parts,  a  rich  and  fertile  soil;  but  the  mountains,  fells,  and  moorlands,  at 
its  eastern  extremity,  where  heath  and  moss  prevail,  seem  to  bid  defiance  to  the  hand  of  tlie  husbandman,  yet  they 
teem  with  mineral  treasures,  yielding  large  quantities  of  lead  and  silver,  with  some  copper  and  zinc.  Freestone  is 
found  in  various  places,  as  also  coal  and  limestone.  The  ward  comprises  the  deanery  of  Penrith,  in  the  diocese  of 
Carlisle,  and  the  parish  of  Alston,  in  the  diocese  of  Durham.  It  includes  the  parishes  of  AdJinghara,  Ainstable, 
Alston,  Castle  Sowerbj-,  Croglin,  Dacre,  Edenhall,  Greystoke,  Hesket-in-the-Forest,  Hutton-iu-the-Forest,  Kirkland, 
Kirknswald,  Langwathby,  Lazouby,  ilelmcrby,  Newton  Pieigny,  Ousby,  Penrith,  Kenwick,  Great  Salkeld,  and 
Skelton. 


ADDINGHAM    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Kirkoswald  and  Pionwick,  on  the  west  by  the  river  Eden,  on  the  south  by 
Melmerby  and  Langwathby  parishes,  and  on  the  east  by  Hartside  Fell.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  in  a  high 
state  of  cultivation;  and  being  well  enclosed,  with  quicksets,  presents  a  cheerful  appearance.  On  Finch  Fell,  is  a 
bed  of  free  stone,  of  a  superior  qualitj-.  The  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Gamblesby,  Glassonby,  Hunsonby 
with  AVinskiD,  and  Little  Salkeld.  It  has  no  township  or  village  of  its  own  name.  The  parish  church  is  situated 
in  the  township  and  manor  of  Glassonby.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment  of  the  inhabitants,  and  Penrith 
the  market  usuall)  attended. 

and  his  heirs,  to  be  held  of  the  crown,  in  capitc,  by  the 
annual  payment  of  two  shillings  cornage.  HQdred's 
line  terminated  in  a  female,  who  brought  the  manors  of 
Glassonby  and  Gamblesby,  in  marriage,  to  William  de 
Ireby,  who  had  by  her  two  daughters.  Christian  and 
Eva.  The  latter  had  a  rent-charge  out  of  the  land, 
and  was  married  to  Robert  de  EstoteviUe,  and,  after- 
wards, to  Alan  de  Charters.  She  re-leased  to  her  sister 
Christian,  wife  of  Thomas  Lacelles,  of  Bolton,  whose 
daughter  Arminia  became  the  wife  of  Thomas  Seaton. 
The  son  of  Thomas  Seaton  and  Christian  de  Ireby 
espoused  the  cause  of  Robert  Bruce,  and,  in  conse- 
quence, his  lands  in  England  became  forfeited  to  the 
crown,  and  the  lordship  of  Gamblesby  and  Unthank 


GLASSONBY. 

The  area  of  Glassonby  township  is  1,643  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  £1,180  10s.  Cd.  The  population  in 
1801, was  144;  in  181],  114;  in  1821,  153;  in  1831, 
167 ;  in  1841,  165  ;  and  in  1851,  165,  who  are  chiefly 
resident  in  the  village  of  Glassonby. 

The  manors  of  Glassonby  and  Gamblesby  were  for- 
merly united  in  one  lordship,  "bounded  on  the  north  by 
the  rill  or  beck  that  falleth  from  the  east  mountains  west- 
ward, through  Kirkoswald  Parks,  into  Eden,  which  doth 
bound  it  on  the  west,  from  which  the  lordship  is  extend- 
ed of  great  breadth  into  the  mountains,  tiU  bounded  by 
the  waste  belonging  to  Alston  Moor  on  the  east."  Thus 
united  they  were  given  by  Henry  I.  unto  one  Hildred 


ADDINGHAM   PARISH. 


501 


and  other  estates  in  this  county  were  given  by  Edward  I. 
to  William  Latimer,  from  whoso  family  they  passed  by 
an  heiress  to  John  Neville,  father  of  Ralph  Neville,  earl 
of  Westmoreland.  Glassonby  was  subsequently  held  by 
the  Dacrcs  of  KirkoswalJ,  and  passed  from  them  to  the 
i'ienes  aud  Leunards,  barons  Dacre.  Thomas  Lennard, 
baron  Dacre,  who  was  created  earl  of  Sussex,  dying  in 
1715,  without  male  issue,  his  co-heiress  sold  this  manor, 
amongst  others,  to  Sir  Christopher  Musgrave,  Bart.,  of 
Edenhall,  and  it  is  now  held  by  his  descendant,  Sir 
George  Musgrave,  Bart.  The  landowners  are  Joseph 
Rowley,  Esq.;  Messrs.  John  Plolmes,  William  Pids- 
dale,  Joseph  Dodd,  Joseph  Richardson,  William  Robin- 
son, John  Metcalfe,  William  Hall,  William  Graham, 
and  John  Bird.  The  commons  were  enclosed  about 
the  year  1833. 

The  village  of  Glassonby,  which  is  in-egularly  built, 
is  seated  upon  an  eminence,  about  half  a  mile  north  of 
the  parish  church,  two  miles  south-east  of  Kirkoswald, 
aud  eight  miles  uorth-east-by-north  of  Penrith. 

THE     CHURCn. 

Addingham  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Michael,  consists 
of  a  nave,  chancel,  porch,  vestry  on  the  north  of  the 
chancel,  aud  a  western  bell  turret,  containing  two  bells. 
The  nave  has  four  windows  in  the  south  side,  with 
square  heads  of  two  lights  each.  On  the  south  side  of 
the  chancel  is  a  door  with  a  semicircular  liead.  There 
is  also  a  square-headed  window  of  two  lights.  The  east 
wiudow,  which  is  of  three-lights,  ogeed  and  trefoiled,  is 
also  square-headed.  The  arch  between  the  nave  and 
chancel  is  semicircular.  On  the  chancel  floor  is  a 
brass  plate,  with  an  inscription  to  the  memory  of 
Charles  Smalwood.  On  the  south  side  of  the  church  is 
a  fine  old  cross,  said  to  have  been  brought  from  the 
chapel  which  was  formerly  at  Little  Salkeld.  The 
presentation  to  Addingham  was  formerly  vested  in  the 
lords  of  the  manor,  but  was  granted  by  Christian,  widow 
of  Thomas  do  Lascelles,  to  the  prior  and  convent  of 
Carlisle.  This  grant  was  confinned  by  Bishop  Irton, 
who  ordained  that  sufllcient  provision  should  be  made 
for  the  due  solemnisation  of  worship,  aud  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  sacraments.  A  similar  confirmation  was 
made  by  P>ishop  lliilton,  and  another  by  Edward  L,  on 
a  complaint  made  by  the  prior  and  convent  of  their 
sufferings  from  the  depredations  of  the  Scots.  In 
18  12  tliis  vicarage,  with  that  of  Castle  Sowerby,  was 
allowed  to  be  kept  vacant,  tlio  prior  and  convent  taking 
care  to  have  the  duties  of  tlio  parish  performed  by 
secular  priests.  In  the  "Valor"  of  Pope  Nicholas, 
Addingham  is  returnoil  as  worth  £10;  in  tho  valuation 
made  in  the  reign  of  Edward  11.  it  is  set  down  at  j£10 ; 


and  in  the  King's  Book  at  £9.  About  the  year  1678 
a  lease  of  the  tithes  of  Little  Salkeld  was  granted  by 
the  dean  aud  chapter  of  Carlisle,  in  augmentation  of 
the  living.  The  benefice,  a  vicarage,  is  now  woilh 
about  £'3j'.i  a  year,  and  is  in  the  patronage  of  the  dean 
and  chapter,  the  legal  representatives  of  the  prior  and 
convent  of  Carlisle. 

ViCABS. — Eobert  de  Scardeburg,  1292;  William  de  Laton, 
1390;  William  de  Beverley,  13(10  ;  Jeoffrey  de  Generton,  1316; 
Adam  de  Wigton,  died  in  130i  ;  Walter  de  KeltoD,  1302 ;  T. 
Lowther,  occurs  1477;  J.  Dameton,  occurs  1035;  John  Austen, 
died  1074 ;  George  Smbb,  1574  ;  Edward  Majplett,  1501 ;  Lewis 
West,  1030;  William  Sill,  lb(i8;  Henry  AgUonby,  died  1097; 
Thomas  Nevinson,  10!)7  ;  William  Nicolson,  1098;  John  Chris- 
topherson,  1702;  Edward  Eirkett,  1758;  John  Temple,  1768; 
William  I'aley,  1792;  Ralph  Tatham,  1795;  David  Frederick 
Marliliam,  1825  ;  William  Rice  Markham,  1827  ;  Henry  Spencer 
JIarkham,  1829;  William  Tomkyns  Briggs,  1830;  Henry  St. 
Andrew  St.  John,  1834 ;  Wilham  Shaipe,  1839 ;  Edward  Brown, 
1805. 


Maurjlianhy  School.  —  According  to  Nicolson  and 
Burn,  this  school  was  founded  in  the  year  1034,  by  the 
Rev.  Edward  Mayplett,  prebendary  of  Carlisle,  and 
vicar  of  this  parish,  who  endowed  it  with  a  house,  and 
about  seventy-si.K  acres  of  laud,  then  of  the  annual  value 
of  £'10,  but  now  let  for  about  £81.  Half  of  the  estate 
is  customary  land,  held  under  the  manor  of  IMelmerby, 
and  subject  to  the  customs  of  that  manor.  The  deed  of 
trust  having  been  lost,  no  trustees  have  been  appointed 
for  a  considerable  period,  and  the  bishop  of  the  diocese 
presents  the  master.  By  a  bond,  dated  in  1076,  the 
master  is  required  to  attend  the  church  regularly  with 
his  scholars,  and  to  instruct  them  in  the  principles  of 
religion,  especially  in  the  catechism  of  the  Church  of 
England.  The  school  is  open  to  all  the  boys  and  girls 
of  the  parish,  free  of  expense,  who  are  admitted  as  soon 
as  they  have  learned  the  alphabet. 

Poor  Land.  —  There  was  formerly  a  poor  stock  in 
this  parish,  part  of  which  is  supposed  to  have  originated 
in  a  bequest  to  the  poor  not  receiving  parish  relief.  In 
1710  some  of  this  money  had  been  lost,  and  the  parish 
laid  out  the  remainder,  then  amounting  to  £51,  in  the 
purchase  of  several  paicels  of  uninclosed  laud,  lying  in 
Winskill  Town  Fields.  By  subsequent  changes  the 
original  parcels  have  been  given  up,  much  for  the 
benefit  of  the  charity,  for  six  acres  of  enclosed  laud  at 
Winskill.  Tho  rent,  amounting  to  about  £l'i,  is  dis- 
tributed to  the  poor  of  the  parish,  not  receiving  parochial 
relief. 

Loiison's  Charity. — Thomas  Low  son,  by  will  dated 
Ctli  February,  1735,  bequeathed  to  tho  poor  of  Adding- 
ham 20s.  a  year,  payable  out  of  his  freehold  lauds  iu 


502 


LEAXn  WARD. 


Little  Salkeld  fields.  Tbis  money  is  divided  into  four 
portions,  and  given  away  in  tlie  same  U)aiiner,  and  at 
the  same  time  as  tbe  rent  of  the  poor  laud. 

Maughanby  is  a  hamlet  in  Glas.«onby  township, 
seven  miles  north-east  from  Peurith.  (For  school,  see 
above.) 

About  half  a  mile  to  the  south  of  the  parish  church 
of  Addingham  arc  Long  Meg  and  her  Daughters, 
the  finest  relics  of  bygone  days  in  this  vicinity. 
They  consist  of  a  circle  350  yards  in  circumference, 
formed  of  si.xty-seven  unhewn  stones,  some  of  them  ten 
feet  high.  Seventeen  paces  from  the  southern  side  of 
the  circle  stands  Long  Meg,  a  square  unhewn  column 
of  red  freestone,  eighteen  feet  high,  and  fifteen  feet  in 
circumference.  The  poet  Wordsworth  has  described 
in  a  sonnet  the  feelings  excited  by  coming  unexpectedly 
upon  these  remains,  which,  in  his  opinion,  exceeded  in 
singularity  and  dignity  of  appearance  any  other  relic 
of  primeval  times  he  had  seen,  with  the  exception  of 
iStonehenge :  — 

"  A  weight  of  awe,  not  easy  to  be  borne, 
Fell  snildenly  upon  my  spirit — cast 
From  the  dread  bosom  of  the  unknown  past — 
AVhen  first  I  saw  that  family  forlorn. 
Speak  Thou,  whose  massy  strength  and  stature  scorn 
The  power  of  years — pre-eminent,  and  placed 
Apart  to  overlook  the  circle  vast — 
Speak,  Giant-mother  1  tell  it  to  the  mom 
While  she  dispels  the  cuiiihrous  shades  of  night, — 
Let  the  moon  hear,  emerging  from  a  cloud, — 
At  whose  behest  uprose  on  British  ground 
That  Sisterhood,  in  hieroglyphic  round 
Forthshadoning,  some  have  deem'd,  the  intiiute, 
The  inviolable  God  that  tames  the  proud." 

In  former  days  similar  remains  were  in  much  greater 
abundance.  In  1725,  when  Dr.  Stukeley  made  his 
"  Iter  Boreale,"  there  were  many  cairns,  remnants  of 
circles,  and  lines  of  stones  scattered  about  the  country, 
which  have  since  disappeared.  These  the  peasantry 
imagined  had  been  brought  together  by  the  famous 
wizard,  Michael  Scott.  They  had  a  tradition  that  a 
giant,  named  Tarquin,  lived  at  Brougham  Castle  until 
slain  by  Sir  Lancelot  du  Lake,  one  of  King  Arthur's 
knights. 

"  But  now  the  whole  Eound  Table  is  dissolved 
That  was  an  image  of  the  mighty  world."' 

It  is  extremely  probable  that  this  district  was  part  of, 
or  closely  adjoined,  that  enormous  wood  which  in  bygone 
ages  bore  the  name  of  the  Caledonian  Forest. 

"  Long   Meg  and   her   Daughters,  the   well-known 

'  Tennyson. 


Druidical  monument  so  called,  connects  itself  by  name 
with  a  curious,  though   not   uncommon  superstition. 
Tradition  is  silent  respecting  the  history  of  this  lady ; 
who  she  was,-and  why  petrified,  arc  equally  unknown. 
She  is,  however,  in  her  present  state,  a  very  tall  per- 
sonage, made  of  much  harder  stone  than  her  daughters, 
about  seventy  of  whom  lie  around  her  in  a  circle.     Ano- 
ther version  of  the  story  declares  these  small  stones 
to  be  her  lovers.     All  that  is  farther  known  of  her  fate 
is  contained  in  these  particulars  :  —  If  by  any  means  a 
piece  were  broken  off  Meg,  the  unfortunate  lady  wovdd 
bleed  ;  and  if  any  person  could  number  the  stones  cor- 
rectly, or  twice  reckon  them  the  same,  be  would  disen- 
chant the  Dulcinea  of  the  moor  and  her  daughters,  or 
her  lovers,  as  it  might  prove  to  be.     But,  strange  to 
say,  though  many  persons  have  come  expressly  to  amuse 
themselves  with  the  hope  of  bringing  relief  to  Meg  and 
her  family,  no  one  has  as  yet  succeeded.    .     .     .    One 
of  the   many   etymological   conjectures,   generally   so 
worthless,  supposing   Meg   to   be   the   Latin  Magus, 
minus  the  flexion,  is  deserving  of  notice.      Granting 
this  theory,  the  word  Magus  must  have  been  obtained 
from  the  Christian  missionaries,  the  long  stone  being 
the  archdruid,  petriQcd  for  his  opposition  to  Chris- 
tianity.    This  origin  of  the  name,  moreover,  might  be 
very   easily   forgotten,   when   the   present   traditional 
explanation  would  naturally  follow.     .     .     .     The  late 
Colonel  Lacy,  it  is  said,  conceived  the  idea  of  removing 
Long  Meg  and  her  Daughters  by  blasting.    Whilst  the 
work  was  being  proceeded  with,  under  his  orders,  the 
slumbering  powers  of  Druidism  rose  in  arms  against 
this  violation  of  their  sanctuaiy ;  and  such  a  storm  of 
thunder  and  lightning,  and  such  heavy  rain  and  hail, 
ensued,  as  the  Fell  Sides  never  before  witnessed.    The 
labourers  fled  for  their  lives,  vowing  never  more  to 
meddle  with  Long  Meg.      If  there  be  truth  in  this 
story,  which  already  wears  a  traditional  air,  all  lovers 
of   antiquity    must   be   thankful   for   the    providential 
throwing  of  cold  water  on  so  wicked  a  design ;  and 
should  it  ever  again  be  attempted,  and  that  the  heavens 
rain  hot  water  on  the  perpetrators,  we  could  only  hope 
that  they  would  be  like  the  cat  of  the  proverb,  more 
cautious  for  the  future." ' 

G.UIBLESBY. 

The  area  of  the  township  of  Gamblesby  is  4,783 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  £1,835  13s.  4d.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  in  1801  was  222:  in  1811, 
215;  in  1821,  279;  in  1831,  301;  in  1841,  2.59;  and 
in  1851,   244,   principally  located  in  the  hamlets  of 

I  "Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  Ancient  and  Modem,"  p.  127, 
el  $€cj. 


ADDINGHAM  PARISH. 


503 


Gamblesby  and  Unthank.    The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and 
in  a  high  state  of  cultivation. 

We  have  seen  at  page  501  how  the  manor  of  Gam- 
blesby came  to  the  Latimers.  We  have  only  to  add 
that  Mr.  Denton  siiys,  "  the  manor  of  Gamblesby,  with 
the  hamlet  of  Unthank,  continued  in  the  crown  in 
1088."  It  was  subsequently  included  in  the  grant  to 
the  Earl  of  I'onlaijd,  and  is  now  the  property  of  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire.  The  landowners  are  Messrs. 
Thomas  Watson,  John  Morton,  Sen.,  John  Morton,  Jun., 
W.  Harrison,  John  iluddart,  John  Armstrong,  Benjamin 
and  Joseph  Salkeid,  John  Sawer,  Sarah  Dufton,  Mary 
Benson,  Thomas  Westgarth,  James  Atkinson,  Thomas 
Parker,  Wilham  Smith  and  J.  E.  Horncastlc,  Jonathan 
Thompson,  Isaac  Jackson,  John  Faldcr,  Thomas  Ben- 
son, John  Sanders,  Anthony  Falder,  Lancelot  Smith, 
and  others,  many  of  whom  are  small  owners.  Part  of 
tlie  commons  were  enclosed  in  1858. 

The  village  of  Gamblesby,  which  is  neat  and  well 
built,  is  pleasantly  situated  near  to  Hartside  Fell,  ten 
miles  northeast  of  Penritb.  The  Wesleyaus  and  Inde- 
pendents have  each  a  place  of  worship  here.  There  is 
also  a  school,  erected  in  1837,  which  is  attended  by 
about  thirty-five  children. 

Unthank  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  ten  and  a  half 
miles  north-east-bj--east  of  Penrith.  Some  short  time 
ago,  Mr.  Thomas  Benson,  of  Unthank,  while  in  search 
of  large  stones  on  Gamblesby  Low  Fell,  discovered 
the  bones  or  remains  of  a  human  body,  entombed 
within  four  mossy  stones  ;  the  two  side  ones  measuring 
each  four  feet  and  a  half  in  length,  by  two  feet  in 
depth,  and  four  and  a  half  feet  in  thickness  ;  the  two 
end  stones  were  each  two  ami  a  half  feet  deep,  two  feet 
broad,  and  four  and  a  half  feet  thick.  This  kist-vaen,  or 
stone  chest,  is  supposed  to  have  enclosed  the  remains 
of  some  person  of  distinction,  who  was  interred  here  in 
days  of  yore.  It  is  very  probuble  that  the  stones  were 
brought  from  Fins  or  Finch  Fell,  about  a  mile  from  the 
place  where  thoy  were  discovered,  there  being  no  stone 
of  the  same  kind  nearer.  The  ijualiiy  of  the  stone  is 
such,  tliat  when  made  very  hot  by  fire,  it  will  not  easily 
crack  or  break  into  pieces. 

iiiAitirr. 

Poor  Stock. — There  was  formerly  a  poor  stock  of  £1 0 
belonging  to  this  township,  the  origin  of  which  is 
unknown.  The  interest  of  it,  amounting  to  ton  shilhngs, 
is  divided  between  the  schoolmaster  and  tho  poor  of 
the  township. 

HUS80KBT   .\ND    WIN'SKIt.I.. 

The  area  of  this  township,  inclusive  of  tliat  of 
Little  SalkelJ,  is  3,094  acres;    its  rateable  value  is 


£1,309  ITs.  Oid.  The  population  in  1801  was  J 17; 
in  1811,  113;  in  18-21,  151;  in  1531,141;  in  1811, 
191;  and  in  1851,  200,  who  reside  chiefly  in  the 
hamlets  of  Hunsouby  and  Winskill.  In  1850  Mr. 
Joseph  Falder  found  a  small  round  urn,  while  plough- 
ing a  part  of  his  land,  which  contained  human  bones. 
He  has  the  urn  in  his  possession,  and  in  good  preserva- 
tion. Tho  landowners  are  Mrs.  Ann  Atkinson,  Messrs. 
Joseph  Falder,  Piobert  Davidson,  John  Westmoreland, 
John  Graham,  John  Spedding,  James  Shephard,  Isaac 
Topping,  Thomas  and  John  Tinkler,  Thomas  Henry 
Parker,  Kobert  Benson,  Isaac  Nicholson,  and  John 
Lancaster. 

The  village  of  Hunsonby  is  about  six  miles  north-east 
of  Penrith.  The  ^\'eslcyans  have  a  place  of  worship 
here. 

Winskill  is  a  small  village  and  joint  township  with 
Hunsonby,  si.x  miles  north-east-by-east  of  Penrith. 
Fvobberby  is  another  hamlet  in  this  township,  si.x.  miles 
north-east  of  Penrith. 


CHARITIES. 


School. — Joseph  Hutchinson,  by  vrill  dated  in  1726, 
devised  tho  reversion  of  an  estate  at  Gawtrce  (on  the 
death  of  his  mother)  for  the  support  of  a  school  for  the 
benefit  of  the  township  of  Hunsonby  and  Winskill. 
On  the  demise  of  Mrs.  Hutchinson  the  endowment 
became  appropriated  to  the  school,  and  produced  about 
£20  a  year;  but  it  is  now  worth  upwards  of  i'50  per 
annum.  The  property  is  vested  in  the  churchwarden 
and  overseer  of  the  township  of  Hunsonby  and  Winskill, 
for  the  time  being,  who  appoint  the  master,  let  the  lands, 
and  otherwise  superintend  the  concerns  of  the  school, 
which  is  open  to  all  the  children  of  the  township,  free 
of  expense. 

Wimhill  Estate. — The  same  Joseph  Hutchinson 
devised  all  his  estate,  lying  at  Winsldll,  the  yearly 
profits  thereof  to  be  divided  amongst  the  poor  of  Hun- 
sonby liiiarter,  according  to  tlu-ir  wants:  and  he 
entrusted  the  management  thereof  to  the  churchwardens 
and  overseers,  in  the  same  manner  as  his  lands  at 
Gawtree  above-mentioned.  The  esUto  consists  of  about 
thirty  .one  acres  of  laud,  and  produces  an  annual  rental 
of  about  i'S.I. 

Hutchinson's  legacy. — Tlie  same  benefactor  also  be- 
queathed (o  the  poor  of  Hunsonby  (>uarter,  ill);  tho 
interest  thereof  to  be  divided  amongst  them  according 
to  their  wants  by  the  churchwardens  and  overseers. 

Um£   SAUCELD. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  rcturnetl  with  that 
of  Hunsouby  aud  Winskill  ;  iU  rateable  value  is 
i;l,0U7  4s.  8d.     The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1801 


504 


LEATH  WARD. 


was  110;  in  1811,  108;  in  1821,  111;  in  1S31,  105; 
in  1811,  120;  and  in  1851,  119;  chiefly  resident  in 
the  village  of  Little  Salkeld.  The  soil  is  generally 
fertile,  and  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation. 

The  first  possessor  of  the  manor  of  Little  Salkeld 
subsequent  to  the  Conquest,  was  one  Walter,  a  Norman, 
who  gave  it  to  the  priory  of  St.  Mary,  Carlisle,  as  we 
learu  from  a  deed  of  confirmation  of  Edward  L,  in  which 
Walter's  gift  is  recited.  The  manor  continued  to  be 
held  by  the  prior  and  convent  till  the  period  of  the 
Reformation,  when  it  passed  to  their  successors,  the 
dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle,  and  from  them  to  the 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioners,  the  present  possessors  of 
the  manorial  rights  and  privileges.  The  landowners 
are  Mr.  T.  Sowerby,  Mrs.  Hodgson,  Mrs.  Longrigg, 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 

The  village  of  Little  Salkeld  is  situated  near  the 
Eden,  one  mile  south  of  the  parish  church,  and  si.x 
miles  north-east  of  Penrith.  There  was  anciently  a 
chapel  at  Little  Salkeld,  which,  in  the  year  13G0,  being 
desecrated  and  polluted  by  the  shedding  of  blood,  and 
the  parish  church  being  at  a  great  distance,  the  vicar 
was  allowed  to  officiate  in  his  own  house  until  the  chapel 
could  be  reconsecrated.  According  to  tradition  the 
chapel  was  situated  in  a  village  called  Addingham,  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  river,  where  human  bones,  crosses, 
and  other  remains,  have  been  found.  The  old  cross 
now  in  the  churchyard  of  the  parish  church  is  said  to 
have  been  brought  from  this  place. 


The  residences  having  particular  names  are  Mariann 
Lodge,  Salkeld  Hall,  the  Vicarage,  and  Long  Meg 
House.     The  riTer  Eden  runs  through  the  township. 

Salkeld  Hall,  the  residence  of  Mrs.  Hodgson, 
is  situated  in  the  village  of  Little  Salkeld,  and  was 
originally  the  residence  of  a  family  bearing  the  local 
name.  Denton  tells  us  that  Mr.  George  Salkeld,  during 
the  civil  wars,  was  obliged  to  part  with  the  seat  of  his 
ancestors,  for  a  very  trilling  consideration,  to  Colonel 
Cholmley,  who  made  large  additions  to  it.  This  house, 
before  1688,  became  the  property  of  Mr.  C.  Smalwood, 
from  whose  descendant,  Timothy  Smalwood,  Esq.,  it 
was  purchased  about  the  year  1790,  by  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Lacy,  who  erected  a  new  front,  and  otherwise 
improved  and  modernised  the  old  mansion.  Ho  sold  it 
in  1830  to  Piobert  Hodgson,  Esq.,  who  has  also  added 
considerably  to  the  house.  The  old  mansion,  despite 
its  many  alterations,  still  bears  many  marks  of  antiquity. 

On  the  brink  of  the  Eden,  not  far  from  Salkeld  Hall, 
are  the  I^acy  Caves,  so  named  from  a  resident  in  the 
neighbourhood  who  undertook  their  excavation.  There 
are  arched  passages  receding  into  darkness,  and  with 
an  outlook  from  sundry  openings  upon  the  stream,  admi- 
rable from  their  environment  if  not  for  themselves.  The 
river  is  broad  and  clear,  m-ikes  a  bend  round  the  hill, 
and  tumbles  with  rush  and  roar  over  a  stony  mill-dam ; 
the  bank  is  steep  and  wooded,  and  a  rill  runs  across 
with  lively  babble. 


AINSTABLE   PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Ainstable  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  river  Eden,  on  the  south-east  by  the  river  Croglin,  and  on  the 
north-east  by  a  small  stream.  A  plan  of  the  parish  is  deposited  in  the  parish  chest  in  the  church.  The  surface  of 
this  parish  is  very  uneven ;  the  soil  is  a  light  and  fertile  loam,  with  a  substratum  of  clay-sand  or  gravel.  There  is 
plenty  of  freestone  in  the  parish.  The  inhabitants,  who  are  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  reside  in  the  villages, 
of  which  Ainstable  is  the  principal.  Penrith,  Brampton,  and  Carlisle  are  the  markets  usually  attended.  The  parish 
has  no  dependent  townships,  but  is  divided  into  the  High  and  Low  Quarters. 

The  area  of  Ainstable  is  4,178  acres.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  in  1801  was  444;  in  1811,  431;  in  1821, 
518;  in  1831,  569;  in  1841,  501;  and  in  1051,  624. 


Ainstable  manor  adjoins  the  barony  of  Gilsland,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Northskeugh  Beck,  and 
extends  from  the  river  Eden  on  the  west,  up  eastward 
to  the  mountains;  bordering  upon  the  lordship  of 
Staffol  towards  the  south.  It  was  given  by  Hubert  de 
Yaux,  or  de  Vallibus,  lord  of  Gilsland,  to  liis  kinsman 
Eustace  de  Vaux,  in  whose  family  it  continued  till  an 
heiress  brought  it  to  the  Burdons,  from  whom  it  passed 
in  a  simOar  manner  to  William  Lord  Dacre.     It  sub- 


sequently came  to  the  Howard  family  by  the  marriage 
of  Lord  WilUam  Howard  with  Elizabeth,  a  co-heiress  of 
the  last  male  heir  of  the  Dacres,  and  descending  with 
the  barony  of  Gilsland,  is  now  possessed  by  the  Earl  of 
Carlisle.  There  are  many  estates  held  under  this 
manor  subject  to  the  payment  of  yearly  customary  rents 
and  fines  certain  ;  and  others,  by  the  payment  of  yearly 
free  or  quit  rents. 

The  manor  of  Armathwaite,  another  manor  in  this 
parish,  is  held  by  Charles  Aglioi^by,  Esq.,  and  has 
"  rents,  services,  ward,  and  fines,  both  certain  and 
arbitrary,  with  this  further  privilege,  that  not  only  the 


AINSTABLE  PAEISH. 


505 


demesne  itself,  but  all  the  customary  estates  held  of  it, 
are  toll  free  all  over  England.  Free  or  quit  rents  are 
also  paid  for  other  estates  in  the  parish,  to  different 
proprietors."' 

Nunnery,  the  capital  seat  of  Armathwaite  manor, 
occupies  the  sito  of  the  ancient  Benedictine  convent, 
which  was  founded  by  AVilliam  Rufus,  the  second  Nor- 
man monarch  of  England,  in  the  first  year  of  his  reign ; 
and  Dr.  Todd  tell  us,  that  its  origin  is  as  ancient  as 
that  of  any  religious  house  in  England.     He  adds  that, 
"  St.  Cuthbert  laid  the  first  foundation  of  it  at  Carlisle, 
and  gave  the  veil  to  Ermenburga,  queen  dowager  of 
Northumberland,  as  the  first  abbess.     William  Eufus 
removed  it  from  the  city  to  a  village  called  Armathwaite 
or  Heremitethwaite,  where  it  continued  for  some  ages. 
At  last  it  was  translated  a  mile  or  two  more  eastward, 
to  a  place  to  which  it  gave  the  name  of  '  Nunnery.' 
Eufus  appears  to  have  dedicated  the  convent  to  Our 
Saviour  and  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary.     He  bestowed 
on  the  community  two  acres  of  land,  as  a  site  for  the 
convent,  and  three  carucates  of  land,  and  two  acres  of 
meadow,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  nunnery,  with 
216  acres  of  land  lying  on  the  north  side  of  Tarn  "Wad- 
ling,  and  in  the  forest  of  luglewood ;  common  of  pasture 
for  themselves  and  their  tenants  throughout  the  forest, 
and  sufficient  timber  for  their  houses  ;  a  yearly  rent  of 
40s.  out  of  his  tenements  in  Carlisle  to  be  paid  by  the 
hands  of  the  governor  of  the  said  city  ;  freedom  from  toll 
throughout  England  for  them  and  their  tenants ;  com- 
mon of  pasture  for  their  cattle  within  the  town  and 
common  of  Ainstablc ;    and  free  warren  in  all  their 
lands ;  to  have  and  to  hold  all  the  said  possessions  as 
freely  as  the   'heart  may  think  or  eye  fliay  see.'" 
This  convent  appears  to  have  been,  for  some  time  at 
least,  under  the  visitation  of  the  bishops  of  Carlisle ; 
and  Dr.  Todd  informs  us  that  when  a  vacancy  occurred 
in  the  ofTico  of  prioress,  it  was  customary  for  the  nuns 
to  elect  their  superioress,  and  then  present  her  to  the 
bishop  for  institution  and  induction  ;   and  that  this 
was  the  custom  he  shows  by  the  election,  in  1302, 
of  Catherine  do  Lancrcost  to  the  vacant  office,  who 
received  her  seat  in  the  choir  and  a  voico  in  the  chapter 
in  obedience  to  a  mandate  sent  from  the  bishop  to  the 
archdeacon.      Although  possessed  of  the  lands  and 
privileges  abovenamcd,  this  convent  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  in  very  allluent  circumstances,  if  wo  may 
form  an  opinion  from  a  grant  of  Edward  III.,  who,  in 
consideration  of  their  poverty,  remitted  to  the  prioress 
and  nuns  ton  pounds,  "  which  they  owed  for  victuals  in 
Karliol  in  Edward  II. 's  time,  they  not  being  able  to  pay 
offso  great  a  score."    For  this  statement  we  have  the 


•  Jefferson's  "  Lcath  Ward,"  p.  ill. 


authority  of  Dr.  Todd.     The  same  king  is  also  stated 
to  have  remitted  their  yearly  rent  of  £10,  in  considera- 
tion of  the  losses  they  had  sustained  during  the  war 
between  England  and  Scotland.     From  its  situation, 
this  convent  often  suffered  from  the  Scots ;  and  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  IV.  we  find  that  it  was  almost  destroyed 
by  them  :  jewels,  relics,  books,  evidences,  and   other 
property  being  carried  off.     This  disaster  was  followed 
by  a  charter  of  confirmation  from  the  king  of  England. 
As  will  be  seen  hereafter,  the  church  of  Ainstable  was 
appropriated  to  the  convent,  whose  chaplain  ofliciated 
in  the  parish  church.    Armathwaite  convent  continued 
to   flourish,  and  its  community  to  pursue  the   even 
"teuour  of  their  way,"   till   the    2Gth   Henry   VIII. 
(1534),  when  its  revenues  were,  according  to  the  King's 
Book,  £19  23.  2d.     It  appears  to  have  been  surren- 
dered to  the  commissioners  of  Henry  VIII.  about  the 
year  1530,  at  which  time  the  community  consisted  of 
a  prioress  and  three  nuns,  their  revenue  being  at  that 
time,  according  to  Dugdale,  i'18  18s.  8d.  a  year.    This 
convent  seems  to  have  continued  in  the  possession  of 
the  crown  till  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.,  who,  on  March. 
9th,  1559,  granted  to  "William  Greyme,  alias  Carlisle, 
gentleman,  the  house  and  site  of  the  late  priory  of 
Armethwaite,  with  one  garden,   three   orchards,    one 
parcel  of  enclosed  ground,  called  the  Lyng  Close,  con- 
taining two  acres;  one  close  of  arable  land,  called  the 
Pete  Bank,  containing  four  acres ;  one  close,  called  the 
Studholes,  containing  four  acres  of  arable  land,  ten 
acres  of  meadow,  and  four  acres  of  waste  ;  three  closes 
of  arable  land,  called  Wheat  Closes,  containing  twenty 
acres ;  one  close,  called  Holmo  Cammock,  containing 
one  acre  ;  one  close,  called  Kirk  Holme,  containing  one 
acre  ;  one  close  called  High  Field,  containing  five  acres; 
one  close  of  land,  wood,  and  waste,  containing  eighteen 
acres  ;  and  one  other  close,  called  Broad  Meadow,  con- 
taining nine  acres;  and  also  those  messuages,  tenements, 
and   lands,   containing   210   acres,    in   the  tenure  of 
seventeen  different  tenants,  in  the  Noune  Close ;  also 
five  messuages  and  tenements,  in  the  tenure  of  so 
many  different  persons,   in   Dale,   in   the  county  of 
Cumberland ;  six   messuages  and  tenements  in  Row- 
croft,  in  the  said  county;    twelve  in  .^uastaplethe,  in 
the  said  county,  with  several  quit  rents   there ;    two 
messuages  and  tenements  in  tho  parish  of  Kirkoswald ; 
two  in  Cumwhitton;    one  in   Itjonkjim ;    one  in  the 
parish  of  Kirkland;   one  in  Glassonby;   and  one  in 
Crofton."      Tho  Grahams  continued  to    possess   this 
property  till  tho  year    lOSj,  when   George  Graham, 
Esq.,  sold  it  for  £1,130,  to  Sir  John  Lowthcr,  Bart., 
who  exchanged  it  with  John  Aglionby,  Esq.,  for  Drum- 
burgh  Castle,  in  1094,  and  the  latter  determined  to 


es 


5oe 


LEATH  ■WARD. 


reside  here.  His  grandson,  Henry  Aglionby,  Esq., 
pulled  down  the  old  house,  which  formed  part  of  the 
priory,  and  erected  the  pleasant  mansion  now  known  as 
Nunnery.  Part  of  the  wall  of  the  monastic  building  is 
yet  standing  on  the  west  side  of  the  house.  The  princi- 
pal remains  of  the  priory  is  an  upright  pillar,  in  a  field 
called  Cross  Close,  to  the  north-east  of  the  mansion. 
On  one  side  is  a  large  oval  stone  with  a  cross  in  its 
centre,  round  which  is  inscribed,  "  Sanctuarium  1088." 
It  is  supposed  that  this  inscription  has  some  reference 
to  the  ancient  privilege  of  sanctuary,  possessed  by  so 
many  of  the  religious  houses  in  Catholic  times.  At  a 
short  distance,  to  the  east  of  the  house,  is  the  ancient 
burial  ground  of  the  priory,  a  small  square  piece  of  land 
surrounded  by  lofty  trees.  Several  remains  of  antiquity 
have  been  discovered  here,  one  of  which  is  still  pre- 
served and  represents  the  cowled  head  of  a  monk.  A 
little  beyond  this  place  is  a  well,  bearing  the  name  of 
Chapel  Well.  When  the  conventual  buildings  were 
being  removed,  a  small  painting  on  copper,  of  a  Bene- 
dictine nun,  witli  a  rosary,  cross,  and  book  in  her  hand, 
was  found  in  a  niche  of  the  wall — it  is  now  at  Nunnery; 
as  is  also  a  stone,  inserted  in  the  north-west  end  of  the 
present  mansion,  with  the  following  inscription  : — 

"  Though  veiled  Benedictines  are  removed  hence, 
Thinlj  of  their  poverty,  chastity,  faith,  obedience." 

Some  ancient  embroidery,  said  to  be  the  work  cf  the 
nuns,  is  also  preserved.     There  are  also  two  recum- 
bent monuments  in  memoiy  of  John  Aglionby  and 
Catherine  Denton,  his  wife,  formerly  in  the  old  church 
of  St.  Cuthbcrt,  Carhsle,  but  on  the  building  of  the 
present  churcli  they  were  removed  to  Nunnery.     The 
scenery  on  the  banks  of  the  river,  which  has  rendered 
Nunnery  so  famous,  is  well  described  by  the  Rev.  W. 
Ford,  who,  in  his  "  Guide  to  the  Lakes,"  says,  "  The 
road  then  descends  more  gradually,  till  it  arrives  at 
Nunnery,  where  the  Croglin,  a  mountain  stream,  joins 
the  Eden.      ...      It  may,  we  think,  be  safely 
asserted  that  the  Croglin,  in  this  last  part  of  its  course, 
for  the  space  of  a  mUe,  during  which  it  pours  along  a 
deep  ravine,  has  no  equal.     It  first  enters  this  savage 
dell  by  a  fall  of  forty  feet,  forcing  its  way  into  a  deep 
caldron  scooped  out  of  the  rock,  in  which  the  water  is 
agitated  and  whirled  around  in  boiling  eddies  till  it 
finds  an  escape  by  a  narrow  opening  in  one  comer, 
■whence  it  rushes  down  several  leaps,  foaming  over  the 
large  masses  that  hinder  its  impetuous  progress.     The 
rocks  are  piled  on  each  other  up  to  the  height  of  one  or 
two  hundred  feet,  projecting  their  bold  fronts  forward 
over  the  river,  '  here  scored  with  lightning,  there  with 
ivy  green,  or  grey  with  aged  licheus  and  mosses.'    On 


the  soath  side  the  path  is  caixied  round  the  protruding 
masses  of  rock  on  rudely-framed  galleries,  supported  by 
rough  timbers,  thus  affording  the  best  and  most  striking 
views,  because  the  rocks  and  woods  on  the  northern 
side,  which  are  the  grandest,  are  seen  to  the  best 
advantage.  At  one  time  you  are  on  the  margin  of  the 
water,  beneath  overhanging  crags,  the  brook  before 
you  rushing  furiously  over  moss-covered  fragments  and 
stones,  forming  cascades  of  exceeding  beauty ;  whilst 
tiic  trees  waving  in  the  breeze,  reveal  the  shaggy  rock 
that  supplies  their  roots  with  scanty  nourishment.  At 
another,  you  are  on  the  brink  of  the  precipice,  looking 
down  into  a  dense  mass  of  wood,  out  of  which  the  twisted 
branches  of  the  rift  oak,  '  stripped  of  their  bark,  toss 
their  giant  arms  amid  the  skies,'  contrasting  with  tlie 
deep  green  behind,  while  the  water  is  betrayed  by  its 
sparkling  sheen  and  softened  roar."  The  site  of  the 
ancient  priory  is  now  marked  by  a  pillar  of  masonry  on 
the  hill  above  the  present  house. 

^glionbg  jof  Unitmrg. 

The  family  of  Aglionby,  anciently  Aguilon,  claims 
great  antiquity,  deriving  its  origin  from 

■Wii.TEr.  AcriLON,  one  of  the  followers  of  WUiam  the  Con- 
queror in  his  invasion  of  England,  who  came  into  Cumberland 
with  Ranulph  de  Meschines,  and  fixing  his  residence  in  Uie 
parish  of  Warwick,  gave  to  it  his  own  name,  which  it  retains  to 
this  day,  although  there  are  now  no  remains  of  the  mansion. 
The  family  appears  to  have  resided  at  Aglionby  till  the  reign  of 
Henry  YII.,  when  John  Aglionby,  described  as  of  Carlisle,  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  Richard  Salkeld,  of  Corby  Castle,  a  family 
which  became  extinct  in  that  reign.  After  this  period  we  find 
theiu  at  Drawdykes  Castle,  in  Stanwix  parish,  now  a  decayed 
mansion  used  as  a  farmhouse.  From  the  above  Walter  Aguilon 
lineally  descended 

William  Aolionly,  of  AgUonby,  who  married,  in  1391,  Maria, 
daughter  of  Alan  Blennerhasset,  of  Cai'lisle,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son, 

Thomas  AonoSBV,  of  AgUonby,  who  lived  in  the  time  of 
Henry  V.  His  wife  was  Katherine,  daughter  of  —  Skelton, 
Esq.,  of  Armathwaite  CasUe,  and  was  grandfather,  or  great- 
grandfather, of 

Edwakd  .\gij:onev,  of  Aglionby,  who  occurs  as  sheriQ'  of 
Carhsle  in  l5i4-5.     His  son  and  successor, 

JoHx  Agliokbv,  of  Carlisle,  espoused  a  daughter  of  Eichard 
Salkeld,  Esq.,  of  Corby,  and  left  a  son  and  heir, 

Edwaed  Aqlionbt,  Esq.,  of  Carlisle,  who  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Cuthbert  Musgrave,  Esq.,  of  Crookdake,  and  had 
issue, 

I.  Edward,  his  heir. 
II.  .lohn,  D.D.,  in  holy  orders. 
I.  Dorothy,  mai-ried  to  Alan  Blemierhasset,  Esq. 

The  elder  son, 

Edw-vrd  Aglionby,  Esq.,  married  Jane,  daughter  of  Henry 
Erougham,  Esq.,  and  dying  in  1048,  left,  with  a  daughter,  Maiy, 
married  to  John  Stanford,  Esq.,  of  Askham,  a  son  andjheir, 

John  Aguosby,  Esq.,  of  Carlisle,  bum  in  ICIO.  This  gentle- 
man took  an  active  part  in  the  defence  of  the  city  of  Carhsle, 


AINSTABLE   PARISH. 


507 


when  besieged  by  the  Parliamentarians,  from  October,  1G44, 
until  its  surrender  in  June,  1615.  In  breach,  however,  of  the 
capitulation  that  tlio  garrison  should  enjoy  the  honours  of  war, 
and  the  citizens  perfect  safety,  Mr.  Aglionby  and  Sir  Pliilip 
Mnsgrave,  Rart.,  were  thrown  into  prison,  tried,  and  condemned 
to  death.  Tlioy,  however,  contrived  to  escape  tlie  night  previous 
to  the  day  appointed  for  their  execution,  and  thus  were  enabled 
to  save  their  lives.  Mr.  Aglionby  married  Margery,  daughter  of 
Christoper  Richmond,  Esq.,  of  Ilighhcad  Castle,  by  Elizabeth, 
danghter  of  Anthony  Chaj-tor,  Esq.,  of  Croft,  and  had  with  three 
daughters,  Jane,  Isabel,  and  Mary, 

I.  John,  his  successor.  , 
II.  Hcnrv,  M..\.,  in  holy  orders,  rector  of  Bowness,  who  died 

in  1701. 

III.  Christopher. 

IV.  llirbanl,  for  many  years  registrar  of  Carlisle,  who  had,  with 

two  sons,  wiio  both  died  iu  youth,  a  daughter, 

Ursula,  bom  in  lOflS,  married  in  1720,  to  Wm.  Nugent, 
Es<j ,  of  Clomlost,  in  the  county  of  Westmeath,  and 
had  two  duughlers, 

£lizalit>th  Nugent,  married  to  —  Nash,  Esq. 

Miiry  Nugent,  raarritd  to  tlie  Right  hnnoiirnble  Baron 

Yelverton,  lord  Avonmorp,  and  chief  baron  of  the 

Exchequer  lu  Irelaud. 

The  eldest  son  and  heir, 

John  Aqlionhv,  Esq.,  bom  March  SSth,  lGi2,  was  brought 
up  for  tlie  bar,  and  for  many  years  sensed  the  office  of  recorder 
of  Carlisle.  In  ICilO  he  exchanged  Drumburgh  Castle  and 
manor  with  Sir  Jolin  Lowther,  Bart.,  for  the  estate  of  Nunnery 
ond  manor  of  Armalhwaite.  He  married  Barbara,  daughter  of 
John  Palrickson,  Esq.,  of  Colder  Abbey,  and  had  issue, 

John,  his  successor. 

Bridget,  married  to  George  Watson,  Esq.,  of  Goswick  Castle, 
in  tlie  county  of  Durham. 

He  died  in  1717,  and  was  interred  in  the  family  vault,  St.  Cuth- 
bert's  church,  Carlisle.     His  son  and  heir, 

John  .\or.iosnv,  Esq.,  of  Nunnery,  born  in  lOOM,  married 
Dinah,  co-heiress  of  the  Ilev.  Uichard  Stoddart,  and  w^as  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son, 

Henuy  Agi.ioxbv,  Esq.,  of  Nunnery,  bom  in  ICS4.  This 
gentleman  represented  the  city  of  Carlisle  in  two  parliaments, 
tgmp.  George  I.,  and  was  high-sheritf  for  the  county  in  1734. 
Ho  was  likewise  an  alderman  of  Carlisle,  and  repeatedly  mayor 
of  that  city,  where  he  enjoyed  considerable  inlluence.  In  1715 
!ie  pulled  down  the  old  priory  and  erected  the  present  mansion, 
whence  he  removed  upon  the  marriage  of  his  son  to  Crossfield, 
and  there  built  another  residence,  where  he  continued  to  dwell 
till  his  decease.  By  his  wife,  Elizabeth,  youngest  sister  of  Sir 
Gilixed  LawsoD,  Bart,  of  Brajtoa,  he  hod  issue, 

I.  Hekrt,  his  successor. 

II.  John,  AI.A.,  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  where  be  deceased. 

I.  Surah  Grace,  died  young. 

II.  Sarah,  married  to  RiohnnI  Lowlhian,  Esq.,  of  DumfriM. 
in.  Elizabeth,  who  died  young,  iu  173ti. 

Mr.  Aglionby  died  in  1750,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 
Henkv  .VorjoNnv,  Esq.,  of  Nunnorv-,  bom  in  1715,  married 
Anne,  fourth  daughter  of  Sir  Christopher  >Iusgrave,  Bart,  of 
K.donhall,  by  Julia,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Cbardin,  by  whom 
CwUo  died  iu  1780)  he  had  issue, 

I.  Henry,  who  died  young,  in  1700,  bis  fatlicr  still  liTing. 

II,  John,  died  young. 

III.  C'linisTOPiiER,  his  heir. 

I.  Elizabeth,  married  to  Uichard  Bambcr,  Es<i. 

II.  Julio,  (Ued  unmarried. 


III.  .\nne,  married  to  the  Rev.  Samuel  Bateman,  of  Newbeggin 

Hall,  rector  of  Earthiugstoue,  and  had  a  son, 

Henkt  Aglionuy  Bate-mas,  who  relinquishing  his 
patronymic,  assumed,  in  ccimpliance  with  the  testamen- 
Uiry  injunction  of  one  of  bis  aunts,  the  surname  of 
Aglionby  instead,  and  is  the  present  Ilenrj-  AgUonby, 
Esq. 

IV.  Mary,  morried  to  John  Orfeur  Yates,  Esq.,  of  Skirnith  Abbey, 

iu  Cumberland,  who  had  issue, 

1.  Francis,  of  whom  hereafter. 

2.  John,  who  had  issue  sons  and  daughters. 

Mr.  Aglionby,  who  served  tlie  office  of  sheriff  of  Cumberland  in 
17C3,  and  was  for  many  years  an  alderman  of  Carlisle,  died  at 
Nunnery  in  1770,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  only  surviving  son, 

CnniSTOPHEP.  Aoi.ioNBY,  Esq.,  of  Nunnery,  who  was  a  minor 
at  the  time  of  his  father's  demise.  This  gentleman  served  the 
office  of  sheriff  of  Cumberland  in  1780,  and  died  unmarried  in 
1785,  when  the  male  line  of  the  family  expired.  The  estates 
were  subsequently  divided  by  a  decree  of  the  Court  of  Chancery 
between  his  four  sisters.  Mrs.  Bamber,  widow  of  the  above 
Richard  Bamber,  Esq.,  who  succeeded  to  the  Nunnery  estates 
in  1765,  on  the  death  of  Christopher  Aglionby,  Esq.,  bequeathed 
that  property,  by  will,  to  her  nephew,  Francis  Yates,  eldest  son 
of  John  Orfeur  Yates,  Esq.,  and  afterwards  to  go  to  Henry 
Aglionby,  Esq.,  or  his  heirs  male.  On  succeeding  to  the  estates 
Mr.  Y'ates  assumed  the  name  of  Aglionby,  and  Uius  became 

FnANcts  Aglionby,  of  Nunnery.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
war  which  followed  the  peace  of  .\miens,  Mr.  Aglionby  entered 
the  Cumberland  militia,  iu  which  he  finally  attained  the  rank  of 
major.  He  married  JIary,  daughter  of  John  Matthews,  Esq., 
of  Wigton  Hall,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

I.  Henrj-,  who  died  under  age. 

I.  Elizabeth  Aime,  ucmatried. 
u.  Man',  immarried. 
III.  Jane,  unmarried. 

In  1818  Major  .\glionby  succeeded  Mr.  Satterthwiute  as  chairman 
of  the  quarter  sessions  of  the  county,  which  office  he  held  till 
the  time  of  his  death.  He  contested  the  western  division  of 
the  county  twice,  once  with  Edward  Stanley,  Esq.,  and  at  another 
time  with  Samuel  Irton,  Esq.,  iu  both  cases  unsu.:cessfully. 
In  the  year  1837  he  was  rctiuned  to  Parliament  with  WilUam 
James,  Esq.,  of  Barrock  Lodge,  for  the  eastern  division  of  the 
county.  Miyor  Aglionby  died  in  1810,  and  was  succeeded  in  the 
Nunnery  estates  by  his  cousin, 

HcNBY  Aguondy  Agliosbv,  Esq.,  of  Nunnery,  who  was  bom 
on  the  28th  December,  1790.  Mr.  .\glionby  was  a  member  of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in 
1S13,  and  M.A.  in  I'^IO,  in  which  year  ho  was  also  called  to  iho 
bar.  He  subsequently  practised  as  a  special  pleader,  and  went 
the  northern  circuit.  He  became  ineiubor  of  Parliament  for 
Cockermouth  on  the  passing  of  the  Reform  Bill  in  183->,  and 
continued  to  represent  the  same  town  till  his  decease  on  July 
3Isl,  1851.  He  married,  at  Caterharo,  Surrey,  March  2nd, 
1852,  Mrs.  Ladd,  who  survives  hiju.  His  successor  at  Nunnery 
is 

CiiAULES  AaijONDY,  Esq. 

Amu. — Argcnl,  (wo  bars,  and  in  chief  three  martlets  sable. 
Crest. — .\  deini  eagle,  displayed,  or. 


The  village  of  .ViiistaMe  occupies  a  pleasant  situation, 
about  balf  a  mile  east  of  llie  EJcii,  aud  twelve  miles 
Bouth-cast-by-south  of  Carlisle. 


508 


LEATH  WARD. 


THE    CUL'RCH. 


Ainstable  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Michael  and  all 
the  JToIy  Angels,  was  re-built  in  the  earlj  part  of  the 
present  century,  and  consists  of  nave  and  chancel,  with 
a  small  square  tower  at  the  west  end,  in  which  is  the 
entrance.      It   contains  many  marble  monuments  in 
memory  of  vai-ious  members  of  the  Agliouby  family. 
In  the  church  yard  is  a  gravestone  with  a  cross  floree 
and  a  sword,  aud  four  coats  of  arms  of  the  Dcntons  of 
Cardew,  who  held  the  manor  in  the  reign  of  Edward  II. 
The  arms  in  two  of  the  shields  are  impaled.    The  lower 
shield  is  placed  diagonally  under  the  helmet  and  crest, 
a  custom  which  prevailed  in   the  latter  part  of  the 
fourteenth  and  the  beginning  of  tlie  fifteenth  century. 
Eound  the  edge  of  the  stone  is  this  inscription ; — "  Hie 
jacet  Johannes  de  D  ntown  Dominus  de    .    .   nstapli." 
As  seen  above,  the  church  of  Ainstable  was  appropriated 
to  the  priory  of  Armathwaite,  the  chaplain  of  which 
performed  aU  offices  of  religion  here.    On  the  dissolution 
of  the  priory  the  rectory  and  the  advowson  became  the 
property  of  the  crown,  and  continued  so  until  the  third 
year  of  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.,  when  letters  patent 
were  issued,  granting  to  Sir  Thomas  Peiyent,  Knt., 
and  Thomas  Eowe,  gentleman,  the  rectory  and  church 
of  Ainstable,  and  the  advowson  &nd  right  of  patronage 
of  the  said  church,  late  belonging  to  the  priory  of 
Armathwaite,  together  with  all   houses,  glebe  lands, 
tithes  of  com,  hay,  wool,  lamb,  and  all  other  tithes  to 
the  same  belonging,  to  hold  to  them  and  their  heirs  as 
of  the  manor  of  East  Greenwich,  by  fealty  only,  in  free 
socage,  and  not  in  capite.    In  the  Valor  of  Pope  Nicholas 
(129'2)  the  church  of  Ainstable  is  entered  at  £1 0  9s.  5d., 
and  the  vicarage,  atJEo  <ls.  8d.;  in  the  King's  Book,  the 
vicarage  is  valued  at  £8  Ss.  2d.;  and  it  was  certified  to 
the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  at  £'35.     On 
the  enclosure  of  the  commons  in  1821  an  allotment  of 
300  acres  was  awarded  in  lieu  of  vicarial  tithes ;  and 
this  land  has  since  been  much  improved,  so  that  the 
net  value  of  the  living  is  now  about  £200  per  annum. 
In  the  year  1688  the  advowson  was  in  the  co-hiers  of 
Mr.  Leonard  Barrow ;  Mr.  George  Lowthian,  of  Staffield, 
who  had  married  one  of  the  co-heiresses,  became,  by 
purchase,  the  possessor  of  the  whole  of  the  tithes.     His 
representative,  Richard  Lowthian  Ross,  Esq.,  sold  both 
the  advowson  and  tithes  to  Francis  Aglionby,  Esq.,  of 


Nunnery.   Charles  Fetheretonehaugh,  Esq.,  of  Staffield 
Hall  is  the  present  impropriator. 

Vicuis.— Richard  Cliyrden  occurs  1&31;  Thomas  Kumney, 
died  1505;  Sir  John  rreestman,  1005;  Robert  Watson,  1597; 
George  Dacres,  1001;  George  Hodgson,  1080;  John  Verty, 
1737;  Cliarles  Smalwood,  1740;  Thomas  liailton,  1771; 
WilUam  Armstrong,  1782;  William  Smith,  1787;  John  Bird, 
1832  ;  A.  M.  Wilson,  lSb3. 

The  vicarage,  a  neat  building  in  the  Tudor  style  of 
architecture,  was  erected  in  1855. 

CUAIUTIES. 

The  ScJiool. — By  an  indenture  bearing  date  March 
20,  1743,  a  parcel  of  land  in  this  parish  containing 
four  acres,  was  conveyed  to  trustees,  in  consideration 
of  £50,  for  the  use  of  a  free  school  at  Ainstable.  Part 
of  the  money,  £40,  was  left  for  that  purpose  by  'William 
Elan,  and  the  rest  was  collected  in  the  pariah.  The 
rent,  amounting  to  about  £10,  is  paid  over  to  the 
master.  All  the  children  of  parishioners  are  admitted 
into  the  school  and  taught  reading,  writing,  and  arith- 
metic ;  but  none  arc  taught  free  in  respect  of  this  endow- 
ment.   The  average  attendance  is  about  forty  scholars. 

Dixon's  Legacy. — Margaret  Di.\on,  by  wUl,  dated 
November  30th,  1773,  left  £15  on  trust,  the  interest  to 
be  paid  to  the  master  of  the  school,  towards  educating 
some  of  the  poor  children  of  the  pai'ish  gratis. 

G.  and  B.  Lowthian's  Charitij. — Bridget  Lowthian, 
in  1745,  left  a  legacy  of  £33  for  the  rehef  of  the  poor 
of  this  parish ;  and  George  Lo\Ythian,  in  the  same  year, 
left  £20  for  a  similar  purpose. 

Eichard  Lowthian's  Charity. — A  rent  charge  of  £5 
was  left  by  Richard  Lowthian,  to  the  poor  of  this  parish. 

Parochial  Library. — There  is  a  parochial  library,  but 
its  origin  is  unknown. 

Dale,  Bascadyke,  Longdales,  and  Ruckcroft  are 
hamlets  in  this  parish. 

There  is  a  chalybeate  spring  well  on  one  of  the  glebe 
land  farms. 

Dr.  Leake,  an  eminent  physician  of  the  last  century, 
author  of  several  practical  treatises  on  midwifery,  &c., 
and  founder  of  the  Westminster  Lying-in  Hospital,  was 
the  son  of  the  Rev.  WilUam  Leake,  curate  of  Ainstable, 
where  he  was  born  on  the  8th  of  June,  1729;  he  died 
in  1799. 


ALSTON   PARISH. 


509 


ALSTON  PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Alston,  anciently  written  Aldeneston,  and  Aldstone,  is  a  region  of  dreary  wastes  and  narrow  dales, 
bounded  on  tbo  west  by  Cross  Fell,  Hartside  Fell,  and  Thackmoor  Fell,  and  on  the  other  sides  by  high  lands  in  the 
counties  of  Is'orthumberland,  Durham,  and  Westmoreland.  It  is  about  nine  miles  in  length  from  north  to  south, 
and  about  cigjit  miles  iu  breadth  from  west  to  east.  It  is  intersected  by  the  rivers  South  Tyne,  Blackburn,  Nent, 
Gildcrsdale  Burn,  and  several  smaller  streams,  which  rise  and  unite  in  the  parish,  and  ilow  through  some  deep  dells, 
■where,  iu  some  places,  there  is  good  pasturage  for  sheep  and  cattle,  but  only  a  few  acres  of  land  in  tillage,  the 
high  lands  and  wastes  being  generally  covered  with  heath  and  bent.  The  soil  is  a  mixture  of  clay,  moss,  and  sand. 
The  parish  is  rich  in  mineral  treasures.  Small  trout  abound  in  the  rivers,  and  grouse  on  the  moors,  where  grow 
clustered  bramble-like  cranberries,  commonly  called  cloud-berries.  This  rich  mining  district  was  formerly  very 
difiicult  of  access,  owing  to  the  rough  and  broken  state  of  its  roads,  but  in  1823  an  act  of  Parliament  was  obtained 
for  making  new  roads  from  the  town  of  Alston,  to  Penrith,  Brampton,  and  Hexham,  all  of  which  have  been  long 
completed.  Another  road  has  since  been  made  from  Alston  over  Yadmoss  to  Greta  Bridge  in  Yorkshire.  And,  last 
of  all,  the  great  civiliser  of  modern  times,  the  railway,  has  reached  Alston,  connecting  it  with  the  Newcastle  and 
Carlisle  hue  at  Ilaltwhistle  in  Northumberland,  and  so  with  the  main  lines  of  railway  iu  the  kingdom. 


Alston  parish  comprises  an  area  of  35,000  acres, 
inclusive  of  Garrigill  and  Nenthead.  The  population 
in  1801  was  3,G'-2C ;  iu  1811,  inclusive  of  Garrigill 
and  Nenthead,  5,079  ;  in  1831,  of  Alstone  alone,  4,111; 
in  1831,  5,241;  in  1841,  4,588;  and  in  1851,  3,409, 
who  are  chiefly  resident  in  the  town  of  Alston.  Mining 
is  the  principal  employment  of  the  inhabitants.  The 
miners  are,  for  the  most  part,  sober  and  industrious ; 
and  show  a  simplicity  of  manners  rarely  found  among 
other  labouring  people.  The  Alston  and  Haltwhistle 
railway  runs  through  the  parish.  The  rateablo  value 
of  the  whole  parish  is  £10,108  3s.  4d.  There  is  a 
weekly  market  at  Alston  on  Saturdays. 

The  Piomau  road  called  the  Maiden  Way  crosses 
this  parish,  and  its  course  may  still  bo  traced  iu  several 
places.  There  is  a  large  cavern  on  Gildersdale  Fell, 
and  upon  Hall  Hill,  a  little  below  Tyne  Bridge,  is  the 
foundation  of  a  fortress,  which  appears  to  have  been 
surrounded  with  a  moat. 

The  manor  of  Alston,  comprehending  about  forty- 
live  square  miles,  was  given  to  William  do  Vcteripont 
by  William  the  Lion  King  of  Scotland,  who  confirmed 
it  by  a  grant,  recited  iu  a  record  which  appears  to 
belong  to  the  year  1280.  It  was  further  confirmed  by 
a  charter  of  King  John,  bearing  date  May  10,  1200. 
In  1280  Fdward  I.  by  his  charter  stating  that  having 
recovered  the  manor  from  Bobert  de  Vetcriponte,  ho 
now,  at  the  instance  of  .(Vloxandcr,  son  of  Alexander 
King  of  Scotland,  restored  it  to  his  sou  Nicholas,  to  be 
held  iu  perpetuity  of  tbo  said  Alexander  as  of  his 
liberty  of  Tynedalc,  with  the  exception  of  the  mines, 
miners,  and  liberties  of  tliu  miners,  within  the  manor. 
From  an  inquisition  taken  in  1315,  after  the  demise 
of  Nicholas  do  Vetcriponte,  wo  Icaru  that  "  he  died 
possessed  of  the  capital  niessuago  in  Aldorstone,  with 
fourteen  acres  of  arable  land,  and  100  acres  of  meadow. 


had  thirty-three  tenants  at  Gerardsgill  who  held  thirty- 
three  shieldings  and  paid  yearly  £5  18s.  Od.  yearly 
rent,  thirteen  tenants  at  Amotes-halth  who  paid  yearly 
£3  8s.  4d.,  twenty-two  tenants  at  Nent  and  Corbrigate 
who  held  twentj--two  shieldings,  and  paid  £5  Ss.  rent ; 
also  one  water  coru-miJn  and  one  fulling  miln,  and  3,000 
acres  of  pasture  in  Alderstone  Moor;  all  which  pre- 
mises were  held  of  the  manor  of  Wark :  and  that  Robert 
de  Veteriponte  was  his  sou  and  heir."  His  Alston 
estates  descended  to  his  son  Piobert ;  and  from  him,  it 
appears,  to  his  sisters — Elizabeth,  wife  of  Thomas 
Blencowe,  aud  Joan,  wife  of  William  Whytlawe,  where 
a  link  or  two  of  the  family  history  is  wanting  to  connect 
it  with  Thomas  Whytlawe,  who,  in  1443,  granted  the 
manors  of  Alston,  Ellerington,  and  Gerrardgill,  to 
William  Stapleton  of  Edenhall,  and  Margaret  his  wife, 
whose  daughter  INIary  brought  Alston  iu  marriage  to 
the  lliltons  of  HUton  Castle,  in  the  county  of  Durham. 
This  last-named  family,  about  the  year  1018,'  sold 
Alston  to  Sir  Francis  Ratcliffe,  Bart.,  of  Dilston,  and 
it  continued  to  be  held  by  his  family  till  the  year  1716, 
when,  on  the  attainder  of  the  last  Earl  of  Derwent- 
watcr,  it  was  settled  by  act  of  Parhament  on  Green- 
wich Hospital.  Between  the  years  IIjII  and  1010 
the  lands  were  leased  olY  to  tho  tenants  by  Henry 
Hilton,  Esq.,  for  rents  amounting  to  £03  a  year,  and 
a  twenty-penny  line  at  the  end  of  every  twenty  yeare. 
The  lords  continued  to  claim  the  timber  on  the  tenant's 
lands  uutil  a  compromise  between  the  two  parties  intro- 
duced a  clause  into  the  act  of  I'arliament,  passed  in 
1803,  for  enclosing  the  commons  of  the  parish,  by 
which  all  right  of  timber  was  settled  on  tho  tenant. 
Tlio  dignity  of  the  manor  is  still  preserved  by  holding 
courts  leet  and  baron  at  Lowbyer.     Some  of  the  court 

1  Mr.  Sopwiih  says  that  it  was  in  16-JO  that  the  manor  was  sold  to 
Sir  Ldward  Uadcliffe  fur  £2,fl00. 


510 


LEATH  WARD. 


books  are  signed  by  the  first  Lord  Derwcutwatcr.  The 
goveruors  of  Geenwich  Hospital  let  out  the  mines  on 
working  leases  to  the  London  and  other  lead  companies. 
The  principal  landowners  are  the  governors  of  Greeu- 
wich  Hospital,  the  London  Lead  Company,  the  trustees 
of  the  late  Robert  Hodgson,  Esq.,  the  trustees  of  the 
late  George  Elstob  Joseph  Dickinson,  Esq. ;  Jacob  and 
Jonathan  Walton,  Esqs.;  Hugh  Watson  Friend,  Esq.; 
Eev.  Octavius  James ;  the  trustees  of  the  late  Jacob 
Wilson,  Esq. ;  Tinuiswood  and  Juhn  Jlilhcar  ;  the 
Rodderup  Fell  ^Mining  Company ;  Messrs.  Fydell  and 
Tufuell,  William  Bird,  Thomas  Shaw,  and  Thomas 
Wilson,  Esq. 

The  mines  of  Alston  have  been  worked  from  a  very 
remote  period.  There  is  every  probability  that  they 
were  known  to  the  Romans,  whose  "^laideu  Way" 
runs  through  the  parish.  Wo  have,  however,  nothing 
concerning  them  that  can  be  relied  upon  as  authentic 
previous  to  the  reign  of  Henry  I.  The  Cumberland 
Pipe  Rolls  contain  a  series  of  entries  of  the  "Rents  and 
profits  of  the  mines  of  Northumberland  and  Cumberland, 
during  the  reigns  of  Henry  IL  and  Richard  I.,  extend- 
ing from  the  j-ear  1157  to  1189  inclusive,  and  which 
make  a  total  of  ii4,o85.  In  the  twelfth  century,  and  at 
later  periods,  there  was  a  mint  at  Carlisle,  which,  there 
is  every  probability,  was  supplied  with  silver  from 
Alston.  Under  the  year  1326,  the  Northumberland 
Pipe  Roll  contains  an  entry  of  a  charge  of  £2,154  for 
the  "  rent  of  the  mine  of  Carlisle,"  which,  by  subsequent 
records,  is  identified  with  that  of  Alston.  The  Alston 
mines  were  protected  by  royal  charters,  which  guaran- 
teed to  the  workers  in  them  peculiar  privileges 
and  immunities,  and  prohibited  any  one  from  unjustly 
distributing  them,  under  a  penalty  of  JCIO.  We  subjoin 
the  following  extract  from  an  old  document,  in  the 
possession  of  Mr.  George  Millicar,  of  Tyne  Head,  agent 
of  Messrs,  Fydell  and  Tufnell,  the  lords  of  Tyne  Head 
manor,  and  obligingly  copied  for  us  by  the  Rev.  George 
Monkhouse,  which  goes  far  to  prove  the  antiquity  of 
mining  operations  at  Alston.  "  That  part  of  Tyne 
Head  which  belongs  to  Mr.  Gill  is  freehold,  and  he 
hath  also  the  royalties,  the  rest  of  Tyne  Head  is  held 
by  lease,  as  aforesaid.  Lord  Coke,  in  his  second  in- 
stitute, page  578,  reports  a  noble  case  that  happened 
in  his  mines  of  Aldunestone,  in  the  ISth  Edward  I. 
(1289-On).  Henry  de  Whitby  and  Joan,  his  wife, 
impleaded  several  of  the  miners  for  cutting  down  and 
carrying  away  their  trees.  The  miners  answer  that 
they  farm  the  mine  of  the  king,  and  plead  that  for 
working  a  vein  of  silver  (as  now  they  do)  the  miners 
have  a  right  to  take  away  any  wood  whatsoever,  that  shall 
be  near  to  and  convenient  for  the  said  work,  and  that 


they  havo  also  a  right  at  their  will  and  pleasure  to  use 
and  dispose  of  that  wood  for  burning  and  smelting,  and 
for  paying  the  workmen  their  wages,  and  also  to  give 
what  tliey  think  fit  thereof  to  their  poor  workmen  of 
the  miners ;  and  they  state  that  they  have  exercised 
their  right  from  time  immemorial.     The  said  Henry 
and  Joan  acknowledge  the  miners'  right  to  take  the 
wood  for  burning  and  smelting  for  the  use  of  the  miners, 
but  charge  that  the  miners  had  cut  down,  carried  away, 
and  sold  largo  quantities  of  wood,  from  which  the  king 
received  no  Idnd  of  benefit,  and  which  never  came  to 
the  use  of  the  mines  at  all.     And  upon  this  they  pray 
to  have  judgment.     It  doth  not  appear  what  was  the 
event  of  this  cause,   nor  is  it  now  very  material  to 
inquire.     For  two  reasons  :    first,  for  that  by  act  of 
Parliament  no  mine  shall  be  deemed  a  royal  mine,  not- 
withstanding any  gold  or  silver  that  may  be  found  in  it — 
only  the  king  (if  he  pleases)  may  have  the  ore,  paying 
for  the  same  a  stated  price.     Secondly,  there  is  now,  as 
may  well  be  supposed,  scarce  a  tree  to  be  seen  in  the 
whole  country."     By  inquests  held  at  Penrith,  in  the 
year  1356  and  1415,  it  appears  that  the  judicial  affairs 
of  the  mines  of  Alston  were  administered  by  a  coroner 
as  judge,  and  a  king's  seijeant  as  sheriff  or  head  baihff. 
In  the  first-named  year,  the  mines  were  held  by  lease, 
under  a  certain  rent  of  the  freemen  of  that  place,  by  one 
Tilman,  a  native  of  Cologne,  who,  on  petition  to  the 
crown,  obtained  for  himself  and  workmen  letters  patent, 
directing  the  king's  bailiffs  to  maintain  and  protect  them 
while  at  labour  in  the  mines,  and  not  to  suffer  them  to 
be  injured  or  molested.     It  appears  by  letters  patent, 
granted  to  William  Stapleton,  Esq.,  dated  November 
13th,   1411,  that  he  and  his  tenants  at  will  in  this 
manor,  and  their  predecessors,  had  annually  paid  into 
the  Royal  Exchequer  at  Carlisle,  ton  marks  for  the  mines 
here,  known  by  the  name  of  the  "  mine  of  Carlisle." 
The  Originalia  contain  a  grant,  in  1117,  of  the  mine  of 
Alston  to  William  Stapleton,  Esq.,  at  the  annual  rent 
of  £10.    By  letters  patent,  dated  December  20th,  140S, 
Edward  IV.  granted  to  Richard  Neville,  earl  of  War- 
wick, and  John  Neville,  his  brother,  carl  of  Northum- 
berland, and  others,  all  his  mines  of  gold  and  silver ; 
and  again  on  March  23rd,  1475,  to  his  brother  Richard, 
duke  of  Gloucester,  Henry  Percy,  earl  of  Northumber- 
land, and  others,  the  mine  of  Fletchers,  near  Garrigill, 
in  the  parish  of  Alston.     In  the  year  1718  there  were 
119  lead  mines  in  the  parish  of  Alston,  103  of  which 
were  held  on  lease  under  Greenwich  Hospital.     The 
average  annual  produce  of  that  and  the  two  preceding 
yeai's  is  stated  at  rather  more  than  8,377  tons,  the 
value  being  about  £70,000.     At  the  latter  end  of  the 
last  century  the  clear  yearly  produce  was  stated  at 


ALSTON  PAEISH. 


511 


£16,000 ;  the  number  of  persons  employed  in  tlio 
mines  being  upwards  of  1,0(J0.  In  18U  the  number 
of  mines  held  under  the  hospital  was  102  ;  the  number 
of  tons  produced,  4,598.  About  the  year  1829,  the 
aiiuual  quantity  of  ore  was  stated  as  not  exceeding 
8,800  tons,  yielding  about  5,500  fothcrs  of  lead,  and 
containing  from  eight  to  tea  ounces  of  silver  to  each 
fother. 

Wc  subjoin  the  statistics  of  the  lead  mines  of  the 
Alston  district  for  1857: — 


Alston  Mook. 


Minps  leased  to 


Names  of  311dcs. 


''iLong  Clengb 

'fUmpgill    

Capel  Clcu£li 

Brownffill 

Carnt  aud  IlaDgiug  Shaw 
Srali'liurn 


theGovernoruid.)   Middle  Clc>Ui;h  ... . 


Company. 

Total  Ore, 

:,771  Ions  1  cwt. 

Total   of  Lead, 

i2,(wa  tons  G  cwt. 


LefttedtoTftrious 

partifs,  but  bc- 
]nni^n^  to  Given- 
wicU  llofipital. 


Lead-ore. 


TnB.cwta. 
475  6 
433  8 

187  « 
IM  9 
337  3 
87  3 
315  16 
97  4 
(US  4 
2-2  14 
27  6 
18  19 
0  14 
2  S 
65  0 
10  11 
37  12 


Tho 

followlni;  Mines 
l>clnng  to  (in!cn- 
wlch  llofipilal  ; 
but  they  ani 
loasod  to  various 
parties. 


TVXK  tlCJU) 
Ml.SKS. 


Beutyficld,  S.  Vein.W.  E. 

[Small  Cleugh 

T^ne  Bottom 

jGuddalDKill   

Cowper  Dyko  Heads. . . . 

Fleteberaa 

Priorsddlo 

(  lliityfld.,  E.  End,  Sun  Vn. 

Black  Syko  

Blagill    

lirijial  Bum 

BroKDley  Hill 

Xow  Bircbey  Bank 

{CaiT»  TVeitt  of  Nent   . . . 

iciargill  Bum    

iClarpill  Head 

Cow  Hill    

Crap  Green,  Nortb  Vein 

Crosiijjill  Head 

l>uwpot  Syke    

I>oukc  lluiiiorCaab  Well 

!Farnbery  

iPoreshleld 

IFlow  Kd;;e 

lOallygill  Sykc 

iGallyinll  Benta    

Grassfiild 

GultcrKllI,  East  End.. 

Ilulyfield    

J  lludpill  Bum  

L4M;  House  Well 

Middle  Syke 

Nattrass,  Middle  Vvin 
Nattms.s,  North  Vein. . 
Neutsliury,  North  Vein 
Nentsbury  I'.istunj. . .. 

Peat  Slack  Hill 

I'ark  Grove  Sun  Vein. , 

Pasture  G  rove 

lIo<ldcrup  I'ell 1,201 

iSlote    I 

Tborntfill  Slit 

lThoni|,Hll,  KiBt  End  ... 
ThoniKill,  West  Knd... 
WellKllI,  Cross  Vein... 

Windy  Brow 

Sundry  HniuU  Mines  . . . 

', Allen's  Clou^h 

|Onlvert,  Knntaud  West. 

IClarglll  llea.1  

'Ilosey  and  Tvno  Boya  . 
South  Ami  West  Civaafttll 

Bast  Cn'ssfcll   

Green  Banks 

l.adv  Vein. 

Mldill"  Tyue  GnHiu 

I'atter  Syko 

jSouth  CrossfoU    .. 

Stow  Craig     

JToesSide   

Smltterglll  Ilead... 
~iuidries    


;,  1.1 


Tns.nrt8. 

366     6 

325     1 

140  lu 

90    6 

252  15 

85    6 

236  14 

72  18 

4»G    3 

17    0 

20    8 

14  15 

0  10 

1  16 
63  15 

8     0 

28     4 

79     6 

315    0 

S  10 
12     0 


173  15 


1  10 
48  13 
13  17 
33  6 
IB  15 
C  n 
0 
4 


12c'> 


I     4 
C  13 


S  12 

4  13 

1   10 

4 


IB  IS 
11  3 
IS    5 


0  12 
«  14 


Lead.      Silver. 


3 

fi 

1 

IH 

1 

17 

0 

3 

in  19  1 

K 

G 

70  10  1 

7 

4 

8,3)13 

' 

3  14 

2  0 

3  15 
3  IS 

132     0 


1  2 
3G  lU 
10  7 
24  10 
14    0 

4  14 
94  10 


0  IG 
4  IS 


2  U 

3  9 
1     2 

840    0 


14     2 

H    7 


0  8 
G  14 
i    6 

4  6 
e  10 

14  10 
0  15 

13  2 
0  7 
*     4 

18  18 
«6  U 
AT    6 

5  0 


Oa. 


■12,480 


892 

ICO 

168 

1,10G 

1,260 

9C 


648 

720 

75 

1,S98 

340 


25 

5,880 


3,960  » 


» 

53 
lOfl 
84 
6 
116 
G 
M 

a 

16 

MO 
lU 


M,OM  I 


lead  ore  weighed  over  in  the  manor  of  Alston  Moor  in 
the  year  1858  : — 


Names  of  Mines. 


Governor 

and  Company's 

Mines. 


/'I  Rampglll  

Scaleband  

( "arrs  and  Uanging.sliaw  

Capel  Cleugh    

Long  Cleugh 

Middle  Cleugh 

Small  Cleugh    

Gnddamgill    

Browngill  Vein    

Beiity  l-ield  .Sun  Vein,  West  End  . . . 

Cowper's  Ltyke  Heads    

Pletcheras  Vein  

Tyne  Bottom  and  Wlndsbaw  Bridge. 

Blagill    

Brownley  HUl 

llrigal  r.iim 

lier.ty  Field,  E.  End 

Bavle  Hill 

Black  Syke  

Carrs  West  of  Nent  

Crag  Greens,  N.  Veili   

CrossgiU  Head 

I  Corn  Uiggs   

1  >onke  Burn,  W.  End     

I  Fore.^hH;ld 

I  Fambery  

Flow  Edge 

Guttergill.  E.  End 

Gallygill  Bents 

Gally(,'lll  .'5ykc 

G  rass  Field 

Guttergill.  West  Eud    

Green  CasUe 

Holy-Field    

Hud'gill  Bum   

Hodgson's  Cross  Vein    

Lee  House  Well 

Low  Bircbey  Bank 

Nattrass  N.  Vein    

Nontfibury  Greens,  N.  Vein 

Peal  Stack  Hill    

Park  tlrove.  S.  ^'cln 

Itodderup  CJeugh    

Thonigill,  E.  End   

Thorngill.  W.  Eud 

Thonigill  SUtt 

White  Lee.    

WellyiU  Cross  Vein  


Total 
Quantities. 


Total  Bings  (S  cwt.  each)....    13617     S 


Bings. 

692 

222 

9'2S 

371 

14'^2 

37.5 

17liG 

142 

401 

271 

24 

G8 

1» 

144 

1050 

2G« 

311 

2 

7 

51 

22 

2S 

6 

821 

99 

I 

7 

44S 

3 

114 

45 

17 

0 

27 

262 

5 

18 

28 

19 

23 

10 

3 

S8U 

44 

62 

1 

I 

49 


cwts. 

1 

3 
1 
6 

6 
I 

7 
7 
2 
G 
1 
4 
7 
1 
0 
0 
£ 
4 
6 
1 
4 
0 
7 
6 
6 
4 
4 
4 
4 
5 
I 

0 
7 
6 
4 
G 
7 
3 
5 
6 
C 
6 
0 
6 
2 
3 
1 
7 


The  following  statement  shows  the  total  quantity  of 


The  total  product  of  load  ore  for  1858  will  exceed 
that  of  1857  by  about  300  tons. 

We  subjoiu  the  following  account  of  the  mines  and 
minors  of  this  district  from  Jlr.  White's  "  Xorlhuiuber- 
laud  and  the  Border,"  London,  185'J  : — "  Wishing  to  see 
eomething  of  the  mines  and  miners,  I  turned  away  from 
the  Tyne,  and  was  presently  on  the  bill-top  above  tho 
town,  -n-alliing  up  the  valley  of  tho  Nent,  but  at  a  con- 
siderable elevation  above  the  stream ;  high  enough  to 
scan  a  great  expanse  of  rolling  suinmits,  among  which 
not  a  few  mark  the  border  of  Northumberland.  Now 
and  then  a  heavy  shower  swept  across,  making  Uio 
intervening  suiishiue  appear  the  brighter,  and  freshen- 
ing up  tho  verdure  of  the  fields  aud  meads  that  lie  in 
the  hollows,  and  pi-oduoing  a  variety  of  light  and  shade 
upon  Uio  landscape  wheruin  tho  little  svkes  or  gullies 
that  furrow  the  hill  sides  appear  the  darker.  Wo  arc 
here  on  the  opox  of  tho  island,  among  the  topmost 
upheavals  of  the  limestone,  sandstone,  and  slate  strata, 
which  ere  the  joy  of  the  miner,  for  therein  he  finds 


513 


LEATH  WARD. 


rich  veins  and  pockets  of  metnl.  Not  without  tremen- 
dous throes  were  they  upHfted  to  their  present  elevation ; 
and  here  and  there  in  a  scar,  or  on  the  rugged  flank  of 
a  water-course,  we  may  read  somewhat  of  their  history. 
In  some  places  the  metallic  veins  lie  optn  to  the  day- 
light ;  and  on  one  side  of  a  valley  the  ends  of  rock-beds 
are  seen  corresponding  to  similar  beds  on  the  other 
side ;  and  with  other  remarkable  phenomena  the  lime- 
stone slopes  away  on  the  east  and  west  till  it  meets  the 
coal  strata,  which  in  this  latitude  complete  the  slope 
and  rush  down  beneath  the  sea  on  both  sides  of  the 
island.  We  pass  Xent  Hall,  which,  embosomed  in 
trees,  reminds  us  of  an  oasis,  and,  four  miles  from 
Alston,  come  to  the  village  of  Nent  Head,  which  makes 
no  secret  of  its  vocation,  for  huge  mounds  of  refuse, 
tramways,  wagons,  heaps  of  ore,  implements  scattered 
about,  and  a  sturdy  population  proclaim  that  it  lives 
by  the  mines.  It  belongs  to  the  London  Lead  Com- 
pany, who  rebuilt  it  some  years  ago ;  hence  it  boasts  a 
market-house  crowned  by  a  clock  tower,  a  Methodists 
chapel,  and  a  good  school-house,  yet  somewhat  primitive 
withal.  And  it  is  not  right  that  a  village  should 
harmonise  with  its  environments.  There  are  however 
no  signs  of  poverty,  but  abundant  signs  of  work  ;  men 
and  boys  washing,  sorting,  and  crushing  ore,  amid 
the  splashing  of  water,  the  thumping  of  machinery, 
and  clattering  as  of  falling  stones  when  the  wagons 
from  the  mines  drop  their  burden.  From  the  heaps  of 
ore  at  one  end  of  the  premises,  to  the  slime-pits  on  the 
other,  resolute  industry  prevails.  Higher  up  the  hill 
stands  the  smelt-mill,  where  the  ore  is  roasted  and 
melted  and  cast  into  pigs  of  lead.  The  roasting  is 
what  a  metallurgist  calls  a  beautiful  process :  the  ore 
is  spread  on  the  sole,  or  floor  of  a  furnace,  and  is  heated 
to  a  temperature  at  which  it  parts  with  its  sulphur  and 
takes  up  oxygen,  but  does  not  melt.  In  another  fur- 
nace it  is  melted,  and  you  see  the  molten  stream  flowing 
from  the  mouth  into  a  pot.  In  another,  the  stubborn 
slag,  or  the  dross  and  refuse,  is  treated  by  a  roaring 
blast,  becomes  docile,  yields  every  particle  of  lead, 
while  splendid  blue  and  green  flames  leap  and  play 
in  the  impetuous  cun-ent.  You  see  how  even  the 
sweepings  of  the  chimney  arc  converted  into  metal  by 
the  action  of  tire ;  how  silver  is  separated  from  the 
baser  metal ;  and  not  least  astonishing  among  strange 
sights  is  the  huge  water-wheel,  exceeding  in  circum- 
ference perhaps  all  that  you  have  ever  seen  before, 
which  drives  the  condensing  apparatus.  The  village 
is  built  on  a  hill  slope,  and  here  and  there  you  see  the 
galleries,  or  entrances  to  the  mines,  which  penetrate 
the  hills  for  miles,  ramifying  and  honeycombing  to  such 
a  depth  that  they  reach  the  diggings  from  the  other 


side,  and,  as  I  was  told,  it  is  possible  to  go  all  through 
seven  miles  underground,  and  come  out  in  Weardale. 
One  of  the  entrances  was  pointed  out  to  me  as  Rampgilt 
vein,  from  which  seventy-two  tons  of  ore  have  been  dug 
every  week  for  more  than  a  hundred  years.  "With  such 
abundance  as  that  to  work  up,  1,200  men  and  boys 
may  well  be  busy.  What  a  clattering  of  clogs  there 
was  when  the  school  broke  up,  and  the  children  swarmed 
out  upon  the  street.  They  are  not  remarkable  for 
beauty,  but  they  are  remarkable  for  cleanliness,  and 
appear  to  be  robust  alike  in  health  and  limb.  Let  us 
take  a  walk  through  the  works,  and  see  by  what  process 
lead  is  procured.  The  ore,  as  it  comes  from  the  mines, 
is  in  rough  stony  lumps,  of  all  sizes,  from  the  bigness 
of  your  head  down  to  sand ;  some  lumps  are  slaty  in 
appearance,  some  like  quartz ;  many  are  good  specimens 
of  the  pale  grey  limestone  from  which  they  were  torn, 
and  the  more  they  all  sparkle  with  crystals  of  lead  the 
better  is  their  quality.  Some  look  as  if  they  were  all 
lead,  only  brighter,  so  cunningly  is  the  earth  masked,  and 
these  which  are  singularly  heavy,  the  miners  lovingly 
call  '  lazy  lumps.'  The  local  term  for  ore  is  bouse ; 
the  wagons  laden  therewith  run  from  the  mines  to  the 
works,  where  each  drops  its  burden  into  the  house- 
teams  ;  that  is  into  a  range  of  open  stalls,  according  to 
quality.  Here  the  ore  is  ready  to  hand  ;  the  washing 
floors  are  close  by  on  the  same  level,  and  the  next  opera- 
tion is  to  break  it  up,  wash  it,  and  separate  metal  from 
stone.  A  barrowful  of  ore  is  thrown  on  an  iron  grating, 
upon  which  a  stream  of  water  is  let  to  flow ;  the  light 
earthy  and  gritty  particles  are  thereby  washed  off,  and 
carried  into  the  '  trunk  box,'  placed  in  connection  with 
the  grating.  Meanwhile  men  and  boys  stand  by  with 
hammers,  and  pick  the  washed  lumps.  That  which  is 
only  stone  is  at  once  thrown  away ;  the  metallic  lumps 
are  broken  and  sorted,  and  as  much  of  the  stone  got  rid 
of  as  possible,  in  readiness  for  the  succeeding  operation 
known  on  the  spot  as  '  huddling'  and  '  botching,'  which 
may  be  described  as  a  kind  of  sifting  with  sieves 
suspended  in  water ;  an  arrangement  which  facilitates 
the  separation  of  the  heavy  from  the  light  portions. 
You  have  only  to  agitate  sieves  and  bo.xes  with  sufficient 
perseverance,  and  the  ore  will  find  its  way  to  the  bottom, 
and  lie  there  as  a  distinct  stratum,  by  its  own  gravity, 
and  then  separation  from  the  refuse  is  easy.  It  is  a 
pretty  sight  to  see  a  heap  of  pure  ore  lying  bright  and 
glistening,  ready  for  the  smelt-mill ;  such  a  mass  of 
what  metallurgists  call  galena,  you  never  saw  before, 
and  you  may  well  admire  it.  The  sight  is  one  to 
admire,  for  its  own  intrinsic  quality,  and  for  the 
successful  results  of  mechanical  operations.  Who 
would  think  that  those  great  rough  heaps  of  bouse 


ALSTON   PARISH. 


613 


could  ever  be  brought  into  so  clean  a  condition.  No- 
thing is  lost.  Tho  washings  are  not  allowed  to  run 
away  to  waste,  but  are  intercepted  and  made  to  surrender 
whatever  they  hold  of  metalliferous.  The  trunk  bo.ves 
are  emptied  from  time  to  time,  and  the  small  lumps  of 
ore  are  picked  out ;  in  fact,  whatever  cunning  and  skill 
can  do  to  save  lead  is  done.  All  the  water  of  the 
washings,  before  its  final  exit  from  tho  premises,  is 
niado  to  flow  into  '  slime  pits,'  where  it  remains  almost 
stagnant,  until  it  has  thrown  down  the  light  particles 
held  in  suspension.  These  particles  form  thick  beds  of 
'  slime,'  iu  which  is  contained  a  considerable  quantity 
of  lead.  But  how  to  separate  it? — that  is  the  question. 
Clever  folk,  these  lead-seekers  !  you  will  say,  on  seeing 
tli^knswer.  With  two  rollers,  and  an  endless  web  of 
canvas,  they  form  an  inclined  plane ;  the  web  is  set  in 
motion,  travelling,  so  to  speak,  up-hill,  and  while  it 
moves  the  slime  drops  upon  it  from  a  trough  ;  water 
falls  at  the  same  time  in  a  brisk  shower,  and  the  result 
is,  that  as  the  web  moves,  the  particles  of  lead,  by  reason 
of  their  weight,  fall  into  a  trough,  while  the  fine  sand 
and  mud  is  washed  away ;  and  then  in  a  muddy  stream 
tho  water  is  dismissed.  Even  tho  lead-seekers  have 
done  with  it. 

"  Now  comes  another  question.  Aro  they  wise 
as  well  as  clever '.'  There  is  a  good  school  hero.  The 
appearance  and  arrangements  of  the  place  show  that  the 
London  Lead  Company  like  order  and  economy,  and  not 
huggermuggor.  Look  in  the  faces  of  the  people,  you  see 
no  signs  of  want  or  privation.  Look  into  the  cottages, 
and  you  will  see  the  appliances  of  substantial  comfort;  and 
to  Ncnthead  belongs  part  of  the  .£iiO,000  in  the  savings 
bank  at  Alston.  You  will  not  hoar  of  action  for  divorce, 
or  of  the  criminal  causes  whence  such  actions  proceed ; 
but  you  will  hear  of  one  offence  against  good  morals, 
and  that  is,  bastardy.  If  there  were  such  an  instrument 
as  a  moralometer,  you  would  find  bastardy  to  be  a  pretty 
steady  high  reading  in  the  mining  districts.  We  must 
not,  however,  suffer  ourselves  to  bo  misled,  though  we 
may  bo  surprised  by  such  a  state  of  things.  It  docs 
not  necessarily  follow  that  there  is  more  wickedness  in 
these  villages  than  in  towns,  which,  by  comparison,  show 
a  smaller  return  of  illegitimate  births ;  and  the  samo 
argument  applies  to  tho  rural  districts  in  Scotland, 
against  which  tho  charge  of  immorality  has  been 
brought.  For  here,  in  this  leod-mining  country,  a  girl 
does  not  lose  caste  by  having  borne  a  child  out  of 
wedlock  ;  though  trouble  may  bo  occasioned  at  first,  sho 
continues  to  live  on  in  her  father's  house,  sharing  still 
in  tho  privileges  of  home,  and  is  not  despised  by  her 
mother  and  sisters.  Neither  is  her  chance  of  marriage 
diminished,  though  not  as  a  matter  of  course  with  her 
60 


first  lover;  and  once  married,  she  becomes  a  faithful 
wife,  and  as  the  mother  of  a  hard-working  family  is  there 
to  participate  in  all  the  ameliorating  influences  which 
time  and  circumstances  may  bring.  But  should  she 
play  the  wanton,  and  repeat  the  offence,  then  sho 
forfeits  her  position  and  prospect  of  matrimony.  Here, 
in  Nenthead,  as  I  am  told,  the  company  require  that 
the  father  of  the  child  shall  marry  tho  woman  whom 
he  has,  so  to  speak,  betrayed;  or  quit  their  service. 
Looked  at  fairly,  wo  thus  see  that  this  hill  country- 
has,  after  all,  a  good  notion  of  morality.  We  may  not, 
perhaps,  bear  of  bastardy  in  the  Haymarket ;  but  who 
will  contend  that  the  Haymarket  is  more  moral  thao 
Nenthead  '.'  Is  there  not  among  these  miners'  wives 
and  daughters  a  manifestation — '  inarticulate,'  if  you 
will — of  tho  charity  that  hopeth  all  things  ?  It  seems 
to  mo  that  women  in  other  parts  of  the  kingdom,  even 
in  places  that  regard  themselves  as  refined  and  highly 
civilised,  might  learn  a  lesson  from  tho  unrefined. 
How  many  a  virtuous  woman  has  been  made  vicious  by 
the  cold  scorn  and  neglect  of  her  chaste,  and  it  may  be, 
untempted  sisters ! 

"  Steep  and  stoncy  is  the  ascent  by  which  I  left 
Nenthead,  up  the  flank  of  Kilhopo  Law,  a  hill  more 
than  2,000  feet  high.  When  viewed  from  above  there 
is  something  picturesque  after  all  iu  the  aspect  of  the 
village  :  a  cluster  of  solid  white-washed  houses,  with 
pale  blue  slate  roofs.  But  very  lonely  does  it  appear 
amid  the  great  brown  fells.  From  the  smelt-miU  a 
long  range  of  masonry  stretches  away  far  up  the  hill- 
side, with  low  towers  at  intervals,  as  if  in  imitation 
of  the  Great  Wall  of  China.  You  might  guess  it  to 
bo  an  aqueduct ;  but  it  is  the  chimney  of  the  mill,  and 
you  see  that  it  terminates  above  in  an  upright  smoking 
shaft.  A  chimney  a  mile  long  :  what  can  that  be  for'.* 
The  answer  is,  that  smelters  being  wise  in  their  genera- 
tion, conduct  the  fumes  from  all  their  furnaces  into  one 
chimney,  where,  in  their  long  course  to  the  vent,  tho 
light  particles  have  time  to  form  a  solid  deposit  on  tho 
walls,  leaving  only  a  small  (juaTitity  of  light  vapour  to 
escape.  And  this  deposit,  sometimes  two  feet  thick,  is 
dug  out  and  scraped  off  once  a  year,  and  converted  in 
the  furnace  into  solid  marketable  lead." 

THE   TOWN   OF  ALSTON. 

Tho  ancient  market  town  of  Alston  stands  on  a 
declivity  on  tho  right  bank  of  tho  South  Tyne  river,  iu 
54"  5S'  nortli  latitude,  and  2'  '25'  west  longitude, 
twenty-five  miles  east-south-east  from  Carlisle,  nine- 
teen miles  north-east  of  renrith,  27*2  miles  north- 
north-west  from  Loudon  by  road,  and  2!>1  by  the  Great 
Northern,  and  York,  Newcastle,  and  Carlisle  railways. 


614 


LEATH  WARD. 


The  population  of  the  town  iu  1851  was  2,005,  of  whom 
1,012  were  males,  anil  !19;J  females ;  the  number  of 
inhabited  houses  at  the  same  period  was  413,  and  of 
nniuhabited  four.  The  town  is  irregularly  built;  tho 
houses  arc  chiefly  of  stone  and  roofed  with  slate ;  a 
tiaudsome  new  bridge  crosses  the  South  Tyne  river. 
In  the  ceutre  of  the  town  is  a  market  cross,  erected  by 
Sir  William  Stephenson,  Bart.,  lord  mayor  of  London 
in  170-1.  Alston  is  well  supplied  with  water  from  an 
e.vcelleut  spring  on  the  Broad  Potliill,  distant  about 
half  a  mile  south  of  the  town,  and  is  well  lighted  with 
gas.  The  market  is  held  on  Saturday,  and  is  abun- 
dantly furnished  with  all  the  necessaries  of  life.  Fairs 
for  sheep  and  cattle  are  held  on  the  third  Saturday  in 
March,  the  last  Thursday  in  May,  the  Saturday  on  or 
before  the  27th  September,  the  Saturday  before  the 
feast  of  St.  Luke  (October  18th),  and  the  first  Thursday 
in  November.  There  were  formerly  races  and  wrestling 
matches,  &c.,  held  on  Easter  Monday,  but  these  sports 
have  been  some  time  discontinued.  Petty  sessions  axe 
held  here  once  a  month,  and  a  county  court. 

THE   CHUECH. 

Alston  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Augustine,  is  a  plain 
building,  destitute  of  architectural  ornament.  It  was 
erected  at  the  expense  of  the  parishioners,  about  the 
year  1709,  and  consists  of  nave,  with  a  recess  serving  as 
a  chancel,  and  tower.  There  are  a  few  mural  tablets 
to  the  memory  of  members  of  the  Lancaster,  Hodgson, 
Bridgwood,  and  Morrison  families.  The  church  of 
Alston  is  a  vicarage,  in  the  diocese  of  Durham  and 
deanery  of  Corbridge.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  it 
was  in  the  presentation  of  the  king,  but  was  subse- 
quently appropriated  to  the  monastery  of  Hexliam,  on 
which  community  it  was  bestowed  by  Ivo  de  Veteriponte, 
but  their  claim  was  disallowed  and  the  patronage  stated 
to  be  vested  iu  the  crown.  TMiile  Edward  I.  was  at 
Lanercost  Priory,  in  the  winter  of  1:506-7,  he  restored 
to  the  monastery  of  Hexliam  the  advpwson  of  this 
church.  In  1335  the  priory  and  convent  of  Hexham 
petitioned  the  king  to  have  the  revenues  appropriated 
to  their  own  use,  but  it  was  not  until  1370  that  any 
greater  portion  than  Gs.  8d.  was  legally  settled  upon  them. 
In  1549  the  rectory  and  advowson  of  Alston  were 
granted  to  Sir  John  Pei-yent,  Knt.,  and  Thomas  Reeve, 
gentleman.  It  appears,  however,  that  there  was  either 
a  subsequent  grant  to  Arthur  Lee  and  Thomas  Archer, 
who  admitted  Sir  Thomas  Hilton,  Knt.,  to  a  third 
portion ;  or,  that  Sir  John  Peryent  and  Mr.  Eeeve,  as 
grantees  of  the  crown,  conveyed  it  to  Messrs.  Lee  and 
Archer.  The  trustees  of  Greenwich  Hospital  are  now 
in  possession  of  the  whole  of  this  impropriation.     In 


1291  the  rectory  of  Alston  was  valued  at  JE8  a  year;  in 
1535  the  vicarage  is  returned  as  worth  £7  13s.  In 
1C03  the  parish  church  and  the  chapel  of  Garrigill 
were  both  served  by  one  clergyman,  tho  stipend  being 
only  .t'12  6s.  8d.,  with  "some  small  glebe."  In  1777 
the  benefice  was  worth  about  HSO ;  in  1835  its  net 
value  was  jL'130,  and  it  is  worth  at  present  about  i;i40. 
By  an  act  passed  in  the  33rd  of  George  III.  (1792-3) 
the  governors  of  Greenwich  Hospital  received  3,551 
acres  in  lieu  of  great  tithes ;  and,  by  a  voluntary  rate 
of  fourpence  in  the  pound,  the  parishioners  purchased 
a  close  of  land,  which  the  vicar  now  possesses  in  lieu  of 
tithes,  together  with  a  small  yearly  modus.  In  1840  a 
gold  coin  of  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  was  found,  in  a 
good  state  of  preservation,  in  a  grave  in  the  church^fcd. 
The  parLsh  registers  commence  in  1 749. 

Eector. — Galfrid,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II. 

Vicars. — John  Cokeden, ;  William  Lainbert,  1423  ;  Sir 

Eobert  Hilton,  143:};    Robert  Jackson,   abont  1101;    Robert 

Stehyson, ;  John  Ellison,  about  lit) 5 ;  Thomas  Ciray,  about 

14!)9  ;  Sir  —  Stephaneson,  l.jlT  ;  John  Hynmers,  1  J3(i ;  Henry 
Yaites,  or  Gates,  1558  ;  Anthony  Watson,  1577  ;  William  Teas- 
dale,  1578;  John  Nelson,  l<il8  ;  Enlph  Yonng,  1(124;  Francis 

Hill,  1025;  John  Lee,  10C5  ;  John  Fell, ;  William  Stebert, 

K'pM'i;  Nicholas  Walton,  1(!9G;  John  Topping,  1728;  Thomas 
Lancaster,  17.'iG ;  Benjamin  Jackson,  17U0:  Thomas  Foster, 
18.35  ;  M.  Eeebee,  1839  ;  H.  Salvia,  1811 ;  W.  N.  Snowe,  1852. 

The  vicarage  is  a  plain  modem  building,  erected  at 
the  expense  of  the  impropriators,  in  consideration  of  the 
Picv.  B.  Jackson,  the  then  vicar,  having  ceded  to  them 
his  right  of  every  third  presentation  to  the  benefice. 

CHARITIES. 

Grammar  School. — Alston  Grammar  School,  rc-erccted 
by  subscription  in  1828,  receives  £37  a  year  out  of  the 
Fairfaill  estate,  which  lets  for  about  i£l  00  per  annum :  the 
surplus,  after  paying  abont  £10  to  the  master  of  the 
school  at  Garrigill  Gate,  is  given  to  the  poor  of  Alston 
and  Garrigill,  nearly  in  the  ratio  of  three-fourths  to 
-Alston,  and  one-fourth  to  Garrigill,  together  with  £10 
per  annum  from  the  governors  of  Greenwich  Hospital. 
Tlie  master  does  not  receive  any  free  scholars,  but  is 
limited  to  a  certain  scale  of  charges  for  education. 

Shields'  Gift. — In  1617  John  Shields,  a  citizen  and 
cook  of  London,  left  a  rent-charge  of  forty  shillings 
per  annum  to  the  poor  of  the  parish  of  Alston, — one- 
third  of  which  goes  to  Garrigill. 

Stephenson'sCharity. — John  Stephenson,  by  wiU  dated 
May  20,  1759,  directed  £i  a  year,  to  be  divided  yearly 
and  for  ever  amongst  sixteen  poor  widows,  who  should 
have  legal  settlements  in  Alston  parish  and  Garrigill 
chapelry.  This  £4  a  year  is  derived  from  a  charge  upon 
a  house  in  Westgate-street,  Xewcastle-upon-Tyne,  and 
£2  are  given  to  eight  poor  widows  having  settlements 


GARKIGILL  CHAPELRY. 


515 


in  Alston,  and  the  same  sum  to  eight  in  GarrigiU 
chapelrj',  under  the  direction  of  the  vicar  of  Alston. 

Lnnghontc's  Charity. — Charles  Langhorne,  Esq.,  by 
his  will,  dated  June  2ti,  1802,  devised  property,  mort- 
gages, &c.,  which  were  sold,  and  the  money  was  invested 
in  the  purchase  of  £777  -Js.  Id.  stock,  in  the  Three- 
per-cents  reduced,  in  tho  names  of  trustees.  The 
interest  is  divided  annually  on  the  iilth  December  to 
the  poor  of  the  pariah  resident  at  or  above  Nent  HalL 

CBAFECS. 

The  Friends  Ifeeting  House,  erected  in  173-2  and 
repaired  in  1859,  will  accommodate  200  persons.  There 
is  a  burial  ground  attached. 

The  Independent  Oliupel  was  erected  in  1804,  and 
rebuilt  and  considerably  enlarged  in  1843. 

The  Primitive  Methodist  Chapel  was  erected  in  1825 
and  rebuilt  in  1843. 

Tho  Wesleyan  Chapel  was  erected  in  1797,  and 
enlarged  in  1825. 

SCHOOLS. 

The  National  School  (girls)  was  erected  by  subscrip- 
tion in  1811,  and  the  chUdreu  are  taught  at  a  very 
low  quarterage;  the  governors  of  Greenwich  Hospital 
giving  a  donation  of  £10  a  year  towards  the  support  of 
the  school.    The  average  number  in  attendance  is  sixty. 

The  Alston  Free  tichool,  supported  by  public  sub- 
scription, was  built  in  1811,  and  is  at  present  attended 
by  130  children. 

The  Infant  School,  in  connection  with  tho  National 
School,  was  erected  by  the  Rev.  Hugh  Salvin,  late  vicar 
of  the  parish,  in  1851,  and  the  average  number  in  atten- 
dance is  110.    It  is  supported  by  annual  contributions. 


LITEKAEY  ISSTITCTIONS,  (tc. 

Alston  Subscription  Library  was  founded  in  July, 
1821,  and  contains  318  volumes.  The  books  are  kept 
at  tlie  Free  School,  and  are  lent  out  gratuitously  to  the 
children. 

The  Mechanics'  Institution  was  established  in  1847, 
and  now  numbers  111  members,  who  pay  4s.  each  per 
annum.  It  comprises  a  Ubrary  of  887  volumes,  a  reading 
room,  and  a  museum. 

The  Alston  Savings  Bank  was  instituted  in  June, 
1S23.  The  present  number  of  depositors  is  711 ;  the 
amount  deposited  £23,590  19s.  lOid. ;  the  whole  of 
which  is  invested  in  government  securities. 

The  Town  Hall,  erected  in  1857-8,  at  a  cost  of  about 
£2,000,  is  a  very  neat  building  in  the  Gothic  style. 
It  comprises  the  Court-house,  the  Mechanics'  Institu- 
tion, and  Gentlemen's  Heading-room.  There  is  also  a 
a  fine  room  for  public  business,  meetings,  &c.,  capable 
of  accommodating  400  persons. 

There  is  a  woollen  manufactory  situated  in  the  town. 

TOE  rOOR  LAW  rxiON. 

Alston  poor-law  union  comprises  .iVlston,  Garrigill, 
and  Nenthcad.  Its  area  is  35,000  acres.  Its  popu- 
lation in  1851  was  0,810,  of  whom  3,435  were  males 
and  3,381  females,  inhabiting  1,267  houses ;  twenty- 
eight  houses  being  uninhabited,  and  two  in  course  of 
erection.  The  workhouse,  situated  near  the  town,  is  an 
old  building  which  was  enlarged  in  1 837,  and  is  capable 
of  accommodating  eighty  persons.  Its  present  number 
of  inmates  is  twenty-five.  The  income  for  1858  was 
£1,502  18s.,  and  the  e.xpeuditure  £1,048. 


GARRIGILL    CH.\PELRY. 

GAnRroii.i.  chapclry,  sometimes  written  Garrowgill  and  GarragU,  ancient  name  Gerrard's  Gill,  is  bounded  on  the 
south  by  the  river  Tees,  on  tho  south-west  by  Cross  Fell,  on  tho  west  by  Cash  Burn  and  Shield  Waters,  on  tho 
north-west  by  lilnck  Burn,  on  the  north  by  Xattrass  Gill  and  Flowedgo,  on  the  north-east  by  Middle  Fell,  cast  by 
Fhnty  Fell,  and  soulli-cast  by  Crook  Burn.  The  scenery  in  this  chapulry  is  very  picturesque — there  is  hero 
everything  which  constitutes  line  scenery,  viz.,  hill  and  dide,  wood  and  water,  rocks  and  waterfalls. 

are  exclusively  engaged  in  mining  operations.  Tho 
district  is  very  mountainous,  and  the  cUmato  too  cold 
for  agricultural  purposes. 

Tho  inhabitants  of  this  district  ore  romarkablo  for 
tlit'ir  kind  disposition,  their  hospitality,  and  their  cour- 
tesy and  attention  to  strungera.  They  ore  a  remarkably 
clean  people,  as  both  the  interior  and  exterior  of  their 
dwellings  amply  tesUlics.  The  reasons  are  obvious,as  tho 
people  are  favoured  with  a  good  and  cheap  education. 


The  area  of  Garrigill  is  rctunieJ  with  that  of  .Vlston 
parish;  its  rateable  valuo  is  £2,(iUi)  Us.  8d.  The 
population  in  1801  was  1,120 ;  in  1811,  it  was  returned 
with  Alston:  in  1821,  it  was  1,288;  in  183),  1,014; 
in  1841,  1,474;  and  in  1851,  1,443,  who,  with  tlie 
exception  of  about  400,  resident  in  tho  village  of  Garri- 
gill Gate,  are  scattered  ovor  tho  chapclry  —  the  houses 
being  spread  over  an  extent  of  country  nino  miles  in 
length  by  two  and  a  half  in  breadth.     The  inhabitants 


516 


LEATH  WARD. 


The  soil  here  is  chiertj  what  is  termed  in  this  neigh- 
bourliood  limestone  laud,  and  is  good  for  pasturage. 
Abton  is  the  market  usually  attended. 

There  are,  at  T3-ne  Head,  in  a  field  called  "  The 
Chesters,"  belonging  to  the  Greenwich  Hospital,  dis- 
tinct traces  of  a  Roman  camp,  with  the  river  Tync  on 
the  west  and  a  deep  ditch  on  the  east,  uniting  with 
the  river  on  the  north  and  south.  This  camp  is  situated 
about  five  miles  south-east  of  the  Roman  road  called  the 
Maiden  Way.  The  field  in  which  the  camp  is  situated 
has  borne  the  name  "  Chesters"  from  remote  antiquity. 
There  are,  in  the  middle  of  tho  Village  Green,  two 
mounds,  about  100  yards  apart,  named  High  Butt  Hill 
and  Low  Butt  Hill,  where  the  inhabitants  in  ancient 
times,  no  doubt,  practised  archery. 

Garrigill  formed  part  of  the  manor  of  Alston,  granted 
to  William  de  Yeteripont  by  William  the  Lion,  and,  in 
1315,  is  described  as  being  held  by  thirty-three  tenants, 
who  paid  a  yearly  rent  of  £.5  18s.  It  has  undergone 
the  same  change  of  owners  as  Alston  Manor. 

The  village  of  GarrigiU  is  about  four  miles  from  the 
town  of  Alston.  It  has  fairs  on  the  first  Friday  in 
May,  and  the  first  Friday  in  September. 


THE  CHAPEL. 


GarrigiU  chapel,  said  to  be  dedicated  to  St.  John,  is 
a  plain  edifice,  built  about  seventy  years  ago,  in  which 
all  the  rites  of  the  church  are  performed.  The  font  is 
placed  at  the  east  end  of  the  church,  within  the  com- 
munion rails,  anything  but  a  significant  place.  The 
bell  is  said  to  have  been  formerly  the  dinner  bell  at 
Dilston  Hall,  in  the  time  of  the  Earl  of  Derwentwater. 
There  was  no  resident  clergyman  here  till  1851,  when 
the  present  incumbent,  the  Rev.  G.  Monkhouse,  was 
appointed.  For  a  long  time  there  was  divine  service 
on  every  third  Sunday  morning  only,  but  since  the 
curate  has  resided  here,  there  have  been  two  services 
each  Sunday.  The  Vicar  of  Alston  is  patron.  The 
registers  of  the  cbaplery  extend  from  1730  to  the  pre- 
sent time.  There  is  every  reason  to  beheve  that  some 
of  the  early  documents  have  been  lost,  for  there  are 
two  tombstones  in  the  churchyard  bearing  the  dates  of 
1692  and  1693,  proving  that  the  registers  from  that 
time  to  1730,  at  least,  are  lest. 

There  is  a  good  and  commodious  parsonage  house, 
erected  by  subscription  in  1851,  at  a  cost  of  between 
four  and  five  hundred  pounds,  the  chief  contributors 
being  the  Rev.  H.  Salvin,  vicar ;  Captain  Salvin  ;  the 
Commissioners  of  Greenwich  Hospital;  and  the  Lpn- 
don  Lead  Company. 

The  Independents,  Wesleyans,  anj  Primitive  Metho- 
dists, have  chapels  here. 


The  old  parish  school  has  an  endowment  of  £3  per 
annum  from  the  Fairhill  estate,  which  was  purchased 
in  1739  by  the  churchwardens  and  overseers  of  Alston, 
with  £217  loft  by  several  benefactors  to  the  poor  schools 
of  Alston  parish.  About  eighty  children  are  educated 
in  this  school,  which  is  very  inadequate  for  the  pur- 
poses to  which  it  is  devoted,  being  very  low  and  dark. 

The  girls'  school,  erected  in  1850,  is  a  well-built 
and  well-ventilated  school,  sufilciently  commodious  for 
1 00  children  ; — the  average  attendance  is  about  fifty. 

There  is  a  mixed,  (dames'  school)  with  an  average 
attendance  of  thirty  children  ;  and  another  at  Tyne 
Head,  with  forty  scholars. 

CKABITIKS. 

Stephenson's  Charity. — In  the  j-ear  1759  John 
Stephenson,  alderman  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  left 
£4  a  year  to  be  equally  divided  among  sixteen  poor 
w^idows  of  Alston  and  Garrigill. 

Wilkinson's  Charity.  —  In  1085  Robert  Wilkinson 
left  £100  for  the  purchase  of  lands  of  the  clear  yearly 
value  of  £5.  Of  this  sum  £3  is  paid  to  the  Garrigill 
Gate  schoolmaster,  for  teaching  si.x  poor  children  till 
they  can  read  the  Bible  ;  ten  shillings  to  the  minister 
for  preaching  a  sermon  at  Garrigill  on  the  1st  of 
February ;  ten  shillings  to  the  poor  of  the  same  village ; 
and  the  remaining  twenty  shillings  to  be  divided  among 
the  four  trustees. 

Tyne  Head  is  a  hamlet  in  this  chapelry,  about  seven 
and  a  half  miles  south-east  of  Alston,  and  about  two 
miles  from  the  source  of  the  South  Tyne. 

The  South  Tyne  runs  through  the  middle  of  the 
chapelry,  dividing  it  into  two  unequal  parts.  It  has 
several  tributary  streams,  of  which  the  chief  are  Clear- 
gill  Burn,  on  the  south-east,  uniting  with  the  Tyne 
about  two  miles  and  a  half  from  its  source ;  Ashgill 
Burn,  on  the  east,  joins  the  Tyne  about  three  miles 
from  its  source ;  White  Syke,  on  the  east,  unites  with 
the  Tyne  about  four  miles  from  its  source  ;  CrossgUl 
Burn,  on  the  west,  joins  the  Tyne  about  four  miles 
from  its  source ;  Drybum,  on  the  west,  joins  the 
Tyne  about  five  and  a  half  miles  from  its  source. 
There  is  a  stoue  bridge  over  the  Tyne  about  the 
middle  of  the  village ;  a  wooden  bridge,  for  foot 
passengers,  over  tlie  Tyne  at  the  Gate  Foot ;  a 
second  wooden  bridge,  for  foot  passengers,  between 
Drybum  and  Blackburn.  An  excellent  spa  is  about  to 
be  brought  into  notice  at  Beldy  Mill,  close  to  the  village, 
a  Subscription  having  been  set  on  foot  for  that  pur- 
pose in  1858,  when  a  sum  of  between  twenty  and 
thirty  pounds  was  raised  in  the  parish.  The  London 
Lead  Company,  with  their  usual  liberality,  came  nobly 


CASTLE  S0WERI3T  PARISH. 


forward  to  make  up  any  deficiency.  The  water  is  chiefly 
of  a  sulphureous  uature,  a  good  deal  like  the  famous 
Gilsland  Spa,  and  very  little  inferior  in  point  of  strength. 
John  Martin  died  hero  in  April,  1834,  aged  103 
years,  and  Mary  Martin,  in  November,  1830,  aged  105 
years.  When  the  Reform  Dill  passed,  the  above  aged 
couple  were  present  at  a  public  tea  party  held  ou  the 
Village  Green, — men,  women,  and  children,  to  the  num- 
ber of  1,100  were  cntortaiued  on  the  occasion.  Old 
Martin  and  his  wife,  then  in  their  102nd  year,  occupied 
the  chief  place  at  the  table ;  the  old  man  said  grace, 
and  the  old  dame  had  on  her  wedding  dress. 


Westgarth  Forster  lived  and  died  here.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  very  clever  treatise,  entitled  "  A  Treatise  on 
a  Section  of  the  Strata  commencing  near  Nevrcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  and  concluding  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Mountain  of  Cross  Fell,  with  Remarks  on  Mineral 
Veins  in  General,  and  engraved  figures  of  some  of  the 
different  species  of  those  productions." 

The  population  are  very  fond  of  music,  and  possess  a 
good  brass  band.  They  have  quite  a  taste  for  mathe- 
matics here, — many  having  made  considerable  progress 
in  the  higher  branches  of  that  science. 


NENTHEAD  CHAPELRY. 

This  chapelry  is  bounded  ou  the  west  and  south  by  the  chapelry  of  Garrigill,  on  the  east  by  the  county  of  Durham, 
and  on  the  north  by  Alston  and  a  small  portion  of  Northumberland.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Holme  is  the  present  incumbent. 
The  Weslcyans  and  Primitive  Methodists  have  two  chapels  in  this  chapelry.  (For  further  account  of  this  chapelry 
see  Alston  parish,  page  509.) 


CASTLE   SOWERBY    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north-west  by  Dalston,  on  the  south  and  south-west  by  Sebergham,  and  part  of 
Caldbeck,  on  the  south  by  Grcystoke,  and  on  the  east  by  Skelton,  Braithwait,  and  Middlesceugh.  It  is  about  six 
miles  in  length,  from  north  to  south,  and  nearly  two  from  east  to  west ;  and  is  said  to  have  been  formerly  included 
in  the  parish  of  St.  Mary,  Carlisle.  It  is  divided  into  five  townships  or  bounds,  viz  :  Bustabeck  Bound,  How 
Bound,  Row  Bound,  Southernby  Bound,  and  Stockdalewath  Bound,  each  of  which  maintains  its  own  roads,  but 
they  maintain  the  poor  conjointly.  The  parish  comprises  an  area  of  7,9-10  acres,  of  which  rather  more  than  3,77-2 
acres  are  old  enclosed  copyhold  land,  and  4,1 7 '2  acres  are  common  freehold.  The  rateable  value  is  about  X'4,040. 
The  inhabitants  are  principally  engaged  in  agriculture,  and  attend  Carlisle  and  I'einith  markets.  The  population 
live  for  the  most  part  in  farmhouses,  dispersed  over  the  parish,  the  only  villages  being  Raughton  Head,  Stockdale- 
wath, and  Jlillhouse. 


Tho  manor  of  Sowerby  lies  wholly  within  the  forest 
of  Inglewood ;  its  history  is  the  same  as  that  of  Pen- 
rith and  Great  Salkold,  except  that  iu  tho  year  l-2]4, 
we  find  a  grgnt  of  Sowerby  to  Robert  de  Ros.  In  I'JOO 
Margaret,  queen  of  Scollaiul,  who  had  the  manors  of 
Penrith,  &c.,  for  her  marriage  portion,  had  a  license 
from  Henry  HI.  to  inclose  certain  waste  land  in  tiie 
manor  of  Sowerby  within  the  forest  of  Inglewood. 
These  facts  arc  stated  in  tho  patent  rolls  of  the  reign 
of  King  .John  and  Henry  Jli.  In  the  list  of  bulls, 
charters,  Ac,  in  the  treasury  of  tho  Scottish  king  at 
Edinburgh,  iu  lv!S-2,  given  in  Rymer's  Fuudcra,  there 
are  several  entries  relating  to  letters  concerning  Sow- 
erby. "  Tho  tenants  here  hold  innnediately  of  tho 
Duke  of  Devonshire,  and  pay  a  copyhold  yciuly  rent. 
They  have  the  wood  growing  on  their  land.     In  this 


manor  the  copyhold  lands  do  not  descend  to  the  heir 
male  (as  that  term  is  commonly  understood).  The 
custom  here  respecting  descents  being  in  accordance 
with  the  common  law  of  England,  and  in  consequence 
females  inherit  as  coparceners,  which  is  unusual  in  a 
copyhold  or  customary  manor — the  general  custom  iu 
this  county  being  in  the  case  of  females,  for  the  eldest 
to  take  tho  whole  property.  There  is  a  God's  penny 
on  every  admittance,  as  well  upon  descent  as  upon 
alienation ;  and  in  tlio  latter  case  a  lino  of  some 
account  as  tho  annual  lord's  rent,  which  is  usually 
called  ft  single  penny  fnie,  and  so  on  a  mortgage.  But 
upon  descents  nothing  more  than  a  God's  penny,  and 
the  like  upon  a  surrender  to  the  use  of  one's  will. 
This  is  supiiosed  to  bo  U>c  custom  throughout  the 
whole  forest  of  luglewood.    The  wife  of  a  copyholder 


518 


LEATH  WABD. 


cannot  be  divested  of  her  contingent  rights  of  dower 
without  her  consent, — for  it  is  the  general  law  of  copy- 
hold that  the  widow  is  only  dowable  of  such  estates  as 
her  husband  died  seised  of,  and  was  a  perfect  copy- 
holder at  the  time  of  his  death  ;  and  therefore,  if  the 
husband  should  either  sell  or  mortgage  the  copyholds 
in  his  lifetime,  or  even  surrender  them  to  the  use  of 
his  will,  any  of  these  acts  will  debar  the  wife  of  dower. 
Tiiis,  we  presume,  is  not  inconsistent  with  the  custom 
of  the  manor  of  Sowerby,  notwithstanding  the  generally 
received  opinion  in  the  neighbourhood  to  the  contrary. 
It  is  presumed  a  few  instances  of  the  wife's  joining  her 
husband  in  the  surrender  of  his  estate,  would  not  tend 
to  overturn  the  general  rule  or  law  of  copyholds  just 
spoken  of ;  and  whether  that  continuance  alone, 
although  having  been  the  general  practice  for  half  a 
century  past,  would  of  itself  establish  a  custom  con- 
trary to  such  general  law,  seems  somewhat  doubtful. 
A  widow  marrying  does  not  forfeit  her  right  in  this 
manor.'" 

Castle  Sowerby  lies  high,  and  has  an  uneven  surface, 
pretty  well  studded  with  hedge-rows  and  plantations, 
and  abounds  in  picturesque  views.  The  modern  system 
of  draining  has  been  spiritedly  introduced  and  practised 
with  much  benefit,  even  on  the  clay  subsoil,  which 
generally  abounds  in  this  parish.  As  a  consequence 
turnip  culture  has  been  much  extended,  and  instead  of 
bare  fallows  a  crop  of  rape  is  now  got  off  the  common 
land,  the  soil  of  which,  a  clayey  loam,  is  more  deficient 
in  quantity  than  quality.  The  land  on  the  south-west 
of  the  road  leading  from  BusbgiU  to  Sebergham,  in- 
cluding How  Hill,  Hewer  Hill,  and  the  Banks,  in  many 
places  rests  upon  rock  at  no  great  depth  from  the  sur- 
face. In  many  places  limestone  protrudes,  in  others 
freestone,  and  on  this  plot  e.xist  several  holes,  or  fis- 
sures, which  in  wet  weather  take  in  much  water.  In 
a  dry  season  the  Caldew  is  almost  entirely  drained  by 
these  hidden  gullies  between  Haltchfl'  and  Hesket 
Bridges,  and  after  traversing  its  rocky  course  beneath 
the  banks  at  a  gi'eat  depth,  is  disgorged  into  the  bed  of 
the  river  about  three  miles  above  Sebergham  Bridge. 
Freestone  forms  the  superstructure  of  rock  in  the 
north-eastern  section  of  the  parish  ;  and  is  in  many 
places  washed  by  the  Caldew,  and  the  Row  or  Raw. 
The  landowners  in  the  parish  are  very  numerous,  the 
principal  are  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  ;  the  Dean  and 
Chapter  of  Carlisle  ;  W.  Blamire,  Esq.  ;  G.  H.  Head, 
Esq. ;  W.  Parker,  Esq.  :  and  Mr.  D.  Jennings.  The 
extent  of  the  farms  are  from  thirty  to  two  hundred 
acres  and  upwards.  Of  late  years  the  large  &rms  have 
been  increased  in  number  by  the  aggregation  of  smaller 

'  Jefferson's  "  Leath  Vi'artl,"  p.  158,  et  scq. 


ones,  and  this  has  tended  to  introduce  a  better  state 
of  husbandry,  but  unfortunately  not  to  an  extension  of 
the  uullinching  spirit  of  political  independence  that 
characterised  the  small  freeholders  of  bygone  days. 
The  common  and  several  waste  lands  withiu  this 
manor  and  parish,  were  enclosed,  divided,  and  enfran- 
chised, pursuant  to  an  act  of  parliament  passed  in 
1700,  by  the  provisions  of  which  act,  557  acres  were 
allotted  to  the  dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle  as  appro- 
priators,  and  203  acres  to  the  vicar,  in  lieu  and  per- 
petual discharge  of  all  tithes  rectorial  and  vicarial,  a 
modus  of  twenty  shillings  out  of  Tliistlewood  only 
excepted.  And  so  much  of  the  said  common  was 
ordered  to  be  sold  as  would  raise  £700  for  enclosing 
and  erecting  proper  houses  upon  the  said  two  allot- 
ments ;  and  an  eighth  part  of  the  remainder,  470 
acres,  was  assigned  to  the  lord,  with  a  reservation  of 
the  royalties  and  seignoiy. 

now    BOUXD. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801,  was  254; 
iulSll,  a.'jS;  in  1821,  279;  in  1831,  197;  in  1841, 
242;  and  in  1851,  240.  The  rateable  value  of  this 
township  is  £'784.  The  principal  landowners  are 
Messrs.  John  E.  Troutbeck,  Henry  Tiffin,  ]\Irs.  Rich- 
ardson, Robert  Monkhouse,  George  Robinson. 

THE     CHUnCH. 

Castle  Sowerby  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Kentigern, 
is  situated  in  this  township.  It  is  an  ancient  structure, 
consisting  of  nave,  chancel,  and  southern  porch.  The 
bell  turret,  at  the  western  gable,  contains  two  bells.  The 
living  was  originally  a  rectory,  but  is  now  a  vicarage  ; 
the  advowson  was  granted,  in  1307,  by  Edward  I.  to 
the  prior  and  convent  of  St.  Mary  in  Carlisle,  to  whom 
the  revenues  were  appropriated.  This  grant  was  con- 
firmed by  Bishop  Halton  in  the  same  year,  and  a  cer- 
tain portion  of  the  revenues  assigned  to  the  vicar,  but 
this  endowment  is  now  superseded  by  the  act  of  ParUa- 
uient  before  mentioned.  Several  disputes  appear  to 
have  occurred  respecting  the  right  of  presentation  to 
this  church,  but  the  bishop  of  the  diocese  took  part 
with  the  prior  and  convent  of  Carlisle,  who  were  thus 
enabled  to  maintain  their  privileges  intact.  Bishop 
Nicolson  informs  us  that,  in  1342,  the  vicarages  of 
Sowerby  and  Addingham  were  allowed  to  be  kept  vacant 
for  some  time,  that  the  proceeds  of  the  livings  might 
be  devoted  to  the  necessaiy  repau-s  of  the  cathedral  and 
the  respective  parish  churches,  care  to  be  taken,  however, 
for  the  celebration  of  divine  semce  and  the  due  admi- 
nistration of  the  sacraments  by  means  of  secular  priests. 
A  short  time  after  this,  in  13.59,  the  Vicar  of  Sowerby 
complained  to  the  bishop  that  many  of  his  parishioners 


CASTLE   SOAVEBBY  PAPJSn. 


519 


deserted  their  own  parish  church,  and  attended  mass  in 
the  chapel  of  Sebcrghatn,  whereupon  the  bishop  issued 
an  injunction,  by  which  the  offenders  were  required  to 
attejul  their  own  church.  On  the  suppression  of  the 
religious  houses  the  dean  and  chopter  of  Carlisle  were 
inrested  with  the  putronago  of  Sowerby,  as  the  succes- 
sors of  the  prior  and  convent.  The  living  is  valued  in 
the  King's  Book  at  £17  ]0s.  5d.,  and  is  now  worth 
about  t'lOO  a  year.  The  tithes  were  commuted  in  17fi8, 
at  the  time  of  the  enclosure  of  the  common,  when  '^03 
acres  were  allotted  in  lieu  of  the  vicarial  tithes.  The 
parish  register  commences  in  1629.  The  inhabitants 
of  Hutton  Roof  township,  Greystoke  parish,  attend  this 
church. 

Uectohs. — Ricfcard  de  Wytton,  ;  'William  de  Londors, 

I294;'JoIm  de  Langton,  1294;='  Sir  Henry  de  Bye,  1-^95; 
Henry  de  Eether,  1300. 

Vicars.— Alan  de  Frisington,  1300;  John  do  Scliilton,  1312  ; 

Sir  J.ilin   de   Carlisle,  ;  Sir  Richard   de  Wjlford,   1331; 

Patricius  Culwen,  1338  ;  John  de  Penrilh,  1300  ;  Sir  John  de 

Carlisle,  1380  ;  Cliristopher  Slee, ;  Sir  John  Brisco, ; 

Thomas  Scott,  1.571 ;  Leonard  Scott,  1.584  ;  AVilliam  Fairfax, 
162.1;  Edward  Waterhcuse,  1664;  Christopher  Whittingdale, 
1705;  James  Clarke,  171H  ;  Joseph  Sevithwaite,  1739;  John 
Twentyman,  1762;  Joseph  Dacre  Carlisle,  1792;  Sanmel 
Hudson,  l-^Ol ;  Joseph  Barnes,  1841 ;  Hugh  Elliott,  1843 ; 
Joseph  Taylor,  1844  ;  Thomas  Younger,  1851. 

The  vicarage,  situated  near  the  church,  was  erected 
in  1851,  at  a  cost  of  about  tMO. 

CHAKITIES. 

Th«  Rev.  James  Clarke's  Charities. — The  Rev.  James 
Clarke,  ^I..\.,  vicar,  who  died  in  or  about  the  year  1737, 
gave  to  the  parish  i;-2>"),  the  interest  thereof  to  bo  dis- 
tributed annually  amongst  the  most  industrious  of  the 
poor  parishioners.  He  also  gave  the  further  sum  of 
£H0,  the  interest  of  which  was  to  be  laid  out  yearly  in 
the  purchase  of  Bibles  and  Testaments,  to  be  given  to 
the  poor. 

Barker's  Oift. — John  Barker,  by  will,  in  1657,  left 
£20,  the  interest  of  which  was  to  be  laid  out  in  the  pur- 
chase of  small  religious  books,  to  bo  given  to  the  poorest 
sort  of  people  ab  nit  Cnndlouias-diiy,  being  tlie  birth-d;iy 
of  the  testator.  One-third  of  Clarke's  Charity  and  half 
of  Barker's  were  paid  into  tho  Savings  Rank  by  Mr. 
George  Martindalo,  in  July,  1855.  Another  third  of 
Clarke's  came  into  tho  hands  of  G.  G.  ^founsey,  Esq., 
as  executor  to  tho  will  of  the  lato  Rev.  S.  Hudson,  to 
Xrhom  it  was  paid  by  Jliss  Abigail  Clarke,  and  the 

'  Presented  by  John  Boliol,  Innp  of  Scotland. 

«  J<Jm  Langton  w»ii  Lonl  HirIi  Chanrcllor  of  Knglnnd,  and  died 
Bishop  iif  (-  hiclicatcr  in  l.'!;>7.  lie  was  prcsculfd  by  .Vuihony  llick, 
Bishop  or  Piirhain  and  ratriorch  of  Jerusalem,  in  virtue  of  a  grant 
bom  John  Ualiol. 


remaining  portion  of  both  have  been  lost  through  the 
insolvency  of  the  parties  who  held  them. 

The  Bev.  Joseph  Serithuaite's  Bequest. — The  Rev. 
Joseph  Sevithwaite,  vicar  of  this  parish,  who  died  about 
the  year  1762,  left  £20  to  the  school  and  £20  for  buy- 
ing books  for  poor  housekeepers,  to  be  paid  after  the 
death  of  his  wife.     This  charity  has  been  lost. 

School. — John  Sowerby,  of  Sowerby  Row,  in  this 
parish,  in  the  year  1750  endowed  the  school  in  the 
township  or  division  of  Row  Bound  with  £5  a  year 
payable  out  of  a  copyhold  estate  in  Sowerby  Row,  for 
the  education  of  four  poor  children.  The  intentions  of 
the  donor  were  honourably  carried  out  till  the  year  1 83G, 
when  the  holder  of  the  land  conceived  the  idea  of  free- 
ing himself  from  the  duty  which  the  terms  of  owner- 
ship attached  to  the  property.  As  yet  his  resistance  to 
pay  the  annuity  has  been  too  successful,  and  this  inci- 
dent sti'ongly  inculcates  the  necessity  of  guarding  by 
every  legal  means  the  sanctity  of  any  charitable  bequest 
that  may  be  made,  so  that  it  may  be  devoted  to  its 
legitimate  purposes. 

School. — Mr.  John  Head,  of  Foxley  Henning,  in 
1744,  erected  a  school  adjoining  Raughton  Head 
Chapel.  The  Rev.  Joseph  Sevithwaite  intended  this 
school  to  have  the  benefit  of  his  charity,  but  it  has  never 
enjoyed  it.  The  school-house  was  rebuilt  in  ISOG,  with 
£50,  the  money  left  for  its  endowment. 

R.  Richanhon's  Charity. — The  late  I\rr.  R.  Richard- 
son, of  Wham  Head,  left  an  annuity  out  of  which  three 
shillings  were  to  be  expended  in  bread  every  Christmas 
and  Easter,  and  distributed  to  the  poor  people  attend- 
ing church.  He  also  directed  that  out  of  his  real  estate 
one  shilling's  worth  was  to  be  so  distributed  every 
Sunday. 

The  interest  of  £330,  or  rather  one-fifth  of  the  same, 
is  applied  by  the  trustees  of  Richardson's  Charity,  for 
the  purchase  of  religious  books  for  the  poor  of  this 
parish. 

In  tins  township,  not  far  from  the  parish  church,  is 
the  lofty  eminence  called  Castle  Hill,  from  which  the 
prefix  to  the  name  of  tlie  parish  is  supposed  to  be 
derived.  Spacious  roads,  leading  to  the  siimiuit  of  the 
hill,  have  been  cut  in  tho  rock,  and  there  is  a  large 
circular  cavity,  eigliteen  j-ards  iu  diameter,  tmd  having 
a  narrow  entrance,  where  iron  crooks  show  that  it  was 
shut  up  in  times  of  danger,  very  prolMibly  t<>  secure  the 
cattle  during  tho  bordiT  forays.  Castle  Hill  is  port  of 
one  of  Uie  ten  principal  estates  in  tlie  parish,  anciently 
called  Ui'd  Spears,  from  the  fact  of  the  tenants  holding 
them  by  the  singular  service  of  ridiug  through  renrith 
on  WiiitSunday,  brandishing  their  spears  as  a  challenge 


520 


LEATH  WAKD. 


to  the  enemies  of  their  country,  or  those  who  dare  dis- 
pute the  title  and  privileges  of  the  \(X<i  of  Inglewood 
Forest.  Those  who  held  by  this  peculiar  tenure  are 
mentioned  in  our  law  books  as  of  the  order  of  Red 
Knights,  who  were  bound  to  attend  their  lord  on  horse- 
back. The  spears  used  on  the  occasions  just  mentioned 
vrere  about  nine  feet  in  length,  and  some  of  them 
remained  till  the  last  century  in  the  houses  of  the 
tenants,  who  appear  to  have  been  sureties  to  the  sheriff 
for  the  peaceable  behaviour  of  the  rest  of  the  inliabit- 
ants.  The  ancient  owners  of  the  estate  now  noticed, 
annually  served  as  .jurors  at  the  forest  court  at  Hesket, 
on  the  feast  of  St.  Barnabas,  by  which  service  they  were 
freed  from  all  parish  offices.  Sowerby  Common  an- 
ciently abounded  in  oak  wood.  On  breaking  up  of  the 
land,  a  large  number  of  pitsteads  were  found,  where  the 
wood  had  been  reduced  to  charcoal.  Two  stone  crosses, 
called  Corpse  Crosses,  formerly  stood  on  the  common, 
and  it  is  stated  that  when  a  body  was  being  carried  to 
the  parish  church  for  interment,  it  was  usually  set  down 
here  while  a  prayer  was  said  for  the  repose  of  the  soul 
of  the  deceased. 

How  Hill,  which  we  may  reasonably  infer  to  have 
given  name  to  the  township  in  which  it  is  situated, 
possesses  a  few  remains  of  "  days  long  since  departed." 
On  its  summit  is  a  circular  enclosure,  mounded  with 
stone  and  earth,  about  twenty-one  yards  in  diameter, 
with  an  opening  or  entrance  on  the  south  side.  Large 
oaks  have  grown  through  the  mound.  The  hamlet  of 
Millhouse,  which  contains  two  inns,  a  corn  mill,  a  farm 
house,  and  a  few  cottages,  is  situated  in  this  bound, 
within  one  mile  and  a  half  south  of  the  parish  church, 
and  the  same  distance  from  Hesket  New  Market.  At 
Hewerhill  is  a  coal-pit,  recommenced,  in  18r>8,  by  Mr. 
W.  Kawes  under  the  name  of  Hewerhill  Pit ;  it  consists 
of  one  shaft  of  eleven  fathoms  and  a  half  working  a  seam 
of  eighteen  inches  thick  :  here  are  also  lime-kilns  carried 
on  by  the  same  proprietor. 

BUSTABECK    BOUND. 

In  1801  this  township  contained  423  inhabitants;^ 
in  1811,  220;  in  1821,  248;  in  1831,237;  in  1841, 
249  ;  and  in  1851,  254.  It  consists  principally  of 
scattered  houses,  about  four  and  a  half  miles  north-east 
of  Hesket  Newmarket,  and  eight  miles  south  of 
Carlisle.  The  principal  landowners  are  Mr.  Joseph 
Hayton,  Eev.  —  Muncaster,  John  Crozier,  Geo.  Head 
Head,  and  William  Blamire,  Esqrs.  The  rateable 
value  of  this  township  is  £1,039   7s.  6d.     There  is  a 

'In  1801  StockJolewath  Bound  was  jointlv  retamed  with  Bnsta- 
beck  Bound. 


brick  and  tile  works,  and  a  corn-mill  known  as  Sowerby 
MUl. 

KOW   BOUND. 

The  population  of  Row  Bound  in  1801  was  101  ;  in 
1811.102;  in  1821,  112;  in  1831,  105  ;  in  1841, 
89;  and  in  1851,  101.  This  township  comprises 
several  detached  dwellings  about  two  miles  north  of 
the  parish  church,  and  is  commonly  called  Sowerby 
Row.  Here  is  a  school,  the  master  of  which  is  in 
receipt  of  a  yearly  rent-charge  of  £u,  conveyed  to 
trustees  out  of  her  real  estate  of  Holme  House  by 
the  late  Mrs.  Cookson  ;  the  vicar  is  one  of  the  trustees. 
It  also  possesses  £'3  a  year  arising  from  Richardson's 
charity,  for  which  three  poor  children  arc  to  be  taught. 
The  principal  landowners  are  Mr.  Edmund  Wallas, 
William  Parker,  Esq.,  Rev.  John  Cartwell.  The  rate- 
able value  of  this  township  is  £500. 

eOUTHERNBT  BOUND. 

The  number  of  inhabitants  comprised  in  this  tovra- 
ship  in  1801,  was  157;  in  1811,  200;  in  1821,  160; 
in  1831,  102;  in  1841,  130;  and  in  1851,  121. 
Southernby  Bound  is  about  two  miles  east  of  Hesket 
New  Llarket.  The  mistress  of  a  private  school  here  is 
paid  for  the  teaching  of  three  poor  children,  agree- 
ably to  the  bequest  of  the  late  Mr.  R.  Richardson. 
Southernby  House,  now  a  farm-house,''  stands  upoa 
what  is  called  the  Town  Green,  and  commands  beau- 
tiful prospects.  The  principal  landowners  are  William 
Jennings,  Esq.,  Messrs.  Joseph  Sanderson  and  Robert 
Matthews.   The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £090. 

STOCEDALEWATH   BOUND. 

This  township,  which  comprises  the  village  of  Stock- 
dalewath  and  part  of  Raughtou  Head,  had,  in  1811,  a 
population  of  191;  in  1821,  213;  in  1831,  260;  ia 
1841,  291;  in  1851,  293.  It  comprises  the  small 
manor  of  Thackwood,  the  property  of  William  Blamire, 
Esq.,  which  is  held  under  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  and 
was  formerly  held  by  the  military  service  of  finding  a 
number  of  spearmen  ;  very  recently  it  had  socage  ser- 
vice rendered  by  some  of  the  neighbouring  landowners. 
Thackwood  Nook  is  the  seat  and  occasional  residence  of 
WilUam  Blamire,  Esq.  Within  a  short  distance  of  the 
village  of  Stockdalewath,  upon  an  eminence  command- 
ing an  extensive  view  to  the  westward,  is  a  large  Roman 
entrenchment,  known  as  Castlesteads.  It  is  188  yards 
iu  length  by  100  in  breadth,  and  has  an  inner  and 
outer  vallum,  within  which  stones  and  ashes  have  been, 
found,  but  no  inscriptions,  bones,  or  urns.  Within 
about  half  a  mile  of  this  place  are  two  other  camps, 
supposed  also  to  be  Roman ;   one  of  them  is  called 


CROGLIN  PARISH. 


Whitestones,  the  other  Stoneraise.  These  three  camps 
form  as  it  were  the  angles  of  an  equilateral  triangle, 
being  at  equal  distances  from  each  other.  Large  quan- 
tities of  stones  are  stated  to  have  been  taken  from 
Stoneraise,  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  place  of 
sepulture,  but  whether  British  or  Roman  we  have  no 
evidence  upon  which  we  can  decide.  At  the  south- 
west cud  of  Broadficld,  within  a  mile  of  the  camps  just 
mentioned,  are  evident  traces  of  a  Druidical  temple, 
where  the  earth  has  been  raised  up  in  a  circular  form, 
with  a  sloping  bank  and  an  area  of  sixty-three  feet  in 
diameter,  within  which  tiiere  formerly  stood  a  stone 
circle.  Stone  cofSns  and  human  bones  have  been  found 
here.  A  short  distance  south  of  these  remains  there 
was  formerly  a  large  rocking-stone,  but  no  traces  of  it 
can  now  be  discovered.  The  principal  landowners  are 
Thomas  George  Blamire,  Esq.,  Mr.  George  Martindale, 
William  Blamire,  Esq.,  Mr.  Edward  Martindale,  and 
George  Head  Head,  Esq.  The  rateable  value  of  this 
township  is  £908. 

The  village  of  Stockdalewath  is  about  eight  miles 
south  of  Carlisle. 

riaughton  Head  is  a  small  village  of  good  houses,  on 
an  eminence,  within  the  bounds  of  Stockdalewath  and 
Bustabeck  townships,  seven  miles  south  of  Carlisle. 
Hero  is  a  chapel  of  ease,  which,  after  lying  in  a 
ruinous  state  for  a  long  time,  was  rebuilt  in  1678, 
and  consecrated  by  Bishop  Rainbow.  It  was  again 
rebuilt  in  1700,  at  an  expense  of  above  J£300.  The 
nomination  of  the  curate  is  in  the  vicar  of  the  parish. 
The  ancient  salary  was  about  .£3  a  year ;  but  it  was 
augmented  by  £200  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  in 
17:!7,  and  subsequently  with  a  like  sum  from  the  same 
source,  and  £v!00  from  the  Countess  Dowager  Gower — 
so  that  the  income  is  now  about  £100  a  year.  The 
present  incumbent,  the  Rev.  John  Kitching,  was  ap- 
pointed in   1810. 

The  chapelry  of  Raughton  Head  and  neighbourhood 


possesses  a  commodious  school,  in  the  Elizabethan  style, 
well  furnished,  and  provided  with  an  able  master  by 
G.  H.  Head,  Esq.  The  old  school,  which  stood  in  the 
chapelyard,  was  taken  down  in  1857,  and  part  of  the 
materials  used  in  the  erection  of  the  present  school, 
which  cost  £300. 

§hmir£  of  SbiuKhioob  anb  Zhc  Oaks. 
The  descent  of  this  family  is  deduced  from 

WiLiJAM  Elamike,  Esq.,  of  The  Oaks,  son  and  heir  of  John 
Blamire,  Esq.,  of  The  Oaks,  by  Jane,  his  wife,  only  child  of 
John  Eitson,  Esq. ;  married,  first,  in  17yC,  Isabella,  only  child 
and  heir  of  George  Simpson,  Esq.,  of  Thackwood,  by  Sarah,  his 
vrile,  daughter  of  Christopher  Richmond,  Esq.,  of  Catterlen  and 
Highbead  Castle,  and  had  issue, 
I.  William,  his  heir. 
II.  Richmond,  bom  in  1712,  married  Frances,  daughter  of  Richard 

Baynes,  Esq.,  of  Cockermonth. 
I.  Sarah,  married  to  Thomas  Gneme,  Esq.,  of  Gartmore,co.  Stir- 
ling, colonel  of  tile  l'.ind  Highlanders. 
II.  Susannah,  died  unmarried. 

He  married,  secondly,  Bridget,  widow  of  John  Simpson,  Esq.,  of 
Sebergham  Hall,  Cumberland,  and  by  her  had  one  daughter, 
Bridget,  married  to  George  Brown,  Esq.,  of  Newcastle-ou-Tyne. 
The  eldest  son  and  heir, 

WiLLiAii  Blahiee,  Esq.,  of  The  Oaks,  married,  in  August, 
1785,  Jane,  third  daughter  of  John  Christian,  Esq.,  of  Milntown, 
Isle  of  Man,  and  of  Unerigg  Hall,  by  Jane,  his  wife,  daughter 
of  Eldred  Curwen,  Esq.,  II.P.,  of  Workington  Hall,  and  had 
issue, 

I.  William,  present  representative  of  the  family. 

I.  Mary  Simpson,  married,  in  September,  1814,  to  the  Hev.  Thos. 

Young,  rector  of  Gilling,  co.  York. 
II.  Jane  Christiim. 

III.  Sarah  Susannah,  married,  in  April,  1830,  to  the  Rev.  William 
Young,  rector  of  .Viler,  co.  Somerset. 

Mr.  Blamire  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Wii.uAM  Blamirk,  Esq.,  of  Thackwood  and  The  Oaks,  J.P., 
and  high  sheriff  in  JS2S,  formerly  JI.P.  for  Cumberland,  and 
now  Chief  Tithe  Commissioner;  bom  April  l:t,  1790;  married 
April  :!rd,  1834,  his  cousin  Dora,  youngest  daughter  of  John 
Tuubman,  Esq.,  of  the  Nunnery,  Isle  of  Man,  and  relict  of 
Colonel  Mark  Wilks,  of  Kirby,  in  tliat  island,  governor  of  St. 
Helena. 

Arms. — Arg.  a  lion,  rampant,  within  an  orle,  gn. 
Cresl. — A  wttlf,  scjunt,  ppr.,  chaiucJ,  or. 
Motto. — I'aire  sous  dire. 


CROGLIN  rARISH. 

Tins  parish  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  Xorlluimbcrland  and  the  parish  of  Alston,  on  the  north  by  the  parish  of 
Cumrcw  and  Geltsdalo  Forest,  on  the  west  by  the  parish  of  Cumwhitton  in  Eskdale  Ward,  and  on  the  south  by  tho 
river  Croglin,  which  divides  it  from  tho  parishes  of  Rcnwick  and  Kirkos\vald.  It  is  about  si.x  miles  in  length  from 
cast  to  west,  and  two  miles  in  breadth  from  north  to  south.  Coal  is  found  here  in  considerable  quantities,  but  the 
quality  is  not  so  good ;  limestone,  freestone,  and  a  bastard  marble,  or  a  species  of  porphyry,  some  of  which  is  very 
black  and  some  veined  with  white,  are  also  found  here.  Grouse  abound  on  Croglin  Fell,  a  lofty  cminouco  in 
the  parish.  The  arable  land  hero  has  a  heavy,  cold,  red,  sandy  soil;  the  principal  crops  are  barley,  oats,  and 
ttiriiips.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment  of  tho  inhabitants,  who  reside  chietly  iu  the  villages  of  Croglin 
and  Newbiggin,  and  attend  tho  Brampton  and  Penrith  markets,  and  that  of  Carlisle  occasionally.  The  parish 
coniprises  tiie  manors  or  township  of  Croghn  and  Xewbiggin,  whose  united  area  is  0,180  acres.  Tho  population  of 
tiic  parish,  in  1801,  was  109;  in  1811,  234;  in  1821,  348;  in  183],  309;  in  1841,  330;  and  iu  1851,  304. 
61 


522 


LEATH   WARD. 


The  first  recorded  possessors  of  the  manor  of  Croglin 
are  the  family  of  Hastings,  one  of  whom  serred  with 
Kichard  I.  in  the  Holy  Land,  and  was  present  at  the 
siege  of  Jerusalem.  As  a  rcivard  for  his  bravery  he 
received  a  grant  of  lands  here,  which  continued  to  be  held 
by  his  descendants  till  the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  when, 
male  issue  failing,  they  were  brought  in  marriage  to  the 
Whartons  of  Wharton  Hall,  in  Westmoreland,  who,  in 
consequence,  assumed  the  arms  of  Hastings,  viz.,  sable, 
a  niaunch  argent.  The  Whartons  continued  to  hold 
Croglin  till  the  trustees  of  the  Duke  of  Wharton  sold  it 
to  Charles  Duke  of  Somerset,  from  whom  it  descended 
to  General  Wyndham,  the  present  lord,  besides  whom 
George  Dixon,  Esq. ;  John  Jameson,  Esq. ;  William 
Carrick,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  William  Leech,  Thomas  'Mul- 
caster,  Joseph  Pearson,  Mrs.  Hamilton,  and  the  Eev. 
E.  Bowman,  are  the  landowners.  The  tenure  here  is 
chiefly  customary,  the  tenants  paying  a  customary  rent 
to  the  lord  of  the  manor,  and  a  tenpenny  fine  on  the 
death  of  the  lord  or  tenant.  The  township  is  enclosed 
in  pursuance  of  an  act  passed  in  1808.  Its  rateable 
value  is  £5i6   9s.  7Jd. 

The  village  of  Croglin  is  situated  in  a  deep  vale  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Croglin,  five  miles  north-north-east 
from  KukoswaJd  and  twelve  miles  west  by  north  of 
Alston.  A  fair  for  cattle  and  sheep  is  held  here  annually 
on  the  18th  of  August.  Near  the  village  are  the  remains 
of  an  old  border  stronghold  called  Scarromanwick. 


THE   CnUBCH. 


Croglin  church,  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Baptist, 
is  a  small  structure  consisting  of  a  nave  and  chancel, 
■with  a  bell  turret  containing  two  bells.  In  the  church- 
yard is  a  stone  cross  raised  on  steps,  on  one  side  of 
which  is  a  braid,  on  the  other  a  cross  floree.  There 
is  also  a  monument  of  a  female,  said  to  represent 
some  member  of  the  Wharton  family.  The  hving  is  a 
rectory,  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £8,  and  was 
certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  at 
£47,  but  is  now  worth  about  £200  a  year,  arising  from 
600  acres  of  land,  allotted  in  lieu  of  tithes  at  the 
enclosure  of  the  commons.  The  advowson  of  the  living 
was  formerly  attached  to  the  manor,  until  it  was  sold 
by  the  Duke  of  WTiarton  to  Matthew  Smalls,  Esq., 
from  whom  it  came  to  his  grandson,  the  Rev.  Henry 
Claytor,  vicar  of  Kirkby  Stephen,  and  aftei-wards  to 
William  Clarke,  Esq.,  of  Wallseud,  Northumberland, 
who  sold  it  to  the  Eev.  Joseph  Ireland,  after  whose 
death  it  was  sold  to  the  Rev.  John  Jackson,  from  whom 
it  was  purchased  by  the  present  rector.  The  parish 
registers  commence  in  July,  1644. 


Bectobs. — Adam  occurs   1203;    Symon  de  Layton,  1300; 
■William  de  Edenhall,  1:U7;  John  de  Wetewant',  13:)&;  Patrick 

deEdenhum,  ]3(W  ;  AViUiam  de  Willerdby, ;  John  Maysom, 

1377;    William   de  Hoton,   1380;    Henry  Staynesforth,  1452; 

Anthony  Wharton,  1337 ;    Sir  I'ercival  Wnrthcopp, ;    Sir 

Philip  Machell,  1 501 ;  Sir  John  Hudson,  1508  ;  Thomas  Barnes, 
157i;  llarmaduke  Cholraley,  1578;  Koger  Haslchead,  1582; 
John  Allan,  1011;  Richard  Shai-ples,  1639  ;  John  Rogers,  1600  ; 
George  Vates,  1003  ;  George  Sanderson,  1071  ;  Thomas  Hunter, 
10S)1;  Henry  Noble,  1721;  Thomas  Myers,  17^0;  Joseph 
Ireland,  1>501;  John  Jackson,  1837;  Edward  Buwmau,  1848. 

The  rectory  is  a  neat  building ;  the  date  of  its  erec- 
tion is  not  known. 

There  is  a  Sunday-school,  erected  by  Thomas  H. 
Graham,  Esq.,  which  is  also  used  as  a  day-school. 
I. 

CH.VMTIES. 

Hie  School. — The  school  at  Croglin  was  endowed 
■with  the  interest  of  £30,  given  in  I7x!3,  by  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Hunter,  rector  of  the  parish,  and  twenty  acres 
of  land  allotted  by  consent  of  the  Earl  of  Egremont, 
lord  of  the  manor,  and  the  tenants,  at  the  time  of  the 
enclosure  of  the  commons  in  1808.  The  school-house, 
situate  at  ThrcldheaJ,  is  a  stone  building,  erected  by 
subscription  about  the  year  17"24.  A  sum  of  money 
was  also  raised  by  subscription.  The  allotment  of  land 
now  belonging  to  the  school  consists  of  twenty  acres ; 
the  rent,  about  £11  a  year,  is  received  by  the  master, 
for  which  all  the  children  of  the  parish  are  entitled  to 
instruction  in  reading,  writing,  and  arithmetic,  on  the 
payment  of  a  small  quarterage.  The  average  attend- 
ance of  children  is  about  twenty-five. 

Lord  TVIiarton's  Bible  Cliarittj.  —  Four  Bibles  are 
annually  sent  to  the  rector  of  Croglin  from  the  Bible 
charity  of  Philip  Lord  TVTiartou,  which  arc  distributed 
to  the  poor  of  the  parish. 

TItrelkeld's  Gift.— Thomas  Threlkeld,  who  died  in 
1703,  left  £20  to  his  e.'cecutors,  the  interest  of  which 
is  to  be  paid  to  the  poor  of  the  parish,  who  are  not  in 
the  receipt  of  parochial  relief. 

NEWBIGGIN. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £01.j  17s.  l;]d. 
General  Wyndham  is  lord  paramount  of  the  township, 
but  the  Earl  of  Carlisle  claims  the  manorial  rights  of 
the  small  manor  of  Newbiggin.  The  landowners  hero 
are  General  Wyndham ;  W.  Hodgson,  Esq. ;  John 
Jameson,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  Thomas  Hodgson,  Joseph 
DLxon,  Jonah  Di.xon,  and  William  Gibson.  The  com- 
mons were  enclosed  at  the  same  time  as  those  of  Croglin. 

The  village  of  Newbiggin  is  on  the  north  side  of  the 
parish,  one  mile  and  a  half  north-by-west  of  CrogHn, 
and  eight  miles  south-by-east  of  Brampton.  Here  is  a 
Wesleyan  Methodist  chapel,  erected  in  or  about  the 
year  1846. 


DACRE  PARISH. 


523 


DACRE    PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Dacre  is  bounded  on  the  north-west  by  Greystoke  parish  ;  on  tlie  south  by  the  river  Eamont,  which 
divides  it  from  the  county  of  Westmoreland ;  and  on  the  east  [by  Penriih  and  Newton  Reiguy  parishes.  It  is  about 
four  miles  from  north  to  south,  and  two  and  a  half  from  east  to  west,  comprisiug  the  townships  of  Dacre,  Great 
lilencow,  Newbiggiu,  Soulby,  and  Staiuton.  The  lands  here  are  partly  freehold  and  partly  of  customar)-  tenure. 
The  soil  is  chieHy  a  red  loam,  producing  good  grain  crops,  especially  near  the  banks  of  the  Eamont.  Limestone 
is  found  in  the  parish ;  and  at  Southwaite  is  a  mineral  spring  much  resorted  to  by  the  inhabitants.  Agriculture 
is  the  only  employment  of  the  population.  Penrith  is  the  market  usually  attended.  The  parish  comprises  an  area 
of  8,205  acres.  The  population  in  1801  was  V12 ;  in  1811,  7G3 ;  inl8'^l,901;  in  1831,995;  in  1811,  975;  and 
in  1851,  954. 


DACRE. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  returned  with  the 
parish;  its  rateable  value  is  £1,009,  ITs.  Od.  The 
population  was  not  returned  separately  till  1 841,  when 
it  was  204;  and  in  1851  it  had  decreased  to  103 
persons,  who  chielly  reside  in  the  village  of  Dacre. 

Dacre  gave  name  to  the  ancient  baronial  family  of 
Dacre,  who  had  their  seat  at  Dacre  Castle,  in  this 
township.  Their  posterity  became  by  marriage  lords  also 
of  Gilsland  and  Greystoke.  On  the  demise  of  Thomas 
Lord  Dacre  without  male  issue,  in  1452,  his  next 
brother,  Ralph,  succeeded  to  the  baronies  of  Gilsland 
and  Greystoke,  and  he  and  his  successors  were  called 
Lords  Dacre  of  the  North.  Sir  Pilchard  Fienes  having 
married  Joan,  the  only  daughter  of  Thomas  Lord  Dacre, 
was  by  royal  patent,  the  samo  year,  declared  to  be  a 
barou  of  the  re;iim,  by  the  title  of  Lord  Dacro  of  the 
South.  Jlargaret,  the  sister  and  heir  of  Gregory  Lord 
Dacre,  married  Samson  Lennard,  Esq.,  of  Chcvening, 
in  Kent,  whose  posterity  iuherited  the  title  and  the 
Dacre  estates.  Thomas  Lennard  Lord  Dacre,  who  was 
created  Earl  of  Sussex  in  1075,  left  two  daughters, 
co-beircsses,  who,  with  their  mother,  sold  the  manors 
of  Dacre  and  Soulby,  iu  1715,  to  Sir  Christopher 
Musgrave ;  the  latter  conveyed  them  the  same  year 
to  Edward  Ilasell,  Esq.,  of  Dalcmain,  from  whom  they 
have  descended  to  Edward  llascU,  Esq.,  the  present 
proprietor;  besides  whom,  Pi.  Wauchope,  Esq.,  A.  F. 
lludlestone,  Esq.,  and  T.  Fctherstonehaugli,  Esq., 
are  the  landowners.  The  township  has  been  enclosed 
iu  pursuance  of  un  act  passed  about  the  year  1810. 

Dacre  Castle  is  a  plain  quadrangular  building,  sur- 
mounted with  crenellated  parapets  and  four  square 
turrets,  two  of  which  are  built  nt  right  angles  to  the 
main  building,  while  the  others  arc  not  There  are 
two  entrances,  one  at  the  west  tower,  and  another 
between  the  towers  on  the  east  front.  Near  the  latter 
are  the  armorial  bearings  of  the  Earl  of  Sussex,  who 
restored  the  castle  in  the  latter  end  of  tlie  seventeenth 
century,  quartering  Lennai"d,  Fienes,  Dacre,  and 
Multon.     The  shield  is  surmouatcd  by  a  coronet,  the 


supporters  are,  dexter,  a  wolf,  chained ;  sinister,  a  liiU, 
chained ;  and  the  motto,  "  Pour  bien  desirer."  This 
ancient  mansion  of  the  Dacres  has  for  some  time  been 
used  as  a  farm-house.  In  the  wall  of  the  room  now 
occupied  as  the  kitchen  is  a  piscina  with  an  orna- 
mented trefoiled  arch,  aud  it  is  very  probable  that  this 
was  the  chapel  of  the  castle.  The  walls  are  about 
seven  feet  in  thickness.  There  are  two  arched  vaults, 
said  to  have  served  as  dungeons,  which  communicate 
by  steps  with  the  ground  floor.  Access  to  the  roof  of 
the  castle  was  obtained  by  means  of  staircases  in  the 
towers ;  and  to  the  tops  of  the  towers  by  stone  steps 
from  the  roof.  ilr.  Howard,  in  his  "  Memorials  of  the 
Howard  Family,"  alluding  to  a  congress  held  at  Dacre 
(see  page  520)  says,  "This  fact  is  singularly  corrobo- 
rated by  there  being  iu  the  casde  a  room,  called  to 
this  day,  the  '  Ptoom  of  the  Three  Iviugs,'  while  the 
historical  fact  itself  is  entirely  forgotten  in  the  country. 
This  proves  both  the  antiquity  of  the  castle  and  its 
having  been  a  place  of  some  consequence,  otherwise  it 
would  not  have  been  appointed  by  Athelstan  for  a 
ceremony  of  such  importance.  After  the  Conquest, 
however,  if  not  before,  Dacre  was  a.  mesne  manor  held 
of  the  barony  of  Greystoke  by  military  suit  and  ser\-ice. 
.\s  to  the  story  of  the  owners  having  derived  their  name 
from  having  particularly  distiuguishej  themselves  at  the 
siege  of  Acre  in  the  holy  wars,  this  appears  to  be  a 
fiction  arising  out  of  the  name,  and  I  think  it  is  enough 
for  human  pride  to  show  that  the  parish,  the  manor, 
the  rivulet,  and  the  castle,  were  all  blended  with  the 
name  of  the  owners.  Their  arms,  the  pilgrim's  scallop, 
may  possibly  have  been  talieu  from  their  having  l)e€n 
engaged  in  Palestine,  and  that  one  of  tlicm  was  in  the 
Crusade,  the  cross-legged  knight  iu  Dacre  church  clearly 
proves.  That  they  were  meu  of  high  spirit  and  enter- 
prise, and  favourites  of  the  Lulics,  there  exists  con- 
vincing evidence  :  Matilda,  the  gritit  heiress  of  ( lilsland, 
was  by  liandolph  Dacre  carried  off  from  M'arwick  Castle, 
iu  the  night  time,  while  she  was  Edward  lll.s  ward, 
and  under  the  custody  and  caro  of  Thomas  de  Beau- 
champ,  a  stout  earl  of  AVarvrick;   and  Thomas  Lord 


524 


LEATH  WAKD. 


Dacre  dashingly  followed  the  example  of  his  ancestor, 
170  years  afterwards,  by  carrying  off,  also  in  the  night 
time,  from  Brougham  Castle,  Elizabeth  of  Greystoke, 
the  heiress  of  his  superior  lord,  who  was  also  the  king's 
ward,  and  in  custody  of  Henry  Clifford,  earl  of  Northum- 
berland, who  probably  intended  to  marry  her.  Their 
vigour  and  ability  displayed  as  wardens  of  the  marches 
must  also  add  favourably  to  our  estimate  of  them  as 
men."  In  135 1  Margaret  de  Dacre  had  a  license  from 
the  bishop  of  the  diocese,  Gilbert  Welton,  to  have  a 
chapel  within  the  castle,  and  for  Robert  de  Kirkby  to 
be  her  chaplain.  This  chapel  now  serves  as  the  kitchen. 
The  subjoined  account  of  the  family  of  Dacre  will  give 
more  fully  the  particulars  of  the  descent  of  this  castle 
and  manor.  The  castle  is  the  property  of  Edward 
Hasell,  Esq.,  the  lord  of  the  manor. 

^itmiln  of  ^ncxt- 

Wn.T.TAW  Dacee  of  Dacre,  in  the  county  of  Cumberland,  in 
the  20th  year  of  King  Henry  III.,  served  the  office  of  sheritf  for 
that  shire,  with  John  de  Moore,  and  in  the  32nd  of  the  same  reign 
he  was  constituted  sheriff  of  Yorkshire,  and  governor  of  the 
castles  of  Scarborough  and  Pickering.  He  died  in  ten  years 
afterwards,  when  again  sheriff  of  Cumberland  and  governor  of 
the  castle  of  Carlisle,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

EiNULPn  DE  Dacre,  who  had  been  in  the  lifetime  of  his 
father  a  staunch  adherent  of  King  Henry  III.,  in  the  conflicts 
between  that  monarch  and  the  barons  ;  and  upon  succeeding  to 
his  inheritance  was  appointed  sheriff  of  Cumberland.  In  the 
7th  Edward  I.  he  was  constituted  sheriff  of  Yorkshire,  and  con- 
tinued in  that  trust  until  the  end  of  the  third  quarter  of  the 
eighth  succeeding  year.  This  Eanulph  married  Joan  de  Lnci ; 
and  dying  in  the  lith  Edward  I.  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

WrLLiAM  DE  Dacre,  who,  in  the  32nd  Edward  I.,  was  in  the 
expedition  made  that  year  into  Scotland,  and  about  the  same 
period  obtained  a  charter  for  free  warren  in  all  his  demesne 
lands  at  Dacre,  in  the  county  of  Cumberland,  and  at  Halton  in 
Lancashire.  In  the  first  year  of  the  next  reign  he  had  license 
to  castellate  his  mansion  at  Dunwalloght,  in  Cumberland,  on 
the  marches  of  Scotland  ;  and  in  three  years  afterwards  was 
again  engaged  in  the  Scottish  wars.  His  lordship  married 
Joane,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Benedict  Gemet,  of  Bluet ;  and 
having  been  summoned  to  Pailiament  as  a  baron,  from  the 
28th  Edward  I.  to  the  I2th  Edward  II.,  departed  this  life  in  the 
latter  year,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

KANtTj>H  DE  Dacre,  who  had  a  summons  to  Parliament  as 
Baron  Dacre,  from  13th  May,  1321,  to  15th  November,  ViSS. 
His  lordship  married  Margaret,  only  daughter  and  heiress  of 
Thomas  de  Multon,  Baron  Multon,  of  Gilsland  (by  writ  of 
Edward  II.,  dated  26th  August,  1307),  by  whom  he  acquired  con- 
siderable estates,  and  left  at  his  decease,  in  1339,  three  sons,  viz.; 
■\VilUara,  who  succeeded  to  the  barony  of  Dacre  through  his 
father,  and  to  the  barony  of  Multou  through  his  mother ;  but 
died  without  children  in  13C1.  Ealph,  successor  to  his  brother 
in  the  baronies,  died  also  without  children  in  1375.    And 

Hugh  de  Dacre,  who  succeeded  his  brother  Ealph  as  Lord 
Dacre  and  Lord  Multon,  and  had  summons  to  Parliament  from 
1st  December,  1376,  to  20th  August,  1383.  His  lordship  mar- 
ried Ela,  daughter  of  Alexander  Lord  Maxwell ;  and  dying  in 
1383,  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 


William  de  Dacre,  summoned  to  Parliament  from  3rd 
March,  1384,  to  23rd  November,  1403.  His  lordship  married 
Joane,  daughter  of  James  Earl  of  Douglas  j  and  dying  about 
the  year  1403,  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

TnoMAS  de  Dacre,  summoned  to  Parliament  from  1st  Decem- 
ber, 1412,  to  the  26th  May,  1155.  This  nobleman  was  consti- 
tuted chief  forester  of  Inglewood  Forest,  in  the  county  of  Cum- 
berland, in  the  8th  Henry  V.,  and  was  appointed  in  the  2nd 
Henry  VI.  one  of  the  commissioners  to  treat  for  peace  with 
James  1.  of  Scotland.  His  lordship  married  Philippa,  daughter 
of  Ralph  Nevill,  earl  of  Westmoreland,  and  had  issue, 

L  Thomas,  who  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Richard  Bowes, 
Esq.;  nnil  dying  in  the  lifetime  of  his  father,  left  on  only 
daughter  and  heiress, 

Joane,  married  to  Sir  Richard  Fienes,  Knt.,  who  was 
declared  Baron  Dacre  by  King  Edward  IV.,  and  from 
whom  die  barony  has  descended  in  regular  succession 
to  the  present  Lord  Dacre. 

IL  Ranulph,  a  stout  adherent  of  the  House  of  Lancaster,  had 
summons  to  Parliament  ns  a  baron  in  the  38lh  Heury  VI., 
but  fell  at  Towton,  and  was  sutisequeutly  attainted,  when 
his  title  aud  estates  became  forfeited. 
ni.  Humphrey,  of  whom  presently. 
I.  Joan,  married  to  Thomas,  eighth  Lord  de  Clifibrd. 

Sir  HtJMrirREV  Dacre  (the  third  son)  having  deported  him- 
self obsequiously  to  the  then  triumphant  house  of  York,  attended 
King  Edward  IV.  at  tho  sieges  and  surrender  of  the  differenc 
Lancastrian  castles  in  the  north ;  for  which  good  service,  as 
well  as  his  fidelity  to  the  king's  sister  Margaret,  whom  ha 
escorted  as  chamberlain  upon  her  joiUTiey  into  Flanders  on  the 
occasion  of  her  marriage  with  Charles  Duke  of  Burgundy,  he 
was  constituted  master  forester  of  Inglewood  Forest  for  life ;  and 
continuing  to  enjoy  the  confidence  of  the  king,  he  was  sum- 
moned to  Parliament  as  a  baron  on  the  15th  November,  1482, 
under  the  designation  of  "  Humfrido  Dacres  of  Gilsland, 
chevalier."  Sir  Humphrey  Dacre,  who  enjoyed  Gilsland  and 
other  capital  manors,  by  rirtue  of  a  fine  levied  by  his  father,  had 
previously  disputed  the  original  barony  of  Dacre  with  his  niece, 
Joane  Lady  Fienes,  when  the  affair  was  referred  to  the  arbitra- 
tion of  King  Edward  IV.,  who  confirmed  Sir  Richard  Fienes 
and  his  lady  in  the  barony,  with  the  precedency  enjoyed  by 
Lady  Fienes's  grandfather,  and  decreed  to  them  divers  castles 
and  manors  ;  but  Gilsland,  the  ancient  seat  of  the  Vaux's,  with 
several  considerable  estates,  was  adjudged  to  Sir  Humphrey, 
who,  at  the  same  time,  was  created  a  baron,  with  place  next 
below  Sir  Richard  Fienes,  and  for  distinction  was  styled  Lord 
Dacre  of  Gilsland,  or  of  the  North  (of  whom  hereafter).  Sir 
Richard  being  entitled  Lord  Dacre  of  the  South. 

DACKE    OF   THE    SOUTH. 

Richard  Fienes,  in  the  year  1459,  was  summoned  in  right 
of  his  wife  as  seventh  Baron  Dacre.  He  became  possessed  of 
the  manors  of  Dacre,  Irthington,  Kirkoswald,  Blackball,  Farlam, 
Brackenthwaite,Lazonby,  Brampton,  Burgh-upon-Sands,  Aikton, 
Rockhff,  and  Glassonby,  with  lands  in  this  county,  and  divers 
manors  in  Westmoreland,  Lancashire,  and  Lincolnshire.  In 
the  13th  Edward  I\.  he  was  constable  of  the  Tower,  and  in  the 
15th  Edward  IV.  one  of  the  king's  council.  He  was  summoned 
to  Parliament  from  38th  Henry  VX.  until  the  22nd  Edward  IV., 
and  died  in  1484,  Joan,  his  wife,  surviving  him.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  grandson, 

Thojias  Fienes,  lord  Dacre  (son  of  Sir  Thomas  Fienes  and 
his  wife,  Alice,  eldest  daughter  and  coheir  of  Henry  Lord  Fitz- 
Hugh).  This  nobleman  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Bath  at  the 
creation  of  Henry  (second  son  of  Henry  VII.)  Duke  of  York. 


DACRE   PARISH. 


525 


His  lordship  married  Aone,  daughter  of  Sir  Humphrey  Bonr- 
chier,  son  of  John  Bourchier,  lord  Bemers,  and,  dying  in  J  834, 
was  succeeded  by  his  grandson, 

Thomas  Fiknks,  lord  Dacre  (son  of  Thomas  Fienes  by  Jane, 
daughter  of  Edward  Sutton,  lord  Dudley).  This  nobleman  was 
high  in  favour  at  the  court  of  Henry  VIII.,  but  going  with  other 
young  men  one  night,  from  Ilurstraonceu.x,  to  steal  a  deer  out 
of  hia  neighbour  Sir  Nicholas  Pelham's  park,  a  fray  ensued 
between  some  of  his  party  and  the  parkkeepers,  in  which  one  of 
the  latter  was  killed ;  and  though  Lord  Dacre  was  not  himself 
upon  the  spot,  but  in  another  part  of  the  park,  he  was  neverthe- 
less tried,  convicted,  and  executed  for  the  murder  in  1541,  when 
his  honours  became  forfeited.  In  1562,  however,  those  honours 
■were  restored  to  his  son  and  heir  (by  Mary,  daughter  of  George 
Neville,  lord  Abergavenny), 

GnEGORY  Fienes,  lord  Dacre,  who  was  summoned  to  Parlia- 
ment from  nth  January,  5th  Elizabeth,  10U3,  to  lOth  February, 
35th  Elizabeth,  1091).  This  nobleman  died  in  1594  without  issue, 
leaving 

Maroabet  Fienes,  lady  Dacre,  wife  of  Sampson  Lennard, 
Esq.,  bis  sister  and  heir.  She  claimed  the  barony,  temp.  Eliza- 
beth, and  was  allowed  it  in  1004.  Her  ladyship  died  in  1611, 
and  was  succeeded  by  her  eldest  son, 

Henuy  Lennaud,  lord  Dacre,  who  raanied  Chrisogona, 
daughter  of  Sir  Itichard  Baker,  of  Sissenhurst,  in  Kent,  and, 
dying  in  lOlC,  was  succeeded  by  his  only  son, 

Richard  Lennard,  lord  Dacre.  'J'his  nobleman  rebuilt  his 
seat  at  Chevening,  after  a  plan  by  Inigo  Jones.  His  lordship 
married,  firstly,  Elizabeth,  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Sir  Artliur 
Throckmorton,  of  Pauler's  Perry,  co.  Northampton,  by  whom 
be  had  (with  other  issue), 

I.  Francis,  his  successor. 

He  married,  secondly,  Dorothy,  daughter  of  Dudley  Lord  North, 
and  by  her  had  a  son, 

n.  KiriiAnn,  who  hnd  the  manor  of  Horsford,  in  Norfolk,  settled 
upon  bill!  by  his  faibcr;  inul  be  subsequently  assnraed  the 
imiiid  of  IJurreli,  in  ci>nse(iueuce  of  the  bequest  of  Sir 
Edward  Uarrett,  lord  Neivbiirgb,  to  him,  of  tin;  manor  of 
Belllinuse,  and  other  lands,  in  Essex.  He  murried  Anne, 
daughter  and  heiress  of  Sir  llobert  Loftus,  Km.,  and  grand- 
daugbtt-r  of  Aditni  Viscount  Lofiiis,  of  Ely,  lord  chancellor 
of  liehuid,  and  was  succeeded  at  his  decease,  in  lOUU,  by 
his  son, 

1.  Dacre-Barrett-Lennard,  who  married  Lady  Jane 
Chichester,  daughter  of  Arthur,  second  Earl  of 
Donegal,  and  bad  a  son, 

Richard,  of  wluim  hereafter,  as  husband  of  bis 
cousin.  Lady  Anne  Lennai'd,  baroness  Dacre. 

Richard  Lord  Dacre  died  Itith  August,  1030,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  eldest  son, 

Francis  Lennard,  lord  Dacre.  This  nobleman,  during  the 
civil  wars,  took  the  side  of  tlio  Parliament,  but  opposed  the  pro- 
ceedings against  the  king  personally.  His  lordship  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  and  eventually  co-heir  of  Paul,  first  Viscount 
llayning,  by  whom  ho  had  three  sons  and  three  daughters. 
Lord  Dacre,  on  the  decease  of  Uanulph  Dacre,  Inst  heir  molo  of 
the  Lords  Dacro  of  Iho  North,  without  issue,  in  the  reign  of 
I'harles  L,  laid  claim  to  tlilsland  .ind  tlio  rest  of  the  ancient 
estates  in  Cumbirland,  and  though  ho  at  last  consented  to  coni- 
proniiso  with  the  Howard  family,  llien  in  possession,  yet  ho 
recovered  Dacre  and  divers  other  manors  in  Cumberland  and 
Westmoreland.  Ho  died  in  \W\l  (his  widow,  lOII/abeth,  was 
subsequently  created  Countess  of  Sheppy  for  life,  and  mar- 
ried David  Walter,  lieut. -general  of  tlio  onlnance  and  groom 
of  the  bed  chamber,  ttmp.  Charles  II.),  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  eldest  son, 


Thomas  Lennard,  lord  Dacre,  who  was  created,  5th  October, 
1674,  Earl  of  Sussex.  This  nobleman  was  obliged,  through 
extravagance,  to  dispose  of  his  seat  at  Hurstinonceux,  and  bis 
lands  in  Sussex.  His  lordship  married  Lady  Anne  Palmer, 
daughter  of  Barbara  Duchess  of  Cleveland,  but  died  in  1715 
without  male  issue,  when  the  earldom  ceased,  while  the  barony 
of  Dacre  fell  into  abeyance  between  the  earl's  two  daughters  and 
co-heirs,  Barbara  and  Anne ;  the  elder  married  Lieut.-general 
Charles  Skelton,  but  dying  without  issue  in  1741,  the  younger, 

Anne,  became  Baroness  Dacre.  Her  ladyship  married  thrice: 
firstly,  Richard  Barrett  Lennard,  Esq.  (revert  to  Richard  Lord 
Dacre),  by  whom  she  had  an  only  son, 

I.  Tno-MAs; 

secondly,  Henry,  eighth  Lord  Teynham,  by  whom  she  had,  with 
other  children, 

II.  Charles,  who  married  Gertrude,  sister  and  co  heir  of  John 
Trevor,  Esq.,  of  tilynd,  in  Sussex,  and  left  at  his  decease, 
in  1754, 

Chables  Trevor,  of  whom  presently. 
Gertrude    Trevor,  who    succeeded    her    brother,  as 
Baroness  Dacre. 

her  ladyship  married,  tliirdly,  the  Hon.  Robert  Jloorc,  son  of 
Henry,  third  Earl  of  Drogheda,  by  whom  she  had  one  son, 

III.  Henry. 

Lady  Dacre,  soon  after  the  death  of  her  first  husband,  in  con- 
junction with  her  sister,  sold  Chevening,  the  ancient  seat  of  the 
Leunards,  to  Earl  Stanhope,  and  Dacre  Castle,  with  the  lands 
in  Cumberland,  to  Sir  Christopher  Musgrave.  She  died  in 
1755,  and  was  succeeded  by  her  eldest  son, 

Thomas  Babret  Lennakd,  lord  Dacre.  This  nobleman 
married  Anne  Maria,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Pratt,  lord  chief- 
justice  of  the  King's  Bench,  but  died  without  issue  on  the  12th 
January,  1780,  when  the  title  devolved  upon  his  nephew  (refer 
to  Anne  Baroness  Dacre), 

Charles  Trevor  Roi'ER,  lord  Dacre,  born  14th  June,  1745; 
married,  2nd  March,  177>'!,  Mary,  only  daughter  and  heir  of  Sir 
Thomas  Fludyer,  Knt.,  but  died  without  issue  on  4th  July,  179-t, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  sister. 

The  Hon.  Gertrude  Roper,  who  married,  20th  April,  1771, 
Thomas  Brand,  Esq.,  of  the  Hoo,  co.  Herts,  and  by  him  (who 
died  2lst  February,  1794)  bad  issue, 

I.  Thomas. 
II.  Hexrv  Otwav. 
I.  Gertrude. 

Her  ladyship  died  on  3rd  October,  1819,  and  was  succeeded  by 
her  eldest  son, 

Thomas  Brand,  lord  Dacre,  bom  25th  March,  1774;  married, 
4th  December,  1819,  Barberina,  relict  of  Valentine  Wilmot,  Esq., 
of  Fnrnboriiugh,  Hants,  and  daughter  of  the  late  .\dmiral  Sir 
Chaloner  Ogle,  Bart.;  but  died  without  issue  on  21st  March, 
1851,  when  ho  was  succeeded  by  his  brother, 

Henry  Otwav,  lord  Dacre,  Ueut.gencral  in  the  army,  colonel 
of  the  31st  Regiment,  C.  B.;  distinguished  in  the  Peninsular 
War;  bom  27th  July,  1777;  married,  24th  July,  WM\,  Pyno, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Hon.  and  Very  l!cv.  Dean  Crosbie, 
and  sister  of  Lord  Brandon.  By  this  lady  (who  died  in  January, 
1841)  ho  had  issue, 

I.  Tiiouas  Crosdii  WiLLUii,  present  peor. 

II.  Henry  Bonverio  William,  M.P.  for  Glyndo,  Smwex ;    Imrtl 

2lih   Dccemlicr,   Isli;    married,   lUdi  April,  l83'<,  Eliza, 
ilnughtcr  of  Gi-iicriil  Ellicc,  aiitl  lias  i^suo. 
I.  Pyne  .lesse,  married  lirsily  to  John  H.  Cottcrell,  Esq.,  and 
nccuudly  to  Granville  llorcourt  Vemou,  Esq.,  M.P. 


526 


LEATH  WARD. 


II.  .Iuli«,  married  to  Sumnel  C.  W'liitbrend,  Esq. 

III.  (iermiile,  nittrriwl  to  Sir  George  H.  Seymour,  G.C.H. 

IV.  Krcilcrica  Mnry  Jane. 

His  lordsliip,  who  assumed  by  sign  manual,  in  1824,  the  sur- 
name of  Trevor,  died  Und  of  June,  185a,  and  was  succeeded  by 
liis  eldest  SOD, 

Thomas  Croseie  Wn.i.iAM  Brand  Trevou,  the  present  Baron 
Dacre,  born  in  1808;  married,  I'Jth  .Timuary,  1837,  Susan  Sophia, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  Hon.  Charles  Conipton  Cavendish,  M.P. 
for  Bncks.    His  lordship  is  co-heir  to  the  barouy  of  Fitz-Hugh. 

D.VCRE   OF   THE    NORTH. 

Sir  HuMrniiET  DAcnn  (see  page  S24),  married  Maud, 
daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Parr,  ICnight,  and  dying  in  1000,  was 
succeeded  by  his  son. 

Sir  Tiio.MAs  Dachk,  'Jnd  Lord  Dacre  of  Gilsland,  summoned 
to  Parliament  from  17lh  October,  1509,  to  12th  November,  1515. 
This  nobleman  in  the  !)th  Henry  VIII ,  served  under  Thomas 
Earl  of  Surrey,  at  the  siege  of  Norham  castle ;  and  his  lord- 
ship obtained  great  celebrity  in  the  command  of  a  body  of  horse 
reserve  at  the  famous  battle  of  Floddcn,  in  the  4th  Henry  VIII., 
under  the  same  gallant  leader.  He  was  subsequently  at  ditferent 
times  engaged  in  Scotluud;  and  he  filled  the  important  office  of 
warden  of  the  West  JIarches,  from  the  1st  year  of  King  Henry 
VIII.  He  married  Elizabeth,  grand-daughter  and  sole  lieiress 
of  Ealph  de  Greystoke,  Baron  Greystoke,  K.  G.,  and  had  issue, 

I.  William,  his  successor. 
II.  Humphrey. 

I.  JIary, married  to  Francis,  Earl  of  Shrewsbury. 

II.  Margaret,  married  to  Henry,  Lord  Scrope  of  Bolton. 

III.  Jane. 

His  lordship  died  in  1525,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 
Sir  'Wii.i.iam  Dacre,  as  3rd  Lord  Dacre  of  Gilsland,  sum- 
moned to  Parliament  from  3rd  November,  1529,  to  21st  October, 
1555,  in  the  first  writ  as  "  Willielmo  Dacre  de  Dacre  and  Grey- 
stoke, Chl'r,"  afterwards  as  "  de  Gilsland,"  or  "of  Greystoke," 
or  "de  North."  In  the  2Cth  Henry  VIII.,  this  nobleman, 
being  accused  of  high  treason  by  Sir  Ealph  Fenwyke,  was 
brought  to  trial  before  liis  peers  at  Westminster,  in  the  July  of 
that  year,  and  acquitted,  owing  to  tlie  description  of  evidence  by 
which  the  charge  was  sustained  ;  namely,  persons  of  mean  de- 
gi'ee  from  the  Scottish  border,  who  were  either  suborned,  or 
brought  forward  by  a  vindictive  feeling  towards  Lord  Dacre, 
arising  from  the  seveiity  with  which  ho  had  executed  the  duty 
of  warden  of  the  marches.  In  the  reigns  of  Edward  VI.,  Mary, 
and  Elizabeth,  his  lordship  was  captain  of  the  castle,  and 
governor  of  Carlisle  ;  and  in  the  second  year  of  the  last  queen 
he  was  joined  in  commission  with  the  Earl  of  Northumberland 
to  negotiate  a  peace  with  Scotland.  His  lordship  married 
EUzabelli,  5th  daughter  of  George  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
had  issue, 

I.  Thomas,  his  successor. 

II.  Leonard,  who  being  dissatisBed  with  the  distribntion  of  the 

family  estates  among  his  nieces,  at  the  decease  of  his 
nejjhew,  George  Lord  Dacre,  joined  in  the  conspiracy  of 
the  Earls  of  Nortimmberlanti  and  Westmoreland,  temp. 
Elizabeth,  for  tlie  rescue  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and 
took  possession  of  the  Dacre  castles  of  Greystoke  and 
Naworih,  in  the  norlh,  but  was  eventually  obliged  to  fly 
into  Scotland,  when  he  was  attainted  with  the  lords  above- 
mentioned  ;  he  died  without  issue. 
III.  Edward,  attainted  with   his  brother  Leonard  for  the  same 

treason,  died  widiout  issue. 
IV.  Francis,  attainted  with  bis  brothers,  and  for  the  same  treason. 
He  lived,  however,  several  years  after,  dying  about  the  Sth 
Charles  L      He  married  Dorothy,  daughter  of  John  Eiul 
of  Uerweutwater,  and  left, 


Itandal,  (the  last  male  heir  of  Hnmphrey  Lord  Dacre,  of 

tiilslaud,  who  died  two  years  after  bis  father,  williout 
issue.  'I'he  parish  register  of  Greystoke,  for  Ht'U, 
contains  the  following  entry  (buried);  *■  Uandal  Dacre, 
Esq.,  Sonne  and  byre  to  I-'rancis  Dacre,  Esq.,  Hecenswd, 
being  the  yomipesi  son  of  the  last  Lord  William  Dacre; 
deceased  being  the  last  byre  male  of  that  lyiie  ;  which 
said  Ranilyll  dyed  at  London,  anil  was  brought  downe 
at  the  charges  of  the  Eight  Hon.  Thoma.s  F.arlo  of 
Aruiideil  and  Surreye,  and  earle  marsball  of  England." 

I.  ^fargaret,  married  to  Anthony  Browne,  viscoimt  Montacule. 

II.  Aime,  married  tt>  Henry  Clitford,  earl  ttf  Cumberland. 

III.  Eleanor,  married  to  Henry  .lerninghatn,  Esq.,  of  Costessey 

Hall,  Norfolk,  by  whom  she  had,  with  other  issue, 

Henry  Jemingham,  who  was  created  a  baronet  IHth  Octo- 
ber, li;21,  a  dignity  iuheriied  by  Sir  Henry's  descend- 
ant, Henry  Videuiine  (Stallbrd-Jcniingbain),  present 
Lord  Stafford. 

IV.  Mary,  married  to  Alexander  Culpepper,  Esq. 
V.  Dorothy,  married  to  Sir  Thomas  Windsore,  Knt.,  son  and 
heir  of  William  Lord  Wmdsore. 

Lord  Dacre  died  in  1003,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Thomas  Dacrk,  4ih  Baron  Dacre  of  Gilsland,  but  never 
summoned  to  Pai'liamcnt.  'J'his  nobleman  married  Elizabeth, 
(laughter  of  Sir  James  Leihurne,  Ent.,  of  Cuiiswick,  in  West- 
moreland, and  had  issue, 

I.  Gf.oroe,  his  successor. 

I.  Anne,  married  to  Philip  Howard,  carl  of  Anmdel. 
IL  Mary,  married  to  Thomas  Lord  Howard,  of  Walden,   and 

died  without  children. 
III.  Elizabeth,  married  to  Lord  William  Howard  ;  and  her  great 
grandson,  Charles  Howard,  Esq.,  was  elevateil  to  the  peer- 
age on  the  20th  of  April,  llilil,  by  the  title  of  liaron  Dacre 
of  Gdsland,  Visocunit  Howard  of  Morpeth,  and  Earl  of 
Carlisle,  of  which  nobleman  the  present  Earl  ot  Carlisle  is 
the  liueal  descendant. 

His  lordship  died  in  1500,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  only  son, 

George  Dacee,  5th  Lord  Dacre  of  Gilsland,  who  died  in 
minority,  anno  1059,  of  a  fall  from  a  woodeit  horse,  upon 
which  he  practised  to  leap.  At  the  decease  of  his  lordship,  the 
barony  of  Dacre  of  Gilsland  fell  into  abeyance  between  his 
sisters  as  co-heirs,  and  it  so  continues  with  their  descendants. 
Of  his  estates,  Greystoke  fell  to  the  Earl  of  Arundel,  and  is 
now  in  the  possession  of  Henry  Howard,  Esq.,  wliile  NawortU 
Castle  devolved  upon  Lord  Wilham  Howard,  where  he  settled, 
and  it  now  belongs  to  the  Earl  of  Carlisle. 

The  village  of  Dacre  is  situated  on  the  north  bank  of 
the  river  Eamont,  five  miles  west-south-west  of  Penrith, 
by  the  turnpike  road,  or  four  and  a  half  by  the  Dale- 
main  private  road.  Dacre  is  mentioned  in  history  at  a 
ver}'  early  period.  The  Sa-xou  Chronicle  tells  us  that 
in  the  year  1)20,  "  fiery  lights  appeared  in  the  north 
part  of  the  heavens.  And  Sihtric  perished  :  and  King 
Athelstan  obtained  the  kiugdoin  of  the  Northumbrians. 
And  he  ruled  all  the  kings  which  were  in  this  island  : 
first,  Huwal,  king  of  the  West- Welsh ;  and  Constan- 
tine,  king  of  the  Scots  :  and  Uwen,  king  of  the 
Gueutian  people  ;  and  Ealdred,  son  of  Ealdulf  of 
Bamborough  ;  And  they  confirmed  the  peace  by  pledge, 
and  by  oaths,  at  the  place  which  is  called  Eamot,  on 
the  fourth  of  the  Ides  of  July  (July  12);  and  they 
renounced  all  idolatry,  and  after  that  submitted  to  him 
in  peace.''     From  a  passage  in  WUliam  of  Malmesbuiy 


DACRE   PARISH. 


"this  place  which  is  called  Eamot"  appears  to  have 
been  Dacre,  for  Malmesbury  says  "Anlof,  the  son  of 
Sihtric,  then  fled  into  Ireland,  and  his  brother  Guth- 
ferth  into  Scotland.  Messengers  from  the  king  imme- 
diately followed  to  Constantino,  king  of  the  Scots,  and 
Eugenius,  king  of  the  Cumbrians,  claiming  the  fugitive 
under  a  threat  of  war.  The  barlmrians  had  no  idea  of 
resistance,  but  without  delay  coming  to  a  place  called 
Dacor,  they  surrendered  themselves  and  their  kingdoms 
to  the  sovereign  of  England."  The  subsequent  history 
of  the  place  is  to  be  sought  for  in  the  history  of  the 
noble  families  with  which  it  was  so  long  connected. 
Venerable  Bede,  in  his  History,  speaks  of  a  monastery 
at  Dacre,  but  as  we  are  of  opinion  that  it  stood  at 
Stainton  in  this  parish,  we  will  reserve  our  remarks  till 
we  come  to  speak  of  that  township. 

THE   CnUECH. 

Dacre  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Andrew,  is 
situated  within  a  short  distance  of  the  castle.  It  con- 
sists of  a  nave,  with  north  and  south  aisles,  chancel, 
tower,  and  vestry.  There  was  formerly  a  porch  on  the 
south  side ;  the  coping  stone  of  the  roof  yet  remains, 
but  the  door  is  walled  up,  and  the  principal  entrance  to 
the  church  is  under  the  tower  at  the  west  end.  The 
tower  was  rebuilt  in  1810  and  contains  three  bells. 
The  aisles  arc  divided  from  the  nave  by  four  pointed 
arches,  and  a  low  circukr  arch  separates  the  nave  and 
chancel.  On  the  floor,  on  the  north  side  of  the  chancel, 
are  the  effigies  of  a  Knight  Templar,  or  of  one  who  had 
made  a  crusade  to  the  Holy  Land,  and  it  is  supposed 
to  Commemorate  some  member  of  the  Dacro  family. 
The  figure  is  represented  in  mail  armour,  with  gorget 
and  helmet ;  the  sword  is  sheathed  by  the  side ;  the 
legs,  which  are  broken  olf  a  little  below  the  knees,  are 
crossed,  and  the  hands  are  raised  in  the  attitude  of 
prayer.  It  seems  to  belong  to  the  time  of  Henry  III. 
The  church  contains  mural  monuments  to  the  memory 
of  members  of  the  Hasell,  Salmond,  Maw,  and  Parkin 
families.  In  the  churchyard,  are  four  rude  figures  of 
animals,  about  live  feet  high,  sitting  on  their  haunches, 
and  clasping  a  pillar  or  ragged  statY.  It  has  been  sup- 
posed that  they  refer  to  some  armorial  device  of  the 
Dacre  family,  as  the  ragged  staff  appears  connected 
with  the  escallop  shell,  in  several  of  the  ornaments  of 
N'awonh  Castle ;  though  we  do  not  find  it  anywhere 
recorded  among  the  arms  or  cognisances  of  that  family. 
The  church  of  Dacre  appears  to  have  been  appropriated 
to  the  monastery  which  formerly  existed  in  this  parish. 
In  the  Valor  of  Pope  Nicholas  the  rectory  and  vicamgo 
of  Dacre  are  returned  separately,  the  fonner  as  \vorth 
X50,  and  the  latter  JC9  i3.  8d.    lu  the  Valor  of  Edward 


II.  they  arc  estimated  as  being  united  at  £13  Cs.  8d. 
Soon  after  the  former  survey,  the  church  appears  to 
have  been  rectorial,  and  so  continued  until  late  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  when  it  is  supposed  to  have  been 
given  to  the  college  of  Kirkoswald,  and  appropriated 
thereto ;  but  on  the  suppression  of  the  religious  houses, 
the  tithes,  &c.,  were  vested  in  the  crown.     According 
to  Dr.  Todd,   "  Queen  JIary  gave  (as  was  said]  the 
disposal  of  Dacre  to  Bishop  Oglethorp,  but  her  grant 
was  vacated  in  the  next  reign."     In  1380  Andrew  de 
Laton,  of  Dalemaiu,  by  will,  gave  to  this  church  all  his 
personal  estate  for  the  good  of  his  soul.     In  15^3  a 
lease  of  the  rectory  and  tithes  was  granted  by  the  crown 
to  Thomas  Hammond  for  twenty-one  years ;  he  paying 
to  the  vicar  an  annual  stipend  of  £8.     About  the  year 
1609  the  living  was  augmented  by  Mr.  William  Mawson, 
of  Tyraparon,  who,  by  will,  gave  a  lease  of  the  tithes  of 
Sleagill  and  Thrimby  in  Westmoreland,  to  be  divided 
equally  between  the  vicars  of  Dacre  and  Penrith.     The 
tithes  were  divided  by  the  trustees,  who  awai'ded  those 
of  Thrimby  to   Dacre.      They  were   afterwards   sold 
fur  £200,  wliich  was  given  in  augmentation  of  the 
vicarage.     The  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  gave 
an  additional  £'200,  with  which  land  was  purchased  at 
Black  Burton.     About  the  year  lti8-3  the  great  tithes 
were  purchiised  by  Charles  Dashwood,  Esq.     The  right 
of  patronage  was  originally  in  the  barons  of  Dacre,  lords 
of  the  manor.      Subsequently  the  collegiate  body  of 
Kirkoswald  presented ;    but  since   the    dissolution  of 
that  collegiate  church  the  right  of  patronage  has  been 
exercised  by  the  Lord  Chancellor.     It  appears  that  at 
present  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  the  impropriator,  for  he 
receives  a  fee-farm  rent  for  the  great  tithes  of  the  parish. 
The  small  tithes  belong  to  E.  W.  Hasell,  Esq.,  of  Dale- 
main  ;  they  were  commuted  at  the  time  of  the  enclosure 
of  the  common.      The  present  value  of  the  hving  is 
about  £118.     The  parish  registers  commence  in  IStiO. 

Rectohs. — Nicholas  de  Appleby,  ;    llcnry  do  Ilcrcia, 

1280;  Willinra  de  Burijli,  VKt;  William  Bowolt,  about  1359; 

Walter  do   Lowtliorburgb,  ;    Peter  de   Slapleton,  1309; 

William  do  Orchard,  1370;  John  Inglcby, . 

VicAiiS. — Thomas  Langripg,  about  1530;  Roland  T>awson, 

;  John  Brockbank,  1571;   Sir  PJchnrd  SultOD,  1574;  Sir 

William  Martin,  l.'iS'J  ;  Sir  Thomna  Wrao,  1591 ;  William  lUch- 
ordson,  17  12  ;  William  Cowper,  1707  ;  JoDuthnu  Moorhouse, 
1780  ;  John  Slepheusun,  180J  ;  Jolin  Gilpio,  lt<50  ;  Richard 
Williams,  lK5-,>. 

The  vicarage  is  a  ueat  stone  building  in  the  Ehza- 
bethan  style,  very  pleasantly  situated,  a  little  south  of 
the  village.  It  was  erected  in  1851-2,  at  an  expense  of 
upwards  of  £800,  defrayed  by  subscription,  and  a  grant 
of  £'J00  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty. 


528 


LEATH   WARP. 


Dacre  school,  situated  iu  the  village,  was  erected  in 
1834,  (iustead  of  an  old  one  built  iu  1749,  which  is  now 
let  as  a  cottage  at  an  annual  rent  of  £3  5s.)  at  a  cost 
of  nearlj'  JB130,  defrayed  by  subscription  and  a  grant 
of  j£40  from  the  Committee  of  Council  on  Education, 
and  £5  from  the  National  Society.  The  rent  of  the 
old  school  is  given  towards  the  teacher's  salary.  The 
school  is  under  government  inspection,  is  conducted  by 
a  mistress,  and  has  an  average  attendance  of  twenty- 
five  children.  The  trustees  of  this  school,  and  of  some 
other  charities  in  the  parish,  are  the  vicar  of  Dacre  for 
the  time  being,  Edward  William  Ilasell,  Esq.,  Andrew 
Fleming  Hudlestone,  Esq.,  and  Messrs.  Joseph  Gris- 
dale,  Joseph  Brown  Lander,  and  Francis  Winder.  At 
the  time  of  the  enclosure  of  the  commons  of  this 
township,  a  small  portion,  about  three  roods,  was  allot- 
ted to  the  school.  This  was  subsequently  e.\changed 
with  E.  W.  Hasell,  Esq.,  for  part  of  one-half  the 
interest  due  on  £'20  borrowed  from  his  predecessor  at 
the  time  of  the  exchange  of  Motherby  estate  for  New- 
biggin, — this  portion,  with  a  small  plantation  adjoining, 
Mr.  Hasell  gave  as  a  site  for  the  vicarage.  The  estate 
just  alluded  to  is  called  Xewbiggin  Town  End,  and 
includes  the  closes  called  the  Crofts,  containing  up- 
wards of  nine  acres  ;  and  also  a  field  called  Ings  or 
Newbiggiu  Ings  Croft,  which  contains  four  acres, 
making  a  total  of  upwards  of  thirteen  acres,  now  let 
for  £18  a  year, — £7  14s.  4d.  of  this  sum  is  given 
to  the  school,  for  which  four  poor  children  of  Dacre 
are  taught  free. 

CHARITIES. 

Itev.  Bobert  Troidbeck's  Dole.  —  The  Rev.  Robert 
Troutbcck,  by  will  proved  June  0th,  1700,  gave  to  the 
poor  of  Dacre  parish,  the  place  of  his  nativity,  £50,  the 
interest  thereof  to  be  distributed  every  year  by  the 
Troutbecks  of  Blencow,  if  there  should  be  any  living, 
othewise  by  the  minister  and  churchwardens  for  the 
time  being.  This  money  was  laid  out  in  1749,  with 
other  money,  in  the  purchase  of  an  estate  at  Motherby, 
the  rent  of  which  is  distributed  annually  on  Easter 
Sunday. 

John  Scott's  Gift- — John  Scott,  by  his  will  dated 
May  10th,  1759,  gave  to  the  churchwardens  and  over- 
seers of  the  parish  of  Dacre  £50  to  be  placed  upon 
security,  one  moiety  of  the  interest  to  be  paid  and 
distributed  amongst  the  poor  and  most  needy  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Stainton,  and  the  other  moiety  amongst 
the  poor  and  most  needy  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  rest 
of  the  parish  of  Dacre,  but  no  part  of  it  to  any  one  in 
receipt  of  parochial  relief.  The  money  is  invested  at 
four  and  a  half  per  cent  interest,  which  is  distributed 
as  directed. 


Hodgson's  Bequest. — James  Hodgson,  by  will  dated 
June  17th,  1778,  gave  £40  to  the  poor  people  in  Dacre 
and  Soulby,  the  interest  of  which  was  to  be  distributed 
in  Dacre  churchyard  every  Christmas  Day  for  ever. 

John  Troulhcck's  Gift. — John  Troutbeck,  by  will  dated 
October  '27th,  1787,  gave  to  the  poor  of  Dacre  parish, 
the  place  of  his  nativity,  £200,  the  interest  of  which 
was  to  be  distributed  every  Easter  Sunday,  on  the 
family  tombstone  in  Dacre  churchyard,  provided  the 
day  should  be  line,  by  the  hands  and  at  the  discretion 
of  a  Troutbeck  of  Blencow,  if  there  should  be  any 
living,  those  next  in  descent  having  prior  right  of 
distribution ;  and  if  none  should  be  living  that  would 
distribute  the  same,  then  by  a  Troutbeck  as  long  as 
one  could  be  found  that  would  take  the  trouble  of  it, 
otherwise  by  the  minister  and  churchwardens  of  the 
parish  for  the  time  being. 

Mrs.  Wilson's  Charity. — Jane  Wilson,  who  died 
January  39th,  18!26,  left  £100  to  the  poor  of  this 
parish,  also  £100,  the  interest  thereof  to  be  applied 
tovvards  the  educating  of  four  poor  children  belonging 
to  Stainton. 

Motherby  Estate,  School,  <fc  —  The  Motherby  estate 
was  purchased  with  several  donations  given  by  Matthew 
Brown,  the  Rev.  R.  Troutbeck,  Edward  Hasell,  Esq., 
and  an  ancient  Poor  Stock.  In  1799  the  property  was 
exchanged  for  a  messuage  and  tenement  called  New- 
biggiu Town  End,  and  Newbiggin  lugs  Croft,  by 
which  the  charity  was  materially  benefitted.  The  rent 
of  these  premises  is  applied  to  Dacre  school  and  the 
poor  of  the  village  and  parish. 

Dacre  Lodge,  the  seat  of  Admiral  Wauchope,  is  a 
neat  structure,  erected  in  1831-2,  occupying  a  pleasant 
situation  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Dacre,  within  a 
short  distauce  of  the  village. 

GREAT    BLENCOW. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  returned  with 
that  of  Newbiggin ;  its  area  is  returned  with  the  parish. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1841,  was  04  ;  in  1851, 
88  ;  who  chiefly  reside  iu  the  village  of  Blencow. 

Great  Blencow  appears  to  have  been  held  in  ancient 
times  by  a  family  bearing  the  local  name,  who  were 
settled  here  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IIL  They  subse- 
quently removed  to  Blencow  Hall,  iu  Little  Blencow, 
palish  of  Greystoke.  Henry  Howard,  Esq.  is  lord  of 
the  manor,  and  IMrs.  Elizabeth  Troutbeck  the  only 
landowner.  The  commons  were  enclosed  in  1775,  by 
an  act  passed  in  the  1 2th  George  III. 

The  village  of  Great  Blencow  is  five  miles  north- 
west by  west  of  Penrith.  Near  the  village  is  Ennim 
Bank,  the  seat  and  property  of  Mrs.  E.  Troutbeck. 


DACRE   PARISH. 


529 


CHARITY. 

The  School. — Thomas  Burbank,  a  native  of  Great 
Bleneow,  on  December  7tli,  1577,  endowed  the  school 
here  with  lands  and  messuages  in  the  county  of  North- 
ampton, of  the  venri)'  value  of  .£10  ;  in  addition  to 
wliicli  he  gave  i;300  in  money  for  the  use  of  the  school, 
£50  of  which  was  expended  in  building  the  school- 
house,  Jt'lOl)  laid  out  in  a  rentcliarge  of  L'O  a  year, 
payable  out  of  Yanwath  Hull  ;  the  remainder,  being 
lent  out  on  securities  which  became  worthless,  was 
lost.  The  nomination  of  the  head  master  is  vested  in 
feoffees,  of  whom  eight  was  the  appointed  number. 
As  the  feoffees  die,  two  of  the  survivors,  or  the  heirs  of 
the  survivors,  have  authority  to  make  new  feoffments  to 
others  being  inhabitants  of  (jreat  or  Litlle  Bleneow. 
The  school  is  said  to  be  free  to  all  the  kingilom,  on 
payment  of  entrance  money  ;  nothing  is  taught  but 
the  classics  ou  the  foundation,  other  branches  of  edu- 
cation have  to  be  paid  for.  Among  the  eminent  men 
educated  here  we  may  mention,  Edward  first  Baron 
Ellenborough,  lord  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench, 
and  George  Whitehead,  the  well-known  member  of  the 
Society  of  Friends.  The  income  of  the  school  is  about 
£190  per  annum. 

NEWBIGGIS. 

The  population  of  Xewbiggin  township  in  1^41  was 
341;  in  18.')  1,  340.  The  rateable  value,  inclusive  of 
that  of  Great  Bleneow,  is  £2,983  1 7s. ;  the  area  is 
returned  with  that  of  the  parish.  The  inhabitants  are 
principally  resident  in  the  village  of  Xewbiggin,  near  to 
which  are  limestone  i|uarries  culled  Whinlierry  quarries. 
Situated  on  an  elevated  part  of  the  common  in  this 
township  is  '■  Fluska  Pike,"  more  commonly  called 
"  Thompson's  Folly,"  from  the  name  of  the  man  who 
built  it  about  forty  years  ago.  It  is  a  s(iuare  building 
about  fourteen  feet  long,  and  twelve  high,  forming  one 
room,  and  was  used  by  its  owner,  JMr.  Thompson, 
author  of  the  "  Sentimental  Tour  to  London,"  Ac.  Ac, 
as  a  place  to  take  tec  or  spend  the  night  in.  It  is 
now  the  property  of  Mr.  Richard  Harrison,  of  Xew- 
biggin. Contiguous  to  this  building  is  a  field,  known 
as  "  Silver  Field."  from  the  circumstance  that  silver 
rings  and  other  ornaments  have  at  diflerent  times  been 
found  hero.  In  the  year  1785  a  curious  instrument  of 
silver  was  discovered,  to  wliicli  no  one  ha.s  been  able 
to  assign  either  the  name  or  the  use.  This  singular 
rolic  of  antiquity  consists  of  on  oval  ring,  or  frame  of 
silver,  about  fourteen  inches  in  circumferonco  ;  the 
length  of  tho  spear  or  tonguo  attached  to  it  being 
twenty-two  inches.  Tho  weight  is  twenty-five  ounces. 
The  manor  of  Xewbiggin  is  the  property  of  Henry 
lloward,  Ksq.     Tho  landowners  are   E.  W.  Hasell, 

63 


Esq.,  Mrs.  E.  Troutbeck,  Henry  Howard,  Esq.,  Messrs. 
Richard  Harrison,  William  Wilkinson,  Lancelot  Allin- 
son,  William  Bainbridge,  Edmund  ^Mounsey,  Thomas 
TodJ,  Jliss  Roxburgh,  and  Edmund  Thompson.  The 
commons  were  enclosed  in  1775,  in  pursuance  of  an 
act  passed  in  the  12th  George  III.,  when  a  field  called 
Bartv  Gills,  containing  sixty-four  acres,  was  given  to 
the  Hasell  family,  in  lieu  of  the  small  tithes  of  the 
townships  of  Great  and  Little  Stainton,  Xewbiggin,  and 
Great  Bleneow. 

The  village  of  Xewbiggin  is  three  miles  west  by 
north  of  Penrith.  At  the  north  end  of  the  village  is 
Tymparon  Hall,  now  a  farm-house. 

Xewbiggin  school,  which  is  situated  in  the  village, 
is  a  small  stone  building,  erected  in  1825,  at  a  cost  of 
£71  10s.  defrayed  by  subscription.  It  is  endowed 
with  the  interest  of  £100,  left  in  1820,  by  the  late 
Mr.  Stephen  Wraj,  which  is  given  to  the  teacher. 
The  trustees  are  Messrs.  John  Harrison,  John  Hogarth, 
Richard  Harrison,  and  William  Harrison.  The  average 
attendance  is  about  twenty  children,  who  are  taught  by 
a  mistress. 

Diilcmain,  the  seat  of  E.  W.  Hasell,  Esq.,  is  situated 
in  the  beautiful  vale  of  Eamont,  near  the  foot  of 
Ullswater,  two  and  a  half  miles  from  Peniith.  It 
stands  in  the  centre  of  an  extensive  park,  studded 
with  stately  oaks  and  overhanging  woods  and  groves. 
From  this  charming  residence  may  be  seen,  in  tho 
distance  to  the  south-west,  the  towering  peaks  of 
Martiudale  Fells,  ou  which  roam  a  herd  of  red  deer 
in  their  pristine  state,  said  to  have  been  a  gift  from 
Queen  Elizabeth,  and  at  present  the  property  of  E. 
W.  Hasell,  Esq.  On  the  west  may  bo  seen  Dacre 
castle,  and  church.  Following  the  vale  wc  come  to 
Huttou  John,  the  seat  of  A.  F.  Huddlestone,  lOsq  , 
one  of  whose  ancestors  is  said  to  have  preserved  the 
life  of  Charles  II.  in  two  ways,  that  is  spiritually  and 
temporally  :  and  further  west  we  have  the  rugged 
steeps  of  old  Blencathra,  or  Saddleback,  supposed  to 
have  been  at  one  period  a  volcano. 

pastil  of  Jlalxmain. 
Tho  Hasells  were  first  settled   in  Cambridgeshire, 
where  several  burials  of  members  of  the  family  occur, 
in  the  register  of  Bottisham  church,  in  that  county. 

Sir  I'.nw.vnn  Haski.i,  knislitoil  li_v  Willinm  III.,  win  tliu  first  of 
tlio  fimiily  llial  setlli'il  in  (Jumborliuul,  Diilonmiii  l>i-iiii;  piircliusud 
by  liiiii  from  llie  co-lii'ircsscs  of  tlio  iiiicient  faiiiilynf  Do  Loyton, 
in  lOli.').  Sir  Kdwaril,  wlio  was  liom  'JTlh  Nov«mii1ht,  104'..',  (the 
son  of  Oio  Rev.  KJwiinl  Kasoll,  roctor  of  Midtllcton  Cliuney, 
CO.  Northnnipton,  by  Mnrthn,  liis  wifo,  dauyhlfr  of  Dr.  Henry 
Smilli,  muster  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene,  Cambridge,  was  elcclcJ 
ill    17UI  M.l*.  for  tlio  county  of  Cumberland.     Uo  married, 


530 


LEATH  WARD. 


firstly,  Jane,  eldest  daughter  of  Sii  Timothy  Fetherstonehaugh, 
Knt.,  ( H  lio  died  on  the  i^caffold  for  his  loyalty  to  King  Charles  I.) 
and  widow  of  Bernard  Kirkbride.  Tliis  lady  dying  in  ICO'i,  ho 
married,  sei-ondly,  aith  Xovember,  IflDB,  Dorothy,  daughter  of 
■\Villiam  WilUams,  Esq.,  of  Johnby  Hall,  and  by  her  left  at  his 
decease,  12th  September,  1707,  a  son  and  successor, 

Edward  Haseli.,  Esq.,  of  Dalemuin,  born  in  170(i,  who  mar- 
ried, Julia,  second  daughter  of  Sir  Chrisloiiher  Musgrave,  Bart., 
of  Edenhall,  and  had  i^ssue.     The  third  son, 

CuiusioniEU  Hasei.i,,  Esq.,  married,  Jliss  Goade,  and  had 
(with  two  daughters,  Julia,  who  died  unmarried ;  and  Sliz;i, 
married  to  her  cousin,  Richard  Houghton,  Esq.,)  a  son, 

Edward  Uasei.!.,  Esq.,  of  Delamain,  born  in  17C.'5,  who  mar- 
ried, lirstly,  in  1792,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  William  Cams,  Esq., 
of  Kirliby  Lonsdale,  and  by  her  (who  died  in  IblO)  had  issue, 

I.  Edwar])  Williams,  now  of  Dalemnin. 
11.  Christopher,  lioru  in  hSU,  rapliiin  in  the  Bengal  army. 
Hi.  William  I.owiher,  captain  in  the  Bengal  aimy,  died  at  Cairo, 
June,  l.sdi. 

1.  Jlarinnne,  married  to  the  Tev.  Sir  J.  C.  Musgrave,  Burt.,  of 

Edeiibull,  who  died  iu  1835. 
II.  Julia. 

III.  Jane. 

IV.  Maria,  marripd  to  George  Graham,  Esq.,  son  of  the  late  Sir 

James  Graham,  Bart.,  and  ditd  JIarch,  1S05. 

Mr.  HascU  married,  secondly,  in  1812,  Jane  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  R.  Whitehead,  of  Ormside  Lodge,  which  lady  died  in  Nov. 
181G.  Mr.  Hasell  himself  died  at  Dalemain,  21th  December, 
1825,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Edwaud  Williams  Hasell,  Esq.,  of  Dalemain,  J.  P.,  and. 
D.L.,  chairman  of  Quarter  Sessions  for  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland, lieuL-rolonel  commandant  of  the  Westmoreland  and 
Cumberland  Yeomanry  Cavaln-,  and  liigh-shcrilf  for  the  latter 
county  in  18-JO ;  born  lOlh  July,  17UC  ;  manied  12th  July,  1320, 
Dorothea  youngest  daughter  of  Edward  King,  Esq.,  of  Huu- 
gril,  CO.  York,  and  has  issue  surviving, 

I.  WiLLLVMS,  born  4th  Jfarch,  1S30. 
IL  John  Edward,  born  10th  September,  ISHO. 
HI.  George  Edmund,  born  26ih  Seinember,  1817. 
1.  Dorthea, 
IL  Elizabeth  Juha. 
IIL  Alice  Jane. 

IV.  Mary,  married  to  William  Parker,  Esq. 
V.  Henrietta  .Vaiia. 
VI.  Frances  Anne. 

Arms. — Or,  on  a  fesse,  az.,  between  three  hazel  nuts,  ppr.,  as 
many  crescents,  arg. 

Crfsl. — A  squirrel,  arg.,  feeding  on  a  hazel  nut,  ppr.,  eocirded 

with  hazel  brauches. 

SOULBY. 

For  area  of  Soulby  township  see  parish  returns. 
The  rateable  vtilue  is  £057  13s.  lOd.  The  population 
in  1841  was  61,  and  in  1851  the  same  number,  who 
are  principally  resident  in  the  small  but  scattered 
village  of  Soulby.  The  manorial  rights  are  vested  in 
E.  W.  Hasell,  Esq.,  who  with  James  Salmoud,  Esq., 
Thomas  ilaik.  Miss  Mary  ^Vilson,  and  !Mrs.  Wilson, 
are  the  landowners.  The  commons  were  enclosed 
about  the  year  1810. 

The  village  of  Soulby  contains  a  few  scattered  houses 
at  the  foot  of  Ullswater,  four  and  half  miles  south- 
west of  Pemith. 


■Waterfoot  House,  the  seat  of  James  Salmond,  Esq., 
occupies  a  pleasant  situation,  commanding  a  beautiful 
view  of  the  picturesque  vale  and  lake  of  Ullswater. 

SalmontJ  of  SiiRntcrfnot. 

This  family  is  of  French  origin,  and  left  the  parent 
country  during  the  Huguenot  persecutions.  The  grand- 
father of  the  present  Mr.  Salmond, 

Willia:.!  Salmond,  Esq.,  of  Seaforth,  Antigua,  son  of  Wil- 
liam Salmond  of  the  same  place,  married  Jane  Hasell,  o'' 
Dalemain,  ca.  Cumberland,  and  had  issue, 

I.  Jauls. 
IL  William. 

III.  Erancis. 
I.  Julia. 

II.  Maria. 

The  eldest  son, 

James  Salmond,  Esq.,  of  Waterfoot,  married,  firstly,  2nd 
July,  1708,  Louisa,  daughter  of  David  Scott,  Esq.,  of  Dunninald, 
N.  B.,  and  sister  of  Sir  David  Scott,  Bart. ;  and  secondly  Mari- 
anne, daughter  of  the  Ven.  Thomas  Constable,  archdeacon  of 
the  East  P.iding  of  Yorkshire ;  and  by  the  former  w.as  father  of 

J.vMES  Saljiond,  Esq-,  of  Waterfoot,  J.  P.,  bom    15lh  June, 
1800,  married  Kith  August,  1S31,  Emma  Isabella,  daughter  of 
D'Ewes  Coke,  Esq.,  ofBrookhill  Hall,  Derbyshire,  and  has  issue, 
I.  Charles  James,  born  in  1833. 
II.  Henry,  born  in  1S38. 

111.  William,  born  in  l^JO. 

jv.  Daniel,  born  iu  1^13. 
I.  Marianne  Emma. 

II.  Julia. 

Arms. — Sa.,  throe  salmons,  or. 

Crt'st, — .In  armed  arm,  sa.,  holding  a  falchion,  or. 

Motto. — Optima  sapientia  probitas. 

Wreay  hamlet  and  estate,  the  property  of  Thomas 
Todd  and  the  Eev.  Isaac  Todd,  with  the  exception  of 
a  few  fields,  pay  tithes  and  church-rates  to  Dacre,  and 
other  rates  to  Watermilloclc  chapelrj',  iu  Grcystoko 
parish. 

STAINTON. 

The  tateable  value  of  this  township  isi;2,213  9s.  3d. ; 
its  area  is  returned  with  the  parish.  In  1841  it  con- 
tained 305  inhabitants,  and  in  1851,  200,  who  chiefly 
reside  in  the  village  of  Stainton.  The  township  is 
skirted  on  the  east  by  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  rail- 
way. In  the  neighbourhood  of  Stainton  arc  extensive 
deposits  of  limestone,  containing  large  quantities  of 
fossil  remains.  In  some  instances  the  formation  of  the 
Hmestone  is  very  remarkable,  being  deposited  just 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  earth  as  it  were  in  moulds, 
that  is,  in  beds  of  soil,  and  the  stones  when  dug  out 
are  of  the  most  curious  shapes,  resembling,  in  some 
cases,  the  trunks  of  animals,  trees,  &c.  Mr.  Thompson, 
who  has  a  large  collection  of  these  stones,  fancies  they 
grow  in  the  soil  and  morass  in  a  wet  season,  the  soil 
being  impregnated  with  lime. 


DACRE  PARISH. 


531 


On  the  property  of  Mr.  John  Thompson,  of  Keld 
Head,  in  this  township,  is  a  piece  of  rising  ground 
called  Kirkgarth,  commanding  an  extensive  view  of 
the  surrounding  country.  This  spot  is  supposed  to 
have  been  the  site  of  the  church  or  monastery  mentioned 
hy  Venerable  Bede  as  existing  in  the  year  098,  "  near 
the  river  Dacre,  over  which,  at  that  time,  the  religious 
Suidberct  presided  as  abbot."  He  also  mentions  another 
superior  named  Thruidred,  who  governed  the  monastery 
in  his  time.  The  conjecture  that  Kirkgarth  is  the 
site  of  the  monastery  seems  fully  borao  out  by  the 
fact  that  the  adjoining  fields  are  still  known  by  the 
names  of  Kirksyke,  Kirkrigg,  Under  Kirk,  &c.,  and 
also  from  the  fact  of  human  bones  having  been  dug  up. 
About  eighteen  years  ago  the  present  proprietor  discovered 
an  entire  skeleton  on  the  spot,  supposed  by  a  surgeon  to 
liavc  belonged  to  a  female.  The  extent  of  ground  upon 
whieh  this  monastery  is  supposed  to  have  stood  would 
justify  the  inference  that  it  was  a  place  of  some  import- 
ance. It  is  contiguous  to  the  Penrith  and  Keswick 
turnpike  road,  and  is  two  and  a  half  miles  from  Penrith. 
In  connection  with  this  place  there  is  a  traditionary 
story,  which  runs  as  follows  : — "  Shortly  after  the  Piefor- 
niation  the  lands  fell  into  the  hands  of  a  certain  baron,  a 
man  of  reckless  violence,  who  lived  somewhere  in  the 
neighbourhood.  He  had  a  number  of  men  employed  in 
the  removal  of  the  church,  or  what  ruins  remained 
thereof,  probably  with  the  intention  of  making  an  addi- 
tion to  Dacre  church,  which  would  appear  from  the 
stone  corresponding ;  and  one  day,  in  consequence  of 
some  scruples  of  his  workmen,  or  some  hesitation  in  the 
execution  of  his  commands,  he  came  himself  to  the 
gi-ound.  His  orders  were  very  positive;  and  having 
delivered  himself  of  these,  he  rode  ofl"  in  the  direction 
of  Penruddock,  and  had  gained  the  summit  of  this 
rising  ground,  looking  backwards  as  he  went,  when  his 
horse  fell  under  him  and  he  broke  his  neck.  The  place 
is  still  called  the  Baron's  Hill,  and  the  Baron's  Cross." 

Tiic  manor  of  Staiiiton  is  the  property  of  Henry 
Howard,  Es^.  Tlio  landowners  are  W.  H.  Whelpdale, 
Esq. ;  Thomas  Scott,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  John  G.  Dawson, 
John  Thompson,  Thomas  Thompson,  Thomas  AUinson, 
William  A\"alton,  J.  Watson,  Thomas  Harrison,  T.  B. 
Allison ;  and  Mrs.  Bell.  The  commons  were  enclosed 
iu  1775.  The  tithes  of  Great  and  Little  Stainton, 
N'owbiggin,  and  Great  Blencow  township  were  com- 
muted in  1850  for  £32  Os.  4d.  payable  to  the  Earl  of 
liOnsdale. 

The  village  of  Stainton  is  about  two  and  three 
quarter  miles  west-south-west  of  Penrith.  It  is  remark- 
able for  its  salubrity  and  the  longevity  of  its  inhabitants. 
The  pleasing  uniformity  of  its  houses,  which  ore  all  of 


stone,  and  most  of  them  whitewashed,  give  it  an  airj- 
and  cheerful  appearance. 

CilAEITIES. 

ScJwol. — Mark  Scott,  of  Hallrigg,  by  will  dated 
December  28th,  1758,  gave,  for  the  use  of  the  school  at 
Stainton,  £'100:  three  parts  of  the  interest  to  be  paid 
to  the  master  of  the  school,  and  the  fourth  part  for 
teaching  as  many  poor  childi'en  born  in  the  town  as  it 
conveniently  could ;  the  poor  children  to  be  chosen  at 
the  discretion  of  his  trustees,  and  their  descendants. 
In  1820  the  late  Miss  Jane  Wilson  left  £100  to  this 
school.  This  was  followed,  in  1832,  by  another  i'lOO, 
bequeathed  by  the  Picv.  Isaac  Wilson;  and,  iu  1850, 
by  £50  left  by  Lancelot  Dent,  Esq.,  of  Skirsgill  House, 
on  the  demise  of  his  sister,  iliss  Dent ;  so  that  the  total 
endowment  of  the  school  at  present  amounts  to  £350. 
The  school-house  was  rebuilt  iu  1S38,  at  a  cost  of  i'150, 
and  is  now  a  neat  and  commodious  building,  capable  of 
accommodating  a'jout  seventy  pupils  ;  the  average  num- 
ber iu  attendance  is  fifty.  Fourteen  poor  children  of 
Stainton  township  are  taught  free. 

Jane  Wilson's  Charity. — Jane  Wilson,  at  the  same 
time,  left  the  interest  of  £100  to  the  poor  of  this  parish. 

There  is  also  a  girls'  school  iu  the  village,  which  is 
mainly  supported  by  ^Mrs.  Hasell. 

Skirsgill  House  is  the  property  of  W.  Dent,  Esq. 

In  the  township  of  Stainton,  about  two  miles  on  the 
road  leading  from  Penrith  to  Patterdale,  ria  Dalemain, 
is  an  elevation  called  Studford  or  Studfort  Brow,  a 
short  distance  to  the  south-west  of  which  some  histo- 
rians say  that  a  very  fierce  encounter  took  place 
between  the  Britons  and  Romans,  in  which  the  com- 
manders on  both  sides  were  slain.  The  Britons  were 
however  obliged  to  give  way,  and  lied  to  the  mountains 
a  little  to  the  west  :  the  above  seems  fully  borne  out 
by  the  fact  that  human  bones  have  been  discovered 
here  at  various  periods. 

In  the  year  1787  there  was  living  at  Stninton  one 
John  Bristo,  a  healthy  mau  of  the  great  age  of  9t. 
Eight  years  before,  his  family  stood  as  follows  : — 
master  of  the  family,  80  years  ;  mistress,  s5  ye<irs  ;  a 
female  servant,  79  years  ;  a  horse,  33  years  ;  and  a  dog, 
17  years  ; — total  300.  His  wife  lived  to  tlio  age  of 
88,  and  his  servant  died  in  1785,  aged  80,  having 
served  him  04  years.  It  is  fiiriher  remarkable,  that 
after  the  fii"st  four  years  of  her  service,  she  gave  him 
notice  that  she  intended  to  leave  him,  and  continued 
to  do  60  regularly  every  half-year  afterwards  ;  at  length 
she  actually  did  quit  his  service,  aud  died  within  the 
following  two  months.  This  remarkable  villager  was 
very  strongly  built,  and  enjoyed  such  robust  health 


632 


LEATH  WARD. 


that  ho  never  paid  anything  to  either  surgeon  or 
physician.  He  was  further  remarkahle  for  his  pacific 
disposition,  never  having  paid  or  caused  any  one  to  pay 
anything  for  law.  Tliough  naturally  silent  and  diili- 
dent,  he  was  an  eminent  promoter  of  mirth,  and 
would  take  a  glass  regularly  among  cheerful  company 
till  a  reasonable  hour,  when  he  always  retired.  He 
never  wore  a  coat  or  any  other  article  of  dress  which 
was  not  spun  in  his  own  family,  and  the  cloth  manu- 


factured by  a  neighbour  ;  his  clothes  were  made  of  the 
wool  of  his  own  sheep,  and  were  either  dyed  by  a 
neighbour  or  left  uudyed,  forming  a  cloth  called  here 
"  Skiddaw  grass,'  namely  black  and  white  wool  mixed. 
His  wife  was  every  way  bis  counterpart. 

On  the  eastern  boundary  of  this  township  is  a  place 
traditionally  called  "  Appleby  Gate  Head,"  said  at  some 
period  to  have  been  the  principal  road  to  .\ppleby. 
This  road  crosses  the  river  Eamont  at  Yanwath  Hall. 


EDENHALL    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  parish  of  Great  Salkeld,  on  the  west  by  Penrith,  on  the  south  by  the 
river  Eamont,  and  on  the  east  by  the  river  Eden.  The  soil  on  the  hills  is  generally  of  a  light  sandy  nature,  but  on 
the  banks  of  the  rivers  a  very  rich  loam  prevails,  and  the  principal  crops  are  oats,  barloy,  and  turnips.  The 
inhabitants,  who  are  principally  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  reside  chielly  in  the  village  of  Edeuhall,  and 
attend  the  markets  at  Penrith.  Edenhall  possesses  no  dependant  townsliips ;  its  area  is  3,354  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £3,693  6s.  SJd.  The  population  of  Edenhall  in  180]  was  143;  in  1811,  132;  in  1821,  251  ;  in 
1831 ,  Si94 ;  in  1841,  266  ;  and  in  1851,  865. 


The  manor  of  Edenhall  was  given  by  the  Conqueror 
to  Henry  FitzSwein,  brother  of  Adam  Fitz-Swein,  but 
how  long  it  contiinied  in  his  family  we  have  no  account. 
In  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  Robert  Turp  occurs  as 
possessor  of  the  manor,  and  on  his  demise  it  descended 
successively  to  his  son  and  grandson,  the  latter  of  whom, 
dying  without  male  issue,  Edenhall  came  to  his  t\YO 
daughters,  eo-heii-s,  one  of  whom,  Julian,  became  the 
wife  of  William  Stapleton,  in  1327.  It  continued  to 
be  held  by  the  Stapleton  family  for  live  descents,  when 
Joan,  second  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Sir  William 
Stapleton,  Knt.,  brought  it  in  marriage  to  Thomas 
de  Musgrave  about  the  38th  Henry  VI.  (1159-00), 
and  it  is  still  in  the  possession  of  his  family  and 
name. 

Edenhall  is  an  elegant  mansion  in  the  Italian  style 
of  architecture,  pleasantly  situated  in  a  park  whoso 
attractions  are  enhanced  by  the  meanderings  of  the 
Eden.  The  beautifully  laid  out  flower  garden,  at  the 
west  front  of  the  hall,  was  designed  and  arranged  by 
the  present  baronet.  At  a  short  distance  from  the 
terrace,  and  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  garden, 
park,  and  church,  with  the  bend  of  the  Eden,  and  the 
opposite  hills,  are  two  splendid  specimens  of  the  cedar 
of  Lebanon,  of  great  age  and  beauty.  The  present 
mansion  was  built  about  the  year  1821,  and  contains 
several  handsome  rooms,  the  walls  of  which  are  deco- 
rated with  family  portraits  and  other  paintings.  Con- 
nected with  this  house  and  the  Musgrave  family  is  the 
famous  "Luck  of  Edenhall,"  a  tall  tumbler,  of  old 


fashioned  glass,  green  and  specky,  expanding  in  easy 
curve  from  the  bottom  upwards,  and  terminating  in  a 
graceful  lip,  and  enamelled  with  a  geometrical  design 
in  crimson,  blue,  and  yellow.  The  "  Luck"  has  been 
in  the  possession  of  the  Musgraves  for  many  generations. 
It  has  a  threefold  value:  in  the  mysterious  tradition 
which  associates  it  with  the  fairies,  in  the  sacred  use  to 
which  in  all  probability  it  was  once  applied,  and  as  a 
specimen  of  ancient  art.  The  "luck"  is  kept  in  a 
leathern  case,  which  is,  with  good  reason,  believed  to 
be  the  workmanship  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  bears 
the  monogram  "  I.  H.  S."  which  identifies  it  with  the 
church,  and  we  may  believe  the  "  luck"  to  have  been 
a  chalice  used  for  sacramental  purposes,  made^at  Venice 
perhaps  in  the  tenth  century.  The  projection  of  the 
lip  makes  it  somewhat  inconvenient  as  a  drinking  glass, 
yet  Philip  Duke  of  Wharton  used  to  make  merry  with 
it,  as  we  learn  from  his  ballad  : —  • 

"  God  prosper  long  from  being  broke 

Tbe  Luck  of  Kdenhall ; 
A  doleful  drinkin;,'  bout  I  sing, 

That  lately  did  befall. 

To  chase  the  spleen  with  cup  and  can 

Duke  Philip  took  his  way  ; 
Babes  yet  unborn  shall  never  see 

The  hke  of  such  a  day. 

The  stout  and  ever-thirsty  Duke 

A  vow  to  God  did  make 
His  pleasure  within  Cumberland 

Three  live-long  nights  to  take. 


EDENHALL  PARISH. 


533 


Sir  Musgrave,  too,  of  Jlarlindale, 

A  true  and  wnrthy  knight, 
Eftsoon  wilh  him  n  bargain  made 

In  drinliiag  to  deUght. 

Xowwhen  these  mctry  tidings  reach'd 

Tlje  Karl  of  Harold's  ears, 
'And  am  I,'  qiioth  he,  wilh  an  oath, 

'Thus  slighted  by  my  peers?'  " 

And  SO  tlio  ditty  goes  on  for  nearly  two  score  stanzas, 
with  the  doings  of  the  rivtils,  and  the  final  triumph. 
The  concluding  stanza  r-ans  : — 

"  God  bless  the  king,  the  duchess  fat, 

And  keep  the  land  in  peace ; 
And  grant  that  drunkenness  henceforth 

'.Moug  noblemen  may  cease." 

It  is  said  that  the  duke  delighted  to  toss  up  the 
"luck"  after  his  hurnpcrs  and  catch  it  as  it  fell. 
Ijuckily  it  never  came  to  harm,  and  shows  no  sign 
whatever  of  the  shivering  as  pictured  in  Uhland's 
hallad ;  or  of  the  cracks  and  injuries  mentioned  iu 
Longfellow's  translation. 

"  ]3ut  that  fairy  legend,"  say  ilr.  White,  "it  comes 
Hitting  through  the  mind  as  butterllies  across  a  hosky 
alley,  and  imagination  renews  the  scene.  Rhymers  and 
story  tellers  have  alike  made  the  'luck'  their  theme, 
and  while  one  adheres  to  the  ancient  boteler,  another 
brings  a  knight  returning  froui  the  wars  to  siezo  the 
cup  at  the  very  moment  that  the  elves  are  disporting  in 
the  moonlight."  But  there  is  another  version,  less 
known,  perhaps,  with  which  we  may  entertain  ourselves 
hero  for  a  few  minutes  : — 

TwBS  summer-tide,  wbea  days  arc  long. 

And  holm  and  baugh  were  green  ; 
.\nd  the  mavis  sings  in  the  good  greenwood, 

And  chatters  the  jay  between. 

"  O,  whither  dost  run  thou  little  foot-page. 

As  swift  as  hawk  on  wing  ?' 
"  For  life,  for  lilc,  to  I'cnrith  town 

I  run,  the  leech  to  bring  I 

"  And  wherefore  seekost  thou  the  leech  ? 
Now  up  and  tell  to  mo  ;" 
"0,  hold  me  not,  thou  weird  woman, 
There  '«  glamour  in  thine  eo  ! ' 

Oh,  there  was  glamour  in  here  cc  ; 
He  could  not  choose  but  loll ; 
"  Xfy  mistress  lieth  in  deadly  swoon, — 
The  ladye  Isabel." 

"  Now  run,  now  run,  thou  little  foot-pnge, 
Uun  swift  as  hawk  on  wing, 
But  if  the  leech  to  succour  fail, 
Then  seek  the  fairies'  spring." 


The  little  foot-page  hath  gone  and  come. 

So  nimble  of  foot  was  he ; 
And  his  bonnio  bright  een  were  wet  with  tears, 

I'or  he  loved  his  dear  ladye. 

The  leech  he  rode  to  Edenball, 

The  while  uprose  the  moon  : 
But  his  craft  was  vain,  and  his  simples  naught, 

To  loose  the  deadly  swoon. 

The  little  foot-page,  he  wept  full  sore, 
And  he  fell  on  his  knee  and  be  prayed : 

lie  prayed  a  prayer  to  Mary  Mother, 
And  Saint  Cuthbert  to  aid. 

His  dear  ladye  hath  nurlhred  him 

Since  rose  his  infant  wail. 
That  night  his  father's  hut  was  burnt 

By  thieves  from  Liddelsdale. 

Then  thought  be  of  the  weird  woman. 

But,  oh  !  'lis  a  fearsome  thing. 
To  go  at  night,  in  the  wan  moonlight. 

And  walk  by  the  fairies'  spring. 

Yet  will  he  forth,  whate'er  betide, 

Yet  will  he  forth  and  see; 
For  who  luveth  be  on  earth  beside, 

If  not  his  dear  ladye. 

So  softly  crept  he  down  the  stair. 

And  out  by  the  secret  docir  ; 
And  be  was  aware  of  a  strange  music 

He  nevei  had  heard  before. 

And  slowly  paced  he  o'er  the  mead, 

And  beard  the  self-same  sound. 
And  there  he  saw  a  companye 

A  dancing  round  and  round. 

He  fell  on  his  kneo  behind  a  bush. 
And  his  heart  beat  quick  for  fear, 

Whenever  he  saw  llie  dainty  folk 
Come  dancing  him  a-near. 

So  beautiful  their  faces  shono. 

So  bright  their  silken  sheen  ; 
He  could  but  dread  to  look  thereon, 

And  yet,  he  looked,  I  ween. 

Oh,  merrily  did  they  laugh  and  dance. 

Still  tripping  round  and  round  ; 
But  not  a  blade  of  grass  did  bend. 

No  Uower  sunk  on  tbo  ground. 

And  ever  the  music  rang  full  sweet. 

Yet  sat  no  pluycrs  there  ; 
It  was  as  if  the  trees  did  sing, 

\Yhilo  tinkled  harps  in  air. 

Anon  thoy  pause,  and  a  crystal  cap 

Is  dipped  in  the  bubbling  ipring, 
And  gliding  govs,  from  lip  to  hp, 

All  round  the  fair;  ring. 


534 


LEATH  WARD. 


Anil  ever  it  (lips  niid  fills  Bgain, 

And  while  the  revellers  ilritik 
The  brimining  wiiter  falls  like  pearls 

Down  from  the  sparkling  briulv. 

Bat  the  fay  that  beat's  that  cup  around 
No  mortal  eye  niny  see. 
'  Oh,  could  my  lady  drain  that  cup  !' 
Thought  the  little  foot  page  on  knee. 

Scarce  had  he  thought  tlian  to  liim  glides 
The  cup  fron\  the  bubbling  spring; 

Him  paused  before,  yet  who  it  bore 
Did  naught  of  shadow  tling. 

He  trembled  sore,  but  he  took  the  cup, 

For  the  sake  of  his  dcir  ladye ; 
And  fast  the  drops  fell  down  like  pearls 

As  he  rose  up  from  kuee. 

And  at  his  feet,  upon  the  grass, 

A  written  scroll  was  thrown  ; 
Then  all  at  once  the  music  ceased, 

And  the  fairy  folk  were  gone. 

He  took  the  scroll  and  ho  took  the  cup, 

Them  to  the  hall  he  bore  ; 
The  Lady  Isabel  did  drink, 

And  her  deadly  swoon  was  o'er. 

And  the  Uttle  foot -page  he  brought  the  scroll, 

And  showed  it  to  his  lord  ; 
Sir  Ralph  he  look  thereon  and  read, 

In  olden  style  the  word — 

"If  that  onppe 

Shall  breake  or  falle, 
Farewell  the  lucke 
Of  EdeuhiUle." 

Sir  Ralph  de  llusgrave  made  a  feast, 

For  joy  over  his  ladye  ; 
And  the  little  foot-page  he  stood  by  her  chair. 

And  blithest  of  all  was  he. 

Sir  Ralpli  de  Musgrave  built  a  church, 
In  sv.eet  Saint  Cuthbert's  prayse, 

That  men  might  know  whence  came  the  lucke, 
And  think  thereon  alwayes. 


gTnsgrab:  of  glas^raii,  ^arilij;,  ani>  Cknball. 

This  ancient  family  deduces  its  pedigree  from  one  of 
the  compauious  in  arms  of  the  Conqueror,  who  obtained 
a  grant  of  Scaleby  Castle  ia  this  county.  Camden  in 
his  "  Britannia,"  speaking  of  the  two  villages  called 
Musgvave,  in  Westmoreland,  describes  them  as  the 
places  "  which  gave  name  to  the  warlike  family  of  the 
Musgraves."     The  first  of  the  family  on  record  is 

Peter  de  JIi-sgrave,  of  Musgrave,  who  lived  in  the  reign  of 
Stephen.    His  son  and  heir 


RouERT  nE  SIusGRivE,  of  lIusgTave,  occurs  temp.  Henry  II. 
The  next  we  meet  with  is 

Sir  Adam  de  Musouave,  Knt.,  who  lived  about  the  year  l'J04. 
Ho  was  a  favourite  of  Robert  de  Vipont,  baron  of  Appleby,  of 
whom  he  held  Musgrave  in  cornage  as  part  of  tho  barony. 
Previous  to  the  aSth  Henry  III.  (1211)  1)  there  lived 

TuosiAS  DE  Musgrave,  of  Musgrave,  who  had  issue, 

I.  Thomas,  his  successor. 

II.  Nicholas,  who  timrriod  and  had  a  sou.  Sir  Richard  de  Mus- 
grave, knt.,  living  temp.  Edward  I. 

TnoM.vs  DE  Musgrave,  of  Musgrave,  was  sheriff  of  Westmore- 
Innd  -llth  Henry  III.  (1258-9),  and  one  of  the  executoi-s  of 
Robert  de  Vipont.  He  gave  some  land  in  Overton,  or  Orton,  to 
the  hospital  of  Conishead,  Lancashu'o,  and  died  in  the  40th 
Henry  III.  (I'-iCl-O).     The  ne.\t  on  record  is 

Sir  Thomas  de  Musgrave,  Knt.,  of  Musgrave,  who,  in  the  Ctli 
Kdward  I.  (1277-8)  with  Ranulph  Dacre,  obtained  aroyal  charter 
for  a  market  every  week  upon  the  Wednesday  at  Orton,  co.  West- 
moreland; as  also  for  a  fair  yearly  on  the  eve,  day,  and  morrow, 
of  tl«e  fexsl  of  St.  Simon  and  St.  Jude.  He  served  in  the  Scottish 
wars  in  the  4th  Edward  II.  (1310-11).  The  ue.\l  head  of  tliis 
family  we  find  mentioned  is 

Sir  Tiio-MAs  DE  Musgrave,  Baron  Jlusgrave,  who  was  sum- 
moned to  Parhament  from  November  l;!00,  to  October  l:t70. 
In  1274-D,  being  then  under  age,  it  was  found  thst  he  was  seised 
of  the  manors  of  Gieat  Musgrave,  Moreton,  Soulby,  half  of 
Rookby,  and  part  of  Sandford.  In  12!)0-1  he  married  Isabella 
de  Berkeley,  widow  of  John  Lord  Clifford.  In  11)40,  1-111, 
]:!4'!,  and  1344,  he  was  returned  to  Parhament  as  knight  of  the 
shire  for  Westmoreland.  In  134U  he  was  associated  with  the 
Bishop  of  Cai'hsle  in  guarding  the  Western  Marches,  and  during 
the  same  year  was  one  of  the  commanders  in  the  van  of  tho 
army  which  gave  David  Bruce  battle  near-  Durham,  and  made 
him  prisoner.  In  1353  Baron  Musgrave  was  joined  with  Ralph 
Lord  Nevill,  and  Thomas  Lord  Luoy,  in  the  wardenship  of  tho 
Western  Marches,  and  again  in  1372  with  the  Bishop  of  CarUsle 
and  others.  He  was  slierill'  of  Yorkshire  in  1359.  The  d.ite  of 
his  death  is  not  known,  but  he  is  supposed  to  have  been  interred 
in  the  church  of  Kirkby  Stephen,  where  there  is  an  altar  tomb 
under  the  chancel  arch,  on  which  reposes  the  effigy  of  a  kni;^Iit  in 
armour — the  arms  on  the  monument  are  charged  with  annulets. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  son. 

Sir  Thomas  de  Musgrave,  who  maiTied,  firstly,  Miu-garet, 
daughter  of  Sir  William  Ross,  of  Yelton,  co.  York ; .  and  secondly, 
Mary,  daughter  of  John  Vans,  and  widow  of  Thomas  Holland, 
earl  of  Kent.  He  died  in  the  8th  Richard  11.  (1384-5)  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  son, 

Sir  Thomas  de  Musgrave,  Knt.,  who  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  and  co-heiress  of  Sir  William  Fitz- William,  Knt.,  of 
Spotsborough,  co.  York.  He  died  in  1409,  whe.i  Hailley  Castle 
and  Musgrave  devolved  upon  his  son  and  heir, 

Sir  Richard  de  Musgrave,  Knt.,  who  is  supposed  to  have 
married  Elizabeth  Wollaston,  whose  arms  are  quartered  by  the 
Musgraves.     He  died  February  12th,  1419.     His  successor  was 

Thomas  Musgrave,  Esq.,  who  married  Joan,  daughter  of 
Lord  Dacre.     He  deceased  January  3rd,  1447,  leaving  issue 

Richard,  his  successor,  and  Elizabeth,  married  to  Henry 
Wharton. 

Sir  Richard  Musgrave,  Knt.,  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Sir  Tliomas  Betham,  Knt.,  of  Betham,  co.  Westmoreland,  by 
whom  ho  had  issue  four  sons  and  six  daughters. 


EDENHALL  PAEISH. 


ybo 


I.  Thomas,  his  successor. 

II.  John,  who  tlied  without  issue. 

iij.  Kifhiml,  wlio  niarrieil  JIury,    ilniighter  and   co-heiress  of 

William  StnpK-toii,  Es<i.,  of  Edenhalj,  widow  of  Sir  Willinm 

Hilton,  Kiit.,of  liiltou,  co.  Durlmm,  aiul  sister  to  his  eldest 

liiotlier's  wife. 
IV.  Willinin,  to  whom  William  Lord  Daere,  warden  of  the  West 

Marches,  in  1 14li.7,  [laid  X'lO'Jfor  repairs  of  Bewcaslle — 

he  had  a  son  Itichard 
1.  Elizabeth,  married  to  Thomas  Agart 

II.  Isabel,  married  to  Thomas  -Middleton,  Esq.,  of  Middleion 

Hall,  CO.  Westmoreland. 

III.  Margaret,  married  to  Thomas  Elderton,  Esq. 

IV,  Eleanor,  married  to  William  Thornbnrgh,  Esq. 
V.  Mary,  married  to  Thomalin  Warcop,  Esq. 

VI.  .Agues,  marrieil  to  Robert  Warcop,  Esq. 

Sir  Richard  died  Xoveniber  !)lh,  1104,  and  w.is  interred  at 
Kirkby  Stephen,  Westmoreland,    Ho  was  succeeded  by  liis  son, 

Sir  TnoMAS  JIusorave,  Knt.,  who  married  Joan,  daughter 
and  CO  heiress  of  Sir  William  de  Stnpleton,  Knt.,  of  EJenhall 
and  Alston,  by  JIar,'?aret  do  Veteripont,  his  wife,  daughter  and 
heiress  of  Nicholas  de  Veteripont,  of  Alston,  in  whose  right  lie 
had  among  other  lands  the  manor  of  Edenhall.  Sir  Thomas 
died  in  1109,  leaving  issue  by  Joan  his  wife,  four  sons  and  four 
daughters. 

I,  Richard,  his  successor, 

u.  Sir  .("hn,  the  ancestor  of  the  Musgraves  of  Musgrave  Hall, 
or  Fairbank. 

III.  Nicholas,  ancestor  of  the  Musgraves,  of  Hajton  Castle. 

IV.  William,  progenitor  of   the  Alusgraves  of   Crookdake,  co. 

Cumberliind- 
I.  Margaret,  married  to  .John  Sandford. 
II.  Eleanor,  married  to  Christopher  Lancaster. 
111.  Mary,  manied  to  Nicholas  Ridley. 
IV.  Isabella,  mnrried  to  John  Crackcnthorpe,  of  Newbiggin,  co. 
Westuioreland. 

Sir  Thoma-s  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Sir  RiciiAnD  MusoR.m:,  Knt.,  who  married  Joane,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Lord  Clifford,  by  his  wife,  Johanna,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Lord  Daere,  of  Gilsland,  and  had  issue, 

I.  EiiwARD,  his  heir. 
II.  Tlmmas. 
III.  John,  iu  holy  orders.  I.  .lone. 

lie  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son. 

Sir  Edward  MLSGitA\T;,  who  was  twico  married.  His  first 
wife  was  Alice,  daughter  of  Thomas  Eadcliffe,  Esq.,  by  whom 
he  had  issue  two  daughters  : — 

I.  Mahv,  married  to  John  >rartindale,  Esq. 

II.  Miircnrct,  married  to  John   Heron,  Esq,,  of  Cbipchase,  co. 
Noribumbcrhu^d. 

Ky  his  second  wife,  Joane,  daughter  and  co-heiress  of  Sir  Chris- 
topher Waril,  Kilt.,  of  Gryndale,  co.  York,  standard  bearer  to 
King  Henry  VIII.  at  the  siege  of  Boulogne,  he  had  issue, 

I.  WiLiUM,  his  successor. 

II.  Edward,  who  died  without  issue. 
111.  Siuox,  of  whom  hereafter. 

I.  Eliiabctb,  mnrrieil  to  .lohn  Neville,  Lonl  Ijilimer. 
II.  Miigdiilen,  married  to  Thomas  Ilh'iikiii<'op,  Esq.,  of  Helbcck, 
CO.  Westmoreland.  III.  Joaii<>. 

(In  the  demise  of  Sir  Edward,  Iho  family  honours  and  estates 
devolved  upon  his  eldest  son. 

Sir  Wiu.iAM  MfsoOiWr,  Knt.,  whoso  name  occurs  amongst 
those  picsent  at  the  batile  of^Sulway  Moss.    He  married  Jane, 


daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Curwen,  Knt.,  of  Workington,  by  his 
wife  Agnes,  daughter  of  Sir  Walter  Strickland,  Knt.,  of  Sizergh, 
and  had  an  only  child. 

Sir  EicnAED  Musgravi:,  Knt.,  who  attained  his  majority  and 
received  possession  of  his  lands  in  J  515.  Sir  Uichard  died  at 
Edenhall,  September  10th,  1055,  and  was  interred  there.  Ho 
married  .Vnue,  daughter  of  Thomas,  first  I>ord  WhartOD,  and 
had  issue, 

1.  Thomas,  his  heir,  who  died  unmarried  in  l.'',C'). 
I.  Eleanor,  marrieil   to  Sir  Robert  Bowes,  Km.,  of  Aske,  co. 
York,  and  died  without  issue. 

Sir  Kiehard  was  succeeded  by  his  father's  uncle, 

Sir  SiiioN  JIusguave,  Knt.,  who  sen'ed  the  office  of  high 
sheriff  of  Cumberland  in  1568-9,  and  in  the  following  year  re- 
ceived the  honour  of  knighthood,  at  Carlisle,  from  the  Earl  of 
Suffolk.  He  married  Julian,  daughter  of  William  EUeker,  Esq., 
of  EUeker,  co.  York,  and  had  issue, 

I.  Chistopueb,  who  married  Jane,  daughter  of  Sir  Henry 
Curwen,  Km  ,  of  Workington,  and  died  in  the  hfetime  of 
his  father,  leaving  issue, 

1.  Richard,  successor  to  his  grandfather. 

1.  Julian,  raariied  to  John  Skeltou,of -Irmathwaite  Castle. 

2.  Mary,  who  died  uimmrried. 

3.  Murgiiret,  married  to  Fnuicis  Whitfield,  Esq. 

n.  Tliomas,  captain  of  Bewcasile,  who  man'ied  twice,  and  was 
ancestor  to  the  .Musgraves  of  Bewcastle. 

III.  Richard,  of  Norton  Conyers,  co.  Y'ork,  who  married  Jane, 

daughter  of  Sir  John  Uaiston,  Kut,  of  Dalston,  who  had 
issue  two  sous, 

1.  Sir  Thomas,  who  had  a  son, 

.Simon,  styled  the  last  of  his  line. 

2.  Sir  Richard,  who  died  without  issue. 

IV.  John,  who  married  Isabel, daughterofThomasMusgravcEsq. 

of  Hayton,  and  hud  issue  two  sous,  William  r.ud  John. 
1.  .Vane,  married  to  Sir  Nicholas  Curwen,  Knt.,  of  Workington. 

Sir  Simon  was  succeeded  by  his  grandson. 

Sir  Richard  Musgrave,  who  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Bath 
at  the  coronation  of  James  I.,  and  was  advanced  to  the  baronetcy 
June  aoth,  ICII.  He  manied  Frances,  daughter  of  I'hilip  Lord 
Wharton,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

Philip,  his  successor. 
Marj-,  who  died  unmarried. 

Sir  Eichard  died  at  Naples  in  1010,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son. 
Sir  Pniup,  second  baronet.  This  gentleman,  who  acquired 
great  renown  under  the  royal  banner  during  the  civil  wars  (at 
Morston  Jloor,  as  governor  of  Carlisle,  at  Worcester,  ami  under 
the  heroic  Couutess  of  Derby,  in  tlie  Isle  of  Man),  had  a  war- 
rant after  the  Kestoration,  raising  him  to  llio  peerage,  as  liaron 
Musgrave  of  Hartley  Castle,  but  the  patent  was  never  token  out. 
He  married  Julian,  daughter  of  Sir  Uichard  Huttou,  Knt,,  of 
Gouldsborough,  in  Yorkshire,  one  of  the  judges  of  tlie  Court  uf 
Common  I'leas;  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

I.  Bicbard,  his  successor, 
11,  riiilip,  who  died  immarricd, 

III.  CnnisTOrilER,  of  whom  hereafter. 

IV.  William,  who  died  iu  iufanry. 

V.  Simon,  who  died  without  issiR. 

VI.  TliouiM,  in  Imly  nr.I.rs.  Ii.li.  fellow  of  (Jneen's  rollcgi-,  Ox- 

ford, prt'bcndfiry  "f  liurhiiin,  arrbdearon,  and  afl'-rwardn 
dnin  of  CorliiJe.  He  inuried,  firstly,  .Mary,  danpliier  of 
Sir  Thomiu  lliurisou,  KuL,  of  AUcrihorpe,  co.  York,  by 
whom  lie  had  issue, 

1.  I'hilip.  Kho  died  ou  infant. 
'A  Miu^Tcl. 


536 


LEATH  WARD. 


He  luarrietl  secomlly,  Anue,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Crad- 
dock,  KuL,  of  llichiiKnui,  co.  York. 

I.  Frances,  ninrried  to  Edward  Uutcbiuson,  Esq.,  of  Wickbam 
Abbey,  co.  York. 

Sir  Philip  died  in  1678,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Sir  Eica.vnD,  third  baronet,  who  married  Margaret,  daughter 
of  Sir  Tliomas  Harrison,  Knt.,  of  AUerthorp,  co.  York,  and  bad 
issue, 

I.  A  son,  who  died  in  infuncy. 
I.  Margaret,  who  also  died  an  infant. 

II.  Mary,  married  to  Jnbn  Duvison,  Esq.,  of  Blakieston,  CO. 
Duthani,  wlio  died  in  172S. 

Sir  Richard  died   December  27th,  1087,  and  was  succeeded  by 
liis  brother, 

Sir  CiiuiSTopnER,  fourth  baronet.  This  gentleman  was  edu- 
cated at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  from  which  he  removed  to 
Gray's  Inn.  .\fter  the  Eestoration  he  represented  Carlisle  in 
Parliament.  Charles  II.  appointed  him  lieutenant-general  of 
the  ordnance,  and  in  the  first  year  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne, 
he  became  one  of  the  tellers  of  the  Exchequer.  He  married, 
first,  Mary,  daughter  and  heir  of  Sir  -Andrew  Cogan,  Bart.,  by 
whom  he  had, 

I.  Philip,  clerk  of  the  council  to  James  IL,  married,  in  \6!i!>, 
Mary,  ilaughter  of  George  Lord  Dartmouth,  aud  left  at  bis 
decease,  in  10S9, 

1.  Christopher,  who  inherited  the  title. 
1.  Barbara,  married  to  Thomas  Howard,  Esq.,  of  Corby 
Castle. 

II.  Christopher,  who    succeeded  bis  brother  as   clerk    of   the 

council,  died  unmarried. 

I.  Mary,  who  died  young. 

Sir  Christopher  married,  secondly,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Sir 
John  Franklin,  Knt.,  of  Willesdou,  and  by  her  had  issue, 

T.  John. 

II.  Richard. 

III.  Joseph,  M.P.  for  Ciickcrmoutli  in  1713. 

IV.  Simon,  ilied  in  the  East  Indies. 
V.  Thomas. 

Ti.  Georfre,  of  Chatham,  who  married  Sar.ib,  youngest  daughter 
of  Benjamin  Kosell,  by  whom  he  had  tliree  sons. 

1.  Joseph,  who  married   Jane,   eldest  daughter  of  Sir 

PinlipMusgrave,  Bart.,  of  Edenhall. 

2.  Thomas. 

3.  George,  died  unmarried,  1823. 

I.  Elizabeih,  married  to  John  Wvneve,  Esq.,  of  Brettenham, 

CO.  Suflblk. 

II.  Dorothy,  married  to  James  Ilawley,  Esq  ,  of  Brentford,  co. 

Middlesex,  and  had  issue. 


III.  Mary. 


IV.  Frances. 


T.  Anne. 


VI.  Barbara. 


Sir  Christopher  died  in  1704,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  grandson. 
Sir  Chkistophek,  the  fifth  baronet,  who  was  educated  at  Eton, 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He  was  M.P.  for  Carlisle  and 
Westmoreland,  and  succeeded  his  uncle  as  clerk  of  the  council, 
lie  married  Julia,  daughter  and  heir  of  Sir  John  Chardin,  Knt.,  of 
Kempton  Park,  co.  Middlesex,  by  whom  he  had  eleven  children, 

1.  Philip,  bis  heir. 

u.  Christopher,  a  fellow  of  All  Snnis'  Collegp.  Oxford  ;  vicar  of 
Edenhall,  D.D. ;  and  afterwards  rectnr'of  Barking,  co.  Essex, 
He  married,  in  1757,  Mrs.  Perfect,  of  Hatton  Garden. 

III.  Hans,  lieut. -colonel  in  the  army. 

IV.  Chardin,  provost  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford. 


1.  Mary,  married  to  Hugh  Lumley,  Esq. ;  and  2ndly  to  John 

Pigot,  Esq. 
II.  Julia,  married  to  Edward  Hasell,  Esq.,  of  Dalemain. 

III.  Barbara,  mnrriiil,   Istly,  to  John  Hogg,  Esq.,  and  2ndly  to 

Chief  liaron  Idle. 

IV.  Anne,  married  to  Henry  Aglionby,  Esq. 

V.  Elizabeth,   married,  firstly,  to   Edward   Spragg,  Esq.;    and 

secondly  to  John  Johnstone,  Esq. 

VI.  Charlotte,  died  unmarried. 

vu.  Dorothy,  married  to  tlie  Kcv.  William  Broughton. 

Sir  Christopher  died  in  173  j,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son. 
Sir  Phiup,  tlie  sixth  baronet,  born  ^.'Ird  April,  1712.  lie 
was  chosen  knight  of  the  shire  for  Westmoreland  in  1741  and 
the  following  year.  He  married,  in  Vii'i,  Jane,  daughter  of 
John  Turton,  Esq.,  of  Orgreave,  co.  Stafford,  by  whom  he  had, 

I.  John  Cihrdin,  bis  successor. 

II.  Christopher,  married  Elizabeth  Anne,  daughter  and  coheir  of 

the  bite   Lord  .Archer,  and  had  issue  two  sous  and  two 
daughters. 


1.  Christopher. 
].  Maria. 


2.  William. 
2.  Harriet. 


I.  Jane,  married  to  Joseph  Miisgrave,  Esq.,  of  Kepier. 

II.  Elizabeth,  married  to  Heneagc  Legge,  Esq. 
m.  Charlotte,  married  to  the  Hev.  Charles  Mordaunt,  of  Mas 

singham. 
IV.  Henrietta,  married  to  Sir  John  Morris,  Bart 

V.  Dorothy,  who  died  unmarried. 

The  baronet's  uncle,  Sir  John  Chardin,  presented  him  with 
Kempton  Park,  Middlesex,  in  174C.  lie  died  July  5th,  1705, 
aud  wa.s  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son. 

Sir  JoH.s  Ciiiiiuix,  the  seventh  baronet,  born  January  5th, 
1757.  This  gentlen;an  married,  in  1701,  Mary,  daughter  of  the 
late  Rev.  Sir  Edmund  Filmer,  Bart.,  of  East  Sutton-place,  Kent, 
by  whom  (who  died  1838)  he  had, 

I.  Philip  Christopher,  his  successor. 

II.  Christopher  Joh.n.  hi.  George. 
IV.  Thomas,  born  in  lb02  ;  died  in  1822. 

1.  Julia,  died  in  1810. 

Sir  John  died  in  ISQIi,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son. 

Sir  Philip,  eighth  baronet,  horn  July  12tb,  1704.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  represented 
Carlisle  in  two  Parliaments.  He  entirely  rebuilt  the  family 
mansion  of  Edenhall.  This  gentleman  married,  in  October, 
1824,  Elizabeth,  third  daughter  of  George  Fludyer,  Esq.,  of 
Ayston,  by  the  Lady  Mary  Fludyer,  his  wife,  daughter  of  John, 
ninth  Earl  of  Westmoreland,  and  left  an  only  daughter, 

Elizabeth  Jiary,  who  died  December  .Ird,  isil. 

Sir  Philip  died  in  1827,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother. 

The  Eev.  Sir  Christopher  Jons,  ninth  baronet,  bora 
August  6th,  1707.  He  was  educated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford. 
He  built  the  lodge  and  repaired  and  beautified  the  parish 
church  of  Edenliall,  which  was  then  in  a  decayed  state.  He 
married  in  September,  1825,  Mary  .'inne,  daughter  of  Edward 
Hasell,  Esq.,  of  Dalemain,  and  had  five  daughters, 

I.     Georgiaua,  married  July  2!Uh,  1817,  to  the   Hon.  Frederick 

Pet  re. 
n.  Augusta,  ninrried  August  27th,  18.J0,  to  Lieut.-colonel  H.  F. 

Bonhani,  lOih  Hussars. 

III.  Edith,  died  March  2:ird,  1849. 

IV.  Harriet,  married  April  '2Sth,  1851,  to  Captain  Bartelnt,  of  tlie 

Royal  Dragonns,  eldest  son  of  George  Bartelot,  Esq.,  uf 
Stophara,  Sussex. 
V.  Fanny,  who  died  unmarried  September  20th,  1853. 


EDENHALL  PARISH. 


537 


Sir  Christopher  dyiog  without  male  issue,  May  llth,  1834,  was 
succeeded  by  his  brother, 

Sir  Geoboe,  the  tenth  baronet,  born  June  llth,  179!),  and 
educated  at  University  College,  Oxford.  Sir  George  married, 
June  •■iO,  18'JS,  Charlotte,  daughter  of  the  late  Sir  James  Graham, 
Bart.,  of  Netherby,  and  has  issue, 

I.  Philip,  bom  in  1833. 
II.  RicliiirJ  Courteimy,  bom  in  1838. 
I.  Caroline.  u.  Agnes.  iii.  Sophia. 

Crra/ion.— June  29th,  1011. 
Arm.'. — Az.  six  aunulols,  or,  three,  two,  and  one. 
Cresl. — Two  arms  in  armour,  ppr.,  gauntlets,  and  grasping  an 
annulet,  or. 
ilotto. — Sans  changer. 

The  village  of  Edcnliall  is  three  aud  a  half  miles 
east  northeast  of  Peurith. 

IBE   CHITRCH. 

Edenhall  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Cuthbert,''is  a 
ticat  edifice,  consisting  of  tower,  nave,  chancel,  south 
porch,  aud  vestry  on  the  north  side  of  the  nave.  The 
tower  is  a  beautiful  and  interesting  structure  of  two 
stories,  crowned  with  a  low  stone  spire ;  it  has  a 
machiolated  battlement,  with  the  parapet  projecting 
over  the  face  of  the  tower,  and  the  cornice  pierced,  as 
in  places  of  defence  in  troubled  times,  whence  melted 
lead  and  stones  could  be  hurled  through  the  openings 
on  the  heads  of  the  besieging  party  below.  Before  the 
enclosure  of  Inglewood  Forest  aud  the  surrounding 
country,  the  church  tower  was  doubtless  used  as  a  beacon 
to  the  neighbouring  hamlets ;  the  remains  of  a  fire- 
place being  visible  in  the  vestry.  Ou  the  western  front, 
over  a  square-headed  window,  is  a  row  of  four  shields, 
bearing  the  arms  of  JIusgrave,  Veteripont  or  Vipont, 
Stapleton  and  Hilton  ;  aud  immediately  above  them  is 
a  niche,  which  would  formerly  contain  au  image  of 
the  patron  saint  of  the  church.  The  porch  is  seated, 
and  has  two  lancet  windows.  The  nave  is  open 
to  the  roof,  and  is  framed  in  the  Tudor  style.  The 
pews  are  of  oak,  and  the  pulpit  is  beautifully  carved. 
The  windows,  some  of  which  are  square-headed,  and 
others  pointed,  are  filled  with  stained  glass.  The  west 
gallery  is  of  oak,  and  bears  upon  its  front  the  nnns  of 
Musgrave,  quartering  those  of  Stapleton  and  Ward. 
A  Norman  arch,  with  its  characteristic  ornamentation, 
separates  the  nave  and  chancel.  Beneath  the  arch 
stands  a  marble  font.  The  walls  of  the  chancel  are 
wainscotted  with  oak.  and  the  ceiling  is  panelled. 
There  is  a  fine  Perpendicular  cast  window,  filled  with 
stained  glass,  some  of  which  has  been  brought  from 
Gerninny,  and  was  inserted  when  the  church  was 
lepaired  and  beautified  in  1833.  Among  the  com- 
munion plate  is  a  massive  silver  gilt  chalice,  presented 
88 


to  the  church  by  Sir  Christopher  Musgrave,  the  fifth 
baronet.  Within  the  rails  of  the  communion  table  is 
a  monumental  brass  to  the  memory  of  Sir  William 
Stapleton  and  Margaret  his  wife,  daughter  and  heiress 
of  Nicholas  Veteripont  of  Alston,  with  the  cfEgies  of 
the  knight  and  his  lady.  The  former  is  in  plate  armour, 
with  mail  gorget.  On  his  right  shoulder  is  a  shield 
bearing  the  arms  of  Veteripont,  and  on  his  left  are 
charged  the  arms  of  Stapleton.  Over  the  heads  of  the 
figures  is  this  inscription  : — "Hie  jacet  Willms  Staple- 
ton  armig'  quodam  dns  do  Edenhall  qui  obiit  xxvi  die 
Augusti  A"  dni  MCCCC  Iviii.  Et  Margareta  u.xor 
ejus  que  erat  filia  et  heres  quodam  Nicholai  de  Vet'ipont' 
and  dua  de  Aldeston  mor  Quor'  aiabs  ppiciet'  Deus." 
In  the  church  are  several  marble  monuments  to  dif- 
ferent members  of  the  Musgrave  family.  The  church, 
a  vicarage,  was  given  by  Edward  I.,  about  the  year 
1208  to  the  priory  of  St.  Mary  Carlisle;  and  in  1368 
the  prior  and  canons  obtained  its  appropriation.  In 
1291  John  de  Ludam,  deacon,  was  presented  to  this 
church  by  the  prior  aud  convent  of  Carlisle,  who 
assigned  to  him  for  his  support  the  whole  altarage  of 
the  church  and  a  moiety  of  the  land  and  meadow  of 
Edenhall  and  four  pounds  of  silver  yearly.  In  1368, 
the  prior  and  convent  having  procured  the  profits  of 
the  church  of  Edenhall  and  chapel  of  Langwathby  to 
be  appropriated  to  themselves,  referred  the  allowance 
for  the  supply  of  both  the  said  cures  to  be  settled  by 
the  bishop,  aud  empowered  their  superior  to  be  their 
proctor  to  consent  to  the  same.  On  the  suppression 
of  the  religious  houses  the  patronage  was  transferred 
to  the  dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle,  the  legal  successors 
of  the  community  of  St.  Mary's.  The  vicarage  is 
united  with  that  of  Langwathby.  In  the  Valor  of 
Pope  Nicholas,  the  benefice  is  valued  at  £24  Is.  4d.; 
in  that  of  ]Odward  II.  at  £6  13s.  4d.;  in  the  King's 
liook,  with  Langwathby,  at  £'17  12s.;  and  it  was 
certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty 
at  £43  7s.  8d.  The  united  livings  are  now  worth 
£178  per  annum.  The  parish  registers  commence  in 
1S58. 

Rectors — Adam  de  Kirkbride,  1293;  John  de  Ludara,  1299; 
Sir  Adam  .  .  .  occurs,  l:UI  ;  Sir  John  de  Londham,  died 
136-2 ;  Sir  John  de  Maresball,  136'j ;  Eudo  de  lUvenstaoedale, 

VicAns. — John  de  Kirkby,  1368 ;  Robert  Goodylow  ocenrs  in 
14(ir>;  Christopher  Blcncow  occurs  1535 ;  Hugh  Scwell,  1500; 
Alan  Scott,  1580  ;  Sir  William  Smith,  1578  ;  Tliomai  Mayplett, 

l(i09  ;  Thomas  Tailor, ;  Simon  Green,  died  1009  ;  Gilbert 

Burton,  1009;  John  Leigh,  1083  ;  George  Moon,  1690;  Chris- 
topher Musgrave,  1743  ;  Joseph  Rowland,  1703  ;  Roger  Baldwin, 
1771 ;  Thomas  Watson,  180'j;  Cbarles  E.  Dukinfield,  1833  ; 
Beilby  Portcus,  1840. 


538 


LEATH  WARD. 


Edenball  School,  a  neat  stone  building,  with  master's 
residence,  was  erected  in  1815,  by  the  late  Sir  Philip 
.Musgrave,  Bart. 

CnAJlITIES. 

Gifts  of  the  Mimjrave  Family. — Sir  Philip  Mus- 
grave, Bart,,  in  1677,  gave  £100,  the  annual  interest 
of  which  was  to  be  divided  amongst  fix  poor  people ; 
and  succeeding  members  of  the  Musgrave  familj'  gave 
other  sums,  amounting  to  £63  4s.  lOd.  for  the  same 
use.  This  money  appears  to  have  been  expended 
about  the  year  1737  in  the  purchase  of  seventeen  acres 
of  land  at  Lazonby.  There  is  also  the  further  sum  of 
d£75  secured  by  a  mortgage  on  the  tolls  of  the  road 
leading  from  Brough  to  Eamont  Bridge,  at  four  per 
cent  interest.  This  money  arose  from  different  sums 
given  by  the  Musgrave  family ;  and  from  £30  which 
was  given  by  the  tenants  of  Edenball,  being  the  consi- 
deration money  for  a  piece  of  waste  ground  purchased 
of  them  by  Sir  Christopher  Musgrave.  At  the  time  of 
the  enclosure  of  Inglewood  Forest,  in  1811,  a  plot  of 
ground  consisting  of  twenty-five  acres  four  roods  and 
twenty-four  perches,  was  allotted  to  Sir  Philip  Mus- 
grave, in  trust,  for  the  poor  of  Edenball,  in  respect  of 
the  land  at  Lazonby.     The  valuation  of  this  allotment 


by  the  com  nissioners,  at  the  time  of  the  enclosure,  was 
£3  4s.  a  year. 

WilUanison's  Gift. — An  entry  in  the  Edenball 
Register  states  that  Mr.  John  Williamson,  who  died  at 
Chelsea  in  1771,  gave  £50,  the  interest  to  be  divided 
between  the  schoolmaster  and  the  poor  of  Edenhall. 
This  money  is  out  at  £4  per  cent  interest,  which  is  dis- 
tributed by  the  minister  and  churchwardens,  at  Christ- 
mas and  Midsummer,  in  small  sums,  to  poor  persons  of 
Edenhall,  £1  being  reserved  for  the  schoolmaster. 

Sir  John  C.  Musgiave's  Gift. — Sir  John  C.  Musgrave, 
who  died  in  1806,  left  £50  to  be  added  to  the  fund  of 
the  poor  of  Edenhall. 

Ludy  Mwiijrare's  Bequest. — Mary  Dowager  Lady 
Musgrave,  in  1838,  left  £100  for  the  benefit  of  the 
school  of  Edenhall. 

Some  celts,  or  stone  hatchets,  have  been  dug  up  at 
a  place  near  the  village  of  Edenhall,  called  O.xhouse 
Oaks.  About  half  a  mile  from  Edenhall,  near  the 
farm-house  called  Brameray,  are  two  caves  in  the  rocks 
overhanging  the  river  Eamont,  supposed  to  have  been 
made  first  for  a  hermitage,  or  as  a  secure  retreat  in 
times  of  danger. 


GREYSTOICE  PARISH. 

Gbetstoke  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  parish  of  Castle  Sowerby,  on  the  west  by  the  parishes  of  Caldbeck 
and  Crosthwaite,  on  the  south  by  the  county  of  Cumberland,  and  on  the  east  by  the  parishes  of  Dacre  and  Skelton. 
It  is  a  fertile  and  picturesque  district,  about  twelve  miles  in  length  from  north  to  south,  and  ten  in  breadth  from 
east  to  west.  Its  soil  is  generally  a  light  red  loam,  with  strong  red  clay  in  some  parts,  and  in  other  places  a  mbcture 
of  gravel  and  limestone.  On  the  eastern  side  of  the  parisli  there  are  large  deposits  of  limestone  and  freestone ;  the 
southern  and  western  sides  are  mountains  of  primitive  rock.  Grouse  abound  on  the  mountains  and  moors,  and 
black  cock,  pheasants,  partridges,  and  hares  in  the  lower  grounds.  The  extensive  parks  of  Greystoke  and  Gow- 
barrow  abound  with  fallow  and  red  deer,  and  here  is  also  a  herd  of  wild  cattle.  Owing  to  the  extensive  planting 
carried  out  by  the  fourteenth  Duke  of  Norfolk,  the  parish  has  become  well  wooded,  and  now  presents  a  succession  of 
beautiful  scenes,  where  wood  and  water,  hill  and  dale,  unite  their  charms  in  the  most  pleasing  combination. 
Greystoke  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Greystoke,  Berrier  and  Murrah,  Little  Blencow,  Bowscale,  Hutton 
John,  Hutton  Pioof,  Hutton  Soil,  Johnby,  Motherby  and  Gill,  and  the  chapelries  of  Matterdale,  Mungrisdale, 
Threlkeld,  and  Watermillock.     The  inhabitants  attend  the  Penrith  and  Keswick  markets. 


THE   BAEONT    OF    cnETSTOKE. 

The  barony  comprehends  all  that  part  of  Cumberland 
on  the  south  side  of  the  forest  of  Inglewood  between 
the  seigniory  of  Penrith  and  the  manor  of  Castlerigg, 
near  Keswick,  and  contains  an  area  comprehending  the 
parishes  of  Greystoke,  Dacre,  and  part  of  Crosthwaite, 
and  the  manors  of  Greystoke,  Greenthwaite,  Johnby, 
Thwaite,  Blencow,  Newbiggin  and  Stainton;  Motherby, 
Watermillock,  Matterdale,  Mungrisdale,  Berrier  and 
Murrah,  Hutton  Soil,  Dacre,  Threlkeld,  and  part  of 
Castlerigg.     It  is  held  of  the  king  in  capite  by  the 


service  of  one  entire  barony,  rendering  £4  yearly  at  the 
fairs  of  Carlisle,  by  suit  at  the  County  Court  monthly, 
and  serving  the  king  in  person  against  Scotland. 
The  customary  tenants  pay  a  20d.  fine  on  the  death 
of  lord  or  tenant,  and  a  30d.  fine  on  alienation. 
In  a  record  of  the  44th  Ehzabeth,  the  manors  of 
Motherby,  Matterdale,  Grisdale,  WatermUlock,  Berrier 
and  Murrah,  are  mentioned  as  appendages  of  the  manor 
of  Greystoke.  The  barony  of  Greystoke  has  passed 
through  the  families  of  Greystoke,  Grimestborpe,  and 
Dacre,  from  whom  it  came  to  the  Howards.      The 


GREYSTOKE  PAEISH. 


53a 


succession  aiij  family  history  of  tliose  lines  will  bo 
found  in  the  following  account  of  the  barons  of 
Greystokc : — 

l^orbs  of  1^£  ^aronn  of  (Srtgstolix. 

FIEST   HOUSE. 
BABONS  BI  lEilUBE. 

Ltui-ph,  first  baron  of  Greystoke,  who  acquired  the  lordship 
by  gift  of  I'aruilph  de  Meschines,  earl  of  Cumberland ;  his 
posterity  were  surnamed  de  Ureystoke.    Lyulph  hod  issue, 

I.  PnonsE,  bis  successor. 

II.  Odnrd.  t(i  wlidin  Wiillheof,  first  baron  of  AUerdale  below-Der- 
wem.  Krnnteil  Talluntirf  uud  Cusilfrigg,  &c.,  ancestor  of  the 
family  of  Tallantire  of  Cumberland. 
m.  Adam,  to  nliom  ihc  siiid  Waltheof  planted  the  manors  of 
Uldale  and  Gilcrux,  co.  Ctunberlaud,  which  aftersvards 
descended  by  a  daughter  aud  heiress  to  the  faudy  of 
Boueltdl. 

Fbobne  de  Greystoke,  second  baron  of  Greystoke,  unto 
whom  King  Henry  II.  confirmed  the  grant  of  the  barony. 

Iyo  db  Gbevstoke,  third  baron  of  Greystoke,  son  and  heir  of 
Phonie. 

Walter  de  Gbeystok.";,  fourth  baron  of  Greystoke,  son  and 
heir  of  Ivo  ;  he  had  issue, 

I.  RAsuLrn,  his  successor. 

I.  Alice  de  Greystoke,  married  to   Henry  Fitz-Hugh,  lord  of 
Uavensworth,  co.  Durham. 

IvA-inLPH  DE  Greystoke,  fifth  baron  of  Greystoke.  He  died 
in  the  I'Jth  King  John,  and  was  succeeded  by  liis  son, 

WnxiAM  DE  Greystoke,  sixth  baron  of  Greystoke,  died 

leaving  issue  Thtmas,  his  son  and  heir,  then  under  age,  tlie 
wardship  of  whom  was  granted  to  Robert  de  Veteripont,  by 
Henry  II. 

TuoMAS  de  Greystoke,  seventh  baron  ot  Greystoke,  son  and 
heir,  who  was  of  full  oge,  and  had  livery  of  his  lauds  1st  Henry 
III.  He  obtained  a  charter  from  the  sauie  king  for  a  weekly 
market  on  Sunday,  aocording  to  Dugdale  (Nicolson  and  Burn 
say  Saturday),  at  his  manor  of  Greystoke ;  and  also  for  a  fair 
liiree  days  yearly,  to  commence  on  the  eve  of  the  translation 
of  St  Kdward.  He  married  Christian,  daughter  of  Robert  de 
Voteripont,  baron  of  Westmoreland,  aud  had  issue, 

L  lioBEHT,  bis  successor. 
II.  William,  who  succeeded  his  brollier  Robert. 
m.  Thomas,  who  liad  issue, 

I.  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Thomas  Pickering,  living  1st  Ed- 
wanl  III. 

3.  Alice,  ulio  hod  a  son,  Peter  Buckud,  living  1st  Ed- 
ward III. 

I.  Joan  (le  Greystoke,  married  to  William  Fit/.. Ralph,  lord  of 
Grimesdiorpe,  co.  Lincoln,  by  whom  she  had  issue, 

1.  William  Fitz-Iialph,  who  hail  a  son, 

Ralph  Fitz  Willitim,  who  succeeded  John,  tenth 
biiron.  111  the  buruuy  of  Greystokc,  by  settle- 
mem  l!Ji)ii, 

BoBBBT  Ds  OiiEYSToKE,  eldest  son  and  heir,  succeeded  his 
father  as  eighth  baron  of  Greystoke.  He  had  liverj'  of  his  lands 
in  the  :ilst  Henry  HI.,  and  dying  about  l'J.W,  without  issue, 
was  succeeded  by  his  bnxlior, 

Wii,r.iAH  UE  Greystoke,  ninth  baron  of  Greystoke,  who 
marriad  Mary,  eldest  daughter  and  co-heiress  of  Roger  do  llcrly, 


lord  of  the  barony  of  Morpeth  and  other  large  possessions  in 
Xorlhumberland,  a  moiety  of  which,  by  this  marriage,  cama 
into  the  Greystoke  family.  Ue  died  in  the  17lh  Edward  I. 
anno  12St),  leaving  issue, 

I.  Joiix,  his  successor, 
u.  William. 
I.  Margaret,  married  to  Sir  Robert  Delavah 

BABONS    BY  WRIT. 

John  de  Geeystoke,  baron  of  Greystoke  and  Morpeth,  was 
•i5  years  of  age  at  the  death  of  his  father.  Lord  Greystoke  was 
summoned  to  Parliament  by  writ  from  1295  to  1^05.  Ue  died 
in  l.')08,  without  issue,  bequeathing  his  estates  to  his  cousin, 
Ralph  l''itz-Williani,  son  aud  heir  of  Wilham  Fitz-Ralph,  Icrd 
of  Giimesthorpe,  co.  Lincoln,  by  his  lady  Joan  de  Greystoke. 
He  was  buried  in  the  chancel  of  the  church  of  Greystoke. 

SECOND  HOUSE. 
Ralph  Fitz-William,  succeeded  by  settlement  to  the  lordship 
of  Greystoke,  on  the  death  of  his  cousin  John,  tenth  baron.  He 
was  present  at  tbe  siege  of  Caralverock  in  the  28ih  Edward  L; 
made  governor  of  Berwick-upon-Tweed  ;  was  joined  with  Lord 
Mowbray  and  others  in  the  wardenship  of  the  marches;  aud  in  the 
ath  Edward  II.  was  appointed  governor  of  Carlisle.  He  married 
Margery,  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Hugh  de  Bolebeck,  and  widow 
of  Nicholas  do  Corbet ;  by  whom  he  had  issue  two  sons, 

L  William,  who  died  without  issue  in  his  father's  lifetime. 
II.  Robert,  his  successor. 

This  baron  was  regularly  summoned  to  Parliament  from  the 
-I'ird  Edward  I.  to  the  Uth  Edward  II.  He  died  "an  aged  man," 
says  Dugdale,  about  the  feast  of  All  Saints,  13  lU,  aud  was  buried 
in  the  abbey  of  Nesham,  in  co.  Durham. 

Robert  Fitz-Ralph,  son  and  heir.     He  married  Elizabeth, 

daughter  of Neville,  of  Stainton,  in  Lincolnshire,  by  whom 

he  had  issue, 

Ralph,  his  successor,  who  assumed  tbe  surname  of  Greystoke. 

This  baron  was  never  summoned  to  Parliament,  his  death  occur- 
ring tbe  year  following  that  of  his  father,  viz.,  lOlh  Edward  II. 
(Ij17),  at  his  castle  ot  Hilderskelle,  now  Castle  Howanl,  in 
Yorkshire.  By  an  inquisition  taken  at  tlie  city  of  Carlisle  on 
Monday  next  before  the  feast  of  St.  Barnabas,  1.317,  tlie  jurors 
find  that  Robert,  son  of  Ralph  de  Greystoke  died  seised  of  tlie 
manor  of  Greystoke,  with  the  appurtenances,  holdeu  of  the  king 
in  capiU  by  homage  and  the  service  of  X'-4  per  annum  for  corn- 
age  :  that  the  said  manor  is  worth  by  the  year,  in  lUI  issues,  at 
this  time,  £tJ'4  13s.  Ud.  aud  no  more,  because  it  is  destroyed  by 
the  Scots;  but  before  these  times,  in  time  of  peace,  it  was  usually 
worth  in  all  issues  200  marks. 

Rai.pu  Fitz- Robert,  son  and  heir  of  Robert;  be  assumed  the 
surname  of  Greystoke.  He  mamed  -Uice,  daughter  uf  Hugh 
Lord  .'Vudley,  and  liad  issne, 

William,  Ids  successor. 

Boron  Greystoke  was  summoned  to  Parliament,  from  15th 
May,  Ulh  Edward  II.  (l-'V.'l)  to  17th  September,  10th  Edward 
II.  (1322),  by  writ  addressed  "  Ralph  de  Groyslok."  He  died 
at  Galeshead,  co.  I^urliam,  3rd  July,  1323,  and  was  interred  iu 
tlio  abbey  of  Newminster. 

William  UE  Gbevstokb,  son  and  heir  of  Ralph,  was  abont 
two  years  of  ajje  at  the  lime  of  his  father's  death,  and,  in  1312, 
woa  of  full  age,  and  had  livery  of  all  bis  lands.    In  1333  be  bad 


540 


LEATH  WAED. 


a  licence  to  csstellate  his  manor  bonse  at  Greystoke.  He  be- 
qneatbeJ  to  the  collegiate  cburcb  of  Greystoke  a  messuage  and 
seren  acres  of  land  in  the  adjoining  village  of  Newbiggin,  besides 
the  advowson  of  the  church  of  Greystoke.  Lord  Greystoke  was 
twice  married,  first  to  Lucy,  daughter  of  Thomas  Baron  Lncy 
of  Cockermouth,  from  whom  he  was  divorced.  He  married 
secondly,  Joane,  daughter  of  Henry  Fitz-Hugh,  Lord  of  Bavens- 
wortb,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

I.  Ralph,  his  successor. 

n.  William,  who  went  as  an  hostage  for  his  brother,  Ralph  Lord 

Greystoke,  lo  the  castle  of  Diiubar,  died  of  a  fever  and  wns 

buried  there ;  two  years  afterwards  his  body  was  disinterred, 

and  buried  in  the  abbey  of  Newminsleriu  Northumberland. 

m.  Robert 

I.  Alice,  married  to  Sir  Robert  de  Harrington. 

Lord  Greystoke  was  summoned  to  Parliament  from  1349  to 
1307,  latterly  by  writ  addressed  "  Willielmo  Baroni  de  Graystok." 
He  departed  this  life  July  10,  13D9,  at  the  Castle  of  Brancepetb, 
the  seat  of  Ralph  Lord  Neville,  and  was  buried  with  great  pomp 
and  solemnity  in  the  choir  of  the  collegiate  church  of  Greystoke, 
mass  being  said  on  the  occasion  by  Gilbert  de  Welton,  bishop  of 
Carlisle,  and  the  funeral  attended  by  Ralph  Lord  Neville, 
Thomas  de  Lucy,  baron  of  Cockermouth,  Roger  Lord  Clifford 
of  Appleby  Castle,  Henry  le  Scrope,  and  Thomas  Musgrave, 
senior,  knights ;  John  de  Horncastle,  prior  of  Carlisle,  and  the 
abbots  of  Holme  Cultram  and  Shap. 

Ralph  Baron  Greystoke,  eldest  son  and  heir  of  William, 
was  21  years  old  in  48th  Edward  IIL  and  had  hvery  of  all  his 
lands.  He  was  governor  of  the  castle  of  Lochmaben,  and  in  the 
commission  for  guarding  the  West  Marches.  He  married 
Catharine,  daughter  of  Roger  Lord  Clifford,  and  by  her  had  issue, 

I.  JOHX,  his  successor. 

L  Maud,  married  to  Eudo  Baron  Welles. 

Lord  Greystoke  was  summoned  to  Parliament  from  28th  Decem- 
ber, 49th  Edward  III.  (1370)  to  5th  October,  5th  Henry  V. 
(1417),  by  writ  addressed  "Radulfo  Baroni  de  Greystok,"  and 
died  on  the  Cth  day  of  April,  1417,  in  the  64th  year  of  his  age. 
By  an  inquisition  after  his  death,  it  was  found  that,  on  the  day 
he  died,  he  held,  among  other  things,  the  manor  of  Grimsthorpe 
and  Hilderskelle,  in  capite  of  the  crown,  as  of  the  honour  of 
Chester,  by  the  service  of  carrying  a  sword  before  the  Earl  of 
Chester,  and  by  certain  military  services. 

John  Bauos  Greystoke  was  29  years  of  age  nt  the  time  of 
his  father's  death.  By  his  will,  dated  10th  July,  1430,  he  ordered 
his  body  to  be  buried  in  the  collegiate  church  of  Greystoke,  and 
bequeathed  to  that  church  his  best  horse  as  a  mortuary,  and  all 
his  habiliments  of  war,  consisting  of  coat  armour,  pennon,  gyron, 
<tc.  He  married  Ehzabeth,  eldest  daughter  and  coheiress  of 
Sir  Robert  Ferrers,  Knt.,  only  son  and  heir  of  Robert  Baron 
Ferrers  of  Wemme,  in  the  county  of  Shropshire,  by  his  lady 
Elizabeth,  daughter  and  sole  heir  of  William  Boteler,  baron  of 
Oversley  and  Wemrae,  and  by  her  had  issue, 

I.  Ralph,  his  successor, 
n.  Thomas, 
m.  Richard. 
IV.  William. 
I.  EUzflbeth,  married  to  Roger  Thornton,  Esq.,  of  Nether-Witton 
Castle,  CO.  Northumberland,  son  and  beir  of  Roger  Thorn- 
ton, the  uiuui^cent  mayor  of  Newcastle.     She  died  ou  tlie 
eve  of  St.  CalherinR  the  Virgin,  21th  November,  1410. 
n.  Joane,  married  to  John  Baron  Darcy. 
Lord  Greystoke  was  summoned  to  Parliament  from  24th  August, 
7th  Henry  V.  (1419)  to  5th  July,  13th  Henry  VL  (1435),  by  writ 


addressed  "  Johanni  Baroni  de  Greystok,  Cblr."  He  died  at  his 
manor-house  at  Tbingdone,  in  Northamptonshire,  August  8th, 
143C. 

RALni  Baron  Greystoke  sncceeded,  on  the  death  of  hi» 
father  in  1430,  being  then  22  years  of  age.  He  was  employed 
in  frequent  commissions  on  the  affairs  between  England  and 
Scotland  respecting  the  Borders.  He  married  Elizabeth  fourth 
daughter  of  William  Lord  Fitz-Hugh  of  Ravensworth,  by  whom 
be  had  issue, 

Sir  Robert  Greystoke,  Knt.,  only  son,  who  married  Elizabetli, 
dauRbter  of  Kdniund  Grey,  fourtli  Baron  Grey  de  Kuihyn, 
lord  bigb  treasurer  of  England  and  afterwards  Earl  of  Kent. 
Sir  Koberi  died  June  17Ui,  US3,in  the  lifetime  of  bis  father, 
leaving  issue  an  only  daughter, 

Elizabeth  Gretstoke,  who  succeeded  her  grandfather 
in  the  Barony  of  Greystoke. 

Lord  Greystoke  was  summoned  to  Parliament  from  15th  Henry 
VI.  (143(i)  to  IHth  Henry  VI.  (1439),  and  from  20th  Henry  VI. 
(1441)  to  1st  Henry  VIL  (1485).  He  died  June  1st,  1487.  By 
an  inquisition  held  after  his  death,  it  was  found  that  he  died  on 
Friday  next  after  the  feast  of  Pentecost,  in  the  2nd  year  of  King 
Henry  VII.  He  was  succeeded  by  Elizabeth  his  grand-daugh- 
ter and  heiress. 

Elizabeth  Greystoke,  Baroness  Greystoke  and  Wemme, 
was  a  minor  at  the  time  of  her  father's  death.  In  1500,  as  a 
cousin  and  heir  to  Ralph  Baron  Greystoke,  her  grandfather,  she 
had  special  livery  of  all  her  lands.  Baroness  Greystoke  married 
Thomas  Baron  Dacre  of  GUsland,  K.G.  By  this  marriage 
the  Baron  of  Greystoke  became  united  with  that  of  Gilsland. 

THIRD   HOUSE  :    DACRE,    BARONS   OF    GREYSTOKE. 

Thomas  Baron  Dacre  of  Gilsland,  K.G.,  and  in  right  of 
Lady  Elizabeth  Greystoke,  his  wife,  Baron  of  Greystoke.  By 
Lady  Elizabeth  he  had  issue, 

I.  William,  his  successor. 
II.  Humphrey. 
I.  Mary,  married  to  Francis  Earl  of  Shrewsbury. 

II.  Margaret,  married  to  Henry  Lord  Scrope  of  Bolton. 
IIL  Jane. 

Lord  Dacre  was  summoned  to  Parliament  from  the  1st  to  the 
7th  year  of  Henry  VIII.  He  died  24th  October,  1525.  Lady 
Elizabeth,  his  wife,  died  13th  .\ugust,  1510. 

William  Baron  of  Gilsland,  Greystoke,  and  Wemme.  King 
Edward  VI.  in  1.549,  appointed  him  governor  of  the  castle  of 
Carlisle,  and  warden  of  the  West  Marches,  in  one  or  both  of 
which  he  was  occasionally  continued  by  Queens  Mary  and  Eliza- 
beth. He  maiTied  Elizabeth,  fifth  daughter  of  George  Talbot, 
fourth  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  K.G.,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

I.  Thomas,  his  successor, 
u.  Leonard. 

HI.  Edward. 

IV.  Francis  Dacre  of  Croglin.    He  married'  a  daughter  of  

RadcliHe  of co.  IJumberland,  and  left  issue, 

Randal,  who  was  buried  in  the  church  of  Greystoke 
in  1631. 

1.  Magdalen,  married  to  Anthony  Browne,  viscount  Montague. 

II.  Eleanor,  married  to  Henry  Jemegan,  Esq. 

III.  Mary,  married  to  Alexander  Culpepper,  Esq. 

IV.  Dorothy,  married  to  Sir  Thomas  Windsor,  Knt. 

V.  Anne,  married  at  Kirkoswald  Castle,  Henry,  second  earl  of 
Cumberland. 

Lord  Dacre  was  summoned  to  Parliament  from  21st  Heniy  VIII. 


GKEYSTOKE  PARISH. 


541 


to  3rd  Philip  and  Mary.     He  died  12lh   November,  and  was 
buried  on  the  14th  December,  1504. 

TuojiAs  Baron  of  Greystoke  and  Gilsland,  eldest  son  and 
heir  of  William,  succeeded  to  the  title  and  inheritance  on  the 
death  of  his  father.     He  had  issue, 

Georoe,  his  successor,  and  three  daughters,  Anne,  Mary, 
and  Elizabeth. 

George  Baron  of  Greystoke  and  Gilsland,  son  and  heir  of 
Thomas.  By  his  untimely  death.  May  17th,  150'J,  his  three 
sisters  became  bis  co-heiresses : — 

1.  Anne,  eldest  sister  and  co-heir  of  Greystoke  and  Gilsland, 

married  Philip  Howard,  carl  of  Arundel,  of  whom  here- 
after as  Lord  of  Greystoke. 

2.  Mary,  second  sister  and  co-heir  of  Greystoke  and  Gilsland, 

married  Thomas  Howard  of  Walden,  first  earl  of  Suf- 
folk, eldest  son  of  Thomas,  fourth  Duke  of  Norfolk,  by 
liis  second  wife,  Margaret,  daughter  and  sole  heir  of 
Thomas  Lord  .\udley  of  Walden,  in  Essex,  and  chan- 
cellor of  England.     This  Mary  died  without  issue. 

3.  Elizabeth  Dacre,  third  sister  and  co-heir  of  Greystoke 

and  Gilsland,  married  Lord  William  Howard,  second 
son  of  Thomas,  fourth  Duke  of  Norfolk,  by  Margaret, 
his  second  wife.  He  had  tho  Gilsland  moiety  of  the 
estate  of  his  wife's  ancestors,  settled  at  Naworth  Castle, 
and  was  ancestor  of  the  Howards,  earls  of  Carlisle,  and 
of  tho  Howards  of  Corby  Castle,  co.  Cumberland. 

FOURTH    HOUSE  :    UOWARD.S,    BARON'S    OF    GREYSTOKE. 

Pnn.ip  Howard,  Earl  of  -Vrundel,  eldest  son  of  Thomas, 
fourth  Duke  of  Norfolk,  by  his  first  duchess  Mary,  daughter  and 
heiress  of  Henry  I'itzalan,  Karl  of  Arundel.  Ho  married  Anne, 
sister  and  co-heiress  of  George  Lord  Dacre,  by  which  marriage 
lie  acquired  the  barony  of  Greystoke.  Being  attainted  in  1500, 
he  died  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower  in  1595,  leaving  a  son  and  heir, 

T110.UA8,  Earl  of  Arundel,  born  July  7th,  1592,  wlio,  being 
deprived  by  his  father's  attainder  of  the  honours  and  the  greatest 
part  of  the  estates  of  his  family,  had  only  the  title  of  Lord 
Maltravers,  by  courtesy,  during  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign  ;  but 
was  restored,  by  act  of  Parliament,  in  the  1st  year  of  James  I. 
(lOO.'t)  to  all  such  titles  of  honour  and  precedence  as  Philip 
Earl  of  Arundel  lost  by  his  attainder,  as  also  to  the  honour, 
estate,  and  dignity  of  Enrl  of  Surrey.  His  lordship  married,  in 
1000,  Lady  Alethea  Tallwt,  daughter  and  eventually  sole  lieir 
of  Gilbert,  seventh  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  and  had  issue, 

I.  James  Lord  Mowbray  and  Maltravers,  K.B.,  died  unmarried 

in  1G21. 

II.  Hlsbv  FnEOF.BicK,  his  successor. 

111.  William,  K.B.,  married  to  Mary,  sister  to  Henry,  I'iih  Lord 
Slttllcird. 

The  earl  died  October  4tb,  1040,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
eldest  son, 

Henry  Frederick,  Earl  of  Anindel,  Ac,  born  in  1008,  who 
had  been  summoned  to  Parliament  previously  as  Baron  Mow- 
bray. His  lordship  married,  in  lO'JO,  Klii^ibetli,  eldest  daughter 
of  Esmo  Stuart,  Earl  of  March,  afterward  Duke  of  Lennox,  and 
had  issue, 

I.  Thomas,  his  successor. 

II.  Henry,  who  succeeded  his  brother. 

III.  Pbibji,  a  ciirdiiinl,  bird  nlmniu-r  to  rnlberine,  queen  consort 

ol  Charles  IL,  bum  iu  I6i\)i  died  ltlU4. 


IV.  Chnrles  of  Greystoke. 
V.  Talbot,  died  unmarried. 
VI.  Edward,  died  unmarried, 
vii.  Francis,  died  unmarried. 

VIII.  Bernard,  who  nittriied  Katherine,  second  daughter  and  co-heir 
ol  (jt'<»rgi;  Tutiersliull,  Ksq.,  of  Finchainpsieud,  co.  Berks, 
and  wiilitvv  ot  Sir  Ricliiird  Lichtord,  and  was  succeeded  in 
1717  by  his  only  son,  Beruurd  Howard,  who  married  .\nne, 
daughter  i)f  CbrisKiijhcr  Koper,  lord  Teynham,  and  was 
father  of  Henry  Howard,  Esq.,  of  Glossop,  who  married, 
October  :!tUh,  r7ijl,.lnli.ina,  second  daughter  of  Sir  William 
Molyneux,  Burt.,  ot  Weldoii,  Nolls,  and  dying  Noveiuber 
lldi,  17B7,  left  thrci;  sous,  with  two  daughters,  \u.  :— 

1.  Bernard    Edward,  succeeded  as  twelfth   Duke  of 

Norfolk. 

2.  Henry  Thomas,  bom  October  7th,  1700,  who  assumed, 

iu  lyl'-i,  the  adiiiiiomd  surname  of  Molyneux,  anil  iu 
1817,  ibal  of  Howard,  in  addiiiou  to  Howard  .Moly- 
neux, in  which  year  he  was  granted  the  rank  and 
precedence  ol  a  duke's  younger  son.  He  married 
September  l-idi.  IHUI,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Eilwiird 
Long,  Esq  ,  chief-judge  ot  the  Vice  Admiralty  Court, 
Jamaiea,  and  dying  June  17ih,  18'J4,  left  issue  by 
her  (.who  died  .May  ■.!4th,  ISIU), 

Hexry,  now  of  Greystoke. 

Henrietia  Anne,  married,  in  1830,  to  Henry  John 
George,  third  Earl  of  Camarron,  who  died  in 

)H-19. 

Isabella  Catherine,  married,  in  IS'29,  to  the  Earl 

of  SuH'olk. 
Chiirloiie  .luliima  Jane,  married,  in  18!1I,  to  James 

Wentworth  Boiler,  Esq.,  M.P.,  of  Downcs,  co. 

Devon,  and  died  in  iN^ri. 
Juliana  Baibara,  married,  iu  1S31,  to   Sir  John 

Ogilvy,  BarL,  and  died  1833. 

3.  Edward  Charles,  born  May  2«th,  1774,  married  Miss 

Eli/Jibeth  Maycock,by  whom  (.who  died  iu  January, 

iMll)  lie  lefi 'issue. 
1.  Maiy,married  to  the  tenth  Lord  Pelie,  and  died  in  1843. 
M.  Juliana   Barbara,  nmiried  to  KuLert  Edward,  uiuih 

Lord  Petre ;  died  in  1833. 

His  lordship  died  April  7th,  165'i,  and  was  succeeded  in  his 
Greystoke  estates  by  his  foiu-th  son, 

Charles  Howari),  Esq.,  who  mamed  Maiy,  daughter  and 
co-heir  of  George  Tattershall,  Esq.,  of  l''inchampstead,co.  Berks; 
and  by  her  (who  died  in  l(il)j)  had  (with  a  younger  son,  Henry, 
who  died  in  youthj  his  heir, 

Charles  Howaud,  Esq.,  of  Greystoke,  who  married  Mary, 
daU','htor  and  co-heir  of  John  Aylward,  Esq.,  co.  Waterford,  and 
had,  with  three  daughters,  who  all  died  unmarried,  three  sons,Yiz.: 

1.  Henry,  who  died  unmarried. 

11.  Charles,  who  subsequently  became  tenth  Duke  of  NorfoUL. 
III.  Thomas,  who  died  unmarried. 

Mr.  Howard  died  June  10th,  1720,  and  was  saccecded  by  his 
second  son, 

Cuari.es  Howard,  Esq.,  of  Greystoke,  who,  on  the  demise  of 
Edward,  the  ninth  Duke  ol  Norfolk,  in  r/77,  without  issue,  be- 
came tenth  Duke  of  Norfolk.  Ho  married  in  173:1  Katherine, 
daughter  and  co-heir  of  John  Brockholes,  Esq.,  of  Claughtoo, 
CO.  Lancaster,  and  dying  August  Olst,  17uU,  was  succeeded  by 
bis  only  son, 

Charles  Howard,  Esq.,  of  Greystoke,  who  thus  became 
eleventh  Duke  of  Norfolk.  He  was  born  March  l.'ith,  1740, 
and  married  lint  iu  August,  17(17,  Marian,  only  danghler  and 
heir  of  John  Coppinger,  Esq  ,  of  Ballyvolanc,  Co.  Cork,  which 
lady  died  without  issue  iu  170S;  and  secondly  in  17 ;l,  Frances, 
daughter  and  sole  heir  of  Cli.irles  Fiu-  Uoy  Scudamore,  Esq.,  of 
Holme  Lacy,  co.  Hereford,  but  had  no  issue.     His  grace  died 


5:42 


LKATH  WAED. 


December  ICtb,  1810,  having  bequeathed  by  will  bis  estates  at 
Greysioke  to 

Hexrv  Howard,  Esq.,  the  only  son  of  Lord  Henry  Molynoux 
Howard,  youngest  brother  of  Bernard  Edward,  twelfth  Duko  of 
Norfolk.  Itr.  Howard  is  a  justice  of  the  peace  and  deputy- 
lioutenant.  He  served  the  office  of  high  sheritf  of  Cumberland 
in  lfi:U,  was  JI.P.  for  Steyning  in  IH'-li,  and  for  Shoreham  from 
181!(i  to  1833.  He  was  born  July  25lh,  180'i,  married  December 
Cth  1849,  Charlotte  Caroline  Geoi-giana,  eldest  daughter  of 
Henry  Lawes  Long,  Ksq.,  of  Hampton  Lodge,  Surrey,  by  Lady 
Catherine  his  wife,  sister  of  Horatio,  third  Earl  of  Orford,  and 
has  issue, 

I.  Henry  Charles,  born  September  ITtli,  IWO. 
II.  Edward  Siofford,  bom  November  'iSih,  1851. 
III.  Hubert  .Mowbray,  born  May  2:M,  1804. 
I.  Elizabeth  Catherine,     ii.  Maud  Isabel. 

Arms.— Gu^  on  a  bend,  between  six  cross-crosslets,  fitch^e,  arg., 
an  escutcheon,  or,  charged  wiih  a  demi  lion,  rampant,  pierced  through 
the  motuh  with  an  arrow,  within  a  dmilile  tressure,  llory,  counter 
flory,  of  the  lirst,  ipiiirtering,  Buotheuton,  NVauken,  .Mowbkav, 
Dacke,  and  Giieystuke. 

Cresl. —Od  a  chapeaii,  gu.,  turned  up,  erm.,  a  lion,  statanl  guardaut. 
the  tail  extended,  or,  gorged  with  a  ducal  coronet,  org. 

Motlo. — Sola  virtus  iuvicta. 


Greystoko  Castle,  the  seat  of  Henry  Howard,  Esq.,  for- 
merly the  property  of  the  Dukes  of  Norfolk,  who  still 
enjoy  the  dignity  of  baron  of  Greystoke,  stands  in  a 
park  of  5,000  acres.  The  present  mansion  was  erected 
within  the  last  100  years,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient 
castle,  which,  being  garrisoned  for  the  king  in  1048, 
was  taken  and  destroyed  by  a  detachment  of  the  Par- 
liamentarian army.  It  is  built  in  an  exaggerated  style 
of  massiveness,  but  late  improvements  have  caused  it  to 
assume  an  appearance  of  considerable  elegance.  Views 
of  the  distant  lake  mountains  are  commanded  from  the 
■windows,  and  the  grounds  adjacent  to  the  mansion  are 
well  laid  out.  In  the  iiuU  there  hangs  some  "  armour 
of  the  invincible  knights  of  old,"  emblazoned  shields, 
and  several  pairs  of  horns.  One  pair  is  of  enormous 
magtiitude,  and  weighs  forty-two  pounds.  There  is  also 
in  the  ball  a  large  painting,  by  Lonsdale,  of  Solomon 
and  the  Queen  of  Sheba,  in  which  several  family  por- 
traits are  introduced.  A  balustradiug  on  one  side  sepa- 
rates the  hall  from  the  long  gallery,  in  which  are  placed 
many  ancient  family  portraits.  The  library  contains 
a  cbimncy-piece  of  richly  carved  oak.  Two  of  the  prin- 
cipal designs  are  Sampson  and  Delilah,  and  Jepthali 
and  his  Daughter,  each  having  appropriate  legends. 
Amongst  the  paintings  the  following  may  be  enume- 
rated as  of  peculiar  interest : — Erasmus  and  Archbishop 
Warham,  both  by  Holbein;  John  Duke  of  Norfolk, 
who  was  killed  on  Bosworth  Field,  the  subject  of  the 
lines, — 

"  Jocky  of  Norfolk,  be  not  so  bold, 
For  Dickon  thy  master  is  bought  and  sold." 


Thomas,  third  Duke  of  Norfolk,  lord  high  treasurer 
to  Henry  VIII.;  Ann  Dacre,  countess  of  Arundel,  who 
l)rought  Greystoke  from  the  Dacres  to  the  Howards ; 
Elizabeth,  daughter  to  the  last  Duke  of  Lennox,  and 
wife  of  Henry  Frederick  Earl  of  .Arundel ;  Henry 
Earl  of  Arundel  and  his  Countess,  the  Lady  Alathea 
Talbot;  Henry,  sixth  Duke  of  Norfolk,  when  a  boy,  by 
Vandyke  ;  Lady  Catherine  Howard,  daughter  of  Henry 
Frederick  Earl  of  Arundel,  by  Vandyke ;  James  I. ; 
Charles  I.,  by  Mytens  ;  Charles  IL  and  James  II. ; 
Prince  Charles  Edward,  in  a  Highland  costume  ;  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  two  pictures,  one  in  a  crimson  dress, 
the  other  in  mourning ;  View  of  Venice,  by  Canaletti ; 
two  views  of  Rome,  by  AVilson  ;  a  piece  of  Needlework, 
by  JIary  Queen  of  Scots,  representing  the  Crucifixion, 
will  be  inspected  with  interest. 

GREYSTOKE. 

The  area  of  Greystoke  township  is  4,538  acres,  and 
its  rateable  vidue  £1,ISS5  1 3s.  l^d.  The  population 
in  1801  was  318;  in  1811,  243;  in  1821,  255;  in 
1831,  337 ;  in  1841,  364,  and  in  1851,  3  15. 

The  village  of  Greystoke  is  pleasantly  situated  near 
the  source  of  the  river  Petterill,  five  miles  west-by-north 
of  Penrith,  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Greystoke 
Castle  and  Park. 

TUE    CDOIICH. 

Greystoke  church  is  a  spacious  structure,  in  the  Per- 
pendicular style,  dedicated  to  St.  Andrew,  and  consists 
of  chancel  and  nave,  with  north  and  south  aisles.  The 
chancel  was  rebuilt  in  1848  by  Henry  Howard,  Esq. 
and  the  Rev.  Henry  Askew ;  the  tower  was  rebuilt  a  few 
years  previously  at  the  expense  of  the  parishioners, 
and  in  1817  and  1818  the  body  of  the  church  under- 
went considerable  repair.  There  are  four  very  ancient 
bells  with  iusciiptions  round  them.  The  eastern  window 
is  filled  with  ancient  painted  glass,  supposed  to  represent 
passages  from  the  life  of  St.  Andrew.  The  tracery  of  tho 
upper  part  of  the  window  contains  modern  arms,  viz. : — 
The  royal  arms  and  those  of  the  diocese  at  the  top,  and 
then  the  arms  of  the  families  of  Dacre,  Howard,  Grey- 
stoke, Grimesthorp,  Percy,  and  Askew.  A  window  on  the 
south  side  of  the  chancel  is  also  fiUed  with  ancient  glass. 
There  are  moreover  two  modern  windows,  containing 
respectively  the  arms  of  different  members  of  the 
Howard  family,  and  of  ancient  families  of  the  parish. 
The  chancel  stalls  are  all  furnished  with  "  misereres," 
some  of  which  are  very  curiously  carved.  The  inscrip- 
tion round  the  roof  of  the  chancel,  mentioned  iu 
"  Hutchinson's  Cumberland,"  was  removed  when  the 
chancel  was  restored.     One  of  the  old  altar  stones. 


GEKYSTOKE   PARISH. 


043 


marked,  us  usual,  with  five  crosses,  is  inserted  in  the 
floor  at  the  west  end  of  the  church.  At  the  eastern  end 
of  the  south  aisle  is  a  brass,  hearing  the  inscription, 
"  Of  your  charite  pray  for  the  soule  of  l{ychard  New- 
port that  was  buryorl  under  ihys  stone  and  deptyd  the 
viith  day  of  August  in  the  year  of  our  lorde  God 
mccccli,  whose  soule  Jhu  pdon."  There  are  also  the  fol- 
lowinj;  inscriptions,  "Of  your  charity  pray  for  ye  soule 
of  AVenefride  Newport  whose  bones  lyetli  under  this 
stone  which  deptyd  the  ix  day  of  Decembr  Anno  Dni 
m.c.ccccxlvii  whose  soul  Jhu  perdon."  "  Under  this 
stone  lyeih  Willm  Bewley  and  Esabell  Whitlay  his 
doughter,  which  Esabell  deptyd  ye  v  daye  of  february 
an"  dni  m"  v'.xliij",  on  who"  soule  Jhu  have  mcy.  Amen." 
Under  a  seat  near  the  reading  desk,  "  Of  your  charite 
pray  for  y  soules  of  James  Morisby  and  Margaret  his 
wyf,  on  whose  soules  Jhu  have  mcy.  amen."  In  the 
chancel,  on  a  brass  inserted  in  a  blue  slate  slab,  "  Hie 
jacent  corpa  mre  Thome  Eglisfelde  x  Walteri  lledmau, 
veritatis  pfessor*  quda  liuis  coUegii  ppositor  qi  Walter 
obiit  iiii  die  Novebris  A'dni  mccccc''i.\°  Quor  aiabis 
ppicietur  Dous."  On  the  pavement  there  are  two  in- 
cised slabs  within  the  communion  rails;  one  at  the  north 
end  of  the  communion  table,  consists  of  a  cross,  the 
head  of  which  is  broken  :  on  the  stem  of  the  cross  is  hung 
a  shield  charged  with  the  arms  of  (_)ld  Greystoke,  and 
on  one  side  is  a  sword.  The  inscription  runs  thus : — 
"lohes  :  Codam  :  Bare  :  Dc  :  Graystok."  At  the  south 
end  of  the  communion  table  is  a  slab,  on  which  is  carved 
a  cross  and  a  pair  of  shears.  Inserted  in  the  east  wall 
of  the  churchyard  is  a  slab,  carved  with  a  florid  cross 
and  pair  of  shears.  On  the  floor  of  the  south  aisle  is 
a  brass  plate  bearing  this  inscription  : — "  ililc  Ilaltonvs 
Iviii  annatvs  adsessor  comitatvs  Cvmbr  eivsdemq  vice- 
comes  X  liberis  beatvs  cvris  reip.  famili  avq  pressvs 
perpctvvm  vtricj  desiderandvs  transitvs  exemplvm  prac- 
bvit.  XVII.  Xal.  Ap.  CloIf)CLII."  On  the  floor  is 
a  large  marble  tombstone,  with  a  brass  plate,  inscribed 
as  follows:  —  "Icy  gist  AVilliam  lo  bone  Baron  dc 
Graystok  plys  veillieaut,  noble  et  courtcyous  chvialer  do 
sa  pads  en  son  temps  Quy  murult  le  x  jour  de  Jully 
I'an  de  grace  Mill.CCCLIX.  Alme  de  guy  Dieu  eyt 
peto  and  mercy.  Amen."  On  the  lloor  at  tho 
east  end  of  the  south  aisle  is  a  brass  plate  in  a 
tombstone,  inscribed — "Orate  pro  aia  Johannis  Whelp- 
dale  Legum  DoctorLf,  CoUcgij  de  (i  ray  stock  Magistri 
et  Rectoris  de  Caldbeck,  qui  obijt  vii°  July,  a.  d. 
1526."  The  church  of  Greystoke  is  rectorial.  In 
the  Valor  of  Pope  Nicholas,  the  rectory  was  taxed  at 
£120;  in  the  reign  of  Kdward  IT.  at  i:'iO;  and  in  the 
Kings  IJook  it  is  valued  at  i'lO  7s.  PJd.  This  church 
seems  to  have  been  made  collegiate  at  a  very  early 


period.  In  the  year  1358  WiUiam  de  Greystoke,  "  for 
the  health  of  his  soul,"  gave  to  the  church  of  Greystoke 
one  messuage  and  seven  acres  of  land,  at  Newbi^gin, 
and  also  the  advowson  of  the  parish  church  of  Grey- 
stoke. In  the  following  year  Bishop  Weltou  confirmed 
this  grant  to  the  coUegiate  body,  which  appears  to  have 
consisted  of  one  master  and  six  chaplains.  In  the  year 
Vi~~,  on  the  petition  of  Ralph  Greystoke,  setting  forth 
that  the  income  of  the  rectory  is  very  considerable,  and 
the  cure  improperly  supplied,  the  bishop  issued  a  com- 
mission of  inquiry.  The  commissioners  returned  that 
the  yearly  revenue  of  the  rectory  was  about  i'lOO,  that 
after  deductions  had  been  made,  there  would  be  a  clear 
annual  income  of  £80 ;  and  they  also  report  that  there 
are  chapels  in  the  parish,  one  at  Watermillock  and  one 
at  Threlkeld,  each  having  a  chaplain.  Two  years  later, 
in  1379,  another  commission  of  inquiry,  to  the  same 
purpose,  was  made,  and  it  was  recommended  that  more 
clergymen  should  be  attached  to  the  parish  church,  to 
attend  to  the  spiritual  necessities  of  so  large  a  parish. 
In  1382  the  church  seems  to  have  been  greatly  in  need 
of  repair,  and  it  was  proposed  to  etfect  them  at  the 
charge  of  the  parishioners,  but  the  inhabitants  of 
Threlkeld  and  Watermillock  refused  to  contribute  their 
share  of  the  expense  until  threatened  with  tho  pc  nalty 
of  excommunication  by  the  bishop.  In  the  same  year, 
at  the  instance  of  Ralph  Lord  Greystoke,  another  com- 
mission of  inquiry  was  instituted,  and  it  was  found 
that  the  revenues  of  the  church  were  sufficient  to  main- 
tain "  two  chaplains,  the  parish  priest,  and  five  other 
priests  beside."  The  report  of  the  commission  was 
followed  by  an  application  to  the  pope  by  Ralph  Lord 
Greystoke,  for  a  licence  to  make  the  church  of  Grey- 
stoke collegiate.  His  holiness  complied  with  the  baron's 
request,  and  instructed  his  legate,  Alexander  Neville, 
archbishop  of  York,  to  erect,  at  Greystoke,  a  college  of 
secular  priests,  to  be  presided  over  by  a  provost  or 
master.  At  the  same  time,  six  chantries  were  founded 
in  the  church,  and  a  priest  appointed  to  each.  The 
chantries  were  respectively  dedicated  to  St.  Andrew, 
St.  Mary,  St.  John  the  Baptist,  St  Katherine,  St. 
Thomas  a  Becket,  and  St.  Peter.  The  chaplains  of 
these  chantries  were  all  presented  by  Raljih  Lord 
Greystoke,  and,  at  their  installation,  were  obliged  to 
take  the  oath  of  canonical  obedience  to  the  Bishop  of 
Carlisle.  Dugdale  tells  us  that,  in  1430,  John  do 
Greystoke  gave  (by  will)  his  best  horse  for  a  mortuary, 
and  his  body  to  be  buried  in  the  collegiate  church  of 
Greystoke.  Thomo-s  Lord  Dacre,  in  n  letter  to  Cardinal 
Wolscy,  dated  Kirkoswald,  ,\ugust  23rd,  1510,  says, 
"Theviij  of  this  monetli.  I  sent  into  ScotlanJo  the 
M'  of  the  college  of  Graistok  with  such  oder  persons  as 


544 


LEATH  WARD. 


I  nominated  to  your  grace  in  the  quenes  commission 
for  reysing  and  leveiiig  of  her  conjuncte  feoffment,  and 
for  rcccyving  of  her  plate  and  Jewells  according  to  the 
said  last  recesse  made  by  the  ambassadors  of  Scotlande." 
At  the  Reformation,  Greystoke  College  underwent  the 
fate  of  the  other  collegiate  churches,  chantries,  Ac.  of 
England,  "  at  which  time,"  says  Nicolson  and  Burn, 
"  the  revenues  of  the  several  chantries  aforesaid  in  this 
church  were  twenty  nobles  a  year  to  each.    Afterwards 
it  was  disputed  whether  the  church  did  continue  recto- 
rial, or  the  rectory  and  profits  thereof  became  vested  in 
the  crown  by  the  said  dissolution.     For  the  incumbent 
it  was  alleged  that  he  was  possessed  by  presentation, 
admission,  institution,  and  induction.    That  the  church 
was  indeed  made  collegiate,  but  that  it  was  by  the  pope's 
authority  only:  that  they  had  no  common  seal,  and 
therefore  were  not  a  legal  corporation;  and  judgment 
was  given  against  the  king,  and  the  church  continued 
rectorial  and  parochial.     Judge  Dyer,  who  reports  this 
case,  seems  to  lay  stress  upon  the  want  of  a  common 
seal.     Lord  Coke  lays  the  stress  upon  its  being  made 
collegiate  by  the  pope's  authority  only,  without  the 
king's  assent ;  cither  of  them  sufficient  arguments  of 
the  invalidity  of  the  establishment."     Bishop  Nicolson 
tells  us  that,  "  Parson  Dacre  [the  first  rector  subsequent 
to  the  dissolution  of  the  collegiate  body]  converted  the 
college  into  a  dwelling-house."     The  parish  registers 
commence  in  the  first  year  of  the  reign  of  (Jueeu  Eliza- 
beth, 1558-9.     The  advowson  of  the  rectory  was  long 
attached  to  the  barony  of  Greystoke.     It  was  sold  by 
Charles  Howard,  Esq.,  of  Greystoke,  to  Adam  Askew, 
Esq.,  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  from  whom  it  has  des- 
cended to  Henry  Askew,  Esq.,  of  Conishead  Priory, 
the  present  patron.    The  benefice  is  worth  nearly  £700 
.1  year. 

EECTons.— Richard  de  Morpeth,  1302 ;  Ralph  de  Erghome, 
13U;  Sir  Richard  do  Hutton  Roof. 

Provosts  and  Rectors. — Sir  Richard  de  Hutton  Roof, ; 

.Tohn  de  Ilerinthorp,  13(i5;  Sir  John  de  Claston  occurs  in  1379 ; 
Gilbert  Bowett,  13sa  ;  Adam  de  Aglionby  occurs  14-JO  ;  Thomas 
Eaglesfield  occurs  144n  ;  Richard  Wr.vght,  ;  Walter  Red- 
man occurs  1507;  William  Husband  occurs  1518;  Thomas 
Bowerhank  occurs  1520;  John  Whelpdale  occurs  1525;  John 
Dacre,  15 — . 

Rectors.— John  Dacre,  15 — ,  previously  provost,  died  1507  ; 
Sir  Simon  Mosse,  1507  ;  Edwd.  Hanshy,  1508  ;  Hugh  Thomly, 
1885;  Leonard  Lowlher,  1597  ;  Henry  Robinson  occurs  1816; 
Jerome  Waterhouse, ;  William  Pettie,  1033  ;  William  Nor- 
land, 10391;  — West,  about  1650;  Richard  Gilpin,  105- ;  Wui. 
Morland,  restored,  1600;  Alan  Smallwood,  1003;  Richard  Fowke, 
1680;  Thomas  Gi*ion,  1092  ;  Thomas  Bolton,  1717  ;  Edmund 
Law,  1740;  Hugh  Moises,  1788;  Henry  Askew,  1793;  Henry 
Percy,  1852. 

I  Ejected  by  Sir  Arthur  Uazlerigg  and  othera. 


The  old  rectory,  or  college,  was  partially  pulled  down 
at  the  time  the  new  one  was  built,  and  was  finally  razed 
in  the  year  1858.  The  present  rectory  was  built  about 
forty  years  ago.  It  is  a  largo,  plain,  substantial  house, 
without  any  architectural  pretensions. 

The  male  and  female  schools  in  the  village  of  Grey- 
stoke are  chiefly  supported  by  annual  subscriptions,  the 
subscribers  having  the  ])nvilege  of  placing  a  number  of 
children  in  the  schools  at  half  the  usual  charge. 


CnARITIES. 


Thompson's  Charily. — Thomas  Thompson,  in  the  year 
1740,  left  to  the  churchwardens  and  overseers  of 
Motherby,  Gill,  and  Greystoke,  the  sum  of  £'20,  the 
interest  to  be  paid  yearly  to  the  poor  of  those  places  ou 
the  3(ith  of  January,  at  their  discretion. 

Townships  of  Greijstohc  and  Johnby.  —  Unthank 
Estate. — Barbara  Pielph,  in  1727,  leftl'50,  the  interest 
thereof  to  be  equally  divided  amongst  the  poor  of  Grey- 
stoke and  Johnby.  This  £50,  together  with  £20  left 
by  Mable  Halton  to  the  poor  of  Greystoke  only,  was 
laid  out  in  the  purchase  of  an  estate  at  Unthank,  in 
the  parish  of  Skelton,  stated  at  that  time  to  contain 
seven  and  a  half  acres.  Since  the  purchase  of  this 
estate,  a  considerable  addition  appears  to  have  been 
made  to  it  by  an  allotment  upon  an  enclosure,  as 
it  now  contains  upwards  of  twelve  acres.  The  rent  is 
distributed  amongst  poor  persons  of  Greystoke  and  of 
Johnby,  who  are  not  in  the  receipt  of  parochial  relief. 

Dorothy  Halton  s  Charity. — Dorothy  Halton,  by  will, 
dated  April  13th,  bequeathed  to  the  overseers  of  the 
township  of  Johnby  £20,  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor 
children  of  the  said  township,  the  yearly  interest  to  be 
paid  to  the  schoolmaster  of  Greystoke,  for  teaching  poor 
children  of  Johnby  ouly,  whose  parents  should  not  be 
able  to  pay  for  their  learning.  She  also  bequeathed 
£20  to  the  overseers  of  Greystoke  and  Johnby,  for  the 
poor  of  the  said  townships,  the  interest  to  be  equally 
divided  and  distributed  on  St.  Thomas's  Day  annually. 

Tounshii)S  of  Greystoke  and  Little  Blcncou-e. — 
Troutbcck's  Charity. — Miss  Ann  Troutbeck.  in  1815, 
bequeathed  the  sum  of  £40,  the  interest  thereof  to  be 
divided  among  the  poor  of  Little  Blencowe  and  Grey- 
stoke. 

Township  of  Greystoke. — Norland's  Charity. — The 
Rev.  William  Morland,  rector  of  Greystoke,  in  1003, 
left  £20,  the  interest  thereof  to  be  divided  amongst  the 
poor  of  Greystoke  only  yearly,  on  the  21st  December, 
at  the  discretion  of  the  rector  and  churchwardens. 

BERRIKn   AKD    MURHAH. 

This  township  comprises  an  area  of  2,004  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  was  £907  53.     In  1801  it  contained 


GREYSTOKE   PARISH. 


545 


136  inhabitants;  in  1811,  120  ;  in  1821,  128;  in  1831, 
113;  in  1841,  127;  and  in  1851,  134,  who  are  princi- 
pally resident  in  the  villages  of  Berrier  and  Murrali. 
The  manorial  rights  are  vested  in  Henry  Howard,  Esq  , 
who  is  also  the  principal  landowner,  but  iliss  Sutton, 
W.  A.  Bushby,  Esq.,  and  others,  have  estates  here. 
The  commons  were  enclosed  about  the  year  1800,  and 
allotted  to  the  landowners  and  the  lord  of  the  manor. 
The  tithes  have  been  commuted  for  £'29. 

The  village  of  Berrier  is  about  eight  miles  west  of 
Penrith. 

Murruh  is  a  small  hamlet  of  detached  houses,  niue 
miles  west-by-north  of  Penrith. 

CHARITY. 

Mary  Jack's  Bequest. — Mary  Jack,  by  will,  dated 
November  30th.  1709,  left  .£200,  the  interest  of  which 
she  directed  to  be  applied  to  the  use  of  a  mistress  for 
teaching  the  girls  of  Berrier,  Whitbarrow,  and  Murrah 
reading,  writing,  knitting,  and  sewing.  Subsequently 
an  information  was  filed  in  the  Court  of  Chancery 
against  Jane  ILiyton,  the  executrix,  and,  in  1810,  the 
court  decided  that  a  schoolmistress  should  keep  school 
within  the  village  of  Berrier,  and  instruct  the  girls  sent 
to  her  in  reading,  writing,  kuitting,  and  sewing,  the 
girls  to  be  born  within  the  villages  of  Berrier,  Whit- 
barrow, and  Murrah,  or  of  parents  residing  there.  The 
stock  remaining  after  paying  the  costs  of  the  suit, 
amounting  to  £'103  18s.  3d.  three-per-cents,  was  trans- 
ferred to  trustees,  who  pay  the  interest  to  the  school- 
mistress, with  the  exception  of  a  small  amount  allowed 
to  the  trustees  for  their  expenses.  The  trustees  at 
present  are  John  Barker,  Esq.,  and  John  Robinson, 
Esq. 

MTTLE    DLESCOW. 

The  area  of  Jjittlo  Blcncovv  township  is  321  statute 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  £'370  8s.  7^d.  The  num- 
ber of  inhabitants,  in  1801  was  68;  in  1811,  49;  in 
1821,  C3;  in  1831,  00;  in  1^41,  09,  and  in  iSul,  50, 
who  are  chiefly  resident  in  the  village  of  Jjttle  Blencow. 

Little  Blencow  was  long  the  property  of  a  family 
bearing  the  local  name,  who  appear  to  iiavc  first  settled 
at  Great  Blencow,  in  the  parish  of  Dacro.  We  learn 
from  the  patent  rolls  of  the  32nd  Edward  III.  tliat  that 
monarch,  in  J  358,  granted  to  Adam  de  Bloiicowe  all 
the  lands  in  Greystoke,  Blencow,  and  Newbiggin, 
which  luid  belonged  to  .lohn  Riddall.  The  manor  of 
Blencow  and  Blencow  Hall,  tho  old  seat  of  the  family, 
were  purchased  of  the  immediate  descendant  of  the 
family,  Henry  Preseot  Blencowe,  Es(].,  in  1802.  by  tho 
Duko  of  Norfolk,  and  are  now  tho  property  of  Henry 
Howard,  Esq.,  besides  whom  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Troutbeck 
M 


and  James  Parkin,  Esq.,  are  the  principal  landowners. 
The  tithes  of  the  township  have  been  commuted  for 
£14  Cs.  Od.,  payable  to  the  rector. 

Blencow  Hall,  situated  a  little  to  the  west  of  the 
village,  was  long  the  residence  of  the  Blencowe  family. 
It  consists  of  two  square  embattled  towers  connected  by 
a  range  of  domestic  buildings.  The  southwest  tower, 
which  is  rent  from  top  to  bottom,  has  a  smaller  tower 
attached  to  its  western  side.  This  tower  has  a  pictu- 
resque effect,  from  a  plane  tree,  which  has  its  root  under 
the  wall,  and  grows  through  the  centre  of  the  structure. 
Some  plain  gargoyles  are  still  remaining  on  the  south- 
eastern tower.  Over  the  principal  door  are  tho  initials 
H.  B.  and  three  shields.  One  of  these  shields  is  plain, 
the  second  bears  a  chevron,  between  three  mullets,  for 
Crackenthorp;  and  the  third,  fretty  and  a  chief.  There 
is  also  "  Quorsura  vivere  mori,  mori  vita.  Henricus 
Blencowe."  Behind  the  hall  are  the  remains  of  an  old 
chapel,  consisting  of  a  south  window,  through  which  a 
tree  is  growing.  Near  the  hall  is  an  ancient  burial- 
gi'ound,  with  a  stone  cross,  upon  which  are  tho  arms  of 
the  Blencowe  family.  Blencow  Hall  is  now  a  farm- 
house. 

glcitrofec  of  ^Itntofo  anb   fbobg  Driarjr. 

Adam  de  Blekcowe  distinguished  himself  in  tlie  Frencli 
wars  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  under  the  banner  of  William 
Baron  of  Greystoke,  who  f-ninted  arms  to  him  and  liis  heirs  by 
tho  following  warrant: — "  To  all  to  whom  these  presents  shall 
come  to  be  seen  or  heard ;  William  Baron  of  Greystoke,  lord  of 
Jlorpeth,  wisheth  health  in  the  Lord  ;  know  ye  that  I  hare  given 
and  granted  to  .\dam  de  Blencowe  an  escutcheon  sable,  with  a 
Lend  closetted  (or  barred)  argent  and  azure,  with  three  chaplets 
gules ;  and  with  a  crest  closetted,  argent  and  azure,  of  my  arms; 
to  have  and  to  hold  to  the  said  Adam  and  his  heirs  for  ever. 
.\nd  I,  the  said  William,  and  my  hoirs,  will  warrant  to  the  said 
-Adam,  and  his  heirs,  the  arms  aforesaid.  In  witness  whereof  I 
liave  to  these  letters  patent  set  my  seal.  Written  at  the  Castle 
of  Morpath,  the  '20th  day  of  February,  in  the  30th  year  of  the 
reign  of  King  I'dward  III.,  after  the  ("omjuest."    [a.d.  1357.] 

Adam  de  Blencowe,  1327,  married  twice.  By  his  first  wife, 
Emma,  he  had  three  sons, 

I.  William,  who  died  in  the  lifetime  of  his  father,  amnarrie<l. 
n.  Thomas,  his  successor. 
in.  John,  whose  wife's  name  was  .lohannn. 

TnoMAS  DB  Blencowe  succeeded  his  father,  and  married 
F.lizabeth,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Nicholas  Vetoripont,  or 
Vipont  (1333),  baron  of  Westmoreland,  and  to  wliom  his 
.\lston  estates  descended,  in  conjunction  with  her  sister  Joao, 
wife  of  William  Whytlaw.  Tliey  now  belong  to  Greeowich 
Hospital.     Thoir  son  ond  heir, 

W11J.IAM  de  Blencowe,  married  remjj.  Henry  VI.,  Johanna, 
daughter  of  Robert  Uriscoo,  of  Croftou,  Cumberland. 

Richard  de  Blencowe,  son  and  heir  of  William,  living  in 
tho  reign  of  Kdward  IV.,  was  father  of 

CnuisTOPiiER  DB  Blencowe,  who  married  and  bad  issue, 


646 


LEATH  WARD. 


BicHiRD,  hisbeir. 

Isubflla,  intirric'd  James  Tlultonf  of  an  nucicnt  family  resideat 
ai  Urey^iuke,  wbuse  mouor  house  still  reuiaius. 

HiCHAiu]  Blencowr,  Esq.,  son  and  heir  of  Cbristoplier,  mar. 
Tied  Eleanor  Crackentljorpi',  of  Newbiggin,  daughter  of  John 
Crackentborpe,  Esq.,  and  bad  issue, 

I.  Anthony,  his  heir, 
u.  Cliri»to|)lier,  died  ncmiirried. 
111.  CuthbtTt,  died  uuniamed. 

I.  EliziUir-ili,  ninrried  lUcbard  IIotOD,  Esq.,  of  Iluttou  Boof,  a 

bimilct  of  Greystoke. 
n.  Alarzeii,  married  Matthen  Bee,  Esq. 

Anthony  Blencowe:,  Esq.,  the  eldest  son  and  heir  of  Richard, 
married  Winifred  Dudley,  granddaughter  of  the  old  Lord 
Dudley  of  Vanwatb,  co.  Westmoreland,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

I.  BlCHAKD,  bis  heir,  mentioned  amongst  the  Reiitry  of  the 
county  snlg.Tt  to  the  Border  service,  Ki4:j;  married  Ajipolin, 
afternnrds  the  wife  of  W.  Allouby,  Esq.,  of  Allouby,  by 
wlioiu  be  had  issue, 

1.  IlEsnY,  heir  to  his  •n'nndfather. 

2.  Kichurd,  died  imiuurrieil. 

n.  Antliony,  D.C.L  ,  provost  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  forty-five 
years.  He  was  chancellor  or  vicai--j,'cneral  of  the  Catb'ednd 
Cburrb  of  Ubidiester.  He  died  in  lUlH,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Mary's  Cbnrcli,  Oxford.  He  was  immarried,  and 
left  i,'l,;tOn  to  the  re-building  of  his  college,  with  which  tbe 
west  side  of  Oriel  College,  as  it  now  stands,  was  accordingly 
built. 

HI.  George,  M.P.  for  Chichester  in  1603. 

Heney  (afterwards  Sir  Henry)  Blencowe  succeeded  his 
grandfather.  He  was  high  sheriff  of  Cumberland  in  ICOS,  and 
■was  knighted  by  James  I.  on  bis  return  from  Scotland  in  1617. 
He  was  again  high  sheriff  for  Cumberland  1st  Charles  I.,  and 
died  aist  November,  1C35.  His  first  wife  was  Jane,  daughter 
of  Sir  William  Mussrave,  Bart,  of  Haytou  (sister  to  Eleanor, 
Tvife  of  Sir  Christopher  Lowlhcr,  Knt.,  of  Lowther,  and  great- 
grandmother  to  the  first  Lord  Lonsdale),  by  whom  he  had  no 
issue  that  lived  to  succeed  him.  His  second  wife  was  Grace, 
daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Sandford,  of  Howgill,  by  whom  he  had 
issue, 

I.  Chbistopiier,  his  successor. 

u.  Henry,  died  unmarried  in  his  father's  lifetime, 
ni.  Anthony,  to  whom  the  estate  at  Harbvbrow  was  fir?<t  limited 
by  .Mr.  Highmore.      Anthony  died' soon  alter  his  father, 
unmarried. 

l».  John,  married  and  died  in  bis  father's  lifetime,  leaving  issue 
by  Anne,  his  wife,  ' 

1.  Eliznbcln,  married  U.    Thompson,   Esq.,  of  Hollin 

Hall,  Ripon,  York,  grandfather  of  Sir  W.  Thompson, 
a  baron  of  the  Exchequer. 

2.  Ann,  married  George  Barwick,  Esq.,  of  Carlisle. 

Sir  Christopheb  Blencowe,  Knt,  son  and  heir  of  Sir 
Henry,  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Thomas  Robinson,  Esq.,  of 
Rokeby,  Yorkshire,  great-grandfather  of  Sir  Thomas  Robinson, 
Bart.,  of  Rokeby,  and  bis  brother,  Lord  Bishop  of  Armagh, 
created  Baron  Rokeby  ;  and  had  issue, 

J.  Henry,  died  unmarried,  before  his  father. 

II.  Chbistopher,  bis  successor. 
HI.  Thomas,  died  unmarried. 

I.  Mary.  u.  Frances, 

m.  Margaret        iv.  Katherine. 

Christopher  Blekcowe,  Esq.,  son  and  heir  of  Sir  Christo- 
pher, Knt.,  married  Ann,  eldest  daughter  and  co-heiress  of 


William  Laton,  Esq.,  of  Daleraain,  which  this  family  had  pos- 
sessed before  the  time  of  Henry  III.,  and  had  issue  a  son  and 
heir, 

Henby  Bi-encowe,  Esq.,  high  sheriff  of  Cumberland,  temp. 
George  I.  He  married  first,  Dorothy,  daughter  and  heiress  of 
George  Sisson,  Es^q.,  of  Penrith;  she  died  2IHh  October,  1707, 
aged  .'i'^,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  Penrith.  By  this  lady 
be  had  issue, 

I.  Christopher,  who  succeeded  him. 

II.  Henry,  died  in  the  lifetime  of  bis  fatlier. 

III.  George,  died  in  the  lifetiure  of  bis  fuiber. 

I.  Dorothy,  married  the  Rev.  T.  Croft,  vicar  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale. 

II.  Bridget,  married  I'trick  Reay,  Esq.,  of  Newcastle. 

III.  Mary,  died  unmarried. 

He  married  secondly,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  William  Todd,  Esq., 
of  Wath,  Yorkshire,  and  had  issue, 

I.  Hf.xry,  who  succeeded  his  half-brother,  Christopher. 
11.  William,  married  17:11!  Elizubeib,  dunghter  and  co-heiress  of 
Ferdinando  Latiia,  Esq.,  of  the  Beck,  in  Miilon  ,  ro.  Cum- 
berland, by  Henrietta,  his  wife,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Tem- 
pest, Bart.,  of  Toug,  co.  York,  by  whom  he  bad  issue, 

1.  George,  died  in  the  West  Indies,  without  issue. 

2.  Henry,  died  wiibout  is.sue. 

3.  Jiihn,  died  without  issue. 

4.  William  Fekdisanoo,  son  and  heir. 

1.  Elizabeih,  married  .1.  Bbiin,   Esq.,  M.D.,  of  Carlisle, 
interred  at  St  Miuy's,  Carlisle. 

m.  Peter,  married  Frances  Benn,  of  Whitehaven,  and  had  issue, 

1.  Henry.  1.  Elizabeth. 

Henry  Blencowe,  Esq.,  died  in  l<ai,  and  was  sncoeeded  by  his 
eldest  son, 

Christopher  Blencowe,  Esq.,  of  Blencowe,  who  died  unmar- 
ried 1723,  aged  2.'j,and  was  succeeded  by  his  half-brother.  Such 
was  the  reputation  of  this  gentleman  as  a  lawyer  that  he  was 
called  to  the  bar  at  the  age  of  21,  and  tliree  years  after  he  was 
made  one  of  the  deputy-lieutenants  of  the  Tower  Hamlets,  and 
chief  steward  or  judge  of  the  Court  of  Records  witliin  the  liber- 
ties of  the  same  ;  he  died  wbUe  upon  the  circuit. 

Henry  Blencowe,  Esq.,  succeeded  his  half-brother,  Christo- 
pher, and  married  JIary,  only  surviving  daughter  and  heiress 
of  Alexander  Prescott,  Esq.,  of  Thoby  Priory,  Essex  [at  this 
point  the  Blencowes  of  Blencowe  become  again  closely  con- 
nected with  the  Blencowes  of  Marston]  ;  he  had  issue, 

Henry  Pbescott,  born  1752,  bis  heir. 
Mary,  died  unmarried  at  Billericay,  Essex. 

Henry  Prescott  Blencowe,  Esq.,  succeeded  his  father,  and 
married  Elizabeth,'  eldest  daughter  of  Riehaid  Earbor,  Esq.,  of 

'  There  was  in  the  possession  of  this  lady  a  curious  jewel,  of 
which  the  account  is  as  follows,  copied  from  the  will  of  Gabriel 
Barbor : — "  Mr.  Bnrbor  ( the  father  of  my  great-grandfather),  for  his 
firm  adherence  to  the  Protestant  religion  was,  in  Queen  Mary's  reign, 
brought  into  Smithfield  to  suffer  at  the  stake,  but  whilst  he  was 
taking  leave  of  certain  friends,  news  came  the  queen  was  deed,  so 
that  the  Popish  party  did  not  dare  to  put  bim  to  deatli.  In  remem- 
brance of  so  eminent  a  preservation,  the  said  Mr.  Barbor  bad  the 
effigies  of  Queen  Elizabeth  cut  out  upon  a  stone,  bequeathing  the 
jewel  to  bis  eldest  son,  if  he  had  a  daughter  and  named  her  Elizabeth, 
otherwise  the  jewel  should  descend  to  the  second  if  the  conditions 
was  fulfilled  by  him,  but  if  not,  then  to  the  third  son,  and  so  on. 
This  is  ye  account  as  it  has  been  handed  down  from  father  to  son, 
and  hitherto  there  has  been  on  Elizabeih  in  the  family.  August 
24, 1724." 


GREYSTOKE  PARISH. 


547 


Brentwood,  co.  Essex.    By  this  lady,  who  died  ia  1813   (the 
last  of  the  Barbor  family)  he  had  issue, 

I.  Henry  Prescott,  his  snccessor. 

u.  John    Prescoii,    bora    1778,    married    Pleasance,    youngest 

diiuc;littT  i)f  Kdwurd   Kveraril,  Ks<i.,  of  Lynn,  Norfolk;  he 

died  Dlh  Novcuibir,  1810,  leuviug  issue, 

1.  John  Prescott,  bom  1800. 

2.  Kdwnrd  Kvcrard,  bom  17Ui  April,  1806,  rector  of  West 
Walton,  Norfolk. 

■*).  I'idiuond.deieaeed. 

4.  WnltiT,  burn  liSth  Aug.  1812. 

1.  I'lea^ance,  deceased. 

2.  Klizabclb. 

3.  Mary. 

4.  Agnes,  deceased. 
Ci.  Henrietta. 

C.  June,  married  Rev.  S.  Allen,  D.D. 

7.  Agnes.  8.  Margureu  9.  Ellen. 

I.  Elizabeth,  married  James  Everard,  Esq.,  of  Lowestoft,  and 
died  leaving  issue, 

1.  James,  R.N.,  drowned. 

1.  Mary,  married  Uev.  1  sitae  Gaskarth. 

•i.  Kleuiior,  marneil  Proudfoot  ilouloyu,  Esq. 

:t.  Funny.  i.  Caroline. 

5.  Louisa.  U.  Anna. 

u.  Margaret. 

Mr.  Blencowe  died  Otli  rebruary,  1787,  and  was  succeeded  hy 
his  son, 

HENBy  Prescott  Blencowe,  Esq.,  of  Blencow,  married 
llebecca,  eldest  daughter  of  Edward  Everard,  Esq.,  of  Lynu,  co. 
Norfolk,  andhy  her  (.who  died  20ih  October,  1851,  aged  83),  had 
issue, 

I.  IlENiiY  PuEscoTT,  his  successor. 
IL  John,  deceased. 

III.  Edward,  deceased. 
IT.  Everard. 
I.  liebecca. 

II.  Mary,  married  George  Bannatyue,  Esq.,  of  Bathford  House, 

Somersetshire. 

tiir.  Blencowe,  in  the  year  1802,  sold  Bloncow  to  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk.  He  died  in  1847,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 
HENiir  Prescott  Blencowe,  Esq.,  late  of  Blencowe  Hall, 
CO.  Cumberland,  and  now  of  Thoby  Priory,  co.  Essex,  bom 
17U9,  succeeded  his  father  in  1817. 

Anns. — 1st.  Blencowe,  gti.,  a  quarter,  arg. ;  2nd.  Greystoke,  aug- 
mentation witli  a  (hft'i-remc  ;  3rd.  Luton  of  ijaleniiiiii;  4th.  Prescott. 

Crest, — \  sword  in  pale,  arg.,  hill  in  chief,  or,  enfiladed  with  a 
human  heart.  g>i.,  all  between  two  wings  expanded,  arg.  FA  legend 
in  die  family  r,fi'rs  iliiq  curious  crest  lu  the  circnnislance  that  in  the 
Border  wars,  a  Illcnrowe,  whose  crest  was  a  sword,  having  slain  a 
Douglas  (no  small  h  Hour  in  those  days),  was  permuted  to  unite  it 
iu  llie  i.'resent  torin  widi  the  bleednig  heart  of  the  Douglas. 

Motto. — Quorsiim  vivcrc  mori,  mori  viuc. 

Sea/.— Thoby  Priory,  Essex. 


The  village  of  Little  Blencow  is  four  and  three  quar- 
ter miles  norili-west  of  Penrith ;  the  river  Petteril 
separates  it  from  Great  Blencow  in  Dacio  parish. 
Situated  in  the  village  is  a  girls'  school,  erected  by 
subscription  in  18.'>C>,  at  a  cost  of  about  £'J00.  It  is 
supported  by  coiitrili'.ilions  and  donations,  aided  by  the 
quarter  pence  of  the  children. 


BOWSCALE. 

The  area  of  Bowscale  township  is  2,500  acres, 
and  its  rateable  value  £85.  The  population  was  not 
returned  separately  till  the  year  1811,  when  it  was  31 ; 
ill  1851,  it  was  33,  who  reside  in  the  village  of  Bow- 
scale.  The  manorial  rights  are  vested  in  E.  W. 
Hascll,  Esq.  The  landowners  are  Messrs.  Joseph 
Pearson,  Daniel  Grigg,  and  Joseph  Robinson.  The 
commons  of  this  township  are  still  unenclosed. 

The  village  of  Bowscale  occupies  a  romantic  situation 
at  the  foot  of  a  lofty  fell,  eleven  miles  west-by-north  of 
Penrith,  and  si.x:  west  of  Greystoke.  It  contains  four 
farm-houses  and  a  few  cottages.  Upon  the  fell  is 
Bowscale  Tarn,  nearly  a  mile  in  length,  and  surrounded 
with  such  a  lofty  ndgo  of  rocks,  that  during  four  months 
in  winter  it  is  excluded  from  the  benetit  of  the  sun, 
and  is  said  sometimes  to  reflect  the  stars  at  noonday . 

HCTTOS    JOHN. 

This  township  contains  G65  acres,  and  the  rateable 
value  is  £405  13s.  -id.  The  population  in  1801  was 
19;  in  1811,  16;  in  1821,  30;  in  1831,  27;  iu  1841, 
■.i,");  and  in  1851,  44. 

The  manor  of  Button  John  was  long  held  by  a  family 
bearing  the  local  name,  supposed  to  be  a  younger  branch 
of  the  Huttons  of  Hutton.     This  family  is  traced  back 
to  the  3yth  Edward  J II.,  when  Wilham  de  Hutton 
John  held   this  manor  of  the  barony  of   Greystoke. 
Thomas  Ilutton  dying  without  issue  iu  the  reign  of 
Queen   Elizabeth,  was   succeeded   by  his  sisters,   co- 
heiresses, one  of  whom,  Mary,  was  married  to  Andrew 
Hudleston,  Esq.,  of  Farrington,  co.  Lancaster,  second 
son  of  Sir  John  Hudleston  of  Millom  Castle,  by  which 
marriage  the  manor  passed  to  the  Hudlestous.     The 
manor  of  Hutton  John  was  purchased  in  1787  by  the 
Duke  of  Norfolk  of  Mr.  HuJleston.  who  retained  the 
demesne.    It  is  now  held  by  Henry  Howard,  Esq.,  who 
also  owns  a  small  portion  of  the  township.     "  Hutton 
.lohn,"  says  Jefferson,  "  is  the  last  of  a  chain  of  border 
towers  (Dacre  Castle  and  Yanwath  II;dl  being  the  two 
next  links)  extending  down  the  vales  of  Eamont  and  Eden. 
The  present  mansion-house  consists  of  the  original 
S(iuare  castellated  tower,  to  which  at  dilVercnt  periods 
two  wings  have  been  added — the  more  recent  addition 
bears  date  just  after  the  Restoration  (ICCO),  when, 
owing  to  the  confiscation  by  Oliver  Cromwell  of  the 
other  property  belonging  to  this  branch  of  the  Hudle- 
stons,  for  the  atiachnient  of  that  family  to  the  royal 
cause,  lluttou  John  had  become  their  only  place  of 
residence.      About  a   century   afterwards,   tlio   house 
uiiderweiil  alteration  iu  conformity  with  the  then  pre- 
vailing style  of  architecture,  which  lus  much  impaired 


548 


LEATU  WARD. 


the  original  character  of  tbe  building,  tliough  it  still 
retains  a  venerable  appearance.     The  site  of  tbe  house 
is  well  chosen  at  the  liead  of  tbe  rich  and  beautiful 
vale  of  Ducre.  down  wliicli  it  coinmauds  an  extensive 
prospect ;   and  tbe  wooded   banks  in  its  vicinity  are 
highly  picturesque.      On  approaching   Hutton   John 
from    the    Keswick    and    Penrith    turnpike    road,   a 
Btriking  view  presents  itself  of  the  mountains  round 
UUswater,   and   other  wild   scenery  in   the   distance, 
with  great  variety  of  rich  woodland  and  cultivation  in 
the  intermediate  vale  ;  and  from  hence  also  is  seen  to 
great  advantRge  Westmell  Fell,  a  hill  planted  to  the 
extent  of  OOO  acres,  by  one  of  the  Dukes  of  Norfolk. 
The  'piece  of  gilt  plate'  mentioned  by  Mr.  Sandford, 
and  Nicolson  and  Burn,  as  having  been  given  by  the 
Princess  (afterwards  (Jueenj  Mary  to  her  god-daughter 
Miss  Hutton,  the  lady  by  whom  the  Hudlestons  ob- 
tained Hutton  John,  is  a  square  clock  with  a  gilt  face, 
the  case  being  ebony ;  it  is  still  in  the  house.     There 
is  also   an    original  portrait   of    Father    Hudleston, 
'.SItatis  Suae,  anno  78,'  painted  by  Housman,  1685.' " 
Hutton  John  is  now  the  residence  of  Andrew  Fleming 
Hudleston,  Esq. 

^nblfstoit  of  f}\ition  |oI]it. 

This  is  a  younger  branch  of  the  Hudlestons  of 
Millom  Castle,  in  the  county  of  Cumberland,  being 
descended  from 

Sir  John  Hudlestok,  K.B.,  lord  of  Millom,  who,  by  his  second 
lady,  Joan,  daughter  of  Jolin  Seymour,  Esq.,  of  Wolf  Hall,  (and 
sister  to  Sir  John  Seymour,  Knt.,  father  of  Lady  Jane  Seymour, 
queen  to  Henry  VIII.)  had  issue  two  sons,  Anthony,  who  con- 
tinued the  line  at  ilillom ;  Andreir,  ancestors  of  the  Hudlestons 
of  Hutton  John. 

Anorew  Hudleston,  Esq.,  who  married  Mary,  sister  and 
co-heir  of  Thomas  Hutton,  Esq.,  of  Hutton  John.  His  estates 
consisted  of  the  manors  of  Ahbington,  in  Oxfordshire,  I'reston 
Eichard  in  Westmoreland,  and  Farrington  Hall  in  Lancasliire, 
■with  several  other  possessions  in  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland. 
He  was  an  ollicer  in  the  body  guard  to  King  Henry  YIII., 
Edward  ^^.,  Queen  Mary,  and  Queen  Elizabeth.  By  his  wife, 
Mary,  ho  had  issue, 

I.  JOSEFH. 

U.  John,  in  holy  orders  in  the  Catholic  church.    He  was  instm- 
menial  in  preserraig  Chnrles  II.  after  the  battle  of  Wor- 
cester, and  was  appointed  private  coufi'ssor. 
in.  Edmund.  vi.  Andrew.  ii.  Joyce. 

rr.  Byham.  vii.  liichord.  m.  Bridget. 

v.  William.  i.  Dorothy. 

He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Joseph  Hddleston,  Esq.,  of  Hutton  John,  married  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  Cathbert  Sisson,  Esq.,  of  Dacre,  and  had  issue, 


I.  Andrew. 
li.  John. 


in.  Richard. 
IV.  Cuihlert. 


V.  William. 
Ti.  Ferdinando. 


I.  Mary,  married  John  Senhouse,  Esq.,  of  Netherhall,  and  bad 
issue  seven  children, 


1.  Dorothy. 

2.  Jaue. 


3.  Margaret. 

4.  Joyce. 
7.  Elizabeth. 


0.  Bridget, 
0.  Helen. 


Ho  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

.\.SDiiKW  Hldleston,  Esq., of  Hutton  John,  married  Dorothy, 
daughter  of  Daniel  Fleming,  Esq.,  of  Skirwilh,  co.  Cumberland, 
and  by  her  had  issue, 

I.  Andrew. 

II.  Joseph,  a  citizen  of  London,  married  Mary,  daughter  of  John 
Emerson,  mayor  of  Newcastle;  he  died  11th  Jiwie,  lt>79,  and 
was  buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Nicholas,  NewcasUe.  He 
had  issue, 

1.  Joseph,  who  died  in  bis  infancy. 

2.  John.  3.  Hichafj. 

1.  Dorothy,  living  in  1079. 

2.  Mary.  3.  Jaue.  4.  Dorothy. 
0.  Magdalen.                        C.  Bridget. 

He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Andrew  Hidleston,  Esq.,  of  Hutton  John,  son  and  heir  of 
Andrew.  He  was  the  first  Protestant  of  this  family.  He  was  a 
zealous  promoter  of  the  revolution  of  1C88,  and  is  represented 
as  a  man  of  great  learning  and  talents.  In  October,  1088, 
having  been  informed  of  a  ship  entering  Workington  harbour 
with  anns  and  ammunition  for  the  garrison  of  James  II.,  at 
Carlisle,  he  consulted  with  Sir  John  Lowther,  how  they  might 
best  secure  the  ship  for  the  I'rince  of  Orange,  who  was  then 
daily  expected  in  the  kingdom.  Mr.  Hudleston  and  Sir  John 
armed  their  servants  and  tenants,  and  during  the  darkness  of 
the  night  marched  them  to  the  coast,  when  the  crew  surrendered 
the  vessel  at  their  demand.  This  is  .said  to  have  been  one  of 
the  first  open  acts  of  liostility  against  that  monarch,  who  soon 
after  abdicated  the  throne.  He  married  Catherine,  daughter  of 
Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart.,  of  Isell,  co.  Cumberland,  and  had 
issue, 

I.  Andrew,  who  died  in  his  father's  lifetime,  without  issue. 
n.  Wilfrid.  hi.  WilUam.  iv.  Richard. 

V.  Lawson,  in  holy  orders,  archdeacon  of  Bath,  canon  of  the 
catbednU  church  of  Wells,  and  rector  of  Kelstou,  in  Somer- 
set. He  mturried  Helena,  daughter  of  .lohn  liarriugton, 
&c  ,  of  Kelsloii,  and  died  in  1743,  aged  UO,  and  was  interred 
in  the  parish  chm-ch  of  Kelston.  He  had  two  sons,  John 
and  William,  wlio  both  died  leaving  issue,  and  their  des- 
cendants are  still  living, 

1.  John.  3.  Catherine.  fi.  Anne. 

1.  Dorotliy.  4.  Elizabeth.  7.  Judith. 

2.  Jane.  S.  Mary.  8.  Bridget. 

He  was  succeeded  by  his  second  son, 

■\Vir.FRLD  Hudleston,  Esq.  of  Hutton  John,  married  about 
1703,  Joyce,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Thomas  Curwen,  Esq.,  of 
^Vorkington,  co.  Cumberland,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

I.  Andbew. 

II.  Curwen,  in  holy  orders,  incumbent  of  the  church  of  St. 
Nicholas,  Whitclinvcn,  and  rector  of  Clifton,  in  Westmore- 
land ;  niarr:ccl  firsily,  F.liziibelh,  sister  of  Richard  Cooke, 
Esq.,  of  Wurkiiigtou,  and  bad  a  daughter, 

1.  Joyce,  married  to  William  Shammon,  Esq.,  lieutenant 
in  the  royal  navy. 

He  married  secondly,  Eleanor,  daughter  and  co-heiress  of 
John  Dove,  of  Culercotts,  co.  Northumberland,  and  had 
issue, 

1.  Wilfrid,  who  succeeded  his  father  in  both  his  livings. 

2.  John. 

1.  Isabella,  married  to  Edmund  Gibson,  Esq.,  of  Barfield, 
CO.  Cumberland,  and  had  issue  one  sou  and  three 
daughters. 


GREY3T0KE   PARISH. 


549 


He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Andhew  Hodleston,  Esu.,  of  Hntton  John,  son  and  lieir, 
in  17.>S.  He  was  brought  up  to  the  study  of  the  law,  and  was 
called  to  the  bar.  He  was  deputy-lieutenant,  justice  of  the 
peace,  and  chairman  of  the  quarter  sessions  for  the  county  of 
Cuinburland  fur  nearly  forty  years.  He  married  Mary,  daughter 
and  sole  heir  of  ihe  Kcv.  Richmond  Fenton,  of  I'lumpton  Hall, 
CO.  Cumberland,  and  bad  issue, 


I.    ASDRKW. 

II.  William. 


I.  Joyce. 

II.  Mary. 

T.  Catherine. 


III.  Julia. 

IV.  Isabella. 


Ho  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Andrew  Hudi.estox.  Ksq.,  of  Ilulton  John,  son  and  heir; 
was  brou^'ht  up  to  the  bar  at  Gray's  Inn,  and  succeeded  his 
father  in  1780.  Ho  married  Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of  Sir 
William  Fleming,  Bart.,  of  Rydal,  co.  Westmoreland. 

A.NDBEW  Flejiino  Hudleston,  Esq.,  of  Hutton  John,  son 
and  heir,  present  possessor,  born  17'j(i.  He  succeeded  on  the 
death  of  his  father  in  1822,  and  was  for  some  years  in  the  civil 
service  of  the  East  India  Company  on  the  Madras  establishment. 

Arms. — Gu.  fretty,  arg. 

Crest. — Two  arms  holding  up  a  bloody  scalp. 

HoUo. — Soli  Deo  honor  et  gloria. 

The  hamlet  of  Hutton  John  is  five  and  a  half  miles 
west-by-south  of  Peurith.  Near  Peuruddock,  but  iu 
this  township,  is  a  corn-mill. 

HHTTON    ROOF. 

Hutton  Pvoof  comprises  au  area  of  2,505  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £1,007  48.  3d.  The  population  in 
1801  was  103;  in  1811,  193;  in  18^1,  'iU;  in  1831, 
189;  in  1841,  197;  in  1851,  209,  who  arc  chielly 
resident  in  the  village  of  Hutton  Roof.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  this  township  generally  attend  Castle  Sowerby 
church,  which  is  iu  the  neighbourhood,  Greystoke 
parish  church  being  from  five  to  si.x  miles  distant. 
The  manorial  rights  of  Hutton  Roof  belong  to  Henry 
Howard,  Esq.,  besides  whom  William  Augustus  Bushby, 
Esq.,  the  Misses  Ulamire,  Timothy  Plaskct,  Esq.,  ilr. 
Thomas  Richardson,  and  John  Barker,  Esq.,  arc  the 
landowners.  Thwaite  Hall,  an  old  building  now  occu- 
pied as  a  farm-house,  is  situated  in  this  township.  The 
tithes  have  been  commuted  lor  £17  10s.,  payable  to 
the  rector  of  Grcystolie. 

The  village  of  Hutton  Roof  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
au  eminence,  ten  miles  west-north-west  of  Penrith,  and 
four  miles  south-south-east  of  Ileskct  New  Market. 
Hero  is  a  school  erected  by  the  late  Richard  Richard- 
sou,  who,  iu  1838,  endowed  it  with  i'50  a  year  (which 
hii  directed  to  be  paid  to  the  master,  or  any  other 
sum,  at  the  optiou  of  the  trustees)  arising  out  of 
Whamhead  estate,  which  contains  Iv!3  acres,  including 
woodland,  Ac.,  and  now  lets  for  £^5  a  year.  This 
benefaction  is  iu  the  bauds  of  nine  trustees.     The 


schoolmaster  also  receives  £5  for  instructing  children 
on  the  Sunday,  which  is  part  of  the  interest  of  £700 
invested  in  government  security  at  three  per  cent;  the 
entire  interest  amounts  to  £20  17s.  a  year,  making  a 
total,  inclusive  of  the  Whamhead  estate,  of  £10.'j  17s. 
per  annum.  The  average  attendance  at  this  school  is 
fifty  children.  Near  to  the  school  is  the  master's  house, 
erected  in  1853,  by  Mrs.  ilitchell,  at  a  cost  of  £200, 
and  subsequently  made  over  to  the  school  trustees,  who 
receive  a  yearly  rent  from  the  master. 

Scales  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  nine  and  a  half 
miles  north-west  of  Penrith. 

HUTrON    SOIL. 

Hutton  Soil  comprises  an  area  of  5,111  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £1,790  12s.  6d.  In  1801  the 
number  of  inhabitants  was  233  ;  in  1811,  228  ;  in  1821, 
280;  iu  1831,  338;  in  1841,  359;  and  in  1851,  355. 

The  landowners  are  Henry  Howard,  Esq.  (who  is 
also  lord  of  the  manor),  Messrs.  John  Robinson, 
John  Simpson,  John  Edmondson,  Thomas  Thompson, 
W^illiam  Wilson,  William  Bowerbank,  Jonathan  Fal- 
lowfuIJ,  ,Iohn  Warsvick,  John  Porter,  John  Harrison, 
Robert  Bird,  Frederick  Brown,  Thomas  Bowman,  Rev. 
John  Miller,  James  Parldn,  Alfred  Edmondson,  John 
Martin,  Joseph  Grisdale,  Mrs.  Moger,  T.  D.  Blumire, 
John  Dixon,  and  George  Lamb.  The  commons,  con- 
taining 3,500  acres,  as  also  some  open  fields  within  the 
township,  comprising  240  acres,  were  enclosed  in  1812, 
and  were  allotted  to  the  landowners. 

Penruddock  is  a  village  in  this  township,  six  miles 
west-by-south  of  Peurith.  Here  is  a  Presbyterian  chapel, 
rebuilt  on  the  site  of  a  former  chapel  in  or  about  1789. 
The  Rev.  John  Miller  is  minister.  Within  hah'  a  mile 
west  of  the  same  village  is  a  neat  Wesleyan  chapel, 
with  bell  turret,  containing  one  bell.  The  site  upon 
which  the  chupel  is  erected  was  given  by  Mr.  John 
Edmondson,  of  Beckces.  Near  Peuruddock  there  is  a 
good  school,  conducted  by  the  Rev.  John  Miller.  In  this 
township  there  is  a  brewery  called  Beckces,  probably 
from  a  small  stream  or  beck  which  runs  close  by. 

At  the  foot  of  Mell  Fell  is  the  Cloven  Stone,  fifty-one 
feet  in  circumference,  and  eleven  feet  tb.ree  inches  in 
height;  the  slit,  supposed  to  have  been  caused  by  electri- 
city, is  eighteen  inches  wide,  and  divides  the  mass  nearly 
into  two  equal  parts.  The  weight  of  this  huge  block  is 
considered  to  bo  about  500  tons.  On  the  south  side  of 
the  tunipikeroad  from  Penrith  to  Keswick  are  some 
vestiges  of  an  ancient  road  leading  from  Stone  Carr,  be- 
tween the  two  hills,  called  Mell  Fells,  in  this  township, 
to  the  head  of  (lowbarrow  Park,  where  it  is  lost,  though 
it  is  supposed  to  have  extended  to  Ambleside.     In  this 


m 


LEATH  WARD. 


tract  lies  a  large  cairn  called  Moundel,  and  there  are 
two  others  near  Mell  Fells.  On  this  labt-iuimed  hill  is 
a  stone  floor,  supposed  to  have  been  a  smelting  hearth. 
The  river  Petteril  rises  in  this  township,  and  at  its 
source  is  a  large  stoue,  six  feet  high,  called  Lady 
Stone.  The  boundnry  stone  between  this  township 
and  that  of  Watermillocli,  is  somewhat  similar  in  size 
to  the  Cloven  Stoue. 

JOIISBY. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  2,119  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  i;795  lis.  Cd.  In  1801  the  population  was 
81:  in  1811,  01;  in  isai,  09;  in  1831,  80-.  in  18-11, 
88;  and  1851,  133,  who  chieilj  reside  in  the  village  of 
Johnby. 

The  manor  of  .Johnby  belonged  formerly  to  the 
Musgravcs  of  Ilayton.  An  heiress  of  a  younger  branch 
of  this  family  brought  it  to  the  Wyvills,  of  Yorkshire, 
by  whom  it  was  sold  to  William  Williams,  gentleman. 
Mr.  Williams  left  four  daughters  co-heiresses,  the  eldest 
of  whomtfcrought  Johnby  in  marriage  to  Sir  Edward 
Ilasell,  Knt.,  of  whose  descendant,  William  Ilasell,  the 
manor  was  purchased  by  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  in  1783  ; 
it  is  now  the  property  of  Henry  Howard,  Esq.,  who  is 
the  owner  of  nearly  the  whole  of  the  township,  but  Mr. 
John  Scott,  Mrs.  Mary  Carr,  Thomas  How,  and  Mrs. 
Robinson,  have  estates  hero.  The  tithes  of  the  town- 
ship have  been  commuted  for  i"Jl   10s.  Od. 

Johnby  Hall  is  a  substantial  square  building,  and 
appears  to  have  been  erected  about  tlie  year  1583.  The 
following  inscription  is  carved  above  the  door : — 
"  William  Musgrave,  Isabel  ^Martindalc  1583.  Nicho- 
las Musgrave  maret  Margaret  Tellel,  Heyre.  Thomas 
his  sone  maret  Elizabet  Dacre.  Willm.  his  sone  Here 
now  dvell,  marret  Iszabd.  Hcyre  to  Martindale.  To 
God  I  pray  be  vith  hus  allvaie."  In  the  centre  of  the  in- 
,  scription  is  a  shield  encircled  by  a  garter,  inscribed — 
"  0  God,  give  me  wisdome  to  know  thee,"  surmounted 


by  the  crest  of  Musgrave.  The  shield  bears,  1.  Mus- 
grave, charged  with  a  martlet;  2.  a  bend  sinister  (Mar- 
tindale): 3.  a  lion  rampant;  4.  three  swords  joined  at 
the  hilt  (Stapleton).  Over  an  opposite  door,  "  W.  ]\I., 
G.  M.,  1037."  Over  an  old  garden  door,  "  D.  H.,  D.W., 
1087."     This  old  hall  is  now  occupied  as  cottages. 

The  village  of  Johnby,  which  contains  si.'c  farm-houses 
and  a  few  cottages,  is  si.x  and  a  half  miles  west  of  Pen- 
rith, and  one  and  a  half  of  the  parish  eimrch.  Here 
are  tile  works,  known  as  Johnby  Wyse  Tile  Works. 

MOTHEnBY    AND    GILL. 

This  township  contains  440  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  is  £440  ISs  Id.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in 
1801  was  78;  in  1811,  78;  in  1821,  112;  in  1831, 
115  ;  in  1841,  85  ;  and  in  1851,  95.  Henry  Howard, 
Esq.,  is  the  possessor  of  the  manorial  rights  and  privi- 
leges. The  landowners  are  Henry  Howard,  Esq., 
Messrs.  George  Stagg,  Joseph  Todd,  John  Edmondson, 
Isaac  Edmondson,  John  Robinson,  John  Kennedy, 
Thomas  Hunter,  the  Executors  of  the  late  \\'illiam 
Dawson,  John  Todhunter,  Joseph  Mounsey,  and  Anne 
Edmondson.  Motherby  townfield,  or  ancient  land,  was 
enclosed  in  1812-13.  The  tithes  of  this  township  have 
been  commuted  for  £28  18s.  payable  to  the  rector. 

The  village  of  Jlothcrby  is  six  and  a  quarter  miles 
west  of  Penrith,  and  that  of  Gill  live  and  three  quarter 
miles  west-by-soutb  of  the  same  place. 


Peacock's  Charity. — Isaac  Peacock,  about  the  year 
1707,  bequeathed  to  the  overseers  of  Motherby  the  sum 
of  £20,  the  interest  to  be  divided  amongst  the  poor  of 
that  division  not  receiving  parochial  relief.  This  legacy 
was  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of  a  cottage  at  Motherby, 
which  was  afterwards  sold  for  £22,  the  interest  of  which, 
amounting  to  18s.  Od.  yearly,  is  distributed  as  directed. 


MATTERDALE  CHAPELRY. 

This  chapelry  is  bounded  on  tho  north  by  Hutton  Soil  and  Mungrisdale,  on  the  west  by  Threlkeld  and  St.  John's, 
and  on  the  south  and  east  by  WatermiUock. 

Matterdale  comprises  an  area  of  7,313  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £1,207.  The  number  of  inha- 
bitants in  1801  was  297;  in  1811,  284;  in  1821, 
299;  in  1831,  325  ;  in  1841,  303;  and  in  1851,  442; 
■who  are  principally  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits, 
but  many  are  employed  in  the  Greenside  mines. 
Penrith  is  the  market  usually  attended;    but   those 


residing  on  the  west  side  of  the  common  attend  Keswick. 
The  lands  here  are  held  under  Greystoko  barony,  of 
which  Henry  Howard,  Esq.,  is  lord.  Mrs.  Stanger, 
Messrs.  R.  Sutton,  Isaac  Brownrigg,  John  Mun-ay, 
and  John  Wilkinson  are  the  principal  landowners,  but 
there  are  several  smaller  proprietors  occupying  their 
own  estates.     The  commons  here  are  very  extensive ; 


MUNGRISDALE   CHAPELBY. 


551 


a  small  portion  was  enclosed  in  1890,  the  remainder 
is  as  yet  unenclosed.  Tlie  landowners  pay  annually 
to  the  lord  of  Greystoke  8s.  and  to  the  curate  2s.  6d. 
for  each  tenement  or  estate.  The  manor  is  encom- 
passed by  lofty  mountains,  the  largest  of  which  hears 
the  name  of  High  Doild,  the  summit  of  which  is  nearly 
on  a  level  with  Skiddaw.  Tlic  sides  of  these  hills 
afford  excellent  pasturage  for  sheep,  and  on  some  of 
their  summits  is  a  )>rofusion  of  poat  moss,  which  makes 
excellent  fuel.  After  a  law-suit  with  A.  Hudleston,  Esq., 
of  Hutton-John,  the  inhabitants  of  Jlatterdale,  in  J  690, 
obtained  a  decree  in  Chancery,  confirming  their  right 
of  jiasture  on  Wi  ster  Jlell  Fell,  a  beautiful  conical  hill. 
■which  commands  an  extensive  prospect,  including  the 
Scottish  mountains  and  part  of  Yorkshire. 


THE    CnAI'EL. 


Matterdale  chapel  is  a  very  [ilain  building,  erected 
in  10S()  ;  a  very  small  tower,  containing  one  bell,  was 
added  by  subscription  about  thirteen  years  ago.  A  new 
roof  was  erected  at  the  same  time.  In  ]  .'580  Bishop 
Meye  made  this  chnpcl  parochial.  The  living  is  a  per- 
petual curacy  in  the  patronage  of  the  rector  of  Grey- 
stoko.  It  has  been  long  endowed  with  land  of  the 
annual  value  of  £I3  10s.,  and  was  augmented  by  £000 
from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  and  X"200  from  the  Countess 
Dowager  Gower.  In  1844  the  Ecclesiastical  Commis- 
sioners granted  £833;  in  1854,  Henry  Howard,  Esq., 
of  Greystoke,  £500,  and,  two  years  later,  in  1856,  he 
further  augmented  it  with  £370,  making  a  totiil  of  £870, 
which  is  invested  in  the  new  three  per  cent  consols. 
The  present  value  of  the  living  is  gross  £}  04,  nett  £94. 
The  registers  commence  in  1003. 

IxcuMDENTs. — Willinm  Wriglit,  17i:t ;  Jonnlhan  Hnrris,  17!)1 ; 
John  Kirby,  1B27;  Josepli  Thompson,  1H!)3;  John  W.  Dunn, 
184;) ;  W.  K.  Duncan,  1S40 ;  John  BeH,  1R.')1. 

The  parsonage,  situated  near  the  chapel,  was  erected 
in  1835,  and  enlarged  in  18<50,  chiefly  at  the  expense 
of  Henry  Howard,  Esq. 

Matterdale  End  is  a  small  village,  ton  miles  south- 
by-west  of  Penrith.  The  Matterdale  sports,  including 
races,  &c.,  are  held  on  Midsummer  Day,  iu  a  Held  in 
Watermillock  township. 


Dockwray  is  a  hamlet  in  this  chapelry,  eleven  miles 
south-west-by-west  of  Penrith;  Dowthwaite  hamlet 
is  eight  miles  east-southeast  of  Keswick;  and  Wall- 
thwaitc  Head,  another  bamlet,  si.x  and  a  half  miles 
east-by-north  of  Keswick.  Troutbeck  is  also  a  small 
hamlet  in  this  township,  about  ten  miles  from  Penrith. 

At  Dockwray  is  a  commodious  inn,  which  is  much 
resorted  to  in  the  season  by  tourists,  and  is  about  one 
and  a  quarter  miles  from  UUswater. 

CHAHITIES. 

The  School. — Robert  Grisdale,  in  1722,  gave  £900 
for  the  foundation  of  a  school  upon  ground  given  by 
the  Hon.  H.  C.  Howard,  lord  of  the  manor  of  Matter- 
dale  iu  1716.  Tlie  founder's  gift  was  subsequently 
increased  by  a  legacy  left  in  1819,  by  Thomas  Clarke 
of  Askham.  This  money  is  now  vested  by  the  trus- 
tees, with  the  other  charities  of  the  township,  in  landed 
property,  out  of  the  proceeds  of  which  is  annually  paid 
to  the  boys'  school  £20,  and  to  the  girls'  £8.  In  the 
school  is  a  library  of  about  200  volumes,  left  in  1723, 
by  Mrs.  E.  Grisdale,  for  the  use  of  the  inhabitants. 

Poor  Stoclc. — There  is  a  poor  stock  amounting  to 
£73,  belonging  to  this  chapelry,  the  interest  of  which 
is  distributed  to  poor  persons  of  the  township,  not 
receiving  parochial  relief. 

Bobert  Grisdale's  Charily. — Piobert  Grisdale,  by  will, 
dated  July  1st,  1747,  gave  to  trustees  the  sum  of  £60, 
the  yearly  interest  to  be  employed  in  the  purchase 
of  oatmeal,  to  be  distributed  yearly  on  St.  Thomas' 
Day,  for  ever. 

Miin-ai/'s  Bequest. — Jonathan  Murray,  Esq.,  a  native 
of  the  chapeliy  of  Matterdale,  by  his  last  will,  dated  July 
19th,  1832,  gave  and  bequeathed  to  trustees  £1,000 
Three  per  Cent.  Consolidated  Bank  Annuities,  free  from 
legacy  duty,  in  trust,  to  pay  the  yearly  proceeds  thereof 
for  the  following  purposes  : — Two  pounds  to  the  minister 
of  the  said  chapelry  for  preaching  an  annual  sermon  to 
aged  people,  and  £2  for  another  sermon  to  young  iiersons; 
£10  to  be  distributed  annually  to  the  poor,  in  meat  and 
other  necessaries ;  and  the  residue  to  bo  applied  to  the 
use  of  the  school  of  the  said  chapelry. 


MUNGRISDALE    CH.VPELRY. 

Thf.  chapelry  of  JIungrisdale  is  bounded  on  tho  north  by  Bowscales  township,  on  the  west  by  Threlkeld  and 
Saddleback,  on  tho  south  by  JIatterdale,  and  on  the  east  by  Berrier  and  Mariuli. 


The  area  of  Mungrisdale  is  0,729  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  £1,222  The  population  in  1801  wa.s  100 ;  in 
1811,202;  iul821,230;  in  1831, 220;  iulsil,222; 


and  in  1851,  220,  who  reside  in  a  number  of  singlo 
houses  dispersed  over  the  chapelrv-,  and  in  the  small 
village  or  hamlet  of  Mungrisdale.     Agriculture  is  tho 


552 


LEATII  WARD. 


principal  omploymenf  of  the  inhabitants,  but  a  few  are 
employed  in  a  grey  slate  and  flag  (juarry.  The  manorial 
rights  are  vested  in  Henry  Howard,  I'Isq.  The  lands 
here  arc  held  by  castomarj'  tenure,  subject  to  a  sixtcen- 
penny  fine  on  the  death  of  either  lord  or  tenant.  The 
landowners  are  the  Countess  Ossalinslu,  Uenry  Howard, 
Esq.,  Messrs.  Mark  Cockbain,  Joseph  Martindalc,  John 
Mandate,  C.  Watson,  and  Nicholas  Davis. 

The  village  of  Slungrisdale  is  eleven  miles  west-by- 
north  of  Penrith.  Near  the  village  the  water  runs  in 
opposite  directions,  so  that  a  person  may  at  his  pleasure 
send  it  either  to  Carlisle  by  the  Caldew,  or  to  Cocker- 
mouth  by  the  Glenderamakin. 


THE  CHAPEL. 


Mungrisdale  chapel  (dedication  unknown)  is  a  small 
plain  building,  re-erected  in  1750.  It  is  endowed  with 
a  house  and  garden,  and  has  received  augmentations  of 
£•200  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  in  1773,  £200  by  lot 
in  1745,  £200  given  by  the  inhabitants  in  1701,  and  £900 
given  by  the  Countess  Dowager  Gower.  AVith  these  sums 
land  has  been  purchased  at  Blackburton  and  Dillicar, 
which  produce  about  £54  a  year.     The  rector  of  Grey- 


stoke  presents  to  this  chapel.  The  registers  were  lost 
some  years  ago.  The  Rev.  Moses  Hetherington,  the 
present  incumbent,  succeeded  the  Rev.  Daniel  Wilson, 
in  1852. 

There  is  a  parsonage  house,  a  good  plain  building, 
situated  near  the  chapel. 

Situate  in  the  village  is  an  excellent  school,  erected 
by  subscription  in  1835,  Jonathan  Scott,  Esq.,  being 
the  principal  contributor;  he  also  endowed  it  with  i35 
a  year,  arising  from  an  estate  at  MoseJalo.  It  is  under 
"ovemment  inspection,  and  has  an  average  attendance 
of  fortv  pupils.  The  school  affairs  are  managed  by 
eleven  trustees. 


Fiichardson's  Charity.  —  This  cliapelry  possesses 
£2  10s.  a  year,  arising  from  the  late  Ivichard  Richard- 
son's charity,  to  be  distributed  in  bread,  every  Sunday 
after  service,  to  six  poor  persons,  who  attend  this  chapel 
regularly.  There  is  also  eighteen  shillings  worth  to  be 
divided  amongst  the  same  number  of  poor  persons  on 
Christmas  Day. 


THRELKELD  CHAPELRY. 

This  chapelry  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  townships  of  Mungrisdale  and  Matterdalc;  on  the  west  by  Under 
Skiddaw,  Castlerigg,  and  parish  of  St.  John;  on  the  south  bv  St.  John's  parish  and  Castlerigg;  and  on  the  north 
by  Mungrisdale.  It  is  said  to  be  the  oldest  chapelry  in  the  diocese  of  Carlisle,  but  the  date  of  its  formation  is  not 
known  with  any  degree  of  certainty.     It  enjoys  parochial  privileges. 

l)een  obtained  for  the  lands  at  Threlkeld.     This  grant 
of  free  warren  was  renewed  in  1320  or  132),  in  the 


THRELKELD. 

The  area  of  Threlkeld  is  4,710  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  is  £1,931.  The  population  in  ISOl  was 
260;  in  1811,283;  in  1821,303;  in  183),  320;  in 
1841,  332;  and  in  1851,  387.  Agriculture  is  the 
principal  employment  of  the  inhabitants,  but  a  few  are 
engaged  in  mining  at  "Woodend"  lead  mine,  which  is 
wrought  on  a  small  scale.  The  township  is  clean,  and 
the  soil  good.  Penrith  and  Keswick  are  the  markets 
usually  attended.  The  ancient  Roman  road  commences 
at  Walltlnvaite,  at  the  east  end  of  the  parish,  and  runs 
on  to  the  vale  of  St.  John. 

The  manor  of  Threkeld  originally  belonged  to  a  family 
who  assumed  the  local  name,  and  who  had  also 
possessions  at  Yanwath  and  Crosby  Ravensworth  in 
Westmoreland.  As  early  as  the  reign  of  Edward  I. 
Henry  dc  Threlkeld  occurs  as  obtaining  a  grant  of  free 
warren  in  his  estates  in  Westmoreland,  and  it  is  not 
unlikely  that  previous  to  his  time  a  similar  grant  bad 


reign  of  Edward  II.;  nevertheless,  three  years  before 
this  renewal  took  place  we  find  that  John  de  Dorwent- 
water  held  this  vill  of  the  Lord  of  Greystoke,  by  homage 
and  suit  of  court  at  Greystoke,  but  this  seems  to  have 
lieen  only  by  way  of  trust  or  settlement.  In  the  30th 
Edward  III.  (1350-7)  William  de  Threlkeld  held  the 
manor,  and  in  the  same  year  was  sheriff  of  the  county 
(if  Cumberland.  In  the  fortieth  year  of  the  same  reign 
(1300-7),  he  paid  a  relief  for  a  moiety  of  Yanwath, 
which  he  held  of  the  barony  of  Greystoke.  In  the  1 3th 
Richard  II.  (1388-9)  William  de  Threlkeld  was  member 
of  parliament  for  the  county.  This  William  appears  to 
have  been  succeeded  by  a  collateral  member  of  the  family, 
:ind  bearing  the  same  name,  for  in  the  5th  Henry  IV. 
( 1403-4)  William  Threlkeld,  then  lord  of  Crosby  Ravens- 
worth,  cousin  and  heir  of  William  Threlkeld,  Kut., 
father  of  William  Threlkeld  of  Ulvesby,  son  of  John, 


THRELKELD  CHAPELRY. 


563 


son  of  William,  paid  liis  relief  for  two  parts  of  the 
moiety  of  the  manor  of  Ulvesb}'.  In  the  10th  Henry 
VI.  (1427-8|  Sir  Henry  Threlkeld  occurs  as  lord  of  the 
manor  of  Threlkeld;  and  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV., 
mention  is  made  of  a  Lancelot  Threlkeld,  whose  son. 
Sir  Lancelot  Threlkeld,  Knt.,  had  three  daughters, 
co-heirs,  one  married  to  Thomas  Dudley,  with  whom  he 
had  Yanwath :  another  married  to  James  Pickering, 
with  whom  he  had  Crosby  llavcnsworth  ;  and  the  third, 
Winifred,  married  to  William  Pickering,  brother  of  the 
James  just  mentioned,  with  whom  he  lind  Threlkeld. 
Both  these  Pickerings  were  sons  of  Sir  James  Picker- 
ing of  Killington,  in  Westmoreland.  Threlkeld  seems 
to  have  been  held  by  the  Pickerings  for  some  time, 
and  a  Christopher  Pickering  occurs  in  the  33rd  Eliza- 
beth (1.590-1),  and  the  4th  and  6th  James  I.  (1606-7, 
160S-9).  The  hall  and  demesne  appear  to  have  passed 
in  marriage  to  the  Irton  family,  from  whom  it  came 
subsequently  to  the  Speddings,  who  sold  it  to  the  Duke 
of  Norfolk.  The  manor  was  sold,  before  1C3'2,  to  the 
Lowther  family,  who,  in  103."),  for  the  sum  of  i'l,3G0 
released  the  tenants  from  their  servile  tenures.  Nearly 
a  century  ago  the  tenants  received  a  release  of  the 
services  not  then  compounded  for,  excepting  the  mill 
service.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  lord  of  the  manor 
of  Threlkeld.  Henry  Howard,  Esq.,  possesses  the 
manorial  rights  of  Threlkeld  Hall  estate,  to  which 
boons  are  still  paid,  and  of  which  he  is  owner.  About 
4,0U0  acres,  being  the  Threlkeld  Hall  estate,  are  in 
demesne.  The  principal  landowners  are  Henry  Howard, 
Esq.;  John  Crozier,  Esq.,  of  the  Riddings,  Threlkeld; 
and  John  Iredalc,  Esq.,  Workington.  The  land  is  cus- 
tomary ;  fourpcnce  fine  certain  being  paid  on  the  death 
of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  or  death  of  tenant.  The  lord 
claims  the  oak  wood,  but  the  tenants  have  a  right  to 
wood  for  building  and  repairs  on  the  old  sites.  About 
5,000  acres  of  land  here  are  unenclosed,  and  about 
1,700  enclosed  as  arable  and  meadow. 

The  village  of  Threlkeld,  which  is  situated  about  four 
and  a  half  miles  east-by-norlh  of  Keswick,  on  the  Pen- 
rith road,  is  small  and  clean,  with  a  population  of  about 
I'iO  persons.  .V  fair  for  sheep,  cattle,  and  wool  is  held 
here  on  the  first  Thursday  in  September. 

THE  cnuncn. 

Threlkeld  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  is  a  plain, 
neat,  olilong  building,  in  the  centre  of  the  village, 
capable  of  accommodating  about  300  persons.  The 
tower  contains  two  bells,  ono  of  which  has  the  inscrip- 
tion "Ave  Maria  gratia  plena" — "Hail  Mary  full  of 
grace."  Tho  old  church  was  taken  down  in  consequence 
of  its  dangerous  condition,  being  a  very  ancient  struc- 
W 


ture.  Tho  present  church,  built  by  subscription,  was 
finished  in  1777.  It  contains  a  brass  chandelier,  pre- 
sented by  the  late  Rev.  Christopher  Howe,  Threlkeld 
being  his  native  place.  There  is  a  marble  monument 
to  the  memory  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Edmondson,  a  former 
incumbent ;  a  brass  monument,  between  the  commu- 
nion table  and  Throlkfld  Hall  pew,  bears  the  follow- 
ing inscription  : — "  Infra  hoc  loco  jacet  corpus  Domini 
Wilfridi  Irion  sepultum  13  die  Novembris  Anno  Domino 
lOOO"""-  Seiniliter  que  Corpus  U.xoris  ejus  Domina;  Ma- 
tild;e  Leigli  qve  Sepulta  erat  lO""-  Die  Mali  Anno 
Domine  ItiOT""'-  qure  credimur  esserverus  Ei  Legitima 
Haeres  de  Issell.— Ita  a  nobis  testatur,  Dorathea  Pearson, 
Maria  Pareons."  The  parishioners  have  just  erected  a 
monument  to  the  memorj-  of  the  late  Rev.  Thomas 
CoUinson.  Under  the  eastern  window  is  a  plain  monu- 
ment to  the  memory  of  the  Rev.  Alexander  Naughley, 
a  former  incumbent.  There  was  a  chapel  at  Threlkeld 
as  early  as  the  year  1341,  for  at  that  time  a  dispute 
arose  between  Sir  Henry  Threlkeld,  Knt.,  lord  of  the 
manor,  and  his  lay  tenants,  of  the  one  part,  and  the 
provost  and  canons  of  the  collegiate  church  of  Grey- 
stoke,  of  the  other  part,  respecting  the  nomination  of  a 
curate.  The  registers  commence  in  1573,  and  from 
them  we  learn  that  a  singular  custom  once  prevailed 
here,  viz.,  that  formal  contracts  of  marriage  were  for- 
merly made,  and  sureties  entered  into  for  the  payment 
of  five  shillings  to  the  poor,  by  the  party  who  failed  in 
the  contract !  The  living,  which  is  in  the  patronage  of 
the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  was,  in  1720,  certified  to  the 
governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  at  £8  10s.  Cd.,  and 
in  1747  received  an  augmentation  of  A'200,  wherewith 
lands  were  purchased  near  Kendal.  Tithes  are  paid  to 
tho  rector  of  Greystoke  ;  the  prescriptive  belongs  to 
the  incumbent  of  Threlkeld.  The  value  of  the  living 
is  £60.  Tithes  rated  in  the  poor  rate  book  at  £50  are 
commuted  for.  Walthwaite,  High  Gate,  Close,  and 
Lobbs,  in  tho  township  of  Matterdale,  have  seats  in 
this  church. 

IxcuMDKSTs. — Andrew  Xauglilcy,  10118;  Alexander  Nangliley, 
1705;  Tliomas  Edmondson,  1750;  Tliomns  CoUiason,  1798; 
^Villiam  Wbitelegg,  1858. 

The  parsonage  was  erected  in  1857,  at  a  cost  of 
about  £4110,  exclusive  of  the  site,  which  was  given  by 
John  Crozier,  Esq.  It  is  a  plain  square  building;  the 
stones  used  in  its  construction  are  from  the  quarry, 
which  is  freo  to  the  parish.  The  farmers,  with  their 
accustomed  kindness,  gave  each  three  days'  carting  of 
materials. 

Tho  Wcsleyans  have  a  chapel  at  Scales,  about  two 
miles  from  tho  parbh  church,  with  one  Sunday  service. 


554 


LEATH  WARD. 


It  was  erected  in  18 12,  nt  a  cost  of  about  £100  ponnds. 
and  will  accommodate  eighty  persons. 

Tlie  school  is  a  substantial  structure,  erected  in 
1840,  by  the  Eev.  A.  E.  Hulton,  a  former  curate,  and 
the  parishioners  generally.  It  has  an  endowment  of 
about  £(■)  a  year,  and  is  supported  by  the  payments  of 
the  children,  about  thirty  of  whom  are  in  attendance. 
It  is  under  inspection.  The  school  is  governed  by 
trustees,  of  whom  the  incumbent  is  one,  who  has  the 
casting  vote  at  meetings  and  the  nomination  of  other 
trustees. 


CHABITIES. 


In  1T44  land  was  purchased  for  .£105,  the  rents  of 
•which  are  divided  among  the  poor  not  on  the  parish, 
the  school,  and  for  church  repairs,  and  for  the  minister. 
The  trustees  are  the  incumbent  and  churchwardens, 
with  the  tenant  in  trust.  Besides  this,  there  is  some 
land  belonging  to  the  school. 

The  Rev.  Christopher  Cochbain's  Charily. — The  Eev. 
Christopher  Cockbain,  in  1844,  left  £10,  the  interest  of 
■which  was  to  be  expended  in  the  purchase  of  bibles  and 
prayer  books. 

Besides  these  charities  there  is  a  yearly  sum  for  the 
repair  and  ornamenting  of  the  church. 


There  is  a  library,  which  is  free  to  the  inhabitants  Of 
the  parish. 

AVescoe  and  Scales  are  two  hamlets  in  this  township. 

The  single  houses  having  particular  names  here  are 
the  Biddings,  and  Guard  House;  the  latter  is  supposed 
to  have  been  a  watch  tower  belonging  to  Threlkeld  Hall. 

The  mountain  Blcncathra,  commonly  called  Saddle- 
back, is  in  this  parish.  There  is  also  a  tarn  on  the 
north-east  side  of  Saddleback,  supposed  to  have  been 
an  ancient  volcanic  formation.  The  Glenderamakin, 
or  Threlkeld  river,  which  is  well  supplied  with  trout, 
and  the  Glenderaterra,  are  the  principal  streams. 
There  are  various  bridges,  the  chief  being  the  new 
bridge  on  the  road  to  Keswick.  There  is  one  com- 
miU. 

Among  the  remarkable  persons  born  here  we  have 
Lord  Threlkeld,  Lord  Clifford,  and  the  Rev.  Alexander 
Naughley,  so  noted  for  his  classical  learning  and  eccen- 
tricity. 

Threlkeld  is  said  to  be  the  cradle  of  the  wrestling 
game ;  but  lately  the  amusements  have  been  fishing 
and  hunting. 

The  parish  is  very  healthy ;  the  three  last  incum- 
bents resided  upwards  of  151  years;  and  during  the 
year  1858  there  was  only  one  death  in  the  palish. 


WATERMILLOCK  CHAPELEY. 

This  chapelry  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Hutton  Soil,  Hutton  John,  and  Dacre  parish;  on  the  east  by  Dacre 
parish ;  on  the  south  by  Ullswater ;  and  on  the  west  by  ^Matterdale. 


The  area  of  Watermillock  is  9,336  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £2,914  16s.  i2id.  The  population  in 
1801  was  338;  in  1811,  345  ;  in  1821,  410;  in  J831, 
429  ;  in  1841,  524  ;  and  in  1851,  598.  The  manorial 
rights  are  possessed  by  Henrj'  Howard,  Esq.,  besides 
whom  William  Marshall,  Esq.,  Messrs.  Thomas  Castle- 
how,  Thomas  Todd,  "William  Eumney,  and  James  Hut- 
chinson, are  landowners.  The  commons  of  the  chapelry, 
containing  4,230  acres,  were  enclosed  by  act  of  Paiiia- 
ment  iu  1829,  when  a  sixteenth  share  was  given  to  the 
lord  of  the  manor  for  his  seignory. 

The  village  of  Watermillock  is  beautifully  situated 
on  the  north  side  of  Ullswater,  seven  miles  south-west 
of  Penrith. 


THE   CIlirEI,. 


Watermillock  chapel,  the  dedication  of  which  does 
not  appear  to  be  known,  is  a  plain  structure.      The 


living  is  a  perpetual  curacy  in  the  patronage  of  the 
rector  of  Greystoke,  now  worth  £150  a  year.  It  was 
augmented  by  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  in  1848, 
with  £40  a  year,  and  has  been  still  further  increased  by 
Henry  Howard,  Esq.,  with  £800  consols — £500  in 
1853,  and  the  remaining  £300  in  1850.  Beside  these 
the  chapel  possesses  an  endowment  consisting  of  a  house 
and  about  twenty-three  acres  of  land,  with  a  prescrip- 
tive payment  of  £G  lis.  4d.,  out  of  which  £2  is  paid  to 
the  rector  of  Greystoke.  The  registers  commence  in 
Ijf^O.  There  appears  to  have  been  a  chapel  on  the 
margin  of  the  kke  here  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Edward 
III.,  but  it  did  not  become  possessed  of  parochial  privi- 
leges until  it  was  rebuilt  by  Bishop  Oglethorp  in  1538j 
when  it  received  the  name  of  Xew  Kirk. 

iNccMBEKis. — ■William    Eumney,    1750;    Thomas   Pavrson 
1TC8 ;  Joseph  Thwaits,  1770 ;  Thomas  B.  Lowry,  1826.  ' 


•WATERMILLOCK  CHAPELRY. 


CBAniTIES. 

School. — There  has  been  in  this  chapelry,  time  out 
of  mind,  the  sum  of  f  101  as  an  old  school  stock,  the 
interest  of  which  has  always  been  applied  for  the  pur- 
pose of  educating  children  of  the  chapelry.  This  sum 
not  being  sufficient  for  the  purpose,  a  subscription  was 
entered  into  in  1800,  which  has  been  increased  from 
time  to  time.  Out  of  this  subscription  added  to  the 
old  school  stock,  which  was  called  in  for  that  purpose, 
and  a  legacy  of  j£  1 0  left  for  the  use  of  the  school  by 
Thomo-s  Clarke,  there  has  been  purchased  £500  stock 
in  the  Navy  Five-per-Cents.  In  185.5  Mr.  Benjamin 
GIossop,  of  Greystoke,  and  formerly  of  Lyulph's  Tower, 
gave  i'aOO,  which  was  invested  in  the  purchase  of 
£2-27  18s.  od.  Three  per  Cent.  Consols.  The  total 
endowment  of  the  school  at  present  is  £5'i5.  The 
average  number  of  pupils  in  attendance  is  forty-five,  six 
of  whom  are  taught  free,  in  consideration  of  the  interest 
arising  from  Mr.  GIossop's  beq^uest.  The  school  is 
situated  near  the  church,  and  is  known  as  the  Grammar 
School. 

There  is  also  a  girls'  school  situated  near  the  church, 
which,  in  18-17,  was  endowed  by  the  late  Mrs.  Jane 
Marshall,  of  llallsteads,  with  XJOO,  and,  in  1858,  with 
i;300,  left  by  Mrs.  PoUard,  of  Old  Church,  both  of 
which  sums  are  invested  in  consols.  The  average  num- 
ber of  pupils  in  attendance  is  thirty-five.  The  endow- 
ments of  these  schools  are  invested  in  the  names  of  the 
following  trustees: — William  Marshall,  Esq.;  F.  B. 
Atkinson,  Esq.;  Mr.  William  Mounsey ;  and  Mr.  Jack- 
son Brownrigg.     There  are  ten  other  acting  trustees. 

The  lake  of  Ullswater,  which  bounds  this  chapelry 
on  the  south-east,  has  been  compared  with  the  Swiss 
lake  of  Lucerne.  It  is  nine  miles  in  length,  and  is  parti- 
tioned by  the  mountains  into  three  separate  chambers, 
or  reaches,  as  tliey  are  locally  named;  its  extreme  width 
is  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile.  The  first  reach, 
commencing  at  the  foot,  is  terminated  on  the  left  by 
Hallin  Fell,  which  stretches  forward  to  a  promontory, 
from  the  opposite  side,  called  SkcUy  Neb,  upon  which 
stands  Hallsteads  ;  the  middle  and  longest  reach  is 
closed  in  by  Birk  Fell  on  the  left,  and  on  tlie  right 
by  Stybari-ow  Crag,  far  away  above  which  "  the 
dark  brow  of  the  mighty  Hclvi'llyn"  rises  into  thin 
air;  the  little  island,  called  House  Holme,  spots  the 
water  exactly  at  the  termination  of  this  section  of 
the  lake.  The  liighcst  roach  is  the  smalK'st  and  nar- 
rowest, but  the  mingled  grandeur  and  beauty  whicll 
surround  it  are  beyond  the  power  of  the  liveliest 
imagination  to  dopict.  Four  or  five  islands  dimple  the 
surface,  and  by  their  diminutive  size  impress  moce 


deeply  upon  the  beholder  the  vastness  of  the  hills  which 
tower  above  them;  whilst  Stybarrow  Crag,  and  other 
offshoots  from  Helvellyn  on  one  side,  Birk  Fell,  and 
Place  Fell  on  the  other,  springing  from  the  lake's  mar- 
gin almost  at  one  bound,  shut  in  this  paradise.  From 
Pooley  Bridge  to  Waterraillock  the  lake  lies  amongst 
somewhat  tame  scenery,  but  from  the  latter  place 
promise  is  given  of  its  coming  grandeur.  Hallsteads  is 
seen  on  the  Skelley  Neb  promontory  to  the  left — the 
grounds  circling  which  are  beautifully  laid  out.  The 
wood  at  the  foot  of  llallin  Fell,  on  the  other  shore,  has 
a  pleasing  effect.  A  mile  from  Hallsteads,  Gowbarrow 
Park  is  entered;  this  park,  which  contains  upwards  of 
a  thousand  acres,  must  attract  the  attention  of  the  most 
careless  observer,  by  its  "  grace  of  forest  charms  decayed," 
and  innumerable  groups  of  great  beauty  still  remain. 
It  belongs  to  Henry  Howard,  Esq.,  of  Greystoke  Castle, 
to  whom  it  was  devised  by  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  his  uncle. 
The  duke's  predecessor  erected  upon  an  eminence  in 
the  park  a  hunting  box,  in  the  castellated  style,  called 
Lyulph's  Tower,  commanding  a  splendid  view  of  the 
lake,  but  it  stands  upon  the  site  of  a  real  old  tower, 
named,  it  is  said,  after  Lyulph,  the  first  baron  of  Grey- 
stoke. Close  to  the  tower,  a  stream  is  crossed  by  a 
small  bridge,  above  which,  in  a  rocky  dell,  is  Aira 
Force,  a  waterfall  of  considerable  volume.  Two  wooden 
bridges  arc  thrown  from  bank  to  bank,  one  above,  the 
other  below,  the  fall.  Huge  rocks,  in  every  variety  of 
form,  hem  in  a  stream,  here  in  a  state  of  foaming  agita- 
tion, there  a  dark  pool,  whilst  over-arching  trees  and 
shrubs  exclude  the  glare  of  day,  and  cast  a  solemnity 
of  beauty  over  the  scene,  which,  without  exception,  is 
the  finest  of  the  kind  in  the  lake  district.  This  glen  is 
the  scene  of  Wordsworth's  "Somnambulist" — vei^ses  in 
which  he  narrates  a  melancholy  incident  to  the  follow- 
ing effect : — In  a  castle,  which  occupied  the  site  of 
Lyulph's  Tower,  there  dwelt  in  days  long  passed  away, 
a  fair  damoselle,  the  wooed  of  many  suitors.  Sir 
Eglamore,  the  knight  of  her  choice,  was  in  duty  bound 
to  prove  his  knightly  worth  by  seeking  and  accom- 
plishing deeds  of  high  emprise  in  distant  lands.  He 
sailed  to  other  shores,  and  month  after  month  disjippeared 
without  bringing  tidings  of  cither  liis  welfare  or  return. 
The  neglected  Emma  fell  into  a  bevvildercd  state  of  mind, 
lier  sleep  became  infected  witli  his  imngi-,  and  some- 
times in  dreams  she  threaded  her  way  to  tiio  holly- 
bower  on  Aim  stream,  where  she  had  last  partetl  with 
her  errant  lover.  One  evening,  wlieu  she  h.id  betaken 
herself  thitiier,  her  faculties  wrapped  in  s!e"p.  Sir 
Eglamore  unexpectedly  appro.ichod  the  castle,  and 
perceived  her  to  his  great  astonishment ;  upon  advanc- 
ing, she  awoke,  and  fell,  with  the  suddenness  of  the 


566 


LEATH  WARD. 


shock,  into  the  stream,  from  which  she  was  rescued  by 
the  knight,  only  in  time  to  hear  her  dying  expression 
of  belief  in  his  constancy.  Straightway  he  built  himself 
u  cell  in  the  glen,  aud  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days  in- 
Bolitudd  as  an  anchoret.  We  subjoin  the  first  and  last 
stanzas  of  Wordsworth's  beautiful  poem : — 

"  List,  ye  wlio  pass  by  Lvuljih's  Tower 

At  eve ;  bow  softly  then 
Uolh  Aira  Force,  tlmt  torrent  hoarse, 

Speak  from  the  woody  glen  I 
Fit  music  for  a  solemn  vale  .' 

And  holier  seems  the  ground, 
To  him  who  catches  on  the  gale 
The  spirit  of  a  mournful  tale 

Embodied  in  the  sound. 


Wild  stream  of  Aira,  hold  Iby  course, 

Nor  fear  memorial  lays, 
Where  clouds  that  spread  in  solemn  shade 

Are  edged  with  golden  rays  '. 
Dear  art  thou  to  the  light  of  heaven, 

Though  minister  of  sorrow ; 
Sweet  is  thy  voice  at  pensive  even  ; 
And  thou  iu  lovers*  heart  forgiven 

Shalt  take  thy  place  with  Yarrow  !" 

Besides  Hallsteads,  mentioned  above,  this  cbapelry 
includes  Old  Church,  Beauthorn,  and  Ramsbeck  Lodge." 

Wreay  is  a  hamlet  and  estate  in  this  township,  which 
pays  tithes  and  church  rates  to  Dacre. 


HESKET- IN -THE -FOREST  PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  north-west  by  Cumberland  ward,  on  the  west  by  Middlesceugh  and  Braith- 
waite,  on  the  south  by  Hutton-in-the-Forest,  on  the  south-east  by  Lazonby,  and  on  the  east  by  the  river  Eden. 
The  soil  varies  from  a  light  loam  and  gravel  to  a  strong  clay,  and  is  generally  fertile.  There  is  a  quarry  of  free- 
stone at  Great  Barrock,  and  one  of  grindstone  at  Ivegiil.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment  of  the  inhabi- 
tants, who  attend  the  markets  at  Carlisle  and  Penrith. 


The  entire  parish  is  within  the  Duke  of  Devonshire's 
manor  of  Inglewood  Forest,  which  was  purchased  in 
1T37,  of  the  Duke  of  Portland,  whose  ancestor  acquired 
it  by  grant  from  the  crowu.  The  Forest  or  Swainmote 
courts  for  the  lordship  are  held  annually  on  the  feast 
of  St.  Barnabas  (June  11),  iu  the  open  air,  on  the  great 
north  road  to  Carlisle.  The  place  where  the  courts  arc 
held  is  marked  by  a  stone  table  placed  before  a  thorn, 
called  Court  Thorn,  beneath  whose  branches  unnum- 
bered annual  courts  have  been  held.  The  tenants  of 
upwards  of  twenty  mesne  manors  attend  here,  from 
whom  a  jury  is  empannelled  aud  sworn.  Dr.  ToJd  tells 
us  that,  in  old  times,  the  chamberlain  of  Carlisle  was 
foreman  of  this  jury.  This  statement  is  confirmed  by 
Mr.  T.  Denton,  who,  writing  in  1088,  says,  that  the 
townships  of  the  north  and  west  parts  of  the  forest  met 
in  the  morning,  the  chamberlain  of  Carlisle  being  fore- 
man of  their  jury  ;  the  townships  of  the  south  and  east 
parts  in  the  afternoon,  the  bailiff  of  Penrith  being  the 
foreman  ;  he  describes  the  courts  as  being  in  the  nature 
of  Swainmote  courts  used  iu  other  forests.  The  great 
north  road  traverses  this  parish,  passing  over  Wragmire 
Moss,  with  reference  to  which  we  have  the  following 
remark  in  Bishop  Nicolson's  MSS. : — "  In  1354  a  grant 
was  made  of  forty  days'  indulgence  to  any  that  should 
contribute  to  the  repairs  of  the  highway  through  Wrag- 
mire, aud  to  the  support  of  John  de  Corbrig,  a  poor 


hermit,  living  in  that  part."  On  Wragmire  Moss,  until 
the  year  IS'i'i,  there  was  a  well-known  oak,  long  known 
as  the  last  tree  of  Inglewood  Forest,  which  served  as  a 
boundary  maik  between  the  manors  of  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire  and  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Carlisle,  as 
also  between  the  parishes  of  Ilesket  aud  St.  Cuthbert, 
Carlisle,  and  was  recorded  as  such  for  more  than  600 
years.  It  fell,  from  sheer  old  age,  on  the  13th  June, 
182;!.  Tarn  Wadliug,  which  was  formerly  a  lake  cover- 
ing about  loo  acres,  is  now  good  grazing  land,  and  well 
stocked  with  cattle  and  sheep. 

HESKET   UlTER   AND   KETHER. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  2,552  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  £3,288  19s.  8d.  Its  population  in  1801  was 
017;  in  1811,  444;  in  1821,  780;  in  1831,954;  in 
1841,  883;  and  in  1851,  80G.  The  landowners  are  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale ;  John  R.  Chorley,  Esq. ;  John  Uns- 
worth,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  Robert  Lambert,  John  Longrigg, 
Robert  Stockbridge,  Isaac  Watson,  Frederick  Cooper, 
Caleb  Di.xon,  John  Milburn,  George  Bell,  Joseph 
Dawson,  William  Siddall,  —  Slagg,  and  Mrs. 
Stamper. 

The  village  of  High  Hesket  is  situated  on  the  great 
road  between  Carlisle  and  Penrith,  nine  miles  south- 
south-east  of  the  former,  and  the  same  distance  north- 
by-west  of  the  latter. 


HESKET- IN -THE -FOREST   PARISH. 


557 


THK    CHCRCH. 

Hesket  church,  dedicated  to  St.  ^Xlary,  consists  of 
nave  and  chancel,  with  a  bell  turret  at  the  western 
extremity,  carrying  two  bells-.     It  contains  a  few  mural 
monuments,  one  of  which  bears  the  following  inscrip- 
tion : — "Mr.  John  Brown,  of  Mellguards,  in  the  parish 
of  Hesket,  by  an  almost  constant  residence  in   that 
parish  from  the  time  of  his  birth,  became  not  only  a 
true  patron  to  it  in  his  lifetime,  but  willing  to  extend 
his  regard  to  its  welfare  even  after  death,  gave  by  his 
will  to  the  church  of  Hesket,  £300 ;  to  the  school  of 
Hesket,  £-400 ;  to  the  school  of  Wreay,  £300 ;  and  to 
the  chapel  of  Armathwaite,  £100.      He  died  on  the 
]5lh  day  of  July,  17(K!,  aged  sixty -nine  years,  and  had 
this  justice  done  to  his  memory  by  John  Losh,  Esq., 
his  nephew  and  heir."    Another  inscription  commemo- 
rates Bernard  Kirkbride,  Esq.,  of  EUerton,  in   this 
parish,  the  last  of  his  name  aud  family,  who  served  in 
the  army  of  Charles  I.  as  lieutenant-colonel  to   Sir 
Henry  Fetberstonhaugh,  Knt.,  of  the  College,  Kirk- 
oswald.    Hesket  is  said  to  have  beeu  in  ancient  times  a 
chapelry  belonging  to  the  parish  of  St.  Mary,  Carlisle, 
but  appears  fo  have  been  recognised  as  a  separate  and 
distinct  parish  about  the  timu  of  Edward  III.,  and, 
having  become  appropriated  to  the  see  of  Carlisle,  one 
of  the  canons  of  the  cathedral  olliciated  here.    According 
to  a  tradition  given  by  Dr.  Todd,  a  chapel  was  first 
erected  here  about  tho  year  1530,  when  a  plague,  or 
other  epideuiic,  raging  in  the  country,  the  people  brought 
their  dead  to  be  interred  within  the  city  of  Carlisle,  but 
the  mayor  and  citizens  shut  their  gates  upon  thcni,  and 
advised  the  burial  at  a  place  called  Walling  Stone,  of 
those  who  died  of  the  visitation,  promising,  at  the  same 
time,  that  if  their  advice  was  followed,  they  would  use 
every  eiTort  to  induce  the  bishop  of  the  diocese  to  have 
a  chapel  built  and  consecrated  there.     This  proposition 
being  complied  with,  as  soon  as  tho  plague  ceased  a 
chapel  was   built,  and   Bishop   Kite,  attended   by  Sir 
Christopher  Ducre,  Sir  John  Lowther,  and  a  vast  con- 
course of  the  nobility  and  gentry  of  tho  county,  did 
solemnly  consecrate  the  chapel  and  chnpelyard,  and  by 
]iru(lanuition  set  out  and  lixcd  the  bounds  of  the  same. 
Without  impugning  the  truthfulness  of  this  tradition, 
it  seems  more  probable  to  us  that  it  commemorates  the 
rebuilding  of  the  church,  rather  than  its  first  founda- 
tion—  very   likely   tho    privilege    of   burial   was   then 
accorded  to  it  for  the  liret  lime.      The  patronage  of 
tho  living  was  hold  by  the  prior  and  convent  of  Carlisle 
till  the  Itissolulion,  when  it  wa.s  transferred  to  the  dean 
and  chapter,  iu  which  body  the  patronage  is  still  vested. 
.\s  above  stated,  in  17('i:t,  Mr.  John  Brown,  of  Mell- 
guards, gave  nOO  to  this  church,  with  which  an  aug- 


mentation of  £200  was  procured  from  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty,  and  invested  in  the  purchase  of  copyhold 
lands  at  Hesket  and  Millgate,  which  were  afterwards 
exchanged,  with  the  consent  of  the  governors,  for  free- 
hold lands  in  the  parishes  of  Lazonby  and  Ainstable. 
In  the  year  1809  the  living  is  said  to  have  been  worth 
only  £43  a  year;  but  in  1811  it  was  augmented  with 
£200  given  by  the  Rev.  John  Harrison,  the  incumbent; 
when  £300  additional  was  obtained  from  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty ;  £200  given  by  Henry  Oliphant,  Esq.,  of 
Broadfield  House ;  and  £200  by  Robert  Parker,  Esq., 
of  Heatou  Xorris,  near  Manchester :  on  which  a  Parlia- 
mentary grant  of  £000  was  obtained;  making  altogether 
£1,500,  with  which  laud  was  purchased  in  ihat  part  of 
Inglewood  Forest  then  under  an  enclosure.  In  addition 
to  the  £200  above-mentioned,  the  incumbent  expended 
upwards  of  £950  in  sub-dividing  the  land,  and  erecting 
upon  it  a  good  parsonage  house.  The  parish  registers 
commence  in  1074.  The  living,  a  perpetual  curacy,  is 
now  worth  about  £100  a  year. 

Incumbents. — .Andrew  Bell,  occurs  in  1754;  Wm.  Kirkbride, 
1704;  John  Harrison,  1708;  William  Hudson,  18-29. 

High  Hesket  school  is  a  neat  stone  building,  erected 
by  subscription  in  1853,  at  a  cost  of  about  £300.  It 
will  accommodate  about  100  scholars ;  the  average 
attendance  is  45.  It  is  supported  by  an  endowment 
(See  Charities),  and  the  quarter  pence  of  the  children. 

Armathwaite  school,  a  stone  building  erected  by  sub- 
scription in  lts51,  at  a  cost  of  £12  ),  will  accommodate 
about  seventy  children.  It  is  supported  by  the  quarter 
pence  of  the  scholars  and  the  interest  of  £70  left  by  the 
late  Mr.  John  Baxter. 

CHARITIES. 

School. — John  Brown,  by  will,  dated  March  27th, 
1763,  left  to  his  e.Kecutors  £600  in  trust,  to  pay  tho 
interest  of  £200  part  thereof,  for  and  towards  increasing 
tho  salary  or  stipend  of  the  schoolmaster  of  Hesket 
school  yearly  for  ever.  This  legacy  is  now  vested  in 
the  New  Three  per  Cent.  Consols,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  six  trustees,  inclusive  of  the  incumbent  for  the 
time  being,  and  tho  interest,  amounting  to  £9  per 
annum,  is  paid  to  the  schoolmaster.  There  is  also 
a  further  sura  of  £50,  the  interest  of  which,  at  four 
and  a  half  per  cent,  is  also  paid  to  tho  schoolmaster. 
This  appears  to  have  boon  an  ancient  school  stock, 
but  wo  could  not  discover  when  or  in  what  manner  it 
originated.  In  addition  to  these  funds  Robert  Parker, 
Esq.,  of  Ileaton  Norris,  near  ^lanchcster,  left  £100  to 
this  school,  which  was  paid  by  his  executor,  Mr.  Robert 
Parker. 

Brown's  Bequest  for  the  Minister. — The  above-named 


558 


LEATH  WARD. 


John  Brown  also  left  £900  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
Queen  Anne's  bounty  for  the  church  of  Ilcsket. 

Brown's  Bequest  for  the  Curate  of  Armathu-aite 
Chapelnj. — The  same  John  Brown  also  left  j£lOO  for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  (^uccn  Aunes  bounty  for  the 
chapel  of  Arniathwaito  in  this  parish.  This  legacy  was 
liud  out,  with  the  further  sum  of  i'iOO  from  Queen 
Anne's  bounty,  in  the  purcliaso  of  land  in  the  parish  of 
Ainstable,  of  which  the  incumbent  of  the  chapelry  has 
the  management  and  benefit. 

^Scott's  Charity  for  the  Poor. — John  Scott,  by  will, 
dated  May  10,  17.19,  bequeathed  to  the  churchwardens 
and  overseers  of  tlie  parish  of  Hesket  £oO  to  be  placed 
oat  iu  good  security,  and  one  moiety  of  the  interest  to 
bs  distributed  amongst  the  poorest  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Plumpton-street,  and  the  other  moiety  amongst  the 
most  needy  of  the  rest  of  the  parish  of  Hesket,  but  no 
pai-t  of  it  to  any  that  should  have  pay  out  of  the  parish. 
Scott's  Charity  for  Education. — Three  children  of 
Plumpton-street,  and  one  of  Ilallrigg,  in  this  parish, 
are  entitled  to  bo  sent  free  to  the  school  at  Salkeld 
Gates,  on  account  of  the  bequest  of  the  same  John  Scott. 

Armathwaite  is  one  of  the  principal  mense  manors 
in  this  parish,  and  has  several  appendages,  the  tenants 
of  which  places  do  suit  and  service  to  the  court  at 
Armathwate.  It  is  a  mixed  manor  consisting  of  free- 
holders and  customary  tenants  at  Armathwaite,  Nether 
Southsvaite,  Coatliill,  Cumwhinton,  and  Castle  Carrock. 
Armathwaite  anciently  belonged  to  the  Skeltons,  who 
appear  to  havo  been  originally  of  Skelton,  and  frecjueutly 
represented  the  county  and  city  of  Carlisle  in  Parlia- 
ment. John  Skelton,  who  had  been  several  times 
sherilT,  and  had  represented  the  county  in  Parliament 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  had  a  grant  from  the  crown 
in  the  first  year  of  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.  of  100 
acres  of  the  forest  at  the  place  called  Armathwaite 
Bank.  It  is  not  certain  whether  the  Skeltons  became 
possessed  of  the  castle  estate  before  or  after  the  grant. 
The  two  estates  are  mentioned  separately  in  an  inqui- 
sition taken  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  John 
Skelton,  poet  laureate  to  the  monarcli,  is  said  to  have 
been  a  younger  brother  of  this  family,  and  to  have  been 
born  at  Amiathwaite.  Tiie  Skeltons  enjoyed  this  estate 
till  the  year  171a,  when  it  was  sold  by  Pilchard  Skelton, 
Esq.,  to  William  Sanderson,  Esq.,  collateral  ancestor 
of  Robert  Sanderson  ililboume,  Esq.,  on  whose  demise, 
in  18'2a,  the  manor  was  held  by  trustees  until  184C, 
when  it  was  purchased  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the 
present  proprietor. 

The  Castle  of  Armathwaite  stands  upon  the  site  of 
aa  ancient  fortress,  upon  a  rock,  washed  by  the  river 


Eden.  It  has  a  modern  front  of  hewn  stone,  with  a 
new  wing  consisting  of  oQices.  Its  situatiou  has  been 
much  admired,  commanding,  as  it  does,  for  half  a  mile, 
a  view  of  the  river,  flanked  ou  each  side  with  rocks  and 
well  wooded  banks. 

THE   CHAPEL. 

Armathwaite  chapel,  which  is  situate  on  an  eminence 
near  the  castle,  is  a  very  rude  edifice,  erected  previous 
to  10S8  upon  the  site  of  a  previous  chapel,  by  llichard 
Skelton,  Esq.,  who  endowed  it  with  £100,  besides  which 
it  has  received  £100  from  Mr.  John  Brown,  of  Mell- 
guards;  £200  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty;  and  £100 
from  the  Countess  Dowager  Gower;  with  these  sums 
lands  have  been  purchased  in  the  parishes  of  Ainstable 
and  La/onby.  The  living,  a  donative,  is  iu  the  incum- 
bency of  the  Pvcv.  William  Hudson. 

Skllon  of  gLrmdIitoailt. 

The  family  of  Skelton,  of  Armathwaite  Castle,  was 
one  of  great  antiquity.     The  first  of  them  on  record  is, 

John  de  Skei.ton,  who  was  kuight  of  the  shire  for  Cum- 
berland, in  tlie  Parliamem  held  at  Lincoln,  iu  the  10th  Edward  II. 

Adam  de  Skelton  represented  tlie  same  county  in  Parliament, 
in  the  12th  Edward  II. 

JoHM  DE  Skelton  was  member  for  the  county,  in  the  Pailia- 
inent  held  at  London,  in  the  ]t<th  Edward  II.,  and  in  that 
held  at  York,  and  Edward  IU. 

RiciiAnD  de  Skelton  was  burgess  for  the  city  of  Cai-lisle,  iu 
the  Parliament  held  at  Winchester,  in  the  4th  Edward  III. 

Thomas  de  Skelton  was  knight  of  the  shire  in  tlie  llth 
Edward  III. 

Clement  de  Skelton  was  knight  of  the  shire  in  2nd,  Cth, 
17th,  and  20th  Richard  II.  In  the  Ifith  year  of  the  same  king 
Sir  Robert  de  JIuIcaster,  lord  of  Hayton,  granted  to  Sir  Clement 
de  Skelton,  Knight,  and  Thomas  de  Skelton,  several  lands  in 
Thrcapland,  Alderscogh,  and  Blennerhassct.  He  married 
Johanna,  daughter  of  Sir  Giles  de  Orton. 

JouN  DE  Skelton  was  member  of  Parliament  for  !he  county, 
in  the  .'ird  .ind  Hdi  of  Henry  IV.,  and  in  the  1st  Henry  VI.  In 
the  7th  Henrj-  VI.  Sir  William  Clifford  granted  to  Sir  John  Skel- 
ton, Knight,  several  lands  in  Whitrigg  and  Torpenhow ;  to  which 
grant  Richard  Skelton,  then  sheriff  of  Cumberland,  was  witness  ; 
this  Richard  then  lived  at  Branthwaite.  He  was  present  with 
King  Henry  V.  in  France  at  the  famous  battle  of  Agincourt,  and 
probably  was  a  younger  brother  of  the  family.  In  the  list  of  the 
gentry  of  Cumberland  returned  by  the  commissioners  in  (1133) 
the  12th  Henry  VI.,  the  following  names  occur,  John  Skelton, 
and  John  de  Skelton. 

John  Skelton,  Esq.,  was  sheriff  of  the  county  in  the  10th 
I9th,  24th,  and  29th  Henry  VI.  and  represented  the  said  county 
in  Parliament,  in  the  23th  Henry  VI.  He  was  retained  by 
Humphrey,  duke  of  Gloucester,  to  serve  him  in  the  wars.  For 
by  a  deed  in  the  2nd  year  of  Henrj-  AT.  the  duke  granted  to  him 
an  annuity  of  £20,  on  condition  to  serve  him  in  the  wars  during 
life.  He  had  a  grant  from  the  crown  in  the  1st  of  Edward  IV. 
of  ino  acres  of  the  forest  of  Inglewood,  at  a  place  called  Armath- 
iraite  Bank. 


HESKET  -  IN  -  THE  FOREST    PAEISH. 


559 


Eobeut  Skelton,  Esq.,  was  representative  of  the  city  of 
Carlisle  in  Parliament,  in  the  lath  Edward  1\. 

John  Skelton,  Esq.,  was  sheriff  of  CumbcrlanJ,  in  the  orJ 
Henry  ^^II.  In  the  :!5th  Henry  VIII.  it  was  found  by  inquisi- 
tion, that  John  Skelton,  of  Armathwaite,  held  the  capital 
messuage  of  Armatliwiiite,  in  the  forest  of  Inglewood,  as  a 
purpresture,  with  tlie  appurtenances,  of  the  king  in  capite,  by  the 
service  of  rendering  to  tlio  king  yearly  by  tlie  bauds  of  the  shcrilf 
of  Cumberland,  a  free  rent  of  ;iUs. ;  and  Uiat  he  held  one  close, 
called  Soulhwaite,  in  the  said  forest,  of  the  said  lord  the  king, 
by  the  scnire  of  paying  'iSs.  2hd.  yearly,  to  the  said  lord  tlio 
king,  by  the  ham's  of  tlie  receiver  of  the  forest;  and  100  acres 
in  Armenayle  Bank,  of  the  said  lord  the  king,  in  socage,  paying 
yearly  to  the  said  lord  tlie  king  5s.  4d.,  by  the  hand  of  the  said 
receiver  of  tlie  forest ;  also,  that  he  held  of  the  said  lord  the 
king  the  manor  of  Threapland,  as  of  the  manor  of  Papcastle, 
hy  knight's  service,  rendering  yearly  to  the  said  lord  the  king 
4s.  Gd.  comage,  8d.  seawake,  and  puture  of  the  Serjeants. 

John  Skelton,  of  Branthwaite,  was  called  out,  and  to  furnish 
"  four  horse,''  for  the  border  service,  in  154:i. 

Wir.i.iAM  Skelto.v,  Esq.,  married  Anne,  daugliter  of  William 
Leigh,  Esq.,  of  Isell  Hall,  in  the  county  of  Cumberland.  He 
died  UiHh  August,  27th  Eli/abeth,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Lancelot  Skeltox,  Esq.,  who  was  upwards  of  twenty-eight 
years  of  age  at  the  time  of  his  father's  decease.  He  married 
Catherine,  daughter  of  Thomas  Dalston,  Esq.,  of  Dalston  Hall, 
in  tlie  county  of  Cumberland,  by  Eleanor,  his  wife,  daughter  and 
co-heiress  of  Thomas  Carlisle,  Esq.,  of  Carhslo.  Ho  died  on  the 
28th  of  December,  iJOlh  James  I.,  in  the  sixty-third  year  of  his 
age,  and  was  succeeded  hy  his  son  and  heir, 

John  Skelton,  Esq.,  who  was  in  the  commission  of  the 
peace  for  Cumberland,  in  the  1st  year  of  King  Charles  I.  He 
married,  tirstly,Julian,  daughter  of  Christopher  Musgrave,  Esq., 
son  and  heir  of  Sir  Simon  Slusgrave,  Knt.,  of  Edcnludl,  and  by 
her  had  issue, 

I.  KiciiiRD.son  and  heir. 

He  married,  secondly,  Barbara,  daughter  of  —  Fletcher,  of 
Cockcrmouth,  and  had  issue,  four  sons  and  two  daughters, 

II.  Lancelot.  in.  John. 

IV.  William.  v.  Mnrmadukc. 

I.  Frances,  marrird  tn  Tlinmas  Warwick,  Ksq.,  of  'Warwick  Hall, 

in  the  county  »f  Cumbirland,  and  liad  issue, 

1.  John,    bantispd    llUh    October,    lUM,    buried     ITlh 
February,  1U40. 

II.  Sinn-,  innrried   to  .lobn  Sibson,  Gent.,  of  Grinsdale,  in  co 

Ciiiiibcrlniid,  and  bud  issue, 

Magdalen,  baptised  2Mi  July,  1011. 
Friuiccs,  biiptiseil  ITili  September,  1812. 
Mary  Sibson,  was  buried  a;ird  January,  IM". 

Mr.  Skelton  died  obout  tlio  year  105',',  and  was  bnried  the  ISlh 
of  March. 

lliciiARD  Skklton,  Esq.,  son  and  heir,  married  Lcltico, 
daughter  of  —  Burdelt,  Esq.,  of  liramcole,  in  the  county  of 
■Warwick,  and  sister  of  Sir  Thomas  Burdott,  Bart.,  of  llio  same 
place,  and  by  her  had  issno, 

I.  John,  his  sticressor. 

II.  Philip,  who  died   yoiing,  and  was  butictl   30lli  November, 
1U4U. 
I.  Catherine,  innrried  to  WiUiniu  Harringlon,  of  'Wooloaks,  iji 
the  county  of  i'unilitrluiul. 

II.  Julian,  iiiurricd  :!rd  May,  lll.'i8,  to  Geoigc  Follicrgill,  Esq.,  of 

'I'aniliouse,  in  Kavcnslondalc,  co.  Wcalmorclaiid,  and  had 
issue, 


1.  Itirbard,  Imptised  '»th  June,  16.09. 

2.  Elizabeth,  baptized  Olh  March,  1060. 

'J'his  Pilchard  was  sixty-five  years  of  age  at  the  visitation  of  Sir 
William  Hugdale,  in  lOGO.  He  built  a  mansion-house  on  his 
father's  estate  at  Southwaile,  in  the  year  I  CIO.  He  re-bnilt  the 
chapel  at  Armathwaite,  and  by  his  will,  dated  in  1088,  endowed 
it  with  £100. 

John  Skelton,  Esq.,  son  and  heir  of  Richard,  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  (ierard  Salvin,  Esq.,  of  Croxdale,  in  the 
county  Palatine  of  Durliam,  and  had  issue, 

I.  RicHARn,  his  successor. 
II.  Gerald,  baptised  2nd  Febniory,  1653. 
ni.  John,  baptised  2nd  September,  16S8. 
IV.  Philij). 

I.  Maiy,  bnpdsed  lllh  July,  1652. 
II.  Lettice,  baptised  Uith  September,  1055. 
III.  Elizabeth,  baptised  1st  March,  1656, 

Richard  Skelton,  Esq.,  son  and  heir  of  John,  was  baptised 
ISth  September,  1601,  he  married  Mary,  daughter  of  George 
Meynell,  Esq.,  of  Dalton  Royal,  in  the  county  of  York,  and  had 
issue  ten  sons  and  six  daughters, 


I. 

John. 

V 

Richard. 

vin. 

Roger 

11. 

George. 

VI 

James. 

IX. 

Ralph 

ill. 

Francis. 

Tll. 

Nicholas. 

x. 

J  oscpl 

IV. 

Gerard. 

i. 

Olive. 

III. 

Mary. 

T. 

Ann. 

II. 

Frances. 

IV. 

Elizabeth. 

VI. 

Ellen. 

This  Richard  Skelton  was  the  last  of  his  ancient  family  who 
possL'ssiil  tlio  Armaihwaite  estates.  In  the  year  1712  he  sold 
them  to  William  Sanderson,  Esq. 

Arms. — Az,  on  a  fess,  org.  between  three  fleurs  de  lis,  or,  a  Cornish 
chough  ppr. 

The  village  of  Hesket  Nether,  forming  part  of  the 
township  called  Upper  and  Nether  Hesket,  is  about 
seven  and  a  half  miles  south-south-east  of  Carlisle.  A 
few  of  the  houses  arc  in  the  adjoining  township  of 
Peterril  Crooks. 

Nundoso  is  a  manor  in  this  township  which  "William 
Rufus,  in  the  second  year  of  his  reign,  grouted  to  the 
Benedictine  coranumity  of  Armaihwaite,  in  the  adjoin- 
ing parish  of  Aiiistablo.  After  the  suppression  of  tho 
monastic  institutions.  Nunclose  was  granted  by  Edward 
VI.,  in  l.jjj,  to  William  Grame,  in  whoso  family  it 
continued  for  several  generations.  Sir  John  Lowtber 
having  become  possessed  of  it  by  purcliaso,  c.\changed 
it  for  other  lands  in  1095  with  Chistopher  Dalston, 
Esq.,  of  Acom  Dauk,  of  whose  descendant.  Sir  William 
Dalston,  it  wa.s  purchased  in  17li'2  by  William  Mil- 
bouruo,  Esq..  of  Armathwaite  Castle.  It  is  now  tho 
property  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 

Aikct  Gate  is  another  manor  iu  this  township,  which 
having  been  held  by  the  Milbournes,  b  now  the  pro- 
perty of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  Tho  hamlet  of  Aikct 
Gate  is  about  half  a  mile  west  of  Low  lleskett.  In 
ltd  neighbourhood  is  Tarn  Wadling,  formerly  a  lake 


560 


LEATH  WARD. 


covering  about  100  acres,  but  which  now  forms  good 
grazing  hmd,  well  stocked  with  shcop  and  cattle.  It 
occurs  in  connection  with  the  romance  of  King  Arthur. 
On  a  lofty  eminence  near  this  tarn  there  formerly  stood 
the  remains  of  a  fortress  called  Castio  llewen,  which  is 
thus  described  by  Leland  : — "  In  the  forest  of  Ingle- 
wood,  about  six  miles  from  Carluel,  appere  ruines  of  a 
castle  call'd  Castle  Hewen."  The  neighbouring  tenants 
pay  an  annual  rent  to  the  lord  of  the  manor  as  Castio 
Hewen  Rent. 

Old  Town  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  a  quarter  of 
a  mile  south  of  Hesket. 

CALTHWAITE. 

Calthwaite  township  comprises  an  area  of  1,870 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  £2,P15  18s.  2d.  The 
number  of  its  inhabitants  was  not  returned  separately 
previous  to  1821,  in  which  year  it  was  168  ;  in  1831  it 
was  210:  in  18-11.  206;  and  in  1851,  24-t.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway.  The 
landowners  are  Sir  Henry  R.  F.  Vane,  Bart. ;  the  trustees 
of  the  late  John  Wormworld,  Esq. ;  the  trustees  of  the 
late  R.  Jameson,  Esq.;  Messrs.  John  Clayton,  Thomas 
Furness,  John  P.Wells,  Fletcher  Wells,  Joseph  Lazouby, 
and  James  Parkins. 

The  village  of  Calthwaite  is  about  seven  miles  north- 
by-west  of  Penrith,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Pettcril, 
near  a  good  bridge  of  one  arch,  which  was  built  by 
subscription  in  179.3.  Here  is  a  school,  a  small  stone 
building,  erected  by  subscription  in  18.52;  it  is  sup- 
ported by  the  quarter  pence  of  the  children,  and  has  an 
average  attendance  of  about  thirty  pupils. 

Calthwaite  Hall  occupies  a  beautiful  situation  con- 
tiguous to  the  village,  commanding  an  extensive  view 
of  the  Fells  and  the  surrounding  country.  It  is  of  cut 
stone  in  the  Elizabethan  style  of  architecture,  and  cost 
f7,000.  It  is  now  the  property  of  the  Wormwold 
family. 

Calthwaite  Field  House  and  Sceugh  Dyke  are  in  this 
township. 

ITONFIELD. 

The  area  of  Itonfield  is  2,940  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  £2,398  Is.  8d.  Its  population  was  returned  with 
that  of  Calthwaite  and  Plumpton  Street  till  1821,  in 
which  year  it  was  210  ;  in  1831,  it  was  234  ;  in  1841, 
222  ;  and  in  1851,  236.  The  landowners  are  William 
Marshall,  Esq.;  Captain  iMartin  ;  G.  11.  Oliphant.Esq.; 
Messrs.  James  Munday,  John  Pollock,  John  William- 
eon,  John  Dufton,  Robert  Simpson,  Robert  Lumley, 
George  Rayson,  and  Miss  Parker.  This  township 
comprises  the  hamlets  of  Broadfield  and  Sceugh  Head, 


with  a  few  dispersed  dwellings,  lying  about  three  miles 
west  of  High  Hesket,  and  from  five  to  seven  miles 
northeast  of  Hesket  Newmarket.  Broadfield  House 
is  the  seat  of  G.  H.  Oliphant,  Esq. 

rETTKIilL    CROOKS. 

This  township  contains  4,916  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  is  £7,158  12s.  5d.  The  population  in  1801  was 
.349;  in  1811,  423;  in  1821.  513;  in  1831,  544;  in 
1841,  517;  and  in  1851,  582.  The  Lancaster  and 
Carlisle  railway  runs  through  the  township.  Agricul- 
ture is  the  chief  employment  of  the  inhabitants,  but 
there  is  a  saw  mill  at  Southwaite,  near  the  railway 
station,  the  property  of  William  James,  Esq.  The 
landowners  here  arc  William  .Lames,  Esq.;  J.  P.  Flet- 
cher, Esq.;  G.  H.  Oliphant,  Esq.;  the  trustees  of  the 
late  James  Losh,  Esq. ;  the  trustees  of  the  late  George 
Cowan,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  Thomas  Armstrong,  Joseph 
Topping,  John  Millburn,  John  F.  Bowman,  John 
Carrick,  Joseph  Scott,  Tliomas  Kirkbride,  Thomas 
Topping,  Robert  Sealbj',  John  Robinson,  and  William 
Robinson. 

Pptteril  Crooks  lies  on  loth  sides  of  the  river  Petteril, 
and  on  the  west  side  of  High  and  Low  Hesket,  a  por- 
tion of  the  latter  being  comprised  in  this  township.  It 
contains  the  hamlets  of  Birthwaite,  Mellguards,  Petteril 
Bank,  Sewell  Houses,  and  Southwaite,  besides  the 
handsome  villa  called  Barroek  Lodge,  the  seat  of 
William  James,  Esq. 

The  inhabitants  here  are  fully  impressed  with  the 
idea  that  a  blacksmith,  at  Southwaite,  cures  the  tooth 
ache,  or,  as  they  are  wont  to  say,  charms  it  away.  The 
charm  is  conveyed  through  the  medium  of  a  cork,  in 
which  is  placed  the  stump  of  a  horse  nail.  The  person 
afflicted  with  the  tooth  ache  must  carry  this  cork  about 
his  person,  if  not  the  teeth  are  sure  to  ache. 

The  single  houses  having  particular  names  here  are 
Barroek  Park,  Lothian  Gill,  Wreay  Hall,  Wragmire, 
Petteril  Grange,  High  House,  Intact,  East  View,  and 
Barroek  Side. 

Barroek,  the  seat  of  William  James,  Esq.,  late  M.P. 
for  Cumberland,  has  successively  passed  through  the 
families  of  the  Skeltons,  the  dukes  of  Portland,  and  the 
Grahams,  from  which  last  it  has  come  to  its  present 
owner.  The  mansion  was  built  at  three  several  times. 
The  centre  was  a  yeoman's,  or  what  is  called  in  Cum- 
berland, a  stateman's  house,  erected  by  one  Skelton, 
the  north  front  was  built  by  the  late  owner,  James 
Graham,  Esq.,  and  the  south  front  by  the  gentleman 
now  possessing  it.  The  whole  forms  a  building  in  the 
plain  style  of  villa  architecture  ;  rather  pleasing  to  the 
eye  than  striking.     It  stands  in  a  park  of  200  acres. 


HESKET-IN-THE-FOEEST   PARISH. 


561 


and  in  a  valley,  either  side  of  which  is  covered  with 
fine  old  oaks.  From  the  Carlisle  and  London  roads  the 
house  is  approached  by  an  avenue  of  limes  and  beeches, 
throe  quarters  of  a  mile  in  length;  while  through  the 
valley  flows  the  little  river  Petteril,  for  about  three 
miles,  or  even  more.  The  north  side  of  the  park  is 
intersected  hy  the  Carlisle  and  Lancaster  railway,  pre- 
senting a  delightful  prospect  to  the  traveller,  though  we 
can  hardly  help  grieving  upon  these  inroads  upon 
grounds  so  truly  beautiful. 

|nmcs  of  ^arrotk  Bitb  Slltsf  ^ucldanl). 

This  family  derives  its  descent  from 

John  J.iirrs,  of  West  Aucldnnd,  born  16(14,  died,  age  83 
1747,  leaving  (by  .Tnno,  his  wife)  tliroe  dangliters,  Anne,  wife  of 
Joseph  Appleby;  Jane,  wife  of  William  Wilson;  and  Margaret, 
who  died  unmarried;  and  two  sons,  William  James,  who  mar- 
ried anil  had  issue,  and 

JonN  James,  of  West  AucUlnnd  and  Killerly,  who,  by  liis  wife, 
Jane,  daughter  of  Thomas  Todd,  Esq.,  of  Whorlton,  co.  York,  by 
Jane  Hunter  his  wife,  had  issue 

I.  .loMN,  of  West  Auoklanil  and   Killfrly,  bom  I7:W;   married 

Sarah,  danglilcr  of  Tlionias  Ward,  iLsq.,  and  had  issue. 
11.  William,  of  Finch   IToii'^*'.  near  Liverpool,  an  eminent  West 
India niPichant, born  I7;U;  married  Kli/.i(lietli,'laui;luerand 
heir  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  ICvans,  who  died  ITsil,  and  had  issue, 

1.  Wii.i.TAM  Ev.vxs.  of  whom  presently. 

'-i.  JdliM  James,  of  lIouKhmn  LodKe.'co.  Hants,  married 
Margaret,  daushterol  William  Wilson,  Esq.,  of  Liver- 
pool, anil  had  issue, 

Elizabeth  .\leihen,  married  to  Rev.  John  I'enleazo, 
reptor  nf  Blaek  'I'orrinf^ton.  co.  I>evon. 

Mary  Frances,  married  to  Hon.  G.  Rolle  Walpole 
'I'refnsis,  capU  K.N.,  son  of  George,  10th  Baron 
Clinton. 

1.  AlethcB,  married  to  Richard  Walker,  Esq.,  of  Liverpool. 

1.  Jane,  married  James  Allen,  Esq.,  and  had  issue. 

Wii.i.iAM  Evans  James,  born  17n3  (son  of  William  James,  of 
Finch  House),  died  17!).'),  in  his  father's  lifetime.  He  married 
Elizabeth,  dau^lller  of  Nicholas  Ashton,  Esq.,  of  Woolton  Hall, 
Lancashire,  by  Mary,  his  wife,  daughter  and  heiress  of  John 
riiilpol,  F,«q.,  of  Chester,  grandson  and  heir  of  the  Rev.  JIatthon- 
Henry,  author  of  a  "  Commentary  on  the  Rible,"  and  Mary  War- 
burton,  his  wife,  solo  heiress  of  the  WARBtMiXONS  of  Hellerston 
Grange,  n  younser  branch  of  the  great  Chesliire  House  of 
WARBunroN  of  Warbuilon  and  Arley.  This  lady  remarried 
Lieut.colonel  George  M.  Williams.  By  her  lirst  hu.sband  she 
had  issue, 

I.  William,  now  of  Barrock. 
II.  John,  of  Ilurnvilli',  co.  Devon,  J. P.  and  D  L.,  bom  IVIM;  died 
1H.')1;  niarriril  Isily,  Anne,  ilanghter  of  Thomas  Herring, 
Esq  ;  nnii  ','iiilly,  Patience,  dauglitrr  of  O.  Luxmore,  Esq., 
and  niece  of  ihc  Bishop  of  t;t.  Asuph,  and  liiiil  issue, 

1.  Evans  Luxmore  .lames,  born  lH.1(i. 

'J.  Alitbea.  married  Fergus  eldest  son  of  the  ReT.  Fergnu 

Oniham,  rector  of  Anlnirei,  bri>ilicr  of  the  Brat  Sir 

James  Graham,  BarL,  of  Nelbcrby. 

Wir.i.iAM  James,  Esq.,  of  liarrock,  J.l'.,  and  D.l..,high  shcrifT 
in  1H'.;7,  M.P.  for  Carlisle  and  Fast  Onmberland  successively 
from  l'<00  to  ]H47,  married  Febrtiary,  IKlO,  Fanny,  daughter  of 
William  Calton  Rut^on,  Esq.,  of  AUerton,  co.  Lancaster,  and 

66 


sister  of  William  Rutson,  Esq.,  of  Newby  Wiske  and  Nunnington 
Hall,  high  sberifl'of  Yorkshire  in  1851,  and  has  issue, 

1.  William  EnwAno,  born  7ih  December,  1S16,  late  captain  in 
the  :i4th  Kegiineiii,  married,  .September,  1ml,  Eliz;ibelh, 
daiigliter  of  William  Hill,  Esq.,  of  Kyhope,  co.  OiU'haiu, 
and  has  issue, 

1.  William  Edward  Ashton,  bom  1812. 

2.  Cecil  Arthur  ltiitso!i. 

.3.  Evans  Henry  Murehison. 
4.  Philip  Herbert. 

1.  Luey  Caroline. 

2.  Frances  .\lelhea. 

3.  Edith  Priscilla. 

It.  Francis  Herbert,  borti  April,  1822  ;  living  in  Jamaica. 

III.  John  Henry.born  IHlh  September,  1826;  fellow  of  Brazennose 

College,  Oxford;  niarricdJuly,  1n&3,  Jane  Rumsden,  daugh- 
ter III  the  Rev.  Thomas  Ramsden  Ashworth.  of  the  family 
of  AsHWORTii  of  Ashworth,  co.  Lancaster,  and  has  issue, 

Janet  .Marion,  bom  July,  1801. 

IV.  Alfred,  bom  20th  .\ugust,  1832. 
I.  Caroline. 

II.  Frances  Adela. 

Anns. — Quarterly :  Ist  and  4tb,  az.  a  dolphin,  embowed,  ppr.,  for 
James ;  2nil  and  3rd.  arg.,  three  boars'  heads,  couped,  sa.,  langued 
and  armed,  go  ,  for  Evans. 

Cresl. — A  bull,  passant,  ppr. 

Motto, — Vincit  amorpatria. 


PI.UMPTON    STREET. 

Plumpton  Street  township  comprises  an  area  of  2,677 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  £5,015  10s.  It  contained 
in  1821,  l-.is  inhabitants;  in  1831,  105;  in  1841, 
190;  and  in  1851,  183.  The  township  is  intersected 
by  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway.  The  landowners 
here  are  the  Flurl  of  Lonsdale;  R.  W.  Saunders,  Esq. ; 
Sir  Heury  R.  Yane,  U.irt. ;  1'.  L.  B.  Dykes,  Esq.; 
William  N.  Hodgson,  Esq. ;  W.  Blamire,  Esq.;  Thos. 
Scott, Esq.;  George  Piobinsoa,  Esq. :  .1.  Fawcett,  Esq.; 
Messrs.  Isaac  Carr,  W.  Kirkbride,  John  Gray,  Thomas 
IIowsoc,  and  William  Ilesket.  There  is  no  hamlet  or 
village  in  this  township,  the  inhabitants  reside  in 
dctiichcd  houses,  about  three  and  a  half  miles  south  of 
High  Heskct. 

^l:irlicr  of  Jlfltcril  (Srtfit. 

The  family  of  Parker  has  long  been  seated  at  Old 
Town,  in  Cumberland. 

The  Rev.  John  PAnKnit,  curate  of  Selside,  in  Westmoreland, 
third  son  of  Christopher  Parker,  Esq.,  of  Old  Town,  by  Agnes 
Holme,  his  wife,  born  27ili  October,  1737  ;  married  27lh  Pecem- 
ber,  1704,  Mary,  daughter  of  Thomas  Nelson,  Esq.of  Orton,  in 
Westmoreland,  and  had  issue, 

I.  ClIRisTorHER.bis  heir,  of  Petteril  Green. 
1.  Elizabeth,  married  lu  Michael  Braiuhnaile,  Esq.,  of  Carling- 
InU. 

II.  Isabella,  married  lo  the    Rev.  Geor^  Downoa,  rector  of 

Itokeby. 
III.  Eleanor,  married  lo  tlie  Rer.  Robert  Dirkctl,  vicar  of  Kcllor. 

Mr.  Parker  died  30lh  September,  1770,  and  was  succeeded  by 
bis  eldest  sod, 


LKATII   W.\r.l). 


CimiSToprrEB  PAnKF.n,  Esq.,  of  Pctloril  Green,  J.V.,  high- 
shcrifl",  1H3II,  born  auh  Aiijust,  1775;  innrrii'd,  firstly,  -Jml 
OclobiT,  isnii,  JIary,  ilaiiglitcr  of  Mr.  John  CliaJwitl;,  of  llan- 
ohester,  ami  by  lier  bad  issue, 

I.  Robert  IIoi.me,  bom  I7tli  November,  1S12. 
J.  Miiry  .lane,  uiarrieil  :!OUi  Juuuiiry,  IH'JO,  to  Thomas  Dixoo, 
Kcq. 

II.  Sarah. 

lie  married,  secondly, 27th  September,  1815, Margaret,  daoghtir 
of  Robert  Jefferson,  Esq.,  of  Stone  Raise,  and  had  issue, 

1.  Christopher,  bom  1.3th  December,  ISIO. 
n.  ThomasJelTerson,  born  liilb  April,  1818. 

III.  WiUiiuu,  born  2;ih  August,  1811). 


IT.  rmnols,  bom  0th  December,  1821. 
V,  Nelson,  buru  :.llst  March,  lt$27. 
I.  Margaret. 
II.  Alice  Eliz.tl>elh. 

He  married,  thirdly,  aird  April,  IS-IO,  Mary,  relict  of  the  lotc 
Hubert  Sanderson  Milbounie,  Esq.,  of  .\rmath\vaite  Castle,  and 
daughter  of  Isaac  ParUer,  Esq.,  of  Moorhousc  Uill. 

Amu. — Az.,  two  bars,  gemclle,  org.,  between  three  bucks'  heads, 
crnstd,  or,  all  between  two  lluiiclies,  of  the  last,  a  crescent  fur 
diflciciice. 

Crest. — .\  cubit  arm,  vested,  vert,  cuff,  arg.,  holding  in  the  baud 
the  atiire  of  a  slug,  and  a  bow  and  arrjw,  soltierwise,  all  ppr. 

Hollo. — Virtulis  aliraentum  houos. 


HUTTON-IN-THE-FOREST  PARISH. 

This  p.nrish  is  boundcil  on  the  east  ami  north  \ty  Heskct-in-tbeForest,  on  the  west  liy  Skelton,  and  on  the  south 
by  Xewton  Ueigny,  It  possesses  a  good  soil  incumbent  on  clay,  and  is  naturally  fertile  in  grass;  the  south  end  of 
the  parish  is  elevated  and  undulated,  but  the  northern  part  is  low  and  level.  The  commons  were  enclosed  under 
the  act  of  1803,  for  enclosing  the  forest  of  Inglcwood.  The  parisli  comprises  the  townships  of  Ilutton  and  Thomas 
Close.  The  inhabitants  are  entirely  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  aud  attend  the  markets  at  romith.  The 
rateable  value  of  the  parish  is  £2,342,  and  its  area  2,300  acres. 


IIOTTOS-IX-THE-FOnEST. 

The  number  of  inhabitants  in  this  township  in  1801 
■was  returned  with  tiiat  of  Tliomas  Close,  the  united 
population  being  200;  in  1811.  that  of  Hutton-in-the- 
Forest  alone  was  1.5'J;  in  1821,  157;  in  1831,  107; 
in  1841,  lOo  ;  and  in  1851,  170,  who  chiefly  reside  at 
Huttou  End  and  Xcw  Rent. 

The  manor  of  Hutton  appears  to  have  been  held  at 
an  early  period  by  the  family  of  Hoton,  or  Hutton,  as 
it  was  subsequently  written,  and  who  took  their  name 
from  the  place.  According  to  Denton  thoy  were  bow- 
bearers  and  rangers  of  the  forest  of  Inglewood,  atid  it  is 
probable  that  in  consequence  of  that  olHce  they  assumed 
for  their  arms  a  bugle  horn.  Dr.  Todd  tells  us  that, 
"in  the  cscheate  roll  in  the  .5th  TTein-y  VII.  (1  180-90) 
it  is  found,  that  the  manor  of  Hutton  is  holdcn  of  the 
king  in  capite,  by  the  service  of  keeping  the  forest  in 
the  Hay  of  our  lord  the  king  in  Plumpton  ;  and  further, 
by  the  service  of  holding  the  stirrup  of  the  king's  saddle, 
whilst  he  mounts  his  horse  in  the  castle  of  Carlisle,  and 
paving  yearly  into  the  king's  exchequer  of  Carlisle 
33s.  4d.,  by  the  hands  of  the  sheriff."  This  place  con- 
tinued long  in  a  family  bearing  the  local  name.  In  the 
reign  of  Edward  I.  Thomas,  son  and  heir  of  John  de 
Hutton-inthe-Forest,  gave  and  confirmed  to  Henry  de 
Hutton,  chaplain,  one  moiety  of  the  capital  messuage 
of  the  manor  of  Hutton,  with  twenty  acres  of  land, 
called  the  "  Flat,"  with  a  mill  at  Hutton,  and  suit  to 


the  same  belonging.  Edward  III.,  in  1342,  in  con- 
sideration of  the  good  service  that  Thomas  de  Hutton 
had  rendered  him  in  the  Scottish  wars,  restored  to  him 
and  his  heirs  the  bailiwick  and  cilice  of  keeping  the 
kings  land  at  Plumpton.  And,  in  the  reign  of 
Ilichard  II.,  William  de  Ilutton  cnjoyci  this  place, 
under  the  style  of  "  forester  of  the  king's  lands  and 
keeper  of  the  Hay  of  Plumpton,  which  that  king  and 
his  successor,  Henry  IV.,  confirmed  to  him  and  his 
heirs."  In  the  35th  Henry  VIII.  (1543-4),  amongst 
the  knight's  fees  in  Cumberland,  it  appears  that  William 
Ilutton  held  the  manor  of  Hutton-in-the-Forest,  of  the 
king  in  capite,  by  knight's  service,  and  rendering  to  the 
king  yearly  40s.,  by  the  hands  of  the  sheriff  of  Cum- 
berland. In  the  reign  of  James  I.  Thomas  Hutton, 
Esq.,  sold  this  estate  to  Sir  Kichard  Fletcher,  Knt.,  of 
Cockermouth,  from  whom  it  has  descended  to  the  present 
lord,  Sir  Henry  Pialph  Fletclier  Vane,  Cart.,  in  addition 
to  whom,  Messrs.  Johu  Unthauk  and  Joseph  Howson 
are  landowners. 

Hutton  Hall,  the  seat  of  Sir  H.  Pv.  Fletcher  Vane, 
is  a  handsome  mansion,  standing  on  a  fine  eminence, 
surrounded  by  richly  cultivated  lands  and  woods. 

^Icttljtr  of  Coclitrmontfr  Btti  |)«fioit. 
The  first  of  this  family  ew  meet  with  is 

^ViuiAM  Fletcheb,  merchant,  of  Cockeruionth.     He  had 
issue, 


BUTTON -IN -THE  FOREST    PARISH. 


563 


Hexrv  Fletcher,  raerchant,  of  Coclicrmouth,  who,  in  1658,  | 
had  the  honour  of  ciilertaining  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  during  i 
lier  stay  in  that  town.'     His  issue  were,  besides  tliree  daughters,       \ 

I.  William,  who  jiurnhased  Moresby  and  Distington,  and  was 
aniesiur  to  ihe  Flelehers  of  Jlorcsliy,  a  briini'li  of  the  family 
winch  bccuine  exiiiint.  by  llif  tlei'case  of  Thumus  Fletcher, 
Ksq.,  before  the  iiiiiliUc  of  the  last  century. 

It.  Lancelot,  from  whom  desceudcd  the  Fletchers  of  Tallantirc. 

III.  James,  died  without  issue. 
IT.  John,  died  without  issue. 

V.  Hein-y,  died  without  issue. 
VI.  TMoM.ts,  his  successor. 
VII.  Robert. 

Mr.  Fletcher  died  in  the  10th  Elizabeth  (1073-1),  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  sixth  son, 

Thosi.vs  Fletcher,  Esq.,  who  married  Jane,  daughter  and 
heiress  of  —  Bulleo,  Esq.,  and  by  her  liad  issue,  besides  four 
daughters, 

I.  Richard,  his  successor. 
II.  'J'hoinas,  a  inorchant  in  London. 
lU.  Philip,  gmndfalher  of  Richnrd,  who  mnrried  a  daughter  and 

heiress  of  —  Mu-igrave,  Esq.,  of  Cloa  ilall,  and  was  auces- 

tor  of  the  Fletchers  of  Ulca. 

IV.  Lancelot. 
V.  Henry. 

Mr.  Fletcher  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son. 

Sir  RiciiAno  Fi.ctcher,  ICiit.,  who  purchased  Eutton,  and 
made  it  his  resilience.  Sir  Ricliard  married  first,  a  daughter 
of —  Richmond,  Esq.,  by  whom  ho  had  issue,  Thomas,  Frances, 
and  Mary,  nil  of  whom  died  unmarried.  By  his  second  wife, 
Barbara,  daughter  of  Henry  Crackenthorpe,  Esq.,  of  Ncwhiggin, 
be  bad  issue, 

1.  Henry,  his  successor. 

I.  Bridgi  t,  innrriid  John  Patrickson,  Esq.,  of  Caldcr  Abbey. 
II.  Isabel,  married  Richard  Lowthcr,  Esq.,  of  Inglctiin,  co.  York. 
HI.  Mary,  murriid  Sir  John  Loniber,  Ban  ,  of  Lowiher. 
iv.  Callieiiue,  mnriieil  Thomas  Listtr,  Esq.,  of  Gisburue,  co.  York. 
T.  Winifred,  married,  Istly,  George  Dralbwiiitc,  Esq  ,  of  Warcop, 
Weslmorfliuid ;  '^iidlv,  ^ir  Richard  Ducre,  Km.;  and  ordly, 
Chiisiophcr  Lister,  Esq. 

On  the  demise  of  Sir  Richard,  he  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son. 
Sir  Henhy  Fletcher,  Bart.,  of  Uution,  who  was  sheriff  of  ibo 
county  in  I0'.2.^  and  101'.3.  He  was  created  a  baronet  by  Charles 
I.  in  1040.  Sir  Henry  married  Catherine,  eldest  daughter  of 
Sir  Georgo  Dalston,  Bart.,  of  Ualston,  who  sunived  him.  He 
raised  a  regiment  for  Charles  I.  chiclly  at  his  own  expense,  and 
was  killed  in  1IU,'>,  at  the  battio  of  Ronton  Heatb,  near  Chester. 
Sir  Henry  had  issue, 

I.  Richard,  who  died  unmarried. 

II,  Geoiiok,  his  successor. 
III.  Hinry,  who  dii-d  yuiing. 

I.  Durbiira,  niiirricd  to  Sir  Daniel  Fleming  Knt.,  of  Rydol. 

II,  FninreK,  married  William  Fletcher,  Ksq.,  of  Moresby. 
111.  Bridget,  married  Chrislupbcr  DiUsloii,  Enq.,  of  Acorn  Bonk. 

Sir  Henry  was  succeeded  by  his  second  son, 

Sir  George  Fi.etciiek,  I3art.,of  lliitl'>n,whowasaminoratthii 
limoof  his  father's  decea.sc.  Ho  was  educated  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford.  Sir  Geor^jo  was  twice  married  ;  llrst  to  Alice,  daughter 
of  Hugh  Earl  of  Coleraiue,  by  whom  ho  had  issue, 

■  See  Coekermouth,  page  ani. 


I.  Henrv,  his  heir. 

I.  Lucy,  muriicd  to  Francis,  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Bowes. 
II.  Catherine,  married  to  Lionel  Vune,  Esq.,  son  of  Su:  Lionel 

Vane,  of  Limg  Newton,  co.  Durfaaiu. 
III.  Alice,  who  died  unmarried,  in  1711. 

Sir  George,  married  secondly,  the  Lady  Mary -Johnston,  daughter 
of  the  Earl  of  Annandale,  and  widow  of  Sir  George  Graham, 
Bart.,  of  Netherby.    By  her  he  had  issue, 

I.  George,  a  colonel  who  served  in  the  army  abroad. 
II.  Thomas,  a  merchaut  in  London. 

1.  Stisaiiua. 
II.  Mary. 

These  four  all  died  without  issue.  Sir  George  was  knijbt  of 
the  shire  for  Cumberland  nearly  forty  years.  He  was  succeeded 
by  his  eldest  son  by  his  first  wife. 

Sir  Hesry  FliiTcher,  Bart ,  of  Hutton.  This  gentleman 
embraced  the  Catholic  religion,  and  becoming  weary  of  public 
life,  he  entered  a  monastery  of  English  monks  at  Douay  in 
Flanders,  where  he  died,  and  thus  the  title  and  male  lino  of  the 
elder  branch  of  the  family  became  extinct  Previous  to  bis 
going  abnad,  Sir  Henry  settled  all  his  property  on  a  distant 
relative,  Thomas  Fletcher,  Esq.,  of  .Moresby,  reserving  only  for 
himself  a  small  competency  for  life.  After  his  decease,  his 
sisters,  as  heirs-at-law,  commenced  a  suit  in  chancery  for  the 
whole  estate,  which  was  at  length  compromised  by  an  agreement 
that  Thomas  Fletcher,  Esq.,  should  enjoy  Hutton  and  some 
other  estates  for  life,  and  if  he  died  without  issue,  then  Henry 
Fletcher  Vane,  Esq.,  nephew  of  the  late  Sir  Henry  Fletcher, 
should  succeed  to  the  whole. 

Arim. — .\rg.,  a  cross  engrailed  sa.,  between  four  roundels  of  the 
second,  each  cliargcil  with  a  phcou  of  the  field. 
Crest.— k  horse's  head  arg.,  charged  with  a  trefoil  gu. 

yaiie  of  pulton  'fjall. 

The  Vnne  family  derives  its  origin  from  Howell  ap 
Vase,  Esq.,  of  Monmouthshire,  from  whom  lineally 
descended. 

Sir  Henry  Vane,  who  received  the  honour  of  knighthood  for 
his  distinguished  bravery  at  the  battle  of  Poicliers.  Sir  Henry 
married  Grace,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Sir  Stephen  de  la  Lekc, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

John  Vine,  Etq.  This  gentleman  married  Is.ibcl,  daughter  of 
^Valle^  Belloft,  Esq.,  and  co-heiress  of  Martin  St.  Owen,  ICsq. ; 
from  which  marriage  descended, 

Henry  Vase,  Esq.,  who  changed  his  sumamo  to  Fane,  and 
marrying  Isabel,  daughter  and  co-heiress  of  Henry  Porsall,  Esq., 
loft  three  sons  at  his  decease,  towards  tlio  close  of  the  fifteeolh 
century.     The  youngest  of  whom, 

John  Fanr,  Esq.,  oi"  Hildon,  co.  Kent,  married  Dorothy, 
daughter  of  John  Uartnall,  Esq.,  by  whom  hu  had  four  sons  and 
three  daughters.     From  the  eldest  son, 

UiciiAitn  Fane,  Esij  ,  of  Badshill,  Kent,  the  earls  of  West- 
moreland descend;  and  the  youngest, 

JoUN  Fank,  Esq.,  of  Tunbridge,  having  married  Joan, daughter 
nnd  lieiroaa  of  Sir  Edwanl  Hawte,  Knt.,  woi  succoedoJ  by  his 
oldest  son, 

Henry  Fane,  Esq.,  of  Iladloe,  co.  Kent,  who  married  Elixa- 
bcth,  daughter  of  Henry  White,  Esq.,  of  Chrislchurch,  co. 
Southam|itnn,  ami  relict  of  Sir  John  Ooodsalvo,  KnL,  aoil  was 
succeeded  by  his  ouly  son, 


564 


LEATH  WARD. 


Hesry  Faxe,  Esq.,  of  Hadloe,  who  married,  firstly,  Mary, 
daughter  and  heiress  of  Sir  '1  houias  Fane,  by  whom  he  had  no 
issue;  and,  secondly,  Margaret,  daughter  of  Koger  Twisden, 
Ksq.,  of  Eust  reckham ;  and  dying  in  15DC,  wus  succeeded  by 
bis  eldest  son, 

Sir  Henuy  Fane,  of  Eaby  Castle,  co.  Durham,  cofferer  to 
King  Charles  I.,  who  resumed  the  ancient  surname  of  Vase. 
This  gentleman  married  Frances,  daughter  and  co-heiress  of 
Thomas  Uarey,  Esq.,  of  Tolleshunt  Darcy,  co.  Esses,  by  whom 
he  hod  fourteen  children  ;  from  the  eldest  of  whom,  Sir  Henry 
Vane,  so  celebrated  during  the  Protectorate,  descends  the  Duke 
of  Cleveland  ;  while  the  second  son, 

Sir  George  Vane,  Knt.,  of  Long  N'ewton,  co.  Durham,  mar- 
rying Eliz.iheth,  only  daujliter  and  heiress  of  Sir  Lionel 
MadJison,  Knt.,  and  dying  in  IG79,  left  four  sons,  the  third  of 
whom, 

Lionel  Vase,  Esq.,  of  Long  Newton,  co.  Durham,  married 
Catherine,  daughter  of  Sir  George  Fletcher,  Bart.,  (a  grand- 
daughter, maternally,  of  Hugh  Hare,  1st  Viscount  Coleraine,  a 
dignity  which  expired  with  the  third  lord,  in  1749,)  by  whom  he 
had  issue, 

J.  GEonoE,  whose  only  son,  the  Rev.  Henry  Vane,  was  created 
a  baronet,  in  IT.vj,  niul  iiiniricd  Francis,  .Iniighter  imd  heir 
of  John  Tempest,  Esq.,  of  Slierbuni,  co.  Durham,  and  had 
an  only  son.  Sir  Hesky  Vase,  the  stcoml  baronet,  wlio 
assumed  the  sumiime  of  Te.mpest,  and  died  August  Isi, 
181:t,  when  the  baronetcT  expired,  he  having  left  an  only 
child,  Frances  .\nne,  married  to  Charles  William,  late 
Marquis  of  LuuduniKrrv,  fatlier,  by  her,  of  tile  present  Karl 
Vane. 

n.  Henry,  who  inheiited  the  estates  of  his  mother's  family,  and 
in  eonsi-cineuce  assumed  the  surname  of  Fletcher.  Ue'died, 
unmarried,  in  17U1. 

m.  Walter,  of  whom  presently. 

IV.  Lionel,  who  married  and  had  issue. 

I.  Mury.  married  to  John  Spearman,  Esq.,  of  SedgeCeld,  CO. 
Durham. 

The  third  son, 

Walter  Vane,  Esq.,  upon  the  demise  of  his  elder  brother, 
succeeded  U)  the  Ilutton  estates,  and  assumed,  in  consequence, 
the  additional  surname  of  Fletcher.  This  gentleman  married, 
firstly,  Mercy,  daughter  of  Samuel  Wright,  Esq.,  of  Wanstead, 
CO.  Es.sex,  by  whom  he  had  an  only  son,  his  successor;  and, 
secondly,  .Mary  Anne,  only  daughter  and  co-heiress  of  Godfrey 
Woodward,  Esq.,  of  Putney,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

L  GooFRET  Woodward,  of  Twyford,  CO.  Hants;  who  married, 
in  .April,  i;ti.t,  Sarah,  daughter  of  James  Bircli,  Esq,  of 
Coventry,  and  had  issue,  with  a  daughter,  Sarah,  three  sons, 

1.  William  Walter.        2.  George.        3.  Godfrey. 

n.  Walter,  of  London,  died  imtnarried. 

I.  Catherine,  married  in  September,  17G1,  to  .\rthur  Molesworth, 
E;q.,of  Bath. 

IL  Frances,  married  in  April,  KG-j,  to  Charles  Pdlmer,  Esq.,  and 

dud  August -.ilst,  1777. 
HI.  Uory  Anne,  died  unmarried. 

He  died  in  1775,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  sod, 

Lionel  Wright  Fletcher  Vane,  Esq.,  of  Ilutton  Hall, bom 
June  28th,  17-.>:f,  who  was  created  a  baronet  June  10th,  1786. 
He  married  Rachel,  daughter  of  David  Griffith,  Esq.,  of  Lland- 
kennen,  co.  Carmarthen,  by  whom  he  bad  issue, 

I.  Frederick,  second  baronet. 
II.  Walter,  who  lUcd  unmarried. 
I.  Catherine,  died  December  8d),  1813. 


II.  Rachel,  married  to  William  Walter  Vane,  Esq.,  of  CanGeld 
Hull,  c'u.  Essex;  und  died  lunuary  ^ih,  lbl4. 

Sir  Lionel  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Sir  Fredeiuck,  second  baronet,  born  February  27th,  1760; 
who  inarned  March  Dili,  1707,  Hannah,  daughter  of  John 
Bowerbank,  Esq.,  of  Johnby,  co.  Cumberland,  by  whom  he  had 
issue, 

I.  Walter,  unmarried,  who  died  of  woimds  received  in  the  sortie 

from  Uayuune,  m  l^U. 
II.  Francis,  third  baroneu 

lit.  Frederick  lleury,au  utiicer  in  the  army;  bomMay  I8tb,1807. 
1.  llaimuh. 

II.  Sophia  Mary. 

Sir  Frederick  died  in  March,  1832,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
eldest  surviving  son, 

Sir  Francis,  third  baronet ;  bom  March  29th,  1797;  married 
April  10th,  Itf-i'i,  Diana  Olivia,  third  daughter  of  Charles  George 
BeauclerkgEsq.,  of  St.  Leonard's  Lodge,  Uorshuni,  and  had  issue, 

I.  Henry  Ralpb,  present  baroneL 
II.  Frederick  Fletcher,  bom  December  12lh,  1832. 
I.  Gertrude  Elizabeth. 

Sir  Francis  died  February  15tli,  1»42,  and  was  succeeded  'oy 
his  son. 

Sir  Henry  Ralph  Fletcher,  fourth  baronet,  bom  January 
13th,  1830. 


I  Creo/ion.— June  10th,  H.Se. 

I  Arms. — Kz.,  three  sinister  g&tinllets,  two  and  one,  or. 

I  CVf.s(. — .\  dexter  gauntlet,  erect,  holding  a  sword,  all  ppr.,  pommel 

ami  hdt,  or. 
I  Seats. — Ilutton  Hall  and  .\nuathwaite. 

The  small  mauor  of  I\Jorton  in  the  northern  part  of 
this  parish  is  the  property  of  the  Duke  of  Devoushire. 

THE  church. 

Hutton  church,  detiicated  to  St.  James,  is  situated 
near  the  hall.  It  was  erected  in  1714  upon  the  site 
of  a  previous  church,  and  consists  of  a  nave  and  chancel, 
with  bell  turret  at  the  west  end.  There  is  a  cross  at 
the  east  end  of  the  nave,  which  probably  belongs  to 
the  previous  church.  In  the  chancel  are  several  mural 
roouuments  to  members  of  the  Vane  aud  Fletcher 
families.  Under  a  flat  arched  recess,  on  the  north 
side,  is  a  tomb  with  a  cross-florc'C ;  and  in  the  church- 
yard there  is  a  gravestone,  bearing  a  cross-flortie,  on 
oue  side  of  which  is  a  large  horn,  on  the  other  a  shield 
charged  with  a  crescent  on  a  canton  ;  it  is  supposed  to 
mark  the  last  resting  place  of  one  of  the  Hutton  family. 
According  to  Bishop  Xicolson,  this  church  was  anciently 
called  the  chapel  of  Hutton-in-ihe-Forest,  but  it  has 
been  for  several  ages  reputed  a  rectory.  Eobert  de 
Vaux  gave  the  church  aud  one  carucate  of  land  at 
Hutton  to  the  priory  of  St.  Mary,  Carliale,  which  grant 
was  confirmed  by  Henry  II.  and  afterwards  by  Edward 
n.     In  the  ta.\atiou  of  Pope  Nicholas,  the  church  is 


BUTTON -IN- THE- FOBEST  PARISH. 


505 


valued  at  .£1  2s.  Id.:  and  iii  the  reign  of  Edward  II. 
at  £'2  ;  iu  the  King's  Book  it  is  returned  at  £18  lOs.  Id. 
It  was  certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty  at  £39  10s.  2  J.,  but  is  now  worth  ,£120  per 
annum.  Ou  the  suppression  of  the  religious  houses, 
the  patronage  of  the  living  passed  from  the  prior  and 
convent  of  Carlisle  to  the  dean  and  chapter,  in  whom 
it  is  still  vested.  The  parish  registers  commence  in 
1643. 

Rectors. — John  Je  Boulton  occurs  1203  ;  Sir  Ricliard, ; 

Sir  Robert  Parving,  130!);  Sir  Robert  de  Lowtlier,  1309;  Sir 
Joliu  de  Welton,  1381;  Sir  Robert  Thorp  occurs  UC5  ;  John 
Deyne  occurs  153.");  Sir  Richard  Tolson,  died  1560;  .\nthony 
Walkwood,  I.'iOa;  Sir  William   Lawson,  1013;  Thomas  Todd 

occurs  ICJl;  —  Jackson,  ;  Nicholas  Thonilinson,  1083; 

Joshua  Harrow,  1095  ;  William  Kilner,  1728;  Siuulford  Tathara, 
1752;  Browne  Grisdale,  1777;  Solomon  Lcwthwaite,  1788; 
Samuel  Hudson,  1811;  William  Sharpe,  1811;  William  White- 
lock,  1855. 

There  was  formerly  a  chantry  chapel  at  Bramra,  in 
this  county,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary.  It  was  erected  by 
Thomas  de  Capella,  and  appears  to  have  fallen  into 
neglect  at  a  very  early  period,  for  we  learn  from  a  peti- 
tion of  Thomas  de  llutton,  iu  1 301,  that  the  lands  with 
which  it  had  been  endowed  had  been  wasted  and 
untillcd.  In  consequence  of  this,  the  Thomas  do 
Huttou  just  mentioned  obtained  permission  from  the 
Bishop  of  Carlisle  to  erect  a  new  chautry,  dedicated  to 
the  Blessed  Virgin  ilary,  within  the  parish  church  of 
St.  James,  at  Hutton,  and  which  he  endowed  with 
forty-four  acres  of  land,  and  si.v  messuages,  in  addition 
to  tiie  lands  formerly  possessed  by  the  chantry  of  St. 
llary,  at  Bramra.  The  right  of  presentation  was 
reserved  to  Thomas  de  llutton  and  his  heirs  for  ever. 
Dr.  Todd  informs  us  that,  in  11  Hi,  William  do  Bolton, 
perpetual  chaplain  of  the  chapel,  as  he  styled  himself, 
complained  to  the  Council  of  Constance,  the  Holy  See 
being  then  vacant,  that  certain  unkiiowu  persons  had 
sacrilegiously  robbed  his  ciianli'y  of  vestments,  chalices, 
and  books,  and  that  it  hud  been  defrauded  of  lands  and 
tithes;  whereupon  the  council  send  a  mandate  to  the 
Bishop  of  Ciirlisle,  enjoining  him  to  excommunicate  all 
who  were  concerned  in  the  sacrilege.  In  the  King's 
Book,  the  chantry  is  set  down  as  wortli  i'O  Ms.  lOd. 
After  the  dissolution  of  chantries,  Edward  VI.,  by 
letters  patent,  bearing  d:ito  December  l^lh,  1548, 
granted  to  Thomas  Brende,  in  free  socage,  this  chantry, 
with  the  lands,  messuages,  and  tenements  appertaining 
(hereto. 


CIUniTIES. 

The  School. — This  school  is  endowed  with  a  messuage 
and  lands  in  Marwhinns,  left  in  1715,  by  Thomas 
Fletcher,  Esq.,  and  others,  which  baring  been  increased 
on  the  enclosure  of  Inglewood  Forest,  the  estate  now 
consists  of  about  fifteen  acres,  let  for  £20  a  year.  Sir 
H.  K.  Vane  is  sole  trustee.  The  school  is  attended  by 
about  forty  children,  who  pay  a  small  quarterage. 

Dockray's  Gift. — John  Dockray,  who  was  buried  in 
1737,  left  ten  shillings  a  year,  to  be  disUibutcd  to  the 
poor  at  Christmas. 

There  were,  until  lately,  at  Upper  Row,  ou  the 
Common,  the  vestiges  of  Colliuson  Castle,  an  ancient 
fortification  about  300  feet  square,  with  a  ditch  thirty 
feet  wide,  and  a  trench  four  feet  deep.  Several  hand- 
mill  stones  have  been  found ;  but  even  tradition  is 
silent  respecting  the  structure  which  formerly  stood 
here.  On  the  0th  August,  1051,  Charles  I.  passed 
through  this  parish  ou  his  journey  to  Scotland,  by  way 
of  Dalston  and  Penrith.  Dr.  Todd  tells  us  he  had 
the  honour  to  wait  upon  his  majesty;  and  Lady  Fletcher, 
whose  husband  had  been  slain  at  the  battle  of  liowtou 
Heath,  sent  refreshments  to  the  king  and  his  suite. 
Dr.  Todd  adds,  "  the  king,  who  looked  very  pale  and 
pensive,  was  seated  iu  a  coach  with  some  of  the  Scotch 
nobility,  intent  on  a  map  of  the  country  which  was 
spread  before  him.  His  majesty  was  guarded  by  a  body 
of  higlilanders."  Tradition  says  that  Charles  drank  of 
a  well  that  is  near  the  site  of  Collinson  Castle. 

Elfa  Hills  arc  two  singular  ranges  of  gravel  mounds, 
twenty-five  yards  high  and  two  furlongs  in  length. 
They  are  surrounded  by  a  low  and  swampy  ground, 
where  many  marks  of  trenches  appear,  and  where 
quantities  of  human  bones  have  been  found,  aud  are 
supposed  to  have  served  as  a  place  of  interment  for 
soldiers.  Two  urns,  filled  with  ashes,  were  found  iu 
1785,  at  Blencow  Bank. 

TUOMAS    CLOSE. 

The  area  is  returned  with  the  parish,  as  is  also  the 
rateable  value.  The  population  was  returueil  with 
lIuttou-in-the-Forest  iu  1801;  iu  181 1,  it  was  77  ;  iu 
1821,  05  ;  in  1831,  100:  in  1841,  99;  and  in  1831, 
112;  who  reside  iu  houses  dispersed  over  the  township. 
The  manor  is  held  under  the  Duke  of  Devonshire. 
Messrs.  Robert  Barton,  I'nincis  Bell,  \Yilliam  Boll, 
and  Mrs.  Stockbridgu  are  the  priucipal  landowners. 
The  township  was  enclosed  in  1803. 

Market  Gate  is  a  hamlet  iu  this  township. 


5GG 


LKATH   WARD. 


KIRKLAND   PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  l)v  Oiisby  and  Addinsham,  on  tlie  west  by  the  river  Eden  and  Langwathby 
parish,  on  the  south  by  Crowilnndule  Bock,  which  divides  iho  counlies  of  (lunberland  and  Westmoreland,  and  on 
the  east  by  Cross  Fell  and  the  manor  of  Tyno  Head.  The  soil  in  Kirkland  and  Culgaith  is  deep  and  ferlile,  at 
Skiruith  Jiglit  and  sandy,  and  at  Blencarn  a  strong  clay.  Coal  and  lead  are  found  in  the  parish.  Cross  Fell  is 
2,900  feet  above  the  k-vcl  of  the  sea,  and  is  said  to  have  been  originally  designated  Fiend's  Fell,  from  the  common 
belief  that  evil  spirits  had  tbeir  haunt  upon  it,  until  St.  Pauliuus  erected  a  cross  and  built  an  altar  ou  the  summit, 
where  be  celebrated  mass,  and  thus  drove  away  tlie  demons.  Since  that  time  it  has  borne  the  name  of  Cross  Fell, 
and  the  people  in  the  neighbourhood  style  a  heap  of  stones  lying  there.  The  .\kar  upon  Cross  Fell.  The  population, 
who  are  entirely  agricultural,  reside  chiefly  in  the  villages  of  Blencarn  and  Kirkland,  and  are,  generally  speaking, 
educated  and  cleanly.  The  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Kirkland  and  Blencarn,  Skirwith,  and  the  chapclry 
of  Culgaith.     I'cnrith  is  the  market  usuall/  attended.    The  area  of  the  parish  is  0,!jG1  acres. 

a  bell  turret,  containing  two  bolls.     The  old  church. 


KIBKLA.ND   AND    Bl.EXCAllN. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  included  in  the  parish 
returns;  its  rateable  value  is  il, 033  10s.  ll^^d. ;  viz.: 
£1,910  ISs.  8d.  for  Blencarn,  and  £413  I2s.  3id.  for 
Kirkland.  In  1801  it  comprised  188  inhabitants ;  in 
1811,173;  iulSai,->17;  in  1831,312;  iu  1811,233; 
and  in  1801,  190. 

The  manor  of  ivirkknd  is  small,  contiining  only  about 
fourteen  enfinncbised  tenements,  held  under  Lady  Ic 
Fleming,  of  Rydal,  Westmoreland. 

The  manor  of  Blencarn  formed,  in  ancient  times,  a 
parcel  of  the  barony  of  Adam  Fitz-Siveyn,  and  as  such 
was  held  by  the  Neville  family.  A  portion  was  subse- 
quently held  by  the  priory  of  Carlisle,  iu  free  alms. 
About  the  reign  of  King  Juhn  we  find  the  Wlutbys 
and  Thursbys  as  possessors,  each  family  holding  a 
moiety.  In  the  year  1220  Evan  de  Vipont  and  Sibell 
Thursby,  his  wife,  gave  si.-c  borates  of  land,  in  Blencarn, 
to  Bernard  Thursby  ;  and  in  1278  he  granted  a  portion 
of  the  same  to  tho  priory  of  Carlisle.  The  remuinder 
descended  to  Edmund  Boyville,  his  second  son,  who 
sold  it  to  John  Ilercla,  but  it  became  forfeited  to  the 
crown  on  the  attainder  of  Audrew  dc  Hurcla,  and  was 
afterwards  granted  to  William  Laugley,  or  English, 
whose  heiress  brought  it  to  the  RestwolJs,  from  whom 
it  passed  by  sale  to  the  Lough  family.  The  tenants 
were  enfranchised  by  Lough  Carlton,  Esq.,  in  1792. 
The  manor  vvas  divided  between  his  two  nieces,  and 
co-heiresses,  and  is  now  held  by  Messw.  Fydeli  and 
Tufuoll.  The  landowners  of  the  township  are  Lady  le 
Fleming,  Messrs.  Fydeil  and  Tufuell,  Joseph  SalkelJ, 
Esq.;  John  Atkinson,  Thomas  Atkinson,  WilUam 
Clark,  John  Cannon,  and  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Bart. 

The  village  of  Iviikland  is  about  ten  miles  east-by- 
north  of  Penrith. 

TOE    CBtmCH. 

Kirkland  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Lawrence,  was 
rebuilt  in  1768,  and  consists  of  a  nave  and  chancel,  with 


which  was  an  edifice  of  considerable  size,  contained  the 
mutilated  efRgy  of  a  man  in  armour,  which  is  built  in 
the  wall  on  tho  north  side  of  the  door,  at  the  west  end 
of  the  present  church.  The  ancient  piscina  still 
remains  in  the  chancel ;  and  there  is  a  stone  cross  with 
steps  in  the  church  yard.  The  church  contains  several 
mural  monuments  to  the  memory  of  dilferent  members 
of  the  Fleming,  Salkcld,  and  Yates  families.  The 
benefice  was  anciently  in  the  patronage  of  the  bishops 
of  Carlisle,  and  was  rectorial  till  the  reign  of  Henry  VI , 
when  it  was  granted,  and  soon  afterwards  appropriated, 
to  the  prior  and  convent  of  Carlisle.  It  is  now  a  vicar- 
age, in  the  patronage  of  the  d  an  and  chapter,  and  is 
worth  about  £220  a  year — its  value  in  the  King's  Book 
is  £8  lOs.     The  parish  registers  commence  in  1043. 

Eectods. — AJam  de  Newcastle,  1291;  Sir  Gilbert  de  Ualogh- 
ton,  1303;  William  de  Denton  occurs  1336 ;  John  do  LaDgholnic 
occurs  1372  ;  John  de  Penrclb,  1379. 

Vicars. — Thomas  Bjrkhcdc  occurs  1535;  Sir  Thomas 
Aglionby,  died  1581;  Anthony  Gosling,  15.S1;  John  EoMiison, 
resigned  1031 ;  Edwnrd  Slegg,  1031  ;  John  Ardrey,  1081 ;  Hugh 
Todd,  ICtil;  Daniel  Mayer,  1G85;  Nathaniel  Spooner,  1CU4; 
George  Fleming,  1703;  John  Christopherson,  1717;  Edward 
nirket,  1720;  Henry  Richardson,  170S;  Joseph  GiUbanks,  1785; 
Itichard  Eice,  1820  ;  James  Webster  Huntley,  183li. 


CIIAr.ITIES. 

Gate's  Gift. — Thomas  Gate,  about  1708,  bequeathed 
£10  for  the  use  of  tho  poor  of  tho  township  of  Kirkland 
and  Blencarn. 

SalMdS  G//"^— Thomas  Salkcld,  by  will  dated  July 
11th,  1753,  left  £100  for  the  use  of  the  poor  of  the 
same  township. 

I'oor  Stock. — There  is  also  a  poor  stock  of  £12, 
being  money  left  in  small  legacies  for  the  same  purpose. 

Carltton's  Gift. — Lough  Carleton,  Esq.,  who  died  in 
1 702,  left  £20  to  the  poor  of  the  above-named  township. 


KIRKLAND  PAlUSn. 


567 


SKIUWITH. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £2,303  1  Ts.  fi  J. ; 
its  area  is  returned  with  the  pnrisli.  The  popuhitioa 
in  1801  was  ISO;  in  1811,  2(10;  in  1831,  238;  in 
1831,  290;  in  1841,  293;  and  in  1851,  288;  who 
chiefly  reside  in  Skirwith  village. 

The  fiiNt  recorded  possessor  of  Skirwith  manor  is 
Jordan  S[)iggurnel,  who  held  lands  here  in  tho  reign 
of  King  John.  Tho  manor  subsequenily  came  to  the 
Fitz- Walter  family,  one  of  whom,  Robert  Fit/,- Walter, 
held  it  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  and  Henry  III.  In 
1331  we  find  it  held  by  John  de  Luneaster,  from  whom 
it  passed  by  inheritance  to  his  cousin  Richard,  whose 
heir  gave  it  by  fmc  to  William  do  Lancaster,  whose 
heir  brought  it  in  marriage  to  the  Crackenthorpe  family. 
It  continued  in  tho  latter  family  for  some  genera- 
tions till  the  throe  daughter  of  John  Crackenthorpe 
brought  it  in  marriage  to  the  lluttons,  Sandfords, 
and  Middlctons,  in  the  latter  of  whom  the  possession 
of  the  entire  manor  eventually  settled  ;  for  we  find  that 
in  the  35ih  lieury  VIII.  (ir)13-4)  Ambrose  Middleton 
and  Anno  his  wife,  in  right  of  the  said  Anne,  held  the 
capital  messuage  and  town  of  Skirwith  of  the  king  in 
capite,  paying  yearly  for  tho  same  4s.  4d.  cornagc. 
From  the  Jliddletons  it  passed  by  a  coheir  to  the  Hut- 
tons,  from  wliom  it  was  purchased,  in  1000,  by  Agnes, 
widow  of  \V.  Fleming,  Esq.,  of  Rydal,  whose  descendant, 
Sir  Michael  le  Fleming,  enfranchised  the  tenants.  It 
is  now  held  by  La  ly  lo  F'lemiug,  of  Rydal  llall,  West- 
moreland. Skirwith  Hall,  the  manor  house,  was  taken 
down  in  17!lj,  and  a  farm-house  built  on  its  site. 

iJunk  is  another  manor  in  this  township,  which  has 
long  been  Ik-id  by  the  Crackenthorpe  family,  who 
formerly  resided  at  Bank  Hall,  tho  manor  house. 

Tho  [)riiicipal  landowners  are  Lady  le  Fleming,  Rev. 
C.  Parker,  William  Crackenthorpe,  Esq.;  Mrs.  Blaraire, 
Rev.  B.  Porteus,  Jliss  Hodgson,  John  Sanderson,  John 
Jaokson,  Ilev.  Thomas  Jackson,  Thomas  Spedding, 
Thomas  Ui.\on,  and  John  Wilkinson. 

Skirwith  Abbey,  tho  residence  of  tho  Rev.  C.  Parker, 
in  a  modern  mansion,  traditionally  stated  to  bo  erected 
on  tlio  site  of  a  religious  house,  probably  belonging  to 
tho  Knights  Templars.  It  formerly  belonged  to  the 
Aglionbys  of  Nunnery,  from  whom  it  was  purchased  in 
1822,  by  the  lute  William  Parker,  I'.-q. 

Tho  village  of  Skirwith  is  large  and  irregularly  built, 
on  both  sides  of  a  small  rivulet,  three  and  a  half  miles 
north  of  Toniplo  Sowerby,  and  seven  miles  east-by-north 
of  Penrith. 

THE  cnunon. 

Skirwith  church,  which  has  been  tho  thrmo  of 
univorsal   admiration,  was  consecrated   bj   tho  Lord 


Bishop  of  Carlisle,  on  Thursday,  the  25th  of  August, 
1859.      It  is  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Evangelist; 
and  was  founded  by  the  late  William  Parker,  Esq ,  of 
Skirwith  Abbey,  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  population 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  his  residence,  but  at  a 
considerable  distance  from  the  parish  church  of  Kirk- 
land.     It  consi->ts  of  a  nave,  south  aisle,  chancel,  tower 
and  spire  at  west  end  of  south  aisle,  and  vestry.     The 
stylo  of  the  church  is  Decorated  Gothic  of  the  fourteenth 
century  ;   it  is  built  of  Skirwith  stone,  obtained  near 
the  site,  laid  in  even  courses,  and  axe-dressed  ou  the 
face,  with  Lazonby  stone  for  all  the  dressings,  windows, 
doors,  internal  columns  and  arches,  and  other  details. 
The  spire  also  is  carried  up  in  this  stone,  and  has  been 
purposely  kept  low,  to  avoid  the  too  great  action  of  the 
winds,  known  in  this  neighbourhood  as  the  Helm  winds. 
The  belfrey  is  furnished  with  a  peal  of  three  well-toned 
bells,  manufactured  by  Jlsssrs.  Mears,  of  London.  The 
interior  has  been  considerably  altered  in  its  character 
from  what  was   originally  intended   by  the   late   Sir. 
Parker,  a  more  ornate  and  decorated  character  having 
been  given  to  it  by  desire  of  his  successor,  the  Rev.  C. 
Pai-ker,  present  patron,   and   first   incumbent.      The 
church  will  accommodate  upwards  of  200  persons.    The 
seats  in  the  nave  are  of  deal,  stained  and  varnished, 
with    plain    bench    ends.      The    remaining    fittings, 
including  lectern,  desk,  and  pulpit,  are  of  wainscot; 
the  base  of  pulpit  being  of  Caen  stone,  with  marble 
shafts  and  carved  capitals.     These  fittings  are  enriched 
with  tracery  and  carving  of  an  appropriate  character. 
The  font  is  of  Caen  stone,  with  wainscot  crocketted 
cover.      The  roofs  of  the  nave  and  aisle  are  of  deal, 
with  framed  principals.      The  chancel  roof  is  also  of 
deal,  consisting  of  a  scries  of  framed  rafters  and  collars, 
with  sudden  purlins  at  the  insertions :  both  roofs  are 
covered  with  batten,  boarding,  and  felt,  and  the  wholo 
are  stained  and  varnished.     The  chancel  is  fitted  up 
with  stalls  on  cither  side,  with  bench  ends  and  carved 
fiuial  tops,  and  elaborately  tracericd  and  carved  fronts. 
The  communion  table  is  also  of  wainscot  similar  in 
character,  and  tho  rercdos  over  the  same,  and  on  each 
side  of  the  east  window  is  of  wainscot  w  ith  small  bands, 
shafts,  and  capitals,  with  arched  and  triangular  heads, 
crocketted  with  vino  leaves,  and  enriched  with  maple, 
passion  flowers,  and  shields,  with  the  instrument  of  tho 
I'assion  carved  in  relief.     The  panels  below  the  arches 
are  diapered  in  wainscot,  with  medallions  in  tho  centre 
containing  highly  relieved  repriscntations  of  the  Evan- 
gelists, and  the  sacred  Monogram.     Tho  sides  of  tho 
chancel  are  panelled  in  wainscot,  and  within  tbo  com- 
munion rails,  which  are  of  polished  brrjs,  by  Potter,  of 
Loudon,  are  two  wainscot  sedilia  and  a  carroJ  and 


508 


LEATH  WARD. 


enriclied  chnir.  Tlie  flior  of  the  chancel  is  laid  with 
Mintoii'j  Eiioaustii;  Tile  Pavement,  with  Kilkenny 
polished  marble  steps,  and  the  walls  above  the  panelling 
are  dinpored  in  colour  by  Castell,  of  London.  The 
whole  of  the  windows  are  of  stained  glass  by  Wailos,  of 
Newcastle.  That  above  the  communion  tabic,  a  beau- 
tiful composition  on  the  words,  "  Suffer  little  children 
to  come  unto  me,"  is  a  memorial  window,  and  on  a 
brass  near  it  is  placed  the  following  inscription  : — 

"  I.  H.  S." 
"  This  chnrch,  dedicated  in  honour  of  the  Holy  Evangelist 
St.  John,  was  fininded  and  endowed  by  \Yilliani  Parker,  hite  of 
Skirwith  Abbey,  in  the  county  of  Cnniberland,  Esquire,  and 
completed  by  the  Reverend  Christopher  I'arker,  M.A.,  the  pre- 
sent patron,  in  the  year  of  onr  Lord,  1859,  who  also  caused  the 
east  window  lo  be  filled  with  stained  glass,  in  grateful  memorj- 
of  his  relative,  who  died  January  22nd,  1850." 
" Lais  Deo." 

The  side  chancel  windows  are  filled  with  small  sub- 

• 
jects,  illustrating  passages  in  the  life  of  the  Saviour,  in 

medallions.  The  east  window  in  the  south  aisle  con- 
tains full  length  figures  of  St.  Poter  and  Paul  undur 
canopies,  and  the  remaining  windows  are  filled  with 
rich  borders  and  medallions  containing  angels  bearing 
scrolls,  with  diapered  quarries  between.  The  Com- 
mandmonts  are  placed  on  either  side  of  the  west 
window,  and  the  Creed  and  Lord's  Prayer  by  lectern 
and  pulpit,  the  whole  richly  illuminated.  Suitable 
texts  are  written  over  the  chancel  arch,  east  window, 
and  other  parts.  The  total  cost  of  the  church,  glebe 
house  and  olfices  for  future  incumbent,  repair  fund  and 
endowment,  will  amount  to  abont  £9,000.  Alessrs. 
Francis,  of  London,  are  the  architects,  and  the  whole 
of  the  works,  except  those  specified  above,  have  been 
executed  under  their  saperintendence  by  Jlessrs.  James 
and  Son,  of  Penrith.  A  handsome  set  of  communion 
plate,  consisting  of  flagon,  chalice,  and  paten,  the  gift 
of  "Sirs.  Parker,  bears  the  following  inscription  : — "  An 
offering  to  St.  John's  Church,  Skirwith.  S.  P."  1859." 
An  harmonium  has  also  been  supplied  to  assist  the 
village  choir  in  the  musical  part  of  the  services. 

The  Wcsleyans  have  a  chapel  here. 

The  village  school  is  a  small  but  neat  building, 
erected  by  subscription  in  1828.  It  is  endowed  with 
£20  a  year,  given  by  Lady  le  Fleming.  The  average 
number  of  pupils  in  attendance  is  thirty-five. 


Mrs.  BrammlVs  Gift. — The  poor  of  this  township 
are  entitled  to  a  rent  charge  of  20s.  given  by  Mrs. 
Sarah  Bramwell,  who  was  also  a  benefactor  to  the  poor 
of  Penrith. 


Puor  Stock. — The  poor  of  Skirwith  are  also  benefitted 
bv  a  poor  stock  amounting  to  ilUl. 

CULGAITH. 

Culgaith,  formerly  Culgaithc,  or  Culgarthe  (probably 
derived  from  cul,  the  back;  guirt,  of  the  garden,  or 
the  end  of  the  open  country)  is  a  township  and  chapelry, 
containing  an  area  of  2,890  acres:  and  its  rateable 
value  is  .£a,'114.  The  population  in  1801  was  254;  in 
1811,  236;  in  1821,  257;  in  1831,  257;  in  1841. 
301;  and  in  1851,  355.  A  survey  of  the  township 
was  made  in  the  year  1851  for  the  commutation  of  the 
lithe.  The  common  and  waste  grounds,  containing 
1,580  acres,  were  enclosed  in  the  year  1773.  The 
popiJation  principally  reside  in  the  village  of  Culgaith — 
there  are  four  or  five  detached  farm-houses.  The  popu- 
lation is  for  the  most  part  employed  in  agriculture,  but 
a  few  are  employed  in  a  small  tilery. 

The  manor  of  Culgaith  was  part  of  the  barony  given, 
or  confirmed,  by  Henry  I.  to  Adam  Fitz-Sweyu,  son  of 
Alaric,  which  barony  was  held  of  the  king,  by  payment 
of  £5  12s.  cornage.  The  two  daughters  of  Adam  Fitz- 
Sweyn,  Amabil  and  Jlatilda,  were  respectively  married 
to  Alexander  Crevaguer  and  Adam  de  Montbcgon. 
Alexander  de  Crevaguer  gave  to  the  monks  of  Wetheral 
his  moiety  of  the  mill  of  Culgaith,  "  with,"  say  Nicolson 
and  Burn,  "  the  miller  and  his  family."  After  the 
demise  of  Alexander  de  Crevaguer,  Amabil  married 
William  Neville,  from  whom  her  share  passed  to  the 
Burgo  famil}',  but  it  appears  to  have  reverted  to  the 
Nevilles,  as  we  find  that  in  the  10th  Henry  III. 
(1231-32)  Gilbert  de  Neville  and  Mabel,  his  wife,  held 
a  moiety  of  Culgaith.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  a 
place  in  Culgaith,  called  Kirklanders,  or  Kirkandrews, 
with  wood  and  land  adjoining,  was  conveyed  by  Simon, 
abbot  of  St.  Marys  at  i'ork,  to  Sir  Michael  de  Hercla, 
Knt.,  as  we  learn  from  a  record  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  II.,  in  which  it  is  stated,  that  Sir  Jlichael 
agreed  to  give  a  yearly  rent  of  forty  shillings  for  it  to 
the  monks  of  Wetheral,  though  the  estate  was  only 
worth  ten  shillings  per  annum,  because  it  was  a  desirable 
situation  for  his  own  residence.  This  Sir  Michael  was 
father  of  Sir  Andrew  de  Hercla,  earl  of  Carlisle,  who  was 
attainted  in  1323.  The  Kirkandrews  estate  is  now 
held  by  W.  Crackenthorpe,  Esq.  The  share  held  by  the 
Hercla  family  was  granted  by  Edward  II.  to  Sir 
Christopher  Moresby,  Knt.;  on  whose  death,  in  1348, 
an  inquisition  finds,  that  the  said  Christopher  died 
seised  of  the  manor  of  Culgaith,  boldeu  of  Robert 
Neville,  of  Hornby,  who  held  it  in  capite,  by  the  service 
of  IGs.  8d.  cornage.  From  Sir  Christopher  it  descended 
to  the  Lady  Knevett,  heir  general  of  the  Pickerings 


KIRKLAND    PARISH. 


569 


and  Moresbys,  vlio  sold  the  same  to  Henry  Cracken- 
thorpe,  Esq.,  of  Ncwbiggin,  and  the  lands  to  four 
fcoflfces,  (one  estate  only  excepted,  which  is  held  of  the 
late  Earl  of  Thanet's  manor  of  Milburne  Grange,) 
reserving  a  free  rent  of  £'28  -Is.  Id.,  which  she  after- 
wards sold  to  the  Dalstons  of  Acorn  Bank.  This  rent 
was  purchased  by  Matthew  Atkinson,  Esq.,  of  Temple 
Sowerby,  who  sold  it  to  William  Parker,  Esq.,  of  Skir- 
with  Abbey ;  it  is  now  the  property  of  the  Rev.  C. 
Parker.  The  principal  landowners  are  the  Rev.  C. 
Parker,  W.  Crackenthorpe,  Esq. ;  Colonel  Maclean, 
the  trustee  of  the  late  J.  D.  Boazraan ;  J.  H.  Sewell, 
John  Richardson,  Mrs.  Westmoreland,  G.  Gibson,  Esq.; 
R.  W.  Saunders,  Esq. ;  Mrs.  Williamson. 

Culgaith  is  a  long  straggling  village,  beautifully 
situated  on  the  top  of  an  eminence  above  the  river 
Eden,  commanding  an  extensive  prospect  on  every  side. 

THE   CHAPEL. 

Culgaith  chapel,  dedicated  to  All  Saints,  is  said  to 
have  been  founded  in  ancient  times  by  the  lord  of  the 
manor.  The  present  building  was  erected  in  1758,  on 
the  site  of  the  ancient  chapel,  which  had  fallen  into 
decay.  It  is  a  plain  but  neat  cruciform  structure ;  over 
the  door  is  a  window,  with  two  lights,  trefoiled,  with 
square  head,  which  seems  to  have  been  part  of  the 
ancient  edifice,  the  only  remnant  which  has  been  pre- 
served. The  western  gable  is  surmounted  by  a  turret, 
with  one  bell.  The  west  end  of  the  chapel  is  covered 
with  ivy.  The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the 
patronage  of  the  Vicar  of  Kirkland.  On  the  death  of 
the  Rev.  John  Brown,  in  1791,  the  right  of  presentation 
was  claimed  by  the  inhabitants,  but  after  some  demur, 
the  vicar  was  allowed  to  present.  The  value  of  the 
living  was  returned  to  Queen  Anne's  Bour.ty,  in  the 
year  17:39,  at  i'O  ;  in  171'.!,  at  I'll.  In  1777,  by  grants 
from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  and  legacies  and  gifts  from 
several  individuals,  it  had  increased  in  value  to  £bO. 
In  ISi;!,  the  sum  of  i'lO  a  year  was  granted  by  the 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  in  augmentation  of  the 
living.  It  is  now  worth  about  £91  a  year.  Prior  to 
the  incumbency  of  the  Rev.  John  Brown,  the  chapel 
seems  to  have  been  served  by  schoolmasters  in  orders ; 


the  poverty  of  the  endowment,  which  then  arose  chiefly 
from  a  small  payment  called  chapel  wages,  rendering 
this  arrangement  necessary.  Chapel  wages,  amounting 
to  £1  18s.  a  year,  are  still  paid  by  certain  tenements  in 
the  chapelry.  The  rectorial  tithes  of  the  township  are 
held  by  the  landowners,  under  a  lease  from  the  dean 
and  chapter  of  Carlisle  —  of  which  twelve  years  are 
yet  (1859)  unexpired.  At  the  termination  of  the  lease 
the  tithes  will  amount  to  i'215  Ss.  3d.  a  year,  having 
been  commuted  in  the  year  1851.  The  vicarial  tithes, 
recovered  by  the  Vicar  of  Kirkland,  after  much  litiga- 
tion, amount  to  about  £'31  a  year.  The  registers 
commence  in  1758  —  prior  to  that  date  they  were 
included  in  the  registers  of  Kirkland.  Marriages  are 
not  at  present  solemnised  in  this  chapel,  though  it 
appears  from  the  registers  that  they  were  from  1758  to 
1803. 

Incdmeents.— John  Brown,  1740 ;  John  Clarko  Gilbanks, 
1791  ;i  Robert  Keen,  18:?7;  George  Wilkinson  .\tkinson,  1852. 

1  The  following  were  curates  under  Hev.  J.  C.  Gilbanks:— Robert 
Pearson,  1820.20;  W.  P.  King,  1S28;  Henry  Robinson,  1827;  John 
Brownrigg  Harrison,  1820. 

The  Wesleyans  have  a  place  of  worship  in  the  village. 

There  is  a  free  school,  endowed  with  100  acres  of 
land,  at  the  enclosure  of  the  commons  in  1773,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  townships  of  Culgaith  and  Blencam. 
Owing  to  the  debt  of  money  borrowed  for  the  enclosure 
of  the  allotment  and  erection  of  buildings  not  being 
paid  off,  the  master's  salary  arising  from  the  estate  is 
only  £28  a  year.  It  is  however  augmented  by  a 
voluntary  subscription  of  £8  a  vear. 

Millrigg,  formerly  the  residence  of  the  Dalstons  of 
Acorn  Bank,  Westmoreland,  is  now  occupied  as  a  farm- 
house. 

CHARITV. 

Dover's  Charity. — Daniel  Dover  gave  to  the  township 
of  Culgaith  £00,  with  an  order  that  the  interest  annually 
arising  from  it  should  be  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of 
bread,  to  be  distributed  weekly,  for  ever,  among  such 
of  the  poor  of  the  said  township  as  should  frequent 
divine  service,  by  the  chapel  warden. 

Two  other  small  bequests,  left  by  James  Unthank 
and  William  Bowerbank,  have  been  lost. 


IT 


570 


LEATH  WAED. 


KIRKOSWALD   PARISH. 

■Rrn  parish  of  Kirlcoswald,  which  is  about  six  and  a  half  miles  in  length  by  four  in  breadth,  is  bounded  on  the  east 
by  the  parish  of  Renwick  and  tho  Cross  Fell  range  of  mountains  ;  on  the  west  by  the  river  Eden,  \yliich  separates 
it  from  the  parish  of  Lazonby;  on  the  north  by  the  stream  of  the  Croglin,  which  divides  it  from  the  parishes  of 
Ainstahle  and  Croglin  :  and  on  the  south  by  the  rivulet  called  Dale  Raughen,  which  separates  it  from  the  parish  of 
Addiiigham.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  rich  and  picturesque  seener)',  its  ancient  historical  associations,  its  waterfalls, 
and  its  old  castle,  church,  and  college.  About  three-fourths  of  the  population  are  dispersed  over  the  parish,  in  small 
villages,  detached  farmhouses,  and  cottages.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment,  but  some  of  the  inhabitants, 
are  engaged  in  the  paper  mill,  the  carding  mill,  and  the  sawmill,  and  there  are  a  few  tradespeople.  The  soil  in  the 
■western  part  of  the  parish  is  exceedingly  rich  and  productive  ;  iu  other  parts  heavy,  with  a  clayey  subsoil;  and  in 
others  light,  with  a  sandy  subsoil;  altogether  it  is  mostly  arable,  and  very  productive  iu  all  kinds  of  farm  produce. 
The  people  attend  the  markets  of  Penrith  and  .iVlston.  The  parish  comprises  the  two  townships  of  KiikoswalJ 
and  Staffield.  whose  united  area  is  10,472  acres,  and  rateable  value  £5,634. 


KIKKOSW.^LD. 

The  number  of  acres  in  this  township  is  5,000.  The 
population  in  1801  was  631;  in  ISll,  636;  in  1821, 
760;  in  1831,  768;  in  1841,  091;  and  in  IS.'il,  681, 
who  principall}'  reside  in  the  town  of  Kirkoswald. 

The  manor  of  Kirkoswald,  according  to  Denton,  wag. 
part  of  the  great  barony  granted  to  Adam  Fitz-Sweyn, 
from  whom  it  came  with  a  daughter  to  Trivers,  lord  of 
Burgh,  and  in  a  similar  manner  to  the  Engavn  family, 
from  whom  it  passed  in  marriage  to  the  Morvilles. 
Dugdale,  however,  informs  us  that  it  came  with 
Lazonby,  to  Hugh  Morville,  with  his  wife,  Helwise 
de  Stuteville.  It  is  however  certain  tliat  it  was  held 
by  the  Morville  family,  from  whom  it  descended  to  the 
Multons,  and  from  them  to  the  Dacres,  and  by  Joan, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Lord  Dacre  to  Sir  Richard  Fynes, 
Knt.,  and  by  the  lieiress  of  that  family  to  the  Leonards, 
from  the  co-heiresses  of  which  family  it  was  purchased 
by  Sir  Christopher  ^lusgrave,  Bart.,  of  Edenhdl,  from 
whom  it  has  descended  to  the  present  proprietor,  Sir 
George  Musgrave,  Bart.  The  principal  landowners 
are  Sir  George  Musgrave,  Bart.;  William  Mai-sholl, 
Esq.,  M.P. ;  the  trustees  of  the  late  Timothy  l-V.ther- 
stonhaugh,  Esq. ;  Captain  Sunderland,  R.  N. ;  Mr. 
Christopher  Hardy,  William  Bird,  and  the  poor  of 
AVitherslack  parish,  Westmoreland. 

The  Xunnery  of  Armathwaite  had  a  close  called  tlio 
Holme,  and  some  other  small  possessions  in  this  parish, 
which,  after  the  dissolution,  were  granted  to  William 
Greyme,  of  Carlisle. 

The  castle  of  Kirkoswald  was  originally  erected  about 
the  year  1200,  by  Randolph  Engayn.  It  was  subse- 
quently enlarged,  and  was  greatly  improved  by  the  addi- 
tion of  a  park,  which  was  enclosed  by  Sir  Hugh  de  Mor- 
ville. The  great  hall  was  ornamented  with  portraits  of 
the  kings  of  England,  from  '■  Brute,"  downwards,  and  for 
a  considerable  period  had  the  reputation  of  being  one  of 
the  finest  halls  in  the  north  of  England.     It  received 


considerable  additions   from  Thomas  de  JTulton  and 
.Tolm  de  Castro;  and,  about  the  commencement  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  its  defences  were  further  strengthened 
by  the  construction  of  a  ditch.     It  was  subsequently 
dismantled  by  tho  orders  of  Lord  Dacre  of  the  South  ; 
and  in   1088,   we   are   informed  that  the  castle  was 
"httle  more  than  a  bare  shell  or  heap  of  stones  ;"  and 
some  fifty  years  later,  great  part  of  the  walls  appear  to 
have  been  pulled  down.     Dr.  Todd  mentions  a  tradition 
that  a  subterranean  passage  connected  the  castle  with 
the  parish  church,  and  it  is  not  improbable  that  such 
was  the  case ;  this  opinion  is  partly  corroborated  by  the 
fact  that  the  streum  of  water  which  runs  under  the 
church  appeared  thick  and  muddy  when  the  moat  of  the 
castle  was  cleared  out.     Of  tliis  noble  specimen  of  the 
military   architecture   of    the   middle   ages,    but    few 
remains  are  now  left.     AVhat  is  still  visible  is  situated 
on  an  emiuence,  about  200  yards  south-east  of  the  town, 
at  the   head  of  the   demesne,  and  consists  of  three 
dilapidated  towers,  one  of  which,  at  the  north  end,  is  a 
fair  e,\ample  of  ancient  architecture,  which  stiU  raises 
its  bfty  head  as  high  as  the  tail  tree,  whose  tops,  as  one 
mighty  phalanx,  stand  grand  around  it.     Under  each 
of  the  other  two  towers  are  large  vaults,  whose  hemi- 
spherical domes  support  tho  massive  superstructure. 
There  still  remains  evident  traces  of  a  moat,  as  well  as  a 
wall,  at  the  north-west  corner  of  which,  near  the  entrance, 
is  the  site  (rectangular  in  form)  of  an   outer  tower, 
where  a  drawbridge  is  said  to  have  been,  during  the 
days  in  which  the  castle  maintained  its  pride  of  place, 
and  which  commanded   a  beautiful  view  of  tho  rich 
demesne  down  the  river  Eden,  as  well  as  of  the  town 
and  the  detached  steeple  of  the  parish  church. 

TOWN    OF    KIRKOSWALD. 

The  town  of  Kirkoswald  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a 
beautiful  vale,  on  the  small  river  Raven,  about  half  a 
mile  above  its  jimction  with  the  Eden,  fifteen  miles 


KIUKOSWALD  PARISH. 


571 


south-east  from  Carlisle.  The  town  is  amply  supplied 
with  water.  There  are  a  paper  mill,  a  saw  and  bobbin 
mill,  a  mill  for  carding  and  spinning  wool,  corn-mills,  a 
brewLiT,  and  coal  and  lime  works.  The  weekly  market 
is  on  Tuesday,  and  there  are  fairs  on  the  Thursday 
before  Whitsuntide  and  August  5th.  The  charter  by 
which  the  market  is  held  was  granted  to  Hugh  de 
Morvillo  by  King  John,  who  was  at  Kirkoswald  on  the 
25th  of  February,  li!i)l.^  The  "  Chronicle  of  Laner- 
cost"  informs  us  that  this  town  was  burned  by  the  Scots 
in  1314.  In  1597  and  the  foUowing  year  Kiikoswald 
suH'ered  severely  from  a  visitation  of  the  plague,  in  the 
former  year  forty-two  persons  fell  victims  in  this  parish, 
but  in  the  latter  no  less  than  583.  At  a  short  distance 
from  the  town  the  Eden  is  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  two 
large  and  two  small  arches,  erected  in  1T02. 


THE  cm;iicB. 


The  parish  church  of  Kirkoswald  stands  at  the  south 
end  of  the  town.  It  is  a  neat  structure,  in  the  Norman 
and  Pointed  styles,  consisting  of  nave,  chancel,  and 
aisles.  The  nave  is  separated  from  the  aisles  by  three 
massive  pillars  supporting  Norman  and  pointed  arches. 
At  the  west  end  is  a  beautifully-staiued  glass  window, 
with  representations  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  A  few 
steps  load  from  the  nave  to  the  cliancel,  at  the  east 
end  of  which  is  a  neat  window  of  five  lights  filled  with 
stained  glass.  In  the  centre  light  the  Crucili.\ion  is 
depicted,  and  to  the  right  and  left  are  the  four  Evan- 
gelists ;  the  light  on  tho  extreme  right  contains  a 
representation  of  St.  Oswald,  and  that  on  the  extreme 
loft  one  of  St.  Cuthbcrt.  The  windows  on  the  north 
and  south  of  tho  chancel  are  also  filled  with  stained 
glass,  emblazoning  tho  arms  of  tho  Musgraves,  the 
Dacres,  the  Howards,  the  Fetherstouhaughs,  and  others. 
There  are  several  monumi'nts  to  members  of  tho  Fether- 
stonhaugh  and  Smallwood  families.  The  church  appears 
to  have  been  formerly  of  much  larger  dimensions, 
as  is  evidenced  by  tho  broad  and  massive  foundation 
stones  of  old  walls  which  still  remain  outside.  It 
has  been  recently  repaired,  and  otherwise  considerably 
improved,  the  lloor  being  laid  upon  dwarf  walls,  and  tho 
whole  repewed.  Since  1855  the  church  has  been  fur- 
nislu'd  with  an  apparatus  for  warming  it  during  the  winter 
months,  and  is  now  one  of  the  neatest  and  most  com- 
fortable in  the  north  of  England.  ]!cnealb  the  centre  of 
tho  church  Hows  a  beautiful  stream  of  pure  water,  which 
issues  from  a  rock  at  tho  cast  end,  said  to  luivo  been  at 
one  time  held  sacred,  and  to  have  served  as  a  baptistry. 
It  may  now  be  seen  by  descending  a  flight  of  slops  at 
the  west  end  of  tho  church.     A  lino  of  lino  old  lime 

'  See  Itiuemiy  of  King  Jolin. 


trees  on  each  side  of  a  winding  avenue  which  leads  to 
the  church,  and  which  completely  overarch  the  walk, 
is  much  admired  by  visitors.  The  bells  of  the  church 
are  in  a  detached  steeple  which  stands  upon  a  conical  hill, 
separating  the  town  from  the  church.  The  church  is  said 
to  have  been  founded  previous  to  the  Norman  Conquest, 
and,  as  its  name  implies,  it  is  dedicated  to  St.  Oswald, 
king  of  Northumbria,  who  fell  fighting  in  the  defence 
of  his  religion  and  country.  Coming  down  to  the  times 
subsequent  to  the  Conquest,  we  find  that  in  the  year 
1246  the  rector  of  the  church  sued  the  lord  of  the 
manor,  Ranulph  de  Levington,  and  Ada,  his  wife,  a 
co-heiress  of  Sir  Hugh  de  Morville,  and  recovered  his 
claim  to  certain  privileges  in  the  parks  of  I.azonby  and 
Kirkoswald.  It  is  recounted  that  in  1305  Bishop 
Halton  held  a  great  ordination  in  this  church,  when  no 
less  than  twenty-one  priests,  twenty-six  deacons,  and 
twenty-five  subdeacons,  received  holy  orders ;  and  seven- 
teen others  received  the  minor  order  of  Acolyte.  Of 
these,  a  great  number  appear  to  have  been  members 
of  the  religious  communities  of  Furness,  Holme  Cultram, 
and  other  monasteries.  In  order  to  carry  out  more 
effectually  the  cure  of  souls,  and  the  due  administration 
of  the  sacraments,  the  church  was  coUegiated  about  tho 
year  1523,  the  collegiate  body  being  composed  of  twelve 
secular  priests,  under  the  government  of  a  master  or 
provost ;  and  it  is  to  this  period  that  the  erection  of  the 
present  choir,  at  the  expense  of  the  first  provost,  Piowlan  J 
Threlkeld,  is  usually  ascribed.  But  the  pious  inten- 
tions of  the  founder  of  the  college  were  soon  frustrated, 
for  about  the  year  1545,  the  king,  Henry  VIU.,  seized 
npou  the  property  of  the  collegiate  body,  and  also  upon 
the  rectory,  allowing  only  £S  a  year  to  a  vicar  for  the 
performance  of  the  duties  of  the  parish.  The  revenues 
continued  to  bo  held  by  the  crown  till  1587,  when 
Queen  Elizabeth  granted  a  lease  of  the  rectory  for 
twenty-one  years  to  Thomas  Hammond,  subject  to  the 
condition  that  he  paid  the  vicai's  stipend  of  i'8  per 
annum.  In  the  following  yew,  Elizabeth  granted  a 
lease  of  the  rectory  to  Edward  Downingc  and  Miles 
Uoddiuge,  which  included  all  the  glebe  lands  of  the 
i-ectory  of  Kirkoswald,  and  all  other  lands  and  tcue- 
mcnts  i)i  the  parish  of  Kirkoswidd,  wliich  had  belonged 
to  tho  college  of  Kirkoswald,  and  all  the  tithes  of  com 
and  grain  belonging  to  the  rectory,  to  hold  to  them  and 
their  heirs,  as  of  the  manor  of  East  llreonwich,  in  free 
and  common  socage.  The  greater  part  of  the  glebo 
londs  and  tithes  are  now  held  by  the  tru>tecs  of  Uio  late 
Timothv  J'otherstonhaugh.  Tho  above-mentioned  sum 
of  X'K  is  still  jiaid  by  the  i-rown  to  the  vicar.  It  appen»-s  to 
liavo  boon  the  solo  endowment  of  the  vicarage  from  tho 
.time  of  the  dissulutiou,  till  £dUU  was  raised  by  tbc 


LEATH  WARD. 


parishioDers,  which,  with  ;£200  from  the  governors  of 
Qaeen  Anne's  Bounty,  was  invested  iu  hinds  in  17v!."). 
The  vicarage  was  subsequently  augmented  with  another 
£200  from  that  source,  iu  coujunction  with  £2()0  from 
the  Couutess-dowager  Gower.  In  the  Valor  of  Popo 
Nicholas,  the  church  is  valued  at  i'lS  Is.  5d. ;  and  in 
the  King's  Book,  at  i'8.  It  is  now  worth  £100  a  year. 
The  patronage  is  vested  in  the  crown.  The  parish 
registers  commence  in  1 578. 

REorons.  —  Martin  occurs  in  1240  ;  'Walter  de  Langton, 
resigned,  I'i'jS;  Nicholas  Lovetoft,  l-VJii;  Kicliard  de  Mont, 
1323;  John  do  Appleby,  l;)7a  ;  Sir  William  Beauchamp,  1371; 
William  Marshall  occurs  14.'iC  to  HCO. 

rRovosTs.  —  Kowland  Threlkeld,  1023,  died  l.'iCS;  John 
Heryng  occurs  152.)  to  1535. 

■VicAKs. — Thomas  Moyses  occurs  1535;  Sir  John  Scales,  died 
1501;  Sir  James  Shepherd,  15G1. 

Curates.  —  George  Yates,  1C68  ;    George  Sanderson, ; 

John  Rumncy, ;  James  Wannop, . 

TicAB. — James  Wanoop,  1714. 

Curates.— William  Milncr,  1710;  John  Rumney,  1723. 

TlCARS.^John  Mandeville,  173'J  ;  Charles  SmaUwood,  1701 ; 
John  James,  1771;  John  Fisher,  1774;  George  G.  Lawson, 
1820 ;  John  Best,  1855. 

There  is  no  parsonage  house,  properly  so  called. 
There  is  a  small  glebe  house,  on  the  glebe  land,  at 
Blunderfield,  two  miles  from  the  church,  which  is 
occupied  by  a  farmer.  The  vicar  resides  at  present 
at  the  Nunnery,  near  to  Staflicld. 

The  Wesleyan  Methodists  have  a  place  of  worship  at 
Kirkoswald;  and  at  Park  Head  is  an  Independent 
chapel,  which  is  fast  falling  into  decay.  The  latter, 
which  has  a  burying  ground  attached,  was  founded  by 
George  Nicholson,  a  Nonconformist,  in  the  reign  of 
James  II.,  and  was  rebuilt  iu  1711. 

CHAMTIES. 

School.  —  By  indenture,  dated  May  16th,  1745, 
between  the  churchwardens  of  Kirkoswald,  on  the  one 
part;  Sir  Philip  Musgrave,  Bart.:  Timothy  Felher- 
stonhaugb,  Ilichard  Lowthian,  and  others,  of  the 
other  part;  reciting,  that  John  Lowthian,  gentleman, 
deceased,  brother  of  the  said  Richard  Lowthian,  had 
by  a  general  assignment,  in  the  nature  of  a  will,  given 
the  sum  of  jEIOO  to  the  ministers  and  churchwardens  of 
the  said  parish,  to  be  by  them  expended  in  the  building 
of  a  school,  and  towards  the  maintenance  of  a  master  at 
Highbank  Hill,  in  the  said  parish  ;  but  before  the 
receipt  of  the  said  gift  or  legacy,  the  parishioners  had, 
at  their  own  expense,  erected  a  school  house,  and 
directed  that  the  interest  of  the  above  £]  00,  and  of  £iO 
poor  stock,  should  be  applied  towards  the  maintenance 
of  a  schoolmaster ;  who  was  required  to  receive  all  the 
poor  children  of  the  parish,  boys  and  girls,  and  teach 


them  reading,  at  Is.  Cd.  per  quarter.  The  present 
school  house  is  a  neat  stone  building,  situated  at  Kirk- 
oswald, erected  by  subscription,  iu  1858,  at  a  cost  of 
£000,  inclusive  of  the  site,  which  cost  £80.  It  pos- 
sesses accommodation  for  eighty  scholars.  It  is  under 
inspection,  conducted  by  ccrtiticated  teachers,  supported 
by  the  quarter  pence  of  the  children  and  the  endowment 
of  the  old  school,  and  has  an  average  attendance  of  sixty 
pupils.  The  trustees  to  the  school  and  its  endowment 
are  Timothy  Fetherstonhaugh,  Esq. ;  Sir  George 
Musgrave,  Bart. ;  John  Aglionby,  Esq. ;  Charles  Fether- 
stonhaugh, Esq. ;  and  the  vicar  for  the  time  being. 

John  Lowthian's  Gift.  —  John  Lowthian,  by  will, 
dated  March  11th,  1742,  gave  to  the  minister  and 
churchwardens  of  Kirkoswald,  as  trustees  for  the  poor, 
the  sum  of  X'3  I^s.  yearly,  to  be  employed  in  purchasing 
a  shilling's  worth  of  bread,  weekly,  to  be  distributed 
each  Sunday  to  the  poor  people  of  the  parish  attending 
divine  service  at  the  church.  This  charity  is  distributed 
as  directed. 

liichard  Louthian's  Gift.  —  Piichard  Lowthian,  by 
will,  dated  October  24th,  1782,  gave  to  the  ministers 
and  churchwardens  of  the  parish  of  Kirkoswald,  the 
yearly  rent  or  sum  of  £5,  iu  trust,  for  the  special  use 
of  the  poor  within  the  said  parish,  to  be  paid  out  of 
certain  premises  in  Staffield. 

Poor  Stock. — There  is  a  poor  stock  amounting  to 
£02  10s.,  secured  upon  mortgage  for  £100  upon  the 
tolls  of  the  road  leading  from  Eamont  Bridge  to  Brougb, 
at  four  per  cent,  interest.  The  mortgage  is  dated 
October  25th,  1700,  and  is  granted  to  Timothy  Fether- 
stonhaugh, and  thereon  is  an  endorsement,  signed  by 
him,  stating  that  the  security  is  the  sole  property  of  the 
parish  of  Kirkoswald,  £62  10s.  of  the  £100  being  legacies 
left  to  the  poor,  the  interest  of  which  is  £2  10s.,  and 
the  remainder  £37  10s.  belonging  to  the  school  at  High 
Bank  Hill. 

Township  of  Slafiehl.—Threlkeld's  Gift.— Thomas 
Threlkeld,  who  died  in  1793,  left  £40  to  the  poor  of 
Staflicld  township. 

A  reading  room  and  library,  in  connection  with  the 
National  School,  were  opened  in  1858. 

The  College,  the  seat  of  Timothy  Fetherstonhaugh, 
Esq  ,  occupies  the  site  of  the  ancient  residence  of  the 
collegiate  body  attached  to  Kirkoswald  church.  Part  of 
the  original  buildings  are  still  remaining,  but  much 
modernised.  On  the  wall  of  one  of  the  buildings  is  a 
well -executed  shield  iu  stone,  probably  brought  from 
the  castle.  It  bears  the  arms  of  Dacre,  with  those  of 
three  other  families,  and  is  surrounded  by  the  garter. 
It  has  supporters,  and  ^the  motto  "  Fort  en  loialte." 


KIRKOSWALD    PARISH. 


573 


The  badge  of  the  Dacrc  family,  the  escallop  shell,  is 
jilaceJ  over  two  doors  in  tlio  college.  Here  is  a 
portrait  of  Charles  I.,  which  was  presented  to  the 
Fetherstonhaugh  family  by  Charles  II.,  in  token  of 
his  grateful  remeinbrauco  of  the  many  services  of  Sir 
Timothy  Fetherstonhiiugh.  Adjoining  the  mansion  is 
a  beautiful  park  of  about  eighty  acres,  intersected  by  the 
road  leading  to  Penrith. 

(^ctbcrsfonljaiiglj  of  Jlirliosfunlb. 
The   first   of  the  Fetherstonhaughs  who    came  to 
Kirkoswald  was, 

Hf.n'uy  FF.TUEnsTosHAUGU,  second  son  of  Albany  Fether- 
stonliniighof  Fether..tonhau^h,  co.  Northumberland, by  Lucy.bis 
wife.dnugliierof  E.  Dudley,  Ksq., of  Yanwath,eo. Westmoreland. 
This  Henry  married  Dorothy,  daughter  of  Tliomas  Wyhergh, 
Esq.,  of  Chfton  ;  and  died  in  KitiO,  having  had  a  daughter, 
Dorothy,  married  to  Thomas  Stanley,  Esq.,  of  Dulcgarth,  and  a 
son. 

Sir  TiJiornY  Fetherstonhaugh,  Knt.,  of  Kirkoswald,  a 
devoted  adherent  to  tlie  Royalist  cause,  who  was  beheaded  by 
Cromwell's  party  in  1C51.     His  second  son  and  heir, 

Thomas  Fethei'.stonhauou,  Esq.,  of  Kirkoswald,  was  thirty- 
seven  years  of  age  at  Dugdale's  visitation  in  1GG5.  His  great- 
grandson, 

TiMoTUi-  Fetiierstoniiauoh,  Esq.,  of  Kirlioswald,  died 
without  cliildren,  and  was  succeeded  by  (the  son  ot  his  sister, 
Joyce,  the  wife  of  the  Kev.  Charles  Sniallwood,  B.A.)  his  nephew, 

CnAHi-Es  Smallwood,  who,  in  compliance  with  the  will  of  his 
maternal  uncle,  assumed,  by  royal  licence,  1st  September,  1797, 
the  additional  surname  and  anns  of  Fetherstonhaugh.  He 
married  (iih  Jlarcli,  ISIU,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Hartley,  Esq.,  of  Gillfoot,  Co.  Cumberland,  and  left  at  his  decease, 
'ih  Miireh,  1837, 

I.  TlMOrnv,  his  heir,  of  Kirkoswald. 
II.  Chiirloa  (see  I'etiikkstonhauoii  of  Stafflcid  Hall). 

I.  Elizn,  injirried  Ujdi  .April,  ls;)7,  to  Thoma.s  Tod,  Esq.,  of 

Drygrungo,  co.  Koxliurgh. 

The  son  and  lieir, 

TiuoTHY  Fetuerstoniiauoh,  Esq.,  of  the  College,  Kirk- 
oswohl,  J.I'.,  highsheriff,  I84(i,  born  -lih  March,  1811 ;  married 
15lh  October,  1HU8,  Eliza-W'eri",  daughter  of  John-Were  Clarke, 
Esq  ,  of  Bridwell,  co.  Devon,  by  Frances,  his  wife,  daughter  of  Sir 
Thomas  Caiew,  Uart.,  of  Haccombe,  and  had  issue, 

T.  Timothy,  present  rnprcsentalive. 

II.  Charles,  born  lib  Tcbrunry,  InII. 
in.  Alliany,  born  lUth  December,  1840. 

I.  Eli/.u. 
11.  Frances. 
Jil.  Mnudc. 

Mr.  Fetherstonhaugh  died  Sth  April,  IPSd,  and  was  sncceeded 
by  his  son, 

Timothy  Fetiiebstonihuoii,  Esq.,  of  the  CoUogo,  Kirk- 
oswald, CO.  Cumberland,  born  6th  December,  1840. 

Arma.—Qa.,  a  chev.,  between  three  ostrich  feathers,  arg. 
Crest — An  nnlelnpe's  bend,  erased,  gu,;  armed,  or, 
iloi(o.—\'aXem  et  Vuleus. 


STAFiaEI.D. 

The  area  of  Staffield  township  is  5,4T2  acres.  The 
population  in  1801  was  270;  in  1811,  300;  in  1821, 
309;  in  1831,  265;  in  18-11,  2j7  ;  and  in  1851,  244, 
who  reside  in  Staffield  (which  is  a  scattered  village), 
Scarramanwick,  and  Scales  hamlets,  and  in  a  number 
of  single  houses  dispersed  over  the  township.  The 
principal  employment  of  the  inhabitants  is  agriculture, 
and  they  attend  Penrith  market. 

Staffield  is  a  fee  of  Kirkoswald,  and  was  held  in 
ancient  times  by  a  family  who  bore  the  local  name,  but 
which  became  extinct  in  the  reign  of  Henry  V.,  when 
the  co-heircsses  married  into  the  Chambers,  Mulcaster, 
and  Blennerhasset  of  Carlisle  families.  It  subse- 
quently became  the  property  of  the  Fletchers  of  Hutton, 
and  the  Lowthians,  the  last  of  whom,  Richard  Lowthian 
lloss,  Esq.,  sold  it  to  the  Aglionbys  of  Nunnery;  it  now 
belongs  to  Sir  Henry  R.  Vane,  Bart.  On  the  enclosure 
of  the  common,  the  Mr.  Ross  just  mentioned,  purchased 
the  land  aJjoitiing  the  Crogliu,  and  planted  many 
thousand  trees  on  its  eastern  bank,  by  which  the  scenery 
of  Nunnery  has  been  very  much  improved.  The  prin- 
cipal landowners  are  Sir  II.  R.  F.  Vane,  Bart. ;  Charles 
Futherstonhaugh,  J. P. :  and  a  number  of  small  resident 
yeoman ;  also  the  trustees  of  the  late  Timothy  Fether- 
stonhaugh, Esq. 

^diicrstoniinngl]  of  Staffitlb  «iall. 

This  family  is  derived  from  the  Rev.  Cuahles  Smaixwood, 
who  married  Joyce,  daughter  of  Henage  Fetherstonhaugh,  1700 ; 
he  died  JIarch  4th,  1770,  leaving  a  son, 

CuARLF.s  Smai.lwood,  wlio  assumcd  the  name  of  Fetheu. 
STONnAi'Gii.  lie  married  1810,  Elizabeth,  daughter  and  coheir 
of  Thomas  Hartley,  Esq.,  of  Gillfoot,  who  died  June,  18-'H. 
Jlr.  Fetherstonhaugh  died  March  17th,  1839,  having  had  issue, 

I.  Timothy,  of  the  CoUcpe.  Kirkoswald. 
II.  Ciiari.es,  of  Stftlfield  Mall. 

I.  Eliza,  married  April  •2.'>lb,  1837,  Thomas  Tod,  Esq.,  of  Dry- 
grange,  Itoxburgbsbire. 

Cinm.Es  FETiiEBSTONHArotr,  Esq ,  of  Staffield  Hall,  J.T., 
was  bom  .May  31st,  1812.  He  married  April  Cth,  l!<47,  Jane, 
daughter  and  co-heir  of  Francis  Aglionby,  Esq.,  of  Nunnery, 
Ml',  for  the  Eastern  Division  of  the  county  of  Cumberland,  by 
Mary,  his  wife,  daughter  of  John  JIalthews,  Eaq.,  of  Wigton 
Hall,  and  has  issue  one  daughter, 

Elizabelli  Aglionby. 

Haresceugh,  or  Haroscow,  in  this  township,  was  given 
by  Ada  do  Engayn  to  tlio  priory  of  Lancrcost,  and  this 
gift  was  confirmed  by  llugii  do  Morvillo.  After  iho  sup- 
pression of  the  monastic  institutions,  it  was  sold  by  tho 
crown  to  Henry,  grandson  of  Tiiomos  Dacre,  Knt.,  of 
Lancrcost.  His  son,  or  grandson,  conveyed  it  to  Dr. 
Peter  Barwick,  physician  iu  ordinary  to  Charles  II., 


574 


LEATH  WAKD. 


who  gave  it  to  tho  chapel  and  poor  of  Witberslack,  in 
Westmoreland.  Uere  are  tlio  romaius  of  au  old  castle. 
Little  Crogliii  is  another  fee  of  Ivirkoswald,  and  was 
held  bj  the  family  of  Croglin,  one  of  whom  gave  a 
fifth  part  of  tho  vill,  CiilleJ  Cringledyke,  to  the  prioi-y 
of  AVctheral,  which  is  now  held  by  lease,  under  the 
dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle.  Little  Croglin  came 
afterwards  to  the  Beauchamp  family,  who  held  it  till 


tho  reign  of  Henry  VII.,  when  it  was  purchased  by  the 
Diicres,  who  added  it  to  thoir  lordship.  It  was  Bubse- 
quently  sold  by  the  Howard  family  to  George  Towry, 
Esq.,  who  occurs  as  possessor  in  1088.  It  then  became 
the  residence  of  a  younger  branch  of  the  Yorlishire 
family  of  Towrys,  and  is  now  held  by  Lady  Hurst. 

Hcarramanwick  and  Scales  are  hamlets  in  this  town- 
ship. 


LANGWATHBY  PARISH. 

Lanowathbt  parish  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  Kirkland,  on  the  north-east  and  the  north  by  Addinghara,  on  the 
west  by  the  river  Eden,  and  on  the  south  and  the  south-east  by  Kiikland.  It  is  about  two  and  a  half  miles  in  length 
from  north  to  south,  and  about  one  in  breadth  from  cast  to  west.  Agriculture  is  the  chief  employment  of  tlie 
inhabitants,  who  reside  j)rincipally  in  the  village  of  Langwathby.  The  soil  is  in  some  parts  loamy,  and  iu  others 
gravelly,  but  is  in  general  fertile.  Penrith  is  the  market  usually  attended.  This  parish  comprises  no  dependant 
townships.  In  the  census  returns  previous  to  1S51,  this  parish  was  returned  as  a  chapelry  in  tho  parish  of  Eden- 
hall  ;  but,  in  the  year  named,  it  was  returned  as  a  distinct  parish  annexed  to  the  living  of  Edenhall. 


The  area  of  Langwathby  is  1,987  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  jC1,490  Is.  4d.  The  number  of  inhabitants 
in  1801  was  220;  in  ISU,  200;  in  1821.  250;  iu 
1831,250;  m  18.11,  273;  and  in  1851,  292. 

The  manor  of  Langwathby  is  said  to  have  been 
bestowed  by  Henry  I.,  along  with  that  of  Edenhall,  on 
Henry  Fitz.Sweyn,  in  whose  family  it  did  not,  however, 
continue  long,  for  wo  are  told  that  the  king  held  it  as 
a  royal  demesne.  The  account  given  of  the  manor  of 
Penrith,  at  a  subse(|uent  page,  will  throw  considerable 
light  on  the  history  of  this  manor.  It  appears  to  have 
been  in  possession  of  King  .John  ;  and  Henry  III.  gave 
it  to  Alexander  King  of  Scotlaud,  in  part  of  200  librates 
of  land  granted  to  the  Scots  in  the  year  1237,  by  com- 
position for  the  release  of  Cumberland  and  Westmore- 
land. Langwathby  continued  to  be  held  by  the  Scottish 
monarchs  until  the  defection  of  John  Baliol,  when  it 
reverted  to  tho  English  crown,  and  was  granted  by 
Richard  II.  to  Pialph  Neville,  first  earl  of  M'estmore- 
land,  to  be  held  by  him  and  his  heirs  male.  On  the 
demise  and  attainder  of  P>icliard  Neville,  "  the  stout 
Earl  of  Warwick,"  in  1 171,  tho  manor  again  came  to 
the  crown,  when  Edward  IV.  gave  it  to  his  brother, 
Richard  Duke  of  Gloucester,  and  afterwards  Richard 
III.  From  tliis  time  it  continued  to  be  held  by  the 
crown  till  1090,  when  William  HI.  granted  it  to  WiUiam 
JBentiuck,  first  earl  of  Portland,  whose  famUy  continued 
its  possessors  until  it  was  purchased  by  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire  in  1787,  and  it  is  now  held  by  his  successor, 
the  present  duke.  It  appears  that  there  was  a  manor 
of  Lambanhy  in  the  raign  of  Edward  II.,  which  was 


purchased  by  John  de  Penrith  of  AVilliam  Latimer.' 
The  landowners  are  Sir  George  Musgrave,  Bart. ; 
Timothy  Fetherstonhaugh,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  John  Watson, 
John  Hodgson,  John  Powby,  Samuel  Fydell,  Jonathan 
Harrison,  Richard  Williamson,  William  Bowstead,  and 
John  Bird.  The  commons  were  enclosed  under  an  act 
passed  in  1850. 

The  village  of  Langwathby  is  five  mfles  uorth-cast- 
by-east  of  Penrith,  iu  the  neighbourhood  is  a  good 
bridge  of  tliree  arches  over  the  Eden,  erected  iu  1080. 

THE  CHcr.cn. 
Langwathby  church,  dedicated  to  the  Blessed  Virgin, 
is  a  remarkably  neat  edifice,  erected  in  1718,  by  the 
parishioners,  on  the  site  of  the  old  one.  It  comprises 
nave,  chancel,  bell-gable,  and  a  western  porch  erected  in 
1830.  Dr.  Todd  tells  us  that  the  parishes  of  Edenhall 
and  Langwathby  were  united  in  1380  by  Bishop  Appleby. 
In  the  visitation  rolls  it  is  called  a  vicarage.  The  dean 
and  chapter  of  Carlisle  arc  appropriators,  and  possess 
the  right  of  patronage.  No  mention  is  made  of  Lang- 
wathby in  the  Valor  of  Pope  Nicholas,  nor  in  that  of 
Edward  II.,  but  it  is  supposed  to  be  alluded  to  in  the 
King's  Book,  as  the  "  Chantry  of  Blessed  Mary  of 
EdenhaU."  The  tithes  have  been  commuted  for 
£107  Os.;  viz.,  £143  lOs.  rectorial,  and  £23  10s. 
vicarial,  besides  which  the  vicar  has  twenty -two  acres 
of  glebe.  Divine  service  is  performed  here,  and  at 
Edenhall,  on  Sunday  mornings  and  afternoons  alter- 
nately.   The  parish  registers  commence  in  1570,  and 

I  Iu(|.  ad  ^uod  damnum,  8tb  Edward  II.  93. 


LAZONBY  PARISH. 


575 


Bdenhall  registers  iir  1558. 
see  Edcuhali  parish. 


For  succession  of  vicars 


Winskell's  Gift,  Joseph  Carleton's  Gift,  and  Poalcy's 
(3(/«.— Christopher  Winskell,  by  will,  dated  AprE  29th, 
1702,  left  £'20,  the  interest  thereof  to  be  yearly  disposed 
to  the  use  of  the  poor  of  the  village  of  Laugwathby. 
Joseph  Carleton,  by  will,  dated  in  June,  1700,  left  £2D; 


and  Mary  Powley,  who  died  in  ]  779,  gave  £5  ;  both 
for  the  same  purpose. 

Loui/h  Carleton's  Gift. — Mr.  Lough  Carleton,  who 
died  in  1 792,  gave  in  his  life-time  £20  for  the  use  of 
the  poor. 

A  lending  library  was  established  in  181 1. 
Eden  View,  a  handsome  stone  structure,  in  the  Tudor 
style,  is  the  residence  of  —  Williamsou,  M.D. 
Langwathby  Hall  is  now  a  farm-house. 


LAZONBY   PARISH. 

Tms-  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  Hesket,  on  the  south-west  by  Penrith  and  Hutton,  on  the  south 
by  Great  Salkeld,  and  on  the  east  and  north-east  by  the  river  EJen.  It  is  about  five  miles  in  length  from  north  to 
south,  and  three  in  breadth  from  east  to  west.  The  soil  in  some  parts  is  composed  of  a  rich  loam,  and  in  other 
parts  is  of  a  gravelly  nature — the  arable  land  lies  in  the  vale  of  the  Eden  and  Petteril,  and  near  the  great  road  from 
Carlisle  to  Penrith.  The  west  side  of  the  p.arisli  is  washed  by  the  Petteril,  and  in  the  centre  is  a  range  of  moorlands 
and  fells,  the  northern  part  of  which  is  covered  by  a  largo  wood,  called  Baron  Wood.  Freestone  is  abundant  in  the 
parish.  The  inhabitants,  who  are  chiefly  divided  between  the  villages  and  hamlets  of  Lazonby  and  Plumpton,  and 
a  few  detached  houses,  are  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  in  stone  quarrying,  large  quantities  of  red  sandstone, 
&c.,  being  sent  from  this  parish.  The  population  are  iiuhistrious  and  are  comfortably  housed ;  they  attend  the 
markets  at  Penrith.  Besides  the  great  lloman  road,  running  from  north  to  south,  another  intersects  the  parish  at 
Salkeld  Gate ;  and  at  Plumpton  Wall  is  the  Roman  station  of  Old  Penrith.  Lazonby  parish  comprises  the  two 
townships  of  Lazonby  and  Plumpton  Wall,  or  Old  Penrith. 

Kirkoswald.     The  principal  landowners  are  Sir  George 


L.\ZONHY. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  8,154  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £3,970  15s.  9d.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  iu  1801  was  320;  in  1811,  384;  in  1821, 
533;  in  1831,  544;  in  1841,  570;  and  in  1851,  595. 
The  commons  of  this  and  Plumpton  Wall  township 
were  enclosed  in  pursuance  of  tlie  provisions  of  an  act 
of  Parliament  passed  in  180.3. 

The  first  possessors  of  the  manor  of  Lazonby  on 
record  are  the  Estotevilles  or  Stutevilles,  from  whom 
it  passed  by  successive  heiresses  to  the  Morvillos, 
Multons,  and  Dacres.  On  the  attainder  of  Leonard 
Dacre,  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  this  manor 
and  other  estates  were  seized  by  the  crown,  and  it  was 
not  till  1057,  some  time  subsequent  to  the  demise  of 
Ralph,  son  of  William,  brother  of  Leonard  Dacro,  that 
these  estates  were  recovered  by  Francis  Lord  Dacre  of 
the  South.  In  1710  the  co-heiresses  of  Thomas 
Lennard,  earl  of  Sussex,  sold  the  manor  witli  other 
possessions  to  Sir  Christopher  !Musgrive,  Hart.,  of 
Edcnhall,  and  it  has  since  continued  in  this  family, 
Sir  George  ^lusgrave,  Bart.,  of  Edenhall,  being  the 
present  lord.  A  small  mesne  manor  within  that  of 
Lazonby  is  held  by  the  Felherstouhaughs  of  the  College, 


Musgrave,  Bart.,  Colonel  Maclean,  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale, 
the  trustees  of  the  late  John  Di.xon,  Esq. :  Messrs. 
George  Dixon,  Joseph  Bell,  John  Bell,  and  John  Hall. 
The  village  of  Lazonby  is  on  the  west  side  of  the 
vale  of  Eden,  one  mUo  south-west  of  lurkoswald,  and 
seven  miles  north-ljy-east  of  Penrith.  It  is  said  to 
derive  its  name  from  a  family  or  person  of  the  name  of 
Leysing.  About  1110  or  1118  the  firet  register  of  the 
bishopric  of  Glasgow  contains  a  case  of  inquiry  regard- 
ing the  possession  of  some  lands  in  Cumberland,  between 
the  bishopric  and  the  Countess  Matilda,  wife  of  David 
Prince  of  Cumberland.  Four  Cumberland  judges  are 
named,  and  one  of  them  boro  the  name  of  Leysing. 

THE  cnuBcn. 
Lazonby  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Nicholas,  stands 
on  an  elevation  near  the  village.  It  is  an  ancient- 
looking  structure,  consisting  of  nave  and  chiincel,  with 
a  bell  turret  at  the  west  und,  and  on  the  cast  gable  a 
beautiful  cross.  On  the  south  side  of  the  chancel  is 
the  ancient  piscina,  and  near  to  it  a  square  nnibery  or 
almcry.  The  whole  building  lias  been  much  modernised 
in  its  appearauce,  and  the  walls  plastered  aud  white- 


576 


LEAXn   WARD. 


washed.  In  the  churchyard  are  some  venerable  trees, 
and  a  square  chamfer-edged  shaft  with  a  cross.  At  the 
east  end  of  the  yard  is  an  old  slab  ornamented  with 
two  crosses.  The  church  of  Lazonby  was  given  by  Sir 
Hugh  Morville  to  the  priory  of  St.  Mary,  at  Lanercost, 
and  in  1272  was  appropriated  to  that  house,  an  endow- 
ment being  made  for  the  vicar,  and  the  right  of  presen- 
tation reserved  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese.  In  148-4 
an  award  was  made  by  Bishop  Bell,  between  the  priory 
and  convent  of  Lanercost  and  John  Boon,  the  vicar, 
touching  the  tithes  of  wool  and  lamb,  and  other  small 
dues,  which  award  was  in  the  vicar's  favour,  ■\^■hen 
Lanercost  Priory  was  dissolved,  the  living  of  Lazonby 
was  granted  by  Edward  VI.  to  Sir  Thomas  Dacre,  from 
whose  descendants  it  was  purchased  by  Dr.  John  Bar- 
wick,  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  who  gave  it  to  the  chapel  and 
poor  of  W'itherslack,  in  Westmoreland,  paying  thereout 
yearly  4O3.  to  the  vicar  of  Lazonby.  In  the  Valor  of 
Pope  Nicholas,  the  church  of  Lazonby  is  entered  at 
£6  13s.  4d.,  and  the  vicarage  at  £7  Os.;  in  the  valuation 
taken  in  the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  the  church  and 
vicarage  are  each  valued  at  £1  ;  and  in  the  King's  Book, 
the  vicarage  is  entered  at  j£13  ."is.  2d.  Bishop  Js'icolson 
informs  us  that  when  he  visited  this  church,  at  the 
commencement  of  the  last  century,  he  saw  here  many 
Roman  monuments  (from  the  station  at  Old  Penrith) 
which  had  been  converted  into  gravestones.  He  also 
adds  that  there  was  then  here  "  a  black  box  containing 
instruments  relating  to  the  court  of  Rome ;"  and  says 
"the  register  book  begins  at  1538,  which  is  the  very 
year  these  sort  of  books  were  first  established  in  parishes, 
to  supply  (in  some  measure)  the  loss  of  those  which  this 
kingdom  had  upon  the  dissolution  of  monasteries." 

Vicars. — Hugh  de  Malton,  1272;  Sir  William  de  HaloghtoD, 
1300;  Sir  Adam  do  Otlley,  I'ilC;  William  de  Tlirelkeld,  died 
about  l:i07;  Ricliard  de  Whitton,  1307;  John  de  Castro  Bern- 
ardi,  1:)G(S;  Edward  Uathion  occurs  1477;  John  Boon  occurs 
1484  and  ir,^r>;  Roland  Threlkeld  occurs  1535;  Edward  Denton, 
1588;    Anthony   Haydock,   ICU;    Jonathan    Goodwin,    1037; 

Simon  Atkinson, ;  Robert  Simpson,  1001  ;  Robert  Hume, 

;    George  Parker,  1703;    Erasmus  Head,  1737;   William 

Wilkinson,  1739;  John  Brown,  jun.,  1752;  John  Brown,  sen., 
1757  ;  James  Evans,  1763  ;  Joseph  Blain,  1771  ;  Thomas  Myers, 
1789;  Walter  Fletcher,  1820;  John  Heysham,  1840. 

The  Wesleyans  and  Primitive  Methodists  have  each 
a  place  of  worship  here,  the  former  of  which  was 
erected  in  1850  and  the  latter  in  1847. 

A  library  and  reading  room  was  established  in  1859. 


Bobinson's  Charity. — John  Robinson,  in   1737,  be- 
queathed the  sum  of  £8,  the  interest  to  be  divided 


between  the  schoolmaster  and  tho  poor  of  the  township 
of  Pluinpton.     Of  this  sum,  which  was  placed  out  at 
'     interest,  £2  have  been  lost. 

The  single  houses  bearing  particular  names  are  Low 
Plains,  Cote  Hill,  Scale  Hill,  Bleesfell,  Brakcn  Bank, 
West  Brownrigg,  East  Brownrigg,  &c.,  &c. 

Lazonby  Hall,  the  residence  of  Colonel  Henry  Dundas 
Maclean,  is  situated  opposite  to  Kirkoswald,  and  over- 
looks tho  valley  of  the  Eden  to  tho  south  over  West- 
moreland as  far  as  tho  hills  on  the  borders  of  Yorkshire, 
and  to  the  east  the  hills  of  the  Cross  Fell  range.  Colonel 
Maclean  is  the  younger  son  of  Maclean  of  Ardgour,  in 
Argyllshire,  in  Scotland,  and  married  Jliss  Carlyle, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  J.  D.  Carlyle,  chancellor  of  Carlisle 
and  claimant  of  the  title  of  Lord  Carlyle  of  Torlhorwald, 
in  Scotland,  representative  of  the  ancient  and  powerful 
family  of  Carlyle,  one  of  whom.  Sir  Hildred  de  Carliol, 
at  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  possessed  extensive  lands 
in  Abbey  Holme,  Curavvhinton,  Glassonby,  and  other 
places  in  the  county  ;  and  afterwards  in  Dumfriesshire, 
where  their  chief  seat  was  the  castle  of  Torthorwald. 
Colonel  Maclean  was  high-sheritf  for  Cumberland  in 
1848. 

I'LUlirTON    W.\LL. 

Plumpton  Wall  township  comprises  an  area  of  3,021 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  £9,885  19s.  6d.  The 
population  in  1801  was  206;  in  1811,  194;  in  1821, 
968;  in  1831,  997;  in  1841,  391;  and  in  1851,  334. 
The  soil  here  is  priucipally  light  and  sandy,  in  some 
parts  loamy. 

The  Roman  station  at  Plumpton  or  Old  Penrith, 
called  in  the  locality  by  the  common  name  of  Castle- 
stead,  is  a  largo  station  about  thirteen  miles  south  of 
Carlisle.  Horsley  conjectures  it  to  be  the  ancient 
Bremetenracum.  The  turnpike  road  goes  close  past 
it,  as  did  the  ancient  Roman  road  which  led  from 
Luguballia  to  the  south  of  Britain.  The  station 
presents  the  usual  characteristics  of  a  Roman  camp. 
Though  not  much  elevated,  it  is  sufficiently  raised  to 
enjoy  a  most  extensive  view  of  the  surrounding  country. 
The  western  side  is  the  strongest,  being  protected  by 
the  deep  but  narrow  valley  in  which  the  river  Pefteril 
flows.  Its  ramparts  are  boldly  marked,  and  the  interior 
of  the  station  is  filled  up  to  their  level  with  a  mass  of 
prostrate  habitations.  The  largest  heap  of  ruins  is  on 
the  north-east  quarter ;  it  may  be  the  remains  of  the 
Pretorium.  The  fosse  is  well  defined  on  the  north, 
south,  and  west  sides.  Enough  of  the  eastern  gate 
remains  to  show  that  it  has  been  a  double  portal.  One 
stone  of  the  threshold  still  retains  its  position ;  it  is 
worn  by  the  feet  of  the  ancient  tenants  of  the  city, 


LAZONBY   PARISH, 


577 


and  is  circularly  chafed  by  the  aclion  of  the  door  in 
opening  and  shutting.  Several  very  large  stones,  which 
have  been  used  in  the  construction  of  the  south  gate- 
way lie  near  their  original  site  — some  of  them  yet 
exhibit  the  holes  iu  which  the  pivots  of  the  door  turned. 
The  line  of  the  street,  which  went  from  the  eastern  to 
the  western  gateway,  is  discernible.  On  the  outside  of 
the  south-cast  corner  of  the  station,  an  arched  cliamber 
or  passage  was  discovered  a  few  years  ago,  but  it  is  now 
filled  up  with  rubbish.  Extensive  remains  of  ancient 
foundations  have  been  removed  from  the  field  on  the 
east  of  the  station ;  here,  according  to  tradition.  Old 
Penrith  stood.  There  are  also  indications  of  suburban 
buildings  to  the  west  of  the  station.  In  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  camp,  and  even  at  some  distance  from  it, 
we  meet,  in  the  houses  and  stone  fences,  with  such  a 
number  of  the  small  neat  stones  which  were  usually 
emploj'ed  in  the  construction  of  Roman  dwellings,  as  to 
impress  us  with  the  idea  that  the  suburban  buildings 
were  very  extensive  in  that  direction.  In  lowering  a 
part  of  the  turnpike  road,  some  time  ago,  about  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  south  of  the  station,  a  well,  cased 
with  Roman  masonry,  was  exposed.  It  is  square,  and 
is  set  diagonally  to  the  road ;  it  now  copiously  supplies 
the  neighbouring  farm-houses,  who  formerly  were,  in 
dry  seasons,  much  inconvenienced  by  the  scarcity  of 
water.  Several  sculptured  and  inscribed  stones,  as 
well  as  coins,  have  been  found  here. 

Plumpton  Park  was  anciently  demesne  of  the  crown, 
and  is  thus  described  by  Bishop  Gibson  in  his  edition 
of  Camden  : — "  TTpon  the  bank  of  Petril  lies  Plumpton 
Park  (once  called  tlie  Ilaja  do  Plumpton)  very  large, 
and  formerly  set  apart  by  the  kings  of  England  for  the 
keeping  of  deer,  but  by  King  Henry  VIII.  prudently 
planted  with  men,  being  almost  a  frontier  between 
England  and  Scotland;  not  that  Henry  VII I.  Ilrst  of 
all  peopled  it,  ho  only  gave  greater  freedom  and  liberty 
to  the  inhabitjints  by  disforesting  it,  and  there  were 
as  many  parishes  and  townships  in  it  before  as  are 
since."  Sandford  informs  us  that  in  1008  Plumpton 
Park  belonged  to  Sir  John  Lowther,  of  Lowther,  and 
many  freeholders.  lie  also  adds  that  after  it  was 
disparkcd  by  Henry  Vlll.  it  was  given  on  lease  for  100 
years  to  "  one  Jack  a  JIusgravo,  a  raetled  man,  who 
planted  five  of  his  sons  at  five  seveml  houses  in  it; 
some  i'-.!00,  some  X'50  per  annum,  and  many  tenants 
besides."  After  the  oxpinition  of  tiic  lease  to  the 
JIusgravos,  James  I.,  by  letters  patent,  dated  July 
10th,  H')'i'i,  granted  the  same  to  James  JIurray,  after- 
wards Earl  of  Annaudale,  for  forty  years,  on  a  payment 


of  .£121  Cs.  3d.  On  becoming  possessed  of  this  pro- 
perty he  sought  to  eject  the  tenants,  on  the  ground 
that  they  had  held  their  lauds  by  border  service,  which 
having  ceased,  their  tenure  ceased  also.  Put  it  was 
agreed,  by  mutual  consent,  that  on  the  tenants  paying 
iSUO  to  the  said  James  Murray  they  should  hold  their 
tenements  as  before.  In  1025  Charles  I.  granted 
Plumpton  Park  in  fee  to  the  above-named  John  ]\Iurray, 
at  that  time  Earl  of  Aunandale,  and  at  that  period  it 
contained,  by  estimation,  2,436  acres,  with  common  of 
pasture  in  the  forest  of  Inglewood.  It  was  to  be  held 
by  fealty,  in  free  and  common  socage,  and  not  in  caiiite. 
The  Earl  of  Annandale  sold  the  manor  or  lordship  of 
Plumpton,  Plumpton  Park,  Plumpton  Park  Head,  and 
Plumpton  Head  iu  1053,  for  the  sum  of  £'3,000,  to 
Dame  Eleanor  Lowther,  vfidow,  from  whom  it  has 
descended  to  the  present  lord,  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 
The  manor  is  partly  in  Lazonby  and  partly  in  Ilesket 
parish.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  purchased  Plumpton 
Hall  and  demesne  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  in  1808. 
The  landowners  ai'e  John  Simpson,  Esq. ;  William 
Blamire,  Esq. ;  the  trustees  of  the  late  R.  H.  Parker, 
Esq.;  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale;  George  Di.xon,  Esq.; 
George  Bell,  Esq.;  Sir  George  Musgrave,  Bart.; 
Messrs.  George  Robinson,  Joseph  Row,  \Vm.  Lazonby, 
Richard  Watson ;  the  representatives  of  the  late  John 
de  Whelpdale,  the  representatives  of  the  late  James 
Little,  and  Elizabeth  Hunter. 

Salkeld  Gate  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  four  and 
a  half  mUes  north-by-west  of  Penrith. 

THE    CnAI'EI,. 

The  chapel-ofease,  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Evan- 
gelist, was  erected  in  1707,  at  an  expense  of  £'200, 
defrayed  by  contributions  in  the  neighbourhood.  Sir. 
John  Brown,  of  Plumpton,  gave  £'200  towards  the 
endowment,  with  which,  and  a  sum  of  money  obtained 
from  (Juoon  Anne's  Bounty,  an  estate  was  purchased  at 
Castle  Sowcrby,  for  the  support  of  the  minister.  The 
gross  value  of  the  living  is  about  £'15  a  year.  William 
Blamire,  Esq.,  is  patron. 

Salkeld  (iate  School  is  endowed  with  £5  a  year; 
arising  from  £100  left  in  17 •'>'.),  by  John  Scott,  of 
Hallrigg. 

Tiio  single  houses  Iiaving  particular  names  are 
Roman  Way,  Plumpton  Hall,  and  Petteril  Green. 
Tho  river  Petteril  runs  nearly  north  and  south,  and 
divides  tho  township  from  Plumpton  Street,  in  the 
parish  of  Hesket.  There  nro  two  mills,  viiS.,  Plumpton 
Mill  and  Plumpton  Foot  Mill. 


68 


578 


LEATH  WARD. 


MELMERBY    PARISH. 

Tnis  parish,  which  is  nbout  two  miles  in  length  by  one  in  broadtb,  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  Adding- 
ham.  on  tlio  south  by  Ousby,  and  on  the  onst  by  Alston,  llartsido  Fell,  which  is  situate  in  this  parish,  rises  to  a 
height  of  l.aOO  feet  above  the  village  of  Mclmerby.  and  is  ascended  by  a  gentle  incline  of  about  one  foot  in  twenty. 
Its  surface  is  generally  smooth,  and  afifords  good  pasturage  for  sheep.  A  lead  mine  has  been  wrought  here  for  many 
years,  but  it  is  not  very  productive.  In  one  part,  above  n  spacious  valley,  rises  abruptly  the  bold  front  of  a  lime- 
stone rock,  called  Mclmerby  Scar,  which  was  at  ono  time  so  intermixed  with  load  ore,  that  the  rays  of  the  setting 
sun  fulling  upon  it,  rendered  it  visible  at  a  great  distance.  Tiic  Helm  winds  arc  felt  here  in  all  tbeir  violence.' 
There  are  two  mineral  springs  in  the  parish,  but  they  arc  not  much  resorted  to.  The  soil  in  the  lower  and  culti\'ated 
parts  of  the  parisli  is  of  a  dry  sandy  nature,  resting  on  a  red  freestone  rock,  and  produces  good  crops  of  oats,  barley, 
and  potatoes.     Mclmerby  possesses  no  dependant  townships. 

Tiie  area  of  Mclmerby  is  4,496  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  il.'ilO.  Tlie  number  of  inhabitants  in  1801 
was2Q3;  in  1811,  210;  in  1821,  250;  in  1831,  280; 
in  1811,  329  ;  and  in  1851,  290;  who  are  chiefly  en- 
gaged in  agriculture,  and  reside  principally  in  the 
village  of  Mehnerby.  Penrith  is  the  market  usually 
attended. 

The  manor  of  Melmerby  was  comprised  in  the 
barony  of  Adam  Fitz-Swevn.  In  the  reign  of  Henry 
III.  it  was  held  by  Odard  de  Wigton,  and  it  continued 
in  his  family  for  three  generations,  when  it  was  given 
by  Margaret  de  Wigton  to  Sir  Robert  Parving,  Knt., 
the  king's  serjeant-at-law,  whose  sister's  son,  Adam 
Peacock,  succeeded  and  assumed  the  name  of  Parving. 
This  Adam  died  in  the  4lh  Richard  II.  (1380-1),  when 
Melmerby  came  to  Henry  de  Throlkeld,  in  whose  family 
it  continued  for  several  generations,  till  Anne,  daughter 
and  coheir  of  Lancelot  Threlkeld  married  William 
Threlkeld,  of  a  collateral  branch  of  the  same  family. 
This  gentleman  purcliased  the  whole  of  Mclmerby,  and 
had  issue  a  daughter  and  heir  Elizabeth,  married  to 


Thomas  Pattenson,  Esq.,  of  Breok,  in  "Westmoreland, 
who  thus  became  possessed  of  Melmerby.  The  mano- 
rial rights  and  privileges  are  at  present  held  by  the 
Rev.  John  Hall,  of  Clifton,  near  Bristol,  who  is  also 
the  owner  of  more  than  half  the  parish,  the  remainder 
is  apportioned  and  divided  info  small  estates,  and  occu- 
pied by  a  few  resident  yeomen.  The  land  here  is 
principally  freehold  ;  but  a  smaU  portion  is  customary 
land.  At  the  death  of  the  lord  or  change  of  tenant,  the 
occupier  pays  two  and  a  half  year's  value.  Melmerby 
Hall,  the  ancient  seat  of  the  lords  of  the  manor,  the 
property  of  the  Rev.  John  Hall,  is  at  present  occupied 
by  James  Ryder,  Esq.,  of  Liverpool. 

There  is  another  mauor  in  this  parish,  called  Gale 
Jfanor,  which  belonged  to  tlie  Huttous  of  Hutton 
Hall,  Penrith.  It  has  since  been  the  property  of  the 
family  of  Holme,  and  is  now  possessed  by  the  Rev. 
John  Hall.  Gale  HaU,  the  manor  house  is  now 
occupied  as  a  farmstead.  A  portion  of  the  common  of 
the  parish  was  enclosed  by  an  act  passed  in   1855. 

The  village  of  Mclmerby  is  situated  on  the  road  from 


>  We  suT'join  the  following  remarks  on  the  Tlelm  wind,  by  Ihe  Rev.  John  Watson,  of  Cumrew  :— "  Helm  wind  is  a  local  name  of 
HDCertain  derivation  (\ml  supposed  to  be  so  called  from  the  cloud,  which  like  a  cap  or  helmet  covers  the  top  of  ihe  mountain)  applied 
to  a  very  violent  wind  blowing  from  some  eastern  point  of  the  compass,  but  moslly  due  east,  at  the  foot  of  the  ninunuiins  known  by  the  name  of 
the  Cross  Fell  range,  and  confined  both  in  length  and  breadth  to  the  space  contained  between  the  Helm  and  Helm  Bar,  hereafter 
described.  For  the  belter  nnderstamiing  of  tliis  phenomenon  it  may  be  necessary  first  to  point  out  the  peculiar  situation  of  the  counlry 
where  it  occurs.  The  counties  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  are  bounded  on  the  eastern  side  by  a  chain  of  raonnlains,  separately 
known  by  ililferent  names  along  the  rai:ge,  but  collecuvely  called  the  '  Pennine  Chain."  from  their  Roman  n:une  Jlpes  rcnini.  The  general 
direction  is  from  north-west  by  north  to  south-east  by  south,  and  the  northern  extremity  is  at  Talkin  and  Tyndnle  FcUs,  not  far  from" which 
tJte  railroad  from  Carlisle  to  Newcastle  crosses  to  the  east,  the  highest  point  of  which  is  rather  more  than  401)  feet  above' the  level  of  tlie  sea. 
Tyndale  Fell  rises  rapidly  to  a  considerable  height,  Talkin  Fell  more  gradually;  and  the  hills  rise  by  degrees  in  the  above-named 
direction  towards  the  summit  of  Cross  Fell,  which  is  2,001  feet  above  tlie  level  of  the  sea:  southward  of  this  the  range  continues  till  it 
joins  Stainnioor;  in  this  direction  there  is  no  great  depression  as  at  the  nortli.  The  ascent  on  the  east  is  more  gradual  than  on  the  west, 
where  it  is  sudden,  with  few  or  no  spurs  or  outliers,  except  u  few  conical  hills  near  Dufton  in  Westmoreland,  called  pikes.  The  mountains 
consist  chiefly  of  the  carboniferous  hmesione;  at  the  norihem  extremity  the  coal  measures  come  in  ;  near  Melmerby,  slate  and  some  of  the 
older  formations  are  thrown  up ;  the  new  red  sandstone  extends  all  along  the  western  base.  .-Mong  the  summit  of  this  chain  of  mountains,  and 
extending  from  three  or  four  to  sixteen  or  eighteen  miles  each  way  north  and  south  from  the  highest  point,  there  is  often  seen  a  large.  Ion" 
roll  of  clouds,  the  western  front  clearly  defined  and  quite  sep.arated  from  any  other  cloud  on  that  side ;  it  is  at  times  above  the  mountain', 
sometimes  resting  on  its  top,  but  most  frequently  descends  a  cousideralile  way  down  its  side  ;  this  is  called  the  Helm.  In  opposition  to  this 
and  at  a  variable  distance  towards  the  west,  is  another  cloud  with  its  eastern  edge  as  clearly  defined  as  the  Holm,  and  at  the  same  elevation' 
this  is  called  the  Bar,  or  Bur;  the  space  between  the  Helm  and  the  Bar  is  the  limit  of  the  wind.  The  distance  between  the  Helm  and  Uie  Bar 
varies  as  the  Bar  advances  or  recedes  from  the  Helm,  this  is  sometimes  not  more  than  half  a  mUe,  sometimes  three  or  four  miles,  occasionally 
the  Bar  seems  to  coincide  with  the  western  horizon,  or  it  disperses  and  there  is  no  Bar,  and  tlien  there  is  a  general  east  wind  extending  over  all 
the  country  westward.  However  violent  the  wind  be  between  tlie  Helm  and  the  Bai-,  the  violence  cuds  there ;  as  on  the  west  side  of  the  Bar 
there  is  either  no  wind,  or  it  blows  in  the  conUary  direction,  or  from  various  points  in  strong  and  sudden  gusts,  but  the  general  direction  of  the 


MELMERBY  PARISH. 


579 


Alston  to  Penrith,  nine  miles  north-east- by-east  of  the 
latter  place,  and  ten  miles  south-west-by-west  of  the 
former  town.  It  is  said  to  derive  its  name  from  its 
having  been' the  residence  of  ilelmor,  a  Dane,  during  the 
time  the  Northmen  were  dominant  in  Etiglaiid. 

"The  old  midsummer  custom  of  the  bon-tire  is  still 
observed  at  JVIehuerby,  perhaps  the  only  place  in  Cum- 
berland and  Westmoreland  at  which  this  remnant  of 
tire -worship  still  lingers.  At  the  alteration  of  the 
Calendar  in  this  country.  Midsummer  Eve,  old  style, 
fell  on  the  -Ith  of  July,  and  this  is  still  the  time  of 
observance  at  Melmerby.  There  is  thus  a  singular 
retrogression  of  a  day,  but  the  cause  of  the  change 
does  not  appear.  The  following  day,  until  within  two 
or  three  years  since,  was  kept  as  the  annual  village 
festival.  It  was  a  holiday  for  a  considerable  e.Ktent  of 
the  fell  sides,  and  used  to  be  attended  by  a  great  con- 
course of  people.  Preparations  on  a  most  extensive 
scale  were  made,  partly  fur  the  accommodation  of  the 
general  public,  but  still  more  for  the  private  entertain- 
ment of  friends.  For  several  days  previous  to  the 
feast,  the  village  ovens  were  in  continual  daily  and 
nightly  requisition.  Sports  were  held  out  of  doors,  and 
iu  every  house  there  was  merry-making,  which  never 
ended  with  the  first  day.  To  such  a  ruinou.s  extent 
was  the  hospitality  of  the  season  carried,  that  many 
persons,  it  is  said,  felt  its  eflfects  for  the  ensuing  twelve 
months.     But  this  reunion  of  friends,  which  was,  how- 


ever, already  declining,  has  been  quite  discontinued 
since  the  establishment  of  certain  cattle  fairs  in  the 
spring  and  autumn,  and  for  tliese  times  the  annual 
visits  aie  now  reserved." ' 

THE  CHUnCH. 

Melmerby  church,  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Baptist, 
is  a  small  old  structure,  consisting  of  nave  and  chancel, 
with  a  small  bell  tiirret,  carrying  two  bells,  and  a  porch 
beneath.  The  east  gable  is  surmounted  by  a  cross. 
Some  few  portions  of  the  ancient  stained  glass,  which 
once  adorned  the  windows  of  this  church,  may  yet  be 
seen;  and  in  the  chancel  is  a  gravestone,  which  is 
supposed  to  cover  the  remains  of  some  member  of  the 
Thrclkeld  fiimily,  as  it  bears  their  arms,  and  a  cross 
floree,  with  a  sword.  The  ancient  piscina  still  remains  in 
the  south  side  of  the  chancel.  In  the  churchyard,  on 
the  south  side  of  the  church,  are  the  remains  of  an  old 
cross,  which  was  broken  up  some  years  ago.  Dr.  Todd 
tells  us,  that  "in  the  year  131^  Sir  liobert  Parving, 
Knt.,  having  obtained  a  license  from  Edward  III.,  and 
also  the  consent  of  the  bishop  of  the  diocese  (confirmed 
by  the  prior  and  convent  of  St.  Mary  Carlisle),  and  of 
the  rector,  founded  and  endowed  a  college  of  eight 
chantry  priests  and  chaplains,  the  chief  of  whom  was 
to  be  styled  custos  collcgii,  within  the  church  of  ilel- 
merby,  to  the  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  and  all 

1  «  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  Ancient  and  Modern,"  p.  IIB. 


wind  is  not  changi'd;  when  tlic  Bur  advances  so  fur  as  to  reach  the  Hehn  the  wind  ceases.  Xeitlier  the  Hehn  nor  the  Bar  are  separate  or 
detached  clouds,  but  may  rallier  be  said  to  be  the  bold  clearly  defined  front  of  a  Inrj^c  body  of  clouds  extending  eastward  behind  the  Helii],  and 
westward  from  llie  Bar.  The  open  space  between  the  Helm  and  the  Bar  vnries  front  eight  or  ten  to  tliirty  or  forty  miles  in  length,  and  from 
half  a  mile  to  four  or  six  miles  in  breadth  ;  it  is  of  an  elliptical  form,  as  the  llilm  and  tlie  Bar  are  united  at  the  ends.  A  represenuttion  of  ihe 
Helm,  Bar,  and  space  between,  may  be  maiie  by  opening  the  fore-finger  and  lliumb  of  each  hand  and  plaiing  tlieir  lips  lo  each  otlier,  the 
thumbs  will  then  represent  the  llilin  on  the  top  of  the  fell,  ihe  fore-lingers  the  Bar,  and  the  open  space  between  tlie  variable  limit  of  the  wind. 
The  wind  is  very  irngnlar,  but  mh.m  frequent  from  tile  end  of  Heptember  to  -May;  it  rarely  ocoms  in  llie  summer  niontlis.  The  villages  of 
Milbum,  Kirkhmd,  Dusby,  Melmerby,  ond  Gamblcsby,  are  most  subjeot  to  it ;  the  more  distant  from  the  highest  point  ihe  less  ii  is  felt ;  it 
seldom  occurs  at  Castle  Carrork,  aurl  is  known  only  by  name  at  Talkiu.  Sometimes  when  the  atmosphere  is  quite  settled,  hardly  a  cloud  lo  be 
seen,  and  not  a  breath  of  wind  stirring,  a  small  cloud  appears  on  the  summit,  extends  itself  to  the  north  and  ai>ulh ;  tlie  Helm  is  then  said  to 
be  on,  and  in  a  few  minules  the  wind  is  blowing  so  violently  as  to  break  down  trees,  overllirow  stacks,  occasionally  blow  a  person  from  his 
horse,  or  overtuni  a  horse  and  curt.  When  the  wiud  blows  the  Hi-Ini  seems  violently  agitated,  and  on  ascending  the  fell  and  enu-riug  it,  there 
is  not  niui'li  wind.  Siunelimes  a  llelin  forms  and  goes  off  widiout  a  wind,  and  there  are  easterly  wimls  without  a  Helm.  The  open  space  is 
clear  of  clouds,  with  llic  cxccplion  «'f  small  pieces  breaking  off  now  and  then  from  liie  Helm,  and  either  disappearing  or  being  tlriven  rapidly 
over  to  the  Bar ;  but  lhrr>ugh  this  open  space  is  often  seen  a  higher  stratum  of  clouds  quilo  at  rest ;  within  the  space  iles.-ribed.  ihe  wind  blows 
continuidly — it  has  been  kuuwn  to  do  so  for  nine  days  together,  the  Bar  advancing  or  receding  t*>  different  distances.  When  heard  or  felt  for 
the  first  time  it  docs  not  seciii  so  very  exireordiuury,  but  when  heard  and  felt  for  days  tiigether,  it  gives  a  strong  impression  of  sublimity.  Its 
sound  is  peculiar,  and  when  once  known  is  easily  distinguished  from  that  of  ordinary  winds.  It  cannot  be  heard  more  than  three  or  four  nitles; 
but  when  In  the  wind  or  near  it,  it  has  been  compared  to  die  noise  made  by  ilic  sea  in  a  violent  storm  lu  lirsl  efficl  on  llie  spirits  is  exbUara- 
ling,  and  it  gives  a  kind  of  buoyancy  to  die  body.  The  country  subject  to  il  is  very  healthy,  but  it  docs  great  injury  lo  the  vegelAlioD, 
by  beating  Ihe  groin,  grass,  ond  leaves  of  trees,  till  quile  black.  t)u  the  easlcni  side  of  the  mountain  liiey  have  no  knowledge  when  die  Helm 
wind  is  blowing  violently  on  the  west;  and  people  ou  (he  Icll,  when  a  mist  cornea  on,  do  not  know  that  there  is  a  wiud  tUl  they  descend  the 
western  side.  Il  was  long  .wpposed  tliat  ibis  wind  was  peculior  to  ibis  ooiinlry  ;  but  il  now  appears  there  arc  similar  phenomena  in  different 
places.  Hir  J.  Hei-sehel  fonii'l  one  at  the  Cupe  of  CuihI  lli.pe;  l'rofess<>r  Siavely  noticed  one  of  the  same  kind  near  Belfast;  and  Profeawr 
Buche,  of  Philadelphia,  when  passing  the  Alps,  obsened  a  like  appearance  ou  Mount  Ceuis.** 

The  following  observaiiniis,  on  the  Helm  wind,  are  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Banics,  of  Carlisle,  and  are  tlie  best  tliat  have  as  yet  appeared 
relating  to  die  subject  before  us : — "  The  air  or  wind  fhiin  the  east  ascends  ilie  gradual  slope  of  the  cast<!ru  side  of  the  I'cniiiue  Cliain  or  Cross 
Fell  range  of  niuuntains,  to  the  siiminitof  Cross  KeU,  where  it  entA.Ts  die  Helm  or  Cap,  and  is  cooled  In  a  low  leiiipemmre;  il  tlieii  niahes  forcibly 
down  the  abrupt  declivity  of  diewesteni  side  of  ihe  mountain  inlo  die  valley  beneath,  in  consequence  of  ihe  valley  bciiigof  a  woriucr  leinperalure, 
and  tliis  consliluies  die  Helm  wind.  The  sudden  and  violent  rushing  of  the  wiiul  ilowii  die  ravines  and  crrviccf  of  the  inoiintains  occasions  the 
loud  noise  that  is  heard.     At  a  varymg  distance  from  liie  bane  of  the  moiinlaiu  the  Helm  wmd  is  nuilicd  by  the  warmth  of  the  low  ground,  and 


580 


LEATH  WABD. 


the  saints.  To  this  new  society  the  founder  gave  all  the 
tithes  and  advowson  of  this  church,  with  the  patronage 
of  tlie  churcli  of  Skelton,  and  one  messuage  and  a  bovate 
of  laud  in  Melinerby.  iJut  this  foundation,"  Dr.  Todd 
odds,  "  if  it  ever  took  place,  did  not  continue  long;  for 
within  two  or  three  years  after,  the  bishop  collated  to 
the  rectory  Koger  de  Cromwell."'  The  church  is 
rectorial,  and  is  entered  in  the  Valor  of  Pope  Nicholas 
at  £13  13s.  'Id.,  and  in  the  King's  Book  at  £1'2  1  Is.  -id. 
It  is  now  worth  about  ilTU  per  annum,  besides  thirty- 
eight  acres  of  glebe.  The  tithes  have  been  commuted 
for  i'l  1 8  per  year.  The  lord  of  the  manor  is  patron  of 
1  Jeffei-sou'3  "  Lcath  Ward,"  p.  303. 


the  living.     The  parish  register  commences  in  1701. 

Kectobs. — Sir  Thomas  de  Berneston,  1332  ;  Thomas  Blythe, 
exchanged  in  VMi  ;  John  de  Manserge,  134'2;  Roger  de  Crom- 
well, 1313  ;  KobertdeBromfield,  13iU;  Sir  Henry  de  Wakefield, 
1-354;  Sir  William  de  Pulhow,  1359;  Rowland  Threlkeld  occurs 
1520  ;  Sir  Edward  Stampc,  1505  ;  Sir  George  Threlkeld,  1572; 
George  War.vick,  ] GOn  ;  Richard  Singleton,  died  1081 ;  William 
Threlkeld,  1084 ;  William  Lindscy,  l"Ol ;  Lancelot  Pattenson, 
1739;  John  Jameson,  1700  ;  John  Slee,  1785  ;  Joseph  Bardgett, 
1821 ;  Robert  Cave  Pattenson,  1844 

The  rectory  is  a  ueat  stone  building,  erected  in  1856, 
by  the  present  rector. 

The  Wesleyan  Methodists  have  a  place  of  worship 
here. 


NEWTON  REIGNY  PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Hutton-in-the-Forest,  on  the  west  by  Dacre  and  Skelton,  on  the  south  by 
Dacre,  and  on  the  east  by  Penrith.  It  is  about  four  and  a  half  miles  in  length,  by  two  in  breadth.  The  soil  is  a 
good  heavy  loam,  except  near  Catterlen  Hall,  where  it  is  rather  light  and  gravelly.  Previous  to  the  enclosure  of 
Catterlen  Fell,  which  took  place  in  1812,  the  parishioners  had  the  privilege  of  grazing  sheep  on  it  during  the  sum- 
mer months.  The  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Newton  Pveigny  and  Catterlen,  whose  united  area  is  2,441 
acres.     The  inhabitants  are  principally  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  attend  the  markets  at  Penrith. 

reside  in  the  village  of  Newton.     The  rateable  value  is 


NEWTON    REIGSY. 

The  population  of  the  township  of  Newton  Eeigny  in 
1801  was  128;  in  1811,  110;  in  1821,  126;  in  1831, 
151;  in  1841,  103;  and  in  1851,  174;  who  chiefly 


£1,102  19s.  Od. ;  the  extent,  1,971  acres. 

Newton  Reigny  possesses  very  distinct  traces  of  that 
race  commonly  supposed  to  have  been  the  aborigines  of 


meets  wiili  the  wind  from  the  west,  which  resists  its  further  course.  The  higher  temperature  it  has  acquired  in  the  valley,  and  the  meeting 
of  tlie  rotitrary  eurrent,  occasion  it  to  rebound  and  ascend  into  the  upper  region  of  the  atmosphere.  When  the  air  or  wind  has  reached  the 
height  of  the  Hehii.  it  is  ognin  cooled  to  the  low  temperature  of  this  cold  region,  and  is  consequently  unable  to  support  the  same  quantity  of 
vapour  it  hod  in  llie  valley;  llie  water  or  moisture  contained  in  the  air  is  therefore  condensed  by  the  cold,  and  forms  the  cloud  called  the 
Helm  Bar.  The  meeting  of  the  opposing  currents  beneath— while  there  ure  frequently  strong  gusts  of  wind  from  all  quarters,  and  the  sudden 
condensation  of  the  air  and  moisture  in  the  Bar  cloud,  give  rise  to  its  agitation  or  connection,  as  if  struggling  with  contrary  blasts.  The  Bar  is 
therefore  not  the  cause  of  the  limit  of  the  Helm  wind,  as  is  generally  believed,  but  is  the  consequence  of  it.  It  is  absurd  to  suppose  that  the 
Bar,  which  is  a  light  cloud,  can  impede  or  resist  the  Helm  wind  ;  but  if  it  even  possessed  a  suSiciem  resisting  power  it  could  liave  no  influence 
on  the  wind  which  is  blowing  near  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and  which  might  pass  under  the  Bar.  The  variable  distance  of  tlie  Bar  from  the 
Helm  is  owing  to  the  changing  situation  of  the  opposing  and  conflicting  currents,  and  the  difference  of  temperature  of  different  parts  of  the  low 
ground  near  the  base  of  the  mountain.  When  there  is  a  break  or  opening  in  the  Bar  the  wind  is  said  to  rush  through  with  great  violence,  and 
to  extend  over  the  country.  Here  again  the  effect  is  mistaken  for  the  cause.  In  this  case,  the  Helm  wind,  wbicli  blows  always  from  the  east, 
lias,  in  some  place  underneath  the  observed  opening,  overcome  the  resistance  of  tlie  air,  or  of  the  wind  from  the  west,  and  of  course  does  not 
rebound  and  ascend  into  the  higher  regions  to  form  the  Bar.  The  supply  being  cut  off,  a  break  or  opening  in  that  part  of  llie  Bar  necessarily 
takes  place.  When  the  temperature  of  the  lower  region  has  fallen,  and  l)ecoine  nearly  uniform  with  that  of  the  mountain  range,  the  Helm  wind 
ceases:  the  Bar  and  the  Helm  approach  and  join  each  other,  and  rain  not  u.ifre(|uently  fjllows.  When  the  Helm  wind  has  overcome  all  the 
resistance  of  the  lower  atmosphere,  or  of  the  opposing  current  from  the  west,  and  tlie  teniperature  of  the  valley  and  the  mountain  is  more  nearly 
equalised,  there  is  no  rebound  or  ascent  of  the  wind,  consequently  the  Bar  ceases  to  be  formed,  the  one  already  existing  is  dissipated,  ond  a 
general  cast  wind  prevails.  There  is  little  wind  in  the  Helm  cloud,  because  the  air  is  colder  in  it  than  in  the  valley,  and  the  moisture  which  the 
air  contains  is  more  condensed,  and  is  deposited  in  the  cloud  upon  the  summit  of  the  mountain.  There  is  rarely  either  a  Hehii,  Helm  wind,  or 
Bar,  during  the  summer,  on  account  of  llie  higher  temperature  of  the  summit  of  the  Cross  Fell  range  and  the  upper  regions  of  tlic  atmosphere  at 
that  season  of  the  year.  The  different  situations  of  the  Helm,  on  tlie  side,  on  the  summit,  and  above  the  mountain,  will  depend  on  the 
temperature  of  these  ploces.  When  the  summit  of  the  mountain  is  not  cold  enougli  to  condense  the  vapour,  the  Helm  is  situited  iiigher  in  a 
colder  region,  and  will  descend  the  side  of  the  mountains  if  the  temperature  be  sufliiieiuly  low  to  produce  that  efl'ect.  The  sky  is  clear  between 
the  Helm  and  Bar,  because  the  air  below  is  warmer,  and  con  support  a  greater  quantity  of  vapour  rising  from  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and  this 
vttponr  is  driven  forward  by  the  Helm  wind,  and  ascends  in  the  rebound  to  the  Bar.  In  short,  the  Helm  is  merely  a  cloud  or  cap  upon  the  moun- 
tain, the  cold  air  descends  from  llie  Helm  to  the  valley,  and  constitutes  the  Helm  wind  ;  and  when  warmed  and  rorified  in  the  valley,  ascends  and 
forms  the  Bai-.  An  objection  has  been  taken  to  this  theory,  on  the  ground  that  there  is  no  Helm  wind  in  the  valley  of  the  Tyue;  but  the 
cu-cumstances  are  very  differenl,  this  valley  is  situated  much  higher  than  that  of  the  Eden,  and  the  summit  of  the  mountain  on  the  east  is  con- 
siderably lower  than  the  top  of  Cross  Fell.  The  former  valley  has  alsu  a  high  ridge  of  mountains  on  the  west,  the  latter  a  low  and  extensive 
plain.    The  fad  that  the  Helm  wind  never  extends  further  than  the  Bar  tends  to  prove  the  truth  of  the  theory." 


NEWTON  REIGNY  PARISH. 


581 


tho  country,  the  earliest  of  which  we  find  mention  in  the 
history  of  the  island ;  and  who,  whether  known  by  the 
name  of  Celts  or  Cimbri,  were,  if  not  of  identical,  certainly 
of  kindred   blood.      These    traces   consist   of  several 
barrows,  occurring  on  a  lino  of  road  south  of  the  village, 
from  one  of  which  urns  Lave  been  obtained,  characteristic 
of  the  pre-Roman  period.     Their  conquerors  and  sue" 
cessor-s,  at  least  in  dominion,  have  also  during  their 
military  occupancy  of  the  island,  at  any  rate  for  a 
brief  period,  dwelt  within  tliis  parish,  as  is  evidenced  by 
tho  outline  of  a  camp,  situated  to  the  east  of  the  church, 
and  which  appears  to  have  been  of  considerable  extent- 
Following  the  chronological  sequence  we  have  com- 
menced, a  long  hiatus  e.\ists  between  the  later  marks 
left  on  the  soil  and  the  earliest  mention   in  written 
documents.     William  de  Reigny  was  impleaded  in  a 
writ  of  right,  3:!rd  Henry  IT.  (1180)  by  William  de 
Lascelles,  for  a  knight's  fee  of  land  in  Newton,  but  he 
must  have  been  unsuccessful,  for  John  de  Reigny  was 
lord  of  the  manor  in  the  4th  John  (1203),  as  is  evidenced 
from  the  mention  of  him  in  the  "  Testa  de  Neville,'' 
from  which  it  appears  that  Turston  de  Reigny,  father  of 
the  aforesaid  William,  was  the  original  grantee.     The 
male  line  of  the  Reignys  became  extinct  on  the  death  of 
John,  and  his  inheritance  passed  to  co-heiresses,  and 
another  blank  at  present  remains  between  that  period 
and  the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  early  in  which  we  find 
Robert  Burnell,  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  held  Newton 
by  the  service  of  finding  an  esquire  to  serve  in  the 
king's   army   against   Scotland,   with   an    haubergeon 
and  an  iron  helmet,  at  his  own  cost,  for  the  period  of 
forty  days.     In  tho   IStli   Edward  I.  (1200),   Bishop 
Burnell  conveyed  the  manor  to  Hugh  de  Lowther,  from 
whom  it  has  passed,  without  alienation,  to  his  descendant, 
the  present  Earl  of  Lonsdale.     Tho  old  manor  house 
now  serves  as  a  farmstead.     The  principal  landowners 
in  tho  township  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  Rev.  John 
Nicholson,  Thomas  Moorliouse,  Esq.,  William  Jackson, 
Esq.,  Messrs.  John  Brunskill,  John  Hodgson,  William 
Sowerby,  John  Shophard,  John  Boll,  John  Scott,  and 
John  and  Joseph  Thompson. 

Tho  village  of  Xcwton  licigny  occupies  an  elevated 
position,  and  is  situated  three  miles  north-west-by-west 
of  Penrith. 

THE  cnvncii. 
Newton  Reigny  church,  which  is  exleru.illy  rude  and 
bald  in  its  appearance,  greatly  owing  to  the  repairs  it 
underwent  about  thirty  years  ago,  is  internally  divided 
into  nave  with  aisles  and  chancel,  the  former  is  separated 
from  its  aisles  by  three  obtuse  pointed  arches,  springing 
on  the  northern  side  from  octagonal,  and  on  the  southern 


from  circular  pillars.  A  fine  pointed  arch  divides  the 
nave  from  the  chancel,  at  the  eastern  end  of  which  is  a 
modern  pointed  window  of  three  fights,  constructed  in 
woodwork,  having  opposite  to  it,  at  the  western  end  of 
the  nave,  another  also  of  three  lights,  differing  in  the 
details  of  the  heading.  A  piscina  and  credence  table 
are  still  in  existence  in  the  chancel ;  and  two  other 
piscinas,  one  in  each  aisle  of  the  nave,  evidence  that 
these  have  been  used  as  chantries.  The  character  of 
the  architecture  indicates  the  date  of  the  construction 
of  the  church  as  being  about  the  commencement  of  the 
fourteenth  century.  There  is  a  vault  belonging  to  the 
Vau.x  family,  of  Catterlen  ;  and  three  sepulchral  notices 
of  members  of  the  Richmond  family  ;  as  also  the  fol- 
lowing rude  attempt  at  verse,  which  tells  us  that, — 

Under  lyetli  James  Pearson  here, 
Curate  of  this  place  forty  year ; 
Who  buryeil  was  -Marcli  the  first. 
I  hope  his  soul  in  heaven  doth  rest. 
Anno  Domini  1C70. 

This  church  has  been  appropriated  for  centuries  to  the 
see  of  Cariisle,  and  is,  in  records  of  an  eady  date, 
denominated  a  chapel.  The  altarage  was  granted  in 
the  year  1338,  by  Bishop  Kirby,  to  Nicholas  de  Claus, 
for  his  life,  reserving  to  the  bishop  and  his  successors 
two  marks  of  silver  annually,  and  being  mindful  that 
divine  service  should  be  regularly  performed.  Nineteen 
years  after.  Sir  Gilbert  Baker,  called  keeper  of  the 
chantry,  resigned,  and  was  succeeded  by  Sir  John  de 
Bramra.  In  1300  Bishop  Wclton  granted  license  to 
the  prior  of  the  Augustiniaiis  of  Penrith  to  officiate  at 
Newton  for  the  term  of  four  years.  In  1523  Bishop 
Kite  let  the  chapelry  to  farm  to  Sir  Christopher  Dacre 
and  others,  at  the  annual  rent  of  ten  marks.  In  1035 
legal  proceedings  were  taken  against  Bishop  Potter  and 
Sir  Thomas  C^rleton,  Knt.,  his  lessee  of  the  rectory 
(so  called),  for  not  allowing  a  sufficient  maintenance  to 
tho  curate ;  and  thereupon  it  was  agreed  that  the 
curate  for  the  time  being  should  henceforth  have  all 
the  rectory,  the  tithe  corn  e.\cepted,  and  from  that 
should  receive  Sd  13s.  Id.,  which  being  subsequently 
advanced  to  j£10  13s.  4d.,  still  continues  to  be  paid. 
In  J  705  the  church  received  a  grant  from  Queen 
Anne'iJ  Bounty  of  £200,  which,  in  conjunction  with 
a  donation  of  a  similar  sum  from  Dr.  Holme,  was 
invested  in  the  purchase  of  an  estate  at  Kirkstone 
Fell  foot.  The  living  is  now  worth  about  i'SO  a 
year,  exclusive  of  a  house  and  garden.  Tho  tithes  of 
the  parish  were  commuted,  in  1839,  for  £108  7s.  9d., 
viz.,  rectorial  i'lll  7s.  3d.,  and  vicarial  £23  8s.  6d. 
Tho  parish  registers  commence  iu  1572.     The  list  of 


582 


LEATH  WARD. 


incumbents  is  very  imperfect ;  the  following  is  as  uear 
an  approximation  as  we  are  able  to  arrive  at : — 

Ikctmbejcts. — Edward  Nicholson,  died  1593 ;  Robert  Troot- 
b«ck,  died  1G30 ;  James  Pearson,  died  IU70 ;   Hugh  Newton, 

;  Philip  Robinson,  died  17HG;  John  Pearson,  died  1831; 

Robert  Pearson,  vacated  lb45;  Joseph  Castlehow,  vacated  1&40, 
when  John  B.  Wightwick,  present  incumbent,  succeeded. 

The  parsonage  bouse  is  a  plain  building,  erected  about 
thirty  yeare  ago,  from  funds  obtaiued  from  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty  and  other  sources. 

CATTERLEN. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1,470  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  j£9 14  48. '2d.    The  number  of  its  inhabi- 
tants in  1801  was  02  ;  in  1811,  104  ;   in  1821,  124  ;      ! 
ui  1831,  12  J ;  in  1811,  147;  and  in  1801,  130;  who 
chiefly  reside  in  Catterlen  village. 

The  township  of  Catterlen  presents  no  objects  of 
antiquarian  interest,  and  culls  for  no  notice  previous  to 
the  Norman  Conquest,  at  which  epoch  we  find  it  in  the 
possession  of  a  Saxon  proprietor,  named  Uhtredus,  who, 
as  we  gather  from  the  charter  of  Henry  II.,  quoted  at 
length  under  the  pedigree  of  the  ^'auxes  of  GUsland,  was 
the  last  Saxon  owner;  and  under  the  following  pedigree 
will  be  found  as  full  an  account  of  the  possessors  of  the 
manor  to  the  present  time  as  we  have  been  able  to 
compile  from  original  sources,  and  from  the  labours  of 
our  predecessors,  especially  from  the  account  of  the 
family  given  by  Jefferson  in  his  "  Leath  Ward :" — 

OauT  of  CalltrleiT. 

Jons  DE  Taci,  KcI.,  of  Catterlen,  is  the  first  of  whom  we 
find  mention,  and  probably  tlie  original  grantee  for  Catterlen  or 
Eaderleng,  as  it  is  tliere  called,  was  confirmed  to  Hubert  de 
Vanr,  in  the  charter  of  Henry  II.,  which  must  have  been  made 
between  1154  and  U6~,  and  Sir  John  was  of  this  manor,  IGth 
Henry  II.  (1170).    He  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

John  de  Vacx,  Knt.,  of  Catterlen,  33nd  Henry  IL  (1186). 
His  successor  was  his  son, 

WnjLUu  DE  Taux,  of  whom  no  special  mention  is  made, 

WnxiAU  DB  Vaux,  Uving  here  in  the  reign  of  Hetiry  III., 
and  who  had  issue  two  sons, 

I.  William,  his  successor. 

H.  John,  from  wiiom  descended  the  Vauxcs  of  Odihani,  Hamp- 
shire. 

WiLLLAB  DE  Vaux  married  the  daughter  and  heiress  of  a 
collateral  branch,  the  Vauses  of  Tryermaine,  by  whom  he  left, 

L  WiLLjAM,  his  successor, 
u.  Bonlaud,  who  had  issue, 

Solpb,  who  had, 

Bobtrt. 

m.  James. 
IV.  John. 


WiLLiAU  DE  Vaux,  who  was  seated  here  24th  Edwanl  III. 
(1351).  lie  married  a  daughter  of  lUchaid  de  Salkcld,  of 
Korkeby,  and  left  a  son, 

John  de  Vai-x,  of  whom  mention  is  made  48th  Edward  III. 
(1375).    He  had  issue  three  sons, 

1.  John,  who  succeeded  his  father. 
II.  William, 
m.  Robert. 

John  de  Val"x,i  who  was  living  at  Catterlen,  20th  Hichord  II. 
(1397). 

John  de  Vacx,  who  is  mentioned  4th  Henry  IV.  (1403),  he 
left  issue  four  sons, 

I.  WiLLLAsi,  his  successor, 
n.  John. 
III.  Thomas. 
IV.  Henry. 

WiixiAM  DE  Xxux,  who  married  a  daughter  of  —  Brougham, 
and  wa.s  residing  at  Catterlen  8th  Henry  V.  (1431.) 

William  de  VArx,s  Uving  20th  Ed.  IV.  (J481),  married  a 
daughter  of  —  Delamere,  by  whom  he  had 

John  de  Vaux,  who  married  a  daughter  of  —  Crackenthorpe. 
He  was  living  during  the  reign  of  Richard  III.,  and  by  her  left 
issue  a  son 

WiLLLAH,  Ms  successor. 

By  a  second  marriage  with  Mary,  daughter  of  —  Skelton,  he 
had 

John,  from  whom  descended  a  numerous  progeny. 

William  de  Vacx,  seated  at  Catterlen  during  tlie  reigns  of 
Henry  VII.  and  VIII.  He  is  mentioned  in  the  list  of  those 
liable  to  Border  service,  given  in  Sir  Thomas  Wharton's  letter, 
dated  31th  Henry  VIII.  (1545),  from  whence  it  appears  that  he 
was  liable  to  send  four  horse  and  six  footmen  ton-ards  llie  de- 
fence of  the  Border.  He  married  a  daughter  of  —  Leybourne, 
and  had  issue  four  sons  and  two  daughters, 

I.  BoBEBT,  died  without  issue, 
u.  John. 

III.  Itiiland. 
IT.  Gilbert. 
L  Mary,  married  Thomas  Salkeld,  of  Whitehall,  Cumberland. 

II.  Dorothy,  married  —  Senhouse  of  Seascale  Hall,  Cumberland. 

John  Vaox,  who,  it  seems,  held  Catterlen  35th  Henry  VIII. 
(1544),  by  the  service  of  paying  to  the  king  'iid.  yearly. 

Roland  Vacx,  particular  notice  of  whom  will  be  found  under 
the  description  of  the  hall,  married  Ann,  daughter  of  —  Salkeld, 
and  by  her  had  a  large  family, 
1.  William,  his  successor, 
IL  Thomas,  by  his  wife  or  wives,  had  a  very  numerous  family. 

'  Tills  may  be  that  John  de  Vaux,  who  iu  the  Brougham  peili'Tee 
is  set  down  as  having  married  a  daughter  of  a  John  de  Brnii^jham, 
who  is  there  stated  lo  have  been  sheriff  of  Cumberland  in  138.3,  but 
the  name  of  that  family  does  not  occur  in  the  lists  as  either  sheriff  or 
laiight  of  ibe  shire  until  (ith  Will,  and  Mary,  when  Henry  Brougham 
of  Scales,  filled  the  former  office. 

2  A  certain  Robert  Vans  was  sheriff  of  Cumberland,  30ih  Henry 
yi.  (14,')2)  :  again  2nd  and  3rd  Edward  IV.  (1463-4);  and  once 
more  in  the  7ih  of  tlie  sane  reign  (U6S),  if  he  were  of  Catterlen  he 
preceded  this  William.— (?) 


NEWTON   EEIGNY  PARISH. 


583 


III.  Hamphrey. 

IV,  liicliurd. 

T.   Jullll. 

J.  .Tnnc,  married  to  Sir  William  Iliitton,  l-y  wliom  she  bad  ft 
family. 

II.  Isabel,  inarried  to  John  Simpsou,  by  whom  she  had  chMrcn. 

III.  Phillas  died  young. 

William  Vaux,  married  Jane  ,  and  by  her  had  a  son, 

his  successor,  and  five  daughters. 

I.  .loux. 
I.  Aon. 

II.  Jane. 

III.  Mary. 

IV.  Dorothy. 
y.  Barbara. 

JouN  Vacx  married  JIabel  Jlusgravc,  by  whom  lie  had, 

I.  Madelaine  died  young. 

II.  Mnbi'l,  wlio  mavrifil  Cliristoplier  Richmond,  of  nighhead. 

III.  Mary,  who  inarried  William  Graham,  of  Nunnery. 

Arms.— Or.a  Tesse  ehcquy,  gold,  and  giiles,  between  three  garbs  of 
the  third,  banded  of  the  first  in  chief,  a  label  of  three  points. 

^irhmmib  of  Catlcrttit  ISjall. 

1  CmiisTornr.r.  RirmioND,  inarried  Mabel,  daughter  and  co- 
heiress of  John  Vaux,  of  Catterlen  Hall,  by  \Yhom  lie  received 
that  inheritance,  in  addition  to  bis  patrimony  of  High  Head 
Castle.     They  had  the  following  chiKlren : — 

I.  CiiuisTopuKE,  his  successor. 

II.  John. 

III.  George. 

IV.  Thomas. 
I.  Isabel. 

II.  Magdalen. 

1  This  Christopher  was  descended  from  John  Richmond,  who  pnr- 
chased  Hij?h  Ilimi  from  John  Restwold,  to  whom  it  had  descended 
trom  the  laniily  of  Knglish.  The  said  John  Richmond  had  a  son 
and  heir, 

.John  Richmond,  who,  in  the  Ini  Elizabeth,  was  impleadad  for  a 
pnrpresturc  of  sixty  acres.  He  married  firstly.  —  Dacre,  but  had 
no  children;  sccondlv,  .Margaret  Ualston,  of  Uldalc,  by  wiiom  be 
had. 

I.  CnauTornxB,  liii  niccaaaor. 
II.  John,  dic<l  youDg. 

ni.   PranctH,  married  a  daughter  of  Lancelot  Fletcher. 

IV.  Margaret,  ronrriod  Sir  KicbarU  Flotrhor.  of  ilutton. 

V.  Malji;!,  married  John  Simp«on,  of  Sowerby, 

CiiiiisTOPHKn  RicnMOXD  married  firstly,  Ann,  daughter  of  Thomas 
JIayplate,  of  Little  Salkcld,  by  whom  be  had, 

1.  John,  who  died  nnmarried. 

Secondly,  he  married  Klizabctli  Chayter,  by  whom  lie  had, 

I.  FrnnciH,  who  died  younff. 

II.  CiiniATopiiEu,  his  father's  aiiccessnr. 

I.   MHrt:ery,  iimrried  John  A^li'^nby,  of  t'nrllslo. 

II.  Kllr.aboUi,  married  KirlinnI  llaxlir.  of  Selii^rKham 
ni,   Mary,  married  John  Vaui,  of  LilUo  Muaimre, 

Thirdly,  be  married  Eleanor  Beauley,  by  whom  he  had, 

I.   William. 
1.   .Inno. 
11.   Mabel. 

IIo  diid  in  1(112,  leaving  Christopher,  his  son,  who  muried 
ilabcl  Vau.\,  his  successor. 


By  his  second  wife,  Magdalen  Huddlestone,  he  had, 

I.  Dorothy. 
II.  Margery. 

lu.  iMubel. 

CnniSTOPiraB  Eichmosd  married  firstly  JIary,  daughter  of 
—  Lawson,  of  Isell,  who  died  in  1672,  by  her  he  had 

I.  Christopher,  died  young. 

II.  CiinisToruEB,  his  successor. 
I.  Jane. 

II.  Mary. 

Secondly  he  married  Isabella  Reynolds,  by  whom  he  had 

I.  Erasmus,  died  young. 

II.  Henry,  died  unmarried  171G. 

III.  William,  died  young. 

I.  Isabel,  married  to  Colonel  Gledhill,  by  whom  she  bad  a  family. 

II.  Elizabeth,  married  to  Peter  Broughain,  by  whom  she  had 

1.  Henry  Richmond,  died  unmarried. 

2.  John,  died  unmarried. 

III.  Sarah,  married  George  Simpson,    and  sobsequently  John 

Barker. 

IV.  Ann. 

V.  Mabel,  married  Henry  Brisco. 
Yi.  Susan. 

VII.  Margrett,  married  William  Gale,  of  Whitehaven,  by  whom 
she  had 

1.  John,  who  married  Sarah  Wilson,  and  hence  by  a  son 

derive  the  Braddyls. 
1.  Isabella,  married   to  Henry  Curwen,  of  Workington 

Hall.     Tliey  bad  a  daughter  from  whom  the  present 

proprietor  of  that  estate  descends. 

viil.  Martha. 

CnmsToriiEn  Richmond,  married  1C96,  Elizabeth  Watson, 
by  whom  he  had 

I.  Christopher,  died  an  infant. 
I.  Elizalieth,  died  unmarried. 
11.  Isabella,  maiTied  John  Hutchinson,  by  whom  she  had 

1.  John,  who  by  a  daughter,  was  the  ancestor  of  the  Martins 
of  ItonQeld. 

Upon  the  death  of  Christopher  without  male  issue,  the  estates 
devolved  upon  liis  brother  of  the  half  blood. 

Henry  Uichmonh,  who  dying  unmarried  171(1,  bequeathed 
the  estates  absolutely  to  hi.<  mother. 

IsAnF.i.i.A  Mii.i.rR,  who  after  the  decease  of  her  first  husband 
married  Matthias  Miller,  she  by  her  will,  dated  May  1st,  1730, 
bequeathed  Highhoad  for  life,  and  Catterlen  in  fee  to  her 
daughter  by  the  said  Christopher. 

SusA.N  RjcuuoND,  wlio  dying  unmarried  in  1775,  by  her  will 
left  to  lier  niece,  the  daughter  of  Margrett  Richmond  and 
William  Gale,  of  Whitehaven,  as  aforesaid, 

Isabella  Citiiwks,  the  estate  of  Catterlen,  which  she  sold 
to  llio  Duke  of  Norfolk,  from  whom  Iho  present  proprietor, 
Henry  Howard,  Ivsq  ,  of  (Jreysloko  Castle,  inherits  Iho  same. 

Arms. — Ciules,  two  bars  gemclla,  a  chief,  or. 


The  principnl  landowners  an  Henry  Ho^Tard,  Esq., 
Sir  Hcnrv  R.  F.  Vane,  Hart..  William  Thompson,  John 
.lohnston.  Joseph  Moiinsey,  John  Lamb.  Catterlen 
Hall  is  now  a  ftirmhousc. 


584 


LEATH  WARD. 


Tlic  village  of  Cntterlen  is  tliree  miles  north-west-by- 
north  of  Peurith.  Here  is  a  small  school,  erected  in 
1835,  which  is  supported  by  the  quarter  pence  of  the 
children,  and  has  an  average  attendance  of  thirty  pupils. 

The  single  houses  bearing  particular  names  are 
Catterlen  Hall,  Helling  Syke,  Honey  House,  High  and 
Low  Dyke. 

The  mansion  house  of  Catterlen  Hall,  situated  on  a 
hill,  at  the  base  of  which  flows  the  Petteril,  is  a  good 
specimen  of  the  Border  Peel  Tower,  with  later  erections, 
indicating  the  additional  security  which  advancing 
civilisation  alTorded.  Tlio  old  tower  probably  dates  as 
far  back  as  the  wars  of  the  Roses,  but  we  possess  no 
information  as  to  the  builder.  The  first  enlargement  was 
made  by  that  Piowland  Vaux  who  died  in  1580,  as  appears 
from  a  airving  in  stone  over  the  door, — having,  1st  and 
4th,  the  arms  of  Vaux ;  2nd  and  3rd,  a  cross  moline 
within  a  roundel,  with  the  inscription,  "  Let  mercy  and 
faithfulness  never  go  from  thee  ;"  and  underneath,  "  At 
this  time  is  Roland  Vaux  lord  of  this  place,  and  buildcd 
this  house  in  the  year  of  God  1577."  The  letters 
"  R.  v.,  A.  v.,"  his  own  and  wife's  initials  being  at  the 
four  corners.  The  second  addition  to  the  hall  was  made 
during  the  Richmond  period,  and  consists  of  a  court- 
house and  retiring  room,  reached  by  a  lofty  flight  of 


steps  from  the  court-yard,  with  inferior  rooms  below. 
Above  the  grand  door,  on  ascending  the  steps,  is  per- 
ceived the  arms  of  Vaux,  quartering  those  of  Richmond, 
(two  bars  gemells)  with  the  motto,  "  Deo  vivente 
juvante."  Over  the  chimney-piece  of  the  hall,  and  in 
the  centre,  with  the  date  1057,  is  a  wreath  enclosing  a 
heart  and  two  roses.  In  a  similar  position  in  the  retiring 
room  is  the  same  date,  with  the  letters  cis<  enclosed  in 
a  wreath.  Another  chimney  piece,  in  the  middle  age 
part  of  the  hall,  is  said  to  display  the  coat  of  Richmond 
impaling,  quarterly,  1st  and  4th,  per  bend  indented, 
three  roses  or,  3nd  and  3r.l  a  saltire. 

CHARITY. 

Mrs.  Isabella  Miller,  widow  of  Christopher  Richmond, 
and  subsequently  widow  of  Mr.  Matthias  Miller,  having 
become  possessed  of  the  Catterlen  estate,  under  the  will 
of  her  son  Henry,  by  her  will,  dated  May  1st,  1736, 
bequeathed  a  messuage  and  field,  measuring  about  an 
acre,  in  the  said  manor,  in  trust  for  the  benefit  of  a 
schoolmaster,  who  should  teach  the  children  of  the 
tenants  the  principles  of  the  Christian  religion,  reading 
and  writing  ;  but  though  tradition  professes  to  point 
out  the  land,  the  house  has  long  been  destroyed,  and 
the  benefit  which  was  intended  to  accrue  to  the  inhabi- 
tants has  been  lost. 


OUSBY  PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Ousby  extends  about  six  miles  from  east  to  west,  and  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  north  to  south, 
being  bounded  on  the  north  by  ■Melmerby,  on  the  west  by  Addingham,  and  on  the  south  and  east  by  Kirkland. 
About  one  fourth  of  this  parish  is  enclosed  and  cultivated,  the  remainder  forming  a  large  common.  Green  Fell, 
which  rises  to  the  height  of  2,500  feet  above  sea  level,  is  situated  here,  lying  between  Hartside  Fell  and  Cross  Fell. 
That  portion  of  the  parish  which  is  under  cultivation  is  tolerably  fertile,  having  generally  a  red  marly  soil,  and  in 
some  places  a  light  sand, — the  principal  crops  are  oats,  barley,  turnips,  &c.  The  inhabitants,  who  are  chiefly 
engaged  in  agriculture  and  sheep  fanning,  attend  the  Penrith  markets,  and  occasionaOy  those  of  Alston  and  Appleby. 

Ousby  comprises  6,000  acres  of  land,  and  its  rateable 
value  is  £1,653  8s.  9d.  In  1801  it  contained  253 
inhabitants;  in  1811,  249;  in  1821,  276;  in  1831, 
291  ;  in  1841,  271  ;  and  in  1851,  295.  In  the  western 
extremity  of  the  parish  are  vestiges  of  what  appears  to 
have  been  an  ancient  British  fort,  consisting  of  two 
ramparts,  an  outer  and  inner,  with  an  intervening  ditch, 
enclosing  a  pentagonal  area  in  which  an  urn  and  several 
fragments  of  ruined  walls  have  been  found. 

The  first  recorded  possessors  of  the  manor  of  Ousby 
are  two  sisters,  who  held  it  in  moieties  ;  and  shortly 
afterwards  we  find  one  of  these  moieties  held  by  four 
sisters.  In  the  time  of  Henry  III.  Julian  Falcard  and 
William  Armstrong  occur  as  holding  a  moiety  each, 


and  shortly  afterwards  we  find  Henry  le  Serjeant 
and  Patrick  de  Ulneby  holding  each  an  eighth  part. 
By  alienation  the  residue  was  broken  into  small  parcels, 
some  of  which  were  given  to  the  priory  of  Lanercost, 
others  to  the  prior  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  some  in 
frank  marriage,  many  small  parcels  were  sold,  and 
many  distributed  among  the  families  of  Crackenthorpe, 
Salkeld,  Croftou,  Beauchamp,  and  Raughten.  The 
estate  has  long  been  in  severalities,  but  .the  manorial 
rights  appear  to  have  centered  by  purchase,  or  otherwise, 
in  the  family  of  Crackenthorpe  of  Newbiggin,  Westmore- 
land ;  W.  Crackenthoi-pe,  Esq.,  being  the  present  lord. 
The  landowners  are  W.  Crackenthorpe,  Esq.,  Messrs. 
Hare,  Joseph  Barker,  Rev.  J.  Hall,  B.D.,  John  P. 


OUSBY  PARISH. 


585 


Spedding,  Rev.  J.  Ion,  James  Shcphard,  Joseph  Braith- 
waite,  Henry  Hodgson,  Anthony  Hodgson,  John  Work- 
man, John  Atkinson,  John  and  Joseph  Checsbrough, 
Isaac  Westmoreland,  Tliomas  Goulding,  the  trustees  of 
the  late  Walter  Buclianan,  Rev.  J.  F.  Courtnay,  Joseph 
Varty,  William  Varty,  John  Varty,  John  and  Thomas 
Cartniell,  Joseph  Howe,  Rev.  Thomas  Jackson  ;  Mrs. 
Bleaymire,  Mrs.  ^Margaret  Robinson,  and  Mrs.  Byers. 

The  village  of  Ousby,  Ulnesby,  Ullcsby,  or  Ulfsby,  is 
about  nine  miles  east-north-east  of  Penrith,  and  twelve 
and  a  lialf  miles  south-west  of  .lUston,  and  is  said  to 
derive  its  name  from  Ulf,  or  Olave,  a  Dane,  wlio  settled 
here  long  anterior  to  the  Norman  conquest.  Nicolson 
and  Burn  state  that  this  Ulf  was  one  of  the  three  sons 
of  Haldan  —  the  other  two,  TorqucU  and  I\Ielmor,  settled 
themselves  respectively  at  Torquelby  near  Keswick, 
and  at  Melmerby. 

THE    CnOBCH. 

Ousby  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Luke,  consists  of  a 
nave  and  chancel,  with  a  bell  turret  at  tlie  western  end, 
carrying  two  bells,  under  which  is  the  principal  entrance. 
There  is  a  narrow  door  on  the  south  side  of  the  chancel. 
The  church  has  lately  been  restored,  mainly  at  the  cost 
of  the  present  rector.  A  painted  window,  bearing  the 
figure  of  St.  Luke,  has  been  erected  in  the  eastern  end  of 
the  chancel.  In  the  chancel  is  the  figure  of  a  crusader, 
carved  in  oak,  but  greatly  damaged  and  dilapidated. 
The  armour  appears  to  be  that  usually  termed  mail, 
the  feet  rest  on  a  dog,  the  legs  are  crossed,  and  the 
hands  raised  in  the  attitude  of  prayer.  Respecting  the 
person  whom  this  statue  is  supposed  to  represent, 
Bishop  Nicolson  gives  the  following  tradition: — "He 
was  an  outlaw  who  lived  at  Crewgarth  iu  this  [larish, 
and  was  killed  while  he  was  hunting,  at  ii  certain  place 
on  the  neighbouring  mountain,  which  from  that  accident 
keeps  the  name  of  Baronside  to  this  day.  For  all 
great  men  were  anciently  called  barons  in  this  country." 
This  tradition  seems  to  be  like  many  others,  wilhout 
any  foundation  in  fact,  for  it  is  very  improbable  that 
had  this  "  baron,"  or  whoever  ho  may  have  been,  de- 
served the  character  here  given  of  him,  that  he  would 
have  been  buried  in  the  chancel  of  a  church,  and  his 
luonunicnt  bo  in  the  style  common  to  those  persons  who 
had  been  in  the  Holy  Land.  The  ancient  sedilia  and 
piscina  are  still  preserved  in  this  church.     Li  front  of 


the  former  is  the  monument  mentioned  above.  The 
living  of  Ousby  is  a  rectory,  entered  in  the  Valor  of 
Pope  Nicholas  at  £11  19s.,  and  in  the  King's  Book 
at  £13  13s.,  now  worth  about  £310.  The  tithes  arc 
commuted  for  £290.  The  patronage  is  vested  in  the 
Bishop  of  Carlisle.  The  parish  register  commences 
in  10G3. 

Rectors. —  Roger  reytenin,  1245;   Gilbert  do  IlaloughtoD, 

1304;  Adam  de  Appleby, ;  Sir  Robert  de  Halghton,  1312; 

Thomas  de  Caldbeck,  131B  ;  John  Grayvill, ;  Sir  William 

de  Denton, ;   John  de  Welton,  1359 ;   Robert  de  Welton, 

1360;  Sir  Richard  de  Ulvesby,  1301  ;  Sir  Thomas  de  Kirkland, 
1301;  Sir  Nicholas  de  Stapleton,  13G3;  William  de  Strickland, 
1366  ;  Sir  John  Watreward,  13C0  ;  Symon  de  Wharton  occurs 
1370;  Cuthbert  Denton  occurs  1535;  Hugh  Sewell,  died  15H3; 
Sir  Hugh  Rayson,  15H3  ;  Nicholas  Dean,  1011;  Leonard  Mil- 
biirno  occurs  1044  ;  Thomas  Robinson,  1072  ;  George  Fleming, 
1719;  Lancelot  Pattenson,  1735;  John  Delap,  175C;  William 
Raincock,  1700;  Edward  Christian,  17S4;  Humphrey  John 
Hare,  1802 ;  Thomas  Lo«Ty,  1H07  ;  John  I'enton,  lb33 ;  James 
Bush,  1854. 

The  rectory  is  a  plain  substantial  building,  built  by 
the  present  rector  iu  1850. 

There  is  a  Wesleyan  chapel,  built  in  the  year  1838, 
and  possessing  accommodation  for  about  eighty  persons. 

The  National  School  is  a  neat  building,  in  the  Early 
English  stj'lc,  erected  in  185G  by  the  rector,  at  a  cost 
of  £300.  It  is  under  government  inspection,  sup- 
ported by  voluntary  contributions  and  quarter  pence, 
and  is  attended  by  about  twenty  children. 

An  annual  feast  is  held  in  the  village  about  the 
latter  end  of  the  month  of  October,  soon  after  tlie 
festival  of  St.  Luke,  and  is  celebrated  by  the  inhabitants 
meeting  together,  and  by  the  performance  of  the  usual 
rural  sports  of  the  country,  such  as  wrestling,  &c. 
■  Bradlej',  Fell  Side,  and  the  Row,  are  hamlets  in  this 
parish. 

CHARITIES. 

Poor  'Money. — Robert  Hutchinson,  the  elder,  in  1 C83, 
and  Robert  Hutchinson,  the  3-ounger,  in  1091,  each  left 
£5  for  the  poor  stock  of  the  parish,  which,  being  lent  out 
at  interest,  half  of  it  was  lost,  and  tho  remainder  was 
applied  to  the  poor  rates.  A  legacy  of  £1 00,  left  by  an 
old  lady  about  eighty  years  ago,  whose  name  is  now 
unknown  in  the  parish,  is  supposed  to  have  been 
intended  for  tho  use  of  the  poor ;  but  this  also  was 
applied  to  the  same  purpose. 


58e 


LEATH  WAHD. 


PENRITH    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  hy  Lazonby,  on  tho  west  by  Grcystoke  and  Newton,  on  the  south  by  the 
river  Kamout,  which  divides  it  from  VVestmorehmd,  and  on  tlie  east  by  EJeuhali.  It  extends  about  four  miles  in 
length  from  north  to  south,  and  three  and  a  half  in  breadth  from  east  to  west.  The  soil  is  in  general  a  light  red 
mould,  and  is  in  some  parts  very  fertile,  especially  near  the  Eaniont,  -where  loam  prevails.  The  extensive  common, 
consisting  of  about  8,000  acres,  has  been  enclosed  and  uUottcd,  together  with  the  other  waste  lands  in  luglewood 
Forest,  pursuant  to  an  Act  of  Parliament  passed  in  1S03.  The  parish  comprises  seven  divisions,  viz.,  Burrowgate, 
Dockray,  iliddlcgate  and  Sandgate,  Xethercnd,  and  Townhead,  whicli  constitute  the  town  ;  and  the  hamlets  of 
Plumpton  Head,  Carleton,  and  Eamont  Bridge.  Its  area  is  7,GG4  acres,  and  its  rateable  value  £2-2, 803  14s.  4d. 
The  population  in  li<Ql  was  3,801  ;  in  1811,  4,323;  in  1821,  5,385;  in  1831,  G,089 ;  in  1841,  6,429;  and  in 
1851,  7,3^7. 


Our  earliest  infor.natioa  respecting  the  district  in 
■wliich  Penrith  and  its  neighbourhood  ai-e  situate  is 
connected  with  Inglewood  Forest,  the  wood  of  the 
Angles,  as  it  was  called,  from  the  settlements  made 
within  its  boundaries  at  Plumpton,  Ilutton,  Newton, 
and  other  places,  by  these  German  invaders.  This 
forest  comprised  the  south-eastern  half  of  Cumberland 
Ward,  a  large  portion  of  Leath  Ward,  with  a  portion  of 
the  ward  of  AlIerdale-below-Derwent,  and  formed  part 
of  tho  demesne  of  the  English  crown.  It  appears  to 
have  been  a  forest  before  the  Conquest,  and  was 
divided  into  the  High  Ward,  from  Penrith  to  Hesket, 
and  the  Low  Ward,  from  Hesket  to  Carlisle.  At  the 
period  of  the  Norman  invasion  this  part  of  England 
was  held  by  the  Scots,  from  whom  it  was  taken  by  the 
Conqueror,  and  given,  with  the  rest  of  the  county,  to 
Kanulph  de  Meschincs.  Ranulph  made  a  survey  of 
the  whole  county,  and  gave  to  his  followers  all  the 
frontiers  bordering  on  Scotland  and  Northumberland, 
Tetaining  to  himself  the  central  part  between  the  east 
and  the  west  mountains,  "  a  goodly  great  forest,  full  of 
woods,  red  deer  and  fallow,  wild  swine,  and  all  manner 
of  wild  beasts."  During  the  reign  of  Itufus,  that 
portion  of  the  forest  which  was  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Cariisle,  was  brought  into  cultivation  by  some 
labourers  who  had  been  sent  from  the  south  of  England 
for  that  purpose.  The  other  portions  of  the  forest  at 
this,  and  probably  to  a  much  later  period,  was  full  of  red 
deer ;  Edward  I.  is  said  to  have  killed  200  bucks  here 
in  a  few  days.  That  monarch  gave  the  extra-parochial 
tithes  of  the  forest  to  the  convent  of  St.  Mary  Carlisle. 
In  a  perambulation  of  the  boundaries  of  the  forest,  made 
in  1301,  by  the  commissioners  of  Edward  I.,  they  were 
declared  to  be  as  follow  : — "  Beginning  at  the  bridge  of 
Caldew,  without  the  city  of  Carlisle,  and  so  by  the 
highway  unto  Thursby  towards  the  south ;  and  from 
Thursby  by  the  same  way  through  the  middle  of  the 
town  of  Thursby  to  Waspatrickwath,  ascending  by  the 
water  of  Wampole  to  the  place  where  Shawk  falls  into 
A\  ampole.     And  from  thence  going  up  straight  to  the 


head  of  Rowland  Beck  ;  and  from  that  place  descending 
to  the  water  of  Caldbeck  :  and  so  down  by  that  water 
to  the  place  where  Caldbeck  fulls  into  Caldew;  and 
so  up  to  Gyrgwath  ;  and  so  by  tho  highway  of 
Sourby  unto  Stanewath  under  the  castle  of  Sourby; 
and  so  by  the  highway  up  to  Mabel  cross ;  and  so  by 
the  hill  of  Keuewathen,  going  down  by  the  said  highway 
through  the  middle  of  the  town  of  Alleynby ;  and  so  to 
the  same  way  unto  Peliat ;  and  so  down  by  the  same 
way  unto  the  bridge  of  Amote  ;  and  so  from  that  bridge 
going  down  by  the  bank  of  Amote  unto  Eden  ;  and  so 
descending  by  the  water  of  Eden  unto  the  place  where 
Caldew  falls  into  Eden ;  and  from  that  place  to  the 
bridge  of  Caldew  aforesaid,  without  the  gate  of  the  city 
of  Carlisle."  Thus  it  appears  that  it  comprehended  all 
that  large  and  now  fertile  tract  of  country  "extending 
westward  from  Carlisle,  by  Timrsby  to  Westward,  and 
thence  to  Caldbeck,  Castle  Sowerby,  Mabel  Cross, 
Blencow,  and  Penrith,  from  whence  its  boundary 
extends  along  the  Eamont  to  the  Eden,  which  consti- 
tutes its  eastern  limits  all  the  way  northward  to  Carlisle, 
where  it  terminates  in  a  point,  as  at  Westward,  and 
the  confluence  of  the  Eamont  and  the  Eden  forming  a 
sort  of  triangle,  each  side  of  which  is  more  than  twenty 
miles  in  length." 

Cumberland  continued  to  bo  held  as  a  fief  of  the 
English  crown  till  the  reign  of  Stephen.  The  troubles 
which  quickly  gathered  round  the  throne  of  this  monarch 
encouraged  the  King  of  Scotland,  David  I.,  to  make  an 
attempt  to  gain  possession  of  the  northern  counties, 
which  he  invaded  in  11.J3,  and,  under  pretence  of  acting 
in  the  interests  of  Stephen's  rival.  Prince  Henry, 
who  had  been  educated  at  his  court,  made  himself 
master  of  all  the  fortresses  in  Cumberland  and  North- 
umberland, with  the  exception  of  Bamborough.  From 
this  time  the  possession  of  the  northern  counties  con- 
tinued to  be  a  subject  for  dispute  between  England  and 
Scotland,  and  many  years  passed  before  it  was  finally 
adjusted.  In  the  reign  of  King  .John  a  treaty  was 
entered  into  for  their  final  surrender  to  the  Scots,  upon 


PENRITH  PAEISH. 


587 


cortaiu  conditions,  but  like  many  other  treaties,  its 
provisions  were  doomed  to  be  inoperative.  In  the 
reigii  of  Jolui's  successor,  Henry  III.,  a  conference  was 
lield  at  York,  in  tlie  presence  of  tlie  papal  legate,  by 
whose  iutluenco  chiefly  the  Kin(5  of  Scotland  was 
induced  to  give  up  his  claim,  in  consideration  of  the 
grant  of  lands  in  Cumberland  or  Northumberland  of 
the  value  of  i''.200,  which  he  was  to  hold  of  the  King  of 
England,  by  the  annual  payment  to  the  Constable  of 
the  Castle  of  Carlisle  of  a  falcon.  In  1^  t'2  the  manors 
of  Penrith,  Laugwathby,  (jreat  Salkeld,  Sowcrby,  and 
Carleton,  were  granted  to  the  Scottish  king  in  pur- 
suance of  this  agreement.  For  a  few  years  the  northern 
counties  of  England  enjoyed  a  comparative  'degree  of 
tranquillity.  i3ut  the  contests  for  the  Scottish  crown 
did  not  allow  their  state  of  peace  to  continue  for  any 
lengthened  period.  After  the  crown  of  Scotland  had 
been  adjudged  to  John  Baliol,  and  he  had  been  accepted 
as  king  liy  the  Scots,  the  King  of  England  delivered 
to  him  Penrith  and  the  other  manors  just  mentioned; 
but  a  little  later,  when  Baliol  had  offended  the  King  of 
I'^nglaud,  Edward  began  hostilities  by  the  seizure  of 
these  manors,  which  were  never  restored.  In  revenge 
for  this  the  Scots  subsequently  ravaged  the  country. 
In  13tlj  Pilchard  II.  granted  the  manors  of  Penrith,  &c., 
to  John  Duke  of  ISritanny  and  Ivirl  of  Ilichmond,  to 
be  held  by  him  so  long  as  the  castle  of  Brest  should 
remain  in  the  hands  of  the  king.  This  tenure  appears  to 
have  been  of  short  duration,  for  two  years  afterwards  he 
granted  the  same  manors  to  Ilalph  Neville,  carl  of  West- 
moreland, and  his  heirs  male,  by  >Iuliana,  his  wife;  to  be 
held  in  as  ample  a  manner  :u>  they  had  been  by  Alexan- 
der King  of  Scotland.  It  is  very  probable  that  Penrith 
Castle  dates  its  erection  from  this  period.  Ilichard 
Neville,  son  of  Ilalph  Neville,  carl  of  Westmoreland, 
succeeded  to  the  manor  of  Penrith.  In  1H9  he 
received  from  the  king  (Henry  VI.)  a  grant  of  all  fines 
and  forfeitures  within  Penrith  and  Sowerby,  the  exclu- 
sive power  of  nominating  justices,  and  of  appointing 
coroners.  The  ]''jarl  of  Salisbury  was  subsequently 
taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Wakefield,  and  beheaded 
by  the  Yorkists  at  Pontefract ;  after  which  Henri-  VI. 
gave  Penrith  to  John  Lord  Clitlbrd,  of  Brougham 
Castle.  Lord  Clifford  fell  at  St.  Albau's,  on  Palm 
Sunday,  JIarch  29,  Mill,  and  the  manor  was  granted 
by  Edward  IV.  to  Warwick  the  "  king  maker,"  who 
being  killed  at  the  battle  of  liarnot,  in  1171,  the  manor 
reverted  to  the  crown,  but  Edward  granted  it  to  his 
brother  Piichard  Duko  of  Gloucester,  subsequently  King 
Richard  111.  It  has  been  said  that  the  Duke  of 
Gloucester  resided  at  Penrith  for  the  purpose  of  taking 
effectual   measures    foe   the    defence   of   Cumberland 


against  the  Scots,  aud  there  is  every  probability  that 
this  statement  is  correct,  for  we  find  that  the  duke 
was  sheriff  of  the  county  for  five  successive  years,  and 
he  is  described  as  of  Peurith  Castle.  From  this  period 
the  manor  of  Penrith  continued  to  be  held  by  the  crown 
till  the  year  1010,  when  it  was  devised  to  Francis 
Bacon  and  others  in  trust  for  Charles  Prince  of  Wales. 
In  107;^  the  manor  was  vested  in  trustees  as  part  of 
the  jointure  of  Catherine  Queen  Consort,  who  became 
possessed  of  the  same  on  the  death  of  her  husband, 
Charles  II. 

On  May  Gist,  10.90,  William  III.  granted  the  honour 
of  Penrith  to  William  Bentinck,  earl  of  Portland,  his 
heirs  and  assigns,  under  the  following  description  : — 
"All  that  the  houour  of  Penrith,  als  Perith,  in  our  county 
of  Cumbcrlaud,  with  all  rights,  members,  and  appur- 
tenances whatsoever ;  and  all  those  demesne  lands  in 
Peurith,  als  Perith  aforesaid,  with  appurtenances;  aud 
all  those  rents  called  socage  rents,  bondage  rents, 
purpresture  rents,  and  other  rents  there,  all  which  are 
of  tlie  yearly  rent  or  value  of  £07  Os.  IJd.  And  also 
those  rents  of  lands  in  Great  Salkeld,  Langwathbie, 
Gamblesby,  Scotby,  and  Castle  Sowerby,  being  members 
of  the  sail  honour  of  Penrith,  called  the  Queen's 
Hames,  amounting  to  £127  13s.  Od.  And  also  those 
lands,  tenements,  rents,  aud  hereditaments,  with  the 
appurtenances,  in  the  ward  of  Penrith  aforesaid,  within 
the  forest  of  Inglewood,  in  the  said  county  of  Cumber- 
land, of  the  yearly  rent  or  value  of  £10  14s.  Od.;  and 
also  all  those  lands,  tenements,  and  rents,  in  the  ward 
of  Gatescall,  within  the  said  forest  of  Inglewood,  with 
the  appurtenances,  of  the  yearly  rent  or  value,  besides 
£101  19s.  7d.  per  annum  for  the  rent  of  the  park  at 
Plumpton  Head,  £113  9s.  OJd.;  and  also  all  those 
rents  of  the  free  tenants  within  the  said  forest,  late  in 
the  charge  of  our  sheriff  of  Cumberland,  amounting  to 
£11  133.  OAd.  per  annum,  which  said  honour  of  Penrith, 
aud  other  the  premises,  are  of  the  yearly  rent  or  value  of 
£319  17s.  Ud.,  and  of  the  clear  yearly  rent  or  value, 
the  reprizes  deducted,  of  £310  3s.  7'ld.,  and  were  parcel 
of  the  possessions  of  Richard  late  Duko  of  Gloucester. 
And  all  and  singular  messuages,  teuomonts,  houses, 
edifices,  buildings,  outhouses,  mills,  ways,  passages, 
waters,  water- courses,  fishings,  woods,  underwoods, 
timber  and  trees,  hedges,  hedgerows,  courts  leet,  oourta 
baron,  views  of  fiimkpledgo,  or  other  courts,  doth  or 
shall  appertain  ;  fairs,  markets,  tolls,  waifs,  straics, 
deodands,  goods  aud  chattels  of  felons,  fugitives  and 
felons  of  themselves,  ond  of  pci-sons  condemned  ond 
put  in  exigent;  liberties,  franchises,  jurisdictions,  ])rivi- 
Icgcs,  wastes,  heaths,  moors,  farms,  lands,  meadows, 
pastures,  feedings,  profits,  commodities,  hereditaments. 


588 


LEATH  WARD. 


and  appurtenances  whatsoever  to  tlie  said  honour 
of  Penrith  ;  and  other  the  promises,  or  any  part 
thereof  belonging  or  appertaining,  arising,  happening, 
or  growing  within  the  same  or  therewith,  commonly 
held,  used,  or  enjoyed  as  part,  parcel,  or  member  of 
them,  or  any  of  thera  .  .  .  to  be  holden  of 
us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  as  of  our  manor  of  East 
Greenwich,  in  our  county  of  Kent,  in  free  and  common 
socage,  by  fealty  only,  and  not  in  cnpitc,  nor  by  knights' 
service;  yielding  and  paying,  therefore,  to  us,  our  heirs 
and  successors,  the  yearly  rent  or  sum  of  13s.  4d.  of 
lawfiJ  money  of  England,  by  the  year,  at  the  receipt 
of  our  Exchequer,  or  to  the  hands  of  our  receiver- 
general  of  the  premises  for  the  time  being,  to  the  use 
of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  at  the  feast  of  the 
Annunciation  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  which  shall 
next  happen,  next  after  the  decease  of  our  royal  aunt, 
Katherino  the  Queen  Dowager."  This  last  named 
event  took  place  in  the  reign  of  King  George  I.  In 
1787  the  Duke  of  Portland  sold  the  manor  to  William 
fifth  Duke  of  Devonshire,  whose  son,  the  sixth  duke, 
died  about  a  year  ago.  The  Earl  of  Burlington  suc- 
ceeded as  heir-at-law  to  the  title  and  estate. 

Mr.  Walker,  in  his  "History  of  Penrith,"  tells  us 
that  "  The  court  incident  to  a  manor  is  the  court  baron, 
and  to  a  market  and  fair  the  court  of  pic-powdrc. 
There  has  also  been  immcmoriably  held  at  Penrith  a 
court  lect  and  view  of  frankpledge,  which  is  said  to  be 
the  most  ancient  of  our  courts,  and  is  a  court  of  record 
for  punishing  offences  against  the  crown.  It  is  clear 
that  the  court  baron  and  court  of  piepowdre  must  have 
been  in  existence  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  since  -we 
find  the  manor,  and  the  fair,  and  the  market  then  sub- 
sisting. The  court  leet  is  said  to  be  incident  only 
to  a  hundred;  but  may  be  granted  by  charter.  It  is 
probable  that  the  court  leet  was  granted  by  the  crown, 
along  with  Penrith,  to  Neville  of  Raby  ;  and  the  Moot 
Hall,'  which  stood  on  the  north  of  the  market  place, 

t  In  ft  survey  made  in  pursaance  of  a  commission  granted  by 
Queen  Elizalieih  in  157i,  the  "  Old  Mote  Hall"  is  mentioned  as  lield 
by  one  John  .\tkinson.  In  a  deed,  bearing  d.nte  the  "til  day  of 
February,  KwS,  made  between  Thomas  Middleton  and  Jonathan 
Middleton,  his  son,  amongst  other  premises  conveyed  from  fattier  to 
son,  ore  '*all  that — freehold  messuage,  tenement,  or  purprcsture, 
with  the  appurtenances,  wherein  tlie  said  Thomas  Middleton  did  live, 
and  which  he  lately  purchased  of  William  Moorhouse,  situate,  lying, 
and  being  in  a  street  there,  called  Barrowgaie,  between  the  messuage 
of  Cuthbert  Mounsey,  called  the  Old  Jfoot  Hall,  on  the  west  side,  and 
the  king's  high  street  on  the  cast  side  thereof;  and  also  all  that — his 
stable,  back  side,  &c.,  kc."  The  Wool  Pack  Inn,  and  its  appurte- 
nances, are  tlie  premises  here  referred  to.  The  site  of  the  Old  Moot 
Hall,  formerly  the  property  of  Cuthbert  Jfounsey,  is  now  owned  by 
Mr.  N.  .\mison,  recently  rebuilt  by  him,  and  occupied  as  a  draper's 
shop.  The  old  house,  when  pulled  down,  bore  strong  evidence  of 
having  been  a  place  of  some  consequence, — the  walls  being  con- 
stracted  of  strong  ashler  wood,  inside  and  out. 


and  in  which  these  courts  were  anciently  held,  erected 
shortly  afterwards.  It  is  described  in  an  ancient  survey 
as  'the  Moote  Hall,  situate  in  Burrowgate,  Penrith, 
consisting  of  seven  bayers  of  building,  with  five  shopps, 
utidcr-roomcs  in  the  sayd  hall,  worth  per  annum,  besides 
a  place  of  judicature,  £0.'  The  court  leet  sat  twice  a 
year,  the  steward  presiding,  shortly  after  Easter  and 
Michaelmas.  It  inquired  of  all  offences  short  of  treason, 
and  over  all  inhabitants  and  residents.  Every  one 
dwelling  withiu  the  leet,  from  the  age  of  twelve  to  sixty 
years  (peers,  clergymen,  &c.,  excepted),  was  bound  to 
suit  and  service  in  court.  The  juries  were  sworn  in  at 
one  half  yearly  court,  and  continued  to  serve  during  the 
next  ensuing  half  year.  In  the  interval  they  took 
cognizance  of  such  offences  as  occurred ;  assembling  at 
the  summons  of  the  bailiff  when  necessity  arose,  and 
making  inquisition;  their  verdict  of  presentments  was 
returned  to  the  steward  in  writing  at  the  next  court, 
whose  province  it  then  became  to  enforce  the  penalties 
incurred  by  the  offenders.  Thus  it  appears  that  the 
ancient  court  leet,  in  its  day,  must  have  exercised  much 
of  the  jurisdiction  now  exercised  by  the  magistrates  in 
petty  and  quarter  sessions,  and  the  local  boards  of 
health.  All  small  offenders,  whether  by  infraction  of 
public  or  private  rights,  by  neglect  or  violation  of  sani- 
tary regulations,  by  encroachments,  or  by  drunken  or 
riotous  breach  of  the  peace  and  good  order  of  society, 
came  within  its  grasp.  It  dealt  with  unlawful  games, 
affrays  and  assaults  where  bloodshed  ensued;  neglect 
of  constables  to  keep  watch  and  ward,  or  to  execute 
their  office  upon  vagabonds  and  sturdy  beggars,  or  any 
other  offence  against  the  public  good.  One  class  of 
offenders  came  more  particularly  under  its  lash,  namely, 
keepers  of  houses  of  ill-fame,  common  scolds,  eaves 
droppers,  hedge  breakers,  bakers  who  did  not  observe 
the  assize  of  bread,  butchers  who  exposed  unwholesome 
meat,  unqualified  persons  who  kept  dogs  or  engines  to 
destroy  game,  persons  who  kept  false  weights  and  mea- 
sures, and  destroyers  of  ancient  boundaries  or  land 
marks.  The  authority  of  the  court  also  included  the 
offences  of  millers  and  victuallers,  as  well  as  nuisances 
and  defects  in  the  bridges,  causeways,  and  highways. 
Persons  when  convicted  were  punished  by  fines,  and  in 
default  of  payment  were  placed  in  the  pillory  or  stocks :' 
the  former  being  provided  by  the  lord  of  the  manor, 
and  the  latter  at  the  expense  of  the  town.      In  the 

'  In  1.J72  one  Robert  Borwicke  held,  under  the  queen,  os  of  her 
royal  mauorof  l*enritb,  a  place  called  the  "  pilloraye"  shop  :  its  name 
being  probably  derived  in  consequence  of  its  proximity  to  the  site  of 
the  pillory.  The  lord  of  the  manor  provided  a  common  pound ;  and 
it  was  also  usual  for  lords  who  hod  leets  to  have  a  cucking  stool, 
"  which  was  an  engine  invented  for  the  punishment  of  scolds  and 
nnquiet  women,  by  ducking  them  in  water." — Jacob's  Law  Dtclionary, 


PENRITH  PARISH. 


589 


court  baron,  which  is  the  court  of  the  freeholders  of  tho 
manor,  and  in  whicli  they  are  judges,  and  two  at  the 
least  must  always  be  present,  pleas  of  debt  under  10s. 
were  held.  In  this  court  tho  steward  sat  as  assessor  to 
tho  free  suitors,  and  anciently  a  very  great  number  of 
debts  were  recovered  iu  it.  It  was  analagous  to  the 
county  court.  The  court  of  pie-powdre  was  a  court  of 
emergency,  held  in  the  fair,  on  the  spot,  for  prompt 
justice.  It  is  commonly  reported  to  have  had  its  name 
from  the  circumstance  that  the  suitors  were  clowns 
with  dusty  feet.  It  could  only  be  held  in  a  fair  or 
market  for  trial  of  causes  arising  in  that  particular  fair 
or  market,  and  not  in  any  former  one.  Hence,  some  say, 
it  had  its  name  fi'om  its  being  a  tribunal  which  decided 
between  disputants  before  they  could  shake  the  dust  off 
their  feet.  The  ancient  form  of  proclamation  for  holding 
tho  fair  concludes  as  follows  :  —  'And  if  any  ditlerence 
should  happen  about  any  bargain,  or  any  other  matter 
relating  to  merchandise,  thereupon  proper  notice  sliall 
be  given  to  the  steward,  and  the  court  of  pie-powdre 
shall  immediately  be  summoned  to  settle  the  dilVerence.' 
Fiut  wo  have  met  witli  no  one  that  can  recollect  a 
silting  of  this  venerable  tribunal." 

Jlr.  \Valker  continues, — "  There  were  several  classes 
of  tenan  ts  within  the  precincts  of  Penrith,  a  brief  rccapitu- 
latiuu  of  which  may  not  be  uninteresting:  1.  The  ancient 
freeholders,  tenants  in  free  socage.  From  these  were 
taken  tho  free  suitors  who  sat  in  the  court  baron.  Their 
free  or  ([uit  rents  amounted  to  ,£0  r.;s.  lOid.  2.  The 
copyholders,  originally  tenants  at  will.  In  process  of 
time  they  acquired  an  inheritable  interest,  on  payment 
of  fines  for  admission ;  and  tlicy  appear  to  have  been 
subject  to  Border  service  against  tiie  Scots.  Their 
rents  were  termed  the  oxgang,  or  bondage  rents, '  and 
amounted  to  ±23  IBs.  IJd.  3.  Tlie  purpresture 
tenants,  —  those  who  held  ground  taken  up  of  the 
lord's  demesnes,  or  vmstes,  without  warrant  or  grant. 
They  were  very  numerous  in  the  outskirts  of  the  town, 
being  holdcn  in  small  parcels  for  accommodation,  pay- 
ing mere  acknowlodguicnt  for  the  lord's  sull'Lrance. 
'I'he  rents  amounted  to  £6  15s.  4id.  at  the  date  of  tho 
survey  from  which  this  account  is  taken  ;  but  they 
were  contiuually  increasing  as  tho  town  increased  and 
additional  parcels  were  taken  up.  These  uru  now  all 
considered  as  freeholders. 

"The  bakers  and  brewers  of  Penrith  paid  a  rent  to 
the  lord.  Every  householder  tliat  did  sell  ale  or  beer, 
.'ul.;  every  baker,  5d. ;  and  every  houseludder  tliat  did 
both  bake  and  brew,  1  Od.  Tho  average  yearly  amount 
of  this  rent,  about  two  centuries  since,  was  £•>  13s.  -Id., 

'  An  oxgaug  is  commonly  Inkon  for  fifteen  aires  of  laud,  or  as 

niui'h  as  au  ux  cuuld  plough  in  u  }cur. 


which  gives  a  very  large  number  of  the  fraternity. 
Every  householder  that  kept  a  fire-hearth,  IJd.,  for  the 
privilege  of  turbary  on  the  lord's  wastes.'  There  were, 
at  the  above-mcutioned  period,  SCO  of  such  house- 
holders ;  and  they  also  paid  a  rent  of  20s.  for  the  privi- 
lege of  depasturing  their  cows  in  the  forest.  The 
curriers  and  shoemakers  in  Penrith  paid  a  rent  of  20s. 
per  annum ;  the  dyers  and  weavers,  Os.  8d. ;  the  malt- 
sters, 20s.  All  the  manors  comprised  in  the  honour  of 
Penrith  did  suit  and  service  at  the  lord's  courts. 

"The  markets  and  fairs  were  a  source  of  considerable 
profit  to  the  lord.  The  sliambles  on  the  east  and  west 
sides  of  the  market-place,  iu  Burrowgate,  are  described 
as  having  anciently  been  thirty  yards  in  length  on  each 
side,  and  containing  twelve  stables  (siallb)  worth  £7. 
The  oflice  of  sheldraker,  viz.,  '  a  certaiue  toll  taken  off 
the  market  people  for  the  making  cleane  of  the  streetes, 
out  of  every  sacke  of  come  and  salte  a  handful,  called  in 
Latin  raanipulum,  worth  per  annum  £22  10s.'  The 
office  of  '  nietlaw  and  weighlaw,  viz.,  a  dishful!  of  come 
and  salte  due  to  the  officer  out  of  every  sacke  of  come 
and  salte  that  cometh  to  be  sold  in  the  market  of  Pen- 
rith, and  of  every  wool  sacke  -Id.,  with  several  other 
small  tolls  received  for  commodities  weighed  and  sold 
in  the  saved  markett,  worth  per  annum  £73  Cs.  8d.' 
The  stallage  and  piccago  rents,  viz  ,  for  all  merchants 
or  pedlars  that  pitch  their  tents  or  boothes  in  the 
markett  of  Penrith,  worth  per  annum  .£3    13.  4d. - 

"The  Jlootllall,  whicli  till  within  the  present  century 
stood  in  the  square,  was  built  and  substituted  in  lieu  of 
one  of  more  ancient  date."  It  was  adorned  with  the 
arms  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick  —  the  bear  and  ragged 
staff.  The  appearance  of  the  building — part  of  which 
previous  to  its  removal  was  constructed  of  wood — 
resembled  that  of  a  '  tuefall.''  It  extended  in  a  north- 
west direction  from  williin  a  few  yards  of  the  front  of  tho 
cluster  of  buildings  now  the  property  of  Mr.  N.  llobinson, 
to  about  an  equal  distance  from  the  opposite  side  of  the 
square.  Tliat  part  of  tho  building  opposite  the  church 
was  a  blank  wall  of  considerable  height,  from  the  top  of 
which  tho  roof  descended  to  the  opposite  side,  which 

I  Tiirbnry,  cleiiveil  from  Inrbn,  nn  olisolotf  I.fttin  wor>l  for  lurf,  is 
n  rij;til  to  dig  turf  on  n  coninioii,  or  in  anoUicr  nion's  ground.  Turf 
WHS  unoicnlly  tlie  9tii|ilL'  fuel  of  llie  town. 

lill  appears  fniiu  the  above  that  the  market  tolls  alone  were 
aucieiuly  worth  XHI'  lOs.  per  annum.  In  May,  18,")tl,  they  were  let 
by  llic  Local  Uour.l  of  llenllli  for  X7l)  lOs,  which  is  nearly  i":tO  per 
annum  nion;  than  had  been  paid  for  iheni  previously.  The  Uoonl 
of  lUalth  lu-c  lessees  of  the  t>>lls,  under  tho  l)uke  of  Ucvousliire,  uid 
his  successors,  lonl  of  the  manor  of  rciirilh. 

9  See  nola  on  preceding  ptgt. 

*  "Tuefall,"  provincittlly  prunouuced  "tugb-ha,"  is  a  building  with 
a  sloping  roof  on  one  side  only. 


590 


LEATH  "WAKD. 


was  the  front,  and  faced  towards  tlio  gateway  of  the 
Fleece  Inn.  Ou  this  side  there  were  four  or  live  small 
shops,  and  on  the  north  were  the  stairs  leading  to  the 
great  room,  or  hall,  which  was  a  place  of  convenience 
for  the  market  people." 

Besides  the  manor  of  Penrith  the  pnrish  comprises 
three  inferior  manors,  Bishop's  Row,  Hutton  Hall,  and 
Carleton. 

The  manor  of  Bishop's  Row  consists  of  about  twelve 
leasehold  tenements  within  the  town  of  Penrith,  and 
several  leaseliold  and  customary  tenements  both  in  Cum- 
berland and  AVestmoreland.  It  formerly  belonged  to 
the  bishops  of  Carlisle,  hence  its  name,  but  is  now  in 
the  hands  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners. 

The  manor  of  Hutton  Hall  formerly  belonged  to  the 
Hutton  family,  who  appear  to  have  resided  here  from 
the  time  of  Edward  I.  till  the  year  173-1,  when  the  hall 
and  manor  were  sold  by  Addison  Hutton,  Esq.,  the  last 
of  Lis  family,  to  John  Gaskarth,  Esq.,  whose  son,  in 
1790,  sold  the  same  to  James  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  from 
whom  they  have  descended  to  the  present  earl. 

f  niton  of  fjntfou  fjall: 

As^M  EE  HcTTON,  wlio  was  living  at  PenritU  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  I.,  and  had  issue, 

Alexaxdeb  de  Hcttos,  son  and  heir,  living  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  III. 

Thomas  de  Hutton,  son  and  heir,  living  4th  Richard  II.  and 
1st  Henry  V.,  married  Helen,  daughter  of  .  .  .  This 
Thomas  and  his  lady  "l)e  entomed  under  the  higher  south 
windotr  of  St.  Andrew's  Quire,  in  Penrith." 

Ji)iix  DE  HcnoN,  son  and  heir,  living  in  the  reigns  of  Heniy 
V.  and  VI.  He  married  Isabel,  daughter  of  Hugh  Salkeld, 
Esq.,  of  Rosgill,  in  the  county  of  Westmoreland,  a  younger 
branch  of  the  Salkelds  of  Corby  Castle,  in  Cumberland,  by  whom 
he  had  issue,  ' 

Wii.i.iAM  DE  Hcttos,  son  and  heir,  who  was  li\ing  in  the  ith 
year  of  Henry  VII.,  and  by  Joan,  his  wife,  had  issue, 

John  de  Hutton,  son  and  heir,  married  Elizabeth,  one  of  the 
fonr  daughters  and  coheirs  of  Thomas  Beauchamp,  Esq.,  of 
Croglin,  an  ancient  Cumberland  family. 

Anthoxv  Hlttox,  son  and  heir,  married,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas  Jlusgrave,  Esq., 
of  Cumcatch,  in  the  county  of  Cumberland,  by  his  wife  Elizabeth, 
illejjitimate  daughter  of  Thomas  Lord  Uacre  of  Gilsland ;  by 
this  lady  he  had  issue, 

I.  WtLLiAU,  his  successor. 

n.  Sir  Uiihard  Iluttou,  Knt.,  of  Gnlilsborough,  in  the  conntv  of 
York,  one  of  the  jmlfjes  of  tlic  Court  of  Common  Plea.s, 
afienvnifls  of  the  Court  of  Qiieciis  Bench,  died  in  1838. 
Sir  lUebnrd  married  .Vjmes,  daughter  aud  co-heiress  of 
Thomas  Briggs,  Esq.,  of  Caumire,  in  the  couuty  of  West- 
moreland, aud  bad  issue, 

1.  Christopher,  died  in  September,  1610,  and  was  buried 

in  llie  chunctl  ol  tlie  cliurcli  of  St.  Mary,  at  Dover. 

2.  Sir  Richard,  Knt..  of  Goldsborough,  heir  to  his  father, 

higb-bheritf  of  Yorkshire,  was  slain  at  the  battle  of 
Slierbiirne,  in  the  service  of  Clinrlts  I ,  died  without 
issue ;  mterred  in  the  church  of  Goldsborough. 


.".  Tliomas. 

■I.  ilenrv.  ,\.M.,  afterwards  D.D.,  rector  of  Marton,  CO. 
Wtsinioreliind,  liilO;  prebendary  of  ihi' fourth  stall 
in  the  cathedral  chuicn  of  Carlisle,  liilS;  ejected 
from  ihe  prcbcnilal  sinll  by  Cromwell's  commis- 
sioners, und  died  widiout  issue  before  the  liestoration. 
He  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  John  Cosim, 
S.T.P..  lord  bishop  of  Ilurluun. 

1.  Elizabeth,  married  toJohn  Dawny.sonatid  heir  of  Sir 

'I'homtis  Diinnv,  Km. 

2.  Jniie,  niurried  to' Thomas  Cooper.  Esq. 

y.  Jlnry.  married  to  Sir  Thomas  Jlideverer,  Bart. 

4.  Kullierine,  married  Sir  Ger\ase  Newell,  Knt. 

0.  Jnliaii,  the  vonugest  daughter,  married  in  IDJO  to  Sir 
Philip  Jliisgrave,  Ban.,  of  Edenhall,  in  co.  Cumber- 
land. 

Sir  \Vn,LiAM  Hutton,  Knt,  son  and  heir  of  Anthony,  high- 
sherifif  of  Cumberland  in  the  2nd  and  8th  years  of  James  I., 
married,  firstly,  Jane,  daughter  of  Rowland  Vaux,  Esq.,  of  Cat- 
terlen  Hall,  in  co.  Cumberland,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

I.  Thomas,  married  Winifred,  third  daughter  of  Henry  Craeken- 
tliorjie,  Esq.,  of  Newbiggin,  co.  Wistuiorelaud,  aiiddiedin 
the  lifetime  of  his  father,  without  issue  maie. 
11.  William,  who  died  unmarried. 


Benson,  of 


Sir  William  married,  secondly,  daughter  of 
.    .    .    and  had  issue, 

I.  Anthony,  his  successor. 
II.  Bernard,  successor  to  his  brother. 

I.  Susan,  married  to  Simon  Musgrave,  Esq.,  of  Musgrave  Hall, 

iu  Penrith. 

II.  Anne,  married  to  Sir  Christopher  Dalston,  Knt,  of  Acorn 

Bank,  iu  co.  Westmoreland. 

Anthony  Hutton,  Esq.,  third  son  of  Sir  William,  upon  whom 
his  father  settled,  on  failure  of  the  issue  male  of  the  eldest  son, 
Thomas ;  he  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Robert  Burdett, 
Esq.,  of  Bramcote,  in  the  county  of  Warwick,  by  JIary,  his  wife, 
daughter  of  the  Right  Hon.  Thomas  Wilson,  L.L.D.,  dean  of 
Durham,  principal  secretary  of  state  to  (Jueen  Elizabeth,  and 
one  of  her  JIajesty's  most  hon.  Privy  Council.  Mr.  Hntton 
died  July  10th,  IU37,  and  was  interred  in  the  chancel  of  the 
church  of  Penrith,  under  an  altar  tomb  of  marble,  on  which 
were  the  effigies  of  himself  and  his  lady. 

BEEN.4UD  Hutton,  Esq.,  succeeded  to  the  inheritance  on  the 
death  of  his  elder  brother,  Anthony ;  ho  married  Ann,  daughter 
of  Hugh  Stamper,  of  Suittlegarth,  in  the  county  of  Cmuberland, 
and  had  issue, 

1.  WiLLi.VM,  son  and  heir. 

II.  Richard,  died  young. 

III.  John. 

IV.  Bernard. 
V.  Thomas. 
I.  Dorothy. 

II.  .4nne. 

III.  Grace. 

IV.  Catherine,  who  died  unmarried. 

William  HtmoN,  Esq.,  son  and  heir  of  Bernard,  was  bom 
about  the  year  1620,  being  thirty-nine  years  of  age,  at  the  visita- 
tion of  Sir  William  Dugdale,  in  106-5.  He  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  and  co-heir  of  Christopher  Lancaster,  Esq.,  of  Sock- 
bridge  Hall,  in  co.  Westmoreland,  and  by  her  had  issue, 

I.  Anthony,  his  successor. 
II.  Bernard. 

III.  John. 

IV.  Henry. 

I.  Dorothy. 
u.  Aune. 


PENEITH  PARISH. 


591 


Anthony  Hottos,  Esq.,  sou  and  heir,  was  seventeen  years  of 
age  in  1005,  married     .     .     .     was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

RiciiARi)  HuTTON,  Esq.,  high-sheriff  of  Oiiniberland  in  the 
8th  of  Quei'Q  Anne;  married  .  .  .  died  in  1717,  and  was 
interred  in  the  chancel  of  the  church  of  Penrith. 

Addison  Hutton,  Esq.,  M.D.,  son  and  heir  of  llichard,  died 
about  the  year  1710,  and  was  the  last  of  the  name  and  family  at 
HuUon  Hall. 

Arms. — Argent,  on  a.  fcssc  snhle,  three  bucks'  heads  caboshcd,  or. 
Creff, — Three  broad  arrows,  two  in  saltier  and  one  iu  pale,  sable, 
entiled  with  a  ducal  coronet,  or. 

According  to  Jlr.  T.  Denton,  the  manor  of  Carleton 
was  acquired  in  marriage  with  a  daughter  of  Pialpli 
Neville,  earl  of  Westtnoreland,  by  Kobert  Lord 
Clifford,  and  that  it  was  tlien  (lOSS)  the  property  of 
the  Earl  of  liurlington,  iu  right  of  liis  wife,  who  was 
sole  heiress  of  the  last  Lord  CliiTord ;  besides  that, 
Carleton  ilall  (the  fee  probably)  was  purchased  by  Sir 
Thomas  Carleton  of  George  Cliflord,  carl  of  Cumber- 
laud.  Carleton  appears  to  have  been  the  residence  of 
the  family  De  Carleton  shortly  after  the  Conquest. 
On  the  demise  of  Kobert  Carleton,  Esq.,  the  last  of 
this  ancient  family,  in  1707,  the  manor,  which  had 
been  purchased  probably  of  Lord  Burlington,  or  his 
heirs,  was  sold  to  John  Pattinson,  Esq.  On  the  death 
of  his  son  without  issue,  it  became  the  property  of  his 
eldest  daughter,  who  married  Thomas  Simpson,  Esq. 
ilr.  Simpson's  son  dying  unmarried,  Carleton  devolved 
to  his  only  daughter,  the  wife  of  James  Wallace,  Esq., 
whose  son,  the  Kight  lion.  Thomas  Wallace,  baron 
Knaresdale,  sold  it,  in  18J28,  to  John  Cowper,  Esq., 
■whoso  brother,  Frederick  Cowper,  Esq.,  is  the  present 
owner,  as  tenant  for  life,  the  estate  being  enUiiled  by 
the  late  Mr.  Cowper  to  the  present  holder,  and  to  F. 
Cowper,  Esq.,  Jan. 

Carltton  of  f  nrhtDit  ^aU. 

Baldwin  de  Cabi.eton  of  Carleton. 

Jepfbf.t  uv:  Carleton,  son  and  hair. 

OoAliD  DC  Carleton,  son  and  heir. 

Henry  de  Carleton,  son  and  heir. 

GiLiiERT  DE  Carleton,  son  and  heir. 

William  de  Caiu.eton,  son  and  heir  of  Gilbert,  married 
Helena,  daughter  of  GooHVcy  de  Stoinlon. 

Adam  de  Cahliiton  of  Carleton,  son  ond  lieir  of  William, 
married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Adam  do  Newton;  occars  in  tbo 
15th  Kdward  I.,  anno  l'J80. 

John  he  Oarli.ton,  son  and  heir  of  .\dam,  married  Dorothy, 
daughter  of  Houry  Brougham  ;  occurs  in  tliu  Hind  Kdnord  1., 
anno  130:). 

TaouAs  DB  CAni.ETo!.-,scn  andhcirof  John,  married  Johanna, 
daughter  of  lloger  do  Lancaster;  occars  in  the  lOth  Kdward 
II.,  anno  I  Si.'). 

John  de  Cau-eton,  son  and  heir  of  Thomas,  married  Mar 
garet,  daughter  and  heiress  of  John  du  Morton  ;  occurs  in  the 
3UtJi  Kdward  Ul.,  anno  130C. 


Thomas  de  Carleton,  son  and  heir  of  John,  married  Alice, 
daughter  and  heiress  of  George  Dawbury,  Esq.,co.  York;  occurs 
in  the  'Jiind  Richard  II.— 27th  Henry  VI. 

TuoMAs  DE  Carleton,  son  and  heir  of  Thomas,  married 
Isabel,  daughter  of  Gilbert  Brougham  of  Brougliam,  co.  West- 
moreland ;  died  in  the  11th  Henry  VIII. 

Thomas  de  Carleton,  son  and  heir,  married  ,\gnes,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Wybergh,  Esq.,  of  Clifton  Hall,  co.  WesUuoreland ; 
he  died  in  the  aSnd  Henry  VII L  aged  00. 

Thomas  Carleton,  son  and  heir,  married  Anne,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Layton,  Esq.,  of  Dalemain,  co.  of  Cumberland ;  he  died 
in  tlie  1th  Queen  Mary,  anno  liSO,  leaving  issue, 

I.  Thomas,  his  suceessor. 

u.  Guy,  governor  of  Northam  Castle,  co.  Northumberland,  who 
hud  issue, 

George,  lord  bisliop  of  Chichester,  died  16:>l.  The 
bishop,  by  his  Ur.,t  wife,  Anne,  daughter  of  SirHciU7 
Killegrcw,  hut.,  had  issue  a  son, 

Henry,  of  Furle,  co.  Essex,  M.P.  for  Arundel,  1 610. 

Thomas  Cakleton,  son  and  heir,  married  Mabel,  daughter 

of Carlisle,  Esq.,  of  Oarhsle  ;  and  died  in  the  29th  Queen 

Elizabeth,  anno  IbHIJ,  leaving  issue, 

I.  Thomas,  his  successor. 

11.  Lancelot,  of  Brampton  Font,  in  the  barony  of  Gilslnnd,  co. 
Cumberland, born  l.'i4il,  married  Eleanor, liaugliler  of  Uoger 
Kirkby,  K^q.,  of  Kirkby,  in  Fuiness,  co.  Lancaster;  from 
this  gentleman  was  tlesceuded, 

Guy  Carleton,  D.I).,  dean  of  Carlisle,  I6G0;  prebendary  of 
Durbani,  ICliO;  bishop  of  Bristol,  1671;  translated  to 
Chichester,  1G78  ;  died  .July  Otb,  liiS'j,  aged  S9  ;  and 
Guy  Carleton,  created  Baron  Dorchester,  1780, 

Thomas  Carleton,  son  and  heir  of  Thomas,  bom  1571,  mar- 
ried Barbara,  daughter  of  Sir  Hugh  Lowther,  Knt.,  of  Lowther, 
in  CO.  Westmoreland.  He  (or  his  father)  was  one  of  the  original 
governors  of  the  Free  Grammar  Scliool  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  at 
Penrilh.     He  died  in  1507,  leaving  issue, 

I.  TiTOMAs,  his  successor. 

IL  Gerard,  who  married   Nicholn,  daughter  of Elliot,'of 

licdhcugh,  iu  Scotland,  and  by  her  had  issue, 

WiLLiA.M,  who  succeeded  to  the  iuheritanca  on  the  death 

ol  his  uncle,  Sir  Thomas. 

I.  Francis,  married  to  Richard  Tliirlwall,  of  Thirwoll  Castle,  in 
CO.  Korthuiuberloud. 

Sir  Thomas  CAtiLBTOM,  Knt.,  born  19th  Jnne,  1568,  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  John  Shelly,  Es(|.,  of  Woodborough,  in 
the  county  of  Nottingham,  widow  of  .Marmaduke  Constable. 
Sir  Thomas  died  iu  lOils,  without  issue,  and  was  succeedod  by 
his  nephew,  William,  son  of  Gerard. 

Sir  WiLLLXM  Carleton,  Knt.,  of  Carleton,  bom  in  1007  ;  mar- 
ried, firstly,  Dorothy,  daughter  of  Sir  Chri-itopher  Dolst^n,  KnL, 
of  Acorn  Bank,  iuco.  Wesimoruland.  by  his  wife.  Anno,  daughter 
of  Sir  William  Hutton,  KnL,  of  Hutlou  Hall,  in  I'eorilh,  b; 
whom  ho  hud  issue, 

t.  Mary,  aged  IS  years,  in  1065. 

Sir  William  married,  secondly,  Barbarn,  daughter  of  Robert 
Dolaval,  Km|..  of  Oow|icn,  iu  Iho  county  of  Nottliumberlond,  and 
had  issue, 

].  RouERT,  his  successor. 
I.  Alice. 


592 


LEATH  WARD. 


Sir  William  certified  his  pedigree  at  the  visitation  of  Sir  William 
Dagdale,  viSth  March,  1005,  being  then  in  the  fifty-eighth  year 
of  bis  age ;  he  was  lieutenant-colonel  of  a  regiment  of  foot  at 
the  commencement  of  the  civil  wars.  lie  died  .  .  .  and 
was  succeeded  by, 

Robert  CAnLETos,E3q.,ofCarleton,  bom  about  the  year  1657, 
being  in  his  eighth  year  at  Sir  William  Dugdale's  visitation. 
He  was  high-sheriff  of  Cumberland  ia  the  12th  William  III. 
Ho  died  iu  1707,  without  male  issue,  wlien  this  ancient  family 
became  cxtincu 

jlrjiu.— Quarterly.  First,  ermine,  on  a  bend  sable  three  pheons 
argent;  second,  sable,  three  bars,  in  chief,  tliree  plates  orgent ;  third, 
argent,  a  cross,  between  four  lions  rampant,  gules ;  fourth,  or,  a  cross 
floree  gules. 

Creal. — An  arm  embowed,  proper,  holdiug  an  arrow. ' 

THE    TOWN    OK    PEN'RITH. 

Tlie  ancient  market  town  of  Penrith  is  situated  at 
the  foot  of  a  hill,  in  a  fertile  vale,  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  Inglewood  forest,  in  5-1'  10'  north  latitude, 
2"  45'  west  longitude,  distant  seventeen  miles  south-by- 
east  from  Carlisle,  283  north-north-west  from  London 
by  road,  and  289  by  the  London  and  north-western  and 
the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railways.  Its  population  in 
1851  was  0,038,  of  whom  3,114  were  males  and  3,5:20 
females,  inhabiting  1,307  houses,  seventeen  being  uninha- 
bited and  twenty  in  course  of  erection.  As  stated  in 
the  introduction  to  tlie  history  of  the  parish  at  page 
580,  the  town  contains  five  divisions,  or  constablewicks, 
viz.,  Middlegate,  Dockray,  Netherend,  Burrowgate, 
and  Townhead.  It  consists  chiefly  of  one  long  street 
occupying  the  bottom  of  the  valley,  from  which  many 
smaller  streets  and  lanes  branch  off  in  different  direu- 
tions.  The  houses  are  chiefly  built  of  red  freestone,  a 
plentiful  supply  of  which  is  found  iu  the  immediate 
neighbourhood. 

Nothing  whatever  appears  to  be  known  respecting  the 
first  foundation  of  the  town  of  Penrith.  By  some 
writers  its  origin  is  ascribed  to  the  Britons,  by  others  to 
the  Anglo-Saxons.  Those  who  hold  the  former  opinion, 
derive  the  name  of  the  town  from  Pen,  a  hill;  and 
rkudd,  red ;  and  tell  us  that  Penrith  means  "  the 
town  of  the  red  hill ;"  while  the  advocates  of  the  latter 
say  that  Penrith  is  only  a  corrupted  form  of  Perith,  the 
Anglo-Saxon  name  of  the  Roman  station  Voreda,  wliich 
they  look  upon  as  the  parent  of  the  modern  town  of 
Penrith.  Theh  opinion  seems  to  be  that  a  town  did 
not  e.xist  where  Penrith  now  stands,  till  the  times  of  the 
Anglo-Sa.xons,  who  erected  it  with  materials  brought 
from  the  ruined  Pioman  station,  called  iu  their  language, 
Perith,  "  the  fortification  by  the  stream,"  and  add,  that 
with  the  materials  the  Angles  brought  the  name. 
Probabihty,  however,  seems  to  be  iu  favour  of  those 

•  These  pedigrees  of  the  Hiitton  and  Carleton  families  are  given 
on  the  authority  of  Jefferson. 


who  claim  a  British  origin  for  the  town,  and  wo  may 
suppose  that  it  continued  to  be  held  by  the  old  Celtic 
inhabitants  through  the  whole  period  of  the  Roman 
occupation.  The  Angles  from  Northumbria  appear  to 
have  settled  in  several  places  iu  the  neighbourhood,  as 
is  evidenced  by  the  local  names ;  but  they  never  obtained 
the  entire  possession  of  this  part  of  England.  But 
what  the  Angles  could  not  effect,  the  Danes  were  able  to 
accomplish.  And  they  did  much  more.  They  settled  in 
large  numbers  in  the  district,  and  drove  out  the  great 
bulk  of  the  Celtic  population,  who  appear  to  have  retired 
into  Wales  and  the  Isle  of  Man.  So  considerable  was 
the  influx  of  the  Northmen  at  this  period,  that  the 
traces  of  the  Celtic  population  in  those  parts,  in  the 
times  which  follow,  are  few  and  faint,  while  the  traces 
of  the  Scandinavian  settlers,  as  preserved  in  the  names 
of  places  and  in  other  remains,  are  still  everywhere 
present.  Some  of  the  Northmen  appear  to  have  settled  ia 
Penrith  and  its  neighbourhood.  Dockray,  in  the  town; 
and  the  Scaws,  Scumscaws,  and  Kempley,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, still  recall  their  presence.  At  the  period  of 
the  Norman  Conquest,  Britons,  Angles,  and  Danes, 
seem  to  have  been  the  constituent  parts  of  the  popula- 
tion of  Penrith,  which,  at  that  time,  was  of  considerable 
extent.  As  soon  as  the  invaders  reached  this  part  of 
England  they  took  possession  of  the  town,  which  under- 
went the  same  vicissitudes  as  the  manor,  passing  from 
Norman  to  Scot,  and  from  Scot  again  to  Nonnan.  In 
the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Henry  L  fll33)  the  see  of 
Carlisle  was  founded,  and,  at  the  same  time,  received  a 
grant  of  the  advowson  of  the  church  of  Penrith,  a  license 
to  appropriate  the  living  being  given  to  Athelwald,  the 
first  bishop.  In  the  following  century  a  small  house  of 
Augustiuian  friars  appears  to  have  been  founded  here. 
At  this  early  period  the  inhabitants  of  the  town  would 
be  almost  entirely  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  and 
would,  there  is  little  doubt,  suffer  much  from  the  dis- 
ordered and  unsettled  state  of  society  which  then 
e.\isted ;  for  the  woods  and  fastnesses  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood afforded  a  secure  shelter  to  many  of  those 
who  so  long  and  so  bravely  strove  against  the  Norman 
invaders.  Ballads  have  perpetuated  the  memory  of 
Adam  Bell,  of  Clym  of  the  Clough  (Clement  of  the 
Valley),  and  of  William  Cloudesley,  as  men  who  iu  these 
parts  became  heroes,  in  the  popular  estimation,  by 
becoming  outlaws.  These  men  were  all  natives  of 
Cumberland.  They  had  offended  against  the  Norman 
game  laws.  By  so  doing  they  had  forfeited  the  protec- 
tion of  all  law.  Sharing  in  common  in  this  alleged 
crime,  and  in  its  consequences,  they  bound  themselves 
to  be  one  in  all  things.  Thus  solemnly  pledged,  they 
betook  them  to  the  forest  of  Inglewood.     They  baffled 


PENRITH   PARISH. 


593 


tlieir  persecutors  and  made  themselves  formidable.  In 
the  view  of  tlie  people  tliey  were  bold  and  generous  men, 
prepared  to  brave  all  things  so  they  miglit  be  free, 
leaving  it  to  others  to  bruve  nothing  and  be  slaves. 
Cloudcslcy  had  a  wife  and  children  in  Carlisle.  Bell 
and  Clym  had  no  suoli  tics.  After  long  absence,  the 
married  man  spoke  of  longing  for  one  more  sight  of 
those  dear  to  him.  His  companions  warned  him  of 
danger,  but  without  effect.  Cloudesley  finds  his  way 
into  the  city  by  night.  An  old  woman,  whom  he  had 
befriended  in  former  days,  detects  him,  and  gives 
information  against  him.  The  outlaw,  to  the  no  small 
joy  of  the  authorities,  is  torn  from  the  arms  of  his  wife 
and  children,  and  a  new  gallows  is  forthwith  reared  in 
the  marlietplace  for  his  execution.  But  a  swineherd 
boy,  who  had  often  seen  the  doomed  man  in  Inglewood 
Forest,  and  received  kindness  from  him,  learns  what  is 
passing,  and  hastens  to  apprise  Bell  and  Clym  of  what 
is  about  to  happen.  The  two  resolve  that  Cloudesley 
shall  be  saved,  or  the  three  will  die  together.  They 
despatch  the  porter  at  the  town-gate,  and  by  stratagem 
and  courage  they  so  fall  upon  the  authorities  at  the  place 
of  execution,  as  to  rescue  their  brother,  killing  the 
judge,  sheriff,  and  many  more.  The  poet  recounts 
these  doalh-blows  in  a  spirit  wliich  shows  that  the 
people  were  expected  to  shout  applause  as  they  listened 
to  the  tale.' 

To  the  Normans,  churchmen  as  well  as  laymen,  the 
outlawed  Sixons,  who  had  taken  shelter  in  the  woods, 
were  a  source  of  terror.  Travelling  was  imminently 
dangerous.  Like  Robin  Hood,  tfle  northern  outlaws 
were  no  respecters  of  persons.  Julm  de  Kirkby,  bishop 
of  Carlisle,  when  passing  through  Penrith,  in  the  spring 
of  1337,  was  attacked  by  some  of  those  outlaws,  who 
wounded  several  of  his  attendants.  The  bishop  after- 
wards pronounced  sentence  of  excommunication  against 
his  assailants.  A  few  years  lati'r,  in  1355,  Bishop 
Welton,  successor  of  Bishop  Kirkby,  sent  out  a  man- 
date to  Sir  Thomas,  rector  of  Burgham,  and  John  de 
Dockwra,  chaplain,  commanding  them  "  to  denounce 
the  sentence  of  the  greater  excommunication  against 
certain  unknown  persons  who  had  broken  up  a  paved 
way,  and  dune  some  other  outrages,  in  the  churchyard 
at  Penrith,  reserving  to  liimself  the  sole  power  of 
absolution."  Tliis  threat  of  the  bishop  was  not  with- 
out its  effect.  Several  of  tlio  paii^hioncrs  of  Pcnritii 
went  to  the  bishop  at  Rose  Castle,  and  having  acknow- 
ledged their  fault,  and  submitted  to  suitable  pcuauce, 
were  restored  to  the  communion  of  the  church. 

During  the  whole  of  this  period  the  inhabitants  oflcii 

'  "  Percy's  Relics,"  iii. — "  Jimicsou's  Ancient  Popular  Songs." 
70 


suffered  from  the  raids  of  the  outlaws,  who  had  taken 
refuge  in  the  neighbouring  forest.  We  have  ample 
proof  of  this  in  the  following  document,  copied  from  a 
record  in  the  Tower,  and  adJressed,  "  For  the  men  and 
tenants  of  the  manors  of  Penrith,  Salkeld,  and  Sowerby. 
The  king  to  all  to  whom  these  present  shall  come, 
greeting.  The  men  and  tenants  of  the  manors  of 
Penrith,  Salkeld,  and  Sowerby.  which  are  of  the  ancient 
demesne  of  our  crown,  dwelling  within  our  forest  of 
Inglewood,  have  besought,  by  their  petition,  before  us 
and  our  council  in  our  present  Parliament  exhibited, 
that,  whereas  they,  forasmuch  as  their  lands  and  tene- 
ments, for  which  they  are  bound  to  pay  us  a  great  farm, 
by  our  enemies  of  Scotland  are  frequently  destroyed  and 
laid  waste,  as  well  as  the  corn  there  in  these  lands 
growing,  by  our  beasts  of  the  forest  aforesaid  in  like 
manner,  so  that  they  will  be  unable  to  pay  us  their 
aforesaid  farm  unless  assistance  be  afforded  to  them, 
we  being  willing  to  grant  to  them  in  aid  of  their  said 
farm,  that  they  should  be  able  to  have  to  them  and 
their  heirs  for  ever,  common  of  pasture  for  all  animals 
in  the  aforesaid  forest.  We,  considering  the  premises, 
and  forasmuch  as  it  hath  been  testiCed  before  us  in  the 
same  Parliament  that  the  same  premises  do  contain 
the  truth,  being  willing  to  do  special  favour  to  the  same 
men  and  tenants,  haviu'i  granted  to  them,  for  us  and 
our  heirs,  that  they  and  their  heirs  shall  have  and  hold 
common  of  p:isture  for  all  their  animals  within  the 
forest  aforesaid,  for  ever,  as  the  prior  of  Carlisle,  and 
William  English  and  other  tenants  within  the  forest 
aforesaid,  do  have  common  of  pasture  there,  of  the 
grant  of  us  and  our  progenitors  without  hiudrance  or 
impediment  of  us  or  our  heirs,  our  justices,  foresters, 
or  other  our  bailiffs  and  ministers  of  the  forest  what- 
soever. Witness,  the  King,  at  Westminster,  the  20th 
day  of  October,  13C3." 

As  we  have  seen  at  a  preceding  page,  F.dward  I. 
seized  upon  the  town  and  manor  of  Penrith.  This 
was  the  signal  for  the  commencement  of  a  scries  of 
attacks  which  did  not  end  as  long  as  the  Scots  were 
able  to  continue  them.  A  constant  succession  of 
inroads  and  ravages  followed,  differing  from  each  other 
only  in  the  degree  of  barkirity  with  which  they  were 
conducted.  On  one  occasion  several  of  tlio  inlmbilnnts 
of  Penrith  were  seized,  and  carried  into  Scotland,  where 
they  were  sold  for  slaves.  It  was  not  till  the  close  of  the 
fourteenth  century  that  really  effective  measures  were 
taken  for  the  security  of  the  town,  by  the  erection  of  a 
castle.  It  seems  somewhat  strange,  and  at  variance  with 
the  usual  polity  of  iho  Normans,  that  one  Inid  not  been 
built  previously,  exposed  as  the  town  was  to  tlie  attacks 
of  the  Scottish  marauders.      The  completiou  of  this 


594 


LEATH  WARD. 


important  midertaking  formed  an  epoch  in  the  historj 
of  Penrith.  The  castle  stood  upon  a  hill  a  little  west  of 
the  town,  and  seems  to  have  answered  well  the  purpose 
for  which  it  was  built,  as  we  do  not  hear  of  much  injury 
being  done  to  Penrith  afterwards,  though  a  few  years 
before  its  erection  the  Scots  had  burnt  a  portion  of  the 
tovm.  The  remains  of  the  outer  walls  arc  still  standing. 
In  13S0  we  find  the  first  notice  of  Penrith  being  visited 
by  the  plague,  but  we  have  no  account  of  the  extent  of 
its  ravages.  Tlie  same  year  the  Scots  made  an  inroad 
at  the  time  of  the  fair  and  pillaged  the  place ;  but  as  a 
just  retribution  for  the  ravages  they  committed,  along 
with  the  merchandise  plundered  from  Penrith,  they 
carried  the  pestilence  back  with  them  into  their  own 
country,  and  as  it  soon  spread  on  every  side,  great 
numbers  of  the  invaders  were  carried  off.  There  is 
little  doubt  this  visitation  would  not  be  without  its 
effect  upon  the  Scots,  who  would  pause  previous  to 
paying  Penrith  another  visit. 

At  the  period  to  which  we  have  now  arrived,  wise 
and  good  men  were  not  inattentive  to  the  duty  of 
educating  the  rising  generation,  and  right  manfully  did 
they  go  about  their  work.  In  1395  William  Strickland, 
■whose  care  for  the  parish  and  town  of  Peurith  merits 
everlasting  remembrance,  founded  a  chantry,  which  he 
endowed  with  £(j  a  year,  arising  from  lands  in  the 
parish,  on  condition  that  the  chantry  priest,  in  addition 
to  his  other  duties,  should  teach  children  music  and 
grammar.  A  school  appears  to  have  existed  in  the 
town  from  the  year  1340,  when  John  de  Eskeved,  or 
Eskheid,  was  master ;  and  iu  1301  we  find  that  Robert 
de  Burghira  was  licensed  by  the  bishop  to  teach  the 
psalter,  Priscian's  grammar,  and  singing ;  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  any  other  teacher.  For  upwards  of  150  years 
after  the  foundation  of  the  chantry,  the  priest  attached 
to  it  for  the  time  being  filled  the  office  of  schoolmaster. 
While  attending  to  the  wants  of  the  mind.  Bishop 
Strickland  (for  he  became  bishop  of  Carlisle  in  1400) 
did  not  neglect  those  of  the  body,  and  as  one  of  the 
greatest  wants  of  Penrith  was  a  copious  supply  of  good 
water,  he  caused  it  to  be  brought  from  the  river  Petteril 
through  the  centre  of  Penrith,  a  distance  of  about  two 
miles,  by  means  of  a  cut  at  his  own  expense.  This 
cut  extended  from  the  Petteril  through  the  centre 
of  Penrith  to  the  Eamont.  It  w.is  formerly  open 
through  Saudgate  —  indeed,  the  whole  length  of  its 
course;  but  it  is  now  arched  over,  except  at  a  few 
places,  which  are  of  great  utility  for  watering  cattle. 
In  1223  a  charter  was  granted  by  Henry  III.,  em- 
powering the  holding  of  a  market  and  fair  at  Penrith 
until  the  king  should  attain  his  majority.  There  is 
little  doubt  the  grant  was  confirmed  when  the  king 


came  of  age,  as  the  market  and  fair  have  been  continued 
ever  since. 

We  have  seen  at  page  587,  how  the  manor  of  Penrith 
came  to  Pilchard  Duke  of  Gloucester,  subsequently 
King  Richard  III.  It  has  been  siid  that  the  duke 
resided  at  Penrith,  for  the  purpose  of  taking  measures 
for  the  defence  of  Cumberland  against  the  Scots,  and 
there  is  every  probability  that  this  statement  is  correct, 
for  we  find  that  he  was  sheritT  of  the  county  for  five 
successive  years,  and  is  described  as  of  Penrith  Castle. 
In  the  south  Avindosvs  of  the  parish  church  are  some 
remains  of  ancient  stained  glass,  which  were  formerly 
in  the  wiudows  of  the  old  church,  and  upon  which  are 
depicted  portraits  of  Richard's  parents,  Richard  Plan- 
t,igenet,  duke  of  York,  and  Cicely  Neville;  round  the 
head  of  the  latter  is  the  inscription  "  Mater  Dei  miserere 
mei"  (Mother  of  God  have  mercy  on  me).  While 
residing  at  Penrith,  the  Duke  of  Gloucester  repaired, 
enlarged,  and  strengthened  the  fortifications  of  the 
castle.  The  character  by  which  Richard  III.  is  popu- 
larly known  was  drawn  iu  the  first  instance  by  two  or 
three  obscure  writers  who  lived  in  the  time  of  his 
victorious  opponent,  Henry  VII.  Their  glaringly 
prejudiced  statements  have  been  adopted,  and  so 
embellished  and  recommended  by  the  talents  of  Sir 
Thomas  More,  Lord  Bacon,  and  Shakspere,  that  they 
have  taken  a  place  in  history,  and  have  caused  him  to 
be  generally  regarded  rather  as  a  monster  than  a  man. 
The  public  statutes  and  records  of  his  reign  exhibit 
him  in  a  very  different  light,  and  their  unimpeachable 
testimony  ought  to  decide  the  question.  It  may  too  be 
remarked,  that  the  crimes  laid  to  his  charge  are  not 
supported  by  anything  like  conclusive  evidence,  while 
it  is  certain  his  succession  to  the  throne  was  agreeable 
to  the  main  body  of  the  nation.  His  enemies  aro 
obliged  to  confess  that  he  swayed  the  sceptre  with 
vigour  and  ability,  and  that  wise  and  equitable  laws 
were  enacted  by  his  Parliament ;  they  also  allowed 
him  military  skill  and  courage ;  and  it  is  now  well 
understood  that  his  fault  was  the  consequence,  not  of 
hatred  caused  by  his  crimes  among  the  ancient  friends 
of  his  house,  but  of  his  and  their  hereditary  foes  ren- 
dered triumphant  by  treachery.  We  are  led  to  make 
these  remarks  on  the  character  of  Richard  from  the 
fact  that  while  in  the  north  he  gained  great  popularity  ; 
and  to  show  his  attachment  to  the  inhabitants  of  this 
part  of  England,  he  selected  5,000  of  them  as  his  guard 
when  he  repaired  to  London.  When  Richard  Duke  of 
Gloucester  ascended  the  English  throne  the  manor  of 
Penrith  became  vested  in  the  crown,  and  it  remained 
a  royal  manor  for  upwards  of  200  years. 

From  this  time  history  is  sUeut  respecting  Penrith 


PENRITH  PARISH. 


59! 


till  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  wlieu  the  vicarage  of  Pen- 
rith was  returned  as  worth  £11  8s.  5(1.  a  year.  This 
w.as  in  1540.  Shortly  after  the  roligious  houses, 
chantries,  &a.,  of  England  were  suppressed,  and  the 
chautry  of  St.  Andrew,  in  the  church  of  Penrith,  worth 
i'O  a  year,  experienced  the  same  fate.  In  consequence 
of  this  the  children  of  the  parish  were  left  without 
education  of  any  kind  whatever,  and  so  continued  till 
ItiSl,  on  the  l^lh  of  July,  iu  which  year  Queen 
Eli/!abe>.h,  by  letters  patent,  founded  a  free  grammar 
school  iu  the  town,  and  empowered  the  alienation  of 
lands  and  tenements  to  the  amount  of  £30  a  year  for 
the  use  of  the  school. 

On  the  25th  of  June,  1572,  the  same  queen  issued  a 
comniission  appointing  Henry  Lord  Scroop,  warden  of 
the  West  Jlarches ;  Edward  Braddall,  receiver  of  the 
queen's  posses.sion.s  in  the  county  of  Cumberland;  and 
othoi's,  to  survey  the  manor  of  Penrith,  or  Peareth  as  it 
is  written,  with  the  members  of  the  same,  the  forest  of 
Inglewood>  <S:c. ,  &c.  "  The  report  of  the  survey,  so  far 
as  applies  to  Penrith,  is  interesting.  In  connectioa 
with  the  ciistle  were  two  towers,  one  called  the  red  tower 
and  the  other  the  white,  or  bishop's  tower.'  There  was 
a  bakehouse,  a  brewhouse,  and  one  great  chamber  joining 
the  last-mentioned  tower,  in  good  repair,  except  sonic 
fault  in  the  leads,  which  might  be  amended  with  very 
little  cost.  In  this  tower  there  was  a  '  view  or  shewe'  of  a 
castle,  or  place  of  refuge  for  all  the  tenants  of  the  lord- 
ship to  go  into  for  defence  of  their  goods  and  chattels, 
if  need  required,  and  as  they  had  been  accustomed  on 
the  invasion  of  the  enemy  of  Scotland.  Certain  stones 
had  fallen  down,  but  with  a  small  cost  a  good  wall  might 
be  made  from  the  bakehouse  to  the  corner  of  the  wall 
next  the  white  tawcr,  which  would  put  the  «hole  in  a 
guardable  sLite,  suflioient  for  the  protection  of  the 
tenants.  The  outermost  gate-house  of  the  castle  was  in 
utter  ruin.  The  timber  on  three  stables  within  the 
castle  was  rotten  and  ready  to  full  down.  The  chapel, 
the  great  chamber,  the  great  hull,  the  two  kitchens,  and 
all  other  ollices,  were  in  utter  ruin  and  decay,  and  not 
repainible.  The  gates  of  the  castle  were  in  ruin.  The 
windows  of  the  prison,  and  other  iron  staunches  of 
windows,  bands  of  doors,  &c.,  were  worth  i'l  10s.  for  old 
iron.  Richard  Dudley,  late  steward  of  Penrith,  had 
taken  from  the  ca.stle,  by  warrant  of  Anthony  llarwisc, 
thirty  cart  loads  of  stones,  to  build  a  prison  at  Pcnritb. 
Thoniaa  Carlolon,  of  Ponrilli,  had  six  loads,  Culhbert, 
l)aililVof  Penrith,  three  score  of  hewn  stones,  and  several 
other  persons  had  removed  different  quantities  in  the 
first  year  of  King  Edward  IV.  (15  17).     One  Thomas 

I  I'liii  Intter  tnwcr  ia  snpposod  to  hnre  been  Iniilt  by  BUbop 
StrickUiiU. 


Stephenson  was  the  farmer  of  the  office  of  JWeley  and 
Metley.  The  steward  of  Penrith  was  paid  yearly  out  of 
the  revenue  of  the  lordship  ;  the  clerk  of  the  court  had 
40s.  per  annum,  and  the  bailiff  of  the  liberty,  Cs.  8d. 
The  iloot  Hall,  the  beacon  or  watch  house,  the  prison, 
and  the  shambles,  were  out  of  repair,  and  ought  to  be 
amended  at  the  queen's  cost.  There  was  a  piece  of 
ground  lying  on  the  west  side  of  the  castle,  called  the 
Myrc,  which  was  in  the  precincts  of  the  town,  and  never 
answered  any  rent  from  time  immorial ;  but  it  could 
not  be  spared,  because  the  tenants  had  no  other  place 
for  their  horses  iu  the  summer  season,  for  the  service  of 
the  queen's  majesty.  Henry  Simpson  held,  under  the 
queen,  a  shop  at  the  Jloot  Hall  end.  The  Corry  Hole 
was  always  charged  with  the  rent  upon  the  collector's 
account,  but  discharged  again,  because  it  was  used  for  a 
prison.' 

This  survey  furnishes  us  with  some  particulars 
respecting  the  castle  and  the  town,  which  are  of 
importance.  From  the  time  that  the  Duke  of  Gloucester 
ascended  the  throne,  Penrith  Castle  seems  to  have  been 
neglected,  and  allowed  to  fall  into  ruin.  As  early  as  the 
year  1517  stones  were  removed  in  large  quantities. 
The  Moot  Hall  needed  repairs,  from  which  fact  it  has 
been  deduced  that  the  building  was  of  very  ancient 
foundation ;  but  this  surmise  may  not  be  very  correct, 
as  the  bouses,  &c.,  of  that  period,  from  their  construc- 
tion, must  have  often  been  in  want  of  repair :  a  fact 
which  is  exemplified  in  the  statement  regarding  the 
castle,  as  not  much  more  than  half  a  century  had 
elapsed  from  the  time  of  the  Duke  of  Gloucester's 
repairs,  &c.,  and  yet  we  are  told  that  iu  1547  stone  was 
carted  away  from  it. 

We  come  now  to  one  of  the  saddest  pages  in  the 
history  of  Penrith.  We  have  seen  above  how,  iu  13S0, 
it  was  visited  by  the  plague,  which  was  carried  into 
their  own  country  by  the  plundering  Scots.  Wo  le.iru 
from  the  parish  register  that  a  second  visitation  occurred 
in  the  year  1554,  but  we  have  no  account  of  the  number 
of  deaths.  Xot  so  with  the  next  visitation,  which  took 
place  in  1507.  On  this  occasion  the  pestilence  seems 
to  have  made  its  way  from  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  to 
Kirkoswald  and  Penrith,  proceeding  thence  to  Appleby 
and  Kendal.  The  first  person  who  fell  a.  victim  to  its 
ravages  in  Penrith  was  Andrew  Hodgson,  who  was 
buried  on  September  'J'^nd,  1597,  and  is  described  as  a 
foreigner,  that  is,  oue  not  a  native  of  the  town.  Ho  is 
supposed  to  huvo  brought  the  disease  with  him  from 
some  place  already  infected.  The  pestilence  next 
attacked  a  few  families,  the  greater  part  of  the  members 

>  "  Walkci'a  rcnt.tb,'  p.  l»,  tt  wf . 


506 


LEATH  WARD. 


of  which  died.  From  this  time  its  progress  was 
gradiiul,  the  deaths  during  the  winter  not  being  suf- 
ficient to  cause  any  great  alarm.  The  business  of  the 
town  wont  on  as  usual.  "  There  were  inarryings  and 
givings  in  marriage,"  little  thought  being  given  to  the 
fearful  visitor  wiiioii  liad  taken  up  its  aboJe  in  the  town. 
Upwards  of  forty  years  had  elapsed  from  the  time  of  the 
last  visitation.  A  new  generation  had  arisen,  and  only 
a  few  of  the  older  inhabitants  remeinborcd  its  ravages. 

D 

But  the  approach  of  .summer  roused  the  doiriiant  energies 
of  the  awful  visitant.     On  the  27th  of  Miy  as  many  as 
thirteen  deaths  are  recorded  in  the   parish  register. 
Surely  and  rapidly  the  entries  increased,  and  in  a  short 
time  the  plague  reigned  supreme.     Business  was  at  an 
end.     The  people  of  the  surrounding  country  would  not 
enter  the  town,  sjme  would  not  approach  nearer  to  it 
than  Pooley.     According  to   tradition,   markets  were 
held  at  the  north-west  and  south-east  of  the  town.     In 
the  former  place,  now  called  Grub  street,  a  stone  erec- 
tion, something  like  a  market  cross,  but  undoubtedly  a 
"plague  stone,"  remained  for  some  time  after  to  point 
out  the  spot;    the  cross  erected  at  the  latter  place 
remains  to  our  own  times,  and  like  the  plague  memorials 
in  other  parts  of  England,  is  surmounted  by  a  large 
block  of  stone,  hollowed  in  the  centre,  about  ten  inches 
deep,  which  cavity  being  filled  with  water,  was  used 
for  the  immersion  of  the  money  of  the  townspeople, 
previous  to  its  being  touched  by  the  farmers.     A  good 
idea  of  the  state  of  the  town  at  this  period  may  be 
formed  from  the  fact  that  not  a  single  marriage  took 
place  during  the  entire  summer.     The  greater  number 
of  those  who  perished  during  the  pestilence  were  interred 
in  a  common  grave  or  trench  on  the  fell,  directly  above 
Cross  House,  and  between  that  and  the  beacon  side ;  a 
few  were   buried  in  the  churchyard  and  school-house 
yard,  and  some  in  the  gardens  attached  to  their  own 
houses.     For  upwards  of  two  hundered  years,  as  long 
as  the  land  remained  unenclosed,  the  grave  on  the  fell 
side  was  un.listurbed,  and  its  outline  could  be  distinctly 
traced.     The  inscription  in  the  parish  church  tells  us 
that  2,':i60  persons  died  during  this  visitation.     Of  this 
number  only  D83  find  a  record  in  the  parish  register; 
hence  it  has  been  supposed  that  the  number  mentioned 
in  the  inscription  is  the  total  of  those  who  died  in  Pen- 
rith and  the  surrounding  parishes  ;  but  is  it  not  more 
probable  that  the  parish  register  records  only  those  who 
were  interred  in  the  churchyard  and  school-house  yard, 
omitting  those  interred  on  the  fell  side;    while  the 
inscription  in  the  church  gives  the  aggregate  deaths  in 
the  parish'.'     During  the  summer  and  autumn  the  dis- 
ease continued  its  ravages  ;   on  the   11th  of  August 
seventeen   deaths  are   recorded,   and   on  the  2ud  of 


September  twenty-two.     With  the  approach  of  winter, 
an    improved   state   of   things  began   to   bo   apparent. 
Deaths  became  less  frequent,  and  mid-winter  brought  a 
total  cessation  of  the  pestilence.   Margaret,  the  daughter 
of  Thomas  Winder,  whose  decease  is  entered  on  the  0th 
of  January,  1508,  is  named  as  the  last  victim.     With 
the    returning   spring    the   health    of   the   town   was 
completely  restored,  though  with  a  sadly  diminished 
population.     It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  no  sooner  had 
the  plague  ceased  than  marriages  began  again  to  be 
solemnised,  no  fewer  than  eighteen  taking  place  in  a 
few  weeks,  the  vicar  of  the  parish  setting  the  example. 
Scarcely  had  "  God's  punishment,"  as  the  plague  is 
called  in  the  parish  register,  disappeared  from  Penrith, 
than  the  inhabitants  were  once  more  alarmed  by  the 
incursions  and  depredations  of  those  from  whom  they 
had  suffered  so  much  and  so  often.    The  borderers  had 
resumed  their  inroads.     Early  in  the  year  lUOO  there 
was  "great  spoiling,  robbing,  and  burning,  especially  in 
Cumberland,"  as  the  parish  register  informs  us.     In 
March  of  the  following  year  great  fears  were  entertained 
of  an  attack,  and  no  less  than  fifty  men  were  employed 
in  the  nightly  watch  of  the  town.     On  the  23rd  of  the 
same  month,  as  we  learn  from  the  authority  just  quoted, 
the  house  of  Pdchard  Wood,  at  Plumpton,  was  spoiled 
by  thieves,  and  he  himself  carried  prisoner  to  Scotland. 
In  the  foUosving  month  Penrith  was  threatened,  when 
the  earthen  works  at  the  "  over  end"  of  the  town  were 
recast,  and  every  preparation  made  to  give  the  free- 
booters a  warm  reception.    Castle  Carrock  was  attacked 
and  plundered,  and  the  whole  open  country  ravaged  as 
fiir  as  Penrith,  but  the  precautions  which  had  been 
taken  saved  the  town,  and  the  marauders  retired  with 
the  .booty  they  had  already  obtained.     News   of  this 
incursion  coming  to  the  ears  of  the  king,  James  I.,  who 
was  then  at  Berwick-on-T\veed,  he  at  once  despatched 
a  detachment  of  soldiers,  under  the  command  of  Sir 
William    Selby,   governor   of  Berwick,  who   captured 
several  of  the  robbers,  and  sent  them  to  Carlisle. 

The  seventeenth  century  saw  Cumberland  in  a  very 
distracted  state.  This  is  ascribed  to  two  causes,  the 
civil  wars  and  the  exactions  of  the  moss  troopers.  But 
though  sharing  in  the  disorders  common  to  the  county, 
the  people  of  Penrith  did  not  neglect  a  matter  of  im- 
poitance  to  themselves,  and  of  the  utmost  interest  to 
their  children,  viz.,  that  of  education.  By  the  joint 
consent  of  the  inhabitants  and  the  king's  commissioners 
a  piece  of  land,  lying  on  the  west  of  the  town,  called 
Ling  Slubbs,  was  given  to  the  Grammar  School.  Little 
benefit,  however,  accrued  to  the  school  from  this  dona- 
tion, as  Ling  Stubbs  was  sold  by  Mr.  Andrew  Whelp- 
dale  to  John  Benson,  reserving  only  a  quit  rent  of 


PKNRITH  PARISH. 


597 


twenty  sliilliiigs  a  jear  to  the  school,  although  at  tlie 
timo  of  its  first  settlement  the  land  was  valued  at  forty 
shillings  a  year.  The  ancient  estate  of  Ling  Stulibs 
was  sold  some  few  years  ago  to  Miss  Dent,  of  SUirsgill, 
for  £2,000. 

Loyalty  towards  the  reigning  monnrch  seems  to  have 
been  the  chanictcristic  of  the  inhaliitants  of  Ponrilh 
during  the  Parliamentary  wars.  Several  of  them, 
among  whom  we  find  Mr.  Whelpdale  and  Mrs.  Ilulton, 
sent  contributions  to  the  city  of  Carlisle  when  it  was 
besieged  by  the  Parliamentary  general,  Sir  David  Leslie. 
Penrith  was  captured  by  General  I/ambert  on  the  13th 
of  June,  1C18,  who  made  it  his  head-quarters  for  a 
month,  but  retired  on  the  approach  of  the  Duke  of 
]Iamilton  and  Sir  Marmaduke  Langdale,  and  retreated 
into  Westmoreland.  The  castle  of  Penrith  seems  to 
have  been  demolished  at  this  period,  and  the  lead  and 
timber  sold  for  the  use  of  the  comniouweallh.  It  is 
very  probable  that  Lambert  destroyed  it  previous  to  his 
retreat.  Charles  II.  passed  through  Penrith  on  his 
way  to  the  south  on  August  Gih,  IG.jI,  meeting  with 
a  hospitable  reception  at  Carleton  Hall,  from  which 
place  he  proceeded  through  Westmoreland.  On  his 
restoration,  Charles  rewarded  his  host  of  Carleton  with 
the  honour  of  knighthood. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century  Pen- 
rith appears  to  have  been  a  thriving  market  town. 
Sandford  tells  us  that  it  possessed  a  "  great  markett  and 
merchants  fir  all  kinds  of  commodities ;  and  a  grand 
fair  on  Wiiitson  Tuesday,  and  every  fortnight  till 
Lammas,  for  all  things,  horses  and  cattle,  and  wool  and 
sheep,  and  ewes  and  lambs  in  especially ;  and  in  quon- 
dam times  a  very  faire  castle,  as  wall  yet  standing  about 

y°  court  express This  towne  being  a  free 

towne  for  all  persons,  which  makes  it  much  frequented, 
no  man's  person  can  be  arrested,  but  his  goods  may; 
and  is  governed  by  a  marshall  and  learned  steward  of 
the  court,  both  having  twenty  nobles'  fee,  and  patents 
under  great  seal ;  and  a  bailife  under  them,  and  an 
ancient  demisne  belonging  to  the  castle.  .  .  .  But 
no  gentry  reside  here ;  but  an  ancient  family  of  the 
Hottons  .  .  .  have  a  fair  tower  house,  and  man- 
sion of  a  noble  knight  and  justice  of  peace."  Denton, 
who  wrote  about  eighteen  years  later  than  Sandford, 
gives  the  following  account: — "Tho  market  nliounds 
with  all  sorts  of  corn,  grain,  meal,  malt,  fruit,  and 
butchers'  meat,  especially  about  Martinmas :  they  kill 
300  or  100  beeves  every  market  day.  The  chief  fair  is 
upon  Whitsun  Tuesday,  for  hoi-scs  in  Dockray,  calilo 
and  sheep  upon  the  fell,  and  servants  at  the  cross  to  bo 
hired.  They  have  four  guilds  here,  viz. — niorchnnls, 
taunci-s,  shoemakers,  aud  skinners."   It  is  at  this  period 


that  the  manor  of  Penrith  passed  from  the  crown,  the 
particulars  of  which  will  be  found  in  the  account  of  the 
manor  at  page  587. 

We  come  now  to  tho  Rebellions  of  1715  and  1745, 
which  are  not  without  some  interest  to  the  inhabitants 
of  Penrith,  for,  on  both  occasions,  the  adherents  to  the 
cause  of  the  e.'cilcd  house  of  Stuart  passed  through  the 
town  on  their  march  to  the  south.  As  is  well  known 
the  "  rising"  in  1715  was  in  favour  of  the  Pretender, 
son  of  James  II.  It  was  headed  by  the  Earl  of  Der- 
wentwater  and  Mr.  Forster,  M.P.  for  Northumberland. 
They  proclaimed  the  e.xiled  prince  at  Brampton,  when 
Mr.  Forster  opei:ed  his  commission  of  general,  and 
having  been  joined  by  a  body  of  Highlanders,  marched 
to  Penrith.  On  Penrith  Fell  their  advanced  guard 
met  the  militia  of  Westmoreland  and  North  Lancashire, 
as  well  as  the  yeomen  and  farmers  of  the  district,  under 
the  command  of  Viscount  Lonsdale  and  the  Bishop  of 
Carlisle,  who  had  been  hastily  summoned  to  repel  the 
invaders ;  but  the  militia  and  the  others  fled  on  the 
approach  of  the  Scots  and  Northumbrians,  who  entered 
Penrith  without  opposition.  Here  they  repeated  the 
proclamation  already  made  at  Brampton.  They  also 
collected  tho  money  belonging  to  the  revenue,  but  in 
other  respects  conducted  themselves  in  an  orderly  man- 
ner, respecting  both  the  persons  and  property  of  the 
inhabitants.  The  conduct  of  the  yeomanry  and  militia 
on  this  occasion  has  been  supposed  to  result  from  their 
indillerence  to  the  interests  of  the  house  of  Hanover, 
aud  their  predilection  for  the  house  of  Stuart. 

Between  the  first  and  second  rising  in  favour  of  the 
e.xiled  princes  thirty  years  elapsed,  years  of  internal 
tranquillity.  In  1715  Prince  Charles  Edward  landed  in 
the  Highlands,  and  in  a  short  timo  was  surrounded  by  a 
considerable  number  of  adherents.  At  the  head  of 
these  he  set  out  on  his  march  to  London.  In  November 
he  obtained  possession  of  Carlisle  after  a  siege  of  three 
days,  entering  the  city  on  the  18th  of  the  sjime  month, 
having  previously  received  the  keys  at  Brampton  from 
the  mayor  and  corporation.  A  part  of  the  prince's 
armv  proceeded  southward  on  the  17th  ;  and  on  the  fol- 
lowing day  a  quarter-master  arrived  at  Penrith,  and 
demanded  billets  for  two  squadrons  of  horse,  cxpoctod 
shortly  to  arrive,  and  for  8,000  foot,  who  were  to  follow 
on  the  next  day.  One  party  of  horse  arrived  during 
tho  evening.  On  the  •JOth  a  strong  body  of  infantry 
entered  tho  town,  and  on  the  2 1st  the  Duke  of  Perth, 
Lord  George  Murray,  the  Prince's  Commnndorin-Chief, 
Lord  Elcho,  and  others,  arrived  with  an  irregular  force. 
On  the  following  day  Prince  Ciiarles  entered  the  town, 
marching  in  the  Highland  garb,  at  tho  head  of  a 
regiment  of  foot,  and  preceded  by  pipers.     The  prince 


598 


LEATH  WARD. 


ostaMished  Iiis  bead-quarters  at  the  house  now  occupied 
by  ^Ir.  Hanisay,  chemist  a.-.d  druggist,  and  formerly 
known  as  tho  George  and  Unigon  Inn.'  A  few  days 
after  the  departure  of  the  main  body  of  Prince  Charles' 
army  from  Carlisle,  orders  were  received  by  the  garrison 
in  that  city  to  send  as  many  men  as  could  with  safely 
bo  spared  to  join  the  army  on  its  march  to  the  south. 
In  obedience  to  this  order,  on  the  ^7th  of  November 
and  the  following  day  about  forty  of  the  garrison  set 
out.  They  were  met  at  Lowther  b\-  "  thirty  brave, 
stout  young  men  from  Penrith,  well  armed,"  who 
killed  one  of  the  rebels,  wounded  two,  and  took  nine 
prisoners,  whom  they  sent  to  ilarshal  Wade. 

After  leaving  Penrith,  Prince  Charles  and  his  amiy 
proceeded  as  far  as  Derby  without  meeting  with  any 
opposition.  Here  they  appear  to  have  become  infatuated, 
and  determined  to  retrace  their  steps.  The  retreat  to 
Scotland  was  commenced  on  the  (5th  of  December. 
When  this  intelligence  reached  Penrith  it  caused 
considerable  alarm.  I^Iany  of  the  people  iu  the  neighbour- 
hood conce.nk'd  their  money  and  other  personal  property, 
and  some  of  the  more  wealthy  deserted  their  houses  till 
the  danger  was  passed.  In  a  few  days  the  approach  of  the 
prince's  army  was  announced ;  the  beacon  at  Peunlh 
was  fired,  and  armed  men  from  the  surrounding  districts 
poured  into  the  town.  The  Duke  of  Perth,  who  arrived 
at  Shap  on  the  same  day,  saw  the  glare  of  the  beacon 
at  Penrith,  aud  at  once  sent  a  few  men  as  far  as 
Eamont  Bridge  to  reconnoitre,  who,  on  their  return, 
brought  intelligence  that  the  countrj'  was  under  arms. 
The  duke  marched  on  the  following  morning,  and  in 
order  to  avoid  Penrith  proceeded  by  way  of  Culgaith 
to  Carlisle.  On  Langwathby  Jloor  he  was  met  by  a 
strong  party  from  Penrith,  and  driven  back  through 
Temple  Sowerby  to  Orton,  which  he  reached  about  six 
in  the  evening.  He  soon  afterwards  set  out  for  Kendal, 
where  he  joined  the  main  body. 

"On  the  10th,"  says  the  Chevalier  de  Johnstone, 
"  our  army  pa-^sed  the  night  at  Shap  ;  but  our  artillery 
remained  at  the  distance  of  a  league  and  a  half  from 
Keudal,  some  ammunition  wi^gons  having  broken 
down,  so  that  we  were  obliged  to  pass  the  whole  night 
on  the  highroad,  exposed  to  a  dreadful  storm  of  wind 
and  rain.  On  the  17th  the  prince,  with  the  army, 
arrived  at  Penrith,  but  the  artillery,  with  Lord  George 
Jilurray,   and   the   regiment  of  the   Macdonalds  and 

'"Walker's  Peimtli,"  p.  S2.  The  same  writer  also  gives  tbe  fol- 
lowing note: — "  nictianl  Siallipr,  of  P>;iiritli,  tallow  cliamller,  of 
whom  Mr.  Ramsay  piircliaseJ  the  property  above-mentioned,  bad  a 
perfect  recollt-etion  uf  ilie  rebellion  of  1740.  A  division  of  the  rebel 
army  was  mavcliing  down  the  street  from  the  town  head  at  the  time 
Stalker  was  carr\iiif;  a  potato  pot  from  the  hiikehouse,  of  which  the 
foremost  of  the  rebtls  took  forcible  nossessiou." 


Glengarry,  consisting  of  500  men  who  remained  with  ns 
to  strengthen  our  ordinary  escort,  could  only  reach  Shap, 
and  that  with  great  ditliculty,  by  nightfall.  We  set 
out  from  Shap  by  break  of  day  on  the  lyth,  to  joiu  the 
army,  which  waited  for  us  at  Penrith  :  but  we  had 
scarcely  began  our  march,  when  we  saw  a  great  number 
of  the  enemy's  light  horse  continually  hovering  about 
us,  without  venturing,  however,  to  come  within  musket 
shot.  The  appearance  of  these  light  horse  was  the 
more  extraordinary,  as  hitherto  we  had  seen  none  iu 
the  whole  course  of  our  expedition  into  England. 
Having  arrived  at  mid-day  at  the  foot  of  an  eminence 
which  it  was  necessary  to  cross  in  order  to  reach 
Penrith,  about  halfway  between  that  town  and  Shap, 
the  moment  we  began  to  ascend  wo  discovered  cavalry, 
marching  two  and  two  abreast,  on  the  top  of  the  hill, 
who  disappeared  soon  after,  as  if  to  form  themselves  in 
order  of  battle  behind  the  eminence  which  concealed 
their  numbers  from  us  with  the  intention  of  disputing 
the  passage.  We  heard,  at  the  same  time,  a  prodigious 
number  of  trumpets  and  kettle  drums.  Jlr.  lirown, 
colonel  in  the  tiaiu  of  Lally's  regiment,  was  at  the 
head  of  tlie  column,  with  two  of  the  companies  which 
the  Duke  of  Perth  had  attai'hed  to  the  artillery,  and  of 
which  mine  was  one ;  after  them  followed  the  guns  and 
ammunition  waggons,  and  then  the  two  other  companies 
attached  to  the  artillery.  Lord  George  was  in  the  rear 
of  the  column  with  the  regiment  of  Macdonalds.  We 
waited  a  moment  at  the  bottom  of  the  hill,  everybody 
believing  it  was  the  English  army.  In  this  seemingly 
desperate  conjuncture,  we  resolved  to  rush  on  the 
enemy,  aud  open  a  passage  to  our  army  at  Penrith,  or 
perish  in  the  attempt.  Thus,  without  informing  Lord 
George  of  our  intention,  we  dashed  forward  with  great 
swiftness.  Lord  George,  who  was  in  the  rear,  seeing 
our  manoeuvre  at  the  head  of  the  column,  and  being 
unable  to  pass  the  wagons  in  the  deep  roads  confined 
by  hedges  in  which  we  were,  immediately  ordered  the 
Highlanders  to  proceed  across  the  inclosurc,  and  ascend 
the  hill  from  another  quarter.  They  ran  so  Atst  that 
they  reached  the  summit  of  the  hill  almost  as  soon  as 
those  at  the  head  of  the  column.  We  wore  equally 
surprised  when  we  reached  the  top,  to  find,  instead  of 
the  English  army,  only  300  light  horse  and  chasseurs, 
who  immediately  fled  in  disorder,  and  of  whom  we  were 
only  able  to  come  up  with  one  man,  who  had  been 
thrown  from  his  horse,  and  whom  we  wished  to  make 
prisoner,  to  obtain  some  intelligence  from  him  ;  but  it 
was  impossible  to  save  him  from  the  fury  of  the  liigh- 
ianders,  who  cut  him  to  pieces  in  an  instant.  '^ 

'  "  Mcmoii-3  of  the  Rebellion,"  by  the  Chevalier  de  Johnstone,  aide- 
de-camp  to  Lord  George  Miu-iay. 


PENRITH   PARISH. 


699 


The  events  just  narrated  were  followeil  by  a  skirmish 
at  Clifton,  tlie  accounts  of  which  are  very  contradictory. 
One  p.irty  lias  described  it  as  a  successful  attack  by  the 
king's  troops  upon  the  rebels  in  a  strong  and  defensible 
position,  from  which  they  were  driven  with  loss ;  while 
others  state  thnt  it  was  a  deciiled  check  given  by  the 
rear  guard  of  the  retiring  Highlanders  to  their  pursuers. 
And  there  is  as  great  a  disparity  in  the  accounts  given 
of  the  loss  sustained  on  each  side.  The  Duke  of  Cum- 
berLind's  account  makes  his  loss  to  have  been  only 
twelve  men,  wh/le  others  assert  that  at  least  ITiO  were 
placed  hors  ile  combat.  Lord  George  ilurray,  who  was 
personally  engaged,  furnishes  us  with  the  fullest  details 
of  the  action.  Tiie  Highlanders  had  experienced  great 
difficulty  in  effectiug  thtir  retreat  from  Bhap,  from  want 
of  sufficient  carriages  for  conveyance  of  the  ammunition, 
&c.  When  they  drew  near  to  Clifton  on  the  afternoon 
of  the  18th,  the  Duke  of  CumbeilanJ,  with  his  dragoons, 
was  close  upon  tliem.  Lord  George  says,  "  I  now  ob- 
served small  platoons  of  horse  appearing  on  eminences 
at  some  distance  behind  me,  of  this  I  sent  woi-d  to  the 
prince,  but,  at  Penrith,  they  had  taken  a  notion  that  it 
was  only  miliiia.  There  was  indeed  a  body  of  200  or 
:'>!I0  light  horse,  being,  I  believe,  mostly  Cumberland 
people,  that  drew  up  in  my  way,  thinking  to  obstruct 
uur  march ;  but  as  soon  as  the  Glengarry  men  threw 
their  plaids  and  ran  forward  to  attack  them,  they  made 
off  at  tho  top  gallop,  and  gave  me  no  more  trouble. 
When  I  came  to  Clifion,  I  sent  off  the  cannon  and  other 
carriages  to  Penrith,  being  two  miles  further;  and  as  I 
believed  these  light  horse  that  had  met  me  would  pro- 
bably be  near  Lord  Lonsdale's  house  at  Lowther,  as  he 
was  lord-lieutonant  of  the  county,  I  went  a  short  way 
with  the  Glengarry  men  to  that  place  through  several 
enclosures,  it  being  not  above  a  mile.  Lord  Pitsligoe's 
iiorso  had  Joined  me,  fo  I  was  in  hopes,  by  scouring 
these  enclosures,  to  meet  with  the  light  horse.  We  got 
sight  of  several  hard  by  Lord  Lonsdale's  house,  but 
could  come  up  wiih  few;  at  a  turn  of  one  of  the  parks 
one  like  u  militia  officer,  clothed  in  green,  and  a  foot- 
man of  tho  Duke  of  Cumberland,  were  taken.  We 
understood  by  them  that  the  duke,  with  a  body  of  1,001) 
horse,  as  liiey  said,  were  about  a  mile  behind.  I  sent 
Colonel  Roy  Stewart  with  the  prisoners  to  Penrith,  and 
to  know  his  royal  iiighncss'  orders,  and  that  I  would 
stop  ut  Clifton,  ^\hicIl  was  a  good  post,  till  I  heard  from 
him.  When  I  came  Iwick  to  Clifton,  the  Duke  of  Perth 
was  there ;  and  besides  Colonel  Hoy  Stewart's  men, 
being  about  200  that  I  left  there,  Cluny  with  his  men, 
and  .Vidshiel  with  the  Appin  men,  were  with  them. 
Tho  Duke  of  Perth,  who  was  also  there,  had  been  per- 
suaded that  it  was  only  militia  that  hud  appeared  ;  but 


he  then  saw,  upon  an  open  muir  not  above  cannon  shot 
from  us,  the  enemy  appear  and  draw  up  in  two  lines, 
in  different  divisions  and  squadrons.  His  grace  said  he 
would  immediately  ride  back,  and  see  to  get  out  the 
rest  of  our  army ;  for  as  the  ground  was  strong  where 
I  drew  up,  he  did  not  doubt  I  could  maintain  that  post 
till  others  joined  me.  I  sent  an  Engli.sh  gentleman 
with  him  who  had  attended  me  all  the  retreat,  and  knew 
the  country  perfectly  well,  who  said  he  would  lead  them 
a  near  way  by  the  left,  undiscovered,  that  they  could 
fall  on  the  enemy  in  flank ;  and  as  there  was  a  lane 
that  lay  betwixt  Lord  Lonsdale's  enclosures,  which  was 
near  a  mile  in  length,  and  through  which  the  enemy 
had  come,  if  they  were  obliged  to  retire  they  would  suffer 
much  by  both  sides  of  the  lane  if  we  lined  it.  I  only 
desired  1,000  more  men  than  what  I  had,  by  which 
means  I  could  not  only  maintain  the  post  I  had,  but 
send  half  of  my  men  through  the  enclosures  on  my  right, 
so  as  to  Hank  the  enemy  on  that  side,  if  they  were 
attacked  on  the  other  side  ;  and  if  once  but  twenty  of 
their  horse  could  be  killed,  it  would  make  such  an  em- 
barrass in  the  lane,  that  it  would  put  them  all  in  con- 
fusion, and  choke  up  the  only  road  they  had  to  retreat, 
except  the  Appleby  P.oad,  and  that  also  might  be  secured, 
wliieii  would  give  us  an  advantage  tliat,  perhaps,  we 
should  not  meet  the  like  again. 

"  After  the  Duke  of  Perth  went  to  Penrith  I  made 
my  disposition  in  tlie  best  manner  I  could,  caused  them 
to  roll  up  what  colours  we  had,  and  made  them  pass 
half  open  to  different  places,  bringing  them  back  under 
cover;  so  that  the  enemy,  seeing  them  as  they  were 
carried  forward  to  different  places,  could  not  form  any 
judgment  of  our  numbers.  I  did  this  in  a  manner  to 
make  them  believe  that  our  numbers  were  much  greater 
than  they  were,  and  they  could  not  know  but  our  whole 
army  was  come  into  the  village  and  about  it.  After  au 
hour  they  dismounted,  as  near  as  we  could  guess,  about 
500  of  their  dragoons,  which  came  forward  to  the  foot 
of  the  luuir  they  were  upon,  and  to  a  ditch,  which  was 
tlie  last  of  three  small  enclosures  from  the  places  where 
we  were  posted  at  the  village.  My  men  were  so  disposed 
that  tho  Glengarry  men  were  upon  the  enclosures  on 
the  right  of  tho  highway,  and  .\ppins  men,  with  Cluny  "s 
in  tho  enclosures  on  the  left;  Colonel  Uoy  Stcwari'.s 
men  I  placed  on  tho  side  of  the  lane  or  highway 
close  to  the  village.  1  had  about  1,000  men  in  all. 
Pitsligoe's  horse  aud  hussars  returned  to  Penrith. 
Tho  ditches  nt  the  foot  advanced  more  towards  the 
uuiir  on  tho  right  than  on  the  left.  The  lane,  which 
was  the  highroad  between  these  small  enclosures,  was 
not  above  twenty  feet  broad.  It  was  now  an  hour  after 
sunset,  pretty  cloudy  ;  but  tho  moon,  which  was  in  its 


600 


LEATH  WARD. 


second  quarter,  from  time  to  time  broke  out  and  gnve 
good  light ;  but  this  did  mt  continue  above  two  minutes 
at  a  time.  We  had  the  advantage  of  seeing  their  dis- 
position, but  tiiey  could  not  see  ours.  Our  hussars, 
upon  seeing  the  enemy,  went  off  to  Penrith.  One  of 
their  officers,  Mr.  Hamilton,  with  two  or  three  of  his 
men,  had  dismounted  (being  ashamed  of  the  going  off 
of  the  others),  and  gone  in  through  a  hedge,  and  were 
taken  prisoners ;  how  it  happened  I  cannot  tell,  for  it 
vras  before  I  came  back  from  Lowther  Hall.  Had  they 
staid  near  Clifton  the}-  ran  no  risk.  Colonel  Roy 
Stewart  rcttn-ned  to  me  from  Penrith.  He  told  me 
his  royal  highness  resolved  to  march  for  Carlisle 
immediately,  and  bid  sent  off  the  cannon  before,  and 
desired  me  to  retreat  to  Penrith.  I  showed  Colonel  S. 
my  situation,  with  that  of  the  enemy.  They  were,  by 
this  time,  shooting  popping  shots  among  us.  I  told 
him  if  I  retreated,  being  within  musket  shot  of  the 
enemy,  they  would  follow  up  the  lane,  and  I  must  lose 
a  number  of  men,  besides  discouraging  the  rest;  that 
from  Clifton  it  was  a  narrow  road,  and  very  high  walls, 
so  that  I  could  not  line  tliem  to  secure  my  retreat ;  and 
that,  probably,  my  men  would  fall  into  confusion  iu  the 
dark ;  and  that  the  enemy,  by  regular  platoons  in  our 
rear,  being  encouraged  by  our  retreat,  must  destroy  a 
great  many  ;  and  by  taking  any  wounded  man  prisoner, 
they  would  know  our  numbers ;  whereas  I  told  him  I 
■was  confident  I  could  dislodge  them  from  where  they 
were  by  a  brisk  attack,  as  they  had  not,  by  all  that  I 
could  .judge,  dismounted  above  5U0.  Their  great  body 
was  on  horseback,  and  at  some  distance ;  and  Cluny 
and  he  owned  that  what  I  proposed  was  the  only 
prudent  and  sure  way;  so  we  agreed  not  to  mention 
the  message  from  the  prince.  I  had  crossed  the  lane 
or  highroad  several  times,  which  could  only  be  done  at 
the  foot  of  the  village,  by  two  gates,  one  on  each  side. 
I  now  went  over  again  to  where  the  Glengarry  men 
were  placed,  and  ordered  them  to  advance,  as  they 
should  observe  me  do  on  the  other  side  ;  and  to  keep 
up  their  fire  as  much  as  they  could  till  they  came  to 
the  bottom  ditch ;  and  that  if  we  beat  the  enemy  from 
their  hedges  and  ditches,  they  had  a  fair  sight  of  them, 
and  could  give  them  a  flank  fire  withiu  pistol  shot; 
but  I  gave  them  particular  injunctions  not  to  fire  across 
the  lane,  nor  to  follow  the  enemy  up  the  muir.  I  left 
Colonel  Car  with  them;  he  was  one  of  the  prince's 
aide-de-canips,  but  had  liberty  to  be  mostly  with  me. 
He  was  an  excellent  oflicer,  and  was  riding  through 
the  fields  in  the  time  of  the  fire,  as  if  it  had  been  a 
review.  After  having  spoken  with  all  the  officers  of 
the  Glengarry  regiment,  I  went  to  the  h  ft  of  the  lane. 
The  dismounted  dragoons  had  not  only  lined  the  bot- 


tom enclosures,  but  several  of  them  had  come  to  hedges 
that  lay  south  and  north ;  the  others  where  we  were, 
and  the  dragoons  at  the  bottom  lay  east  and  west, 
The  Appin  battalion  were  next  the  lane  on  that  side, 
and  Cluny 's  farther  to  thtir  left.  We  advanced,  and 
had  a  good  deal  o*"  fire  on  both  sides.  After  the  High- 
landers on  that  side  had  given  most  of  their  fire,  they 
lay  close  at  an  open  hedge,  which  was  the  second  in 
these  fields.  We  then  received  the  whole  fire  of  the 
dragoons  that  were  at  the  bottom,  upon  which  Cluny 
said,  'What  the  devil  is  this?'  Indeed,  the  bullets 
were  going  thick  enough.  I  told  him  we  had  nothing 
for  it  but  going  down  upon  them  sword  in  hand,  before 
they  had  time  to  charge  again.  I  immediately  drew 
my  sword  and  cried  '  Claymore.'  Cluny  did  the  same  ; 
and  we  ran  down  to  the  bottom  ditch,  clearing  the  diagonal 
hedges  as  we  went.  TI.ey  were  a  good  many  of  the 
enemy  killed  at  the  bottom  ditch,  and  the  rest  took 
to  their  heels,  but  received  the  fire  of  the  Glengarry 
regiment.  Most  of  Ardshiel's  men,  being  next  the 
lane,  did  not  meet  with  so  much  opposition.  1  had 
given  orders  that  our  men  should  not  pass  the  bottom 
ditch  to  go  up  the  muir,  for  they  would  have  beeu 
e.'cposed  to  the  fire  of  the  Glengarry  regiment,  lliat 
could  not  distinguish  them  from  the  enemy.  Wo  had 
no  more  firing  after  this;  so  we  retftrned  to  our  first 
post.  We  had  now  done  what  we  proposed  ;  and,  being 
sure  of  no  more  trouble  from  the  enemy.  I  ordered  the 
retreat:  first  Pioy  Stewart,  then  Appin,  Cluny,  and  the 
Glengarry  men  ;  anl  it  was  half  an  hour  after  the  skir- 
mish before  we  went  off.  The  AthoU  brigade  had 
come  the  length  of  a  bridge,  withiu  half  a  mile  of 
Clifton,  hearing  of  my  being  in  sight  of  the  enemy, 
and  there  waited  for  orders.  Had  the  rest  of  the  army 
come  out,  and  followed  the  plan  that  was  proposed, 
they  would  have  been  upon  the  flank  of  the  dragoons 
that  were  on  horseback  by  the  time  we  attacked  the 

others It  was  lucky  I  made  the  stand 

at  Clifton,  for  otherwise  the  enemy  would  have  been  at 
our  heels,  and  come  straight  to  Penrith  :  where,  after 
refreshing  two  or  three  hours,  they  might  have  come 
up  with  us  before  we  got  to  Carlisle.  I  am  persuaded 
that  night  and  next  morning,  when  the  van  entered 
Carlisle,  there  was  above  eight  miles  from  our  van  to 
our  rear,  and  mostly  an  open  country  full  of  commons." 
Commenting  upon  the  narrative  of  Lord  George 
Murray,  Mr.  Mounsey  remarks  : — "  This  account  is  so 
circumstantial,  and  so  accurate  in  its  local  detail,  that 
it  has  great  weight.  It  candidly  puts  the  affair  as  an 
attack  by  the  rear  of  the  Higljlanders,  1,000  strong, 
upon  500  of  the  duke's  dismounted  dragoons  pushed 
forward  into  the  Clifton  enclosures ;  and  claims  no  gloiy 


PENRITH    PARISH. 


601 


for  having  expelled  them,  but  simply  takes  credit  for 
having  withstood  iu  the  outset  a  movement  which,  if 
permitted  to  have  been  effected,  would,  in  all  probabi- 
lity, have  let  in  the  whole  body  of  the  dragoons  upon 
the  retreating  Highlanders.  And  it  receives  confirma- 
tion from  the  fact  that  it  stopped  the  pursuit.  If  it  had 
been  true  that,  at  Clifton,  the  Duke  of  Cumberland 
with  a  largo  body  of  cavalry  had  beaten  the  Highlanders 
from  a  strong  and  defensive  position,  how  came  it  that 
neither  that  night,  nor  even  next  day,  when  they  were 
retreating  across  the  open  wastes  of  Inglewood  Forest, 
was  any  further  attempt  made  upon  them  '?  As  to  the 
los3  of  the  two  parties,  it  is  a  matter  impossible  to  be 
ascertained.  The  first  account  on  the  morning  of  the 
10th,  was  that  the  dragoons  lost  forty  men  killed,  six 
wounded,  and  four  officers  wounded,  and  that  the  rebels 
having  carried  off  their  killed  and  wounded,  the  number 
could  not  be  ascertained,  but  the  Gazette  account  sub- 
sequently reduces  the  duke's  loss  to  a  dozen  men.  In 
the  Clifton  parish  register  of  burials  is  the  following 
entry  : — '  The  19th  day  of  December,  17  1.5,  the  dra- 
goons, to  wit,  six  of  Bland's,  three  of  Cobham's,  and 
one  of  Mark  Kerr's  regiment,  who  were  killed  ye  even- 
ing before  by  the  rebels  in  y"  skirmish  between  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland's  army  and  them  at  y;  end  of 

Clifton  iloor  next  y'  town, — buried.'     And  on 

the  8tli  of  January  following  another  of  General  Bland's 
was  buried,  who  probably  had  been  wounded  and  left 
there.  This,  therefore,  would  seem  to  be  the  founda- 
tion of  the  Gazette's  account.  What  the  rebels  did 
with  their  killed,  which  they  are  alleged  to  have  carried 
off,  it  has  not  been  explained.  Tho  story  told  of  their 
having  thrown  forty  or  fifty  into  the  river,  to  conceal 
them,  will  scarcely  bear  examination." 

The  Highlanders  continued  their  retreat  that  night. 
When  Lord  George  Murray  reached  Penrith  he  found 
the  prince  just  taking  horse,  and  after  a  short  stay,  for 
the  refreshment  of  his  wearied  men,  he  also  resumed 
his  march.  On  the  Idth  tho  prince  reached  Carli.'ile. 
On  the  night  of  the  18th  tho  Duke  of  Cumberland 
lodged  at  the  house  of  Thomas  Savage,  of  Clifton,  and 
the  royal  army  remained  under  arms,  in  line  of  battle, 
on  the  moor,  llarly  on  tho  following  day  tho  Duke  of 
Cumberland,  with  his  cavalry,  entered  Penrith,  and  was 
soon  followed  by  tho  DuUc  of  Riehmond,  with  tho  in- 
fantry. Tho  inhabitants  are  said  to  have  displayed 
great  joy  on  the  duke's  arrival,  for  the  retreating  High- 
landers appear  to  have  broken  open  several  houses  and 
shops,  t;ikcn  away  largo  (juantities  of  goods,  and  thrown 
into  the  streets,  and  spoiled  and  destroyed  what  they 
could  not  carry  off.  During  his  stay  in  Penrith  tho 
Duke  of  Cumberland  was  tho  guest  of  Adisou  Uuttou, 

71 


Esq.,  of  Hutton  Hall,  and  the  Duke  of  Richmond  that 
of  Mr.  Grave,  of  Sandgate  Hall.  The  presence  of  the 
duke  seems  to  have  roused  tho  dormant  loyalty  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Penrith  and  the  surrounding  district. 
They  scoured  the  country  in  quest  of  the  straggling 
Highlanders,  eighty  of  whom  they  captured.  As  a 
reward  for  their  services  on  this  occasion,  tho  Duke  of 
Portland  made  them  a  present  of  fifty  guinea';,  with 
which  two  large  gilt  chandeliers  were  bought,  and  are 
still  preserved  in  the  parish  church.  On  the  morning 
of  the  21st  the  Duke  of  Cumberland's  whole  force 
marched  from  Penrith,  in  three  columns,  towards  Car- 
lisle, and  his  subsequent  proceedings  will  be  found  in 
our  notice  of  that  city  at  page  94. 

From  the  time  of  the  suppression  of  the  rebellion  of 
1 745  there  is  nothing  to  record  relating  to  Penrith  till 
]  760.  On  the  night  of  the  18th  of  November  of  that 
year,  Thomas  Parker,  a  butcher,  of  Langwathby,  was 
found  murdered  near  Nancy  Dobson's  stone,  which  stood 
where  the  opening  is  in  Cowrako  Road.  Suspicion  at 
once  fell  upon  a  man  named  Thomas  Nicholson,  who 
had  been  inquiring  for  Parker  at  Carleton,  and  he  was 
at  once  arrested.  He  was  convicted  of  the  crime  at  the 
assize  held  at  Cariisle  in  the  following  year,  and  was 
sentenced  to  be  hung  iu  chains  near  the  place  where 
tho  murder  had  been  committed.  This  sentence  was 
carried  into  effect  on  the  31st  of  August,  1707.  The 
b.idy  of  the  murderer  hung,  exposed  to  the  winds  of 
heaven,  until  nothing  but  the  skeleton  remained.  One 
stormy  night  the  gibbet  was  blown  down,  and  some 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Edenhall  gathered  the  bones  toge- 
ther, and  wrapping  them  in  a  winnowing  sheet  interred 
them.  Until  the  enclosure  of  the  common  the  letters 
T.  P.  M.,  "  Thomas  Parker  Murdered,"  cut  in  the  turf, 
painted  out  to  the  passer-by  the  scene  of  the  murder. 

At  the  commencement  of  tho  eighteenth  century 
considerable  tralhc  was  carried  on  between  Penrith  and 
Kendal,  and  no  less  than  sixty  pack  horses  were  em- 
ployed between  the  two  towns.  Ou  tho  formation  of 
turnpike  roads,  the  pack  horse  was  snpei-seded  by  tho 
carrier's  wagon  and  the  farmer's  cart.  In  170.1  the  first 
stage  coach  passed  over  Shap  fells.  About  this  period 
Penrith  began  to  partake,  in  some  degree,  of  the  cha- 
racter of  a  manufacturing  town.  Checks,  linen,  and 
ginghams  were  the  chief  productions,  and  afforded  em- 
ployment to  many  of  the  inhabitants.  But  the  intro- 
duction of  machinery  put  an  end  to  the  manufactures  of 
Penrith,  and  it  is  now  supplied  from  the  groat  markets 
of  the  country.  In  1787  Penrith,  according  to  Clarke. 
possessed  "  somo  conaider.ablo  manufactures  of  checks," 
and  lie  further  tells  us  the  place  is  "  remarkable  for  its 
neatness,  if  we  except  the  shambles  and  town  hall." 


602 


LEATH  WARD. 


The  liistory  of  Pouritb,  from  this  period,  is  associated 
with  its  churches,  chapels,  schools,  and  public  iastitu- 
tions,  and  will  be  found  La  the  accounts  of  them  given 
in  the  following  pages. 


ANCIENT   RELIOIOUS   UOGSE. 


A  convent  of  Augustinian  friars  existed  in  Penrith 
in  Catholic  times.  The  date  of  its  foundation  is  not 
known,  but  it  was  anterior  to  the  thirteenth  century. 
It  is  very  probable  that  it  owed  its  origin  to  the  piety 
of  some  of  tlie  Scottish  kings,  during  the  time  they 
held  Penrith  and  its  neighbourhood.  Edward  I.  on 
passing  through  the  town,  on  his  way  to  Scotland,  in 
1299,  bestowed  alms  upon  the  community,  and  again 
on  his  return  in  the  same  year,  giving  on  the  former 
occasion  2s.  8d.  and  on  the  latter  5s.  8d.  From  the 
inquisitions  post  mortem  of  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
we  learn  that  the  convent  was  endowed  with  four  acres 
of  land.  In  1350  Agnes  Denton,  widow,  left  the  sum 
of  10s.  to  the  community.  The  friars  were  zealous  in 
the  cause  of  religion,  and  au.xious  that  the  places  in 
their  neighbourhood  should  not  be  without  provision  for 
the  spiritual  necessities  of  tha  people.  Newton  Eeigny 
appears  to  have  been  for  some  time  without  a  chaplain. 
The  Augustiuians  of  Penrith  called  Bishop  Welton's 
attention  to  the  circumstance,  who,  in  1359,  empowered 
the  community  to  officiate  in  the  church  of  Newton 
Heigny,  and  to  administer  the  sacraments  there.  The 
same  bishop  granted  an  indulgence  of  forty  days,  upon 
condition  of  their  going  to  confession,  and  communion 
to  all  those  who  should  be  present  at  the  offices  of  the 
church  of  the  priory  on  Christmas  Day,  and  to  those 
who  bestowed  alms  upon  the  community,  "  because  they 
were  very  poor."  The  license  granted  by  Bishop 
Welton  seems  to  have  been  renewed  by  Bishop  Appleby 
in  1305,  when  that  prelate  granted  to  one  of  the  friars, 
who  was  sacrist  of  the  convent,  permission  to  officiate 
in  the  church  or  chapel  of  Newton  for  four  years.  From 
this  date  upwards  of  a  century  elapses  before  we  learn 
anything  further  respecting  the  convent.  In  1489 
Robert  Wrangwis,  fellow  of  Queen's  College,  0.\ford, 
gave  to  the  Augustinians  of  Penrith  some  lauds  in  that 
town.  Pilchard,  the  first  Lord  Scrope,  of  Boltou,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  one  of  the  benefactors  to  this  con- 
vent. In  1542-3  the  convent  was  suppressed,  and  given 
by  Henry  VIU.  to  Robert  Tyrwhit,  Esq.  It  was  after- 
wards held  by  the  Raincock  family,  from  whom  it  passed 
to  the  Gaskarths,  one  of  whom,  the  Rev.  John  Gaslsarth, 
sold  it  to  an  ancestor  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the  pre- 
sent possessor.  The  house  in  Friargate,  still  known  as 
the  Friary,  occupies  the  site  of  the  convent.  Mr.  AValker 
informs  us  that  "  When  the  trenches  for  the  foundation 


of  the  walls  of  the  house  called  Abbot  Bank  were  being 
dug,  the  ground  floor  of  the  chapel  of  the  convent  was 
discovered,  and  a  quantity  of  human  bones  found  under 
the  chancel,  including  a  piir  of  thigh  bones  of  exti'a- 
ordinary  size,  and  sever;d  undecayed  skulls,  with  teeth 
still  fresh  and  even.  The  boues  were  exhumed  on  the 
day  on  which  George  IV.  was  crowned,  and  reinterred 
in  a  field  which  the  prior  and  brethren  had  formerly 
held  in  free  alms." 

CEIUnCBES   AND    CHAPELS. 

The  parish  church  of  Penrith,  dedicated  to  Saint 
Andrew,  is  a  spacious  Grecian  structure,  after  the  model 
of  St.  Andrew's,  Holborn,  London,  rebuilt,  with  the 
exception  of  the  tower,  in  the  years  1 720-22,  at  a  cost 
of  £2,253  raised  by  a  parochial  rate  and  voluntary  sub- 
scriptions. Hutchinson,  in  his  "  History  of  Cumber- 
land," gives  the  following  description  of  the  church  : — 
"  The  outward  fronts  are  constructed  after  a  plain  but 
neat  plan,  and  connected  with  the  old  tower;  but  the 
inside  of  the  edifice,  for  convenience  and  propriety  ex- 
ceeds most  churches  in  the  north  of  England.  It  is 
uniformly  stalled  with  oak,  and  divided  by  a  centre  aisle 
and  two  side  aisles,  well  lighted  by  spacious  windows. 
The  body  of  the  church  is  left  open  to  a  lofty  ceiling, 
but  the  side  aisles  are  covered  with  galleries  which 
unite  at  the  west  end,  where  is  the  general  entrance  to 
those  galleries,  by  a  staircase  leading  to  each  wing. 
The  galleries  are  supported  on  rows  of  e.xcellent  Ionic 
columns,  ten  on  each  side,  each  column  formed  of  one 
entire  stone,  brought  from  the  quarries  of  Crawduudle, 
in  the  county  of  Westmoreland.  Each  column  is  ten 
feet  four  inches  in  height,  and  in  the  middle  four  feet 
two  inches  in  circumference.  The  stone  is  dressed  to 
a  good  polish,  and,  being  red  and  finely  veined,  has  the 
appearance  of  mahogany.  The  upper  columns,  from  the 
gallery  to  the  roof,  are  of  wood,  aud  what  hurts  the  eye 
greatly,  they  are  painted  white,  and  their  capitals  are 
garnished  with  gold.''  Since  Hutchinson's  time,  1794, 
the  stone  columns  which  support  the  gallery  have  also 
been  painted  white.  The  walls  of  the  chancel  arc 
ornamented  with  two  paintings  representing  the  Angels 
appearing  to  the  Shepherds,  aud  the  Agony  of  our  Lord 
in  the  Garden,  executed  by  Mr.  Jacob  Thompson,  a 
native  of  the  town,  and  as  works  of  art  have  been  higlily 
spoken  of.  The  organ  at  the  west  end  of  the  gallery 
was  erected  by  public  subscription,  aided  by  a  bequest 
of  100  guineas  from  Lieut.-Colouel  Thomas  Dawson,  of 
Chelsea,  a  native  of  Penrith.  The  church  possesses  two 
large  gilt  chandeliers,  purchased  with  the  fifty  guineas 
presented  by  William,  second  Duke  of  Portland,  in 
1745,  to  the  tenants  of  Penrith,   as  a  token  of  his 


PENRITH  PARISH. 


603 


esteem  for  their  loyal  conduct  during  the  rising  of 
that  year.  ^  Siuce  the  introduction  of  gas,  these 
chandeliers  are  more  for  show  than  use.  There 
are  several  marble  slabs  in  the  south  wall  of  the 
chancel,  which,  in  addition  to  coats  of  arms,  bear  the 
following  inscriptions:  —  "Hie  jacet  Christophorus 
Moresby,  miles,  qui  obiit  26°  die  mensis  Julii,  a.d. 
MccccLxxxxix.  Jesu.  Maria."  Here  lies  Christopher 
Moresby,  knight,  who  departed  the  20th  day  of  the 
month  of  July,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord,  1499.  Jesus. 
Mary.  "  Orate  pro  anima  Christophori  ^Moresby,  rai- 
liUs,  et  Elizabeth:!'  uxoris  ejus,  quorum  auimabus  pro- 
pitietur  Deus.  Amen."  Pray  for  the  soul  of  Christo- 
pher Moresby,  knight,  and  of  Elizabeth,  his  wife,  on 
whose  souls  may  God  have  mercy.  "  Orate  pro  anima 
Christophori  Pykryng  militis  ;  qui  obiit  vii  die  mensis 
Sept.  Anno  Dora,  milles  D^XII.''^  Pray  for  the  soul  of 
Christopher  Pykryng,  knight,  who  departed  the  7th  day 
of  the  month  of  Septerabir,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
1512.  "Orate  pro  anima  Piicardi  Coldall  uuper  de 
Plumpton  in  comitat.  Cumbr.  armigeri  qui  obiit  apud 
Plumptou  '-i~  die  mensis  Decerab.  Anno  Domino  mille- 
simo  cccelxii.  cujus  anima  propitietur  Deus.  .'Vmen." 
Pray  for  the  soul  of  Richard  Coldall,  late  of  Plumpton, 
in  the  county  of  Cumberland,  Esq.,  who  departed  at 
Plumptou  on  the  •iTlli  day  of  December,  llOi,  on  whose 
soul  may  God  have  mercy.  There  are  several  other 
monuments  and  slabs  iu  the  church  to  the  memory  of 
members  of  the  Dalston,  AVIiarton,  Todd,  Bleneowe, 
Hutton,  Bolton,  Wallace,  Fletcher,  and  other  families. 
On  a  brass  plate  in  the  chancel  is  the  following  inscrip- 
tion, commemorative  of  the  visitation  of  the  plague, 
noticed  at  page  5115: — "a.d.  mdxcviii.  Ex  gravi  peste, 
(juae  regiouibus  hisce  incubuit,  obierunt  apud  Penrith 
2,S60;  Kendal,  2,500;  llichmond,  2,200;  Carlisle, 
1,196,  Posteri  avcrtite  vos  et  vivite."  Ezek.  xviii.  32. 
The  old  tower  at  the  west  cud  of  the  church  is  a  build- 
ing of  great  strength  :  the  thickness  of  the  walls  at  the 
base  is  about  s\k  feet,  but  it  gradually  diminishes  to- 
wards the  top.  This  tower  is  said  to  have  been  used 
during  the  days  of  border  warfare,  as  a  place  of  refuge 
by  the  inhabitants.  When  the  church  was  rebuilt,  a 
western  entrance  was  with  great  dilliculty  made  through 
the  tower.  A  winding  staircase,  in  the  south-west 
corner,  leads  to  the  belfry,  which  contains  a  peal  of  bells 
with  chimes,  and  ti;ence  to  the  top  of  the  tower,  whence  a 
fino  prospect  is  obtained  of  the  town  ami  neighbourhood. 
The  bells  were  purchased  in  1701,  at  a  cost  of  i."<31 
15s.  lid.  Tiio  churchyard  was  closed  against  inter- 
ments, except  in  particuLir  cases,  in  lu50.    Iu  it  is  the 

'  Sec  page  001. 
'  See  Morcsbj  parish,  pitge  (10. 


well-known  Giant's  Grave ;  a  monument  consisting  of 
two  stone  pillars  between  ten  and  eleven  feet  high,  and 
standing  fifteen  feet  apart,  connected  on  each  side  by 
two  semicircular  stones,  each  two  feet  six  inches  in 
height.  The  pillars  are  rounded  to  the  height  of  about  six 
feet,  when  they  become  nearly  square  ;  and  these,  toge- 
ther with  the  semicircular  stones,  were  once  covered 
with  rude  sculpture.  'Mr.  Walker  says,  "  The  tradi- 
tional name  of  the'  Giant's  Grave,'  identical  in  meaning 
with  the  '  Hemps'  Graves, '  and  the  '  Kemp  How  '  of 
other  parts  of  these  counties,  was  commonly  applied  to 
the  Danish  burial  grounds  of  a  certain  period — which 
were  made  to  contain  a  number  of  bodies — simply  on 
account  of  their  extraordinary  size.  We  may  conclude, 
therefore,  judging  from  its  position  and  size,  that  the 
grave  is  a  family  burial-place,  and  belongs  to  the  Dano- 
Celtic  period  that  preceded  the  breaking  in  of  English 
laws  under  the  Xorman  kings,  but  that  the  family  must 
have  been  extinct  before  the  name  was  conferred.  The 
name  once  given,  tradition  was  not  slow  to  connect  the 
grave  with  the  caves  of  Eamont,  and  with  a  famous 
personage  whose  fame  still  filled  this  part  of  the  coun- 
try. In  Dr.  Todd's  M.S.  History  of  the  Diocese,  1089, 
is  to  be  found  the  popular  story  then  current,  that 
'  One  Ewan,  or  Owen  C<esarius,  famous  for  hunting 
(ind  fighting  1,400  years  ago,'  lies  buried  in  the  grave  ; 
that  his  stature  was  the  entire  length  between  the  pil- 
lars, and  that  the  four  smaller  stones  represent  so  many 
wild  boars  killed  by  him  in  the  neighbouring  forest  of 
Inglewood.  Ewan  Cassario  is  supposed  to  have  been, 
in  his  time,  the  proprietor  if  not  the  founder  of  Castle 
Hewen,  a  building  of  great  antiquity,  the  foundations  of 
which  can  still  be  traced  near  the  former  lake  of  Tarn 
Wadling,  and  has  likewise  been  connected  with  Ewau- 
rigg,  in  the  ward  of  Allerdale-above-Detwent,  as  well  as 
with  the  Giant's  Grave  and  the  Giant's  Caves.  This 
fabulous  ubiquity  is  strong  proof  that  such  a  person  did 
once  flourish  in  Cumbria.  The  name  Ewan  being 
Celtic,  and  the  surname  Civsario  Latin,  he  seems  to  bo 
one  of  those  who  claimed  Roman  extraction,  and  was 
probably  the  King  .Vrthur  of  the  north,  who  made'hira- 
sclf  a  terror  to  the  invading  Angles  and  Danes.  The 
tnulitiims  that  connect  Ewan  Cnfsnrio  with  the  caves  of 
the  Eamont  and  the  monument  of  Penrith  churchyard, 
cannot  be  supposed  to  be  founded  in  fact,  and  merely 
testify  to  the  impression  made  on  tlie  (H>ople  in  this  part 
of  Cumbria  by  the  fame  of  the  so-called  giant,  .^s  to 
the  caves,  it  can  scarcely  be  doubted  that  they  were  at 
some  period  a  hermitage  :  but  the  grave  fully  identifies 
itself  with  the  early  history  of  Christianity  in  these 
counties."'    The  churchjard  was  unfcucod  and  open  to 

'  "  nis:onr  of  Pvnrith,"  ptges  15  tnd  IC. 


604 


LEATH  WARD. 


the  public  till  the  year  1820,  when  it  was  enclosed  ;  a 
rate  of  ad.  in  the  pound  was  laid  for  the  purpose. 

The  patronage  of  the  church  of  Penrith  was  originally 
vested  in  the  kings  of  England.  As  we  have  seen  at 
page  502,  Henry  I.  granted  it  to  Athelwald,  first  bishop 
of  Carlisle,  on  the  foundation  of  that  see,  and  it  has 
since  been  enjoyed  by  his  respective  successors.  About 
the  year  1992  the  rectory  was  valued  at  i'40  lis.  and 
the  vicarage  at  i'9  fis.  8d.  Up  to  the  year  ICOO  the 
vicarage  appears  to  have  had  but  a  poor  provision  made 
for  it ;  according  to  Dr.  Todd  all  its  endowments  and 
perquisites  did  not  amount  to  more  than  £30  a  year. 
Sandford,  however,  estimates  it  at  £-10,  and  the  tithes 
of  corn  at  £200.  At  the  Restoration  Bishop  Sterne 
granted  an  augmentation  of  £20  per  annum  to  the  £12 
which  appears  to  have  been  the  ancient  endowment 
payable  out  of  the  great  tithes.  Mr.  JIawson  who, 
about  the  year  IG09,  was  entitled,  under  a  lease  from 
the  dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle,  to  the  corn  tithes  of 
Sleagill  and  'J'iirimby,  in  Morland  parish,  for  twenty-one 
years,  bequeathed  the  same  to  the  vicars  of  Dacre  and 
Penrith,  in  undivided  moieties ;  but  the  joint  estate  being 
found  inconvenient  to  the  trustees,  a  division  was  agreed 
upon,  and  the  tilho  of  Sleagill  was,  in  consequence,  as- 
signed to  Penrith,  and  that  of  Thrimby  to  Uacre.  In 
the  course  of  years  the  Penrith  trustees  neglected  to 
renew  the  lease,  leaving  the  sole  care  to  the  vicar, 
in  whose  custody  the  lease  was,  and  it  was  subse- 
quently allowed  to  run  out.  Dr.  Todd,  who  was  col- 
lated in  1699,  prevailed  upon  the  dean  and  chapter  to 
grant  a  new  lease  to  him  and  his  successors,  vicars  of 
Penrilh,  upon  payment  of  an  additional  yearly  rent. 
These  tithes  were  afterwards  changed  into  a  landed 
estate  of  niuety-onc  acres,  under  the  provisions  of  an 
act  passed  in  the  43rd  George  III.  for  dividing  and 
enclosing  the  open  wastes  and  commons  in  the  manor 
of  Sleagill.  Bishop  Smith,  by  will,  dated  October  8th, 
1700,  gave  towards  the  "  augmentation  of  the  vicarage 
of  Penrith,  and  the  better  maintenance  and  encourage- 
ment of  the  vicars  and  incumbents  there,  the  sum  of 
±500."  Mary  Bell,  a  maiden  lady,  by  indenture  of  the 
19th  December,  1710,  gave  and  granted  to  the  church- 
wardens upon  trust  £250,  to  place  the  same  out  at  in- 
terest, which  was  to  be  applied  to  and  for  the  vicars  of  the 
parish  church  of  Penrith,  on  condition  of  their  reading 
morning  prayers  in  the  parish  church  on  every  week 
day  in  the  year ;  and  also  evening  prayers  every  week 
day  during  the  time  of  Lent.  The  donations  of  Bishop 
Smith  and  Mary  Bell,  amounting  to  £750  were,  in  1751, 
1761,  and  1709,  invested  inland  at  Clifton,  in  trust 
for  the  vicar  of  Penrith  for  the  time  being.  In  1813 
an  exchange  of  lands  was  agreed  upon  between  the  late 


Earl  of  Lonsdale  and  the  late  Rev.  J.  Fletcher,  vicar  of 
Penrith,  with  the  consent  and  approbation  of  the  Bishop 
of  Carlisle,  the  vicar  and  his  successors  to  receive,  in 
lieu  of  the  property  in  Clifton,  ten  closes  of  land  in  the 
parish  of  Penrith,  containing  thirty-nine  acres,  two 
roods,  and  eighteen  perches.  The  award  by  consent  of 
the  parties  interested  was  made  by  the  commissioners 
appointed  by  act  of  Parliament  5 1st  George  III.  for 
enclosing  lands  in  the  manor  and  parish  of  Clifton.  The 
minor  endowments  of  the  vicarage  comprise  £2  yearly 
for  two  sermons,  given  by  AYilliam  Robinson ;  half-a- 
guinea  for  a  sermon,  left  by  Barbara  Bland,  and  £1  a 
year,  given  by  Mr.  William  Blamire,  as  a  compensa- 
tion to  the  vicar  for  preaching  an  anniversary  sermon  in 
the  parish  church,  on  the  first  Sunday  in  January,  for 
recommending  and  promoting  the  instruction  of  youth 
in  grammar  and  the  classics,  and  the  benefits  thence 
arising.  According  to  a  terrier  made  in  1749  the  vicar, 
among  other  dues,  was  entitled  to  mortuaries  by  act  of 
Parliament.  The  tithes  and  prescription  money  due  to 
him  were — for  every  communicant,  three  halfpence;  for 
every  new-calved  cow,  threepence ;  for  a  cow  of  the  first 
calf,  twopence;  for  a  stripped  milk  cow,  a  penny  ;  for  a 
foal,  fourpcnce  ;  for  a  cast  of  bees,  twopence  ;  and  for  a 
plough,  a  penny.  The  small  tithes  have  been  commuted 
for  an  annual  rent-charge,  but  the  three  halfpence  for 
each  communicant  is  the  vicar's  due  by  ancient  pre- 
scription. The  church  rate  appears  to  have  been  an- 
ciently raised  out  of  the  several  divisions  of  the  parish 
separately,  and  was  called  powlpence,  polepeuce,  or 
pollponce,  from  which  it  is  inferred  that  this  rate  was 
collected  on  the  heads  of  the  whole  or  some  particular 
classes  of  the  parishioners.  This  mode  of  assessment 
seems  to  have  continued  till  about  the  year  1683,  when 
a  deviation  from  the  old  rule  was  made,  and  the  rate 
collected  upon  property.  Two  years  afterwards,  in  1 685, 
the  old  system  was  revived,  but  only  to  cease  for  ever, 
as  since  that  time  the  church  money  has  been  raised  by 
rates  levied  on  the  whole  parish.  In  the  Valor  of  Pope 
Nicholas  the  vicarage  is  returned  as  worth  £40  lis.  a 
year;  in  that  of  Edward  II.  at  £6  13s.  4d.,  and  in  the 
King's  Book  at  £11  9s.  Id.  It  is  now  worth  about  £200 
a  year. 

ViCAiis— Symon, ;  Walter  de  Cantilupe,  1223  ;  Sir  Tho9. 

(le  Kirkoswald,  died  1318;  Sir  Alan  de  Horncastle,  1318;  Sir 

Gilbert  de  Kirkby,  1323;   Sir  Jobn ,  1355;  Jobn  Ilanekin, 

1428  ;  Tliomas  Beste,  11T7  ;  Sir  T.  Ellerton,  died  1500  ;  Sir 
Robert  Pearson,  15C5 ;  Sir  Robert  Robson,  1574;  Sir  William 
Walleis,  1575  ;  Jobn  Hastie,  ICOO,  ejected  during  tbe  confusion 

in  churcb  and  state  ;  Roger  Baldwin,  Presbyterian, ;  John 

Hastie,  restored  16G0;  Simon  Webster,  1G11;  Robert  Fisher, 
lfi03 ;  Charles  Carter,  1065 ;  Marias  d'Assigny,  1667  ;  Joshua 
Bunting,   16C8  ;  John   Child,   16C8-9  ;   Alexander   Farrington, 


PENRITH  PARISH. 


605 


lfi!)4;  Hugh  Todd,  1009;  John  Morland,  1728;  Gustavus 
Thompson,  171S;  Ualtie  Worsop,  1740;  John  Cowper,  1750; 
James  Fletcher,  1700;  John  Fenton,  1823;  WiUiam  Jackson, 
183:] ;  Thomas  James  Clarlc,  ISU ;  WiUiam  Holme  Milner,  1810; 
Samuel  Johnston  Butler,  1853. 

The  vicarage  was  erected  on  glebe  land  in  1837,  with 
money  arising  from  the  sale  of  the  materials  of  the  old 
vicarage  and  sito,  subscriptions,  and  £'372  borrowed 
from  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty.  The  old 
vicarage  stood  to  the  south-east  of  the  church,  aud  was 
an  inconvenient  and  unhealthy  building. 

Christ  Church  is  a  neat  structure  in  the  Perpendi- 
cular style,  situated  at  the  east  end  of  the  main  street, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Beacon  Hill.  It  consists  of  a  nave, 
with  north  and  south  aisles,  vestry  at  the  south-east 
end,  and  north  porch.  The  material  used  in  the  exte- 
rior of  the  edifice  is  the  red  sandstone  of  the  district ; 
while  tlio  interior  pillars,  pulpit,  itc.  are  of  white  free- 
stone from  Lammonby  Moor.  The  total  cost  of  erec- 
tion amounted  to  f  2,700.  There  are  GOO  sittings,  430 
of  which  are  free  and  unappropriated.  The  burial- 
ground  by  which  tlic  church  is  surrounded  is  laid  out 
with  excellent  taste,  and  contains  a  few  tombstones 
displaying  considerable  artistic  skill.  Mr.  Wallcer  tells 
us  that  the  circumstances  which  led  to  the  erection  of 
this  church  were  as  follow  : — "  Most  of  the  pews  in  the 
old  church  were  appropriated  and  regarded  by  the 
parishioners  as  their  own  private  property.  The  popu- 
lation of  the  parish  in  1 810,  when  an  attempt  was  made 
to  repew  the  said  church,  which  failed,  was  nearly  double 
that  of  1800,  and  treble  that  of  1722 ;  moreover,  the 
state  of  the  churchyard  was  such  that  new  ground  to 
provide  for  the  proper  and  decent  interment  of  the  dead 
bad  long  been  a  desideratum,  and  with  this  increase  of 
population,  and  the  dilliculty  respecting  the  sittings,  a 
proportionate  increase  of  accommodation  for  worship 
was  equally  desirable.  One  or  two  subscriptions  of  .£50 
each  having  beeu  voluntarily  offered  to  ]the  Rev.  Jlr. 
Milner,  the  then*  icar,  ho  applied  to  the  late  Marj'  do 
Whelpdule,  who  gave  £500.  Thus  encouraged,  and 
other  subscriptions  being  promised,  Mr.  Jlilner  formed 
a  committee  of  subscribers,'  and  issued  his  first  address 
on  the  subject,  '  To  the  owners  of  lauds  and  tenements 
in  the  parish,'  in  October,  18-17."  The  foundation  stone 
was  laid  on  the  Gth  of  April,  1848,  and  the  church  was 
consecrated  31st  October,  1850,  by  the  late  Dr.  Percy, 
bishop  of  Carlisle.  Tiie  architects  were  ^lessrs.  Travis 
and  MangnoU,  of  Manchester,  under  whoso  direction 
the  works  were  carried  out  by  local  builders,  &c.  The 
church  possesses  two  beautiful  stained  glass  windows, 

'  Tlio  fi)llowing  gentlemen  composed  this  committee: — The  Rev. 
W.  II.  Milner,  T.  D.  Rlcnymiru,  Ksq.,  Jos.  Salkcld,  Esq.,  James 
Barrett,  Esq.,  and  Junathau  Varty,  Esq. 


by  Wailes,  of  Newcastle,  erected  by  Mrs.  de  Whelpdale 
and  Mr.  Barret;  it  is  attended  by  the  clergy  of  the 
parish  ciiurch. 

St.  Catherine's  Church  (Catholic)  is  a  small  but  hand- 
some edifice  adjoining  the  new  churchyard.  It  was 
opened  on  the  11th  of  June,  1850,  and  is  already  much 
too  small  for  the  increasing  congregation.  Considerable 
additions  arc  now  (1859)  in  course  of  being  effected, 
consisting  of  chancel,  transepts,  &c.,  which,  when  com- 
pleted, will  add  materially  to  the  size  of  the  church. 
The  windows  are  of  stained  glass,  the  eastern  one  being 
remarkable  for  its  beauty.  There  are  several  mural 
monuments,  one  of  which  is  in  memory  of  the  late  Rev. 
George  Leo  Haydock.'  The  principles  of  Protestantism 
seem  to  have  made  but  slow  progress  iu  Penrith,  for 
some  time  after  the  Reformation,  aud  even  as  late  as 
1081,  there  were  several  who  still  remained  true  to  the 
ancient  faith.  In  the  year  just  named  five  Catholics 
were  summoned  to  appear  before  the  chancellor  of  the 
diocese  at  Penrith,  and  in  consequence  of  their  non- 
compliance were  declared  to  be  excommunicated.  A 
large  room  in  St.  Andrew's  Place  served  for  a  consider- 
able period  as  a  place  of  worship,  and  is  still  known  as 
the  old  CathoUc  Chapel.  To  the  liberality  of  Catherine, 
Lady  Throgmorton,  late  of  Carleton,  Yorkshu'e,  and  the 
exertions  of  P.  11.  Howard,  Esq.,  of  Corby  Castle,  the 
Catholics  of  Penrith  are  chiefly  indebted  for  their  pre- 
sent church.  The  presbytery,  or  priest's  house,  adjoin- 
ing the  church,  was  erected  iu  1853  by  the  Very  Rev. 
Robert  Smith,  canon  of  the  Catholic  diocese  of  Hexham, 
the  present  incumbent. 

The  Friends'  Meeting  House  is  the  oldest  dissenting 
place  of  worship  iu  the  town,  and  is  supposed  to  have 
been  erected  about  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
Thirteen  members  of  the  society  appear  to  have  been 
resident  in  the  parish  as  early  as  the  year  lOSl,  in 
which  year  they  were  summoned  by  the  chancellor  of 
the  diocese  at  Penrith,  and  for  non-attendance  excom- 
municated. Tlieir  names  will  bo  found  in  "  ^Yalke^'s 
History  of  Penrith,"  page  180. 

The  Independent  Chapel,  situated  in  Duke-street,  is 
a  convenient  structure,  erected  in  1821.  The  congre- 
gation seems  to  have  been  first  fortned  about  the  year 
1817,  when  Mr.  Pearson,  who  had  been  preaching  in 
various  pans  of  Westmoreland,  was  invited  to  visit 
Penrith.  Subsequently  the  Rev.  WiUiam  Thome 
became  minister,  and  tho  chapel  was  erected,  the 
congregation  having  previously  met  for  worship  in  a 
school-room  in  Dockray.  The  present  minister  is 
the  Rev.  William  IJrcwis. 

t  A  short  memoir  of  tliis  gentleman  will  be  found  in  "  Walker's 
Penrilli,"  p.  170. 


606 


LEATH  WARD. 


The  Presbyterian  Chapel  is  in  Rowcliff  Lane.  The 
congregation  attached  to  this  chapel  dates  its  origin 
from  the  vear  lOCO,  when  Roger  Baldwin  was  ejected 
from  the  the  living  of  Penrith.  It  has  since  continued 
firmly  attached  to  the  Westminster  Confession  of  Faith, 
and  is  one  of  those  congregations  which,  despite  the 
many  changes  which  have  taken  place  in  the  Presby- 
terian body,  have  retained  the  Presbyterian  name. 

Ministers.— James  Coningham,  1C!)4;  Thomas  Andrews, 
1701;  Peter  SiJdon,  1715;  Samuel  Threlkeld,  172S;  Samuel 
Lowthian,  who  removed  to  Newcastle  about  the  year  1748; 
Edward  Buncle,  1751  ;  John  Honeyraan,  1112 ;  James  Broad- 
foot,  1783  ;  Eiclmrd  Paxton,  1788;  George  Henderson,  1793; 
James  ilc.Connochie,  17U4;  Henry  Thomson,  1709. 

The  Primitive  Jlethodist  Chapel,  at  the  foot  of 
Arthur-street,  was  erected  by  subscriptions  and  dona- 
tions in  185C.  It  is  a  plain  substantial  building, 
capable  of  accominodating  300  persons.  The  Kev.  W. 
Wilson  was  the  first  minister,  his  successor  is  the 
Kev.  W.  Alderson. 

The  Wesleyan  Chapel  is  a  commodious  structure,  at 
the  head  of  Sandgate,  erected  in  1815.  Wesleyanism 
dates  its  origin  iu  Penrith  from  a  visit  paid  to  the 
town  by  the  Piev.  John  Wesley  in  1751.  We  find 
him  again  here  in  1780  and  in  1780,  on  which  occa- 
sions he  preached  either  at  the  Cross  or  under  the  old 
Moot  Hall.  His  first  adherents  consisted  of  poor  people, 
with  the  exception  of  Mr.  Yarty,  whose  school-room, 
near  the  Crown  Inn,  served  for  a  considerable  period 
as  a  place  of  worship.  On  Mr.  Tarty 's  demise,  in 
1814,  his  coreligionists  resolved  to  build  a  more  suit- 
able chapel,  and  the  present  structure  was  erected  in 
the  following  year.  !Mr.  Walker  tells  us  that  Penrith 
was  formerly  comprised  in  the  Dales  circuit,  of  which 
Baniai-d  Castle  was  the  head.  In  1803  the  places  in 
Westmoreland  and  Cumberland  where  Wesleyanism 
had  been  introduced  were  detached  from  Barnard 
Castle  and  formed  into  an  independent  circuit,  with 
210  members,  the  head  of  which  was  Brough.  Penrith 
is  now  the  circuit  town.  The  present  ministers  are 
Rev.  G.  Greenwood,  Rer.  J.  Wesley  Thomas,  and  the 
PiCv.  J.  Wright.  ^Ir.  Thomas  is  the  author  of  an 
excellent  translation  of  Dante. 

PUBLIC   SCHOOLS. 

As  we  have  seen  at  previous  pages,  the  education  of 
the  youth  of  Penritli  was  attended  to  at  a  veiy  early 
period,  the  successive  priests  of  the  chantry  of  Saint 
Andrew  instructing  all  who  came  in  such  knowledge  as 
was  then  deemed  essential  by  our  forefathers.  These 
teachers  seem  to  have  performed  their  duty  well  as 
long  as  they  exercised  the  privilege,  that  is  till  the  time 


I  of  the  suppression  of  the  monastic  institutions,  when 
I  the  school  of  Penrith  shared  the  fate  of  similar  institu- 
tions in  other  parts  of  England,  and  no  provision  was 
made  for  the  education  of  the  rising  generation  till  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  who  by  her  charter,  dated  July  1 8th, 
l.")li4,  founded  "the  Free  Grammar  School  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  in  Penrith."  By  this  charter  it  was  ordained 
that  there  should  be  a  master  and  usher  and  five  gover- 
nors, who  were  created  a  body  corporate,  with  power  for 
the  survivors,  upon  the  death  of  any  of  them,  to  elect 
successors  from  the  inhabitants  of  the  town  and  parish. 
For  the  support  of  the  school  the  rent  of  the  dissolved 
chantry  was  granted  to  the  governors  and  their  succes- 
sors. The  governors  were  to  have  a  common  seal,  and 
were  to  be  capable  of  being  parties  to  actions  and  suits. 
They  were  likewise  empowered  to  provide  a  school-house 
within  the  palish,  to  appoint  a  master  and  usher,  and 
to  remove  them  for  any  olTeuce  at  their  discretion,  also 
to  make  orders,  in  writing,  for  the  government  of  the 
school,  of  the  master,  usher,  scholars,  and  the  revenue. 
The  charter  also  licensed  the  alienation  of  lands  and 
tenements  to  the  amount  of  i'SO  a  year,  beyond  the  rent 
of  £0  to  the  governors  for  the  use  of  the  school.  As 
stated  at  page  090,  Penrith  school  was  endowed  with  a 
piece  of  land  called  Ling  Stubbs,  which  is  now  worth 
about  £70  a  year ;  but  this  property  was  alienated  from 
the  use  of  the  school  by  Mr.  Andrew  Whelpdale, 
twenty  shillings  a  year  being  all  that  now  comes  to  the 
school.  The  charter  and  other  documents  belonging 
to  the  school  were  taken  possession  of  by  another  of  the 
same  family:  but  the  charter  has  been  recovered.' 
The  £6  a  year  given  by  the  foundation  charter  is  still 
possessed  by  the  school,  £5  'Js.  being  charged  upon  the 
Skirsgill  estate,  and  the  remainder  upon  houses  in  the 
town.  In  addition  to  this  the  school  possesses  a  bene- 
faction of  i;iO  per  annum,  given  in  IGUO  by  Sir. 
Robinson  ;  a  yearly  sum  of  £'5  arising  from  two  fields 
called  Spillamire  Closes,  given  by  Mr.lBlamire  in  17^2; 
a  rent  charge  of  £'2  a  year,  given  by  the  same  gentle- 
man, for  the  purchase  of  a  silver  medal,  to  be  given 
annually  to  the  scholar  who  composes  the  best  Latin 
theme  on  a  given  subject,  also  a  silver  pen  to  the  best 
writer,  and  a  book  of  arithmetic  to  the  best  ai'ithmetician ; 
two  guineas  a  year  from  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  in  lieu 
of  the  revenue  formerly  derived  from  the  old  market 
cross ;  these  and  a  few  other  small  chai'ges  make  up 
the  endowment  of  the  school,  which  altogethei-  amounts 
to  about  £26  a  year.  The  revenues  being  so  small,  it 
has  not  been  usual  to  appoint  an  usher,  as  required  by 
the  charter,  and  there  are  no  funds  for  the  repairs  of  the 

1  This  charter,  with  a  translation,  will  be  found  in  the  appendix 
to  "  Walker's  Pemiih." 


rCXEITH  PARISH. 


607 


schoul.  A  iiuw  I'ront  has  recently  been  put  into  the  old 
school  by  public  subscription.  Over  the  door  is  a  stone 
in  the  form  of  a  shield,  bearing  the  arms  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, with  the  motto  "Semper  Eadem."  On  the  left  of 
this  is  a  stone  with  the  inscription  "  Schola  Lib.  Gkam. 
EuzAiiKTUAE  lliiGiNA,  A.D.  MDLXiv.,"  another  stone, 
on  the  right,  is  inscribed  as  follows :  "  I.mpexsis  Pi'dlicis 
Restituta,  mdccclvii."  The  school  of  Penrith  is 
one  of  the  twelve  schools  in  Cumberland,  Westmoreland, 
and  Yorkshire,  which  have  the  privilege  of  sending  a 
candidate  every  five  years  to  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
to  compete  for  one  of  the  five  e.\hibitions  bequeathed  by 
Lady  Elizabeth  Hastings,  each  worth  about  £100  a 
year,  and  tenable  for  five  years. 

Mr.  Robinson's  school,  situated  in  Middlegato,  was 
erected  about  the  year  1670,  very  probably  by  public 
subscription.  Its  name  is  derived  froui  Mr.  Robinson, 
who,  by  his  will,  dated  1600,  bequeathed  "  the  sum  of 
i"20  a  year,  for  ever,  to  be  issuing  and  payable  out  of  his 
premises  in  Grub-street,  London,  to  the  churchwardens 
of  the  parish  of  Penrith,  for  the  education  and  bringing  up 
of  poor  girls  in  a  free  school,  to  read  and  seamstry  work, 
or  such  other  learning  fit  for  that  sex,  being  the  poor 
sort,  whose  parents  were  not  able  to  pay  for  their 
learning ;  and  to  be  admitted  by  and  with  the  consent 
of  the  churchwardens  of  the  parish  for  the  time  being." 
On  May  1st,  1700,  the  vicar,  churchwardens,  vestr}', 
and  overseers  made  regulations  for  the  government  of 
the  school,  by  which  the  mistress  is  required  "  to  teach 
all  children  that  are  sent  unto  her  by  the  minister  and 
churchwardens,  gratis,  without  demanding  any  reward, 
nnd  no  other."  Since  Mr.  Robinson's  time  this  school 
has  received  the  following  endowments: — Joan  Lassells, 
widow,  by  will,  dated  May  10th,  1071,  gave  "the 
surplus  of  her  personal  estate  to  the  use  thereof;" 
directing  that  the  interest  should  be  applied  towards 
"  employing  poor  children  in  the  working  of  worsted 
and  knitting  in  tjie  said  school."  Roger  Sleddale,  by 
will,  in  1090,  gave  i'lO  to  the  master  and  mistress  of 
this  school,  "  wherewith  to  purchase  a  stock  to  carry 
on  a  manufictory  therein."  Thomas  Langliorne  and 
Susannah  Sleddale,  wiio  afterwards  intermarried,  were 
the  executors  of  Mrs.  Lassells,  the  surplus  of  whose 
estates  was  applied  as  directed,  and  Mrs.  Langhorne, 
who  survived  her  husband,  being  anxious  to  preserve 
the  charity  money,  which  produced  £5  a  year,  invested 
the  samo  in  the  purchase  of  land,  and  afterwards  granted 
by  indenture,  dated  1700,  to  trustees  for  the  use  of 
the  school,  an  aniniity  of  the  i'5  chargeable  upon  laud 
at  Penrith,  called  Uowcrbank  Close,  or  Kitty-cum-KoU, 
and  Low  Ingmire  ;  and  it  wa.s  limited  by  the  said 
indenture  that  the  amount  should  be  paid  yearly,  on 


the  2ud  of  February,  at  the  great  Througli  Stone,  in 
the  churchyard  of  Penrith.  Small  bequests,  amounting 
in  the  aggregate  to  £00  were  afterwards  given  to  the 
school.  This  £00  included  £5  given  by  Mrs.  Lang- 
horne, £5  by  Thomas  Pattenson,  £10  by  Christopher 
Pattenson,  and  £10  by  :\Ir.  Sleddale;  £10  of  the  £00 
was  laid  out  with  Mrs.  Bland's  chai-ity  money  in  the 
purchase  of  lands,  the  rents  of  which,  in  the  proportion 
of  four-fifteenths,  belong  to  the  school.  What  became 
of  the  remaining  £iO  does  not  seem  to  be  known.  Mrs. 
Dorothy  Pattenson  left  four  shillings  a  year  for  the 
purchase  of  books  for  poor  girls.  Mrs.  Bland,  who  was 
mistress  of  the  school,  gave  four  Bibles,  with  the  Acts 
of  Uniformity,  and  Common  Prayer,  and  the  Apocrypha, 
to  be  kept  in  the  school,  for  the  use  of  poor  girls  of  the 
communion  of  the  Church  of  England,  who  should  not 
be  able  to  provide  themselves  with  such  books,  or 
otherwise  to  be  absolutely  given  to  them.  The  total 
revenue  of  the  school  is  about  £-29  os.  a  year,  viz., 
£2it  per  annum,  the  gift  of  Mr.  Robinson,  £5  per 
annum  secured  on  land  by  the  executors  of  Mrs. 
Lassells,  and  £4  5s.  being  the  school's  proportion  of 
rent  of  lauds  arising  from  an  investment  of  £40.  The 
churchwardens  for  the  time  being  are  governors,  and 
no  child  can  be  admitted  free  without  their  consent. 

The  Spinning  and  Knitting  School  is  a  branch  of 
Robinson's  school,  on  the  establishment  of  which,  the 
mistress,  besides  reading  and  sempstry,  taught  spinning 
and  knitting ;  but  it  being  found  that  these  different 
branches  of  learning  could  not  be  carried  on  conve- 
niently together,  another  mistress  was  employed  to 
teach  scholars  to  spin  and  knit,  in  another  room  of  tlio 
same  establishment. 

The  Boys'  National  School,  situated  in  Benson-street, 
was  erected  by  subscription  in  1810,  on  a  site  given  by 
the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  It  will  accommodate  about  1 80 
pupils,  and  is  supported  by  subscriptions,  donations, 
and  the  payments  made  by  the  children. 

The  Infant  School  is  the  next  in  the  order  of  time, 
being  founded  in  1828,  by  the  exertions  of  a  few  bene- 
volent ladies  of  the  town.  The  present  school  and 
teacher's  residence  were  erected  in  I83i!,  at  a  cost  of 
£300,  which  was  defrayed  by  the  proceeds  of  a  bazaar 
held  for  the  purpose.  It  is  open  to  children  of  all 
denominations,  who  are  admitted  at  the  age  of  two 
years,  and  many  remain  until  they  are  seven ;  the 
charge  is  one  penny  weekly.  From  its  commencement 
this  school  has  been  well  attended,  the  average  number 
of  pupils  being  140.  We  scarcely  need  add  that  the 
school  depends  for  support  upon  public  subscriptions 
and  donations. 

The  Wesieyau  Day  School,  Meeting  House  Lane,  is 


60S 


LEATir  WARP. 


a  handsome  structure,  in  the  Elizabethan  style,  erected 
by  subscription  in  181i.  It  comprises  two  large  school- 
rooms, with  galleries,  and  all  the  accessories  required 
by  the  modern  systems  of  education.  The  school  is 
conducted  on  the  principle  of  the  Glasgow  training 
system,  by  a  master  and  three  pupil  teachers ;  a  mis- 
tress being  employed  for  the  purpose  of  instructing 
the  girls  in  sewing  and  knitting.  The  school,  as 
reported  by  her  majesty's  inspector  of  schools,  is  in 
a  very  efficient  state,  and  self-supporting. 

The  British  School,  erected  in  18-17,  is  situated  in 
Canny  Croft.  It  was  erected  by  subscription  and  a 
government  grant  in  1847,  on  a  site  given  by  tlic  Duke 
of  Devonshire,  and  consists  of  one  large  room,  with  two 
class-rooms,  and  a  good  playground.  Tlie  school  was 
opened  in  1848.  It  is  under  government  inspection, 
and  has  an  average  attendance  of  seventy  children. 

A  Ragged  School  was  commenced  at  the  Town  Head 
iu  August,  1853,  and  is  now  attended  by  forty  children. 

In  addition  to  these  schools  there  are  Sunday-schools 
attached  to  the  various  places  of  worship. 

heligious,  chaeitabi.e,  asd  otheii  societies. 
The  Penrith  Church  Missionary  Association,  and  a 
branch  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  were 
established  in  1815,  and  have  continued  in  operation 
ever  since. 

Tbe  Good  Samaritan  Society  was  established  here 
many  years  ago.  by  the  Wesleyans,  for  the  purpose  of 
administering  relief  to  destitute  persons,  without  dis- 
tinction of  religion  or  country. 

An  Agricultural  Society  was  established  at  Penrith 
about  twenty-seven  years  ago.  The  show  is  held 
annually  in  September.  A  farmers'  club  was  also 
established  here  about  a  dozen  years  ago,  in  connection 
with  which  there  is  a  library  and  reading  room.  The 
club  meets  twice  a  month  for  the  discussion  of  subjects 
relating  to  agriculture. 

The  town  possesses  flourishing  societies  of  Free 
Masons,  Oddfellows,  Foresters,  and  Druids,  which  have 
conferred  great  and  lasting  benefits  upon  Penrith  and 
the  surrounding  district. 

There  is  also  a  a  Co-operative  Building  Society, 
formed  in  October,  1850,  after  the  model  of  one  at 
Carlisle.  The  amount  of  each  share  is  £'30.  Since 
1850  the  society  has  purchased  four  parcels  of  building 
land,  which  have  been  allotted  to  the  members.  The 
first  purchase  was  Newlands  Place,  containing  one  acre 
and  three-quarters,  the  principal  portion  of  which  is 
now  built  upon;  the  nest,  Arthur  Croft,  on  which 
Arthur-street  is  built;  the  next,  two  fields,  which  have 
been  formed  into  Graham-street,  so  called  iu  honour  of 


Sir  James  Graham,  one  of  the  original  promoters  and 
directors  of  the  society  ;  and  the  fourth,  a  piece  of  land 
long  known  as  the  Trodficld,  but  now  Union-street. 
Since  the  commencement  of  the  society  219  shares 
have  been  allotted,  and  eighty-one  houses  erected. 

LXTEKAKT  AND   SCIEKTIMO  INSTITUTIONS,  &C. 

Penrith  Mechanics'  Institution  was  founded  in  1830, 
and  a  reading  room  was  subsequently  added.  This 
institution  possesses  the  books,  coins,  &c.,  left  to 
the  inhabitants  of  Penrith  by  the  late  Mr.  Harrison 
Wilkinson,  who,  in  his  will  expressed  a  hope  that  the 
contribution  would  induce  some  person  with  competent 
means  to  found  a  public  library  on  an  adequate  scale, 
the  want  of  which  in  early  life  he  had  experienced, 
and  which  was  still  wanted  for  the  advancement  of 
education. 

The  Penrith  Book  Society  and  the  Gentlemen's  News 
Pioom  have  been  in  existence  many  years. 

Tho  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  Public 
Library  was  founded  in  1853,  and  has  for  its  object  "to 
bring  into  circulation  among  young  men  the  best  works 
in  sacred  literature."  The  ordinary  subscription  is  6s. 
per  annum,  apprentices  of  limited  means,  4s.  The 
library  contains  about  300  volumes.  In  connection 
with  this  association  are  classes  for  the  study  of 
Biblical  literature,  and  lectures. 

The  Working  Men's  Reading  Room  was  established 
in  1853,  on  the  model  of  a  similar  institution  in  Car- 
lisle, whose  rule  "  that  no  member  who  is  not  a  working 
man,  or  who  is  able  to  live  independently  of  his  labour, 
shall  be  eligible  to  vote  at  any  of  the  society's  meetings, 
to  hold  office,  or  to  sit  upon  any  committee,"  is  followed 
hero.  Each  member  pays  an  entrance  fee  of  sixpence, 
a  penny  a  week  subscription,  and  an  annual  levy  of 
sixpence.  On  the  formation  of  this  institution,  the 
members  took  the  old  Catholic  chapel  for  their  news- 
room and  library ;  and  shortly  afterwards  set  about 
erecting  a  building  more  suitable  for  their  purpose. 
An  appeal  was  made  to  the  public,  and  £350  was  soon 
obtained.  Ground  was  at  once  purchased,  and  a  building 
erected  at  a  cost  of  about  £650.  The  new  structure, 
which  is  sufficiently  largo  for  the  holding  of  lectures, 
Ac,  was  opened  in  September,  1855.  In  connection 
with  tho  readins  room  is  a  dwelling  house  for  the 
librarian.  The  number  of  members  at  present  is 
upwards  of  200.  The  library  comprises  nearly  2,000 
volumes. 

Penrith  possesses  one  newspaper,  the  Cumberland  and 
Westmoreland  Advertiser  and  Penrith  Weelcly  Chronicle, 
established  by  Mr.  Sweeten  in  June,  1855,  and  pub- 
lished every  Tuesday. 


PENRITH  PAKISH. 


G09 


The  County  Constabulary  Office,  consisting  of  court- 
house and  lock-up  department,  is  situated  in  Hunter's 
Lane.  From  the  report  of  an  inquiry  made  by 
virtue  of  the  queen's  commission  to  certain  gentlemen, 
issued  in  1572,  it  appears  that  Richard  Dudley,  late 
steward  of  Penrith  —  probably  the  same  gentleman 
who  was,  by  the  queen's  letters  patent,  appointed  one  of 
the  original  governors  of  the  grammar  school — had 
taken  from  the  castle  thirty  cart  loads  of  stones  to 
build  a  prison  in  Penrith.  The  prison  built  by  Mr. 
Dudley  is  probably  the  place  at  the  Town  Head,  known 
to  this  day  as  the  old  gaol.  The  walls  of  this  building 
are  of  great  strength,  composed  chiefly  of  blocks  of  red 
sandstone,  which  appear  as  if  they  had  been  procured 
from  some  cdilice  which  had  fallen  into  decay.  Judging 
from  the  style  of  the  workmanship,  they  seem  to  be 
contemporaneous  with  the  grammar  school.  The 
original  doorway,  which  was  a  very  small  one,  and  in 
the  south  side  of  the  building,  is  walled  up.  Within 
living  memory,  the  old  gaol  has  not  been  used  as  a 
prison.  Eighty  years  ago,  the  house  in  Sandgate  now 
occupied  by  the  Wesleyan  minister  was  the  place 
where  prisoners  were  detained,  and  the  same  house 
continued  to  be  used  as  the  "Penrith  lock-up"  until 
the  erection  of  the  old  house  of  detention  at  the 
Town  Head,  in  1825.  In  former  times  the  keeper 
of  the  house  of  detention  was  generally  a  parish 
constable,  who,  assisted  by  the  high -constable  and 
about  two  other  parish  constables,  managed  the 
police  business  of  the  parish.  By  a  resolution  of  the 
Midsummer  quarter  sessions,  1854,  the  Leath  Ward 
of  Cumberland  and  the  West  Ward  of  Westmoreland 
were  formed  into  a  rural  jiolice  district,  and  by  a  reso- 
lution of  the  Christmas  quarter  sessions,  185ti,  all  the 
district  forces  in  both  counties  were  united  under  one 
chief  constable,  Mr.  Dunne.  Leath  Ward  forms  one 
division,  the  head  quarters  of  which  is  Penrith,  where 
the  superintendent  resides,  at  the  new  constabulary 
ofiBce,  which  was  opened  in  tho  spring  of  IS.'i'.l. 
The  total  number  of  the  force  in  Leath  Ward  is 
fourteen. 

Tho  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland  Yeomanry 
Cavalry,  a  local  corps  of  volunteers,  raised  in  1819, 
have  for  many  years  pa*t,  with  the  exception  of  1857, 
met  at  Penrith  for  eight  days'  permanent  drill,  and 
have  invariably  been  reported  by  tho  inspecting  ofliccrs 
fts  one  of  tho  most  ellicient  yeomanry  corps  in  the 
kingdom.  This  corps  has  on  two  or  three  occasions 
been  called  out  to  uphold  the  civil  power,  when  ofTicers 
and  men  alike  proved  tin  ni>clves  worthy  of  the  uniform 
they  wore.  The  rcgimeulal  baud  has  acquired  a  very 
high  reputation. 

72 


UARKETS   ANI)   FAntS. 


We  have  now  no  means  of  ascertaining  the  precise 
date  at  which  markets  and  fairs  were  first  held  in 
Penrith.  The  earliest  authentic  notice  occurs  in  the 
Close  Kolls  of  the  Cth  Henry  III.  (12-23),  and  is  to  the 
following  effect : — "  The  king  to  the  sheriff  of  Cumber- 
land greeting.  Know  that  we  ordain  a  market  to  be 
held  in  our  manor  of  Penred  on  the  Wednesday  of  each 
week ;  and  a  fair  to  be  held  in  the  same  place  each 
year,  to  continue  from  the  eve  of  Pentecost  till  the 
Monday  ne.\t  after  tho  Feast  of  the  Holy  Trinity, 
unless  the  aforesaid  market  and  fair  be,  &c.  And, 
therefore,  we  enjoin  you  to  cause  to  be  proclaimed  the 
aforesaid  market  and  fair  at  the  time  and  place  aforesaid, 
and  to  hold  them  as  aforesaid  until  our  coming  of  age. 
Witness,  II.  de  Durgh,  at  Westminster,  the  16th  day 
of  October."  It  is  very  probable  that  markets  were 
held  at  Penrith  previous  to  the  granting  of  this  charter. 
It  will  be  remarked  that  the  privilege  was  conferred  till 
the  king,  who  was  then  under  age,  should  attain  his 
majority,  when  there  is  little  doubt  it  was  confirmed, 
as  the  market,  Ac,  have  since  been  held  without  inter- 
ruption. The  market  of  Penrith,  held  now  on  Tuesdaj-, 
has  long  been  known  as  one  of  the  best  grain  markets 
in  the  north  of  England.  Potatoes  are  also  sold  here 
in  large  quantities,  as  well  as  butter,  eggs,  poultry,  Ax. 
The  tolls  are  now  the  property  of  the  ]3oard  of  Health, 
having  been  leased  from  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  in 
1854  (see  page  013).  Many  places  in  the  neighbour- 
hood are  free  of  toll  here,  in  consequence  of  their 
forming  part  of  the  honour  of  Penrith,  or  at  least  such 
parts  of  them  as  were  anciently  in  the  hands  of  the  lord 
or  his  copyholders.  The  lauds  formerly  held  by  the 
convent  of  Arraathwaite  arc  also  toll  free  by  the  charter 
of  William  Rufus,  granted  in  1088,  and  Temple  Sowerby, 
in  consequence  of  its  having  formerly  been  the  property 
of  the  Knights  Templars,  the  whole  of  whose  possessions 
were  declared  to  be  toll-free  by  charter  of  Henry  II. 
Morland,  Newby,  Maughanby,  Ousby,  Hunsonby, 
Glassonby,  Mehnerby,  and  a  few  other  places  claim 
exemption  by  grant  or  prescription. 

Fairs  are  held  in  Penrith  as  follow : — On  Shrove 
Tuesday  and  the  three  Tuesdays  following  for  horses  ; 
March  1st,  cattle:  April  23rd,  sheep;  April  24ih,  lean 
and  fat  cattle ;  Whit  Tuesday  and  every  other  Tuesday 
till  Lammas,  for  cattle :  second  Tuesday  in  July,  for 
wool :  September  2('ith,  for  sheep,  and  the  diiy  following 
for  cattle  and  horses;  last  Tuesday  in  October,  for 
cattle  and  cheese ;  Martinmas  Tuesday,  for  cattle,  and 
every  other  Monday  throughout  the  year  principally  for 
fat  sheep  and  cattle.  It  cannot  be  necessary  for  us  to 
state  that  these  fairs  are  well  attended. 


610 


LEATH  WARD. 


A  new  butter  and  egg  market,  116  feet  in  length, 
forty-one  feet  in  wiJtii,  and  sixteen  feet  to  the  cross 
beams,  has  recently  been  formed  out  of  a  part  of  the 
shambles.  It  is  lighted  from  the  roof,  and  is  a  great 
convenience  to  the  farmers'  wives  and  daughters. 

In  couiiectiou  with  the  markets  and  fairs,  the  follow- 
ing extracts  from  Mr.  Walker's  "  History  of  Penrith," 
will  no  doubt  be  interesting  to  the  reader  : — 

"  The  Moot  Hall,  which  is  described  at  page  589, 
was  in  a  dilapidated  condition,  and  used  on  the  Tuesdays 
as  a  market-house,  where  the  country  people,  who  were 
in  the  liabit  of  spinning  a  considerable  portion  of  their 
wool,  brought  their  yarn  for  sale,  which  was  of  two 
kinds,  hard  and  soft ;  the  latter  being  used  for  blankets 
and  stockings,  and  the  former  for  coarser  purposes. 
The  Keudal  manufacturers  were  their  principal  cus- 
tomers. Detached  from  the  Moot  ILill  steps  by  a 
narrow  passage,  was  a  small  square  building,  called  the 
Balcony,  on  the  top  of  which  was  the  market  bell,  aud 
underneath  a  stall  for  the  sale  of  butchers'  meat,  which 
was  occupied  by  the  late  Thomas  Carmalt. 

"  The  Cross,  where  the  servants  were  hired,  stood  in 
front  of  the  promises  now  occupied  by  Mr.  Dcmpscy. 
It  was  covered  in ;  the  roof  being  supported  by  four 
pillars,  one  on  each  angle  of  the  steps.  E.^icept  on  the 
term  days,  the  cross  was  used  as  the  butter  and  egg 
market,  and  was  an  e.xcellent  place  for  the  purpose,  as 
the  women  were  protected  from  the  rain.  Ou  the  right 
and  left  of  each  corner  pillar  was  a  stone  slab  about 
5ft.  by  Sift.  These  were  let  as  stalls,  and  were 
advantiigeous  places  for  selling  hardware,  spice,  &c. 
The  main  road,  which  was  very  narrow,  lay  between 
Mr.  Dempsey's  and  the  cross,  and  between  the  cross 
and  the  Moot  Hall,  on  the  opposite  side,  was  a  largo 
square  of  dags,  called  the  Cross  Parade,  which  was  a 
fashionable  promenade,  and  was  also  used  as  a  ball 
alley  by  the  youth  of  the  town,  who  entered  into  a 
subscription  to  defray  the  expense  of  plastering  the 
east  wall  of  the  Moot  Hall,  to  make  it  smooth  to  cast 
their  balls  against.  Within  the  eaves  of  the  cross,  at 
the  north-western  corner,  stood  the  stocks,  which  were 
repaired  in  1781,  by  Thomas  Laughoi-ne  and  others, 
at  a  cost  to  the  parish  of  £1  14s. 

"  The  Round-about  was  a  very  old  building,  which 
stood  by  itself  in  the  front,  nearly  opposite  to  the 
premises  of  ilr.  !Martiiulale,  spirit  merchant.  It  con- 
sisted of  two  stories,  with  a  cellar  underneath.  There 
were  two  shops  on  the  first  floor,  one  of  which  was 
occupied  by  Mr.  Morland,  tailor  and  draper.  The 
butchers  stood  with  their  meat  all  round  the  building, 
being  protected  from  the  rain  by  a  shed  hanging  out 
aslope  from  the  main  wall. 


"  The  fishstones,  of  which  there  were  two  ranges, 
stood  on  the  north  of  tlio  Round-about. 

"  The  old  shambles  stood  above  the  fishstones,  ou 
each  side  of  the  street,  and  extended  north  as  far  as 
the  King's  Arms  passage.  They  were  built  iu  the 
form  of  sheds,  with  oaken  rafters  to  hang  the  joints 
upon;  but  iu  former  times  there  was  little  moat  killed 
or  showu  in  Penrith  market  from  Christmas  to  the  firs» 
of  March,  as  the  country  people  were  in  the  habit  of 
buying  a  sup[jly  at  Christinas  to  pickle. 

"  Early  iu  the  present  century  a,  movement  was 
made  in  the  town,  the  object  of  which  was,  the  removal 
of  the  moot  hall,  round-about,  the  cross,  aud  the  old 
shambles.  In  a  letter  from  Mr.  Atkinson,  the  Duke 
of  Devonshire's  chief  agent,  to  Mr.  Uutton,  of  Penrith, 
deputy  steward,  dated  the  10th  of  May,  1805,  Mr. 
Atkinson  says,  "  The  duke  is  disposed  to  meet  the 
wishes  of  the  men  of  Penrith  by  consenting  to  remove 
the  old  shambles;"  and  iu  another  letter,  dated  7th 
April,  1800,  he  says,  "  I  think  it  would  not  be  amiss 
if  you  could  learn  the  sentiments  of  those  whose  pro- 
perty would  bo  most  benefitted  if  the  moot  hall  should 
be  taken  away,  and  what  each  of  them  would  subscribe 
for  purchiising  a  thoroughfiirc  from  the  intended  sham- 
bles into  Sandgate.  If  they  do  not  come  handsomely 
forward,  I  will  advise  the  duke  to  build  shops  or  sell  it 
iu  building  lots." 

"A  committee  was  appointed  in  1800,  in  all  proba- 
bility immediately  after  the  receipt  of  Mr.  Atkinson's 
letter,  to  take  into  consideration  the  measures  to  be 
adopted  for  the  improvement  of  the  town.' 

"  The  Moot  Hall,  shambles,  &c.  appear  to  have  been 
removed  prior  to  the  year  1809,  for  at  a  meeting  of  the 
town's  improvement  committee,  in  conjiinctio.i  with 
several  of  the  principal  iuhabitants,  held  at  the  George, 
on  the  l'2th  of  October,  1809,  to  consult  on  taking 
means  for  eflfecting  tlie  removal  of  the  round-about,  the 
moot  hall,  shambles,  &c.  are  never  alluded  to.  The  pro- 
bability is  they  were  not  then  in  existence.^  The  com- 
mittee were  of  opinion  that  no  competent  means  could 
be  resorted  to  for  purchasing  the  round-about,  except 
by  an  assessment  on  the  owners  of  property ;  however 
it  docs  not  appear  that  any  assessment  was  made,  for 
on  the  30th  of  June,  1813,  eight  gentlemen  entered 
into  an  agreement  to  advance  the  necessary  funds  for 

'  The  following  are  the  iinmes  of  the  committee: — .Itio.  ile  ^Mielp- 
dnle,  Esq.,  \Vm.  Wilson,  Esc|.,  Uiclianl  Story,  Esq.,  Jiio.  Hinilsou, 
Esq.,  Thumiis  Brougham,  Esq.,  A.  L.  Harrison,  Esq.,  Anihoiiy 
Harrison,  Esq.;  Mr.  KobinsoQ,  iroumonger;  William  Bleaymire, 
Esq  ,  EJ.  Grave,  Esq. 

s  The  last  occnpiers  of  shops  under  the  Moot  Hall  were  Matthew 
Jackson,  James  Aikin,  and  William  Slee,  a  relation  of  the  celebrated 
mathematician  of  Tirril. 


PENRITH  PAEISH. 


611 


the  purpose ;  the  purchase  money  not  to  exceed  £420  ; 
to  be  repaid  out  of  the  rents  of  the  property  and  the 
money  to  be  raised  by  subscription.  ' 

"  The  old  p;irish  pinfold  stood  nearly  in  the  frout  of 
the  premises  now  occupied  by  Jlr.  William  Scott. 

"  The  subjoined  statements  of  prices  of  provisions  in 
this  market  in  170-5  and  179-t,  will  be  perused  with 
interest.  In  ITOH,  <  bread,  oats,  and  barley  and  rye, 
mixed,  cost  Jd.  f  d.  and  Id.  per  lb. ;  cheese,  '^d. ;  butter, 
6d.  18oz.;  beef,  2i-d.;  mutton,  2Jd. ;  veal,  2d.;  pork, 
3d.;  milk,  Id.  throe  pints  skimmed;  potatoes,  3d.  per 
hoop;  candles,  7d.;  soap,  7d.;  labourer's  house  rent, 
20s.;  labourer's  firing,  30s. '°  In  1794  bread  was 
nearly  the  same  as  above;  '  best  cheese,  5d.  per  lb. ; 
country  cheese,  2Jd.  to  3d.;  butter,  7d.  ]8oz.;  beef,  3d.; 
mutton,  3d.;  veal,  2Jd.;  pork,  3d.  to  3\(i.;  skimmed 
milk,  three  pints  Id.;  potatoes,  2:id.  per  hoop;  candles, 
7Jd.  per  lb. ;  soap,  7d.;  labourer's  house  rent  for  one 
room,  X'l  10s. ;  firing  for  labourer's  family,  £2  per  an- 
num.'^ Ill  1787  the  prices  of  lish  iu  this  market  were 
as  follows  : — '  Sea-fish  in  general,  2d.  per  lb.  ;  salmon, 
:!d.;  Ullswater  trout,  and  char,  3d.;  stream  and  Esk 
trout,  '^d.;  Ullswater  cols,  2d.;  muscles  and  cockles. 
Id.  per  quart;  oysters,  2s.  6d.  per  hundred.'* 

"  In  Ullswater  fish  of  every  description  has  become 
scarce;  but  formerly,  this  market  being  nearest  to  that 
lake,  was  from  thence  plentifully  supplied  with  trout, 
eels,  '  skellies,'  itc.  Old  fishers  speak  with  rapture  of 
bygone  days,  when  tbey  could  fill  a  pannier  in  the  course 
of  a  few  hours,  when,  at  the  proper  season,  Waltonians 
from  all  parts  of  the  country  resorted  to  Pooley  and 
Patterdale  to  enjoy  their  favourite  sport.  A  dish  of 
Ullswater  trout  is,  in  any  part  of  the  kingdom,  consi- 
dered a  treat.  Since  the  formation  of  railways,  fisheries 
have  commandeu  good  rents.  The  lake  has  been  hard 
drawn  to  procure  trout  for  distant  umrkets.  A  wholesale 
system  of  poaching  lias  been  practised  with  impunity  in 
the  brooks  where  the  fish  go  up  to  spawn,  and  the  water 
from  the  lead  mines  at  Grcenside,  which  have  been 
vigorously  worked  for  some  years  past,  is  said  to  be  im- 
pregnated with  poisonous  matter,  and  these  are  the 
causes,  but  more  particularly  the  two  former,  to  which 
anglers  attribute  the  present  scarcity." 

>  The  folluwing  gentlemen  agrci^d  to  advance  Uie  anms  set  oppo- 
iiila  their  imiiies:— Hii-lmnl  Story,  X'.'ii  los. ;  F.ilnil.  Grave,  i'.Vi  lOs.; 
Williuin  Jainrs,  i'W  Ms. ;  Tliomu')  lliilton,  £'J0  Ss. ;  Jnhii  Itnbisou, 
XitlSa.;  Genrgo  HnuisnT,  jC.iU  S:i.;  Michael  lUiuiugton,  XM  lUs, ; 
uiid  A.  L.  lliirrisoi^  £:fi  lUa. 

»  Quoted  by  Ilulchiiisou  from  the  rcmnrks  of  .\rtliur  Yomig,  Ksq. 
OD  the  culture  of  lumlH,  v'cc.  fruui  his  '*  Six  Months'  Tour  through 
(he  North  of  England." 

'  lluli'hinscn, 
*  Clark's  "  Surrey." 


EAILWATS,   CAS   AND   WATER  WORKS,    &C. 

Penrith  is  connected  with  every  part  of  England  by 
means  of  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway,  the  con- 
struction of  which  has  proved  a  source  of  great  benefit 
to  the  town.    For  an  account  of  this  railway  see  page  64. 

In  1830  a  company  was  formed,  bearing  the  degig- 
uation  of  the  "  Penrith  Gaslight  and  Coke  Company," 
for  the  purpose  of  "  making  gas,  and  therewith  lighting 
tbe  streets,  houses,  and  other  places  within  the  town." 
The  capital  was  not  to  exceed  £5,000  in  shares  of  £20 
each.  In  November  of  the  same  year,  some  of  the 
houses  and  shops  were  lighted  with  gas  for  the  first  time. 
The  town  was  only  partially  lighted  till  the  year  1845, 
when  a  rate  was  laid  for  that  purpose.  There  are  now 
10.")  public  lanip^,  the  lighting  of  which  costs  £231  5s. 
per  annum.  The  original  charge  for  gas  in  Penrith  was 
14s.  per  1,000  cubic  feet,  which  has  been  gradually 
reduced  to  5s.,  the  present  charge. 

In  1852  the  Board  of  Health  commenced  the  forma- 
tion of  waterworks,  by  leasing  a  piece  of  ground  called 
the  Island,  situate  on  the  river  Eamont,  on  which  to 
erect  the  works,  with  power  to  lay  one  clear  water  pipe 
through  the  Carleton  Hall  estate,  and  one  impermeable 
sewer  pipe  from  the  town  of  Penrith  to  the  works  on 
the  Eamont,  and  one  main  sewer  pipe  out  in  a  westerly 
direction  along  and  under  the  road  to  Eamont  Bridge, 
also  power  to  lay  a  pipe  at  the  Low  Mill  to  carry  away 
the  surface  water  of  the  sewerage  from  the  works  to  the 
point  in  the  Holme  where  the  brook,  which  runs  through 
Penrith,  discharges  itself  into  the  Eamont,  the  board 
to  pay  all  surface  damages,  except  for  the  first  laying  of 
the  pipes.  Penrith  is  supplied  with  water  from  the 
Eamont,  on  the  Skirsgill  estate,  in  a  meadow  about  half 
a  mile  west  of  Eamont  Bridge,  where  it  passes  through 
filter  beds  into  a  settling  well,  from  which  it  is  conveyed 
by  glazed  earthenware  pipes  to  another  settling  well  on 
the  Low  Mill  Island,  where  the  pumps  and  other  appa- 
ratus for  lifting  are  situated.  From  this  place  it  is 
raised,  by  means  of  a  water-wheel  and  pumps,  to  the 
lower  and  upper  reservoirs,  the  former  of  which,  when 
full,  will  contain  370,000  gallons  of  water.  Sluica 
valves  and  fire  plugs,  or  hydrants,  are  placed  at  regular 
intervals  along  the  line  of  supply  mains,  so  as  to  com- 
mand, by  the  stand  pipe  and  hose,  every  building  in  iho 
town.  Tlie  waterworks  were  publicly  opeucd  on  the 
2  Uh  of  August,  1854. 

The  Bo.ird  have  also  constnicted  new  sowers  which, 
with  the  exi-eptii>n  of  the  main  outlet,  are  of  carthcn- 
wuro.  They  iiro  laid  in  straight  lines,  the  beds  and 
arterial  junctions  being  cut  out  of  ashlar,  shaped  with 
the  requisite  curvature.  A  man-hole,  covered  with  a 
cast-iron  trap,  is  placed  at  every  jtinclion,  at  every 


612 


LEATIi  WARD. 


change  of  line  and  gradient,  and  at  other  intervals,  so 
OS  to  iitlbrd,  by  means  of  light  from  man-hole  to  man- 
hole, every  facility  for  examination.  Flushing  sluices 
are  provided  along  the  beck  for  the  valley  lines,  and  a 
direct  communication  is  established  with  the  water 
mains  by  washing  valves,  on  the  higher  levels,  so  as  to 
give  the  whole  when  necessary  a  thorough  cleansing. 
The  length  of  the  main  and  branch  sewers  is  upwards 
of  four  miles.  The  principal  portion  of  the  money  ex- 
pended in  the  construction  of  the  waterworks  and  sewer- 
age js  borrowed  on  the  security  of  the  special  district 
rate,  amounting  in  all  to  £11,498. 

The  Baths  and  AVush-houses  were  established  in  1854 
by  a  joint  stock  company,  with  a  capital  of  £2,800,  in 
shares  of  £1  each.  From  the  great  success  which  has 
attended  similar  establishments  elsewhere,  there  is  little 
doubt  that  the  shareholders  will  derive  a  handsome 
dividend  from  their  speculation. 

TOE   BOAED   OF   HEALTH. 

In  1848-9  the  cholera  made  its  second  appearance 
during  this  century  upon  the  shores  of  England.  In 
anticipation  of  its  arrival  Parliament  had  passed  an 
act,  known  as  "  The  Nuisances  Removal  and  Diseases 
Prevention  Act,"  which  gave  power  to  the  local  autho- 
rities to  take  measures  for  the  prevention  of  the  spread 
of  the  pestilence.  On  the  appearance  of  cholera  in 
the  comparatively  neighbouring  towns  of  Workington 
and  Barnard  Castle,  the  inhabitants  of  Penrith  deemed 
it  requisite  to  take  what  sanitai'y  precautions  they 
could.  For  this  purpose  a  meeting  was  held  on  the 
18th  October,  when  a  Board  of  Health  was  constituted 
to  superintend  and  direct  the  cleansing  of  the  town. 
This  Board,  not  having  the  necessary  power  to  raise 
funds  for  the  carrying  out  of  the  measures  resolved 
upon  at  its  sittings,  soon  came  to  a  stand  still ;  and  in 
consequence  a  petition,  signed  by  a  number  of  the  rated 
inhabitants,  was,  in  November,  1S48,  forwarded  to  the 
Commissioners  of  the  General  Board  of  Health,  praying 
that  the  provisions  of  the  Public  Health  Act  might  be 
applied  to  the  town  of  Penrith.  Subsequently,  by  order 
in  council,  the  Diseases  Prevention  Act  was  applied  to 
the  whole  of  Great  Britain,  and  in  pursuance  of  its 
provisions  the  board  of  guardians  of  the  Penrith  union 
appointed  the  Penrith  assistant  overseer  inspector  of 
nuisances  for  the  said  union.  By  the  exertions  of  this 
officer  many  nuisances  were  abated,  and  the  surveyor 
of  highways  for  the  parish  had  the  cut  which  runs 
down  the  principal  street  thoroughly  cleansed  out. 
Many  pr»-tics  who  were  averse  to  the  application  of  the 
PubUc  Health  Act  to  the  town  thought  these  improve- 
ments were  sufficient,  and  there  would  be  no  necessity 


for  the  enforcement  of  the  provisions  of  the  act  of 
Parliament.  On  November  14,  1849,  Mr.  llawlinson, 
superintending  inspector  under  the  Public  Health  Act, 
arrived  in  Penrith  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  public 
inquiry  respecting  the  sewerage,  drainage,  water  supply, 
state  of  tho  burial  grounds,  and  the  number  and  sani- 
tary condition  of  the  iiih.ibitants  of  Penrith.  A  nume- 
rous party,  strongly  opposed  to  the  inquiry,  sent  a 
statement  of  the  grounds  of  their  opposition  to  Mr. 
Puiwlinson,  who  replied  that  he  had  no  power  to  close 
the  inquiry  as  he  was  acting  under  instructions  from 
the  general  board.  Mr.  Kawlinson's  report  was  pub- 
lished in  18-51,  and  he  recommended  the  application  of 
the  act  to  Penrith.  As  soon  as  this  was  known  in  the 
town,  the  party  opposed  to  the  application  of  the  act 
forwarded  a  memorial  to  the  General  Board  of  Health, 
in  which  they  endeavoured  to  show  that  Mr.  Piawlinson's 
report  was  incorrect,  and  prayed  the  board  "  to  pause 
ere  they  iuQicted  the  expensive  machinery  of  the  act 
on  property  already  burdened  with  a  heavy  load  of 
local  taxation."  In  accordance  with  Mr.  lUwliuson's 
recommendation  the  act  was  applied  by  order  in  council, 
dated  the  2.5th  of  June,  1851.  The  Local  Board  of 
Health  was  constituted  on  tho  28th  of  July,  when  twelve 
gentlemen  who  had  promoted  the  application  of  the  act 
were  elected.  The  boundary  line  encompassing  the 
town  district  of  the  board,  as  marked  out  on  the  plan 
approved  by  the  general  board,  is  as  follows  : — "  Com- 
mencing behind  the  Halfway  House,  including  the 
lower  reservoir  to  behind  the  Barco  House  and  Barco 
Hill,  running  across  a  portion  of  the  Flat  upon  a  direct 
line,  through  tho  sandhole.  Fell  Lane,  then  passing 
behind  Caroline  Cottage,  along  the  edge  of  the  Beacon 
to  a  little  above  the  junction  of  the  Kirkoswald  Road, 
thence  to  behind  tho  White  Ox,  thence  near  to  Thackcr 
Beck,  on  by  the  east  of  the  railway  to  behind  Crudmire, 
crossing  the  stream  from  the  Petteril  at  the  angle  of 
the  dyehouse,  up  through  the  Glowers,  crossing  Gill- 
willy  Lane  near  to  the  north  stile  of  the  field  now 
purchased  as  building  ground,  making  an  angle  of  it 
where  Union-street  joins  Gillwilly,  thence  across  the 
Grej'stoke  Road,  taking  in  the  whole  of  Newland's  Place, 
over  Myer's  Beck,  and  across  the  railway  to  Scumscaw, 
by  the  beck,  fciking  in  t!ic  outbuildings  on  the  south 
side  of  Wetherigg  Lane,  crossing  the  field  a  little 
above  the  vicarage,  and  going  through  another  field 
between  the  vicarage  and  the  Nursery  Gardens  to 
behind  the  Halfway  House."  For  the  purposes  of  the 
act  the  district  of  Penrith  was  divided  into  the  follow- 
ing sub-divisions  ; — "  Sub-division  of  Plumpton  accord- 
ing to  its  present  boundai'y,  as  a  district  for  the  repair 
of  its  highways ;  the  sub-division  of  Carleton  according 


PENRITH    PARISH. 


613 


to  its  present  boundary,  and  district  for  tbe  repair  of 
highways  ;  and  the  remainder  of  the  parish  now  forming 
one  separate  district  for  the  repair  of  the  highways,  be 
sub-divided  into  a  town  district  and  a  country  district." 
The  town  district  includes  "  all  dwelling-houses  built, 
or  which  may  bo  hereafter  built  in  the  said  town,  or  so 
near  to  it  as  to  be  within  the  dotted  line  in  red,  marked 
round  the  said  town,  on  the  plain  of  the  said  district 
of  I'enrith,  together  with  tho  houseliold  and  other 
offices,  yards,  and  gardens  occupied  tberewiih,  and  all 
other  property  within  the  said  boundary  line  not  being 
used  as  arable,  meadow,  or  pasture  ground  only,  or  as 
woodlands,  market  gardens,  or  nursery  grounds,  or 
covered  with  water,  or  as  a  railway  constructed  under 
an  act  of  Parliament.  The  country  district  includes  all 
the  parish  of  Penrith  not  comprised  in  the  other  dis- 
tricts, with  all  the  lauds  which  are  expressl}-  excepted 
from  being  included  in  the  town  division.  The  rates 
levied  in  each  division  are  applicable  for  the  purposes 
of  this  act  within  its  division  only. 

In  1859  the  Board  commenced  the  water  works,  and 
two  years  later,  in  1854,  entered  into  a  lease  with  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire,  by  virtue  of  which  they  became 
the  lessees  of  the  Fair  Hill,  Cannie  Croft,  the  Shambles, 
Market  Place,  and  the  tolls  of  all  goods  sold  therein, 
for  a  term  of  ninety-nine  years,  at  an  annual  rent  of 
JBIo3,  binding  themselves  at  the  same  time  to  expend 
£1,000  in  the  erection  of  buildings  in  Cannie  Croft, 
within  five  years  from  tlie  date  of  the  lease.  The 
IJoard  have  since  entered  into  an  arrangement  with  the 
duke,  by  virtue  of  which  they  have  surrendered  Cannie 
Croft,  have  got  rid  of  their  liability  to  expend  .£1,000, 
and  have  had  their  rent  reduced  from  £153  to  about 
£130.  Tiie  assets  of  the  board  of  health  on  March 
•25th,  1850,  amounted  to  £501  4s.  C}d. ;  the  total 
liabilities,  £11,538  Os.  •i\d.;  £11,403  of  which  was 
money  borrowed  on  mortgage  of  special  district  rate. 

The  Board  of  Health  have  adopted  the  ancient  seal 
of  the  town,  tho  original  of  which  was  found  about 
twenty  years  ago,  iu  digging  up  a  hedge  near  the  old 
church  of  Brampton.  It  is  charged  with  the  cross  of 
St.  Andrew,  the  saint  to  whom  the  parish  church  is 
dedicated,  and  is  inscribed  "  Sigii.i.um  Commuse  ville 
DE  Pk.nretu."  From  the  fact  of  tho  existence  of  this 
seal  it  has  been  inferred  tliat  the  town  formerly  enjoyed 
some  kind  of  municipal  incorpomtion. 

IDE   rOOR  LAW   UNION. 

Penrith  poor  law  union  is  divided  into  three  sub- 
districts,  viz.,  Penrith,  compri.'^ing  llehnerby,  Ousby, 
Kirkiand  and  BlencMrn,  Skirwiih,  Culguith,  I.angwalhby, 
Edcnhall,   Penrith,    Stainton,    Dacro,    Soulby,    Great 


Blencowe,  Newbiggin,  Newton  Reigny,  Catterlen,  and 
Plumpton  Wall ;  Greystoke,  embracing  Hutton-in-the- 
Forest,  Thomas  Close,  Little  Blencowe,  Johnby, 
Greystoke,  Jlotherby  and  Gill,  Button  Soil,  Hutton 
John,  Watermillock,  ilatterdale,  Threlkeld,  Mungris- 
dale,  Bowscale,  Berrier  and  Murrah,  Hutton  Pioof, 
Mosedale,  Bustabeck  Bound,  How  Bound,  Row  Bound, 
Southernby  Bound,  Stoekdalewath  Bound,  Lamonby, 
Skelton,  Unihank,  and  iliddcsceugh-with-Brailhwuite; 
Kirkoswald,  including  Upper  and  Nether  Hesket, 
Petteril  Crooks,  Itonlield,  Calthwaite,  Plumpton  Street, 
Lazonby,  Great  Salkeld,  Ilunsouby  and  Winskil,  Littlo 
Salkeld,  Glassonby,  Gamblesby,  Renwick,  Kirkoswald, 
Staliield,  Ainstable,  aud  Croglin.  The  area  of  the 
union  is  181,3-30  acres.  Its  population  in  ISOl  was 
23,307,  of  whom  11,211  were  males,  and  11,006 
females.  The  number  of  inhabited  houses  at  the  same 
period  was  4,23'2,  of  uninhabited  150,  and  thirty  were 
building.  The  following  statement  of  account  shows 
the  receipts,  expenditure,  and  balances,  of  the  union, 
for  the  year  ended  March  28th,  1859:  —  Receipts: 
Balance  in  favour  of  the  parishes  at  the  commencement 
of  the  year,  £1,817  3s.  5d.;  contributions  paid  during 
the  year,  £5,793  7s. ;  balance  against  parishes  at  the 
end  of  tho  year,  £91  17s.  5Jd.:  total,  £7,703  7s.  lOJd. 
Expenditure:  In  maintenance,  £937  13s.  2d.;  out- 
relief  in  money,  including  relief  to  non-resident  poor, 
£2,312  9s.  Cd. ;  maintenance  of  lunatics  in  asylums, 
£501  Os.  9d. ;  vaccination  fees,  £27  7s. ;  registration 
fees,  £00  19s.  Gd. ;  common  charges,  £2,382  8s.  9d. : 
total  expenditure,  £0,227  18s.  8d.  Balances  :  Against 
parishes  at  the  commencement  of  the  year,  £115  19s.  2d.; 
balance  in  favour  of  parishes  at  the  end  of  the  year, 
£1,359  10s.  0}d.  The  sum  total,  including  balances, 
£7,702  7s.  lOJd.  Total  expenditure  of  year  ending 
29th  March,  1859,  excluding  balances,  £0,713  10s. 7Jd.; 
showing  a  decrease  in  favour  of  the  present  year  of 
£485  17s.  Hid. 

CHAKITIES. 

riohinsons  Chariti/. — Mr.  William  Robinson,  of  Lon- 
don, by  will,  dated  in  1001,  bequeathed  his  property  in 
Grub-street,  in  that  city,  to  the  Grocers'  Company, 
whom  ho  directed,  among  other  things,  to  pay  yearly  on 
!  tho  1st  of  November,  to  the  thurcluvardens,  vestrymen, 
!  and  overseers  of  the  parish  of  Penrith  £20,  to  be  dis- 
tributed by  them  to  twenty  poor  people  of  tho  same 
parish,  viz.,  ten  men  and  ten  women,  on  every  Christ- 
mas Day  yearly  for  ever. 

PatteHion's  Chariti/. — Dorothy  Pattcnson,  by  will, 
dated  loth  March,  1755,  beiiueathcd  unto  the  vicar, 
churchwardens,  au4  overseers  of  the  poor  of  the  town- 


6U 


LEATH  WARD. 


ship  of  PenritU  £105,  to  be  invested  in  the  purchase  of 
land,  tlie  rents  and  profits  of  which,  wiih  the  exception 
of  4s.  a  year,  should  be  distributed  aunually  at  the 
feast  of  St.  Murtiii,  amongst  eight  poor  needful  widows 
and  objects  of  pity  of  the  town  of  Penrith,  by  the  vicar, 
churchwardens,  and  overseers  for  the  time  being,  and 
their  successors  for  ever,  sucli  widows  to  be  nominated 
and  chosen  yearly  by  her  e.^ecutrix,  Elizabeth  Cust, 
and  her  nephew,  Christopher  Pattenson,  Esq.,  of  Carle- 
ton  Hull,  and  their  heirs  for  ever ;  and  she  directed  the 
vicar  of  Penrith  for  the  time  being  and  his  successors 
for  ever,  to  receive  out  of  the  said  rent  the  yearly  sum 
of  4s.,  and  to  apply  the  same  yearly  for  ever,  at  the  said 
feast  of  St.  Martin,  in  the  purchase  of  books,  which  she 
ordered  to  be  distributed  at  that  time  among  the  poor 
girls  of  Mr.  Robinson's  charity  school  at  Penrith.  Of 
this  charity  ilOO  was  invested  in  the  purchase  of  free- 
bold  and  customary  lands  called  Lowther  Gates,  at 
Clifton;  and  by  indenture  of  the  2ud  September,  1761, 
these  lauds  were  conveyed  by  Mrs.  Pattenson's  execu- 
trix to  the  churchwiirdcns  and  overseers  and  their 
successors  in  trust  for  the  charity.  It  appears  that 
the  owners  of  Carleton  UuU  estate  have  had  the  sole 
management  of  this  charity  from  the  time  of  its 
establishment.  In  1814,  an  exchange  having  been 
otlered  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  which  was  approved  of 
on  behalf  of  the  charity  by  Mr.  Wallace,  the  owner  of 
Carleton  Hall  estate,  the  charity  lands,  consisting  of 
Lowther  Gate  Close,  was  conveyed  by  him  to  his  lord- 
ship, who,  in  exchange  conveyed  to  Mr.  Wallace  two 
closes  called  Red  Friars,  and  a  third  called  Far  Thurl- 
bar,  the  united  area  of  which  amounts  to  eight  acres, 
two  roods,  and  thirty-eight  perches.  The  charity  has 
derived  considerable  advantage  from  this  exchange.  It 
is  now  worth  ilU  17s.  Od.  per  annum,  less  4s.  for 
Bibles  for  "Mr.  Robinson's  school. 

Bland's  Charity. — llrs.  Barbara  Bland,  of  Penrith, 
by  will,  in  1757,  left  £100  to  Thomas  Simpson  upon 
trust,  to  distribute  the  interest  thereof  as  follows : — 
To  the  vicar  of  Penrith,  every  Ash  Wednesday,  for 
preaching  a  sermon  on  that  day,  10s.  6d.;  and  to  the 
clerk  and  sexton  on  the  same  day,  each  2s. ;  to  purchase 
lour  Bibles  yearly  for  poor  girls,  as  mentioned  in  the 
account  of  Mr.  Robinson's  school ;  and  to  distribute  the 
residue  of  such  interest  on  Ash  Wednesday,  yearly, 
amongst  such  poor  widows  and  maiils  of  the  said  parish, 
of  the  communion  of  the  Church  of  England,  and  not 
maintained  as  parish  poor,  as  the  said  Thomas  Simpson, 
his  executors  and  assigns,  should  think  fit,  giving  each 
person  5s.;  and  in  case  the  sermon  on  Ash  Wednesday 
should  be  omitted,  she  directed  that  the  legacies  to  the 
vicar,  clerk,  and  sexton  should  be  withheld  and  dis- 


tributed amongst  the  poor  maids  and  widows  as  afore- 
said. And  she  gave  the  residue  of  her  personal  estate, 
after  the  payment  of  all  her  debts,  legacies,  funeral  and 
other  expenses,  to  the  said  Thomas  Simpson  upon 
trust,  t3  dispose  of  the  interest  thereof  among  such 
poor  widows  and  maids,  inhabitants  of  the  paiish  of 
Penrith,  not  maintained  as  the  poor  of  the  parish,  as 
he  .should  think  proper..  The  residue  of  her  effects 
produced  £10.  These  sums,  together  with  £40  belong- 
ing to  the  Spinning  and  Knitting  School,  making  a  total 
of  £150,  were  invested  in  land,  the  proceeds  of  which 
are  applied  to  Mrs.  Bland's  charities  and  the  Knitting 
School,  in  the  proportion  in  which  their  funds  contri- 
buted to  the  original  purchase,  viz.,  eleven-fifteenths 
to  the  former  and  four-fifteenths  to  the  latter. 

Bramu-eU's  Charity.  —  Sarah,  the  wife  of  William 
Bramwoll,  by  will,  dated  October  25th,  1703,  devised, 
after  the  decease  of  her  mother,  all  her  lands  at  Robberby, 
in  Cumberland,  to  her  husbaml,  William  Bramwell, 
subject  to  the  payment  of  several  legacies  therein  par- 
ticularly mentioned ;  and  she  bequeathed  to  twenty 
families  in  the  parish  of  Penrith,  to  be  paid  on  every 
Good  Friday,  5s.  each.  The  validity  of  this  bequest 
being  contested  after  the  death  of  the  testatrix,  her 
husband,  in  order  to  give  effect  to  her  intention,  he 
having  sold  the  estate  at  Robberby,  by  indenture, 
dated  October  30th,  1770,  subjected  his  estates  and 
shops  in  the  market  place,  Penrith,  to  the  payment  of 
the  said  charity  money.  The  chur^'hwardons  of  Penrith 
leceive  annually  £5  from  this  rent  charge ;  and  that 
sum  is  distributed  by  them  every  Good  Friday,  amongst 
twenty  poor  householders,  each  of  whom  receives  five 
shillings.  The  recipients  of  this  charity  are  selected 
by  the  churchwardens. 

ISeiceU's  Charily. — Susannah  Sewell,  by  will,  dated 
1 7th  December,  1782,  bequeathed  unto  her  cousin, 
Elizabeth  Simpson,  widow,  and  to  her  daughter  Eliza- 
beth, the  wife  of  James  Wallace.  Esq.,  of  Carleton  Hall, 
and  the  survivor  of  them,  and  from  and  after  the  death 
of  such  snrvivor,  then  to  the  owners  and  proprietors  of 
Carleton  Hall  aforesaid,  for  the  time  being,  the  sum  of 
£200,  in  trust,  to  place  out  the  same  at  interest,  and  to 
pay  and  distribute  the  same  yearly,  on  St.  Thomas'  Day, 
unto  and  amongst  twenty  poor  families  or  single  persons 
keeping  house  in  the  town  and  neighbourhood  of  Pen- 
rith, in  such  proportions  as  they  should  tliink  fit  and 
suitable  to  their  circumstances;  and  the  testatrix 
declared  her  will  to  be,  that  if  any  proper  object  applied 
for  the  benefit  of  this  charity  who  could  make  out  the 
most  distant  relationship  to  the  family  of  the  Huttons 
of  Penrith,  they  should  have  a  preference  given  thom  in 
the  annual  distribution  by  the  trustees.     This  legacy  is 


PENRITH  PARISH. 


C15 


invested  iu  the  public  funds.  The  dividends,  amounting 
to  £8  a  vear,  are  distributed  on  St.  Thomas'  Daj%  at 
Cailetoti  Hull,  amongst  si.\teen  poor  housekeepers,  each 
of  whom  receives  the  sum  of  ten  shillings. 

Dawson's  Charity.  —  Colonel  Thomas  Dawson,  in 
1793,  bequeathed  £105  to  the  care  of  the  churc-hwardens 
and  overseers  of  the  parish  of  Penrith,  the  iuterest 
whereof,  he  directed  should  be  divided  by  them  annually, 
on  St.  Thomas'  Day,  or  the  day  of  his  death,  to  decent 
poor  housekeepers  of  Penrith,  that  should  be  indigent 
and  never  asked  alms.  His  admiuistratri.^  paid  this 
legacy  to  the  churchwardens  and  overseers  of  the 
parish  of  Penrith,  which,  together  with  £5  14s.  added 
thereto  out  of  the  poor  rates,  making  £110  lis. 
was  laid  out  in  July,  1799,  iu  the  purchase  of  £120 
Five  per  Cents,  of  1797.  This  has  since  been 
exchanged  for  £131  Us.  3d.  New  Three  per  Cents., 
producing  £3  19s.  a  year,  eight-ninths  of  which  arc 
given  to  the  poor,  and  one-ninth  is  equally  divided 
between  the  mistress  of  Mr.  Robinson's  school  and  the 
mistress  of  the  Spinning  and  Knitting  School. 

Carmalt's  Charity. — Richard  Cariualt,  by  indenture, 
dated  8th  November,  1  7'JO,  for  a  nominal  consideration, 
granted  to  Thomas  Sisson  and  four  others,  their  heirs 
and  assigns,  an  annuity  of  £t  10s.,  issuing  out  of  his 
freehold  fulJs,  called  Brackenbury  Mires,  in  Penrith, 
to  be  paid  yearly,  on  the  1st  of  Decembei-,  upon  trust, 
that  they  should  ou  every  Christmas  Duy  dispose  of  the 
same  in  equal  shares  to  eighteen  poor  people  of  the 
parish  of  Penrith,  to  be  nominated  by  the  church- 
wardens, vestrymen,  and  overseers,  in  like  manner  as 
directed  by  the  will  of  Mr.  William  Robinson,  concerning 
the  money  given  by  him  to  be  distributed  amongst  the 
poor  of  the  said  parish.  Five  shillings  i^ch  is  annually 
given  ou  account  of  this  charity  to  eighteen  poor  persons. 

Lamhlcy's  Gijt. — Robert  Lambley,  by  will,  dated 
27th  March,  17'JT,  directed  his  executor,  upon  his 
decease,  to  distribute  and  pay  amongst  the  poor  people 
resident  within  the  parish  of  Penrith  the  sum  of  £50. 

Furster's  Charilij. —  Peter  Forster,  of  Penrilli,  by 
indenture  enrolled  in  Chnnccry,  dated  August  Tth,  1800, 
iu  consideration  of  us.,  conveyed  to  trustees  a  close, 
called  Boustcad's  Close,  in  the  town  fields  of  Penrith, 
that  iliey  should,  from  time  to  liuie,  pay  over  to  the 
churchwardens  and  overseers  of  Penrith,  the  rents 
thereof,  for  the  following  charitable  purposes,  namely, 
to  pay  and  dispose  of  the  same,  on  St.  Peter's  Day, 
yearly-,  amongst  the  poor  persons  resident  i.i  the  cou- 
stabluwick  of  Town  Head,  iu  Penrith,  not  receiving  any 
parochial  relief,  and  who  should  be  nominated  and 
thought  tit  objects  by  tho  churchwardens,  vestrymen, 
and  overseers,  and  in  sucli  shares  as  they  should  think 


fit.  On  tlie  enclosure  of  the  wastes  of  the  honour  of 
Penrith,  an  allotment  of  land  was  awarded  to  Boustead 
Close.  As  the  close  was  required  for  the  railway, 
another  close,  containing  about  four  acres,  was  purchased 
in  the  same  locality  a  few  years  ago,  with  a  portion  of 
the  money  paid  by  the  railway  company.  The  land 
produces  about  £27  10s.,  which  is  distributed  as  directed 
by  the  testator. 

Idles  Charity. — George  Idle,  a  merchant,  in  London, 
but  a  native  of  Penrith,  by  his  will  of  the  19th  of  May, 
1808,  bequeathed  to  the  churchwardens  of  Penrith 
£100,  the  interest  of  which  he  directed  to  be  applied 
for  the  benefit  of  the  poor  of  the  parish,  exclusive  of 
the  usual  aid  from  the  poor  rates,  in  such  proportions 
and  manner  as  the  churchwardens  for  the  time  being 
should  think  fit  and  proper.  This  legacy  was  paid  in 
by  the  executors  on  the  ::2Gth  July,  1811,  and  was 
immediately  invested  in  the  funds.  It  was  sold  out  in 
18'2'J,  and  invested  in  a  piece  of  land  known  by  the 
name  of  CoatrooJs,  in  the  parish  of  Penrith. 

Sewell's  Charity. — George  Sewell,  merchant,  of  Lon- 
don, a  native  of  Penrith,  by  will,  dated  November  18th, 
182."),  bequeathed  to  the  overseers  of  the  parish  of 
Penrith,  at  the  time  of  his  decease,  £100,  to  be  applied 
by  them  for  the  use  of  the  poor,  as  they  might  think 
best.  This  money  is  invested  along  with  Mr.  Idle's 
bequest  in  the  land  called  Coatroods. 

Lanf/toii's  Ciucrity. — Ann  Langton,  of  Lutwyche  Hall, 
Shropshire,  but  a  native  of  Penrith,  by  her  will,  dated, 
January  21th,  18l)5,  gave  and  bequeathed  to  the  vicar 
and  churchwardens  of  Penrith  for  the  time  being  the 
sum  of  £1,000,  in  trust,  the  interest  to  be  distributed 
among  such  poor  housekeepers  within  or  belonging  to 
tlie  parish  as  do  not  receive  alms  or  parochial  relief, 
according  to  their  discretion,  at  Christmas  annually. 
The  income,  amounting  to  £33  2s.  2d.,  is  distributed  as 
directed. 

Wordsu-orth's  Charity. — ^frs.  Richard  Wordsworth, 
of  Liverpool,  left  the  interest  of  £100  to  be  distributed 
amongst  tiie  poor  of  Penrith. 

/)<!  Whclpdale's  Charity. — .Tohn  de  Whelpdale,  Esq., 
of  Bishop  Yards,  who  died  :\Iay  10th,  1844.  left  by  will 
the  interest  of  £1,000,  to  be  equally  divided  amongst 
ten  indigent  poor  widows  or  si>insters,  they  being 
parishioners  and  housekeepers  within  the  parish  of 
Penrith,  who  have  each  of  ihem  severally  attained  tho 
age  of  fifty  years  or  more,  and  who  have  not  at  any  time 
received  parochial  or  pari>h  relief  or  support,  except 
during  extreme  sickness.  The  widows  or  spinsters  who 
are  to  be  recipients  of  this  charity  "  are  to  be  selected 
and  approved  of  by  tho  persons  next  to  succeed  and 
residing  iu  the  house  of  Bishop  Yards,  iu  Penrith,  or 


616 


LEATH  WAKD. 


his  heirs  lawfully  issuing  under  the  said  will,  assisted 
in  such  selection  by  the  vicar  and  churchwardens  of  the 
parish  of  Penritli,  for  the  time  being,  and  in  trust,  to 
see  to  the  just  and  proper  application  of  the  yearly 
interest  arising  and  accruing  from  this  £1,000  already 
bequeathed."     The  charity  is  distributed  as  directed. 

With  regard  to  the  other  charities  in  which  Penrith 
participates,  Mr.  Walker,  in  his  "  History  of  Penrith," 
tells  us  that,  "  In  an  ancient  paper  writing,  which 
appears  to  contain  a  copy  in  part  of  the  endowment  of 
Barton  School,  it  is  expressed  that  the  trustees  shaU 
yearly  employ  £10,  part  of  the  rents  and  profits  of  the 
estate,  called  Lakethwaitc,  for  binding  two  poor  boys, 
born  in  the  parish  of  Barton,  apprentices ;  and  that 
if  it  should  happen  in  any  year  that  no  poor  boys  to 
be  so  bound  were  to  be  found  in  the  parish  of  Barton, 
then  two  poor  boys,  born  in  the  parish  of  Penrith, 
should  for  that  year  be  bound  apprentices  with  the  said 
f  10 ;  and  that  if  in  any  year  only  one  poor  boy,  born 
in  the  parish  of  Barton,  should  be  found,  that  then 
one  other  poor  boy,  born  in  the  parish  of  Penrith, 
should  for  that  year  be  bound  apprentice  with  one 
moiety  of  the  said  £10." 

The  same  writer  observes,  "  As  the  name  of  Nichol- 
son is  common  in  Penrith  and  neighbourhood,  we  must 
not  omit  to  mention  that  John  Nicholson,  stationer,  of 
the  city  of  London,  by  will,  dated  the  28th  of  April, 
1717,  bequeathed  for  die  relief  of  such  poor  persons  of 
the  kingdom  of  England,  being  Protestants,  of  the  name 
of  Nicholson,  the  income  of  a  certain  sum  which  is 
annually  distributed,  by  five  trustees,  in  the  following 
manner,  one  marriage  portion  of  £bi),  to  some  such 
man  or  woman,  towards  their  advancement  in  marriage, 
every  trustee  having  it  in  his  power  to  grant  this  gift 
once  in  five  years;  ten  apprentice  fees  of  £10  each,  to 
such  boys  and  girls  to  put  them  out  to  trades  and 
manual  arts,  of  which  every  trustee  has  two  to  give 
every  year;  and  twenty  pensions  of  £5  each,  paid  half 
yearly,  to  such  aged  men  and  women — of  which  every 
trustee  has  four  to  give  annually,  and  which,  when  once 
granted,  the  pensioners  continue  to  receive  until  their 
death  creates  a  vacancy  for  a  new  appointment.  The 
capital  from  which  the  income  is  derived  is  invested  in 
Three  per  Cents.  The  testator  appointed  William 
Nicolson,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  one  of  the  original  trustees 
of  the  charity.  Dr.  Nicholson,  of  Penrith,  is  the  pre- 
sent trustee  for  this  district." 

Mr.  Walker  adds,  "  the  rents  of  Coatroods,  Glowers, 
and  laud  at  Unthank,  are  distributable  as  follows, 
Tiz.,  four-fifteenths  of  the  rent  of  those  lands  purchased 
with  Mrs.  Bland's  cliflrity  money  (£100),  and  £40 
belonging  to  the  Spinning  and  Knitting  School,  are 


applicable  to  the  said  school.  The  price  of  four  bibles 
for  the  use  of  the  said  school,  also  comes  out  of  the 
rents,  as  well  as  10s.  Cd.  to  the  vicar,  and  2s.  each  to 
the  clerk  and  sexton,  all  of  which  are  the  gift  of  Mrs. 
Bland.  The  residue  of  the  rents  belong  to  the  poor — 
paupers  excluded — and  is  the  joint  gift  of  Mrs.  Bland, 
Mr.  Idle,  and  Mr.  Sewell.  Mrs.  Bland's  portion  of  the 
charity  is  restricted  to  5s.  each,  to  be  distributed 
amongst  poor  maids  and  widows,  inhabitants  of  Penrith, 
of  the  communion  of  the  Established  Church,  but  the 
churchwardens  in  disposing  of  the  charities  of  Idle  and 
Sewell  have  a  discretionary  power.  The  lands  are  let 
for  £22  7s.  6i  ,  out  of  which,  in  1856,  £2  ISs.  Cd. 
was  paid  to  the  mistress  of  Mr.  Robinson's  school; 
£1  Gs.  Cd.  to  the  mistress  of  the  Spinning  and  Knitting 
School ;  for  bibles,  and  to  the  vicar,  clerk,  and  sexton, 
£1  1^3.  Cd. ;  leaving  for  the  poor  £1C  4s." 

Lord  ]Vliartnn's  Charily. — This  parish  is  entitled  to 
a  share  of  the  benefit  of  Philip  Lord  Wiiarton's  Bible 
Charity.  The  vicar  receives  annually  twenty  bibles, 
and  a  proportionate  number  of  catechisms  and  exposi- 
tion?, which  he  distributes  amongst  the  following  schools 
in  Penrith  : — The  National  School,  School  of  Industry, 
liobiuson's  School,  and  the  Sunday  School. 

AVith  reference  to  the  lost  charities  of  Penrith,  the 
Charity  Commissioners  observe,  "  It  appears  there  are 
several  legacies,  amounting  in  the  whole  to  about  £200, 
which  do  not  now  exist  as  charities,  and  of  which  the 
disposition  is  not  accounted  for.  It  is  probable  that 
some  of  these  were  disposed  of  to  the  poor  at  the  time 
they  were  received.  On  reference  to  the  church- 
wardens' books,  it  appeared  to  us,  that  £40  arising  from 
money  belonging  to  the  poor  stock,  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
Bramwell,  was,  in  the  year  17C4,  applied  in  the  pur- 
chase of  a  fire  engine  and  building  a  poor  house,  and 
for  other  general  purposes  of  the  parisli,  and  that  in  the 
same  year,  £10,  left  by  Mrs.  Jane  Addcrton,  to  the 
parish  stock,  was  disposed  of  in  like  manner,  and  in  1 782 
£20,  left  by  Mr.  Wilkinson,  in  17C4,  for  the  same 
purposes,  was  disposed  of  in  the  repairs  of  the  church." 

AMUSEHENTS,    ic. 

Sixty  or  seventy  years  ago,  bull-baiting  and  cock- 
fighting  appear  to  have  been  amongst  the  popular 
amusements  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  ancient  town. 
The  Penrith  bulldogs  were  famous ;  and  a  notion  pre- 
vailed that  all  bulls  brought  into  the  town  ought  to  be 
baited.  The  bull-baits  were  originally  held  in  Great 
Dockray,  and  sometimes  in  Sandgate.  This  barbarous 
sport  was  put  au  end  to  about  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century.  The  cockpit  appears  to  have  been 
on  the  south  side  of  the  churchyard  near  the  old 
Catholic  chapel. 


PENRITH   PARISH. 


CI7 


Penrith  formerly  had  its  "  Well  Sumiays."  These 
were  four  in  number,  and  were  attended  Ijy  a  large  con- 
course of  young  people  of  both  sexes.  The  fir^t  of  these 
meetings  took  place  on  the  first  Sunday  in  May,  at 
Skirsgili ;  the  second  on  llie  Sunday  following  at 
Clifton;  the  third,  on  the  third  Sunday,  at  the  (iiants' 
Caves ;  and  the  fourth,  on  the  fourth  Sunday  in  the 
month,  at  Dickey  Bank  Well.  The  visitors  filled  their 
hotlles  with  water  at  the  respective  wells,  mixed  tiie 
same  with  SpaQish  juice,  and  drank  with  each  other. 
From  the  many  quarrels  which  took  place  on  these 
occasions,  and  the  bad  consequences  which  ensued. 
Dr.  llohiuson  and  the  late  Lord  Lonsdale  interfered, 
and  put  a  stop  to  their  annual  occurrence. 

EMINKNT   PERSONS. 

Among  tlic  remarkable  persons  born  in  Penrith  we 
may  mention  the  following : — 

Bcnjaniin  Iluhne,  a  ministerof  the  Society  of  Friends, 
who  was  born  in  lO.S'^,  and  died  at  Swansea  in  1749. 
Ho  published  tlic  following  works:  —  ''Testimony 
against  Mixed  Marriages,"  1717;  "  Life  and  Trials  of 
B.  H.,"  1719;  "  Serious  Call  to  all  Teoplo  to  Turn  to 
the  Sjiirit  of  Christ  in  Themselves ; "  and  "  A  Collec- 
tion of  the  Epistles,  and  Works  of  B.  H.,"  1754. 

William  Calvin,  painter,  born  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  seventeenth  or  early  in  the  eighteenth  century. 
He  appears  to  have  died  in  London. 

Ann  Calvin,  daughter  of  the  William  just  mentioned, 
was  born  at  Penrith  in  1717.  She  appears  to  have 
excelled  as  a  painter  of  jdants  and  flowers,  and  her 
skill  is  highly  eulogised  by  Hutchinson. 

Isaac  Ititson  was  born  at  Eaninnt  r?ri<lgc  in  1701. 
He  was  of  Quaker  parentage,  and  became  celebrated 
for  claasieal  and  mathematical  knowledge.  He  com- 
menced the  study  of  medicine  in  Edinburgh,  from 
which  place  he  removed  to  London,  with  the  intention 
of  completing  his  medical  education.  While  in  Lon- 
don he  published  a  translation  of  Homer's  "  Hymn  to 
^'enus,"  and  wrote  critiques  on  nicdicul  works  f  r  the 
'•  Monthly  Review."  He  also  translated  Hesiod's 
"  Theogony,"  and  wrote  several  essays  on  moral  .and 
philoso|)hiral  subjects,  with  other  works,  which  were 
never  published.  He  died  lii  Londou  in  1789,  in  the 
'-!7lh  year  of  his  nge. 

James  Clark,  author  of  "  .\  Survey  and  Doscription 
of  the  Lakes  of  (.'uiiiherland,  Westmoreland,  and  Lan- 
cashire," which  is  highly  prized,  was  an  innkeeper  at 
Penrith. 

Charles  Graham,  a  merlmnic,  published  in  1778, 
"  Miscellaneous  Pieces  in  Prose  and  Verse,"  some  of 
which  are  in  the  Cumberland  dialect. 

73 


Henry  Dixon,  solicitor,  to  whom  the  parish  of  Pen- 
rith is  much  indebted  for  his  '•  Account  of  Donations 
for  Pious,  CharitJible,  and  other  Public  Purposes,  at 
Penrith,"  published  in  1831. 

George  Bell,  the  author  of  a  small  volume  of  poems, 
published  in  1  835. 

John  and  Thomas  Gaskin,  father  and  son,  the  former 
of  whom,  though  originally  a  weaver,  and  subsequently 
a  shoemaker,  became  a  proficient  in  mathematics, 
astronomy,  and  natural  philosophy.  For  Sir  James 
South  he  made  a  powerful  reflecting  telescope,  which 
was  long  used  in  the  observatory  of  tnat  astronomer  at 
Kensington.  Thomas  Gaskin,  who  was  second  wrangler 
at  Cambridge  in  1831,  is  the  author  of  several  valuable 
papers  connected  with  mathematics. 

Jacob  Thompson,  painter,  is  another  of  the  men  of 
whom  Penrith  may  well  be  proud.  He  studied  the 
theory  of  optics  and  perspective  under  the  direction  of 
the  John  Gaskin  just  mentioned.  In  early  life  he  was 
apprenticed  as  a  house  and  sign  painter,  but  on  becom- 
ing his  own  master  devoted  his  sole  attention  to  the 
fine  arts;  in  the  meantime  doing  as  much  in  the  way 
of  sign  painting  as  was  requi>ite  for  his  support,  but 
soon  found  a  friend  and  patron  iu  the  late  Earl  of 
Lonsdale.  His  paintings  may  now  be  seen  in  the 
mansions  of  the  nobility  and  gentry,  and  several  of 
them  have  been  engraved.  Mr.  Thompson  is  still  in 
the  full  enjoyment  of  his  powers,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped 
will  yet  attain  to  high  honours  and  excellence.  Mr. 
Walker  tells  us,  "  The  sign  board  on  the  top  of  Kirk- 
stone  Pass  is  said  to  have  been  painted  by  the  author  of 
'  Belshazzar's  Feast,'  and  there  is  yet  one  sign  board 
in  Penrith  which  was  jiroduced  liy  the  author  of  'The 
Highland  Bride,'  and  '  The  Higliland  Ferry  Boat.'" 

ENVinoNS. 

Carletou  is  n  hamlet  and  township  one  mile  south- 
by-east  of  Penrith.  Its  area  is  447  acres;  its  rateable 
value  £820.  Carleton  Hall,  the  property  of  Frederick 
Cowper,  Esq.,  is  a  plain  modern  building,  surrounded 
by  pleasant  walks  and  grounds,  which  are  intersected 
by  the  river  Eamont.  The  manor  of  Carleton  and  its 
various  possessors  will  be  found  described  at  page  SOL 

Eamont  Bridge  is  a  hamlet  adjoining  Carleton,  one 
mile  south  of  Penrith,  ami  comprised  in  Netherend 
township  A  bridge  appears  to  have  e.^istcd  hero  as  curly 
lus  the  year  I  l'^5,  for  we  learn  that  it  was  at  that  timo 
in  a  dangerous  state,  and  Thomas  Langley,  bishop  of 
I  )oi  ham,  granted  forty  days'  indulgence  to  all  those  who, 
having  gone  to  confession  and  communion,  should  con- 
tribute towards  the  construction  of  a  new  stone  bridge. 

Plumpton  Head  is  a  hamlet  and  township  on  the 


61S 


LEATH  WAED. 


high  road,  three  miles  north  of  Penrith.  Its  area  is 
1,149  acres,  and  its  rateable  vahio  £711  15s. 

On  n  hill  to  the  north-east  of  Penrith  stands  tlic 
Beacon,  a  structure  of  red  freestone ;  the  keystone  of 
the  arch  which  supports  the  roof,  hears  the  date  1710. 
Beacons  are  mentioned  in  our  ninuils  at  a  veiy  earlv 
period ;  and  it  is  very  probable  that  beacon  fires  were 
lighted  upon  this  hill  from  the  eariiest  times.  The 
last  time  their  wnrniiif;  flames  were  seen  was  on  the 
occasion  of  the  rising  of  1745,  when  the  Highlanders 
were  retreating  through  Westmoreland.  "  Previous  to 
the  enclosure  of  the  commons,"  says  Mr.  Walker,  "  the 
Beacon  Hill  was  a.  red,  barren  waste,  full  of  sandholr^, 
and  dreary  to  look  upon."  The  wall  which  divided  tiic 
enclosed  land  from  the  common  on  the  east  of  Penrith, 
extended  across  the  breast  of  the  hill,  just  above  tlio 
Scaws  (a  portion  of  it  is  still  in  existence)  and  above 
the  site  of  Brent  House,  the  seat  of  Thomas  Scott,  Esr;. 
There  was  a  large  pond  in  the  Flatt,  and  the  Fell  Yat 
opened  into  the  common  below  the  parish  pinfuld.  On 
the  Fell,  a  portion  of  which  was  covered  with  whin^, 
stood  a  solitiiry  tree— a  sycamore  —  though  always 
known  by  the  n.ime  of  the  Round  Thorn,  the  adopted 
name  of  the  house,  the  residence  of  John  Unsworth. 
Esq.,  near  which  it  still  stands,  in  the  centre  of  a 
plautation.' 

A  short  distance  from  Edenhall,  on  the  banks  of  the 
river  Eamont,  and  near  its  confluence  with  the  Eden, 
are  the  remarkable  e.xcavations  known  as  the  Giant's 
Caves.  These  caves,  three  in  number,  are  cut  out  of 
solid  red  sandstone,  as  is  the  flight  of  steps  descending 
thereto.  No  anchorite  could  have  fixed  upon  a  place 
more  perfect  for  its  solitude.  Even  now,  the  only 
building  to  be  seen  is  the  lonely  and  ancient  church  of 
St.  Ninian,  within  the  walls  of  which  rest  the  remains 
of  the  parents  and  three  of  the  brothers  of  the  illustrious 
statesman — Lord  Brougham.  The  cave  nearest  the 
confluence  of  the  rivers  extends  under  the  rock  about 
fifteen  feet,  is  in  width  about  seventeen  feet,  and  in 
height  about  nine  feet.  Around  the  bottom  is  a  solid 
stone  bench,  of  an  elliptic  form  ;  here,  also,  was  fornierlv 


1  Many  a  soldier  has  been  tied  up  to  the  Round  Thorn  to  receive 
punishment;  for  after  the  niihtia  riois,  Penrilh,  for  several  years,  was 
scarcely  ever  clear  of  troops,  and  the  Round  Thorn  was  generally 
the  place  of  punishment.  The  cause  wliich  led  to  the  riota  was  as 
follows :— .Y  liallot  was  to  take  place  for  the  supplementary  militia. 
The  Alston  Moor  miners  and  Fell  siders  were  dissatisfied  respeciini,' 
the  number  of  men  to  be  raised.  They  therefore  rose  in  a  body, 
marched  to  Penrilh,  entered  the  magistrates'  office,  tore  uptlie  books 
and  lists,  and  then  attacked  Mr.  Wall.ice,  of  Carleton  Hall,  who  was 
one  of  the  magistrates,  and  pelted  him  witli  stones  a  great  part  of 
the  way  home.  Troops  were  immediately  despatched  to  the  scene  of 
the  riots,  and  the  ballot,  after  their  arrival,  look  place  amidst  ranr- 
murs  of  discontent,  but  wiOiout  any  further  breach  of  the  peace. 


a  table  of  the  same  material.  Near  this  cave,  but 
further  from  the  confluence,  is  one  of  smaller  dimen- 
sions, and  at  a  short  distance  from  the  latter,  is  one 
extending  under  the  rock  about  forty-eight  feet,  in  width 
about  twenty-four  feet,  and  in  height  about  seven  feet. 
These  caves — doubtless  excavated  to  form  a  hermit- 
age,' and  in  later  times  probably  used  as  the  resort  of 
robbers — have,  by  fabulous  tradition,  been  converted 
into  the  abode  of  Ewan  Ctesario,  who  has  enjoyed  both  a 
real  and  fabulous  existence,  being  connected  with  Castle 
Hewen  and  Ewanrigg  during  the  former,  and  during 
the  latter  with  the  Giant's  Grave,  in  Penrith  church- 
yard, whore  he  was  buried,  his  stature  being  liftcen  feet, 
the  entire  length  between  the  pillars.  "  Having  once 
passed  the  rubicon  of  fable,  the  Giant's  Caves  were 
appropriated  as  his  residence,"  where  he  sat  on  a 
stone  or  stretched  himself  at  ease,  as  the  caves  were  not 
sufhciently  high  to  allow  him  to  stand  upright.  He 
then  "  became  a  giant  of  doubtful  character,  a  kind  of 
knight  errant."  who  killed  monster,  man,  and  beast, 
and  dragged  them  away  to  his  den.  But  it  is  probable 
we  have  here  the  engrafting  of  a  hero  tradition  on  that 
of  a  giant :  for  these  caves  are  also  said  to  have  been 
the  abode  of  one  Isis,  who  sei;;od  men  and  cattle,  and 
thereupon  indiscriminately  satisfied  the  cravings  of  his 
appetite.  This  place  of  ill-fame  has  thus  been  named 
both  Isis  Parlis,  and  Sir  Hugh's  Parlour,  the  latter 
being,  apparently,  an  interpretation  of  the  former,  and 
Sir  Hugh  representing  Ewan  himself.  According  to  a 
tradition  still  extant,  a  fair  lady  from  somewhere  or 
other,  where  the  fame  of  the  giant  had  never  reached, 
went  down  to  walk  on  the  river  bank,  and  uncon- 
scious of  her  danger,  approached  the  cave  of  this  dreadful 
being.  She  was  seen  by  the  lurking  monster,  who 
suddenly  issued  from  his  den  to  seize  her.  Terror- 
stricken  at  the  sight,  the  lady  executed  a  most  tremend- 
ous step  across  a  wide  cleft  in  the  rocky  bank,  opening 
on  the  river  beneath,  and  the  giant  in  the  act  of  pursuing 
her  missed  his  footing,  and  broke  his  neck.  Such  was 
his  end.  The  opening  in  the  rock  over  which  the  lady 
so  providentiixlly  passed  is  called  the  Maiden's  Step.'' 
Xear  this  step  is  the  effigy  of  the  maiden,  sculptured 
in  the  face  of  the  rock.  She  is  in  a  running  posture, 
bending  eagerly  forward,  but  her  head  has  been  dis- 
figured by  some  idle  person,  who  might  have  employed 
his  time  to  a  much  better  purpose.  "  A  ballad  of 
Percy's  collection  has  been  supposed  to  be  illustrative 
of  the  Giant's  Caves.  According  to  this  composition, 
the  hero  of  which  is  Lancelot  du  Lac,  the  caves  would 

'  Note  to  "  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  Ancient  and  Modem." 
"  "Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  Ancient  and  Modern." 


RENWICK  PAUI5II. 


G19 


liave  been  the  residence  of  one  Tarquin,  who  held  in 
captivity  throe  score  and  four  knights  of  the  Round 
Table,  and  very  obligingly  kept  a  copper  basin,  to 
serve  as  a  bell,  hanging  near  liis  den.  lie  was  killed 
by  Sir  Lancelot.      But  tlie  conjectural  appropriation 


of  this  ballad  is  solely  founded  on  the  already  con- 
jectural name  of  King  Arthur's  Round  Table  in  the 
neighbourhood."'' 

'  "  CumbeilauJ  aud  Westuiorelaucl,  Auclent  and  Modem." 


EENWICK   PARISH. 

Kekwick  parish,  anciently  Ravenwick,  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  pari.'ili  of  Kirkoswalil,  and  on  the  other  sides 
by  the  stream  Ravenbeck.  It  comprises  no  dependent  townships.  The  soil  is  mostly  of  a  gravelly  nature,  and, 
considering  its  contiguity  to  the  fell,  rather  fertile.  In  the  yesiv  1811  an  act  was  passed  for  the  enclosure  of  the 
parish.     Coal  is  found  here,  and  is  worked  by  Mr.  Thomas  Dixon  on  Thackmoor  Fell. 

The  area  of  Renwick  is  4,9'20  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  £1,178  2s.  Od.  The  population  in  1801  was 
riOl;  in  1811,  277;  in  1821,  301;  ia  1831,375;  in 
1841,  319 ;  aud  in  1851,  316  ;  who  are  chiefly  resident 
in  the  village  of  Renwick  and  Scalehouscs,  and  engaged 
in  agricultural  pursuits.  Penrith  aud  Alston  are  the 
markets  attended. 

The  first  possessors  of  Renwick  on  record  are  the 
Staveleys,  wlio  appear  to  have  settled  here  shortly 
after  the  Conquest,  for  we  find  that  it  was  granted  by 
Henry  I.  to  Adam  de  Staveley  and  Margaret  his  wife. 
It  subsequently  became  the  property  of  Andrew  de 
Hercia,  earl  of  Carlisle,  but  having  been  forfeited  to 
the  crown  by  his  attainder,  it  was  given  by  Edward  III. 
to  Robert  Eaglesficld,  Queen  Phillipa's  confessor,  and 
founder  of  Queen's  Cjllege,  Oxfird,  who,  in  the  year 
1341,  settled  it  upon  his  newly-founded  college.  The 
manor  and  parish  are  co-estensivo,  consisting  of  a  few 
freeholders  and  customary  tenants,  who  pay  an  annual 
customary  rent  and  a  twelvepcnny  fine  on  chingo  of 
tenant,  according  to  an  agreement  made  in  1004,  by  the 
provisions  of  which  "  the  tenants  are  obliged  to  scour 
and  cleanse  the  water-course  to  the  lord's  mill  from  the 
bottom  up  to  the  mill  trough-head,  and  maintain  the 
said  mill  with  wall  and  thatch,  and  bring  the  millstones 

to  the  same,  and  grind  their  corn  thereat,  paying  a 

twenty-fourth  mulcture ;  and  that  they  shall  cut  down 

no  timber  trees,  except  what  shall  bo  set  out  to  them 

by  the  steward  for  the  necessary  repairs  of  their  houses."' 

Tho  landowners  arc   Queen's  College,   Oxford;    Rev. 

William   de    Lancy   Lawson,   John    Nicholson,'  John 

Lowthian,  and  Thomas  Sanderson.     Tho  landowners 

in  this  parish  formerly  paid  a  proscription  in  lieu  of 

tithes,  excepting  tho  owners  of  one  estate  at  Scale- 
houses,  long  held  by  the  TiUlantire  family,  who  cliiimeJ 


'  NicoUon  and  Buiii,  vul.  ii.,  p.  439. 


exemption  on  account  of  an  ancient  owner  having  slain 
a  cockatrice  at  some  remote  period. 

The  village  of  Ronwick  is  situate  on  the  west  side 
of  Thackmoor  Fell,  three  miles  east-north-east  of 
Kirkoswald. 

THE    CUUROn. 

Picnwick  church,  dedicated  to  All  Saints,  is  a  neat 
structure  in  the  Norman  style,  rebuilt  in  1733,  at  the 
expense  of  the  parishioners,  and  again  in  1845,  at  a 
cost  of  £480,  raised  by  voluntary  subscription,  aided  by 
a  grant  of  £40  from  the   Society  for   Building  and 
Enlarging  Churches.     The  chancel  windows  are  filled 
with  moulded  stained  glass,  and  arc  much  admired. 
There  are  two  bells,  supposed  to  be  very  old,  one  of 
which  bears  the  inscription  "  Ave  Sancta  Maria"  (Hail 
Holy  Mary).      The  living  of   Renwick  was  rectorial 
when  the  Valor  of  Popo  Nicholas  was  taken,  and  was 
rated  at  £9    lis.  4d.     It  is  said  to  have  been  subse- 
ipicntly  appi'opriated  to  the  abbey  of  Hexham,  but  of 
ihis  grave  doubts  exist,  as  we  find  that  at  the  dissolution 
of  the  religious  houses  it  bebnged  to  tho  abbey  of  St. 
Mary,  at  York,  no  mention  whatever  being  made  of 
llcxham.     By  letters  patent,  bearing  date  24th  Feb- 
ruary, 1578,  Queen  Elizabeth  granted  to  Edward  Earl 
of  Lincoln,  aud  Christopher  GowlTe,  gentlomau,  the 
clmrch  of  Renwick,  with  its  appurtenances,  e.\eepting 
ilie  advowson  of  the  church,  and  the  bells  and  lead,  to 
be  held  by  them  and  tli.ir  heirs  as  of  the  manor  of  East 
Greenwich,  by  fealty  only,  in  free  socage,  and  not  in 
aipiU;  rendering  for  the  same  13s.  4d.  annually.  From 
tho  parties  just  named  the  rectory  and  tithes  were 
conveyed  iu  parcels.     The  benefice,  now  a  perpetuiJ 
curacy,  was  certified  to  the  governors  of  (Juecn  Anne's 
P.ouuty  at  £4,  and  although  augmented  by  £000  from 
that  bounty,  and  £200  given  by  the  Countess-dowager 
Gowcr,  is  yet  very  small,  being  worth  only  about  £'.)0 
a  year.     Lands  were  purchased  with  tire  sums  just 


620 


LEATH  WABD. 


mentioned  in  the  parishes  of  Addingham  and  Ainstable. 
The  parish  register  commences  in  1649. 

Incumbents.  —  George  Dawson,  ITUl  ;  Thomas  Robinson, 
1807  ;  John  Watson,  1833. 

Tiie  Wesleyans  have  a  place  of  worship  here,  a  small 
stone  building,  erected  by  subscription  in  1817. 

Renwick  yebool  is  a  neat  stone  building,  erected 
by  subscription  in  183S.  It  is  under  inspection,  and 
lias  an  average  attendance  of  forty  scholars.  This 
school  receives  the  interest  of  i,'5  a  year  from  Tallau- 
tire's  Charity. 


Scale  Houses  is  a  haiulet  in  this  parish,  four  miles 
north-east  of  Kirkoswald. 

CH.Vr.ITIES. 

Percival's  Gift. — William  Percival,  rather  more  than 
a  century  ago,  left  A' 10,  the  interest  of  which  was  to  bo 
given  at  Cliristnias  and  Easter,  by  the  minister  and 
cliurohwardeus,  to  the  poor.  This  charity  is  now  in  the 
lumJs  of  tlic  Charity  Commissioners. 

Tallentire's  Gift. — In  the  year  1775  Thomas  Tallen- 
tire  left  to,  tlie  interest  of  which  he  directed  to  be  paid 
to  the  teacher  of  Rcuuick  School.  This  charily  l)eiiig 
lent  to  a  person  iu  the  parish  of  Croglin,  is  now  lost. 


GREAT    S.^.r.Ki:Ll)    I'ARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Lazonby,  on  the  west  by  the  parishes  of  Lazonby  and  Penrith,  on  the  south 
by  the  parishes  of  Edenhall  and  Penrith,  and  on  tlie  east  by  the  river  Eden.  The  area  of  the  parish  is  3,7'-i4  acres, 
its  rateable  value  £a,90(;.  The  population  in  1801  was  iJ85  ;  in  181i,  28!)  ;  in  18-2I,  403  ;  in  1831,  445  ;  in  1841, 
441  ;  and  iu  1851,  407  :  who  chielly  reside  in  the  villages  of  Great  Sulkeld  and  Salkeld  Dyke,  and  whose  principal 
employment  is  agriculture.     The  market  usually  attended  is  Penrith. 

Eden  having  fallen,  Tiishop  Welton  published  an  indul- 
gence of  fortv  days  to  all  who  should  contribute  to  its 
repair.  At  the  same  time  a  monition  was  addressed  to 
all  the  rectors,  vicars,  and  chaplains  of  the  diocese, 
warning  them  to  pay  over  all  money  received  for  the 
reconstruction  of  the  bridge  to  Eoger  de  Salkeld,  or 


The  manor  of  Great  Salkeld  was  granted  by  Piichard  I. 
to  Alan  ie  Sausor,  and  tliis  grant  was  confirmed  by 
King  John.  It  subsequently  reverted  to  the  crown,  and 
has  alwa3-s  been  considered  an  ancient  demesne.  It 
was  granted  with  Penrith  to  Alexander,  king  of  Scot- 
land, and  from  that  time  their  history  is  inseparable. 
The  Duke  of  Devonshire  is  now  lord  of  the  manor, 
which  was  granted  by  William  III.  to  the  Duke  of 
Portland.  In  consequence  of  its  connection  with  the 
Scottish  crown  it  is  often  called  Salkeld  Regis.  The 
landowners  are  Lieut.  W.  T.  Youngson,  R.  W  Sanders, 
Esq  ;  John  Lord,  Esq  ;  Juhn  Bow.-tead,  John  Lamb, 
Thomas  Scott,  James  J.  FalJer,  Mrs.  Sanderson,  John 
Nelson,  Messrs.  Bell. 

On  the  Fell,  near  Salkeld  Dyke,  are  the  remains  of 
an  ancient  encampment,  400  yards  in  length,  and  four 
yards  high ;  and  adjoining  it  is  a  circular  basin  of  water, 
about  fifty  yards  in  diameter,  and  from  four  to  five  in 
depth,  which  appears  to  have  been  excavated  for  the 
materials  to  form  the  encampment.  About  a  qanrter  of 
a  mile  from  this  place  are  the  remains  of  a  fortified 
station,  called  Aikton  Castle,  formed  of  rough  stones 
without  mortar,  and  overgrown  with  bushes;  at  a  little 
distance  from  it  is  a  tumulus  of  stones,  called  a  raise. 

The  village  of  Great  Salkeld  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  western  banks  of  the  picturesque  vale  of  Eden,  five 
miles  north-north-east  of  Penrith,  and  three  miles  south 
of  Kirkoswald.     In  the  year  1300,  the  bridge  over  the 


Richard  Hunter,  whom  he  had  appointed  to  collect  the 
same,  under  pain  of  cvcommunication.  The  present 
bridge,  which  was  erected  about  the  year  1770,  is 
remarkable  for  the  combination  of  elliptic,  semicircular, 
and  pointed  arches.  During  the  civil  wars  Sir  Philip 
Musgrave,  Bart.,  and  Sir  Henry  Fletcher,  Bart.,  and 
their  Royalist  companions,  were  defeated  near  Salkeld 
by  the  Scottish  troops  under  Leslie. 

THE    CHtJRCH. 

Great  Salkeld  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Cuthbert,  is 
an  ancient  structure,  consisting  of  nave,  chancel,  tower, 
and  south  porch,  which  exhibit  various  styles  of  archi- 
tecture. The  tower  1ms  a  turret  at  its  south-east  corner, 
and  is  four  stories  high,  with  an  embattled  parapet. 
It  seems  to  have  formerly  served  as  a  place  of  security 
ami  defence,  similar  to  the  churches  of  Burgh-on-Sands 
and  Xewton  Ailosh,  and  its  construction  and  arrange- 
ments are  somewhat  similar.  The  entrance  is  from 
the  nave  by  a  massy  iron-grated  door  lined  with  oak. 
The  ground  floor  is  vaulted,  with  a  dungeon  beneath. 
The  walls  are  si.x  feet  thick.     Messrs.  Lysons  suppose 


GREAT  SALKELD  PARISH, 


G21 


tluit  the  tuwer  was  fortified  about  the  time  of  Ilichard  11. 
Tbe  lintel  of  tlic  fireplace  on  the  first  storj-  is  formed 
of  a  gravestone,  oruamcntcd  with  a  cross  floree,  on  one 
side  of  which  is  a  sword  and  girdle,  on   the  other  a 
biiglo-horn;   there  is  also  an  inscription  in  Lombardic 
characters,  but  beyond  the  words  '•  liaron  de  Ingelwood" 
nothing  can  be  made  out.     It  is  supposed  to  refer  to 
some  one  who  was  an  oliiccr  of  the  forest  of  It)glewood. 
In  the  chancel  arc  the  monumental  elligios  of  a  man  wilh 
his  hands  clasped  together  on  his  bosom  in  an  attitude 
of  prayer,  with  this  inscription,  "  Hie  Jacct — Thomas 
de    CuMbeck,    archidiac.    I'ilS,"  which   was    formerly 
mider  a  recess  in  the  south  wall  of  the  nave.     In  the 
tower  arc  an  old  iron  helmet,  breast  plate,  and  other 
jiieces  of  armour.     The  nave  is  entered  on  the  south 
by   an    cbiborately- worked    Norman    doorway,    much 
dilapidated,    but   receives    some   protection   from   the 
porch.     The  doorway  on  the  north  side  of  the  church 
has  been  long  walled  up      The  uive  consists  of  three 
bays;  and  at  the  west  end  is  a  gallery,  wilh  a  front  of 
c.irved  oak.     Tile  chincel  has  an  eastern  winlow.  in 
the  Perpendicular  style.     It  is  lighted  on  the  north  by 
a  square  window,  and  on  the  south  by  three  square- 
beaded  windows.      On   the    north   wall   are   the   royal 
arms,   with   the   initials  C.  Iv,  and   the   date   1601, 
showing  that  tiio  arms  were  put  up  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.     Iti  thj  south  will  are  the  remains  of  the 
ancient  almeries  of  the  church.     In  front  of  the  rails 
before  the  communion  table  there  is  a  gravestone  with 
a  cro<s  II  ueo  and  a  sword,  but  it  is  much  obliterated. 
Archdeacon  Close  lies  buried  in  the  chancel,  under  a 
large  slab  bearing  a  sepulchral  cross,  the  black  letter 
inscription,  upon  wiiich  'now  obliterated)  was  as  follows: 
"  Orate   pro  aniina   Sle[iliani   Close,   rectoris  ct  arch- 
diacotiis.  qui  mortinis  est,  .\.  u.  .mcccci.xx."     A  similar 
inscription  formerly  occu[iieil  a   portion  of  one  of  the 
windows.     On  the  outside  wall  of  the  porch  is  a  stone, 
inscribed  "  Near  this  place  lieth  y°  body  of  Mr.  William 
Dalston,  fifth  son  of  John  Dalston,  of  Acorn  Bank,  Esq., 
who  died  y°  '2i  of  November.   173."},  aged  80;  and  his 
grauddau;^hter,  Mrs.  Mary  Dalston,  who  died  October 
y°  27,   177'J,  aged  18  years,      llequiescant  in  pace." 
In  the  churchyard   are   several   gravestones,   bearing 
crosses  and  other  devices,  now  much  defaced.     Salkcid 
church  is  rectorial,  and  was  annexed  to  the  archdeaconry 
of  Carlisle.     At  what  period  tiiis  anne.vation  first  took 
place  we  liave  now  no  means  of  knowing,  but  from  the 
absonco  of  any  separate  institutions  or  collations  to  the 
living,  it  is  generally  supposed  that  tliey  havo  been 
united  since  the   foundation   of  the  see.      The  first 
mention   of  it   in   connection  with    the   afchdeaconry 
occurs  in   l;i:37,  when  a  complaint  was  made  to  the 


Archbishop  of  York  that  William  de  Kendale  held 
both  the  church  of  Salkeld  and  the  archdeaconry  of 
Carlisle.  Since  that  date  the  connection  of  the  rectory 
and  archdeaconry  has  been  continuous  up  to  1855. 
The  patronage  of  the  living,  which  was  originally  in 
the  crown,  was  given  to  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle  and  his 
successors  about  the  time  of  Edward  I.  Dr.  Todd 
tells  us  th^t  the  rector  pays  l.js.  to  the  dean  and  chapter 
for  certain  demesne  lands  which  formerly  belonged 
to  the  priory  of  Wetheral.  Two-thirds  of  the  living 
anciently  belonged  to  Wetheral  Priory,  and  the 
remainder  to  the  rector.  In  the  Valor  of  Pope 
Nicholas  the  church  of  Salkeld  is  entered  at  £12, 
and  in  the  King's  Book  at  £ii  10s.  8d.  It  is  now 
worth  about  £3^^0  per  annum.     The  parish  registers 

commence  in  1095. 
• 
RECTons. — William  de  Kendale,  13'.>3  ;  Richard  de  Arthuret, 
13.J1;  William  de  Kotlierby,  died  in  1:383;  Jobn  de  Appleby, 
I:!(U;  Thomas  de  Caldbcck,  1373;  John  de  Kirkeby,  lUa; 
Stephen  Close,  1470;  Hugh  Daere,  1003;  William  Bunerbank, 
laJi;  George  Neville,  lolH;  Edward  Tbrelkeld,  1007;  Henry 
Dethick,  158S;  Richard  Pickinglou,  lO'J'J;  Giles  Robinson, 
1590;  Nicholas  Dean,  ItiOi ;  Isaac  Singleton,  IGi-l ;  Lewis 
West,  lUGO;  John  I'eachill,  lUO/ ;  Thomas  Musgrave,  KiUS; 
William  Nicolson,  l(iS2;  Joseph  Fisher,  170i;  George  Fleming, 
1734;  Edmund  Law,  1743;  Vena  Eyre,  1750;  John  Law,  1777; 
William    Paley,  l~&i;    Charles  Anson,  1805;    William  Good- 


Cn.VRlTIES. 

The  Free  School. — A  free  school  was  founded  here 
about  the  year  1515,  and  endowed  with  several  small 
rents  and  manorial  fines.  The  school-house  was  built 
by  subscription  in  1080,  and,  about  1710,  had  an  en- 
dowment of  £o  per  annum.  Its  revenues  were  the 
suhjeci  of  a  long  litigation,  and  were  eventually  lost. 
For  some  years  previous  to  1850  there  was  no  scliool 
taught.  In  that  year  a  now  school  was  built  through 
the  instrumentality  of  the  rector,  which  is  an  ornament 
to  the  village,  and  is  conferring  great  benefit  upon  the 
children  of  the  poor.  It  will  accommodate  ninetysi.x 
scholars,  is  under  inspection,  and  is  supported  by 
voluntary  subscriptions  and  quarter  pence;  average 
attendance  si.xty.     A  master's  residence  is  attached. 

IVie  Poor  Sliich: — The  jioor  stock  of  Great  Salkeld 
parish  amounts  to  i.'37,  and  produces  annually  'Ms., 
which  is  distributed,  at  Ciiristmas  and  Easter,  by  the 
rector  and  churclivvardeiis,  along  with  the  money  col- 
lected at  the  oflertory. 

At  Salkeld  Dyke  is  a  Wesleyan  chapel,  a  small  stone 
building,  erected  in  18o2. 

The  single  liouses  bearing  particular  names  arc 
Nuuerick  Hall,  Beckbank,  Burrell  Green,  Wolfd  Green 


622 


LEATH  WAHD. 


Gill,  Coldkell,  Huuter  Hall,  luglcwood  Bank,  Edeu 
Lacy,  &c. 

This  parish  has  been  tlic  birthplace  of  many  eminent 
men,  including  Edward  Law,  first  Lord  Elkuborough, 
lord  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench,  who  was  born 
in  1719,  and  died  in  1S18  ;  the  Rev.  George  Benson, 
D.D.,  an  cniiiieut  dissenting  minister,  born  iu  1099, 
and  died  in  170d;  Dr.  Bowstead,  bishop  of  Lichfield, 
born  in  1801,  died  in  1843  ;  the  gallant  Colonel  iloor- 
house,  who  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Bangalore,  iu 
the  East  Indies  ;   Rowland  Wethcral,  the  celebrated 


mathematician  aud   astronomer,  and  the  Rev.  Caleb 
Thomas. 

Mr.  Johu  Lamb,  of  Burrell  Green,  in  this  parish,  is 
in  possession  of  an  ancient  brass  dish  resembling  a 
shield,  with  an  inscriptiou  round  it,  long  said  to  have 
Leen  to  the  following  cflftct : — 

"  If  tliis  dish  be  sold  or  gi'eu. 
Farewell  llie  luck  of  BuiTell  (jreeu." 

J3ut  which  has  been  read  by  a  friend  of  Mr.  Lamb  as 
follows ; — 

"  Miiry,  Mother  of  Jesus,  Saviour  of  Men," 


skiTlton  parish. 

The  parish  of  Skelton  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  IIutton-in-the-Furest  and  Middlesceugh,  on  the  west  by  Castle 
Sowerby,  on  the  south  by  Greystokc,  and  on  the  east  by  Newton  Reigny.  It  extends  about  two  and  a  half  miles 
from  north  to  south,  aud  five  from  east  to  west ;  the  soil  is  generally  wet  and  cold,  with  a  substratum  of  clay.  In 
1767  au  act  of  Parliament  was  obtained  for  enclosing  the  common,  which  comprised  nearly  4,000  acres.  Tiie  parish 
comprises  the  townships  of  Skelton,  Lamonby,  and  Unihank,  whose  united  area  is  0,320  statute  acres.  The 
inhabitants  are  engaged  iu  agricultural  pursuits,  aud  attend  the  Penrith  markets. 

son,  William  Lockard,  sold  it  to  John  Seaton.     The 


SKEI.TON. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  2,002  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  i£l,136  18s.  4d.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  iu  1801  was  270;  in  1811,  28.5  ;  in  1821, 
032;  in  1831,  348;  in  1811,  314;  and  in  1851,  303. 

Skelton,  or  Scaletown,  is  said  to  derive  its  name 
from   the   scales,   shields,  or   little   huts,  which  were 
formerly  erected  here  for  the  shelter  of  cattle,  large 
numbers  of  which  were  pastured  here  iu  ancient  times. 
About  the  time  of  Henry  I.  the  Boyvilles,  lords  of 
Levington,  aud  owners  of  the  manor,  first  erected  a 
habitation  here  for  themselves,  aud  afterwards  set  some 
tenants  on  the  land.     It  continued  to  be  held  by  the 
BoyviUe  family  till  the  decease  of  Randolph  de  Leving- 
ton.     His   daughter   and   heir,   Hawise,  wife  of   Sir 
Eustace   Baliol,    Knt.,   died   without  issue,   and   the 
estates  of  the  Boyvillesin  Levington,  Kirk  Andrews, 
and  Skelton  were  divided  among  her  six  aunts,  the 
sisters  of  her  father,  Randolph.     The  share  of  Euphe- 
mia,  the  eldest,  wife  of  Richard  Kirkbride,  continued 
to  be  possessed  by  her  descendants  for  six  generations, 
after  which  Walter  Kirkbride  sold  it  to  Robert  Parviug, 
whose  nephew  sold  it  to  John  Denton  of  Cardew,  in 
whose  posterity  it  remained  for  four  descents,  until 
they  sold  it  to  the  Southaiks,  who  held  it  for  a  few- 
descents,  and  then  John  Soutliaik  sold  it  to  the  cus- 
tomary tenants.     The  second  part  became  the  property 
of  Margery,  wife  of  Robert  de  Hampton,  whose  grand- 


son of  the  latter  forfeited  his  right  to  Edward  I.,  who 

gave  it  to  Robert  de  Clifford,  lord  of  Westmoreland, 

whose  posterity  continued  to  hold  it  till  George  Earl 

of  Cumberland  sold  it  to  the  inhabitants.     The  third 

portion  was  allotted  to  Isabel,  wife  of  Patrick  Southaik, 

from  whom  it  descended  to  John  Southaik,  who  sold 

it  to  the  customary  tenants.     Walter  Corry  held  the 

fourth  part  in  right  of  his  wife  Eva,  but  their  son  and 

heir  taking   part  with  Robert  Bruce  and  the  Scots 

against   the   King   of   England,   forfeited   his   estate, 

which  was  granted  to  William  Marraion.     Julian,  the 

fifth  co-heir,  the  wife  of  I'atrie  Trump,  had  issue  a  sou 

of  the  same  name,  who  sold  his  share  of  the  manor  to 

Sir  Robert   Tilliol,   Knt.      The  sixth  portion  fell  to 

Agnes,  who  was  married  to  Sir  Walter  Twinhani,  Knt., 

to  whom  she  bore  Adam,  father  of  Walter  the  younger, 

who  sold  it  to  Walter  Kirkbride.     Among  the  knights' 

f  es  in  Cumberland  in  the  3jtli  Henry  VIII.  (ir)43-4) 

we  find  John  Southaik,  who  held  fourteen  messuages, 

eighty  acres  of  arable  land,  twenty  acres  of  meadow, 

200  acres  of  pasture,  100  acres  of  wood,  and  a  mill, 

with  the  appurtenances,  in  Skelton,  of  the   king  in 

capite  by  kuights'  service,  with  homage  aud  fealty.     It 

is  also  stated  that  the  vill  of  Skelton  paid  yearly  to  the 

king  4s.  Od.  cornagc,  by  the  hands  of  the  sheriff  of 

Cumberland.     In  1505  Sir  Thomas  Dacro,  Knt.,  lord 

of    Gilsland,   aud   Elizabeth   his  wife,    conveyed   the 


SKELTON   PARISH. 


623 


greater  part  of  the  manor  and  the  advowson  of  the 
rectory  to  Thomas  Dawes  and  others  during  the  life 
of  the  said  Eh'zabeth.  That  part  of  the  manor  which 
had  been  forfeited  by  Christopher  Seaton,  and  granted 
to  Robert  Lord  Clifford,  descended  to  Ehzabeth, 
daugiiter  and  sole  heir  of  Henry  Clifford,  earl  of  Cum- 
berland. She  married  Richard  first  Baron  Clifford,  of 
Lanesborough,  who  was  subsequently  created  Earl  of 
Burlington,  from  whom  it  descended  to  Richard,  the 
third  earl,  who  dying  without  male  issue  about  the  year 
1750,  it  passed  to  his  only  daughter,  the  Marchioness 
of  Ilartington,  who  thereby  brought  this  part  into  the 
family  of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  the  present  pro- 
prietor. The  tenure  here  is  freehold  and  customary  ; 
the  lands  held  by  the  latter  being  subject  to  a  twenty- 
penny  fine  certain.  All  the  common  is  freehold.  The 
principal  landowners  in  the  parish  are  Sir  II.  R.  F.  Vane, 
Bart. ;  Messrs.  Frederick  Cowper,  Carleton  Hall ;  John 
Toppin,  Skelton;  George  Dawson  Armstrong,  Uuthank; 
Thomas  Button,  of  Penrith;  and  Mr.  Jackson. 

TUT.    CIIURCn. 

Skelton  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Jlary  and  St. 
Michael,  is  an  ancient  edifice,  consisting  of  nave, 
chancel,  and  western  tower.  The  latter  is  embattled, 
and  'has  modern  pinnacles  at  the  four  corners.  It 
contains  two  bells,  one  of  which  bears  a  Latin  inscrip- 
tion. The  nave  is  filled  with  oaken  pews,  and  oaken 
pillars  support  the  roof.  There  are  mural  monuments 
to  members  of  the  JoUiffe,  Brougham,  Grayson,  Milner, 
and  Cowper  families.  A  brass  plate  over  the  rector's 
pew  on  the  north  side  of  the  chancel  bears  this  inscrip- 
tion, "  Thomas  Wilson,  priestee,  born  in  Skelton,  gave 
unto  certayne  feoffees,  in  truste,  bis  annuitie  of  20s. 
that  he  bought  for  £20  of  John  Sowihake,  of  Ilardrigge, 
Esq..  to  bo  given  unto  poore  of  the  parishe  of  Skeltnii 
aforesayd  yearlye,  to  be  paied  for  ever.  Anno  Domini, 
1584."  In  the  churchyard,  on  the  south  side  of  the 
chancel,  is  a  stone  coffin,  but  there  is  mnhin"  to  "ive 

O  O 

any  clue  to  its  history.  The  church  of  Skelton  is 
rectorial,  and  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £43  2s.  8*d., 
but  is  now  worth  about  .L"ViO.  In  the  Liber  <"iarderobrc, 
129'J-1;300,  which  contains  the  accounts  of  the  comp- 
troller of  the  wardrobe  of  the  daily  expenses  of  the 
suite  of  Edward  I.  during  his  progress  through  the 
kingdom  in  those  years,  we  find  it  stated  that  on  Juno 
23rd  the  king  made  an  oblation,  or  offertory,  at  the 
altar  of  the  church  of  Skelton,  amounting  to  seven 
shillings.  The  rectory  was  long  attached  to  the  manor, 
and  therefore  the  right  cf  presentation  has  been  vested 
in  different  families.  In  1(107  the  advowson  was  sold 
by  Francis  Southaik,  Esq.,  to  Corpus  Christi  College, 


0.\ford,  the  Master  and  Scholars  of  which  have  since 
exercised  the  right.  The  tithes  were  commuted  in 
1840  for  £110. 

The  parish  register  commences  in  1580;  partially 
legible  from  1589  to  1645. 

Hectors. — .\Jam  de  Levington,  1291 ;  Nicholas  Je  Kirkbride, 
l;305;  Sir  William  do  Kirkeby,  1317;  Sir  Simon  de  Kirkeby, 
i:!a2;  Sir  Simon  de  Semcer,  i:W3;  Sir  Da\nd  de  Mallore,  1312; 

Sir  John  I'arving, ;  Sir  John  Miles,  13Rt:i;  Sir  Adam  de 

Armstrong,  ;    Sir  John  Fox,  1377;    Adam  de  Aglionby, 

;  James  Gosljnge,  1530;   Hugh  Hodgson,  ;  Henry 

Daere,  lofl] ;  Leonard  Scott,  1597;  Leonard  Jlilburn,  1623; 
Nathaniel  Cole,  1073;  William  Ward,  1683;  Kichard  Kelmes, 
nil;  John  Morland,  17U;  Peter  Peckard,  1718;  Samuel 
Slarky,  1700  ;  Tovey  Jolifife,  1791 ;  John  Dayman,  1831. 

The  rectory,  a  good,  plain,  old  building,  situated  in 
the  village  of  Skelton,  has  been  repaired  ancl  much 
improved  by  the  present  rector. 

Skelton  church  formerly  possessed  a  richly-endowed 
chantry,  dedicated  to  the  Blessed  Virgin,  but  of  its 
origin  and  foundation  we  have  no  account.  In  1347  a 
charter  was  granted  for  a  chantry  by  Edward  III.,  but 
its  provisious  do  not  seem  to  have  been  carried  into 
effect.  Edward  VI.,  by  letters  patent,  dated  September 
7th,  J  548,  granted  to  William  Ward,  of  London,  gen- 
tleman, and  Richard  Venables,  Esq.,  sergeant-at-arms, 
certain  lands  and  a  messuage  in  the  parish,  lately  be- 
longing to  this  chantry ;  and  the  same  king,  hy  other 
letters  patent,  dated  .Tanuaiy  30th,  1540,  granted  to 
Thomas  Dalston,  Esq.,  and  William  Denton,  gentleman, 
the  late  chantry  of  St.  Mary  in  the  church  of  Skelton, 
and  all  the  messuages  and  tenements  lying  in  Skelton 
and  Uuthank,  or  elsewhere  in  the  county  of  Cumber- 
land, and  late  belonging  to  the  said  chantiy. 

CHAWTIES. 

The  ScJwnl.  —  Mr.  Joseph  Milner,  about  the  year 
1750,  left  to  the  rector  and  churchwardens  of  Skelton 
£50  for  erecting  a  schoolhouse  there,  on  condition  that 
the  owner  of  his  messuage  and  tenement  at  Unthank 
should  have  the  privilege  of  sending  two  poor  scholars 
to  be  taught  gratis  for  ever,  and  also  have  a  vote  in 
chosing  a  master.  The  money  was  laid  out  in  building 
a  school,  where  children  have  been  taught  ever  since, 
paying  quarterage. — The  Rev.  Joseph  Nelson,  by  will, 
dated  May  21st,  1813,  bequeathed  the  sum  of  £000  to 
the  rector  of  Skelton  and  vicar  of  Hutton  for  the  time 
being,  and  two  others,  upon  trust,  that  the  same  should 
be  invested  in  the  three  per  cent  consols,  and  the 
dividends  applied  for  the  education  of  as  many  of  the 
poorest  children  of  the  parisUof  Skelton  as  the  divi- 
dends would  admit  of.  By  a  codicil  to  his  will,  dated 
December  29th,  1815,  tlie  testator  revoked  his  legacy 


624 


LEATH  ^YARD. 


of  £600  above-mentioned,  and  bequeathed  £1,000  in 
lieu  thereof,  to  the  same  persons  and  upon  the  same 
trusts.  Tlie  school,  situated  in  the  village  of  Sixeltoii, 
was  rebuilt  and  enlarged  hy  subscription  in  1845>,  at 
a  cost  of  nearly  £300,  and  is  now  a  neat  and  commo- 
dious structure  in  the  Elizabethan  style,  capable  of 
accommodating  about  seventy  children.  It  is  under 
government  inspection,  and  has  an  average  attendance 
of  fifiv-five.  There  is  a  house  for  the  teacher  adjoining 
tho  school.  In  consideration  of  the  charities  above- 
mentioned,  thirty  of  the  poorest  children  of  the  parish 
are  taught  free. 

Wilson's  Gift. — Thomas  Wilson,  by  deed,  dated 
December  IDth,  ir)8t,  granted  to  trustees  an. annuity 
or  yearly  rent  of  20s.  arising  out  of  the  manor  of 
Skelton.'that  they  should  pay  the  same,  at  the  parish 
church  porch  of  Skclton,  between  the  hours  of  eight 
and  eleven  o'clock  on  the  Sunday  ne.\t  after  the  feast 
of  the  Annunciation  (March  25th)  to  and  amongst  the 
poor  people  of  the  parish. 

Lauson's  Gift. — Thomas  Lawson,  by  will,  dated 
February  6th,  1735,  bcqueiuhed  to  the  poor  of  Skelton 
2Us.  a  year,  to  be  distributed  every  Good  Friday,  to  all 
such  decayed  families  as  should  not  be  in  receipt  of 
parish  relief;  and  he  directed  the  said  money  to  be 
paid  out  of  his  freehold  lands  in  Little  Salkeld  Fields 
to  the  overseers  of  Skelton,  three  weeks  before  Good 
I'riday. 

Dacre's  Dole,  and  Brougham's  Gift.  —  By  an  entry 
in  the  churchwardens'  book,  under  the  date  of  1744,  it 
appears  that  there  was  the  sum  of  £  1 0!  i,  called  Dacre's 
D.de,  then  lent  to  several  persons  at  interest;  and  also 
£.")  in  the  hands  of  two  persons,  which  is  stated  to  be 
ilr.  Brougham's  legacy.  The  interest  of  these  two 
sums,  amounting  to  £4  8s.  9d.  a  year,  is  divided 
regularly  on  St.  Thomas'  Day  amongst  the  poor  not 
receiving  relief. 

Pearson's  Gift. — The  sura  of  £10  was  left  by  .John 
Pearson  for  the  use  of  the  poor,  which  it  is  understood 
vas,  long  ago,  lent  on  bond  to  a  person  of  the  name  of 
Piobinson,  who  possessed  property  in  this  parish.  At 
his  death  it  was  found  that  his  property  was  mortgaged 
for  its  full  value,  so  that  there  was  nothing  left  to  dis- 
charge this  debt,  and  the  charity  was  consequently  lost. 

The  proceeds  of  the  above-mentioned  charities  are 
divided  amongst  the  poor  of  the  parish,  £2  on  Good 
Friday,  and  £4  8s.  Cd.  to  the  poor  widows  of  the 
parish  on  St.  Thomas'  Day.  The  poor  of  Skelton  also 
participate  in  the  charity  of  Kicbardson  of  VVhamhead. 


In  connection  with  the  school  is  a  library,  established 
in  1846,  which  contains  about  400  volumes.  It  is 
supported  by  about  twenty  meinbirs,  who  pay  an 
annual  contribution  of  four  shillings  each. 

LAMOSBY. 

The  area  of  Lamonby  is  2,454  acres ;  its  rateable 
value  is  £1,018.  The  population  in  1801  was  244; 
in  1811,  236;  in  1821,  274;  in  1831,  271  ;  in  1841, 
240;  and  in  1851,  208;  who  are  chiclly  collected  in 
the  village  of  Lamonby. 

The  manor  of  Laiuonby  included  the  estate  of  the 
Seatons,  in  Skclton  (see  page  022),  and  passed  by  the 
same  tide;  but  the  demesne  called  Lamonby  Hall  was 
separated  and  sold  to  Leonard  Wilkinson,  about  the 
year  1080.  It  was  subsi  quently  held  by  the  Graysons, 
and  is  now  the  property  of  Thomas  Huttou,  Esq. 

Ellonliy  Hall  is  now  a  farm  house.  A  manorial 
court  of  Sir  H.  R.  F.  Vane  is  held  here  annually. 

Hardrigg  Hall,  formerly  the  seat  of  the  Southaik 
family,  and  now  the  property  of  Sir  R.  H.  F.  Vane,  is  a 
farm  house.  To  the  south  of  the  building  are  the 
remains  of  an  old  tower,  one  side  of  which  is  still 
standing. 

Lamonby  Hall  is  also  a  farm  house,  the  property  of 
Thomas  Button,  Esq.,  of  Penrith.  For  some  time 
after  the  Rcforniatiou  there  was  a  Catholic  chaptl  in 
tliis  hall ;  and  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  when  there 
was  so  much  religious  persecution,  one  Juliaua  Buckle, 
of  Yorkshire,  purchased  this  ball,  on  account,  as  it  is 
said,  of  there  being  a  chapel  there.  She  also  kept  a 
priest  at  the  hall  as  long  as  she  could  with  any  degree 
of  safety.  About  seven  years  ago,  Mr.  Hutton's  work- 
men, when  repairing  the  building,  found  a  piscina, 
which  is  supposed  to  have  been  used  in  the  old  chapel. 

U.NTHA.NK. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  2,413  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £1,097  15s.  The  number  of  inhabitants 
in  1801  was  215;  in  1811,  235;  in  1821,  252;  in 
1831,235;  in  1841,  228;  and  in  1851,  2(i5. 

The  village  of  Unthank  is  five  and  u  half  miles 
north-west  of  Penrith. 

Laithes  is  a  small  village  in  this  township,  four 
miles  north-west  of  Penrith.  In  the  neighbourhood  is 
The  Laithes,  the  propertv  and  scat  of  J.  Parkin,  Efq. 

Scales  Hall,  for  many  years  the  seat  of  the  family  of 
Brougham,  from  whom  it  passed  by  marriage  to  the 
tamilies  of  Lamphigb  and  Dykes,  is  now  a  farm  house, 
the  property  of  Mrs.  Dykes,  of  Dovenby. 


^slikle  Wimk 


EsKDALE  Wabd  Comprises  the  most  northern  division  of  the  county.  It  is  of  an  irregular  triangular  form,  bounded 
on  the  north  and  north-west  by  Scotland,  on  the  south-west  by  Cumberlaud  Ward,  on  the  south  by  Leath  Wtii-d. 
and  on  the  east  by  Northumberland.  Its  length  is  about  twentj'-four  miles,  and  its  breadth  twenty  miles.  Though 
the  south-east  of  the  ward  and  some  other  portions  of  it  are  ^ild  and  mountainous,  it  contains  many  fertile  plains 
and  rich  valleys,  well  watered  by  the  rivers  Esk,  Eden,  Gelt,  Irthing,  Liddel,  Line,  Kingswater,  Kershope,  Sark,  and 
a  number  of  smaller  streams.  Coal,  freestone,  and  limestone  are  found  here;  and  on  the  river  Irthing  is  the 
celebrated  Gilsland  Spa.  From  its  close  proximity  to  Scotland,  this  part  of  Cumberland  was,  for  a  considerable 
period,  the  scene  of  rapine,  plunder,  and  devastation,  ample  evidence  of  which  is  still  visible  in  the  numerous  forts, 
towers,  and  encampments  which  are  cvei^where  met  with.  By  the  re-arrangement  of  wai'ds  made  in  1833, 
Eskdale  Ward  lost  the  parish  of  Crosby-upon-Eden,  the  whole  of  Stanwix  parish,  e.Kcept  the  two  townships  of  Cargo 
and  Stainton,  the  townships  of  Great  Corby  and  Warwick  Bridge  in  Wetheral  parish,  and  the  extra-parochial 
district  of  Kingmoor,  all  of  which  are  now  in  Cumberland  Ward.  Eskdale  Ward  at  present  comprises  the  parishes  of 
Arthuret,  Bewcastle,  Brampton,  Castle  Carrock,  Cumrew,  Cumwhitton,  Nether  Denton,  Upper  Denton,  Farlam, 
Hayton,  Irthington,  Ivirkandrews-on-Esk,  Kirklinton,  Lanercost  Abbey,  Scaleby,  Stapletou,  and  Walton,  as  also 
the  cxtra-parochial  district  of  Carlatton. 


ARTHURET    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  west,  north,  and  east  by  the  parish  of  Kirkandrcws,  and  lies  between  the  rivers  Esk, 
Line,  and  Liddel.  The  soil  of  about  half  the  parish  consists  of  a  fine,  deep,  blackish  loam,  in  some  parts  intermixed 
with  sand,  especially  near  the  river  Line,  capable  of  producing  every  kind  of  grain,  clover,  grass,  and  potato,  in  the 
greatest  perfection.  The  interior  of  the  parish  consists  of  good,  light  soil,  and  a  portion,  which  was  formerly  an 
extensive  waste,  has  been  brought  into  a  very  productive  state  through  the  exertions  of  the  last  and  the  present 
owners  of  Netherby.  The  Netherby  estate  comprises  nearly  the  whole  of  this  parish  and  that  of  Ivirkandrews. 
By  the  exertions  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Graham,  D.D.,  who  died  in  \7S'2,  it  has  been  changed  from  a  sterile  and 
nnprnfitablo  tract,  to  a  rich,  fertile,  and  beautiful  demesne.  By  his  improvements,  the  rents  have  largely  increased, 
and  the  wealth  and  happiness  of  his  tenants  augmented  in  a  much  greater  proportion;  and,  what  w.'is  still  better,  it 
is  said  that  "  he  saw  them,  as  it  were,  metamorphosed  from  an  ignorant,  quarrelsome,  and  disorderly  rabble,  into  an 
intelligent,  peaceable,  regular,  and  respectable  class  of  men."  Since  1819  the  agriculture  of  this  district  has  been 
still  further  improved  ;  the  estates  of  Sir  .1.  G.  R.  Graham  have  nearly  all  undergone  a  complete  di-ainage ;  and 
the  farm-houses  are  very  commodious  and  well-constructed  dwellings.  The  woods  and  plantations  are  now  in  a 
thriving  and  luxuriant  condition.  The  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Longtown,  Breckonhill,  Lineside,  and 
Netherby.  It  includes  part  of  the  ancient  parish  of  Easton,  or  Eston,  which  has  long  been  annexed  to  it  and  Ivirk- 
andrews ;  and,  in  lOv!  I,  was  slated  to  be  bounded  on  the  north-north-west  and  north-east  by  Scotland  ;  on  the  east  by 
Bewcastle,  Stapleton,  and  Kirklinton  ;  and  on  the  south  and  south-west  by  the  river  Levin,  and  parts  of  the  parishes 
of  Rocklifle  and  Kirklintou.  The  parish  of  Kirkandrews  was  severed  from  Arthuret  by  letters  patent  of  King  Charles  L 

74 


626 


ESKDALE   WARD. 


LONGTOWN. 

The  area  of  the  tomiship  of  Longtown  is  2,538 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  ;£3,648  8s.  4d.  The  num- 
ber of  iiiliabitants  in  1801  was  1,335  ;  in  1811, 1,579  ; 
in  1821,  1,812;  in  1831,  2,049;  in  1841,  1,990;  and 
in  1851,  2,234. 

THE    TOWN    OF   LONGTOWN. 

The  market  to\vn  of  Lougtown  is  situated  in  55°  1' 
north  latitude,  2°  56'  west  longitude,  distant  nine  miles 
north-by-west  from  Carlisle,  and  309  miles  north-north- 
west from  London.  The  population  in  1 851  was  2,1 42 ; 
of  whom  1,017  were  males,  and  1,125  females,  inhabit- 
ing 372  houses ;  twenty-one  houses  being  uninhabited, 
and  four  in  process  of  erection.  Longtown  has  a  very 
respectable  appearance;  the  streets  are  regular  and 
spacious ;  the  houses  built  in  the  modern  style ;  and  its 
situation  is  remarkable  for  its  salubrity.  The  town 
stands  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Esk,  and  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Netherby  estate,  which  is  held  on  a  tenure 
of  building  leases.  The  river  Esk  is  crossed  here  by 
an  excellent  bridge  of  five  arches.  A  bobbin  mill  gives 
some  employment,  and  a  little  hand -loom  ^Yeaviug  is 
carried  on.  The  com  market  is  on  Thursday.  Hiriugs 
are  held  at  Whitsuntide  and  Martinmas,  but  are  mere 
assemblages  for  sports  instead  of  for  serious  business, 
the  Carlisle  hirings  serving  for  the  entire  district. 
There  is  a  horse  fair  held  on  the  Thursday  before 
Whitsuntide.  In  1088  there  were  only  twelve  houses 
in  Longtown,  built  of  turf  or  mud.  The  town  hall  was 
of  freestone.  There  was  then  a  considerable  market, 
being  the  only  one,  as  Mr.  T.  Denton  observes,  in  all 
that  country.    Gas  works  were  estabUshed  here  in  1857. 

CBintCH   AND   CHAPELS. 

Arthuret  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Michael, 
stands  on  a  beautiful  eminence  in  the  township  of 
Longtown,  about  half  a  mUe  from  the  town.  "  It  is 
presumed,"  says  Hutchinson,  "  this  point  of  land  was 
called  Arthur's  Head,  a  name  now  coiTupted  to  Arthuret, 
and  engrafted  on  tho  parish."  The  present  church  was 
erected  in  1609,  with  the  assistance  of  "  a  charity 
brief,"  the  preceding  edifice  "  having  been  a  mean,  low, 
ruinous  building,  and  often  destroyed  by  the  Scots." 
But  the  persons  employed  in  the  building  having  abs- 
conded with  a  considerable  part  of  the  money  collected, 
the  tower  was  left  unfinished  until  the  rectorship  of 
Dr.  Todd,  through  whose  exertions  the  structure  was 
completed.  The  church  comprises  nave,  aisles,  chancel, 
and  tower,  and  contains  some  monuments  of  the  Graham 
family,  particularly  that  of  Sir  George  Graham,  Bart., 
who  died  in  1057  (son  of  Sir  Robert  Graham,  the  first 


baronet),  and  that  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Graham,  D.D., 
who  died  in  1782.  In  the  churchyard  is  the  tomb  of 
Lieutenant  William  Graham,  of  the  Moat,  who  died  in 
1657,  aged  97  ;  and  a  rude  cross,  with  a  pierced  capital, 
near  to  which  tradition  says  lie  the  remains  of  Archy 
Armstrong,  jester  to  James  I.  and  Charles  I.'  From 
the  iuquisitiones  ad  quod  damnum  of  the  2nd  Edward 
TTT  we  learn  that  the  church  of  Arthuret  was  given 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  I.,  by  Turgis  do  Russedale,  lord 
of  the  manor  of  Liddell,  to  the  abbot  and  convent  of 
Jedburgh,  in  Scotland,  but  by  reason  of  the  almost  con- 
tinual differences  between  the  two  kingdoms,  that  com- 
munity seldom  enjoyed  it.  In  the  year  1290  wo  find 
John  Walce,  lord  of  Liddell,  exercising  the  right  of 
patronage.  The  kings  of  England  frequently  presented  ; 
but  the  advowson  has  long  been  attached  to  the  manor. 
The  benefice  is  a  rectory,  valued  in  the  lung's  Book  at 
.CI  2s.  Id.,  and  certified  to  the  Ecclesiastical  Com- 
missioners as  of  the  annual  value  of  £687 ;  it  is  now 
worth  COOO.  The  parish  registers  commence  in  1010. 
The  ancient  parish  of  Easton,  or  Eston,  now  no  longer 
known,  is,  as  we  have  stated  above,  merged  in  the 
parishes  of  Arthuret  and  Kirk  Andrews ;  tho  last  mention 
of  it  in  ecclesiastical  records  is  in  1384,  when  John  de 
Morton  was  presented  to  the  rectory  by  the  bishop. 
The  tithes  of  Ai-thuret  were  commuted  in  1849  for 
£841  Os.  4d.,  viz.,  Lougtown  £217  15s.  8d.  ;  Line- 
side,  £123  lOs.  lOd. ;  Breckonhill,  £217  15s.  Od. ; 
Netherby,  £281   18s.  8d. 

KECions. — Baldwin  Wake,  1296 ;  Thomas  de  Leycester,  1304 ; 
Thomas  deCapella,  1-304:;  riicharddeWethermeleck,  1-312;  John 

Aurifaber, ;  John  de  Penrith,  1333 ;  John  de  Pokelyngton, 

1333  ;  Ralpii  de  Lepyngton,  1337  ;  William  de  Eagenhill,  135-t; 

William  de  Arthurett,  1354;  Richard  de  Tissington, ;  John 

de  Bowland,  13G1 ;    John  de  Wjke,  1370;  John  Berwise,  died 
15C5 ;   Sir  Blichael  Fo'sel,  1505 ;   Cuthhert  Curwen,   resigned 


'Archibald  Armstrong,  commonly  known  by  llie  name  of  Archy, 
who  was  fool,  or  more  properly  jester  to  James  1.,  and  his  successor 
Charles  I.,  is  said  to  have  been  a  natire  of  this  place,  to  which  he 
reth-ed  after  his  disgrace  at  court,  and  where  he  dieil  at  an  advanced 
age  in  1072.  The  cause  of  his  dismissal  was  the  latitude  of  speech 
in  which  he  indulged  liimself  on  occasion  of  the  commotions  in 
Scotland  in  IlJilK,  which  ensued  on  the  attempt  of  introducing  the 
English  Liturgy  uito  that  kingdom.  "  It  so  happened,"  says  Rush- 
worth,  "that  on  the  11th  of  tlie  said  March,  1037-8,  Archibald,  the 
king's  fool,  said  to  his  Grace  the  ^Vrchbishop  of  Canterbury,  as  he 
was  going  to  the  council  table,' Wha's  feule  now?'  'Doth  not  your 
grace  hear  the  news  from  Strivelin  about  the  Liturgy  ;*'  wiih  other 
words  of  reflccdou.  This  was  presently  complained  of  lo  the  council 
which  produced  an  order  that  Archibald  Armstrong,  the  kmg's  fool, 
for  certain  scandalous  words  of  a  high  nature  spoken  by  him  agamst 
the  Lord  Aichbishop  of  Canterbury,  his  grace,  and  proved  to  be 
uttered  by  him  by  two  witnessess,  shall  have  his  coat  pulled  over  his 
head,  and  be  discharged  of  tlie  king's  sen-ice,  and  banished  the 
court ;  for  which  the  Lord  Chamberlain  of  the  king's  household  is 
played  and  required  to  give  order  to  be  executed ;  and  immediately 
the  same  was'  put  in  execution." 


ABTHURET  PARISH. 


627 


1039 ;  George  Constable,  l(i39 ;  George  Usher,  1673 ;  Hugh 
Todd,  1C88 ;  William  Liiidsey,  1728  ;  Robert  Graham,  1735 ; 
John  James,  1782 ;  John  James,  1785  ;  —  Babbington,  1786  ; 
Fergus  Graham,  17!)0;  William  Graham,  1829. 

The  rectory  was  built  iu  1705,  at  a  cost  of  i'800, 
upon  the  site  of  au  older  structure. 

The  other  places  of  worship  iu  the  town  arc — a 
Presbyterian  chapel,  erected  iu  1800,  and  a  United 
Presbyterian  chapel,  built  in  1834. 

SCHOOLS. 

A  very  e-Kcellent  school  was  erected  in  Longtowu  in 
1857,  at  a  total  cost  of  nearly  £'1,000.  It  is  conducted 
on  the  principle  of  the  British  and  Foreign  School 
Society,  combining  religious  instruction  with  a  strict 
absence  of  sectarian  teaching.  There  is  a  large  and 
commodious  residence  for  the  teacher.  There  is 
adequate  accommodation  for  300  children ;  the  average 
attendance  (boys  and  girls)  is  IHO.  It  is  under  govern- 
ment inspection,  and  conducted  by  a  master,  mistress, 
and  four  pupil  teachei-s. 

The  school  held  iu  the  Moot  Hall  is  attended  by  about 
sixty  children.  In  this  school  one  child  out  of  every 
three  children  of  poor  parents  is  taught  free,  iu  conside- 
ration of  i'S  allowed  from  Lady  AViddrington's  charity. 

There  is  also  a  female  school,  supported  by  the  rector, 
in  which  eighteen  poor  girls  are  taught  free  and  partly 
clothed. 

There  are  also  schools  in  each  of  the  other  townships 
of  the  parish,  each  of  which  receives  £4  a  year  from 
Lady  Widdrington's  Charity. 

POOB-LAW  UNION. 

The  Longto\vn  Union  Workhouse  stands  about  two 
miles  cast  of  the  town.  It  was  erected  in  1837, ata  cost 
of  £3,000,  and  is  a  largo  and  convenient  structure  of 
hewn  stone,  capable  of  accommodating  l.'iO  paupers,  but 
the  average  number  in  the  house  is  eighty-five.  Long- 
town  Poor-law  Union  is  divided  into  two  sub-districts. 
High  Longtown,  comprising  Stnpleton,  Solport,  Trough, 
Belbank,  Bewcastlo,  Nixons,  Bailey,  Bellbank, and Nichol 
Forest;  and  Low  Longtown,  which  includes  Meat 
Quarter,  Middle  (>uartLT,  Nether  Quarter,  Netherby, 
Longtown,  Breckonhill,  Liucside,  West  Linton,  Middle 
Quarter,  HethorsgiU,  West  Scaloby,  and  East  Scalcby. 
The  union  comprises  an  area  of  80,871  statute  acres. 
Its  population  iu  1851  was  9,0',)C,  of  wliom  1,809  were 
males,  and  4,707  females.  The  number  of  inhabited 
houses  at  the  same  period  was  1,7  Ifl,  of  uninhabited 
niuety-nine,  and  four  were  building.  Tho  total  receipts 
of  the  union  for  the  year  ended  Lady  Day,  1850, 
amounted  to  £4,621  lOs.;  the  expenditure  for  tho 
samo  period  was  £3,598. 


BBECKONHILI,. 

This  township  comprises  an  area  of  4,535  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £-2,0^1  IGs.  Cd.  Tho  population 
in  1801  was  489;  in  1811,  610;  in  1821,  441;  iu 
1831,  301 ;  iu  1841,  373  ;  and  in  1851,  305. 

Tlie  manor  of  Breckonhill,  or  Braokenhill,  held  under 
the  manor  of  Arthuret,  was,  in  1688,  the  property  of 
Mr.  Richard  Graham,  a  distant  relation  of  Lord  Preston. 
It  now  belongs  to  R.  E.  W.  P.  Standish,  Esq.,  of 
Fairley  Castle,  Berks,  whose  relation,  Rowland  Stephen- 
son, purchased  it  in  1 752.  On  Mr.  Standish 's  property 
there  is  an  embattled  tower,  bearing  date  1584.  It 
adjoins  the  Breckonhill  farm-house,  and  it  is  kept  in 
good  repair  by  the  proprietor. 

Breckonhill  township  extends  from  three  to  five 
miles  east-north-east  of  Longtowu,  on  the  north  side  of 
the  river  Line. 

At  Chapel  Flosh,  near  tho  farm  called  Chapel  Town, 
there  was  formerly  a  oratory,  called  the  Chapel  of  Sol- 
lom,  in  which,  iu  the  year  1343,  a  league  between  the 
Scotch  and  English,  about  fi.xing  the  limits  of  both 
kingdoms,  was,  in  a  solemn  manner,  sworn  to  and 
confirmed  by  commissioners  appointed  for  tliat  purpose. 

The  small  hamlet  of  Eston,  or  Easton,  anciently  the 
capital  of  the  parish,  is  in  this  township. 

LINESIDE. 

The  area  of  Lineside  is  1,444  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  is  £1,191  Os.  lOd.  In  1801  it  contained  197 
inhabitants,  in  1811,  219;  in  1821,  210:  in  1831, 
137;  iu  1841,  128;  and  in  1851, 131.  This  township 
lies  on  the  banks  of  the  Line,  about  two  miles  south- 
south-east  of  Longtown. 

NETHERBY. 

The  area  of  Netherby  township  is  8,873  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £2,007  Os.  8d.  The  population  in 
1801  was  397  ;  in  1811,  385  ;  iu  1821,  490  ;  in  1831, 
320  ;  in  1841,  868;  aud  in  1861,  358.  This  township 
extends  from  one  to  four  miles  north -north -east  of 
Longtown. 

The  barony  of  Lyddal  or  Liddell,  extending  over  this 
parish  and  that  of  Kirk  Andrews-upon-Esk,  was  given 
in  tlio  roign  of  Hoin-y  I.,  by  llanulph  de  Mcschines,  lo 
Turgent  Brundy  (called  in  some  records  Turgis  do 
Russodalo).  or  Turgis  Brinsdas,  a  Fleming.  In  tho 
reign  of  King  John  it  was  in  tho  baronial  family  of 
Stuteville,  or  Estotovillc,  whose  daughter,  and  eventunlly 
sole  heiress,  Joan,  brought  it  in  marriago  to  the  baro- 
nial family  of  Wiiko.  .lohu  Lord  Wake  died  without 
issue  in  13 13  ;  his  only  sister  married  Edmund  Plau- 
tagenet,  earl  of  Kent,  whoso  daughter,  Joan,  became 
tho  wife  of  Edward  the  Black  Prince.    Tho  barony  of 


C28 


ESKPALE  WARD. 


Lid  dell,  in  consequence,  became  vested  in  the  crown, 
and  appears  to  have  been  held  as  crown  laud,  and  as 
parcel  of  the  honour  of  Dustanburgh  (which  honour 
was  parcel  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster)  till  the  year 
1604,  when  James  I.  granted  "  all  that  forest  of 
Nichol,  commonly  called  Nichol  Forest,  in  the  county 
of  Cumberland,  and  in  the  borders  of  England  towards 
Scotland,  and  also  all  those  lordships  and  manors  of 
Arthui-eth,  Liddel,  and  Radilington,  within  the  limits 
of  the  forest  aforesaid,  in  the  said  county  of  Cumber- 
land, parcel  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  ;  and  also  the 
fishery  of  the  water  of  Esk,  in  the  county  aforesaid, 
with  all  messuages,  mills,  houses,  and  hereditaments 
whatsoever,  within  the  said  forest,  or  to  the  said  forest 
or  manors  aforesaid  belonging,  or  in  any  wise  apper- 
taining," to  George  Clifford,  earl  of  Cumberland,  subject 
to  a  fee  farm  rent  of  j£100.  In  like  manner  the  said 
King  James,  by  letters  patent  bearing  date  the  31st 
day  of  March,  in  the  eighth  year  of  his  reign  (1610), 
granted  to  Francis  Earl  of  Cumberland  "  all  those  lands 
called  the  Debateable  Lands,  in  the  comity  of  Cumber- 
land, abutting  upon  part  of  the  sea  called  Solway  Sands, 
towards  the  south,  the  river  of  Sarke  towards  the  west, 
the  Scotch  dyke  towards  the  north,  and  the  river  of 
Esk  towards  the  east ;  extending  in  length,  by  estima- 
tion, five  miles,  and  in  breadth  three  miles ;  and  con- 
taining in  quantity  2,895  acres  of  meadow  and  arable 
land  called  Known  Grounds,  400  acres  of  mai-sh  lands, 
2,035  acres  of  pasture,  and  1,470  acres  of  mossy 
grounds,  in  all  5,400  acres ;  and  two  water  corn-mills, 
within  the  limits  and  metes  aforesaid ;  and  also  the 
advowson  of  the  chui'ch  of  Kirk  Andi'cws ;  to  hold  to  the 
said  earl  and  his  heirs,  under  the  yearly  fee  farm  rent  of 
£150."  These  estates  were  afterwai'ds  sold  by  Francis 
Earl  of  Cumberland  to  Richard  Grahme,  or  Graham, 
Esq.,  to  whom,  in  1629,  King  Charles  remitted  a 
moiety  of  the  above-mentioned  rent.  The  barony  of 
LiddeU  continued  to  be  held  by  the  descendants  of  this 
Richard  till  the  year  1739,  when  Catherine,  one  of  the 
sisters  of  the  first  Viscount  Preston,  who  had  married 
William  Lord  Widdrington, became  eventually  possessed 
of  the  before-mentioned  estates,  and  died  in  1767,  having 
bequeathed  them  to  the  Rev.  Robert  Graham,  second 
son  of  her  uncle,  William  Graham,  dean  of  Carlisle, 
from  whom  they  have  descended  to  the  present  lord, 
the  Right  Hon.  Sir  James  Robert  George  Graham, 
Bart.,  of  Netherby. 

Netherby  Hall,  the  seat  of  the  lord  of  Netherby,  is 
dehghtfullv  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river  Esk. 
The  surrounding  scenery  of  this  splendid  villa  is  pic- 
turesquely and  sublimely  grand.  An  extensive  lawn 
opens  in  its  front,  diversified  by  lofty  trees,  and  encircled 


by  a  noble  sweep  of  the  river  Esk,  while  the  ornamental 
buildings  that  appear  on  every  hand  display  at  once 
the  taste  of  the  proprietor  and  enhance  the  grandeur 
of  the  prospect.  The  house  stands  on  the  situ  of  a 
Roman  station.  The  nucleus  of  the  seat  of  Sir  James 
Graham  is  a  border  tower,  with  walls  of  great  thicknes. 
These  walls  were  doubtless  erected  at  the  expense  of 
the  ramparts  and  buildings  of  the  camp,  within  which 
the  mansion  is  situate.  The  form  of  the  station  cannot 
now  be  satisfactorily  defined;  but  the  number  and 
importance  of  the  coins,  altars,  and  sculptures,  which 
have  been  found  within  it,  prove  that  it  was  a  place  of 
consequence  during  the  period  of  Roman  occupation. 
The  site,  though  not  greatly  elevated,  commands  an 
extensive  prospect  in  everj'  direction.  The  bank  on  its 
western  side,  which  slopes  down  to  the  valley  of  the 
Esk,  is  said  to  have  been  washed  in  ancient  days  by 
the  waters  of  the  Solway.  Among  the  many  important 
inscriptions  discovered  here,  is  one  to  Hadrian,  closely 
resembling  those  which  have  been  found  at  Milking  Gap, 
Bradley,  and  other  places.  The  stone  has  long  been  lost, 
but  in  Gough's  "Camden"  the  inscription  is  given  thus  ;— 


IMP.   CAES.   TRA. 

HADBIAXO 

AVG. 

I.EO.   n.   AVG.   F. 


Some  very  fine  sculptured  stones,  found  in  the  station, 
arc  preserved  on  the  spot.  Amongst  them  is  one  on 
which  is  figured  a  youth  standing  in  a  niche,  a  mural 
crown  is  on  his  head,  a  cornucopia  in  his  left  hand, 
and  a  patera,  from  which  he  pours  a  hbation  on  an 
altar,  in  his  right ;  it  is  one  of  the  finest  carvings  that 
is  to  be  met  with  in  the  north.  From  the  grooves 
which  are  cut  in  the  lower  part  of  the  stone,  it  has 
been  concluded  that  the  figure  has  been  formerly  set 
in  masonry,  perhaps  to  adorn  the  approach  of  some 
temple.  Gordon  supposed  the  figure  to  be  intended 
for  Hadrian;  Lysons  think  that  it  was  intended  for 
the  "  Genius  of  the  Wall  of  Severus."  Other  stones 
bearing  the  figures  of  the  Deae  Matres  have  been  found 
here.  Netherby  is  supposed  to  be  the  Castra  Explora- 
torum  of  the  Second  Itinerary  of  Antoninus,  which 
was  garrisoned  by  a  Numerus  Exploratum.  Its  situa- 
tion is  very  suitable  for  an  exploratory  gamson ;  and 
its  distance  from  Carlisle  on  the  one  hand,  and  fi-om 
IMiddleby,  in  Dumfriesshire,  on  the  other,  nearly  corre- 
sponds with  the  distance  at  which  it  is  set  down  in  the 
Itineraiy  both  from  Luguballium  and  Blatum  Bulgium. 

(grabam  of  ^dbcrbg. 

This  family  is  derived  from   the   Hon.   Catherine 
Graham,   surviving  aunt  and  heir  of  Charles,  last 


BEWCASTLE   PARISH. 


629 


Viscount  Preston,  and  wife  of  William  Lord  Widdrington 
of  Blankney,  djiug  in  1757,  without  issue,  devised  her 
estates  to  her  cousin, 

The  Rev.  Eobebt  Graham,  D.D.,  grandson  of  Sir  George 
Graliam,  second  baronet  of  I'lsk,  wlio  married  Frances,  daughter 
of  Sir  Reginald  Graham,  of  Norton  Conyei's,  and  Iiad 

I.  Charles,  who  died  before  his  father,  leaving  au  only  daughter, 

married  to  Julm  Webb  Westou,  Esq. 

II.  James,  first  baronet. 

III.  Fergus,  rector  of  Kirkondrcws-upon-Esk,  whu  married 
.Idhnnnu,  dmighlerof  nuin])l)rey  Giiie,  Kscj.,  and  was  father 
of  Fergus  {indium,  Esq..  II.B  .\[.  consul  at  Hayonne,  mar- 
ried Aielbeii,  (laiigliter  of  William  Evans  .lames,  Esq.,  of 
Barrock,  Cumberland,  and  has  issue, 

William  (iraham,  Esq.,  married  Dora,daughter  of  Richard 
Henry  Molliind,  Esij,,  by  Dorodiea,  eldest  daughter  of 
the  late  Nathaniel  lihmd,  Kscj.,  of  iiandalls  Park, 
Letttlierhead,  Surrey,  and  Bally  Carbery  Custle,  Caliir- 
civeeii,  Kerry,  and  has  issue. 

He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  surviring  son, 

James  Graham,  Esq.,  of  Netherhy,  who  was  created  a  baronet 
98th  of  December,  1782.  Sir  James  married,  in  1785,  Catherine, 
eldest  daughter  of  John,  seventh  earl  of  Galloway,  by  whom  (who 
died  in  September,  lB3fi)  he  had  issue, 

I.  James  Robert  Geoboe,  present  baronet. 
II.  William,  iu  holy  orders. 

III.  Charles. 

IV.  George,  married  Maria,  youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Edward 

Hassell,  Esq. 
I.  Elizabeth  Frances,  died  in  IwlO. 

U.  Elizabeth  Anne,  married  March  4tli,  1818,  to  the  Rev.  William 
WaddUove,  only  sou  of  the  Dean  of  Ripon. 


III.  Catherine  Maria,  died  12lh  May,  1830. 

IV.  Carolme,  married   I82I,  to  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  BarL,  of 

Braytou,  co.  (Cumberland. 

V.  Georgiaua  Susan. 

VI.  Uarriett  Anne,  maiTied  10th  July,  1832,  to  Captain  Frederick 

Madou,  of  the  East  India  Company's  ser^■ice. 
VII.  Charlotte,  married  28th  June,  1828,  to  Sir  George  Musgrave, 

Bart. 
VIII.  Caroline. 

He  died  in  1824,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

The  Right  Hon.  Sin  James  Robert  Georof.  Graham,  Bart., 
M.P.,  of  Netherhy,  co.  Cumberland  ;  a  privy  councillor ;  bom 
1st  June,  17!)2;  married,  8th  July,  1811),  Fanny  Callendar, 
youngest  daughter  of  Colonel  and  Lady  Elizabeth  Callender,  of 
Crayfofd  and  Ai'dkinglass,  and  has  issue, 

I.  Frederick  Ulric,  bom  2nd  April,  1820;  late  ITtli  Lancers, 

married,  aOlh  October,  18.'J2,  Lady  Jane  Hermione  St.  Maur, 
eldest  daughter  of  Edward  .\di>lphu3  Duke  of  Somerset,  and 
has  two  daughters,  Margaret  Frances,  and  Violet  Hermione. 

II.  Mohse  Reginald,  bom  l.'ith  February,  1833. 
III.  James  Stanley,  born  13lh  April,  1836. 

I.  Constauce  Helena. 
II.  Mabel  Violet,  married,  7th  August,  1851,  to  the  Hon.  William 

Ernest  Duncombe. 
m.  Helen. 

Creation.— iHtii  December,  1782. 

Arms. — Or,  on  a  chief;  three  escallops,  of  the  field. 

Crest. — A  crown  vallerj-,  or. 

il/o((o.— Reason  contents  me. 

Hallburn  aud  Slealands  are  hamlets  iu  this  township. 


BEWCASTLE  PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Bcwcastle  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Nichol  Forest  and  Scotland,  on  the  west  by  Stapletou  parish, 

on  the  south  by  that  of  Lauercost,  and  on  the  east  by  Northumberland.  It  comprises  the  townships  of  Bewcastle, 
Bailey,  Bellbank,  aud  Ni.xons,  whoso  united  area  is  30,000  acres. 

township.  Af^riculturo  is  the  priucipal  employment  of 


nEWC.^STLE. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £1,465  Is. 
The  population  in  1801  was  17:);  in  1811,  198;  iu 
1821,  188;  in  1831,  177;  in  1811,  181;  and  in  18yl, 
1 80.  A  survey  for  the  enclosure  of  Grey  Fell  common 
was  made  in  thn  year  1819  ;  a  copy  of  the  award  and 
plan  is  deposited  iu  Hewcastlo  church.  The  award  was 
confirmed  by  tlio  Enclosure  Commissioners  January 
7tli,  1850.  Tho  population  chiefly  reside  in  detached 
farm-houses  and  cottages.  There  is  no  town  or  village 
in  the  township.  The  people  are  industrious  and 
temperate  in  their  habits,  there  being  no  inn  or 
beershop  iu  the  township.  Tho  language  appears  to 
be  intermi-vcd  with  a  great  number  of  Danish  and 
Norso  words.  Many  of  tho  names  of  places  in  this 
district  soem  to  have  been  taken  from  Norse  appellatives, 
raising  a  probability  that  there  has  been  a  Norwegian 
settlement  along  tho  edges  of  these  hills.  A  public 
road  to  New  Castleton,  in  Scotland,  passes  through  this 


the  inhabitants.  A  company  was  formed  about  the 
year  1848  to  search  for  lead  and  iron  at  White  Preston, 
on  the  Grey  Fell  Common,  but  did  not  succeed.  They 
opened  a  shaft  of  some  ancient  workings,  and  drove  a 
lead  into  tho  north  side  of  the  hill,  but  found  nothing 
more  viduublo  than  hmostono.  Several  tracings  of 
ancient  workings  for  lead  may  still  be  seen  on  the  Grey 
Fell,  and  on  tho  Iligbgrains  Waste,  especially  near 
Hazelgill  Pike.  There  is  a  limekiln  at  the  Bauks  for 
public  sale,  but  limestone  is  so  abundant  in  this  and  tho 
other  townships  in  the  parish  of  Bcwcirstle,  that  almost 
every  farm  has  its  own  limekiln.  There  is  some  excel- 
lent grazing  land  in  tho  township,  especially  on  tho 
Domesuo  and  Park  farms,  with  a  large  quantity  of 
unimproved  common  on  Grey  Fell.  Tho  western  part 
of  tho  township  is  cultivated  in  farms,  producing  good 
crops  of  corn  aud  meadow  hay  :  the  eastern  portion  is 
a  strong  clayey  moorland,  covered  with  stunted  heather. 


G30 


ESEDALE  WABD. 


called  the  Grey  Fell,  which  lies  very  liigh,  and  from 
the  summit  of  which  the  water  runs  both  to  the  east 
and  to  the  west.  The  Back  Bone  of  Euglaud  passes 
through  this  and  the  adjoining  townships.  The  Helm 
wind  is  fre(iaently  felt  in  a  moderate  degree  in  the 
vale  of  Bewcastle.  Brampton  is  the  market  usually 
attended,  and  sometimes  that  at  Carlisle. 

An  old  British  road,  called  the  Maiden  Way,  after- 
wards converted  into  a  lioman  road  (probably  the  Tenth 
Iter  of  the  Itinerary  of  Antoninus)  passed  through  tliis 
township.  It  entered  it  at  the  Dollerline,  passed  the 
Braes,  the  Hill,  and  the  Crew,  at  each  of  which  places 
we  find  traces  of  ancient  buildings.  It  quitted  the 
township  at  the  Crew  Bum.  A  branch  of  this  road 
passed  on  the  west  side  of  the  station  at  Bewcastle, 
over  the  Hall  Hills,  through  the  Peelohill  and  the  Park 
grounds,  and  left  the  township  at  Wellington  Gate,  appa- 
rently aiming  for  Tionics  Hill,  in  Scotland.  Another 
ancient  road  has  gone  from  the  Braes  to  the  north-west, 
passed  the  Pikcfoot,  the  Parkhead,  the  Parknook,  and 
over  the  Bothrigg  Hill.  There  is  a  large  tumulus — a 
very  fine  ship  barrow — in  the  Peelohill  ground. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  Piev.  John  Maughau,  rector, 
for  the  following  communication  respecting  the  Roman 
station  at  Bewcastle  : — 

"Bewcastle  (from  its  irregular  shape,  something 
between  an  oval  and  a  circle,  and  perhaps  also  from  its 
proximity  to  the  old  British  road  called  the  Maiden 
Way,'  which  passes  it,  and  which  was  probably  the 
Tenth  Iter  of  the  Itinerary  of  Antoninus),  has  been 
considered  by  some  to  have  been  a  Pictish  or  British 
encampment  before  it  was  occupied  by  the  Romans. 
Horsley  thinks  that  the  Roman  name  of  the  station 
was  Apiatorium.  Jlr.  Hodgson,  in  his  '  History  of 
Northumberland,'  supposes  that  it  may  have  been 
Banna.  I  would  venture  to  suggest  that  as  Whitley 
Castle  appeai-s  to  be  tho  Alionis  of  the  Tenth  Iter  of 
the  Itinerary,  then  Bewcastle  will  be  the  Galava,''  and 
Castleton  the  Olannavonta  of  the  said  Iter. 

"It  is  probable  that  Agricola,  as  he  proceeded  north- 
wards in  his  career  of  conquest,  would  adopt  the  old 
British  roads,  as  convenient  for  caiTying  out  his  plans 
of  aggression,  and  that  lie  would  convert  them  into 
Roman  roads  as  speedily  and  efficiently  as  possible. 

"  I  The  word  Maden,  or  Madien,  is  an  old  Celtic  or  British  appel- 
ladoii,  and  signifies  raised,  or  elevated.  Hence  the  term  Maiden 
Way  simply  means  a  raised  road  or  liighway." 

"-The  name  Galava  is  still  retained  in  the  district,  under  the  cor- 
rupted form  of  \Vulje\-va,  or  Wulhewa,  which  wna  formerly  applied 
to  the  valley  in  which  Bewcastle  is  placed,  and  also  the  north  side  of 
the  parish  of  Lauereost,  which  adjoins  it.  I  have  treated  more  at 
large  on  this  subject  in  a  memoir  on  the  Maiden  Way  published  in 
the  'Archffiological  Journal,'  vol.  xi.,  p,  300.    1864." 


As  his  troops  advanced,  suitable  stations  would  bo 
seized  upon  and  occupied  as  sites  for  fortresses,  wliich 
would  thus  be  placed  one  in  advance  of  another,  and 
afford  mutual  support  to  each  other — Bewcastle  serving 
as  an  advanced  post  to  Whitley  Castle,  and  Castleton 
taking  the  same  position  with  regard  to  Bewcastle. 
The  earliest  period  at  which  we  can  suppose  that  Bew- 
castle was  thus  occupied  as  a  fortress  by  the  Romans 
will  be  about  a.d.  70  ;  for  it  is  generally  admitted  that 
Agricola  seized  upon  this  district  and  placed  his  garrisons 
here  in  his  second  campaign,  i.  e.,  about  a.d.  70. 

"  The  station  at  Bewcastle  has  been  placed  on  the 
nearly  level  surface  of  a  low  and  in-egularly-shaped 
eminence :  its  form  has  been  hexagonal,  but  its  sides 
are  unequal.  Their  respective  lengths  are  as  follows : — 
South-west  side,  108  yards ;  south,  78  yards ;  south- 
east, 05  yards ;  north-east,  125  yards ;  north,  146 
yards;  and  north-west,  83  yards.  The  station,  therefore, 
would  occupy  about  sLx  acres  of  ground.  The  outer 
wall  of  the  station  appears  to  have  been  of  considerable 
thickness,  but  it  is  now  in  ruins,  and  covered  with  turf. 
In  some  places  it  is  nearly  level  with  the  ground,  but  it 
still  shows  distinctly  the  site  of  the  wall.  It  appears  to 
have  been  protected  by  an  outer  rampart  and  a  small 
fosse  or  covered  way.  The  south  side  would  also  be 
defended  by  the  steep  bank  of  the  river  Kirkbeck.  On 
the  north  side  of  the  station  there  are  some  traces  of 
ramparts  or  buildings  at  a  small  distance  from  it,  which 
appear  to  have  been  a  procestrium,  or  advanced  post  of 
defence.  The  south-east  side  has  declined  a  little  from 
its  orignal  elevation,  the  river  having  made  encroach- 
ments here  at  different  times  and  washed  away  the 
bottom  of  the  bank,  which  is  a  sort  of  quicksand.  There 
is  a  spring  of  excellent  water  on  this  side  called  the 
Priest's  Well.  On  the  western  side  there  has  been  a 
kiln  for  drying  corn,  placed  at  the  distance  of  sixty 
yards  from  the  outer  wall.  Within  the  southern  side, 
and  nearly  upon  the  southern  wall,  the  new  rectory 
house,  out-offices,  and  garden  arc  placed,  which  were 
built  in  the  year  1837 ;  and  on  the  north  side  of  these 
are  the  church,  and  the  churchyard,  in  which  stands 
the  celebrated  Runic  pillar.  At  the  north-east  corner 
of  the  station  is  the  castlo  (now  in  ruinsj,  and  its  moat; 
and  on  the  northern  side  are  the  present  manor  house, 
farm  buildings,  and  garden.  The  remainder  of  the 
station  is  an  excellent  pastiu'e.  Several  traces  of  the 
foundations  of  ancient  buildings  occur  in  every  part  of 
the  station,  proving  it  to  have  been  a  place  of  consider- 
able importance.  Almost  every  grave  that  is  made  cuts 
through  foundation  walls.  There  are  also  several  traces 
of  flagging  and  pavements.  Pieces  of  coal  are  often 
found,  showing  that  they  were  probably  acquainted  with 


BEWCASTLE  PAEISH. 


631 


the  coal  mines  of  the  district.  From  a  stratum  of  ashes 
which  is  often  found  in  the  graves,  about  three  feet 
below  the  surface,  we  may  infer  that  the  place  has  been 
destroyed  by  fire  at  some  remote  period.  On  the  top  of 
tho  hiU,  to  the  north-west,  are  some  groundworks, 
connected  with  the  station  by  a  raised  road,  which  are 
said  to  have  been  a  hall  occupied  by  some  of  the  younger 
branches  of  tho  family  settled  at  Bewcastle — hence  the 
place  is  called  the  Hallliills.  On  the  eastern  and 
western  face  of  this  hiU  we  find  terraces,  the  ancient 
traces  of  cultivation.  About  400  yards  above  the 
station,  on  the  margin  of  the  river,  is  a  place  called  the 
'cannon-holes,'  where  Oliver  Cromwell  (perhaps  errone- 
ously) is  said  to  have  planted  his  cannon  when  he 
destroyed  the  castle.  On  the  south-east  side  of  the 
station,  at  a  short  distance,  is  a  cottage  called  the 
Churchcloses,  where  some  sculptured  and  inscribed 
stones  have  been  found.  It  may  have  formerly  cou- 
stituted  a  portion  of  the  suburbs  of  the  Roman  city. 
There  is  a  trace  of  tho  foundations  of  a  small  square 
building  near  the  cottage  ;  and  there  is  a  small  embank- 
ment or  raised  road  leading  from  the  eastern  gate  of  the 
station  in  the  direction  of  these  foundations. 

"The  camp  appears  to  have  been  built  according  to  the 
usual  mode  of  Roman  castrametation.  The  streets  called 
the  Via  Principalis  and  the  Via  Quintana  may  be  still 
accurately  traced.  The  site  of  the  pnetorium,  or  general's 
quarters,  is  very  conspicuous,  being  nearly  in  the  centre 
of  the  camp,  at  the  north-west  corner  of  the  churcliyard. 
The  foundations  of  most  of  the  other  buildings,  according 
to  the  regular  Polybian  plan,  are  distinct.  The  manor 
house  stands  on  the  pnetoriau  or  northern  gateway. 
There  has  been  an  entrance  on  tho  west  side  from  the 
.Maiden  Way,  which  passes  the  station  on  this  side. 
Tho  position  of  this  entrance  (tho  left  principal  gate- 
way) is  very  apparent,  having  bad  a  small  guard-house 
at  each  side.  From  this  gateway  the  Via  Principalis  may 
be  easily  followed  to  the  east  side  of  the  station,  where 
we  may  also  trace  the  position  of  the  eastern  entrance, 
or  right  principal  gateway,  which  has  also  been  flanked  by 
a  small  guard-house  at  each  side.  The  decuman,  or 
southern  gateway,  is  not  so  apparent,  but  in  the  year 
IH-iO  I  dug  out  part  of  the  foundations  of  one  of  its 
guard-houses. 

"Tho  station  is  not  destitute  of  its  memorials  and 
evidences  of  ancient  occupation.  Several  Ilonian  coins, 
rings,  unis,  pieces  of  red  Samian  and  black  pottery 
both  plain  and  figured,  vases.  Hanged  tiles,  bricks, 
o.xydatod  iron,  beads,  glass,  votive  tablets,  inscribed 
altars,  and  other  reUcs,  have  been  found  at  dilVoreut 
periods.  Several  specimens  of  quenis  of  various  sorts 
have  boon   turned   up  —  those  primitive  engines  for 


grinding  meal  which  we  find  so  often  alluded  to  in  the 
Bible,  and  which  are  shown  in  antiquarian  museums  as 
things  of  a  past  age,  but  which  may  stUl  be  seen 
flourishing  in  lively  use  in  the  Fai-oe  Islands,  and  some 
other  of  these  northern  outlandish  parts  of  the  earth.^ 

"  Several  inscribed  stones  have  been  found  at  this 
station.  Camden  says — •  In  the  chiu-ch,  now  almost 
ruinated,  there  lyes  a  grave-stone  brought  hither  from 
some  other  place,  with  this  inscription,  Legio  secunda 
Augusta  fecit.'  Camden,  it  appears,  was  not  aware  at 
that  time  that  this  was  a  Homan  station.  On  this 
point,  however,  there  cannot  now  be  a  doubt.  Horsley 
thinks  that  he  afterwards  saw  the  same  stone  in 
Naworth  Garden — if  so,  it  was  probably  removed  by 
'  Belted  Will;'  The  inference  to  be  drawn  from  this 
inscribed  stone  is  this — that  a  part  of  the  second  legion, 
which  was  styled  Augusta,  was  engaged  in  the  erectioa 
of  this  fortress. 

"  When  Horsley  visited  the  station  he  saw  an 
inscribed  slab  in  the  churchyard,  at  the  head  of  a  grave, 
set  upright  ou  the  edge,  with  the  remains  of  an  inscrip- 
tion, which  he  ventm-es  to  read  thus  —  'Imperatori 
C;csari  Trajano  Hadriano  Augusto  Legiones  Secunda 
Augusta  et  Vicessima  valens  victrix  sub  Licinio  Prisco 
Legato  Augustali  Proprsetore."-    He  says  — '  It  has 

1  "  About  twelve  years  since,  a  gold  ring  set  with  a  brilliant  was 
found  in  tlie  garden  hedge  of  the  manor  house,  and  taken  possession 
of  by  the  farmer's  daughter.  A  stone,  with  a  broad  sword  cut  upon 
it,  was  dug  out  of  a  grave  about  twenty  years  ago,  and  now  forms 
part  of  the  door  of  one  of  tlie  offices  of  tlie  rectory  house.  In  the 
same  grave  were  also  found  several  coins  which  were  not  preserved, 
and  part  of  an  old  iron  grate,  which  tlie  blacksmith  pronoimced  to 
be  of  the  best  quidity  tliat  ever  passed  under  his  hammer.  In  another 
grave,  in  lH:i(),  an  iron  sword  about  two  feet  in  length  was  found,  but 
was  immediately  broken  into  small  fragments  by  one  of  the  persons 
who  found  it.  In  the  year  I'llO  a  brass  coin  of  Antoninus  I'ius  was 
founil  about  live  or  six  feet  beneath  the  surface,  close  to  the  west 
end  of  the  rectory  house.  A  silver  coin  of  llic  Emperor  Nena  was 
foimd  a  few  years  before  near  the  decuman  gateway.  This  coin  of 
Nerva  has  COS.  111.  upou  it.  The  diue  ihercloro  is  a.u.  7li,  and 
hence  a  strong  presumption  arises  that  Bewcastle  was  actually  in  the 
occupation  of  the  Romans  at  that  period,  as  before  suggested.  lu 
the  summer  of  IS.'i.'i  I  found  in  tlio  rectory  ganlen  a  small  coin, 
appareiuly  of  Viclorinns.  .Mmiy  other  coins  have  been  found  at  ilif- 
ferent  periods  but  they  have  been  losL  In  tlio  year  IbSo  a  small 
blue  bead  was  turned  up,  and  a  piece  of  lead  resembling  a  small 
plmnmet.  Portions  of  leaden  conduit  have  been  fouud  formerly — 
also  of  a  Mosaic  door,  as  stated  in  llie  '  Gentleman's  Magazine,'  vol. 
(U,  part '4,  p.  ill  II.  I  have  ri'ceully  fouud  several  pieces  of  ycllow- 
i(doured  pottery,  having  apparently  been  part  of  tlie  handle,  &c.  of 
an  amphora.  Some  of  tlie  pieces  of  red  Samian  ware  have  dogs  and 
other  devices  marked  upou  them.  Some  of  them  have  curiously- 
shaped  lips  or  spttuts  (or  tlie  ronvenience  of  pouring ;  aihl  one  of 
tlieni  has  tlie  maker's  muuo  'Martitius'  slam|>ed  upou  it  —  MAR- 
TINIAI,  i.  I'.,  Martini  manu,  Irom  Iht  hand  qf  Afarlinua." 

a  "  It  may  bo  translated  tliiis— '  The  second  legion  styled  Angusia, 
and  the  twentieth  legion  styled  Valens  Victrix,  under  Liciuiiis 
I'riscus,  an  .\ugtittid  Legate  and  Proprietor  (dedicated  ibis)  to  the 
Kmperur  Caauu  Trajau  Hadrian  .\ugiislu$.' " 


6S-i 


ESKDALE  WAED. 


been  a  very  curious  inscription,  though  it  is  now  imper- 
fect. It  was  found  at  first  at  the  bottom  of  a  grave, 
and  has  not  been  published  before.  I  take  it  to  have 
been  an  lionorarj-  monument,  erected  to  Hadrian  by  the 
Legio  Secunda  Augusta  and  the  Legio  Vicessima.  I 
cannot  find  any  name  of  a  propra;tor  that  fully  suits 
the  letters  in  the  inscription ;  but  we  have  Priscus 
Licinius  mentioned  in  the  inscription  in  Hadrian's 
time,  which  seems  to  approach  the  nearest.  The 
two  names,  Licinius  and  Priscus,  might  be  inverted 
in  an  inscription,  as  we  find  names  are  sometimes 
in  authors.'  If  the  stone  was  inscribed  in  honour 
of  Hadrian  which  however  is  not  certain,  as  the  name 
of  Hadrian  is  not  legible  on  the  stone,  then  we  may 
infer  from  it  that  a  part  of  the  second  legion,  which 
was  styled  Augusta,  and  a  part  of  the  twentieth 
legion,  which  was  styled  VictrLx  Valeria  (not  Valens 
according  to  the  list  of  Dion  Cassius,)  kept  garrison  at 
this  station  at  the  time  when  the  Emperor  Hadrian 
made  his  very  brief  visit  to  Britain.  This  stone  is 
nowhere  to  be  seen  at  Bcwcastlc  at  the  present  day. 

"  Hutchinson,  in  his  '  History  of  Cumberland,'  p.  03, 
mentions  a  stone  which  he  discovered  over  the  channel 
at  the  gate  of  the  public  house  yard.  This  would  be 
the  demesne,  or  manor  house,  of  the  present  day.  The 
stone  appears  to  have  been  a  plain  slab,  and  he  gives 
the  following  copy  of  the  inscription,  but  offers  no 
explanation  of  it : — 


I  0  M 

coH  I  DAC : : : 

ATIEI  :  CENTVR 

iFcrr 


The  first  word  of  the  third  line  would  probably  be 
AEiLLE,  the  last  two  letters  being  tied  together,  as  we 
often  find  two,  or  sometimes  more  letters,  tied  together, 
in  Roman  inscriptions.  It  might  be  read  thus  :  — '  Jovi 
Optimo  maximo  cohortis  primae  Dacorum  Aellise  Cen- 
turio  fecit.' — '  To  Jupiter  the  best,  the  greatest,  a  cen- 
turion of  the  first  cohort  of  the  Dacians  styled  .Slha  made 
this.'  Besides  the  legionary  troops  employed  in  the 
Eoman  service,  there  were  several  au.xiliary  cohorts  of 
foreign  troops,  which  not  only  assumed  the  name  of  the 
conquered  province  to  which  they  belonged,  but  some- 
times added  another  title,  in  honour  of  the  emperor 
under  whom  (perhaps)  they  enlisted,  or  were  then 
serving.  Tliis  cohort  was  then  called  iEllia,  in  honour 
of  Hadrian,  who  was  styled  Titus  .^illius  Hadrianus ; 
and  also  Dacorum  from  their  country,  which  stretched 
on  the  north  of  the  Danube  towards  the  Carpathian  moun- 
tains, and  comprehended  part  of  Hungary,  Transylvania, 
Moldavia,  and  AVallachia.    The  Roman  army  list  called 


the  Notitia  places  this  cohort  at  Burdoswald,'  and 
several  stones  have  been  found  there  which  men- 
tion this  cohort,  and  as  the  names  of  nine  difTerent 
commanders  appear  on  these  stones,  we  may  reasonably 
conclude  that  it  must  have  been  stationed  there  for  a 
considerable  period.  From  this  Bewcastle  stone  we  may 
infer  that  a  part  of  this  cohort  must  also  have  been 
stationed  here,  either  along  wdth  the  second  legion,  or 
perhaps  after  its  removal. 

"Hutchinson  also  mentions  an  altar  which  he  says 
'  was  found  lately,  and  is  in  the  possession  of  the  Rev. 
J.  D.  Carlyle,'  who  was  afterwards  chancellor  of  the 
diocese  of  Carlisle.  It  is  now  in  the  possession  of 
Lieut. -colonel  Maclean,  of  Lazonby.  An  account  of  it 
was  communicated  by  Mr.  Carlyle  to  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  in  1792,  which  was  published  with  a 
representation  of  the  altar  in  the  '  Archasologia,'  vol. 
xi.,  pi.  vi.,  p.  09.  He  stated  that  it  had  been  sent  to 
him  a  few  months  previously,  having  been  found  in  the 
bed  of  a  rivulet  at  Bewcastle.  He  supposed  this  altar 
to  have  been  dedicated  to  Cocideus,  a  local  deity,  by 
Titus  Auvuncus,  promoted  to  the  rank  of  tribune,  having 
been  an  evocatus,  or  volunteer,  coutiuuiug  to  serve  after 
the  usual  time  of  military  service  had  been  completed. 
It  may  be  read  thus : — '  Sancto  Cocideo  Titus  Auruncus 
felicissimus  tribunus  ex  evocato  votum  solvit  lubens 
merito ' — '  Titus  Auruncus  raised  to  be  a  verj"  happy 
tribune  from  an  evocatus,  or  volunteer,  pays  his  vow 
wiUingly  and  deservedly  to  the  holy  Cocideus.' 

"  On  a  sUp  of  paper  in  Mr.  Howard's  copy  of  Hut- 
chinson's '  History  of  Cumberland,'  is  the  representa- 
tion of  an  altar,  with  the  following  note  : — '  Found  at 
Bewcastle,  near  the  place  where  two  others  were  found 
last  Martinmas,  and  now  (1812)  in  the  possession  of 
the  curate.'  The  inscription  may  be  deciphered  thus — 
'  Deo  Marti  et  Cocideo  sancto  Aelius  Vitaliauus  dat 
dedicat  lubens  merito." — '  Aelius  Vitalianus  gives  and 
dedicates  this  wiUingly  and  deservedly  to  the  God  Mars 
and  to  the  holy  Cocideus.'  This  is  the  second  altar 
dedicated  to  Cocideus  found  at  this  station.  = 

"  I  This  word  is  generally  written  Birdoswald.  I  prefer  Burdoswald, 
as  given  by  Hutchinson.  It  is  probably  derived  from  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  word  '  burh,'  a  borough ;  and  hence  Burdoswald,  by  corrup- 
tion for  Burhcswald, '  the  town  of  Oswold." " 

"-The  word  Cocideus  appears  to  be  simply  an  abbreviation  of  the 
words  Coccii  Deus — the  God  of  Coccinni,  which  was  tlje  name  of  one 
of  the  stations  of  the  Tentli  Iter  of  the  Itinerary,  and  supposed  to  be 
the  present  Lancaster.  This  confirms  my  views  as  to  the  Jlaiden  Way 
and  the  Tentli  Iter,  and  consequently  as  to  Bewcastle  being  the 
Galava  of  the  Romans.  Several  altars  have  been  found  elsewhere 
bearing  the  name  of  Cocideus,  but  they  have  all  been  found  not  far 
from  the  line  of  the  Maiden  Way.  On  some  of  these  the  name  of 
Mars  has  been  combined  with  Cocideus ;  and  the  name  Cocideus  has 
consequently  been  supposed  by  some  to  have  been  a  local  name  of 


BEWCASTLE   PARISH. 


633 


"  Horsley  mentions  another  stone  found  at  this  place, 
with  TEMPLVM  distinctly  upon  it,  but  says  it  was 
then  broken  and  destroyed.  In  the  spring  of  1852  I 
found  tlio  upper  part  of  a  Koman  altar,  which  is 
probably  the  one  to  which  Horeley  alludes.  It  bears 
the  following  inscription: — '  Jovi  Optimo  Maximo 
Immortali  Dolicheno  Templum  a  solo  pro.'  It  appears 
to  have  been  dedicated  '  To  Jupiter  Dolichenus  the 
best,  the  greatest,  the  immortal'  on  the  erection 
of  a  temple,  probably  by  the  Roman  workers  in  iron 
a  solo,  from  the  ground,  ie.,  from  the  foundation ; 
pro  salute,  for  the  safety  of  some  person  whoso  name 
may  have  been  inscribed  on  the  part  of  the  stone  now 
broken  off,  as  there  appear  to  be  some  vestiges  of  letters 
in  the  fifth  line  underneath. '  Jupiter  \Yas  sometimes 
Btyled  Dolichenus,  from  Doliche,  a  district  in  Macedonia, 
famous  for  its  iron.  There  can  be  no  question  that 
iron  has  been  smelted  here  at  some  former  period  (pro- 
bably by  the  Romans)  as  there  are  several  heaps  of 
slag  in  the  district,  showing  where  the  operation  has 
been  carried  on." 

"  An  aged  neighbour  informed  mo  that  a  stone 
covered  witb  letters  was  found  about  sixty  years  since 
on  the  margin  of  the  river  near  the  Byer  Cottage,  and 
that  it  stood  for  a  considerable  period  at  the  rectory 
door  of  the  Rev.  Jlr.  Messenger.  It  was  afterwards 
carted  away  by  this  man's  father  to  Carlisle,  and,  as  he 
believed,  went  to  Workington  or  Whitehaven.  A  stone 
with  some  sculpture  in  relief,  but  without  letters,  was 


Mors.  An  altar  founJ  at  Lancaster  liears  both  names. —  Archfcologia, 
vol.  xiii.,  p.  101.  The  Lysons,  in  their  '  llislnry  of  Cumberland,' 
nientiuii  seven  altars  deilicatcd  to  Cocidous,  found  in  Cuiubeiland, 
and  give  the  inscriptions,  pp.  cliii.,  exlviii.  Hutchinson  gives  a  le- 
presenlation  of  one  found  at  Burdoswahl,  and  mentions  another  as 
remaining  ut  Scaleby.  There  is  one  at  Lanereost  said  to  have  been 
found  at  13ankshead;  another  is  said  to  have  been  found  at  Howgill, 
about  a  mile  from  Lanereost;  and  another  at  Ilardriding,  near  the 
western  border  of  Northumberland,  and  not  for  from  liurdoswald. 
Another  was  found  in  1H51  mar  Bleulam,  which  is  now,  1  believe,  in 
the  possession  of  the  reprcaeutalivus  of  the  late  Robert  Bell  of 
Irlhingtoii." 

"II  sent  a  tracing  of  the  letters  to  Dr.  Bnicc,  who  read  them 
thus: — Movi  Optimo  Maximo  Dolicheno  templum  a  solo  pro  se  ac 
sois.'  I  also  sent  him  a  drawing  of  Uie  altar,  and  he  has  given  an 
engraving  of  it  in  his '  Roman  Wall,'  p.  378." 

**3  As  there  have  been  very  few  stones  dedicated  to  Jupiter  Doli- 
chenus  found  in  I'.ngland  this  im'rits  the  f-pecial  notice  of  orcha;o- 
logists.  In  Gibson's'  .\d1lition3  to  Camden'  (Monmouthshire)  we  Ond 
a  representation  of  un  olt^ir  said  to  have  been  discovered  at  St. 
Julian's,  near  Kaer-Leion.  Sfr.  Oibson  says: — '  Itaccins  worth  the 
enquiry  of  the  curious  npon  what  occasion  Jupilcr  is  here  stile  d 
DoUchenui.  To  nic  it  seems  probable  that  ibis  nltar  was  creeled  to 
implore  his  tuition  of  some  iron  mines,  cither  in  the  forest  of  Dean, 
or  some  other  place  in  this  country.  The  grounds  of  which  conjecture 
I  lake  from  this  inscription  iu  Reinesius  -.—Juvi  vptimo  niaximo 

n 


found  about  thirty  years  since,  near  the  same  place, 
and  is  now  iu  the  wall  in  the  Bewcastle  Barn. 

"  Such  are  the  vestiges  which  have  been  found  at 
ditTercnt  periods  proving  that  Bewcastle  was  one  of  the 
garrisoned  cities  of  the  Roman.  After  the  departure  of 
the  Roman  warriors  from  Britain,  about  the  beginning 
of  the  fifth  century,  it  would  most  probably  be  re-tenanted 
by  the  inhabitants  of  the  district,  but  they  were  not 
allowed  to  enjoy  their  own  again  for  any  length  of 
time,  as  they  were  soon  expelled  by  a  colony  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  invaders,  whose  fortifications  (before  their 
inroads  on  the  Roman  Empirej  were  mere  earthworks, 
as  iu  their  half  nomadic  state  they  had  neither  means 
nor  motive  for  constructing  any  other  ;  but  their  con- 
quest and  colonization  of  the  greater  part  of  Roman 
Britain  put  them  in  possession  of  a  more  solid  class  of 
fortifications,  such  as  this  at  Bewcastle ;  and  about  this 
period  wo  may  presume  that  the  old  British  name 
Galava  was  converted  into  the  AVulhevva  of  the  Saxons. 
We  have  no  historic  records  of  Bewcastle  during  this 
period,  but  the  inscriptions  on  the  Runic  obelisk  yet 
standing  in  the  churchyard  render  it  something  more 
than  probable  that  it  was  a  royal  residence  iu  the 
seventh  century,  for  it  is  unquestionably  a  monument 
pointing  out  the  burial-place  of  Alfred,  oue  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  kings  of  this  part  of  the  country. 

"  From  the  seventh  to  the  eleventh  century  history 
gives  us  no  information  respecting  Bewcastle.  Denton, 
in  his  'Manuscript,'  says,  'I  read  of  one  Beueth,'  a 


Dotycheno,  uhiferrum  nascitur,  C.  Sempronius  Rectus,  cent,  frumen- 
tarhis,  D.D.  For  unless  Caius  Sempronius,  who  dedicates  this  altar 
to  Juvi  Duli/clu'iio,  makes  his  request  to  Jupiter,  that  he  would  either 
direct  them  to  iiud  out  iron  mines,  or  be  propitious  to  some  they  had 
already  discovered,!  caimot  conjecture  why  he  should  add  the  words^ 
uhiferrum  uascilur;  which  were  not  ouly  superfluous,  but  absurd,  if 
they  imply'd  no  more  than  barely  that  iron  ore  was  found  ot  Dolyche, 
a  town  of  Macedonia,  whence  Jupiter  was  call'd  Polyclienus.'  I  lorsley 
gives  another  altar  thus  inscribed,  found  at  Binwell  on  the  Roman 
Wall  ;  and  Hodgson  notices  another  found  at  Risinghani,  another 
district  where  iron  ore  abounds.  These,  I  believe,  are  the  only  altars 
so  inscribed  found  in  England.'  '  Mr.  Roach  Smith,  in  the  'Collec- 
tanca  .Uitiqua,' vol.  1,  page  1^,  gives  some  account  of  this  title  of 
Jupiter  in  the  notice  of  a  gollo— Romim  altar,  now  a  baptismal  front 
in  the  church  of  llalinghen,  Pas  de  Calais.  To  tliose  antiquaries 
who  may  desire  furtlicr  evidence  on  this  curious  subject  of  Roman 
mythology,  it  moy  be  acceptable  to  be  informed  that  n  detailed 
memoir  on  the  cij//i«  (or  peculiar  mode  of  worship)  of  Dolichenus 
has  been  given  by  M.  SeidI,  in  the  last  vohmie  of  the '  Transactions  of 
the  Imperial  .Vcadcmy  of  Vieima'  ( Division  of  History.  &c.,  vol.  xii.) 
The  author  gives  six  plates  of  altars,  and  enumerates  sixty-eight 
mouuiuents,  vases,  &c.,  bearing  tlic  name  of  Dolichenus." 

"  >  This  Buctli  has  been  genemlly  supposc<l  (0  have  been  an  Anglo- 
Saxon.  Ho  may,  however,  have  been  one  of  the  band  of  Norwegians 
who  appear  to  have  settled  iu  lliis  district,  the  word  being  derived 
from  the  old  Norse  verb,  bun,  to  dwell.  Mauy  local  appellaiious  are 
evidently  of  Norse  and  Danish  citntctioti.'' 


634 


ESKDALE  WAED. 


Cumberland  man,  about  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  who 
built  Buecastle,  and  was  lord  of  Buecastle  dale.'  Here, 
then,  we  have  the  origin  of  the  castle  which  occupies 
the  north-eastern  corner  of  the  station. ° 

"  In  King  Stephen's  time  (between  US')  and  115-1) 
'  wheu  the  Scots  were  let  into  Cumberland,  Bueth  took 
that  opportunity  to  incite  as  many  as  he  could  to  recover 
his  estate  in  Gilslaud  from  Hubert  doVallibus:  and 
it  seems,  notwithstanding  the  alliances  and  other  obli- 
gations which  Hubert  had  laid  upon  the  inhabitants, 
to  bind  them  to  him,  tliey  took  jiart  with  Gilles  Bueth 
as  the  right  heir.'  Tlio  Gilles  Bueth  here  mentioned 
could  not  be  the  son  of  Bueth,  as  some  have  supposed, 
for  he  was  slain  before  the  time  of  Stephen.  He  was 
probably  some  other  descendant  of  Bueth  who  was 
making  claim  to  the  property,  for  it  appears  tliat 
Bueth's  posterity  in  Scotland  were  called  of  his  name 
Gilles  Bueth,  or  lairds  of  Gillcsbueth,  corruptly 
Gillesbies.  Afterwards,  when  Henry  11.  obtained  the 
crown  of  England,  and  took  Cumberland  again  from 
the  Scots,  he  re-granted  the  barony  of  Gilslaud  to 
Hubert  de  Vallibus  ;  and  it  is  probable  that  Bewcastle 
Dale  was  included  in  this  confirmation  of  the  previous 
grant.  The  country,  however,  was  so  greatly  infested 
by  Bueth,  or  his  followers,  that  none  of  the  de  Vaux 
family  '  durst  inhabit  there,  until  the  barons  of  Burgh 
barony,  who  were  kinsmen  of  Bueth,  took  upon  them 
to  summer  their  cattle  there,  at  which  time  it  was  a 
•waste  forest  ground,  and  fit  for  the  depasturing  of  the 
cattle  of  the  lords  of  Burgh,  and  their  tenants,  who 
had  no  pasture  for  them  at  home.'  Hence  Bewcastle 
is  (incorrectly)  found  in  some  ancient  inquisitions  as 
parcel  of  the  barony  of  Burgh. 


"3  This  castle  is  a  large  and  rude  building  (about  eighty-seven 
feet  square).  It  has  been,  partly  at  least,  consiructed  from  the 
stones  of  the  station,  and  has  bcin  surrounded  by  a  deep  and  wide 
ditch.  The  cement  with  which  it  has  been  built  proves  it  to  be  of 
an  ancient  construction.  The  south  and  west  walls  are  nearly  of 
their  orijnnal  height,  about  forty-two  feet,  but  the  north  and  east 
sides  linve  only  fragments  remaining.  In  the  south  side  are  two 
windows,  two  iirepiaces  near  the  top,  and  a  row  of  square  holes  in  a 
right  line  for  tlie  ends  of  the  joists,  showing  that  this  part  of  the 
castle  was  occupied  as  tbe  residence.  In  many  parts  of  the  walls 
we  find  small  boles  contracting  towards  the  outside,  but  whether 
tliey  have  been  loopholes  for  shooting  through,  or  for  the  discharge 
of  refuse  water,  is  uncertain.  The  entrance  has  been  on  the  west 
side,  through  a  small  square  tower,  which  is  considered  by  some  to 
have  been  added  at  a  later  period.  It  has  had  two  doors,  supported 
by  iimer  bars  or  beams  of  wood  sliding  in  cavities  left  in  the  wall 
for  tile  purpose ;  and  the  inner  door  has  been  supported  by  a  port- 
ciUlis.  The  outer  door  has  also  been  protected  by  a  gaUery  in  the 
wall  attained  by  a  narrow  flight  of  steps,  with  two  loopholes  on  the 
side  of  the  tower  opposite  to  the  entrance.  The  interior  walls  of  the 
castle  are  completely  gone,  but  they  woidd  probably  be  so  constructed 
as  to  afford  accommodation  for  both  the  people  and  their  horses  and 
cattle;  and  there  can  be  no  question  but  it  was  so  occupied  for  five 
or  sax  hundred  years. 


"  Robert  de  Vallibus,  who  was  the  only  son  of  Hubert, 
died  without  issue,  and  then  Bueth 's  possessions  passed  to 
Thomas  de  Multon,  who  married  Matilda  the  daughter 
and  heiress  of  Hubert  do  Vallibus.  This  Thomas  de 
IVlultou  was  one  of  the  lords  of  Burgh,  and  hence  these 
barons  obtained  a  claim  to  Bewcastle  by  marriage,  as 
well  as  by  their  consanguinity  with  Bueth.  In  the  time 
of  Henry  III.  (between  1'2U')  and  Ml-i)  racliard  Baron 
of  Levington,  by  his  right  in  Burgh,  held  demesne 
lands,  and  other  lands  in  Bewcastle,  rents  and  services, 
as  parcel  of  Burgh. 

"  Bewcastle,  from  the  Miiltons,  came  into  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Swinburnes  for  several  generations.  In 
the  seventh  year  of  King  Edward  I.  (1270)  John  Swin- 
burne obtained  a  fair  and  market  to  be  held  here.' 

"  King  James  I.  demised  it  to  Francis  Earl  of  Cum- 
berland for  forty  years'  term  ;  and  King  Charles  I. 
granted  the  fee  to  Richard  Graham,  knight  and  bar- 
rister, to  hold  of  the  crown  in  capitc,  by  one  entire 
kuinht's  fee,  and  £7  10s.  rent.  It  is  now  a  manor 
belonging  to  the  Right  Honourable  Sir  James  Robert 
George  Graham,  Bart.,  of  Netherby,  who  is  one  of 
the  most  considerable  landowners  in  the  parish.  The 
custom  of  the  manor  was  established  under  a  decree  in 
Chancery,  grounded  upon  a  deed  of  agreement  (dated 
May  27,  1030),  entered  into  between  Sir  Richard 
Graham,  then  lord,  and  several  of  his  tenants.  The 
following  are  the  services  of  tlie  manor  as  given  by 
Hutchinson,  '  A  fine  of  four  years'  ancient  rent,  on 
change  of  lord  by  death  or  alienation,  with  suit  of 
court ;  and  at  the  lord's  mUl,  customary  works  and 
eariiage,  and  other  boons,  duties,  and  services — and 
that  for  a  heriot,  the  lord  shall  have  the  best  beast  of 
which  every  tenant  shall  die  possessed,  the  riding  horse 
kept  for  the  lord's  service  excepted.  If  the  tenant  has 
no  beast  he  pays  20s.  in  heu  of  the  heriot.  No  tenant 
to  let  or  mortgage  his  tenement  for  more  than  three 
years,  without  license  of  the  lord  ;  the  lord  took  a  bounty 
of  eight  years'  rent  on  giving  his  assent  to  the  custom.' 


"'In  the  reign  of  King  Henry  VIII.  (1509  to  1.J4T)  one  Jack 
Slusgrave  was  governor  of  Bewcastle,  but  in  whose  right  he  held  it 
is  notmentioned — probably  in  right  of  Sir  William  Musgravc.  WTieu 
the  Earl  of  Cassil  was  taken  prisoner  this  John  Musgrave  claimed  a 
part  of  the  reward  for  the  loan  of  his  horse  to  liatiU  Eontlcdge,  his 
taker.  In  a  list  of  the  gentlemen  of  the  couiuy  called  out  on  border 
service  under  Sir  Thomas  \Muirton  (1043)  we  find  the  name  of  John 
Musgrave,  with  horse  and  foot.  And  iu  a  muster  in  1084  we  find 
Bewcastle  contributing  tifty  light  horsemen  to  the  use  of  tlie  borders. 
In  1082  and  l.jSO  we  find  one  Thomas  Musgrave  mentioned  as  a 
deputy  warden  of  Bewcastle,  probably  under  Sir  Simon  Musgrave, 
Ivniglit ;  so  that  Bewcastle  woidd  appear  to  have  been  iu  possession 
of  the  Musgraves  at  that  period,  Camden  speaks  of  it  as  a  castle  of 
the  kings  ui  his  day,  and  defended  by  a  small  garrison,  so  that  the 
Musgraves  probably  only  held  imder  the  crown. 


BEWCASTLE   PAniSH. 


635 


The  lord  occasionally  holds  a  court  leet,  with  a  court 
baron,  and  customary  court. 

"  The  castle,  allhough  at  that  time  the  property  of  Sir 
Richard  Graham,  is  said  to  have  been  destroyed  in 
104 1  l>y  the  Parliament's  forces,  by  whose  fury  many 
of  the  aucient  fortresses  were  laid  in  ruins.  Tradition 
also  says  that  it  was  destroyed  by  Cromwell,  and  points 
out  the  place  where  he  planted  his  cannon.  Perhaps  it 
may  have  suffered  from  both  parties.  From  its  vicinity 
to  Scotland  it  was  continually  subject  to  the  spoils  of 
war.  It  formed  one  of  the  most  formidable  barriers  to 
the  Scottish  marauders,  as  it  was  garrisoned  by  a  con- 
siderable force,  and  the  circumjacent  forts  were  subject 
to  its  orders." 

THE   CHUnCll. 

Bewcastle  church  stands  at  the  extreme  south-east  end 
of  the  parish,  about  ten  miles  north-by-east  of  Brampton, 
on  the  site  of  a  Pioraan  station,  where  it  is  supposed  a  con- 
siderable town  at  one  time  stood.  It  is  a  modern 
structure,  rebuilt  ia  1792-3  ;  part  of  the  chancel  of  the 
old  church  was  left  standing,  with  a  view,  it  is  said,  of 
retaining  the  rector's  right  to  repair.  Micolsou  and 
Burn  say  the  church  is  dedicated  to  St.  Cuthbert — 
Hutcliinson  says  to  St.  ilary.  It  contains  two 
plain  mural  monuments,  one  to  the  memory  of  the  Rev. 
Matthew  Soulby,  w  ho  died  September  •■iSth,  1737,  having 
been  rector  for  twenty-four  years  ;  the  other  for  the  Rev. 
John  Grahaiu,  who  died  August  21st,  1834,  having  been 
rector  for  twenty-seven  years.  History  is  silent  respect- 
ing the  fouudaiion  of  this  clmrch.  Dr.  Todd  tolls  us 
that  it  was  given,  about  the  year  1'2()0,  by  Robert  de 
Bucthcastre  (more  probably  Rubert  de  Vallibus)  to  the 
prior  and  convent  of  Carlisle.  Tliis  Robert  is  also  stated 
to  have  been  the  granter  of  lands  at  Bewcastle  to  the 
prioress  and  nuns  of  ilarrick,  in  Yorkshire.  The  dean 
and  chapter  of  Carlisle  are  the  present  patrons.  The 
living,  or  rectory,  is  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £'"2  ; 
but  has  been  augmented  with  a  prescript  of  £00  Os.  Cd. 
a-year  in  lieu  of  tithes,  which  were  commuted  in  1842 
for  the  same  sum  ;  and  snnio  time  ago  it  was  still  further 
augmented  by  Sir  James  Graham  with  £20  a-yeai'  for 
ever,  out  of  the  rents  of  his  estates.  In  1844  the 
Ecclesiastical  Conimissionors  gave  £13  a-year  to  the 
living,  which  is  now  worth  nearly  £120  per  annum. 
The  parish  registers  commence  in  tlio  year  1737,  but 
registers  of  an  earlier  dato  arc  in  the  registry  at 
Carlisle. 

Heotom. — Robert  de  Sontlmik  occurs  in  inoit;  Henry  de 
Whitobergh,  1;150 ;  John  da  Ilrnniliiil.l,  l.lllO  ;  A.lain  Armstrong, 

1301  ;  Uobort ;  John  do  Stiipleton,  lasO;  Tlionius  Aglionby, 

diedliSd;  William  Law^on,  1.')N0;    Charles  lorclnMicb,  10-.;3; 
Henry  Sibson,  1013  ;   Eobort  Lowthcr,  1003  ;   Anibroso  Myers, 


1071 ;  George  Usher,  107.3  ;  John  Lamb, ;  Jeffrey  Wybergh, 

ICiia;    Edward  Tonge, ;    Matthew  Soulby,  1713  ;    Edward 

Birket,  1738;   James  Farish,   1750;    John  Bird,  ;    John 

Graham,  1»00 ;  John  Jackson,  1834;  John  iUaughaii,  1836.i 

The  churchyard  of  Bewcastle  contains  the  cele- 
brated Runic  cross,  the  subject  of  so  much  controversy. 
We  have  been  favoured  with  the  following  account 
of  it  by  the  Rev.  John  ^^lau^han  : — 

"  This  ancient  pillar,  which  may  be  properly  classed 
among  the  most  celebrated  of  archicological  monuments, 
is  nearly  the  frustum  of  a  square  pymraid,  measuring 
twenty-two  inches  by  tweuty-one  at  the  base,  and 
tapering  to  fourteen  inches  by  thirteen  at  the  top  of  the 
shaft,  being  fourteen  and  a  half  feet  high  above  its 
pedestal.  The  pillar  has  been  fixed  with  lead  in  a  shallow 
cavity  which  has  been  cut  on  the  crown  of  a  nearly 
cubical  'olock  of  stone  four  feet  square,  and  three  feet 
nine  inches  high  ;  which  stone  is  now  sunk  about  three 
feet  into  the  ground,  and  has  been  tooled  otf  at  the 
upper  corners  so  as  to  assume  the  appearance  of  au 
unequal-sided  octagon.  On  the  top  of  the  pillar  wag 
formerly  pliced  a  small  cross,  which  has  been  lost  for 
a  considerable  period,  and  hence  the  pillar  is  now  merely 
an  obelisk. 

"  The  traditions  of  the  district  ssiy  that  a  king  was 
buried  here,  and  also  point  out  the  locality  where  the 
shaft  of  the  pillar  was  procured  ;  and  the  traditions  are 
probably  correct  in  both  respects.  On  an  extensive,  and 
still  unenclosed  waste,  called  White  Line  Common, 
about  five  miles  from  Bewcastle  church,  is  a  long 
ridge  of  rocks  called  the  Langbar.  About  the  centre  of 
this  ridge  a  stone  is  now  lying  on  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  which  is  nearly  fifteen  feet  in  length,  and 
which  is  the  very  counterpart  of  the  Bewcastle  obelisk 
in  its  rude  and  undressed  state.  It  is  evidently  the 
relic  of  a  stone  which  has  been  split  at  some  distant 
period  into  two  equal  parts,  the  marks  of  the  wedges 
used  in  the  operation  being  still  distinctly  traceable, 
and  the  side,  which,  from  its  present  position,  may  bo 
called  the  western,  apparently  much  fresher  than  the 
other  sides,  and  not  covered  with  so  thick  a  coat  of 
grey  moss,  as  if  it  had  been  exposed  to  the  effects  of 
the  weather  for  a  shorter  period  of  time.  The  obeUsk 
is  a  peculiar  species  of  rock  ;  a  very  hard,  gritty,  and 
durable  white  freestone,  with  rather  a  yellow  tinge, 
thicklv  covered  with  spots  of  a  grey  hue  ;  precisely  such 
as  is  founil  at  the  I.angbar,  anil  the  adjacent  rocks  on 
the  south  side  of  the  White  Lino  river.  A  careful 
comparison  of  some  fragments  of  the  obelisk  wiili  other 

"  1 .1  amc9  Cnrrio  apiiears  to  have  becu  cnrate  from  1 737  to  I7fl4 ; 
Williiira  Bnly,  from  ITil  to  1774  ;  Thomas  .Messenger,  from  1770  to 
1800 ;  John  Lawsou,  fvr  John  Jucksuu,  from  l!>31  to  HSO." 


636 


ESKDALE  WARD. 


fragments  from  the  Langbar  stone,  shows  them  to  be 
tuquestiouably  twins  from  one  and  the  same  parent. 

"  To  this  supposed  and  traditional  origin  of  the  obelisk 
it  may  possiblj-  be  objected,  that  it  would  be  almost  im- 
possible to  convey  such  an  immense  block  of  stone  from 
such  a  hilly  and  now  roadless  district.  This  objection, 
however,  is  much  diminished,  if  vie  bear  in  mind  that 
the  old  Koman  road  called  the  ilaidec  AVav  passed  near 
both  its  present  and  its  supposed  original  site,  which 
road  would  probably  be  in  good  order  at  the  period 
when  the  stone  was  brought ;  and  that  tliere  was  an 
easy  and  gradual  incline  across  the  moor  from  the 
Langbar  to  the  JIaiden  Way,  affording  facilities  for  its 
conveyance  to  this  road. 

"  Vs'e  have  no  authentic  copy  or  record  of  the  inscrip- 
tions on  this  remarkable  monument,  or  of  the  period 
when  they  first  became  illegible ;  but  of  this  we  may 
rest  assured,  that  they  have  not  been  distinct  for  more 
than  two  centuries.  Camden,  who  died  in  1023,  devoted 
his  attention  to  them,  but  failed  in  deciphermg  them. 
In  Gibson's  edition  of  '  Camden's  Britannia,'  1095, 
this  monument  is  thus  described  : — '  In  the  churchyard 
is  a  cross  of  one  entire  si]uarc  stone,  about  twenty  foot 
high,  and  curiously  cut ;  there  is  an  inscription  too,  but 
the  letters  are  so  dim  that  they  are  not  legible.  But 
seeing  the  cross  is  of  the  same  kind  as  that  in  the  arms 
of  the  family  of  Vau.x,  one  may  conjecture  that  it  has 
been  made  by  some  of  that  family.'  If  Camden's  mea- 
surement be  correct,  it  must  comprehend  the  pedestal, 
shaft,  and  the  cross  on  its  summit,  which  cross  must 
consequently  have  been  twenty-one  inches  high.  From 
Camden's  observations  we  may  naturally  infer  that  the 
inscription  must  have  been  lost  long  before  his  day. 

"  Lord  William  Howard  (commonly  called  Belted 
Will),  who  died  in  the  same  year  as  Camden,  also  at- 
tempted to  recover  the  inscription,  but  without  success. 
In  the  '  History  of  Cumberland,'  published  by  Xicolson 
and  Burn,  in  1777,  we  read  as  follows: — 'The  Lord 
WiUiam  Howard  of  Naworth  (a  lover  of  antiquities), 
caused  the  inscriptions  thereon  to  be  carefully  copied, 
and  sent  them  to  Sir  Henry  Spelman  to  interpret.  The 
task  being  too  hard  for  Sir  Henry,  he  transmitted  the 
copy  to  Olaus  Wormius,  history  professor  at  Copen- 
hagen, who  was  then  about  to  publish  his  '  ilonumenta 
Danica,' 

"  Sir  H.  Spelman  reads  one  part  of  the  inscriptions 
(which  is  said  to  have  been  '  iu  epistvlio  crucis,'  and 
■which  I  take  to  be  the  bottom  line  on  the  south  side), 
thus: — EicEs  Dkvhtsess,  which  may  be  translated, 
'  of  the  kingdom  of  our  Lord,'  or  (the  monument)  '  of  a 
powerful  lord."  AVauleius,  in  his  '  Catalogue,'  p.  248, 
■with  a  slight  variation  of  the  letters,  reads  this  line, 


'  Rynas  Drthtsess,'  i.  e.,  '  mysteria  Domini,' — '  the 
Piunes  or  mysterious  characters  of  our  Lord.'  Wanleius 
took  this  from  the  Cottonian  Codex  in  the  British 
Museum.  The  learned  antiquary,  Olaus  Wormius,  in 
his  '  Jfonumenta  Danica,'  pp.  102,  108,  notices  the 
inscription  sent  by  Spelman,  and  prints  it  exactly  as  it 
was  sent  to  him,  but  owns  at  the  same  time  that  he  did 
not  know  what  to  make  of  it.  One  part  of  it,  which  ho 
says  was  in  epistylio  crucis  (the  bottom  line  of  the  south 
side),  supposing  the  characters  to  be  Scandinavian 
Runes,  and  dividing  the  line  into  eighteen  letters, — he 
reads  thus:  i.e..  Kino  s.vru  Rlna  stisotii, — 'Rixo  made 
these  Runic  stones.'  Hickes,  in  his  '  Thesaurus  Gram- 
matica  Anglo-Sa.xonica,'  makes  some  slight  deviations 
from  the  reading  of  Spelman,  and  gives  the  line  thus : 
'  RoDEK  DRYHTNESS,' — '  the  cross  of  our  Lord.'  Bishop 
Nicolson  (formerly  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  who  devoted 
much  of  his  attention  to  the  recovery  of  these  inscrip- 
tions) says,  in  the  year  1085,  '  on  the  south  side,  nour- 
ishes and  conceits  as  before,  and  towards  the  bottom,  a 
decayed  inscription,  the  defects  in  which  are  sufficient 
to  discourage  me  from  attempting  to  expound  it ;  but 
possibly  it  maybe  read  thus: — G.\g  Ubbo  erlet — 
Ubbo  conquered  the  robbers.  I  may  observe  that  the 
bishops  copy  of  these  letters  is  very  inaccurate,  and 
embraces  portions  of  the  sculpture,  which  he  has  mis- 
taken for  letters.' 

"  The  late  Mr.  Kemble,  in  his  memoir  ( '  Archccologia,' 
vol.  .xxviii.,  part  10),  read  this  liue  nearly  the  same  as 
Spelman — '  RiciDs  drvhtxjjs' — 'Domini  potentis,' 
which  he  said  may  be  part  of  an  inscription — the  first 
word  or  words  being  lost  —  or  the  pillar  itself  may  be 
taken  as  part  of  the  sentence,  thus :  '  Signum  Domini 
potentis  ; '  which  means — '  the  monument  of  a  powerful 
lord.'  Kemble  said,  '  Whether  this  inscription  (refer- 
ring to  the  one  read  by  Grimm)  and  the  stone  on  which 
it  was  cut,  stood  alone,  or  whether  they  formed  part  of 
some  larger  monument,  I  do  not  know.' 

"  In  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine,'  1742,  p.  308,  is  a 
paper  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  George  Smith,  who,  accord- 
ing to  the  '  Biographia  Cumb.,'  was  a  native  of  Scotland; 
a  man  of  genius  and  learning ;  who  lived  for  some  time 
near  Brampton,  and  was  a  great  contributor  to  the 
'  Gentleman's  Magazine.'  Mr.  Smith  gives  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  north  side  of  the  monument,  but  never 
favoured  the  public  with  liis  promised  dissertation  on 
its  remaining  sides.  The  late  Henry  Howard,  Esq.,  of 
Corby  Castle,  in  a  communication  to  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  in  the  year  1801  (see  '  Archjeologia,'  vol. 
iv,  p.  118)  says  that  he  spent  two  days  in  the  attempt 
to  recover  the  inscription  on  this  cross.  Although  Mr. 
Howard  probably  did  not  actually  succeed  in  decipliering 


BEWCASTLE   PARISH, 


C3r 


any  part  of  it,  yet,  so  far  as  I  know,  be  was  the  first  person 
to  whose  learned  researches  we  are  indebted  for  the 
very  ingenious  suggestion  as  to  Beweasile  being  the 
tomb  of  King  Alfrid.  Although  Mr.  Howard  failed  in 
his  attempt  to  open  the  lock,  yet  he  was  probably  the 
iii'st  person  to  point  out  the  right  key. 

"  In  the  '  History  of  Cumberland,'  published  by 
Hutchinson  in  1791,  is  a  long  article  on  this  monu- 
ment, with  a  copy  of  the  inscription  published  in  the 
'  Gentleman's  Magazine,'  which  I  suspect  to  have  been 
made  first  by  Lord  William  Howard,  and  sent  by  him 
to  Sir  H.  Spelman,  and  afterwards  published  in  the 
'  Monumenta  Danica'  of  Worniius.  The  Lysons,  in 
their  '  History  of  Cumberland,'  have  also  favoured  this 
cross  with  a  passing  notice.  Many  antiquarians  have 
visited  it  at  dilloreut  perioils,  but  I  am  not  aware  that 
any  one  has  published  any  account  or  explanation  of  it, 
besides  the  parties  already  mentioned.  I  shall  now 
venture  to  olTor  a  detailed  account  of  it. 

"  On  the  crown  of  the  pillar  is  a  cavity  seven  and  a 
half  inches  deep  and  eight  and  a  half  inches  square, 
designed  to  hold  the  foot  of  the  small  cross  which 
formerly  surmounted  the  shaft,  the  loss  of  which  is 
much  to  be  regretted.  Mr.  Smith,  in  his  dissertation 
already  mentioned,  says  that  it  was  demolished  long  ago 
by  popular  frenzy  and  enthusiasm.  The  tradition  of 
the  district  says  that  it  was  broken  off  by  an  ill-aimed 
cannon  ball  when  Cromwell  destroyed  the  castle ;  but 
both  of  these  statements  are  probably  incorrect.  From 
Gough's  edition  of  Camden  we  find  that  a  slip  of 
paper,  found  in  Camden's  own  copy  of  his  '  Britannia' 
(Ed.  1607,  ill  the  Bodleian  Library),  accompanied  by 
the  following  note — '  I  received  this  morning  a  ston  from 
my  Lord  of  Arundel,  sent  him  from  my  Lord  William. 
It  was  the  head  of  a  cross  at  Bucastle.'  Now  Camden 
died  ill  10'-23,  and  as  Cromwell  did  not  visit  these  parts 
till  about  twenty  years  afterwards  (if  he  ever  visited  them 
at  all),  it  is  very  evident  from  this  fact,  and  from  this 
statement  of  Camden,  that  the  disappearance  of  this 
cross  may  bo  more  justly  attributed  to  the  antiquarian 
propensities  of  Belted  Will,  than  to  any  of  the  errant 
balls  of  Cromwell's  artillery. 

"  A  vine  springing  from  tho  bottom  of  the  pillar,  and 
highly  relieved,  is  represented  as  gracefully  winding  up 
tho  east  side  in  serpentine  uiululations,  with  numerous 
branches  starting  from  it,  covered  with  foliage  and 
bunches  of  grapes.  This  side  of  tho  monument  bears  a 
considerable  resemblance  to  two  sides  of  the  lluiiic  mo- 
nument at  Ruthwell,  near  Dumfries,  which  is  said  to  bo 
the  only  stono  hitherto  discovered  in  Scotland  with  a 
rainic  inscription,  no  Runes  having  yet  been  found  even 
in  tho  Orkney  or  Shetland  Isles,  where  they  might  have 


been  expected  in  abundance.  In  each  of  the  regular 
and  flowing  curves  of  the  vine  an  animal,  or  a  bird,  is 
artfully  sculptured  (in  alto  relieve)  in  what  is  considered 
by  some  people  as  the  old  Gothic  style,  and  is  in  the 
act  of  feeding  on  the  fruit.  In  the  lowest  curve  is  a 
quadruped  somewhat  resembling  a  fox-hound.  In  each 
of  the  next  two  curves  is  the  representation  of  an  imagi- 
nary biped,  having  the  head  and  shoulders  of  an  animal, 
while  the  body  tipcrs  away  into  a  long,  flexible,  and 
curled  tail,  with  an  enlarged  point,  curiously  entwined 
round  the  stem  and  branches,  the  lower  biped  bearing 
some  resemblance  to  one  on  the  cross  at  Ruthwell.  In 
the  curve  above  this  is  a  bird  like  a  hawk  or  an  eagle ; 
and  in  the  next  curve  is  a  bird  like  a  raven ;  these  two 
birds  being  nearly  the  same  in  figure,  but  considerably 
larger  than  two  similar  birds  at  Ruthwell.  In  each  of 
the  two  succeeding  curves  is  a  sculptured  squirrel,  the 
Ruthwell  cross  differing  from  this  at  Bewcastle  in  having 
more  birds  and^only  one  squirrel.  The  vine,  gradually 
growing  more  slender,  winds  again  into  two  elegant 
curves,  and  appears  to  terminate  with  clusters  of  grapes. 
The  sculpture  on  this  side  of  the  cross  has  suffered  very 
little  damage  from  the  corroding  effects  of  the  weather. 
The  buds,  blossoms,  and  fruit  have  been  so  carefully 
and  exquisitely  delineated  by  the  chisel  of  the  workman, 
and  are  still  so  faithfully  preserved,  that  they  seem  as 
if  they  were  things  only  just  starting  into  life.  There 
is  no  inscription  now  on  the  east  side.  It  is  probable 
however  that  there  have  been  some  letters  near  the  top 
of  the  shaft  on  a  part  which  has  been  broken  off. 

"  Tlic  west  side  is  the  most  important  on  account  of 
its  ornaments  and  also  its  inscriptions.  On  a  plain 
surface  (about  nine  inches  deep,  near  the  top  of  the  cross) 
which  appears  to  have  surmounted  the  decorated  parts 
on  each  of  the  four  sides,  are  the  remains  of  Runic 
letters,  apparently  fragments  of  k,  s,  and  s,  in  the  word 
KiusTTUs,  which  occurs  again  a  little  lower  down  ou 
this  side  :  the  lower  part  of  the  letter  k,  the  middle  and 
lower  part  of  the  first  s,  and  the  termination  of  the  last 
s,  being  all  that  now  remains  of  the  word.  It  will  ap- 
pear from  the  succeeding  pages  of  this  article  why  I 
suppose  tliese  fragments  to  be  constituent  parts  of  the 
word  KRisTTos.  Bishop  Nicolson  says — '  On  the 
west  side  of  the  stone  wo  have  three  fair  draughts,  which 
evidently  enough  manifest  tho  monument  to  be  Chris- 
tian  On  the  top  stands  the  effigies  of  the 

B.  V.  with  the  Babe  in  her  arms  and  both  their  heads 
encircled  with  glories."  ^Ir.  Hutchinson  coincides  with 
tho  prelate  as  to  this  figure,  and  Mr.  Armstrong  repre- 
sents it  like  a,  niitrod  ecclesiastic.  The  Lysons  say  of  this 
sculpture,  '  The  female  figure  is  so  defaced  that  nothing 
more  than  a  general  outline  can  be  distinguished;  what 


638 


ESKDALE  WARD. 


she  holds  in  her  left  arm  is  much  hotter  preserved,  and 
is  the  holy  lamb.'   On  carefully  removing  the  moss  from 
the  stono  I  ascertaineil  that  the  Lysons  were  correct  as 
to  the  Agnus  Dei,  but  not  as  to  the  figure  of  a  female, 
for  the  beard  itself,  if  there  were  no  other  marks,  affords 
sutlicient  proof  that  it  must  be  the  representation  of  St. 
John  the  Baptist,  and  not  of  the  Blessed  Virgin.     The 
head  of  the  Aguus  Dei  has  been  encircled  with  a  small 
'  nimbus'  or  '  glory,'  but  there  is  no  trace  of  one  sur- 
rounding the  head  of  the  apostle.     There  is  a  similar 
figure  on  the  Ruthwell  cross,  although  it  has  evidently 
not  been  sculptured  from  th(?  same  design.   Dr.  Duncan, 
in  his  illustrations  of  the  lluthwell  monument,  describes 
this  image  as  representing  '  the  Father  standing  on  two 
globes  or  worlds  (indicating  probably  the  world  which 
now  is  and  that  which  is  to  come)  with  the  Agnus  Dei 
in  his  bosom.'     Immediately  helo^v  this  figure  are  two 
lines  of  Runic  letters  to  which  my  attention  was  at  first 
drawn  by  the  very  imperfect  representation  of  them  in 
the  plates  in  Lysons.    On  divesting  these  letters  of  their 
mossy   covering,  and  obtaining  a  mould  in  plaster  of 
Paris  from  this  part  of  the  stone,  I  found  that,  although 
e.ttreraely  dim,  the  letters  were  still  perfect  and  legible. 
This  short  inscription  is  in   the  Latin  language,  while 
the  other  inscriptions  on  the  monument  arc  in   the 
Anglo-Sa.\on,  thus  rendering  the  monument  one  of  the 
bi-lingual  order.     The  inscription,  when  rendered  into 
the  English  language,   is  simply  'Jesus  Christ :' and 
undoubtedly  refers  to  the  figure  of  our  Saviour  imme- 
diately below  it,  thus  limiting  the  period  of  the  erection 
of  the  monument  to  the  Christian  era.     It  may  be  read 
thus,  —  +  GESSU3  KRisTnjs.     Mr.  Smith  says — 'That 
the  monument  is   Danish    appears  incontestible  from 
the  characters :  Scottish  and  Piciish  monuments  hav- 
ing nothing  but  hieroglyphics,  and  the  Danish  both.' 
Mr.  Hutchinson  thinks  that  '  his  assertion  was  hasty  of 
the  Scottish  and  Pictish  monuments,'  but  he  also  ap- 
pears to  consider  the  monument  Danish.  These  letters, 
however,  are  undoubtedly  Anglo-Saxon  Runes,  and  they, 
as  well  as  the  others  found  on  this  cross,  generally  agree 
with  those  found  in  the  '  Code.K  E.Koniensis'  published 
by  Hickes,  thus  proving  the  monument  to  be  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  construction.     The  first  thing  that  arrests  our 
attention  is  the  mark  of  the  cross  which  precedes  this 
inscription,  and  also  some  of  the  other  inscriptions  on 
this  monument.     This  use  of  the  holy  emblem  as  a 
prefix  is  full  of  interest. 

"  Below  the  two  hues  of  Runes  above-mentioned  is  a 
figure  which  Bishop  Nicolson  conjectures  to  he  'the 
picture  of  some  npostlc,  saint,  or  other  holy  man,  in  a 
sacerdotal  habit,  with  a  glory  round  his  head.'  Mr. 
Hutchinson  describes  it  as  '  the  figui-e  of  a  relioious 


person,  the  garments  descending  to  his  feet,  the  head 
encircled  with  a  nimbus,  not  now  appearing  radiated, 
but  merely  a  circular  rise  of  the  stone :  the  right  hand 
is  elevated  in  a  teaching  posture,  and  the  other  hand 
holds  a  roll :  a  fold  of  the  garment  was  mistaken  by 
Mr.  Armstrong  for  a  string  of  beads.  We  conceive  this 
figure  to  represent  St.  Culhbert,  to  whom  the  church, 
as  set  forth  by  Nicolson  and  Burn,  is  dedicated.' 
The  Lysons  say — '  As  he  holds  a  roll  (the  sacred 
volumen)  in  his  left  hand,  and  the  right  hand  is 
elevated  in  the  act  of  benediction,  we  should  rather 
suppose  it  was  intended  for  our  Saviour,  who  is  fre- 
quently so  represented  in  ancient  works  of  art.'  The 
two  Runic  lines  above  the  figure  nosv  show  that  the 
Lysous  were  correct  in  their  conjectures.  The  figure 
appears  to  be  nearly  an  accurate  fac-simile  of  the  repre- 
sentation of  our  Saviour  on  the  Ruthwell  cross.  On 
the  Bewcastle  pillar  each  of  the  feet  of  our  Saviour  is 
represented  as  placed  upon  a  pedestal  which  is  no  longer 
distinct.  On  the  Piuthwell  cross  each  of  these  pedestals 
is  more  perfect,  and  represents  the  head  of  a  pig,  and 
they  are  undoubtedly  intended  for  the  same  objects  on 
the  Bewcastle  monument,  probably  iiaving  an  allusion 
to  the  miracle  of  the  devils  cast  into  the  herd  of  swine. 
Under  this  figure  of  our  Redeemer  we  find  the  re- 
mains of  an  inscription  of  nine  lines,  of  which  Camden 
said,  '  the  lettei-s  are  so  dim  that  they  are  not  legible,' 
and  which  were  considered  so  decayed  in  the  time  of 
Bishop  Nicholson  that  ho  described  them  as  '  the  forc- 
mentioucd  ruins  of  Lord  Howard's  inscription ; '  and 
declined  even  attempting  to  make  out  any  part  of  it. 
The  following  is  my  reading  of  the  inscription  in 
Roman  letters,  the  letters  in  brackets  denoting  com- 
pound Runes: 

+  [thjissige[eAjCN 
[thu]nsett[on]h 
■\v[aet]redw[/U:tu] 
gauai.wfwoi, 

[TIIL'JAFTALCFni 
[THUJEAX    KVM[IXg] 

EAC  oswii-[ixg] 

-f-  GEBID    HE 

osix.s'asaw[hu]la. 
"I  read  the  inscription  thus  : —  +  thissig  be.vcn 

TIIUM  SETTOX  HWAETRED  WAETHGAR  ALWFWOLTUO  AFT 
ALCFKITHU  EAN   KYNIIN'G   EAC   OSWIUISG.         +  GEBID   IIEO 

siNKA  SAWHULA — and  it  may  be  thus  translated  :  — 
+  Hwmtred,  Waethgar,  and  Ahvfwold  (the  names  of  three 
persons);  setton,  set  up;  thissig  thun  beacn,  this 
slender  pillar;  aft  Alcfrithu,  in  memory  of  Alcfrid; 
ean  Kyniing,  a  King ;  eac  Oswiuing,  and  son  of 
Oswy.  +  Gebid,  pray  thou ;  heo,  for  them ;  sinna, 
their  sins  ;   sawhula,  their  souls.     In  this  inscription 


BEWCASTLE  PARISH. 


639 


tho  first  character  or  mark  is,  I  now  believe,  that  of  a 
cross,  although  it  is  not  very  distinct.    I  was  for  a  long 
time  inclined  to  adopt  the  idea  of  Bishop  Nicolson 
that  the  inscription  commenced  with  the  monogram 
IH3   for    '  Jesus  hominum   Salvator,'  i.e.,  Jesus    the 
Saviour  of  men.     Good  rubbings,  however,  and  repeated 
examinations  of  the  stone,  and  the  frequent  occurrence 
of  this  emblem  on  other  parts  of  the  cross,  lead  me  to 
the  conclusion  that  it  has  commenced  with  a  cross. 
The  word  '  thissig'  is  not  an  unusual  form  of  the  pro- 
noun '  this,'  such  a  termination  being  often  affixed  to 
adjectives  and  pronouns.    Tlie  word  '  beacu'  is  variously 
written  '  beacen,  beacn,  bocn,  by  en,  becen,  and  been,' 
and  denotes  '  a  beacon,  sign,  or  token.'      The  word 
'  thun'  means  thin  or  slender,  and  has  probably  some 
reference  to  the  size  and  shape  of  the  monument.    The 
first  letter  in  the  word  '  thun'  is  a  trirnuor,  or  com- 
pound rune,  being  composed  of  the  letters  '  th' — and 
the  letter  n — and  hence  by  combination  we  have  the 
trirunor  thu.     The  word  '  setton'  is  the  third  person 
plural  of  the  perfect  tense  of  the  verb  '  settan,'  to  set 
or  place ;  and  agrees  with  the  three  nominative  cases 
Hwajtrcd,  Wa;thgar,  and  Alwfwolthu.    '  Aft'  is  the  pre- 
position, after  or  in  memory  of;  and  governs  the  word 
Alcfrithu,  to  whom  the  monument  was  erected.     The 
word  '  can' — one — is  very  similar  to  our  provincial  word 
'  ane,'  which  is  still  in  use  in  this  district.    The  word 
'  Gebid'  stands  for  'bid,'  and  is  the  second  person  sin- 
gular of  the  imperative  mood  of  the  verb  '  biddan' — to 
pray,  to  bid,  or  require.    The  syllable  '  ge'  is  simply  an 
expletive  or  augment,  such  an  expletive  being  in  com- 
mou  use.    The  word  '  heo'  is  not  an  unusual  form  of  the 
pronoun.     '  Sinna'  is  the  plural  form  of  '  sin'  or  '  syn,' 
and  signifies  sins.     '  Sawhula'  is  the  plural  formation  of 
the  word  '  sawl,'  also  written  '  sawol"  and  '  sawul,'  the 
letter  '  h'  being  also  introduced  according  to  a  very 
common  Anglo-Saxon  usage. 

"  Tho  inscription  seems  to  consist  of  a  few  couplets 
of  the  alliterative  versification  of  .\nglo-Saxon  poetry. 
Hence  it  becomes  very  import^uit,  and  takes  us  far  iu 
advance  of  many  of  the  preconceived  opinions  respecting 
our  Anglo-Saxon  forefathers.'    It  miy  be  read  in  four 


"  1  Olaas  Wormiiis,  in  the  appendix  to  his '  Treatise  de  Literalum 
Kiinioo,'  I1.18  K'ven  a  pnrliculnr  iiccount  iif  llie  Gothic  poetry,  com- 
monly called  Runic.  He  informs  iin  tliiil  there  were  no  fewer  tlinii 
\'\Q  diflV-rent  kinds  of  nieu-tnre  or  verse  used  in  tlio  f'i/.tes.  He  mys 
that  tliu  Itnnic  harmony  did  not  depend  eillior  u|)on  rliynie  or  upon 
metrical  feet,  «r  (|iiaiilily  of  sylliihles,  bnl  chitlly  U|H<n  the  number  of 
syllalilcs,  and  tlie  dixposition  of  the  letters.  In  each  distiih, or  coupio 
of  line%  it  was  rerjnisite  that  thri-e  wonls  shouhl  begin  with  the  same 
letter:  two  of  llie  correspond  iu);  words  beiiij!  plarcd  in  the  Drat  lino 
of  the  distich,  and  the  third  in  tliu  second  line,  freipient  inveniions 
Olid  uuuspusiitions  being  permitted  iu  this  poetry.    Tbc  curious  in 


couplets  thus — 
1.  + 


4.  + 


Thissig  beacn 

Thun  setton 

Hn-.Tlred  W.-ethgar  AlwfwoUhu 

Aft  Alcfrithu 

Ean  Kyniing 

Eac  Osniuing 

Gebid  heo  sinna 

Sawhula. 


"  In  the  first  couplet  we  have  the  compound  letters 
TH  as  the  alliterating  letters ;  in  the  second  couplet  the 
letters  a  ;  iu  the  third  the  letters  e  ;  and  in  the  fourth 
the  letters  s.  It  is  remarkable  that  these  couplets 
rhyme  with  each  other,  and  thus  establish  a  probability 
(or  perhaps  something  more)  that  both  alliteration  and 
rhyme  have  been  made  use  of  by  the  Anglo-Saxons  from 
a  very  early  period.  Although  we  cannot  actually  pro- 
duce any  Anglo-Saxon  poem  in  rhyme  of  that  era,  yet 
the  Anglo-Saxon  poets  Aldhelm,  .k.v>.  709 — Boniface, 
A.D.  75-1 — the  Venerable  Bedc,  a.d.  735 — Alcuin,  and 
others — have  left  behind  them  Latin  poems  iu  rhyme, 
which  pre-supposes  that  this  species  of  versification  was 
anterior  to,  and  commonly  known  in  their  time. 

"  A  very  interesting  question  arises, ,  whether  this 
Bewcastle  specimen  of  Anglo-Saxon  poetry  is  not  the 
oldest  on  record,  being  nearly  1,200  years  old.  My  own 
impression  is  that  no  earlier  example  has  been  disco- 
vered. This  circumstance  considerably  enhances  tho 
value  and  importance  of  this  ancient  cross.  The  only 
specimen  of  Anglo-Saxon  poetry  which  can  be  supposed 
to  compete  with  this  is  a  fragment  of  a  song  which  was 
written  by  Cajdmon,  a  monk,  who  accustomed  himself 
late  in  life  to  write  religious  poetiy,  and  who  died  a.d. 
G90.     His  song  was  inserted  bv  King  AhVed  in  his 


this  subject  may  consult  likewise  Dr.  nickes's  '  Thesaunis  Liogna- 
rum  Septentrionalium  ;'  particularly  the  '-lilrd  chapter  of  his  '  Qram- 
matica  Anglo-Saxonica  et  MoBSo-tiothica.'  It  appears  tliat  the 
Anglo-Saxons  admired,  and,  iu  some  measure,  foUowe.l  the  northern 
Scaldi  or  RuniE  in  forming  the  structure  of  their  verse  by  a  periodical 
repetition  of  similar  letters,  or  by  alliteration,  and  disregarded  a  fixed 
and  deteniiiuate  ntimber  of  syllables.  Rask,  in  his  '  Angio  tjaxon 
Grammar,'  page  lOS,  gives  mure  speiMlic  rules  for  allileraliou.  Mr. 
Rask  says — •  Tbo  Saxon  alliteration  is  thus  constnicted  ;  iu  two  ad- 
jacent aud  connected  lines  of  verse  there  must  be  three  words  which 
begin  witli  one  and  the  same  letter,  so  that  tlie  third  or  last  allitera- 
tive word  stands  the  first  word  in  tlie  secoud  line,  and  tlie  lirst  two 
words  are  both  introduced  in  the  hrst  line.  Tlie  initiiU  letters  in 
those  three  wonls  are  ealle<l  alliterative.  The  alliterative  letter  in 
the  second  line  is  colled  the  chief  letter,  aud  the  otlier  two  are  called 
assistant  letters.  .      If  the  chief  letter  be  a  vowel,  the  asaslants 

must  be  vowels,  but  they  need  not  be  the  s.iiiie.  In  short  verses  only 
one  assistant  letter  is  occasionally  found.  In  .\nglo-Saxon  poeti; 
the  words  followed  each  other  in  continued  succession,  as  in  prose 
and  were  not  written  in  liues  and  verses  as  in  our  modem  poetry. 
The  division  into  vonea  wns  mode  by  the  regular  succession  of  the 
alliterating  letters." 


640 


ESKDALE   WAKD. 


translation  of  "  Bede's  Ecclesiastical  ITistorv."  In  this 
brief  fragment  two  of  the  couplets  appear  as  rhj-ming 
with  each  other.  This  inscription  also  appears  to  upset 
some  of  the  stjxtemeuts  and  theories  of  our  best  Anglo- 
Saxon  grammarians  with  respect  to  what  arc  called 
Dano-Saxou  idioms  and  dialects,  throwing  all  their 
conjectures  as  to  peculiarities  introduced  by  the  Danes 
topsy-turvy,  and  proving  these  supposed  peculiarities 
to  have  belonged  from  the  first  to  the  Anglo-Saxon 
language. 

"  Iso  doubt"  much  ignorance  prevails  generally  re- 
garding the  liaLits  of  our  Anglo-Saxon  ancestors,  for 
both  public  and  private  documents  are  only  few  and 
scanty  which  give  us  any  insight  into  the  general 
polity  and  social  history  of  these  our  forefathers ;  and 
yet  there  are  certain  salient  points  in  them  which  may 
be  interesting  to  a  majority  of  readers.  In  this  memoir 
I  shall,  therefore,  endeavour  to  give  a  brief  philological 
examination  of  the  words,  as  well  as  a  biographical 
sketch  of  the  persons  whoso  names  occur  on  this 
monument. 

"  I  shall  commence  my  sketch  with  Oswy,  as  being 
the  head  of  the  family.  I  find  the  name  occurring  as 
'  Oswiu,'  which  is  simply  an  abbreviation  of  the  Latin 
termination  '  Oswius.'  I  also  find  the  word  written 
'  Osuiu,'  and  Nennius  calls  him  '  Osguid.'  The  termi- 
nation 'ing'  after  a  proper  name,  according  to  Anglo- 
Saxon  usage,  denoted  '  the  son  of  such  a  person ; '  hence 
the  word  '  Oswiuing'  means  '  the  son  of  Oswy.' 

"  By  the  Anglo-Saxon  kingdom  of  Xorthumbria  we 
oenerally  understand  all  the  counties  in  England  north 
of  the  river  Uumber,  and  the  southern  counties  of 
Scotland  nearly  as  far  as  Edinburgh.  In  the  year 
633,  or,  according  to  some  historians,  044,  after  the 
death  of  King  Edwin,  it  was  divided  into  two  parts, 
namely  the  kingdom  of  Deira  under  Osric,  which  com- 
prehended (nearly)  the  counties  of  York,  Durham, 
Lancashire,  Westmoreland,  and  Cumberland ;  and  the 
kincdom  of  Bernicia  under  Eanfrid,  which  contained 
the  county  of  Northumberland  and  the  southern 
counties  of  Scotland.  After  the  death  of  Oswin  the 
kingdom  of  Deira  probably  devolved  upon  Alcfrid,  the 
son  of  Oswy ;  his  father  retaining  the  northern  portion 
of  the  kingdom  of  Northumbria.  In  the  year  (Ji-2, 
Oswy,  son  of  Ethelfrid,  succeeded  to  the  kingdom  of 
Northumbria,  on  the  death  of  Oswald,  who  was  slain 
by  Penda,  lung  of  the  Mercians.  Oswy  reigned  twenty- 
eight  years,  and  Henry  of  Huntingdon  (Lib.  2.)  tells 
us  that  he  subdued  a  great  part  of  the  nations  of  the 
Picts  and  Scots,  and  made  them  tributary. 

"  The  peculiar  way  in  which  the  word  '  Alcfrithu"  is 
spelt  may  seem  somewhat  objectionable,  but  we  ought 


to  bear  in  mind  that  orthography  has  been  very 
capricious,  and  at  all  periods  has  assumed  the  features 
of  a  constant  tendency  to  change.  In  fact,  it  would 
now  be  quite  impossible  to  settle  the  orthography  whicli 
■was  prevalent  at  any  given  former  period,  or  to  reduce 
the  various  modes  of  spelling  names,  which  we  find  in 
ancient  charters  and  other  documents,  to  any  consistent 
form.  The  Latin  termination  of  proper  names  in 
'  thus'  (and  its  abbreviation  '  thu')  instead  of  '  dus,' 
appears  to  have  been  quite  common. 

"  Cases,  however,  do  sometimes  occur  where  the 
variation  of  a  single  letter  in  the  mode  of  spelling  what 
is  apparently  the  same  name  makes  a  very  wide  and 
important  difference.  We  may  take  the  word  '  Alfrid,' 
as  an  example.  Oswy  had  two  sons,  each  of  them 
a  king,  but  at  dilTerent  periods,  who  in  our  English 
translations  of  Venerable  Bede's  Ecclesiastical  History 
are  generally  called  '  Alfrid.'  On  referring,  however, 
to  Stephenson's  Latin  edition  of  Bcdo,  we  find  a  small 
but  an  essential  distinction.  The  name  of  the  first 
'  Alfrid,'  who  is  the  person  to  whom  this  pillar  was 
erected,  is  in  that  edition  written  thus,  '  Alchfrido.' 
(Bk.  3,  ch.  14.)  And  a  note  upon  this  place  says  :-- 
'  Ealhfrith,  Saxon  version.  This  individual  has  fre- 
quently been  confounded  with  Alfrid,  a  natural  son  of 
Oswy,  who  succeeded  his  father  in  083.  Upon  this  sub- 
ject a  note  in  Lappenberg.  '  Gesch.  v.  England,'  I.,  180, 
may  be  consulted  with  advantage.  Bede  in  other 
passages  calls  the  first  Alcfrid,  and  the  second  Aldfrid. 
In  the  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle  the  latter  is  styled 
'  Aldfrith,'  and  '  Ealdfertb.'  This  Aldfrid  succeeded 
his  brother  Egfrid  in  the  kingdom  of  Northumbria  in 
the  year  C85,  and  died  in  70.5. 

"  History  gives  us  very  little  intimation  of  the  various 
rulers  who  within  their  petty  territories  assumed  the 
names  of  kings,  and  exercised  the  regal  power ;  and 
just  about  as  little  of  the  extent  and  the  nature  of  the 
authority  and  powers  often  claimed  and  exercised  by 
the  sons  and  brothers  of  the  ruling  sovereigns.  Perhaps 
in  the  early  periods  of  Anglo-Saxon  history  the  very 
name  of  king  '  Kyniiug,'  may  have  been  assumed  by 
the  sons  of  sovereigns  whether  they  exercised  the 
sovereign  rights  or  not.  The  word  '  kyniing'  or 
'  cyniing'  was  derived  from  '  kyn'  or  '  cyn,'  whicli 
signified  '  a  nation  or  people,'  and  sometimes  '  the 
head  of  the  nation  or  people' ;  the  termination  '  ing'  at 
the  end  of  proper  nouns  denoted  '  the  son  of  such  a 
person,'  and  hence  the  word  '  kyniing'  would  mean 
simply  '  the  son  of  the  head  of  the  nation.'  It  is  some- 
what strange  that  scarcely  any  charters  belonging  to 
the  kingdom  of  Northumbria  have  survived  to  the  present 
day,  and  hence  from  such  documents  we  can  form  no 


BEWCASTLE  PARISH. 


641 


idea  whatever  of  the  style  adopted  by  the  kings  of  that 
country.  It  is  very  probable,  however,  that  they  care- 
fully maintained  the  distinction  between  Deira  and 
Beruicia,  which  has  been  overlooked  by  many  historians 
of  Anglo-Saxon  England.  Ilcnce  in  the  case  of  Alcfrid 
we  have  every  reason  to  suppose  that  he  was  really  and 
virtually  king  over  Deira,  and  exercised  all  the  rights 
and  jurisdictions,  and  had  all  the  appanages  of  an  inde- 
pendent sovereign. 

"According  to  the  Ecclesiastical  History  of  the 
Venerable  Bcde,  Alfiid  was  ono  of  the  sons  of  Oswy, 
and,  according  to  Eddie,  reigned  along  with  his  father. 

"  Of  the  early  life  of  Alfrid  little  is  recorded,  except 
that  '  he  was  instructed  in  Christianity  by  AVilfrid,  a 
most  learned  man,  who  had  first  gone  to  Home  to  learn 
the  ecclesiastical  doctrine.'  Eddie  informs  us  that  he 
entreated  Wilfrid  to  reside  with  him,  and  preach 
the  Word  of  God  to  him  and  his  people,  and  that 
Wilfrid  complied  with  his  affectionate  request,  and  that 
they  became  attached  to  each  other,  even  as  the  souls 
of  David  and  Jonathan.  Hence  Alcfrid  became 
attached  to  tlie  customs  of  Rome,  and  thought  that 
Wilfrid's  doctrine  ought  to  be  preferred  before  all  the 
traditions  of  the  Scottish  or  native  priests.  Alcfrid 
probably  became  King  of  Deira  about  the  year  G50, 
when  his  Aither  Oswy  slew  Oswin,  who  was  at  that 
time  king  of  that  province.  Of  such  a  fact,  however, 
we  have  no  record,  nor  is  there  any  record  of  the  time 
and  place  of  his  death.  So  far  as  can  be  ascertained  he 
disappears  from  history  about  the  year  605,  i.e.,  nearly 
1,200  years  from  this  time. 

"Alcfrid  appears  to  have  been  firmly  attached  to 
Wilfrid.  He  gave  him  a  monastery  of  forty  families  at 
a  place  called  Ithypum  (Papon)  according  to  Bede  (Lib. 
3,  C.  25);  which  place  ho  had  not  long  before  given 
to  those  that  followed  the  system  of  the  Scots,  for 
a  monastery ;  but  forasmuch  as  they  afterwards,  being 
left  to  their  choice,  prepared  to  quit  the  place  rather 
than  alter  their  religious  opinions,  he  gave  the  place 
to  Wilfrid.  Erom  Bcdc"s  '  History  of  the  Abbots  of 
Weremouth'  wo  learn  that  Alcfrid  was  desirous  to 
make  a  pilgrimage  to  the  shrines  of  the  apostles  at 
Rome,  and  had  engaged  Biscop  to  accompany  him  on 
his  journey,  who  had  just  returned  from  that  place; 
but  the  king  (Oswy)  prevented  his  son's  journey.  About 
the  year  fi'yi  (according  to  some  authorities  Oil)  wo 
find  Alcfrid  and  Oswy  jointly  presiding  over  a  reli- 
gious controversy  respecting  the  observance  of  Easter. 

"  Bedo  informs  us  that  the  Middle  Angles  were  con- 
verted to  Christianity  through  the  instrumentality  of 
Alcfrid.  Peada,  their  king,  came  to  Oswy,  requesting  bis 
daughter  for  a  wife.    Oswy  refused  to  comply  unless  ho 


would  embrace  the  faith  of  Christ.  When  he  heard 
the  preaching  of  truth,  the  promise  of  the  heavenly 
kingdom  and  the  hope  of  resurrection  and  future 
immortality,  he  declared  that  he  would  willingly  be- 
come a  Christian,  even  though  he  should  bo  refused 
the  virgin ;  being  chiefly  prevailed  on  to  receive  the 
faith  by  King  Oswy's  son  Alcfrid,  who  was  his  relation 
and  friend,  and  had  married  his  sister  Cyneburga,  the 
daughter  of  King  Pcuda.  Accordingly  he  was  baptized 
with  all  his  earls  and  soldiers. 

"  In  the  year  CG.5  Alcfrid  sent  Wilfrid  with  a  great 
multitude  of  men  and  much  money  to  the  King  of 
France,  to  be  consecrated  bishop  over  him  (Alcfrid) 
and  his  people.  From  Bede,  and  others  of  our  old 
British  chroniclers,  we  find  Alcfrid,  in  the  year  655, 
fighting  on  the  side  of  his  father  Oswy  against  his 
father-in-law  Penda,  the  king  of  Mercia. 

"  Such  is  the  history  of  Alcfrid  as  it  has  been  handed 
down  to  us  by  our  British  historians.  We  ma}'  now 
take  a  passing  glance  at  his  supposed  death.  Bede 
(Lib.  3,  c.  27),  tells  us  that  in  the  year  064  a  sudden 
pestilence  (called  by  some  the  yellow  plague)  depopu- 
lated the  southern  coasts  of  Britain,  and,  extending 
into  the  province  of  the  Northumbrians,  ravaged  the 
country  far  and  near,  and  destroyed  a  great  multitude 
of  men.  The  pestilence  did  no  less  harm  in  Ireland. 
This  plague  is  also  mentioned  in  tho  'Anglo-Saxon 
Chroncle '  under  the  same  date  :  in  one  of  the  manu- 
scripts of  Xenuius;  and  in  Henry  of  Huntingdon  (Lib.  3.) 
It  has  been  presumed  that  Alcfrid  fell  a  victim  to  this 
plague.  If  so,  it  is  not  unreasonable  to  suppose  that 
he  breathed  his  last  in  his  Saxon  city  of  Bewcastle, 
and  tliat  he  was  buried  here.  Against  this  supposed 
cause  of  his  death,  however,  we  must  bear  in  mind 
that,  in  the  year  065,  i.e.,  the  year  after  the  plague, 
Bede  informs  us  that  Alcfrid  sent  Wilfrid  to  France  for 
consecration,  and  a  similar  st;itcmeut  had  been  previ- 
ously made  by  Eddie.  Henry  of  Huntingdon  (Lib.  3), 
and  Bede,  relate  that  Tuda,  the  Bishop  of  Northumbria, 
fell  a  victim  to  its  ravages,  but  neither  of  them  state 
that  such  was  the  death  of  King  Alcfrid:  a  strong 
presumption  that  the  king  did  not  perish  in  this  plague. 
St.  Chad  is  also  said  to  luive  been  taken  with  tho  con- 
tagion while  on  a  visit  to  his  beloved  solitude  of 
Lestingau,  which  put  an  end  to  his  mortal  life.  Bede, 
in  his  life  of  St.  Cuthbert,  tells  us  that  'this  great 
pestilence,  which  made  .such  havoc  in  Britain  and 
Ireland,  visited  also  tho  monaster)'  of  Mailros,  where 
St.  Cuthbert  was  seized  with  it.  All  the  brethren 
passed  the  night  in  prayer  for  him,  as  looking  upon 
the  life  of  so  holy  a  man  most  necessary  for  the  edifica- 
tion of  their  community.     In  the  morning  they  told 


78 


642 


ESKr.\I,E  WARD. 


kim  what  they  had  been  doing;  at  which,  rising  up, 
he  called  for  his  shoes  and  his  staff,  saring.  Why  do 
I  lie  here  any  longer ;  God  will  certainly  hear  the 
prayers  of  so  many  holy  men.  And  so  it  was  ;  for  he 
quickly  recovered.'  It  is  also  said  that  Bnisil  had  fore- 
told this  plague  three  years  before,  and  that  he  liimself 
should  die  of  it,  which  came  to  pass.  It  seems 
Strange,  therefore,  that  so  many  deaths  should  be 
detailed,  and  yet  that  there  should  be  no  record  of 
the  death  of  King  AlcfriJ,  if  he  perished  iii  this 
plague. 

"  Besides  the  names  of  Oswy  and  Alcfrid,  the  words 
Hwietred,  WaHhgar,  and  Alwfwolthu  ;seem  to  require  a 
slight  notice,  as  they  resemble  Anglo-Saxon  names 
which  we  find  recorded  in  history. 

"  The  word  Hwietred  is  compoiTnded  of  '  hwa;t,  wit, 
with,  or  wiht' — '  quick  or  sharp  ;' — and  of  '  red,  rede, 
rad,  or  rod'  (differing  only  in  dialect),  signifying  '  coun- 
sel.' Hence  Hwaetred  means  '  quick  in  counsel.'  The 
word  '  Hwaetred'  occurs  in  the  '  Code.x  Esoniensis,' 
477,  5,  in  a  poem  called  '  The  Ruin.'  Thorpe  trans- 
lates it  as  an  adjective.  Ethmiiller,  in  his  '  Dictionary,' 
gives  the  word  as  a  proper  name.  A  person  named 
"VVithred,  or  Wihtred,  is  mentioned  by  Henry  of  Hun- 
tingdon (Lib.  4),  and  by  the  '  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle,'  as 
King  of  Kent  in  the  year  692.  Higden  mentions  him 
as  king  in  the  year  086,  and  calls  him  '  Whitred,'  the 
legitimate  son  of  Egbert.  This  person  may  possibly  be 
the  party  whose  name  is  here  recorded.  At  all  events 
he  appears  to  have  entertained  religious  views  and  aspi- 
rations similar  to  those  of  Alcfrid.  Queen  Eanfleda 
had  been  brought  up  at  the  court  of  Kent,  and  was  sent 
for  by  Oswy  in  the  year  051,  and  became  his  wife.  This 
Withred,  who  might  at  that  time  be  one  of  the  young 
princes  at  that  court,  may  have  attended  her  on  her 
marriage  journey  to  Northumbria,  or  may  have  visited 
the  Northumbrian  court  at  some  subsequent  period,  and 
thus  have  formed  an  attachment  to  Alcfrid,  and  after- 
wards erected  this  cross  to  his  memory. 

"  WiBthgar  is  derived  from  '  with,'  '  quick  or  sharp  ;' 
and  'gar  or  goer;'  ,  a  spear:'  hence  it  signifies  'quick 
or  expert  in  the  use  of  the  spear.'  It  may  be  also  a 
proper  name.  A  person  named  '  Wihtgar'  (the  h  before 
the  t)  is  mentioned  in  the  '  Anglo-Saxon  Chroncle',  anno 
514,  as  lord  of  the  Isle  of  Wight.  He  was  the  first  to 
establish  an  Anglo-Saxon  colony  there.  He  also  was 
the  founder  of  Carisbrooke  Castle.  Camden  (p.  130) 
says  that  it  was  called  '  Whitgaraburgh,'  from  him,  and 
now  by  contraction  '  Caresbrook.'  Of  course  he  cannot 
be  the  person  whose  name  is  recorded  on  this  monu- 
ment, but  we  may  draw  an  inference  that  such  a  name 
was  in  use  among  the  Anglo-Saxons. 


"  Aelf,"  which,  according  to  various  dialects,  as  Cam- 
den says,  is  pronounced  '  ulf,  wolph,  hulph,  hilp,  helfe, 
or  helpe,'  implies  '  assistance.'  '  Wold  or  wald'  means 
'  a  ruler  or  governor.'  Hence  the  word  Alfwold  means 
'  an  auxiliaiT  governor.'  But  it  may  also  be  a  proper 
noun,  occumng  under  a  variety  of  modes  of  spelling.' 
William  of  Malmesbuiy  mentions  a  king  of  the  East 
Angles,  named  '  Elwold,'  soon  after  the  time  of  Alcfrid, 
who  might  possibly  be  the  person  mentioned  here. 
Bedo  says  that  Sigebert,  the  king  of  the  East  Angles, 
often  visited  the  court  of  Northumbria,  and  was  con- 
verted to  the  Christian  faith  in  a.d.  0.53,  through  the 
persuasion  of  Osvvy.  This  Elwold  may  have  attended 
■  Sigebert  ou  some  of  these  occasions,  and  thus  have  be- 
come acquainted  with  and  attached  to  Alcfrid,  and  hence 
from  motives  of  friendship  and  regard  he  may  have 
aided  in  erecting  this  pillar  to  his  memory. 

"  \^'e  may  now  return  to  a  further  examination  of  the 
cross.  Below  the  chief  inscription  is  a  figure  wliich,  as 
Bishop  Nicholson  says,  represents  the  portraiture  of 
a  layman  with  a  hank  or  eagle  perched  on  his  arm.' 
Hutchinson  describes  it  as  '  the  elEgies  of  a  person  of 
some  dignity,  in  a  long  robe  to  the  feet,  but  without  any 
dress  or  ornament  en  the  head  :  on  a  pedestal  against 
which  this  figure  leans  is  a  bird,  which,  we  conceive,  is 
a  ralieu,  or  raven,  the  insignia  of  the  Danish  standard. 
This  figure  seems  designed  to  represent  the  personage 
for  whom  the  monument  was  erected,  and  though 
accompanied  with  the  raven,  bears  no  other  marks  of 
royal  dignity.'  In  Lysons  it  is  thus  spoken  of,  '  At 
the  bottom  on  tho  west  side  is  sculptured,  in  bas-relief, 
tlie  figure  of  a  man  bareheaded,  habited  in  a  gown  which 
reaches  to  the  middle  of  his  legs,  holding  a  bird  (most 
probably  a  hawk)  on  his  hand,  just  above  its  perch.'  To 
these  nearly  correct  observations  of  the  Lysons  I  would 
only  add  that  the  figure  is  not  bareheaded,  but  appeai-s 
to  be  covered  with  something  resembling  a  close  hood. 

"  The  sculpture  on  the  south  side  is  divided  into  five 
compartments.  In  the  bottom,  central,  and  top  divi- 
sions are  magical  knots.  In  the  second  are  two  vines 
intersecting  each  other,  and  in  the  fourth  is  another 
vine,  in  one  of  the  curves  of  which  a  vertical  sun-dial 
has  been  placed,  somewhat  resembling  the  dial  placed 
over  the  Saxon  porch  on  the  south  side  of  Bishopstone 
Church,  in  Sussex,  and  also  resembling  the  Saxon  dial 
placed  over  the  south  porch  of  Kirkdale  Church,  in  the 
north  riding  of  Yorkshire,  a  short  description  of  each 

"  '  The  first  syllable  occurs  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  charters  nndcr 
TOrious  modes  of  spelling.  We  find  '  Alf,  Elf,  Olf,  Al\{;'  and  in  a 
charter  of  Eadwig  (a.d.  956,  JIs.  Lands,  417,  fol.  11,  b.)  we  have  the 
name  '  AlwM,'  which  has  a  great  resemblance  to  the  orthography  of 
the  Bewcastle  cross." 


EEWCASTLE   PARISH. 


eis 


of  which  may  be  found  at  page  00  of  the  eleventh  volume 
of  the  '  Arch;cological  Journal.'  Tu  the  Bewcastle  dial 
the  principal  divisions  arc  marked  by  crosses,  as  on  the 
fore-mentioned  dials,  which  are  considered  examples  of 
a  very  early  date,  the  Kirkdale  dial  having  been  made, 
as  it  is  supposed,  between  the  j-ears  lOJO  and  1UG5. 
On  the  plain  surface  near  the  top  of  the  cross  we  have 
the  several  Runic  charactei-s  lice.  The  word  '  lie'  or 
'  lice'  is  very  distinct,  but  of  the  remaining  letters  we 
have  only  the  lower  part.  On  the  east  side  of  the  cross, 
where  the  sentence  has  probably  been  continued  and 
completed,  this  plain  surface  is  totally  gone  so  as  to 
leave  no  traces  whatever,  so  that  this  piirt  of  the  inscrip- 
tion may  be  considered  as  irreparably  lost.  The  word 
'  lie'  or  '  lice'  may,  perhaps,  be  iuteuded  to  e.vpress 
something  respecting  '  a  dead  body.'  In  the  Dream  of 
the  Holy  llood  (Archajologia,  vol.  liO,  p.  Hi),  the  word 
'  lices'  occurs,  and  signifies  the  corpse  of  our  Saviour. 
The  word  '  lice'  may  also  be  part  of  the  word  '  licemau,' 
a  body.  Between  tlie  highest  and  the  next  compartment 
are  traces  of  letters  which  I  read  thus  :  e  c  g  f  e  i  [thu], 
i.  e.,  '  of  Ecgfrid.'  Ecgfrid  was  the  sou  of  Oswy, 
and  brother  of  Alchfrid,  and  succeeded  his  lather 
in  the  kingdom  of  Northumbria  in  the  year  070, 
according  to  the  '  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle.'  Eddie  (ch. 
20)  speaks  of  him  as  king  of  both  Dcira  and  JJoruicia. 
Between  the  second  and  third  divisions  (from  the  top) 
of  the  decorated  parts  of  the  cross  we  find  traces  of 
Eunes,  wiiich  T  venture  to  read  thus: — rices  [Tn]i;s: 
£.«.,  '  of  this  kingdom,' — the  kingdom  of  Northumbria. 
Between  the  third  and  fourtli  divisions  we  also  find 
traces  of  characters  thus: — kxsinges,  i.e.  "king." 
Between  the  lowest  and  second  compartment  is  another 
lino  of  lluues  which  had  been  noticed  by  Spelmau  and 
others  as  previously  described.  I  would  suggest  that 
it  may  be  read  thus: —  +  fuu[ma]n  gear,  i.e.,  in  the 
first  year.'  The  four  lines  on  this  side  of  the  cross 
are  evidently  connected  with  each  other,  and  ai-e  to  bo 
read  thus:  —  'fruman  gear  Ecgfrithu  kyuinges  rdccs 
tiiajs,' — in  the  first  year  (of  the  reign)  of  Egfrid,  king 
of  this  kingdom  of  Northumbria,  i.  e.,  a.  d.  CJO,  in 
which  year  wo  may  conclude  that  this  monument  was 
erected.  The  form  of  date  used  on  this  monument 
nay  be  considered  ratlier  peculiar.  Some  are  of 
opinion  (perhaps  without  sound  grounds)  tliat  the  era 
of  the  Incarnation  was  not  inti'oduced  into  England 
till  the  time  of  IJede,  i.e.,  about  a  century  after  tlio 
erection  of  this  pillar.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  wo 
have  only  two  original  charters  of  tlio  seventh  coutury, 
and  that  the  date  of  tlie  Incarnation  does  not  appear  in 
either  of  these  documents.  We  ciunot  infer,  huwcvcr, 
from  Ihia  ikct  that  such  a  mode  of  dating  was  thuu 


unknown.  This  would  be  pushing  an  argument  to  au 
unjust  conclusion.  Such  au  inference  would  be  aa 
abuse  of  the  rules  of  logic.  It  may  be  remai'ked,  how- 
ever, that  the  mode  of  dating  by  the  regnal  years  of  the 
kings  was  freijuently  adopted,  as  must  be  well  known 
to  every  one  conversant  in  Anglo-Saxon  diplomacy ;  and 
I  think  there  can  be  little  question  but  such  a  mode 
has  been  adopted  on  this  monument. 

"  On  the  north  side  are  also  live  compartments  occu- 
pied by  sculpture.  In  the  highest  and  lowest  divisions 
we  find  vines  with  foliage  and  fruit.  Mr.  Smith  con- 
siders them  '  as  probably  the  Danish  symbols  of 
fertility,  as  Amalthea's  horn  was  among  the  Greeks, 
lu  the  second  and  fourth  divisions  are  two  curi- 
ously devised  and  intricately  twisted  knots,  often  called 
'  magical  knots,'  and  by  some  considered  the  '  knot- 
work  of  Scottish  and  Irish  sculptors.'  The  third 
division  is  filled  with  a  quantity  of  chequerwork.' 
Immediately  above  the  lowest  compartment  is  one  line 
of  Ituuic  characters  of  which  Bishop  Nicolson,  in  his 
letter  to  Mr.  Walker,  says,  '  Upon  first  sight  of  these 

"  '  Thia  diequerwork  is  prononneed  by  Mr.  Smith  to  be  '  a  Sey- 
thinn  mcthoil  of  embellishing  funeinl  ornaments,'  and  is  regarded  by 
Bishop  Nicolson  '  ns  a  notable  emblem  of  the  tamuli  or  burying 
plai'es  of  tlie  aueieutu.'  Camden  says,  '  Seeing  the  cross  is  che- 
quered like  the  arms  of  Vnux,  we  may  suppose  tbiit  it  has  been 
erected  by  some  of  tliem.'  Hiitcliinsou  iliiuks  that  '  the  cross  must 
of  necessity  be  allowed  to  bear  a  more  ancient  date  than  any  of  the 
remains  of  that  name,  which  canuoi  he  run  tip  higher  than  tlie  Con- 
quest.' He  also  thiuks  that  '  armorial  bearings  were  not  iu  use  at 
t!ie  same  time  as  iliu  Kunic  characters.'  It  is  probable,  however,  that 
this  cheqnerwork  had  no  reference  to  the  family  of  Vaux  or  De  Valli- 
bus,  as  they  were  not  really  and  legally  possessed  of  the  lordship  of 
Newcastle  until  the  reign  of  J  lenry  1 1.,  or  about  the  middle  of  tlie 
l'2ih  ceiuury,  which  is  too  late  a  period  for  the  decoration  of  this 
monument.  The  late  ingenious  Mr.  Howiml  suggested  lliat  '  very 
possibly  the  family  of  De  Vallibus  t(tok  tlieir  arms  from  this  column, 
being  one  of  the  roost  remarkable  things  in  the  barony.'  The  checpie 
apjieors  to  have  been  a  derice  used  by  the  Uauls  and  Britons  long 
before  tlie  erection  of  this  cross.  The  Gaulic  mauufaciory  of  woollen 
cloth  spoken  of  by  Diodorus  ( Lib.  5),  and  in  riiny's  '  Nainrul  His- 
tory' (Lib.  8,  oh.  i'<],  was  woven  oheqiienvine,  of  which  our  Scottish 
pluids  are  perf.ct  remains.  Bishop  Anselius  book  conuemiug 
'  Virginily,'  wiiucn  about  the  year  (i'^il — the  era  of  the  cross  iic:irly — 
when  the  art  of  weaving  in  iliis  country  was  probably  in  a  compara- 
tively rude  state,  contains  a  ui^lincl  indication  that  chequered  ivbes 
were  then  iu  fiuihion,  and  many  of  lire  I'lffuresin  Rosseliui's  Kg>'plian 
work  are  dresseil  in  chequered  cloths.  1  ho  cheques  arc  still  retained 
in  common  use  to  this  clay  among  die  iuhabitiuits  of  Walea,  the  des- 
cendants of  the  ancient  Brilons;  and  so  great  is  tlieir  reneralion  for 
their  ancient  emblem  that  whenever  a  Welchman  leaves  his  uoliTP 
nioiiutaiiis  to  rusiile  iu  an  Knglinh  town,  \ie  is  sure  to  cany  this  symbol 
along  with  him.  Shops  willi  the  sign  of  ilie  chequers  were  common 
even  among  die  Bomaiis,  as  is  evident  from  Uic  views  of  I'ompcii 
presnitril  by  Sir  W.  Hamilton  to  the  Antiquarian  Society.  A  linnion 
ligure  in  a  chequered  robe  is  sculptured  on  die  side  of  au  altar  nliicb 
was  fuuuil  in  digging  a  oelliu'  for  Uie  Lirapcs  Inn,  ou  the  site  of  llie 
Komau  station  at  Carlisle,  Oius  establishing  the  probablily  llial  the 
cheque  was  used  among  the  Itoiiians  in  llritain.  We  read  also  of 
nets  of  chequerwork  iu  the  days  of  King  Solumoo. — 1  Kings,  vii.  17." 


644 


ESKDALE  WARD. 


letters  I  greedily  ventured  to  read  them  '  Rynburn  ;' 
and  I  was  wonderfully  pleased  to  fancy  that  this  word 
thus  singly  written  must  necessarily  betoken  the  final 
extirpation  and  burial  of  the  magical  Kunx,  in  these 
parts,  reasonably  hoped  on  the  conversion  of  the  Danes 
to  the  Christian  faith.'  The  learned  prelate  also  con- 
jectured that  the  word  might  bo  '  Piyeeburn,'  which  he 
takes  in  the  old  Danish  language  to  signify  '  a  burial 
place  of  the  dead.'  The  representation  of  these  lluiies 
given  by  the  bishop  is  inaccurate,  and  he  has  evidently 
comprehended  in  it  some  of  the  llutings  of  the  pillar. 
It  is  difficult  to  imagine  how  the  bishop  could  fall  into 
such  an  error,  for  the  letters  on  this  side  of  the  monu- 
ment are  still  perfect  and  legible,  having  been  fortu- 
nately preserved  from  the  effects  of  the  weather  by  their 
proximity  to  the  church,  which  has  afforded  them  its 
friendly  shelter ;  and  in  the  manuscript  journal  which 
the  bishop  kept  of  his  visitation  in  1703  the  Runes  are 
more  correctly  traced  by  him.  Mr.  Smith  dissents 
from  the  reading  of  the  bishop,  and  rather  thinks  it  to  be 
a  sepulchral  monument  of  the  Danish  kings.  lie  reads 
it '  Kuniburuk,'  which,  he  says,  in  the  old  Danish  lan- 
guage, imports  '  the  burial  place  of  a  king.'  Mr.  Smith, 
however,  agrees  with  the  bishop  that  it  may  also  have 
been  designed  for  a  standing  monument  of  conversion 
to  Christianity  which  might  have  happened  on  the  loss 
of  their  king,  and  each  be  mutually  celebrated  by  it. 
But  from  the  inscription  on  the  west  side  it  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  intended  for  anything  more  than  a 
memorial  cross.  Mr.  Kemble,  with  Mr.  Howard's  plate 
as  a  guide,  pronounced  the  word  to  be  '  CrxiEURUG'  or 
'  Cynibdruh,'  the  proper  name  of  a  lady ;  and  he  attached 
some  value  to  it  as  proving  the  inscription  Anglo-Saxon, 
not  Norse.  After  repeated  and  careful  examinations 
the  letters  appear  to  me  to  be — ktnnbur  (thu)  g,  the 
name  of  the  wife  of  Alchfrid.  Eddie,  who  wrote  about 
fifty  years  after  the  erection  of  the  cross,  does  not  men- 
tion the  name  of  Alcfrid's  queen  ;  but  in  Stephenson's 
edition  of  Bedo  (who  probably  wrote  his  history  about 
100  years  after  the  erection  of  the  monument)  we  read 
of  a  lady  whom  he  calls  '  Cyneburga,'  the  daughter  of 
Penda,  Iving  of  Mercia,  and  the  wife  of  Alcfrid.  This 
is  undoubtedly  the  same  person,  the  name  having  some- 
what changed  in  a  century.  In  Ingram's  edition  of  the 
'  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle,'  in  the  year  C.j6,  wo  read  of 
'  Kyneburg'  and  '  Kynesuuitli,'  the  daughters  of  King 
Penda,  and  the  sisters  of  Wulfhere,  who,  in  that  year, 
is  said  to  have  succeeded  his  brother  Peada  in  the  king- 
dom of  the  Mercians. 

"  Between  the  second  and  third  compartments  (from 
the  bottom)  is  another  very  indistinct  line  of  Piuncs 
which  I  venture  to  read  thus  KiXEswi[TH]A.    This  was 


the  name  of  the  mother  as  well  as  a  sister  of  Cyneburg. 
Of  the  mother  nothing  of  note  is  recorded.  From  the 
two  sistcre  being  so  frequently  mentioned  together,  and 
from  the  similarity  of  their  religious  views  and  feelings, 
we  may  presume  that  they  were  strongly  attached  to 
each  other,  and  that  the  sister's  name  is  recorded  here. 

"  Between  the  third  and  fourth  compartments  is 
another  line  of  Runes  which,  though  indistinct,  appears 
to  be — Myrcxa  Kyng,  i.e..  King  of  the  Mercians.  The 
above  line  of  Kunes  appears  to  be  connected  with  ano- 
ther line  between  the  fourth  and  fifth  divisions,  which 
may  be  read  thus,  Wllfiiere,  who  was  a  son  of  Penda, 
brother  of  Cyneburg,  and  king  of  the  Mercians.  He 
succeeded  his  brother  Peada  in  the  year  057,  according 
to  the  '  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle.' 

"  On  the  plain  surface  near  the  top  of  the  cross  are 
Piunic  characters,  consisting  of  three  crosses  and  the 
word  Gessus.  The  three  crosses  may  be  emblematical 
of  the  Crucifixion,  the  central  one  appearing  rather 
higher  than  the  others.  The  word  '  Gessus' is  very 
plain,  all  the  letters  being  quite  distinct  except  the  g, 
and  the  part  where  the  v  and  the  s  approach  each  other, 
which  appears  to  have  experienced  some  injury.  The 
letter  s  has  a  little  peculiarity  iu  its  form,  the  last  stroke 
being  carried  up  nearly  to  the  same  height  as  the  top  of 
the  other  letters.  The  letter  s  in  the  word  '  Oswiuing' 
appears  to  have  the  same  form ;  as  also  some  others  on 
this  monument ;  and  there  is  one  somewhat  similar  to 
it  on  the  Iluthwell  pillar.  There  is  also  an  s  of  a  simi- 
lar form  in  the  Runic  inscription  in  Carlisle  Cathedral. 
The  word  '  Gessus'  is  evidently  connected  with  the  frag- 
ments of  the  word  '  Kristtus'  on  the  west  side,  and  has 
probably  formed  part  of  a  sentence  which  has  been  com- 
pleted on  the  two  other  sides,  but  of  which  only  a  small 
portion  now  remains.'' 

The  parsonage-house  was  re-built  in  1837,  at  a  cost 
of  about  £G00. 

There  is  a  school,  built  by  subscription  in  1834,  in 
union  with  the  National  Society.  It  is  endowed  with 
the  interest  of  £164,  which  was  bequeathed  by  the  Rev. 
John  Cleathing,  of  Thorpe  Arnold,  for  the  education  of 
the  poor  of  the  parish  of  Bewcastle,  his  mother  having 
been  a  native  of  the  parish.  The  average  attendance  is 
about  thirty  children. 

Among  the  single  houses  iu  this  township  having 
particular  names,  there  is  the  Peelohill  farm-house,  an 
ancient  building  with  very  thick  walls.  It  has  been 
one  of  the  old  border  fortresses,  the  word  "  peel"  mean- 
ing a  tower — the  tower  on  the  hill. 

There  is  a  strong  petrifying  spring  at  a  place  called 
Lowgraius ;  also  a  well  iu  the  Parkhead  estate,  called 


BEWCASTLE  PARISH. 


645 


Hobbie  Noble's  well ;  a  spring  on  the  side  of  the  Bull- 
cleugh,  impregnated  with  iron ;  and  also  a  small  water 
mill  for  grinding  com,  on  the  river  lurlibcck,  called 
Bewcastlu  .Mill. 

A  celebrated  moss-trooper,  named  Hobbie  Noble, 
bom  at  tho  Crew,  is  commemorated  in  "Scott's  Border 
Minstrelsy"  and  other  border  songs. 

There  are  two  hills  in  tliis  township  called  Black  and 
White  Preston,  on  the  east  end  of  the  Grey  fell  Common, 
and  another  called  the  Pike  at  the  west  end.  On  the  top 
of  White  Preston  there  are  the  foundations  of  a  build- 
ibg,  perhaps  the  place  for  a  beacon,  or  a  place  of  wor- 
ship.    On  tho  west  point  of  tho  Pike  there  are  also 
traces  of  old  foundations,  where  it  was  formerly  custom- 
ary to  burn  bonfires  on  Midsummer  Eve,  which  were 
called  Tanliteens,  perhaps  from  the  Celtic  word  "  tan," 
a  fire,  implying  that  on  this  point  of  the  hill  the  pri- 
mitive inhabitants  of  the  district  were  in  the  habit  of 
celebrating  some  of  their  orgies  in  former  days.    The 
custom  of  burning  the  Tanliteens  was  observed  at  other 
places  in  this  district,  generally  on  high  ground.  There 
is  a  tradition  that  these  fires  were  originally  signals  for 
the  inhabitants  to  rise  and  murder  the  Danes  in  one 
night.     If  this  tradition  be  correct,  it  may  point  to  the 
general   insurrection   in  tho   days   of  "  Ethelred   the 
Unready,"  when  it  is  said  that,  in  pursuance  of  secret 
instructions  sent  by  tho  king  over  the  country,  the 
inhabitants  of  every  town  and  city  rose,  and  murdered 
all  the  Danes,  who  were  their  neighbours — young  and 
old — men,  women,  and  children — not  a  single  Dane 
escaping.     This  massacre  of  Ethelred,  however,  is  said 
to  have  taken  place  on  the  13th  of  November,  1002 — 
whereas  tho  Tanliteens  are  burned  on  IMidsummer  Eve. 
It  appears  to  have  been  tho  custom  iu  former  times 
throughout  a  great  part  of  England  to  hglit  bonfires  on 
tho  evo  of  I\lidsummer-day,  and  afterwards  to  spend  the 
night  in  gaiety  and  rejoicings.     This  custom  is  sup- 
posed by  some  to  have  originated  ia  some  superstitious 
observances  connected,  in  pagan  times,  with  tho  appa- 
rent recession  of  the  sun  from  the  earth  at  this  season. 
An  important  and  interesting  custom  was  long  observed 
in  London  on  Midsummer  Eve,  namely,  tho  setting  of 
the  city  watch.    The  old  chroniclers  report  tho  affair  as 
Tcry  magnificent  and  splendid — the  Lord  Mayor  usually 
proceeding  in  grand  procession  through  the  streets  on 
tho  occasion — and  the  kings,  with  their  trains,  riding  in 
royal  state  to  witness  tho  same.   These  customs  may  all 
have  had  one  common  origin. 

I!  A I  LEY. 

Bailey  township  extends  from  two  and  a  half  to  six 
miles  north-uortli-west  of  BcwcasOe.     Tho  population 


in  1801  was  281;  in  1811,  311;  in  1821,  386;  in  1831, 
454;  in  1841,  431,  and  in  1851,  397,  who  are  dispersed 
over  the  township  in  single  houses ;  there  are  no  vil- 
lages or  hamlets.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employ- 
ment. Tho  soils  are  various,  from  a  rich  loam  to  a  deep 
moss.  The  east  and  north  parts  of  the  township  are 
sheep  farms,  the  property  of  Wilham  Henry  Charlton, 
Esq.  The  rateable  value  is  i'2,880  15s.  The  Maiden 
Way  runs  through  the  north-east  part  of  the  township. 
In  a  tumulus  at  Kemp  or  Camp  Graves,  some  Roman 
coins  have  been  found ;  tumuli  were  also  found  at  Cur- 
rack  or  Curragh,  and  Pioaustrees  and  Nook. 

This  township  is  part  of  the  manor  of  Nichol  Forest, 
belonging  to  Sir  James  Robert  George  Graham,  Bart., 
of  Netherby.  The  estates  are  held  under  small  yearly 
lord's  rents,  fines,  and  heriots.  These  customary  rents 
are  paid  to  the  lord  of  the  manor  for  the  time  being. 
A  great  part  of  the  customary  tenements  in  this  town- 
ship have  been  enfranchised,  or  purchased  freehold  on 
liberal  terms  by  the  tenants  from  the  late  Sir  James 
Graham,  Burt.,  and  his  son,  the  present  baronet.  Tho 
lord  of  the  manor  formerly  held  courts  for  this  township 
iu  Nichol  Forest  twice  a  year,  but  since  an  act  was  passed 
in  1S41,  giving  power  to  the  lord's  stewards  to  do  tho 
business  at  their  ofllces,  no  courts  were  held  till  about 
two  years  ago,  when  a  court  was  held  as  usual.  The 
court  rolls  extend  over  a  period  of  120  years,  beginning 
in  1733,  and  continuing  regularly  to  the  present  time. 
Tiie  principal  landowners  arc  William  H.  Charlton,  Esq., 
who  owns  nearly  one  half  of  this  township  ;  Sir  Wastel 
Brisco  ;  Sir  James  Graham  ;  31r.  John  Dodgson,  C.B., 
and  William  Hodgson,  Esqs. ;  and  several  resident 
yeomen. 

Bailey  township  possesses  a  school,  called  Nook 
School,  so  designated  in  consequence  of  land  for  tho 
site  being  purchased  by  trustees  from  the  proprietor 
of  the  Nook  estate,  in  the  said  township.  The  school 
was  erected  by  subscription  in  1827,  and  will  accom- 
modate about  si.xty  children.  The  master  is  supported 
by  the  quarter  pence  of  his  pupils,  and  a.  grant  of 
£7  10s.  a  year,  received  for  tho  last  seven  years,  from 
the  Presbyterian  Synod  of  England.  There  is  a  small 
library  at  tho  school  for  tho  use  of  tho  scholars  and 
others. 

Glendew  Hill,  the  highest  in  Bewcaslle  parish,  is  in 
this  township.  Tho  Bailey  Water  runs  iu  a  southerly 
direction  through  tho  township,  which  is  supplied  by 
small  rivulets  or  burns,  and  falls  iu  the  Black  Line 
river,  which  stream  forms  a  great  part  of  the  boundary 
of  Bailey,  Bcllbank,  and  Nixou  townships,  as  well  as 
tho  boundary  between  Bailey  township  and  that  of 
Bcllbank,  in  tho  parish  of  Stapletou.     There  ate  three 


&46 


ESKDAI.E    "WAKD. 


small  stone  briJges,  and  some  wooden  foot  bridges  in 
tbe  township.  There  is  a  mill  on  the  Bailey  Water 
generally  called  Koanstrees  Jlill. 

Bniley  possesses  two  ancient  houses  or  halls,  one 
called  Sleetbeck,  which  was  kept  in  repair  by  the 
owners,  the  Greeiiwoll  family,  who  resided  here  about 
a  century  ago ;  the  otbor,  called  Asli,  wbit;h  was  pos- 
sessed by  the  Scotts,  at  about  the  same  period ;  these 
are  now  converted  into  form-houses,  and  are  the  pro- 
perty of  Sir  Wastel  Biisco,  Bart.,  of  Crofton  Hall,  near 
Coriisle.  Bailey  township  is  consolidated  with  the 
other  townships  of  the  palish  for  the  support  of  tbe 
poor,  but  it  repaii's  its  own  roads,  <fcc. 

BELLBAXK. 

Bellbank  township  contained  in  180),  234  inhabi- 
tants; in  1811,  344;  in  1821,  415;  in  1831,  48.5; 
in  1841,  445;   and  in  1851,  430.     The  Highstone 
Common  in  this  township  was  surveyed  and  euclosed 
in  1815.     A  copy  of  the  award  and  plan  is  deposited 
at  Bewcastle  church.     The  people  live  chiefly  in  single 
houses  dispersedly.    There  is  a  small  village  at  Kingry 
Hill,  also  at  Nether  Oakshaw,  Shaw  Head,  and  Clat- 
teringford.     The  people  are  generally  of  sober,  tempe- 
rate, and  iudustrious  habits.     There  are  several  public 
roads  here,  two  of  which  lead  to  Scotland.    Agriculture 
is  the  principal  employment  of  the  inhabitants.    There 
is  a  small  collieiT  at  Clatteringford,  but  the  coals  are 
of  a  very  inferior  quality,  and  the  seam  is  only  about 
fifteen  inches.     It  employs  about  a  dozen  men  and 
boys,  and  is  the  property  of  Sir  James  Graham.     Mr. 
John  Harbin  being  at  present  the  tenant  of  this  and 
the  limeworks  in  the  township  of  Bewcastle,  at  a  rent 
of  about  i'lOO  a  year.     The  soil  near  the  boundaries  of 
the  township  is  very  good,  being  chiefly  holm-land  by 
the  side  of  the  rivers.     The  centre  was  a  large  moor, 
called  the  Highstone  Common,  which  has  been  enclosed 
and  brought  into  cultivation,  and  the  principal  part  is 
tmdergoing  tiie   regular  course  of  husbandry.      The 
nUeable  value  of  the  township  is  £l,uSl  10s.     An  old 
Ftoman  road  entered  this  township  at  the  Wellington 
Gate,  and  proceeded  in  a  north-west  direction  towards 
Tennies  Hill  in  Scotland.     The  township  is  pai-t  of  the 
manor  of  Bewcastle,  and  the  estates  are  generally  in  the 
hands  of  separate  proprietors.     There  is  a  school  at 
Eingry  Hill  in  union  with  the  National  Society,  built 
by  subscription  in  ]  855,  and  attended  by  about  thirty 
children. 

xixoss. 
The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  179; 
in  1811,  216:  in  1821,  224;  in  1831,  220;  in  1841, 
SI  7  ;  and  in  1831,  193.     A  large  tract  of  moorland  on 


tbe  north  side  of  this  township,  called  Black  Line 
Common,  was  enclosed  in  1820.  A  copy  of  the  award 
and  plan  is  deposited  at  tho  parish  church.  There  is 
another  large  tract  of  moorland  on  the  south-east  side 
of  the  township,  called  White  Line  Common,  which 
has  not  yet  been  enclosed.  The  population  is  dispersed 
in  single  houses.  There  is  only  one  small  village  or 
hamlet,  called  the  Flatt,  where  Sir  James  Graliam 
has  a  shooting  lodge.  Here  it  was  customary  to  bum 
the  Tanliteens  on  Midsummer  Eve.  It  is  said  that 
the  whole  of  this  township  formerly  belonged  to  people 
of  the  name  of  Nbcon,  hence  its  name.  Agriculture  is 
the  principal  occupation  of  the  inhabitants.  The  people 
are  in  general  of  industrious  and  sober  habits ;  thsro 
is  no  pubhc-house  in  tbe  township.  The  soil  in  the 
western  portion  of  the  township  is  generally  good,  and 
in  a  good  state  of  cultivation  :  tho  remainder  is  nioor- 
htnd,  but  tolerably  good  for  gi-azing.  The  rateable 
value  is  £1,192. 

There  is  a  large  cairn  at  the  Shield  Knowe,  and 
another  at  the  Kilnpot  Knowe,  also  works  at  a  place 
called  the  Cross,  which  is  described  at  length  in  Mr. 
ilaughan's  account  of  the  Maiden  AVay,  published 
in  No.  41  of  the  "  Archa?ological  JournaL"  The 
Maiden  Way  entered  this  township  at  the  Crow  Bum 
Gate,  passed  the  Green  Knowe,  tbe  Shield  Knowe,  the 
Cross,  and  left  the  township  at  a  place  called  tbe 
Beakfoot,  on  the  Black  Line  river.  Another  ancient 
road  passed  over  the  Bothrigg  Hill,  near  the  Row,  and 
up  to  Limestead,  where  the  fonndations  of  an  ancient 
building  were  dug  up  a  few  years  since.  There  was 
formerly  an  ancient  cross  at  a  place  called  Cross  Hill, 
a  pai't  of  which  still  exists.  This  township  is  part  of 
the  manor  of  Bewcastle ;  the  lands  belong  to  a  great 
number  of  small  proprietors. 

The  Pi'esbyterians,  the  only  dissenters  in  tbe  parish, 
have  a  chapel  and  manse  for  their  minister  at  tlie  Knowe, 
in  this  township ;  the  chapel  was  erected  in  the  year 
1788,  about  which  time  the  congregation  was  organised. 
The  Rev.  William  Lander  died  in  1832,  having  been 
minister  thirty-five  years.  The  other  ministers  have 
been  t!ic  Revs.  John  Wright,  Alexander  Anderson, 
Gavin  Lochore,  and  James  Laidlaw.  The  congregation 
was  connected  with  the  Church  of  Scothind  till  1844, 
the  year  of  the  disruption  of  that  establishment,  when, 
Mr.  Laidlaw  deraittiug  the  charge,  it  joined  the  Enghsh 
Synod,  then  recently  formed.  On  the  3rd  of  December 
of  the  same  year  the  present  minister.  Rev.  WiUiam 
Tweedie,  was  appointed.  In  1854  the  chapel  under- 
went a  complete  renovation,  at  a  cost  of  £120.  It 
stands  on  a  rising  ground,  has  sittings  for  about 
300,    amd   is   well    attended  —  some   of  the    people 


BRAMPTON  PARISH. 


U7 


'coming  a  distance  of  seven  or  eight  miles  over  the 
roadless  fell. 

There  is  a  verj'  high  point  of  land  here  called  Christen- 
burg  Crags,  which  commands  a  very  extensive  prospect 
to  the  west.     A  little  way  to  the  south-east  of  these 


crags  is  a  spring,  from  wliich  the  water  runs  both  to 
the  east  and  to  the  west. 

A  person  named  Thomas  Armstrong,  otherwise 
"  Sockie  Tom,"  resided  at  a  place  called  Bothrigg, 
the  foundations  of  which  may  still  be  traced. 


BRAMPTON    PARISH. 

Tms  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  a  detached  portion  of  Upper  Denton,  Lanercost,  and  Walton ;  on  the  west 
by  Irthington  ;  on  the  south  by  Haytou  and  i'arlam  ;  and  on  the  east  by  Nether  Denton.  It  lies  between  the  rivers 
Gelt  and  Irthing,  and  possesses  in  general  a  light  sandy  soil,  producing  good  crops  of  oats,  barley,  turnips,  potatoes, 
<tc.  Good  coal  is  found  at  Tindalo  Fell,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  is  a  small  lake,  called  Tindale  Tarn,  about  two 
miles  in  circumference,  which  abounds  with  perch,  pike,  &c.  The  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Brampton, 
Easby,  and  Naworth,  whose  united  area  is  10,070  acres. 


BRAMPTON. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  included  in  the  parish 
returns;  its  rateable  value  is  £7,C49  Is.  7d.  The 
population  in  1801  was  1,G8'2;  in  1811,  2,043;  in 
18^1,  2,448;  in  1831,  2,84-2;  in  1841,  2,754;  and 
in  1851,  3,189. 

The  manor  of  Brampton  is  included  in  the  barony 
of  Gilsland,  an  account  of  which  will  be  found  imder 
Naworth  township. 

An  inquisition  taken  in  the  Slst  Queen  Elizabeth, 
gives  us  the  following  particulai-s  of  the  manor  of  Bramp- 
ton :  — "  The  amount  of  the  lord's  rent,  £43  13s.  l}d. 
There  ouM)alitrs  fee,  13s.  4d. ;  and  paid  to  Elinore 
Scroope,  widow  of  Henry  Lord  Scroope,  of  Bolton,  an 
annuity  of  1*10  for  life.  It  is  stated  that  the  lord  had 
fourteen  shops  demised  in  Brampton.  The  tenants 
pay  a  money  payment  in  lieu  of  bond  days  work,  to 
wit,  Brackenhill,  Kijd.  ;  Boitheby,  3s.  6d.  ;  Esbie 
Magna,  2ld.  ;  E.sbio  Parva,  14d.;  Coithill,  7d. ; 
Holmes,  7d. :  Crockholmes,  14d.  ;  Woodside,  lOJd. ; 
Tarnehouse,  7d.  ;  Wayo,  lid.;  Holehowse,  7d.  ;  Row- 
bank,  7d. ;  and  Brampton  Vill,  '.Is.  Ojd.  The  demesnes 
and  scite  of  Cumchae,  with  the  mill,  are  set  forth  723. 
rent.  Item  :  there  is  situato  within  this  manor  a  faire 
castle,  called  Naworth  Castle ;  it  is  of  good  strength  and 
built  four  square,  with  a  gate  house  to  the  same,  one 
of  the  squares  thereof  hath  never  been  finished  further 
than  the  walls  thereof,  of  two  or  three  stories  high.  It 
is  all  covered  with  lead,  and  the  said  castlo  is  situate 
about  vij.  miles  from  Scotland :  it  is  now  in  very  great 
decay  in  all  parts,  and  the  outhouses,  viz.,  the  stables, 
gai"ncrs,  and  other  howsos  of  othces,  are  utterlie  dccaicd. 
Item,  there  is  within  this  manorer  one  parko,  called 
Naworth  Parke;  the  same  coutoiueth  by  estimation. 


cc.  acres;  it  is  very  barren  lande;  there  is  in  it  a  greate 
store  of  olde  oakc  wood,  which  is  worth,  if  the  same 
were  presently  sold,  about  cc"- ;  there  are  no  deare  in 
the  said  parke.  Item:  there  is  within  the  said  manner 
one  woodc  grounde,  commonly  called  the  chace  of 
Brigwoodc,  containing  by  estimation,  cc.  acres,  it  is 
very  barren  ground  ;  there  is  in  it  verie  much  good 
oke  wood,  which,  if  it  were  presentlie  to  be  soulde, 
it  were  worth  cc"',  but  there  are  no  deare  in  it,  for 
they  were  all  wasted  and  destroyed  longe  sithence. 
Item :  there  are  within  this  manner  these  commons, 
heaths,  and  moor-grounds,  following,  viz.  : — Swerth 
Fell,  Justing  Steads,  Sprinke  Bank,  Gelt  Wood,  Raw 
Banke  Wraye,  and  Eastby  Moore,  containing  in  all 
by  estimation,  ccc.  acres,  wherein  the  teunants  of  this 
manner  have  common  of  pasture  for  their  cattle,  which, 
besides  their  commons,  is  worth,  by  the  year,  nothing. 
Item:  there  is  kept,  weekly,  every  Tewsday,  at 
Brampton,  a  market,  but  there  hath  been  no  profit 
made  of  the  tolle  thereof,  and  there  hath  been  in  time 
past  one  fairo  every  year  upon  IMagdalino  Day ;  but,  of 
late  years,  there  hath  no  faire  been  kept.  Item  :  the 
late  Lord  Dacres,  and  his  ancestors,  have  used  to  allow 
for  a  schoolmaster  to  teacho  a  grammar  scholo  in  the 
towne  of  Brampton,  the  yearly  stipend  of  vj"-,  .xirj'-, 
iiiJ''-,  the  which  hath  ever  since  been  continued  and 
allowed,  and  ouc  Jeffery  Milnebourn  is  now  scholcmaster. 
Item  :  there  ore  within  this  manner  of  customary 
tonnants,  farmers,  and  cottagers  which  do  service  upon 
the  border  of  Scotland  there,  some  with  horse  und 
furniture,  some  with  nags,  and  some  on  foot,  the  number, 
four  score  and  six,  or  thereabout.  Item  :  the  bounder 
of  this  manner  of  Brampton  bcginncth  at  Irthington 
Milne,  and  to  a  place  called  the  Castle  Steads  Yeat, 


648 


ESKDALE  WARD. 


called  the  Willo  Tree,  and  so  in  at  the  Castle  Steads 
Yeat  owto  over  Lumbrum,  to  the  Castle  Dyke  of  the 
Mundholme,  and  along  the  dyke  eastward,  without 
Irthing,  unto  the  Abbie  Bridge,  and  so  up  Irthing  to 
the  foot  of  the  Castlo  Beck,  and  so  up  the  Castle 
Beck  to  Denton  Milne,  and  from  thence  to  a  place  called 
the  Ilurrlende  Well,  and  so  to  the  Foule  Floshe;  from 
thence  westward  as  the  little  river  runneth  into  IMilton 
Beck  at  I\Iilton;  from  thence  southward  up  the  Castle 
Beck  to  an  olde  dyke  that  parteth  Farlam  and  Brampton, 
and  so  to  the  Ked  Yeat  Foot,  at  Hanbanke;  from  thence 
along  the  south  side  of  the  Talken  Tarne,  and  so  to 
Helbecke,  as  the  little  river  runneth  from  Talken 
Tarne  to  Helbeck;  from  thence  down  to  Gelt,  and  down 
Gelt  to  Gelt  Rynne,  in  Irthinge,  and  so  up  Irthinge, 
to  Irthington  I\Iilne  Foot. 

"The  customary  tenncnts.  Sec,  do  claim  to  hould  their 
tenements  as  customary  tenants,  for  doing  their  service 
on  the  borders,  and  paying  their  fines  and  gressomes  at 
the  change  by  death,  or  otherwise,  either  of  the  lord  or 
tennant ;  and  there  laid  fines  and  gressomes  have  been 
sometimes  two  and  sometimes  three  years'  rent,  accord- 
ing to  the  rate  of  the  rent  they  pay  for  their  said  tene- 
ments.   As  for  such  tenuants  as  come  to  the  possession 
of  their  tenements  by  alienation,  or  marriage  of  daughter 
and  heir,  they  have  been  accustomed  to  greater  fines 
and  gressomes,  such  as  the  lord  and  they  could  reason- 
ably agree  upon.     And  also  concerning  the  certainty  of 
their  said  customs,  to  whom  the  tenement  ought  to 
descend  after  the  death  of  any  tennant,  whether  to  the 
heir  male  or  to  the  heir  general  is  not  known ;  so  that, 
in  this  case,  the  same  hath  been  sometime  allowed  the 
one  way,  and  sometime  the  other  way,  and  never  any 
certainty  therein.     Freeholders  in  Gilsland  have  been 
accustomed  to  pay  for  their  reliefs,  after  the  death  of 
their  ancestors,  the  rent  of  one  year,  if  in  socage  tenure : 
but  if  they  hold  by  knight's  service,  and  be  of  ful  age 
at  the  death  of  their  ancestors,  shall  pay  for  their  relief 
after  the  rate  of  Cs.  for  a  knight's  fee  (with  ward,  mar- 
riage, and  escheat,  in  case  of  felony  or  failure  of  issue, 
as  in  general).     Item :  the  freeholders  of  this  baronie, 
and  if  they  do  not  inhabit,  theu  their  tennants  have 
been  accustomed,  time  out  of  mind,  to  serve  upon  the 
borders,  under  the  direction,  commandment,  and  appoint- 
ment of  the  officer  of  the  said  baronie,  for  the  time 
being,  at  their  own  proper  costs  and  charges.     Item : 
all  other  the  tennants  inhabiting  in  the  several  manners 
and  townships  within  this  baronie,  being  about  the 
number  of  600,  ought,  in  respect  of  their  farms,  tene- 
ments, and  cottages,  to  serve  her  majesty  on  the  borders, 
at  all  times  when  need  shall  require,  at  their  own 
proper  costs  and  charges,  some  with  horses,  some  with 


nags,  and  some  on  foote,  with  such  furniture  as  in  time 
past  have  been  accustomed.  Item:  the  lord  of  this 
baronie  hath  always  been  accustomed,  time  out  of  mind, 
to  have  and  keep,  at  Brampton,  a  court  every  three 
weeks  in  the  j'car,  saving  in  the  time  of  harvest,  viz. : — 
from  Lammas  to  Michaelmas  ;  and  two  courts  leets, 
the  one  within  a  month  after  Michaelmas,  and  the  other 
within  a  month  after  Easter.  And  it  hath  likewise 
been  accustomed  that  there  should  be  kept  one  or  two 
court  barons  every  year,  at  every  of  the  manners  of 
Askerton  Castle,  Castle  Carrock,  and  Cumrcwe,  within 
the  said  baronie,  and  the  lord  hath  always  been  answered 
of  all  escheats,  fines,  amerciaments,  and  profits  pre- 
sented for  any  offence,  at  any  of  the  said  courts,  &c." 

THE    TOWN    OF    BRAMPTON. 

The  ancient  market  town  of  Brampton  is  situated 
in  a  vale,  surrounded  by  considerable  eminences,  in 
54°  57'  north  latitude,  and  2°  44'  west  longitude,  nine 
miles  cast-north-cast  of  Carlisle,  311  miles  north-by-west 
of  London  by  road,  and  3G0  miles  by  the  Newcastle  and 
Carlisle,  and  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railways.  The 
population  of  the  town  in  1851  was  3,074,  of  whom 
1,521  were  males  and  1,553  females,  inhabiting  557 
houses,  nine  houses  being  uninhabited  and  si.\  building. 
The  principal  occupation  is  the  weaving  of  checks  and 
ginghams  for  the  Carlisle  manufacturers  ;  the  collieries 
of  the  Earl  of  Carlisle  also  afford  employment  to  a 
number  of  the  inhabitants.  There  are  several  corn- 
mUls  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  town.  The  weekly 
market,  held  on  Wednesday,  is  numerously  attended, 
and  is  well  supplied  with  corn  and  provisions.  There 
are  four  annual  fairs  for  sheep  and  cattle,  viz.,  on  the 
2Qth  of  April,  second  Wednesday  after  AVhit-Sunday, 
second  AVedncsday  in  September,  and  the  23rd  of 
October.  These  markets  and  fairs  are  held  in  pursuance 
of  charters  obtained  in  the  37th  Henry  III.  (1252-3) 
by  Thomas  de  Multou.  lord  of  Gilsland.  The  town 
being  the  principal  one  in  the  barony  of  Gilsland,  con- 
tains many  good  houses  and  shops.  It  is  one  of  the 
polling  places  for  the  eastern  division  of  the  county. 
Petty  sessions  are  held  here  every  alternate  Wednesday, 
and  a  county  court  for  the  recovery  of  debts  under  £50. 

Wq  are  in  possession  of  little  relating  to  Brampton 
in  past  ages.  About  a  mile  west  of  the  modern  town, 
upon  a  gentle  eminence  commanding  a  view  in  every 
direction  of  a  most  beautiful  country,  are  the  traces  of 
a  small  Roman  camp.  The  father  of  English  topography, 
guided  in  some  measure  by  the  simUarity  of  the  names, 
fixed  the  ancient  Bremetauracum  at  Brampton ;  but 
Horsley,  in  consequence  cf  the  absence  of  Eoman 
remains,  demurred  to  the  correctness  of  the  conclusion. 


BRAMPTON  PARISH, 


649 


It  is  not  surprising  that  this  camp  escaped  tlie  atten- 
tion of  Horsley,  as  it  is  situated  within  the  ancieut 
parlc  of  Brampton,  considerable  portions  of  wliicli  were, 
a  century  ago,  covered  witli  tangled  brushwood  and 
venerable  forest  trees.  Its  trenches,  though  still 
visible,  are  fast  disappearing  ;  every  time  it  is  ploughed, 
the  furrow  is  turned  in  the  hollow  of  its  fosse.  Though 
hundreds  of  cart-loads  of  stones  have  been  taken  from 
it,  the  grouud  on  which  the  camp  stood  is  thickly  strewn 
with  stony  fragments.  Pottery,  millstones,  and  lloman 
tiles  have  been  found  here.  Besides  individual  coins 
which  have  occasionally  been  brought  to  light,  an 
earthen  jar  containing  a  largo  number  was  turned  up 
by  the  plough  in  1820.  It  contained  not  fewer  than 
5,000  pieces,  all  of  them  of  the  lower  empire.  If 
"Whitley  Castle  be  the  Alionis  of  the  Notitia,  tliis,  as 
coming  next  in  order,  may  be,  as  Camden  conjectured, 
Brcmetcnracum.  In  the  plain  to  the  south  of  the 
camp  are  some  remarkable  tumuli.  One  mound  of 
large  dimensions,  standing  alone,  is  covered  with  oak 
trees.  Three  others  of  small  size,  and  close  to  each 
other,  are  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  ths  same  field. 
Two  of  them  are  circular,  and  about  twelve  yards  in 
diameter;  the  third  is  elongated,  and  measures  about 
thirty-two  yards  in  length.  Whatever  opinion  we  may 
form  respecting  the  larger  mound,  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  smaller  ones  are  artificial  barrows  ;  the 
hollow  made  for  the  excavation  of  the  soil  for  their 
formation  is  discernible.  They  do  not  appear  to  have 
been  opened.  Between  the  station  and  the  town  of 
Brampton  may  be  noticed  the  faint  traces  of  an  earthen 
encampment  of  the  usual  Roman  form ;  it  is  fast  dis- 
appearing under  the  action  of  the  plough. 

At  tho  east  end  of  the  town  is  a  conical  hill,  about 
fifty  yards  high,  called  the  Moat.  Tho  summit  is  level, 
about  forty  paces  in  diameter,  and  defended  by  a  breast- 
work. Nothing  certain  is  known  respecting  its  origin. 
Hutchinson  says  its  name  "  encourages  tho  idea  that 
it  was  used  as  a  parley  hill,  or  open  court  for  the  dis- 
pensing of  justice  ;  or  it  might  be  for  the  resort  of  tho 
inhabitants  of  Brampton  on  the  incursion  of  an  enemy." 
It  is  now  covered  with  trees. 

About  two  miles  south  of  the  town,  on  the  face  of  a 
rock  overhanging  the  river  Gelt,  is  a  Roman  inscription 
as  follows :  —  "vex  •  li.eg  •  ii  avg  •  on  •  ai-p  •  svb  • 

ACniCOUl      OPTIONE      APRO    •     ET     MAXIMO      CONSVUBVS 
OFICIN'A    MEBCATI     MEKCATIU3     FERXI     PAVI,  •    PECVL  • 

I  pn  o  NATiosE."    Some  years  ago  another  inscriplioa 
was  found  on  tho  Ilayton  side  of  tho  Gelt,  c  littlo 
higher  up  tho  river,  but  from  its  indistinctness  could 
not  bo  deciphered. 
Tho  history  of  Bramptou  for  a  consideraUo  period 

70 


was  identical  with  that  of  the  barony  of  GUslaud. 
During  the  rising  of  1715  the  adherents  of  the  house 
of  Stuart,  having  crossed  the  border,  took  up  their 
quarters  at  Brampton,  where  ilr.  Foster  opened  his 
commission  from  the  Earl  of  Mar,  which  appointed 
him  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  in  England,  and 
at  the  same  time  the  Pretender  was  proclaimed.  The 
insurgents  subsequently  set  out  for  the  south.  The  fate 
of  the  expedition  is  well  known.  In  the  more  formidable 
rebellion  of  17-15  we  find  Prince  Charles  Stuart  at 
Bramptou,  where  he  arrived  about  the  l'2th  of  Novem- 
ber, making  it  his  head  quarters.  In  the  Prince's 
household  book  there  is  a  note  that  "  when  the  prince 
was  at  Bramptou  he  went  one  day  to  Squire  Warwick's 
house,  and  diued  there."  This  was  on  the  13th,  on 
which  day  the  troops  were  reviewed  by  the  prince  at 
Warwick  Bridge.  During  this  period  siege  was  laid  to 
Carlisle,  which  surrendered  on  the  15th  of  November; 
the  keys  of  the  city  being  presented  to  the  Prince  at 
Brampton  by  the  mayor  and  corporation  on  their  knees. 
On  the  18th  Charles  Edward  entered  Carlisle. 

CHOnCHES   AND    CHAPELS. 

The  old  parish  church  of  Brampton,  dedicated  to  St. 
Martin,  is  in  a  dilapidated  state,  and  is  now  only  used 
on  the  occasion  of  funerals.  It  is  a  mile  and  a  half 
from  the  town,  on  an  eminence  overlooking  the  river 
and  vale  of  Irthing.  The  chancel,  all  that  is  now  re- 
maining, is  very  ancient.  The  churchyard  contains 
a  head-stone  to  the  memory  of  a  vicar  who  died  so  long 
ago  as  13 IG.  In  August,  1858,  a  fine  old  tombstone, 
or  rather  the  fragment  of  one,  was  discovered  on  the 
north  side  of  the  churchyard,  by  the  sexton  of  tho 
parish,  while  digging  a  grave  for  a  person  who  had  died 
in  the  workhouse.  The  slab  thus  found  presents 
evidently  one  side  of  an  altar -tomb  raised  to  some 
person  of  distinction  in  olden  time.  The  stone  is  un- 
iascribed,  but  displays  three  shields  of  arms,  enclosed 
within  quatre-foil  panels  of  the  Early  English  period. 
The  first  is  tho  bend  dexter,  chcquy,  of  the  De  Vaux  ; 
the  central  shield  has  tho  three  escallop  shells  of  tho 
Dacres,  lords  of  Gilsland  (ouo  of  tho  most  graceful  of 
cognizances) ;  and  the  third  and  last  on  tho  slab 
presents  a  cross-fleuree,  with  an  escallop  shell  in  tho 
first  upper  quarter  of  the  shield, — the  cognizance  of 
two  old  Cumberland  families  of  importiinco,  now 
extinct, — those  of  Lamplugh  and  Carlisle.  The  Howard 
"  crosslet"  does  not  appear.  A  notion  having  got  abroad 
that  this  curiosity  was  tho  long-lost  tombstone  of 
Lord  William  Howard  of  Naworlh,  it  was  carefully 
inspected  by  the  Earl  of  Carhsle,  who  at  the  time  was 
stayiug  at  Naworlh — and  by  mauy  others.      The  stouo 


650 


ESKDALE  WARD. 


is  of  much  earlier  date,  however,  than  the  time  of  Lord 
"William  Howard.,  and  could  never  have  been  laid  over 
the  remains  of  Lord  William,  who  died  at  "Xaward,"  as 
proved  by  an  "  inquisitio  post  mortem,"  only  in  October, 
1G40.  Lord  William  having  been  clearly  ascertained 
to  have  died  at  Naworth  towards  the  commencement  of 
a  very  troublous  time,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  he 
was  quietly  interred  in  the  chancel  at  Lanercost  by  the 
side  of  Lady  Elizabeth,  his  spouse,  and  amongst  the 
stately  tombs  of  ancestors  of  hers.  The  old  tombs  of 
the  Dacres,  as  well  as  those  of  other  lords  of  that 
period,  were  much  puUed  to  pieces  during  the  civil  war 
of  King  Charles'  time.  The  old  medi.-eval  stone  we 
have  been  describing,  but  from  which  we  have  some- 
what digressed,  is  now  lying  in  situ,  where  it  was  dis- 
covered, and  where  we  hope  it  wiU  continue  to  remain. 
In  178S  the  greater  portion  of  the  old  parish  church 
was  taken  down,  and  the  materials  used  in  the  erection 
of  the  new  church  in  Brampton,  which  was  considerably 
enlarged  in  1837,  at  an  expense  of  £1,800,  when  a 
new  organ  and  an  excellent  peal  of  sis  bells  were  added; 
the  organ  and  five  of  the  bells  being  the  gift  of  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Eamshay,  the  then  vicar.  The  present,  or  new 
church,  is  a  plain  stone  building,  capable  of  accommo- 
dating about  GOO  persons. 

At  the  foundation  of  the  priory  of  Lanercost,  the 
church  of  Brampton  was  given  to  that  community  by 
Eobert  de  YaUibus,  and  was  soon  after  appropriated 
thereto;  and  about  the  year  1220  Hugh  Bishop  of 
Carlisle  endowed  it  with  the  "  whole  altarage  and  the 
tithes,  oblations  and  obventions  belonging  to  the  said 
altarage,  and  the  lands  belonging  to  the  same,  with  the 
tithes  thereof."  In  the  Valor  of  Pope  Nicholas,  taken 
in  1291,  the  church  of  Brampton  is  valued  at  £18.  and 
the  vicarage  at  £8.  In  the  taxation  of  Edward  II.  the 
church  is  valued  at  £1,  and  the  vicarage  at  nothing, 
because  it  was  totally  destroyed.  In  the  King's  Book 
the  vicarage  is  rated  at  £8.  In  1777,  when  Brampton 
Common  was  enclosed,  210  acres  were  allotted  to  the 
vicar  in  lieu  of  all  tithes ;  7Jd.  from  each  house,  paid 
in  lieu  of  hens,  hemp,  flax,  and  smoke.  He  had  also 
mortuaries  and  sui-plice  fees,  and  the  tithe  of  hay  of 
Talkin  township,  in  Hayton  parish.  The  latter  has 
since  been  commuted  for  a  rent  charge  of  £50.  He 
has  likewise  about  105  acres  of  ancient  glebe,  adjoining 
the  old  church,  the  whole  producing  a  net  annual  value 
of  about  £400.  After  the  dissolution  of  the  religious 
houses,  this  church,  with  its  advowson,  was  granted 
(amongst  the  other  possessions  of  Lanercost  Priory)  to 
Sir  Thomas  Dacre,  from  whom  they  have  come  to  the 
Earl  of  Cai-lisle,  the  present  patron.  The  palish 
registers  commence  in  1663. 


Vicins. — Richard  de  Caldecoates,  1334;  John  Engge,  1340; 
John  de  Hajton,  1.161  ;  William  dc  Kirkbv,  1372;  Christopher 
Davics,  died  1505 ;  John  Rndd,  15C5 ;  Robert  Reck,  1570  ;  Henry 
Hudson,  1600  ;  William  Warwick  occurs  1614  ;  John  Burnand, 
ejected,  lOCi;  Philip  Fielding  occurs  1070;  John  Cockbnm, 
1092;  Richard  Ciilcheth,  1T02  ;  Theophilus  Garencieros,  1714; 
John  Thomas,  1721 ;  William  Flasket,  1747  ;  Robert  Wardale, 

1750;  Charles  Stoddart,  1773;    Richard  Hair,  ;   William 

Richardson,  1792 ;  Thomas  Ramshay,  1795 ;  Christopher  Ben- 
son, 1841. 

The  vicarage  is  about  a  mile  south  of  the  town. 

The  Independent  Chapel,  situated  in  Back -street, 
was  erected  in  1818,  at  a  cost  of  upwards  of  £1,000, 
inclusive  of  the  purchase  of  the  site,  and  some  altera- 
tions. It  is  a  plain  commodious  structure,  capable  of 
accommodating  about  250  persons.  For  about  three 
years  previous  to  the  erection  of  the  chapel,  the  Inde- 
pendents of  Brampton  met  for  worship  in  private  rooms 
in  the  town.  The  Rev.  Robert  Joy  was  the  first 
resident  minister ;  his  respective  successors  have  been 
John  Williams,  William  Merrilield,  Mr.  Wardlaw, 
John  Baker,  Mr.  Yuil,  T.  B.  Attcnborough,  John 
Smith,  George  Crowther  Smith,  and  Richard  Thompson, 
the  present  minister.  There  is  a  Sunday  school 
beneath  the  chapel. 

The  Presbyterian  Church  is  a  neat  Gothic  structure, 
buUt  in  1854,  on  the  side  of  the  manse,  close  to  the 
old  church,  which  is  now  used  as  a  school.  The  cost 
of  erection  amounted  to  £1,100,  £800  of  which  was 
contributed  by  Mr.  Barbour,  of  Manchester,  to  com- 
memorate whose  princely  munificence  a  marble  tablet 
has  been  placed  in  the  church  by  the  congregation. 
The  church  possesses  transepts,  and  will  accommodate 
about  220  persons.  The  Presbyterian  congregation  of 
Brampton  dates  its  origin  from  1002,  in  which  year,  on 
the  passing  of  the  Act  of  Uniformity,  the  Rev.  J. 
Burnand,  then  vicar  of  Brampton,  was  ejected  from  the 
living ;  but  many  of  his  people  adhered  to  the  Presby- 
terian discipline,  and  founded  a  separate  congregation, 
which  is  now  connected  with  the  Presbyterian  synod 
of  England,  and  forms  a  part  of  the  Presbytery  of 
Cumberland.  In  addition  to  a  house  and  garden  for 
the  use  of  the  minister,  the  church  is  endowed  with  five 
acres  of  land  near  Brampton.  The  Piev.  Peter  Taylor 
is  the  present  minister. 

The  Primitive  Methodist  Chapel  is  in  Back-street. 
It  was  erected  in  1823  at  a  cost  of  about  £400,  and 
has  sittings  for  400  persons.  Primitive  Methodism  was 
established  in  Brampton  in  the  year  1822,  when  the 
late  William  Clowes,  one  of  the  founders  of  this  con- 
nexion, visited  the  town,  and  after  several  times 
preaching  to  large  audiences  in  the  open  air,  was 
instrumental  in  erecting  the  present  chapel. 


BRAMPTON  PAEISIT. 


651 


The  Wesleyan  Methodist  Chapel,  in  Brampton  I.ane, 
is  a  substantial  building,  erected  in  1836,  at  a  cost  of 
£1,100,  and  will  accommodate  about  400  persons.  A 
Sunday  school  is  held  in  a  room  beneath  the  chapel. 
Wesleyanism  may  date  its  origin  in  Brampton  from  the 
time  of  John  Wesley,  who  several  times  visited  the  . 
town  and  neighbourhood. 

SCHOOLS. 

The  National  Schools,  situated  at  the  north-east  of 
the  town,  occupy  a  neat  commodious  building  (with 
teacher's  house  attached),  erected  by  subscription  in 
1850,  at  a  cost  of  i'l,  tOO,  towards  which  a  government 
grant  of  X'700  was  obtained.  Thcro  are  class-rooms, 
which  are  furnished  with  all  the  accessories  of  the 
modern  system  of  education.  The  school  will  accommo- 
date about  .300  children ;  the  average  attendance  is  iVO. 
It  is  under  government  inspection,  and  is  conducted  by  a 
master,  a  sewing  mistress,  and  four  pupil  teachers. 

The  Presbyterian  School  is  held  in  the  old  chapel, 
and  attended  by  about  forty  children. 

There  is  an  Infatit  School  in  Back-street,  which  was 
established  in  18'45.  It  is  supported  by  subscription, 
and  has  an  average  attendance  of  seventy  children. 

Croft  House  Academy  is  an  extensive  classical  and 
commercial  school,  under  the  superintendence  of  ilr. 
Joseph  Coulthard. 

PUBttC  DDn.Draos,  itc. 

The  Town  Hall,  which  stands  in  the  centre  of  the 
market-place,  is  a  neat  octagonal  edifice,  with  an  orna- 
mented cupola,  in  front  of  which  is  a  clock.  It  was 
erected  in  1^17  by  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  on  the  site  of 
the  old  hall.  The  poultry,  butter,  and  egg  market 
occupies  the  lower  part  of  the  building.  The  hall  is  a 
good-sized  room,  in  which  the  Earl  of  Carlisle's  courts 
for  the  barony  of  Gilsland  are  held  at  Easter  and 
Michaelmas. 

The  Magistrates'  Office  and  Police  Station  occupy 
one  buililiiig,  which  was  erected  iu  1850,  on  the  site  of 
the  old  Xational  School,  at  the  lower  end  of  tho  town. 

The  Savings  Bank,  held  in  Back-street,  was  esta- 
lishcd  in  Is^lO,  and  has  proved  of  the  greatest  utility 
to  the  town  and  neighbourhood.  The  total  deposits 
in  1858  amounted  to  £l-2,lVi  Us.,  belonging  to  339 
depositors,  and  two  charitabln  and  three  friendly  socie- 
ties. The  friendly  and  beuclit  societies  iu  Brampton 
aro  two  lodges  of  Oddfellows  and  one  court  of  Foresters. 

Tho  Mechanics'  Institution,  established  in  18.50,  is 
also  held  in  Back-street.  It  comprises  a  newsroom 
and  library,  tho  former  being  well  sup[ilied  with  news- 
papers and  periodicals,  and  tho  latter  containing  800 
volumes.     It  is  quite  sclfsupportiug.     Tho  uumbor  of 


members  is  nearly  1-50,  each  of  whom  pays  from  one 
shilling  to  five  shillings  per  quarter. 

The  Working  Men's  Reading  Room,  which  is  also  in 
Back-street,  was  re-established  in  April,  18.j8.  The 
library  comprises  about  2,400  volumes,  in  the  various 
departments  of  literature  and  science.  There  are  about 
eighty  members,  each  of  whom  pays  one  penny  a  week. 

Brampton  is  lighted  with  gas,  works  being  erected  in 
the  town  in  1830,  by  a  company  of  shareholders. 

Tho  Earl  of  Carlisle  has  about  fourteen  miles  of 
railway  to  his  various  coal-pits  in  this  locality ;  there  is 
also  a  branch  line  for  the  conveyance  of  goods  and  pas- 
sengers, from  the  Brampton  coal  staith  to  the  ^Milton 
station  on  the  Newcastle  and  Cai'lisle  railway. 

Amongst  the  eminent  natives  of  Brampton  we  may 
mention  James  Wallace,  Esq.,  who,  from  a  very  humble 
position,  raised  himself  by  his  talents  and  industry  to 
the  oflice  of  attorney-general ;  and  Dr.  Guy  Carleton, 
bishop  of  Bristol,  who  suffered  much  for  his  Royalist 
opinions  during  the  time  of  the  Commonwealth. 

THE   POOn-LAW  UNIOS. 

The  Brampton  Poor  Law  Union  is  divided  into  three 
sub-districts,  viz.:  Hayton,  comprising  Cumrew  Inside, 
Cumrew  Outside,  Carlatton,  Northsceugh  with  Moor- 
thwaite,  Cumwhitton,  Castlecarrock,  Hayton,  Talldn, 
Faugh  and  Fenton,  and  Little  Corby  ;  Brampton,  em- 
bracing Brampton,  Easby,  Naworth,  West  Farlam, 
East  Farlam,  Midgeholrae,  Nether  Denton,  Upper 
Denton,  part  of  Watcrhead,  and  part  of  Burtholme ; 
Walton,  including  the  remaining  part  of  Waterhead, 
the  remaining  part  of  Burtholme,  Kingwatcr,  Askerton, 
Irthington,  Newby,  Laversdale,  Newtown,  Low  Walton, 
and  High  Walton.  Tho  area  of  the  union  is  9."), 473 
acres.  Its  population  iu  1851  was  1I,3Q3,  of  whom 
5,792  were  males,  and  5,531  females.  The  number  of 
inhabited  houses  at  tho  same  period  was  2,078;  eighty- 
four  were  uninhabited,  and  thirteen  building.  The  in- 
come for  the  year  ending  2Sth  March,  1859,  was 
jC2,900  1.")S.  Cd. ;  and  the  expenditure  for  the  same 
year  i'3,118  Ss.  7d.  Situated  a  little  to  the  south  of 
tho  town  is  the  Workhouse,  which  is  capable  of 
accommodating  eighty  paupers ;  its  number  of  inmates 
at  present  (October,  1859)  is  fifty-eight. 

K.VSBY. 

Tho  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £1,913  5s. ; 
its  area  is  returned  with  that  of  the  parish.  In  1801 
it  contained  135  inhabitants:  iu  1811,  130;  iu  1821, 
96;  in  1831,  98;  in  1841,  84:  and  in  1«51,  97. 
Eifiby  belongs  chiefly  to  tho  Earl  of  Carlisle,  and  W. 
P.  Johnson,  Esq. 


C52 


F.SKDAIE  WARD. 


There  is  a  stone  bridge  of  two  arches  at  Cambeck, 
and  at  Coathill  is  a  chalybeate  spring.  The  township 
consists  chiefly  of  a  few  dispersed  dwellings,  and  the 
small  hamlet  of  Crooked  Holme,  cue  mile  and  a  half 
north- north-east  of  Brampton. 

KAWORTH. 

The  rateable  value  of  Naworth  is  £2,599  17s. ;  its 
area  is  included  in  tho  parish  returns.  The  population 
in  1801  was  308;  in  1811,  301;  in  1821,  377;  in 
1831,  405;  in  1841,  4CC  ;  and  in  1851,  539;  who 
reside  in  the  small  hamlet  of  Naworth,  and  a  few  dis- 
persed dwellings. 

"  Naworth  Castle  is  situated  amidst  very  picturesque 
scenery,  about  twelve  miles  to  the  north-east  of  Carhslc, 
in  what  was  an  almost  roadless  country  when  wardens 
of  the  marches  lived  at  Naworth,  but  is  now  within 
sight  from  the  railway  between  Newcastle  and  Carlisle. 
Other  parts  of  rocky  Cumberland  can  boast  the  grandeur 
of  mountain,  lake,  and  flood ;  but  the  gentler  beauties 
of  woodland  secneiy  surround  the  ancient  towers  of 
Naworth.    Its  battlements  rise  gray  with  age,  and  in 
full  harmony  with  the  scene  around  them,  islanded  by 
dai-k  woods,  amidst  the  wide  sweep  of  an  aucicnt  park 
and  chase.    The  view  is  especially  striking  on  the  ap- 
proach through  the  park  from  the  adjacent  town  of 
Brampton,  and  the  road  in  sonre  parts  borders  a  deep 
dell,  traversed  by  a  murmuring  stream,  and  clothed  by 
ancient  oaks.     From  these  heights  the  gray  abbey  of 
Lanercost  is  seen  embosomed  by  wooded  hills  beyond 
the  park,  and  the  river  Irthing  flows  by  the  green  holms 
of  the  Abbey  Church.     On  the  south-east  of  the  castle 
the  picturesque  undulations  of  the  park  are  crowned 
by  bands  of  trees  that  rise  against  the  sky;   on  the 
south  the  land,  partly  covered  by  plantations,  slopes 
upward  to  the  distant  ridges  of  Cross  Fell;  on  the 
north  and  west  a  country  diversified  by  wood,  pastm'e, 
and  tillage,  stretches  to  the  purple  hills  ;  and  on  the 
north-west  the  landscape  melts  in  the  distant  tide  of 
Solway. 

"  The  western,  northern,  and  eastern  sides  of  the  castle 
rise  from  the  steep  declivities  of  a  wild  and  wooded 
ravine.     Two  streamlets,  descending  from  lonely  glens, 
flow  from  opposite  directions  on  the  eastern  and  west- 
ern sides,  and  uuite  in  a  rocky  dell  at  a  short  distance 
under  the  northern   ramparts  of   the  castle,   flowing 
thence  to  the  Irthing  through  a  deep  and  winding  glen, 
the  channel  of  the  stream  overhung  by  mossy  rocks 
and  wooded  banks.     A  footpath  descends  through  the 
woods,  which  enables  the  visitor  to  enjoy  the  romantic 
scenery  of  the  glen  and  the  low  wild  music  of  the 
gushing  stream,  in  his  walk  from  Naworth  to  Laner- 


cost. This  path  joins  a  road  wliich  is  carried  over  the 
Irthing  by  an  old  bridge  of  two  wide  elliptical  arches. 
A  carriage  road,  which  makes  a  circuit  through  the 
park  on  the  western  and  northern  sides  of  the  castle, 
also  conducts  from  its  gates  to  the  river.  Standing  on 
that  bridge,  the  spectator  surveys  a  country  that  has 
many  historic  memories.  On  the  north-east  arc  the 
footsteps  of  tho  Romans;  for,  on  the  high  moorland 
wastes  towards  Bewcastle  are  remains  of  the  paved 
Pioman  road,  and  the  country  on  the  south,  within  a 
short  distance  from  Naworth,  was  traversed  by  tlie 
Roman  wall.'  Lower  down  the  river,  and  about  three 
miles  distant  from  Naworth,  is  the  site  of  a  Roman 
station,  within  the  fortifications  of  which  the  Norman 
lords  of  Gilsland  afterwards  held  their  place  of  strength. 
The  secluded  valley  which  now  hears 

'  No  sound  but  Irthing's  rushing  tide,' 

was  often  the  scene  of  martial  gatherings  when  it  owned 
their  iron  sway.  Yonder,  on  the  green  holms  of  St. 
Mary,  the  gray  pile  and  cloister  of  Lanercost  is  a  vene- 
rable monument  of  the  power  that  civilised  a  turbulent 
and  warlike  age ;  and  beneath  the  antique  gateway, 
now  so  attractive  to  the  tourist,  the  early  benefactors 
of  Lanercost,  and  many  lords  of  the  adjacent  hills, 
passed  to  a  holy  peace  which  the  world  could  not  bestow. 
Under  that  gateway,  and  on  the  bridge  that  now  spans 
the  broad  stream  of  Irthing,  Edward  T.  was  frequently 
seen  when  his  Scottish  campaigns  brought  him  to 
reside  at  Lanercost ;  and  the  martial  followers  arrayed 
in  his  train  mingled  on  this  road  with  the  white-robed 
monks,  for  their  seclusion  was  invaded  during  months 
together  by  the  rude  sounds  of  military  array, 

'  When  on  steep  and  on  crag 
Streamed  banner  and  flag, 
And  tlie  pennons  and  plumage  of  war.' 

"  Passing  from  these  scenes  and  their  associations  to 
Naworth  Castle  itself,  we  find  its  aspect  worthy  of  its 
situation. 

"  Cumberland  is  not  peculiar  in  regarding  Naworth 
Castle  as  one  of  the  most  interesting  monuments  of  the 
feudal  age  that  can  be  found  in  England ;  and,  although 
considerable  portions  of  the  fortress  have  been  lately 
rebuilt,  it  presents  a  most  characteristic  specimen  of 
the  stronghold  of  a  great  border  warden  in  days 

'  When  English  lords  and  Scottish  chiefs  were  foes.' 

But 

'  Tlie  martial  terrors  long  have  fled 
That  trown'd  of  old  around  its  head ;' 

"  >  The  Boman  Maiden  Way  takes  a  course  nearly  north  and 
south,  and  comes  within  a  mile  of  Naworth.  It  is  there  a  road  twelve 
feet  broad,  pared  with  stones. 


BFvAMPTOX   PAPJSH. 


G53 


lor,  no  longer  paced  by  armed  defoudcrs  and  main- 
tained with  barbican  and  moat  in  stera  defiance  of  the 
foe,  it  has  become  the  peaceful  residence  of  an  amiable 
and  accomplished  nobleman  eminent  in  the  arts  of 
peace.  This  stronghold  of  a  martial  race  passed  to  the 
great  historical  liouso  of  Howard  by  the  marriage  of 
the  famous  '  Belted  Will,'  of  border  story,  to  Lady 
Elizabeth  Dacrc,  the  heiress  of  Xaworth  and  Gilsland, 
in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  became  the 
inheritance  of  '  the  Carlisle  branch'  of  that  illustrious 
house.  Lord  Carlisle  generally  passes  some  part  of 
every  year  in  this  ancient  castle,  and  the  inlluences  by 
which  he  detains  his  visitors  who  come  to  Naworth  are 
of  a  very  diifereut  kind  from  those  which  were  employed 
by  his  ancestors  in  the  days  of  border  fray. 

"  Naworth  Castle  has  features  of  interest  peculiar  to 
itself.  We  may  see  in  many  parts  of  England  monu- 
ments of  former  power  as  ancient,  but  none  so  charac- 
teristic of  the  times  of  border  warfare.  We  may  see  in 
many  counties  feudal  castles,  but  how  many  of  them 
have  descended  to  strangers,  and  have  ceased  to  stand 
in  castellated  pride  !  Such  monuments,  when  falling  to 
ruin  under  the  slov.'  siege  of  time,  not  only  exemplify 
the  change  of  manners,  but  proclaim  the  transitory  state 
of  man's  dominion.  At  Naworth  Castle,  on  the  contrary, 
we  see  the  fortress  of  the  border  chieftain  not  only 
inherited  by  his  lineal  descendant,  but  maintained,  with 
a  just  pride,  in  that  stern  character  of  architecture 
which  is  in  keeping  with  tiio  memories  of  its  ancient 
walls.  Naworth  Castle,  tliough  adapted  for  a  residence 
in  modern  comfort,  happily  has  not  undergone  the  de- 
structive process  of  modei-nisation,  for  in  his  restora- 
tions Lord  Carlisle  has  carefully  cherished  the  features 
of  ancestral  ago  that  have  here  been  '  sheltered  under 
the  wings  of  time.'  But  while  the  scene  of  the  Lord 
Warden's  martial  rule  and  the  very  towers  in  which  he 
dwelt,  arc  preserved  as  far  as  is  now  possible,  in  their 
ancient  state,  marked  by  the  scars  of  olden  warfare,  the 
features  of  the  stem  old  time  are  on  the  walls  alone. 
Jlodern  comforts  and  relincments  pervade  the  chambers 
of  Naworth  Castle;  and  its  noblo" owner's  care  has 
been, — 

'  All  to  improve  and  nothing  to  destroy.' 

*'  At  Naworth  Castlo,  therefore,  wo  see  in  the  outer 
walls,  and  the  massive  towers  that  rise  at  the  angles  of 
its  southern  front,  tho  stronghold  of  the  Dacrcs  of 
Gilsland.  It  was  in  the  reign  of  Edwaid  III.  that 
the  inheritor  of  tho  ancient  barony  of  Gilsland,  for- 
saking tho  old  castlo  of  its  former  lords,  determined  on 
building  a  stronger  and  more  stately  fortress,  and  came 
to  Naworth  to  raise  its  '  wood-euvironcd  towers.' 


"  It  may  be  interesting  now  to  glance  briefly  at  the 
history  of  Gilsland  from  the  days  of  its  Norman  lords, 
in  whose  time  no  walls  of  stone  were  seen  amidst  the 
forest  slopes  and  on  the  rocky  dells  of  Naworth.  At  a 
period  soon  after  tlio  Norman  Conquest,  Naworth  and 
the  rest  of  the  hills  and  vales  of  Gilsland  were  the 
inheritance  of  a  thane  whose  stronghold  was  in  the 
Roman"  station  already  mentioned,  known  in  modem 
times  as  Castle  Steads,  and  situated  about  three  miles 
from  Naworth.  The  rude  keep-tower  in  which  the 
Cumbrian  chieftain  resisted  the  Norman  grantee  was 
probably  not  unlike  Thirlwall  Castle,  tho  ruins  of  which 
crown  a  steep  bank'  by  the  road  called  the  ^Maiden 
Way  which  led  to  Castletown,  and  was  guai'ded  near 
Thulwall  by  a  square  Roman  watch-tower,  the  lower 
courses  of  the  masonry  of  which  can  still  be  traced. 
Thirlwall  Castle  seems  to  have  been  partly  built  with 
Roman  masonry,  and  so  no  doubt  was  the  stronghold 
of  this  early  lord  of  Gilsland,  which  stood  within  what 
had  been  a  military  camp  of  the  Romans.  It  over- 
looked the  vale  of  Irthing,  at  that  time  a  wild,  uncul- 
tivated, and  very  thinly-peopled  tract  of  country.  In 
the  reigns  of  the  Anglo-Norman  kings,  and  for  a  long 
period  after,  a  great  part  of  Cumberland  was  still 
covered  by  the  primxval  forest.  From  the  lonely 
towers  on  Irthing  the  howl  of  the  wolf  was  no  doubt 
frequently  heard ;  the  eagle  had  not  forsaken  the  crags 
that  were  still  crested  by  the  Roman  watch-towers ; 
through  the  unfrequented  thickets  of  the  neighbouring 
couiTtry  the  wild  boar  and  the  red  deer  roamed  undis- 
turbed by  man ;  and  the  wild  cattlo  might  be  seen  in 
the  pathless  woods  and  oti  the  adjacent  wastes. 

"  Cumberland,  it  will  bo  remembered,  was  a  part  of 
the  kingdom  of  Scotland  when  William  the  Conqueror 
made  it  subject  to  the  Norman  arms.  It  was  then 
bestowed  on  Ranulph  do  ileschines,  a  valiant  follower 
of  the  king,  who  dispossessed  the  native  owner  of 
Gilsland,  and  conferred  his  lands  on  Hubert,  a  com- 
panion in  arms,  who  took  the  name  of  De  Vaux — in 
history  De  VuUibus — from  the  possessions  of  his  family 
in  Normandy.  The  time  of  Hubert  do  ^'alhbus  was  a 
time  of  turbulence  and  warfare,  and  the  Norman  grantee 
could  with  dillkulty  hold  what  tho  sword  had  won. 
Tho  country  was  invaded  and  wasted  by  Malcolm  King 
of  Scotland  iu  1070,  and  a  period  of  eighty  years  from 
that  time  elapsed  before  Cumberland  was  finally  wrested 
from  tho  Scottish  jiower.  Tho  I'ugUsh,  meantime, 
endeavoured  to  make  good  their  conquests  by  fortifying 
tho  positions  they  had  gained.  As  early  as  lOT'..*  Iving 
William  had  occupied  Carlisle,  and  began  to  fortify 

"  'Close  to  iho  railway,  t)(  u  lilUe  ilistouce  to  Uio  west  of  Uie  Greeu. 
bead  slalioD. 


654 


ESKDALE  WAKD. 


that  ancient  city  of  the  Britons.  In  1002  — the  period 
which  saw  the  rise  of  the  Norman  keep  called  the  New 
Castle  upon  Tjne  —  William  had  huilt  the  castle  at 
Carlisle,  and,  '  as  colonist  rather  than  conqueror,'  he 
sent  a  groat  numher  of  the  Saxon  population  from  the 
south  to  inhabit  and  cultivate  the  neighbouVing  country; 
but  in  the  succeeding  thirty  years,  such  were  the  irrup- 
tions of  the  Scots,  it  had  become  necessary  to  rebuild 
the  walls  and  castle  of  Carlisle.  In  the  reign  of  Stephen, 
David  the  Scotish  King  seized  Carlisle,  when  he  invaded 
England  to  espouse  the  cause  of  the  Empress  Maud ; 
and  the  castle  of  Carlisle  was  allowed  to  remain,  by 
treaty,  in  the  government  of  Scottish  princes  until  1 157, 
daring  which  period  the  title  of  the  ancient  owner  of 
Gilslaud,  or  rather  of  his  successor,  seems  to  have  been 
maintained  by  the  Scottish  allies,  as  long  as  they  had 
the  power,  against  the  successors  of  Hubert  de  Vallibus. 
"  One  of  the  first  acts  of  Henry  II.  on  regaining 
Cumberland  was  to  confirm  to  Hubert  de  Vaux  '  all  the 
land  which  Gilbert,  son  of  Bueth,  had  held  on  the  day 
of  his  death:'  this  comprised  the  lordship  of  Gilsland. 

In  the  11th  Henry  11.  Hubert  de  Vallibus  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Robert  his  son,  and  this  new  '  lord  of  the 
hills'  was  a  person  of  no  small  power  and  eminence  in 
that  reign.  He  bore  the  sword  of  justice  as  a  judge- 
itinerant,  and  also  served  the  state  in  martial  capacities. 
As  governor  of  Carlisle,  he  defended  the  castle  against 
the  long  siege  of  William  the  Lion  of  Scotland  in  1 174. 
He  rendered  more  lasting  service  to  posterity  by  founding 
the  priory  church  of  Lanercost.  Thus,  it  may  be  said 
of  Robert  de  Vallibus,  that  he  consolidated  the  realm  of 
his  sovereign,  and  opened  a  new  one  for  his  Saviour. 

"  Of  the  circumstances  that  led  him  to  found  the 
priory  of  Lanercost,  a  story  has  been  given  by  county 
historians  which  stains  the  character  of  De  Vallibus, 
but  seems  to  have  no  sufficient  foundation.     Probably 
it  was  he  who,  before  that  event,  built  at  Irthington 
the  castle  which  became  the  stronghold  of  the  lords  of 
Gilslaud,  the  old  tower  at  Castle  Steads  having,  as  it 
would  seem,  become  unfit  for  the  residence  of  a  powerful 
baron,  in  a  country  so  frequently  invaded  by  the  Scots. 
"  But  a  dark  tale  of  murder  has  been  connected  with 
the  desertion  of  Castle  Steads,  and  the  foundation  of 
Lanercost.    It  is  said  that  Robert  de  Vallibus  treacher- 
ously invited  the  rival  lord  of  Gilsland  to  Castle  Steads, 
and  there  slew  him,  and  that  by  way  of  expiation  he 
founded  the  priory  of  Lanercost,  and  endowed  it  in  part 
with  the  very  patrimony  which  had  been  the  occasion  of 
the  murder.    It  is  further  alleged  that,  after  committing 
outrage  on  the  laws,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
them,  and  forsook  the  sword.    Now  it  is  unquestionable 
that  the  tower  of  Castle  Steads  was  conferred  on  the 


monks  of  Lanercost,  and  the  tradition  is  that  the  walls 
were  razed  to  the  ground,  and  the  site  (which  was  not 
to  be  again  built  upon)  sown  with  salt,  according  to 
the  old  ecclesiastical  usage  in  cases  of  blood-shedding. 
But,  although  the  rival  claimant's  blood  may  have  been 
shed  at  Castle  Steads,  the  Norman  judge  seems  guilt- 
less of  it.  The  priory  of  Lanercost  was  founded  not 
later  than  1169  ;  but  for  years  after  as  well  as  before 
that  event,  he  occurs  in  offices  of  trust  and  dignity, 
and  in  1174  had  not  forsaken  arms,  for  the  city  of 
Carlisle  in  that  year  witnessed  his  military  prowess,  as 
already  mentioned. 

"In  1176,  when  justices  itinerant  were  for  the  first 
time  appointed  to  go  through  England,  he  was  associated 
in  the  office  of  judge  for  the  northern  counties,  with 
the  great  Kanulph  do  Glanville,  Henry's  chief  justiciary, 
but  in  Lis  case  aims  never  pelded  to  the  gown.     His 
wealth  and  possessions  were  great,  and  he  made  a  noble 
use  of  them  in  founding  Lanercost  Priory,  and  rearing 
the  Cross  in  his  native  vales  of  Gilsland,  amongst  a 
turbulent  population  who  lived  amidst  the  dark  shadows 
of  pagan  superstition.    In  that  act  of  piety  he  designed 
that  the  light  of  the  Christian  faith  should  for  ever 
shine  over  his   Cumbrian  hills,  and  light  all  future 
generations  to  the  life  of  the  world  to  come.      The 
monastery  has  shared  the  fate  of  the  other  monasteries 
of  England  ;  but  such  permanence  God  has  gifted  even 
here  to  works  done  for  the  honour  of  His  name,  that 
Christian  rites  have  been  maintained  in  the  vales  of 
Gilsland  from  the  reign  of  Heniy  II.  to  the  present 
time.     The  temponil  honours  and  possessions  of  the 
founder  have  meantime  descended  on  strangers,  his 
castle  has  vanished,  his  martial  deeds  that  stirred  the 
hearts  and  tongues  of  his  contemporaiies  have  passed  into 
oblivion,  and  all  things  have  so  changed,  that  the  soldier- 
judge,  attired  in  mail  and  speaking  Norman-French 
and  attended  by  a  retinue  uncouth  in  aspect,  would 
inspire  astonishment  could  he  ascend  the  seat  of  justice 
in  the  courts  of  Queen  Victoria ;  but  the  brief  charters 
of  donation,  given  under  his  seal  to  a  little  colony  of 
Augustiuian  monks  transplanted  from  Hexham  to  Laner- 
cost, have  maintained  the  church  he  founded  for  a 
period  of  nearly  seven  hundred  years.     As  the  church 
of  the  parish  of  Abbey  Lanercost  it  happily  still  exists, 
but  its  once  glorious  choir  is  roofless  and  shattered,  the 
high  tombs  of  its  benefactors  are  swept  by  the  winter's 
storms,  and  the  edifice  presents,  a  duU  and  mournful 
contrast  in  the  closed  doors  of  its  spacious  nave — the 
only  portion  of  the  church  preserved — and  the  ruined 
architecture  of  its  choir,  to  the  animated  and  solemn 
scene  that  was  witnessed  at  Lanercost  when  it  saw  the 
daily  worship  of  a  large  monastic  fraternity,  and  was 


BEAMPTON   TAEISII. 


655 


the  place  of  resort  of  the  adjacent  country,  when 
sovereigns  ami  nobles  bowed  before  its  altars,  and 
perhaps  acknowledged  that  the  world  had  not  anything 
to  offer  that  could  compare  witli  its  heavenward  devo- 
tions and  its  holy  peace. 

"  About  the  period  of  King  John's  accession,  Robert 
dc  Vallibus,  after  a  life  jiassed  in  the  turbulent  scenes 
of  three  warlike  reigns,  was  laid  for  his  final  rest  before 
the  altar  he  had  '  gifted  for  his  soul's  repose.'  His 
brother  Itauulph  succeeded  to  the  barony  of  Gilsland, 
and  died  in  tlie  1st  of  John's  reign,  leaving  Robert  his 
son  and  heir,  who  joined  a  crusade  in  the  0th  Henry 
III.,  but  lived  to  return  from  the  spirit-stirring  scenes 
of  the  Holy  Land  to  the  sequestered  valleys  of  his 
native  county,  and  to  many  Margaret,  daughter  of 
William  de  Greystoke  by  Mary  de  Merlay,  heiress  of 
Morpeth.  Ho  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Hubert,  who 
died  leaving  only  a  daughter,  Maud,  by  whose  marriage 
to  Thomas  de  Multou,  lord  of  15urgh-on-Solway,  the 
barony  of  Gilsland  became  vested  in  that  family. 
Thomas  de  Multon,  who  thus  became  lord  of  Gils- 
land, was  eldest  son  of  Thomas  de  Multon,  justiciar  of 
Henry  HI.,  and  tlirough  his  mother,  the  daughter  and 
co-heiress  of  Hugh  de  Morvillo,  inherited  the  great 
jiossessions  of  the  De  MorviUe  family,  whose  chief  seat 
was  Kirk  O.-^wald  Castle.  Thomas  de  JIulton,  husband 
of  the  heiress  of  De  Vaux,  died  in  1270,  and  his  great- 
grandson,  also  a  Thomas  de  Multon,  succeeded,  in 
■whose  time  occurred  those  ravages  by  the  Scots  in 
which,  after  burning  He.\hara  Abbey  in  I'iQO,  they 
returned  through  Gilsland  and  destroyed  a  great  por- 
tion of  Lanercpst  Priory.  This  Thomas  do  Multon 
died  in  1313,  and  Margaret,  his  only  child,  inherited 
his  great  possessions, — 

'  Herself  llio  solitary  scion  left 
Of  a  time-boQour'd  race.' 

It  was  by  an  alliance  with  this  heiress  that  the  noble 
family  of  Dacre  acquired  the  barony  of  Gilsland,  and 
the  alliance  was  effected  in  a  manner  worthy  of  that 
chivalrous  race.  ]\[argaret  do  Multon  was  only  thirteen 
years  of  age  when,  by  her  father's  death,  she  became  his 
heiress.  She  had  been  betrothed  by  him  to  Ralph  do 
Dacre,  by  a  contract  made  between  her  fatlicr  and 
William  de  Dacre,  the  father  of  Ralph.  The  wardship 
of  the  young  lady  was  prudently  claimed  by  Edward  II., 
and  she  was  entrusted  to  the  care  of  Hcauehamp  Earl 
of  \\'arwick.  We  are  not  told  whether  the  llower  of 
Gilsland  preferred  her  suitor  and  her  native  mountains 
to  the  alliance  destined  for  her  by  the  king ;  but  certain 
it  is  that,  when  she  was  in  her  seventeenth  year,  tlie 
young  heiress  was  carried  off  in  the  night-timo  from 


Warwick  Castle  by  her  adventurous  suitor  Ralph  de 
Dacre,  who  was  rewarded  for  his  chivalrous  exploit  by 
marrying  her,  and  acquiring  lier  great  possessions. 
This  was  in  1317. 

"  Naworth  is  mentioned  in  historical  documents  for 
the  first  time  in  the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  and  in  con- 
nection with  the  name  of  Dacre.  The  successors  of  De 
Vaux  had  probably  made  Kirk  Oswald  their  principal 
abode,  the  castle  at  that  place  having  been  the  chief 
seat  of  the  De  Multon  family,  to  wham  it  had  descended 
from  the  De  Morviiles,  its  original  owners.  Until  some 
time  in  the  reign  of  Edward  HI.,  the  old  castle  of 
Irlhington  was,  however,  maintained  as  chief  mansion 
of  the  barony  of  Gilsland.  Some  kind  of  residence 
appears  to  have  existed  at  Naworth  before  1335,  when 
Ralph  de  Dacre  obtained  the  king's  permission  to  con- 
vert it  into  a  castle,  which  he  was  probably  led  to  do 
by  finding  Xaworth  a  more  suitable  situation  than 
Irthiugton  for  the  strong  and  stately  fortress  which 
the  baron  of  Gilsland  had  resolved  to  build. 

"  In  the  summer  of  1335  the  youthful  Edward  III. 
was  in  these  parts  with  a  great  army  collected  against 
the  Scots ;  and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  he  was 
the  guest  of  Ralph  de  Dacre  at  Irthington  on  the  27  th 
July,  ISo.-).  He  there  granted  to  him  a  licence  of  that 
date,  which  we  find  on  the  patent  rolls,-  by  which  the 
king  authorised  him  to  fortify  and  castellate  '  his  man- 
sion of  Xaward  [it  is  so  described  in  the  patent]  with 
walls  of  stone  and  lime,  and  to  hold  the  same  so  fortified 
to  himself  and  his  heirs  for  ever.'  From  this  time 
Irthington  Castle  was  abandoned,  and  its  materials  are 
said  to  have  been  used  for  the  new  structure  then  in 
course  of  erection  at  Naworth;  and  the  mound,  on 
which  in  Norman  fashion  the  keep  was  built,  is  all  that 
has  remained  of  Irthington  Castle  in  the  memory  of  man. 

"  The  character  of  the  new  stronghold  at  Naworth 
was  in  keeping  with  its  purpose  as  well  as  with  its 
situation ;  and  in  its  form  Ralph  de  Dacre  seems  to 
have  followed  the  plan  of  his  paternal  castle  on  the 
river  Dacre — the  place  from  which  his  ancient  line 
had  sprung.     Built 

'  In  the  antiqne  age  of  bow  and  spear. 
And  feudal  rapine  clothed  in  iron  mail,' 

Naworth  Castle  needed  capacity  to  receive  a  garrison, 
and  strength  to  resist  the  malice  of  their  foes.  The 
country  around  was  in  those  days  fre(]uently  the  scene 
of  international  war,  and  was  constantly  subject  to 
invasion  by  predatory  hordes  Uving  north  of  the  English 
border,  descended,  indeed,  from  the  snmo  Saxons 
and   Scandinavians  who   had   inhabited  Comberlaud, 

"  »  Hot.  Pat.  9  Edward  IH.  n,  20. 


656 


ESKDALE  WARD. 


but  who  were  accustomed  to  plunder  the  pastoral  inha- 
bitants of  the  vales.  The  proprietors  of  the  land  were 
D  warlike  and  unlettered  aristocracy,  who  found  it 
necessary  to  intrench  themselves  in  fortresses ;  and  it 
■was  only  under  protection  of  the  castle  that  their  tenants 
could  cultivate  the  nciglibouring  country.  The  struc- 
ture and  defences  of  Naworth  bore  testimony  to  a  state 
of  things  and  to  modes  of  life  totally  unlike  those  amidst 
which  we  live ;  and  times  of  turbulence  and  insecurity 
have  left  their  impress  on  its  walls.  Lord  Dacre  built 
his  castle  in  quadrangular  form,  inclosing  an  extensive 
court-yard;  he  defended  it  on  the  south — the  only 
side  on  which  it  was  accessible, — by  a  double  moat, 
and  a  barbican  guarded  the  drawbridge.  He  raised  at 
the  angles  of  the  south  front  massive  and  lofty  battle- 
mented  towers,  from  which  the  red  beacon-fire  may 
have  often  blazed,  a  signal  to  the  neighbouring  hills. 
He  built  a  strong  curtain-wall  which  enclosed  the  outer 
court ;  and  a  lofty  archway  opening  from  the  path  on 
the  edge  of  the  deep  ravine  gave  access  to  the  interior 
quadrangle,  which,  with  its  massive  walls  of  red  free- 
stone, pierced  by  a  number  of  nai'row,  pointed  windows, 
and  two  or  three  low-arched  doorways,  was  fuU  of  the 
stern  yet  picturesque  features  of  the  Edwardian  fortress, 
moulded  by  the  situation  of  the  border  castle.  And  so, — 

'  When  English  lords  and  Scottish  chiefs  were  foes, 
Stem  on  tlie  angry  confines  Naworth  rose ; 
In  dark  woods  islanded  its  towers  looked  forth, 
And  frown'd  defiance  on  the  gi-owling  north.' 

Its  interior  arrangements — its  long  warder's  gallery, 
through  which  was  the  only  access  to  the  chieftain's 
tower — its  many  staircases — its  mural  chambers — the 
few  and  narrow  windows  of  its  outer  walls — and  its 
gloomy  prison-vaults  —  all  proclaimed  the  feudal  age, 
and  their  adaptation  to  the  martial  manners  and  rude 
chivalry  of  the  border  five  hundred  years  ago,  when — 

' Caere's  bill-men  were  at  hand ; 

A  hardy  race  on  Irthiug  bred, 
AVitli  kirtles  white  and  crosses  red; 
Arrayed  beneath  the  banner  tall 
That  stxeam'd  o'er  .Vcre's  conquer'd  wall.' 

"  Naworth  Castle  was  marked  by  all  the  features  of 
the  time  when  lords  of  marches  there  held  sway,  sur- 
rounded by  armed  retainers,  and  were  wont  to  issue 
forth  for  the  chastisement  of  some  lawless  foray,  or  the 
defence  of  the  neighbouring  country  : — 

'  Wien,  as  the  portals  wide  were  flung, 
^Vith  stamping  hoofs  the  pavement  rung; 
And  glistening  through  the  hawthorn  green, 
Shone  helm,  and  shield,  and  spear.' 


"  From  the  time  of  the  Plantagenets  down  to  the 
dynasty  of  the  Stuarts,  the  inhabitants  of  the  country 
were  exposed  to  an  almost  constant  defensive  warfare 
against  the  predatory  Scots  and  against  the  robbers 
who  inhabited  the  border  lands,  and  were  continuall 
organised  in  a  sort  of  militia  for  defence,   originally 
against  the  Scots,  and  afterwards  against  the  moss- 
troopers.     'When  Naworth  Castle  was  built,  and  for 
centuries  after  that  time,  the  country  around  was  most 
uncivilised.     The  land  was  cultivated  with  difliculty, 
and  a  lawlessness  of  manners  prevailed.     Even  on  the 
English  side  there  were  clans  and  famihes  whose  occu- 
pation it  was  to  plunder  their  neighbours  ;    and  the 
native  peasantry  of  Tynedale,  and  of  the  more  remote 
wild  dales  of  the  border,  were  a  race  almost  barbarous 
in  manners.     Yet  we  are  told  that,  with  habits  of  con- 
stant depredation,  the  borderers  combined  a  rude  spirit 
of  chivalry,  and  were  inured  to  hardship  and  to  danger. 
Two  centuries  after  Naworth  Castle  was  built,  we  find 
ordinances  for  public  safety,  which  required  that  many 
hundreds  of  persons  should  be  continually  employed  in 
the  night-watches,  and  form  a  sort  of  cordon  of  defensive 
militia.     The  rest  of  the  neighbourhood  was  obliged  to 
sally  forth  at  any  hour  upon  occasion,  and  follow  the 
fray,  on  pain  of  death.     Such  was  the  state  of  things 
from  before  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  down  to  the  middle 
of  the  seventeenth  century ;  and  at  no  period  were  the 
inhabitants  of  the  marches  in  a  worse  state  of  insecu- 
rity and  lawlessness  than  at  the  close  of  the  sLxteeuth 
century — the  time  when  Naworth  became  the  property 
of  Lord  William  Howard — that  pohtic  and  martial 
chieftain,  both  scholar  and  soldier,  whose  name  has 
given  an  undying  celebrity  to  Naworth  Castle,  and 
who  has  justly  received  the  honourable  distinction  of 
'  The   Civiliser   of  the   EngUsh   Borders. '      Happily 
for  us — 

'  Long  rolling  yeai's  have  swept  those  scenes  away. 
And  peace  is  on  tie  mountain  and  the  fell; 
And  rosy  dawn  and  closing  twilight  pray 
Hear  but  the  distant  sheepwalks'  tinkling  bell.' 

And  if  the  condition  of  the  people  and  the  country 
beyond  the  walls  of  Naworth  was  iu  ancient  times  so 
different  from  what  it  is  at  present,  the  life  of  the  feudal 
nobles  themselves  was  equally  unlike  that  of  which 
their  successors  have  any  experience.  The  great  lords 
resided  chiefly  in  their  castles,  leaving  them  only 
when  required  (which  in  former  times  was  very  often) 
to  attend  the  king  in  his  wars  or  his  parUaments. 

"In  these  days  of  rapid  communication  we  think 
with  astonishment  of  times  when  the  ancient  forest 
yet  overspread  much  of  the  countr}'  between  here  and 


BRAMPTON  PARISH. 


657 


London  ;  when  there  were  few  roads,  no  coaches,  and 
r.o  posts ;  when  inns  were  unknown,  and  the  guest- 
houses of  the  hospitable  monasteries,  or  the  castles  and 
the  mansions  of  the  great,  were  the  wayfarer's  only- 
refuge ;  when  a  journey  from  Naworth  to  London  often 
occupied  as  long  a  time  as  is  now  required  to  go  to 
Home,  and  when  (as  an  historian  remarks)  the  traveller 
might  encounter  between  Carlisle  and  London  as  many 
perils  by  floods  and  robbers  as  he  could  now  find  on 
a  journey  across  the  Alps.  The  feudal  tenures  and 
services  were  miiintained  around  the  ancient  lords  of 
Naworth  ;  upon  their  walls — 

'  Was  frequent  heard  the  changing  guard, 
And  wBtchworil  from  the  sleepless  ward;' 

they  handled  the  sword  constantly  —  the  pen,  we  may 
believe,  but  seldom  if  ever  in  their  lives ;  their  leisure 
was  much  occupied  in  the  sports  of  wood  and  field ; 
and  they  were  liberal  in  all  that  pertained  to  hawks 
and  hounds.  Their  tastes  in  this  respect  seem  to  have 
been  shared  by  not  only  the  dignified  secular  clergy  of 
their  day,  but  also  by  the  abbots  and  priors  of  some  of 
the  monasteries.' 

"  But  it  is  in  their  military  character  of  wardens  of 
the  marches  that  the  Lords  Dacro  of  Naworth  and 
Gilsland  have  left  their  names  in  border  history. 

"  The  succession  of  these  martial  lords  from  the  time 
when  they  acquired  the  barony  of  fiilsland,  may  now 
be  briefly  stated.  The  limits  of  this  article  do  not 
admit  of  any  description  of  their  paternal  castle  at 
Dacre,  or  of  their  history  from  the  time  of  that  shadowy 
ancestor  in  commemoration  of  whose  visit  to  the  Holy 
Lan<l  the  pilgrim's  scallop-shell  still  borne  in  the  arms 
of  Howard  was  assumed  as  the  cognisance  of  their  lordly 
and  long-descended  race.  Suffice  it,  then,  to  say,  that 
Margaret,  the  heiress  already  mentioned,  survived  her 
liusband  Kalpli,  first  Lord  Dacro  of  Gilsland,  until 
1.30'2,  having,  after  his  death,  defended  the  castle  of 
Naworth,  and  managed  the  estates,  with  a  masculine 
energy.  Thirteen  years  after  her  death,  Edward  III. 
committed  to  Roger  Lord  ClilTord,  whoso  family  it  will 
be  remembered  had  large  possessions  in  Westmoreland, 
the  custody  of  Naworth,  a  grant  which  was  probably 
made  pending  only  the  minority  of  William  de  Dacre, 
who  ere  long  succeeded,  and  in  whose  time  (it  is  related) 
tho  Scots  again  appeared,  and  drove  all  the  defenceless 
persons  in  ( iilsiand  into  houses,  to  which  they  set  Cre, 

"  >  Thp  history  of  Lanercnst,  ns  relnlcd  by  Iltitcliinson,  affords  an 
examiile.  In  Ihe  reiRii  of  Kdnnnl  III.,  Thonms,  a  niiioiior  Hexham, 
was  I'h'rtfd  prior  of  Lanerctiht,  and  prnniist'd  ihc  liishop  of  Carlisle 
'  not  to  fri<iiicnl  pulilic  huntings,  or  to  keep  so  hirge  a  jmck  of  hounds 
as  he  had  formerly  done.' 


leaving  the  victims  of  their  cruelty  to  be  consumed. 
During  all  the  turbulent  period  which  extended  from 
the  reign  of  Richard  II.  to  the  year  1461,  we  do  not 
find  any  mention  of  Naworth ;  but  in  that  year  Ralph, 
sou  of  Thomas  Lord  Dacre,  an  adherent  of  the  Red 
Rose  of  Lancaster,  fell  fighting  for  Henry  VI.  on  the 
ensanguined  field  of  Towton,  and  Naworth  Castle,  with 
all  his  other  estates,  were  seized  by  the  victorious 
Edward  of  York.  His  brother  Humphrey,  however, 
submited  to  the  dynasty  of  Edward  IV. ;  he  was  restored 
to  the  family  estates,  and  appointed  warden  of  the  west 
marches,  and  he  received  summons  as  Lord  Dacre  of 
Gilsland.  He  died  in  1485,  and  was  buried  with 
Mabel,  his  wife,  beneath  one  of  the  well-known  richly 
sculptured  altar-tombs  in  the  north  aisle  of  the  Priory 
Church  of  Lanercost.  He  was  succeeded  by  Thomas 
Lord  Dacie,  who  in  1487  imitated  the  example  of  his 
ancestor  in  the  reign  of  Edward  II.  by  canying  off  in 
the  night  time  from  Brougham  Castle  Elizabeth,  the 
heiress  of  Greystoke,  then  a  ward  of  the  king,  in  the 
custody  of  Henry  de  Clifford,  earl  of  Cumberland,  who 
probably  intended  to  marry  her.  By  his  marriage  with 
this  young  lady,  who  was  cousin  and  heir  of  Raljjh  Lord 
Greystoke,  Thomas  Lord  Dacre  added  the  noble  domain 
of  Greystoke  to  his  own  inheritance,  and  the  united 
estates  were  possessed  by  his  descendants  until  1.509, 
when  a  partition  took  place.  His  spirited  bearing  was 
afterwards  exhibited  in  the  battle  of  Flodden  Field,' 
where  he  commanded  the  right  wing  of  the  English 
forces,  and  is  said  to  have  contributed  gi-eatly  to  the 
success  of  the  Ei^glish  arms.  His  services  were  con- 
tinued through  many  succeeding  years.  He  was 
appointed  a  knight  of  the  garter,  and  lord  warden  of 
the  west  marches. 

"  It  was  this  martial  nobleman  who  built  the  curtain- 
wall  and  massive  gate-tower  under  which  Naworth 
Castle  is  entered,  and  some  portions  of  the  main 
building  seen  before  the  fire  were  the  work  of  his  time. 
The  gate-tower  gives  access  to  tho  outer  court  of  the 
castU'.  The  inner  ([uadrangle  was  in  his  time  entered 
only  thiougli  tho  original  archway  on  the  western  side 
of  the  main  building.  Ou  the  2  Uh  October,  1525, 
after  a  life  of  martial  activity,  Thomas  Lord  Dacre  was 
called  to  "the  fading  honours  of  tho  dead,"  and  was 
interred,  with  his  wife,  beneath  a  richly  decorated  altar 
tomb,  in  the  south  aislo  of  the  choir  of  Lanercost. 

"He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son  William,  who 
was  appointed  warden  of  the  western  marches  by 
Henry  VIII.,  on  2nd  December,  1527,  and  his  name 
was  a  name  of  terror  to  the  outlaws  and  marauders  of 

"  1  Fought  ou  the  9th  September,  lo\i. 


78 


658 


ESKDAI^  WARD. 


thfe  border  lands.'  He  must  have  been  a  man  of  amazing 
cnergv  and  martial  spirit,  and  he  took  a  part  in  most  of 
the  public  agitations  and  many  of  the  warlike  campaigns 
of  his  dtiy. '  The  Lords  Dacre  were  all  men  of  high 
spirit  and  enterprise,  and  many  of  them  seem  to  have 
been  favourites  of  the  ladies.  It  is  remarkable  that  one 
of  them  shuold  have  carried  otT  his  betrothed  bride,  the 
heiress  of  Gilsland,  from  the  wardship  of  King  Edward 
II.,  and  that  another,  Thomas  Lord  Dacre,  dashingly 
followed,  170  years  afterwards,  the  e.xample  of  his 
ancestor,  by  carrying  off  Elizabeth,  the  heiress  of  Grey- 
stoke,  who  was  likewise  in  ward  to  the  king.  AVilliam 
Lord  Dacre,  after  a  long  and  vigorous  reign,  died  in 
1364,  leaving  Thomas,  his  eldest  son,  who  followed  him 
in  15tj.5,  and  three  other  sons,  named  Leonard,  Edward, 
and  Francis,  all  of  whom  were  overtaken  by  misfortune. 
Georoe,  son  of  the  eldest  of  his  brothers,  survived  his 
father,  and  was  the  last  male  heir  of  the  lords  Dacre 
of  the  north.  By  his  untimely  death,  on  17th  May, 
1569,  from  accident  at  Thetford,  when  a  child  in  the 
wardship  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  the  estates  and 
baronies  of  Gilsland  and  Greystoke,  and  the  rest  of  the 
great  possessions  of  his  ancestors,  were  parted  among 
Lis  three  sisters  and  co-heirs.  The  youngest  of  these 
ladies  was  the  Lady  Elizabeth  D.icre,  to  whose  share 
fell  Naworth  Castle  and  the  barony  of  Gilsland,  and  of 
this  portion  she  became  heiress  before  she  was  sevea 
years  of  age.  By  her  marriage,  these  fair  domains 
were  transferred  to  a  branch  of  the  noble  house  of 
Howard,  after  having  been  possessed  by  the  Dacres 
during  200  years. 

"  It  is  remarkable  that  by  an  heiress — the  heiress  of 
De  Vaux — Naworth  passed  to  the  family  of  De  Multon ; 
that  by  the  heiress  of  Thomas  De  Multon  it  came  to 
the  family  of  Dacre;  and  that  by  another  heiress — the 
co-heiress  of  Thomas  Lord  Dacre — it  was  carried  to 
Lord  William  Howard. 

"  Of  the  state  of  Xaworth  Castle  during  the  childhood 
of  the  young  heiress,  we  have  some  proof  in  the  fact 
that  when  !Mary  Queen  of  Scots  was  a  prisoner  at 
Carlisle  Castle  (which  was  in  1568),  Sir  Francis  linoUys 

"1  Id  1531  Williiim  Lord  Dacre  was  accnsed  of  treasonable  com- 
mnnications,  and  (strange  to  say)  alliances  with  the  Scots.  Being 
conimitled  lo  the  Tower,  he  was  bronghi  to  trial  before  Thomas 
Dnke  of  Norfolk,  treasurer  and  earl  marshal  of  England,  appointed 
lord  high  steward,  and  his  peers.  Probably  these  accnsations  arose 
out  of  enmity,  or  some  jealousy  on  the  part  of  Henry  Earl  of 
Korthumberland,  warden  of  the  east  marches.  The  indictment  is 
amongst  the  records  of  this  curious  state  trial  which  are  preserved  in 
the  Tower  of  London,  and  it  shows  Lord  Dacre  to  nave  been  accused 
of  treacheriius  agreements  for  the  protection  of  Scottish  offenders. 
The  things  alleged  against  him  are  hardly  credible :  at  all  events  he 
Tras  acquitted. 

"*  See  in  Aich.  .£liuis,  i.  213,  a  lepiesentation  of  bis  seal. 


recommended  to  Elizabeth  that  Naworth  Castle  should 
be  selected  for  the  detention  of  her  royal  captive  as  a 
place  then  affording  greater  security  than  the  castle  of 
Carlisle. 

"Mary  however  was  removed  to  the  south,  and 
therefore  we  cannot  add  to  the  historical  attractions  of 
Naworth  '  the  romantic  and  fascinating,  mysterious 
and  sorrowful  associations,'  which  hang  round  the 
memory  of  ilary  Stuart.  In  the  following  year  (1  569) 
occurred  the  memorable  rebellion  for  the  deliverance 
of  the  Scottish  Queen  and  the  restoration  of  the  Church 
of  England  to  the  Roman  communion;  and  it  was  to 
Naworth  Castle  that  the  great  northern  lords — the 
Earl  of  Westmoreland  and  the  Earl  of  Northumberland 
retired ;  and  they  there  dispersed  their  followers  and 
abandoned  their  chivalrous  enterprise.  At  that  time : 
the  barony  of  Gilsland  and  the  possessions  of  the  house 
of  Ddcre  were  iu  abeyance  between  the  co-heiresses. 
Naworth  Castle  was  again  in  the  occupation  of  insur- 
gent forces  in  a  few  months  from  that  time ;  but  the 
forces  then  collected  had  been  levied  for  a  less  generous 
purpose.  Leonard  Dacre,  uncle  of  the  youthful  orphan 
and  heiress,  claimed  the  estates  of  the  Dacres  of  Gils- 
land, and,  being  unsuccessful  at  law,  assembled  3,000 
men,  chiefly  levied  among  the  freebooters  of  the  border 
lands,  to  enforce  his  claim  by  arms.  He  actually  seized 
Naworth  Castle,  and  was  in  possession  of  it  for  a  time 
early  in  1570.  Lord  Hunsdon,  the  governor  of  Ber- 
wick, and  Sir  John  Forster,  warden  of  the  middle 
marches,  were  speedily  sent  against  his  band  of  despe- 
radoes. They  advanced  from  Hexham  at  the  head  of 
1,500  men,  and  arrived  on  the  20th  February,  by  day- 
light, before  Naworth.  The  beacons  had  burned  all 
night,  and  they  found  every  hill  covered  by  men,  on 
horse  and  on  foot,  who  rent  the  air  with  their  cries  and 
shouting.  Passing  Naworth,  they  were  followed  and 
challenged  by  Leonard  Dacre  on  a  high  moor  near  the 
Gelt.  He  mustered  a  force  of  1,500  foot  and  600 
horse.  A  sanguinary  engagement  ensued,  which  ended 
in  the  defeat  of  Dacre,  who  fled  into  Scotland,  and, 
being  afterwards  attainted  of  treason,  he  escaped  into 
Louvain,  and  died  in  exile  in  1581.  It  is  now  time 
to  pursue  the  history  of  the  youthful  hekess.  Lady 
Ehzabeth  Dacre. 

"In  1506,  Thomas  Howard,  fourth  Duke  of  Norfolk, 
who  had  twice  before  entered  into  wedlock,  married 
Elizabeth,  widow  of  Thomas  Lord  Dacre,  of  Gilsland 
and  Greystoke.  Their  union  was  brief,  for  she  died 
in  the  following  year,  leaving  George  Lord  Dacre  and 
his  three  sisters,  already  mentioned,  her  children  by 
Thomas  Lord  Dacre,  her  only  issue.  George  was 
killed  iu  his  chUdhood,  as  already  stated,  in  1569,  and 


BRAMPTON  TARISH. 


G59 


bis  youthful  sisters  remaiued  in  ward  to  their  step- 
father, the  duke.  He  seems  to  have  followed  the 
eiuuriple  of  Thomas  de  Multon,  the  justiciar,  iu  the 
xeigu  of  Henry  HI.,  who  obtuiued  a  grant  of  the  cus- 
tody of  the  daughters  and  hcire  of  Richard  de  Lucy, 
of  ilgremont,  with  their  lands  and  marriage,  reserving 
thereout  a  reasonable  dower  for  Ada,  the  widow  of  De 
Lucy — herself  the  daughter  of  Hugh  de  JMorville  and 
co-heiress  of  his  large  possessions.  De  Multon,  not 
content  with  marrying  his  own  sons  to  his  wards,  the 
daughters  of  Richard  de  Lucy,  secured  to  his  own 
family  the  property  both  of  the  father  aud  the  husband 
by  marrying  the  widow  herself. 

"The  Duke  of  Norfolk  by  his  first  marriage,  on  which 
he  espoused  Mary,  daughter  and  heir  of  Henry  Fitz- 
Alan,  earl  of  Ai'undel,  had  issue  Philip  earl  of  Arun- 
del, ancestor  of  the  celebrated  eaii.  The  duke's  second 
wife  was  JMargaret,  daughter  aud  sole  heir  of  Thomas 
Lord  Audley  of  Waldcn,  lord  chancellor  of  England, 
who,  at  the  time  of  her  marriage  to  the  duke,  was  a 
widow.  By  this  marriage,  Thomas,  fourth  duke  of 
Norfolk,  had  three  sons,  namely,  Thomas,  afterwards 
Earl  of  Suffolk,  heir  to  his  mother's  estate,  Henry,  who 
■  died  young,  aud  William,  afterwards  celebrated  as  Lord 
'William  Howard  of  Naworth,  who  was  born  on  the 
19tli  December,  1503.  Their  mother  died  within 
a  few  weeks  from  that  time.  We  may  here  briefly 
glance  at  the  ancestry  of  the  last-mentioned  nobleman. 

"  The  Duke  of  Norfolk,  his  father,  was  the  eldest  son 
of  that  Henry  Howard,  earl  of  Surrey,  who  is  the  great 
ornament  of  his  Ikmily — 'a  nobleman,'  says  Mr.  Lodge, 
'  wbose  character  reflects  splendour  even  on  the  name 
of  Howard.'  Excelling  in  arts  and  in  arms,  a  man  of 
learning  in  an  unlearned  age,  a  genius  and  a  hero,  of  a 
generous  temper  and  a  refined  nature,  uniting  all  the 
gallantry  and  unbroken  spirit  of  a  rude  period  with  the 
elegancies  and  graces  of  a  polished  lera,  enjoying 
splendour  of  descent,  possessing  the  highest  honours 
and  ample  wealth,  and  never  relaxing  his  endeavours  to 
add  the  distinction  of  personal  worth  to  his  auccstral 
honours — 

•  Who  has  not  heard  of  Snrrey's  ftmc  ?' 

"  Yet  neither  his  devotion  to  poetry  and  letters,  nor 
bis  eminence  in  all  the  acconiplishnionts  of  that  martial 
age,  could  save  him  from  the  vengeance  of  bis  jealous 
and  fickle  sovereign  when  he  was  arraigned  on  some 
frivolous  accusations  of  treason.  Tiio  aeconi])lisl)ed  Sur- 
rey was  beheaded  on  Tower  Hill,  in  January,  1517,  in 
the  thirty-first  year  of  his  ago.  Soon  afterwards  the 
sanguinary  tyrant  himself  died,  and  by  ilic  accident  of 
his  death  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  Surrey's  father,  who  was 


then  a  prisoner  iu  the  Tower  under  a  like  sentence, 
escaped  its  e.xecution.  The  son  of  the  ill-fated  Surrey, 
who  became  fourth  Duke  of  Norfolk,  on  the  death  of 
his  grandfather  in  1554,  was  then  about  eighteen  years 
of  age.  Surrey's  eldest  daughter,  the  Lady  Jane,  who 
married  the  last  Earl  of  Westmoreland  of  the  noble 
house  of  Nevflle,  is  described  as  one  of  the  most  learned 
ladies  of  her  time,  whose  scholastic  acquirements  had 
the  rare  accompaniments  of  gentle  feminine  manners, 
good  sense,  and  affection  for  her  family  and  her  duties. 
From  the  disastrous  end  of  the  Rebellion  of  1569  to  the 
close  of  his  life  the  Earl  of  Westmoreland,  her  husband, 
lingered  in  hopeless  e.\ile.  The  countess  spent  the 
remainder  of  her  days  iu  retirement,  lamenting  the  sad 
fate  which  had  bereaved  her  of  a  father  and  a  brother, 
who  both  died  on  the  scati'uld,  and  of  a  husband  exiled 
for  life  from  his  honours  and  his  country.  The  earl 
languished  till  IGOl ;  she  died  in  1593. 

"  Her  brother,  Thomas  Howard,  fourth  duke  of  Nor- 
folk, father  of  Lord  William,  was  '  the  most  powerful 
and  most  popular  man  in  England;'  but,  allured  by 
ambition  and  animated  by  a  chivalrous  feeling  towards 
the  accomplished  and  ill-fated  Queen  of  Scots,  the  duke 
in  1 568,  when  a  year  had  not  elapsed  from  his  becoming 
for  a  third  time  a  widower,  formed  or  assented  to  a 
project  for  his  marriage  with  that  princess,  then  the 
captive  of  the  implacable  Elizabeth.  The  story  of  this 
perilous  iutrigue  forms  a  romantic  and  memorable 
feature  in  the  sad  history  of  the  lime,  aud  it  speedily 
conducted  him  to  the  fatal  end  of  his  father.  He  was 
sacrificed  to  the  animosity  of  the  jealous  and  artful 
Elizabeth  on  the  iind  June,  1572,  being  the  first  of  her 
victims  who  sutfered  death  on  Tower  Hill.  By  this 
tragical  event  Lord  William  Howard  was  made  an 
orphan  in  the  ninth  year  of  his  age. 

"  The  iniquitous  sacrifice  of  the  duke  deprived  Lord 
William  of  title,  dignity,  and  estate,  and  reduced  him  to 
tlie  condition  described  by  his  father  on  committing  him, 
while  himself  under  sentence  of  death,  to  the  care  of  his 
eldest  brother,  Philip  Earl  of  Arundel,  namely,  that  he 
had  'nothing  to  feed  the  cormorants  withal.'  The 
duke,  after  his  alUance  to  the  Dacre  family,  had,  how- 
ever, very  wisely  and  prudently  destined  his  three  sons 
for  his  three  youthful  wards,  the  heiresses  of  the  great 
baronies  and  estates  of  Thomas  Lord  Dacre,  and  his 
design  was  fulfilled  as  to  the  two  heiresses  who  survived, 
but  not  in  his  own  lifetime.  The  youthful  Lady 
Elizabeth  Dacre  was  in  ward  to  the  queen  after  the 
execution  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  ;  aud  it  was  well  for 
Lord  William  Howard  that  her  baud  was  not  disposed 
of  to  some  minion  of  the  court.  Accord  ngly,  when 
arrived  at  luarriagcublc  age,  Auuc,  the  eldest  daughter 


660 


ESKDALK  WARD. 


of  Thomas  Lord  Dacrc,  was  married  to  Philip  Earl  of 
Arundel,  and  Elizabeth,  the  youngest,  to  Lord  WilHam 
Howard.  Mary,  the  second  daughter,  had  been  betrothed 
to  Thomas,  afterwards  Lord  Howard  of  Walden,  first 
carl  of  Suffolk,  but  died  before  marriage.  Lord  William 
and  his  youthful  bride  were  boru  in  the  same  year;  she 
had  been  left  an  orphan  in  her  seventh  year,  Lord 
William  in  his  ninth.  Brought  up  together,  and 
destined  for  each  other  from  childhood,  it  is  a  remark- 
able circumstance  that,  after  a  union  of  more  than 
sLxty  years,  he  died  in  little  more  than  twelve  months 
from  her  death.  '  Their  long  union  appears,'  says  the 
late  Mr.  Henry  Howard  of  Corby,  in  his  'Memorials 
of  the  Howard  Family,  '  to  have  been  one  of  the 
truest  affection,  and  his  regard  for  her  seems  not  ever 
to  have  suffered  variation  or  abatement.'  His  accounts 
contain  entries  for  many  presents  to  her ;  and  he  had 
her  portrait  taken  at  seventy-three,  by  Jansen,  the  best 
painter  of  the  time. 

"  To  return,  however,  to  the  story  of  their  early  life. 
They  were  married  on  the  2Hth  October,  1577  at  Audley 
End,  near  Safiron  Walden,  Essex  (the  maternal  estate 
of  Thomas  Howard,  elder  brother  of  Lord  William), 
when  he  was  about  fourteen  years  of  age,  the  Lady 
Elizabeth  being  some  months  younger;  and  they  appear 
to  have  resided  for    some  time  on  an  estate    called 
Mount  Pleasant,  in  Enfield  Chase.      But  they  were 
destined  ere  long  to  experience  the  rancour  of  perse- 
cution for  religion's  sake.     The  sons  of  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk,  who  was  a  Protestant,  were  intended  to  be 
educated  in  that  communion  ;  but  they  appear  to  havo 
been  influenced   by  the  tutor   whom   he   selected  to 
attend  them  at  the  Uaiversity  of  Cambridge  with  his 
own   convictions    in   favour   of  the   Roman   Catholic 
church ;  end  when  the  Ear!  of  Arundel  (Lord  AVilliam's 
eldest  brother),  about  1583,  decided  on  joining  that 
communion,  and  imparted  his  resolve  to  Lord  Tv  illiam, 
who  was  then  about  twenty-one  years  of  age,  the  latter 
readily  agreed  with  him  to  adopt  the  same  course, 
although  such  a  step,  in  those  dreadful  days  of  perse- 
cution, rendered  it  necessary  that  they  should  leave 
their  native  land,  whoso  councils  were  swayed  by  the 
enemies  of  their  family  and  faith.     In  1582  the  young 
Earl  of  Arundel  attempted  to  put  in  practice  his  design 
for  escaping  to  the  continent,  and  prepared  a  letter  for 
the  queen,  in  which  he  explained  his  reasons  for  that 
resolution,  and  declared  his  undiminished  allegiance  to 
her  as  his  sovereign ;   but  being  jealously  watched  in 
all  his  movements,  he  was  intercepted  when  about  to 
eml)ark,  on  the  Susses  coast,  and  was  brought  a  close 
prisoner  to  the  Tower  of  London.     Lord  William,  who 
had  now  three  children  to  engage  his  soUcitude,  was 


made  to  share  his  brother's  captivity.  This  was  about 
Easter,  1585. 

"  A  few  months  before  the  noble  brothers  were  thus 
deprived  of  their  liberty,  a  new  claimant  to  the  Dacre 
estates  appeared,  in  the  person  of  Francis  Dacre,  the 
younger  brother  of  Leonard  and  of  Edward  Dacre,  both 
of  whom  were  then  dead  ;  and  he  claimed  as  tenant  in 
tail,  under  colour  of  an  attempted  limitation  of  the 
estates  by  Thomas  Lord  Dacre,  their  father.  The 
Lady  Elizabeth,  on  attaining  full  age,  had  received 
restitution  of  her  paternal  lands  of  Naworth  and  Gils- 
land,  which  she  enjoyed  down  to  the  time  of  the 
imprisonment  of  liOrd  William  and  his  brother ;  but 
they  were  no  sooner  disabled  from  defending  their 
lands,  than,  at  the  suit  of  Francis  Dacre,  the  estates 
were  sequestered  from  the  heiresses,  and  they  were 
involved  in  a  costly  litigation.  Lord  William  has  him- 
self related  that  ''Mr.  Francis  Dacre,  not  omitting  his 
advantage  of  time,  prosecuted  his  cause  with  great  vio- 
lence, when  both  his  adversaries  were  close  prisoners 
in  danger  of  their  lives,  and  in  so  deep  disgrace  of  the 
time,  that  scarce  any  friend  or  servant  durst  adventure 
to  show  themselves  in  their  cause  ;  nay,  the  counsellors 
refused  to  plead  their  title  when  they  had  been  for- 
mally retained." 

"  At  length  Lord  William  and  the  earl  his  brother, 
after  having  being  fined  by  the  Star  Chamber,  were 
released  from  imprisonment ;  and  on  Saint  Peter's 
day,  1380,  obtained  judgment  in  their  favour  in  the 
suit,  notwithstanding  which  their  lands  continued  to 
be  withheld  under  a  variety  of  pretexts.^  In  1588, 
the  Earl  of  Arundel  was  again  arrested  on  a  charge  of 
treason,  and  Lord  William  falling  under  the  weight  of 
hostile  suspicion,  was  also  again  aiTCsted  and  committed 
to  custody,  but  was  shortly  afterwards  liberated  for 
want  of  any  evidence  against  him.  AH  the  charges 
that  the  myrmidons  of  persecution  could  bring  forward 
were,  that  the  earl  had  harboured  and  sustained  priests, 
had  corresponded  with  Allen  and  Parsons,  and  had  in- 
tended to  depart  from  the  realm  without  license.  Yet 
on  these  accusations  he  was,  after  a  lingering  delay, 
brought  to  trial  before  his  peers,  in  1589,  and  con- 
demned to  die.  Ehzabeth  perhaps  trembled  when  she 
thought  of  the  noble  blood  she  had  already  shed  upon 
the  scaffold,  and  did  not  wish  to  charge  her  soul  with 
his.  She  therefore  thought  fit  to  extend  what  was 
called  '  her  clemency'  towards  him,  and  accordingly  he 
never  felt  the  edge  of  the  axe,  but  was  suffered  to  await 
the  termination  of  his  life  immured  in  the  Tower.  The 
room  in  which   the  earl   was   confined  has  recently 

'  MS.  LansJ.  No.  lOG,  art.  2.'),  contaius  nn  account  of  the  trial 
relatiug  to  tlie  title  of  the  co-heiresses  to  their  lands. 


BRAMPTON  PARISH. 


661 


received  a  good  deal  of  public  notice.  It  is  a  large 
chamber  in  Beauchamp's  Tower,  anciently  the  place  of 
confinement  for  state  prisoners.  A  number  of  inscrip- 
tions e.xist  on  the  walls,  the  undoubted  autographs  of 
several  illustrious  and  unfortunate  tenants  of  this  once 
dreary  mansion.  Among  them,  in  a  line  bold  character, 
is  a  touching  sentence  with  the  signature  of  the  earl, 
dated  23nd  June,  1587.  He  languished  in  the  Tower 
until  Nov.  1595,  when  death  released  him,  in  the 
fortieth  year  of  his  age.  In  person  the  earl  is 
described  to  have  been  very  tall,  of  a  dark  complexion, 
with  an  agreeable  mi.\ture  of  sweetness  and  dignity  in 
his  countenance.  Before  his  imprisonment,  and  in  his 
happier  days,  he  and  his  wife,  the  Lady  Anne,  had 
settled  on  the  Dacre  estate  at  Greystoke,  the  noble 
castle,  barony,  and  domains  of  that  lordship  being  her 
portion  on  the  division  of  the  paternal  estates.  By  his 
attainder,  his  half  of  the  Dacre  estates  was  forfeited  to 
the  crown,  and  many  years  elapsed  before  restitution 
to  his  successor.  He  was  survived  by  his  son,  the 
celebrated  antiquary  and  collector,  and  by  the  Lady 
Anne,  his  widow,  who  lived  until  the  13th  April,  1030, 
when  she  had  attained  the  age  of  seventy-two.  She 
was  a  woman  of  genius,  and  her  letters  evince  an  unaf- 
fected piety  and  tenderness  of  character. 

"  This  digression  from  the  principal  subject  of  the 
present  article  has  been  occasioned  by  the  feeling  that 
the  noble  and  unfortunate  brother  of  Lord  William 
Howard  shares  in  the  interest  with  which  we  regard  all 
that  relates  to  himself.  To  return  to  the  history  of 
Lord  William : — 

"  The  estates  of  the  heiress  of  Naworth  and  Gilsland 
were  still  withheld ;  and  finally  Lord  William  Howard, 
and  the  widow  of  his  brother,  were  compelled  in  the  year 
1601  to  purchase  their  own  lands  of  the  queen,  for  the 
sum  of  £10,000.  Lady  Elizabeth  had  attained  her 
thirty-seventh  year  before  she  was  permitted  to  enjoy 
her  patrimony.  Jlr.  Howard,  the  father  of  the  present 
lord  of  Corby,  ia  his  '  Jlemorials  of  the  Howard  Family,' 
remarks  that  it  does  not  appear  how  she  and  Lord 
William  managed  to  subsist,  and  meet  the  high  charges 
and  exactions  to  which  they  were  subjected ;  and  his 
accounts  from  1019  to  1028,  inclusive,  show  that  he 
was  still  ill  debt,  and  paid  ten  per  cent,  interest  for 
borrowed  money.  The  accession  of  King  James  opened 
fairer  prospects  to  the  house  of  Howard,  which  had 
suffered  so  much,  and  lain  so  long  under  spoliation  and 
forfeiture,  for  the  attachment  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  to 
the  ill-fated  mother  of  that  monarch.  On  the  accession 
of  James,  Lord  William  was  restored  in  blood ;  and,  in 
company  with  his  uncle,  Henry  Howard,  afterwards 
earl  of  Northampton,  went  into  Cumberland  in  1003, 


and  met  James  on  his  entry  into  the  kingdom.  Pro- 
bably Lord  William  was  first  invested  by  the  new 
monarch  with  the  otlice  of  king's  lieutenant  and  warden 
of  the  marches  in  1005. 

"  It  seems  that  while  he  was  deprived  of  his  wife's 
patrimony  the  chief  part  of  the  timber  in  the  parks  was 
cut  down.  By  an  inquisition  taken  in  1589  it  was 
found  that '  Naworth  park'  contained  200  acres,  '  with 
great  store  of  old  oak  wood,  worth  to  sell  £'200  ;'  and  a 
chase,  called  Bridgewood,  is  mentioned  as  containing 
the  like  quantity  of  woodland,  and  another  £200  worth 
of  timber.  In  the  same  inquisition,  the  commissioners 
report  to  the  crown  that  '  the  faire  castle  is  in  very 
great  decay  in  all  parts.' 

"  Lord  William  was  no  sooner  reinstated  in  his  pro- 
perty than  he  began  to  contemplate  the  repair  of  the 
old  baronial  stronghold,  which  during  the  long  years  of 
persecution  had  been  neglected  and  deserted.  The 
repairs  seem  to  have  been  commenced  some  time 
before  1007,  and  to  have  been  then  in  active  progress. 
At  that  time  Camden,  the  great  antiquary,  visited 
Naworth,  where  he  found  its  noble  owner  living  the  life 
of  a  scholar  as  well  as  a  soldier.  His  private  tastes  and 
his  public  occupations  so  blended  these  charactei-s,  that 
it  might  be  said  of  him  as  poets  feigned  of  Sir  Phihp 
Sidney,  that  Mars  and  Mercury  fell  at  variance  whose 
servant  he  should  be.  Camden  speaks  of  him  as  '  an 
attentive  and  learned  searcher  into  venerable  antiquity ;' 
and  ill  another  passage  says,  '  He  copied  for  me  with  his 
own  hand  the  inscriptions  found  at  Castle  Steads:'  allud- 
ing to  the  inscriptions  on  Roman  altars  and  tablets 
collected  from  the  vicinity,  and  brought  together  by 
Lord  William,  in  the  gardens  of  Naworth  Casde.' 

"  Wiiile  the  repairs  were  in  progress  ho  resided,  with 
his  family,  chielly  at  his  favourite  hunting-seat  of 
Thornthwaite,  in  Westmoreland.  Of  his  income  about 
this  time  we  have  interesting  particulars  in  an  account- 
book  in  his  own  hand  writing,  which  was  at  Naworth 
Castle  when  the  late  Mr.  Howard,  of  Corby,  wrote  his 
'Howard  IMomorials.'  On  the  Mth  December,  1011, 
the  auditor  delivered  in  at  Naworth  Castle  an  account 
of  the  '  ti'ue  clero  valines '  of  my  lord's  estates  for  the 
year,  to  the  ilartinmas  preceding.  They  are  returned 
in  the  counties  of  iliddlesc.x,  Hertford,  York,  Durham, 
Northumberland,  Westmoreland,  and  Cumberland. 
First  there  is  the  princely  domain  of  Castle  Howard, 
then  known  by  its  ancient  name  of  Ilinderskelf,-  the 

">  See  Horsley  as  to  the  Roman  autiquities  funiieil}-  at  Navortb, 
pp.  18J,  Ml,  •ar>,  257,  i'lS  2711,  a77. 

"  •  Tliis  property  occurs,  in  l\K>,  in  llio  imssossion  of  the  Basset 
familv,  and  it  was  troiiglii  by  ilic  heiress  of  their  estate  into  the 
familit'sof  Griuithurp  and  G roysioke,  nnil  on  the  partition  fell  to  the 
youthful  heiress  of  Naworth,  Lady  Elizabeth  Dacre. 


6C2 


ESKDALE  WATin. 


yearly  vnlue  of  which  is  set  down  at  JC420  lOs.  lOjd. 
Then  there  is  the  Morpeth  property — which  Mary  de 
Merley  had  carried  four  centuries  before  to  William  do 
Greystoke — this  is  set  down  at  £741  lis.'  The  Cnm- 
berlanJ  estates  produced  £1,173  13s.  2Jd.;  and  the 
total  income  from  all  the  counties  is  the  sum  of 
£3,884  Us.  ]}d.  The  yearly  income  varied,  but  may 
be  taken  to  have  been  on  an  avcrajje  equivalent  to  at 
least  £10,000  a  year  of  money  of  the  present  day. 
Lord  William  himself  declared,  twenty  years  later,  that 
'his  parks,  liberties,  and  forests,  iu  the  compass  of  his 
own  tenitories,  were  as  great  a  quantity  in  one  place  as 
any  nobleman  in  England  possessed.'  The  demesne 
lands  described  in  the  above-mentioned  account  as  '  iu 
the  lord's  hand,'  at  Naworth  and  Brampton,  are  set  j 
down  as  containing  2,178  acres,  and  there  were  then 
remaining  on  them  1,110  cattle  of  all  sorts,  and  3,000 
sheep.  In  these  rural  districts,  as  might  have  been 
expected,  a  large  portion  of  the  available  wealth  of  the 
owner  was  commonly  invested  in  live  stock.  Thus 
(ex.  fjr.)  a  Yorkshire  testator  in  the  si.xteeuth  century, 
the  inventory  of  whose  effects  is  amongst  the  wills 
proved  at  rachmond,  died  possessed  of  3,391  sheep, 
which  were  valued  at  £506  7s.  6d. 

"  But  considerable  as  was  Lord  William's  income 

from  his  broad  lands  in  so  many  parts  of  the  country, 

his  extensive  alterations  and  repairs  at  Naworth,  which 

■were  in  progress  during  a  period  of  twenty  years,  must 

'  have  absorbed  a  great  part  of  it. 

"Lord  William's  alterations  and  repairs  greatly 
changed  the  aspect  of  the  castle  in  the  inner  court,  and 
in  its  interior  arrangements,  and  the  work  of  his  time 
forms  the  third  of  the  four  divisions  or  periods  now 
marked  in  its  architecture.  Lord  William  hightened 
the  great  hall,  and  enlarged  the  windows  which  light  it. 
He  altered  the  interior  of  the  principal  tower  which 
foiTns  the  south-western  angle  of  the  fortress,  by  adapt- 
ing its  upper  floors  for  dwelling-rooms.  He  repaired 
the  warders'  gallery,  enlarged  its  long  range  of  windows, 
and  adapted  for  the  purposes  of  his  own  habitation  the 
very  remarkable  chambers  iu  the  tower  at  the  south- 
eastern angle  of  the  fortress,  which  is  still  called  '  Lord 
"William's  Tower.'  He  made  the  present  entrance  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  castle  under  the  gallery  and 
chapel,  and  built  walls  in  the  vaulted  chambers  or  crypt 
below  the  chapel  and  the  haU,  by  which  passages  and 
servants'  rooms  were  formed  on  the  basement.     The 

"  1  Of  LorJ  William  Howard's  connection  with  Morpeth,  an  inter- 
eating  memorial  is  preserved  by  the  corporation,  in  tlie  form  of  a 
silver  mace,  which  he  gave  to  liis  burgesses  of  Morpeth  in  1001.  It 
bears  the  arms  of  James  I.,  and  of  the  several  families  whose  inherit- 
ance had  centred  in  the  noble  donor,  and  it  is  perhaps  onique 
amongst  relics  of  this  kind. 


domestic  chambers  on  the  western  and  the  northern  side 
were  also  repaired  and  altered  in  his  time.  The  fire  in 
1844  destroyed  some  buildings  on  the  western  side  of 
the  inner  court,  which  had  blocked  up  the  fine  pointed 
archway  that  formerly  gave  access  to  the  castle,  and 
was  probably  disused  from  the  time  when  Lord  Wil- 
liam effected  these  repairs.'  The  late  restorations  have 
been  so  judiciously  made  that  the  character  has  been 
preserved  of  the  original  architecture,  and  also  of  the 
work  of  Lord  William's  time,  as  each  stood  at  the 
period  of  the  fire.  Some  of  the  interior  fittings  placed 
by  Lord  William  in  his  castle,  thus  altered  and 
repaired,  are  still  preserved.  They  may  now  be  men- 
tioned briefly. 

"  Shortly  before  the  time  when  he  began  these 
repairs,  the  disiuautliug  and  destruction  of  the  castle 
of  Kirkoswald  (which  by  the  marriage  of  the  only 
daughter  of  the  Thomas  Lord  Dacre,  who  died  in  1457, 
had  fallen  to  the  family  of  'Lord  Dacre  of  the  South'), 
gave  Lord  William  the  opportunity  of  acquiring  for  his 
castle  the  oak  ceilings  and  wainscot  work  which  had 
been  placed  in  the  ancient  hall  and  chapel  of  Kirk- 
oswald, and  he  obtained  these,  and  applied  them  to 
the  same  uses  at  Naworth.  These  roofs  were  divided 
into  panels,  and  a  grim  old  portrait  of  some  historical 
personage  was  painted  in  every  panel.  In  the  castle 
chapel  at  Naworth,  as  well  as  in  the  hall,  there  was  one 
of  these  curious  oak  ceilings,  and  the  altar  end  was 
also  fitted  up  with  wainscot  in  panels  filled  with  por- 
traits of  patriarchs  and  ecclesiastics.  All  this  antique 
oakwork,  iu  both  hall  and  chapel,  perished  in  the  con- 
flagration ;  but  in  the  chamber  which  Lord  William 
used  as  his  library,  there  is  still  the  fine  oak  roof,  in 
panels,  elaborately  carved,  with  bold  heraldic  bosses, 
enriched  formerly  by  gold  and  colours,  which  is  said  to 
have  been  brought  hither  from  Kirkoswald  by  Lord 
William.  Some  other  relies  of  Kirkoswald  Castle 
escaped  the  fire.  The  most  remarkable  of  these  are 
four  heraldic  figures  in  oak,  the  size  of  life,  which 
were  brought  by  Lord  William  to  his  hall  at  Naworth 
to  bear  banners,  and  they  now  do  duty  in  the  same 
capacity.  One  of  them  represents  the  Grimthorp  Dol- 
phin, with  a  beacon  upon  its  head — the  cognizance 
borne  by  Eal[jh  de  Greystoke ;  another  is  the  Multon 
Sta" ;  the  third  is  the  sable  Griffin  of  De  Vaux ;  and 
the  fourth  is  the  Dacre  Bull.  They  have  looked  down 
on  many  a  feast  whore  fish  and  beef  and  venison 
smoked  before  the  successors  of  those  great  families ; 
and  now,  unscathed  by  time  and  fire,  and  with  their 

"  1  On  the  recent  repairs,  a  painted  window  of  two  lights,  which  had 
bnen  walled  up,  was  disclosed  on  the  north  side  of  the  great  tower  at 
the  souih-wesiern  angle  of  the  fortress. 


BRAMPTON   PARISH. 


063 


proper  colours  restored,  they  seem,  to  belong  to  the 
lares  and  penatcs  of  this  noble  hiill. 

"  Lord  William  enriched  his  oratory  (which  adjoined 
his  library)  with  some  sculptured  figures  in  alabaster, 
which  likewise  came  from  Kirkoswald,  and  by  some 
curious  paintings  on  pauel,  which  probably  the  reform- 
ing commissioners  had  ejected  from  the  neighbouring 
priory  church  of  Lanercost.  These  also  have  escaped, 
and  have  been  lalely  renovated.  The  old  oak  wainscot 
of  the  library  likewise  remains,'  and  the  original  waiu' 
scot  of  Lord  William's  bedroom  below  has  also  been 
preserved,  and  still  lines  its  walls.  The  bedstead  and 
furniture  (which  are  used  by  Lord  Carlisle  on  bis  visits) 
are  new,  having  been  made  lately,  on  the  model  of 
those  which  had  been  preserved  in  this  chamber  from 
Lord  William's  time.  To  these  chambers,  when  he 
inhabited  them,  the  only  approach  was  through  the 
warders'  gallery,  and  this  seems  to  have  been  reached 
only  by  the  ancient  winding  stairs  in  the  principal 
tower. 

"  In  the  castle  thus  altered  and  furnished  for  habi- 
tation. Lord  William  was  residing  in  (and  probably  for 
some  time  before)  1020.  A  few  years  later,  when  all 
his  family,  sons,  daughters,  and  their  wives  and  hus- 
bands, surrounded  their  noble  parents  at  Naworth,  they 
are  said  to  have  numbered  fifty-two  in  family.  How 
merrily  they  must  have  celebrated  Christmas  in  their  pa- 
ternal hall !  It  appears  from  the  steward's  account-  that 
in  1U35  the  household  charges  for  fourteen  days  at 
Naworth  amounted  to  £10  17s.  Id.  Lord  William 
necessarily  maintained  a  large  number  of  followers  and 
domestics,  and  he  was  accustomed  to  move  about  with 
many  retainers. 

"In  1017  he  met  King  James  T.  at  Carlisle  with  a 
large  body  of  his  armed  servants ;  and  when  he  came 
from  Naworth  to  visit  Lord  Scrope,  governor  of  Carlisle, 
he  marched  into  the  castle  at  the  head  of  a  body  of 
armed  followers.'  Tiie  visitor  at  Naworth  in  the  present 
day  finds  no  diliiculty  in  imagiuiug  tlie  scene  that  was 
presented  there — 

'  When,  from  bcncntli  tlio  greenwood  tree, 
Bode  I'orLli  Lord  Llowuril's  cliivalry; 
Aad  men  nt  arms,  wiili  gluivc  nnil  spoor, 
Crouglit  up  tbo  cliiufluin's  glitl'ring  rear.' 

"  In  IC'2'1  mention  occurs  of  a  house  in  St.  Martin's 
Lane,  London,  to  which  Lord  William  had  frequently 

I  It  sinnds  dotnclird  fmm  the  vtaW,  tlio  restomtion  of  tliis  aport- 
nenl  tiol  being  cumpluted. 

"°  Kditod  l>y  tlio  lute  Mr  Ilnvurd,  orCiirby  Casllo,  in  hit ' Memo- 
t'uth  uf  ihe  Howard  I'luuil}'  (piivutely  priuleil). 

"•Jtffcrson's  'lILiloryuf  Ciirlialc' 


occasion  to  repair — not,  however,  for  the  purpose  of 
frequenting  the  dangerous  precincts  of  a  court,  or  going 
within  the  vortex  of  political  strife  ;  for,  warned  by  the 
fate  of  his  ancestors,  he  had  at  an  early  age  retired  to 
his  estates  in  the  north,  and  renounced  the  perilous 
honours  tliat  might  have  rewarded  a  contrary  and  more 
ambitious  course.  The  cost  of  each  of  his  journeys  to 
London,  with  from  eighteen  to  twenty-four  attendants 
and  twelve  horses,  going  and  returning,  varied  from  £'1 5 
to  £21,  but  was  sometimes  more.  In  the  year  last 
mentioned  (1621)  he  was  absent  on  his  journey  to 
London  from  25th  May  to  20th  June,  and  the  charges 
atuounted  to  £38  14s.  8d.  In  the  following  year  his 
rilling  charges  from  London  only,  beginning  28th  May, 
were  jE12  12s.  3d.  He  seems  to  have  passed  little 
more  time  in  London  than  he  was  obliged  to  do,  and  to 
have 

'  Iiong'd  for  rough  glades  and  forest  free.' 

"In  1623  he  went  to  Spa,  for  the  benefit  of  his  health, 
accompanied  by  Lady  Elizabeth.  They  proceeded  by 
way  of  London  and  Calais,  and  on  tlicir  return  came 
from  Dunquerque  to  Newciistle  by  ship.  The  total  cost 
of  this  journey  was  the  large  sum  of  i'212  10s.  3d. 

"  Of  his  pecuniary  circumstances  in  this  and  preced- 
ing years  bis  accounts  afford  some  curious  traces.  In 
1019  he  was  still  so  straitened,  from  the  plunder  ho  had 
sulTerod  by  Queen  Elizabeth  and  from  the  cost  of  the 
repairs  ho  was  making,  that  he  allowed  himself  for 
pocket  money  only  twenty  shillings  a  month,  which 
scanty  sum  ho  had  increased  in  1027  to  the  njagnificent 
allowance  of  £30  a  year !  From  that  period,  however, 
he  bought  more  costly  furniture  and  books  ;  planted  his 
estates ;  and  was  paying  marriage  portions  for  his 
daughters,  but  still  by  instalments  only.  The  termi- 
nation of  his  steward's  accounts  in  the  following  year 
(1 028)  unfortunately  destroys  from  that  time  the  clue  to 
these  curious  particulars  of  his  private  life. 

"  It  may  be  interesting  to  mention  here  a  few  of  the 
items  of  expenditure  that  are  set  down  in  the  steward's 
account. 

"  There  are  several  payments  of  5s.  to  the  barber  for 
cutting  hair  and  trimming  my  lord's  beard.  A  pair  of 
silk  lioso  cost  30s.,  another  38s.,  and  this  was  in  1(>19. 
A  pair  of  gloves  for  my  lord  os.,  a  black  frieze  jorkia 
for  ray  lord  lOs. ;  a  pair  of  boots  10s.,  and  a 'pair  of 
spurs  2s. ;  a  silk  belt  for  the  sword  -is. ;  and  a  scarf  for 
my  lord  to  wear  in  riding  Os. ;  shirts,  bands  '(pivbably 
of  laco,)  and  handkerchief,  for  my  loril,  i'O  8s..  and 
every  year  at  least  two  pairs  of  spectacles :  one  pair 
is  set  down  nt  the  modest  price  of  cightconponco. 

"  Some  articles  of  lu.xuiy  occur.  Amongst  these  are, 
to  Jlr.  Leonard  Milboru,  for  a  coach  and  four  horses, 


664 


ESKDALE    WAItD. 


JE30.,  (surely  this  can  have  been  only  a  part  of  the 
price  ?)  two  saddle-cloths,  bridles,  reins  and  funiiture 
for  my  lord,  X'3  18s. ;  two  silver  candlesticks  £10  17s.; 
and  two  silver  flagons,  bought  in  1G28,  cost  5s.  9d.  an 
ounce ;  a  silver  hand-bell  for  my  lord  38s. ;  six  Tur- 
key carpets,  in  JO  10,  £G  3s.;  three  yards  of  crim- 
son velvet  to  make  a  carpet,  42s. :  the  carpet,  with  gold 
and  silk  fringe,  cost  altogether  £4  16s. 

"  He  frequently  made  presents  to  '  my  lady.'  The 
cost  of  soi)ie  of  these  is  recorded  in  the  accounts.  For 
example,  a  watch  for  my  lady,  in  1024,  cost  £4;  a 
gown  for  my  lady  in  'somer'  £0;  a  black  fan,  with 
silver  handle,  Cs.  Cd. ;  and  two  fine  felt  hats  for  my 
lady,  14s. 

"  The  steward's  accounts  for  the  few  years  preserved 
unfortunately  do  not  contain  payments  for  books  or 
works  of  art.  Forensic  eloquence  was  wofully  underpaid 
if  we  are  to  take  as  an  example  what  Jlr.  Banks 
received  '  for  arguing  the  cause'  respecting  Corby,  viz., 
lis. 

"  The  many  evidences  of  Lord  William  Howard's 
prudent  economy  and  careful  management  that  might 
be  brought  forward,  show  that  the  formidable  chieftain 
■was  not  one  of  those  who  kept  in  order  (as  Lord  Byrou 
said)  everything  and  everybody  except  himself. 

"  Books  which  have  come  down  to  his  successors  in 
the  state  in  which  he  used  them,  and  many  memorials 
of  his  devotion  to  literary  tastes  and  pursuits,  testify 
the  way  in  which  this  great  man  was  accustomed  to 
occupy  his  leisure  hours.'  Books  appear  to  have  af- 
forded solace  in  the  troubles  of  his  early  life,  and  to 
have  remained  dear  to  him  in  the  prosperity  of  his  age. 
History,  especially  ecclesiastical  history,  seems  to  have 
been  his  favourite  reading ;  he  also  took  much  interest 
in  the  antiquities  of  his  county,  and  in  heraldry  and 
genealogy. 

"  He  collected  many  valuable  MSS.,  probably,  for 
the  most  part,  from  the  spoils  of  the  monasteries  scat- 
tered in  the  preceding  centuiy ;  and  some  of  these, 
inscribed  by  his  own  hand,  are  preserved  in  the  Arundel 
Collection  and  in  the  Royal  Society's  Library. 

"  The  register  of  St.  Alban's  Abbey  during  the 
government  of  Abbot  Whethamstede — which  is  now 
preserved  amongst  the  Arundel  Collection  in  the 
Herald's  College,  and  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
of  its  class  of  historical  MSS. — belonged  to  Lord  AVil- 
liam  Howard,  and  may  perhaps  be  taken  as  an  example 
of  the  kind  of  MSS.  he  collected.     It  was  commenced 


"  ^  The  qtiantity  of  papers  tbflt  he  wrote  on  the  litigation  with 
regard  to  the  rights  of  the  co-heiresses  of  Lord  Dacre,  indicate  the 
active  part  he  took  in  these  questions,  and  his  power  of  patient 
laboiu. 


in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  and  is  chiefly  in  the  writing 
of  the  venerable  abbot,  and  it  is  adorned  with  some 
rich  and  elaborate  illuminations.  This  MS.  bears  Lord 
William  Howard's  autograph.  He  was  a  warm  friend 
of  the  illustrious  antiquary  Sir  Robert  Cotton,  to  whose 
diligence  it  is  well  known  that  we  owe  the  preservation 
at  this  day  of  many  valuable  MSS.  that  had  been  once 
treasured  in  the  monasteries,  a  large  number  of  which 
enrich  the  celebrated  collection  in  the  British  Museum 
that  bears  his  name.  Lord  William  gave  one  of  his 
daughters  to  Sir  Robert  Cotton's  son,  with  a  portion 
amounting  to  £500.  Lord  William  and  his  distin- 
guished fiieud  seem  to  have  been  animated  by  kindred 
zeal  for  the  preservation  of  learning ;  and  the  same 
hand  that  drew  up  a  list  of  sixty-eight  felons  taken  by 
him,  and  for  the  most  part  executed  for  felonies  in 
Gilslaiid  and  elsewhere,  and  that  bore  the  Lord 
Marcher's  sword  to  the  terror  of  moss-troopers,  edited 
the  Chronicle  of  Florence  of  Worcester,  one  of  the  old 
monastic  historians  of  England.  His  collection  of 
printed  books,  a  large  number  of  which  remain  in  his 
tower  at  Naworth,  including  many  works  on  history — 
ecclesiastical,  ancient,  and  medianal ;  and  amongst 
them  are  some  black  and  ponderous  tomes  and  books 
of  rarity  and  value.  A  catalogue  of  his  books  was 
indorsed  in  his  own  hand,  and  the  notes  on  the  margins 
of  several  bear  witness  to  his  attentive  reading.  One 
is  not  surprised  to  find  that  '  Shaksperc's  Plays '  were 
(and  may  still  be)  amongst  his  books.  He  was  accus- 
tomed to  contemplate  the  examples  of  heroic  and  gene- 
rous actions  recorded  in  history,  and  he  knew  how 
potent  is  the  tragic  muse 

'  To  wake  the  soul  by  tender  strokes  of  art ; 
To  raise  the  genius  and  to  mend  the  heart ; 
To  make  mankind  in  conscious  virtue  hold. 
Live  o'er  each  scene,  and  be  what  they  behold.' 

"  Were  it  not  for  the  subjects  of  the  books  preserved 
in  his  well-guarded  tower,  and  for  what  is  known  of  his 
character,  it  might  have  been  supposed  that  the  mystic 
projects  of  the  alchemists,  or  the  dreams  of  judicial 
astrology,  were  his  pursuits  in  this  place  of  seclusion. 
His  library  was  to  him  the  domain  of  the  tranquil  past, 
where  the  battle-fields  of  actual  life  gave  place  to  the 
scenes  of  history,  where  the  helmet  could  be  exchanged 
for  her  immortal  garlands,  and  conquests  be  achieved 
that  in  the  turmoil  of  public  life  could  not  be  won.  It 
is  very  honourable  to  his  descendants  that  they  pre- 
served these,  and  all  other  memorials  of  his  life,  as 
nearly  as  possible  in  the  state  in  which  he  left  them. 
It  has  been  already  mentioned  that  'Lord  AVilliam's 
Tower '  was  in  his  time  accessible  only  through  the 


BRAMPTON   PARISH. 


long  gallery  paced  by  his  armed  warders  ;  and  liis 
chambers  were  readied  by  a  narrow  winding  stair,  and 
were  guarded  by  two  doors  of  great  strength  at  and 
near  tlic  entrance  from  the  gallery. '  The  lower 
chamber  svas  his  licdrooni ;  above  it  was  his  library,  and 
beside  the  place  of  study  was  his  private  oratory."  All 
these  apartments,  the  very  furniture  he  used,  the  books 
he  road,  the  trusty  blade  he  wielded  for  his  sovereign, 
and  the  altar  at  which  he  knelt  before  the  King  of 
Kings,  were  preserved  so  completely  in  their  original 
state  down  to  the  lime  of  the  fire,  that,  as  Sir  Walter 
Scott  remarked,  they  carried  back  the  visitor  to  the 
hour  when  the  warden  in  person  might  be  heard 
ascending  his  turret-stair,  and  almost  led  you  to  expect 
his  arrival. 

"  Of  Lord  William  Howard  in  his  more  important 
yet  less  pleasing  public  character,  little  has  yet;  been 
said,  for  one  is  tempted  to  dwell  on  all  the  traces  that 
exhibit  the  noble  chieftain  surrounded  by  family  endear- 
ments, and  devoting  his  leisure  to  his  much -loved 
books.  His  public  life,  though  of  great  and  permanent 
utility  to  the  country,  by  establishing  witl'.in  the  borders 
habits  of  obedience  to  the  laws,  and  respect  for  life  and 
]iroperty,  does  not,  however,  furnish  much  of  historical 
incident.  But  we  know  that  he  was  diligent  and  suc- 
cessful in  the  discharge  of  his  olheial  duties,  that  he 
maintained  a  garrison  of  140  men,  that  his  name  was 
a  name  of  terror  to  the  lawless  and  disobedient,  '  who,' 
says  Fuller,  'had  two  enemies  —  the  laws  of  the  laud 
and  Lord  William  Howard  of  Naworth,'  and  that  by 
bis  vigilance  and  firmness,  his  uncompromising  justice, 
and,  when  necessary,  his  severity,  he  restored  peace  and 
order  to  those  parts  of  the  realm,  and  gained  the 
honourable  titlo  of  '  The  Civiliser  of  our  Bordere.' 
Tiio  dark  and  gloomy  prison-vault  which  is  situated  at 
the  basement  of  the  south  westeru  or  principal  tower  of 
the  castle,  is  a  terrible  monument  of  the  severity  expe- 
rienced by  prisoners, 

'  Doom'J  in  snd  Jiirnnco  pining  to  abide 
The  long  delny  of  Lope  from  Solwoj's  further  side." 

1 
Some  rings  remain  on  the  walls  of  this  dungeon.     Its 

roof  is  vaulted  with  massive  elliptical  ribs,  similar  to 

"'I.oid  Willinni's  Tower  seems  to  hnvo  owed  its  preservation  to 
r!ie  ononnons  thickness  of  its  wnlN.     Tlie  lower  clininlter  is  very       I 
ititercslinR,  os  tile  mnssivo  arches  or  ribs  of  stone,  on  wliich  the       ' 
npiHT  stories  of  the  tower  are  rarrieil,  eross  its  roof  dingonnlly,  and       i 
nri'  in  ailniirnMe  prcservntioii,  although  the  fire  raged  llereily  in  ibis 
pari  of  the  castle. 

"-A  seeret  chamber  has  been  contrived  between  the  level  of  tlio 
oratory  and  the  floor  below.  The  descent  to  it  was  behind  tlie 
naiiifcol  of  the  altar,  and  in  the  dark  days  of  persecution  it  probably 
more  than  once  formed  a  liiiliiigplacc  for  priests. 

70 


I 


those  which  are  better  seen  in  the  lower  apartment  of 
Lord  William's  Tower,  which  is  now  opened  to  the 
staircase  at  the  south  end  of  the  hall. 

"  The  portraits  of  Lord  William  represent  a  tall 
person,  with  sharp  features,  and  a  countenance  marked 
by  character  and  energy  ;  and  to  these  pictorial  repre- 
sentations Sir  Walter  Scott  has  added  a  chivalric  por- 
trait of  the  noble  chieftain's  appearance  in  the  neU- 
kiiown  lines — 

'  Costly  liis  garb, — his  Flemish  raff        • 
Fell  o'er  his  doublet  shaped,  of  bull", 

With  satin  slaih'J  and  lined  ; 
Tawny  his  hoot  and  gold  his  spur, 
His  cloak  was  nil  of  Poland  fur, 

His  hose  with  silver  twined; 
His  Bilboa  lliule,  by  Jlarcli-men  felt. 
Hung  in  a  broad  and  studded  belt.' 

By  the  epithet  '  Belted  Will '  Lord  William  Howard  is 
commonly  known.  A  belt  said  to  have  been  worn  by 
him  used  to  be  shown  at  Naworth,  and  a  '  broad  aud 
studded  belt'  it  was,  it  being  of  leather,  three  or  four 
inches  broad,  aud  covered  with  a  couplet  in  German,  the 
letters  on  metal  studs,  from  which  circumstance  it  has 
been  imagined  that  some  charm  was  attributed  to  this 
belt.  The  baldrick  or  broad  belt  was,  however,  in 
former  times  commonly  worn  as  a  distinguishing  bad^e 
by  persons  in  high  station,  and  therefore  does  not  seem 
likely  to  have  furnished  a  distinguishing  epithet :  more- 
over, in  his  portraits.  Lord  William's  belt  is  not  promi- 
nent, and  indeed  is  represented  as  remarkablv  narrow. 
In  Cumberland  the  characteristic  epithet  attached  to  his 
name  was  '  Bauld  Willie' — meaning  '  Bold  William' — 
a  just  description,  certainly,  of  the  noble 

'  Howard,  than  whom  knight 
Was  never  dubb'd,  more  bold  in  light ; 
Nor,  when  from  war  and  armour  free, 
Jlore  famed  for  stately  courtesy.' 

"To  this  gracious  quality,  testituony  has  been  borne 
in  tho  very  interesting  narrative  of  an  excursion  by 
three  militiry  ollicers,  who  were  quartcrod  at  Xorwicb, 
and  started  from  that  place  on  Monday,  11th  August, 
103 1,  and  who,  after  an  absence  of  seven  weeks, 
relumed  to  Norwich,  having  in  that  time  visited  tiie 
northern  and  some  other  counties  of  England.  Their 
narrative  is  preserved  in  the  Lansdowno  JISS.  The 
portion  relating  to  Lord  Willinin  Howard  is  .short. 
The  travellers  had  been  at  Hexham,  and,  coutinuiiif 

o 

their  journey  westward,  passed  by  Langloy  Castle, 
Thirlwall,  and  Gelt  Forest,  to  visit  Naworth.  Iking 
prevented  by  Lord  William's  absence  from  paving  their 
respects  to  him  on  their  arrival,  they  '  met  with  lucky 
eutertainmeut  in  a  little  poore  cottage  in  his  liberties. 


66G 


ESKDALE   WARD. 


driven  in  thither  by  very  ill  weather  (to  wit,)  a  cup  of 
nappy  ale,  ami  a  peece  of  red  deer  pye — more  than  we 
thought  fit  (said  the  cottagers)  to  acquaint  his  lordship 
withal.'  The  travellers  proceeded  to  Carlisle,  and 
arrived  at  the  inn  called  the  Angel,  in  the  market-place. 
In  the  morning,  they  went  to  the  cathedral,  which 
they  thought  like  a  '  great,  wild  country  church,'  and 
they  gave  an  account,  by  no  means  flattering,  of  the 
organ  and  the  singing. 

"' Wliiist  we  were  perambulating  ithey  continue)  in 
this  strong  garison  tmvne,  wo  heard  of  a  messenger 
from  th:it  trulv  noble  lord  we  the  last  day  missed  on 
at  Naworth,  with  a  curteous  invitation  to  dinucr  the 
next  day  at  Corby  Castle  (for  there  his  Lp.  then  was), 
which  we  accompted  (as  it  was  indeed)  a  mighty  favour 
from  soe  noble  a  person.     The  next  day  we  went  thither, 
and  were  by  that  gcjierous  brave  lord  curteously  and 
nobly  entertayned,  snd  sorry  he  said  he  was  that  hee 
was  not  at  Naworth  to  give  us  there  the  like.      His 
Lp's.  comauds  made  us  to  transgresse  good  manners, 
for  neither  would  he  suffer  us  to  speak  uncover'd,  nor 
to  stand  up  (although  our  duty  required  another  posture), 
but  plrtc'd  us  by  his  I.p.  himselfe  to  discourse  with  him 
until  dinner  time.     Anon  appeared  a  grave  and  virtuous 
matron,  his  houble.  lady,  who  told  us  indeed  we  were 
heartily  welcome,  and,  whilst  our  ancient  and  myself 
addressed  ourselves  to  satisfy  bis  lordship  in  such  occur- 
rents  of  Norfolke  as  he  pleased  to  aske  and  desired  to 
know,  wee  left  our  modest  captaine  to  relate  to  his 
noble  lady  what  she  desired  to  know.     These  noble 
twain,  as  it  pleased  them  to  tell  us  themselves,  could  not 
make  above  twenty-five  yeeres  both  togeather  when  first 
they  were  marry 'd,  that  now  can  make  above  140  yeeres, 
and  are  very  hearty,  well,  and  nierij.     And  long  may 
they  continue  soe,  for  soe  have  they  all   just  cause 
to  pray  that  live  neere  them,  for  their  hospitality  and 
fre  entertainment  agrees  with  their  generous  and  noble 
extraction,  and  their  yeares  retaine  the  memory  of  their 
honble.  predecessors'  bountifull  housekeeping.' 

"  This  was  in  IBS-t,  and  the  coiirse  of  the  noble  pair 
was  then  nearly  run.     Lord  William  had  become — 

'A  bearded  knight  in  arms  grown  old.' 

"  Tie  had  given  peace  to  the  borders,  and  substituted 
obedience  for  anarchy.  The  whole  vale  from  the  walls 
of  Naworth  to  the  distant  border,  once 

'  Familiar  with  bloodshed  as  the  morn  with  dew,* 

owned  the  authority  of  law,  and  began  to  respect  the 
rights  of  property.  His  life  had  been  passed  in  acts 
worthy  of  the  heroism  of  bis  ancestors.  He  had  by  his 
prudence  and  just  dealing  surmounted  the  difficulties 


under  which  he  came  to  the  barony,  and  he  had  consoli- 
dated a  noble  inheritance  for  his  posterity.  He  had 
seen  his  children  grow  to  be  the  comfort  and  pride  of 
his  age,  and  he  hud  formed  for  them  many  honourable 
alliances.  We  may  be  allowed  to  believe  that,  after  a 
life  parsed,  as  bis  was  passed,  he  could  meet  death,  as 
he  had  been  accustomed  to  meet  his  enemies,  without 
fear, 

'  Nor  shrinlt  to  hear  Eternity's  long  surge 
Break  on  the  shores  of  Time.' 

He  departed  this  life  on  the  20th  of  October,  1G40,  at 
Naworth,  in  the  seventy-seventh  year  of  his  age,  having 
survived  Lady  Elizabeth  little  more  than  twelve  mouths, 
she  having  died  on  the  1  f^th  October,  1030.  Of  the  place 
or  places  of  their  interment  no  register  has  been  pre- 
served, in  consequence,  probably,  of  the  ravages  of  the 
plague  at  that  time.  The  late  Mr.  Howard  thought  it 
most  probable  that  she  was  buried  with  her  ancestors 
at  Lanercost,  and  be  had  seen  a  copy  of  a  steward's 
account  in  which  it  was  stated  that  Lord  William  was 
buried  in  Greystoke  church,  under  the  '  great  blue 
stone.'  It  was  raised  some  years  back,  and  bones  were 
found  below,  but  it  bore  no  inscription.  In  the  now 
rooiless  and  grass-grown  choir  of  the  abbey  church  of 
Lanercost,  and  among  its  mossy  tombs,  we  look  in  vain 
for  any  sepulchral  monument  of  the  noble  pair ;  but 
the  character  and  feelings  of  the  present  Earl  of 
Carlisle,  and  the  spirit  evinced  in  his  restorations  at 
Naworth,  induce  the  belief  that  a  monument  will  ere 
long  be  erected  to  Lord  William  and  Lady  Elizabeth 
Howard.  As  already  mentioned,  Lord  William  caused 
a  full-length  portrait  of  Lady  Elizabeth  to  be  painted 
by  Cornelius  Jansen,  in  the  year  1037,  wbeu  she  had 
attained  her  seventy-third  year.  This,  and  a  full-length 
companion  portrait  of  Lord  William  himself  by  the 
same  eminent  artist,  are  preserved  at  Castle  Howard,  and 
copies  of  them  decorate  the  upper  end  of  the  great  hall  of 
Naworth  Castle.'   The  very  attire  in  which  Lord  William 

" '  These  escaped  the  fire  by  a  remarkable  aecident;  they  were  at 
the  time  in  the  hands  of  a  pitnure. frame  maker  at  Newcastle.  At 
the  time  of  the  fire  tliere  was  at  Naworth  a  portrait  of  Lady  Elizabeth, 
taken  when  she  was  fourteen  years  of  age.  It  is  known  to 
have  been  carried  out  of  the  castle  at  the  time  of  the  fire,  and  has 
been  lost  Some  description  of  it  is  given  in  the  following  letter 
adilressed  to  Lord  Carlisle  by  the  late  Mr.  Hem-y  Howard,  of  Corby 
Castle,  dated  Uih  March,  Isa:,. 

"'I  have  sent  hack  the  l.ady  Eliz""  Dacre's  portrait  to  Naworth 
Castle,  carefully  packed,  and  return  your  lordship  tlianks  for  the 
permission  to  ray  (lau;;hter  to  copy  it.  Tlie  character  given  to  the 
face  inakes  it  probable  that  it  was  a  trae  likeness;  and  considering 
the  personage,  I  think  yr  lordship  will  be  inclined  to  pay  some 
attention  to  its  preservation.  The  dress  of  the  lady  is  much  orna- 
mented; she  wears  a  cap  in  the  form  of  [liose  given  to  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots,  which  has  a  peak  in  front  coming  on  to  the  forehead,  with 


BRAMPTON  PARISH. 


667 


is  represented  is  meiitioiieJ  in  liis  steward's  account, 
and  the  i^everal  items  appear  to  have  cost  altogether 
£17  7s.  Ud.  His  dress  is  a  close  jacket  of  black  figured 
thick  silk,  with  rounded  skirts  to  raid-thigh,  and  many 
small  buttons.  The  hose,  of  black  silk,  and  black  silk 
stockings  come  above  tiie  knee,  and  are  tied  with  silk 
garters  and  bows.  He  wears  a  plain,  falling  shirt 
collar ;  the  sleeves  are  turned  up  at  the  wrist.  His 
dress-rapicr  has  a  gilt  basket-hilt,  and  hangs  by  a  narrow 
belt  of  black  velvet  with  gilt  hooks. 

"  Lord  William  Howard  had  five  sons  and  three 
daughters.  His  eldest  son,  Pliilij),  born  in  1.j83,  died  in 
his  lifetime,  leaving  a  son  and  heir  named  William, 
the  ancestor  of  the  Earls  of  Carlisle.  Lord  William's 
second  son  was  Sir  Francis  Howard,  for  whom  he  pur- 
chased in  lO'Jl  the  fair  estates  of  Corby,  and  who  was 
ancestor  of  the  line  now  represented  by  Mr.  Philip 
Howard.  Charles  Howard,  a  great-grandson  of  Lord 
William,  succeeded  to  tiio  barony  as  early  as  10  12,  by 
the  speedy  deaths  of  his  intermediate  ancestors,  and, 
preserving  their  traditional  atttichment  to  the  house  of 
Stuart,  he  became  instrumental  in  the  restoiation  of 
Charles  II.,  and  was  better  rewarded  than  some  other 
noble  Royalists  who  had  suflfered  for  their  master.  In 
lOGI  he  was  created  Earl  of  Carlisle,  Viscount  Howard 
of  Morpeth,  and  Baron  Dacre  of  Gilsland — honours 
borne  by  the  present  earl.  The  talents  of  Charles  firet 
Earl  of  Carlisle  led  to  his  em])loyment  in  diplomatic 
missions,  in  which  cupacity,  as  well  as  in  arms,  several 
of  his  descendants  likewise  served  their  country  :  and 
they  haie  adorned  their  high  lineage  by  mental  attain- 
ments and  personal  worth. 

Of  the  fortunes  of  Naworth  Castle  during  the  great 
rebellion  (which  intervened  between  the  death  of  Lord 
William  and  the  accession  of  the  first  earl)  we  have  not 
any  information  ;  lint  wc  may  suppose  that  it  sustained 
some  serious  injury,  as  Bishop  (iibson  mentions  that 
it  was  again  repaired  by  that  uoblemnn  and  made  fit 
for  residence.  The  building,  as  left  by  those  repairs, 
Beems  to  have   remained,    iuterually   and   e.iternally, 


Uie  IpUpin  T).  O.  wliich  I  npprelifiid  is  «itli»r  Diwrf"  nni!  Greystoko 
or  Dacro  of  Git&iiuid.     The  in9cri|)tion  ou  Uie  picture  ia — 

•AnnoD"!  \m9. 
iclati!)  siiiE  14.' 

Slie  wcar^  lier  wpililitiR  ring  on  the  miJdle  joint  of  the  finger,  which 
I  hiive  uniliTsiiuiil  imlicairs  a  p«r*on  betrnthnl,  or  iimrrie'l,  lint  not 
yet  living  Willi  lii-r  linitbnnil.  .Mr.  Ly?<on9,  in  his  'Cumberland,'  (1 
am  not  mviire  on  wliat  niilhoril)],  stales  that  she  was  niarneil  ill 
Hi"!!.  In  the  g<  nealngy,  painteil  in  llio  chniu-l  iil  Nawnrlli,  lior  eldest 
son,  Philip,  >'  lonlhhip's  ani-esinr,  appears  to  have  been  iMtrn  in  l.'iS;l, 
when  she  was  nii>eleen  years  nf  age  ;  then  follow  two  ilanghtera ;  and 
the  binh  of  my  Hnrt*^i)r  Sir  I''mni-is  IliMTftnt,  i:i  dated  (6^,  and 
there  arc  beveial  other  sous  and  ilangiitera.' 


without  material  alterations  down  to  the  time  of  the 
lamentable  conflagration  in  1844. 

"  It  was  in  the  walls  of  the  inner  quadrangle  more 
especially,  that  the  buihling  suffered.  The  hall,  the 
chapel,  the  gallery,  and  the  domestic  apartments  were 
so  extensively  injured  that  the  facades  are  for  the  most 
part  of  restored  work.  Still,  these  portions  have  been 
rebuilt  in  such  correct  taste  that  they  harmonise  well 
with  the  portions  that  escaped  the  fire,  and  wear  the 
hues  of  time.  The  repairs  in  the  chapel  of  the  castle 
and  the  chief  tower  arc  not  yet  ( 1853)  completed.* 

"  A  more  striking  contrast  can  hardly  be  witnessed, 
than  in  passing  from  warm  light  chambers,  adapted  for 
modern  comfort,  to  the  vaulted  dungeon  at  the  base- 
ment of  the  keep-tower  and  the  chamber  above  it. 
This  was  the  prison  of  the  castle,  and  it  remains  in  all 
its  ancient  gloom  and  terror.  But  there  is  a  relique  of 
a  very  opposite  kind  on  the  other  side  of  the  court  of 
Naworth,  an  old  jasmine  tree,  which  spreads  its  fresh 
verdure  and  sparkling  modest  llowrets  over  the  door- 
way of  the  great  hall,  and  it  must  not  be  passed  without 
mention.  There  is  a  something  poetical  in  its  aspect 
and  situation,  and  one  does  not  wonder  to  find  that  it 
induced  two  previous  earls  to  invoke  the  muse  in  its 
favour,  and  the  present  earl  to  write  the  following 
appropiiate  lines : — 

•  My  slight  and  slender  jnsinino  tree. 
That  blooinest  on  my  bonier  tower, 
Thou  art  more  dearly  loved  by  ine 
Than  all  the  wreaths  of  fairy  bower. 

I  ask  not  while  I  near  thee  dwell 

Arabia's  spice  or  Syria's  rose ; 
Thy  liglit  festoons  more  freshly  smell — 

Thy  virgiu  white  more  purely  glows. 

My  wild  and  winsome  jasmine  tree, 
That  cliiiibest  np  the  dark  grey  wall, 

Thy  tiny  llow'rets  seem  in  glee 
Like  silver  spray-drops  as  they  falL 

Say,  did  they  from  their  loaves  tints  pt»cp 
When  inaird  moss-troopers  rode  the  hill, 

When  holnud  warders  paeed  the  keep, 
And  bugles  blow  for  Beltod  Will? 

My  free  and  featherv'  jo^imino  tree. 
Within  the  fixgmnce  of  thy  breath. 

Yon  duni;ooii  grated  to  il^  key 

Aiul  tliu  ehuiu'd  eaptivo  sigh'J  for  death. 


'"  The  chambers  in  the  tower  arc  mixIcmiscH,  bnt  tl»  ancient 
winding  stairs  h«Te  bf»en  prese r\*<»H.  The  rvpairs  made  neceaaary  by 
th«  fin- diselosnl  in  this  tower  sonic  hiding  places  in  the  wall — the 
coutrivimces  of  a  dark  age  of  inseearity. 


668 


ESKDALE  WARD. 


On  border  frny  or  fendal  crime 

I  muse  not  while  I  gaze  on  thee  ; 
The  chieftains  of  that  stern  old  tim« 

Could  ne'er  have  loved  a  jasmine  tree.'' 

"  The  noble  hall  of  Naworth  Castle  is  now  perhaps 
unique  of  its  kind.  The  fine  open  timber  roof  it  has 
received  (from  the  design  of  ilr.  Salvin,  the  eminent 
architect,  who  has  directed  the  restorations  at  the  castle,) 
contributes  greatly  to  the  antique  and  impressive 
character  of  the  hall.  Over  the  spacious  fireplace  the 
following  appropriate  verses  have  been  inscribed :  on  a 
scroll  bearing  the  date  1844 — 

'  OVR  BEAUTIFt'L  HOUSE,  WHERE  01,11  FATHERS  PRAISED  THEE, 
IS  BDBNED    CP  WITH  FIRE.' 

On  a  scroll  bearing  date  1849 — 

'  TH0t7  SHALT  BE  CALLED  THE  BEPAISEB  OF  THE  BBEACH  :  THE 
BESTOBER  OF  PATHS   TO  DWELL  IN.' 

"  Along  the  whole  length  of  the  hall,  on  each  side, 
heraldic  shields  are  displayed  on  the  corbels  supporting 
the  ribs  of  the  roof.  Beginning  at  the  upper  (the 
south)  end,  there  are  on  the  eastern  side  the  shields  of 
Howard,  Mowbray,  Braose,  Segrave,  De  Brotherton,- 
Fit^ialan,  Warren,  Tilncy,  Audley,  Uvedale,  Cavendish  ; 
on  the  western  side,  Dacre,  De  Multon,  De  Morville, 
Vaux,  Engaine,  Estravers,  Greystoke,  Grimthorp, 
Bolebec,  De  Merlay,  Bolder — a 

'  Long  array  of  mighty  shadows.' 

"  The  hall  contains  many  family  portraits,  some  fine 
tapestry,  and  several  pieces  of  armour.  Of  the  por- 
traits, seven  are  on  panel,  half-length  size  ;  one  repre- 
sents Thomas  Duke  of  Norfolk,  celebrated  as  Lord 
Surrey,  the  hero  of  Floddeu  Field,  who  died  in  1524 ; 
another,  Philip  Earl  of  Arundel,  who  died  in  the  Tower 
in  1595  ;  another,  Queen  Catherine  Parr.     There  is  a 

"  1  On  the  walk  outside  the  eastern  wall  of  the  castle,  and  near 
*  Lord  William's  Tower,'  a  noble  old  yew  tree  stunds  on  llie  edge  of 
the  declivity — a  venerable  contemporary  of  ihe  founders  of  Naworlh 
Castle— whose  dark  foliage  was  stirred  by  the  free  winds,  while  in  j 
the  course  of  three  centuries  many  a  captive  in  the  adjacent  dungeon  i 
was  pining  in  sad  durance. 

"  3  Sir  Robert  Howard,  who  succeeded  his  father  in  1436,  married 
Margaret,  elder  daughter  of  Thomas  de  Mowbray,  duke  of  Norfolk, 
by  Elizabeth,  his  wife,  the  daughter  and  co-hf  ir  of  John  Mowbray, 
duke  of  Norfolk.  This  Thomas  de  Mowbray  was  son  and  heir  of 
John  Lord  Mowbray,  by  Elizabeth,  daughter  and  heir  of  John  Lord 
Segrave,  and  of  Margaret  Plantagenet,  his  wife,  who  was  daughter 
and  heir  of  Thomas  de  Brotherton,  earl  of  Norfolk,  the  eldest  son  of 
King  Edward  I.,  who  was  invested  with  the  ofEce  of  earl  marshal  of 
England,  12th  February,  1386.  By  this  illustrious  alliance.  Sir 
Eobert  had  an  only  son,  John  Howard,  who  was  created  earl  marshal, 
and  Earl  and  Duke  of  Norfolk,  on  a.Sth  June,  U83,  and  was  ancestor 
of  Lord  William  Howard  of  Kawortb. 


full-length  portrait  of  King  Charles  I.  by  Vandyck, 
liung  on  the  north  wall ;  a  full-length  portrait  said  to 
represent  Queen  Mary  of  England  ;  she  holds  in  her 
right  hand  a  crucifix,  in  her  left  a  candle,  lighted, 
wreathed  with  flowers,  and  wears  a  dress  of  rich  em- 
broidered tissue.  There  is  a  portrait  of  that  famous 
lady,  Anne,  Countess  of  Pembroke,  Dorset,  and  ^lont- 
gomery,  who  was  bom  1590,  and  died  1075. 

"  lu  the  drawing-room,  which  adjoins  the  hall,  there 
is  a  fine  portrait  on  panel  of  the  duke,  Lord  William's 
father ;  a  portrait  on  canvas  of  Thomas  Howard,  Earl 
of  Arundel,  the  renowned  collector  of  the  marbles.  Lord 
William's  nephew ;  a  portrait  of  Philip,  brother  of  the 
first  Earl  of  Carlisle,  who  fell  at  Rowtou  Heath,  1645; 
one  of  Theophilus  Earl  of  Suffolk,  1030;  and  a  por- 
trait of  Lady  IMary,  daughter  of  the  first  Earl  of  Car- 
lisle, who  married  Sir  .John  Fenwick.  She  is  repre- 
sented in  the  attire  of  a  widow,  and  holds  his  minia- 
ture. He  was  beheaded  in  1090.  This  portrait  was 
brought  from  Castle  Howard.  The  warders'  gallery, 
instead  of  being  paced  by  living  guards,  is  now  also 
lined  with  portraits  of  buried  ancestry,  some  of  which 
have  been  brought  from  Castle  Howard.  The  five 
noble  pieces  of  tapestry  in  the  hall  likewise  came  from 
Castle  Howard.  They  are  said  to  have  been  made  as 
a  marriage-present  to  Henry  IV.  of  France  and  Mary 
de  Medicis.  All  the  armour  that  was  kept  in  the  gal- 
lery at  the  time  of  the  fire  perished,  but  that  which 
was  in  the  hall  escaped.  A  complete  suit,  now  in  the 
gallery,  is  of  elaborate  workmanship.  It  need  not  be 
said  that  all  these  reliqucs  add  greatly  to  the  antique 
character  and  interest  of  the  venerable  walls,  and  aid 
to  place  the  visitor  in  presence  of  '  the  spirit  of  the 
olden  time.' 

'  So  Naworth  stands,  still  rugged  as  of  old, 
Arm'd  like  a  knight  without,  austere  and  bold, 
But  all  within  bespeaks  the  better  day, 
And  the  bland  influence  of  a  Carlisle's  sway.' " 

This  account  of  Naworth  Castle  and  the  lords  of 
Gilsland,  from  the  graceful  and  facile  pen  of  W.  S. 
Gibson,  Esq.,  cannot  have  a  better  appendage  than  an 
account  of  the  family  of  the  present  noble  owner  of 
Naworth,  from  its  establishment  to  the  present  time. 


(Tarlisk  ,^amUg. 

Lord  Wllliam  Howard,  second  son  of  Thomas,  fourth  Duke 
of  Norfolk,  was  restored  in  blood,  by  act  of  Parliament,  in  1C03, 
and  having  married  Elizabetb,  daughter  of  Thomas,  and  sister 
and  co-heir  of  George  Lord  Dacre  of  Gilsland,  became  in  her 
right  proprietor  of  Naworth  Castle,  in  Cumberland,  the  ancient 
seat  of  the  Dacre  family.    His  lordship  acquired  also,  in  the 


BRAMPTON    PARISH-. 


669 


same  manner,  Hindersliclle,  the  site  of  Castle  Howard.  He  had, 
among  other  children, 

I.  Philip  (Sir)  married  Marfjarct,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Carryl,  of 
Jlasiings,  iu  yussex,  and  dying  before  his  father,  left,  vritli 
other  issue, 

William,  who  succeeded  his  grandfather. 

n.  Francis  (Sir)  of  Corby  Castle,  in  Cumbeiland,  ancestor  of 
ihe  Howards  of  Corby,     (bee  Corby,  page  I'Jl.j 

Lord  WirxiAM,  who  was  warden  of  the  western  marches,  and 
known  by  the  name  of  Jiiiuld  Willy,  or  Belted  Will  Howard,  died 
in  1040,  and  wai*  succeeded  by  his  grandson. 

Sir  Wii.i.iAM  Howard,  Knt.,  who  married  Mary,  eldest 
daughter  of  William  Lord  Eure,  by  whom  he  had  several 
children;  of  his  daughters,  Mary  married  Sir  Jonathan  Atkins, 
Knt.,  and  from  this  inarringe  derive  the  families  of  Atkins  of 
Fountainville,  Fireville,  i-c,  co.  Cork  (see  Burke's  "  Landed 
Gentry"),  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  surviving  son, 

CnAnLES  Howard,  who  was  created  20th  April,  Ifllil,  Baron 
Dacre  of  Gilsland,  Viscount  Howiurd  of  Morpeth,  and  Earl  of 
Carlisle.  His  lordship  was  subsequently  ambassador  to  the 
Czar  of  Muscovy,  and  Uepnted  to  carry  the  ensigns  of  the  order 
of  the  Garter  to  Charles  XL,  king  of  Sweden,  from  which  latter 
mission  returning,  he  was  installed  as  his  majesty's  proxy  at 
Windsor.  He  was  afterwards  made  governor  of  Jamaica.  He 
married  Anne,  daughter  of  Edward  Lord  Howard  of  Escrick, 
and  dying  a-lth  February,  1C81,  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Edward,  second  earl ;  who  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  and 
co-heir  of  Sir  William  Uredale,  of  Wickham,  Hants,  and  relict  of 
Sir  Williaih  Berkely,  Knt.,  and  was  succeeded  23rd  April,  1603, 
by  his  only  surviving  son, 

Chari.es,  third  earl.  This  nobleman  filled  the  high  office  of 
first  lord  of  the  Treasury,  constable  of  the  Tower,  and  governor 
of  Windsor  Castle.  His  lordship  married  Anne,  daughter  of 
Arthur,  first  Earl  "!  Essex,  and  dying  1st  May,  173S,  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  eldest  son, 

Henry,  fourth  earl,  K.G.,  born  in  1001;  who  married,  first, 
27th  November,  1717,  Lady  Fiances  Spencer,  daughter  of 
Charles,  third  Earl  of  Sunderland,  and  lieir  of  her  mother, 
Arabella,  one  of  (he  co-heirs  of  Henry  Cavendish,  duke  of  New- 
castle, by  whom  ho  had,  with  three  sons  (who  all  died  in  the 
lifetime  of  the  earl),  two  daughters,  viz., 

I.  Arabella,  married  to  Jonathan  Cope,  Esq.,  son  and  heir  of 
Kir  Jirnatlum  Cope,  linrl.,  of  Brewenie  Abbey,  en.  Uxford, 
to  wboTU  ber  liidysbip  conveyed  ibe  seal  and  iniinnr  of 
Overtnu  LougiievUie,  part  of  llie  Newcastle  estate,  and  died 
in  17  IB. 
II.  Diana,  inarrleil  to  Thomas  Duncombe,  Esq.,  of  Helmsley, 
CO.  York,  and  died  in  1770. 

His  lordship  married,  2ndly,  fith  June,  1713,  Isabella,  daughter 
of  William,  fourth  I^ord  Byron,  by  whom  (who  died  2Jnd 
January,  170.5),  he  had 

I.  Frederick,  fifth  earl. 
I.  Anne. 

II.  Frances,  married  in  1708  to  John  RadcliOe,  Esq.,  and  died  in 

April,  iHys. 
UI.  Elizabeth,  married,  firstly,  in  I7lli),  to  Peter  Dehne,  Esq. ; 

oiiil  sicondly,  I:iib  Januiiry,  KIM,  to  Captain  Charles  Gar- 

nicr.  It. N,  wild  was  unrnrtniiatcly  drowned,  lOlli  Uecooiber, 

171IU.    Her  ladyship  died  in  June,  1S13. 
IV.  Juliana. 

The  earl  died  4th  September,  1758,  and  iros  sacceedod  by  bia  son, 


Fredi.rick,  fifth  earl,  bom  28th  May,  17-18,  elected  a  Knight 

of  the  Thistle  in  1708,  and  installed  a  Knight  of  the  Garter  ia 
1793.  His  lordship  married  in  March,  177U,  Margaret  Caroline, 
daughter  of  Granville  Leveson,  first  ^larquis  of  Stafford,  K.G., 
and  by  her  ladyship  (who  died  •.;7lh  January,  Ib^l)  had  issue, 

I.  George,  sixth  earl. 

II.  William,  born  2'jth  December,  17SI;  died  20th  January,  1813. 
III.  Frederick, born  in  17^*5;  luujor of  hussars, killed  at  Waterloo; 

lett  issue,  by  Frances  Susan,  his  wife,  only  daughter  of 
William  ileury  Lumbtou,  Esq.,  of  Lambtou  Uoll,  one 
only  son, 

Frederick  John,  private  secretary  to  H.  E.  the  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  born  1st  March,  1814;  married 
1st  July,  1n37,  Lttdy  Fanny  Cavendish,  sister  of  the 
Eai'l  ot  liurliugtou,  and  has  issue, 

WilUam  Frederick,  bom  26th  June,  1838. 
George  Francis,  bom  2Sth  April,  1^40. 
Frederick  Comptoii,  born  2:)rd  Januarv,  1847. 
Alfred  John,  born  14lh  October,  1848. ' 
Gerald  Iticlinrd,  bom  7th  November,  18&3. 
Louisa  lilauche. 
Margaret  Fanny. 
Edith  Susan  Louisa. 

IV.  Henry  Edward  John,  D.D.,  prebendary  of  York,  dean  of 

Lielitield,  and  rector  of  Douington,  co.  Salop ;  born  14ih 
December,  ITli');  married  13lli  .hilv,  ltii4,  Henrietta  Eliza- 
beth, {laughter of  lehabod  Wright,  iJsq., of  Mapperly, cotmly 

Notts,  ami  has  issue, 

1.  George,  bora  2(lth  June,  1828,  barrister-atlaw;  mar- 

ried, in  May,  lSi2,  Marion,  only  child  of  Edward 
Soutbnm,  Esq.,  M.D.,  and  widow  of  W.  Leigh  Ben- 
nett, Esq. 

2.  John  llemy,lieutenanlR.N.,bom  30th November,  1^27. 
.3.  Edward  Henry,  lieuienaiil  K.N.,  bom  7tli  June,  1832. 

4.  Charles  .lobn  Henry,  born  2,sih  September,  1834, 

5.  Henry  Fre<lerick,  bora  9lh  November,  1844. 

1.  Julia  Mariiu 

2.  Charlotte  Henrietta,  married,  20th  September,  1853, 

to  the  Hon.  hikI  Rev.  .-Vrcbibald  George  Campbell, 
seconil  son  of  Kiu'l  Cawdor. 

3.  Emily  Georgiana. 

4.  Caroline  Octavia. 

0.  Elizabeth  Hcinielta. 

I.  Caroline  Isabella,  married  to  John,  first  Lord  Cawdor,  and 

died  ill  laux. 
11.  Elizabeth,  married  to  John  Ileury  Duke  of  Rntlimd;   and 

died  in  182,"^. 
HI.  Gertrude,  married,  in  1S08,  to  William  Sloane  Stanley,  Esq., 
of  I'aulioiis,  CO.  Hants. 

The  earl  died  4th  September,  1820,  and  was  succeeded  by  )iis 
son, 

George,  sixth  earl,  K.G.,  lord-lieutenant  of  the  East  Riding 
of  Yorkshire;  born  17th  September,  1773  ;  married,  21st  March, 
IHOl,  Georgiana,  eldest  doughter  of  William,  fifth  Duke  of 
Devonshire,  K.G.,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

I.  George  William  Frederick,  present  earl, 
II.  Frederick  George,  nm  oflicer  in  the  oriny;  bora  8th  June,  1S05, 
accidentally  killcil,  18th  November.  i8:U. 

III.  William  George,  in  holy  orders,  rector  of  Londesborough,  co. 

York,  bora  2:ird  February,  18U8. 

IV.  Edward  Granville  George,  captain  R.N. ;  Imm  23rd  Decem- 

ber, IHtHi;  married  iu  1842,  Dions,  ouly  daughter  of  Hon. 
0.  Pousonby. 

V,  Charles  Wcnlwnrth  Georip?,  bom 27th  Miuch,  1814  ;  M.P.for 

East  CumlMTliiiul :  married,  8ili  .\ugusi,  I  >  I'J,  .M  ary.  second 
duiigbter  of  the  Higlil  lion.  Kir  Juiins  I'arke,  boron  Wens- 
leydale,  late  one  <ir  llie  barons  of  the  Exchequer,  and  by  her 
(who  died  iu  August,  181^1),  ho  has  t  sou, 

George  James,  bom  12lh  .August,  1843. 


670 


ESKDALE  WARD. 


Tt  Henrr  George,  serrelary  of  leRntimi  at  I'aris,  bom  Cintl  May, 
Imi'n;  inarrird  i^lih  Slav,  I8l.'>,  Mary  WelUsley,  daiiglucr 
of  Jiilni  Mac  Tavi-b,  Esq.,  uf  Muiitreol,  wliicli  lady  died 
aisi  Feiiriiary,  INSl). 
I.  Caroline  GeorRinim,  married,  in  IS-JH,  to  the  Riglil  Hon.  W. 
S  S.  Lnscelles  (secoud  son  of  tbe  iiorl  of  Horwood),  who 
died  '."nd  July,  bol. 

n.  Georjiinim,    ninrned,    7ih   Jlnroh,    18i2,    to    George  James 
Welbure,  lirsi  Lord  Dover,  who  dii-d  in  .'uly,  1S33. 

BU  Harriet    Elizabeth   Georgiaiia,  ninrricil   '27lli   May,  1823,  to 
George  Granville,  duke  of  Hutlicrlinul,  K.G. 

n'.  Blanclie  Georgima  married,  Cth  August,  ISiO,  to  Lori  Caven- 
dish, now  Karl  of  ISurluigiuii,  and  died  UTth  April,  l^lO. 
T,  Elizidieth   Dcimiby  .Viuie  Gci>r;.'iana,  married  iu  1^10,  to  the 
Hon.  anil  Hev.  Francis  Richard  Grey. 

Ti.  Murv   Matilda  Genrginna,  marri-d,  I'ith  July,  1802,  to  the 
Kigbt  Hon.  Henry  Laljouchere,  M.P. 

The  earl  died  7th  October,  184.S,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
eldest  son, 

Geobof.  William  Fredehick  Howard,  earl  of  Carlisle,  K.G., 
viscount  Howard  of  Morpeth,  co.  Northuml'Crlaud,  baron  Dacre 
of  Gilsland,  and  co-heir  to  a  moiety  of  the  barony  of  Greystoke, 
lord-lieutenant  and  enstos  rotulonim  of  the  F.ast  Riding  of  York- 
shire ;  horn  IKih  April,  180'i;  succeeded  his  father,  as  seventh 
earl,  7th  October,  !H48.  His  lordship  was  chief  secretary  for 
Ireland  from  April,  1835,  to  September,  1841 ;  chief  commissioner 
of  woods  and  forests  from  July,  1840,  to  March,  1850;  and 
chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  from  March,  1850,  to 
February,  18S2.  The  earl  was  constituted  in  1855  lord-lieute- 
nant-general and  general  governor  of  Ireland,  and  was  again 
appointed  to  the  same  office  in  the  present  year,  1859. 


Crun/ioH.— April  20,  1061. 

^4  rms.— Quarter  of  six,  1st,  Howard,  gu.,  on  a  bend,  between  six 
oross-cnisslets,  iilehee,  urg,,  an  eseocheon,  or,  charged  with  o  demi- 
lion.  ramp.int,  pierced  tbrciugli  the  mniiih  wiili  an  arrow,  within  a 
double  tressure,  llory-couuterflory,  of  tbe  lirst,  a  mullet  for  ditl'ereucc  ; 
2nd.  Brfiihcrton,  gu.,  three  lions,  passant  guardant,  in  pale,  or,  on  a 
chief,  a  label  of  three  points,  arg. ;  3rd,  Warren,  clu'<iuy,  or  ami  oz. ; 
Itb,  Mowbray,  gu.,  a  lion,  rampant,  arg,  armed  and  langued,  az. » 
.'itli,  Dacre,  gu.,  three  escallops,  arg.;  lilh,  Greystoke,  barry  of  six, 
urg.  and  iiz. ;  over  all  three  chaplets,  gu. 

Crest. — On  a  chapeau,  gu.,  turned  up,  erm.,  a  lion,  stntant  guar 
dnnt,  tlie  tail  extended,  or,  ducally  gorged,  urg.,  a  mullet,  sa.,  for 
difference. 

SiipimrlTs. — Dexter,  a  lion,  org.,  differenced  with  a  mullet;  sinU- 
ter,  a  bull,  gu.,  anned,  uiiguled,  ducally  gorged,  and  lined,  or. 

Motto. — Volo,  non  valeo. 

Briertbwaite,  or  Tarnhouse  Forest,  lies  on  the  south 
side  of  the  parish,  from  five  to  eight  miles  south-east  of 
Brampton.  It  was  anciently  given  to  the  priory  of 
Hexham  by  Adam  de  Tiudall,  but  after  the  dissolution 
was  glim  ted  to  the  lords  of  Gilsland.  It  was  formerly 
considered  extra-parochial,  but  is  now  annexed  to  the 
township  of  Naworth,  and  is  sometimes  called  Tindall 
Forest.  There  are  several  coal-mines  iu  the  neighbour- 
hood, and  zinc  works  were  commenced  here  some  years 
ago. 


CARLATTON  EXTRA  PAROCHIAL  PLACE. 

CiKLATTON  is  bouudcd  by  the  parishes  of  Castlecarrock,  Cumrew,  Cumwhitton,  and  Hayton.  The  soil  is  light, 
uneven,  and  full  of  stones,  but  produces  tolerable  crops  of  wheat,  barley,  oats,  &c.  The  area  of  Carlatton  is  1,810 
acres,  and  its  rateable,  or  rather  rental  value,  is  .£(540.  The  ]io])ulation  in  1801,  was  50;  in  1811,  51 ;  in  1821,  54; 
in  1831,  70;  in  1841,  01  ;  and  in  1851,  07  ;  who  are  engaged  in  agriculture,  and  attend  the  markets  at  Carlisle  and 
Brampton. 


In  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  the  manor  of  Carlatton 
was  held  bv  Gospatric,  son  of  Macbenk,  or  Macbenock, 
paying  for  it  fifty  marks.  This  Macbenock  appears  to 
have  been  a  native  of  Ireland,  who  had  settled  in  Cum- 
berland, and  during  the  conflicts  between  King  Stephen 
and  Matilda,  took  part  ^^ith  the  former.  King  John 
made  a  temporary  grant  of  it  to  Robert  de  Ross  ;  but 
Henry  III.  resumed  this  grant,  and  gave  it  to  the  King 
of  Scotland.  After  the  revolt  of  John  Baliol,  it  was  held 
for  a  while  by  Anthony  Beck,  bishop  of  Durham. 
Richard  II.  granted  it  to  Ralph  Nevill,  earl  of  West- 
morland, from  whom  it  descended  to  the  great  Earl  of 
Warwick,  the  "  king  maker,"  who  was  slain  at  the 
battle  of  Barnet.  Edward  the  IV.  gave  it  to  his  brother 
the  Duke  of  Gloucester,  afterwards  Richard  III.  It 
has  since  been  held  by  lease  under  the  crown,  the  Earl 


of  CarHsle  being  the  present  lessee,  and  is  al.so  owner 
of  the  soil.     There  are  a  corn  and  saw-mill  here. 

Carlatton  was  anciently  a  parish  of  itself,  and  its 
church  was  given  by  Robert  de  Vaux  to  tbe  priory  of 
Lanercost,  and  appropriated  to  that  monastery.  The 
tithes  are  now  held  by  lease  under  the  crown,  with  the 
manor.  The  church  is  supposed  to  have  been  dilapi- 
dated long  before  the  Reformation.  There  is  no  insti- 
tution of  a  vicar  on  record  after  the  year  1380.  Robert 
de  London  was  rector  when  tbe  appropriation  was  made, 
the  vicars  are  Henry  de  Newton,  1320  ;  Sir  William  de 
Stockdale,  1344;  Sir  Richard  Hogge,  1380.  There 
are  no  ruins  remaining  of  the  church,  and  it  is  only 
known  by  tradition  where  it  stood. 

The  township  consists  of  eight  houses,  about-seven 
miles  south  of  Brampton. 


CASTLE   CAr.EOCK  PARISH. 


671 


CASTLE  CARROCK  PARISH. 

This  paiisli  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Brampton  and  Hayton,  on  the  west  by  Cumrew  and  Carlatton,  on  the 
south  by  Leath  Ward,  and  on  the  east  by  iSortbumberland.  It  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Gelt,  and  com- 
prehends the  northern  range  of  mountains,  which  extends  Irora  Cross  Fell,  near  Alston.  The  arable  land  is  light, 
and  full  of  blue  stones  ;  the  high  fell  is  rugged  and  sterile,  but  the  lower  moor,  being  dry,  and  covered  with  a  fine 
herbage,  affords  good  pasturage.  Limestone  and  freestone  are  abundant.  The  commons  have  been  enclosed  in 
pursuance  of  an  act  of  parliament  passed  in  1800-1801.  Castle  Carrock  Fell  commands  fine  views  of  the  most  fertile 
portion  of  Cumberland,  the  Scottish  hills,  the  Irish  Sea,  Skiddaw,  Saddleback,  and  the  Norlhumberliind  mountains. 
The  parish  comprises  two  constablcwicks,  called  Town  and  Oughterside  Quarter.  Its  area  is  3,040  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  iil,-ilS  9s.  Od.  The  population  in  1801  was  252  ;  in  1811,  307  ;  in  1821,  34G  ;  in  1831,  383; 
in  1841,  851;  and  in  1851,340;  who  arc  principally  engaged  in  agricidture,  and  attend  the  Brampton  and 
Carlisle  markets. 

a  large  cairn  near  Gelt  Bridge,  found  a  kist-vaen,  or 
stone  coflin,  containing  a  human  skeleton. 

THE    CHUKCH. 

Castle  Carrock  church,  the  dedication  of  which 
appears  to  be  unknown,  but  is  supposed  to  be  St. 
Peter,  is  a  small  structure,  with  a  square  tower,  rebuilt 
in  1828,  at  a  cost  of  £250.  The  old  church,  which  had 
been  long  in  a  ruinous  condition,  is  supposed  to  have 
been  constructed  with  materials  brought  from  the  old 
castles  above  alluded  to.  The  bell,  which  was  removed 
from  the  old  church,  bears  the  inscription  "Praise  thou 
the  Lord,  0  Castle  Carrock."  The  benelice  is  a  rectory, 
in  the  patronage  of  the  dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle. 
It  is  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £5  12s.  Id.,  was  cer- 
tified to  the  governors  of  (}ueen  Anne's  Bounty  at  £42, 
and  is  now  worth  about  £130  per  annum.  On  the 
enclosure  of  the  commons  290  acres  were  allotted  in  lieu 
of  all  tithes,     xiie  parish  register  commences  in  1089. 

EF.CT0B8. — Robert  de  Helposton,  l:)!^;  John  tie  Begho  Kirk, 

1340;    bir  Adnni  occurs  in   1300;    Tbomas  de  Cai-leton 

occurs  13S0;  John  Colt,  13S0 ;  John  Uiehardsou,  senr., ; 

Jolm  Richardson,  1571;  John  Stoilart,  1580;  Leonard  Milburn, 
15H0;  Christopher  Gibson,  l(i;!5;  Henry  Sknrron,  1072;  Chris- 
toplier  Rickcrby,  10711;  Joseph  I'attiiison,  ITaS;  John  Pearson, 

173!);    Richard  Dickinson,  1778  (died  1810);   —Howe, ; 

Samuel  Hudson,  1832;  Thomas  Charles  Vuughan,  1834. 

The  rectory  was  built  in  1727  by  the  then  rector,  the 
Rev.  Joseph  Paltinsou.  It  is  a  plain  comfortable  build- 
ing, in  the  village. 

Tiio  parish  school  is  situated  in  the  village,  and,  on 
the  enclosure  of  the  commons,  received  an  allotment  of 
twenty  acres  of  land,  which  now  lets  for  £12  a  year. 


The  manor  of  Castle  Carrock  was  given  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  11.  by  Hubert  de  Vallibus  to  Eustace  de 
Vallibus,  whose  posterity  seem  to  have  taken  the  name 
of  Castle  Carrock,  and  probably  inhabited  the  castle, 
from  which  the  parish  took  its  name.  Robert  de  Castle 
Carrock,  the  fourth  in  descent  of  that  name,  died  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  I.,  and  left  three  daughters,  among 
whose  posterity  this  m;inor  having  been  divided  it  long 
continued  in  severalties  ;  the  whole  is  now  vested  in 
the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  whose  ancestors  purchased  the 
several  parts  at  sundry  times.  Sjme  lands  in  the 
pai'ish  are  held  under  Charles  Aglionby,  Esq.,  of 
Armathwaite  Castle,  within  the  manor  of  Armathwaite, 
of  which  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  lord.  The  lands 
are  principally  held  by  resident  yeomen. 

The  village  of  Castle  Carrock  is  situated  on  the  west 
side  of  Geltsdale,  four  miles  south  of  Brampton.  In 
the  neighbourhood  are  the  apparent  remains  of  two 
ancient  fortifications  ;  one  in  a  wet  field,  about  forty 
yards  west  of  the  church,  surrounded  by  a  moat,  now 
filled  up,  is  100  yards  in  length  by  forty  in  breath ;  the 
other,  which  is  a  short  distance  to  the  south,  is  about 
three  times  as  large,  and  rises  seven  or  eight  yards 
above  the  surrounding  meadow — both  have  been  in 
tillage  for  a  consideraldo  period.  A  small  stream  runs 
close  by  the  western  side  of  each,  and  might  easily  be 
made  to  fill  the  former  quite  round.  Here  is  a  mineral 
spring  possessing  water  of  the  same  quality  as  the 
Gilslund  sulphurated  spa.  On  the  summit  of  the  fell 
are  two  cairns,  one  of  which,  called  Ilespeck  Raise,  is 
of  great  size.    About  the  year  1775,  a  farmer  removing 


GELTSD.\LE   FOREST   EXTRA-PAROCHTAL. 

Gki.tsdai.e  Forest  is  an  extensive  tract  of  mountain,  forming  the  south-cast  portion  of  Castle  Carrock  parish,  and  is 
a  royal  forest  leased  by  tln^  Earl  of  Carlisle.  Part  of  it  aliounds  in  birch  ami  aldcrwoods,  and  gives  rise  to  tho 
river  Gelt,  which  Hows  northwards.  Previous  to  the  suppression  of  the  monastic  inslilutions.  Geltsdale  aud  tho 
adjoining  forest  of  Briertbwaito,  belonged  to  the  priory  of  Hexham,  but  after  llio  suppression  of  that  house,  were 
granted  to  the  barons  of  Giloland. 


672 


ESKDALE  WARD. 


CUMREW  PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Cumrew  is  bounded  on  the  north  hy  Castle  Carrock,  on  the  west  by  Carlatton,  on  the  south-west  and 
south  by  Cronlin,  and  on  the  east  by  the  river  Gelt,  which  divides  it  from  Geltsdale.  It  comprises  the  townships  of 
Cumrew  Inside,  and  Cumrew  Outside,  which  are  one  for  parochial  purposes.  The  iuhabitauts,  who  are  entirely 
employed  in  agriculture,  reside  in  the  village  of  Cumrew,  and  in  a  few  houses  dispersed  over  the  parish.  They  are 
laborious  and  healthy,  and  attend  the  Brampton  and  Carlisle  markets.  The  soil  here  is  dry  and  gravully.  A  hill, 
called  Cardunncth,  part  of  the  Pennine  or  Cross  Fell  range,  which  runs  along  the  eastern  side  of  the  county,  is 
situated  in  this  parish.     The  area  of  Cumrew  is  2,094  acres,  and  its  rateable  value  £],i)ll  lis.  6d. 


There  are  three  manors  in  this  parish,  viz.,  Cumrew, 
Brackenthwaite,  and  Newbiggin,  all  of  which  belong  to 
the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  and  are  included  in  the  barony  of 
Gilsland.  In  the  division  of  the  Dacre  estates,  Bracken- 
thwaite  and  Newbiggin  fell  to  Lord  Dacre  of  the 
South,  and  carae  to  the  Karl  of  Carlisle  by  purchase. 
The  Earl  of  Sussex  sold  the  fines  and  rents  to  the 
tenants  for  a  nominal  consideration  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  11.  The  lands  here  are  subject  to  a  fine  of 
two  yeai-s'  value  on  change  of  tenant,  and  a  twenty-penny 
fine  on  death  of  lord.  Mr.  Gill's  estate  and  the  enclosed 
commons  are  free.  The  landowners  are  Robert  Leach, 
Esq.,  John  Gill,  Esq.,  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  L.  S.  Dixon, 
Esq.,  and  many  smaller  proprietors. 

The  village  of  Cumrew  is  about  seven  miles  south  of 
Brampton,  and  twelve  east-south-east  of  Carlisle. 

THE   CHUKCH. 

Cumi'ew  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  is  a  small 
but  neat  edifice,  consisting  of  nave  and  chancel,  with  a 
tower  at  the  west  end,  containing  two  bells.  The  tower 
was  erected  in  1814.  The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy, 
in  the  patronage  of  the  dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle, 
and  is  worth  about  £'100  per  annum.  The  tithes  have 
been  commuted  for  £45,  the  rest  in  land.  The  tithes 
are  held  by  the  incumbent  by  lease  from  the  dean  and 
chapter,  and  a  meal  modus  in  lieu  of  tithe  corn  is  held 
by  Mr.  Nanson,  of  Carlisle,  from  them.  The  dean  and 
chapter  have  transferred  their  property  to  the  church 
commissioners. 

The  parish  registers  commence  in  1579. 

iNcrsiBEXTS. — 'William  'Wilkinson,  173G;  John  Ritsou,  17C3  ; 
John  Parker,  1705;  John  'Watson,  1828. 

The  parsonage  is  a  commodious  dwelling,  erected  in 
183-2,  at  a  cost  of  about  £  100,  towards  which  the  Rev. 
J.  Watson  gave  £"200,  and  the  governors  of  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty  a  similar  sum. 

The  parish  school  and  master's  house  were  erected 
in  1846,  on  a  piece  of  ground  belonging  to  the  parish, 
at  a  cost  of  £190,  of  which  the  Committee  of  Council 
on  Education  contributed  £57,  the  Rev.  J.  Watson, 
£55,  Lord  !iIorpcth,  £10,  the  dean  and  chapter,  £-1, 


and  the  landowners  the  remainder.  It  is  under  govern- 
ment inspection,  and  is  supported  by  subscriptions  and 
the  pence  of  the  children.  Average  attendance  twenty- 
two.  So  rapidly  has  the  population  decreased  in  this 
parish,  that  there  are  not  at  present  twenty  children  of 
age  to  go  to  school. 

Fifty  years  ago  superstition  was  rife  in  this  neigh- 
bourhood, and  there  were  plenty  of  ghosts  and  witches  ; 
the  schoolmaster,  however,  has  banished  them  all. 
The  following  custom  is  still  preserved.  When  the 
corpse  of  a  master  of  a  house  where  bees  are  kept  is 
lifted,  the  hives  are  raised  up  at  the  same  time,  or  the 
bees  would  die.  Sometimes  the  bees  are  invited  to  the 
funeral  by  nii.xing  a  little  of  the  eatables  and  drinkables 
and  putting  the  mixture  into  the  hives.  This  occurred 
here  in  1856,  on  the  death  of  a  very  old  man ;  it  will 
probably  be  the  last  time  it  will  be  observed. 

In  Hutchinson's  "  History  of  Cumberland,"  it  is  said 
that  the  Dacres  were  supposed  to  have  had  a  seat  here 
at  Drumwalloght,  on  the  estate  of  Mr.  Gill ;  this  is 
now  believed  to  be  merely  a  conjecture,  and  to  be 
without  foundation  in  fact.  Hutchinson  also  states 
that  in  a  field  here,  near  the  church,  "  be  the  ruins  of 
a  large  edifice,  but  so  confused  and  destroyed  as  not 
to  show  its  origin.al  form,  or  any  marks  to  discover  its 
strength  or  the  era  when  it  was  erected."  These  two 
small  hillocks  w^ere  removed  in  1833,  when  one  of 
them  was  found  to  have  been  composed  entirely  of 
small  stones  gathered  from  the  laud,  and  the  other  of 
rubbish,  but  in  neither  was  there  any  foundations  of 
buildings.  Ou  the  summit  of  the  neighbouring  moun- 
tains is  a  cairn  of  stones,  where  a  human  skeleton  has 
been  found ;  and  in  a  small  cairn  ou  the  estate  belong- 
ing to  John  Gill,  Esq.,  an  urn  has  been  discovered. 

Abbey  Field  and  Brackenthwaitc  are  two  small 
hamlets  in  this  parish,  situate  respectively  one  and 
one  mile  and  a  half  north  of  Cumrew. 

The  population  of  Cumrew  Inside  township  iu  1801 
was  118;  in  1811,  120;  iu  1821,  148;  in  1801,  144; 
in  1841,- 112;  and  in  1851,  100. 

The  number  of  inhabitants  of  Cumrew  Outside  at 
the  same  decennial  periods  was  respectively  G3,  68,  83, 
72,  71,  aud  00. 


CUMWHITTON  PARISH. 


673 


cuMWHirroN  parish. 

Cdmwhitton  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Groat  Corby,  on  the  west  by  the  river  Eden,  on  the  south  by  Lcath 
Ward,  and  on  tlie  east  by  Cunirew  and  Carktton.  It  is  a  small  oblong  district  lying  on  the  west  side  of  Castle 
Carrock  Fell,  and  is  held  of  the  Eail  of  Carlisle  as  part  of  the  barony  of  Gilsland.  The  soil  is  light  and  stony, 
producing  barley,  oats,  and  some  wheat,  with  excellent  potatoes.  The  climate  is  cold  but  healthy.  The  parish 
comprises  the  townships  of  Cumwhitton  and  Nurthsceugh-with-Moorthwaile,  whose  united  area  is  5,400  (5,670 
according  to  the  rate-liook),  and  the  rateable  value  is  i;'2,'JU3  10s.  The  soil  principally  belongs  to  resident  yeomen, 
but  the  Earl  of  Carlisle  is  the  largest  owner. 


CUMWHITTON. 

The  area  of  this  township  and  the  rateable  value  are 
returned  with  the  parish.  Tiie  po[)ulation  in  1801 
was  244;  in  1811,  170;  in  1821,  285;  in  1831,  324; 
in  1841,  242;  and  in  1851,  243. 

The  manor  of  Cumwhitton  was  given  by  Ranulph  de 
Meschines  to  Ilildred  de  Carlisle.  In  King  John's 
reign  it  belonged  to  the  Bavins,  who,  after  possessing 
it  for  three  generations,  gave  the  manor  to  the  priory  of 
Lancrcost,  and  the  rectory  to  the  priory  of  Carlisle.' 
The  Earl  of  Carlisle  is  now  lord  of  the  manor. 

The  small  manor  of  Hornby,  given  also  by  the  Bavins 
to  the  priory  of  Lancrcost,  came  after  tho  licforniation 
to  the  D.icres,  and  was  sold  by  Henry  Dacre  before  the 
year  1088  to  John  Atkinson  ;  it  was  subsequently  pur- 
chased by  tho  several  proprietors  of  the  small  estates 
which  it  comprehended. 

At  Scarrow  Hill  is  a  freehold  estate,  which  in  1088 
belonged  to  the  Scarrows,  a  family  of  great  antiquity  at 
the  place,  since  extinct ;  it  is  now  in  severalties. 

The  village  of  Cumwhitton  is  about  seven  miles 
south-by-wcst  of  Brampton.  There  was  formerly,  on 
the  village  green,  two  artificial  mounds  which  had  been 
used  as  butts  for  archery,  and  were  known  as  High  and 
Low  Willy  Wastel,  "probably  from  the  great  archer 
recorded  in  the  old  song."  Until  recent  years  the  old 
custom  of  holding  a  wake  on  St.  John's  Eve,  with  fires, 
<S:c.,  was  continued. 

THE  cnuncn. 

Cumwhitton  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  is  an 
ancient  structure,  consisting  of  nave,  chancel,  and  a 
small  square  tower.  In  1291,  when  the  Valor  of  I'ope 
Nicholas  was  tjiken,  the  church  was  rectorial,  and 
valued  at  £8  lis.;  in  l.'?IH  it  continued  rectorial, 
but  was  not  taxed  by  I'Muanl  II.  on  account  of  its 
poverty.  It  subscipiently  became  appropriated  to  tho 
priory  of  Carlisle,  and  the  pnlronago  is  now  vested  in 
the  dean  and  cliaptcr.  Hutchinson  tells  us  that  "  the 
dean  nnd  chapter  demised  all  the  rectory  of  Cumwhitton, 
except  the  curate's  house  and  garden,  viz.,  all  the  glebe 
lands  and  meadows  called  Kirkcroft,  tithes,  oblations, 

'T.  Denton's  MSS. 


etc.,  under  the  yearly  rent  of  fifteen  eskeps  of  haver- 
meal,  and  10s.  in  money,  besides  the  curate's  stipend 
of  ten  pounds.  He  adds,  "  the  curacy  was  augmented 
by  lot,  and  the  money  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of  land 
in  Nichol  Forest,  which  now  yields  £9  rent  per  ainmm. 
By  the  bounty  of  the  Dowager  Countess  Gower,  who 
gave  £'200,  an  additional  augmentation  was  had,  by 
which  lands  were  bought  in  the  parish  of  Addinghani, 
yielding  now  near  £15  a  year;  the  whole  making  a 
comfortable  stipend."  In  1810  all  the  tithes  were  com- 
muted for  a  yearly  rent  charge  of  £175,  viz.,  great 
tithes  for  £105,  and  meal  tithes,  £70.  The  curacy  is 
now  Worth  about  i'lOl  a  year.  The  parish  registers 
are  preserved  from  17ol. 

Incumbents.  —  Kilward  Anderson,  1813;  Joseph  Hudson, 
1S31;  Siiiiuiel  Hudson,  18-.i0 ;  William  Ford,  1«31;  Robert 
Robinson,  1844. 

The  parish  school,  at  Sandy  Syke,  is  endowed  with 
the  interest  of  £200  left  by  Mr.  Adam  Hodgson,  of 
Hornsley. 

There  is  also  a  s:hool  situated  near  Cumwhitton 
village,  built  about  the  year  1810,  and  supported  entirely 
by  subscription. 

Upon  an  eminence  in  the  middle  of  a  dark  and 
dreary  waste,  commonly  called  King  Harry,  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  parish,  is  a  Druidical  temple, 
designated  Grey  Yauds,  from  the  colour  of  the  stones. 
The  circle  is  lifiy-two  yards  in  diameter,  and  is  formed 
of  ei"hty-eight  stones,  the  largest  of  which  is  not  more 
than  four  feet  high.  Tradition  says  the  name  of  this 
moor  is  derived  from  the  circumst^mce  of  one  of  tho 
Henrys,  kings  of  England,  having  encamped  here. 

hi  accordance  with  an  ancient  custom,  the  owner 
of  Xunfield  estate,  in  this  township,  pays  a  goose  and 
a  cartload  of  coals  yenrly  to  the  lurd  of  Nunnery,  in 
Aiustable  parish,  and  is  toll-free  throughout  England. 

KonrnscECon  with  moorthw.ute. 

The  acreage  and  rateable  value  of  this  township  are 
returned  with  the  parish,  Tho  number  of  itihabitant.s 
in  1801,  was  202;  iu  1811,  30S ;  iu  1821,  259  ;  iu 


80 


674 


ESKDALE   WARD. 


1831,  255  ;  in  1841,  of  Northsceugh,  216  ;  of  Moor- 
thwaite,  75  ;  and  in  1851,  Northsceugh,  186  ;  of  Moor- 
thwnite,  145.  The  liamlets  in  the  township,  and  their 
distances  fioui  Cumwhittou  are  as  follow:  —  Mooith- 


waite,  one  mile  south ;  Hornby,  one  and  a  half  mile 
south-bj-east ;  Northsceugh  (High),  three  miles  south- 
In'-east ;  and  Northsceugh  (Low),  two  miles  sonth-.bj- 
east. 


DENTON  NETHEK  PARISH. 

This  parish  lies  south  of  the  river  Irthing,  between  Naworth  and  Upper  Denton,  and  includes  the  small  hamlet  of 
Low  liow.  On  the  low  side  of  the  parish  the  soil  is  light  and  sandy  ;  on  the  south  or  high  side  it  is  stronger,  hut 
of  a  cold  and  sterile  nature.     The  parish  has  no  dependant  townships. 


The  area  of  Nether  Denton  is  4,530  acres  ;  and  the 
rateable  value  £"2,550.  Its  population  in  1801  was 
245;  in  1811,  258;  in  1821,  287;  in  1831,  290; 
in  1841,  280  ;  and  in  1851,  334. 

The  manor  of  Nether  Denton  was  given  by  Eustace 
de  Vallibus  to  a  family  who  assumed  the  name  of 
Denton.  The  heiress  of  Sir  Richard  Denton  married 
Adam  Copley,  of  Batley,  in  Yorkshire,  and  the  heiress 
of  Copley,  in  the  third  generation,  married  Adam  de 
Hall,  who  took  the  name  of  Denton,  and  had  from  his 
father-in-law  a  grant  of  the  arms  of  his  maternal  great- 
grandfather. Sir  Richard  Denton.  In  the  reign  of 
Henry  VII.  John  Denton  exchanged  the  manor  for 
Waruell  Hall  with  Lord  Dacre,  from  whom  it  has  des- 
cended to  the  Earl  of  Carlisle.  Denton  Hall  has  long 
been  occupied  as  a  farmhouse.  The  customarj'  tenants 
pay  two  years'  value  and  a  heriot  on  change  of  tenant, 
and  a  fine  on  the  death  of  the  lord.  The  principal 
landowners  are  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Colbeck,  Thomas  Ramshaj,  Esq.,  and  John  Waugh, 
Esq. 

Low  Row  is  a  small  hamlet  in  this  parish,  about  four 
miles  east  of  Brampton.  Here  is  a  station  on  the 
Newcastle  and  Carlisle  railway. 

THE   CHUBCH. 

The  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Cuthhcrt,  is  a  small 
unpretending  structure.  The  living,  a  rectory,  was 
given  by  Robert,  son  of  Bueth,  to  the  monks  of 
Wetheral ;  and  he  also,  by  the  advice,  and  with  the 
consent  of  his  wife  and  friends,  gave  to  the  cliurch  some 
of  his  lands  that  lay  near  to  it,  and  eight  acres  besides 
as  well  without  as  -within  the  village.  This  grant  was 
confirmed  by  John  and  EUas,  sons  of  David  de  Denton, 
and  appropriated  to  the  providing  a  light  before  the 
altar  of  the  Most  Holy  Trinity  in  the  church  of 
Wetheral.  After  the  decease  of  Robert,  son  of  Bueth, 
the  church  of  Nether  Denton  was  given  to  Lanercost 
Priory.      This  transfer  led  to  some  litigation  between 


the  communities  of  Wetheral  and  Lanercost,  which 
was  terminated  by  the  mediation  of  the  papal  legate, 
who  divided  the  profits  of  the  living  between  the  two 
houses,  and  gave  the  presentation  and  advowson  to  the 
Bishop  of  Carlisle,  whose  successors  have  since  enjoyed 
the  same.  The  share  which  each  of  the  commuuiiies 
of  Wetheral  and  Lanercost  had  out  of  this  rectory  was 
two  marks  and  a  half.  In  1200  the  prior  and  monks 
of  AVctheral  ve-leased  this  part  to  the  bishop  of  Carlisle. 
The  church  is  rated  in  the  King's  Book  at  £8  5s.  5d. 
It  was  returned  to  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty 
at  £1G  Is.  Od.  In  1761  it  was  augmented  with  £400, 
of  which  £200  was  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  and 
£200  given  by  the  Dowager  Countess  Gower.  It  is  now 
worth  about  £196  a  year.  At  the  enclosure  of  the 
commons  there  were  about  500  acres  allotted,  partly  in 
lieu  of  tithes,  and  partly  by  right  of  common.  The 
parish  registers  commence  in  1710. 

Becioes.— Eobert  Oriel,  1304 ;  Adam  de  Kale,  1300 ;  John 
de  Culgayth,  1309  ;  John  de  Aberington,  1317 ;  EicUard  de 
BroctoD,  1385 ;  Edward  Bell,  died,  1007 ;  Cbristopber  Lowtber, 
15G7  ;  Miles  Matraaugh,  157C  ;  'WiUiain  ThompsoD,  1580; 
Roland  Baxter,  1507;  Ralph  Snowden,  died,  1633  ;  Nicholas 
Dean,  1633 ;  William  Culcbeth  occurs  1092 ;  Richard  Culcbeth, 
1692;  Thomas  Pearson,  1703  ;   Nicholas  Reay,  1718;  William 

Hesket,  1730;  —  Holmo, ;  — Harrison,  ;   Thomas 

Ramshay,  1 705 ;  Thomas  Colbeck,  1834. 

The  parish  school  is  in  the  village  or  hamlet  of  Low 
Row. 

CHABIITES. 

Hodgson's  Charity. — William  Hodgson,  who  died  in 
1856,  bequeathed  to  the  parish  of  Nether  Denton  a 
field  called  the  Scollicks,  containing  about  twelve  acres, 
which  he  had  purchased  a  short  time  previous  to  his 
decease.  This  property  now  lets  for  £18  5s.  a  year, 
which  sum,  in  accordance  with  Mr.  Hodgson's  direc- 
tions, is  distributed  in  the  following  manner,  viz.: — 
£8  a  year  to  the  school  at  Low  Row,  £2  a  year  to  the 
parish  clerk,  and  the  residue  among  the  poor  of  the 
parish. 


DENTON  UPPER  PARISH. 


075 


DENTON   UPPER   PARISH. 


The  parish  of  Upper  Dfnton  comprises  a  small  distnc 
Nether  Denton,  and  on  the  west  and  north  by  the  river 

The  area  of  Upper  Denton  is  860  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £"1,175  18s.  In  1801  it  contained  85 
inhabitants;  in  1811,  94;  in  1821,  100;  in  1831, 
106 ;  in  1H41,  127  ;  and  in  1851,  119. 

The  manor  of  Upper  Denton,  which  was  anciently 
part  of  the  barony  of  Giisland,  was  convejed  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  I.  by  Richard  Stonland  to  John 
VVitherington,  in  who-^e  family  it  continued  for  several 
generations.  Mr.  T.  Denton  says  that  it  was  conveyed 
by  that  family  to  Lord  William  Howard,  but  Nicolson 
and  Burn  make  the  Tweedales  to  have  been  interme- 
diate proprietors.  It  now  belongs  to  the  Earl  of 
Carlisle,  in  whose  family  it  has  been  for  a  considerable 
period. 

The  village  of  Upper  Denton  is  six  miles  east  of 
Brampton. 

THE  cnuncH. 

Upper  Denton  church  is  a  very  small,  unpretending 
structure.  The  benefice  is  a  curacy  in  the  patronage 
of  the  Earl  of  Carlisle.  It  was  certified  to  the  Eccle- 
siastical Commissioners  at  £47  per  annum,  all  of  which 


t,  bounded  on  the  east  by  Northumberland,  on  the  south  by 
Irlhing.     The  parish  comprises  no  dependant  townships. 

arises  from  lands  purchased  with  Queen  Anne's  Bounty, 
except  '20s.  a  year  paid  by  the  Earl  of  Carlisle.  The 
church  of  Upper  Denton  was  given  by  Robert  de 
Vallibus,  and  Robert,  son  of  Auketil,  to  the  priory  of 
Lanercost,  and  appropriated  to  that  house  by  Hugh 
Pudsey,  bishop  of  Durham,  in  whose  diocese  this  ptrish 
then  was.  For  ecclesiastical  purposes  this  parish  and 
the  district  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene  in  Giisland,  con- 
sisting of  a  portion  of  Waterliead  township,  in  the 
parish  of  Lanercost,  were  united  in  1859 ;  the  incum- 
bent is  the  Rev.  C.  lupling.  The  names  of  the 
incumbents  up  to  tho  present  year  will  be  found  in 
the  list  of  the  vicars  of  Lanercost. 

Mumps  Hall  is  a  small  hamlet  in  this  parish,  in  which 
lived  Margaret  Teasdale,  said  to  be  the  original  Meg 
Merrilies  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "  Guy  Maunering."  Her 
grave  may  yet  be  seen  in  the  parish  churchyard. 

Near  Mains,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Iitliing,  is  a 
spring,  which  potrilies  the  moss  through  which  it  passes 
in  its  course  to  the  river. 


FARLAM  PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  parishes  of  Brampton  and  Denton  ;  on  the  east  by  the  district  of  Bridge- 
holme,  and  the  parish  of  Brampton,  with  an  isolated  portion  of  Lanercost ;  on  the  south  by  Havton  parish  ;  and  on 
the  west  by  Brampton.  A  survey  for  the  enclosure  of  the  commons  was  made  iu  1780,  and  another  for  the  poor- 
rates  in  1819.  Tho  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  East  and  West  Farlam,  and  Midgeholme,  formerly  e.\tra- 
parochial,  whose  united  area  is  5,6tiO  acres. 


Tho  population  is  partly  settled  at  the  hamlets  of 
Milton,  Furium,  Hallbankgnto,  Forest  Head,  Coal  Fell, 
Rigg  Foot,  and  a  considcmblo  proportion  in  a  more 
scattered  manner.  The  inhabitants  are  colliere,  lime- 
burners,  and  agricultural  labourers.  There  are  two 
collieries,  Talkin  and  Tindal  Fell  (two  of  tho  Naworth 
coalmines),  the  property  of  tho  Earl  of  Carlisle,  and 
leased  to  Mrs.  JI.  Thompson  and  Sons,  of  Kirkhousc. 
One  scam  of  coal  about  three  and  a  half  feet  in  thick- 
ness is  extoMsively  wrought  at  the  Talkin  Colliery,  by  a 
shaft  thirty-two  fathoms  deep  ;  the  same  seam,  though 
altered  in  quality,  being  used  as  a  steam  coal,  is  wrought 
at  Tindal  Fell,  by  an  atlit  or  drift.  The  strata  sunk 
tlirough  at  tho  former  colliery  consists  of  alternations 
gf  white  freestone,  shale,  and  limestone,  tho  number  of 


hands  employed  at  the  two  places  averages  about  200. 
The  pits  are  situated  iu  Haytou  and  Brampton  parishes. 
There  are  about  seventy  hands  employed  at  the  lime- 
works,  producing  about  20,000  tons  aiuiually.  In  the 
neighbouriiood  of  Tindal  Tarn,  and  partly  iu  Farlam 
and  partly  in  Brampton  parish,  are  the  ziuc  and  spelter 
works  of  J.  H.  Attwood,  Esq.,  called  the  Tindale  Fell 
Spelter  Works,  on  tho  private  railway  of  ilie  Earl  of 
Carlisle,  leading  from  Brampton  and  Milton  station  to 
tho  Newciistle  and  Carlisli  bninch  railway  at  Lambley. 
These  spelter  works  were  erected  in  1S15,  and  consist 
of  twelve  subliming  fumacos,  and  twenty-eight  calcining 
roverberatory  furnaces  for  roa.stingor  calcining  tho  ores 
of  zinc,  a  rolinery,  and  a  mill  worked  by  water  from  tho 
tarn,    for   crushing  and   grinding   the   ores.      There 


676 


ESKDALE  WARD, 


are  also  pot-houses  and  stoves  for  making  and  burning 
the  retorts  and  condensers,  with  warehouses,  offices, 
mana'jer's  house,  and  upwards  of  thirty  workmen's 
dwellings,  a  school-house  for  children,  and  a  teacher's 
residence.  These  works  attract  considerable  atteuiiou 
as  being  the  only  zinc  works  in  the  north  of  England, 
also  as  the  process  used  is  a  patented  one,  and 
supposed  to  be  superior  to  any  other  in  the  country. 
The  school  is  supported  by  the  proprietor,  with  the  aid 
of  the  children's  payments.  The  ores  come  from 
Alston  Moor,  and  various  parts  of  England,  and 
abroad.  The  population,  generally  speaking,  are  sober, 
steady,  and  industrious  ;  the  parish  is  clean  and  dry, 
and  the  people  are  in  a  comfortable  position.  The  soil 
about  Milton  is  light  and  gravelly,  but  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Kirkhouse  and  Farlam  Hall  is  rich  and 
loamy.  Towards  the  eastern  portion  of  the  parish 
there  is  a  large  tract  of  limestone  land  used  for  grazing. 
The  west  end  of  the  parish  is  crossed  by  the  Newcastle 
and  Carlisle  railway,  which  has  a  station  at  Milton, 
and  a  line  belonging  to  Lord  Carlisle  stretches  the 
entire  length  of  the  parish,  for  the  conveyance  of  coal, 
&c.,  to  Carlisle,  Brampton,  Alston,  &c.  The  rateable 
Talue  of  the  parish  is  £3,005  5s.  Brampton  and  Carlisle 
are  the  markets  attended. 

The  only  antitputies  known  to  have  been  discovered 
in  this  parish  are  some  stone  coffins,  with  urns,  which 
were  found  on  the  removal  of  a  sandhill  near  lurk- 
house,  some  ten  years  ago,  but  which  were  destroyed 
by  the  workmen  in  their  anxiety  to  get  what  they  sup- 
posed to  be  a  treasure. 
I 

EAST   FARLAM. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  430; 
in  1811,  505;  in  18-21,  491;  in  1831,  610;  in  1841, 
526;  and  in  1851,  64S. 

The  manor  of  Farlam  was  granted  by  Hubert  de 
Vallibus.  lord  of  Gilsland,  to  Waller  de  Windsor,  whose 
posterity  look  the  name  of  Farlam.  John  de  Farlam, 
having  no  children,  devised  it  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
HI.  to  Ralph  de  Dacre  and  Margaret  Multon,  lady  of 
Gilsland,  his  wife,  and  their  heirs.  It  has  ever  since 
passed  with  the  barony  of  Gilsland,  and  is  now  held  by 
the  Earl  of  Carlisle.  The  lands  here  are  held  by  ancient 
rents,  greenhues,  and  service  monies,  and  also  fines  on 
all  customary  properly  on  the  death  of  the  lord  or  change 
of  tenant.  The  landowners  are  the  Earl  of  Carli.>le ; 
Mrs.  Thompson  and  Sons  ;  James  H.  Attwood,  Esq. ; 
Mrs.  Bell ;  Messrs.  John  Bell,  Joseph  Bell,  and  others. 
Courts  for  the  baruny  of  Gils'and,  which  includes  Fai- 
1am,  are  held  at  Bramptou  twice  a  year. 


THE   CHURCH. 

Farlam  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Thomas  a 
Bucket,  is  a  plain  structure,  consisting  of  nave  and 
chancel,  and  dates  probably  from  the  twelfth  century. 
It  was  given  by  Robert  de  Vallibus  to  the  piiory  of 
Lanercost,  to  which  monastery  the  tithes  were  appro- 
priated ;  but  at  the  Dissolution  it  was  granted  to  Sir 
Thomas  Dacre,  and  the  patronage  and  impropriation 
are  now  vested  in  the  Earl  of  Carlisle.  The  living  is 
worth  about  £'105  per  annum,  arising  from  lands  in 
Bewcastle,  purchased  by  augmentation  from  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty,  and  £200  given  by  the  Dowager 
Countess  Gower,  an  annual  sum  from  the  Bounty 
Office,  a  small  rent  charge  on  the  Kirkhouse  farm,  and 
the  fees.  There  are  no  tithes.  The  parish  register 
e.\tends  over  a  period  of  200  years. 

A  new  church  is  now  (1859)  in  course  of  erection, 
adjoining  Kirkhouse  ;  the  site  being  on  the  hill  imme- 
diately above.  The  designs,  which  have  been  supplied 
by  Mr.  Sahin,  give  promise  of  a  simple,  but  at  the 
same  time  chaste  and  picturesque  edifice,  in  the  Early 
English  style.  It  will  consist  of  a  nave,  chancel,  and 
north  aisle  ;  the  estimated  cost,  inclusive  of  heating 
apparatus,  is  about  £2,000.  Towards  this  sum  the 
Hon.  C.  W.  G.  Howard,  MP.,  contributed  £500  ;  his 
brother,  the  Earl  of  CarUsle,  giving  the  site,  and  a  con- 
siderable addition  to  the  churchyard  ;  Mrs.  Thompson 
and  Sons  also  contributed  about  £300  ;  J.  H.  Attwood, 
Esq  ,  £70  ;  and  the  other  landowners  in  an  equally 
liberal  manner.  The  foundation  stone  was  laid  on  the 
8th  July,  1859,  by  the  Earl  of  Carlisle. 

IxcLUBESTs. — Sir  Simon  de  Walton,  died  1316;  William  de 
Eicliardbj,  1316;  Sir  Thomas  de  Derby,  died  13C1;  Sir  Thomas 

Roke,  130 1  ;   Sir  Rtbert  de  Hajton,  1373;   —  Townley, ; 

George  Gillbanks,  17S6;  George  Mercer  Tandy,  1845;  John 
Lowthian,  1S4S.  Mr.  Gillbanks  did  not  reside  in  the  parish, 
and  had  for  curates  William  Thompson,  John  Wannop,  and  G. 
M.  Tandy,  in  succession. 

A  parsonage  was  erected  in  1859,  in  the  Elizabethan 
style,  at  a  cost  of  about  £1,000. 

A  fortnightly  Sunday  service  is  held  at  the  school- 
room connected  with  the  Spelter  Works,  at  the  east  end 
of  the  parish. 

Tbe  Wesleyans  have  a  neat  new  chapel  at  Hallbank 
Gate. 

A  mechanics'  institution  was  established  about  two 
years  ago  at  Hallbauk  Gate,  for  the  workmen  and 
others  generally.  It  is  supported  by  subscriptions, 
and  a  small  quarterly  payment  from  each  member. 
There  are  about  200  volumes  in  the  hbrary ;  the 
number  of  members  is  about  eighty. 

Tindal  Tarn  is  the  boundary  between  Farlam  and 
Brampton  parishes.     A  small  stream  which  has  its 


HAYTON   PARISH. 


G77 


origin  on  Tindal  Fell  and  runs  past  Hallbaiik  Gate, 
passes  I'urlrtm  Hull  and  Kirkbouse,  where  it  is  used  in 
driving  niacliinery,  and  thence  to  tlie  village  of  Jlilton, 
where  it  constitutes  the  boundary  of  the  parish. 
Another  stream  called  Coal  Fell  Beck,  rising  on  Tiilkin 
Fell,  and  passing  Closepit  Holme,  Grcenside,  Lime- 
works,  and  Riggfoot,  and  after  uniting  with  the  Rlack- 
burn  at  Bytisliall,  runs  into  the  South  Tyne  near 
Featherstone  Castle. 

Many  of  the  houses  in  this  parish  have  undergone 
considerable  alterations  and  improvements  during  the 
last  few  years. 

Hallbauk  Gate  and  Kirkhouse  are  two  hamlets  in 


this  township,  the  former  of  which  is  four  miles  east- 
south-east  of  Brampton  ;  and  the  latter,  where  the 
church  is  situated,  is  half  a  mile  east  of  liullbauk 
Gate. 

WEST    FARLAM. 

This  township  contained  1C2  inhabitants  in  1801; 
1G7  in  lail;  172  in  1821;  200  iu  1B31;  509  in 
1841;  and  500  in  1851.  The  acreage,  &c.,  are 
returned  with  the  parish.  Milton  is  a  village  in  this 
township  one  mile  and  a  half  east-south  east  of  Bramp- 
ton. Here  is  Milton  Hall,  the  residence  of  Thomas 
Thompson,  Esq.,  erected  in  1857. 


HAYTON   PAraSH. 

The  parish  of  Hayton  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Brampton,  on  the  north-west  by  Irthington,  on  the  west  by 
Warwick  and  Welheral,  on  the  south  by  Cumwhitton,  and  on  the  cast  by  Farlam  and  Castle  Canock.  The  soil 
here  is  of  various  qualities  :  near  Talkin  it  is  dry  and  gravelly;  in  Hayton  the  land,  in  many  parts,  is  very  fertile, 
and  the  soil  a  deep  blackish  loam,  very  lu.xuriant;  and  in  other  parts  it  is  light  and  sandy.  The  rivers  Irthing  and 
Gelt  run  through  the  parish ;  on  the  latter  are  quarries  of  freestone,  limestone,  and  blue  slate,  and  in  Talkin  are 
extensive  coal  mines.  The  parish  abounds  in  game.  The  townships  are  Hayton,  Faugh  and  Fenton,  Little  Corby, 
and  Talkin,  whose  united  area  is  7,737  acres. 


HAYTON. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £2,212  10s. 
Its  population  in  1801  was  370;  in  1811,  436;  in 
1821.  400;  iu  1831,  582;  in  1841,  534;  and  in  1851, 
532 ;  who  are  chiefly  resident  in  the  village.  They  are 
engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  attend  the  Bramp- 
ton and  Carlisle  markets. 

The  manor  of  Hayton  belongs  to  the  lord  of  Gilsland. 
Mr.  T.  Denton  says  that  Hayton  formerly  belonged  to 
the  Denton  family,  and  was  given  by  John  Denton  to 
Lord  Dacre  in  e.xchange,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII. 
The  landowners  are  Tbomas  Henry  Graham,  Esq.,  of 
Edmond  Castle,  Sir  II.  Dalrymplo  Ross,  George  Head 
Head,  Esq.,  and  John  Rarashay,  Esq. 

The  village  of  Hayton  is  pleasantly  situated  two  and 
a  half  miles  south-west  of  Brampton.  It  possesses  a 
remarkable  monument  in  the  shape  of  a  circular  emi- 
nence, twelve  feet  high,  and  about  10')  feet  in  diameter, 
known  as  Castle  Hill,  and  which  is  supposed  by  some 
to  have  served  as  an  oul[)ost  tor  tho  defence  of  Ivlmond 
Castle,  distant  about  one  mile  north-west,  but  upon  wliat 
ground  such  a  conjecture  is  founded  wo  cauuot  ascertain. 

TIIK   rufllcH. 

Hayton  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  is  a  neat 
structure,  coDsistiiig  of  nave  and  chancel,  with  a  small 
square  tower;  it  was  rebuilt  in  1780,  and  will  accom- 


modate about  400  persons  ;  the  chancel  was  rebuilt  in 
1842,  at  the  expense  of  T.  H.  Graham,  Esq.  The 
church  of  Hayton  was  given  by  Robert  de  Yaux  or  de 
Vallilius,  to  the  prior  and  convent  of  Carlisle,  and  was 
shortly  afterwards  appropriated  to  that  monastery.  On 
the  suppression  of  the  monastic  institutions  it  was 
transferred  to  the  dean  and  chapter,  the  legal  successors 
of  the  prior  and  convent;  the  dean  and  chapter  sold 
their  rigbt  of  patronage,  in  1855,  to  the  Ecclesiastical 
Commissioners,  who  are  now  the  impropriators  and 
patrons.  Previous  to  the  commutation  the  tithes  were 
leased  out  for  twenty-one  years,  by  the  dean  and  chapter, 
reserving  the  annual  payment  of  seventeen  eskeps  of 
oatmeal ;  and  the  lessee  covenanted  to  pay  the  curate 
j£5  yearly,  and  to  repair  the  chancel ;  the  ancient 
custom  of  the  lessee  of  the  small  tithes  giving  the 
inhabitants  forty-eight  quarts  of  ale  (viz.,  twelve  on  the 
feast  of  St.  Andrew,  twelve  at  Candlemas,  and  twenty- 
four  at  Easter),  has  been  discontinued.  The  Earl  of 
Carlisle  is  the  impropriator  of  a  portion  of  the  corn 
tithes  of  Talkin,  and  the  vicar  of  Brampton  owns  tho 
hay  tithes  of  the  same  township ;  but  all  are  now  com- 
muted for  a  rent  charge  on  the  land.  In  1751  and 
1757  the  living,  wliieh  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  received 
two  augmentations  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  amount- 
ing to  i'liiO,  with  which  land  was  purchased  at  Hayton, 


678 


ESKDALE  WARD. 


and  added  to  the  ancient  glebe,  making  altogether  about 
ninety-six  acres.  The  benefice  is  now  worth  about  £  1 33 
per  annum.     The  parish  registers  commence  in  1620. 

Incumbents.  —  Hugh  Brown,  ]755;  Edmond  Wills,  1757; 
Richard  Hair,  180B;  Richard  Rice,  1821;  George  Toppiu,  1836. 

The  parsonage,  situated  near  the  church,  is  a  good 
substantial  building,  erected  in  1821  at  a  cost  of  £800. 

The  Weslejaus  have  a  chapel  in  the  village. 

Havtou  School,  situated  in  the  village,  is  the  pro- 
perty of  Thomas  Henry  Graham,  Esq.,  who  is  also  the 
principal  contributor  towards  its  support.  There  is  a 
good  master's  house  near  the  school,  erected  at  the 
expense  of  Jlr.  Graham.  Tiic  school  has  an  average 
attendance  of  100  pupils,  who  pay  from  Is.  to  4s.  per 
quarter. 

In  1856  Thomas  Henry  Graham,  Esq.,  established 
a  good  reading-room  here  for  the  benefit  of  the  inhabi- 
tants, which  is  entirely  supported  by  its  founder.  There 
is  also  a  good  library  in  the  school,  to  which  its 
members  have  access. 

To  the  east  of  the  village  is  Stone  House,  the  neat 
residence  of  Capt.  Coulson,  but  the  property  of  Sir  H. 
D.  Ross. 

Edmond  Castle,  distant  about  one  mile  north-west 
of  Hayton,  is  the  beautiful  seat  of  Thomas  Henry 
Graham,  Esq. 

(Brabant  of  Sbmonlr  Cnstlt. 

Thomas  Graham,  Esq.,  of  Edmond  Castle,  Cumberland, 
descended  from  a  branch  of  the  Grahoms  of  Esk,  married, 
.January,  174!),  Margaret,  daughter  of  Thomas  Coulthard,  Esq., 
of  Scotbj,  and  by  her  (who  died,  aged  Ul,  in  181G)  left  at  his 
decease,  October,  1807, 

I.  Thomas,  his  heir. 

II.  James  of  Kirkstall,  created  a  baronet,  1808. 
III.  William. 

I.  Mary,  married  to  Richard  Graham,  Esq.,  of  Stone  House. 

II.  Elizabeth, 
m.  Margaret. 

The  eldest  son, 

Thomas  Graham,  Esq.,  of  Edmond  Castle,  born  17iil,  mar- 
ried, 17th  August,  1791,  Elizabeth  Sosannah,  daughter  of  John 
Davenport,  Esq.,  of  Clapham,  Surrey,  and  left  at  his  decease, 
23rd  June,  1813, 

I.  Thomas  Hesrt,  now  of  Edmond  Castle. 
II.  John,  who  mnrri*>(l,  IB'^l ,  Caroline  Elinor,  dnnghtor  of  the  late 
E.  J.  Curteis,  Esq.,  M.P.  of  Windmill  HiU,  and  has  issue, 

1.  Beginald  John. 

2.  Heni7  Davenport. 

3.  Charles. 

4.  Edward  Curleis. 
1.  Caroline  Curteis. 

1.  Elizabeth  Maria, 
u.  Emily,  married  to  the  Rev.  Thomas  Collins. 


ni.  Aime  Margaret,  married  to  Edward  Polhill,  Esq. 

Mr.  Graham  was  succeeded  by  liis  eldest  son, 

Thomas  Heniiv  Graham,  Esq.,  of  Edmond  Castle,  co.  Cum- 
berland, J.  P.  and  D.I,.,  high  sheriff  in  1821;  born  25lh  June, 
1793 ;  married,  Cth  March,  1829,  Mary,  eighth  daughter  of  tho 
late  Sir  David  Carnegie,  Bart.,  of  Souihesk. 

Arms. — Per  pale,  indented,  enn.  and  sn.,  on  a  chief,  per  pale  of 
the  last,  and  or,  three  escallops,  count<rchanged. 

Crest. — Two  armed  arms  issuing  out  of  the  battlements  of  a 
tower,  ppr.,  holding  an  escallop  sa. 

LITTLE    CORBY. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  352  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  £412.  The  number  of  iuhiibitanis  in  ISOl 
was  120;  in  1811,  114;  in  1821,  170;  in  1831,  3)3; 
in  1841,  283  ;  and  in  1851,  297  ;  who  are  resident  in 
the  village  of  Little  Corby.  The  manor  of  Little  Corby 
is  held  by  P.  H.  Howard,  Esq.,  of  Corby  Castle,  besides 
■whom  George  Irving,  Esq.,  is  the  principal  landowner. 

The  village  of  Little  Corby  is  situated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  rivers  Eden  and  Irthing,  about  six.  miles 
east-by-uorth  of  Carlisle. 

FAUGH   AKD    FENTON. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  200  ;  in 
1811,  304;  in  1821,  331;  in  1831,  333;  in  1841, 
339  ;  and  in  1851,  400.  The  rateable  value  is 
£2,512  7s.  6d. 

The  manorial  rights  are  the  property  of  the  Earl  of 
Carlisle.  The  principal  landowners  are  John  Ramshay, 
Esq. ;  George  Head  Head,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  Thomas 
Taylor,  and  John  Moses. 

Faugh  and  Feuton  are  two  small  hamlets,  the  former 
one  mile  and  a  half,  ami  the  latter  one  mile  south 
of  Hayton.  How  is  another  hamlet  in  this  township, 
half  a  mile  south  of  the  same  place.  The  Weslcyaus 
have  a  small  place  of  worship  at  Feuton,  lately  erected 
by  Mr.  Taylor. 

TALKIN. 

The  population  of  Talkin  township  in  1801  was 
249;  in  1811,  237;  in  1821,  280;  in  1831,  376; 
in  1841,  844;  and  in  1851,  311.  The  rateable 
value  is  £1,544  12s.  Od.  The  inhabitants  reside 
principally  in  the  villnge  of  Talkin,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  three  or  four  farm-houses,  and  a  few  cot- 
tages on  the  common.  They  are  principally  engaged 
in  agriculture,  and  some  of  them  are  employed  at 
Blacksyke  coal-pit,  on  the  common,  which  is  leased  by 
Mrs.  Thompson  and  Sons,  under  the  Earl  of  Carlisle. 
Brampton  market  is  usually  attended.  The  land  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  village  is  good,  and  in  a  fair  state 
of  cultivation.     It  is  well  suited  for  the  growth  of 


IRTHINGTON   PARISH. 


679 


potatoes,  turnips,  uiul  all  sorts  of  grain,  The  New- 
castle and  Carlisle  railway  passes  through  the  township 
about  a  mile  west  of  the  village.  The  common,  to  the 
extent  o(  about  1,400  acres,  has  been  recently  enclosed, 
under  the  Commons  Enclosure  Act.  Besides  the  coal- 
mines there  are  limestone  and  freestone  quarries. 

The  manor  of  Tallun  is  held  by  the  Earl  of  Carlisle, 
as  parcel  of  the  barony  cf  Gilsland. 

The  villnge  of  Talldn  is  two  and  a  half  miles  east-by- 
soulh  of  Hayton,  and  possesses  a  neat  chapel,  which 
was  built  about  sixteen  years  ago,  by  T.  H.  Graham, 
Esq.,  the  inhubitanls  assisting  by  carting  materials, 
and  Lord  Carlible  gave  the  stone.  The  chapel  is  a  neat 
and  wellfiMishcd  structure,  and  is  kept  in  repair  by 
T.  II.  Graham,  E-<q.,  who  has  also  endowed  it  with  £80 
out  of  Wiggilhill  estate,  a  property  of  his  adjoining  the 
chapel.  The  Rev.  James  Irving  is  curate  to  the  Rev. 
George  Toppin,  of  Hayton.  He  resides  at  Talkin, 
and  assists  Mr,  Toppin  at  Hayton,  as  well  as  doing 
duty  here. 

The  parsonage  is  a  neat  and  commodious  house, 
erected  by  T.  II.  Graham,  Esq.,  who  also  gave  the  site. 
The  grounds  around  the  house  are  neatly  laid  out. 


Talkin  Tarn,  a  small  lake  well  stocked  with  iish,  is 
situated  in  this  township. 

CHAMTJ. 

School. — By  indenture  of  bargain  and  sale,  dated  1st 
September,  178.T,  John  Milbourne  granted  to  trustees  a 
piece  of  ground  called  Willy  JMoor,  containing  six  acres, 
lying  in  Ilaytou  Low  Moor,  on  trust  to  let  the  same, 
and  apply  the  rents  for  and  towards  the  schooling  of  as 
many  poor  children  of  Talkin  quarter  as  the  rents 
should  be  sufficient  to  teach.  In  or  about  the  year 
1842,  Thomas  II.  Graham,  Esq.,  purchased  these  six 
acres  from  the  trustees,  and  in  lieu  thereof  laid  a  rent 
charge  of  £10  a  year  on  his  estate  adjoining  the  school. 
On  the  enclosure  of  the  common  thirty  acres  were 
allotted  to  the  school,  which  now  produce  £15  a  year. 
The  total  income  is  now  £30  per  annum,  exclusive  of 
the  children's  quarter  pence.  A  new  school,  with 
teacher's  house  attached,  was  erected  in  1858,  at  a  cost 
of  £000,  defrayed  by  subscription  and  a  government 
grant  of  £380.  The  school  is  under  government 
inspection  ;  the  master  is  assisted  by  one  pupil  teacher. 
Average  attendance  eighty  children. 


IIITHINGTON    rAPJSH, 

TtiF.  parish  of  Irthington  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Walton  and  Kirklinton,  on  the  west  by  Scaleby  and  Crosby, 
on  the  south  by  Hayton,  and  on  the  east  by  Bram[iton.  The  river  Irthing,  from  which  its  name  is  derived,  flows 
at  its  southern  extremity.  The  parish  is  intersected  by  the  site  of  the  celebrated  Roman  Wall,  and  by  the  military 
ro;id  from  Carlisle  to  Newcastle.  In  Newby  township  is  Watch  Cross,  the  Aballaba  of  the  Romans.  The  soil  of 
the  ancient  enclosures  in  this  parish  is  Ught  and  sandy ;  that  between  the  village  and  the  river  consists  of  a  mixture 
cf  loam  and  moss,  and  clay  is  found  on  the  hills.  Plenty  of  excellent  stone  is  found  throughout  the  parish  well 
suited  for  buildings,  being  the  old  red  sandstone.  The  farmers  generally  attend  both  Carlisle  and  Brampton  markets. 
The  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Irthington,  Laversdale,  Newby,  and  Newton,  whose  aggregate  area  is  C,050 
acres  (0,352  in  rate  book).     Population  entirely  agricultural. 

lUTHINGTON. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  947  acres  (889  in  rate 
book),  and  its  rateable,  value  £1,043  83.  The  popu- 
lation in  1801  was  197;  in  ISll,  224;  in  1821,  251; 
in  1831,  207;  in  1841,  270;  and  in  1851,  220;  who 
reside  in  the  village  of  Irthington,  and  the  small  hamlets 
of  Old  Wall  and  Ruleholmc. 

A  Roman  castlo  originally  existed  near  tho  site  of 
the  present  farm  buildings,  called  Nook,  now  in  tho 
occmiation  of  the  Messrs.  Bell,  whoso  predecessor,  the 
late  Robert  Bell,  made  a  collection  of  tho  principal 
Roman  relics  that  were  found  in  the  neighbourhood, 
such  OS  coins,  seals,  altars,  pottery,  &c.    This  collection 


is  still  kept  on  the  premises,  and  is  of  interest  to  the 
historian  and  the  antiquary. 

The  manorial  rights  of  Irthington  are  held  by  the 
Earl  of  Carlisle,  as  lord  of  the  barony  of  Gilsland, 
which  includes  the  whole  of  this  parish.  The  principal 
landowners  ore  the  Earl  of  Carlisle.  Rev.  W.  Dacre 
(vicar),  Messrs.  John  and  George  Bell,  Thomas  Graham, 
Thomas  liulnmn,  William  Law,  John  Bowman,  George 
Ramsay,  John  Boastead. 

The  village  of  Irthington,  or  tlie  "town  on  the 
Irthing,"  is  largo  and  straggling.  It  is  situated  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Irthing,  2J  miles  west-by-north  of 
Brampton.   King  John  was  here  on  February  30, 1201. 


680 


ESKDALE  w.vnn. 


THE    CUURCH. 

Irtliiiigton  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Kentigern,  or  St. 
Miingii,  is  the  principal  ohject  of  interest  in  the  parish, 
liaviiig  been  entirely  restored  within  the  Inst  two  vears, 
under  the  present  incumbent,  and  his  predecessor,  the 
Rev.  J.  Hancock.    The  original  church  w;is  built  about 
the  twelfth  century,  and  consisted  of  a  nave  and  aisles, 
with  a  small  bell  turret.     The  present  church  is  erected 
on  the  original  site,  and  has  been  entirely  rebuilt,  with 
the  exception  of  the  arches  in  the  interior.     Of  these, 
the  chancel  arch  is  a  very  beautiful  specimen  of  the 
Korraan  Decorated  style  ;  the  other  arches  are  all  plain 
and  massive  Norman,  with  the  excejition  of  the  two 
west  arches,  which  are  pointed,  showing  the  original 
church   to   have   been   built   at   the   tran.^itiou   period. 
The  exterior  of  the   chancel  is  restored  with  stones 
out  of  the  old   Roman  wall,   on  many  of  which  the 
original  chisel  marks  of  the  Roman  masons  are  still 
distinctly  visible.     There  are  three  very  fine  windows, 
by  Wailes  of  Newcastle,  to  the  memory  of  the  late 
Robert  Bell,  —  besides  two  minor  ones,  one  in  memory 
of  the  late  Robert  Bowman,  of  this  pari>h,  who  died  at 
the  advanced  age  of  1 18  years,  and  the  other  in  memory 
of  the  late  Mr.  Dodgson,  of  Beck.     The  entire  expense 
of  the  restoration,  inclusive  of  the  windows,  was  about 
£1,000,  which  sum  was  raised  by  subscription  among 
the  owners  and  occupiers  of  land  in  tlie  parish.     Tbe 
church  of  Irthington  was  granted  to  the  prior  and 
convent  of  Lanercost,  by  Robert  de  Yallibus,  and  it 
was  soon  appropriated  to  that  house.      In  the  year 
1221  the  vicarage  was  ta.\ed   as  follows   by  Bishop 
Malclerk : — The  vicar  to  have  the  whole  altarage,  with 
the  corn  lithe  of  the  vill  of  Irthington,  and  all  the  land 
belonging  to  the  said  church,  with  the  lithe  of  hay  and 
mills  throughout  the  whole  parish,  with  all  small  tithes 
belonging  to  the  altarage  ;   saving  to  the  prior  and 
convent  yearly  three  eskcps  of  oatmeal,  and  two  cskeps 
of  malt ;  which  was  afterwards  altered  by  Bishop  Close 
to  one  eskep  and  a  half  of  oatmeal.      In  the  Valor  of 
Pope  Nicholas,  the  church  of  Tnhingion  is  rated  at 
£13  10s.  ;  and  the  vicarage  at  £10.      In  the  Valor  of 
Edward  II.,  they  were  stated  to  be   worth  nothing, 
because   they  were   totally  destroyed.     In  the  King's 
Book,  the  vicarage  of  Irthington  is  rated  at  £0   Is.  5^d. 
On  the  dissolution  of  Lanercost  Priory,  the  church  of 
Irthington  was  granted,  among  other  possessions  of  the 
said  priory,  to  Sir  Thomas  Dacre,  Knight,  by  Edward 
VI.,  in  the  sixth  year  of  his  reign  ( 1 .559-3.)  The  benefice 
is  now  a  discharged  vicarage,  in  the  patronage  of  Joseph 
Dacre,  Esq.,  of  Kirklinton  Hall,  brother  of  the  present 
vicar.  The  living  was  certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty  as  of  the  annual  value  of  £30 ;  it  is  now 


worth  about  £330.  The  tithes  in  this  parish  are  very 
small,  the  greater  part  of  the  land  being  lithe  free. 
There  are  about  400  acres  of  land  belonging  to  the 
church,  which  are  at  present  undergoing  great  improve- 
ments; the  greater  part  of  this  land  was  given  in  lieu 
of  vicarial  tithes  on  the  enclosure  of  the  commons  in 
1783.  The  priucipal  glebe  house  was  erected  about 
ten  years  ago. 

Vicars  : — William  de  Meleburn,  1224  ;  Laurence  de  Caldre, 
13:!";  John  Farelmrne,  died  1007;  Robert  Hutton,  lr)C7; 
Robert  Dobson,  15H5;  Leonard  Scolt,  IJHO;  Joseph  Lowden, 
151)7;  Richard  Lowden,  1012;  Anthony  Salkeld,  resigned  l(iV2; 
Kichard  Sibson,  1042;  John  Theakstoi),  Kilil ;  Philip  Fielding, 
1001) ;  John  Gosling,  16)2  ;    Matthei?  Wilkinson,  17.11  ;    James 

Farish,  1745  ;  John  Stamper,  17P.')  ;  John  Topping, ;  John 

Hancock, ;  William  Dacre,  1852. 

Irthington  School  was  rebuilt  by  subscription  in  1830. 
The  roaster  receives  a  sum  of  £23  a  year  from  sub- 
scriptions and  endowments,  the  latter  consisting  of  the 
interest  of  aboul  £'.i.S0  in  the  funds  and  out  on  loau,  de- 
rived from  Hetheriugton's  and  Dalton's  charities. 


CHARITIES. 


TJelhcrinrttona  Ckarilij. — Jane  Hetherington,  by  a 
clause  in  her  will,  dated  27th  Septemlier,  1792,  gave  as 
a  donation,  towards  a  free  school  within  the  parish  of 
Irthington,  for  the  use  and  education  of  poor  children, 
the  sum  of  £100,  which  was  paid  by  her  brother, 
Edward  Hetherington,  and  was  subsequently  laid  out 
on  mortgage.  This  money  has  been  since  lent  out  at 
interest,  and  the  proceeds  devoted  to  the  education  of 
the  poor  in  Irthington  and  Laversdale  schools. 

Dalton's  Charitij. — Jane  Dalton,  about  the  year  1795, 
bequeathed  £100,  upon  trust,  to  bo  placed  out,  and 
directed  that  the  interest  of  the  same  should  be  paid 
to  the  minister  of  the  parish  of  Irthington,  by  whom 
she  directed  the  same  should  be  applied  towards  the 
education  of  such  poor  children  within  the  parish  as  he 
should  think  fit.  The  interest  is  applied  according  to 
the  iatentions  of  the  douur. 

LWERSDALE. 

The  area  of  Laversdale  township  is  3,415  acres  (3,225 
in  rate  book),  and  its  rateable  value  £2,852  8s.  In 
1801  it  contained  399  inhabitants;  in  1811,390;  in 
1821,  450;  in  1831,  431;  in  1841,  438;  and  in  1851, 
429.  The  manorial  rights  are  held  by  the  Earl  of  Car- 
lisle. The  principal  landowners  are  Thomas  Clark, 
Thomas  Calvert,  James  de  Vitru,  Esq.,  John  Hogg, 
Rev.  W.  Dacre,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Joseph  Dickinson, 
William  Maude,  Edward  Waugh,  Richard  Waugh, 
Thomas  Law,  Isaac  and  John  Phillips,  James  Fawcett, 
Mrs.  George  Saul,  Mrs.  James,  John  Boustead,  Edward 


KIRKANDKEWS-UPON-ESK  PARISH. 


081 


Standish,  Thomas  Staiiwix,  and  Thomas  Sarginson. 
Great  improvements  have  been  made  in  this  township 
within  the  List  few  years,  both  socially  and  as  regards 
its  agriculture.  Lands  have  been  improved,  bridges 
constructed,  mosses  reclaimed,  and  schools  erected. 

A  new  school  and  classroom,  with  good  house  attached, 
were  erected  about  three  years  ago,  on  a  site  conveyed 
to  trustees  by  the  late  Robert  James,  of  Mireside,  who 
has  also  left  £'300  by  will  to  endow  tiie  school.  There 
were  also  £100  givea  by  the  late  James  Boustead,  of 
Cumrenton,  lent  out  at  l*  per  cent  for  the  same  pur- 
pose. The  master  is  also  supporteil  by  subscriptious 
amounting  to  about  £'17  per  annum  and  the  school  fees. 
This  school  is  under  government  inspection,  having 
been  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  £'600,  £284  of  which 
was  given  by  a  grant  from  the  Committee  of  Council 
on  Education.  Service  is  performed  in  the  school-room 
every  Sunday  afternoon  by  the  vicar. 

The  village  of  Lavcrsdale  is  three  and  a  half  miles 
west-north-west  of  Brampton. 

At  Cumrenton  there  was  formerly  a  wood  containing 
300  acres. 

Old  Wall  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  three  miles 
west-north-west  of  Brampton. 

SEWBY. 

Newby  contains  807  acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is 
£535  4s.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1801  was 
106;  in  1811,  100;  in  1891,  07;  in  183),  110;  in 
1841,  VH;  and  in  1851,  134.  This  is  a  small  town- 
ship, chietly  in  the  possession  of  T.  H.  Graham,  Esq., 
of  Edmond  Castle,  Miss  Lamb,  Jlessrs.  Thomas  Little, 
and  James  Brough.  It  overhangs  the  river  Irthiug 
near  its  junction  with  the  Eden. 

In  this  township  is  situated  Watch  Cross,  the 
Aballaba  of  the  Ilomans.  Horsley  gives  the  following 
account  of  the  station  :  —  "A  little  detached  from  the 


road,  to  the  south,  is  a  Roman  fort  of  about  four  chains 
and  a  half  square,  called  Watch  Cross ;  and  as  I  was 
assured  by  the  country  people,  and  have  had  it  since 
further  confirmed,  a  military  way  has  gone  near  it,  or 
between  it  and  the  military  road  belonging  to  the  wall; 
for  they  often  plough  up  paving  stones  here,  and  think 
part  of  the  highway  to  Brampton  to  be  upon  it.  This 
is  the  least  station  on  the  line  of  wall,  and  is  as  usual 
plundered  of  its  stones,  as  at  Burgh  and  Drumburgh. 
However,  the  ramparts  and  ditch  are  very  fair  and 
visible."  The  common  on  which  this  station  stood 
being  enclosed  about  eighty  years  ago,  and  brought 
into  cultivation,  all  traces  of  the  camp  have  been 
obliterated.  This  camp  has  been  supposed  to  have 
been  only  a  summer  encampment,  and  was  garrisoned 
by  a  detachment  of  Moors. 

KEWTOWK. 

The  area  of  Newtown  is  1 ,536  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  £831  16s.  The  population  in  1801  was  168  ;  in 
1811,188:  in  1821,222;  in  1831,  215  ;  in  1841,  217; 
and  in  1851,  212.  The  principal  landowners  are  the 
Earl  of  Carlisle,  W.  P.  Johnson,  Esq.,  Miss  Lamb,  and 
Mrs.  Dodgson.  The  Roman  wall  runs  through  this  and 
Laversdale  township,  and  may  be  very  distinctly  traced 
along  the  whole  extent  of  its  course  through  the  parish. 
At  the  west  end  of  the  township  are  the  remains  of  a 
large  Roman  mile  castle,  the  stones  still  lie  in  confusion 
upon  its  sites. 

The  village  of  Newtown  occupies  a  very  picturesque 
situation  two  and  a  half  miles  north-west  of  Brampton. 
It  is  composed  of  a  number  of  small  cottages,  erected 
at  the  time  when  hand-loom  weaving  was  a  more 
flourishing  trade  than  at  present ;  the  cottages  are  now 
occupied,  for  the  most  part,  by  a  wandering  class  of 
tenants,  who  come  here  during  the  winter.  There  is  a 
small  place  of  worship  belonging  to  tlie  Independents. 


KIRKANDREWS-UPON-ESK  PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  rivers  Liddel,  Kershope,  Sark,  and  Scott's  Dyke,  which  separate  it 
from  Scotland;  on  the  west  by  the  Solway  Frith;  on  the  south  by  the  parishes  of  Arthurct  and  Hewcaslle  ;  and  on 
the  north-east  by  Kershope.  It  extends  from  the  Solway  to  the  confines  of  Norlhumbcriand,  a  distance  of  about 
twenty  miles,  tho  average  breadth  being  about  three  miles.  This  large  parish,  which  forms  the  principal  part  of  the 
barony  of  Liddel,  was,  previous  to  tho  union  of  England  and  Scotland,  tho  constant  theatre  of  war,  rapine,  and  blood- 
shed. It  is  now  inhabited  by  opulent  farmers  and  a  contented  peasantry,  and  is  one  of  the  most  orderly  and  peace- 
able districts  in  tho  kingdom.  Tho  Caledonian  railway  intersects  the  lower  part  of  tho  parish,  and  has  a  station  near 
the  river  Sark,  in  Nether  township,  not  far  from  Gretna.  The  parish  comprises  tho  townships  of  Middle  Quarter, 
Moat  (^larter.  Nether  (Quarter,  and  tlic  ohapclry  of  Nichol  Forest,  wliose  united  area  is  17.246  acres  ;  the  rateable 
value  is  £13,359  12s.  7}d.  Sir  James  R.  (i.  Graham,  Bart.,  is  owner  of  tho  whole  parish,  witli  the  exception  of 
some  estates  in  tho  chapelry  of  Nichol  Forest.  Agriculture  is  the  employment  of  the  iuhabitants,  and  Carlisle 
the  market  attended. 


81 


682 


ESKDALE  WARD. 


MIDDLE    QUARTER. 

This  township  comprises  an  area  of  •4,531  acres,  and 
its  niteiible  value  is  £4,(l(i'.2  5s.  lid.  The  population 
in  isui  was  573;  iulSll,  COO;  in  1831,034;  iul831, 
401  ;  in  1841,  458;  and  in  1851,  403. 

lu  the  neighbourhood  of  the  church  is  an  ancient 
border  fortress,  consisting  of  a  square  tower,  "  with  a 
ground  lloor  and  two  apartments  above,  oue  over  the 
other  ;  in  the  lirst  lloor  it  was  usual  to  keep  the  cattle  ; 
in  the  two  last  was  lodged  the  family."  About  a  mile 
from  the  church  is  a  freestone  quarry. 


THE    CHURCH. 


The  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Andrew,  occupies 
a  picturesque  situation,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Esk, 
two  and  a  half  miles  north  of  Longtown.  It  was  rebuilt 
in  1770,  partly  on  the  site  of  an  older  edifice,  by  the 
late  Rev.  Robert  Graham,  D.D.,  and  is  a  plain  sub- 
stantial stone  structure,  consisting  of  a  nave,  with  a 
semicircular  apse,  which  serves  as  a  chancel,  and  a 
small  bell  turret  containing  one  bell.  There  are  240 
sittings,  all  of  which  are  free,  with  the  exception  of  two, 
set  apart  for  the  rector  and  the  Graham  family.  There 
is  a  small  gallery  over  the  entrance  at  the  south  end. 
The  benefice  is  a  rectory,  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at 
£3  lis.  5d.,  and  certified  to  the  Ecclesiastical  Com- 
missioners as  of  the  average  value  of  JC513  a  year. 
According  to  the  Clergy  List  it  is  now  worth  £854  per 
annum.  The  tithes  were  commuted  in  1849  for 
JE854  12s.  Gl,  viz.,  £353  16s.  3d  for  Middle  Quarter; 
i354  8s.  8d.  for  Nether  Quarter;  £114  13s.  lid.  for 
Moat  Quarter;  and  £31  13s.  8d.  for  Nichol  Forest 
Chapclry ;  this  last  was  in  lieu  of  a  modus.  The 
parish  registers  are  preserved  from  the  year  1664. 
For  succession  of  rectors,  see  Arthuret  parish. 

There  are  four  schools  in  the  parish,  one  in  each 
quarter,  which  receive  £5  a  year  each  from  Lady  Wid- 
drington's  charity.  Sir  James  Graham,  in  18vi6,  gave 
five  acres  of  common  to  the  schoolmaster  of  Middle 
Quarter,  which  now  produces  £3  a  year. 

CHARITY. 

Laihj  Widdrhtdtnn's  Charity. — By  indenture,  dated 
14th  August,  1754,  enrolled  in  Chancery,  reciting  that 
Lady  Widdiinglou  and  her  ancestors,  owners  of  the 
manors  of  Arthuret  and  Kirk  Andrews,  had  for  many 
years  then  last  past,  paid  unto  several  schoolmasters 
the  yearly  sum  of  £12,  that  is  to  say,  £6  toeach  parish, 
for  teacbiug  the  poor  children  of  and  belonging  to  the 
manors  and  parishes  of  Arthuret  and  Kirk  Andrews 
aforesaid,  to  read,  write,  and  cast  accounts.  And  further 
reciting,  ihat  Lady  Graham  had,  by  her  will,  dated  the 
3rd  of  June,  1743,  bequeathed  to  the  parishes  of  Kirk 


Andrews  and  Arthuret,  each  £20,  as  should  be  judgi  d 
proper  by  the  ministers  of  each  parish,  for  their  use  ai.d 
benefit :  and  that  the  ministers  of  the  said  parishes  had 
judged  the  application  thereof  to  and  for  the  benefit  of 
the  said  schools,  as  the  best  and  most  proper  way  of 
disposing  thereof.  It  is  witnessed  that  the  said  Lady 
Widdrington,  for  the  effectual  securing  the  due  payment 
of  the  said  yearly  sum  of  £12,  as  also  of  the  interest  or 
produce  of  the  said  £40,  and  for  the  better  provision 
and  maintenance  of  such  schoolmasters  as  aforesaid,  for 
ever  granted  to  trustees  a  yearly  rent  charge  of  £40,  issu  - 
ing  out  of  certain  messuages  and  tenements,  or  farm 
holds,  called  Burnfoot,  within  the  parish  of  Arthuret, 
upon  trust,  that  they  should  pay  one  moiety  thereof  to 
the  rector  of  Arthm-et  for  the  time  being,  and  the  other 
moiety  to  the  rector  of  Kirk  Andrews-upon-Esk  for  the 
time  being,  to  be  by  them  respectively  applied  and 
disposed  of  to  as  many  schoolmasters,  and  in  such 
proportion  and  manner  as  they  should  think  fit,  for  the 
educating  and  instructing  of  such  poor  children  of  or 
belonging  to  the  parishes  of  Arthuret  and  Kirk  Andrews, 
as  the  said  rectors  for  the  time  being  should  from  time 
to  time  respectively  nominate  and  appoint,  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Church  of  England  as  by  law  established, 
and  to  read,  write,  and  cast  accounts.  Tiie  rent  charge 
of  £40  is  regularly  paid  by  Sir  James  Graham  to  the 
dilTerent  schoolmasters  in  the  parishes  of  Arthuret  and 
Kirk  Andrews. 

MOAT. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1,581  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  £1,472  12s.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in 
1801  was  291;  in  1811,  281;  in  1821,  300;  in  1831, 
170;  in  1841,  205,  and  in  1851,  199.  Moat  township 
extends  about  two  miles  along  the  south  bank  of  the 
Liddel.  Here  are  the  remains  of  an  extensive  border 
fortress,  known  as  Liddell  Strength,  long  the  principal 
seat  of  the  lords  of  Liddell  barony.  They  occupy  the 
summit  of  a  precipice,  and  present  the  appearance  of  a 
great  mound,  covering  about  five  acres,  surrounded  by 
a  moat.  Liddell  Strength  was  taken  by  William  of 
Scotland  in  1174.  In  the  reign  of  David  Bruce  it 
was  the  scene  of  most  savage  cruelty  and  revenge.  The 
Scottish  king,  on  his  march  to  the  county  of  Durham, 
invested  this  stronghold,  which  was  defended  by  au 
English  knight.  Sir  Walter  Selby,  and  200  men  at 
arms.  Being  reduced  to  the  last  extremity,  the  garri- 
son yielded,  upon  which  the  two  sons  of  Sir  Walter 
Selby  were  strangled  in  their  father's  presence,  and  he 
himself  was  afterwards  beheaded. 

CHAEITr. 

Lockhart's  Charity. — David  Lockhart,  a  native  of  this 
parish,  who  died  in  the  West  Indies,  left  by  will,  dated 


KIRKLTNTOK   PARISH. 


G83 


1849,  f  100  to  the  rector  of  tins  parish,  for  tlie  time 
being,  upon  trust,  the  interest  to  bo  applied  towards  the 
support  of  Moat  School.  The  legacy  dut)'  and  other 
incidental  expenses  being  deducted  for  the  £100,  the 
balance  has  been  invested  in  the  public  funds,  and  now 
produces  £'2  7s.  a  year.  He  also  bequeathed,  at  the 
same  time,  a  similar  sum  to  the  poor  of  the  parish,  to 
be  distributed  as  the  curate  thought  fit.  This  sum  was 
not  invested,  but  was  given  to  the  poor  during  the  five 
cars  1850—54. 

NETHER   TOWNSHIP. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  8,832  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £4.330  Os.  4d.  The  population  in  1801 
was  245;  in  1811,448;  in  1821,510;  in  1831,485; 
in  1841,  444;  and  in  1851,  452,  The  Caledonian 
railway  has  a  station  in  this  township. 

Nether,  or  Low  Quarter,  which  extends  from  one  to 
four  miles  west,  north-north-west,  and  south-south-west 
of  Longtown,  comprises  the  Debaieable  Lands  of 
border  warfare,  and  Solom,  or  Solway  Moss,  celebrated 
i'lr  the  victory  obtained  over  the  Scots  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIIL,  and  for  the  remarkable  overflow  of  the 
Moss  in  the  year  1771.  The  eruption  began  on  the 
15th  of  November;  it  continued  to  flow  for  several 
days,  covering  with  its  black  stream  several  hundred 
acres  of  fertile  land,  and  destroying  many  of  the 
tenants'  houses.  The  miscliief  at  first  seemed  irre- 
]\irable ;  but  by  the  spirited  exertions  of  Dr.  Graham, 
who  Wiis  landlord  of  the  whole  inundated  tract,  the 
ground  was  gradually  cleared,  at  a  great  expense,  and 
again  brought  into  cuhivalion. 

Joseph  Faulder,  who  was  boru  here,  and  lived  in  the 


township  for  about  a  century,  attained  the  remarkable 
age  of  1 04  years.  He  died  at  Alstonby,  in  the  parish 
of  Kirklinton. 

KICHOL    FORKST. 

The  area  of  the  chapclry  of  Nichol  Forest  is.  7,302 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  £3,485  14s.  4id.  In 
1801  it  contained  008  inhabitants;  in  1811,  757;  in 
1821,  795;  in  1831,  907;  in  1841,  825;  and  in 
1851,  744;  resident  principally  in  scattered  dwellings 
distant  from  six  to  fourteen  miles  north-east  of  Long- 
town.  The  Border  Union  railway  runs  through  the 
northern  part  of  the  towubhip,  and  will  have  a  station 
at  Penton.  The  landowners  are  Sir  James  R.  G. 
Graham;  William  Charlton,  Esq.;  George  G.  Moun- 
sey,  Esq.;  and  a  few  resident  yeomen. 

THE    CHAPEL. 

The  chapel-of-ease,  situated  at  Kingfield,  about  si.v 
miles  north-east  of  the  parish  church,  was  rebuilt  in 
1812.  The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the  patronage 
of  the  rector  of  the  parish,  and  worth  about  £132  a 
year.     The  Rev.  John  Wannop  is  the  present  curate. 

The  parsonage  is  a  comfortable  dwelling,  erected  by 
the  rector  in  1836,  aided  by  a  grant  from  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty. 

The  school,  which  receives  £6  a  year  from  Lady 
Widdrington's  charity,  is  situated  at  Warwick's  Land. 

Catlowdy  and  Scuggate  are  small  hamlets  in  this 
township.  At  Penton,  about  a  mile  and  half  south- 
west of  the  chapel,  the  river  Liddell  rolls  its  rapid 
stream  with  much  grandeur,  forming,  in  some  places, 
fine  cascades,  which  foam  over  huge  rocks  aud  abrupt 
precipices. 


KIEIO^INTON  PARISH. 

This  parish,  anciently  known  as  Kirklcvington,  extends  about  eleven  miles  on  the  south  side  of  the  river  Line,  with 
an  average  brendth  of  two  miles. '  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  river  just  named,  on  the  west  by  Rockliffo,  on 
the  south  by  Stanwix,  Scaleby,  and  Walton,  and  on  the  east  by  Stapleton.  The  soil,  as  might  be  expected,  varies  ; 
1  cold,  wet,  and  barren  clay  prevailing  on  the  east,  while  a  loamy  and  fertile  .soil  is  found  in  other  parts.  The  surface 
is  nearly  h'vel,  having  a  slight  clovHiicn  on  the  north-west  only.  There  are  sevend  quarries  of  limestone  in  the 
parish,  and  in  the  river  Lino  is  an  abundance  of  various  kinds  of  fish.  Kirklinton  parish  comprises  the  townships 
of  Middle  (Quarter,  Hethersgill.  and  Wesllinton,  whose  united  area  is  7,800  acres.  During  the  last  forty  years 
considerable  improvements  have  been  riTccleJ  in  this  parish.  The  inhobilants  are  chiolly  engaged  in  agricultural 
pursuits,  and  attend  the  markets  at  Carlisle. 


The  barony  of  Levington,  comprising  the  parishes  of 
Kirklinton  and  Scaleby,  was  granted  by  i;aiiul|)h  de 
Mtiscbines  in  the  reign  of  Wilh'am  tiio  Conqueror  to 
Richard  Boyville,  a  commander  under  him  in  tlie  royal 


army,  whose  posterity  assumed  the  name  of  De 
Levington.  This  grant  was  confirmed  by  Henry  I.  Sir 
Ranulph  de  Boyville,  or  Levington.  the  last  of  the 
family,  died  iu  the  year  1253,  leaving  an  infant  daughter, 


6S4 


ESKDALE  WARD. 


Harriet,  afterwards  the  wife  of  Eustace  de  Baliol, 
to  whom  and  her  husband  a  market,  at  Levington,  on 
Thursday,  and  a  fair  for  three  days  at  the  festival  of 
St.  Peter  (both  long  obsolete),  were  granted  in  1203.' 
On  the  decease  of  the  said  Harriet,  without  issue,  this 
barony  was  divided  between  the  six  sisters  of  lier  father, 
or  their  representatives,  who  were  at  that  time  Richard 
Kirkbride,  Wilham  Loknrd,  Eupheinia,  wife  of  John 
Seaton,  Walter  Twiuham,  Knt.,  Gilbert  Southaik, 
Maud,  wife  of  Nicholas  Aghenloehs,  Maud  Carrick, 
Patrick  Tromp,  Walter,  son  of  Walter  Corry,  and 
ilargaret,  wife  of  Ileury  Malton.  We  have  no  account 
of  what  became  of  the  other  parts  of  this  barony,  but  it 
appears  that  the  Tilliols  became  possessed  by  purchase 
from  the  Tromps,  of  a  third,  consisting  of  the  manor  of 
Kirklinton,  which  passed  to  the  Musgraves,  and  was 
sold  by  Sir  Edward  Musgrave,  of  Hayton,  to  Edmund 
Appleby,  Esq.,  who  died  in  1698.  Joseph,  son  of 
Ivlmund  Appleby,  married  a  daughter  of  Dacre  of 
Lancrcost,and  the  family  eventually  becoming  possessed 
of  the  estates  of  that  branch  of  the  Dacres  assumed  the 
name.  The  barony  or  manor  has  since  continued  in 
the  possession  of  the  Dacre  family,  Joseph  Dacre,  Esq. 
being  the  present  lord. 

The  village  of  Kirklinton,  situated  four  miles  east-by- 
soutii  of  Longtown,  and  nine  miles  north-north-east  of 
Carlisle,  is  partly  in  the  Middle,  and  partly  in  the 
licthersgill  townships  :  the  church  being  in  the  former, 
anil  the  hall  and  rectory  in  the  latter.  Kirklinton 
Hall,  the  seat  of  the  lord  of  the  manor,  is  a  fine  edifice, 
situated  on  a  shght  eminence,  surrounded  by  stately 
trees.  A  short  distance  from  the  hall  are  the  remains 
of  an  ancient  castle,  supposed  to  have  been  the  baronial 
seat  of  the  Boyvilles,  lords  of  Levington.  This  fortress 
commanded  an  extensive  prospect  along  the  beautiful 
vale  of  Line  to  the  Solway  Frith.  The  sea  is  said  to 
have  formerly  flowed  up  this  valley,  nearly  as  far  as  the 
present  hall,  where  numerous  foundations  of  buildings 
have  been  discovered. 


THE  cHincn. 


Kirklinton  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Cuthbert,  was 
erected  in  1845,  upon  a  portion  of  the  site  of  the  ancient 
parish  church,  a  Norman  structure,  supposed  to  have 
been  built  by  Richard  Boyville,  in  the  reign  of  Rufus, 
or  his  successor  Henry  I.  The  present  church  is 
a  handsome  Gothic  structure  of  red  freestone,  consisting 
of  nave,  chancel,  porch,  and  embattled  tower.  The 
interior  presen  s  a  chaste  and  elegant  appearance.  In 
the  chancel  is  a  fine  three-light  window  of  stained  glass, 

1  Cart.  Eot.  10  Henry  III. 


with  representations  of  the  Redeemer,  the  Evangelists, 
Ac.  It  was  presented  by  J.  M.  Strachan,  Esq.,  who,  as 
guardian  of  Joseph  Dacre,  Esq.,  was  patron  till  the  day 
on  which  the  church  was  consecrated,  whcni  the  latter 
attained  his  majority.  The  cost  of  erection  amounted 
to  £1,060.  Several  interesting  remains  of  the  old 
church  are  still  preserved  ;  among  them  arc  an  ancient 
piscina,  and  several  Roman  stones,  the  latter  without 
doubt  being  taken  from  the  Roman  wall,  which,  supplied 
a  great  portion  of  the  materials  for  nearly  all  the 
churches  in  this  part  of  Cumberland.  While  making 
the  necessary  excavations, ,  preparatory  to  laying  the 
foundations  of  the  tower,  sixty  human  skeletons  were 
discovered  buried  within  a  little  distance  of  each  other. 
The  benefice  is  a  rectory,  in  the  patronage  of  the  lord 
of  the  manor,  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £1  Is.,  but 
is  now  worth  £91,  viz.,  £52  Os.  rent  charge,  as  com- 
muted in  1839,  a  modus  formerly  paid  in  money  in  lieu 
of  tithes ;  £10  derived  from  glebe  lands ;  and  the 
interest  of  £1,110  obtained  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty. 
The  parish  registere  commence  in  1652,  but  are  not 
very  legible  till  1706. 

Eectoks.  —  John  de  Bowes,  1293;  William  de  AjTeminne, 
resigned  1310;  Richard  Ajrininnc,  131C;  Robert  de  Tymparon, 
resigned  13:!>;  Thomas  de  Barton,  l:!32;  John  Bone,  13(;2; 
Robert  de  Kirk  by,  1375  ;  John  de  Norfolk  occurs  137rt  ;  Cuth- 
bert Dean,  died  15C7  ;  Robert  Hobson,  1507  ;  Robert  Beck, 
1570;  George  Watson,  159i) ;  Edward  Johnson,  1004;  Chris- 
topher Parrot,  1011  ;  Robert  Priestman,  1043  ;  George  Stoiy, 
resigned  1094;  David  Bell,  1004;  John  Murray,  1700;  Anthony 
Wilton,  1722;  John  Stamper,  1731;  William  Baty,  1761; 
T.  PattinsoD,  1777  ;  W.  P.  Punis,  1834;  George  Bell,  1830. 

The  rectory,  pleasantly  situated  near  the  church,  was 
erected  in  1889,  at  a  cost  of  £500. 

Besides  the  school  at  Shaw  Foot,  there  are  two  others 
in  the  parish,  one  at  Firends,  and  the  other  at  Black- 
ford. 

CHAKITIES. 

Takers  Charity.  —  Hannah  Usher,  of  Rockhflfe,  by 
will,  dated  24th  September,  1747,  left  £20,  the  interest 
of  which  she  directed  to  be  divided  by  the  minister  and 
churchwardens  for  the  time  being  amongst  the  poor 
housekeepers  of  this  parish. 

Pattinsons  Charity. — The  Rev.  Thomas  Pattinson, 
formerly  rector  of  this  parish,  by  will,  dated  25th  of 
February,  1832,  left  £20,  the  interest  of  which  was  to 
be  paid  by  the  incumbent,  after  divine  service  every 
Christmas  Day,  amongst  the  poor  widows  of  the  parish. 
The  £20  arising  from  this  charity,  and  that  arising  from 
Usher's  Charity,  were,  on  the  1st  June,  1848,  invested 
in  the  purchase  of  £47  10s.  5J.,  reduced  Three-per- 
cents.     The  interest  is  divided  as  directed. 


LANEKCOST   ABBEi'  PARISH. 


GS5 


UETHEHSGILL. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £3,489  Cs.  7d. ; 
its  area  is  returned  with  that  of  the  parish.  The 
number  of  its  inhabitants  in  1801  was  005  ;  in  1811, 
092  ;  in  1821,  770  ;  in  1831,  743  ;  in  1841,  799  ;  and 
in  1851,  792. 

Some  estates  in  Hethersgill  township  were  long  held 
by  the  Hetheringtons,  au  ancient  border  family,  whose 
property  came  by  inheritance  to  John  Bacon,  Esq.,  who 
died  in  1816.  The  landowners  at  present  are  Joseph 
Dacre,  Esq. ;  Captain  Tliomas  Irwin :  the  trustees  of 
the  late  Hugh  Patricksou,  Esq. ;  John  Saul,  Esq. ;  and 
several  yeomen. 

The  village  of  Hethersgill  is  about  sLx  miles  north- 
west of  Brampton. 

At  Shaw  Foot  is  a  school  endowed  with  £10  a  year, 
left  by  the  late  John  Lamb,  of  Newton,  Carlisle.  At 
Sike  Side  is  a  meeting-house  belonging  to  the  Society 
of  Friends,  bearing  date  1730;  they  have  a  burial 
ground  at  Meggs,  in  Middle  township.  The  Wesleyans 
have  a  chapel  at  Ullermire,  built  in  1833. 

In  addition  to  Kirkliutou  Hall,  the  township  com- 
prises Kirklinton  Park,  the  property  and  seat  of  the  late 
Hugh  Patrickson,  Esq.,  but  now  a  farm-house. 

There  is  a  corn-mill  in  this  township. 

MIDDLE    QUARTER. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  389 ; 
in  1811,294;  in  1821,  532;  in  1831,520;  in  1841, 
530;  and  in  1851,  502.  The  area  is  included  in  the 
parish  returns;  the  rateable  value  is  £2,881  4s.  lid. 
The  landowners  are  John  Saul,  Esq.;  Joseph  Dacre, 
Esq. ;    and   several   resident    yeomen.      In   Milltown 


Wood,  in  this  township,  are  interred  the  remains  of 
Dr.  Graham,  formerly  a  physician  at  CarUsle,  well 
known  for  his  genius  and  eccentricity,  who,  in  accord- 
ance with  bis  own  request,  was  buried  here  at  midnight. 
The  place  of  his  interment  is  fenced  off  with  iron  pali- 
sades and  planted  with  evergreens. 

•WF.STLINTOS. 

In  1801  Westlinton  contained  519  inhabitants;  in 
1811,526;  in]  821,  693;  in  1831,029;  in  1841,  567  ; 
and  in  1851,  575.  Its  rateable  value  is  £2,719  13s.  lid. 
Its  area  is  returned  with  the  parish.  The  Border  Union 
railway  will  run  tluough  the  western  portion  of  this 
township. 

The  manor  of  AYestlinton  was  the  property  and  resi- 
dence of  a  younger  branch  of  the  Boyviiles,  whose 
heiress  brought  it  to  the  Highmores  of  Harby  Brow, 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.  By  the  latter  it  was  sold 
in  the  reign  of  James  I.  to  the  Blencowes.  It  is  now 
the  property  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale ;  besides  whom 
John  Saul,  Esq.,  and  Captain  Irwin,  with  some  resident 
resident  yeomen,  are  the  landowners. 

The  village  of  Westlinton  is  situate  at  Line  Bridge, 
two  and  a  half  miles  south  of  Longtown,  and  five  and 
a  half  north  of  Carlisle. 

Newton-olT-Kocklitfe  is  a  small  vUlage  in  this  town- 
ship, four  and  a  half  miles  nortb-north-west  of  Carlisle. 

George  Graham,  the  celebrated  watchmaker,  esteemed 
the  first  general  mechanic  of  his  time,  who  invented 
and  constructed  the  sector  for  the  Koyal  Observatory 
at  Greenwich,  by  which  Dr.  Bradley  discovered  the 
aberration  of  the  fked  stars,  was  born  at  Horsgill,  in 
this  parish,  in  the  year  1075. 


LANERCOST  ABBEY  PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  that  of  Bewcastle,  on  the  west  by  those  of  ^\'aUon  and  Stapleton,  and  ou  the 
south  and  east  by  the  river  Irtiiing.  It  is  intersected  by  the  river  Kingwatcr  and  several  smaller  streams.  The 
celebrated  GilsIanJ  spas  are  in  this  parish.  The  soil  in  the  lowlands  is  generally  loamy  and  fertile.  On  the  banks 
of  the  Irthing  and  Kingwatcr  it  resU  upon  limestone,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the  eastern  side,  which  is  cold  and 
sterile,  is  very  fruitful  in  the  production  of  grain.  Roman  remains  have  been  found  in  the  parish.  The  great 
Roman  wall  ran  through  the  township  of  Burtholme,  and  portions  of  it,  eleven  feet  high,  may  still  be  seen  at 
Uarchill  and  also  at  Garthside.  The  road  through  the  small  village  of  Banks  is  on  its  sit<?.  Lnncrcost  jiarish 
comprises  the  townships  of  Askerton,  Burtholme,  Kingwater,  and  Waterhead,  whose  united  area  is  30,510  acres. 

BnuTiioi.MK.  the  area  is  returned  with  the  parish.     The  principal 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  279;  landowners  are  the  Euri  of  CariLsle,  the  trustees  of  the 

in  1811,  202 ;  in  1821,  223 ;  in  1831,  239  ;  in  1841,  late  Hugh  Patrickson,  Esq..  and  Mr.  Joseph  Bell. 

310;  and  in  1851,  317.   The  rateable  value  is  £2,890  ;  The  small  village  of  Abbey  Lanercost  is  two  and  a 


680 


ESKDALK  WATIP. 


half  miles  north-east  of  Brampton  and  eleven  and  a  half 
east-north-east  of  Carlisle. 

Beyond  what  its  antiquities  afford  wo  possess  no 
information  relating  to  Lauercost  previous  to  the  year 
]169,  when  Robert  de  Vallibus  founded  a  priory  here 
for  Augustinian  monks,  which  was  endowed  bv  himself 
and  subsequent  benefactors  with  ample  revenues.'  The 
patronage  of  the  priory  was  granted  by  the  founder  to 
the  convent.  The  "  Chronicle  of  Lanercost"  informs  us 
that  King  Edward  I.  with  his  queen,  Eleanor,  came  to 
Lanercost  on  the  llth  of  September,  1180;  that  the 
king  offered  a  cloth  of  silk,  and  that  he  had  been  hunt- 
ing in  Inglewood  Forest,  where  he  was  said  to  have  taken 
tJOO  bucks  and  does.  On  the  22nd  of  March  following 
Ralph  Irton,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  visited  the  convent  and 
obliged  the  canons  to  receive  a  new  set  of  statutes.  The 
king  appears  to  have  been  at  Lanercost  again  in  1299 
or  1300.  On  the  1st  of  October,  1306,  King  Edward 
being  then -aged  and  infirm,  came  to  Lanercost  with  his 
queen,  Jlargarct,  and  staid  there  till  the  5  th.  After  a 
short  visit  to  Carlisle,  they  returned  to  Lanercost  on 
the  8th,  and  the  king's  health  being  then  in  a  veiy 
■declining  state,  they  remained  there  till  the  28th  of 
February  following.  In  consideration  of  the  expenses 
to  which  the  monks  bad  been  put  by  his  long  residence 
among  them,  and  the  damage  which  they  suffered  by  an 
invasion  of  the  Scots,  who  burnt  the  priory  in  1296,  the 
king  granted  them  some  appropriations  as  an  augmen- 
tation of  their  revenues.     Robert  Bruce,  the  Scottish 


•  On  the  fouiulntion  of  tlie  piinry,  Roliert  de  VnlliVms  endowed  it 
wiih  all  the  land  between  Ibe  lloman ,  wall  and  the  Irihiug,  and 
between  Burgli  and  tlif  Pultross  burn.  By  the  .same  cbarterbe  also 
granted  to  ihi'  ccunniuniiy  tbe  village  and  oburcb  of  Walton,  will)  the 
cbapel  of  Triennain,  and  tbe  cbnrcbes  of  Iribiiigton,  Brampton, 
Carlatton,  and  Farbim  ;  and  tbe  land  of  Wartbecolman,  Roswrageth, 
Apeltrethwayt,  and  Brewskibelb;  and  pasture  fur  tbirty  cows  and 
twenty  sows,  witb  tbeir  young,  for  two  years,  and  pannage  in  the 
forest  of  Walton  ;  and  tbe  bark  of  bis  timber  wood  in  bis  biirony,  and 
the  dry  and  fallen  wood  in  his  forest  for  their  fuel ;  witb  liberty  to 
have  mills  and  tisbings  in  Irthing,  King.  Hestingbnrn,  or  elsewhere. 
Besides  these  gifts,  the  founder  also  granted  to  this  priory  tbe  two 
7\skertor.s,  the  tithes  of  all  tbe  vrnison,  as  well  in  flesh  as  skins,  of 
the  skins  of  foxes,  wherever  through  bis  lands  in  Cumberland  tlicy 
should  be  hunted:  of  his  lakes  and  tishings,  and  the  tithes  in  liis 
waste  lands  of  fowls,  calves,  lambs,  pigs,  wool,  cheese,  and  butter; 
and,  when  cultivated,  tithes  of  the  produce  of  his  lands.  Other 
benefactors: — Ada  Engayn  gave  thirty  acres  of  land  in  Bin-gh  Marsh, 
two  sjtltpans,  and  pasture  for  200  sheep,  a  free  net  in  Kden,  three 
marks  of  silver  in  the  church  of  Burgh,  Lazonby,  and  Grinsdale 
I'bnrcbes,  and  Little  Orton  ;  with  a  carucate  of  land  at  Blenecreye, 
and  pasture  there,  for  daily  reinembernnce  at  tbe  altar  of  St.  Catherine 
(or  the  soul  ofher  husband,  Simon  de  MorviUe  ;  David,  son  of  Terric, 
and  Robert,  son  of  Askell,  gave  Lesing's  Hermilnge,  and  common 
pasture  in  Donlon;  Alexander  de  Windsor  gave  tithe  of  the  tithe  of 
the  mulcture  of  Corby  mill ;  and  William,  son  of  Uilard,  a  toft  near 
the  same  mill;  Peter  de  Tilliol,  Simon  de  Tdliol,  and  Henry 
Nonis,  gave  lands  in  Scales ;  Robert,  son  of  Bueth,  and  Robert, 


king,  was  nt  Lanercost,  with  his  army  for  three  days,  in 
1311,  when  be  imprisoned  several  of  tho  monks,  but  set 
them  at  liberty  before  his  departure.  Thomas  do 
Hexham,  who  was  elected  prior  in  1357,  was  obliged  by 
the  bishop,  besides  the  oath  of  canonical  obedience,  to 
make  a  solemn  promise  that  he  would  not  frequent 
public  huntings  or  keep  so  large  a  pack  of  hounds  as  he 
had  formerly  done.  At  the  time  of  the  suppression  of 
this  priory  its  revenues  were  estimated  at  £77  7s.  lid. 
per  annum.  The  site  of  the  priory  and  adjacent  Linds 
were  granted  in  15-13  to  Thomas  Dacre,  Esq.,  after- 
wards Sir  Thomas  Dacre,  Knight,  an  illegitimate  son 
of  Tbomas  Lord  Dacre  of  the  North,  and  his  heirs  male. 
Upon  the  demise  of  James  Dacre,  Esq.,  of  Lanercost, 
in  171C.  without  issue  male,  the  priory  estate,  consist- 
ing of  the  manor  of  Lanercost,  &c.,  reverted  to  the  crown, 
under  which  it  is  now  held  on  lease  by  the  Earl  of 
Carlisle,  who  possesses  felso  the  manors  of  Trodderraain 
or  Triermain,  Askerton,  and  Walton  Wood,  all  in  this 
parish,  and  parcel  of  the  barony  of  Gilsland. 

THE    CHUHCH. 

The  grey  ruins  of  Lanercost  Priory,  approached 
through  the  remains  of  a  gateway  covered  with  ivy, 
stand  a  little  distance  from  the  Irthing,  on  its  northern 
banks.  The  priory  was  dedicated  to  St.  Mary  Mag- 
dalen. The  church  consists  of  a  nave,  with  north  aisle, 
transepts,  and  choir  with  aisles  used  as  monumental 
chapels.     The  western  front  is  one  of  great  beauty  and 


son  of  .\sketel,  a  carucate  of  land  in  Trenton,  and  pasture  for  one 
milking  of  sheep,  twenty  cows,  and  one  bull ;  William,  son  of  Austin, 
with  tbe  consent  of  Eva,  his  wife,  gave  thirteen  acres  of  land  at 
Astineby,  and  an  acre,  called  Kirkacrc,  in  the  same  place;  Adam, 
son  of  Jlichael,  gave  five  acres  of  land  at  Ainstable  ;  Ralph  de  la 
Ferte  gave  one  toft  and  two  acres  of  land  in  the  village  of  Beaumont; 
Maud  dc  Multon  gave  common  of  pasture  at  Brampton ;  Tbomas  de 
Multoi!,  and  Maud,  his  wife,  gave  six  acres  of  land  at  the  same 
place,  calleil  Tenter  Bank ;  Robert,  son  of  .Adam,  gave  lands  at 
Xorihwode;  and  lands  were  also  given  at  Crossflut;  Walter  Benny 
gave  one  improvement  at  Burdoswald  ;  Eustace  de  Vallibus  gave 
one  carucate  of  land  at  Castle  Carrock ;  Robert  de  Castlecarrock  gave 
pasture  for  200  sheep,  twenty  cows,  and  their  young,  for  one  year, 
eight  oxen,  one  bull,  two  horses,  and  tbirty  goats,  with  one  shielding 
nt  Breudscul,  in  Castle  Carrock  ;  William  Laveile  gave  his  body  to 
tbe  priory,  with  a  toft  and  croft  at  Castle  Carrock,  containing  rather 
more  than  two  acres,  and  half  an  acre  at  Snninebrokeil,  with  common 
of  pasture:  Robert  de  Vallibus,  son  of  Raiuilpb,  gave  conjuion  of 
pasture  at  Carnbeck;  Walter  Fykeriug  gave  a  yearly  rent  of  one 
shilling,  issuing  out  of  his  house  adjoining  to  the  foss  of  Carlisle 
Castle;  John  de  B.-utbby  gave  a  messuage  in  Fisher-street,  in  the 
city  of  Carlisle ;  William  Mareschal  and  his  wife  gave  a  messuage 
in  the  same  street;  Robert  de  Tybay  gave  all  his  tenements  iu 
Bolcbergale,  in  Carlisle,  and  also  a  yearly  rent  of  2(j3.  8d. ;  Walter 
de  Wyndesover  granted  lands  at  Clovegill,  which  were  afterwards 
released  by  Thessauia  Werry  and  Margaret,  her  sister;  Matilda  de 
Vallibus  gave  a  well  or  spring  towards  Crechok;  Robert  de  Vallibus 
gave  Cumquenach;    and   Walter  Banny  gave  half  a  carucate  of 


LANERCOST   ABBEY    PARISH. 


GS7 


simplicity  ;  a  magnificent  pointed  door,  of  many  mould- 
ings, lills  the  west  coinpartnient;  above  it  runs  a  series 
of  elof,',int  niches,  tlieti  seven  tall  lancets  fill  the  whole 
length  of  the  front,  having  the  alternate  ones  only 
pierced  for  lights;  in  the  gable  is  a  niche  containing  a 
statue  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  Child,  and  ou  each 
side  shields  cliarged  with  the  armorial  cognizaucea  of 
the  priory  and  the  Dacres,  and  the  top  is  crowned  by 
the  fragments  of  a  beautiful  cross.  The  nave  is  fitted 
up  as  the  parish  church.  For  some  time  previous  to 
the  1-lth  December,  1817,  the  roof  was  in  a  very  dilapi- 
dated state,  when  a  portion  of  it  above  the  communion 
table  fell  in,  and  so  rendered  the  church  unfit  for  the 
performance  of  public  worship.  By  the  aid  of  a  grant 
from  the  Coraiuissiouers  of  Woods  and  Forests,  the 
nave  has  been  rendered  more  worthy  of  the  uses  to 
which  it  is  appropriated,  having  been  restored  in  a 
manner  becoming  the  imposing  appearance  of  the  exte- 
rior of  the  fabric.  The  roof  is  open.  The  sittings  are 
of  OiiU,  and  all  open  benches.  There  are  eight  clerestory 
windows ;  these  have  the  toothed  ornament,  the  only 
kind  used,  .which,  with  the  cornice  that  runs  round  the 
whole  building,  give  a  rich  appearance  to  the  general 
plan  of  the  e.\terior.  The  low  Norman  toner,  rising 
about  a  square  above  the  roof,  is  supported  by  massive 
angular  piers.  The  transepts  and  choir  are  unroofed. 
The  opposite  sides  of  the  choir  are  difiercnt  in  their 
architecture,  and  the  transepts  respectively  partjike  of 
it.   Tall  circular  piers,  with  only  the  clerestory  windows 

Iniul  th^rc;  R.>bert  dc  Vnllibns  and  Robert,  son  of  Ankotill,  gave 
tlio  chiirili  111'  Over  Dentun ;  liobei't,  son  of  Buetli,  gnve  a  carucute 
of  ]tinil,  with  ciriDinoii  uf  pnstiiro  in  (lie  srtine  place;  and  Julin,  son 
of  John  dc  Donlon,  giivo  ull  llie  b«ik  of  his  oak  urea  in  Gilslnnd; 
Waller  de  Winrlesover  pave  all  his  rienicsne  of  l-'arlani ;  Robert  de 
Carlaiton  gave  all  (hat  land  wliii-li  Kicliard,  von  of  tjilecliri^l,  held  of 
him  iu  Little  Tarlani,  al^jo  all  that  land  at  Karlain,  called  Ytnpeganl; 
and  Chrislian,  d.iii^;ht<?r  of  .\ dam,  son  of  Hernier,  gave  live  acres, 
called  Uig)?artli:  William  de  Ireby  gave  common  of  pasture  npon 
tlie  inonnlains  belonging  to  the  Ionn:<hips  of  GameUby  and  Olas 
sonby ;  Knstuce  do  Yallibns  gave  a  cunicate  of  lan<l  at  Grefnwtll; 
Willioin  Ic  Sor  gave  all  the  bind  nhirb  nonline  the  priest  held  iit 
Grinsdale.  also  one  urn*  on  llaverig,  with  common  of  pasinre,  nhu 
all  the  land  ami  meadow  lying  between  the  Roman  wull  and  the  land 
belonging  to  the  elnuch,  exeept  Dnne'a  .\ere ;  Alexander,  son  of 
Roger,  son  of  Baldwin, gave  seven  acre*  lying  between  the  Kingwaler 
and  tliC  Roman  wall;  Alice,  danghier  of  Henry  the  chaplain,  gave 
six  acres  at  Kmg!>gill;  Adam  iSalsarins  gave  a  niessnuge  at  Kirk- 
osvtald;  Maldila  de  .Mnlion,  iu  her  widowhood,  gave  all  her  lands 
and  tenemenis  near  the  riv*  Knovc  ran,  late  in  the  possession  of 
Roger  <lu  .Mora;  Henry  Unnce  gave  three  acres  ami  u  half  at 
Lazonby.and  Ihuinas,  *inof  ThomaH,  sou  of  Itauibiireh,  gave  lands 
at  the  same  place ;  Walter  de  I'laniant  gave  live  acres  on  the  west 
side  of  .Mihiebohne  ;  Waller  ile  Sauvagi'  gave  half  a  carneale  of  laud 
atNewbiggin;  Thomas  Binne  gave  a  burgage  house  at  Ne\vl■a^lle, 
with  a  relit  of  lour  shillings;  Thoiiiasde  .Mullon  gave  with  hi»body 
nil  his  lands  at  I'resiover,  iu  the  parish  of  Iriliiiigtoii ;  William  do 
Morn  and  Agnes,  his  wife,  Mh'a~ed  all  their  laiul.  with  the  appuite- 
noucvv,  iu Lillls  Uuuibiick, vix.,oue-tliird  puitof  UuuujutlUiU;  biiLoii 


above,  is  the  disposition  of  the  south  side ;  whilst  tlie 
north  has  low  massive  circular  piers,  and  a  triforium 
as  well  as  a  clei'estory.  The  east  end  is  lighted  by  tv.o 
tiers  of  lancet  windows,  three  in  each  ;  this  and  the 
south  side  are  now  profusely  covered  with  ivy.  There 
are  several  monuments  in  this  part  of  the  church 
belonging  to  the  Dacres  and  Howards.  Two  of  the 
monuments  belonging  to  the  Dacres  are  under  ogee 
canopies,  and  ornamented  with  quatrefoils  and  shields 
of  arms.  Those  of  the  Howards  are  more  gorgeously 
decorated  with  armorial  blazonry.  Little  care  has  been 
taken  of  these  splendid  tombs.  The  cloisters  run 
parallel  with  the  south  side  of  the  church,  and  have 
been  comiected  with  it.  The  groining  is  Early  Engli^h, 
with  cross  springers  diverging  from  a  row  of  piere 
running  up  the  middle,  and  from  pilasters  on  the  sides. 
The  dormitory,  which  was  above,  is  now  a  garden. 
There  are  some  Roman  antiquities,  which  have  been 
found  iu  the  neighbourhood,  preserved  here.  A  Roman 
altar,  dedicated  to  Jupiter  by  the  first  cohert  of  the 
Dacians.  This  altar,  which  appears  to  have  been  first 
noticed  in  1744,  when  the  inscription  was  published  in 
the  "  Gentleman's  Magazine,"  had  been  lost  sight  of 
till  it  was  re-discovered  by  Mr.  Maughan,  of  ISewcastle. 
The  stone  is  placed  as  the  keystone  of  an  arch  in  the 
clerestory  of  the  priory,  in  the  south-east  corner  of  the 
choir,  having  been  either  found  on  the  spot  or  brought 
from  one  of  the  neighbouring  stations  by  the  founders 
of  Lauercost.     Another  altar,  found  at  iSirdoswald,  is 


de  Tilliol  gave  a  toft  and  eight  acres  of  land  at  Scaleby.and  Geoffrey 
Till iol  released  the  siut  to  his  mill  there;  diver  lands  iu  Scotland 
were  given  to  the  priory  by  several  benefactors;  Alan,  sou  of  Gilbert 
da  Tulkin,  gave  seven  roods  and  a  half  of  his  ileinesne  at  Talkiu, 
with  a  erol't  called  Mariock  Croft;  Adam,  sou  of  Gilbert  de  Talkin, 
gave  live  acres,  with  their  appurtenances,  at  the  same  place  ;  and  the 
Alan  just  nientioneil  gave  more  lands  at  Talkin,  with  common  of 
pasture,  and  to  be  nuilctiire  free  and  hopper  free;  and  Richanl 
Iluldanrfeld  and  Avyse,  his  wife,  gave  all  their  land  ou  the  east  side 
of  Talkiu,  and  one  aero  at  Ragarth ;  William,  son  of  William  do 
Ulveaby,  gave  tweuty-Cve  acres  of  land  at  Ulvesby  ;  .■\daiii  de  Cnikc- 
hove  gave  eight  acres,  with  wood  and  demesne  ailjoiniug,  at  the  samp 
place;  Richard  de  Ulvesby  gave  ten  acres  of  land  of  his  demesne; 
and  Eudo  ile  Skirwith  granted  a  yearly  rem  of  half  a  mark  of  silver 
out  of  his  lauds  at  L'lvesby  ;  Alicia,  daughter  of  I  leiiry  the  chaplain, 
gave  lands  in  Walton,  called  Sinitliehiinls  and  t'liinhcverin ;  ami 
Alexander,  sou  of  Robert,  son  of  Uaklwin,  gave  lamls  thcrs,  and  a 
rent  of  four  ahiUings;  William,  sou  of  Odaril,  gave  a  toft  and  laud 
near  the  bridge  at  Warwick.  Iu  additiou  to  these  gifts,  Hugh  do 
Morville  gave  to  the  coiumunity  of  Laucrcosroiie  free  Ufl  in  Eden 
with  liberty  to  dry  llie  sau  e ;  lUid  Ranulpli  de  la  I'erte  gave  another 
free  net  there ;  Ranulph  de  Itacrv  released  to  them  all  his  right  of 
pnlture;  Walter,  son  of  William  de  Ireby,  granted  to  iliein  Waller 
son  uf  Simon  of  Gaiurlsbj,  with  all  his  issue  and  cattle;  Aiiaeliado 
Newby  gave  llciiry,  son  of  Leduieri',  and  all  that  belongeil  to  him  • 
Robert  lie  OosthciirriK-k  gave  Ganul  de  Walton  and  all  his  issue- 
and  llobert  de^Vallibus  gave  GtuUrey  I'itch,  bis  wife,  and  posterity 
fur  OTcnuore. 


OSS 


ESKDALE  WARD. 


preserved  in  the  crvpt.  It  records  a  dedication  of 
Silvanus,  by  the  huntsmen  of  Banna.  A  third  altar, 
also  in  the  crypt,  is  dedicated  to  the  god  Cocideus  by 
the  soldiers  of  the  20th  legion,  named  Valeria  Victrix. 
There  is  also  another  altar,  dedicated  to  the  same  god, 
Cocideus,  by  the  soldiers  of  the  2nd  legion.  There  has 
recently  been  found  in  the  east  wall  of  the  crypt,  about 
two  foet  from  the  ground,  near  the  south-east  corner,  a 
centurial  stone,  bearing  the  inscription  "c.  con.  x.  p.  f." 
A  second  centurial  stone  is  found  on  the  outside  of  the 
eastern  wall  of  the  refectory,  inscribed  "  f)  Cassii  Prisci." 
Of  the  remainder  of  the  conventual  buildings,  we  may 
obser\-e  two  towers,  one  of  which  was  the  residence  of 
the  Dacres  after  the  suppression  of  the  prion,-,  and  the 
other  now  forms  a  part  of  the  incumbent's  residence. 
In  the  churchyard  is  the  recumbent  effigy  of  a  knight, 
liaving  the  bands  clasped  on  the  breast.  The  benefice 
of  Lanercost  is  a  perpetual  curacy  in  the  patronage  of 
the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  who  is  impropriator  of  the  great 
tithes  belonging  formerly  to  the  priory.  An  act  of  parlia- 
ment was  passed  in  1802,  for  enclosing  the  moors,  <S;c., 
in  the  parish  of  Lanercost,  under  which  allotments  of 
land  were  made,  in  lieu  of  tithes,  to  the  impropriator 
and  to  the  curate.  The  living,  now  worth  £93  a  year, 
has  been  augmented  with  £'200  obtained  from  Queen 
Anne's  bounty.  The  parish  registers  commence  in  16-14. 

PniORS. — Henry  de  Burgh,  died  1315;  Robert  de  Mebum, 
iai5;  William  de  Southaik,  died  1337;  John  de  Bowtheby, 
1337;  John  de  Bothecastre,  133S;  Thomas  de  Hexham,  1354; 
Kichnrd  de  Rydal,  1350;  Martin  de  Brampton,  guardian  in 
1300,  during  the  absence  of  Prior  Rydal.  This  is  the  last 
prior  of  whom  there  appears  to  be  any  account,  until  the  time 
of  the  suppression  of  the  religious  houses,  when  John  Eobyson 
occui-s  OS  prior. 

Incumbknts. — George  Story, ;  William  Townley, ; 

George  GiUbanks,  1780;  Isaac  Dodgson,  1845. 

The  parsonage,  as  above  stated,  forms  part  of  the 
ancient  conventual  buildings. 

At  the  Island  is  a  school  towards  which  the  Earl  of 
Carlisle  and  others  subscribe  annually. 

In  addition  to  the  hamlet  of  Burtholme,  this  township 
contains  the  hamlet  called  the  Island,  and  the  chief 
part  of  the  straggling  village  of  Banks,  which  is  about 
four  miles  north-east  of  Brampton,  and  was  formerly  a 
distinct  township,  but  is  now  divided  between  Burtholme 
and  Waterhead.  Banks  House  and  St.  Mary's  Holme 
are  residences  in  ithe  township. 

ASKERTON. 

The  area  of  Askerton  is  returned  with  the  parish  ;  its 
rateable  value  is  J£3,313.  The  number  of  inhabitants 
in  1801  was  356:  in  1811,433;  in  1821,  503;  in 
1831,473;  in  1841,  4'.t6 ;  and  in  1851,  479. 

This  township,   which  extends   between  the  rivers 


Line  and  Kingwater,  from  four  to  six  miles  north  of 
Brampton,  comprises  the  ancient  parish  of  Kirk  Cam- 
beck,  or  Cambeck,  the  church  of  which  was  ruined  by 
the  Scots  in  the  reign  of  Edward  1 1 .,  and  has  long  since 
disappeared,  save  a  small  arch  or  doorway,  which  still 
remains.  •  From  the  charter  rolls  of  the  36th  Henry  III. 
we  leant  that  a  market  at  Kirk  Cambeck  on  Tuesday, 
and  a  fair  for  three  days  at  the  festival  of  St.  Peter 
and  St.  Paul,  were  granted  in  1251  to  AVilliam  de  St. 
Edmund,  then  rector,  and  his  successors.  Edward  I. 
was  at  this  place  for  four  days  (March  1 — 4)  on  his  way 
from  Lanercost  to  Carlisle  in  1307.  The  manor  was 
held  under  the  barony  of  Gilsland  successively  by  the 
families  De  Cambeck.  Terrye  or  Tyrer,  Leversdale,  and 
Stapleton.  It  now  belongs  to  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  as 
part  of  the  barony  of  Gilsland.  The  church  was  given 
at  an  early  period  to  the  priory  of  Carlisle.  The  rectory 
now  belongs  to  the  dean  and  chapt'T,  who  covenant  to 
repair  the  church  and  provide  an  able  and  efficient 
curate.  The  inhabitants  resort  to  Lanercost  church  for 
the  rites  of  baptism  and  s'epulture.  No  account  is  taken 
of  this  parish  in  the  late  population  returns. 

Rectoes. — Randolph  de  Tilliol,  1-259;  Simon  de  Tyrer,  died 
1304;  Alexander  de  Crokedake,  1304;  Simon  de  Tyrer,  1305; 
John  de  Southwell,  1380. 

At  Askerton,  on  the  banks  of  the  Cambeck,  is  a  small 
castle,  built  for  the  protection  of  the  barony.  It  was 
the  usual  residence  of  an  officer  called  the  Land  Ser- 
jeant, whose  duty  it  was  to  take  the  command  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  neighbourhood  in  repelling  the  inroads 
of  the  borderers.  It  appears  that  Thomas  Lord  Dacre, 
when  lord  warden,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  occa- 
sionally resided  at  this  castle.  It  is  stated  to  have  been 
iu  great  decay  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  it  has 
since  been  repaired  and  converted  into  a  farmhouse. 
There  was  formerly  a  park  belonging  to  it. 

The  manor  of  Askerton  e.xteuds  into  the  parishes  of 
Kirk  Cambeck  and  Stapleton. 

The  manor  of  Trierman,  in  the  reigns  of  Henry  I. 
and  II.,  belonged  to  Gylanders  and  his  son  Gilamoor. 
It  was  afterwards  the  seat  of  a  younger  branch  of  the 
Vaux  family,  having  been  given  by  Hubert  de  Vaux  to 
Lis  second  son  Ilauulph,  whose  descendants  continued 
to  possess  it  till  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.  There  was 
formerly  a  chapel  here,  built  sf  wood,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  I.  A  tower  of  the  old  mansion  of  the  Vaux 
family  remained  in  1388. 

KINGWATEB. 

In  1801  this  township  contained  374  inhabitants; 
in  1811,  357;  in  1821,  331;  in  1831,  365  ;  in  1841, 
890  ;  and  in  1851,  407.    The  area  is  included  in  the 


LANERCOST  ABBEY   PARISH. 


C89 


parish  returns ;  the  rateable  value  is  £3,027.  King- 
water  township  derives  its  name  from  the  rivulet  which 
flows  to  the  Irthing,  near  Walton  ;  being  formed  by  the 
union  of  several  mountain  streams  north  of  Gilsland. 
There  are  upwards  of  l,4(J0  acres  of  mossy  waste  laud 
in  this  township,  including  the  wild  mountainous  tract 
called  Spadeadam  Waste,  which  belongs  to  the  Earl  of 
Carhsle,  who,  with  !Mr.  John  Ramshay,  is  the  principal 
landowner. 

The  hamlet  of  West  Hall,  in  this  township,  is  about 
five  miles  north-east  of  Brampton. 

There  is  a  school  at  Crossgate. 

WATERHE.4D. 

For  area  of  Waterhead  township,  see  parish  returns ;  its 
rateable  value  is  £^,729  19s.  The  population  in  J  801 
was  231;  in  1811,343;  in  1821, -155;  in  1831,473;  in 
1841,  366;  and  in  1851,  411.  The  Earl  of  Carlisle  is 
the  principal  landowner.  The  soil  here  is  mostly  wet 
and  cold,  except  on  the  banks  of  the  Irthing,  and  in 
the  north-west  parts.  The  township  includes  a  portion 
of  the  village  of  Banks,  from  which  it  extends  to  Gils- 
land,  where  the  river  Irthing  divides  Cumberland  from 
Northumberland. 

Waterhead  township  comprises  the  Roman  station 
Amboglanna,  the  Birdoswald  of  the  present  day.  This 
is  an  interesting  station.  Numerous  inscriptions  have 
been  found  within  its  walls,  mentioning  the  first  cohort 
of  the  Dacians,  surnamed  the  .."Elian,  which,  according 
to  the  Notitia,  was  quartered  at  Amboglanna.  One  of 
them,  in  the  possession  of  the  Messrs.  iJell,  of  the  Nook, 
Irthingtou,  is  inscribed — 

i[ovi]  o[rTiMo]  3i[AXiMo;  To  Jopiter the bcst  and  greatest, 
ET  n[vminvbvs]  avo[vsti]  And  the  deities  of  Augustus. 

con[oBs]  riiiM.v  AEi.riA]  The  first  cohort  (the  .Elian) 

DAc[ouvM]  cvi  ^n^^iEST^  Of  the  Dacians,  commanded  by 
OALi.icvs  GalHcus 

tb[i]b[vsvs]  The  Tribune. 

The  name  of  Amboglanna  seems  to  signify  the  circling 
glen,  and  here  the  name  has  been  most  appropri- 
ately bestowed.  The  camp  stands  on  the  precipitous 
edge  of  a  tongue  of  land,  which,  on  every  side  except 
the  west,  is  severed  from  the  adjoining  ground  by  deep 
scars.  The  modern  namo  Birdoswald,  or  l^urdoswald, 
is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  King  Oswald,  and  the 
namo  is  said  to  mean  the  burh,  or  town,  of  Oswald. 
The  station  contains  an  area  of  between  five  and  si.\ 
acres.  The  walls  are  in  an  unusually  good  state  of 
preservation ;  the  southern  rampart  showing  eight 
courses  of  facing  stones.  The  moat  which  surrounded 
thuwall  may  also  bo  satisfactorily  traced.  The  southern 
gateway  nioy  be  discerned,  though  it  is  encumbered 
8a 


with  rubbish;   the  eastern  and  western  were  cleared 
some  time  ago,  when  the  pivot  holes  of  the  gates,  and 
the  ruts  worn  by  the  chariots  or  wagons  of  the  Romans 
were  discovered.     The  ruts  are  nearly  four  feet  two 
inches  apart.     The  whole  area  of  the  camp  is  marked 
with  the  lines  of  streets  and  ruins  of  buildings.    Accord- 
ing to  riorsley,  the  present  farm-house  occupies  the  site 
of  the  Pra;torium.     On  the  east  side  of  the  southern 
gateway  are  the  remains  of  a  kiln  for  drying  corn ;  the 
stones  are  reddened  by  the  fire.      Near  the  eastern 
gateway  a  building,  furnished  with  a  hypocaust,  has 
been  partially  excavated.     From  its  ruins  a  sculptured 
figure,  draped  and  in  a  sitting  posture,  was  taken  somo 
time  ago.     The  head  and  other  highly  relieved  parts 
were  found  to  have  been  broken  off;  it  remains  on  the 
ground.     A  large  altar  with  an  inscription,  which  is  in 
a  great  measure  illegible,  lies  within  the  walls  of  the 
camp.     A  stone,  broken  in  two  pieces,  and  which  is 
preserved  on  the  spot,  bears  testimony  to  the  presenco 
of  the  sixth  legion  here.     It  may  be  read,  leoio  se.xta 
vicTRix  FiDELis.    "The  si.\th  legion,  the  victorious  and 
faithful."     Besides  these,  several  centurial  stones,  mill- 
stones, and  coping  stones;  as  well  as  portions  of  tile  and 
fragments  of  pottery,  are  preserved  in  the  farmhouse. 
In  draining  the  field  to  the  west  of  the  station,  many 
small  altars,  without   inscriptions,   have  been  found, 
which  were  broken,  and  used  with  other  materials  in 
filling  the  drains.      On  the  east  of   the  station  are 
extensive  and  well-defined  marks  of  suburban  buildiuTS. 
The  present  proprietor  of  Birdoswald,  Mr.  Norman, 
has  recently  discovered  a  very  interesting  builJin"  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  station.     It  is  of  excellent 
masonry,  and  of  large  size,  at  least  ninety  feet  by  sixty. 
The  walls  now  stand  about  ten  feet  high.     Several 
bronze  articles  have  been  found  in  the  diggings,  and 
some  large  brass  coins  in  an  excellent  state  of  preserva- 
tion.     Among  the  latter  is  one  of  Vespasian,  struck 
in  the  year  71,  with  the  legend  P.vx  Avcvsri  on  the 
reverse.     Another  is  of  Hadrian,  having  on  the  reverse 
Felicitas  Avo  ;    this  coin  belongs  to  the  year   1 30. 
There  is   also  a  fine  coin  of  Antoninus,  another  of 
^larcus  Aurelius,  and  a  third  of  Diocletian. 

On  the  margin  of  the  river  Irthing,  about  two  miles 
west  from  Birdoswald,  and  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  on 
tho  south  side  of  the  Roman  wall,  are  the  romantic  rocks 
called  Gait  Crags,  of  which  Caeme  Crag  forms  a  part. 
'Ihey  are  chielly  remarkable  for  a  Roman  inscription, 
which  has  been  thus  read  by  the  Rev.  J.  .Maughau. 
of  Bewcostlo :  i.ccius  seitimus  severus  imperatob 
ACc.usTis.  About  fifteen  inches  above  the  inscription 
just  given,  is  tho  word  matur,  which  Mr.  Maughan 
reads    matherianus,    in    consequence    of   that    word 


690 


ESKDALE  WARD. 


appearing  in  clear  and  perfect  letters  about  four  yards  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Severus  inscription  on  tbe  same 
face  of  tbe  rock.  About  five  yards  on  the  north  side 
of  the  first-named  inscription  are  the  letters  d  e,  very 
well  defined,  and  about  two  feet  below  those  lettei"s  wo 
find  nearly  the  whole  of  the  word  avgvstn's.  About  a 
yard  on  the  north  side  of  the  word  Augustus  are  marks 
aud  traces  of  letters,  which  appear  to  be  centurial,  and 
■which  Mr.  ilaughan  reads  centurio  legionis  sext£ 
CEKTCRio  — a  centurion  of  the  sixth  legion. 

THE  ciruRcn. 
Gilsland  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Slary  Magdalene, 
was  erected  in  1851 ;  licensed  for  public  worship  in  the 
same  year ;  consecrated  in  1851;  and  had  an  ecclesias- 
tical district  assigned  to  it  in  1855.'  For  ecclesiastical 
purposes,  Gilsland  and  tbe  parish  of  Upper  Denton  were 
united  in  1859.  (See  page  GT5.)  The  church  stands 
in  a  beautiful  and  romantic  situation,  overlooking  the 
valley  of  tbe  river  Irthing.  The  style  is  Early  English. 
The  east  window  consists  of  three  lights ;  the  pulpit 
(which  is  of  stone)  and  the  font  are  much  admired  for 
their  chaste  appearance.  The  cost  of  erection  amounted 
to  £800.  The  living,  a  perpetual  curacy,  iu  the 
patronage  of  George  Mounsey,  Esq.,  is  worth  about 
£40  a  year.  The  Eev.  C.  Kipling  is  the  first  and 
present  incumbent. 

1  The  district  of  Gilsland  commences  on  the  south  .it  a  point  on 
tlie  north  siile  of  the  river  Irtliing,  where  n  fence  divides  the  lands  of 
Birdoswuld  from  the  lands  of  Underheugh,  and  proceeds  northerly 
along  such  division  as  far  as  the  highway  leading  from  Lauercost  to 
Birdoswald;  then  westerly  along  the  middle  of  such  highway  to  the 
division  between  the  lauds  of  Birdoswald  aud  Kilnhill;  then  northerly 
along  such  division  to  the  highway  leading  from  ICu;g  Bridge  to 
Kilnhill,  crossing  such  highway  to  tlie  soudi-western  comer  of  the 
Earl  of  CarUsle's  Waterhead  and  Triermain  to  the  division  between 
Waterhead  and  Snowdon  Close  and  Triermain,  to  the  division  be- 
tween Snowdon  Close  and  Clark's  Hill;  then  northerly  along  such 
division  as  far  as  King  Water,  crossing  the  same,  and  proceeding 
still  northerly  along  the  division  between  Palmer  Hill  .tnd  the  .\sh 
farms  and  the  division  between  Dcsoglin  and  the  Ash  farms  to  the 
south-western  corner  of  Dunbar  Rigg;  then  along  the  division  be- 
tween Dunbar  Eigg  and  the  lauds  of  Spadeadam  House  and  White- 
rigg  to  Priorj-  Lancey  Gate,  and  along  the  division  between  Sidefell 
and  Spadeadam  Waste  to  the  Watch  Craggs  at  the  north-eastern 
comer  of  Sidefell ;  and  then  westerly  along  the  division  between 
Highgrains  and  Sidefell  to  the  Kirkbeck,  wliich  divides  the  parish 
of  Lanercost  from  the  parish  of  Bewcaslle;  then  following  the  line 
of  boundary  of  the  parish  of  Lanercost  north-easterly,  south-easterly, 
easterly,  southerly,  and  south-westerly  to  the  point  where  the 
boundary  line  commenced. 


In  this  township  is  Gilsland,  celebrated  for  its  chaly- 
beate and  sulphuretted  spas,  which  are  situated  in  the 
romantic  and  picturesque  vale  of  the  Irtliing,  ten  miles 
east-north-east  of  liramptou,  eighteen  miles  east-uorth- 
cast  of  Carlisle,  aud  one  mile  north  of  the  Rose  Hill 
station,  on  the  Newcastle  and  Carhsle  railway.  This 
part  of  the  township  has  been  much  improved  by  its 
lato  owner,  ]\lajor  Mounsey,  and  also  by  tbe  present 
proprietor,  George  Gill  Mounsey,  Esq. 

Gilsland  Spa  is  a  place  of  great  resort,  and  in  point 
of  salubrity  aud  natural  beauty,  it  is  far  superior  to  many, 
spas  of  modern  celebrity  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
island.  From  the  railway  station  ut  Pioso  Hill  a  good 
carriage  road  leads  up  iu  a  gradual  ascendiug  sweep  until 
it  reaches  the  Shaw's  Hotel,  which  stands  upon  an  emi- 
nence skirted  with  wood.  This  hotel  ha.s  been  recently 
destroyed  by  fire.  Behind  the  hotel  is  a  field  with  walks 
and  scats,  exhibiting  various  windings  of  the  Irthing, 
in  its  course  from  the  wild  fells  in  the  waste.  Tliis 
field  covers  the  mass  of  rocky  strata,  at  the  foot  of  which, 
and  on  the  margin  of  the  river,  the  celebrated  spa 
issues  forth.  The  strata  below  tbe  surface  mould 
are  said  to  be  disposed  in  the  following  order : — First 
a  course  of  stratified  sandstone,  then  bituminous  shale, 
which  includes  a  stratum  of  aluminous  schistus,  aud  next 
porphyry  slate,  beneath  which  the  sulphurated  water 
issues  through  a  leaden  tube,  enclosed  in  a  small  stone 
fountain,  at  the  rate  of  two  gallons  and  a  half  per 
minute.  The  whole  height  of  the  precipice  is  about, 
ninety  feet.  Tbe  strata  are  intersected  by  two  veins, 
one  upon  each  side  of  the  sulphurated  water,  which, 
commencing  at  the  surface,  approximate  pretty  uniformly 
imtil  they  reach  the  river,  at  which  place  they  are  about 
150  yards  distant.  These  veins  are  composed  of  calca- 
reous sj)ar  and  iron  pyrites,  and  contain  the  above-men- 
tioned strata  between  them.  The  water  is  remarkably 
transparent;  when  poured  from  one  tumbler  to  another 
it  sparkles  very  briskly.  To  most  palates  the  taSte  is 
very  agreeable,  being  somewhat  acidulous,  and  it  has- 
generally  been  found  to  sit  lightly  on  tbe  stomach. 
The  spa  was  originally  known  by  the  name  of  the  Holy 
Well,  also  by  that  of  Wardrew  Spa.  These  waters  may 
be  employed  externally  or  internally  in  a  diversity  of 
diseases  with  great  success.  There  are  hot  and  cold 
baths  fitted  up  in  tbe  immediate  neighbourhood  of  the 
spring,  and  also  at  the  hotel. 


SCALEDY   PARISH. 


691 


SCALEBY   PARISH. 

ScALEBT  Parish  is  about  five  miles  iu  length  from  north-east  to  south-west,  and  on  an  average  little  more  than  a 
mile  in  breadth.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north-east  by  Kirkiinton  and  Irthington,  on  the  north-west  by  Ivirkliuton, 
on  the  south-west  by  Stanwix,  and  on  the  south-east  by  Irthington  and  Crosby.  The  greater  part  of  the  parish  is 
veiy  level,  and  is  mostly  divided  by  growing  hedges,  which  give  it  a  woody  appearance.  Towards  the  north-east 
end  is  some  rising  ground,  where  may  be  had  a  fine  and  extensive  view  of  East  Cumberland.  The  parish  is 
divided  into  the  townships  of  Scaleby  East  and  Scaleby  West,  whose  united  area  is  3,100  acres  (according  to  a 
survey  made  by  the  late  Mr.  Studholme,  iu  1841,  for  parochial  purposes  3,482  acres);  the  rateable  value 
is  £2,51)0  19s.  JOd. 


East  and  West  Scaleby  are  united  for  all  parochial 
piu'poses,  except  the  liighways.  and  have  the  same  rights 
and  privileges,  with  some  slight  exceptions,  that  are  here- 
after noticed ;  yet  each  township  has  its  churchwardens 
and  overseers  of  the  poor,  the  latter  of  which  offices  is 
now  merely  nominal,  as  an  assistant  overseer,  appointed 
for  the  lower  district  of  the  Longtown  union,  in  wliich 
this  parish  is  included,  does  all  the  duty  pertaining  to 
that  olRce.  On  the  west  side  of  the  parish,  bordering 
on  a  brook  that  divides  it  from  Irthington  and  Crosby 
parishes,  is  an  extensive  tract  of  meadow  land,  the 
soil  of  which  is  principally  composed  of  peat  moss 
and  sand,  which,  when  well  drained  and  managed, 
produces  excellent  crops  of  hay  and  after-gi-ass.  The 
arable  land  extending  in  tlie  same  direction  through 
the  middle  of  the  parish,  is  for  the  most  part  a  heavy 
loam,  much  inclining  to  clay.  The  north-west  side  is 
mostly  a  blaek  soil — a  mixture  of  moss  and  clay — and 
there  arc  here  and  there,  interspersed  through  the 
jiarish,  some  pieces  of  nice  free  soil,  which  may  most 
properly  be  denominated  a  sandy  loam.  Most  of  the 
soil  of  the  parish  rests  upon  a  close  retentive  subsoil, 
though  here  and  there  are  veins  and  strata  of  sand. 
The  greatest  portion  is  now  drained  and  improved,  and 
produces  fair  crops  of  grain  and  green  crops,  where  a 
few  years  ago  there  was  very  little  of  the  latter  grown. 
Summer  fallowing,  once  so  extensively  practised,  is  now- 
very  limited,  and  growing  less  every  year  as  science 
and  industry  make  progress. 

The  manor  of  Scali;by  was  given  by  Edward  I.  to 
Richard  Tilliol.  liobert  de  Tilliol  had  the  king's 
license  for  casteUating  his  manor  house  at  Scaleby  iu 
1307.  llobert  de  Tilliol,  the  last  of  tins  ancient  family, 
died  without  issue  iu  1435,  leaving  two  sisters,  co- 
heirs, the  eldest  of  whom,  Isabel,  brought  this  estate 
iu  marriage  to  John  Colville,  whose  son  William  left 
two  daughters,  co-heirs,'  who  both  married  into  the 
JIusgrave   family ;    the    younger,   JIargaret,   brought 


'  It  WHS  contested,  hut  without  sucees?,  liy  Robert,  llie  younger 
brother  of  WiUinin  t'olvillo,  who  ussuiued  ilie  uiime  of  TiUiul. 


Scaleby  to  Nicholas  Musgrave.     His  descendant,  Sir 
Edward  ^lusgrave,  Bart.,  who  was  a  zealous  royalist, 
garrisoned  Scaleby  Castle  in  1G48;-  but  it  was  not  of 
sufficient  strength  to  stand  a  siege,  and  surrendered, 
after  firing  one  shot  to  a  detachment  of  General  Lam- 
bert's army,  who  are  said  to  have  set  fire  to  the  castle. 
Sir  Edward,  in  consequence  of  the  losses  he  sustaineii 
by  the  war,  was  obliged  to  sell  a  great  part  of  his  estates. 
The  manor  of  Scaleby  was  conveyed  to  Richard  Gilpin, 
Esq.,  who  repaired  the  castle,  and  fitted  it  up  for  his 
own  residence.     His  descendant  of  the  same  name  sold 
it  iu   1T41  to  Edward  Stephenson,  Esq.,  some  time 
governor  of  Bengal.      It  is  now  the  property  of  his 
descendant,  R.  E.  W.  P.  Standish,  Esq.,  of  Fairley 
Castle,  Berks.     The  castle  is  at  present  occupied  by 
Mr.  Fawcett,  as  former  upon  an  improving  lease,  who, 
within  the  last  few  years,  has  rebuilt  a  considerable 
portion  of  it,  and  improved  and  beautified  the  remainder. 
The  principal  landowners  are  R.  E.  W.  P.  Standish, 
Esq.;  Sir  Wastel  Brisco,  Bart. ;  William  Maude,  Esq.; 
James  Fawcett,  Esq.:  Rowland  Graham,  Esq.;  Thomas 
Phillips,  Esq.;    C.  B.  Hodgson,  Esq.:    Rev.  Joseph 
Hudson;  Mrs.  Farrer,  Mrs.  Jefferson,  Miss  Aglionby; 
Messrs.    John  and   Robert    Sutton,    Thomas   James, 
William  Bell,  William  Dalton,  Thomas  Dalton,  and 
others.     There  are  thirty-four  proprietors  iu  Scaleby 
West,  and  twenty-six  in  Scaleby  East.   Many  are  owners 
of  very  small  properties.    A  great  number  of  tenements 
are  in  the  hands  of  proprietors,  whose  ancestors  have 
occupied  them  for  generations;  and  it  is  the  boast  of 
the  "  lairds,"  as  they  are  hero  called,  that  they  own  no 
lord  of  the  manor,  but  that  every  one  possesses  his  own 
manorial  rights  and  privileges,  and  cannot  bo  interfered 
with,  their  lands  having  been  enfranchised,  except  three 
small  tenements  in  Scaleby  West,  and  do  neither  suit 
nor  service.     Every  freeholder  has  a  right  to  work  free- 
stone for  his  own  use,  from  the  south  side  of  Hether 
Quarries. 


-  It  liH<1  heen  before  n  gnrrisou  for  the  king,  aud  was  tiikeu  iu 
lUi^,  during  the  siege  of  Carlisle. 


692 


ESKDALE  ■WARD. 


WEST   SCALEBT. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  257  ; 
in  ISll,  328  ;  in  1821,  3Go  ;  in  1831,  348 ;  in  1841, 
351;  and  in  1851,  373.  The  acreage  and  rateable 
Talue  are  included  in  the  parish  returns. 

The  village  of  Scaleb_v  is  composed  of  a  few  small 
cottages  si.v  miles  north-north-east  of  Carlisle,  and  is 
only  sepai'ated  from  the  churchyard  by  the  highway. 

THE   CHUBCH. 

Scaleby  church,  dedicated  to  All  Saints,  is  an  ancient 
structure,  situated  about  the  centre  of  the  parish,  and 
appears  to  have  formerly  been  of  much  larger  dimen- 
sions. The  Bishop  of  Carlisle  had  the  ajvowson  by 
purchase  from  the  Tilliols,  which  was  confirmed  by  fine 
in  the  21st  Edward  I.  (1392-3),  since  which  period  the 
presentation  has  been  vested  in  the  bishop.  The  liviurr, 
a  rectory,  is  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £7  12s.  Id;^ 
but  it  was  augmented  about  the  year  1817  with  £652 
obtained  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  the  interest  of 
which,  together  with  sixty-one  acres  of  glebe,  now 
produces  about  £120  a  year.  The  tithes  have  been 
commuted  for  a  rent  charge  of  J£3] . 

Eectors. — John  de  Blencow,  died  1315  ;  Stephen  Marescall, 
1315;   William  de  Carleton,  1312;    Robert  de  Howes,  1342; 

PiOger  de  Crumwell, ;  Walter  Swetehop,  died  1350;  Henry 

Martin,  1350  ;   John   de   Graudon,  13C2 ;    Elias  ,   ; 

Robert  Cayllis,  13S0 ;  Henry  Munich,  died  1578  ;  George 
Howell,  1578;  Rowland  Vaux,  resigned  1585;  Thomas  Nichol- 
son, 15S5;  Christopher  Wilton,  1587;  Thomas  Kirkby, ; 

Thomas  Wilson,  died  1041;  William  Green,  1011;  Robert 
Priestman,  died  ICSO  ;  Nathaniel  Bowey,  ICSO;  James  Jackson, 

1713;   Christopher  Ilewitson,  1724;  Henry  Shaw,  1753;  

Fawcelt,  1800;  John  Hill,  1820. 

There  is  no  rectory  house  in  the  parish  ;  the  rector 
resides  in  a  house  of  his  own  erection  at  Summer  Hill. 

Scaleby  School  is  a  neat  building,  lately  erected  with 
the  aid  of  a  government  grant,  and  is  under  inspection. 
It  is  endowed  with  the  interest  of  £40,  bequeathed  in 
1773  by  Mr.  Joseph  Jackson  ;  the  churchwardens  of  the 
parish  are  the  trustees.  It  also  receives  ten  shillings 
per  annum  from  James  Fawcett,  Esq.,  being  the  interest 
on  the  purchase  money  (that  is  £12)  of  a  piece  of  laud, 
lying  near  the  highway,  and  adjoining  the  east  end  of 


the  churchyard,  on  which  are  now  a  cottage  and  garden, 
and  which  was  sold  to  Mr.  Fawcett,  a  few  years  ago,  by 
the  parish  officers  and  principal  inhabitants. 

Scaleby  Castle,  mentioned  above,  is  in  this  township. 
In  this  castle  was  born  that  well-known  author,  the 
Fiov.  William  Gilpin,  one  of  our  Cumberland  worthies. 
In  this  township  is  an  extensive  peat  moss,  con- 
taining upwards  of  200  acres,  which  was  divided  in 
1852,  under  the  General  Enclosure  Act,  W.  Bell,  of 
Ilighberries,  acting  as  valuer.      Here  are  cut  large 
quantities  of  peats  by  parties  who  make  a  living  by 
cutting,  winning,  and   carrying  the  same  to  Carlisle 
and  other  places.     Since  the  formation  of  the  railways, 
some  have  been  carried  as  far  as  Liverpool  and  London. 
A  few  years  ago  there  was  found,  while  digging  peats 
in  Scaleby  Moss,  about  eight  feet  below  the  surface,  a 
human   skeleton  in    a   state  of  perfect  preservation. 
It  was -enclosed  iu  the  skin  of  some  animal,  and  care- 
fully bound  up  with  thongs  of  tanned  leather. 

Tiie  villages  in  the  parish,  and  their  bearings  and 
distances  from  Carlisle  are — Barclosc,  si.x  miles  north- 
north-east  ;  Stone  Knowle,  five  and  a  half  miles  north- 
east :  Longpark,  about  four  miles  and  a  half  north-east ; 
and  Scaleby  Hill,  about  six  and  a  half  miles  north-north- 
east. At  the  last-named  place  there  is  a  Methodist 
chapel,  which  was  erected  in  1827.  There  is  also  a 
straggling  village  contiguous  to  Scaleby  Hill,  called, 
from  its  locality.  Moss  Edge,  almost  exclusively  occu- 
pied by  people  employed  in  the  peat  trade. 

SCALEBY   EAST. 

The  number  of  inhabitants  in  this  township  in  1801 
was  21]  ;  in  1811,  229  ;  in  1821,  255  ;  in  1831,  212  ; 
in  1841,  230;  and  in  1851,  223.  East  Scaleby  com- 
prises Scaleby  Hall,  built  by  the  late  Henry  Farrer, 
Esq.,  and  now  occupied  by  his  widow,  Mrs.  Farrer.  It 
is  a  handsome  mansion  of  polished  stone,  beautifully 
situated  near  the  castle. 

Scaleby  parish  is  about  equally  distant  from  Carlisle 
and  Brampton,  at  which  places  the  farmers  generally 
dispose  of  the  produce  of  their  lands. 


STAPLETON  PARISH. 


693 


STAPLETON   PARISH. 

Tnis  parisli  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Kirkandrews,  on  the  west  by  Kirklinton  and  Arthuret,  on  the  south  by 
Walton,  and  on  tho  east  by  Lanercost.  It  comprises  the  townships  of  Staplctou,  Solport,  Trough,  and  Bellbank ; 
but  there  is  no  village,  if  we  except  Ilagbeck,  in  Solport  township,  consisting  of  eight  or  ten  houses — the  other 
dwellings  are  all  farmhouses,  with  a  few  detached  cottages.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment  of  the 
inhabitants.  Some  years  ago  coal  was  obtained  at  llagbcck,  and  there  was  also  a  lime  works,  but  both  were  discon- 
tinued on  account  of  tho  unprofitableness  arising  from  the  want  of  proper  apparatus  for  working  them.  There  is 
nothing  remarkable  in  the  character  of  the  population — they  are  cleanly  and  comfortable,  and  attend  the  Brampton 
and  Carlisle  markets.  The  rivers  White  Line  and  Black  Line  run  south-west  through  the  parish,  but  not  through 
any  township  of  it ;  they  are  in  part  boundaries  of  the  townships.  The  Black  Line  divides  Trough  from  Bellbank, 
and  tho  White  Line  Staplctou  from  Solport,  Trough,  and  Bellbank.  Tho  White  Line  is  crossed  by  two  bridges, 
one  of  stone  and  tho  other  of  wood,  the  latter  being  a  foot  bridge.  On  the  Black  Line  are  two  wooden  foot  bridges. 
After  tho  junction  of  the  two  streams,  there  occurs  a  stone  bridge  and  a  foot  chain  bridge.  Superstitions  were 
formerly  prevalent  here  as  in  other  parts  of  the  county,  but  they  are  rapidly  disappearing,  though  their,  sway  has  not 
as  yet  entirely  departed.  Witches,  fairies,  aud  ghosis  are  still  spoken  of.  The  "White  Lady,"  near  the  Bride's 
Well,  below  the  church,  is  not  yet  banished  from  the  minds  of  some.  Bogles  appear  to  have  become  rare,  aud  dead 
lights  are  never  seen,  though  both  were  common  enough  formerly.  l^Iarriages  never  take  place  on  a  Friday. 
Among  tho  traditionary  stories,  that  of  "  Gib  and  Joan  "  is  still  current;  it  relates  to  two  lovers  whose  union  their 
parents  opposed,  who  died  for  each  other,  and  were  interred  on  the  same  day  in  Stapleton  churchyard.  There  is  a 
quaint  old  ballad  on  the  subject.  Great  improvements  have  been  effected  in  Stapleton  parish  during  the  last  thirty 
years ;  much  has  been  effected  by  draining  and  better  modes  of  husbandry. 

i      Dacre  this  advowson;  but  that  clearly  must  be  uuder- 


STAPLETON. 

Stapleton  township  contains  4,405  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £3,412  18s.  8d.  The  population  in 
1801  was  239;  in  1811,  377;  in  1821,  487;  in  1831, 
447  ;  in  1841,  550  ;  and  in  1851,  542.  Itoccupies  the 
southern  portion  of  the  parish,  and  is  about  eight  miles 
north  of  Brampton.  The  manor  of  Stapleton  and  Solport 
belonged  to  the  lords  of  Lcvington,  and  were  divided 
among  the  co-heirs,  the  former  becoming  at  an  early 
period  the  property  of  the  Stapleton  family.  It  was 
afterwards  successively  held  by  the  Dacrcs  and  Howards, 
and  is  now  vested  in  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  and  is 
included  in  the  barony  of  Gilsland,  tho  courts  for  which 
are  held  at  Brampton. 

TnE    CHURCH. 

The  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  stands  about  tho 
centre  of  the  township,  near  the  Kirkburn,  and  is  a 
rectangular  huilding,  bi.vty  feet  by  forty,  with  a  square 
castellated  tower  at  tho  west  end,  and  a  small  chancel 
at  the  east.  It  is  in  tho  Gothic  style,  with  tall  lancet 
windows,  that  in  tho  chancel  being  tilled  with  stained 
glass  bearing  tho  arms  of  tho  Earl  of  Carlisle,  the 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  and  Sir  James  Graham.  The  church 
was  erected  in  1830,  at  a  cost  of  about  jCI  ,000,  to  which 
tho  Church  Building  Society  contributed  .i;:!0().  The 
living  is  a  rectory,  in  tho  deanery  of  Carlisle,  valued  in 
the  King's  Book  at  £8  Is.  lid.,  but  is  now  worth  about 
£100  n  year,  arising  from  a  tithe  modus  of  £17  !2s.3d., 
and  other  sources.  Nicolson  and  Burn  tell  us  tiiat  in 
the  year  1525  John  Stapleton  granted  to  Thomas  Lord 


stood  only  of  his  own  moiety,  for  the  owners  of  the 
other  moiety  of  the  manor  presented  to  the  rectory  in 
their  turn  both  before  and  after.  The  patronage  is 
vested  in  the  Earl  of  Carlisle.  Previous  to  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  present  rector.  Lord  Carlisle  and  the 
Grahams  of  Netherby  presented  alternately,  but  by  a 
lawsuit,  which  took  place  some  years  ago,  the  sole  pre- 
sentation was  vested  in  the  present  patron.  The 
parish  registers  commence  in  1725,  aud  continue  to 
the  present  time,  but  there  is  a  deliciency  of  three  or 
four  years  previous  to  1738.  In  the  churchyard  is  a 
coffin-shaped  tombstone  with  this  inscription — "Here 
lies  Bobert  (Hob)  Forrester,  of  Stanegarthside,  1508  I'' 
He  seems  to  have  been  called  Hob,  from  that  name 
being  placed  above  Robert. 

Rectors. — Gilbert  de  Mancheton,  121)1 ;  Thomas  de  Ley- 
cester,  l^Dfi;    Nicholas  de  Covciitr}-,  ISIK! ;   John  de  Stapleton, 

l.'!23;    Hugh  ,  ;   John  de  Kivkby,  M38;    UeoTj  de 

Wliitoborgh,  ;    Robert   do   Soulhajke,   1300  j    Robert  da 

lii>ltun,  l:iUl;  William  de  Strickland,  laOtf;  Nicholas  de  Sta- 
pleton,  ;    Henry  Hudson,  1003;  William  Culchelh,  ; 

Richard  Culchoth,  KiSG ;  James  Jackson,  17U;  Wm.  Graham, 
1771 ;  Thomas  I'attinson,'  17!)0  ;  John  Hope,  183-1. 

The  parsonage  is  a  plain  two-storied  house  of  eight 
rooms,  erected  in  1830. 

Tho  parish  school  is  situated  in  this  township,  near 
tho  church,  and  is  a  good  building,  forty  feet  by  twenty, 

>  This  rector  waa  non-n-sident,  and  had  four  curates  durinf;  his 
incumbency,  Tit,  John  Topping,  George  Topping,  Thomas  Waite, 
and  John  Hope. 


G94 


ESKDALE  WARD. 


erected  upon  the  site  of  the  old  one.  This  school  is 
endowed  with  about  .£10  a  year,  being  part  of  the  interest 
of  £80  bequeathed  by  Edward  Irving,  of  liarperhill,  ia 
1778,  and  also  a  portion  of  £15  Is.  8d.,  the  interest  of 
;e500  (now  £50'J  10s.)  left  by  the  late  Sii-  S.  Howard, 
of  Carlisle,  for  the  education  of  the  poor  of  the  whole 
parish  of  Stapleton.  The  average  attendance  is  seventy- 
two. 

CnAMTIES. 

Irving's  Charity. — Edwai'd  Irving,  in  the  year  1778, 
bequeathed  to  the  rector  of  Stapleton  for  the  time  being, 
and  others,  the  sum  of  tSO,  the  interest  of  which  is 
divided  as  follows:  —  i^'i  as  an  endowment  of  Staple- 
ton  School  as  above,  the  remainder  is  divided  upon  his 
tombstone  on  Old  Christmas  Day  among  the  poor  of 
Stapleton  township  not  having  received  any  parochial 
relief. 

Sir  S.  Howard's  Charity. —  Sir  S.  Howard,  late  of 
the  city  of  Carlisle,  by  will,  dated  11th  March,  1843, 
and  proved  by  the  Consistory  Court  of  Carlisle,  on  the 
1 4th  August,  1846,  bequeathed  to  the  clergyman  and 
churchwardens  of  the  parish  of  Stapleton  J£300,  to  be 
invested  by  them,  and  the  interest  applied  for  and 
towards  the  education  of  the  poor  inhabitants  of  that 
parish.  The  money  was  transferred  to  the  Bank  of 
England  in  1847;  present  amount,  £503  10s.,  at  three 
per  cent.  The  interest,  £15  Is.  8d.,  is  applied  as 
directed. 

A  library  and  reading  room  have  been  recently 
established  in  the  parish  school ;  the  library  contains 
between  200  and  300  volumes  in  general  literature. 

SOLPORT. 

The  area  of  Solport  is  :3,121  statute  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £l,-3-2r  15s.  Its  population  in  1801 
was  259;  in  1811,  277;  in  1821,  300;  in  1831,  334; 
in  1841,  353;  and  in  1851,  300.    The  township  occupies 


the  north-west  end  of  the  parish.  The  manor  of  Solport 
was  anciently,  like  Stapleton,  the  property  of  the  Lord 
of  Levington,  from  whom  it  passed  successively  to  the 
TiUiols,  Colvilles,  and  llusgraves.  Sir  Edward  AIus- 
grave  sold  it  to  Lord  Preston,  from  whom  it  descended 
to  the  Grahams  of  Xctherby,  in  whose  possession  it 
stUl  continues.  Sir  James  Graham  being  the  present 
lord  of  the  manor,  which  includes  the  townships  of 
Solport,  liellbauk,  and  Trough.  At  Shank,  in  this 
township,  there  ia  an  old  castle  partly  in  ruins,  be? 
longing  to  Sir  James  Graham.  On  the  north  side  of 
Solport  there  is  a  small  Presbyterian  meeting  house, 
capable  of  accommodating  120  persons.  There  is  also 
an  old  school-room  here,  which  is  at  present  being 
rebuilt  upon  an  improved  and  larger  scale.  It  is 
endowed  with  about  £7  10s. 

TilOUGH. 

Trough  township  is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Line,  near  BeUbank,  and  belongs  mostly  to  resident 
yeomen.  Its  area  is  2,322  acres,  and  is  rateable  value 
£004  18s.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1801  was 
129;  in  1811,  137;  in  1821,143;  in  1831,  109;  in 
1841,  143  ;  and  in  1831,  150.  This  township,  as  said 
above,  is  included  in  the  manor  of  Solport. 

BELLBAKE. 

The  population  of  Bellbank  in  1801  was  109 ;  in 
1811,  120;  in  1821,  137;  in  1831,  127;  in  1841, 
124  ;  and  in  1851,  121.  The  area  of  the  township  is 
1,397  acres,  and  its  rateable  value  £499  Os.  4d.  Bell- 
bank  is  situated  above  the  confluence  of  the  Wliite  and 
Black  Lines,  about  a  mile  north  of  the  parish  church. 

The  Eev.  William  Graham,  rector  of  this  parish 
from  1771  till  his  death  in  1795,  published  a  transla- 
tion, in  verse,  of  the  Eclogues  of  Virgil,  and  some 
sermons. 


WALTON  PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Kirklinton  and  Stapleton,  on  the  east  by  Irthington,  on  the  south  by 
Brampton,  and  on  the  east  by  Lanercost.  It  is  divided  into  the  two  townships  of  High  Walton  and  Low  Walton, 
wliich  jointly  maintain  their  own  poor.  The  area  of  the. parish  is  3,592  statute  acres.  The  principal  employment 
is  agriculture,  and  Brampton  is  the  market  usually  attended.  The  Roman  wall  runs  through  the  parish,  as  do  also 
the  rivers  King  and  Cambeck.  Many  Pioman  antiquities  have  been  discovered  here  from  time  to  time,  and  may  be 
seen  at  Walton  House.  The  manor  of  Walton  was  given  by  Robert  de  Vaux  to  the  priory  of  Lanercost,  and  after 
the  dissolution  of  that  bouse  it  came  into  the  possession  of  Sir  Thomas  Dacre.  It  passed  with  ^the  prioiy  estate  till 
sold  in  1789  by  WUliam  Dacre,  Esq.  to  John  Johnson,  Esq.,  from  whom  it  has  descended  to  William  Pousonby 
Johnson,  Esq.,  of  Walton  House,  the  present  lord  of  the  manor.     The  rateable  value  of  the  parish  is  £2,900. 


•WALTON  PARISH. 


095 


LOW  WALTON. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  970; 
in  1811,  250;  iu  1821,  303 ;  in  1831,  313;  in  1841, 
288;  and  in  1851,  281. 

The  village  of  Walton  is  three  miles  north  of  Bramp- 
ton. Its  name  bears  testimony  to  its  relationship  with 
the  Roman  wall,  many  of  the  stones  of  which  may  be 
detected  in  its  cottages.  Horsley  says,  "  At  Walton 
there  seems  to  have  been  some  fortification  or  encamp- 
ment. One  side  of  the  square  is  yet  very  visible,  and 
the  ramparts  pretty  large,  about  eighty  yards  long. 
It  is  high  ground  and  dry.  Perhaps  it  has  been  a 
summer  encampment  or  explorating  post  for  the  garrison 
at  Cambeck." 

Petriana,  the  Cambeck  fort  of  Horsley,  and  the 
Castlesteads  of  the  locality,  is  to  the  south  of  the  vallum 
and  wall.  The  site  of  the  station  may  bo  recognised, 
but  its  ramparts  have  long  since  disappeared,  and  the 
ruined  buildings  of  the  interior  entirely  obliterated. 
It  has  yielded  many  altars  and  sculptured  stones,  some 
of  which  are  still  preserved  upon  the  spot,  and  from 
time  to  time  the  spade  still  reveals  to  the  antiquarian 
coins  and  other  remains  of  ancient  days.  The  finest  of 
the  altars  stands  in  the  garden  of  Walton  House.  The 
thunderbolt  of  .Jupiter  adorns  one  side  of  it,  the  wheel 
of  Nemesis  the  other.  The  inscription  has  been  read 
by  Mr.  Thomas  Hodgson,  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  as 
follows : — 

i[ovi]  o[rTi3io]  M[Axnto] 

COHORS     SKCVNDA    TVXGliORVM 

a[U.I.IAIlU]   EQ[fITATA]   c[lVlV5l]    I.[aTINOBVM]CVI 

KIAEEST  AI.d[vs] 

sEVEiscs  rn- 

AEr[Er.Tvs]  TVNo[r.ouv3i]  re-] 

sta[i;te]  vic[ioue]  SEitvo 

PRINCin 

To  Jupiter,  the  best  and  greatest, 
The  second  ccilmrt  of  the  Tuugrinus, 
A  milliary  regiimni,  Imvinj;  n  pniporlionnto  supply  of  horse,  and 
consistinij  of  lili/.ens  of  Latiuiu, 
Curoniaudi'd  by  Albus 
Sevi'i-us,  pre- 
fect of  the  TuHKriftiis,  rreett  thit  ; 
The  work  being  superinlemU'<l  by  Victor  Sovnis  (or  Severos), 
the  princeps. 


According  to  the  Xotitia  the  "  .\li  Petriana"  were 
stationed  at  Petriana,  under  a  prefect.  No  inscriptions 
have,  however,  been  found  here  which  name  the 
Ala  Petriana,  although  two  belonging  to  this  place  men- 
tion the  second  cohort  of  the  Tungri.  Hence  it  has  been 
supposed  that  this  cohort  was  a  part  of  the  Ala  Petriana. 
Until  this  point  be  cleared  up,  the  only  evidence  wo 
have  that  this  station  is  Petriana,  is  its  occurrence  next 
in  order  to  Amboglauna  in  the  Notitia. 

THE    CHUBCH. 

The  church,  a  small  but  neat  edifice,  erected  in  1811, 
is  situated  in  the  village,  and  consists  of  a  nave  and 
chancel  with  porch,  the  latter  of  which  was  built  in 
1843.  The  living  was  formerly  a  vicarage,  but  was 
appropriated  to  Lanercost  Priory,  under  the  gift  of 
Robert  de  Vaux.  Robert  de  Chester,  the  last  vicar,  was 
presented  by  the  prior  and  convent  of  Lanercost  in  the 
year  1380,  after  whose  death  till  the  Dissolution  the 
church  was  served  from  that  monastery.  Edward  VI. 
granted  the  benefice,  together  with  that  of  Lanercost, 
to  Sir  Thomas  Dacre,  in  whose  descendants  it  still 
remains ;  Joseph  Dacre,  Es  \.,  of  Kirklinton  Hall  being 
the  patron.  W.  P.  Johnson,  Esq.,  is  the  improjjriator. 
The  living  is  now  a  perpetual  curacy  in  the  deanery  of 
Carlisle,  and  is  worth  about  £125  per  annum.  The 
incumbent  receives  £30  3s.  annually,  in  lieu  of  small 
tithes  and  Easter  offerings.  The  great  tithes  have  been 
commuted  for  X'170  a  year. 

The  parish  registers  commence  iu  1034. 

Incumbents. Stamper,  ;   Thomas  Ireland,   1808  r 

Purvis,  1836  ;  Joseph  Smith,  1837  ;  Isaac  Bowman,  1854. 

The  parsonage  is  a  plain  buUding,  erected  in  1838. 

Situated  in  Walton  village  is  a  Primitive  Methodist 
Chapel,  erected  iu  1858. 

The  parish  school  is  a  neat  structure,  erected  in  1859 
at  a  cost  of  £250,  and  is  attended  by  from  fifty  to  sixty 
children  in  winter,  and  from  twenty  to  thirty  in  summer. 

Walton  House,  the  seat  of  W.  P.  Johnson,  Esq.,  is  a 
beautiful  mansion,  situated  on  a  sloping  bank  surrounded 
with  groves  and  plantations,  and  within  its  extensive 
gardens  and  grounds  arc  numerous  remains  of  the 
Roman  station  Petriana. 


pistorg  Eiib  f  Bpgrap]]]) 


OF 


WESTMORELAND. 


^eogra|IjiraI  gestn|tion  of  ®£stinorfIanb. 


SITUATION,    BOUNDARIES,    EXTENT,    POPULATION, 
DIVISIONS,   &C. 

AVestmorelauJ  is  one  of  the  lake  counties  of  England, 
extending  from  54°  10'  to  54°  43'  north  latitude,  and 
S°  9'  to  3°  10'  west  longitude.  It  is  of  an  irregular 
form,  bounded  on  tho  north  and  north-west  by  Cumber- 
laud  ;  ou  the  soutli-west  and  south  by  Lancashire  ;  on 
the  south-south-east,  east,  and  north-east,  by  Yorkshire ; 
and  for  a  short  distance  ou  tho  north-cast  by  tho  county 
of  Durham.  Its  length  from  Arnside  Knot  to  the 
river  Tees  is  forty  miles,  its  greatest  breadth  twenty-five 
miles,  average  breadth  seventeen  miles,  and  circuit 
about  1135  miles.  Tho  area  of  tho  county  is  758 
square  miles,  or  485,43'3  statute  acres,  of  which  about 
180,000  ('.')  may  be  arable  and  pasture.  Tho  population 
in  1801  was  40,805 ;  in  1811,  45,922;  in  1821, 
.jl,n59;  in  1831,  55,041  ;  in  1841,  50,454;  and  in 
1S51,  58,287;  showing  an  increase  of  forty-three  per 
cent  in  the  number  of  inhabitants  during  tho  last  fifty 
years;  of  this  number  2'.), 079  wero  males,  and  29,208 
females.  There  wore,  in  1 85 1, 10,841)  inhabited  houses, 
875  uninhabited,  and  thirty-uino  in  process  of  erection. 
Tile  number  of  persons  to  a  square  mile  was  seventy- 
seven,  of  inhabited  houses  fiftecu  ;  tho  average  number 
of  pereons  to  each  inhabited  house  was  5'2,  of  acres  to 
a  person  8-3,  and  of  acres  to  a  bouse  43-3. 

Westmoreland  is  divided  into  two  baronies  —  tho 
barony  of  Kendal,  which  appears  to  liavo  been  anciently 
a  part  of  Lancashire,  and  comprehended  so  late  as  tho 
lime  of  Henry  VIII.  several  places  in  that  county ; 
aiul  the  barony  of  Appleby,  sometimes  called  "  tbo 
bottom  of  Westmoreland,"  which  now  comprehends 
some  places  formerly  included  in  tho  barony  of  Kendal. 
Thcro  is  somo  diversity  in  tho  customs  of  iulicritauco 


in  the  two  baronies  of  Kendal  and  Westmoreland ;  in 
other  respects  the  division  into  baronies  is  little  used ; 
but  of  this  more  in  our  account  of  these  baronies  at  a 
subsequent  page.  The  usual  division  is  into  four 
wards.  East  Ward,  north-east ;  West  Ward,  north- 
west ;  Kendal  Ward,  south-west ;  Lonsdale  Ward,  south- 
cast,  Kendal  and  Lonsdale  Wards  are  iu  the  barony 
of  Kendal ;  the  East  and  West  Wards  in  the  barony  of 
Westmoreland.  Westmoreland  has  no  city  ;  it  contains 
the  county  town  of  Appleby,  the  parliamentary  borough 
of  Kendal,  and  the  market  towns  of  Ambleside,  Brough, 
Burton-iu-Kcnd«l,  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  Kirkby  Stephen, 
Milnthorpe,  Orton,  Ravenstonedale,  and  Shap. 

For  ecclesiastical  purposes  the  county  is  compre- 
hended in  the  diocese  of  Carlisle,  and  province  of  York. 
For  an  account  of  the  diocese  of  Carlisle,  see  page  114. 
According  to  tho  Census  of  Religious  Worship,  taken  in 
1851,  it  appears  that  there  were  at  that  period  in  tho 
county  165  places  of  worship,  of  which  seventy-eight 
belonged  to  tho  Church  of  Eugland,  lifty-niue  to  the 
Wesleyan  :\[ethodists,  sixteen  to  Primitive  Jlotlioihsts, 
thu'teen  to  Association  JMethodists,  nine  to  Indepen- 
dents, four  to  Baptists,  four  to  Quakers,  and  two  to 
Catholics.  Tho  total  number  of  sittings  provided  was 
37,138.  Of  Sunday  schools  there  were  121,  of  wliich 
seventy-four  wero  iu  connection  with  the  Church  of 
England.  Tho  total  number  of  Sunday  scholars  was 
7,510.  (.If  day  schools  thero  wore  211 ;  of  which  119 
were  public  schools,  with  t'(,.'«>J4  scholars  ;  and  ninety-live 
wero  private  schools,  with  2,384  scholars.  Thcro  were 
live  evening  schools  for  adults,  with  157  scholars. 
Of  literary  and  scienlitic  institutes  thero  wero  five,  with 
348  members,  and  libraries  containing  2,545  volumes. 

Westmoreland  is  included  in  tho  Northern  Circuit, 


roo 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  WESTMORELAND. 


and  tlie  assizes  are  held  at  Appleby.  The  quarter 
sessions  for  the  county  arc  held  at  Appleby,  and  by 
adjournmcut  at  Kendal.  County  courts  are  held  at 
Ambleside,  Appleby,  Kendal,  and  Kirkby  Lonsdale. 
A  county  gaol  and  bouse  of  correction  is  at  Appleby,  and 
a  county  house  of  correction  at  Kendal. 

The  county  [returns  two  members  to  the  imperial 
piirliament,  and  the  borough  of  Kendal  one.  Under 
the  provisions  of  the  Poor  Law  Amendment  Act,  West- 
moreland was  apportioned  into  the  following  three 
unions.  East  Ward,  West  Ward,  and  Kendal ;  the 
statistics,  &c.,  of  which  will  bo  found  in  the  notices  of 
the  parishes  and  townships  in  which  the  workhouses 
are  situated. 

It  is  observed  by  Sir  Daniel  Fleming  that  although 
it  is  generally  said  that  llichard  II.  created  the  first 
earl  of  Westmoreland,  yet  there  seems  to  have  been 
some  earls  of  this  county  before  that  reign,  for  he  finds 
Humphrey  de  Bassingbume,  one  of  the  knights  of  the 
Earl  of  Westmoreland,  about  the  period  of  the  Conquest. 
It  is,  however,  certain  that  llichard  II.  conferred  that 
title  upon  Kalph  Neville  of  Raby,  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  whose  heirs  continued  to  possess  it  till  the 
reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  when,  in  consequence  of  the 
Earl  of  Westmoreland's  share  in  the  "  Rising  of  the 
North,"  it  was  lost  to  his  family.  Francis  Fane,  a 
descendant  of  the  Nevilles,  was  created  Earl  of  West- 
moreland by  James  I.,  in  16-Jt,  and  the  title  is  now 
possessed  by  his  desiiendaut,  .lohn  Fane,  earl  of  West- 
moreland. 

SURFACE. 

Westmoreland  is  wholly  mountainous.     The  eastern 
side  is  traversed  by  the  great  Pennine  chain,  and  the 
western  side  and  the  centre  are  occupied  by  the  moun- 
tains of  the  Cumbrian  group,  which  are  separated  from 
the  Pennine  chain  by  the  valley  of  the  Eden.     The 
principal  riJge  of  the  Pennine  chain  enters  the  county 
across  its  northern  border,  just  to  the  south  of  Cross 
Fell,  and  extends  across  llilburn  Forest  to  the  border 
of  Yorkshire ;  it  then  turns  south-south-west,  and  runs 
above  Kirkby  Stephen  to  the  head  of  the  valley  of  the 
Eden,  into  which,  on  the  west  side  of  this  ridge,  the 
mountains  have  a  steep  and  almost  precipitous  descent ; 
on  the  east  they  extend  a  considerable  distance,  far 
beyond  the  boundaries  of  Westmoreland,  subsiding  more 
gradually  into  the  wide  valley  or  plain  of  the  Tees, 
which  occupies  the  south-oast  of  the  county  of  Durham, 
and  the  north  of  Yorkshire.     On  each  side  of  the  ridge 
numerous    transvei-se   valleys    are   drained    by   small 
streams ;  those  on  the  west  side  falling  into  the  Eden  ; 
those  on  the  east  forming  tlie  upper  waters  of  the  Tees, 
the  Swale,  and  other  rivers,  which  ultimately  pour  their 


waters  into  the  German  Ocean.     Proceeding  from  north 
to  south,  the  principal  mountains  of  the  Pennine  chain 
in  Westmoreland  from  north  to  south  are  Dun  Fell, 
Dufton  Fell,  Eagle's  Chair,  Scordale  Head,  Warcop 
Fell,  Middle  Fell,  Musgrave  Fell,  and  Ilelbcck  Fell;  all 
north  of  the  depression  through  which  the  river  Belo 
passes.  South  of  that  depression  is  a  number  of  summits 
grouped  together,  and  forming  the  district  of  Arken- 
garth  Forest,  of  which  the  Nine  Standards,  Dowphin 
Seat,  Brownber  Fell,  and  Hugh's  Seat,  the  last  on  the 
border  of  Westmoreland  and  Yorkshire,  are  among  the 
chief.     The  principal  ridge  of  the  Cumbrian  mountains 
reaches  the  border  of  the  county  on  the  west  side  near 
Helvcllyn,  which  is  just  within  the  border  of  Cumber- 
land, and  runs  south-east  to  Kirkstone  Fell,  at  the 
head  of  the  valley  drained  by  the  Coldrill  or  Goldrill, 
otherwise  the  llartsop  Beck,  which  flows  into   UUes- 
water ;  from  Kirkstone  Fell  it  runs  east-by-south  to  the 
head  of  the  valley  of  the  Eden,  on  the  eastern  side  of 
the  county ;    by  which  valley,  liere  very  narrow,  it  is 
separated  from  the  Pennine  chain.     The  ridge,  about 
midway  between  Kirkstone  Fell  and  the  valley  of  the 
Eden,  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  depression,  through 
which  the  Lune  passes.   Among  the  principal  mountains 
along  the  ridge  are  Grisedale  Brow  and  Dow  Craggs, 
between  Helvellyn  and  Kirkstone  Fell ;  High  Street 
and  Harter  Fell,  near  the  head  of  Kentmere  ;  and  Birk- 
beck  Fells  and  Hause  Hill,  near  the  head  of  Borrowdale. 
On  the  north  side  a  principal  branch  is  thrown  off  from 
the  main  ridgo  at  High  Street,  a  short  distance  east  of 
Ivirkstone  Fell,  of  which  branch  Dod  Hill,  Place  Fell, 
Aldsay  Pike,  Kidsty  Pike,  the  peaks  in   Martindale 
Forest,  and  Swarth  Fell,  are  summits.     This  branch 
extends  nearly  to  the  bank  of  the  Eamont,  a  principal 
feeder  of  the  Eden,  opposite  Penrith.     Ulleswater  Lake, 
the  upper  part  of  which  belongs  wholly  to  Westmore- 
land, while  its  lower  part  is  on  the  border  of  Cum- 
berland and  Westmoreland,  is  about  seven  miles  long, 
with  an  average  breadth  of  half  a  mile.     The  upper 
part  of  the  lake  is  in  the  valley  of  Patterdale,  into  which 
open  other  dales  or  valleys,  including  Glencoin,  Glen- 
ridden,  Grisedale,  and  Deepdale,  which  are  formed  by 
the  short  branches  thrown  off  towards  the  lake  by  the 
semicircle  of  mountains  which  here  surround  it.     Mar- 
tindale opens  at  its  northern  end  upon  the  south-east 
side  of  Ulleswater ;  it  lies  between  the  hills  of  Martin- 
dale  Forest  on  the  east  and  a  detached  mountain  or 
hill  on  the  west.    These  dales  are  watered  by  mountain 
streams  flowing  into  Ulleswater,  from  the  lower  extremity 
of  which  the  Eamont  flows.     From  the  main  ridge, 
near  Birkbeck  Fells,  an  important  branch  is  thrown  otT 
in  the  north-east  direction ;  but  between  this  and  the 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION   OF  WESTMORELAND. 


roi 


branch  riilge,  which  has  been  described  as  parting  from 
the  main  ridge  at  Higii  Street,  are  two  shorter  branches, 
separated  from  the  High  Street  branch  by  the  valley  of 
Martindale,  from  each  other  by  the  valley  of  Swindale, 
and  from  the  ]?irkbeck  Fells  branch  by  the   valley  of 
Wet  Sleddale.     The  branch  from  the  principal  ridge  of 
the  mountains  at  Birkbeck  Fells  is  known  in  the  part 
nearest  the  ridge  as  Shap  Fell.     It  extends  northward 
in    several    ridges,    separated    by   intervening    vales. 
Knipe  Scar,  and  the  hills  of  Shap  Moor,  Nowby  High 
Moor,  Ravensworth  and  Meaburn  Moors,  and   Colby 
Common,  all  belong  to  this  branch.     The  intervening 
valleys  have  a  general  direction  north  and  south,  and 
the  waters  which  drain  them  unite  to  form  a  stream 
which  joins  the  Eden  between  Kirkby  Thore  and  Temple 
Sowerby.     The  branches  from  the  main  ridge  on  the 
south  side  e.vtond  on  the  western  side  of  the  county  a 
very  short  distance  from  the  main  ridge,  subsiding  in 
the  valley  of  Grasmere,  by  which  they  are  separated 
from  a  detached  group  of  the  Cumbrian  mountains, 
whicli  occupies  the  western  extremity  of  the  county. 
Numerous  branch  ridges  and  groups  of  hills  e.xtend  in 
various  directions,  including  many  forests,  drained  by 
numerous  streams,  and  presenting  varieties  of  picturesque 
scenery.      The   western   extremity   of  the  county   is 
occupied  by  part  of  another  group  of  the  Cumbrian 
mountains,  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  valley  of  Great 
Langdalc.    Langdale  Pikes,  Silver  How,  and  Loughrigg 
Fell  are  between  Grasmere  and  Great  Langdalc  ;  and 
Bow  Fell  (■'2,911  feet  high)  on  the  border  of  Westmore- 
land and  Cumberland,  and  ^^'rcy  Nose,  or  Wrynose, 
form  tlie  western  termination  of  the  valleys  of  Great 
and  LitUe  Langdale,  which  are  separated  from  each 
other  by  a  ridge,  called  Lingmire,      We  subjoin  the 
names  and  altitudes  of  the  principal  mountains  : — Fair- 
field, 2,0.50  feet ;  Bow  Foil,  •2,911 ;  Rydal  Head,  2,910  ; 
High  Street,  2,700  ;  Hill  Bell,  2,500  ;  Harrison  Stickle, 
2,400:    Tike  o'   Stickle,  2,300:    Wans  Fell,  1,590; 
Whin  Fell  Beacon,  near  Kendal,  1,500  ;  Benson  Knot, 
near  Kendal,  1,098 ;  Loughrigg  Fell,  1,108 ;  Kendal 
Fell,  G18. 

EIVEKS,    LAKES,  &C. 

The  Pennine  chain  of  mountains  separates  the  waters 
which  llow  into  iho  Irish  sea  from  those  which  How 
into  the  German  Ocean.  Westmoreland  is  chielly  on 
the  western  side,  but  a  small  portion  is  on  the  eastern 
side  of  tho  ridge,  and  in  this  some  of  the  upper  waters 
of  tho  Tees  have  their  source.  The  Tees  itself  rises 
jnst  beyond  tho  northern  border  at  the  foot  of  Cross 
Fell,  but  its  source,  as  fiir  as  tho  fall  at  Cauldron  Snout, 
is  on  the  border  of  Wcstuioreluud.  On  tho  western  side 
of  the  Fenuiae  chain  the  county  is  divided  by  the  phu* 


cipal  ridge  of  the  Cumbrian  chain  into  two  basins — the 
basin  of  the  Edon  on  the  north,  and  the  basin  of 
Morecambe  Bay  on  the  south,  drained  by  the  Kent,  the 
Luue,  and  other  streams,  which  flow  into  that  estuary. 
The  Eden  rises  on  the  border  of  Westmoreland  and 
Yorkshire,  on  the  side  of  Hugh's  Seat,  one  of  the  moun- 
tains of  the  Pennine  chain,  and  passing  Kirkby  Stephen, 
shortly  afterwards  quits  the  county  for  Cumberland. 
Its  course  in  Westmoreland  is  thirty  miles;  no  part  of 
which  is  navigable.  It  has  numerous  atflfuents,  among 
which  may  be  named  the  Bcelah  or  Belay,  the  Helbeck, 
the  Troutbeck,  and  the  Crowdundale,  on  the  right  bank, 
and  the  Lowthor  and  the  Ijamont  on  the  left  bank. 
All  the  larger  alliuents  of  the  Eden  which  join  it  on 
the  left  bank  rise  on  the  northern  slope  of  the  Cum^ 
briaii  ridge. 

The  Belo,  which  rises  below  the  hills  esist  of  Kendal, 
consists  of  two  main  streams,  which  unite  near  the 
hamlet  of  Overthwaite,  two  miles  north  of  Beetham, 
below  whicli  is  a  waterfall  over  a  limestone  rock  sixteen 
feet  in  perpendicular  depth. 

The  Eamont  Hows  from  Ulleswater  and  enters  Cum- 
berland with  the  Eden. 

The  Kent  rises  at  the  foot  of  High  Street,  in  the 
Cumbrian  ridge,  and  after  receiving  the  Sprint  and 
Mintbcck,  it  flows  into  Morecambe  Bay,  along  with 
tho  small  rivers  Pool  and  Belo,  or  Betha.  which  there 
join  it.  Its  whole  course  of  twouty-threo  miles  belongs 
to  Westmoreland,  but  it  is  not  navigable. 

The  Levcn,  which  flows  out  of  Windermere,  belongs 
to  Lancashire :  but  the  Rothay  or  Raisebeck,  which 
drains  the  valley  of  Grasmere,  the  streams  which  drain 
the  valleys  of  Great  and  Little  Langdale,  and  the 
Troutbeck,  all  of  which  flow  into  'Windermere,  and 
may  be  regarded  as  the  upper  waters  of  tho  Leven, 
belong  to  Westmoreland. 

Tho  Lowlher  has  its  source  in  the  moors  above  Wet 
Sleddale,  and  after  washing  the  venerable  ruins  of  Shap 
Abbey,  runs  to  RosgiU  Hall,  where  it  receives  Swindale 
Beck,  and  after  its  confluence  with  the  Thonithwaite, 
which  issues  from  Haweswater,  it  rolls  in  a  narrow  and 
stony  channel  through  tho  woods  of  I.owlher,  till  it 
loses  its  name  in  the  Eamont  opposite  Carletou  Hall. 

The  Lune  rises  in  Ruvenstonedolo,  on  the  northern 
side  of  tho  Cumbrian  ridge.  It  passes  Orton  and 
Kirkby  Lonsdale,  a  little  below  which  it  enters  Lanca- 
shire. Its  course  in  Westmoreland  is  about  twenty- 
seven  miles,  no  part  of  which  is  navigable. 

Tho  Undorbarrow  meets  the  Kent,  as  seen  above, 
with  which  it  flows  into  Morccorabe  Bay. 

The  Winster,  also  called  the  Pool,  rises  in  West- 
morehind,  and  flows  south  tcu  miles  along  the  border 


702 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION   OF  WESTMORELAND. 


of  Westmoreland,  and  of  Furness  in  Lancashire,  into 
Morecambe  Bay. 

Elterwater,  Grasmere,  Eydal  Water,  and  some 
other  smaller  lakes,  or  tarns,  arc  connected  with  the 
streams  which  flow  into  Windermere.  Windermere 
belongs,  by  its  position,  rather  to  Lancashire,  but  the 
fisheries  (which  comprise  all  the  lake)  arc  held  under 
the  barony  of  Kendal  by  the  payment  of  certain  lord's 
rents,  and  they  are  also  rated  and  pay  to  the  relief  of 
the  poor  iu  Westmoreland. 

The  small  size  of  the  lakes  is  favourable  to  the  pro- 
duction of  varied  landscapes,  and  their  boundary  lines 
are  either  gracefully  or  boldly  indented ;  in  some  parts 
rugged  steeps,  admitting  of  no  cultivation,  descend  into 
the  water;  in  others,  gently  sloping  lawns  and  rich 
woods  or  flat  and  fertile  meadows  stretch  between  the 
margin  of  the  lake  and  the  mountains.  The  margins 
of  the  lakes  generally  lined  either  with  a  fine  bluish 
gravel  thrown  up  by  the  water,  or  with  patches  of  reeds 
and  bulrushes ;  while  the  surface  is  variegated  by  plots 
of  water-lilies.  The  disproportionate  length  of  some  of 
the  lakes  would,  by  making  their  appearance  approxi- 
mate to  that  of  a  river,  injure  their  characteristic 
beauty,  were  not  this  effect  prevented,  especially  in 
UUeswater  and  Haweswatcr,  by  the  windhig  shape  of 
the  lakes,  which  prevents  their  whole  extent  from  being 
seen  at  once.  The  islands  are  neither  numerous  nor 
very  beautiful.  The  water  is  remarkably  pure  and 
crystalline.  What  are  locally  called  tarns  are  small 
lakes,  belonging  mostly  to  small  valleys  or  circular 
recesses,  high  up  among  the  mountains.  Loughrigg 
Tarn,  near  the  junction  of  the  valleys  Great  and  Little 
Langdale,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful.  The  mountain 
tarns  are  difficult  of  access,  and  naked,  desolate,  and 
gloomy,  but  impressive  from  these  very  characteristics. 
The  streams  of  Westmoreland  are  rather  large  brooks 
than  rivers,  with  very  limpid  water,  allowing  their  rocky 
or  gravelly  beds  to  be  seen  to  a  great  depth.  The 
number  of  torrents  and  smaller  brooks,  with  their 
■waterfalls  and  waterbreaks  or  rapids,  is  very  great. 
The  wide  estuary  of  the  Kent  presents  at  low  water  a 
vast  expanse  of  sands.  The  lakes  and  tarns  abound 
with  various  species  of  fish,  as  trout,  eel,  bass,  perch, 
tench,  roach,  pike,  char,  and  others.  Sea-fish  are  also 
abundant  on  the  shore  of  IMorecambe  Bay. 

For  economical  purposes  the  rivers  and  lakes  of 
Westmoreland  arc  of  little  importance ;  but  in  combi- 
nation with  the  rugged  mountains  and  the  secluded 
valleys  amid  which  they  are  found,  they  give  to  the 
county  a  high  degree  of  picturesque  beauty.  "  The 
forms  of  the  mountains,"  says  Wordsworth,  in  bis 
"  Scenery  of  the  Lakes,"    "  are  endlessly  diversified. 


sweeping  easily  or  boldly  in  simple  majesty,  abrupt  and 
precipitous,  or  soft  and  elegant.  In  magnitude  and 
grandeur  they  are  individually  inferior  to  the  most 
celebrated  of  those  in  some  parts  of  the  island  ;  but  in 
the  combinations  which  they  make,  towering  above 
each  other,  or  lifting  themselves  in  ridges  like  the 
waves  of  a  tumultuous  sea,  and  in  the  beauty  and 
variety  of  their  surfaces  and  colours,  they  are  surpassed 
by  none."  The  mountains  are  generally  covered  with 
turf,  rendered  rich  and  green  by  the  moisture  of  the 
climate ;  forming  in  some  places  an  unbroken  extent 
of  pasturage,  in  others  laid  partially  bare  by  torrents 
and  burstings  of  water  from  the  mountains  in  heavy 
rains.  Wood  is  not  abundant ;  the  want  of  timber 
trees  is  particularly  felt,  but  coppices  are  tolerably 
numerous.  The  trees  are  chiefly  oak,  ash,  birch,  and 
a  few  elms,  with  underwood  of  hazel,  holly,  and  white 
and  black  thorns.  Scotch  firs,  beeches,  larches,  and 
limes  have  been  introduced  of  late  years.  Fern  is  com- 
monly found  on  the  mountains ;  heath  and  furze  are 
only  occasionally  found.  The  valleys  are  for  the  most 
part  winding,  and  iu  many  the  windings  are  abrupt  and 
intricate;  the  bottoms  of  the  valleys  are  most  commonly 
formed  by  a  comparatively  spacious  gently-declining 
area,  level  as  the  surface  of  the  lake,  except  where 
broken  by  the  rocks  and  hills  that  rise  up  like  so  many 
islands  from  the  plain. 

Westmoreland  has  only  one  canal,  the  Lancaster 
Canal,  which  commences  on  the  east  of  Kendal,  at  a 
height  of  1-14  J  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  runs 
southward  with  some  bends  by  Burton  in  Kendal,  to 
Lancaster  and  Preston,  in  Lancashire.  About  twelve 
miles  of  the  canal  are  in  Westmoreland. 

For  further  account  of  the  mountains,  lakes,  &c.,  see 
page  39. 

It0.\DS,    TURNPIKE    TRUSTS,    AND    BRIDGES. 

The  principal  roads  in  the  county  are  the  main  road 
from  Lancaster  to  Carlisle  and  Glasgow ;  and  the  road 
(formerly  a  mail  road)  through  Stamford,  Newark, 
Doncaster,  and  Greta  Bridge,  to  Carlisle  and  Glasgow. 
The  Carlisle  roud  enters  the  county  on  the  south  side, 
at  Burton,  in  Kendal,  eleven  miles  from  Lancaster,  and 
runs  northward  by  Kendal,  Shap,  and  Brougham,  to 
Penrith ;  before  reaching  the  last-mentioned  place  it 
crosses  the  Eamont  into  Cumberland.  Roads  lead  from 
Kendal  south-westward  to  Ulverstonc  and  Dalton  in 
Furness  ;  westward  to  Bowness,  and  across  Windermere 
by  the  ferry  to  Hawkshead  and  Coniston  Water  in 
Furness,  and  to  Egremont  and  Whitehaven  iu  Cum- 
berland ;  north-eastward  by  Ortou  to  Appleby,  with  a 
branch  road  to  Kirkby  Stephen  and  Brough;  eastward 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION   OF  WESTilORELAND. 


ro3 


to  Sedbergh,  Howes,  Askrigg,  and  Eichtuond,  all  in 
Yorkshire,  with  a  branch  road  from  Sedbergh  to  Kirkby 
Stephen,  and  south-eastward  by  Kirkby  Lonsdale  to 
Settle,  Skipton,  Otley,  and  Leeds. 

From   the   "  Abstract   Statements   of  Income    and 
Expenditure  on  account  of  the  Highways  in  England 
and  Wales,"  for  the  year  ending  March  25th,  1855,  we 
learn  the  following  particulars  relative  to  the  highways 
of  this  county:  —  Number  of  returns,  105.     Balances, 
25th  March,  1854  :  In  hand,  £515  9s.  2d. ;  overspent, 
£47   5s.  3d.    Receipts  :   From  rates  and  assessments, 
£3,432  5s.  9d. ;  team  labour  performed  in  lieu  of  rates, 
£23  5s.  2d. ;  other  work  performed  in  lieu  of  rates, 
£24   15s.  9d. ;  other  receipts,  £143   IBs.  lid.;  total 
receipts,  £3,024  5s.  7d.     Expenditure  :  Manual  labour, 
£2,380  12s.  lOd. :  team  labour,  £407  7s.  lOd. ;  mate- 
rials, £358  7s.  5d. ;    tradesmen's  bills,  £79  Is.  8d. ; 
salaries,  £41  5s. ;    team  labour  performed  in  lieu  of 
rates,  £23  5s.  2d. ;   other  work  performed  in  lieu  of 
rates,   £24    15s.    9d. ;    to   turnpike   trusts,   £9    Os. ; 
other    payments,   £120   3s.   2d. ;    total    expenditure, 
£3,507   4s.  lOd.      Balances,  25th  March,   J855:   In 
hand,  £67(5  18s.  3d.;    overspent,  £01   13s.  7d.     An 
abstract  of  the  general  statements  of  the  income  and 
expenditure  of  the  several  turnpike  trusts  in  England 
and  Wales,  from  January  1st  to  December  3 1st,  1854, 
was  laid  before  parliament  in  November,  1850.     From 
this  document  it  appears  that  the  income  and  expendi- 
ture on  account  of  the  ten  turnpike  trusts  of  Westmore- 
land were  as  follows  : — Balance  in  treasurer's  hands,  1st 
January,   185 1,  £1,092   Os.  3d.;    balance  due  to  the 
treasurers,  1st  January,  1854,  £289  Ts.  lid. ;  revenue 
received  from  tolls,  £3,970  10s.  5d.;  estimated  value 
of  statute  duty  performed,  £20  lOs. ;  revenue  from  fines, 
£1  ISs.  9d.;  revenue  from  incidental  receipts,  £69  3s.  4d.; 
total  income,  £4,071   8s.  OJ.     Expenditure :    Manual 
labour,  £705    153.   3d.;   team  labour  and  carriage  of 
materials,  £  1 42  7s.  1  d. ;  materials  for  surface  repairs, 
£217  7s.  Id. ;  land  purchased,  15s.  9d.;  damage  done 
in    obtaining    materials,   £2    5s. ;    tradesmen's    bills, 
£69  03.  lid.;  salary  of  treasurer,  £00  2s.;  clerk,  £109; 
surveyor,  £L71    10s.;    law    charges,    £47    33.    lOd. ; 
interest  of    debt,    £1,303    Os.    lid.;    improvements, 
£585  13s.  8d. ;  debts  paid  olT,  £097  33.  9d. ;  incidental 
expenses,  £182  23.  Od. ;  estimated  value  of  statute  duty 
performed,  £20  10s. ;  total  expenditure,  £4,440  Os.  9d. 
Debts:  £47,355  Is.;  unpaid  interest,  £1,024  17s.  3d. ; 
balance    due    to    treasurers,    31st   December,    1854, 
£287  53.  5d.;  total  debts,  £48,007  3s.  8d.     Arrears  of 
income:    Arrears   of  former   years,    £500    lOs.    Id.; 
balance  in  treasurers'  hands,   31st   December,   1854, 
£1,315  23.  Cd.;  total  assets,  £1,875  ISa.  7d. 


There  are  107  bridges  throughout  the  county  of 
Westmoreland,  a  list  of  which  we  subjoin,  with  the 
names  of  the  wards  and  townships  where  situate  : — 


Kame. 


Warf. 


Township  where  situated. 


Ashy  ■  Enst 

Askham  West 

Itamptoa  Pitto 

Danntsdale,  High  K(;udal 

Bannisdale,  Lotr  Ditto 

Barbon  LoosdalQ 

liarley  Kendal 

Beckfoot  West 

Beckfoot  at  Smithy  Lonsdale 

Beehive  Kendal 

Belay  East 

Ueetham  Kendal 

Black  AVest 

Blandswath  East 

Blea-beck  West 

Blea-beck  Lonsdale 

BleaH:rag  Kendal 


Blind-heck 
Blind-heck 
Bolton 
Borrow,  ITigh 


Ashby  WinderwathandGreatOrmside 

Askham  and  Lowtber 

Hampton 

Kawcett  Forest 

Fawcett  Forest  and  Sclside 

Barbon 

Over  Stavely 

Bampton  and  Hilton 

Dlllicar 

Stainton 

Brough  Sowerby  and  Kaber 

Beetham  and  Haverbrack 

Bampton 

Little  Masgraveand  Winton 

Shap 

Mansergh  and  Lupton 

AViilierslack  and  jointly  with  Lanca- 
shire 

Ditto  Kirklaud  and  Kendal 

Lonsdale  Barbon 

East  and  West   Bolton  and  Crackenthorpe 
Kendal  Fawcett  Forest 


Borrow,  High  KeudalandEast  Grayrigg  and  Tebay 

Bowland  Kendal  Crosthwaito  and  joinUy  with  Lanca- 

shire 

Bowston  Ditto  StrickhmdRogcrand  Strickland  Kettle 

Brathay  Ditto  Anibiesideandjointly  withLancashiro 

Brough,  Old  East  Brtiugh 

Brough,  New  Ditto  Brough 

Brougham  West  Brougham  and  jointly  wiUi  Comber- 

land 

Bumeside  Kendal  Strickland  liogcrandStricklandKettle 

Carlingill  East  Tebay,  and  Uowgill  in  Yorkshire 

».  asterton  Lonsdale  Casterton 

Cawdalo  West  Hartsop 

Chapel  Ditto  Jlorland  and  King's  Meabum 

Chapel  Ditto  Bampton  and  Shap 

Church  Ditto  Bampton 

Church  Kendal  Grasmcre 

Cliburn  Mill  West  Clibu.n  and  Bolton 

Cliburn  Town  Ditto  Cliburn  and  Morland 

CoatUat  East  Kaisebeck  and  Orion 

Colby  East  and  West    Appleby  and  Colby 

Coldbeck  East  Kavenstonedale 

Colwith  Kendal  Langdalesandjointly  with  Lancashire 

Combeck  Ditto  Ditto 

Common  Holme        West  ( liburn  and  Great  Strickland 

Copelaud  Beck  East  Bongato  and  Sandford 

Cow  West  llartsop 

Crookdalo  Kendal  Fawcett  Forest  and  Orton 

Crooko'-Lune  Lonsdale  Dillicar  nij  jointly  with  Lancashire 

Dallam  Tower  Kendal  Milnthor^.e  and  llarcrbrack 

Deepdalo  West  llartsop  and  Pattcrdale 

Docker  Kendal  Docker 

Dorathy  West  Birkbeck  Fells 

East6eld  East  Kirkby  Stephen  and  Winton 

Kden  East  and  West   Temple  Sowerby  and  Brougham 

Ellergill'  East  Tebay 

Eltorwater  Kendal  Langdales 

EamonC  West  Vanwatb,  and  Penrith  in  Cumberland 

Farletoa  Kendal  I'reslon  Patrick  and  Farletun 

Force  Ditto  Sedgwick  and  Lovens 

Force  West  .Morland 

Gamete  Kendal  Strickland  Koger  ami  Seliids 

Gawen,  Ditto  Over  and  Nether  Slaveloy 

Gilpin  Ditto  l^nxjk 

Glencuoin  West  Batterdale  and  Jointly  with  Cumber- 

Und 

Glenriddlng  Ditto  Pattcrdale 

Goldrill  Ditto  Ditto 

Greeuholmo  East  and  West   t)rtiin  and  Birkbeck  FelU 

Grigg  Mali  Keinlal  t'nderbarrow 

Grisdalo  West  Patlerdala 

Gitlluni  Holme  East  Milbum 

Haifa  West  Hampton 

Hang  Kendal  BiH'tliam  and  Whaiwt 

Ilawea  Ditto  Natland  and  Ilrlsington 

nillOill  1-Uat  M'llerslangand  l.unnslQ  Yorkahirt 

Hilton  Ditto  lllllunand  Murlon 

llotlgo  Lonsdale  BartK>n 

llolT  Eaat  lIufTandRow 

Ilolbcck  Kendal  Ambleside  and  Troutbeck 

llolmu  West  Croaby  Kavenaworth 

Horseman  Ditto  Hartaop 

Ilowbcck  Ditto  Mauld's  Mrabum  and  ReuUI 

Ilucka  Kendal  Fawntt  Foreat and  ShaD 

llutton  Ditto  (11,1  iiuttoo 

Digs  Ditto  Iliigill 

Kcastwick  L.)nMlalo  Kirkby  I^Jiudalo 

KcMlwick  Ditto  Manacrgh  and  Kirkby  Lomdalo 


704 


GEOGRAPHICAL  PKSCRimON   OF  ^ESTMORKtAND. 


Klllington  Ditto  Killfngton 

Kitbih'tw  Kond  il  FawcPtt  Forest 

Klrkliy  LnnitdAlfl      liOnsdnlo  Kirkby  LmiAilale  and  Cast^rtoU 

Klrkt'v  Sli'phen        Kast  Kirkby  Stephen  ami  llartlor 

Kirkby  Thore  Ditto  Kirkby  Th<»re  and  Cnwkent'bnrpe 

Laverock  K-'ndal  SkelsmergU  anil  ScalthwAiterigg 

1-evons  bitto  Li'vcns 

Lincoln's  Inn  Lonsdale  Kirbnnk  and  jointly  with  Yorkshire 

Laii,i;iiale  East  LanKdale 

Langniartnn  Ditto  Longmarton 

Loiinthwaito  Ditto  Milbiirn,  and  Rirkland  inComberlttttd 

Lowllier  West  Yanwath  and  Clifton 

Lune  East  Tebay 

Lupton  Mill  LonsdalO  Huttnn  Roof  and  Lupton 

MftllerstHng  Kast  Mallerstflnj; 

Slansvrgh  Beck         Ki*ndal  J'n.'.ston  Patrick  and  Farleton 

Slaiihl's  Meabura     "West  Waulirs  Meaburn 

Aitddlesbair  Kpndal  Old  Hutton 

Kliddloton  llall         Lonsdnio  Middleton 

Mill  Kendal  Grasniere 

Millbeck  Stock         Ditto  Applethwaite  and  Vndcmiill  Beck 

Millrigg  Eftst  temple    Soverby,    and    Colg&ith   la 

Cumberland 
Milnthorp«  Kendal  Milntborpe 

Aliut  Ditto  Skehmer^hand  ScnUbwaite  Rigg 

Monk  West  Crosby  Rav^nsworth 

Mnsgrave  East  Great  Musgrave  and  Little  Masgr&re 

Kether  Kendal  Kirkland 

Newbiggin  East  Kewbig^jin,  and  Culgaith  in  Cumber- 

land 
Newbridge  Lonsdale  Middleton-with- Yorkshire 

Newbridge  Ditto  Killinglon-with- Yorkshire 

Oxcnlhwaite  East  Kaber  and  ritainmuor 

Patton  Kendal  Fatton 

Peasey  Ditto  Preston  Patrick  and  l*reston  Richard 

Pelier  Ditto  Rvdal 

Pinfell  How  Ditto  Langdalcs 

Pooley  AVest  Barton,  and  Dacrc  in  Cumberland 

Poolhonae  Kendal  Meathop  and  jointly  with  Lancashire 

Ra  segiU  Hall  East  Raisebecfc  and  Tebay 

Rayne  Ditto  Raisebeck  and  Langdalc 

Raise  Kendal  Grasmere 

Ro-igni  West  Rosgill 

Rothay  East  Rarenstonedale  and  Cautley  in  Tork- 

shire 

Ambleside  and  Loughrigg 

Preston  Richard  and  Uaversbam 

Rvdal 

Tebay  and  Grayrigg 

Levens 

Ambleside  and  Rydal 

Over  Staveley 

Longhrigg 

Ravenstonedale  and  Smardale 

Grasmere 

Soulby 

Hutton  Roof  and  Luptoti 

Strickland  Roger  and  Skelsmergh 

Kirkby  Stephen  and  Kateby 

Ravenstonedale 

Ditto 

Grasmere 

Ambleside 

Ditto 

Middleton 

Ditto 

Old  Hnltonand  Xew  Iluttoo 

Kendal 

New  Hutton  and  Stainton 

Dillicar 

Tebay  and  Orion 

Tebay 

Ltipton  and  Kirkby  Lonsdale 

Applethwaite  and  Troutbeck 
Ditto 

Morland  and  Rolton 

Shap  and  Crosby  Ravensworth 

Great  Strickland  and  Hackthori;>o 

Warcop 

Ditto 

Pre:iton  Patrick  and  Preston  Ricliard 

Grasmere 

Crosthwaite,  and  jointly  with  Lanca- 
shire 
WrjTiose  Ditto  Langdale 

The  railways  of  this  county  and  Cumberland  are  folly 
described  at  page  63. 

CLIMATE,    SOIL,   AND    AGRICULTURE. 

Althougli  this  county,  from  its  mountainous  nature, 
is  more  iuteresting  in  a  picturesque  than  in  an  agricul- 
tural point  of  view,  it  contains  some  very  fertile  valleys, 


Eothcv 

K«ndal 

Kowoli 

Ditto 

Jtyiliil 

Diito 

Saltervath 

East  k  Kendal 

Sampool 

Kendal 

Scandale 

Ditto 

Scroggs 

Ditto 

Skelwitb 

Ditto 

Smardala 

East 

Smithy 

Kendal 

Soulby 

East 

Spitui 

Lonsddle 

Sprint 

Kendal 

Swncrieth 

East 

Stenesccugh 

Ditto 

Stepsbcck 

Ditto 

Stocli 

Kendal 

Stock,  iliKh 

Ditto 

Stocls,  i^)»- 

Ditto 

Stoclcdalc.  Hiirli 

Lonsdale 

Stockdale,  Low 

Ditto 

Saint  Sundays 

Kendal 

Stramon^te 

Kendal 

Stricklpy 

Ditto 

Tarn  Close 

Lonsdale 

Tebay 

East 

Tebay  Gill 

Ditto 

Tosca 

Lonsdale 

Trontbcck 

Kendal 

Trouibfck  Chnrcb 

Ditto 

Walk  Mill 

West 

Wasdale 

Ditto 

Wati.rf..lls 

Ditto 

%Varcop,  Old 

East 

Warcop.  New 

Ditto 

AVattisuttoD 

Kendal 

AVhit« 

Ditto 

Winster  or  Lobby 

Ditto 

in  wtich  there  are  many  well-culfivnted  farms.  The 
climate  is  mild  and  moist  in  the  yalleys  ;  the  high  hills 
condense  the  clonds  which  come  over  the  Atlantic, 
and  cause  frequent  and  abundant  rains,  which  keep  the 
pastures  green,  but  are  not  so  favourable  to  the  ripening 
of  the  corn.  Much  snow  of;eii  accumulates  in  winter. 
'J'he  soil  in  the  valleys  is  mostly  a  dry  gravelly  mould, 
composed  of  different  earths  washed  down  from  the 
hills,  and  forming  a  soil  well-fitted  for  the  cultivation 
of  turnips,  of  whicli  great  crops  arc  raised  on  some 
well-managed  farms.  Towards  the  east  and  north  of 
the  county  the  soil  is  more  inclined  to  clay  ;  and,  unless 
this  bo  well  drained,  the  land  is  too  wet,  in  spring  and 
autumn,  to  admit  of  clean  and  careful  cultivation. 
Wherever  the  water  has  no  sufficient  outlet,  basins  of 
peat  are  formed.  Tliere  were  formerly  a  great  many 
small  proprietors  in  Westmoreland  who  were  called 
"statesmen,"  that  is,  "estatesmen" — men  who  held 
land  of  their  own,  either  as  freehold  or  by  a  customary 
tenure,  somewhat  resembling  copyhold,  under  some 
great  landlord.  With  tlie  exception  of  a  line  or  hcriot 
on  the  death  of  a  tenant  or  alienation,  they  were  held 
free.  The  proprietors  of  these  very  small  farms  were 
an  independent  set  of  men,  who  worked  hard  and  lived 
frugally.  They  often  joined  the  trade  of  weaver  to 
that  of  farmer,  and  thus  their  whole  time  was  usefully 
employed.  The  increase  of  wealth  and  consequent 
luxury  gradually  led  to  a  greater  expense  of  living  thau 
the  small  farms,  imperfectly  cultivated,  could  support ; 
and  these  small  proprietors  gradually  decreased,  their 
farms  being  absorbed  into  the  greater  estates  which 
surrounded  them.  The  larger  farms  are  now  usually  let 
on  lease  for  various  terms.  Of  late  years  considerable 
improvement  has  taken  place  in  the  cultivation  of  the 
county.  Draining  the  heavy  lands  has  been  much 
attended  to,  manuring  is  better  understood,  more  care- 
ful rotations  of  crops  have  been  introduced,  and  better 
implements  of  husbandry  employed,  but  much  yet 
remains  to  be  accomplished.  From  Kirkby  Stephen 
to  Brough  and  Appleby,  and  thence  to  Temple  Sowerby, 
the  soil  is  a  deep  sand,  which  the  moisture  of  tho 
climate  of  Westmoreland  renders  more  compact  on 
cultivation.  Turnips  and  potatoes  grow  well  here, 
when  plenty  of  manure  is  put  on.  Xear  Kendal  a 
great  breadth  of  potatoes  is  planted  for  the  supply  not 
only  of  the  immediate  neighbourhood,  but  also  of  the 
adjacent  counties,  many  thousand  loads  being  annually 
sent  into  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire.  Grass  land  being 
abundant,  and  the  climate  favourable  to  pastures,  a 
great  portion  of  the  soil  is  devoted  to  the  maintenance 
of  cattle.  Good  meadows  let  at  a  high  rent,  and  are 
carefully  manured.     Great  crops  of  hay  are  made  in 


GOVERNMENT    OF    THE    COUNTS^    &c. 


ro5 


favourable  years,  and,  as  those  who  keep  horses  gene- 
rally hire  a  meadow  to  make  ha^'  of,  it  is  seldom  sold 
ia  the  dry  state.  Young  cattle  are  kept  on  inferior  land 
in  summer,  and  have  hay  and  straw  in  winter,  with 
turnips  where  these  are  raised  ;  a  few  are  fatted  at  three 
years  old,  but  most  of  them  are  sold  to  graziers  in 
Yorkshire  and  Lancashire.  Scotch  cattle  are  purchased 
in  September,  at  the  great  fair  at  Brough  Hill,  held  in 
that  month;  they  are  wintered  in  coarse  pastures,  and 
oceasionully  iu  straw  yards.  The  next  year  they  are  put 
on  the  best  grass,  and  are  fit  for  the  butcher  in  October. 
A  few  horses  are  reared,  but  not  to  any  e.\tent.  The 
hheep  are  of  a  hardy  kind,  fit  for  the  mountain  pastures ; 
they  are  brought  down  to  the  valleys  at  tlie  approach  of 
winter  and  kept  in  the  enclosed  grounds  till  April. 
The  fattening  of  hog^,  and  the  curing  of  bacon  and 
haras  are  well  understood  in  Westmoreland,  and  many 
hams  are  sent  to  other  parts  of  the  country.  The  breed 
is  not  large.  The  hogs  are  not  made  so  fat  as  they  are 
in  some  places ;  the  hams  are  more  delicate,  and  are 
verj'  well  cured  and  smoked.  They  are  often  sold  as 
York  hams,  whereas  the  latter  are  much  larger  and' 
fatter,  the  Y'orkshire  breed  of  hogs  being  large  and  fat- 
tening very  readily.  The  plantations  are  extensive  in 
most  parts  of  the  county  ;  they  are  chiefly  of  oak,  ash, 
elm,  beech,  sycamore,  Scotch  fir  and  larch,  which  last 
thrive  best.  Many  ornamented  cottages  and  villas  have 
been  built  on  the  borders  of  the  several  lakes  ;  and  men 
of  talent,  reputation,  and  wealth,  have  taken  their  tem- 
porary, and  some  their  permanent  abode  there.  Th's  has 
tended  to  improve  the  immediate  neighbourhood  more 
rapidly  than  would  otherwise  have  been  the  case. 

OOVICRNMENT    OF   THE    COUNTY,    &C. 

A  full  account  of  the  government  of  the  county  will 
be  found  at  page  07,  and  the  following  pages  ;  we  have 
only  to  add  here  a  brief  account  of  the  shrievalty  of 
Westmoreland.  The  first  sheriff  of  Westmoreland  on 
record  is  William  Fitz  Hugh,  who  occur?  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  11.(1  IfiO)  in  a  trial  between  Robert  do  Mus- 
grave  and  the  Abbot  of  liyland  in  the  county  court  at 
Appleby.  In  the  22nd  year  of  the  same  king's  reign 
(1175-()),  Elias,  son  of  Gilmichael,  occurs,  and  three 
years  later  mention  is  made  of  Hanulpii  de  Glunville  as 
sheriff  of  Westmoreland.  In  the  2nd  Richard  I. 
(110001)  wo  find  Osbert  de  [.onchamp ;  six  years 
afterwards  Hugh  Hardulphe  occurs,  and  in  the  following 
year  Adam  de  Deepdalc.  In  the  1st  John  (1 190-1200), 
Gilbert,  son  of  Iteinford,  is  mentioned  as  passing  his 
accounts  in  the  Exchequer,  and  in  tlio  2nd.  John, 
Geofifrey  Fitz  Peter  and  Roger  do  13ellocampo  occur  as 


sheriffs.  In  the  following  year  we  have  William  Stute- 
ville  and  Philip  Escrope.  In  the  fourth  of  John  ( ia02), 
Robert  de  Veteripont  was  sheriff,  and  in  the  following 
year  the  office  was  made  hereditary  in  his  family,  "  to 
have  and  to  hold  of  the  king  and  his  heirs."  On  two 
occasions  the  grant  was  resumed  by  the  crown,  and  the 
estate  of  the  holders  confiscated  as  the  punishment  of 
rebellion,  but  the  iuheritance  was  subsequently  restored, 
and  with  these  two  interruptions  the  office  has  been 
handed  dowu  till  the  demi-e  of  the  last  Earl  of  Thanet, 
on  the  12lh  June,  1840.  On  this  event  a  question 
arising  as  to  the  validity  of  a  devise  of  the  office  made 
by  that  nobleman,  the  13th  and  14th  Vic,  c.  30,  was 
passed  (15th  July,  1850)  assimilating  Westmoreland  to 
other  counties.  Thus  terminated  the  hereditary  shriev- 
alty of  Westmoreland,  after  having  been  vested  in 
Robert  de  Veteripont  and  twenty-two  of  his  descendants 
for  the  long  period  of  nearly  050  years.  George  Edward 
W'ilson,  Esq.,  was  appointed  sheriff  for  the  time  being, 
in  July,  1840,  under  the  provisions  of  a  short  act 
specially  enacted  for  the  purpose,  and  passed  just 
previously,  and  he  attended  the  assizes  in  the  same 
year  in  his  official  capacity.  In  February,  in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  he  was  nominated  in  the  usual  way  by  the 
queen,  thus  serving  the  office  twice  consecutively.  The 
following  is  a  list  of  the  high  sheriffs,  from  the  first 
nomination  under  the  new  system  till  the  present 
time:  —  1849-50,  George  E.  Wilson,  Esq.;  1851, 
Edward  Wilson,  Esq.;  1852,  Richard  Burn,  Esq.; 
1853,  John  Wakefield,  Esq. ;  1 854,  John  Wilson,  Esq.  ; 
1855,  John  Hill,  Esq.;  1856,  William  Wilkinson, 
Esq.;  1857,  Richard  L.  Watson,  Esq.;  1858,  Robert 
Addison,  Esq.;  1850,  William  Moore,  Esq. 

We  subjoin  a  summary  of  the  county  accounts 
for  the  year  1858  : — To  amount  of  receipts  for  the  year 
ended  at  the  Epiphany  general  quarter  session,  1859, 
.i;3,013  13s.  2id.  E.vpenditure  :  Bridges  building  and 
repairs,  inclusive  of  bridge  master's  salary.  J.'587  18s.  4d.; 
account  books,  £1  18s.;  clerk  of  the  peace's  salary, 
i;i20  ;  ditto  Ibr  additional  charges,  £10  4s.  lOd. ;  high 
constable's  salary,  £21 ;  ditto  adJiiional  charges, 
£8  His.  7d. ;  coroner's  fees,  i.'172  6s.  8d. ;  expenses  of 
lunatic  paupers,  £27  16s.  6d. ;  mihtia  stores,  for  extras 
and  coal,  £23  2s.  9d. ;  expenses  of  prisoners  at 
.\ppleby,  £410  43.  7id. ;  expenses  of  prisoners  at  Ken- 
dal, £575  ISs.  lOd. ;  maiutnining  and  improving  court 
houses  at  Appleby,  £8  8s.  3d.;  expenses  of  the  court 
at  Kendal,  £13  6s.  7d. ;  conveyance  of  convict  prisoners 
to  depots,  £42  I3s. ;  costs  of  prosecutions  at  assizes, 
£242  1 1  s.  5d. ;  parliamentary  representation, £95  2s. 9d. ; 
poor  prisoners  confined  in  the  queen's  prison,  London, 
£10;  printing,  bookbinding,  and  advertising,  £52  7s. Id.; 


705 


GF.OGRAPHTCAL  DESCETTTIOX  OF  WESTMOEELAND. 


treasurer's  salary,  £60;  expenses  of  the  inspector  of 
weights  and  measures,  &c.,  £6S  1 63.  5d.;  ordinary 
incidental  expenses,  .£25  19s.  4d. ;  extraordinary  inci- 
dental expenses,  £709  143.  8d. :  balance  due  to  the 
county,  £571  lis.  2d. ;  total,  £3,913  I3s.  2Jd. 

The  foundation,  ortjanisation,  and  distribution  of  the 
county  constubulaily  will  be  found  fully  noticed  at  page 
70. 

PARLIAMENTARY   EEPRESESTATIOS. 

Westmoroliind  has  sent  two  members  to  Parliament 
since  the  26tli  Edward  I.  The  following  are  the  names 
of  the  members  as  fai'  as  we  have  been  able  to  discover 
from  that  period  to  the  present  time  : — 

Edward  I. 
1207.  Thomns  de  DpiwenUvater,  Roper  de  Burton. 
1209.  Hugli  de  Lowiher,  Robert  dc  Waslieton. 
1301.  Robert  de  Askeby,  Thomas  de  Betlium. 
ISOJl.  Hugh  de  LoutUre,  Nicholas  de  Lealurne. 

Edward  II. 
1307.  'Williara  de  Goldinston,  Walter  dc  Stirkeland. 
13nH.  Robert  English,  Thomas  de  Bethnm. 

1310.  Robert  Eiifjlish,  Thomas  de  Bethum. 

1311.  Robert  English,  Thomas  de  Bethum. 

1312.  Robert  English,  Walter  de  Stirkeland. 

1313.  Robert  de  Askeby,  Matthew  de  Redman. 
131i.  Nicholas  de  Leyburne,  Thomas  de  Hellebeck. 

Robert  de  Leyburne,  Henry  de  Warthcoppe. 
131. "i.  Nicholas  de  Morelaud,  John  de  Kirkby  There. 
131(i.  Henry  de  Warthccop,  Robert  de  Sandford. 
1318.  William  English,  Robert  de  Botiler. 

1321.  Walter  de  Stirkeland,  Robert  de  Saudford. 

1322.  Walter  de  Stirkeland,  Robert  de  Sandford. 

1323.  Walter  de  Stirkeland,  Robert  de  Sandford. 

1324.  Robert  de  Sandford,  John  de  WakethwaiL 
1320.  Robert  de  Burton,  Robert  de  Sandford. 

Edward  III. 
1327.  John  de  Lancaster,  Robert  de  Sandford. 

John  de  Stirkland,  WilUam  English. 
3323.  William  English,  Robert  de  Sandford. 

Eoger  de  Bronolesheved,  Hngh  de  Moriceby. 

John  de  Lancaster,  Robert  de  Sandford. 
1329.  WilUam  English,  Robert  de  Sandford. 

Thomas  de  Wnrthecop,  Robert  de  Sandford. 
1.330.  William  Threlkeld,  WiUiam  English. 

1331.  William  English.  Robert  de  Sandford. 

1332.  Walter  de  Stiikland,  William  English. 

1333.  William  English,  Robert  de  Sandford. 
1331.  William  English,  William  de  Laugwathby. 

WiUiam  English,  Roliert  de  Sandford. 
1335.  WilUam  English,  Robert  de  Sandford.  • 
133G.  Ralph  de  Restwald,  William  de  Langwathby. 

William  English,  Hugh  de  Jloriceby. 

1337.  W'illiam  de  Brampton,  William  de  Langwathby, 
WiUiam  English,  William  de  Langwathby. 

1338.  Richard  de  Jlorelaml,  Roger  de  Kendal. 
WiUiam  de  Langwathby,  Thomas  de  Sandford. 

1339.  WiUiam  de  Brampton,  William  do  Langwathby. 
1310.  Hugh  de  Lonthre,  Robert  de  Sandford. 

Roger  de  Bronoldsheved,  Thomas  de  Musgrave. 
1341.  WilUam  English,  Thomas  de  Musgrave. 

1343.  Walter  de  Stirkland,  Robert  de  Sandford. 
Richard  de  Preston,  Thomas  de  Musgrave. 

1344.  William  English,  Thomas  de  Musgrave. 
Robert  de  Sandford,  John  de  Wakethwayt. 

1340.  William  de  Sandford,  junior,  Thomas  de  Sandford. 
1347.  WUliam  English,  Thomas  de  Sandford. 

Robert  Bpteler,  Thomas  de  Halghton. 
13.53.  Richard  de  Preston,  junior  (one  only  summoned). 
1354.  William  de  W'indesore,  Robert  de  Sandford,  junior. 


1355.  Roland  de  Thomburgh,  Ralph  de  Bethom. 

1357.  Mattliew  de  Redman,  Hugh  de  Loutbre. 

1359.  Hugh  de  Lonthre,  Nicholas  de  Layburne. 

1.300.  Rowland  de  Thomburgh,  Thomas  de  Berwys. 

1301.  Henry  do  Threlkeld,  Tliomns  de  Sandford. 

13C2.  James  de  Pickering,  John  de  Preston. 

1303.  Thomas  de  Sandford,  Henry  de  Threlkeld. 

13("5.  Henry  de  Threlkebl,  John  ile  Preston. 

1308.  Henry  de  Threlkeld,  John  de  Preston. 

1.309.  OUbert  de  Ciihven,  John  de  Derwenlwater. 

1371.  Hugh  dc  Loutbre,  John  do  Preston. 

1372.  Hugh  de  Loutbre,  John  de  Preston. 

1373.  Rowland  de  Thnrnburgh,  WilUam  de  Tliomlnirgh. 
1370.  Christopher  de  Lancaster,  Thomas  dc  Warthccop. 
1377.  Richard  dc  Roos,  John,  son  of  Hugh  de  Loutbre. 

Richard  II. 

1377.  James  de  Pickering,  Hugh  de  Sclkeld. 

1378.  James  de  Pickering,  John  de  LouUire. 

1379.  William  de  Threlkeld,  John  de  Lonthre. 

1380.  Walter  de  Stirkeland,  Thomas  de  Worthecop. 

1381.  WiUiam  de  Threlkeld,  Hugh  de  Salkeld. 
John  de  Preston,  John  de  Crackenlhorpe. 

1382.  James  dc  Pickering,  John  de  Kirkeby. 
Richard  de  Roos,  John  de  Dente. 

1383.  Richard  de  Roos,  Robert  de  Clibbourne. 
Robert  de  Clibbourne,  John  de  Mansergh. 

1384.  Walter  de  Stirkeland,  Robert  de  Windesore. 

1385.  Richard  de  Roos,  .(ohn  de  Crackantliorpe. 
1380.  John  de  Derwentwater,  Robert  de  CUburne. 

1387.  Thomas  de  Blenkansop,  Thomas  de  Stirkeland. 

1388.  Robert  de  Sandford,  Hugh  de  Salkeld. 

1389.  John  de  Crackenlhorpe,  Hugh  de  Salkeld. 

1390.  Christopher  de  Moresby,  Hugh  de  Salkeld. 

1391.  WilUam  de  Culwen,  Willhim  de  Thorneburgh. 

1392.  .John  de  Crakanthorpe,  Hugh  de  Salkeld. 

1393.  William  de  Culwen,  William  de  Thorneburgh. 

1394.  Walter  de  Stirkland,  William  de  Crakantliorpe. 
1390.  John  de  Laucastie,  Hugh  de  Salkeld. 

1397.  WilUam  de  Culwen,  William  de  Crakanthorpe. 

Henrt  rv. 

1399.  Thomas  de  Musgrave,  John  de  Crakanthorpe. 

1400.  William  de  Thorneburgh,  Hugh  de  Salkeld. 
1402.  WilUam  de  Threlkeld,  William  de  Crakanthorpe. 
141)3.  Rowland  Thomburgh,  Richard  Duckett. 

1404.  Robeit  dc  Leyburn,  Thomas  de  Stricldand. 

1406.  John  de  Betham,  John  de  Lancastre. 
Alan  de  Penington,  Thomas  de  Warthecop. 

1407.  ,\lan  de  Pennington,  Thomas  de  Warthecop. 
1410.  Robert  de  Leyburn,  Christopher  de  Moresby. 

Henry  V. 
1113.  Robert  Crakanthorp,  John  Hoton. 
1414.  Thomas  do  Warcupp,  William  Thomburgh. 
141.").  Rowland  dc  Thomburgh,  Robert  de  Crakanthorpe. 
1417.  Rowland  de  Thomburgh,  Richard  dc  Wherton. 
1420.  Alan  de  Penington,  Thomas  de  W'arthecupp. 

William  Beauchampe,  Thomas  Grene. 
1420.  John  de  LancusUe,  WiUiam  de  Blenkansop. 

Hexry  YI. 
1422.  Robert  de  Layburne,  Thomas,  son  of  WilUam  de  Blenk- 

ansope. 
1424.  Thomas  de  Bethom,  WilUam  de  Crakanthorpe. 
1420.  John  Dennysgave,  Robert  de  Crakanthorpe. 
1428.  Thomas  Stirkeland,  Christopher  Lancasti-e. 
1441.  Walter  de  Stirkeland,  Richard  de  Redeman. 
1140.  Nicholas  GerUngton,  George  Dacre. 
1449.  Thomas  Curwen,  William  Maletts. 
145U.  Thomas  Paul,  John  Strete. 

Edward  TV. 
1400.  wniiam  Pan-,  Christopher  Moresby. 
1472.  William  Parr,  John  Stii-kland.2 


^  All  the  indentures,  writs,  and  returns,  from  this  time  to  the  first 
year  of  Edward  VI.  are  lost,  except  one  bundle  in  the  33rd  Hem} 
VIII. 


PARLIAMENTARY  REPRESENTATION. 


7or 


HExnY  VIIL 
1541.  Nicholas  Lejburn,  Nicholas  Bacon. 

EUWARD    VJ. 

1847.  Charles  lirandoii,  'I'lioinas  Warcop. 
1553.  Thomas  Warcop,  Tliomas  Fallowfield. 

Mahy. 

1553.  Tliomas  Warcop,  Thomas  Fallowfield. 

Philip  akc  Mahy. 

1554.  Thomas  Warcop. 

1555.  Thomas  W.ircop. 

155C.  Anthony  Kempe,  Thomas  Sackville. 

Elizabeth. 
1558.  Lancelot  Lancaster,  Tliomas  Warcop. 
15(!2.  Walter  Siricklarul,  Gerura  Lowther. 

1570.  Allan  Bullinshani,  Thomas  Warcop. 

1571.  'J'homas  Knvvpt,  Jnhn  Warcop. 

1584.  Francis  (Mili'.ird,  Tliomas  Warcop. 

1585.  Francis  Cliffunl,  Thomas  Warcop. 
1588.  Francis  Dacre,  Thomas  Warcop. 
1592.  William  Bowes,  F.ihvaril  Denny. 
1596.  Waiter  Hnrcoiirt,  Henry  Cholmley. 
ICOO.  George  Whartoo,  Tlmuias  Su-ickland. 

Jaues  I. 
ISO."?.  Thomas  Strickland,  Knt.,  Richard  Mnsgrave,  Knt. 
iei4.  Thomas  Wharton,  Knt.,  Henry  Lord  Clifford. 
lOao.  Henry  Clitl'onl,  Thomas  Wlinrton,  Knt. 
1023.  Jolin  Lowther,  I'obert  Strickland. 

CnAP.i.Es  I. 
1625.  John  Lowther,  Sir  Henry  Bellingham,  Bart. 
1020.  John  Lowther,  Sir  Henry  Bellingham,  Bart. 
1627.  Sir  John  Lowther,  Knt.,  John  Lowther. 

1639.  Sir  Philip  Musgrave,  Bart.,  Sir  Henry  Bellingham,  Bart, 

1640.  Sir  Philip  JIusyravo,  Bart.,  Sir  Henry  Belliugham,  Bart. 

COMJIOJ.'WEALTH. 
1C52.  Charles  Howard. 
1853.  Christopher  Lister,  Henry  Baynes. 

Cham.es  it. 
1660.  Sir  John  Lowther,  Bart.,  Sir  Thomas  ^^'harton,  Knt. 
1601.  Sir  Philip  .Musgrave,  Sir  Thomas  Strickland. 

Sir  John  Lowtlicr,  Bart.,  .Man  Bellingham. 
1678.  Sir  John  Lowther,  Bart.,  Alan  Bellingham. 
1079.  Alan  Bellingham,  Christojiher  I'hilipson. 
1681.  Sir  John  Lowther,  Bart.,  .Man  Bellingham. 

James  II. 
1685.  Sir  John  Lowther,  Bart.,  Alan  BeUingham. 
1688.  Sir  John  Lowther,  Bart.,  Henry  Wharton. 

Goodwyn  Wharton. 

Wn.T.iAM  AKB  Mary. 
Sir  John  Lowther,  BurL,  Sir  Christopher,  MusgraTe,Bart. 

Wn.LiAM  IIL 
Sir  John  Lowther,  Sir  Richard  Sondford. 
"William  Fleming. 

Sir  Richard  Saiidlnrd,  William  Fleming. 
Henry  (jraham.  Sir  Christopher  Jlusgravc. 
Sir  Richara  Sandfurd,  Henry  Graham. 

Anne. 
Sir  Cliristopher  Slusgrave,  Robert  Lowther. 
William  Fleming. 
Henry  Graham,  Robert  Lowther. 
William  Fleming. 

Sir  William  Fleming,  Robert  Lowther, 
Daniel  Wilson,  James  (iraham. 
Hon.  James  (iraliani,  Daniel  Wilson. 
Hon.  James  Graham,  Daniel  Wilson. 


1090. 

1695. 

1698. 
1700. 
1701. 

1702. 
1705. 
1707. 

lion. 

1710. 
1713. 

1714. 
1722. 

1727. 
1734. 


Gi-onoE  1. 
Hon.  James  Graham,  Daniel  Wilson. 
Anthony  Lowther,  Ho>i.  James  Graham. 

Geohoe  II. 
Hon.  Anthony  Lowther,  Daniel  Wilson. 
Hon.  Anthony  Lowther,  Daniel  Wilson. 


1741.  Su:  Philip  Musgrave,  Bart.,  Daniel  Wilson. 

1747.  John  Dalstun,  Kdward  Wilson. 

1754.  John  Dalston,  Sir  George  Dalston,  Bart 

George  III. 
1761.  Sir  James  Lowther,  Bart.,  John  Upton,  Esq. 
17C8.  John  Robinson,  Thomas  Fenwick. 
1774.  Sir  James  Lowther,  Bart.,  SirMichaelle  Fleming,  Bart. 

James  Lowther. 
1780.  James  Lowiher,  Sir  Michael  le  Fleming,  Bart 
1784.  James  Lowther,  Sir  Michael  le  Fleming,  Bart. 
1700.  James  Lowther,  Sir  Michael  le  Fleming,  Bart. 
17U(i.  James  Lowther,  Sir  Michael  le  Fleming,  Bart 
1H02.  James  Lowther,  Sir  Michael  le  Homing,  Bart 
1800.  James  Lowther,  Lord  Muncaster. 
181'.;.  Lord  Muncaster,  Hon.  H.  C.  Lowther. 
1818.  Lord  Muncaster,  Hon.  C.  Lowther. 

George  TV. 
1820.  Tisconnt  Lowlher,  Hon.  H.  C.  Lowther. 
1820.  Viscount  Lowlher,  Hon.  H.  C.  Lowther. 

"WUXLIM  IV. 

1830.  Viscount  Lowther,  Hon.  H.  C.  Lowther. 

1831.  Hon.  H.  C.  Lowther,  Alexander  Nowell. 
1832-5.  Viscount  Lowther,  Hon.  H.  C.  Lowlher. 

1835-7.  Viscount  Lowlher,  Hon.  H.  C.  Lowther. 

Victoria. 

1837-41.  Viscount  Lowther,  Hon.  H.  C.  Lowther. 

1841^7.  Viscount  Lowther,  Hon.  H.  C.  Lowther.  On  the 
elevation  of  the  former  to  the  peerage,  in  September, 
1841,  William  Thompson  was  elected. 

1847-52.  Hon.  H.  C.  Lowther,  William  Thompson. 

1852-0.  Hon.  H.  C.  Lowlher,  WUham  Thompson  (died  1854): 
Earl  of  Bective. 

1857-8.  Hon.  H.  C.  Lowther.  Earl  of  Bective. 

1859.  Hon.  H.  C.  Lowther,  Earl  of  Bective. 

The  number  of  polling  places  for  tlie  county  is 
fifteen,  viz.,  Ambleside,  Appleby,  Bo^vness,  Brough, 
Button,  Gra^rigg,  Keudal,  Kiikby  Lonsdale,  Kirkby 
Stephen,  JMilnthorpe,  Borland,  Pooley  Bridge,  Shap, 
Stavely,  and  Temple  8owerby. 

TRADE,  &e. 

^Yith  tbe  exception  of  Keudal  and  the  neighbour- 
hood, there  is  no  place  in  the  county  where  any  manu- 
factures worth  speaking  of  exist.  Kendal,  nearly  as 
late  as  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  exported 
largely  of  coar.se  woollens  to  America,  but  the  rapid 
progress  made  in  that  branch  of  industry  in  Yorkshire 
and  other  places  has  nearly  destroyed  it.  The  manu- 
facturc  of  carpets  is  at  present  earned  on  ;  and  hosiery, 
wool-card  making,  and  comb  making,  as  trades,  still 
exist  to  some  extent.  Besides  the  woollens  and  carpet 
manufacture  at  Kendal  and  its  neighbourhood,  worsted 
and  woollen  are  made  at  Kirkland  and  Milnthoiiic; 
waistcoatings,  liosiery,  sacking,  canvas,  bobbin-net,  ic, 
at  these  and  other  places ;  and  paper  at  Milulhorpe. 

Looking  at  the  quaiTving  and  mining  industry  of  the 
county,  wo  find  gypsum  quarried  at  Acornbank ;  grey 
or  greenish  lime  or  marble,  bearing  a  good  polish,  near 
Ambleside,  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  and  Kendal  (which  has 
marble  works) ;  plenty  of  good  roofing  slate  is  wrought 
at  Kcutmere,  Ambleside,  Thrang  Crag,  White  Moss, 


708 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  WESTMORELAND. 


&c. ;  pink  and  bluish  granite  are  found  in  Wastdale 
Crags,  l)esides  many  single  blocks,  along  with  ragstone, 
and  coarse  "  galliard  "  slate,  dispersed  about  in  all  parts. 
Lead  is  worked  at  Dufton  Fell,  and  at  Eagle  Crag, 
Greeuside,  Glenridding,  and  Staveley,  in  Patterdale; 
copper  near  Asby,  Kirkby  Stephen,  Orton,  Raine,  and 
Shap ;  poor  coal  on  Stainmore,  and  near  Mallerstang 
and  Casterton.  These  various  departments  of  industry 
will  be  found  noticed  more  at  length  in  the  accounts  of 
the  various  parishes  and  townships  at  subsequent  pages. 

TE^•URE    OF   LAKD,    &C. 

In  this  county  real  property  for  the  most  part  consists 
of  customary  freeholds  of  inheritance,  or  tenant  riglit ; 
that  is  to  say,  held  according  to  the  custom  of  the 
manor ;  the  tenant  having  a  freehold  interest,  but  not 
a  freehold  tenure.     It  is  conveyed  by  bargain  and  sale 
and  admittance,  not  by  surrender  and  admittance,  as 
lands  of  copyhold  tenure  are.      Copyhold  was  made 
willable,  or  devisable  by  will,  by  the  55  George  III., 
c.  102  (12lh  July,  1815),  without  a  prior  surrender  to 
uses  as  sanctioned   by  the  custom  of  some   manors. 
Customary  hold  was  made  willable  by  the  1  Vic,  c.  20 
(3rd  July,  1837).     It  should  be  observed  that  an  act 
was  passed  on  the  21st  June,  1841,  for  facilitating  a 
voluntary  enfranchisement  of  such  lands.     By  custom, 
within  the  barony  of  Kendal,   the  widow  enjoys  the 
whole  customary  estate  during  her  widowhood.     And 
for  the  widow's  estate  is  due  to  the  lord  an  heriot; 
which,  as  the  widow  could  not  go  to  war,  was  a  recom- 
pense, in  order  to  provide  things  necessary  for  the 
marching  of  the  army ;  and  this  heriot  was  anciently 
the  best  beast  of  the  deceased.     In  some  manors  custom 
has  obtained  for  the  lord  to  have  "  the  best  of  the  dead 
or  quick  goods  at  his  option."     In  some  places  also  are 
claimed  parcel  heriots,  that  is,  an  heriot  for  every  parcel 
of  land  acquired  to  the  original  estate.     In  the  barony 
of  Westmoreland,  the  widow  has  in  some  places  half, 
and  in  others  only  one- third  of  her  husband's  customary 


estate  ;  and  in  that  part  of  the  county  not  many  heriots 
are  paid ;  for  in  those  cases  there  is  an  heir-at-law,  who 
enters  immediately  ;  and  consequently  the  lord  did  not 
want  a  soldier,  or  if  the  heir  was  under  age,  the  lord 
had  the  wardship  of  his  lands.  Generally  a  fine  is  due 
upon  change  of  the  lord  by  death,  and  change  of  the 
tenant  by  alienation ;  the  one  called  a  general,  the  other 
a  special  or  dropping  fine.  But  as  to  the  general  fine, 
there  is  this  e.^ceptiou,  where  a  man  purchases  the 
manor  and  dies,  the  former  lord  being  yet  living  :  in 
that  case  there  is  no  fine  due  upon  the  death  of  the 
purchasing  lord,  nor  of  his  son,  or  other  descendant  or 
assignee,  so  long  as  the  last  general  admitting  lord  is 
living ;  but  upon  the  death  of  the  last  general  admitting 
lord,  it  has  been  determined  that  a  fine  shall  be  paid  to 
the  lord  then  in  possession.  A  fine  arbitrary  or  uncer- 
tain is  lost,  if  the  tenant  dies  before  it  is  asserted  by  the 
lord  and  demand  made  for  the  same.  But  in  most  of 
the  manors  the  fines  have  been  reduced  to  a  certainty ; 
and  in  others  extinguished,  and  the  estate  purchased  to 
freehold.  Besides  rent,  fines,  heriots,  suit  of  court, 
and  the  like  dependencies,  there  are  likewise  boons, 
which  vary  in  the  several  manors :  as,  to  pay  a  farm 
hen  or  capon ;  to  plough,  harrow,  mow,  reap,  for  a  cer- 
tain number  of  days  ;  and  such  like. 

The  natives  of  Westmoreland  have  great  privileges 
in  the  universities  of  0.\ford  and  Cambridge.  The 
fellowships  and  valuable  livings  of  the  Old  Foundation  in 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  are  exclusively  appropriated  to 
natives  of  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland.  In  the 
same  college  there  pre  valuable  exhibitions  (by  the  Lady 
Elizabeth  Hastings)  to  youths  from  Appleby  and  Haver- 
sham  schools.  In  Cambridge  there  are  also  valuable 
exhibitions,  scholarships,  &c.,  an  account  of  which 
will  be  found  in  the  histories  of  the  various  parishes, 
(tc,  in  the  following  pages,  to  which  wc  must  also  refer 
the  reader  for  a  particular  account  of  the  charities  of 
the  county,  which  produce  about  £5,000  per  annum. 
The  value  of  the  capit<il  and  property  from  which  this 
arises  may  be  estimated  at  upwards  of  £130,000. 


BARONY  OF  WESTMORELAND. 


This  barony  comprises  the  whole  of  the  east  and  west  wards,  and  is  called  the  barony  of  Westmoreland  in  conse- 
quence of  the  remainder  of  the  county,  which  forms  the  barony  of  Kendal,  being  anciently  considered  part  of 
Lancashire,  and  we  find  it  entered  in  the  celebrated  Doomsday  Survey  under  the  title  of  "  Agemundrencsse."  It 
comprises  the  honours  and  seigniories  of  Appleby  and  ISrough,  which  eonUiin  under  them  the  forests  of  JIallcrstang, 
Oglebird,  and  Stainmore,  with  all  tlie  subordinate  manors  held  of  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  liy  tlic  service  of  cornafe ;  he 
himself  holding  the  barony  of  the  sovereign  by  the  service  of  four  knights'  fees.  The  total  amount  of  cornage  paid 
by  the  tenants  of  the  barony  iu  10:U  was  £.V2  Is.  6d.,  besides  .517  bushels  and  three  pecks  of  "serjeant  oats,"  or 
"  bailiff  corn,"  and  "684  pout  hens."  In  1739  it  was  decreed  "that  the  tenants  hold  their  tenements  according  to 
ancient  custom  of  tenant  right,  and  as  customary  estates  of  inheritance,  descendible  from  ancestor  to  heir,  under 
ancient  yearly  rents,  and  such  general  and  dropping  lines  "  as  were  thou  settled  by  arbitration,  which  also  determined 
the  right  of  the  tenants  to  get  turf,  peat,  Ac,  for  their  own  use ;  to  cut  and  sell  underwood  ;  to  mortgage,  lease,  or 
demise  their  tenements  for  any  term  not  exceeding  three  years ;  and  to  exchange  lands  lying  intermixed  iu  common 
fields  for  lands  of  equal  value  in  the  same  manor,  without  license  or  fine."  It  was  also  settled  "  that  the  lord  may  sell 
timber,  provided  he  leave  suflicient  for  repairs,  necessary  boots  and  estovers."  The  tenants  of  many  of  the  estates 
within  the  barony  have  been  enlVancliised,  or  pay  only  very  small  rents,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  histories  of  the  respec- 
tive manors  in  the  following  pages.  All  the  customary  tenants  pay  arbitrary  fines,  except  those  of  the  manor  of 
Drybeck,  Little  .\sby,  and  Bampton,  who  pay  fines  certain.  The  descent  of  the  barony  will  be  best  understood  from 
the  following  account  of  its  lords  : — 


^foibs  of  llic  ^.hirong  of  ffiltstmortliinl). 

As  wc  have  seen  in  previous  pages,  William  the 
Conqueror  gave  the  whole  of  Cumberland  and  this 
great  barony  to 

Raniii.ph  df.  SfKsrntNES,  wl)0,  in  tlie  year  lOSS,  grnntcil  the 
churches  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  Lawrence  of  his  castle  of 
Appleby,  to  the  oblioy  of  St.  Mary,  at  York.  He  niarried  I.ucia, 
sister  of  Hugh  I.iipiis,  earl  of  Chester,  by  whom  ho  liad  issue, 
besides  a  daughter,  a  son, 

Rasuii'H  hv.  Mi;scniNi:s,who  sacceeded  to  his  father's  exten- 
sive estiitLS,  with  tlie  exoeptiun  of  n  large  portion  of  Cumberl.ind 
whicli  had  been  granted  to  his  uncle,  William  de  .Mcschines,  and 
others.  This  liainilpli  became,  in  right  of  his  mother,  Karl  and 
Count  Palatine  of  the  county  of  Chester,  where  he  llxod  his 
residence.  He  gave  the  barony  of  Westmoruland  and  his  Cum. 
berland  estates  to  his  sister,  the  wife  of 

EoDKiiT  D'KsTiiivKiis,  or  TiiEVEHS,  wlioso  daughter,  Ibria, 
brought  it  in  marriage  to 

B.VKiJLrii  Eno.vvne,  who  had  a  son  and  heir, 

WiLMAU  KiiOAi.NE,  wliose  daughter  and  hoiross,  \da,  was  the 
wife  of 


Simon  de  MnnviLi.E,  who  had  a  son  and  heir, 

RooER  DE  JIoiivii.i.E,  whose  son  and  lieir, 

Hugh  df.  Mouvii.i.e,  whs  onu  of  the  four  knights  wlio  mur- 
dered St.  Tliomas  a  lieckot,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  the 
rei|,'n  of  Henry  II.  For  this  olVence  the  estates  of  the  Pe  Mor- 
viUes  were  seized  by  the  king.wbo  granted  the  custody  of  .\ppleby 
Castle  to  Gospatric,  the  son  of  Orme,  but  the  barony  was  retained 
by  the  crown  till  the  reign  of  King  John,  when  it  was  granted, 
together  with  the  custody  of  tlie  castles  of  Appleby  and  Brough, 
and  the  "  sheritlwick  and  rent  of  the  county  of  Westmoreland," 
in  perpetuity,  to 

lloDEUT  BE  Vetfritont,  son  of  William  de  Voteripont,  by 
Alaud,  sister  of  Hugh  de  Jlorville,  who  had  for  lier  portion  that 
part  of  .Meburn,  or  Meabnrn,  since  known  as  Mauld's  Meabum. 
This  Ito'ucrt  de  Veteripont  "was  a  man  of  great  parts  and 
cniploynienis,  and  was  trusted  with  the  custody  and  disposal  of 
much  of  the  kings  treasure."  He  was  entrusted  with  many 
otVicea  of  honour,  and  had  the  custody  of  several  castles  and 
towns  of  importance  at  ditK  rent  times.  His  name  occurs  among 
the  benefactors  of  the  abbey  of  Shap,  to  which  he  gave  Milbum 
li  range,  and  "  the  tithes  of  the  renewal  of  all  the  beasts  taken  by 
hira  or  his  men   iu  all  his  forests  in  Westmoreland.''      He 


710 


BAEO^fT    OF   >VESTMORELAND. 


confirmed  to  the  saiJ  abbey  "  all  tlie  gifts  wbicli  had  been  made  by 
TLomas,  son  of  Gospntric,  and  Thomas,  his  son  ;  and  the  grant 
of  Kenegill,  wliicli  had  been  made  to  the  said  abbey,  by  Maud, 
his  mother,  and  Ivo,  his  brother."  Eobert  de  Veteripont  mar- 
ried Idonea,  daughter  and  heiress  of  John  Biiilly,  and  having 
been  tirenty-four  years  sheritV  of  Westmoreland,  died  in  1228, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

John  de  Veteripont,  who  sold  a  portion  of  the  lands  of  the 
barony.  This  John  died  young,  about  the  year  1242,  leaving,  by 
his  wife,  Sibilla,  daughter  of  William  Ferrars,  earl  of  Derby,  a 
son, 

Robert  de  Veteripont, who  being  under  age,  became  a  royal 
ward,  and  as  such  was  placed  under  the  guardianship  of  tlie 
prior  of  Carlisle.  On  attaining  his  majority,  this  baron  joined 
the  disaffected  nobles  against  Henry  III.,  and  died  of  the 
■wounds  he  had  received  in  the  battle  of  Lewes,  in  Sussex,  or 
that  of  Evesham,  in  Worcestershire,  after  wliich  his  possessions 
were  seized  by  the  king,  but  were  subsequently  restored  to  his 
two  young  daughters,  Isabella  and  Idonea  (by  his  wife,  Isabella 
Fitz-Peter),  who  were  committed  in  wardship  to  Roger  de  Clif- 
ford, of  Herefordshire,  and  Roger  de  Leybourne,  of  Kent,  who 
mamed  them  to  their  two  sons  and  Iieirs,  between  whom  the 
barony  of  Westmoreland  was  diriJed,  till  the  death  of  Idonea, 
without  issue,  when  the  whole  became  vested  in  the  heirs  of 
Isabella,  by  her  husband,  Roger  de  Clifford,  whose  son  and  suc- 
cessor, 

Robert  de  Clifford,  was  about  eight  years  of  age,  at  the 
time  of  his  faOier's  decease.  This  nobleman  is  said  to  have 
been  "  the  greatest  man  of  all  this  family,  being  of  a  most 
martial  and  heroic  spirit."  In  the  25th  Edward  I.  (121)6-7)  he 
was  made  the  king's  captain  and  keeper  of  the  marches  in  the 
north  towards  Scotland,"  and  made  several  inroads  into  that 
kingdom.  He  was  also  one  of  the  four  guardians  appointed  by 
King  Edward  I.  for  Edward,  his  son  and  successor ;  and  was 
justice  of  the  king's  forests  north  of  the  Trent.  In  the  1st 
Edward  II.  (1307-8)  he  w.is  made  admiral  of  England,  and 
about  the  same  time  Lord  Marcher.  The  king  justnamed  granted 
to  him  the  honour  and  castle  of  Skipton,  in  Craven.  He  married 
Maud  de  Clare,  daughter  of  Thomas  de  Clare,  younger  brother 
of  Gilbert  de  Clare,  earl  of  Gloucester  and  Hereford,  by  whom 
he  had  issue, 

I.  KoGEB,  who  succeeded  his  father. 
II.  Robert,  who  succeeded  his  brother, 
1.  Idonea,  who  became  tlie  wife  of  Henry  Lord  Percy. 
Robert  de  Clifford  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Banuockbum,  in 
laH,  iu  the  fortieth  year  of  his  age,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
eldest  son, 

Roger  de  Clifford,  who  was  attainted  of  high  treason  in 
the  loth  Edward  II.  (1321-2),  being  then  about  twenty-three 
years  of  age,  for  his  adherence  to  Thomas  Earl  of  Lancaster, 
and  his  estates  became  forfeited  to  the  king,  who  granted  a 
portion  of  them  to  Andrew  de  Hercla,  but  on  De  Hercla's  treason 
they  reverted  to  the  crown,  and  were,  with  the  other  parts  of  the 
barony,  restored  to  Roger  de  Clifford.  In  about  a  month  after- 
wards Roger  died,  and  as  ho  had  never  married,  the  barony 
passed  to  his  brother, 

Robert  de  Clifford,  who  received  a  great  addition  to  his 
property  by  the  death  of  his  great-aunt,  Idonea  de  Veteripont, 
when  the  estates  of  the  Veteriponts,  which  had  been  divided 
between  the  two  sisters  for  want  of  male  issue,  became  again 
united  in  the  same  family.  This  Robert  married  Isabella, 
daughter  of  Maurice,  Lord  Berkeley,  upon  whom  he  settled,  by 


way  of  jointure,  all  the  lands  of  Skipton,  and  a  great  part  of  the 
lands  in  Westmoreland.    By  this  lady  he  had 
I.  Robert,  his  heir. 

II.  Roger,  who  succeeded  his  brother. 

III.  Thomas. 

He  died  May  20th,  1344,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Robert  Lord  Clifford,  who,  being  under  age  at  the  time 
of  his  father's  decease,  became  ward  to  the  king.  During  his 
minority  he  served  in  the  French  wars,  and  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  Cressy,  though  but  si.\teen  years  of  age.  He  mamed, 
previous  to  his  father's  deatli,  Euphemia,  one  of  the  daughters 
of  Ralph  de  Neville,  tlie  first  of  that  family  who  was  created 
Earl  of  Westmoreland,  but  had  no  issue.  This  Robert  died  in 
France,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother, 

Roger  de  Clifford,  who  is  described  as  a  man  of  "  much 
gallantry  and  valour,"  and  was  accounted  one  of  the  wisest  men 
of  his  time.      He  manied  Maud  de  Beauchamp,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Earl  of  Warwick,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 
1.  Thomas,  his  heir. 

u.  William,  6ubsc(iuently  goveraor  of  Berwick. 

m.  Lewis,  from  whom  the  present  Lord  Clifford  of  Chudleigh  is 
descended. 
I.  Margaret. 
Roger  de  Clifford  died  in  the  15th  Richard  II.  (1332),  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Thomas  de  Clifford,  who  was  about  twenty  six  years  of  age 
at  the  death  of  his  father.  In  his  early  years  he  was  much  at 
court,  and  in  great  favour  with  Eichai-d  II.,  but  being  somewhat 
wild  and  extravagant,  he  was  one  of  those  that  were  banished 
by  authority  of  parliament  in  the  year  1387,  and  died  fighting 
against  the  infidels,  at  Spruce,  in  Germany,  in  1393,  leanng 
issue  by  his  wife  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas  Lord  Ross,  of 
Hamlake  Castle,  in  Yorkshire,  besides  a  daughter,  Maud,  an 
infant  son  and  heir, 

John  de  Clifford,  who  thus  became  a  royal  ward.  In  the 
year  following  the  demise  of  Thomas  de  Clifford,  the  king 
(Richard  II.)  granted  the  shrievalty  of  Westmoreland  to  the 
queen  consort,  who  granted  the  same,  with  the  approbation  of 
the  monarch,  to  Elizabeth,  mother  of  the  said  John.  This 
John  was  made  a  knight  of  the  Garter  by  Henry  V.  He 
married  Ehzabeth  Percy,  only  daughter  of  Henry  Lord  Percy, 
surnamed  Hotspur,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 
I.  Thomas,  his  heir. 

u.  Henry,  who  died  without  issue. 
I.  Mary,  who  became  the  wife  of  Sir  Philip  Wentworth. 
John  Lord  Clifiord  was  slain  at  the  siege  of  Meaux,  in  France, 
in  the  10th  Henry  V.  (1122). 

Thomas  de  Clifford,  son  and  heir  of  John  Lord  Clifford, 
was  about  seven  years  of  age  when  he  succeeded  to  Ids  ancestral 
estates,  and  in  consequence  became  a  ward  of  the  king.  This 
Thomas  de  Clifford  distinguished  himself  in  the  French  wars 
during  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Poictiers.  He  married  Johanna,  daughter  of  Thomas  Lord 
Dacre  of  Gilsland,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

I.  JortK,  his  heir. 

II.  Roger.  111.  Eobert.  iv.  Thomas. 

I.  Elizabeth.  ii.  Maud.  in.  Anne. 

IV.  Joan,  married  to   Sir  Richnnl  Musgrnve,  KnL,  of  Hartley 

Castle,  from  whom  the  present  Sir  George  JIusgrave  is 
descended. 
v.  Margaret 

Thomas  de  Clifiord  was  slain  in  tlie  battle  of  St  Albaas,  in 


LORDS    OF   THE    BARONY   OF  WESTIIORELAXD. 


711 


l-tsr),  and  was  bnried  in  the  abbey  church  there.    He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  eldest  son, 

John  de  Cllffobd,  a  distinguished  adherent  of  the  Honse  of 
Lancaster,  by  whose  sword  fell  the  young  Duke  of  Rutland,  son 
of  the  Duke  of  York,  at  the  battle  of  Wakefield.  This  John  do 
Clifford  was  present  at  the  second  battle  of  St.  Alban's,  and  was 
slain  the  day  before  the  battle  of  Towton,  leaving  by  his  wife, 
Margaret  Bromtlett,  by  birth  Baroness  Vercy, 

I.  HE.NRy,  bis  heir. 
II.  Kiclmrd. 

I.  Elizabeth,  mairied  to  Sir  Robert  Aske. 
Henry  de  Clifford,  eldest  son  of  John  Lord  Clifford  and 
Margaret,  his  wife,  was  seven  years  old  or  thereabouts  when  his 
father  was  killed.  This  nobleman  was  deprived  of  his  lands  and 
honours  for  the  period  of  twenty  four  years,  during  which  time 
he  lived  as  a  shepherd  iu  Yorkshire,  or  in  Cumberland  about 
Threlkeld,  where  his  father-in-law's  estate  was,  and  sometimes 
in  the  borders  of  Scotland.  During  this  time  we  find  the  Chf- 
ford  estates  granted  to  several  persons,  and  amongst  the  rest  to 
Kichard  Duke  of  Gloucester,  subsequently  Richard  III.,  who 
granted  the  sheritTwick  to  Sir  Richard  Ratcliffe  during  his  life, 
for  his  good  services  ;  but  when  Henry  VII.  obtained  the  crown, 
Lord  Clifford  was  restored  to  his  honours  and  estates,  and  lie 
subsequently  repaired  several  of  his  castles,  which  had  gone  to 
decay  during  the  late  troubles.  He  was  twice  married,  firstly,  to 
Anne,  daughter  of  Sir  John  St.  John,  of  Bletso,  by  whom  he  had 
issue, 

I.  Hexrt,  his  heir. 

II.  Thomas,  who  married  Lucy,  daughter  of  Sir  Anthony  Brown. 
I.  Mabel,  who  became  the  wife  of  William  FitzwiJliam,  earl  of 

Southampton. 
n.  Eleanor,  married  to  —  Mackenficld. 
IU.  Anne,  married  to  liobert  Melcolf. 
IV.  Joan,  married  to  Sir  Ralph  Bowes. 

v.  ilnrsaret.  miirried   to  Cutbberl,  son  and  heir  of  Sir  Edward 
RaiclUle  of  Corriugtoii,  co.  Northumberland. 

By  Florence  Pudsey,  his  second  wife,  he  bad  two  or  three  sons, 
all  of  whom  died  when  they  were  very  young,  and  a  daughter, 
Dorothy,  married  to  Sir  Hugh  Lowther  of  Lowtbcr.  He  died 
in  the  15th  Henry  YIII.  (ljJiJ-4),  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
eldest  son, 

Henry  de  Clifford,  who  was  thirty  years  of  age  when  his 
father  died,  so  that  he  immediately  became  possessed  of  his 
family  honours  and  estates.  He  was  subsequently  created  earl  of 
Cumberland,  and  wa-s  invested  with  the  ordei-  of  the  Garter.  He 
was  also  made  by  the  king  (Henry  VIII.)  lord-president  of  the 
north  parts  of  England,  and  many  tiiues  filled  the  office  of  lord- 
warden  of  the  marches.  Lonl  Clifford  is  described  as  one  of  the 
most  eminent  lords  of  his  time  for  nobleness  and  gallantry. 
Like  his  father,ho  was  twice  married,  his  first  wife  being  Maigai'et 
Talbot,  eldest  daughter  of  George  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  but  she 
died  within  two  or  three  years  alter  tlicir  marriage,  leaving  no 
issue.  His  second  wife  was  Margaret  Percy,  daughter  of  Henry 
I'ercy,  fifth  earl  of  Northumberland,  by  whom  ho  had  two  sons 
and  four  daughters, 

I.  IlF.xiiT,  Ills  heir, 
u.  Iniilrnim.  who  married  Anne,  aole  daughter  and  heir  of  Sir 

ilt'Urv  Itatcliire,  KnL 
I.  Kalboriiip,  marriod  to  John  Lotd  Scioope  of  Bollcn  Cutlc. 
II,  Maud,  married  to  Sir  John  Convert. 

III.  i:ii7.iibolli,  married  to  Sir  Christopher  Mcdcalf  of  Nappcr,  co. 
York. 

ir.  Jane,  married  (o  Sir  John  Hndlcston,  Kut.,  of  MUlom. 


He  died  at  Skipton  Castle  in  1542-3,  and  was  succeeded  by 

Henry  de  Clifford,  his  eldest  son.  This  nobleman,  during 
his  father's  lifetime,  was  made  a  knight  of  tlie  Bath,  at  the 
coronation  of  Anne  Boleyn.  He  is  stated  to  have  wasted  some 
of  his  estate ;  but  "  in  the  latter  end  of  his  time  he  retired  and 
lived  a  country  life."  He  was  twice  married  :  first  to  the  Lady 
Eleanor  Brajidon,  youngest  daughter  of  Charles  Brandon,  duke 
of  Suffolk,  by  his  wife  ilary,  who  was  queen  of  France,  having 
by  her  several  sons,  who  all  died  in  infancy,  and  one  daughter, 
married  to  Edward  Stanley,  lord  Strange,  afterwards  earl  of 
Derby.  His  second  wife  was  Anne,  youngest  daughter  of 
William  Lord  Dacre  of  Gilsland,  by  whom  he  had, 
I.  George,  his  heir. 

II.  Francis,  who  was  made  knight  of  the  B.ith  by  James  I.,  when 
his  son  Charles  was  niailt-  Duke  of  York.  By  llie  death  of 
liis  broiher  George  wiihotit  male  issue,  he  succeeded  to  the 
ti'le  of  Earl  of  Cumberland.  He  married  Griffel,dauf;htfcr  of 
Tliomas  Hughes  of  Uxbridge,  and  widow  of  Edward  Ntville, 
lord  .Vbergaveuny,  by  whom  be  had  several  children : — 

1.  George,  who  died  an  infant. 

2.  Ileury,  who  lived  to  be  the  fifth  earl  of  Cumberland, 

the  last  heir  male  of  the  nonbern  Cliffords. 

1.  Margaret,  married  to  Sir  Thomas  Wentwonh,  after- 

wards earl  of  Stratford,  who  was  beheaded  in  lt)4l. 

2.  Frances,  who  was  married  to  Philip  Lord  Wharton, 

and  had  issue. 

3.  Eleanor,  who  died  unmarried. 

Henry  Lord  Clifford  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

George  Clifford,  third  earl  of  Cumberland,  who,  being  a 
minor,  became  a  ward  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  He  married  the 
Lady  Margaret  Russel,  youngest  daughter  of  the  Earl  of 
Bedford,  by  whom  he  had  issue  two  sons,  Francis  imd  Robert, 
who  died  in  infancy,  anJ  a  daughter,  Anne,  of  whom  hereafter. 
This  earl  signalised  himself  in  the  service  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
both  by  land  and  sea;  and  was  one  of  the  forty  peers  com- 
missioned to  try  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  after  her  attainder 
was  one  of  the  four  earls  who  were  sent  to  Fotheringay  Castle, 
to  bo  present  at  the  execution.  Having  no  surviving  male  issue, 
Lord  Clifford,  for  the^preservation  of  his  name  and  family,  in 
1300-01,  levied  a  fine,  and  cut  off  the  entail  of  the  estate  which 
had  been  made  by  his  fatlier,  and  settled  the  same  to  himself 
and  his  wife  for  life,  then  to  the  heirs  male  of  his  body,  then  to 
his  brother  Francis  and  the  heirs  male  of  his  body,  in  default  of 
theso  to  the  heirs  (general)  of  his  own  body,  and  in  default  of 
these  to  his  own  right  hell's  for  ever.  And  in  the  same  year,  by 
his  will,  he  devised  the  same  to  the  purposes  aforesaid  ;  giving 
to  his  daughter,  besides  the  said  reversion,  the  sum  of  i.'15,000 
for  her  portion.  He  devised  also  the  sheriffwick  to  his  brother, 
which,  not  being  in  the  aforesaid  entail,  his  brother  took 
possession  of  during  the  widow's  life.     He  died  in  1B05. 

Anne  de  Clifford,  only  daughter  and  heir  of  George  Earl 
of  Cumberland,  by  his  wife,  the  Lady  JIargaret  Russel,  on  her 
father's  demise,  by  the  advice  of  her  mother,  contested  the 
settlement,  which  was  however  confirmed  by  James  I.  During 
this  litigation  she  was  married  to  Lord  Buckliurst,  aAernards 
carl  of  Dorset,  by  whom  she  had  (be.sides  three  sons  who  died 
very  young)  two  daughti-rs,  Margaret  and  Isabella,  tlie  latter  of 
whom  became  the  wife  of  James  Comptou,  earl  of  Ncrthampton, 
to  whom  sho  bore  six  children,  who  all  lUed  without  issue,  and 
most  of  them  verj*  young,  so  that  after  the  death  of  Isabella, 
Margari't  remiiucd  sole  heir  of  the  Clifford  fjimily.  About  six 
years  aftir  tho  death  of  Lord  liuckhurst, the  Lady  .Vnne  married 
a  scC'ind  husband,  I'bilip  Herbert,  earl  of  Pembroke  and  Mont- 
gomery, and  to  him  had  two  sons,  who  dioJ  in  infancy.  After 
the  death  of  her  second  husband,  Lady  Anoc  remained  a  widow 


712 


BARONY    OF   WESTMORELAND. 


for  twentj-scven  jears,  during  which  period  she  resided  in  the 
north  of  England,  nnd  was  employed  in  repairing  her  castles, 
which  had  gone  to  decay  or  been  ruined  in  the  civil  wars,  and  in 
many  private  and  public  works  of  charity.  She  died  on  the  23rd 
of  March,  IGTJ,  when  lier  estates  descended  to  her  daughter 
Margaret,  the  wife  of  John  Lord  Tufton,  afierwards  earl  of 
Thanet,  a  title  which  had  heen  bestowed  upon  his  father  by 
Charles  I.  in  1038. 

John,  second  earl  of  Thanet,  by  his  wife,  the  Lady  Anne 
Clifford,  had  six  sons, 


I.  Nicholas. 
IV.  Thomas. 


II.  John. 
V.  Sackville. 


III.  Richard. 
VI.  (ieorge. 


Of  whom  the  first  four,  and  a  son  of  the  fifth,  became  succes- 
sively earls  of  Thanet.     He  had  also  six  daughters, 

I.  Anne,  who  died  young. 

II.  Jtargaret,  married  to  George  Lord  Coventrj-. 

III.  Frances,  mnrried  to  Henry  Drax,  Esq.of  Boston,  co.  Lincoln. 

IV.  Cecilia,  married  to  Christopher  Lord  llatton. 

V.  Mary,  married  to  William,  son  nnd  heir  of  Sir  WiUiam  Walter, 

Hart.,  of  Sarcsden,  co.  Cxfcird. 
VI.  Anne,  nmrried  to  Samuel  Grimston,  son  and  heir  of  Sir  Har- 
boltle  Grimstone,  JiiU't.,  master  of  the  roils. 

nis  lordship  died  in  166i,  his  countess  surviving  till  1676,  in 
which  year  she  devised  the  Clifford  estates  to  John,  her  second 
son,  in  tail,  with  remainder  to  Richard,  Thomas,  and  Sackville, 
her  other  sons.     In  pursuance  of  his  mother's  will, 

John  TuriON  liecame  possessor  of  the  estates,  and  in  three 
years  after,  his  elder  brother.  Earl  Nicholas,  dying  without 
issue,  he  succeeded  to  the  title,  becoming  in  this  manner  fourth 
Earl  of  Thanat.  His  lordship  did  not  long  enjoy  this  accession 
of  dignity,  for  he  died  in  the  following  year,  when  the  title  and 
estates  devolved  upon  his  brother, 

Richard  Tufton,  fifth  earl  of  Thanet,  who  also  died  unmar- 
ried in  1CH3,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  fourth  brother, 

Thomas  Tdfton,  sixth  earl  of  Thanet,  who,  os  heir  to  his 
grandmother,  Anne  Baroness  of  Clifford,  Westmoreland,  and 
Vesci,  being  entitled  to  the  baronies,  brought  his  claim  into  the 
House  of  Lords,  when  the  barony  of  Clifford  was  adjudged  to 
him  in  1001;  but  on  his  death,  in  1739,  it  fell  into  abeyance 
among  his  daughters,  but  was  afterwards  confirmed  to  his  third 
daughter,  Margaret,  wife  of  Thomas  Coke,  eiirl  of  Leicester, 
and  has  since  been  enjoyed  by  the  family  of  Southwell,  whose 
heiress,  Sophia,  widow  of  Commander  John  Eussel,  R.N.,  is 
tlie  present  Baroness  De  Clifford.  Lord  Tufton  married  Cathe- 
rine, daughter  and  co-heir  of  Henry  Cavendish,  duke  of  New- 
castle, by  whom  he  had  three  sons,  who  all  died  in  their  infancy, 
«nd  five  daughters, 

I.  Catherine,  married,  in  170S,  Edward  Watson,  viscount  Sondes, 

son  of  the  Earl  of  liockinghaui,  and  had  issue, 

2'.  Tliom'iis,   J"  Earls  of  Rockingham. 
1.  Catherine,  married  to  Edwiu-d  Southwell,  Esq.,  and 
left  a  son  and  heir, 

Edward,  subsequenlly  ITih  Baron  Clifford. 

II.  Annes,  married  to  James  Earl  nf  Salisbnri-. 

III.  JInrgaret,  married  to  Ihomas  Coke,  earl  of  Leicester. 

IV.  Mnry,  married,  Islly,  to  Anthony  Earl  of  Harold;  2ndly,  to 

John  Eail  Gower. 


V.  Isabella,  married  to  Lord  Nassau  Fowlet,  and  afterwards  to 
Sir  Francis  Blake  DelavaL 

The  Earl  of  Thanet  died  in  1720,  when  the  earldom  devolved 
upon  his  nephew, 

Sackville  Tufton,  seventh  earl  of  Thanet,  who  married  the 
Lady  Mary  Savile,  younger  daughter  and  coheir  of  William 
Marquis  of  Halifax,  and  by  her  had  issue, 

I.  John,  who  died  before  his  father,  and  unmarried. 
IL  Sackville,  his  successor. 
I.  Mnry,  married  to  Sir  William  Duncan,  Bart. 

II.  Charlotte. 

This  earl  differing  with  his  tenants  in  Westmoreland  about  their 
fines,  after  the  demise  of  Earl  Thomas,  offer  a  long  contest 
in  Chancery,  the  customs  of  the  barony  were  decided  as  given 
above.  On  his  demise  the  family  honours  and  estates  devolved 
upon, 

Sackville  Tufton,  eighth  earl  of  Thanet.  This  nobleman 
married  Mary,  only  dnughter  of  Lord  John  Sackville,  and  sister 
to  John  Frederick,  third  duke  of  Dorset,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

I.  Sackville,  his  heir. 

II    CiiAitLES,  who  succeeded  his  brother. 

III.  Henry,  bnrn  January  2nd,  l"?'). 

IV.  Edward  Williai<-.  liorn  November  IGUi,  1777,  drowned  in  the 

Tbnines,  July  1st,  17SU. 

I.  Elizidii-ih. 

11.  Carolnie,  married  July,  1702,  John  Foster  Barbour,  Esq.,  and 
had  issue. 

His  lordship  died  April  lOlli,  17H0,  and  was  succeeded  by  liis 
eldest  son, 

Sackville  Tdfton,  who  thus  became  the  ninth  carl  of  Thanet. 
This  carl  married  Anne  Charlotte  de  Bojanovitz,  descended 
from  a  noble  family  in  Hungary.  He  was  a  great  patron  of 
agriculture,  and  much  improved  his  estates  in  Westmoreland. 
His  lordship  died  in  January,  1825,  when  the  honours  of  the 
family  devolved  upon  his  next  brother, 

Charles,  tenth  earl,  born  September  10th,  1777.  This  noble- 
man dying  unmarried,  .Vpril  20th,  1832,  the  honours  devolved 
upon  his  only  surviving  brother, 

Henry  Tufton,  eleventh  enrl  of  Thanet,  born  January  2nd, 
1770.  This  nobleman  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons  during 
one  parliament,  that  of  1706-1S02,  for  the  city  of  Rochester.  In 
1826  he  was  returned  for  Appleby,  a  borough  in  the  nomination 
of  his  family,  and  again  in  1830  and  1831.  His  lordship  was 
the  last  surviving  male  heir  of  his  family;  and,  as  he  never 
married,  it  became  extinct  on  his  decease,  June  12lh,  1819, 
when  his  estates  passed,  by  w-ill,  to 

Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Bart.,  who  thus  became  lord  of  the 
barony  of  Westmoreland.  Sir  Richard  was  created  a  baronet  in 
1H5I.  He  married,  August  2and,  1813,  Adelaide  AmeUe  Lacour, 
and  has  issue, 

L  Henry  Jacques,  bom  June  -lUi,  1844. 

II.  Alfred  Chnrlrs,  born  May  l-'idi,  1852. 
I.  Therese  Elizabeth. 

Jrms. — Sa.,  an  eagle,  displayed,  erm.,  within  a  bordure,  wavy,  org. 
Crvsl.—A  sea  linn,  sejant,  arg.,duly  differenced. 
Motto. — Ales  volat  propriis. 


(BmI  Wihx)i. 


Tins  division  of  Westmoreland  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  CumbcrlanJ,  on  the  west  by  the  West  Ward,  on  the  south 
by  a  part  of  Kendal  Ward  and  Yorkshire,  and  on  the  east  by  Yorkshire  and  Durham.  It  is  about  twenty-three  miles 
in  length  from  north  to  south,  and  frcim  ten  to  fourteen  miles  in  breadth.  A  considerable  portion  of  this  ward  is 
mountainous,  but  many  of  the  fells  aflbrd  good  pasture  for  sheep  and  cattle.  The  whole  district  is  as  remarkable  for 
its  pastoral  as  for  its  wild  and  picturesque  scenery.  It  is  well  watered  by  the  rivers  Eden,  Tees,  and  Lune,  which, 
with  a  great  many  of  their  tributary  streams,  have  their  source  within  its  boundaries.  Lead  is  found  at  Dufton  and 
Hilton,  and  there  are  excellent  quarries  of  limestone  and  freestone.  It  contains  the  borough  of  Appleby,  the  market 
towns  of  Brough,  Kirkby  Stephen,  and  Orton,  and  is  divided  into  the  parishes  of  Appleby  St.  Lawrence,  Appleby  St. 
Jlichael,  Asby,  Brough,  Crosby  Garret,  Dufton,  Kirkby  Stephen,  Kirkbythore,  Longmarton,  Great  Musgrave,  New- 
biggin,  Ormfcide,  Ortou,  Eavenstonedale,  and  Warcop.     The  present  rating  of  this  ward  is  £85,852. 


ArrLEBY  ST.  LAWRENCE  AND  APPLEBY  ST.  MICHAEL  PARISHES. 

These  parishes,  which  contain  the  borough  of  Appleby,  arc  bounded  by  those  of  Dufton,  Warcop,  Ormside,  Crosby 
Ravensworth,  and  Morland.  They  lie  on  opposite  sides  of  the  river  Eden,  the  former  being  on  the  west,  and  the 
latter  on  the  east  bank.  St.  Lawrence's  parish  comprises  the  township  of  Appleby  St.  Lawrence,  Burrels,  Colby, 
Drybcck,  Huff,  and  Scattergate  ;  St.  Michael's,  commonly  called  Bongate,  includes  the  townships  of  Bongato  and 
Langton,  Crackenthorp,  Hilton,  and  Murton. 


THE  BOnOUGII  OF  APPLEBY. 

Apfilehy,  the  county  town  of  Westmoreland,  is  beau- 
tifully situated  on  tho  river  Eden,  in  54"  35'  north 
latitude,  2o  28'  west  longitude,  thirty-one  miles  south- 
east of  Carlisle,  27i)  miles  north-north-west  from  London 
by  road,  and  30i)  miles  by  the  North- Western  railway 
via  the  Trent  Valley  lino.  Its  population  in  1851  was 
1,291.  Tho  town  is  situated  in  two  parishes,  St.  I^aw- 
rence  on  the  left,  and  St.  Jlichael  on  tlio  right  side  of 
the  river,  the  greater  part  lying  in  the  parish  of  St. 
I-awrencc;  St.  Michael,  pnpidi'.rly  callod  l^ongate,  con- 
tains but  few  houses,  and  is  principally  an  agricultural 
jmrish.  The  two  parishes  are  separate  vicarages  and 
will  1)0  found  fully  noticed  at  a  subsequent  page.  The 
high  road  from  liondon  to  Carlisle  by  Brough  and 
Pi'urith  passes  through  Bongate.  An  ancient  stone 
bridge  of  two  arches  crosses  the  Eden  and  connects  the 
two  parishes  of  Appleby  with  each  other.  The  main 
street,  which  is  irregularly  built  on  the  slopo  of  a  hill, 


is  of  considerable  width,  having  the  castle  at  its  upper 
and  the  parish  church  of  St.  Lawrence  at  its  lower 
extremity.  The  town  contains  some  well-built  houses 
and  has  a  neat  appearance.  It  is  lighted  with  gas. 
The  weaving  of  linen  and  checks  is  carried  on  to 
somo  extent  in  Appleby  ;  also  brewing  and  malting. 
There  is  a  good  retail  trade,  A  woollen  manufactory 
is  situated  at  CouplnnJ  Bock.  The  Eden  Valley  railway 
passes  on  tho  north  side  o*"  the  town,  where  there  is  to 
be  a  station  for  the  convenience  of  tho  inhabitants  of 
Appleby.  The  town  is  principally  comprised  in  tho 
township  of  .\ppleby,  the  area  of  which  is  forty-eight 
acres,  and  the  rateable  value  £  1 ,03,1  Cs.  The  population 
of  the  township  does  not  appear  to  have  been  separat^dy 
returned  till  \Xil.  in  which  year  it  was  824  ;  iu  1831, 
851:  in  1811,  751;  and  in  1851,883.  Theremaining 
portion  of  tho  borough  of  Appleby  is  in  the  township 
of  Scattergate. 

Of  Appleby  in  early  times,  history  is  entirely  silent. 


714 


EAST  ■n-ARD. 


It  has  been  supposed  that  it  was  a  Roman  station,  but 
there  is  no  satisfactory  evidence  of  this.  It  was,  how- 
ever, a  place  of  some  iniportxnco  before  the  Norman 
Conquest,  as  it  gave  name  to  one  of  the  shires,  Appleby- 
scire,  into  nliich  the  county  was  divided.  It  continued  to 
maintain  its  dignity  until  the  time  of  Henry  II.,  in  the 
22nd  year  of  whose  reign,  ( 1 175-0}  it  was  surprised  and 
destroyed  by  William  of  Scotland.  Jordan  Faiitosrae 
says,  "  the  king  very  soon  iiad  the  castle  of  Appleby ; 
there  were  no  people  in  it,  it  was  quite  unguarded. 
Gospatric,  sou  of  Orme,  an  old  grey-headed  English- 
man, was  the  constable ;  he  soon  cried  mercy."  The 
Scottish  king  left  a  garrison  here  under  three  constables, 
and  proceeded  to  attack  Brough.'  For  his  conduct  on 
this  occasion  Gospatric  was  fined  000  marks  by  King 
Heury,  and  the  subordinate  officers  iu  sums  varying 
according  to  their  ranks.  In  the  time  of  Edward  IT. 
Appleby  paid  a  fee  farm  rent  of  twenty  marks  a  year, 
equal  to  2,200  burgages,  from  which  the  population  at 
that  time  may  be  estimated  at  upwards  of  1 1 ,000.  King 
John  was  at  Appleby  on  June  17th  and  18th,  1212.  In 
the  I2th  Richard  II.  (1388-9)  Appleby  was  again  laid 
waste  by  the  Scots,  and,  in  consequence,  was  unable  to 
pay  the  fee  farm  rent  due  to  the  crown.  From  this  time 
the  town  never  recovered  its  pristine  splendour  and 
importance.  The  greatest  part  still  lay  in  ruins  in  the 
time  of  William  and  Mary,  and  on  this  account  the 
rent  due  to  the  crown  was  reduced  from  twenty  marks 
annually  to  two  marks,  or  £1 G  Gs.  8d.  The  foundations 
of  buildings  brought  to  light  by  the  plough,  for  two  or 
thi-ee  miles  round  the  town,  evince  its  former  greatness, 
and  the  Borough  Walls  (Burrells)  are  now  distant  a 
mile  from  the  present  town.  In  1598  the  plague 
raged  here  with  such  severity  that  the  market  was 
removed  to  Gilshaughlin,  near  Cliburn.  From  this 
period  we  hear  no  more  of  Appleby  till  the  time  of 
the  Commonwealth,  when,  in  consequence  of  the 
adherence  of  the  town  to  the  royal  cause,  Cromwell 
imposed  upon  it  a  "Charter  of  Restrictions,"  which  for  a 
time  was  enforced  by  a  garrison  stationed  here  for  the 
jwrposo.  In  July,  1C48,  a  conflict  took  place  near 
Appleby  between  the  Scottish  army,  under  the  Duke  of 
Hamilton,  and  the  rarliamcntarians,  under  General 
Lambert,   in   -which   the   latter    was   victorious.      In 

1  Quant  il  ot  Applebi,  le  cliastel  e  la  lur ; 
»  •  «  * 

E  meUent  la  dedenz  lur  serjanz  marchis,. 
E  treis  cunestables  el  chastel  unt  asis. 

Jordan  Ftinloswef  p.  GG. 
■When  he  had  Appleby  tlie  castle  aiid  the  tower ; 
*  *  *  » 

And  tliey  placed  within  it  llieir  bonier  oiEcer?, 

And  they  have  appointed  three  constables  in  lUe  eastle. 


October  of  the  same  year,  when  Colonel  Ashtou  had 
relieved  C»ckermouth  Castle  with  the  Lancashire 
forces,  he  advanced  against  Sir  Philip  Musgrave  and 
the  llo^'alists  under  his  command,  whom  he  pursued  to 
A[iplcby,  and  compelled  to  surrender  at  discretion, 
with  their  "  ordnance,  arn)s,  aniniunition,  and  horses.'"' 
The  restrictive  charter  just  mentioned  was  annulled  on 
the  restoration  of  Charles  IL,  which  event  was  cele- 
brated in  tbe  town  with  great  pomp  and  festivity  under 
the  auspices  of  the  celebrated  Anne  ClilTord,  countess 
of  Pembroke  and  JMontgomery,  who  at  that  time  occu- 
pied the  castle  of  Appleby,  which  she  had  fortified  for 
Charles  I.,  and  who  now,  aged  as  she  was,  "  thought 
not  her  gates  too  wide  to  receive  her  guests." 

The  castle  of  Appleby  is  finely  situated  upon  a  lofty 
and  well -wooded  eminence,  and  commands  from  the 
summit  of  its  ancient  keep  a  noble  view  of  the  sur- 
rounding country.  The  keep  is  still  surrounded  by  a 
moat,  but  the  drawbridge  has  been  removed.  This  fine 
keep,  called  Ciusar's  Tower,  though  not  of  Roman  date 
is  of  great  antiquity,  as  is  also  a  portion  of  the  castle; 
but  the  larger  part  of  it  was  rebuilt  in  1G80,  by  the 
then  Earl  of  Thanet,  who  inherited  it  from  the  Chfford 
family,  and  iu  the  possession  of  whose  descendants  it 
still  remains.  The  gardens  belonging  to  the  castle  are 
of  considerable  extent,  and  from  their  elevated  position 
command  a  rich  and  varied  prospect.  A  suit  of  steel 
and  gold  armour,  said  to  have  been  worn  by  George 
Clitlord  iu  his  capacity  of  champion  to  Queen  Elizabeth, 
is  preserved  in  the  castle.  At  the  upper  end  of  the 
principal  hall  are  several  full  length  portraits  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Cliiford  and  Tufton  families.  This  ancient 
structure  is  the  baronial  castle  of  the  barony  of  West- 
moreland, and  has  been  so  since  its  erection.  Sir 
Richard  Tufton,  Bart.,  occasionally  resides  here,  and 
Rear-admiral  R.  Elliot,  the  steward  of  Appleby  Castle, 
has  his  residence  in  Ctesar's  Tower. 

CHCECnES,   CKAPELS,    ic. 

The  parish  church  of  St.  Lawrence  was  partly  rebuilt 
in  1GG.J,  by  the  Countess  of  Pembroke,  who  also  left  a 
fund  for  keeping  it  in  repair.  The  church  is  large  and 
handsome,  consisting  of  nave,  chancel,  aisles,  and  square 
tower,  in  which  are  si.K  excellent  bells,  with  a  clock  and 
chimes  presented  by  the  mayor  and  corporation.  In 
the  chancel  is  a  beautiful  marble  efTigy  of  Margaret 
Countess  of  Cumberland,  who  died  in  161C;  and  on 
the  opposite  side  is  an  elegant  altar-tomb,  in  memory  of 
her  daughter,  the  Countess  of  Pembroke,  who,  in  1650, 
conveyed  an  estate  at  Temple  Sowcrby,  now  worth  about 
£70  a  year,  to  trustees,  fur  the  reparation  of  this  church, 

1  See  also  page  20. 


BOROUGH   OF  APPLEBY. 


'J5 


the  bridge,  tlie  crosses,  the  moot-hall,  her  own  monu- 
ment, and  that  of  her  mother.  The  church  of  St. 
Lawrence  was  given  by  llanulph  de  Mescliines,  toge- 
ther with  the  church  of  St.  Michael,  to  the  abbey  of  St. 
Mary,  at  York,  with  two  parts  of  the  tithes  of  all  his 
demesne  lands  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Eden,  which 
grant  was  confirmed  by  Henry  I.,  and  subsequently  by 
the  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  under  ihc  following  limitations: 
"  That  the  house  of  Wcthcral,  in  the  name  of  the  said 
abbey,  possess  the  same  to  their  own  use,  but  having, 
nevertheless,  the  ]iension  usually  paid  thereout  to  the 
abbey;  and  that  the  said  abbey  do  present  fit  persons 
to  be  vicars  tliercof,  to  be  sustained  out  of  the  revenues 
of  the  said  church,  so  that  such  ricar  receive  thereout 
six  marks  yearly,  he  paying  ail  episcopal  and  archi- 
diaconal  charges."  In  12.")!,  the  then  bishop  of  Car- 
lisle, Silvester,  judging  the  sis  marks  just  named 
insufficient,  increased  the  taxation  of  the  vicarage,  and 
exempted  the  vicars  of  St.  Lawrence  from  the  pajTnent 
of  the  twenty  shillings  pension  which  they  had  pre- 
viously paid  to  the  vicar  of  St.  Alichael's.  This  church 
formerly  possessed  two  charities,  dedicated  respectively 
to  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  St.  Nicholas.  The  chantry 
of  the  Blessed  Virgin  was  founded  by  the  family  of 
Goldingion,  and  endowed  by  them  with  revenues  iu 
the  town  and  elsewhere,  "  for  celebrating  mass  at  the 
altar  of  St.  Mary  for  the  mayor,  bailiffs,  and  commonalty, 
and  for  the  souls  of  the  founders  and  their  ancestors, 
and  all  faithful  people,  and  especially  of  those  who 
should  be  benefactors  to  the  said  chantry."  The 
chantry  of  St.  Nicholas  was  founded  by  Robert  Thrcl- 
keld,  and  was  endowed  with  several  burgage  houses  in 
Appleby.  Both  these  chantries  were  dissolved  by 
lOdward  VI.,  who  granted  their  revenues,  amounting 
at  that  time  to  £h  lis.  8d.  per  annum,  to  William 
Ward  and  llichard  ^'enable3,  to  hold  in  free  socage. 
In  tlio  Valor  of  Pope  Niciiolas  the  rectory  of  St.  Law- 
rnnco  is  valued  at  £15,  and  the  vicarage  at  £10.  In 
the  King's  Book  the  vicarage  is  returned  as  worth 
£9  6s.  2{d.  In  1823  it  was  endowed  (in  addition  to 
fifty  acres  of  ancient  glebe)  with  about  930  acres  of 
land  as  a  commutaliou  for  tho  tithes  of  Hoif  township. 
The  tithes  of  the  other  townships  have  since  been  com- 
muted for  a  rent  charge;  so  that  tlie  living  is  now 
worth  £300  a  year.  The  patronage  is  vested  in  tho 
tlean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle.  The  parish  registers 
commence  in  1054'. 

nF.oTons.— P.adulpliiis,  1070 ;  Koger  Denn,  1210;  Willinm. 

ViCAns. — JurJon,  l'.!')0;  Willinm  ilc  Kirkotun, ;  Wiltar 

ilu  Doncostrn,  l;)(l.i  ;  Stephen  ilc  Popiltun,  13U7 ;  John  do 
CarletoD,  13;i'>;  Williora  Colyn,  VIM;  Robert  Baynes,  1370; 
Thomas  ile  Bruiilijr,  MOO;  UichorJ  .\pplcby,  1100;  Ilichanl 
Oanu'tt,  1.'j18;   Henry   Hiutley,  1520;  Hugh   SowcU,  1011; 


Lancelot  SlanfielJ,  1573;  Christopher  Walker,  1082;  William 
Crakantboi-p,  \C,U;  John  Scott,  1028;  Edward  Guy,  lO.'iC ; 
Anthony  Shaw,  105'!  ;  Ambrose  Rowland,  1050 ;  James 
Buchanan,  1001  ;  Michael  Hodgson,  died  1681  ;  Gabriel 
Smalwood,  1681;  James  Lamb,  1098;  John  Christopherson, 
1720;  Samlford  Latham,  1758;  William  Piiley,  1777;  John 
Rowland  Sprole,  17s3  ;  William  Phillips,  1797  ;  Joseph  Milucr, 
1820. 

The  vicarage,  a  plain  commodious  house,  is  situated 
on  the  west  side  of  the  church. 

St.  Michael's  parish  church  is  in  Bongate,  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Kdeu,  a  short  distance  south-east  of 
Appleby.  The  Countess  of  Pembroke  raised  this 
church  "out  of  its  ruins"  in  1GJ8,  but  not  it  appears 
ou  the  site  of  the  previous  churjh  of  St.  Michael,  which 
is  said  to  have  stood  at  the  Holme.  It  comprises  nave, 
chancel,  transept,  and  tmall  tower  with  two  bells. 
There  arc  mural  monuments  to  the  memory  of  members 
of  the  Crackauthorpe,  Hall,  Hutchinson,  Cock,  and 
Sawtree  families.  On  the  north  side  is  a  large  vault, 
the  ancicut  burial  place  of  the  Hdtous  of  Hilton,  in 
this  parish.  As  seen  above,  this  church  was  appropriated 
to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary  at  York,  but  the  patronage  of 
the  vicarage  was  afterwards  vested  in  the  bishops  of 
Carlisle.  There  was  formerly  a  chantry  in  this  church, 
founded  by  Sir  William  English.  The  living,  valued 
in  the  King's  Book  at  £20.  13s.  9d.,  is  now  worth  about 
£110.  At  the  enclosure  of  Bongate  common,  ninety- 
two  acres  were  given  to  the  dean  aud  chapter  of 
Carlisle,  in  lieu  of  tho  great  tithes,  and  fifteen  acres  to 
the  vicar,  as  tho  release  from  the  small  tithes,  besides 
five  acres  allotted  to  the  ancient  glebe. 

Vicars.— Walter  Feadwell,  1256;  Richard  de  Bradewood, 
1302;  Henry  de  Appleby,  1339;  Richard  de  Aslackby,  1302; 
Johii  de  Morton,  1309;  John  RaynaUl,  1309;  John  Marshall, 

1152:    George  Lancaster,  ;   John  Smith,  1501;    Gregory 

Scot,  1509  ;  Thomas  Burton,  1570;  Thomas  Fairfax,  1079; 
William  Porter,  1582;    John  Tcasdale,  1011;   John  Spencer, 

;  Robert  Symson,  lOOi  ;  Barnaby  Symson,  1601  ;   James 

Cook,  1712  ;  John  Hill,  1733  ;  Harrison  Shaw,  1789  ;  Thomas 
Bellas,  1S23. 

The  vicarage  is  a  neat  house,  a  short  distance  south 
of  tho  church. 

At  tho  north  end  of  Bongate,  about  half  a  mile  from 
St.  Michael's  Church,  is  Battlcburgh,  called  in  tho 
Latin  records  "  Vicus  lo  Fyte,"  and  in  common  language 
Battlcbarrow ;  but  why  or  wherefore  neither  history  uor 
tradition  informs  us.  Here  the  Lords  Clifford,  Percy, 
and  Vesci  founi.lcd  a  convent  of  Carmelite  friars,  in 
1281,  which  existed  until  the  year  1543,  wlieu  it  shared 
the  fate  of  tho  other  religious  houses  of  England. 
Henry  VIII.  granted  it,  willi  Hale  (>range.  and  tho 
manor  of  Hardcndale  and  Wasldale,  to  C.  Crackenthorp, 
Esq.,  of  Newbiggin,  for  the  sum  of  £255.  33.     A  litilo 


716 


EAST   WARD. 


further  north,  about  a  mile  from  Appleby,  there  formerly 
stood  the  hospital  of  St.  Leonard,  for  the  reception  of 
lepers.  The  date  of  its  foundation  is  not  known,  but  it 
was  given  to  the  abbey  of  Shap  by  John  do  Vetcripont, 
the  Bishop  of  Carlisle  confirming  the  grant,  with  a 
stipulation  that  the  abbey  should  maintain  three  lepers 
here  for  ever.  In  1.541  its  possessions  were  granted  to 
Thomas  Lord  Wharton,  whose  successor,  Philip,  sold 
them  in  1B1.5  for  £700,  to  J.  Fielding,  Esq.,  of 
Stiirforth,  in  Yorkshire,  from  whose  descendant  they 
were  purchased  in  10;j'3  by  the  Countess  of  Pembroke, 
who  settled  them  upon  her  hospital  at  Appleby.  At 
the  west  end  of  the  bridge  of  St.  Lawrence  there  was 
anciently  a  chapel,  but,  it  is  described  as  ruinous  as 
early  as  the  year  1445.  It  occupied  the  site  of  the  old 
prison,  or  probably  was  the  same  building,  and  had  a 
chamber  or  oratory  over  it. 

In  the  town  arc  two  chapels,  one  belonging  to  the 
Wesleyan  Methodists,  and  the  other  to  the  United  Free 
Church;  the  former  was  erected  in  1833,  and  the 
latter  in  1847. 

SCHOOLS. 

That  there  was  a  school  in  Appleby  as  early  as  the 

year  1453,  is  manifest  from  the  name  of  a  lane  which 

was  at  the   end   of  Kirkgato,  called  "  School  House 

Lane,"  and  which  is  mentioned  in  old  records.     The 

chantry  priest  of  Appleby,  like  those  of  Penrith,  in 

Cumberland,  and  other  places,  appears  to  have  been 

enjoined  to  teach  a  free  grammar  school  in  the  borough 

as  part  of  his  duty,  and  this  state  of  things  continued 

till   the  period   of  the  suppression   of   the   monastic 

establishments.     In  consideration  of  the  loss  sustained 

by  the  dissolution  of  the  chantries,   in  the  time  of 

Edward  YI.,  Queen  Mary  granted  to  the  school  at 

Appleby  a  rent  charge  of  £5    10s.  8d.  per  annum,  to 

be  paid  out  of  the  rectory  of  Crosby  Ravensworth.    The 

school  was  refounded  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  "  with  ten 

governors,  who  are  to  appoint  successors,  nominate  the 

master  and  usher,   make   statutes  for  the  regulation 

of  the  school,  and  receive  lands  and  possessions,  so  as 

they  exceed  not  the  clear  yearly  value  of  £40."     But 

this  limitation  has  been  greatly  exceeded,  for  the  school 

at  present  has  a  yearly  revenue  of  upwards  of  £-J00, 

though  it  only  receives  sLx.  free  scholars,  all  the  others 

having  to  pay  a  small  quarterage,  even  for  the  classics, 

and   additional    charges   for   writing    and  arithmetic. 

Since  the   foundation   by  Elizabeth,   the   school  has 

received  the  following  benefactions,  viz.,  £300  (of  which 

£240  was  given  by  Dr.  Miles  Spencer)  and  a  rent  charge 

of  £20  a  year  purchased  in  1579,  to  be  paid  out  of 

Newton  Garthe's  estate  in  the  county  of  Durham.     In 

1589  the  governors  received  £40  by  bequest  of  Piainold 


Hartley,  with  which  they  purchased  the  field  adjoining 
the  school,  called  Pear  Tree  Garth.  In  1061  Dr. 
Smith,  afterwards  bishop  of  Carlisle,  procured  a  lease 
of  the  corn  tithes  of  Diybcck,  to  be  granted  by  the 
dean  and  chapter  to  the  schoolmaster,  who  pays  for 
them  a  yearly  rent  of  £3  3s.  4d.  The  demesne  lands 
of  New  Hall,  in  the  manor  of  Sandford,  now  let  for 
£130  per  annum,  were  purchased  in  1085  by  the 
governors  with  £500  out  of  the  £700  given  in  1071 
by  Bishops  Barlow  and  Smith,  the  Rev.  Randal  Sander- 
son, and  Sir  John  Lowthcr,  Bart.,  all  of  whom  had 
been  scholars  here,  and  gave  their  several  donations  to 
the  school  in  consideration  of  the  governors  having 
ceded  for  ever  the  right  of  nominating  the  master  to 
the  provost  and  scholars  of  Queen's  College,  O.vford, 
where  the  Appleby  scholars,  natives  of  Westmoreland, 
have  live  exhibitions,  endowed  with  £40  per  annum  by 
the  Earl  of  Tlianct  in  1720,  besides  tlic  privilege  of 
becoming  candidates  for  one  of  the  five  exhibitions, 
founded  in  the  same  college  by  Lady  Hastings,  and 
tliose  established  by  its  founder,  Robert  Eaglesficld, 
for  the  education  of  scholars  from  AVestraorclaml  and 
Cumberland.  The  school  is  open  to  all  the  boys  of  the 
parish  of  St.  Lawrence  and  the  township  of  Bongate. 
The  school-house  is  a  neat  edifice,  in  the  Low  Weind, 
and  was  rebuilt  in  1820,  at  the  cost  of  the  Temple 
Sowerby  trust.  There  was  formerly  a  curious  collec- 
tion of  inscriptions  in  stone  near  to  this  school,  said  to 
liave  been  for  the  most  part  copied  from  others,  and 
placed  there  by  Reginald  Bainbridge,  who  was  master 
of  the  school  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I. 
A  number  of  eminent  men  have  been  educated  at 
Appleby  School,  among  them  we  may  mention  William 
Bell,  bishop  of  Kilmore  and  Ardagh  ;  Thomas  Barlow, 
bisliop  of  Lincoln ;  Thomas  Smith  and  John  Waugh, 
bishops  of  Carlisle ;  Dr.  John  Langhorno  and  hi.i 
brother  William,  joint  translators  of  "  Plutarch"  ;  Rev. 
William  Thompson,  M.A.,  rector  of  South  Weston, 
Oxfoi'dshire,  and  author  of  a  volume  of  poems,  printed  in 
1  750  ;  Dr.  Richard  Moukhouse,  vicar  of  Wakefield,  and 
author  of  three  volumes  of  sermons,  in  1805  ;  WiUiam 
Pattiuson,  of  Sidney  College,  Cambridge,  author  of  two 
volumes  of  poems,  published  after  his  death,  in  1728; 
John  Robinson,  Esq.,  under  secretary  during  Lord 
North's  administration ;  Rev.  Richard  Yates,  M.A., 
fifty-eight  years  master  of  this  school ;  and  Sir  Joseph 
Relph,  author  of  a  volume  of  pastoral  poems,  published 
after  his  death,  in  1740.  The  school  is  at  present 
attended  by  forty  pupils,  fourteen  of  whom  are  boarders, 
and  twenty-six  day  scholars.  From  the  year  1800  to 
the  year  1803  there  will  be  one,  and  afterwards  two 
exhibitions,  of  the  value  of  £75,  and  tenable  for  five 


BOROUGH   OF  AITLEEV. 


ri7 


years,  annually  open  to  all  pupils  educated  at  this 
school,  without  regard  to  place  of  birth.  Four  Eagles- 
fiekl  scholarships  of  tlie  same  value  are  still  reserved 
at  (Jueeu's  College,  Oxford,  for  natives  of  Cumberland 
and  Westmoreland  ;  and  an  exhibition  of  £4U  per  annum 
has  been  attached  to  this  school.  The  Kev.  John 
Richardson,  M.A.,  is  head  master;  and  the  Rev.  Henry 
Fell,  second  master. 

IJongatc  National  School  is  a  neat  building,  in  the 
Elizibethan  style,  erected  in  184  4,  by  subscn|,tion, 
a  grant  of  X'OO  from  tho  Committee  of  Council  on 
Education,  and  £iO  from  the  National  Society.  The 
site  was  given  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  school  is 
supported  by  the  interest  of  X-i'H),  of  which  i''20!)  was 
given  by  Robert  Wilkinson,  Esq.,  £100  by  Thomas 
Dent,  Esq.,  £20  by  the  late  Mr.  T.  Robinson  of  Leeds, 
but  formerly  of  Bongate,  and  by  voluntary  subscriptions. 

The  British  School  is  a  neat  building,  erected  in  1849 
by  subscription,  and  a  grant  of  dtlSo  from  the  Com- 
mittee of  Council.  It  is  under  inspection,  has  two  pupil 
teachers,  and  has  an  average  attendance  of  eighty-eight 
children.     It  is  supported  by  voluntary  contributions. 

The  Mechanics'  Institution,  established  in  1848, 
occupies  a  large  room  in  Burougligatc.  It  is  well 
supported  by  the  gentry  of  tho  town  and  neighbour- 
hood, and  possesses  a  good  library  and  reading-room. 

There  is  also  a  news-room  at  the  King's  Head  Inn, 
and  a  hook  club  called  the  Appleby  Book  Club. 

GOVERNMENT,  ic. 

Appleby  received  a  charter  of  incorporation  at  a  very 
early  period,  but  it  has  long  been  lost  or  destro}'ed, 
though  the  corporation  still  exists  by  prescription,  and 
possesses  many  charters  and  confirmations  of  privileges 
and  immunities.  Henry  II.  granted  to  the  burgesses 
freedom  from  toll,  stallage,  pontage,  andlastage,  through- 
out England,  except  in  the  city  of  London,  for  which 
privileges  they  paid  forty  marks.  This  grant  was  con- 
firmed by  charters  granted  by  King  John,  Henry  UI., 
Edward  1.,  11.,  HI.,  Henry  VIII.,  Elizabeth,  James  I., 
Charles  1.,  and  .James  II.  King  John  al.so  granted  to 
the  burgesses  "  the  borough  or  town  of  Appleby,  ren- 
dering to  the  sheriff  tho  rent  duo  for  the  same,  one 
moiety  at  tho  feast  of  St.  ilichael  and  tho  other  at 
Easter."  As  far  back  as  tho  reign  of  Henry  HI. 
mention  is  mado  of  the  "  burghnioto"  and  tho  ''com- 
mon seal "  of  the  burgesses  of  Appleby ;  and  in  the 
reign  of  this  monarch  there  was  an  exchequer  here, 
called  tho  "Saccarium  do  Appleby."  As  seen  above, 
Cromwell  imposed  upon  the  town  a  charter  of  ro- 
Btrictions,  but  this  was  annulled  at  the  Restoration.  All 
the  charters  of  Appleby  were  surrendered  to  James  II., 


Vfho,  in  the  first  year  of  his  reigu,  incorporated  the 
burgesses  anew  by  the  name  of  mayor,  twelve  alder- 
men, and  sixteen  capital  burgesses,  with  a  coroner, 
sword  bearer,  serjeaut-at-mace,  two  chamberlains,  and 
two  bailiffs,  and  the  following  privileges,  viz.: — "A 
fair  on  the  second  Thursday  and  Friday  in  April,  and 
courts  leet,  view  of  frankpledge,  fairs,  markets,  waifs 
estrays,  deodands,  goods  of  felons  and  fugitives,  felo- 
de-se,  of  persons  put  in  exigent  and  outlawed,  and  all 
other  things  as  they  had  formerly  enjoyed,  paying  tho 
farm  to  the  king  as  heretofore."  The  mayor  is  chosen 
by  the  capital  burgesses  or  common  councilmen,  and 
he  appoints  all  his  officers.  The  common  seal  has  on 
one  side  the  arms  of  the  town,  and  on  the  reverse  St. 
Lawrence  laid  at  length,  naked,  with  his  hands  across, 
on  a  gridiron,  lieueath  which  is  a  representation  of 
burning  coals.  The  seal  is  inscribed  "  Sigillum  com- 
munitatis  burgi  de  Appleby."  All  the  waste  lauds 
within  the  liberty  of  the  borough  belong  to  the  cor- 
poration, who  apply  their  revenue  to  the  repairs  of  the 
streets  and  local  improvements.  Several  distinguished 
men  have  been  invested  with  the  freedom  of  this  ancient 
borough.  Though  the  mayor  and  corporation  still  exist 
scarcely  any  functions  are  exercised.  By  immemorial 
custom,  the  mayor  takes  place  of  the  judges  of  assize. 

Appleby  was  one  of  the  twenty  principal  towns  called 
upon  in  2Gih  Edward  I.  to  return  members  to  parlia- 
ment, and  it  returned  two  burgesses  from  that  period 
(1^98)  until  the  passing  of  the  Reform  Bill,  in  1833, 
by  the  provisions  of  which  Appleby  was  placed  in 
schedule  A,  and  disfranchised  accordingly.  Its  first 
two  members,  elected  '2Gth  Edward  I.,  were  Hu"h  do 
(h-aunger  and  John  de  Karl,  and  its  last  two  were  the 
Right  Hon.  Viscount  !Maitlaud,  elected  on  the  3rd  of 
Msy,  1831,  and  Charles  Henry  Barham,  Esq.,  elected 
on  the  24th  of  May,  1832.  Appleby  was  tho  borounh 
for  which  the  Right  Hon.  ^^■illiam  Pitt  was  first 
returned,  and  a  short  time  previous  to  its  disfrauchise- 
ment  it  was  represented  by  three  different  prime 
ministers.  It  is  still  the  place  from  which  the  return 
is  made  of  members  elected  to  servo  for  the  county. 

'i'he  Town  Hall  is  an  ancient  and  inconvenient 
structure,  occupying  the  centre  of  the  main  street. 

The  County  Gaol  and  Court  House  were  erected  in 
1771,  at  tho  expense  of  the  county,  except  X'357  15s., 
raised  by  voluntary  subscription.  They  st<iud  on  the 
cast  side  of  the  Eden,  and  are  commodious  buildinTs, 
encompassed  by  a  strong  wall.  The  Crown  and  Nisi 
Prius  courts  adjoin  the  gaol,  as  does  also  the  House  of 
Correction. 

Previous  to  tho  year  1818  the  assizes  were  only  held 
here  once  a  year,  except  in  case  of  a  special  commission. 


718 


EAST  WARD. 


They  are  now  held  in  March  and  August.  The  judges 
for  many  centuries  have  been  entertained  at  the  castle. 
The  ofBcc  of  governor  of  the  gaol  is  at  present  held  by 
Mr,  Jonathan  Ilidgo,  whose  salary  is  £100  per  annum ; 
Mrs.  Ridge  is  matron,  with  a  salary  of  £20  a  year.  The 
Rev.  John  Kicliardson,  the  chaplain,  receives  £52.  10s. ; 
Mr.  F.  Armstrong,  surgeon,  £20.  We  subjoin  the 
following  summary  of  offences  and  number  of  com- 
mitments to  the  gaol  and  house  of  correction  at  Appleby, 
from  January  1st,  18.5S,  to  January  1st,  1859  : — 


OFFENCES. 


Felony    

Criminal  .Justice  Act 

Juvenile  Offunders  Act 

Vasr.iiicy  

ILutanly    

Game  Laws    

Assault  

Neglect  of  fdraily 

Attempting  ti>  pick  pockets  . 

Wilful  uaiuage 

Drunk  and  disorderly    

Breach  of  coiitruct   

Kreach  of  the  peace 

Breach  of  the  arliclefi  of  war 

Deserters  

Kemanded  and  di:ichar};ed    . 

Contempt  of  court    

Debtors 

TOTAl 


Average  number  of  prisoners,  daily,  for  the  last  year, 
nine  ;  the  greatest  number  at  any  time,  eighteen  ;  the 
least  number  at  any  time,  two.  Cost  of  diet  per  head, 
per  week,  including  fuel  and  light,  4s.  lOd.  Cost  of 
clothing  and  bedding  per  head,  per  week,  flad.  Amount 
of  earnings  of  the  prisoners  at  Appleby,  for  the  year 
JB58,  paid  the  county  treasurer,  £20  19s.  8d. 

The  quarter  sessions  for  the  East  and  West  wards  are 
held  in  the  Shire  Hall  on  the  Monday  after  the  firet 
whole  week  in  Epiphany,  on  the  Mondays  in  the  first 
whole  weeks  after  Easter  and  St.  Thomas  a  Becket, 
and  ou  the  Monday  after  the  11th  of  October;  they 
are  held  by  adjournment  at  Kendal  on  the  Fridays 
following  these  days,  for  the  other  two  wards  of  the 
county.     This  arrangement  was  made  in  1076. 

The  county  court  for  the  recovery  of  debts  under 
£50  is  held  here  monthly,  and  the  magistrates  of  the 
town  and  neighbourhood  sit  at  the  Shire  Hall  every 
alternate  Saturday. 

MAEKETS,  FAmS,  (fcC 

The  Market  House,  or  Cloister,  is  a  convenient 
building,  at  the  bottom  of  Boroughgate,  where  it  was 
rebuilt  by  the  corporation  in  1811,  after  a  design  by 
Mr.  Smirke,  at  a  cost  of  £1,000.  On  the  front  of  it  is 
a  stone  obelisk,  called  the  "  Low  Cross,"  and  at  the 


other  end  of  the  town  is  the  "  Higli  Cross,"  both  of 
which  were  rebuilt  in  1817  and  1818.  On  the  latter, 
is  this  inscription, — 

"  Retain  yonr  loyalty, 
Preserve  jour  rights." 

The  market  is  held  on  Saturday,  and  is  well  supplied 
with  corn,  provisions,  &c.  In  1598  Appleby  market 
was  removed  to  Gilshaughliu,  near  Cliburu,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  pl:iguc,  which  was  then  prevalent  in  the 
town  and  neighbourhood.  A  cattle  market  is  held  at 
the  High  Cross  every  alternate  Saturday ;  the  fairs  are 
held  on  the  feast  of  St.  Lawrence  (August  21st.), 
Whitsun-cve,  and  Whit-Monday ;  King  James'  fair,  is 
held  on  the  second  Wednesday  in  June,  on  Gallow 
Hill,  an  extensive  pasture  in  Bongate,  one  mile  from 
Appleby.  This  fair  is  free  from  the  tolls  imposed  upon 
the  fairs  and  markets  in  the  borough.  Fairs  for  fat 
cattle  are  held  here  every  alternate  Thursday  during 
winter,  and  monthly  during  summer.  Hirings  for  ser- 
vants are  held  at  the  High  Cross  on  Whit-Mond.iy, 
and  at  the  Low  Cross  ou  the  nearest  Saturday  to 
Martinmas. 

The  Gas  Works  were  erected  in  1837,  at  a  cost  of 
£1,500,  raised  in  shares  of  £5  each. 

CBABITIES. 

St.  Anne's  Hospital. — This  excellent  charity  was 
founded  in  1C53  by  Anne  Countess  of  Pembroke,  who 
endowed  it  with  au  estate  at  Brougham,  and  the  lands 
in  Bongate,  formerly  belonging  to  the  hospital  of  St. 
Nicholas,  which  now  yield  about  £500  a  year,  of  which 
£4  belong  to  the  poor  of  Brougham,  pursuant  to  the 
bequest  of  the  founder.  When  this  institution  was 
first  established  its  annual  revenue  was  only  £100, 
but,  from  the  increased  value  of  the  laud  it  is  now 
worth  the  amount  stated  above.  The  hospitid  is  a  neat 
building,  occupying  a  pleasant  situation  near  the  head 
of  Boroughgate,  and  possesses  apartments  and  gardens 
for  thirteen  poor  widows,  besides  a  small  chapel,  in 
which  prayers  are  read  every  morning,  a  payment  of 
£33  ]0s.  a  year  being  made  for  the  performance  of 
that  duty.  Twelve  of  the  inmates  receive  a  stipend  of 
£0  17s.  Cd.,  and  the  eldest,  who  is  styled  the  mother, 
receives  £8  2s.  Gd.  a  quarter,  besides  which  a  cart-load 
of  coal  is  given  to  each  yearly.  The  affairs  of  the 
charity  are  managed  by  ten  trustees,  one  of  whom  is 
the  mayor  of  Appleby  for  the  time  being.  Sir  Richard 
Tuftou,  Bart.,  is  visitor. 

The  following  charities  belong  to  the  parisli  of  St. 
Lawrence : — 

Temple  Sotuerhj  Trust. — By  indenture,  dated  the  2nd 
February,  1650,  Anne  Countess  of  Pembroke,  left  to 


BOROUGH   OF  APPLEBY. 


ri9 


trustees  a  bouse,  barn,  buildings,  and  garden,  and 
mther  more  thiin  eighteen  acres  of  laud,  at  Temple 
Sowerby,  upon  trust  that  they  should  out  of  the  rents 
of  the  same  "repair  and  keep  decent  the  parish  church 
of  Appleby,"  and  likewise  "  repair  and  keep  decent  " 
her  tomb  in  the  said  parish  church,  as  also  the  tomb 
of  her  mother,  the  Countess  Dowager  of  Cumberland ; 
and  also  repair  the  grammar  school  house  aud  the  moot 
hall  or  court  house  of  Appleby  ;  and  likewise  repair 
Appleby  Bridge.  There  is  also  about  fourteen  acres  of 
allotment  upon  Down  Jloor,  near  Temple  Sowerby, 
belonging  to  this  chanty.  The  rents  are  received 
annually  by  the  mayor  of  Appleby  for  the  time  being, 
and  by  him  applied  in  the  execution  of  such  trusts  as 
arc  required  in  the  course  of  the  year. 

Eudd's  Charity.  —  Christopher  Eudd,  by  will,  dated 
2nd  February,  1590,  gave  83.  a  year  to  the  poor  of 
Warcop  parish,  to  be  divided  by  the  churchwardens. 
The  ne.Kt  year  he  gave  the  said  8s.  to  the  poor  of 
Ormside  parish  ;  the  third  year  to  the  poor  of  Appleby 
parish :  aud  the  fourth  year  to  the  poor  of  Bougate. 
This  charity  is  received  every  fourth  year  by  the  parish 
of  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  money  is  distributed  amongst 
the  poor  of  the  parish. 

Bird's  and  Bohinson's  Charity. — B3'  deed,  under  the 
corporation  seal,  dated  18th  April,  1733,  the  mayor, 
burgesses,  and  commonalty  of  the  borough  of  Appleby, 
in  consideration  of  XOO  to  them  paid  by  the  Kev. 
William  Bird  of  Crosby  Garrett,  and  Charles  Robinson 
of  Appleby,  did  promise  aud  agree  that  they  would, 
yeaily,  on  the  13th  April,  dispose  of  ±3  in  putting  out 
poor  boys,  the  sons  of  decayed  burgesses  or  freemen  of 
the  said  borough,  or  others  residing  within  the  limits  of 
the  said  borough,  or  within  the  limits  of  the  corporation, 
or  of  the  parish  of  St.  Lawrence  in  Appleby,  apprentices 
to  such  tra  Ics  as  the  mayor  aud  the  vicar  of  the  said 
parish  should  think  proper. 

Couhtoii's  Charity.  —  Jane  Coulston,  by  will,  gave 
£3-1,  the  interest  to  bo  laid  out  in  bread  and  distributed 
by  the  minister,  church wardous,  and  overseers,  to  the 
poor  of  St.  Lawrence,  Ajjpleby.  This  sum  of  iO  1  is 
lent  on  security  of  tiio  tolls  of  the  turnpike  road  from 
Brough  to  Eamont  Bridge,  and  the  interest  is  dis- 
tributed as  directed. 

Orton's  Charity. — Mrs.  Orton,  who  died  about  1812, 
left  £21,  tho  interest  to  bo  dispo.scd  of  in  bread  to  the 
poor  of  Appleby,  in  the  church,  every  Sunday. 

Poor  btoch: — There  is  a  sum  of  ill  10  belonging  to 
the  poor  of  the  parish  of  Ap|ileby,  the  origin  of  wiiich 
is  not  known.  This  money  is  secured  on  mortgage  of 
the  tolls  of  tho  turnpike  road  from  Appleby  to  Kendal, 
aud  tbo  interest  forms  part  of  tho  dislributioa  to  the 


poor  on  St.  Thomas'  Day.  The  practice  is  to  distribute 
about  £25,  arising  from  different  charities,  on  St. 
Thomas'  Day,  to  the  poor  of  tlie  parish,  in  sums  of 
from  23.  to  5s.,  and  the  remainder  is  reserved  for  distri- 
bution on  the  Wednesday  in  Easter  week. 

Thomas  Carleton's,  William  Carlcton's,  and  Hum- 
phrey Carletoii's  Charities. — Thomas  Carleton,  senior, 
of  Appleby,  by  will,  dated  14th  November,  1728,  gave 
to  his  eldest  son,  Thomas  Carleton,  and  his  heirs,  £100, 
to  be  laid  out  in  land  or  by  way  of  rent-charge,  aud  the 
increase  yearly  to  be  by  him  and  his  heirs  distributed 
on  St.  Thomas'  Day,  by  the  advice  of  the  vicar  of 
Appleby,  amongst  the  poor  housekeepers  within  the 
borough.  William  Carleton,  of  Appleby,  by  will,  dated 
17th  August,  1733,  gave  to  the  vicar  of  St.  Lawrence 
and  his  succcssoi-s  the  legal  interest  of  £100,  which  he 
thereby  ordered  his  executors  to  pay  to  him  and  his 
successors  every  St.  Thomas'  Day,  to  be  distributed 
among  the  poor  of  the  said  parish.  Humphrey  Carleton, 
who  died  in  1805,  added  £34  to  the  sums  just  men- 
tioned as  belonging  to  this  charity,  and  purchased  £400 
stock  in  the  Old  South  Sea  Annuities,  and  by  his  will 
directed  that  the  dividends  should  be  applied  to  the  relief 
of  the  poor  of  the  borough  of  Appleby  on  St.  Thomas' 
Day  in  every  year,  for  ever,  as  directed  by  the  wills  of 
the  said  Thomas  Carleton,  senior,  and  William  Carleton, 
above-mentioned. 

Joint  liobinson's  Charity. — John  Robinson,  by  will, 
dated  13th  March,  1 743-^1,  left  £150  to  be  placed  out 
at  interest,  and  the  proceeds  distributed  every  Good 
I'riday ,  to  the  poor  of  the  borough  of  Appleby,  aud  parish 
of  St.  Lawrence.  Tho  interest  of  this  sum,  being 
£7  10s.,  is  regularly  received  and  given  away  on  St. 
Thomas'  Day  aud  at  Easter,  as  before-raentioued. 

John  Eobiiison's  Charity /or  Books. — John  Robinson, 
of  Wyke  llouse,  in  the  parish  of  Islcworth,  Middlese.x, 
bequeathed  £177,  directing  the  interest  to  be  applied  in 
providing  the  poor  children  of  the  grammar  school,  and 
the  children  within  tho  parish  of  St.  Lawrence  aud 
St.  jNIichael,  with  the  several  books  thereinafter  men- 
tioned, for  the  purpose  of  promoting  Christian  knowledge 
and  virtue.  It  is  understood  that  the  mayor  of  Appleby, 
tho  two  vicars  of  St.  Lawrence  aud  Bougate,  aud  the 
schoolmaster,  should  always  bo  official  trustees.  Tho 
books  directed  are,  "  Glass's  Lectures,"  "  Crossmau's 
Introduction,"  "(Jlass's  E.xpositiou  of  the  Command- 
ments," "  J..ewis's  Catechism,"  "  Waldo  on  the 
Sacrament,"  and  "The  Whole  Duty  of  Man."  Some 
little  variation  has  been  made  in  the  boolis. 

Joliii  IlobiiisoHs  Charity  fur  Oryanist. — There  is  also 
£5  annually  paid  to  the  organist,  arising  from  the 
douatiou  of  £100  from  the  same  John  Robinson. 


720 


EAST  WARD. 


Donou-eU's  Charity. — John  Donowell,  l)y  will,  dated 
7th  May,  1793,  gave  £200,  Three-per-ceut.  Consols,  to 
trustees,  directing  them  to  divide  the  interest  among 
the  poor  inhabitants  of  the  parish  of  Appleby.  This 
forms  part  of  the  St.  Thomas'  and  Easter  distributions 
before-mentioned. 

The  following  charities  belong  to  St.  Michael's  parish : 

Poor  Stock. — Addison's  Gift. — There  is  the  sum  of 
£30  belonging  to  the  poor  of  this  parish,  but  it  is  not 
known  when  or  by  whom  it  was  left  or  given.  There  is 
also  the  sum  of  £'20,  given  by  Ann,  otherwise  Agues 
Addison,  of  King's  Meaburn,  in  her  lifetime,  November 
21st,  1705,  to  the  minister  and  churchwardens,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  poor  of  the  parish ;  the  interest  to  be 
distributed  on  St.  Thomas'  Day  yearly. 

Rudd's  Charity. —  Every  fourth  year  this  parish  is 
entitled  to  8s.,  the  gift  of  Christopher  Rudd,  as  seen  at 
page  719. 

Township  of  Murton. — Thn-aites  School. — There  is  a 
township  school-house,  situate  at  Thwaites,  which  is 
between  Hilton  and  Murton.  The  earliest  endowment 
arises  from  £20,  given  by  the  Rev.  James  Cock,  vicar 
of  Bongate,  who  died  in  1738.  Joseph  Idle,  by  will, 
left  £12  to  trustees,  the  interest  to  be  expended  in 
paying  for  the  schooling  of  two  poor  children  within  the 
township  of  Murton.  Robert  Hodgson  left  a  close, 
called  Moorend,  consisting  of  about  six  acres  and  a  half, 
and  a  cattlegate  in  a  common  pasture,  called  Thwaite, 
in  the  township  of  Murton,  for  the  benefit  of  the  school- 
master.    For  further  particulars  see  Thwaites  School. 

We  may  here  mention  a  few  of  the  more  eminent 
men,  born  in  Appleby  or  its  immediate  neighbourhood. 
Thomas  do  Appleby,  who  was  bishop  ot  (^arlisle  from 
1363  till  his  decease  in  1395.  Roger  de  Appleby, 
bishop  of  Ossory,  in  Ireland,  in  1404.  Thomas  Veteri- 
pont,  or  Vipont,  of  the  illustrious  family  of  the  then 
lords  of  Westmoreland,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  in  1255. 
Dr.  Potter,  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford,  who  died  in 
1645. 

Out-townships  and  villages  of  the  parish  of  St.  Law- 
rence. 

BURRELLS. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  689  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  £502  Is.  6d.  The  population  in  1801  and 
1811  was  returned  with  the  parish;  in  1821  it  was 
75;  in  1831,00;  in  1841,  97;  and  in  1851,  90.  The 
manorial  rights  are  vested  in  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Bart., 
besides  whom  Jonathan  Hous,  Mrs.  Twaites,  and  Sarah 
Waistell,  are  the  landowners. 


The  village  of  Burrells  is  a  mile  and  a  half  south 
of  Appleby,  on  the  Orton  road.  See  the  account  of 
Appleby,  page  714. 

COLBY. 

Colby  township  comprises  919  acres.  The  number 
of  inhabitants  in  1821  was  141;  in  1831,  148;  in 
1841,  150;  and  in  1831,  147. 

The  manor  of  Colby  was  held  by  a  family  bearing 
the  local  name  from  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  to  that  of 
Richard  II.,  when  it  passed  by  an  heiress  to  the 
Warcops.  This  latter  family  held  it  from  1402  till 
the  Restoration,  when  most  of  the  tenements  were 
"sold  to  freehold;"  the  remainder  have  been  since 
enfranchised.  The  priory  of  Wetheral  and  the  abbey 
of  St.  i\lary,  at  York,  had  each  a  carucate  of  land  here, 
that  belonging  to  the  first-named  community  having 
been  granted  in  1080  by  Ranulph  dc  Meschines,  and 
the  latter  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  by  Esmand,  son  of 
Walter.  The  Bishop  of  Carlisle  has  a  few  tenants  here 
who  pay  an  annual  rent  of  £3  Os.  8d.  The  landowners 
are  Robert  Addison,  Esq.;  Ralph  Bird,  Esq.;  John 
Earl,  Esq.;  Thomas  Kirsey,  Esq. ;  and  Mrs.  Pattinson. 
Colby  Hall  is  now  a  farm-house. 

The  village  of  Colby  stands  on  an  eminence,  about 
a  mile  and  a  quarter  west-by-north  of  Appleby.  There 
is  a  corn-mill  in  this  township. 

DRYBECK. 

The  population  of  Drybeck  in  1821  was  100;  in 
1831,93;  in  1841,  86;  and  in  1851,  81.  The  township 
comprises  an  area  of  1,351  acres,  and  its  rateable  value 
is  £701.  Drybeck  forms  a  joint  manor  with  Hoff,  of 
which  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Bart.,  is  lord.  The  land- 
owners are  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Bart. :  Rev.  J.  H.  Milner, 
William  Leadley,  and  Matthew  Steadman.  There  is  a 
corn-mill  in  the  township. 

The  village  of  Drybeck  is  three  and  a  half  miles 
south-south-west  of  Appleby. 

HOFF. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1,383  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £850  ]2s.  6d.  In  1821  it  contained 
'.J3  inhabitants;  in  1831,  99;  in  1841,  108;  and  in 
185),  93. 

The  manor  of  Hoff,  which  includes  Drybeck,  is  sup- 
posed to  derive  its  designation  from  the  Anglo-Saxon 
proper  name  Offa.  Mr.  Ferguson,  in  his  "  Northmen 
in  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,"  derives  the  name 
from  the  old  Norse  hof,  a  temple,  of  which,  according 
to  him  it  has  originally  been  the  site;  "and,"  he 
adds,  "  an  extensive  wood,  in  which  is  situated  the 
residence  of  the  proprietor,  is  still  called  Hofif  Lund," 


APrr.EBY  ST.   MICHAEL'S    TAUISH. 


721 


the  temple  grove,  "  from  old  Norse  lundr,  a  grove." 
A  William  do  Ofla  occurs  as  witness  to  a  deed  in  the 
reign  of  Ilonry  111. ;  but  before  this  time,  in  the  rciga 
of  Henry  II.,  Hofi"  appears  to  have  been  possessed  by 
Sir  Hugh  do  JlorviUe,  from  whom  it  came  to  his  two 
daughters,  co-heirs,  Ada  and  Joan,  and  was  by  them 
held  in  moieties.  By  failure  of  issue  in  the  younger 
branch,  HofT  subsequently  came  to  the  Jlultons,  who 
derived  from  the  elder  daughter,  Ada.  In  the  20th 
Edward  I.  (li291-2)  wo  find  Sir  Hugh  do  Multon  of 
Hoff  acting  as  a  juror  at  Appleby.  From  the  Multons 
Hoff  came  to  the  Dacrcs  of  Gilsland,  from  whom  it 
passed  to  the  Howards,  who  continued  its  possessors  till 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  when,  in  consequence  of  the 
part  taken  by  them  in  favour  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
their  estates  were  forfeited  to  the  crown,  and  so  con- 
tinued till  the  tenth  year  of  Charles  I.  While  these 
estates  were  held  by  the  crown,  Queen  Elizabeth 
demised  to  Richard  Southwaitc  the  woods,  underwoods, 
and  trees  growing  in  HolT  Lund  Wood,  in  the  manor  of 
HofT  and  Drybeck;  and  in  the  35th  year  of  his  reign 
the  same  queen  granted  the  herbage  and  hay  ground 
of  Hoff  Lund  Wood  to  Thomas  Yaire,  Miles  Yaire,  and 
Anne  Yaire.  In  the  41th  the  said  queen  granted 
(amongst  other  particulars)  the  manor  of  Hoff  and 
Drybeck,  to  I'^dward  CariU,  John  Holland,  John  Corn- 
wallis,  and  Robert  Caucefield  ;  but  at  length  William 
Williams,  who  had  been  steward  at  Greystokc  Castle, 
purchased  this  manor,  and  died  leaving  four  daughters 
co-heirs ;  the  eldest  of  whom  became  the  wife  of  Sir 
Edward  Hassel,  Knt. ;  the  second  of  John  Winder, 
Esq. ;  the  third  of  Mr.  Rclph,  of  Cockermouth  ;  and 
the  fourth  of  Dr.  Gibbon,  dean  of  Carlisle.  Hoff  came 
to  the  second  daughter,  whose  son,  William  Winder, 
Esq.,  devised  it  to  his  kinsman,  Edward  MiUvard, 
Esq.,  grandson  by  the  mother's  side  to  the  said  Dr. 
Gibbon,  and  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Jlilward,  rector 
of  Murton  and  Kirkby  Thure.  The  manor  is  now  held 
by  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Dart.,  besides  whom  Riobcrt 
Addison,  John  Sedgwick,  John  Thwaites,  and  Mrs. 
Jackson,  are  the  principul  landowners. 

This  township  includes  the  hall  and  demesne  of 
Barwise,  which,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IIL,  was  pos- 
sessed by  Alan  do  liarwise,  a  "  man  of  considerable 
note."  In  Ivio.VO  this  .Man  was  empowered  by  Thomas 
Yetcripont,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  to  erect  a  chapel  on  his 
own  ground  at  Bnrwise,  and  to  endow  the  same,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  distance  of  the  place  from  the  parish 
church ;  the  chaplain  was,  however,  obliged  to  take  a 
vow  of  ol)cdienco  to  the  vicar  of  the  mother  church. 
Tho  Barwiso  family  continued  to  hold  this  estate  till 
the  ;!Uh  Edward  111.  (1350-1),  in  which  year  Thomas 

88 


de  Barwise  represented  the  county  of  Westmoreland  in 
Parliament.  This  is  the  last  of  the  name  that  occurs  in 
connection  with  Barwise.  The  estate  subsequently 
came  to  the  Roos  familj',  but  whether  by  marriage,  or 
otherwise,  we  are  not  informed.  In  the  liith  Henry  VII. 
we  find  Thomas  de  Roos  at  Barwise.  Machol  tells  us 
that  the  Roos  family  forfeited  the  estate  in  consequence 
of  having  committed  sacrilege,  by  stealing  a  chalice  out 
of  tho  church.  Barwise  subsequently  came  into  the 
possession  of  Sir  John  Sudwick,  by  whom  it  was  sold  to 
Sir  John  Boyer.  Lady  Beyer  sold  the  same  to  Reginald 
Dobson,  of  Dufton ;  and  it  was  afterwards  bought  by 
John  Stephenson,  of  Kewcastlc  upon-Tyne,  from  whom, 
it  was  purchased,  in  1748,  by  Thomas  Carleton,  Esq., 
of  Appleby.  It  is  now  the  property  of  Robert  Addison, 
Esq.,  and  Barwise  Hall  is  used  as  a  farm-house. 

At  a  place  called  Douglass-lng,  near  Hoff  Bridge, 
tradition  tells  us  that  a  great  battle  was  fought  between 
the  English  and  the  Scots  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II. 
Considerable  quantities  of  human  bones  have  been  dug 
up  in  the  vicinity. 

The  village  of  Hoff  is  two  and  a  half  miles  south- 
south-west  of  Appleby.  There  was  anciently  a  chapel 
at  Hoff,  wherein  a  chaplain  was  to  officiate  three  days 
in  every  week.  It  appears  to  have  been  endowed  with 
thirty-seven  acres  of  land  in  the  field  of  Hoff.  The 
sum  of  I8s.  a  year  was  paid 'out  of  Hoff  to  Shap  Abbey, 
for  and  in  the  name  of  alms  corn.  Hoff  Nether  is  a 
large  farm  one  mile  and  a  half  west-by-north  of  Appleby. 
Hoff  Row  is  a  hamlet  half  a  mile  west-by-south  of  HotV. 
.\  family  named  llall,  who] have  resided  hero  for  the 
last  four  centuries,  is  remarkable  for  its  longevity. 

ECATTEEOATE. 

The  township  of  Scattergate  comprises  an  area  of 
000  acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  £1,'241  4s.  lOd. 
The  population  in  1821  was  108;  in  1831,  179;  in 
1841,  150;  and  in  1851,  159.  This  township  forms 
part  of  tho  borough,  and  extends  to  Burrels.  Sir 
Richard  Tufton,  Bart.,  is  lord  of  tho  manor,  besides 
whom,  John  Hill  and  Robert  Addison,  Esq.,  are  tho 
principal  landowners.  Castle  Bank,  the  residence  of 
John  Hill,  Esq.,  and  Bank  Villa,  are  in  this  township. 

OUT-TOWNSUirS  AND  VILLAGES  OF  THE  PAUISH 
OE  ST.  MICILVEL. 

«O.NG.\TE. 

The  area  of  Bongate  township  is  3,201  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  £3,223  10s.  Tho  number  of  inhabi- 
tanU  in  1821  was  037;  in  1831,  045;  in  1841,  018; 
and  in  1851,  C40.  Bongate,  as  before  stated,  is  situated 
on  the  cast  side  of  tho  Eden,  and  is  said  to  derive  its 


7^2 


EAST  WATtn. 


name  from  its  being  inhdhited  by  the  "  bondmen"  of 
the  manor  of  Appleby.  It  is  also  called  in  the  ancient 
records  "  Old  Appleby-"'  Battlebnrrnw.  in  this  town- 
ship is  within  the  limits  of  the  borough  of  Appleby. 
It  has  been  already  noticed.  The  church,  and  other 
public  buililinRs,  have  been  already  described.  The 
principal  landowners  are  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Bart.; 
John  Hill,  Esq.;  the  heirs  of  Major  Hartley;  Jlrs. 
Hall ;  INIessrs.  John  Heelis  and  Thompson,  with  many 
other  small  proprietor.s. 

The  village  of  l^ongate  is  about  three  quarters  of  a 
mile  south-cast  of  Appleby,  and  half  a  mile  north  of  St. 
Michael's  Church. 

The  Friar}',  the  residence  of  Robert  Addison,  Esq., 
stands  on  an  eminence  on  the  north-west  of  the  town 
of  Appleby,  a  little  north  of  the  site  of  the  old  Friary. 
On  the  north  side  of  the  house  is  an  ancient  well, 
known  as  Ladys  Well. 

Langton  is  a  village  and  joint  township  with  Bongate, 
one  mile  and  a  half  east  of  Appleby.  Ada,  daughter  of 
John  Tailbois,  sold  it  to  Robert  Veteripont.  It  seems 
to  have  been  very  populous  at  one  period,  and  a  church 
or  chapel  is  said  to  have  stood  at  Kirkbergh,  which  has 
always  been  held  free  and  independent  of  the  manor, 
with  the  exception  of  the  payment  of  2s.  cornage. 
From  an  inquisition  taken  after  the  decease  of  Roger 
Lord  Clifford  in  lOQT-S,  we  learn  that  "  at  Langton, 
the  site  of  a  certain  manor  burned  by  the  Scots,  was 
worth  nothing  yearly  for  want  of  tenants,"  there  being 
only  four  cottages  and  a  water-mill  in  the  whole  manor. 

cnACKEXTHORP. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1 ,311  acres ;  the  popula- 
tion in  J821  was  13-1;  in  I83I,  115;  in  1811,  10-1; 
and  in  18.51,  191. 

The  manor  of  Cracken  thorp  was  possessed  by  the 
Machel  family  from  the  time  of  Henry  II.  till  the  last 
centnry,  when  it  was  sold  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the 
present  lord  of  the  manor. 

gTiubcll  of  Crachciitbcr|i. 
The  anti  luity  of  this  family  is  beyond  dispute,  and  can 
be  established  by  family  papers,  some  of  which  are  coeval 
with  the  Norman  Conquest.  Several  writers,  too,  of 
note,  add  their  testimony.  In  Holinshed's  "  Chronicles 
of  England,"  Rogerus  Malus  Catulus'  occur  as  vice- 
chancellor  of  England,  temp.  Richard  I. ;  and  in 
Lingard's  "  History  of  England,"  Henry  VI.  is  recorded 
as  having  taken  refuge  in  the  house  of  John  Machell, 

^  In  many  of  the  early  documents  ihe  name  is  written  Malus 
Catnlus  vritbin  the  deed,  and  Machell  on  the  seal  of  the  same  parch- 
ment. 


of  Crackenthorp,  after  the  battle  of  Hexham.  Gnillim, 
in  his  Heraldry,  makes  honourable  mention  of  two 
]\rachells,  Hugh  and  Guy,  who  served  at  Tournay  under 
Henry  VIII. 

Hai.th  Mat.0S  CkjVT.VB,  son  of  "  Catnlus  de  Castro  Catnlino," 
in  AVestmorelnnd,  had  two  sons,  RAi.ni  of  Crackenthorp,  and 
I'mfriihis  of  Lowther.  The  former,  Raliih  de  Crackenlhorp, 
nivs  father,  hy  Kvn,  his  wife,  of  tliree  sons,  William,  fialfrid, 
and  Alexander.  The  eldest,  William  Jlauoliell,  styled  also  in 
one  deed  'Willielmus  Mains  Catulus,  had  two  sons,  William, 
his  heir,  and  Roger,  vice-chancellor  of  En^'land,  temp.  Richard  I., 
who  was  drowned  off  Cyprns  dnrinj;  the  Holy  War.  The  elder 
son,  Wiluam  Malchael  of  Crackenthorp,  living  temp.  Henry  II., 
was  father,  by  Margarey,  his  wife,  of 

John  Si  e  Mai.ciiael,  lord  of  Crackenthorp,  temp.  King  .Tolin, 
who  wa.t  witness  to  the  grant  hy  Adam  de  Kirkl>ytluire  of  the 
advowson  of  that  church  to  Rohert  de  Veteripont.  ]!y  Beatrix, 
his  wife,  he  had  a  son  and  successor,  Thomas  JfALcnAEi.,  of 
Crackenthorp,  father  of  Walter  MALrnAEL,  of  Crackenthorp, 
who  man-ied  lOlizahelli,  daughter  of  Thomas  Bcanchamp,  and 
left  at  his  decease,  i3Ci!)-70,  a  son,  John  Malchael,  who  married 
a  daughter  of  William  Threlkeld,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 
William  Mauchol,  of  Crackenthorp,  who  married  Margaret, 
daughter  of  William  Tliornborongh,  and  was  father  of  John 
Macchell,  in  whose  house,  at  Crackenthorp,  according  to  Lin- 
gard,  King  Henry  VI.  took  refuge,  after  t)ie  battle  of  Hexham. 
This  John,  living  in  14tG,  Inairied  Catherine  lludleston,  and. 
had  issae, 

John',  of  Crackenthorp,  who  married  a  daughter  of  Gilbert 
Wharton,  and  died  1510-11,  leaving  issue, 

I.  Henry,  L.L.D.,  prebendary  of  York,  and  rector  of  North 

Is'ewbald. 
II.  Philip,  vicar  of  Lawrence,  and  rector  of  Croglin. 

ill.  Guy,  lord  of  Ci-Hckenihorp,  who  jiervpd  at  the  siege  of  Tonr- 
nny.   lie  was  ancestor  of  the  Machellsof  Biickinglramshire. 

ir.  Hugh,  who  "Uo  fought  at  Tournay,  and  was  appointed 
deputy  wiinlcn  of  ilie  west  miircbes,  under  his  son. in-law. 
Lord  Wharton,  l-Vld-"  ;  by.Iulinnn,  his  wife,  he  had,  with 
other  issue,  a  son,  John,  (.Sir)  Knt.,  M.H.  for  Horsham, 
(from  whom  derived,  through  a  pi-digree  of  six  descents, 
Isabella  Mnchell.  heiress  of  the  estutes  at  Hills  and  Horsham, 
niunii'd,  lirsiiy,  to  Arthur  Lord  Ingram,  ihird  viscount 
Irwin.)  ami  n  daughter,  Eleonora,  married  to  her  cousin, 
John  MaclieU. 
v.  Ambrose,  who  married,  and  had  a  sou,  Henrv. 

William. 

The  third  son, 

William  Macbelt,,  was  fatlier  of 

Eichakd  Machell,  of  Caldbeck,  co.  Cumberland,  in  15.54, 
whose  son, 

John  Machell,  died  in  his  father's  lifetime,  leaving  by 
Eleanor,  his  wife,  daughter  of  Hugh  Machell,  of  Crackenthorpe, 
ft  son, 

HroH  Machell,  Esq.,  who  married  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Blenkinsop,  of  Helbeck,  by  Magdalen,  his  wife,Mauc;hter 
of  Edwin  Musgrave,  Esq.,  of  Hartley  Castle,  and  by  her  had,, 
with  several  other  sons  and  daughters, 

I.  Henry,  who  served  Charles  II.  in  Ireland,  and  whose  will  is 
dated  )6-t6. 

II.  Lancelot,  of  whom  presently. 

hi.  John,  of  Ardee,  Ireland,  who  married  Misa  Euiton,  and  had 
a  son  John. 

The  second  son, 
Lancelot  Machell,  Esq.,  of  Crackenthorp,  first  mayor  of 


APPLEBY  ST.  MICHAELS   PARISH. 


723 


Appleby,  after  the  Kestoration,  destroyed  in  open  court,  Crom- 
well's charter,  before  he  took  office.  This  gentleman  married 
.Frances,  daughter  of  Sir  Richard  SandforJ,  of  Howgill  Castle, 
and  by  lier  had,  with  other  issue, 

Hugh  Maciiei.l,  Ksq.,  of  Crackenthorp,  who  married  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  Thomas  Beck,  and  died  in  ICl^J,  leaving,  with 
other  issue,  Lancelot,  his  heir,  and  John,  whose  son,  Hugh, 
went  to  Ireland.  The  eldest  son  married  Eliiabeth,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Sleddall,  and  died  in  1C81,  leaving  a  son  and  heir, 
Huoii  Machei.!.,  Ksq.,  of  Crackenthorp,  who  married  Anne, 
daughter  of  Edward  Nevinaon,  Escj.  of  Newbysloues,  and  had 
tvo  8ons, 

I.  Lancelot,  his  heir. 

II.  John,  aiiceslor  of  die  M&cbells  of  Hollon  Oak,  Lancashire. 

Lancelot    Macueli.,  of   Crackenthorp,   married    Deborah 

Baines,  and  by  her,  who  died  November  (ith,  170",  left  at  his 

decease.  May  7th,  1707,  with  several  other  children,  a  sou  and 

licir. 

The  Rev.  Ricriinu  Maciiei.l,  of  Crackenthorp,  rector  of  .\sby 
and  Brougham,  who  married  Mary  Gibson,  and  had,  with  other 
.  children,  who  died  young  or  unmarried, 
I.  Lancelot,  his  heir, 
n.  Chrislopber. 
I.  .tunc,  married  to  Thomas  Heelis,  Esq. 

The  eldest  son, 

Lancelot  Machell,  Esq.,  sold  Crackenthorp  to  the  Lowthers, 
as  above.    The  present  head  of  this  family  is 

Chbistopheu  Scoir  Macueli,  Esq.,  of  Beverley,  who  derircs 
from  the  Christopher  just  mentioned. 

Arms. — Sa.,  three  greyhounds,  courant  in  pale,  arg.  collared,  or. 

Crest. — A  slog's  head  erased,  ppr.,  ducolly  gorged,  or ;  the  more 
ancient  crest  was  a  fleur  dc  Us. 

The  ancient  hull  of  the  !\Iachclls  is  now  a  farm-house. 

The  village  of  Cruckenthorp  is  two  miles  uoith-west 
of  .\pplel)j. 

At  Chapel  Hill,  in  this  township,  are  the  ruins  of  an 
ancient  chapel,  said  to  have  been  dedicated  to  St.  Giles. 
Nfiar  the  road  which  leads  from  Crackenthorp  to  Kirkby 
Tbore,  on  the  south  side  of  the  old  Ilomau  road,  is  the 
site  of  an  encampment,  near  to  which  is  a  small  fort 
cnllcd  Maiden  Hold,  which,  according  to  the  Rev.  Mr. 
JIachell,  was  a  watch-tower  bolougiiig  to  the  camp. 

lu  connection  with  a  place  bearing  so  many  reminis- 
cences of  the  Machell  family  we  may  mention  the  Kev. 
Michael  Muchel,  who,  in  the  seventeenth  century  was, 
for  several  years,  rector  of  Kirkby  Tbore.  This  gentle- 
man was  a  great  antiijuarian,  and  from  his  ^ISS.  col- 
lections for  a  history  of  Westmoreland,  much  valuable 
ossistauco  bos  been  derived  by  subscQucut  writers. 

Hir.TOS. 

The  area  of  this  townshiii  U  1,1  R'2  acres.  The  popu- 
lation in  IK-Jl  was  •.W)\  in  lfi"l,  :ill  ;  in  is  II,  '271  ; 
and  ill  1851,  277.  In  Hilton  are  some  rich  veins  of 
lead,  which  have  been  worked  for  a  number  of  years  by 
the  I^oiulon  Lead  Company. 

The  manor  of  Hilton,  or,  as  it  is  often  called,  Hilton 


Deacon,  appears  to  have  been  held  in  moieties  at  a  very 
early  period.  In  l'2S5-0  wc  find  it  possessed  by  Thomas 
do  Hellerton,  Robert  dc  Bacon,  and  others.  In  the 
43rd  Edward  III.  the  Hellerton  moiety  was  held  by 
William  English  and  John  do  Appleby,  and  the  other 
moiety  by  .\dam  Bacon.  In  the  4th  Henry  IV.  William 
Whapelote  and  Helen,  his  wife,  in  the  right  of  the  said 
Helen,  and  Adam  Bacon,  held  Hilton  Beacon,  which 
from  that  time  became  the  designation  of  the  entire 
manor.  Shortly  after  this  period  we  find  the  maixor 
possessed  by  the  liiltons,  who  continued  to  hold  it  till 
the  direct  line  of  the  family  failed  in  male  issue,  in 
107G;  and  in  1790  it  was  purchased  by  the  Lowthers, 
the  Earl  of  Lonsdalo  being  the  present  lord  of  the 
manor.    The  tenants  were  enfranchised  by  the  Hiltous. 

The  village  of  Hilton  is  three  miles  east  of  Appleby. 
There  was  formerly  a  chapel  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
the  village,  but  every  vestige  of  it  has  long  disappeared. 
Cardinal  Bainbridge,  archbishop  of  York,  who  died  at 
Home  in  1514,  was  a  native  of  Hilton. 

Coupland  Beck  is  partly  in  this  township,  and  partly 
in  that  of  Saudford,  in  the  parish  of  A\'arcop. 

MLllTOS. 

Murton  township  comprises  au  area  of  5,706  acres. 
In  18'.>1  it  contained  204  inhabitants;  in  1831,  193; 
in  1841,  172;  and  in  1851,  'Jia.  This  township  is 
nearly  surrounded  by  lofty  fells,  and  possesses  lead  mines, 
worked  by  the  London  Lead  Company.  The  Hiltou 
and  Murton  mines  are  very  productive,  the  average 
quantity  of  lead  raised  yearly  being  about  700  bings. 

The  manor  of  Murton  was  anciently  held  by  the 
Cliffords.  From  an  inquisition  taken  in  1283  we  learn 
that  at  that  date  the  manor  house  of  ^lurtou  was  worth 
2s.  a  year,  and  the  demesne,  which  consisted  of  120 
acres  of  laud,  8d.  per  acre  yearly,  and  that  there  were 
in  the  manor  &\s.  free  tenants  and  nine  bondsmen.  In 
1315  the  manor  came  to  the  Musgraves,  who  held  it 
till  llilJ,  when  it  was  sold  by  Sir  Richard  Musgrave  to 
Thomas  Hilton,  Esq.,  of  Hiliou,  whoso  successors  sold 
part  of  the  demesne  to  the  Fletchers  of  Strickknd,  and 
the  remainder,  with  the  manor,  to  Sir  John  Lowther, 
ancestor  of  the  present  lord,  the  Earl  of  Lousdale. 
Murton  Hall,  the  ancient  manor  house,  is  now  occu- 
pied by  a  farmer.  It  appears  that  a  chi4Kl  of  ease 
forinoily  stood  in  tliis  towusiiip,  but  its  site  is  no  longer 
distinguishable. 

The  village  of  Murton  is  two  and  a  half  miles  east- 
bv-north  of  Appleby,  at  the  foot  of  a  lofty  conical  emi- 
nence called  Murton  Pike.  Hero  is  a  Methodist  chapel, 
and  a  school  endowed  with  laud  now  let  for  i.*7  a  year, 
and  a  rcut-cUarge  of  lOs. 


724 


EAST  WARD. 


ASBY   PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Crosby  Piavensworth,  and  St.  Lawrence  Appleby  :  on  the  west  by  Crosby 
Eavensworth  ;  on  the  south  by  the  lofty  fells  and  scars  of  Crosby  Garret  and  Orton  ,  and  on  the  east  by  Orraside, 
Warcop,  and  Crosby  Garrett.  It  is  intersected  by  several  rivulets,  in  one  of  which,  Asby  Gill,  is  the  entrance  to 
Piitc  Hole,  a  remark.ible  cavern  1,000  yards  long,  with  a  stream  running  tlirough  it.  Between  tho  great  limostono 
scar  of  Orton  and  Crosby  Fell  is  Sunbiggin  Tarn,  from  which  a  stream  flows  southward  to  the  river  I.uno.  Some 
yeare  ago  copper  ore  was  raised  in  this  parish  by  the  Union  Company  of  Copper  Miners,  but  the  undertaking  proved 
unsuccessful.  The  parish  comprises  the  township  of  Asby  Coatsforth,  Asby  Little,  and  Asby  Winderwath,  whose 
united  area  is  8,^95  acres.  Grange  Hall,  in  this  parish,  is  deemed  extra-parochial.  The  population  in  1801  was 
357  ;  in  1811,  388;  in  1821,  421  ;  in  1831,  430;  iu   1841,  407  ;  and  in  is,51,  413. 


ASBY    WINDERWATH. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  included  in  the  parish 
return:  its  rateable  value  is  ii  1,928  10s.  5d.  The 
population  of  the  township  has  not  yet  been  returned 
separately. 

Of  this  township  during  the  ages  anterior  to  the 
Norman  invasion  we  know  nothing  beyond  what  the 
earthworks    existing    here    have    furnished.       About 
twenty  years  ago  a  quantity  of  human  remains,  as  well 
as  implements  of  war,  were  discovered  here.      Coming 
to  the  Norman  period,  it  seems  that  all  the  Asbys 
constituted  one  manor,  though  they  now  form  three, 
which  are  separate  and  distinct.     Nicolson  and  Burn 
say,  that  "  Afterwards  the  same  became  distinguished 
with  Little  Asby  and  Great  Asby.      Little  Asby  seems 
to  have  been  originally  the  principal  place,  for  in  an- 
cient writings  we  sometimes  find  it  styled  Old  Askeby 
(Askby  Vetus).     Great  Askeby  became  again  divided 
into   Askeby   Wynanderwath  and   Askeby   Cotsford." 
The  earliest  proprietors  of  Asby  Winderwath  on  record 
are  the  De  Askebys,  several  of  whom  are  named  as 
early  as  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  when  William,  son  of 
Robert  de  Askeby,  and  Gilbert  and  Adam  bis  brothers, 
witness  a  grant  of  lands  at  Blaterne  to  the  abbey  of 
Byland.      In  the  reign  of  Richard  I.  Sir  Robert  de 
Askeby  occurs,  and  it  is  probable  that  he  was  the  son  of 
William.     The  next  of  the  family  on  record  is  Gilbert, 
whose  son,  Robert,  granted  to   Adam,  son  of  Hugh 
de   Sowerby    and   Idonea,   daughter    of    William   dc 
Cotesford,   kinswoman   of  the  said   Robert,  in   frank 
marriage,  four  acres  of  his  demesne  land  of  Winderwath. 
In  the  14th  Edward  I.  (1285-C)  Robert  de  Askeby  held 
the  manor  of  Great  Askeby  of  the  two  daughters  and 
co-heirs  of  the  last  Robert  de  Yeteripont ;  and  in  the 
28th  year  of  the  same  king's  reign  (1290-1300)  Robert, 
son  of  Henry  de  Askeby,  founded  the  chantry  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  in  the  parish  church  of  Asby.     This 
Robert  occurs  as  knight  of  the  shire  for  Westmoreland, 
in   1309.      In  the  3rd  Edward  IL  (1300-10)  it  was 
found,  by  inquisition,  that  Robert  de  Askeby  held  by 
comage,  a  moiety  of  Great  Asby  and  Winderwath,  and 


one  carucate  of  land  iu  Winton.     Four  years  later  the 
said  Robert  was  knight  of  the  shire  for  the  county.    In 
the  8th  Edward  II.  (1314-1  u)  it  was  found  that  Robert 
de  Askeby  held  a  moiety  of  Asby  Winderwath,   tho 
wardship  of  which  was  worth  j£10,  the  comage,  ]  9s. 
In   1318  Robert  de  Askeby  and  Margaret,   his  wife, 
granted  to  Gilbert,  son  of  Richard  Engayne,  of  Clifton, 
a  toft  and  croft,  and  all  their  land,  at  Clifton,  to  hold 
during  his  life  of  ilargaret  de  Askeby,  their  daughter, 
by  the  rent  of  a  rose  on  the  feast  of  the  Nativity  of  St. 
John  the  Baptist.     This  Margaret  do  Askeby,  their 
only  child,  became  the  wife  of  Sir  Hugh  do  Moresby, 
Knt.,  who,  in  the  2nd  Edward  III.,  and  again  in  tho 
10th  Edward  HI.,  was  knight  of  the  shire  for  West- 
moreland.    In  1 337  Sir  Hugh  de  Moresby  had  a  grant 
of  free  warren  in  Winderwath  and  Asby;  and  in  1342  a 
fine  was  levied  between  Hugh  de  Moresby  and  Margaret, 
his   wife,  and   Robert   de   Askeby,  of  the   manor   of 
Winderwath,  and  of  a  moiety  of  the  manor  of  Rookby, 
to  hold  to  the  said  Robert  for  life,  with  remainder  to  the 
said  Hugh  and  Margaret  and  their  heirs,  remainder  to 
the  light  heirs  of  the  said  Robert  in  fee.     Hugh  de 
Moresby  appears  to  have  died  within  two  years  after 
this,  for  in  the  18th  Edward  III.  a  fine  was  levied  of 
the   manor   of  Great  Asby,  between  Christopher  de 
^Moresby   and  Isabel,  his  wife,  of  the  one  part,  and 
^Margaret,  wife  of  Hugh  dc  Moresby,  of  the  other  part, 
to  hold  to  the  said  Christopher  and  Isabel  and  their 
heirs,  with  remainder  to  the  heirs  of  the  said  Margaret 
in  fee.  In  1354,  amongst  the  escheats  in  Cumberland,  it 
was  found,  that  Christopher  Moriceby  held  a  moiety  of 
the  manor  of  Distington,  and  the  manor  of  Moresby,  in 
Cumberland,  and  the  manor  of  Asby,  iu  Westmoreland. 
In  1373  the  king  (Edward  HI.)  made  a  presentation  to 
the  rectory  of  Asby,  in  right  of  the  heir  of  Christopher 
de  ^yioriceb}',  who  was  at  that  time  a  royal  ward.     The 
heir  here  alluded  to  was  a  daughter,  Anne,  who  was 
married  to  ^ir  James  Pickering,  Knt.,  of  Killington. 
From  a  rental  of  Henry,  earl  of  Cumberland,  in  the 
18th  Henry  VIII.,  (1520-7)  it  appears  that  this  lady 
then  held  a  moiety  of  Asby,  called  Winderwath,  and 


ASBT   PARISH. 


72b 


Olio  carucato  of  land  in  Wiiiton.  By  her  husband,  Sir 
James  Pickering,  Anne,  had  a  son  and  heir.  Sir 
Christoplier  Picltering,  whose  only  child,  Anne,  was 
thrice  married,  first,  to  Sir  Francis  Westby;  secondly, 
to  Sir  Henry  Knevett;  and,  thirdly,  to  John  Vaughan, 
Esq.  In  tho  reign  of  (Juoou  Elizabeth  the  manor  was 
purchased  by  Lancelot  Pickering,  Esq.,  from  whose 
family  it  was  bought  by  Sir  Piichard  Fletcher,  of  Ilutton, 
whose  descendant,  Sir  F.  !•'.  Vuno,  liart.,  sold  it  with 
the  advowsoa  of  the  rectory  to  John  Hill,  Esq.,  of 
Appleby,  the  present  lord  of  tho  manor. 

The  manor  of  Garthorne,  in  this  township,  or  at 
least  a  part  of  it,  seems  to  have  belonged  to  tho  hospital 
of  St.  Leonard,  at  York;  for  in  tho  0th  Edward  I. 
(1280-1)  tho  hospital  had  a  grant  of  free  w^arren  in 
Docker  and  Oarthorno,  and  it  does  not  appear  to  have 
been  held  at  any  tirao  by  the  Vetcripont  or  Clifford 
families.  A  small  part  of  it  is  in  Crosby  Ravensworth. 
It  formerly  belonged  to  the  Pickerings,  one  of  whom. 
Sir  James  Pickering,  sold  it  in  the  reign  of  James  T.  to 
Sir  James  Bellingham,of  Over  Levens.  His  descendant, 
Adam  Bcllinglmm,  Esq.,  sold  it  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.  to  Colonel  James  Grahamc,  whoso  daughter,  Cathe- 
rine, brought  in  marriage  to  Henry  Bowes  Howard, 
fourth  carl  of  Berkshire,  from  whom  it  has  descended 
to  the  Hon.  Mavy  Granvillo  Howard,  tho  present 
possessor  of  the  manorial  rights  and  privileges.  Gar- 
thorne  Hall,  formerly  tho  seat  of  a  branch  of  tho 
Bcllingham  family,  is  now  a  iarm-house. 

Tho  landowners  in  tho  township  are  John  Hill,  Esq. ; 
tho  Hon.  Mary  G.  Howard;  John  Wakclield,  Esq.; 
E.  W.  Wakefield,  Esq. ;  and  the  Rev.  Honry  Guy, 

Tho  village  'of  Groat  Ashy  is  situated  partly  in  tho 
township  of  Asby,  Windcrwuth,  and  partly  in  that  of 
Asby  Coatsforth,  about  four  miles  and  a  half  south  of 
Appleby.  At  the  time  of  tho  dissolution  of  tho  religious 
houses  the  abbey  of  Shap  had  three  houses  in  (Jreat 
Asby. 

THE  cnuRcn. 

Asby  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Peter,  is  an  ancient 
building,  CQUsisting  of  nave,  chancel,  north  and  south 
aisles,  and  low  square  tower,  containing  two  bells. 
Tho  living  is  a  rectory,  valued  in  tho  King's  Book  at 
i23  1  :!s.  Id.,  but  is  now  wortli  about  JU'-iOO  a  year. 
Tho  tithes  were  commuted,  in  1813,  for  £'MS  a  year. 
Thero  are  five  and  a  half  acres  of  glebo  land.  The 
patronage  has  descended  with  tho  manor,  and  is  now 
enjoyed  by  John  Hill,  Esq.  In  the  year  I'i'dQ  Robert 
do  Askcby  founded  a  chantry  in  this  church,  which  ho 
dedicated  to  God,  in  honour  of  tho  Blessed  Virgin,  and 
endowed  it  with  ono  messuage  and  si.\  acres  of  land  in 


Great  Asby.  A  little  east  of  the  church  is  St.  Helen's 
well,  which  was  formerly  seated  round,  and  of  great 
repute  for  the  medicinal  properties  of  its  waters. 

Rectoes. — .\Jnni,  ;   Richard  le  Englishe  occurs  1298; 

■William  do  Brampton,  1208;  William  do  Keldersjke,  1319; 
Thomas  de  Anaut,  liil.";;  Stephen  do  Jfeburn,  1374;  Percival 
Kirkbride,  150.);  John  Barnes,  1072;  Thomas  Fairfax,  l.'J78; 
Oswald  Djkes,  l.'i'j:! ;  Lancelot  Dawes,  161H;  George  Tibbold, 
1001;  Henry  Fleming,  lBi)l;  Joshua  Burrow,  1728;  Richard 
Machel,  173'J  ;  II.  Atkinson, ;  Henry  Guy, . 

The  rectory  stands  near  tho  church,  but  in  the  town- 
ship of  Asby  Coatsforth.  It  is  a  handsome  commodious 
building,  erected  in  1834. 

CHAniTIES. 

School. — By  indenture,  dated  June  21 ,  1682,  between 
Thomas  Smith,  D.D.,  dean  of  Carlisle,  of  tho  one  part, 
and  George  Tibbold,  clerk,  rector  of  Asby,  and  others, 
of  Asby,  of  the  other  part,  it  is  witnessed,  that  the  said 
Dr.  Smith  granted  unto  the  said  George  Tibbold,  and 
others,  their  heirs  and  assigns,  his  messuage  and  tene- 
ment, with  the  appurtenances,  at  Raisebeck,  in  the 
parish  of  Orton,  to  hold  the  same  upon  trust,  that  one 
half  of  the  rents  should,  on  St.  Thomas'  Day,  yearly, 
for  ever,  be  paid  by  tho  trustees  unto  the  poor  house- 
holders and  poor  people  dwelling  within  the  parish  of 
Asby,  as  his  trustees  should  think  requisite ;  and  that 
the  other  half  part  of  the  rents,  should  be  yearly,  for 
ever,  employed  for  the  maintenance  and  continuance 
of  a  school  and  schoolmaster,  at  Great  Asby,  to  teach 
and  instruct  the  poor  and  other  children  of  the  said 
parish;  and  it  was  agreed  that  tho  trustees  should, 
from  time  to  time,  elect  and  appoint  the  schoolmaster, 
and  remove  him  when  necessary.  By  indenture,  dated 
2nd  February,  1083,  Anthony  Clemcntson  and  Eliza- 
beth Clementson,  in  consideration  of  the  sum  of  £10 
paid  by  Edward  Musgrave,  George  Tibbold,  and  others, 
granted  and  conllrmed  to  them  and  their  heirs,  several 
parcels  of  free  land  in  Raisebeck,  therein  particularly 
described,  and  estimated  altogether  at  si.\  acres,  to  hold 
iho  same  to  them,  and  the  rest  of  tho  twelve  sworn 
men  of  tho  parish  of  -Vsby,  and  their  heirs  and  assigns, 
upon  trust,  that  the  renta  should  bo  yearly  employed 
to  and  for  the  maintenance  and  continuance  of  a  school 
and  schoolmaster  at  Great  Asby,  to  leach  and  instruct 
tho  poor  and  other  childreu  of  the  said  parish.  By 
indenture,  dated  13lU  July,  1088,  between  Georgo 
Smith,  citizen  and  merchant  tailor  of  London,  on  tlio 
ono  part,  and  Georgo  Tibbold,  Edward  Musgnive,  and 
others,  of  the  other  part;  it  is  witnessed  that  the  said 
Georgo  Smith  granted  to  the  said  George  Tibbold  and 
others,  his  messuage  or  tenement  in  .\sby,  to  hold  the 
same  upon  trust,  to  dispose  of  the  rents  on  the  23rd 


726 


EAST  WAED. 


April,  yearly,  for  ever,  for  the  maintenance  of  a  Ecbool 
and  schoolmaster  at  Great  Asby,  to  teach  and  instruct 
the  poor  and  other  children  of  the  said  parish.  There 
is  now  no  distinction  preserved  between  the  several  ' 
properties  at  Raiscbeck.  The  open  fields  were  enclosed 
about  the  year  1770,  and  an  allotment  made  to  the 
trustees  in  lieu  of  the  open  field  lauds.  The  rent  of 
this  land  is  divided  into  three  parts,  two  of  which  are 
paid  to  the  schoolmaster  yearly  (subject  to  a  small 
deduction);  and  the  other  third  is  given  away  on  the 
21st  December  yearly,  amongst  the  poorest  j^ersons  not 
receiving  weekly  pensions,  in  sums  varying  from  10s. 
to  30s.  The  deduction  from  the  schoolmaster's  portion 
consists  of  <ls.  annually  on  St.  George's  Day,  given  to 
four  poor  widows,  and  5s.  to  the  school-boys,  for  ale 
and  gingerbread,  and  Is.  for  a  foot-ball.  These  gratui- 
.ties,  amounting  together  to  10s.,  arc  understood  to  be 
allowed  in  respect  of  a  gift  of  i'lO  by  George  Smith, 
and  in  compliance  with  his  directions.  The  old  school- 
house,  which,  according  to  an  inscription  over  the  door, 
■was  erected  by  George  Smith,  merchant  tailor,  citizen 
of  London,  in  1C88,  was  destroyed  by  fire.  A  new 
school  was  erected  by  subscription  in  1833,  which  will 
accommodate  about  fifty  children.  The  school  is  under 
the  management  of  seven  trustees,  and  the  annual 
income  is  about  £3.5. 

St.  Helen's  Almshouse. — William  Fairer,  of  Asby,  by 
will,  dated  3rd  April,  1811,  after  devising  his  real 
estate,  and  leaving  several  pecuniary  and  other  legacies, 
and  charging  the  payment  thereof  as  therein  mentioned, 
.gave  as  follows : — "  After  all  the  above  legacies  shall  be 
paid  and  discharged,  I  give  and  bequeath  to  my  execu- 
tors, in  trust,  all  the  remainder  of  my  estate,  and  that 
they  purchase  a  convenient  piece  of  ground ;  but  as  I 
am  afraid  a  convenient  place  for  the  purpose  cannot 
be  got,  I  therefore  give  and  bequeath  to  my  executors 
in  trust,  a  piece  of  ground  at  the  top  of  the  garth, 
fourteen  yards  long,  adjoining  to  the  lane,  and  nine 
yards  deep,  to  hold  the  same  in  trust  (they  and  their 
successors,  for  ever),  and  that  they  shall  build  three 
small  good  houses,  under  one  roof,  with  one  room 
below  and  another  above  stairs,  for  three  poor  widows 
or  widowers,  to  be  all  natives,  or  who  have  been  born 
in  the  parish,  but  none  of  the  Carlton's  or  Ion's  families 
to  have  any  benefit  in  the  charity ;  and  after  it  is  com- 
pleted, the  remainder  and  remaining  money  to  be  put 
out  at  interest,  on  good  security,  and  the  interest  so 
arising  to  be  equally  divided  amongst  the  poor  inmates, 
share  and  share  alike,  after  deducting  any  expenses 
that  may  have  accrued  in  the  last  year,  and  to  be 
divided  every  St.  Thomas'  Day,  for  ever ;  and  the  said 
trustees  shall  nominate  a  proper  person  to  the  houses 


when  one  becomes  vacant ;  and  when  one  of  the  trustees 
shall  die,  the  other  two  shall  appoint  another  in  the 
room  of  such  person  so  dead,  so  that  the  number  may 
still  be  tliree,  to  conduct  the  afi'airs  of  the  said  charity." 
Pindar's  Chanty. — The  Rev.  Simon  Pindar,  who 
was  rector  of  Great  Musgrave  from  1710  to  1755, 
wrote  a  letter  directed  to  the  principal  inhabitants  of 
Asby,  in  wliich  place  he  was  born,  which  letter  is  still 
preserved  in  the  church  chest.  It  is  without  date  or 
signature,  but  is  understood  to  be  in  his  own  hand- 
writing. In  this  letter  he  states,  that  being  desirous 
to  promote  a  public  charity  in  the  parish  of  Asby,  he 
had  put  £(50  in  the  hands  of  John  Bowness,  which 
money  he  had  for  some  months  past  endeavoured  to  lay 
upon  a  freehold  estate,  to  be  charged  with  the  payment 
ol  £'2  12s.  yearly,  for  ever,  to  be  paid  quarterly,  and  the 
money  applied  to  discharge  the  price  of  si.x  twopenny 
loaves,  which  he  desired  might  bo  given  every  Lord's 
Day,  in  Asby  church,  to  six  of  the  most  indigent  per- 
sons, male  or  female,  legally  settled  in  that  parish,  being 
members  of  the  Church  of  England,  and  constantly 
attending  divine  service.  And  he  further  desired  that 
when  a  pensioner  died,  the  parish  clerk  should  have  the 
loaf  that  belonged  to  him,  deceased,  the  Sunday  following 
the  death ;  and  on  that  Sunday  he  should  pubficly 
signify  to  the  trustees,  that  a  new  member  was  to  be 
that  afternoon  elected  in  the  room  of  such  a  one  deceased, 
according  to  the  direction  of  the  benefactor.  The  sum 
of  £00  was  received  into  the  parish  funds,  and  applied, 
upwards  of  twenty  years  ago,  in  the  discharge  of  some 
law  expenses  which  had  been  incurred  by  the  parish ; 
and  the  sum  of  i'2  1 3s.  has  ever  since  been  paid  out  of 
the  poor  rates  to  supply  bread,  according  to  the  direc- 
tions of  the  donor. 

ASBT    CO.^TSFOETH. 

The  area  and  population  of  this  township  ai'c  included 
in  the  parish  returns,  not  having  been  as  yet  returned 
separately.  The  rateable  value  is  £'1,003.  The  town- 
ship stretches  eastward  from  the  beck,  which  runs 
through  Great  Asby. 

The  manor  of  Asby  Coatsforth  was  lielii  at  an  early 
period  by  a  family  bearing  the  local  name,  one  of  whom, 
Richard  de  Coatsl'ord,  witnessed  the  graut  made  to  the 
abbey  of  Byland,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  In  the  first 
year  of  the  reign  of  King  John,  Hugh  de  Cottesfortli 
occurs  as  paying  £:!  for  lauds  in  Asby.  In  the  14th 
Edward  I.  (1285-0)  Peter  de  Cotesford  held  Asby 
Coatsford  of  the  two  daughters  of  Robert  de  Veteripont. 
In  the  8th  of  Edward  II.  (!31-1-1.j)  John  do  Cottcslord 
held  a  moiety  of  Great  Asb}',  the  wardship  of  which  was 
worth  £0   13s.  4d.  a  year,  and  the  cornage  4s.  2d.    In 


ASBY  PARISH. 


727- 


1365  the  manor  was  held  by  John  de  Cotesforth,  and 
in  1301  by  Stephen  de  Cotesforth.  In  the  31st 
Henry  VI.  (1453-1)  John  de  Cotesforth  held  Asby 
Coatslbrth,  by  homage  and  fealty,  and  4s.  2d.  cornage ; 
owing  also  for  the  same  wardship,  marriage,  and  relief, 
in  1  lO-l  John  do  Cotesford  occurs  as  one  of  the  jurors 
on  the  inquisition  post  mortera  of  John  de  Clifford. 
He  appears  to  have  boon  the  last  of  his  Aimil)',  as  no 
more  of  tlio  name  o('cur  in  connexion  with  the  manor, 
wliich  afterwards  became  the  property  of  the  Mus- 
gr.ives,  by  whom  it  was  transferred  by  marriage  to  Dr. 
Boucher,  who  sold  it  to  Roger  Pindar.  It  was  subse- 
quently purchased  in  the  year  1800  by  James  Park, 
Esq.,  of  Asby  Hall,  w:hose  son,  George  Park,  Esq.,  is 
the  present  lord  of  the  manor.  The  landowners  arc 
tlie  Earl  of  Lonstlalo  ;  John  Hill,  Esq.;  W.  Wakefield, 
Esq.;  Robert  Addison,  Esq.;  George  Park,  Esq.; 
jMessrs.  Anthony  Sawers,  George  Jackson,  and  Richard 
Dixon. 

Asby  Ilall  is  an  ancient  mansion,  situate  in  the 
village  of  Great  Asby ;  over  the  door  is  S.  coat  of  arms, 
supposed  to  be  that  of  the  JIusgravcs. 

JN'icolson  and  Hurn  state  "  there  arc  two  estates  in 
that  parish  which  go  by  the  name  of  Grange ;  one  of 
them  went  along  with  the  manor  of  Asby  Coatsforth ; 
the  other  belonged  to  the  abbey  of  Byland,  in  Yorkshire; 
but  by  whom  it  was  given  we  have  not  found." 

The  single  houses  having  particular  names  are  Grange 
Hall,  ikcaks  Hall,  Cattcrinc  Ilohne,  and  Lower  Grise- 
burn. 

A  small  Jlethodist  Chapel  was  erected  in  this  town- 
ship in  1859. 

At  Asby  Gill,  about  one  mile  from  the  village  of 
Great  .\sby,  is  the  entrance  to  Pate  Hole,  a  singular 
cavern  about  1,000  yards  long,  throu^  which  runs  a 
small  rivuK't,  said  to  be  that  which  rises  again  at  St. 
Helens  Well. 

LITTLK  Asnr. 

For  acreage  and  population  see  the  parish  returns. 

The  earliest  notice  of  the  first  possessors  of  this 
manor  occurs  in  a  deed  of  lands  at  Crackenthorp,  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  three  of  tlio  witnesses  to  which 
an^  William  de  Asrlteby,  Richard  do  Cotesford,  and 
Richard  English,  or  L'Engleys,  who  were  severally 
lords  of  the  three  Asbys.  In  the  Ith  year  of  the  reign 
of  King  John  ( I  aO'^-3)  an  ngrecment  was  made  between 
Robert  de  Scotland  and  Richard  L'Engleys  concerning 
half  a  carucate  of  land,  with  its  appurtenances,  in  Old 
Asby.  Xinc  years  later  a  AA'illiam  English  witnessed 
a  grant  made  bj'  Robert  de  Veteripont  to  the  abbey  of 
Sliap.     In  the  20lh  Edward  I.  (1291-3)  Sir  Robert  do 


Engleys  occurs  as  a  juror  at  Appleby,  in  a  cause  between 
the  king  and  the  abbey  of  St.  Marj-  at  York.  In  1 308, 
1310,  and  1311,  Robert  L'Angleys,  Knt.,  represented 
the  county  of  Westmoreland  in  parliament.  In  1328 
William  Englishe  and  Helena,  his  wife,  levied  a  fine 
of  the  manor  of  Little  Asby,  and  lands  in  Great  Asby, 
to  the  use  of  the  said  William  and  Helena,  and  their 
heirs  ;  with  remainder  to  Robert,  brother  of  the  said 
William,  and  his  heirs;  remainder  to  Thomas,  another 
brother;  remainder  to  John  Dawney  and  his  heirs; 
remainder  to  the  right  hc-irs  of  the  said  William.  In 
1338  William  English  received  a  license  to  impark  100 
acres  of  land  in  Kirklevington  in  Cumberland,  100 
acres  elsewhere  in  the  said  county,  100  acres  at  Tebay 
and  Runthwaite  in  the  county  of  Westmoreland,  and 
100  acres  at  Assmudely  in  the  county  of  York.  Three 
years  later  a  fine  was  passed  of  the  manors  of  Tebay 
and  Runthwaite,  to  the  use  of  William  L'Englishe, 
Knt.,  for  life ;  remainder  to  William,  his  sons,  and  his 
heirs  male;  remainder  to  Julian,  his  sister.  William 
L'Engleys  served  as  a  knight  of  the  shire  for  West- 
moreland in  most  of  the  parliaments  froai  the  12th 
Edward  II.  to  tlie  22nd  Edwiird  111.  In  the  31th 
year  of  the  last-named  monarch's  reign  (13G0-1)  John, 
son  of  Robert  L'Engleys,  made  a  settlement  of  his 
estate  at  Little  Asby.  In  1300,  in  an  inquisition  of 
knights  fees  in  Westmoreland,  it  was  found  that  Piobert 
L'Engleys  then  held  Little  Asby.  This  Robert  had  a 
son  Thomas,  who  died  during  the  lifetime  of  his  father, 
and  was  the  last  of  the  name  of  Little  Asby.  His 
daughter,  Idonea,  became  the  wife  of  Edmund  de  Sand- 
ford,  a  younger  brother  of  Sir  William  Sandford,  Knt., 
of  Sandford,  in  the  parish  of  Warcop.  Idonea  removed 
with  her  husband  to  Askham,  and  they  were  the  founders 
of  the  Sandfords  of  Askham  and  Howgill.  After  the 
di'ath  of  Edmund  de  Sandford,  Idonea  niaiTied  Sir 
Thomas  Ughtrod  ;  and  in  the  15th  Richard  II.  ( 1301-2) 
we  find  that  Thomas  Ughtred  and  Idonea  his  wife,  in 
right  of  the  said  Idonea,  held  the  manor  of  Little  Asby, 
by  homage  and  fealty  and  the  payment  of  23.  lOd. 
comage.  In  the  10th  of  Henry  V.  (1422)  after  the 
death  of  .Tohn  de  Clifford,  an  inquisition  was  held  when 
it  was  found  that  Robert  de  Sandford  held  the  manor 
of  Litlo  Asby,  This  Robert  appears  to  have  been  the 
second  son  of  Edmund  de  Sandford  mid  Idonea  English, 
his  elder  brother,  William,  having  dicd/vithout  issne, 
for  by  an  inquisition  of  tlie  .services  of  knights  and 
others,  free  tenants,  holding  of  Thomas  de  Clifford  as 
of  his  barony  of  Westmoreland,  in  the  3 1st  Henry  VT. 
(ll.'>2-3)  it  was  found  that  "  Robert  Engleys  bcrelofore 
held  Little  Askby,  and  paid  for  the  same  ad  con- 
juyttm  2s.  lOd.,  and  owed  wardship,  marriage  reUef, 


728 


EAST  WARD. 


and  suit  to  the  county  court,  and  now  Thomas  Dala- 
more,  Esq.,  holds  the  same  as  of  riglit  of  Margaret  his 
wife,  late  wife  of  William  Sandford  elder  brother  of 
Robert  Sandford,  Esq.,  which  Margaret  had  tiic  same 
vill  in  jointure  with  the  aforesaid  William,  her  late 
liusband,  the  reversion  thereof  belonging  to  the  said 
Ivobert."  Shortly  after  this  we  find  Thomas  Sandford, 
son  of  Robert  just  mentioned,  holding  the  manor  by 
similar  services.  In  the  18lh  Henry  VIII.  (152G-7) 
Thomas  Sandford,  Esq.,  held  the  manor,  which  passed 
to  his  second  son,  Richard  of  Howgill,  iu  whose  posterity 
it  continued  till  the  Sandfords  of  Howgill  failed  in 
issue  male,  when  it  was  transferred  by  marriage  to 
the  Honcywoods  of  Mark's  Hill,  Essex,  one  of  whom, 
Philip  Honeywood,  sold  it  iu    1780  to   the   Earl  of 


Thanet,  from  whom  it  has  descended  to  Sir  Richard 
Tufton,  Bart.,  the  present  lord. 

The  village  of  Little  Asby  is  two  miles  south-south- 
east of  Great  Asby,  and  five  miles  and  a  half  east-by- 
iiorth  of  Orton.  There  was  anciently  a  chapel  here, 
dedicated  to  St.  Leonard,  which  was  endowed  by 
Richard  le  English,  rector  of  Asby,  with  a  messuage 
and  si.x  acres  of  land  in  Great  Asby,  for  the  foundation 
of  a  charity. 

Though  this  township  is  mountainous,  still  some 
parts  of  it  are  tolerably  fertile,  and  it  abounds  with 
limestone.  The  single  houses  having  particular  names 
are  High  Grange,  Whygill  Head,  Mazouwath,  and 
Waterhouses. 


BROUGH  PARISH. 

Brough  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  lofty  fells  of  Hilbeck,  Warcop,  Dow  Crags,  &c.,  on  the  west  by  the 
parish  of  Great  Musgrave,  on  the  south  by  Kirkby  Stephen,  and  on  the  east  by  Yorkshire.  It  is  about  eight  miles 
in  length,  by  five  iu  breadth,  and  with  the  e.xceptiou  of  the  middle  portion,  which  consists  of  fine  pasture  and  meadow 
land,  is  a  wild  mountainous  region,  rich  in  lead,  iron,  limestone,  and  freestone.  Some  coal,  but  of  an  inferior  quality, 
is  also  found.  The  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Church  Brough,  Brough  Sowerby,  and  Hilbeck,  and  the 
chapelry  of  Staiumore,  whose  united  area  is  24,517  statute  acres.  It  comprises  the  principal  portion  of  the  forest  of 
Stainmore.     The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits. 

has  been  fertile  in  Roman  remains.  In  the  time  of 
Lelaud  it  seems  to  have  been  proverbial  for  the  antiqui- 
ties constantly  found  here.  In  his  "  Itinerary,"  he 
says — "Brow,  now  a  vyllage,  set  in  Luuesdale  a  vi 
miles  beneath  tbe  foote  of  Dentdale,  hath  been  by 
likelyhood  sura  notable  town.  The  jiloush  menne  find 
there  yn  ereng  hipiiles  quadralos,  and  many  other 
straung  things ;  and  this  place  is  much  spoken  of  the 
inhabitants  there."  During  the  last  thirty  years  large 
iiuantities  of  Roman  coins,  fibultc,  etc.,  have  been  dis- 
covered from  time  iu  the  bed  of  the  river,  and  also  in 
its  north  bank  opposite  to  the  castle,  at  a  depth  of  about 
si.x  feet.  The  river  has  changed  its  course,  and  is  now 
nmch  nearer  the  castle  than  formerly.  Few  gold  coins, 
but  many  of  silver,  and  thousands  of  brass  ones.  They 
are  of  various  periods ;  and  some  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Brough  are  in  possession  of  hundreds.  On  the  with- 
drawal of  the  Roman  legion,  Yertera;  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  Celtic  people,  who,  at  that  time,  inhabited 
Westmoreland.  They  at  once  gave  it  a  descriptive 
name,  calling  it  Burgh  or  Brough,  which  means  a  forti- 
fication.    It  continued  to  be  known  by  this  description 


CHCRCH    BROUGH. 

The  township  comprises  an  area  of  966  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £3,4  12.  The  population  in  1801  was 
094;  in  1811,  758;  in  1821,  940;  in  1831,  906;  in 
1841,  899  ;  and  iu  1851,  773,  who  principally  reside  in 
the  town  of  Brough. 

Of  Brough,  during  the  British  period  of  the  history 
of  this  country,  we  possess  no  information,  though  there 
is  little  doubt  it  formed  the  site  of  one  of  the  encamp- 
ments of  the  natives.  When  the  Romans  advanced  as 
far  north  as  Eburacum  (York),  they  constructed  their 
great  roads  east,  north,  and  west.  One  of  these  proceeded 
by  Isurium  (Aldborough),  Cataractonium  (Catterick 
Bridge),  and  Lavatroe  (Bowes),  crossed  the  mountains,  the 
pass  being  defended  by  a  Roman  castle,  remains  of  which 
may  still  be  traced,  and  arrived  at  Verterie  (Brough), 
from  which  place  it  continued  its  course  by  Brovanacie 
(Kirby  There),  Brocavium  (Brougham),  Yoreda  (Plump- 
ton  Wall,  in  Cumberland),  and  so  on  to  Luguballia 
(Carlisle),  one  of  the  principal  Roman  stations  in  the 
north.  Yertera!  (Brough)  appears  to  have  been  gar- 
risoned by  a  body  of  troops,  called  Directores.     Brough 


BROUGH    PARISH. 


729 


till  the  arrival  of  the  Angles,  who,  to  distinguish  it 
from  oilier  places  bearing  the  same  name,  called  it 
Brough- under -Staiumore,  or  JBrough-under-lheStony- 
moor,  from  the  bleak  fells  by  which  it  was  surrounded. 
The  Northmen,  in  their  incursions,  settled  in  the 
neighbourhood,  and  until  the  period  of  tlio  Xorman 
Conquest  were  the  dominant  people. 

On  the  partition  of  England  among  the  followers  of 
the  Conqueror,  the  manors  of  r.rough,  Sowerby,  and 
Stainmore,  were  included  in  the  grant  of  the  barony  of 
AVestmorelaud,  made  to  Rauulph  do  Mcschines,  and 
fi-om  him  came  to  the  Veteriponts,  Cliffords,  and 
their  descendants,  never  being  granted  off  to  any 
inferior  lords.  A  castio  appears  to  have  been  erected 
here  shortly  after  the  Conquest.  In  the  8th  Edward  II. 
(13I4-1;'),  on  the  decease  of  Piobert  Clifford,  it  was 
found,  by  inquisition,  that  the  said  Robert,  amongst 
other  places,  had  held  the  castle  of  Brough-under- 
Stainmore,  "with  the  precinct  of  the  trenches  thereof, 
the  herbage  of  which  was  worth  yearly  Os.  8d.  Two 
hundred  acres  of  demesne  land,  twenty-two  whereof,  at 
the  least,  were  worth  yearly  9d.  each.  An  hundred 
and  ten  acres  of  meadow,  each  of  which  worth  by  the 
year  lad.  Two  parks,  the  herbage  whereof,  with  all 
issues,  was  worth  by  the  year  100s.  Also  free  tenants, 
who  paid  yearly  17s.  '2d.  Also  twenty  o.xgangs  of  land, 
worth  each  by  the  year,  Is.  Ten  tofts  eotercll,  worth 
yearly  Od.  each.  One  bakehouse,  with  the  profits  of 
measuring  the  corn  of  the  village,  20s.  One  water-miln, 
burned,  worth  yearly  £0  1 3s.  -Id.  Also  the  constabhship 
[of  the  castle],  worth  yearly  -lOs.  Also  the  profits  of  the 
fairs,  worth,  by  the  year  10s.  [And  this  was  before  any 
grant  of  a  fair  that  wo  now  know  of.] — Also,  in  the 
Lower  Burgh,  twenty-four  tofts  and  a  half,  which  aro 
burned,  each  whereof  pays  yearly  lJ2d.  Also,  upon 
Stainmore,  ten  vaccarics  which  aro  burned ;  each 
whereof,  with  the  meadow  adjoining,  worth  by  the  year 
10s.  And  live  vaccaries,  not  burned,  each  whereof  worth 
by  the  year  i'SO.  Also,  Alan  de  Cabeigh,  Nicholas  de 
Musgrave,  and  GcotTrey  do  Tesedalo  held  there  four 
closes  of  new  improvement,  of  tho  yearly  rent  of  one 
hundred  and  fifteen  shillings  and  one  farthing.  Agist- 
ment there,  worth  yearly  10s.  Pleas  and  perquisite  of 
tho  court  13s.  Id.  Tho  sum  total,  i'lO  18s.  4id.— 
Also,  at  Sowerby,  nigh  Burgh,  one  capital  messuage, 
worth  by  tho  year  12d.  Four  score  acres  of  demesne 
land,  worth  yearly  8d.  each.  Si.vteen  acres  of  mea- 
dow, worth  yearly  18d.  each.  Two  froo  tenants,  who 
pay  yearly  7d.  Skteen  oxgangs  of  land,  worth  yearly 
5s.  each.  Ton  messuages  coterell,  worth  by  tho  year 
12d.  each.  Ono  water-miln,  worth  yearly  IDs.  One 
vaccary,    worth    yearly    Ms.    8d.      The    sum    total, 


J£l]  las.  7 J."  In  1422,  after  the  death  of  John  de 
Clifford,  an  inquisition  found  that  at  Burgh  he  died 
possessed  of  eleven  messuages,  called  vaccaries,  and  a 
park,  called  Old  Park,  worth,  in  the  whole,  £10  10s.  lOd. 
per  annum.  Tho  same  inquisition  also  informs  us, 
that  Elizabeth,  mother  of  the  said  John  de  ClilTord, 
held  the  castle  and  manor,  together  with  several  mes- 
suages, or  vaccaries,  and  also  the  vill  of  Sowerby,  parcel 
of  the  said  castle  and  manor,  and  the  services  of  dilferent 
tenants  of  Great  and  Little  Brough,  who  paid  to  her  the 
sum  of  ten  shillings  a  year.  The  manor  is  now  held 
by  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Bart. ;  besides  whom,  William 
Wilkinson,  Esq. ;  Thomas  Hodgson  Hobson,  Esq. ;  A. 
Turner,  Esq. ;  Robert  Buckley  and  Sons,  and  others, 
are  landowners. 

Brough  Castle  was  erected  shortly  after  the  Conquest, 
on  the  site  of  the  Roman  station.  Its  keep,  like  that 
of  Appleby  Castle,  was  known  by  the  nanie  of  Ciesar's 
I  Tower,  and  appears  also  to  have  been  known  as  the 
Round  Tower.  During  the  inroads  made  by  the  Scots 
under  William  the  Lion,  Brough  Castle  was  attacked, 
but  it  was  well  prepared  for  defence,  being  garrisoned  by 
si.-f  knights  and  their  followers.  The  castle  was  very 
soon  attacked  on  all  sides ;  and  the  Flemings  and  the 
border  men  in  the  pay  of  the  Scottish  monarch  made  a 
fierce  assault  upon  the  garrison,  and  the  first  day  took 
from  tlicm  tho  outworks,  which  the  defenders  had  soon 
abandoned,  and  shut  themselves  up  in  the  tower.  Here 
they  might  have  held  out  for  some  time,  but  the  Scots 
applied  fire  to  the  tower,  and  thej'  were  reduced  to  the 
alternative  of  surrendering  or  being  burnt.  "  But  a 
new  knight  had  come  to  them  that  day.  Now  listen  to 
his  deeds  and  great  courage  ;  when  his  companions  had 
all  surrendered,  he  remained  in  the  tower,  and  seized 
two  shields,  which  he  hung  on  the  battlements,  and 
held  his  ground  there  a  long  time,  and  threw  at  the 
Scots  three  sharp  javelins,  with  each  of  which  he  struck 
a  man  dead.  When  these  failed  him,  he  takes  up 
sharp  stakes  and  hurled  them  at  the  Scots,  and  over- 
threw some  of  them,  and  ever  keeps  shouting,  you  shall 
all  be  van(|uinhe<l  soon.  Never  by  a  single  vassal  was 
strife  better  maintained.  When  tho  fire  deprived  hiui 
of  the  defence  of  tho  shields,  ho  is  not  to  blame  if  he 
then  surrendered."  The  cattle  of  Brough  was  beateu 
down,  "with  the  best  part  of  the  tower."'  The  castle 
was  subsequently  repaired,  and  continued  to  take  rank 
among  tho  defences  of  Westmoreland  till  l.l'il,  ia 
which  year  it  was  accidentally  set  on  fire,  and  it  con- 
tinued in  ruins  till  tho  year  1001,  when  it  was  rebuilt 

'  Ore  est  Hiirc  nbnlnz  c  Ic  miplz  ilc  In  mr,  "Chronicle  of  ilie  War 
botwceii  lilt)  (■'.iigUsli  uiil  llio  ScuU,  in  1173  onj  1174,  hy  Jonlim 
Fuutosmc,''  8V0.,  IMO,  p.  08. 


87 


'30 


EAST  WARD. 


by  the  Lady  Anne  Clifford,  countess-dowager  of  Dorset, 
Pembroke,  and  Moutgomery.  This  re-edification  was 
commemorated  upon  a  stone  which,  about  eighty  years 
ago,  stood  over  the  gateway  of  the  castle,  and  bore  the 
following  inscription  : — "This  castle  of  Brough-under- 
Stanemore,  and  the  great  tower  of  it,  was  repaired  by  Lady 
Ann  ClitTord,  countess-dowager  of  Pembroke,  Dorset,  and 
Montgomery :  Baroness  ClilTord,  Westmoreland,  Vesey ; 
high-sheriff,  by  inheritance,  of  the  county  of  Westmore- 
land, and  lady  of  the  honour  of  Skipton,  in  Craven,  in 
the  year  of  our  Lord  God,  1659  ;  so  as  she  came  to  lie 
in  it  herself  for  a  little  while  in  September,  1601,  after 
it  had  lain  ruinous,  without  timber  or  any  covering,  ever 
since  the  year  l."i21,  when  it  was  burnt  by  a  casual  fire." 
The  keep,  or  principal  tower,  of  this  ancient  castle, 
except  the  walls,  was  demoUshed,  and  the  timber  sold 
by  Thomas  Earl  of  Thanet,  about  the  year  1095,  when 
he  was  repairing  Appleby  Castle.  From  this  period  the 
castle  has  been  allowed  to  go  to  ruin.  The  chief  parts 
now  standing  are  portions  of  the  keep  and  other  towers ; 
the  keep  is  in  its  general  appearance  similar  to  those  of 
the  Tower  of  London,  Rocliester  Castle,  &c.  The  ruins 
stand  upon  a  lofty  eminence,  near  the  church,  in  the 
midst  of  what  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  Roman 
station. 

THE    TOWN-    OF   BnoUGH. 

Brough,  or  Brough-under-Staiumore,  is  situated  in 
54°  28'  north  latitude,  and  2°  20'  west  longitude.  It  is 
eight  miles  south-east  from  Appleby,  and  262  north- 
north-west  from  London  by  road.  Tebay  station,  on 
the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway,  which  is  sixteen 
miles  from  Brough  is  203  from  London. 

The  town  of  Brough  is  little  more  than  a  village,  the 
railway  having  destroyed  the  coaching  trade,  which, 
from  its  position  on  the  north  mail  road  it  formerly 
possessed.  A  small  weekly  market  is  held  on  Thurs- 
day, in  consequence  of  a  grant  made  by  Edward  III., 
in  13.30,  to  Robert  Lord  CHtTord.  The  charter 
empowered  the  holding  of  an  annual  fair  of  four  days' 
duration,  on  the  two  days  before  the  feast  of  St. 
Matthew  (September  21st)  the  day  of  the  festival,  and 
the  following  day.  This  charter  was  confirmed  by 
Edward  VI.  in  1 5-19.  The  duration  of  the  fair  is  now 
limited  to  two  days,  which,  in  consequence  of  the 
change  fiom  old  to  new  style,  are  the  30th  September 
and  the  1st  October.  This  fair  is  held  on  Brough  Hill, 
a  common  two  miles  north-by-west  of  the  town,  and  is 
numerously  attended.  Great  numbers  of  horses,  sheep, 
and  cattle  are  brought  for  sale.  Fairs  are  also  held  in 
the  town  on  the  second  Thursday  in  January,  March, 
and  April,  and  on  the  Thursday  before  Whitsuntide, 


for  cattle,  sheep,  Ac.  Brough  is  a  polling  place  for  the 
county.  Petty  sessions  are  held  here  the  first  Thursday 
in  every  month.  The  town  is  divided  into  two  parts, 
called  Market  Brough  and  Church  Brough,  by  the 
Ilelbeck,  a  small  feeder  of  the  Eden.  The  ancient 
custom  of  bearing  the  hoUing,  or  holy  tree,  on  the  evo 
of  the  Epiphany,  is  still  observed  at  Brough,  and  is  now 
considered  peculiar  to  this  place.  The  procession  sets 
out  at  eight  o'clock,  with  a  b-and  playing,  and  stops  and 
cheers  at  the  bridge  and  again  at  the  cross.  The 
crowd  then  separates  into  two  parties,  one  of  which 
endeavours  to  take  the  tree  to  one  of  the  inns,  the  other 
to  another.  An  obstinate  scuffle  ensues,  and  the  inn- 
keeper patronised  by  the  successful  party  is  expected  to 
treat  his  men. well. 

THE   CUTECH. 

Brough  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Michael,  is  a  neat 
structure  of  the  fourteenth  century,  with  a'  handsome 
embattled  tower,  of  a  somewhat  later  date,  and  a  peal 
of  four  bells,  said  to  have  been  given  to  the  parish  by  a 
yeoman  of  the  name  of  Brunskill.  The  windows  contain 
many  fine  specimens  of  stained  glass,  but  they  have 
been  much  disfigured  by  modern  repairs.  The  pulpit, 
which  is  fi.ved  against  the  south  wall,  is  of  stone. 
There  are  several  mural  monuments.  In  1344  this 
church  was  appropriated  by  Pope  Clement  VI.  to  the 
provost  and  scholars  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  who 
are  stiil  the  patrons,  and  had  previously  received  a  grant 
of  the  advowson  from  Edward  III.,  at  the  instance  of 
his  chaplain,  llobert  Eaglesfield,  who  was  rector  of 
Brough,  and  founder  of  the  said  college.  The  living  is 
valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £'8  18s.  9d.,  but  is  now 
worth  upwards  of  i'OOO  a  year.  There  was  formerly  a 
chantry  in  this  church.  It  was  founded  in  the  reigu 
of  Henry  III.,  by  Thomas  ^lusgrave,  who  granted  cer- 
tain lands  and  tenements  "  to  God  and  the  Blessed 
Virgin  Mary,  and  to  his  chapel  of  Brough-under- 
Staiumore,  and  to  Sir  WiUiam  de  Askeby,  chaplain, 
and  his  successors  serving  God  there,  whom  he  and 
his  heirs  should  present  to  the  said  chapel."  The 
presentation  to  this  chantry  soon  afterwards  passed  to 
the  Helbeck  family.  The  altar  of  this  chantry  was  in 
the  north  aisle,  which,  in  consequence,  was  known  as 
our  Lady's  Aisle.  We  need  not  add  that  this  chantry 
was  suppressed  at  the  period  of  the  Keformatiou.  The 
hving  is  now  a  vicarage. 

VicAES. — Thomas  Bowett, ;  Peter  de  Chamberi,  ; 

William  de  Clifford, ;  John  de  Langton, ;   Hngh  de 

Burgh,  l:!04;  William  de  Norlhwick,  died  l;).3a ;  Robert  de 
Eaglesfield,  133i;  John  KainolJ  occurs  1.309;  John  de  MertoD, 
1309;  — Raisbeck  occurs  150C;  Thomas  Eigg  occuis  1532; 
Lancelot  Shaw,  1&C8  ;  Roger  Salkeld,  1504  ;  David  Hecksletter, 


BROUGH   PARISH. 


731 


lOU;  William  Richardson,  1623  ;  Christopher  Harrison,  1001; 
Joseph  Fisher,  ItJO') ;  Francis  Thompson,  1703  ;  Thomas  Uodg- 
SOD,  i:a  J  ;  Thomas  Burnett,  17(i« ;  Lancelot  liuUas,  1702  ; 
Lancaster  Dodgson,  1816;  Lancelot  Jefferson,  1828. 

The  vicarage  is  a  plain  building,  situated  near  the 
church.  It  was  erected  in  IS'29,  by  the  present  vicar, 
at  a  cost  of  £-^,000. 

In  150G  John  Brunskill  founded,  at  Market  Brough, 
a  chapel  or  oratory,  which  was  dedicated  to  the  Blessed 
Virgin  and  St.  Gabriel.  It  was  endowed  by  Thomas 
Blenkinsop,  of  Ililbeck,  with  a  piece  of  ground,  called 
Gilgarth,  on  condition  that  the  said  John  Brunskill 
should  build  a  chapel  there,  and  also  an  hospital,  "  with 
two  beds  in  it,  for  travellers  and  other  poor  people ; 
and  maintain  the  same  for  ever.  Two  priests  were 
established  to  sing  and  pray  in  the  chapel  for  over  for 
the  souls  of  all  the  benefactors  of  the  said  chapel  that 
were  departed  from  the  world,  and  for  the  welfare  of 
them  that  were  living."  One  of  these  priests  was  to 
teach  grammar,  tlie  other  to  instruct  children  willing  to 
learu  singing,  freely  and  without  charge.  The  founda- 
tion of  the  chapel  was  confirmed  both  by  the  Bishop 
of  Carlisle  and  the  Archbishop  of  York.  This  chapel 
continued  to  e.\ist  till  the  time  of  the  dissolution  of  the 
religious  houses,  when  the  priest  who  taught  singing 
was  removed,  and  the  other  who  taught  grammar  was 
retained  as  first  master  of  the  free  school,  to  which 
the  king's  commissioners  granted  i'T   lis.  -Id.  a  year. 

The  Baptists,  Wesleyans,  and  Primitive  Methodists 
have  chapels  here. 

Cn,UUTIES. 

School. — From  a  copy  on  paper  of  a  deed  poll 
purporting  to  be  sealed  with  tl>e  seal  of  the  Abbey  of 
Shap,  A.D.  1500,  it  appears  that  by  the  providence, 
labours,  and  means  of  .lohn  Brunskill,  of  Brough,  by 
the  assistance  and  aid  of  Thomas  Blenkinsop.  there  was 
a  chapel  founded  at  Brough,  with  two  priests,  the  one 
to  teach  grammar,  and  the  other  to  instruct  cliildren, 
willing  to  learn  song  freely,  without  paying;  and  that 
Itichard,  then  Abbot  of  Siiap,  having  the  governance 
and  oversight  of  the  same,  at  the  appeal,  request,  and 
by  the  advice  of  John  Brunskill,  willed  and  ordained 
OS  follows :— JiOd.  to  be  paid  to  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle 
yearly;  and  iJOs.  yearly  to  the  Vicar  of  Brough.  The 
singing  priest  to  have  .L'5  wages  of  the  oblations  in  the 
said  chapel,  to  bo  paid  by  the  said  abbot  and  the 
schoolmaster  of  the  grammar  school.  The  said  abbot 
also  willed  and  ordained  a  man  and  his  wife  to  be 
Keeper  of  the  ornaments  in  the  said  chapel,  of  the  books, 
&c.,  and  of  the  alms  beds  of  the  hospital,  &c.  The  said 
keeper  to  receive  his  wagos  of  the  oblations  of  the 
said  chapel,  by  the  bauds  of  the  said  abbot  and  of  the 


schoolmaster  of  the  said  grammar  school.  And  it 
further  appears  that  over  all  these  the  said  abbot  willed 
and  ordiiined  that  the  right  ^irs  of  the  aforesaid 
Thomas  Blenkinsop,  after  the  decease  of  the  said  John 
Bruusliill,  should  have  the  nomination  and  gift  of  the 
room  of  the  said  priest,  and  of  the  keepership  of  the 
chapel,  itc.  The  surplusage  of  the  oblations  of  the  said 
chapel,  if  any,  to  be  kept  in  a  chest  in  the  monastery  of 
Shap,  for  the  care  of  which  chapel  and  chest  the  abbot 
to  receive  23s.  4d.  The  schoolmaster  of  the  grammar 
school,  for  his  care  and  labours,  8s.  4d.  of  the  said 
oblations.  And  when  it  should  fortune  that  any 
honest  priest  should  be  named  to  the  aforesaid  office, 
or  mastership  in  grammar  or  song,  then  the  examination 
of  the  said  priest  to  belong  to  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle  or 
his  deputy.  Among  the  records  of  the  Court  of 
Exchequer  of  Hilary  term,  4th  and  5th  Philip  and 
Mary,  is  an  order  from  the  barons  to  the  receiver 
general  of  the  county  of  "Westmoreland,  to  pay  £7  1  Is. 
■U\.  clear,  yearly,  at  Lady-day  and  Michaelmas,  to  John 
Beck,  then  schoolmaster,  of  the  school  of  Brough,  and 
to  the  schoolmaster  of  the  same  place  for  the  time 
being;  which  sura,  it  is  stated,  that  certain  com- 
missioners, appointed  by  letters  patent,  20th  June,  2nd 
Edward  VI.,  had  ordered  to  be  paid  to  the  schoolmaster 
of  a  certain  grammar  school,  which  had  been  continually 
kept  at  Brough,  before  the  20th  day  of  July,  in  the 
second  year  of  Edward  VI.,  for  his  wages,  as  had  been 
of  ancient  time  done.  This  is  the  only  endowment  of 
the  school,  which  is  now  attended  by  about  fifty 
children. 

li'oadas  Close. — There  is  a  field  called  Broadas, 
containing  about  six  acres,  lying  in  the  township  of 
Waitby,  in  the  parish  of  Kirkby  Stephen,  which 
formerly  belonged  to  the  parish  of  Brough.  We  cannot 
obtain  any  information  how  this  field  came  to  the 
parish,  or  to  what  objects  the  rents  were  applied.  This 
close  was  sold  in  1V77  for  the  sura  of  .t'J7  Is.  The 
estate  has  since  passed  through  several  hands,  and  it 
now  belongs  to  the  trustees  of  Thomi)son's  charity,  in 
the  parish  of  Kirkby  Stephen.  The  money  received 
for  the  sale  of  this  close,  was  divided  amongst  the 
diflereut  townships,  in  tho  same  proportion  as  they 
pay  to  the  church-rate.  Tho  portion  received  by  tha 
townships  of  ^Market  Brough  and  Church  Brough  is 
understood  to  have  been  kid  out  in  building  a  poor- 
house  ou  u  piece  of  land  in  Church  Brough.  purchased 
in  1772  for  i'lt,  and  conveyed  to  Thomas  Hodgson  in 
trust,  for  tho  cliurchwardens,  overseers,  and  principal 
inhabitants  and  landowners  of  Church  Brough  and 
Market  Brough,  for  the  solo  use  of  the  poor  of  the  said 
townships. 


732 


EAST   WARD. 


Haijton's  Charity. — The  returns  of  1780  state  that 
Anthony  Hayton  (no  date  mentioned)  gave  £10,  which 
was  then  laid  out  in  ■pairing  the  poor  liou^e,  and  was 
supposed  to  be  a  rent  charge  upon  it.  The  name  of 
Anthony  Haytott  is  not  known  as  a  benefactor  in 
B  rough. 

Hodgson's  Charity. — By  indenture,  dated  17th 
October,  1760  (enrolled  in  Chancery  Qlst  March,  1761), 
between  the  Rev.  Thomas  Hodgson,  vicar  of  Brough, 
of  the  one  part,  and  John  Thompson,  Esq.,  of  iMarket 
Brough,  and  six  others,  it  was  witnessed  that  the  said 
Thomas  Hodgson  granted  to  the  said  John  Thompson, 
and  others,  and  their  heirs,  an  annuity  of  £'3  issuing 
out  of  the  grantor's  freehold  dwelliug-houses  in  Market 
Brough,  and  out  of  the  castle  gates  in  Market  Brough 
intact,  with  a  rateable  part  and  share  in  the  soil,  to 
hold  the  same  in  trust,  to  distribute  amongst  such  of 
the  poorest  parishioners  of  Brough  as  the  said  Thomas 
Hodgson  should  direct  during  his  lifetime;  and  after 
his  death,  monthly,  on  the  first  Sunday  in  every  month, 
in  twelve  equal  shares,  lay  the  same  out  in  the  purchase 
of  bread,  to  be  distributed  by  the  churchwardens  of  the 
parish  of  Brough,  in  the  parish  church,  to  such  of  the 
poorest  parishioners  who  should  constantly  attend  divine 
service,  as  the  vicar  of  Brough  should  think  fit,  and  in 
such  shares  and  portions  as  the  vicar  should  appoint ;  and 
when  the  trustees  should  he  reduced  to  two,  that  they 
should  choose  others  to  make  up  the  number  to  seven. 
The  sum  of  £3  is  regularly  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of 
bread.  A  certain  quantity  is  given  away  every  other 
Sunday  in  Brough  church,  to  the  poor  of  the  several 
townships  attending  service.  The  poor  persons  receiving 
the  bread  are  either  appointed  or  approved  of  by  the 
vicar,  and  when  once  appointed  generally  continue  to 
receive  it  for  life.  Each  person  generally  has  one  two- 
penny loaf.  The  poor  belonging  to  any  of  the  town- 
ships are  entitled  to  this,  if  they  come  to  the  parish 
church. 

Waller's  Charities. — Philip  Waller,  of  Park  Houses, 
by  will,  dated  19th  May,  1778,  gave  to  Robert  Bell,  of 
Kirkby  Stephen,  and  Leonard  Bonson,  their  heirs  and 
assigns  for  ever,  £'-100  in  trust,  to  place  out  the  same, 
and  apply  the  interest  in  manner  following,  viz.: — Pie 
directed  his  trustees,  their  heirs  and  assigns,  to  lay  out, 
yearly,  £3  18s.,  part  of  the  interest,  in  wheat  bread, 
after  the  rate  of  Is.  Od.  a  week,  the  same  to  be  made 
into  six  threepenny  loaves,  and  distributed  every 
Sunday,  in  the  forenoon,  in  the  parish  church  of 
Kirkby  Stephen,  by  his  trustees,  their  heirs  or  assigns, 
to  such  widows  or  poor  householders  as  they  should 
appoint,  being  inhabitants  of  or  belonging  to  the  town- 
ships or  liberties  of  Kaber  or  South  Stainmore,  in  the 


I  parish  church  aforesaid.  And  the  testator  ordered  his 
trustees  to  lay  out  yearly  the  sum  of  £3  18s.,  further 
part  of  the  said  interest,  in  wheat  bread,  after  the  rate 
of  3s.  every  two  weeks,  the  same  to  be  made  into  twelve 
threepenny  loaves  every  second  and  fourth  Sunday  in 
every  month,  to  be  distributed  in  the  parish  church  of 
Brough,  by  his  trustees,  their  heirs  or  assigns,  to  such 
widows  or  poor  housekeepers,  inhabitants  and  belonging 
to  the  parish  of  Brough,  as  they  should  appoint.  And 
he  further  directed  his  trustees  to  pay  to  the  school- 
master teaching  in  the  school-house  of  Great  Musgrave 
for  the  time  being,  the  sum  of  £4  yeariy,  further  part 
of  the  said  interest,  to  be  paid  for  such  poor  children 
in  Musgrave  parish  as  should  be  named  by  his  trustees, 
their  heirs  and  assigns,  and  whose  parents  should  not 
be  able  to  pay  for  them.  And  he  further  directed  his 
trustees  to  pay  a  further  sum  of  £4  yearly  to  the  school- 
master teaching  school  at  Brough  Sowerby  for  the  time 
being,  for  teaching  such  poor  children,  not  exceeding 
eight,  belonging  to  the  said  township,  as  his  trustees 
should  nominate  and  appoint.  And  he  directed  that 
the  remaining  part  of  the  interest  arising  from  the  said 
£400,  if  any,  should  yearly  be  divided  equally  between 
the  said  trustees,  their  heirs  and  assigns,  for  their 
trouble  and  expenses. 

Market  Brough,  Church  Brnuijh,  and  Ililhcck. — 
Bohson's  Chjrity. — William  Eobsou,  of  Brough,  left 
£20  to  the  Vicar  of  Brough  and  the  churchwardens 
and  overseers  of  the  two  Broughs  and  Hilbeck,  for  the 
use  of  the  poor  of  these  places.  The  sum  of  £20  is 
secured  by  mortgage  on  the  tolls  of  the  road  leading 
from  Brough  to  Eamout  Bridge,  with  interest  at  four 
per  cent.  The  sura  of  10s.  on  account  thereof  is 
regularlv  received  by  the  overseers  and  divided,  by 
giving  12s.  to  the  townships  of  Market  Brough  and 
Church  Brough,  and  4s.  to  the  division  of  Hilbeck.  It 
is  given  away  in  each  of  the  townships  in  small  sums 
to  persons  not  receiving  regular  parish  pensions. 

Brough  Sowerby,  and  Hilbeck. — Poor  Stock. — There 
is  in  this  township  the  sum  of  £M,  which  is  understood 
to  be  the  portion  of  the  sale  of  Broadas  close,  paid  to 
Brough  Sowerby.  The  interest  of  the  £20  (20s.)  used 
to  be  given  to  the  poor  not  receiving  pensions  ;  but  of 
late  it  has  been  added  to  the  poor  rates. 

Bichardson's  Charity. — Tiie  returns  of  1780  state 
the  sum  of  5s.  yearly,  as  an  unknown  benefaction  to 
the  poor  of  Hilbeck.  It  will  appear,  however,  from  the 
report  of  the  charities  in  Great  Musgrave  parish,  stated 
hereafter,  to  have  been  given  by  George  Ilichardson 
in  1715,  though  that  name  is  equally  unknown  here  as 
it  was  at  Great  Musgrave.  This  money  is  given  away 
at  Christmas  to  poor  persons  not  receiving  pensions, 


BKOUGH  PARISH. 


733 


with  the  -Is.  a  year  from  Robson's  Charity,  as  already 
stated. 

BnoUGH   SOWERBY. 

This  township  comprises  1,083  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  is  £1,574  lis.  lOd.  Its  population  in  1801  was 
139;  in  1811.  15.5;  iu  1821,  180;  in  1831,  155;  in 
1841,  M'J;  and  in  1851,117;  who  reside  in  the  village  of 
Brough  Sowerby,  and  in  detached  farm  houses.  Agricul- 
ture is  the  principal  employment,  and  Kirkby  Stephen 
markets  arc  usually  attended.  The  manor  of  Brough 
Sowerby  has  undergone  the  same  change  of  ownership 
as  th;U  of  Brough,  and  is  now  held  by  the  same  lord. 
The  landowners  are  A.  Cleasby,  Esq. ;  William  Hopes, 
Esq.;  Rev.  John  Dickinson,  Mrs.  Kirkpatrick,  Messrs. 
John  Waistell,  and  John  Grainger,  with  several  small 
proprietors.  Tiie  single  houses  having  particular  names 
are  Thornby  Scale,  HoUins  View,  Park  House,  Blourn, 
Field  Head,  and  Sowerby  Lodge. 

The  village  of  Brough  Sowerby  is  a  mile  and  a  half 
south  of  Brough,  on  the  road  to  lurkby  Stephen. 

HILBECK. 

The  area  of  Ililbcck  township,  inclusive  of  Stain- 
more,  is  22,108  acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is 
£363  Is.  3d.  The  number  of  its  inhabitants  in 
1801  was  74;  in  1811,  98;  in  1821,  101;  in  1831, 
34;  in  1841,  42;  and  in  1851,  94;  who  are  engaged 
in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  reside  in  the  scattered 
village  of  Hilbeck,  and  a  few  dispersed  houses.  Up- 
wards of  fifty  years  ago  an  attempt  was  made  by  John 
M.  Carlton,  Esq.,  who  then  possessed  the  property,  to 
establish  a  cotton-mill  iu  the  township,  but  the  under- 
taking proved  a  failure.  Appleby  is  the  market  usually 
attended.  In  Hilbeck  Wood,  on  an  eminence  west  of 
the  hall,  is  Fo.x  Tower,  also  built  by  Mr.  Carlton. 

The  manor  of  Hilbeck,  anciently  Helbeck,  from  the 
old  Xorse  Ilella,  to  pour  rapidly,  in  allusion  to  the 
rushing  of  the  beck  from  the  hills,  belonged  for  a  con- 
siderable period  to  a  family  bearing  the  local  name. 
Its  history  will  be  best  shown  by  the  following  account 
of  its  possessors  : — 

'§t\hu\x  Df  m\stt\\. 
The  first  of  this  family  on  record  is 

TiiojiAs  nE  Heijieck,  wlio,  with  Wico  (Guy)  his  son,  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  II.,  witnessed  a  grunt  of  lands  at  1lcDegill,mado 
hy  JIuuJ  de  Veteripont,  to  her  son,  the  first  Robert  de  Vcleri- 
pont.     Thomas  was  succeeded  by  his  son 

■Wino,  who  in  the  l.'llh  of  King  John  (1211-lQ)  witnessed 
llolurt  de  Vetoripont's  charter  to  the  abbey  of  Shap.  Uo  also 
occurs  as  Uuido  do  Helbeck.  The  ue^t  of  this  lamiljr  met 
with  is 


Egbert  de  Helbeck,  probably  son  of  Wido,  who  was  col- 
lector of  the  aid  in  the  reiga  of  Henry  III.  The  next  on 
record  is 

SrR  TuoMAS  de  Helbeck,  who  witnessed  a  grant  of  lands  at 
Appleby  in  the  SGth  Henry  III.  (1251-2).  This  gentleman 
held  lands  in  Kichmondshire  and  Westmoreland  by  knight's 
service.    He  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Sir  Thomas  de  Helbeck,  who  lived  in  the  time  of  Edward 

I.  He  married  Avicia,  daughter  of  Adam  do  Henecastre,  by 
whom  he  had  issue, 

I.  Thomas,  his  heir. 

II.  Edmund,  who   marriid  Isabel   do  Slikeburne,  a  wiilnw,  in 

l;!J(),  niifl  Imd  some  lands  and  privileges  gnmled  to  him  by 
his  faiLiT  iu  the  manor  of  Uilbeck.     He  had  a  son, 

Edmund. 

III.  Alan,  tt  priest,  who  received  from  his  father  a  grant  of  one 

messuage  and  two  oxgangs  of  land  in  Hilbeck. 
I.  Alice,  married  to  Koberl,  eldest  son  of  Sir  Richard  de  SiUeby, 
wlio  framed  lln  murks,  and  all  his  demesne  lands,  rents, 
homage,  &c.,  iu  .■Vppleby,  to  his  son  and  daughter  in-law. 
n.  Isabel,  married  to  I'atrioius  de  Casllecarrock,  who  bad  for 
her  portion  lauils  at  Suubiggin,  Kaisebeck,  Keldeliih,  and 
Coatliat,  with  half  of  the  fuUing-mill  there. 
III.  Margaret,  married  to  WiMinra  de  Lancastfe,  who  had  for  her 
dower  lands  in  Strickland  in-Keudal. 

Sir  Thomas  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Thomas  de  Helbeck,  who,  by  an  inquisition  taken  in  the  3rd 
Edward  II.  (1309-10),  appears  to  have  then  held  by  knight's 
service  Hilbeck  and  Ascum.  In  13U-15  ho  was  knight  of  the 
shire  for  Westmoreland.  His  wife's  name  does  not  appeor,  but 
he  had  an  only  daughter,  Isabella,  who  became  the  wife  of 
Eichard  de  Blenkinsop,  and  thus  terminated  tlio  direct  line  of 
the  Uelbccks  of  Uilbeck. 

^,T„s.— Giilos,  six  annnkis,  or,  with  a  border  encircled  arg. 

glcnlilnsop  of  IJilbtth. 

As  we  have  just  seen,  the  first  of  this  family  who 
obtained  possession  of  Hilbeck,  by  marriage  with  the 
heiress  of  the  Helbecks,  was 

Richard  de  BLENKissor,  younger  brother  of  Robert  de 
lUenkinsop,  to  whom  Edward  King  of  Scots  gave  all  the  lands 
and  tenements  of  Ughtertyre  witli  the  appurtenances,  to  the  value 
of  twenty  marks  yearly.  Thomas  de  Helbeck,  on  the  marriage 
of  his  daughter  to  Robert  de  Blenkinsop,  settled  upon  them  the 
whole  manor  of  Hilbeck,  with  some  trilling  exceptions.  Robert 
de  Blenkinsop  was  coroner  of  Westmoreland  in  the  19th  Edward 

II.  (132.")-0).      He  died  about  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

TuoMAS  DE  BLEXCANsor,  wlio  appcoTs  to  have  been  very 
young  at  the  time  of  his  father's  demise,  as  he  did  not  attain  his 
majority  till  the  19th  Edword  III.  (1315),  when  he  camo  into 
possession  of  his  estates.     He  had  a  son, 

Thomas  de  Blexcansop,  Esi|.,  who  co  his  marriage  had  all 
the  lands  at  Hilbeck,  Overton,  Soulby,  and  Brampton,  settled 
upon  him  and  Katherine  his  wife.  He  had  the  oflico  of  con- 
stable of  Brough  Castle  granted  to  him  and  his  heirs  for  COO 
yoais,  with  all  its  privileges,  by  Roger  de  Clifford,  lord  of 
Wostinoreland.  The  grant  was  dated  at  llie  castle  of  Brough, 
on  Sunday  before  the  feast  of  St.  James  the  apostle  (July  25), 
iu  the  ilth  Richard  II.  (1360).     In  Vi^l  he  represented  the 


734 


EAST  WARD. 


connty  of  Westmoreland  in  parUameuL    He  vas  sacceeded  hy 
his  son, 

William  de  Bixkkansop,  Esq.,  who  marriecl  Maud,  daughter 
of  Bichard  de  Salkeld,  and  had  then  settled  upon  liiiu  a  moiety 
of  the  demesne  of  Overton,  and  other  property.  He  was  knight 
of  the  shire  for  Westmoreland  in  1421,  and  lived  about  20  years 
after.    His  son, 

Tboji.vs  Bleskexsop,  Esq.,  succeeded  him,  and  was  the  first 
of  the  family  who  dropped  the  prefix  de.  lie  represented  the 
county  of  WestmorclauJ  in  parliament  iu  Hii.  He  was 
succeeded  by  his  son, 

Thomas  Blf.nkixsop,  Esq.,  who  had  settled  upon  him,  on  his 
marriage  with  his  wife  Kalherine,  all  the  lands  in  Overton  above- 
mentioned,  and  certain  lands  in  the  village  of  Tebaj'.  He  also 
appears  to  have  held  lands  and  tenements  in  Kyrkebf-upon- 
Wyrke,  co.  York.     His  son  and  heir, 

TH0M.4S  Blexkinsop,  succeeded.  This  gentleman,  about 
the  0th  Edward  IV.  (1409-70),  married  Margaret,  daughter  and 
co-heir  of  Richard  Salkeld,  Esq.,  of  Corby,  and  in  the  7th  Henry 
VII.  (1491-2)  articled  with  John  Brunskill  for  the  building  of 
St.  Mary's  Chapel,  in  Brough.  By  an  inqnisilion  of  quo  warranto, 
taken  in  the  I'Jth  Henry  VII.  (1503-4),  "  against  Henry  Lord 
CliUbrd,  the  jurors  find  that  Thomas  Blenkinsop  was  seised  of 
ths  manor  of  Hilbeck  with  the  appurtenances  in  his  demesne  as 
of  fee,  and  being  so  seised,  held  the  said  manor  of  Henry  Lord 
Clifford  by  knight's  service,  namely,  by  homage,  fealty,  and 
Ecutage,  that  is  to  say,  when  scutage  runs  at  10s.  for  each 
knight's  fee,  then  to  pay  40s. ;  when  more,  more ;  and  when 
less,  less ;  and  by  the  cornage  of  Os.,  and  by  the  service  to  do 
suit  at  the  court  of  our  lord  the  king  in  the  county  of  West- 
moreland, from  month  to  month,  at  the  king's  castle  at 
Appleby  ;  and  that  the  said  manor  is  worth  £40  above  reprises ; 
that  the  said  Thomas  died  in  the  18th  year  of  King  Henry  AIL, 
Thomas,  his  son  and  heir,  being  tlien  seventeen  years  of  age; 
that  the  said  Henry  Lord  Clilford  had  received  all  the  issues 
and  profits  of  the  said  manor,  during  the  minority  of  the  said 
Thomas,  the  son,  and  married  the  said  heir  to  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  Robert  Leygh,  esquire,  and  received  the  profits  of 
the  said  marriage."     He  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

THOM.is  Blenkinsop,  Esq.,  who,  in  the  ICth  Henry  VTII., 
was  employed  iu  the  king's  wars  against  the  Duke  of  Albany, 
and  set  forward  the  lUtli  October  in  the  said  year,  having  made 
his  will,  and  appointed  Sir  Thomas  Rigg,  vicar  of  Brough,  toge- 
ther with  his  wife  (if  ho  should  die  before  his  return)  executors 
in  trust  for  his  younger  children.  But  he  returned  and  lived 
to  make  another  will.  This  gentleman  was  a  benefactor  to  the 
church  of  Brough,  which  he  repaired.  He  served  the  office  of 
under  sheriff  of  Westmoreland  in  the  21st  Henry  ^^U.  (1520-  | 
30).  He  married  Elianor  Leigh,  by  whom  he  had  a  son  and 
heir, 

Thomas  Blenkinsop,  Esq.  This  gentleman  seems  to  have 
taken  an  interest  in  local  affairs,  and  it  is  recorded  that  he  gave 
20s.  8d.  towards  the  buikiing  of  the  bridge  at  Brough.  He 
married  Magdalene,  daughter  of  Sir  Edward  Musgrave,  of 
Hartley,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

1.  Thomas,  his  heir. 
II.  Charles. 
IU.  Matthew,  steward  to  Lord  Wharton;  with  seyeral  daughters. 

He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Thomas  BLEXKiNsor,  Esq.,  who,  on  his  marriage,  had  settled 
on  him  by  liis  father,  his  whole  part  and  share  of  the  manor  of 


Corby,  with  its  appurtenances.  In  the  0th  Elizabeth  (1500-7) 
he  made  several  purchases  at  Ellegil  in  Tebay.  He  died  iu 
1  .'jTO,  leaving  by  his  wife  Margery,  daughter  of  William  Wykclitl'e, 
];sq.,  of  Wykcliffe,  CO.  York,  with  three  daughters,  who  died 
unmarried, 

I.  Tbouas,  his  heir. 
II.  Henry. 

III.  I'rancis. 

I.  Barbara,  married  to  Robert  Ward,  Esq.,  of  Bowes. 
II.  Katharine,  niiuried  to  John  Warcop,  Esq.,  of  Wurcop. 

He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Thomas  Blenkinsop,  Esq.,  who  was  thirty-four  years  of  age 
at  the  time  of  his  father's  demise,  and  had  livery  of  his  lands  in 
the  14th  Elizabeth  (1571-2).     He  was  succeeded  by  his  sod, 

Henry  Blenkinsop,  Esq.,  a  minor,  and  ward  to  Sit  Simon 
Musgrave  of  Edenhall.  He  sold  his  part  of  Corby  to  Lord 
William  Howard  and  others  for  X770  in  100.').  He  inanied 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas  Tankard,  Esq.,  of  Borough- 
bridge,  CO.  York,  and  died  in  1013,  leaving  issue, 

I.  Thomas,  his  son  and  heir. 

I.  Katherine,  who  iliid  unmarried. 
II.  Dorotliy,  a  nun  at  Lisbon. 

HI.  .lane,  married  to  Tlioinas  Bird,  Esq.,  of  Colby. 

IV.  Frances,  died  tinniarried. 

V.  Klizabctb,  died  uiimnrired. 

VI.  Mary,  married  to  Robert  Cawell,  Esq.,  of  Bolton,  Lancashire. 

ITis  successor, 

Thomas  Blenkinsop,  Esq.,  was  under  ago  when  his  father 
died,  and  in  consequence  became  ward  to  the  Countess  of  Cum- 
berland. He  married  in  1018,  Anne,  daughter  of  Sir  EJnard 
Osbaldeston  of  Osbaldeston,  co.  Lancaster.  This  Thomas  sold 
the  estates  at  Overton  and  Slegill  to  the  tenants.  He  also  sold 
part  of  the  manor  of  Hilbeck,  in  the  l-fth  Charles  L  (1037-8) 
to  Richard  Burton,  clerk,  and  in  1757  conveyed  the  residue  of  the 
manor  to  Thomas  Burton,  Esq.,  of  Brampton,  sou  of  the  Richard 
Burton  just  mentioned,  and  one  of  Cromwell's  sequestrators.  The 
Blenkinsops  were  Cathohcs,  and  suffered  much  for  llioir  attach- 
ment to  the  old  religion  from  the  barbarous  penal  laws.  Mr. 
Blenkinsop  was  living  in  1075,  when  this  account  of  his  family 
was  first  written,  and  had  had  ten  children,  viz.: — 

I.  Francis,  his  heir. 

II.  Henry,  who  died  in  infancy. 

III.  Thomas. 

IV.  John,  who  also  died  in  infancy. 
V.  .John,  died  an  infant. 

I.  Jlary,  died  unmarried. 

II.  Elizabeth,  died  unmarried. 

III.  Anne. 

IV.  Dorodiy. 

V.  Katherine. 

He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Fkancis  Blenkinsop,  Esq.,  the  last  of  the  family  of  whom 
tiny  account  has  come  down  to  our  times.  He  sold  the  ha'l  and 
demesne  to  Miyor  Soaife,  another  of  Cromwell's  sequestrators. 

^rOT.s.— Arg.  a  fess,  between  three  garbs,  banded  sa.;  on  the  fess  a 
crescent,  for  distiucuon. 

In  the  year  1C87  Richard  Barton,  clerk,  rector  of 
Huntingdon,  iu  the  county  of  Kent,  conveyed  the 
manor  of  Hilheck  to  George  Bake,  Esq.,  of  Crook,  in 


STAIXMORE    CHAPELEY. 


735 


the  county  of  Durham,  who,  in  his  turn,  conveyed  it  to 
Thomas  Carleton,  Esq.,  of  Appleby,  by  whom  tlie  hall 
and  demesne  were  purchased  in  1726.  This  Thomas 
Carleton,  Esq.,  had  two  daughters,  the  elder  of  whom, 
Elizabeth,  became  the  wife  of  John  Metcalf,  Esq.,  of 
Bellerby,  Yorkshire,  and  had  issue  two  sons  and  one 
daughter.  The  eldest  son,  John  Metcalf  Carleton, 
Esq.,  sold  the  manor  to  Robert  WooJgate,  Esq.,  from 
whom  it  was  purchased  by  John  Lodge  Ilubbersty, 
Esq.,  by  whose  family  it  was  sold  to  Joseph  Pitt,  Esq. 
It  was  subsequently  bought  by  John  Barham,  Esq., 
whose  widow  married  Lord  Clarendon,  who,  in  right  of 
his  wife,  sold  the  manor  in  1 851  to  William  Wilkinson, 


Esq.,  of  Warcop,  the  present  lord ;  besides  whom  there 
are  several  small  landowners  and  yeomen.  In  this 
manor  there  is  a  small  fine  certain  upon  the  death  of 
the  lord,  or  change  of  tenant.  A  court  leet  is  amiually 
held  at  the  Black  Bull,  in  Brough. 

liilbeck  Hall  is  a  large  building,  delightfully  situated 
on  an  eminence,  which  commands  very  extensive  pros- 
pects.    It  is  now  occupied  as  a  farm-house. 

The  village  or  hamlet  of  Hilbeck  is  situated  at  the 
foot  of  Hilbeck  Fell,  one  mile  north  of  Brough. 

There  are  two  corn -mills  and  a  brewery  in  this 
township. 


ST.\INMORE     CHAPELRY. 

This  chapelry  comprises  the  township  of  Stainmore,  which  is  divided  into  the  two  districts  of  Augill  Row  and 
Mousgill  Row,  and  contains  many  scattered  hamlets  and  houses  dispersed  in  deep  and  narrow  gills  and  tbwaites,  in 
which  the  travellei-,  while  passing  the  intervening  wastes  and  healthy  moorlands,  is  surprised  to  see  stretched  out 
before  him  fruitful  pastures  margined  by  small  rivulets,  which  hurry  over  rocky  channels  from  the  surrounding  fells, 
where  sterility  wears  her  wildest  and  most  forbidding  aspect. 

Of  the  Xorman  period  we  have  the 


The  area  of  Stainmore,  inclusive  of  Hilbeck,  is 
22,408  acres;  its  rateable  value  is  ,£3,772.  The 
population  in  1801  was  530;  in  1811,  512;  in  1821, 
010;  in  1831,  707;  in  1841,  Gil;  and  in  1851,  540; 
who  reside  in  two  or  three  small  hamlets  and  in  dispersed 
houses.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment,  hut 
some  of  the  inhabitants  are  engaged  in  the  coal  and 
lead  mines,  whicli  are  worked  on  a  small  scale.  The 
soil  in  the  valleys  is  fertile,  but  the  land  is  mostly  laid 
out  in  grass.  The  Durham  and  Lancaster  line  of  rail- 
way runs  through  the  south-east  of  the  township,  where 
there  are  two  largo  viaduct-^,  that  which  cresses  the 
river  Bela  being  200  feet  high,  and  that  which  crosses 
the  Mosgill  107  feet.  Kirkby  Stephen  is  the  market 
usally  attended. 

Of  the  British  period  of  the  history  of  this  country 
we  have  no  remains  in  this  township.  The  Romans, 
while  in  occupation  of  Britain,  erected  ono  of  their 
castles  here,  the  site  of  which  bus  long  been  known  as 
Maiden  Castle.  This  Roman  fort  stood  on  the  line  of 
Roman  road  from  Bowes  to  Brough,  four  mil'S  east  of 
the  latter  place.  About  ten  years  ago  some  Roman 
coins  of  silver  were  found  in  the  peat-moss,  not  far 
from  Maiden  Castle,  and  are  now  in  the  possessioa  of 
Mr.  Hill,  of  Appleby.  Of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period  of 
our  history,  Staiuinoro  furuishes  us  with  uo  more  than 


its  own  name, 
remains  of  Rear  Cross,  or  Rere  Cross,  called  by  tTie 
Scottish  writers  Roy  Cross,  which,  according  to 
Boethius,  was  erected  as  a  boundary  mark  between 
England  and  Scotland  when  Cumberland  was  ceded 
to  the  latter  country  by  William  the  Conqueror.  This 
relic  of  by-gone  days  stands  on  the  top  of  Stainmore,  oa 
the  Westmoreland  side.  A  short  distance  from  it,  but 
in  the  adjoining  county  of  York,  an  hospitiU  was 
erected  by  the  abbey  of  !Marrick ;  but  which,  after  the 
dissolution  of  the  religious  houses,  was  converted  into 
an  inn,  where  guides  could  be  obtained  to  accompany 
travellers  over  the  dreary  wastes  of  Stainmore. .  It  is 
recorded  that  Joseph  Horn,  a  blind  man,  frequently 
acted  as  a  guide.  Previous  to  the  formation  of  the 
present  road  from  Bowes  to  Brough,  si.\  houi-s  were 
required  to  travel  that  distance  between  the  two  places. 
The  manor  of  Stainmore  has  descended  along  with  that 
of  Brough.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  we  find  Adam  de 
SlegiU  forester  of  Stainmore  under  tlio  Vetcriponts. 
The  forest  of  Stainmore  is  very  extensive.  It  is  not  all 
comprised  in  tho  parish  of  Brough,  the  southern  portion 
being  in  that  of  Kirkby  Stephen,  and  the  eastern  por- 
tion in  that  of  Bowes,  in  Yorlcshire.  Sir  Richard 
TufUm  is  the  present  lord  of  the  manor,  besides  whom 
tho  Rev.  James  Saurey,  Michael  Ewbankc,  Matthew 


736 


EAST    WARD. 


Ewbaiikc,  Rev.  E.  Ileelis,  William  Hope,  Anne 
Kobson,  Thomas  Raine,  Philip  Robson,  James  Cleasby 
Richard  Dixon,  John  Adamthwaite,  Benjamin  Buruop, 
John  BrogJon,  Robert  Birkbeek,  with  various  other 
yeomen,  are  the  landowners.  There  is  a  court  leet 
and  court  baron  held  annually  by  the  lord  of  the 
manor,  at  the  ^Yhito  Swan,  Brough,  at  the  beginning 
of  October.  There  is  a  customary  fine  of  10 J.  at  the 
death  of  the  lord  or  change  of  tenant. 

THE  cuAPi;:.. 
Stainmore  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  !^^ary,  stands  at 
Dumraah  Hill.  It  is  a  neat  Gothic  structure,  erected 
in  J839,  at  the  sole  e.xpense  of  the  Rev.  Lancelot 
Jefferson,  vicar  of  Brough,  and  consists  of  nave  and 
chancel,  with  small  bell  turret,  containing  one  bell. 
The  windows  are  lancet-shaped,  the  eastern  one  con- 
taining three  lights.  The  chapel  will  accommodate 
nearly  200  persons.  Baptisms  are  performed  here,  but 
neither  marriages  nor  funerals.  The  previous  chapel 
served  for  a  free  school  in  former  times,  having  been 
built  for  that  purpose  in  1594,  and  endowed  with  .£8 
a  year  by  Cutbbcrt  Buckle,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  Spital 
estate  to  the  schoolmaster.  The  school-house,  which 
the  inhabitants  had  built,  was  consecrated  as  a  chapel 
in  1608  ;  and  was,  in  1003,  repaired  by  Thomas  Earl 
of  Thanet.  The  earl  also  enclosed  a  large  parcel  of 
waste  land,  called  Slapostoues,  and  granted  the  same  to 
fourteen  trustees,  for  the  benefit  of  the  curate  and 
schoolmaster,  who  now  derive  from  it  upwards  of  £50  a 
year,  and  have  also  the  above-mentioned  rent  charge 
divided  between  them.  The  said  earl  also  gave  £200, 
and  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  £300, 
with  which  the  Raisgill  liall  estate  in  Ortou  parish 
was  purchased  and  annexed  to  the  curacy.  It  con- 
sisted of  forty  acres,  but  at  the  enclosure  was  increased 
to  eighty  acres,  now  let  for  about  £30  a  year.  The 
curacy  afterwards  received  £200  from  the  Countess 
Dowager  Gower,  with  which  an  estate  of  thirty  acres 
near  the  chapel  was  purchased.  The  living,  a  perpetual 
curacy,  is  now  worth  £170  a  year,  out  of  which  the 
incumbent  pays  £10  a  year  to  a  schoolmaster. 

Inc0mbents. — James  FintoD,  senior,  James  Finton,  junior; 
those  two  gentlemen,  father  .ind  son,  held  the  Hving  for  about 
a  century ;  James  Sawrey,  1827 ;  J.  Irving,  1857. 

The  parsonage  bouse,  a  plain  building,  stands  near 
the  church. 

The  Methodists  have  two  small  places  of  worship  in 
the  township. 

Augill  Row  is  that  part  of  Stainmore  cbapolry  lying 
north  of  the  Augill-beck,  and  extending  from  oue  and  a 
half  to  sis  miles  east  of  Brough.     In  this  division  is  a 


large  estate  called  Borrenthwaite,  belonging  to  'Mr. 
Michael  Ewbanke,  and  containing  rich  pastures  and 
meadow  land  ;  the  hamlet  of  Light  Trees,  three  miles 
aud  a  half  south-east  of  Brough,  where  there  arc  seams 
of  coal ;  Park  Houses,  one  mile  and  a  half  east  of 
Church  Brough,  where  there  was  formerly  a  park 
belonging  to  the  castle;  and  Dummah  Ilill,  where  there 
is  a  good  public  house,  are  all  in  Augill  Row  division. 

Augill  Oistle,  about  one  mile  east  of  Brough,  the 
seat  and  property  of  John  B.  Pearson,  Esq.,  is  an 
extensive  Gothic  building,  with  six  massive  towers, — 
four  at  the  front  and  two  at  the  west  end.  The  con- 
servatory is  forty  yards  long,  and  the  opening  cloister  of 
the  same  length,  has  a  splendid  groined  ceiling.  In 
the  main  tower,  which  is  twenty-one  yards  in  height,  is 
a  spacious  staircase  twelve  feet  broad,  with  one  of  the 
most  splendid  windows  in  the  north  of  England,  designed 
from  Melrose  Abbey,  in  Scotland.  The  doors  of  the 
drawing-room  are  in  the  decorated  style  of  architecture, 
and  its  chimney-piece  is  of  beautiful  white  marble.  Tho 
library  aud  its  stained  glass  window  are  designed  from 
those  at  Abbotsford.  In  this  window  are  the  armorial 
bearings  of  the  Pearsons,  aud  in  the  centre  is  St.  Peter, 
holding  a  key  in  each  hand.  This  mansion  was  com- 
menced in  1841,  by  its  present  occupant,  and  takes  its 
name  from  the  rivulet  which  runs  a  little  to  the  north 
of  the  building.  The  view  of  the  Cumberland  moun- 
tains which  is  obtained  from  the  summit  of  its  main 
tower  is  truly  miignificent. 

Mousgill  Row  is  the  southern  portion  of  Stainmore 
chapelry,  stretching  from  two  and  a  half  to  seven  miles 
south-east  of  Brough,  and  containing  the  hamlets  of 
Ewbank,  four  miles  and  a  half  south-east ;  Strice  Gill, 
two  miles  aud  a  half  south-east;  and  Oxentliwaite, 
two  miles  and  a  half  south-south-east  of  Brough.  The 
latter  stands  on  a  lofty  eminence,  and  in  the  deep  dale 
below  it  is  some  rich  grazing  land. 

At  Black  Cragg  several  species  of  marine  shells  have 
been  found  embedded  two  feet  in  the  ruck. 

Sir  Culhbert  Buckle,  who  was  born  at  Stainmore,  was 
lord  mayor  of  London  in  1593.  He  gave  a  handsome 
reading  desk  to  Brough  church,  and  built  the  bridge  at 
Stainmore,  still  bearing  the  name  of  Buckle  Bridge. 
William  Thompson,  author  of  the  poem  on  "  Sickness," 
in  four  books,  and  of  some  political  poems,  was  born  at 
Brough. 

There  are  two  public-houses  in  the  south  part  of  the 
township,  at  a  place  called  the  Slip  luu ;  aud  others  in 
tho  north  part  at  Dummah  Hill. 

Augill  and  Dowgill,  with  other  streams,  have  their 
source  in  the  hills  here,  and  after  a  course  of  from  six 
to  seven  miles  fall  into  the  river  Bcla. 


CROSBY  GARRET   PARISH. 


737 


CROSBY  GARRET  RARISH. 

This  parish,  \Yhich  is  situated  between  the  river  Eden  and  Crosby  Fell,  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  parishes  of 
Asby,  Onnside,  Wutcop,  JIusgriive,  and  Kirkby  Stephen  ;  ou  the  west  by  the  parishes  of  Ravenstonedale  and  Orton; 
on  the  south  by  the  parish  of  llciveMstoneJule ;  and  on  tlie  cast  by  Slusgrave  and  Kirkby  Stephen.  It  consists  of 
the  townships  of  Crosby  Garret  and  Little  IMusgrave,  lying  on  each  side  of  the  chapclry  of  SoulLiy,  which  is  in  the 
parish  of  Kirkby  Stephen.  Crosby  Fell  is  a  lofty  green  eminence,  at  the  south-west  euJ  of  the  parish,  below  which 
the  soil  is  a  fertile  loam  resting  on  clay. 


CROSBY    GARRET. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  3,008  acres.  The 
population  in  1801  was  177;  in  JSll,  194;  in  18S], 
193;  in  1811,  iOi;  and  in  IS.'-.l,  -211. 

The  first  possessors  of  Crosby  Garret  on  record  are 
the  SouUiys,  one  of  whom,  William  de  Soulby,  occurs 
as  early  as  the  year  1290,  when  he  appears  to  have 
been  under  age,  and  a  ward  of  Isabella,  daughter  of 
the  last  Robert  de  Yeteripont.  In  the  next  generation 
we  Cud  the  manor  in  the  hands  of  the  Musgraves,  and 
it  is  very  probable  that  it  came  to  them  in  marriage, 
as  William  de  Soulby  had  a  daughter  Joan,  who  is 
mentioned  about  this  period.  In  the  8tli  Edward  II. 
(13ll-ir))  Richard  de  Musgrave  occurs  as  holding 
Crosby  Garret  and  Little  Musgrave,  as  also  a  moiety 
of  the  manor  of  Orton  ;  the  corn.nge  paid  for  the  three 
amounting  to  SOs.  3d.  In  the  43rd  Edward  III. 
(1309-70)  Peter  Morland,  John  de  Kabergh,  and  the 
Prior  of  Walton  held  the  manor  of  Crosby  Garret 
(probably  as  trustees  in  a  settlement)  paying  8s.  Cjd. 
comage.  In  the  15th  Richard  II.  (1391-2)  Thomas 
de  jMusgrave  and  the  Prior  of  Walton  held  Crosby 
Ganot,  by  homage,  fealty,  and  10s.  Id.  comage.  lu 
the  10th  Henry  V.  (1412)  Richard  Musgrave  held  the 
manor,  paying  the  cornnge  just  mentioned  ;  and  in  the 
31st  Henry  VI.  (1452-3)  Richard  Musgrave,  Knt.,  held 
three  parts,  and  the  prior  of  Walton  the  fourth  part, 
of  the  manor  of  Crosby  Garret,  paying  8s.  Od.  comage. 
Crosby  Garret  continued  to  bo  held  by  the  Musgraves 
till  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  when  Sir  Philip  Musgrave, 
Bart.,  convej'ed  the  manor  and  advowson  to  Sir  Richard 
Musgrave,  Kut.,  his  eldest  son,  who  had  issue  only  two 
danglUers,  the  elder  of  whom  died  an  infant,  and  the 
other  daughter,  Mary,  was  married  to  Julia  Davison, 
Esq.,  of  Blakcston,  in  the  county  of  Durham.  Early 
in  the  eighteenth  century  the  manor  and  advowson 
were  sold  to  Thomas  Gale,  Esq.,  of  Whitehaven  ;  who, 
by  his  last  will  and  testament  devised  the  same  to  the 
Rev.  William  Bird,  whose  grandson,  of  the  same  name, 
sold  them  for  a  term  of  throe  lives,  and  they  arc  at 
present  held  by  William  Crawford,  Esq.  The  laud- 
owners  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  Jonathan  Alderson, 
S.   Greenwood,   D.   Fawcett,   John   Scwell,   Matthew 


Thompson,   Isabella  Stowell,  and   many  other  small 
proprietors. 

The  village  of  Crosby  Garret  lies  iu  a  deep  secluded 
vale,  at  the  foot  of  Crosby  Fell,  three  and  a  half  miles 
west-by-north  of  Kirkby  Stephen.  Its  name  was  formerly 
written  Crosby  Gcrrard,  which  means  the  cross  town, 
or  village  of  Gerrard,  supposed  to  be  the  name  of  one 
of  its  ancient  owners. 

THE   CnUECH. 

Crosby  Garret  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Andrew,  is 
an  ancient  Gotliic  structure,  consisting  of  nave,  aisles, 
and  chancel,  with  a  small  turret  containing  two  bells. 
The  chancel  is  kept  in  repair  by  the  lord  of  the  manor. 
Inside  of  the  communion  rails  is  a  neat  marble  tablet 
to  the  memory  of  several  members  of  the  family  of  Bird, 
both  clergy  and  laity,  from  1723  to  1822.  The 
benefice  is  a  rectory,  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at 
£  1 9  4s.4id.,  and  certified  at  £*47  2s.  6d.  to  the  governors 
of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  who  subsequently  gave  i;200 
for  its  augmentation,  which  sum,  together  with  £200 
given  by  the  Rev.  James  Bird,  was  expended  in  the 
purchase  of  a  piece  of  land  near  the  church.  A  modus 
of  twelve  guineas  a  year  was  formerly  paid  in  lieu  of 
the  hay  and  corn  tithes  of  Crosby  Garret,  aud  £■>  for 
those  of  Little  Musgrave  ;  but  the  whole  of  the  tithes 
have  been  commuted  for  an  annual  rent- charge  of 
J£88  14s. ;  besides  which  the  rector  has  about  seventy-four 
acres  of  glebe  laud  and  a  good  house  aud  garden.  The 
living  is  now  worth  i:i27  a  year.  The  advowson  seems 
to  have  been  always  attached  to  the  manor;  William 
Crawford,  Esq.,  is  the  present  patron.  The  parish 
registers  commence  iu  1550. 

RncTons.  — Thomas  do  Burgh,  sub  Mora,  1200;  Henry 
SaniUorJ,  13,')4 ;  John  Jo  Calve,  1381 ;  Lancelot  Shaw,  died 
1005-6;  Kicliard  I'ttllowliidd,  151)5-0;  Edmund  Maulovcrer, 
]0;)0;  Christopher  Jackson,  ejected  1002;  Thomas  Donton, 
1003;  Joseph  Forsler,  1702;  James  Lamb,  1713:  William 
Bird,  1717;  James  Bird,  1712;  James  Fenton,  1703;  William 
Bird,  1700,  Thomas  Bird,  1S22;  Mark  Newby,  1832. 

The  rectory  is  a  plain  commodious  dwelling. 

A  Baptist  chapol  was  erected  here  in  1815,  by  ^fr. 
Gcorgo  (^ireenwood.  It  is  a  neat  structure,  iu  the 
Gothic  style ;  the  Rev.  William  Fawcett  is  minister. 


8S 


738 


EAST  WAKD. 


chahities. 


Tlif  ScJiool. — The  school  of  Crosby  Garret  possesses 
the   following  endowments: — £10  given  in  1682  by 
Eeginald  Robinson;  £-i  lOs.  given  in  1083  by  James 
Bell ;  MO  given  in  16!^-;  liy  Thomas  Bowland  ;  £9  10s. 
given  in  1733  by  Isabella  Bird  ;  and  several  smaller 
donations.     The  school  stock  -was  laid  out,  together  with 
a  poor  stock  belonging  to  the  parish,  in  the  purchase  of 
lands  at  Waitliy.     These  lauds  were  sold  in  1803,  and 
produced  £300,  of  which  £220  8s.  Cd.  was  invested  in 
the  purchase  of  £399  Is.  9d.  stock  in  the  Three-per- 
cent Consols.     The  dividends  amount  to  £11   19s.  id., 
out  of  which  Cs.  are  paid  to  the  rectoi',  who  retains  one 
shilling,  giving  the  rest  to  such  poor  persons  as  he 
thinks  fit,  and  Is.  6d.  a  year  is  applied  to  the  repairs 
of  Smardalo  Bridge.      The  rest  is  divided  into  two 
equal  parts,  and  half  given  to  the  schoolmaster,  and  the 
other  half  to  the  overseers,  who  carry  it  to  the  poor 
rates.     Before  the  estate  was  sold  the  rent  was  divided 
in  the  same  manner.     The  school  is  also  entitled  every 
other  year  to  a  payment  of  6s.  from  lands  at  Sandford, 
in  accordance  with  a  bequest  of  John  Sympson,  of 
Sandford,  who  in  1648  gave  to  the  use  of  the  school  at 
Crosby  GaiTet  and  Warcop  5s.  a  year,  to  be  paid  one 
year  to  Crosby  and  one  year  to  Warcop.     The  school 
has  also  received  an  additional  benefaction  fiom  Thomas 
"Wilson,  who,  by  will,  dated  lOth  of  April,  1707,  gave 
£80  to  the  ministflr  of  Crosby  Garret  for  the  time  being, 
and  to  two  trustees,  to  pay  one  half  of  the  interest  to 
the  schoolmaster  of  Crosby,  for  the  education  of  the 
poor  children,  boys  if  poorest,  to  be  nominated  by  the 
trustees :   the  other  half  of  the  interest  to  go  to  the 
education  of  three  poor  children  of  Soulby ;  on  account 
of  this  bequest  308.  a  year  are  paid  to  the  schoolmaster 
at  Crosby  Garret  for  teaching  the  poor  children;  and  a 
similar  sum  is  paid  to  the  schoolmaster  of  Soulby.    The 
total  income  of  the  school  is  now  about  £0  a  year. 

Poor  Stock. — £10  given  by  Reginald  Robinson  to  tho 
poor  stock  oi  Crosby  Garret  in  1682,  the  interest  to  be 


divided  at  Easter  by  tho  pirson  and  churchwardens ; 
£2  by  George  Robertson  in  the  same  year;  £2  lOs.  by 
■James  Bell  in  1083  ;  £40  by  Thomas  Bowland  in 
1684;  £10  by  Richard  Bell  in  1087;  £3  by  an 
unknown  hand  in  1709;  £2  IDs.  by  Isabella  Bird  in 
1732;  making  a  total  of  £70.  The  investment  of 
these  sums  in  land,  and  the  subsequent  sale  of  that 
land,  has  been  already  stated  in  the  account  of  the 
school.  Half  of  the  rent  of  the  land,  and  half  of  tho 
dividends  of  the  stock  since  the  sale  of  the  land 
(deducting  78.  Gd.  as  before  mentioned),  has  always  been 
carried  to  the  account  of  the  poor  rates. 

Eev.  William  Bird's  Chctrity.—The  Rev.  Wm.  Bird, 
who  died  in  February,  lS-i2,  left  by  will  £50  to  tho 
poor  of  Crosby  Garret,  not  directing  whether  the  in- 
terest was  to  be  distributed  annually  or  the  prmcipal 
sum  given  away. 

LITTLE    MDSGRAVZ. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1,216  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £851  18s.  2d.  Its  population  in  1801 
amounted  to  08 ;  in  1811,  GO;  in  1821,80;  in  1831, 
75;  in  1841,  72;  and  in  1851,  63;  who  are  engaged 
in  agriculture.  The  soil  is  principally  good,  on  a  clay 
sub-soil.  The  Eden  Valley  railway  runs  through  the 
township. 

The  manor  of  Little  Musgrave,  which  is  separated 
from  that  of  Great  Jfusgrave  by  the  river  Eden,  has 
been  held  by  the  Musgrave  family  from  time  immemo- 
rial. In  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  Sir  Christopher  ilus- 
grave,  Knight,  member  of  parliament  for  Westmore- 
land, resided  here  during  the  lifetime  of  his  elder 
brother  Sir  Richard.  The  landowners  are  Sir  George 
Musgrave,  Bart,  (who  is  also  lord  of  the  manor): 
Matthew  Thompson,  Esq. ;  John  Loy;  Rev.  Mr.  Col- 
linson,  and  several  yeomen. 

Poor  Stock. — There  is  in  this  township  a  poor  stock 
of  £30,  the  interest  of  which  is  distributed  annually  to 
poor  widows. 


DUFTON   PAEISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Milbourn  Forest,  on  the  west  by  Long  Marlon  parish,  on  the  south  by 
Murton  and  Warcop  Fells,  and  on  the  east  by  the  river  Tees,  which  separates  it  from  the  county  of  Durham.  It  is 
a  mountainous  district,  containing  excellent  veins  of  lead  ore.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  this  parish  the  Tees 
expands  into  a  broad  lake,  called  the  Wheel,  and  forms  the  cataiact  known  as  Caldron  Snout.  Duftou  parish  has  no 
dependent  townships. 


DUFTON  PARISH. 


'39 


The  area  of  Dufton  is  18,129  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  :£2,164  3s.  6d.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in 
18(il  was  392;  in  1811,  489;  in  1821,  511  ;  in  1831, 
554  ;  in  1841,  4(i0  ;  and  in  1851.  488  souls  ;  who  are 
chiefly  resident  in  the  village  of  Dufton,  and  some 
scattered  farm-houses.  Aiiplehy  is  the  market  usually 
attended.  The  inhabitants  are  principally  engaged  in 
agriculture  and  lead  mining.  The  Dufton  Fell  Alining 
Company  has  extensive  works  here,  access  to  which 
is  gained  by  numerous  shafts,  which  vary  in  depth 
from  thirty  to  sixty  fathoms.  The  strata  bored  through 
here  are  the  ]\lelmerby  Scar  hmestone,  twenty  fathoms 
iu  thickness ;  the  Robinson  limestone,  four  and  a  half 
fathoms ;  the  Little  ditto,  five  fathoms ;  the  Rough 
ditto,  four  fathoms ;  the  Smeddy  ditto,  five  fathoms ; 
■the  Little  ditto,  ten  fathoms ;  the  Jew  ditto,  four 
fathoms;  the  Tyne  Bottom,  four  and  a  half  fathoms; 
the  Cockle  ditto,  two  and  a  half  fathoms ;  and  the  Scar 
ditto,  two  and  two-thirds  fathoms. 

The  Grej-stoke  family  are  the  first  recorded  possessors 
of  Dufton  after  the  Norman  Conquest ;  of  its  history 
previous  to  that  period  we  have  no  account.  By  an 
inquisition  taken  in  the  9th  Edward  11.  (1335-0),  it 
appears  that  at  that  period  Ralph  de  Greystoke  held 
the  manor  of  Dufton,  lirampton,  Bolton,  and  Yauwath, 
the  wardship  of  which  was  worth  100  marks  a  year, 
and  the  cornage  25s.  6d.  Another  inquisition,  taken  in 
the  10th  Henry  V.  (1422),  informs  us  that  John,  son 
of  Ralph  de  Greystoke,  held  the  manors  just  named. 
with  the  same  cornage  as  before.  Again,  in  the  31st 
Plenry  VI.  (1452-3).  it  was  found  by  inquisition  that 
Ralph  Lord  Greystoke  held  of  Lord  Thomas  Ciiliurd, 
Yanwalh,  Bolton,  Brampton,  and  Dufton  ;  and  that 
Lancelot  Threlkold  held  Yanwath  of  the  said  Ralph, 
Nicholas  Radclifl'  held  Bolton,  and  Thomas  de  Lancaster 
held  Brampton,  while  Dufton  was  held  by  Lord  Dacre 
himself.  In  the  4th  Edward  IV.  (1404-5),  Ralph  Baron 
of  Greystoke  was  still  possessor.  He  died  in  the  9nd 
Henry  VII.  (1480-7),  when  it  was  found  at  the  time  of 
his  demise  he  was  seised  of  the  manor  of  Dufton,  and 
the  advowson  of  the  church  there,  held  of  Henry  Lord 
Cliflford,  as  of  his  manor  of  .Xpplfby,  by  the  service  of 
rendering  to  the  said  lord  25s.  (id.  yearly  for  cornage, 
and  by  suit  to  the  county  court  at  .\ppleby  yearly  from 
month  to  month,  and  that  Elizabeth  Greystoke,  his 
grand-daughter,  was  his  kin-swoman  and  heir,  being  the 
daughter  and  heir  of  Robert  Greystoke,  Knight,  son  and 
heir  of  the  aforesaid  Rnlpli.  This  Elizabeth  was  mar- 
ried to  Thomas  Lord  Dacro  of  (iilsland,  and  brought 
with  her  Dufton  into  that  family.  Ry  an  impiisition  of 
knights'  fees  in  Westmoreland,  in  the  18th  Henry  VIII. 
(1526-7),  it  appears  that  William  Dacre,  Knight,  lord 


of  Dacre,  held  then  the  manor  of  Dufton ;  and  by  a 
like  inquisition  in  1554  he  appears  also  to  have  held  the 
same.  This  family  of  Dacres  ended  iu  daughters,  co- 
heirs, on  the  demise,  unmaniod,  of  George  Lord  Dacre, 
when  the  inheritance  came  to  his  three  sisters,  the 
tldest  of  whom,  Anne,  married  I'luUp  Howard,  earl  of 
Arundel,  eldest  sou  of  the  Duke  offforfolk,  and  in  the 
}i;»rtition  of  the  estates  Dufton  became  her  property. 
She  had  a  sou  and  heir,  Thomas  Earl  of  Arundel, 
whose  son  and  heir,  Henry  Earl  of  Arundel,  granted  a 
lease  of  the  lordship  of  Dufton  for  ninety-nine  years  to 
Sir  Christopher  Clapham,  Kuight,  iu  which  lease  the 
clause  prohibiting  having  been  omitted,  he  cut  down 
all  the  wood  called  Duftou  Wood,  and  sold  it  for  more 
than  the  estate  cost  him.  The  remainder  of  the  term, 
aud  afterwards  the  perpetuity  of  the  estate,  was  pur- 
chased by  John  Winder,  Esq.,  of  Lorton,  in  Cumber- 
land, who  was  succeeded  by  his  son  and  heir  William 
Winder,  Esq.,  who,  dying  without  issue,  demised  the 
same  to  Edward  Milward,  Esq.,  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas 
llilward,  ]\I.A.,  rector  of  Marton  and  Kirkby  There. 
In  1785  it  was  purchased  by  the  Earl  of  Thauet,  from 
whom  it  has  descended  to  the  present  possessor.  Sir 
Richard  Tufton,  Bart.,  besides  whom  the  Rev.  Edward 
Heelis,  Rev.  Tiiomas  Jackson,  IMessrs.  Allison,  John 
and  Thomas  Boyles,  Robert  Bleucarn,  senior,  Robert 
Blencarn,  junior,  Thomas  Blencam,  John  Elwood,  Joha 
E.  Robinson,  Thomas  Watson,  John  Milucr,  aud  others, 
are  landowners. 

Dofton  Hall,  a  very  ancient  building  on  the  north 
side  of  the  village,  is  now  occupied  as  a  farm-house. 

The  village  of  Dufton,  which  is  small  but  well  built, 
is  about  three  miles  and  a  half  nortli  of  Appleli^'.  It  is 
situated  on  the  south  side  of  a  rivulet,  which  rises  iu 
Scardale  Head  and  flows  westward  to  the  river  Eden. 
It  is  very  jn-obable  that  its  name  is  derived  from  the 
Scandinavian  proper  name  Dufr.  aud  the  alEx  tou  sig- 
nifying the  town  or  village  of  Dufr. 

TBB   CnUBCH. 

Dufton  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Cuthbert,  is  a  plain 
substiintial  edifice,  about  half  a  mile  north  of  the 
vilLige.  It  was  rebuilt  iu  177  5,  and  underwent  con- 
siderable repairs  in  1853.  It  consists  of  uavc,  chancel, 
and  tower  containing  two  bells.  All  the  windows  are 
tilled  with  stained  glass,  and  the  seats  are  low  and  open. 
Take  it  altogether,  Dufton  church  is  one  of  the  neatest 
country  churches  iu  the  county.  There  are  a  few 
mural  monuments.  The  jwtronage  of  this  living  has 
alwavs  been  appendant  to  the  manor,  aud  is  now 
enjoyed  by  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  IJrtrt.  The  living  is 
a  rectory,  valued  iu  the  King's  Book  at  £19  2s.  Cd. 


740 


EAST  WARD. 


Three  large  stinted  pastures,  containiDg  2,500  acres, 
were  enclosed  here  in  1827,  when  about  forty  acres 
were  allotted  to  the  rectory  in  lieu  of  tithes  for  that 
part  of  the  parish;  and  in  1817,  the  tithes  of  Dufton 
were  commuted  for  an  annual  rent-charge  of  £148. 
The  value  of  thriving  is  about  £-2oO  a  year.  The 
parish  register  cofflmences  in  1500. 

Eectors.— Sir  Robert ,  died  1293;    Henry  de  Waley, 

1203;  Matthew  de  Remaw  occurs  1315;  Roger  de  Kendal, 
1321 ;  ■William  Hawys,  resigned,  1310  ;  Robert  de  Helton,  lOtO  ; 
■William  de  Brampton,  died  1300;  ■William  de  Threlliekl,  13CC; 
Robert  Coldall,  1412;  Roland  Threlkeld,  died  15G0  ;  John  Dent, 
1560;  Christoplier  Walker,  1575;  Richard  Burton,  1C25  ;  Simon 
■Webster,  KiOl  ;  James  liuchanan,  1070;  John  Lindsey,  ICyO; 
■William  Gibbon,  1728;  Thomas  Milward,  l';3C ;  ■Wilham  Milner, 
17G2;  John  Heclis,  18U3  ;  Edward  lleelis,  1823;  Edward  Jack- 
Son,  1033;  Joseph  R.  Henderson,  1849. 

The  rectory  is  a  fine  house,  in  the  neighbourhood  o£ 
the  church,  erected  in  1821  by  the  then  rector,  the 
Eev.  John  HeeUs. 

The  Wesleyans  and  Primitive  Methodists  have 
chapels  in  the  village. 

The  parish  school  possesses  an  endowment. 

THAHITIES. 

Todd's  Charlhj.—lUchael  Todd,  by  will,  dated 
August  11th,  1093,  devised  to  his  wife,  Mary  Todd, 
all  his  freehold,  copyhold,  and  leasehold  propertj', 
during  her  life  and  widowhood,  charged  after  her 
decease  with  the  payment  of  the  following  annuities, 
viz.: — £h  to  the  churchwardens  of  Dufton,  to  be  dis- 
tributed at  Michaelmas  among  the  poor  people  of  the 
said  parish;  £i  a  year  to  the  said  churchwardens,  to  be 
employed  in  the  binding  and  putting  apprentice  to  some 
trade  two  poor  boys,  natives  of  the  said  parish ;  £-1 
yearly  to  the  schoolmaster  of  Dufton  for  the  time  being; 
10s.  a  year  to  the  minister  of  Dufton  for  a  sermon  on 
Michaelmas  Day,  or  the  Sunday  after ;  and  20s.  a  year 
to  be  distributed  among  twenty  poor  men  of  the  said 
parish,  who  should  be  present  at  the  said  sermon,  share 
and  share  alike.  These  charities,  amounting  to  £14  10s. 
per  annum,  were  charged  upon  premises  at  Knowlo 
Green,  in  the  county  of  Middlesex,  subsequently 
axchanged  for  lauds,  &o.,  at  Dufton,  which  in  conse- 
quence became  charged  with  the  annuities.  Arrears 
having  taken  j)lace  in  the  payment  of  these  various 
charges  to  the  amount  of  £123  lOs.,  that  sum  when 
obtained,  was,  with  £70  lOs.  hereafter  mentioned,  called 
St.  Thomas's  Money,  amounting  altogether  to  £200,  put 
out  at  interest,  which  is  distributed  annually  with  the 
annuities  as  specified  above. 

St.  Thomas's  Money. — Walker's  Charity. — In  Kicolson 
and  Burn's  "History  of  Westmoreland"  (page  358)  it 


is  stated  that  Christopher  Walker,  by  will,  in  1070, 
gave  £40,  the  interest  thereof  to  go  to  a  schoolmaster 
at  Dufton,  to  be  appointed  by  tlie  rector,  the  lord's 
bailiff,  and  si.x  sufiicient  men  of  the  town  of  Dufton. 
It  is  understood  that  this  legacy  forms  part  of  the  sum 
of  £70  lOd.  known  as  St.  Thomas's  Money,  as  above 
mentioned,  the  residue  of  which  is  supposed  to  be 
ancient  poor  stock.  The  interest  of  £40  is  accordingly 
applied  to  the  use  of  the  schoolmaster ;  and  the  interest 
of  the  remaining  £30  lOs.  is  annually  applied  on  St. 
Thomas's  Day  for  the  use  of  the  poor,  in  sums  varying 
from  2s.  to  5s.  each. 

Jiichardson's  Charity. — Joseph  Richardson,  by  will, 
dated  14th  February,  1790,  gave  £100  stock  in  the 
Four  per  Cents,  iu  trust,  to  be  paid  to  the  church- 
wardens of  Dufton,  the  interest  to  be  given  to  the  poor 
of  the  parij^h  yearly  on  St.  Thomas's  Day.  This  charity 
is  distributed  as  directed. 

HARTLEY. 

This  township  contains  an  area  of  3,350  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £1,819  4s.  lid.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  in  1801  was  139  ;  in  1811,  14  i  ;  iu  1821, 
136;  in  1831,  125;  in  1841,  158;  and  in  1851,  177; 
who  reside  principally  in  the  village  of  Hartley,  and 
some  scattered  farmhouses.  Agriculture  is  the  prin- 
cipal employment  of  the  inhabitants.  The  soil  in  the 
vale  is  a  good  fertile  loam,  and  the  greater  portion  of 
the  township  is  devoled  to  pasturage.  Hartley  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Durham  and  Lancaster  railway,  which 
crosses  the  Podd  Gill  by  a  splendid  viaduct  of  eleven 
lofty  arches,  and  the  Merry  Gill  by  one  of  nine  arches. 
Kirkby  Stephen  is  the  market  usually  attended. 

The  manor  of  Hartley  appears  to  have  belonged  to 
the  fomOy  of  Harcla,  or  Hercla,  at  a  very  early  period. 
This  family  occurs  as  owners  of  the  manor  of  Dalston 
in  Cumberland  as  early  as  the  first  year  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  I.  (1272-3).  In  the  fourteenth  year  of  the 
same  king's  reign  (1285-0)  they  occur  as  holding  the 
manor  of  Hartley  under  the  Veteriponts.  In  the  8th 
Edward  II.  (1314-15)  it  was  found  by  inquisition  that 
Andrew  de  Hercla  held  the  manors  of  Hartley  and 
Smardale ;  and  that  the  wardship  of  the  former,  when 
it  should  happen,  was  worth  £40  a  year,  and  of  Smar- 
dale £0  18s.  4d.;  and  the  cornage  for  them  both  was 
20s.  In  the  fifteenth  year  of  the  same  king  (1321-2) 
this  Andrew  de  Hercla  was  created  Earl  of  Carlisle,  to 
him  and  the  heirs  male  of  his  body ;  which  is  the  first 
record  that  mentions  the  curtail  of  a  title  to  the  heir 
male.  He  afterwards,  iu  the  reign  of  the  same  king, 
rebelled  against  Edward,  "  and,"  as  Capgrave  says, 
"  drew  to  the  Scottis,  and  favoured  ther  part  ageyn  the 


KIEKBY  STEPHEN  PAETSII. 


741 


kjng.  Thannc  was  there  a  nobil  knyte  in  tliat  cuntre, 
doped  Sir  Anthony  Lucy ;  he,  supposing  to  stand  the 
bcttir  in  the  kyngis  grace,  sodeynly  fel  upon  this 
tyraunt  at  Karlhil,  took  him,  put  him  in  yrunues,  and 
brout  him  to  London  to  the  kyng,  and  there  was  he 
schamefuUy  deposed  of  alle  worchip,  and  deed  as  a 
tretoure."  Well  might  the  old  monk  write  "  schame- 
fuUy deposed  of  alio  worchip,"  for  the  sentence  on  Sir 
Andrew  de  Hcrcla,  earl  of  Carlisle,  ran  to  this  effect: — 
"  He  and  his  heirs  are  to  lose  the  dignity  of  the  earldom 
for  ever ;  he  is  to  be  ungirt  of  his  sword,  and  his  golden 
spurs  are  to  be  hacked  from  bis  heels.  He  is  further 
adjudged  to  be  drawn,  hanged,  and  beheaded  ;  one  of 
his  quarters  to  be  hanged  at  the  top  of  the  tower  of 
Carlisle,  another  at  the  top  of  the  tower  of  New- 
castle, the  third  on  the  bridge  at  York,  the  fourth 
at  Shrewsbury,  and  his  head  to  be  spiked  on  London 
Bridge."  But  the  memory  of  this  warrior  lay  green  in 
the  heart  of  his  sister  Sarah.  When  the  restless, 
changeful  king,  had  fiJlen  by  the  hands  of  assassins, 
and  his  high-spirited  son  had  come  to  the  throne, 
though  the  crows  and  kites  had  feasted  on  the  flesh  of 
her  brother's  body,  and  its  bones  had  whitened  to  the 
sun  and  the  storm,  fit  burial  was  obtained  for  the  relics. 
The  king's  prerogative  was  exercised  for  their  sacred 
solace  in  the  following  formula:  — "  Tlie  king  to  his 
beloved  and  faithful  Anthony  de  Lucy,  warden  of  the 
castle  of  Carlisle,  greeting.  We  command  you  that  you 
cause  to  be  delivered  without  delay  the  quarter  of  the 
body  of  Andrew  de  Hercla,  which  hangs  by  the  command 


of  the  Lord  Edward,  late  king  of  England,  our  father, 
upon  the  walls  of  the  said  castle,  to  our  beloved  Sarah, 
formerly  the  wife  of  Robert  de  Lcyburn,  sister  to  the 
aforesaid  Andrew,  to  whom  we  of  our  grace  have  granted 
that  she  may  collect  together  the  bones  of  the  same 
Andrew,  and  commit  them  to  holy  sepulture,  whenever 
she  wishes,  or  to  her  attorney.  And  this  you  shall  in 
no  wise  omit.  Witness  the  king  at  York,  the  tenth 
day  of  August,  by  the  king  himself."  The  like  letters 
were  directed  to  the  authorities  of  the  towns  in  which  the 
earl's  remains  had  been  exposed.  The  record  of  this 
mandate  is  on  the  Close  Roll  of  the  tenth  year  of  King 
Edward  III.,  among  the  great  chancery  records  of  the 
country.  On  the  attainder  of  Sir  Andrew  Hercla,  as 
above-mentioned,  the  manor  of  Hartley  was  granted  to 
the  Nevilles  of  Eaby,  who  sold  it  to  Sir  Thomas  Mus- 
grave.  Knight,  in  whose  posterity  it  still  continues.  Sir 
George  Musgrave,  Bart.,  being  the  present  lord  of  the 
manor. 

The  family  of  Musgrave  often  resided  at  Hartley 
Castle,  during  which  time  it  was  kept  in  good  repair. 
Nicholson  and  Burn  tell  us  "  it  was  a  noble  building, 
standing  upon  an  eminence,  and  overlooking  the  village 
of  Hartley,  the  town  of  Kirkby  Stephen,  and  many 
other  villages."  Sir  Christopher  IMusgrave  demolished 
the  greater  portion  of  this  castle,  a  few  remains  of  which 
may  still  be  seen. 

The  principal  landowners  are  Sir  George  Musgrave, 
Bart.;  Thomas  Robinson,  Esq.,  Matthew,  Chamley; 
Mr.  C.  Harkcr;  with  some  other  small  proprietors. 


KIRKBY  STEPHEN    PARISH. 

Tins  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  parishes  of  Brough  and  Warcop,  on  the  west  by  those  of  Crosby  Garret 
and  Ravenstonedale,  and  on  the  south  and  east  by  Yorkshire.  It  is  very  extensive,  being  about  ten  miles  in  length, 
and  averaging  about  five  in  breadth.  The  district  is  rugged  and  uneven,  consisting  of  lofty  fells,  hills,  and  valleys. 
The  river  Eden  rises  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  parish,  receiving  in  its  course  many  tributary  streams:  the 
Smardale  rivulet  flows  down  its  western  side,  and  on  its  northern  limit  is  the  river  Belo ;  there  are  also  a  number  of 
small  becks.  The  hind  in  the  valleys  is  tolerably  fertile,  and  some  of  the  higher  lands  and  fells  afford  good  pasturage 
for  cattle.  The  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Kirkby  Stephen,  Hartley,  Kaber,  Nateby,  Smardale,  Wailby, 
Warton,  and  Wiuton,  and  the  two  chiipclries  of  Mallerstang  and  Soulby,  whose  united  area  is  27,921  acres. 
Lead,  copper,  and  a  variety  of  minerals  are  found  iu  this  parish. 

KIBKBV     STRl'HEN. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  ;},.')22  acres,  and. its 
rateable  value  £2,925  lis.  3J.  The  population  in  ISOl 
was  1,141;  in  1811,  1,235;  in  1621,  1.312;  in  1831, 
1,100;  iu  li^ll,  1,315;  and  in  1851,  1,339;  who  are 
principally  resident  in  the  town  of  Kirkby  Stephen. 
Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment.     The  manor 


of  Kirkby  Stephen  in  the  time  of  Roger  Lord  Clifford 
was  held  by  his  family  as  parcel  of  the  manor  of 
Brough ;  part  of  it  has  been  sold  oil",  and  it  now  belongs 
to  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Bart.,  Sir  George  Musgrave, 
Bart.,  and  iho  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  Courts  are  geuerally 
held  by  each  lord  annually.  The  landowners  are 
Matthew  Thompson,  Esq.;  Miss  Thompson;  Matthew 


742 


EAST   WARD. 


Robinson,  Esq.;  James  Brougbaru,  Esq. ;  Mrs.  Stowell ; 
Messrs.  Isaac  Sowerbv,  Joseph  and  John  Thompson, 
and  minj  smaller  proprietors.  The  soil  in  this  town- 
ship is  a  good  fertile  loam.  The  EJen  Valley  railway 
terminates  a  little  south  of  the  town,  on  the  Kendal 
road.  A  station  is  in  course  of  erection,  which  will 
serve  for  the  Eden  Vulley  line  as  well  as  for  the  North 
Durham  and  Lancaster. 

THE    TOWN    OF   KIRKBY    STETHEN. 

The  ancient  market  town  of  Kirkby  Stephen  is 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Eden,  eleven  miles 
south  east  from  Appleby,  and  consists  principally  of 
one  long  street,  e.ttending  from  north  to  south.  The 
houses  have  a  clean  and  respectable  appearance.  Of 
the  foundation  of  the  town  we  possess  no  authentic 
information.  Its  name,  Kirkby  Stephen,  or  the  church 
town  of  Stephen,  brings  us  back  to  the  time  of  the 
Danish  settlements  in  this  part  of  Euglaud,  but  whether 
a  town  existed  here  previous  to  their  coming  we  have 
now  no  means  of  ascertaining.  In  the  25th  Edward  III. 
(13.51-3)  Roger  de  CUtTord,  baron  of  Westmoreland, 
obtained  a  charter  for  a  market  to  be  held  here  on 
Friday,  and  two  yearly  fairs  on  St.  Mark's  and  St. 
Luke's  Days,  and  the  day  following.  James  L,  by  his 
charter,  in  lOOR,  granted  to  George  Earl  of  Cumber- 
land, instead  of  the  foregoing  markets  and  fairs,  "  one 
market  on  Monday  and  two  faire  yearly ;  one  on  the 
Wednesday,  Thursday,  and  Friday  after  Whitsuntide, 
and  the  other  on  the  two  days  ne.Kt  before  the  feast  of 
St.  Luke,  and  on  that  feast  day,  with  a  court  of 
piepowder,  tolls,  toUagcs,  and  other  jurisdiction  there- 
unto belonging."  In  accordance  with  this  charter  the 
market  is  still  held  on  Monday,  and  is  well  attended. 
The  Whitsuntide  fair  is  obsolete :  but  St.  Luke's  fair 
is  noted  for  a  very  extensive  show  of  sheep,  and  is 
proclaimed  by  the  lord's  bailiff  with  the  usual  formali- 
ties. Two  other  fairs  for  sheep  and  cattle  are  held 
here  in  spring,  viz.,  on  the  Monday  before  March  20th, 
and  April  24th ;  there  is  also  one  on  the  2"Jth  of  Octo- 
ber. The  horse  fair,  held  on  the  day  previous  to 
Brough  Hill  fair,  is  the  largest.  The  market-place, 
■which  is  tolerably  spacious,  has  a  middle  row  of  shops, 
and  on  its  north  side  a  convenient  market-house  and 
piazza,  called  the  cloister,  on  account  of  its  being  raised 
over  the  entrance  to  the  churchyard.  It  was  erected 
in  1810.  The  upper  part  of  the  building  rests  on  eight 
stone  pillars.  The  markets  and  fairs  of  Kirkby  Stephen 
seem  to  have  been  of  considerable  importance  for  a 
lengthened  period.  Hollinshed,  in  his  chronicles, 
published  in  1577,  mentions  one  of  the  spring  fairs. 
Burn  and-  Xicolson  say  that  "  Kirkby  Stephen  is  a 


considerable  market  town,  noted  for  the  sale  of  a  great 
number  of  stockings  knit  there  and  in  the  neighbour- 
hood," for  many  years  this  species  of  manufacture  has 
ceased  to  be  of  any  importance.  About  sixty  years  ago 
an  attempt  was  made  to  establish  a  manufactory  of  coarse 
woollen  hats  here,  and  about  the  same  time  a  cotton 
mill  was  attempted,  but  without  success.  A  tannery 
was  also  commenced  here,  but  with  no  better  result. 
The  curfew  is  still  rung  in  Kirkby  Stephen. 

THE    CHUBCH. 

The  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Stephen,  is  a 
venerable  structure,  consisting  of  nave,  aisle,  north  and 
south  transepts,  chancel,  and  a  lofty  tower,  containing 
four  bells.  The  nave  is  in  a  very  dilapidated  state,  but 
the  other  parts  of  the  church  have  been  recently  restored. 
The  chancel  was  rebuilt  by  subscription  in  18-47,  at  a 
cost  of  £1,990,  half  of  which  was  contributed  by  the 
vicar.  The  chapel  belonging  to  Hartley  Castle  was 
restored  in  1849,  by  Sir  George  Musgrave,  Bart.,  at  an 
expense  of  £300  ;  and  the  Wiiarton  chapel  was  rebuilt 
by  subscription  in  1850.  During  these  restorations 
several  antiquities,  S:c.,  were  discovered.  Previous  to 
the  rebuilding  of  the  chancel  there  stood  under  the 
arch,  which  divided  the  chancel  from  the  Hartley 
chapel,  a  tomb,  wLicli  has  been  removed  to  the  north- 
west corner  of  that  chapel,  its  site  being  required  for  a 
pillar.  It  is  a  fine  altar  tomb,  ornamented  with  carved 
niches  on  each  side,  but  the  figures  which  stood  in 
them  are  defaced.  On  the  tomb  is  the  recumbent 
figure  of  a  knight  in  armour;  his  gauntletted  hands 
being  uplifted  in  the  attitude  of  prayer.  It  is  tradi- 
tionally said  to  be  the  tomb  of  Sir  Andrew  Hercla,  who 
was  beheaded  by  Edward  IT.  (see  page  740).  At  the 
time  of  the  removal  two  skeletons  were  discovered  in  a 
vault  under  the  tomb.  The  bones  were  re-interred  in 
an  old  stone  coffin,  which  had  been  taken  out  of  the 
ground  on  the  south  side  of  llie  tomb  thirty  years 
previous,  when  some  workmen  were  repairing  the  floor. 
It  should  be  stated,  that  it  is  the  opinion  of  many  that 
the  efiigy  just  mentioned  is  that  of  some  member  of  the 
ilusgrave  family,  to  whom,  as  owners  of  Haitley  Castle, 
the  chapel  belongs.  At  the  time  of  rebuilding  the 
chancel,  on  raising  the  old  flags,  the  foundation  of  an 
old  Norman  wall,  which  ran  across  the  chancel,  were 
discovered,  and  is  supposed  to  be  all  that  remains  of  the 
Norman  church  which  formerly  stood  upon  the  site 
occupied  by  the  present  church.  In  the  chapel 
belonging  to  Wharton  Hall  is  an  elaborate  altar  tomb, 
on  which  recline  three  full-length  figures  of  Thomas, 
the  first  Lord  Wharton,  the  hero  of  SoUom  Moss,  in 
complete  armour,  who  died  in  1508;  on  his  right  side 


KIRKBY  STEPHEN    PARISH. 


743 


is  Eleanor,  his  first  wife,  and  on  his  left,  Anno,  his 
second  wife.  On  the  west  end  of  the  tomb  is  the 
inscription. 

"Thomas  Whartonns,  jaceo  hie,  hie  ntrnque  conjnx; 
Elionora,  suuin  hiiic,  liino  hahel  Aniin  locum; 
Eu  lilii,  terra,  tuum,  cornea  ac  ossa  resume ; 
In  coclos  aninias,  tu  Deus  alme,  tumu." 

Which  has  been  thus  paraphrased : — 

"  I,  Thomas  Wharton,  here  do  lie, 
Willi  my  two  wives  beside  me, 
Ellen  the  first,  and  Anno  the  next, 
In  Iljnien's  bands  who  tied  me. 
0  Knrih,  resume  tliy  flesh  and  bones, 
Which  back  to  thee  are  given, 
.\nd  thou,  0  God,  receive  oar  souls, 
To  live  with  thee  in  heaven." 

In  Hartley  chnpel  is  a  gravestone  with  tliis  inscrip- 
tion—•"Ilic  jacet  Ricardus  JMusgiave,  miles,  juxta 
Elizabethain,  uxorem  suam,  et  Tbomam  filium,  et 
hajrcdem  eorum ;  qui  obiit  ix"  die  nieusis  Novembris, 
anno  Domini  ii"cccc°i.xnii'',  cujus  animiu  propitietur 
Deus.  Amen." — (Here  lies  Richard  Musgrave,  Knt., 
near  Elizabeth,  his  wife,  and  Thomas,  their  son  and 
heir;  who  died  on  the  9th  day  of  November,  1404. 
On  whose  soul  may  God  have  mercy.     Amen.) 

In  the  time  of  William  the  Conqueror  the  church  of 
Kirkby  Stephen  was  in  the  patronage  of  Ivo  de  Tailbois, 
who  granted  it  to  the  abbot  and  convent  of  St.  Mary  at 
York,  who  continued  to  hold  it  till  the  period  of  the 
Dissolution,  when  it  was  given  to  Sir  Richard  Mus- 
grave, Kilt.,  of  Hartley,  with  the  advowson  of  the 
vicarage,  in  1,")47.  In  the  following  year  Sir  Richard, 
in  consideration  of  £'27\,  granted  to  Thomas  Lord 
Wharton  nil  the  rectory  and  advowson,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  tithes  of  corn  nnJ  hay  of  Hartley,  Soulby, 
and  Kaber.  Thomas  Lord  Wharton  sold  the  advowson 
to  Matthew  Smales,  Esq.,  whose  daughter  Jane  brought 
it  in  marriage  to  the  Clmytor  family,  from  whom  it 
descended  to  the  Rev.  T.  P.  Williamson,  who  sold  it  to 
the  Rev.  Henry  King,  the  present  vicar.  Tho  impro- 
priators at  present  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  Sir  G. 
JIusgravc,  Bart.,  John  Wakefield,  Esq.,  and  various 
other  landowners.  In  the  early  part  of  the  thirteenth 
century  it  was  decreed  that  tho  vicarage,  which  had 
been  previously  taxed  at  a  hundred  shillings,  should  in 
future  enjoy  tho  whole  altarage,  with  all  the  appur- 
tenances of  tho  said  eli;iiicel  and  its  chapels,  except  a 
small  portion  of  the  tithes  ;  and  that  the  vicar,  who  was 
also  to  have  u  good  manse  and  eight  o.xgangs  of  laud, 
should  pay  out  of  the  wliole  of  his  revenues  an  annual 
quit  rent  of  twenty  shillings  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary 


at  York,  and  sustain  all  archidiaconal  charges.  In 
1318  the  vicarage  was  valued  at  JJO,  and  in  1  jo5  it  is 
entered  in  the  Iving's  Book  at  i'48  18s.  od.,  but  it  is 
now  worth  about  £'400.  The  tithes  have  been  com- 
muted for  i;;J0O  ;  glebe,  £100. 

VicAHS. — Thomas  de  Capella,  1202 ;  Thomas  de  Leycester, 
liiOl ;  Henry  de  Killington,  1318  ;  John  de  Boiel,  1:J1U  ;  John 
de  Bowes,  133U;  John  de  Uanby,  136'-,* ;  I'eler  de  Jlorland, 
1370;  John  de  Brudderford,  1380;  Thomas  Warcop  occurs 
U32;  Peter  Vaux,  15C3  ;  Pereival  Wharton,  1DG3;  John  Swin- 
bank,  lo08 ;  Anthony  'Wetherell  occurs  Kiu'O ;  Francis  Higgin- 

sou, ;  Joshua  Stoplbrd,  1CG3;  John  Raniet,  1073;  Samuel 

Shaw,  1081;  John  Atkinson,  1091;  Henry  Eycroft,  1733; 
Alderson  Hartley,  1710;  Wm.  Fawcet,  1755;    Henry  Chnytor, 

1759;   —  Cookson,  ;   Thomas  P.  Williamson, ;    E. 

Serjeantson,  lS3o;  Henry  King,  1841. 

The  vicarage  is  a  plain  structure,  situated  on  the 
east  side  of  the  church. 

The  Independents  have  a  chapel  in  the  New  Inn 
Yard,  purchased  in  1810,  and  previously  occupied  by 
the  Sandemanians  and  Baptists. 

The  Wesleyan  Centenary  Chapel,  erected  in  1839,  is 
a  neat  structure,  with  school  attached  ;  there  is  also  a 
small  burial  ground. 

SCHOOLS,   &c. 

Kirkby  Stephen  Grammar  School  was  founded  in 
1550,  by  Thomas  Lord  Wharton,  under  letters  patent 
granted  for  that  purpose  by  Queen  Elizabeth.  The 
founder  endowed  it  with  the  aueieut  rectorydiouse, 
gardens,  and  buildings  adjacent,  besides  the  yearly  rent- 
charges  of  £\)i  for  the  master,  203.  8d.  for  the  usher, 
and  £0  13s.  4d.  to  two  exhibitioners,  to  be  sent  to 
O.xford  or  Cambridge,  to  have  each  .CU  Os.  8d.  a  year 
for  seven  years.  These  sums,  amounting  to  .t'20  per 
annum,  were  to  be  paid  out  of  the  corn  tithes  of  Kirkby 
Stephen  and  '^^'iutou :  but  in  1730,  by  a  decree  in 
Chancery,  they  were  ordered  to  be  piid  out  of  the  tithes 
of  Winton,  then  belonging  to  Robert  Lowther,  Esq.,  pur- 
chaser of  the  resiJeuce  of  the  Wharton  estate,  and  now 
to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  as  his  successor.  During  the 
confusion  of  the  Duke  of  Wharton's  atl'airs,  tho  school 
was  closed  eleven  years,  after  which  an  arrear  of  i'iJSO 
was  recovered,  and  expended  in  repairing  tho  school 
and  master's  house,  and  in  tho  purchase  of  a  field  near 
tho  south  end  of  tho  town,  now  worth  i'lO  a  year.  An 
annual  rent-charge  of  i'O  was  subsequently  be<|uealhed 
to  tho  school  by  Sir  Thomas  Wharton,  to  be  paid  out 
of  an  estate  at  Xateby.  In  10"-,'3  tho  Rev.  John  Knew- 
stiible  bequeathed  to  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  an 
annuity  of  i'5,  to  be  paid  there  to  a  poor  scholar  from 
this  school,  till  he  "bo  of  standing  to  take  the  degree 
of  master  of  arts ; "  after  which  another  is  to  be  nomi- 
nated by  tho  vicar  and  schoolmaster.     Tho  school  is 


744 


EAST  WARD. 


open  to  all  thi  boys  of  the  town  and  ueighbourhood 
for  grammar,  the  master  receiving  live  shillings  per 
quarter  for  other  subjects  of  education. 

There  is  also  a  boarding  and  day  school  for  ladies  in 
the  town. 

The  Temperance  Hall  and  Literary  Institution  is  a 
neat  structure,  erected  by  subscription  in  1856,  at  a 
cost  of  about  .£000.  The  hall  is  spacious,  and  has  a 
gallery  at  the  end.  The  library  and  reading-room  are 
well  supplied  with  books,  periodicals,  papers,  &c. 

There  is  a  book  club  and  reading-room  in  the  market- 
place, and  also  a  book  club  at  the  rost-ollice. 


CaAMTlES. 


John,  Eleanor,  and  William  Tlioynpson's  Charities. — 
John  Thompson,  by  will,  in  1718,  gave  £100  to  be 
laid  out  in  land,  the  rent  of  which  he  directed  should 
be  employed  as  follows  : — Half  for  helping  poor  children 
in  Kirkby  Stephen  to  learning,  and  the  other  half  for 
helping  some  of  the  poorest  boys  in  the  same  town  to 
trades.  He  also  directed  that  his  executors  should 
take  care  that  £40  was  provided  by  them  for  the  poor 
of  Kirkby  Stephen,  and  that  the  interest  should  be 
given  to  them  every  year,  at  Christmas  time.  Eleanor 
Thompson,  by  will,  in  1747,  gave  to  the  poor  of  Kirkby 
Stephen,  for  ever,  the  sum  of  £  10,  the  interest  of  which 
was  to  be  distributed  yearly  to  the  uses  mentioned 
above.  The  sum  total  of  these  charities,  £180,  was 
further  increased  by  £11  given  by  William  Thompson, 
and  this  £191  was  expended  in  the  purchase  of  land, 
the  rent  of  which  is  distributed  as  above  directed. 

Dorothy  Munkhouse's  Charily,  and  Jane  Hartleys 
Charity.  —  Dorothy  Munkhouse,  by  will,  dated  2nd 
June,  1755,  gave  the  interest  of  £50,  for  ever,  for  the 
purchase  of  si.\  loaves  of  bread  to  be  given  in  the  parish 
church  of  Ivirkby  Stephen  every  Sunday,  to  six  poor 
persons  residing  within  the  parish.  Jaue  Hartley,  in 
1713,  left  £100,  the  interest  of  which  she  directed 
should  be  given  in  bread  to  the  poor. 

Philip  [Valler's  Charity. — The  particulars  of  Philip 
Waller's  bequest  of  £3  ISs.  yearly,  for  bread  to  the 
poor  of  this  parish,  have  been  fuUy  given  in  our  account 
of  the  parish  of  B rough. 

Robert  Barnett's  Charily. — Robert  Barnett,  about  the 
j-ear  1780,  gave  £100  Four-per-cent  Stock,  the  interest 
to  be  given  away  in  six  threepenny  loaves  weekly,  to 
six  poor  persons  of  the  parish. 

Nelson  and  Bliss's  Charity.  —  Joseph  Nelson,  of 
Kirkby  Stephen,  being  desirous  of  granting  a  rent 
charge  of  £2  12s.  a  year,  to  be  applied  iu  the  purchase 
of  six  twopenny  loaves  weekly  throughout  the  year,  to 
be   distributed  amongst   certain  poor  persons  of  the 


parish,  died  without  being  able  to  carry  his  design 
into  elTect,  whereupon  AVilliam  Bliss,  as  a  token  of  his 
respect  and  esteem  for  the  memory  of  the  said  Joseph 
Xelson,  granted  an  annuity  of  £2  12s.  a  year,  arising 
out  of  his  close  at  Millriggs,  within  the  towntields  of 
Penrith,  upon  trust,  to  lay  out  the  same  for  the  pur- 
chase of  si.x  twopenny  loaves,  and  to  distribute  the 
same  every  Sunday  to  poor  persons  belonging  to  the 
parish. 

John  Waller's  Charity. — John  Waller,  by  will,  dated 
30th  July,  1808,  gave  to  the  vicar,  churchwardens,  and 
overseers  of  the  parish  of  Kirkby  Stephen,  £1 ,000  Four- 
per-cent  Consols,  for  the  poor  of  that  parish,  the  interest 
to  be  paid  half-yearly,  as  the  dividends  should  become 
due,  and  to  be  distributed  in  such  portions  as  they 
should  think  best.  By  the  payment  of  £100  legacy 
duty,  this  bequest  was  reduced  to  £900,  the  dividends 
for  which  are  received  regularly ;  but  the  distribution 
is  only  made  once  a  year,  when  the  different  officers  of 
the  parish  meet  for  that  purpose.  The  overseer  of  each 
township  receives  the  share  allotted  to  him  for  distri- 
bution, and  it  is  given  away  in  each  township  to  the 
poor  who  need  it. 

Ann  Thompson's  Charity. — By  indenture,  dated  27th 
June,  1821,  enrolled  in  Chancery,  Ann  Thompson 
charged  certain  property  belonging  to  her  with  the 
payment  of  £G  a  year,  for  the  purchase  of  bread  for  the 
poor  ot  Kirkby  Stephen  parish  ;  and  also  with  the  pay- 
ment of  a  like  sum,  for  the  same  purpose,  for  the  benefit 
of  the  poor  of  the  townships  of  Laugdalc  and  Tebay,  iu 
the  parish  of  Orton. 

Highmore's  Charily.— For  the  particulars  of  this 
charity  see  Wealthy  and  Smardalc  school. 

Lord  Wharton's  Charity.  —  The  vicar  of  Kirkby 
Stephen  annually  receives,  on  account  of  this  charity, 
forty  bibles  and  forty-eight  catechisms,  together  with 
10s.  for  distribution,  and  every  third  year  the  further 
sum  of  10s.  for  a  sermon.  He  distributes  the  bibles 
and  catechisms  to  the  most  deserving  poor. 

Edward  Barnett's  Charity.  —  In  the  parliamentary 
returns  of  1780  it  is  stated  that  Edward  Barnett  gave 
£20  to  the  poor  of  this  parish.  This  charity  appears 
to  have  been  lost. 

For  the  other  charities  of  the  parish  see  the  different 
townships. 

rooR-LAW  uxio:j. 

The  East  Ward  Poor-law  Union  has  its  workhouse  in 
lurkby  Stephen.  The  union  is  divided  into  three  sub- 
districts,  viz.,  Appleby,  comprising  Newbiggiu,  ilil- 
bourne.  Temple  Sowerby,  Ivirkby  Thoro,  Long  ]Marton, 
Duftou,    Crackenthorpe,    Murtou,    Hilton,    Bougate, 


KIKKBY  STEPHEN    TARISH. 


745 


Appleby,  Scaltergate,  Colby,  Barrels,  Hoff  and  Row, 
Drybeck,  ami  Onnsidc ;  Kirkby  Stoplicn,  including 
Warcop,  Great  Musgrave,  Brough,  Ililbeck,  Staininore, 
Brough  Sowerby,  Kaber,  Winton,  Hartley,  Kirkby 
Stephen,  Nateby,  Wbarton,  Mallorstang,  Sinardale, 
Waitby,  Soulby,  Little  Musgrave,  and  Crosby  Garret; 
Orton,  embracing  Ravenstonedale,  Orton,  and  Asby. 
The  area  of  the  union  is  177,910  statute  acres.  Its 
population  in  1851  was  13,000,  of  whom  0,830  were 
males  and  0,830  females.  The  number  of  inhabited 
houses  at  tlic  same  period  was  2,821,  of  uninhabited 
147,  and  twelve  were  in  course  of  erection.  The  receipts 
of  the  union  for  the  year  ending  the  2Sth  March,  1859, 
amounted  to  £'3,839  3s.  8d. ;  the  expenditure  for  the 
same  period  was  £'3,898  173.  lid. 

KABEK. 

Kaber  township  comprises  an  area  of  3,962  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £1,950  14s.  The  number  of  inhabi- 
tants in  1801  was  135;  in  1811,  152;  in  1821,  101; 
in  1831,  180  ;  in  1841,  214  ;  and  in  1851,  207.  The 
Durham  and  Lancaster  railway  passes  through  the 
south-east  end  of  the  township. 

The  first  recorded  possessor  of  the  manor  of  Kaber 
is  Piobort  de  Kabergh,  who  lived  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
IL  Another  Robert  de  Kabergh  occurs  in  the  reign  of 
King  John;  and  in  the  8tli  Edward  II.  (1314-15),  an 
Alan  do  Kabergh,  who  held  Kaber  by  homage,  fealty, 
and  I7s.  8d.  cornage.  In  the  ne.xt  king's  reign  we  find 
Kaber,  or  at  least  a  part  of  it,  in  the  jjossession  of 
Thomas  do  Uookby,  who  obtained  from  Ivlward  IV.  a 
grant  of  free  warren  in  his  lands  there  ;  ani  in  the  31st 
of  the  same  king's  reign  (1357-8),  John  de  Rookby  levied 
a  fine  of  the  moiety  of  the  manor  of  Kaber ;  or  rather, 
as  is  observed  by  Nicolson  and  Burn,  "  this  seems  to 
denote  the  vill.ige  of  Rookby  as  being  part  of  the  manor 
of  Kaber  at  large."  The  Fulthorps  next  occur  as  holders 
of  the  manor,  possessing  it  from  the  43rd  Edward  III. 
(1309-70)  till  the  first  Philip  and  Mary  (1554).  It  came 
afterwards  to  the  Wandesfortiis  of  Kirklington,  in  the 
county  of  York,  by  whom  it  was  conveyed,  in  the  2iid 
James  I.  (1004-5),  to  Robert  Wadeson  of  YatVorth,  in 
the  said  county ;  and  in  the  fifteenth  year  of  the  same 
king's  reign,  John  Wadeson,  afterwards  Sir  John  Wade- 
son, Knt.,  in  consideration  of  the  sum  of  i'1,200,  sold 
the  manor  of  Kaber  to  Robert  Jackson,  of  Brough; 
'J'honias  Robinson,  of  Xateby :  Robert  Ilindmore,  of 
Kirkby  Stephen  ;  and  Anthony  Fothergill,  of  Tranna- 
hill,  in  Ravenstonedale,  in  trust  for  the  inhabitants  and 
landowners.  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Bart.,  Rev.  John 
Dickinson,  Rev.  Sawnrd  Ileelis,  the  Trustees  of  the 
late  John  Jlorland,  Miss  Patlinson,  Joseph  Thompson, 

69 


WLlliara  Dent,  and  John  Moreland,  ar6  the  principal 
landowners. 

The  village  of  Kaber  is  two  and  a  half  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Kirkby  Stephen.  Here  is  a  small  Primi- 
tive Jlethodist  chapel,  erected  in  1859.  In  1003,  after 
the  restoration  of  Charles  II.,  au  insurrection  of  the 
republican  party  was  intended,  and  a  great  number  of 
the  disaffected  party  held  their  meetings  at  Kaber  Rigg, 
where  several  of  them  were  taken  prisoners  by  the 
militia,  and  afterwards  executed  at  Appleby,  for  joining 
in  this  conspiracy,  called  the  Kaber  Rigg  Plot.  A 
cattle  fair,  established  here  in  1833,  is  held  on  the 
Friday  before  Hawes  fair,  which  is  held  on  the  last 
Tuesday  in  February. 

Higher  Scales  and  Rookby  are  two  villages  in  this 
township,  the  former,  three  miles  north-east  of  Kirkby 
Stephen,  and  the  latter  two  miles. 

This  township  is  in  the  south  division  of  Stainmore 
Forest,  and  being  mostly  on  the  south  side  of  the  river 
Belo,  is  principally  in  the  parish  of  Brough. 

CHAEIir. 

Kaher  School. — The  only  evidence  we  have  been  able 
to  obtain  respecting  the  origin  of  this  school  is  afforded 
by  an  ancient  document  in  the  possession  of  the  trustees, 
which  states  that  several  of  the  inhabitants  of  Kaber 
and  others  promised  to  pay  upon  demand  various  sums 
of  money  therein  specified,  from  X'l  to  £3  each,  towards 
purchasing  a  house  and  croft  for  the  use  of  a  free  school, 
and  that  Thomas  Widler,  the  elder,  of  Kaber,  did  pro- 
mise to  give  to  the  maintaining  of  the  same  £125,  which 
will  produce  £7  10s.  per  annum,  to  be  paid  to  the 
master  yearly.  The  subscriptions  of  the  parties 
mentioned  in  this  document  amounted  to  £34  10s. 
These  sums  were  increased  by  £5,  left  by  Miles 
Monkhouse,  in  1725  ;  £20,  left  by  George  Petty,  in 
1744;  and  £50,  left  by  Anthony  Morland,  in  1703. 
The  income  of  tho  school  is  now  about  £11  a  year; 
the  first  bequest  having  been  long  lost.  Tho  number  of 
children  in  attendance  is  about  twenty. 

NATEBT. 

The  area  of  Nateby  township  is  9,075  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £977  Os.  8d.  The  population  in  1801 
was  108;  in  1811,  111  ;  in  1821,  140;  in  1831,  130; 
in  18U,  108;  and  in  1851,  103;  who  arc  chiefly 
resident  in  the  village  of  Nateby.  Agriculture  is  the 
principal  employment.  The  Durham  and  Lancaster 
railway  goes  through  a  portion  of  this  township. 

Nothing  is  recorded  of  the  manor  of  Nateby  previous 
to  the  8th  Edward  IL  (1314-15)  when  we  find  Nicolas 
do  Hastings  holding  the  manors  of  Nateby  and  Crosby 


746 


EAST   WARD. 


Eavensworth.  Nateby  continued  in  his  family  till  tho 
roign  of  Henry  VIII.,  when  it  passed  to  Thomas 
"Wharton,  ono  of  whose  successors  sold  it  to  Ilobert 
Lowther,  Esq.,  from  whom  it  has  descended  to  its 
present  owner,  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  besides  whom 
Sir  George  Musgrave,  Bart.,  Rev.  J.  Boyd,  Thomas  R. 
Itakeshall,  Mrs.  Robinson,  the  trustees  of  the  late  John 
Morland,  Robert  Waistell,  and  Thomas  Clesby  are  the 
principal  landowner. 

The  village  of  Xatoby  is  about  a  mile  south-by-east 
of  Kirkby  Stephen,  and  is  supposed  to  have  derived  its 
name  from  having  been,  in  feudal  times,  the  residence 
of  the  Xativi,  or  bondmen  of  the  lords  of  Pendragon 
Castle.  It  occupies  a  romantic  situation  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Eden,  near  Stenkrith  Bridge,  where  the 
river  forms  a  loud  foaming  cataract,  falling  to  a  con- 
siderable depth,  amidst  numerous  broken  and  hanging 
rocks.  About  two  and  a  half  miles  east  of  the  village 
is  the  lofty  mountain.  Nine  Standards,  so  called  on 
account  of  some  stones  set  up  there  to  mark  the 
boundary  of  AVestraoreland  and  Yorkshire.  There  is 
no  school  at  Nateby,  though  there  is  an  endowment  of 
£5  15s.  a  year,  arising  from  .£20  given  many  years  ago 
to  the  township  for  educational  purposes,  and  which 
is  now  invested  in  land.  The  children  go  to  Kirkby 
Stephen  Grammar  School. 

SirARD.VLE. 

Sniardale  contains  1,735  acres,  and  its  rateable  value 
is  £530  Is.  8d.  It  contained  in  1801,  39  inhabitants ; 
in  1811,  57;  in  1821,  u5  ;  in  1831,52;  in  1841,  35; 
and  in  1851,  30. 

Thomas  de  Helbeck,  who  held  this  manor  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  I.,  sold  it  to  a  family  who.  assuming 
the  local  name,  styled  themselves  De  Smardale.  It 
subsequently  became  the  property  of  Sir  Andrew  de 
Hercla  but  alter  his  attainder  came  again  to  the  Smar- 
dales.  This  family  ended  in  a  daughter,  who  brought 
the  manor  in  marriage  to  Thomas,  son  of  John  Warcop, 
who  held  it  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II.  The  Warcops 
continued  to  hold  the  manor  till  the  reign  of  Elizabeth, 
when  the  family  terminated  in  two  daughters,  co-heirs, 
the  eldest  of  whom,  Frances,  brought  Smardale  in 
marriage  to  Sir  John  Dalston,  Kot.,  of  Dalston,  in 
Cumberland.  The  manor  is  now  held  by  John  Wake- 
field, Esq.,  in  addition  to  whom  Matthew  Thompson, 
Esq.,  is  the  principal  landowner.  Smardale  Hall  is  now 
a  farm-house.     There  is  a  corn  mill  in  the  township. 

The  hamlet  of  Smardale  is  situated  in  a  deep  vale 
between  Crosby  Fell  and  Ash  FelL  Near  the  hall  is  a 
place  called  Chapel  Well,  where  there  was  formerly  a 
small  chapel. 


WAITBY. 

The  area  of  Waitby  is  979  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  £'527  3s.  6d.  The  population  in  1801  was  00; 
in  1811,  58;  in  1821,  10:  in  1831,  41;  in  1841,  54; 
and  in  1851,  54.  The  Durham  and  Lancaster  Railway 
runs  through  a  part  of  the  township. 

In  the  old  records  the  name  of  this  manor  is  some- 
times written  Wadeby,  and  sometimes  Waldeby,  mean- 
ing the  seat  of  Waldevo  or  Waltheof.  In  the  reign  of 
King  John  mention  is  made  of  a  Torphin  de  Wadeby, 
whose  daughter,  i\Iaude,  grante  1  all  her  lands  in  West- 
moreland to  Robert  de  Veteripont  in  12nC-7.  Shortly 
after  this  the  manor  of  Waitby  appears  to  have  been 
divided  into  moieties,  and  the  name  of  a  male  member 
of  tho  De  Wadeby  family,  Gilbert  de  Wadeby,  clericus, 
appears  for  the  last  time.  In  1309-10  AVilliam  de 
Dacre  held  a  moiely  of  tho  manor.  Five  years  later 
Henry  de  Warthcop  appears  as  the  holder  of  the  other 
moiety.  In  1317-18,  Robert  Parving  held  a  moiety  of 
Waitby;  and  in  1309-70,  William  de  Dacre  levied  a  fine 
ot  a  moiety  of  the  manor,  the  other  moiety  being  held 
by  Robert  Parving,  Helena  Huthwayt,  and  William  de 
Thwayts.  .  In  1391-2,  and  again  in  1  102-3,  WiUiam.de 
Strickland  occurs  as  holding  a  moiety  of  the  manor.  In 
1422  the  manor  was  held  in  moieties  by  William  de 
Lowther  and  J ialph  Earl  of  Westmoreland ;  and  in 
1452-3,  Lord  Latimer  and  Thomas  Bcauchamp  occur 
as  owners.  From  this  time  we  have  no  further  notice 
of  the  manor  till  the  10th  Henry  VII.  (1503-4),  when 
we  find  Thomas  Blenkinsop  holding  a  moiety,  which 
had  been  held  by  his  father  previously.  In  1520-7 
.John  Bell,  John  Huton,  the  heirs  of  Thomas  Mus- 
grave, and  Thomas  Lancaster,  in  right  of  their  wives, 
daughters,  and  co-heirs  of  Thomas  Beauehamp,  held  a 
moiety  of  the  manor  of  Waitby,  and  Geoffrey  Lancaster 
the  other  moiety.  After  this  we  have  no  particular 
account  till  the  reign  of  James  H.,  when  Sir  John 
Lowther,  of  Sockbridge,  w^ho  married  one  of  the  co-heirs 
of  the  Lancasters,  sold  the  lands,  consisting  of  thirty- 
three  tenements,  to  freehold;  and  in  1713  his  son, 
James  Lowther,  Esq.,  of  Whitehaven,  sold  the  manor 
to  Richard  Monkhouse,  of  Winton,  from  the  executors 
of  whose  descendants  it  was  purchased  by  the  Rev.  John 
Adamthwaite,  and  it  is  now  held  by  John  Wakefield, 
Esq.  The  landowners  are  Matthew  Thompson,  Esq. ; 
Miss  Thompson,  Isaac  Sowerby,  Mrs.  Atkinson,  and 
iliss  Waller. 

The  village  of  Waitby  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half  west- 
by-south  of  Kirkby  Stephen.  Tradition  tells  us  that  in 
ancient  times  there  was  a  market  town  here,  with  a 
castle,  chapel,  and  cemetery.  Traces  of  tho  castle  are 
still  to  be  seen  at  a  place  called  Castle  Carrock  Hill ;  it 


KIRKBr  STEPHEN  PARISH. 


747 


appears  to  have  been  surrounded  with  a  moat  and  ram- 
part. During  tlie  division  of  the  Intaek  among  the 
various  cattlogate  owners,  the  foundations  of  the  chapel 
were  laid  bare,  the  stones  being  dug  up  and  used  in  the 
erection  of  a  wall.  It  appears  to  have  consisted  of  a 
nave  and  chancel,  in  the  Early  English  stylo.  The  out- 
line of  the  cetiietery  may  still  be  traced.  In  a  rental  of 
the  estates  of  Philip  Lord  AVliartou,  in  the  latter  end  of 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  mention  is  made  of  a 
place  called  Abbot  Hall,  at  Waitby,  then  in  the  tenure 
of  the  wife  of  James  Hindmore.  Can  this  have  any 
reference  to  the  castle,  chapd,  &c.,  just  meutiouod  i' 

cu.vKiiy. 
School. — Townships  of  Waithy  and  Smardale. — -James 
Highmore,  of  London,  some  time  previous  to  the  31st 
August,  1082,  erected  a  school  at  Waitby,  and  endowed 
it  with  £100  for  the  instruction  of  the  poor  children  of 
Waitby  and  Smardale,  of  both  ses.es,  in  reading  and 
writing,  English,  and  Latin  grammar;  he  also,  by  his 
will,  dated  23rd  July,  1G84,  gave  the  further  sum  of 
£300  to  be  invested  in  land  for  the  maintenance  of  the 
said  school,  and  for  the  providing  of  twelve  twopenny 
loaves,  which  he  directed  should  be  given  every  Sunday 
to  twelve  poor  widows,  being  si.\ty  years  of  age  and 
upwards.  With  the  £100  thus  acquired  land  was  pur- 
chased at  Cautleylhwaite,  near  Sedbergh,  now  let  for 
forty-five  guineas  a  year,  out  of  which  the  sura  of 
£5  4s.  is  distributed  as  directed  among  poor  widows, 
and  the  remainder  paid  to  the  schoolmaster.  About 
twenty-five  children  of  both  se.xes  attend  this  school. 

WIIAKTON. 

Wharton  township  comprises  an  area  of  1,183  acres, 
and  its  rateable  value  is  £678  8s.  Cd.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  in  1801  was  80;  in  1811,  C7 ;  in  1821, 
81;  in  1831,  70;  in  1841,  55;  and  in  18.')1,  07;  who 
reside  in  farm-houses  dispersed  over  the  township, 
which  is  about  two  miles  south  of  Kirkby  Stefhen. 

Wo  have  no  information  relating  to  Wharton  previous 
to  the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  when  we  find  it  held  by  a 
family  bearing  the  local  name.  One  of  these  Whartons 
married  a  daughter  of  Philip  Hastings,  of  CrogUn,  in 
Cumberland,  and  in  consequence  obtained  a  share  in 
that  manor,  and  subse(iuently  came  into  possession  of 
tlio  whole.  By  an  inquisition  taken  in  the  3rd  Edward 
II.  (1309-1(1)  we  find  that  Henry  do  Wharton  held  of 
llobert  ClilTord  the  manor  of  Wharton,  paying  for 
cornage  Os.  a  year.  In  the  lOtb  Richard  II.  (1391-2) 
and  again  in  theMth  Henry  IV.  (1402-3)  William  de 
Wharton  occurs  as  holding  th'-  manor  of  Wharton, 
paying   coruage  as  above.      In  the    10th  Henry   V. 


(1422)  Henry  de  Wharton  held  the  manor  of  John  do 
Clifford.  The  following  pedigree,  certified  at  the 
herald's  visitation  in  1585,  will  show  the  subsequent 
descent  of  the  manor  : — 

22tbarions  of  5!lharimt. 
Making   no   mention    of    the   various  members   cf 
the  family  noticed  above,  and  of  others  who  occur  as 
presenting  to  the  living  of  Crogliu,  the  pedigree  begins 
with 

Thomas  Wharton,  who  lield  the  manor  of  Wliarton  in  1453-3 
of  Thomas  de  Cliffurd.  About  which  time  begins  also  the  pedi- 
gree of  the  family  of  the  Whartons  of  Kirby  Thore,  who  descended 
from  John  Wharton,  probably  a  younger  brother  of  this  family. 
Thomas  Whaiton  mairied  a  Lowther  of  Lowther,  and  by  her 
had  issue, 

Henky  Whaeton,  who  married  Alice,  daughter  of  Sir  John 
Conyers,  Knt.,  of  Hornby,  and  had  issue, 

Thomas,  who  married  Agnes,  daughter  of  Eeginald  Warcop, 
of  Smardale,  and  by  her  had  issue, 
I.  Thomas,  his  heir. 
II.  Christopher. 

I.  Joan,  married  to  .lolm  Fullhorp,  of  Hipswell. 
n.  Florence,  married  to  Thomas  Forster,  of  Ederston. 

He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Sir  Thomas  Whaktox,  Knt.,  wlio,  in  consequence  of  his  vic- 
tory over  the  Scots  at  SoUom  Moss,  was  created  a  baron  by 
Henry  VIII.  Sir  Thomas  was  twice  married.  By  his  first  wife, 
Eleanor,  daughter  of  Sir  Bryan  Stapletou,  Knt.,  of  Wighill,  he 
had  issue,  besides  two  other  children, 

I.  TnoMAS,  his  heir. 

II.  Sir  Ileiiry  Wbnrton,  Knt.,  who  married  Joan,  daughter  of 
Tlionms  ilulivcrer,  of  Allertou. 

I.  .^giics,  married  to  Sir  Richard  JInsgrave,  Knt.. 

II.  Joan,  married  to  William  Pennington. 

By  his  second  wife,  -Vnne,  daughter  of  George  Earl  of  Shrews- 
bury, he  had  no  issue. 

Thomas,  second  lord  Wharton,  married  .\nne,  daughter   of 
Robert  Dcvoieiuc,  earl  of  Esses,  and  died  in  157'.!,  leaving  issue, 
I.  Philip. 
II.  James. 

PniLir,  third  lord  Wharton,  married  twice.  His  first  wife  was 
Frances,  daughter  of  Henry  CUiTord,  earl  of  Cumberland,  by 
whom  he  had  issue, 

I.  Sir  George  Wharton,  Knt.,  who  married  Aune,  daughter  of 

John  Manners,  earl  of  Rutland,  but  died  without  issue,  in 

ItiOtf. 

II.  Thomas,  who  nmrried  Phllndclpliin,  daughter  of  Sir  Robert 

Cary,  Knt..  and  died  in  bis  fniher's  Uretime,  leaving  issue, 

I.  Philip,  who  succeeded  to  the  title  and  inlicrituncc. 

1.  Fnuicisca,  married  to  Sir  Itii-luird  Miisgriive,  Bart. 

2.  Margaret,  married  to  'I'lioiiittS  Lord  Wooion. 

3.  Kleuuor,  married  lu  William  Thwa.Mes,  Esq.,  of  Long 

Slorsloii,  CO.  York. 
His  lordship's  second  wife  was  Dorothy,  dangbler  of  —  Colbie, 
]':sq.,  and  by  her  he  had  a  sod,  Henry.    Ue  was  succeeded  by 
his  grandson, 

Philip,  fourth  lord  Wharton,  colonel  of  a  regiment  of  borso 
during  the  Parliamcntar}'  wars,  and  noted  for  his  activity  against 
the  UoyoUsts.    Ue  was  thrice  married.     Sy  his  first  wife. 


748 


EAST  WARD. 


Elizabctb,  daughter  of  Sir  Eon'land  'Wandesford,  he  had  a 
daughter, 

I.  Elizabeth,  married  to  Lord  'Willoughby  d'Ercsby,  and  after- 
wards to  Robert  Eurl  of  Lindsay. 
Ilis  second  wife  was  Jane,  daugliter  of  Arthur  Goodwin,  of 
Upper  Winchendon,  Bucks,  by  whom  he  had, 
I.  Thomas. 
II.  Goodwin. 

III.  Colonel  Henry  Wiarton. 
I.  Margaret,  niurricd  to  Mnjor  Dunch,  of  Pusey,  co.  Berks. 
II.  Marv,  married  to  Wiiiiaru  Thomas,  Esq.,  eo  Glamorgan. 
III.  Pbilttdelphio,  married  to  Sir  George  Lockhnrt,  of  Carnwalh. 

His  third  wife  was  Anne,  daughter  of  William  Carr,  Esq.,  by 
whom  ho  had  a  son, 

I.  William,  who  was  killed  in  a  duel. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Thomas,  lifih  lord  Wharton,  who  took  an  active  part  in  effect- 
ing the  revolution  in  IdsS,  and  afterwards  in  opposing  the  Tory 
ministry  in  Queen  Anne's  time ;  for  which  services  he  was 
created  Viscount  Winchendon,  and  Earl  of  Wharton,  and 
ultimately  JIarquis  of  Wharton.  By  his  first  wife,  a  daughter  of 
Sir  Henry  Lee,  of  Dichley,  in  Oxfordshire,  he  had  no  issue. 
His  second  wife  was  Lucy,  daughter  of  John  Lisburne,  and  by 
her  he  had  issue, 

1.  Philip,  Ill's  heir. 

I.  Jane,  married  to  John  Holt,  Esq.,  of  Redgrave,  Suffolk. 
II.  Lucy,  married  to  Sir  Willium  Morice,  Bart. 

On  his  decease, 

Pnii.ir,  his  eldest  son,  succeeded  as  sixth  lord  Wharton,  and 
second  marquis  Wharton,  though  only  in  his  seventeenth  year. 
This  nobleman  is  described  as  "  a  person  of  unbounded  genius, 
eloquence,  and  ambition  :  had  all  the  address  and  activity  of  his 
father,  but  without  his  steadiness :  violent  in  parties,  and  expen- 
sive in  cultivating  the  arts  of  popularity;  which,  indeed,  ought 
to  be  in  some  measure  charged  to  his  education  under  such  a 
father,  who,  it  is  said,  expended  ^£80,000  in  elections — an 
immense  sura  in  those  days ;  by  which  tho  estate  became 
encumbered,  and  the  son  was  not  a  person  of  economy  enough 
to  disengage  it.''  The  young  marquis  set  out  in  the  world  a 
TJoIent  Whig,  and  for  his  extraordinary  services  was  created 
Duke  of  Wharton.  After  that  he  set  up  in  opposition  to  the 
ministry,  then  became  a  Tory,  then  a  Jacobite,  then  he  quitted 
the  country  and  accepted  a  commission  in  the  army  which  the 
King  of  Sp.iin  was  employing  against  Gibralter.  He  ended  his 
life  in  a  Bernardine  monastery,  in  Spain,  where  the  charitable 
monks  sheltered  this  outcast  of  society,  who,  as  Pope  says, 
"  wanted  nothing  but  an  honest  heart."  He  died  in  the  thirty- 
second  year  of  his  age,  and  though  thrice  married  left  no  issue. 

In  1728  the  manor  of  Wharton  was  sold  to  an  ancestor 
of  its  present  owner,  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  hall, 
the  splendid  residence  of  the  Duke  of  Wharton,  has 
long  been  in  ruins;  a  small  part  of  it  is  still  occupied  as  a 
farm-house.  It  was  a  large  quadrangular  building,  with 
four  corner  towers,  and  a  central  court.  The  date,  1539, 
and  the  arms  of  the  family  are  on  one  of  the  towers. 
Its  p.trk,  which  was  very  large,  was  e.xtended  over  the 
ancient  village,  which  was  destroyed,  and  the  inhabitants 
driven  to  Wharton  Dikes,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 


Eden.  About  half  a  mile  south  of  the  hall  are  the 
ruins  of  an  old  building,  called  Lamerside  Castle.  The 
landowners  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  Matthew  Thomp- 
son, Esq.,  Mrs.  Bowness,  and  some  small  proprietors. 

WINTON. 

The  area  of  U'inton  township  is  3,383  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £1,752  15s.  3d.  The  population  in 
1801  was20;i;  in  1811,  252;  in  1821,  284;  in  1831, 
2G7;  in  184i,  358;  and  in  1851,  257;  who  are  prin- 
cipally resident  in  the  village.  The  soil  in  tlie  vales  is 
fertile.  The  township  is  intersected  by  the  Durham 
and  Lancaster  railway. 

The  manor  of  Winton  has  always  been  held  by  the 
lords  of  Brough  b.irony,  but  several  portions  of  the  manor 
are  held  by  inferior  lords  ;  among  others  by  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale,  John  AVakefield,  Esq.,  Henry  Jackson,  Esq., 
and  JIatthew  Robinson,  Esq.  Tho  landowners  arc 
Matthew  Thompson,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  John  Longrigg, 
junr.,  Joseph  Whiteside,  Matthew  Robinson,  William 
Hutchinson,  junr.,  John  Dodd,  Robert  liemgill,  Isaac 
Elxlale,  and  Captain  Tinkler,  with  several  small  pro- 
prietors.    Winton  Hall  is  now  a  farmhouse. 

The  village  of  "Winton  is  one  mile  north-by-east  of 
Kirkby  Stephen.  Here  is  a  Baptist  chapel,  erected 
about  twenty  years  ago. 


ScJiool. — Winton  school  was  erected  in  1G59,  by  sub- 
scriptions raised  principally  through  the  exertions  of 
the  Rev.  William  Morlaud,  who  had  been  ejected  from 
the  rectory  of  Greystoke  by  Cromwell's  commissioners. 
It  was  endowed  in  1G81.  by  Robert  Waller,  witli  land 
at  Kaber,  now  let  for  £0  a  year.  In  1722  Richard 
Jlonkliouse  gave,  for  the  better  endowment  of  Winton 
school,  £100,  provided  the  feoffees  of  the  said  school 
for  the  time  being  should,  within  three  months  after 
his  decease,  grant  the  sole  nomination  of  a  schoolmaster 
on  all  future  vacancies  unto  his  brother,  Thomas  Monk- 
house,  and  his  heirs.  He  also  gave  £10  towards  the 
repairs  of  the  said  school,  and  40s.  for  making  a  garden, 
on  the  waste  grounds  thereto  adjoining.  None  of  tho 
scholars  are  taught  free,  but  the  master  is  limited  to  an 
average  charge  of  3s.  Od.  per  quarter  for  the  education 
of  boys  and  girls. 

About  a  mile  north-by-west  from  Kirkby  Stephen  is 
a  neat  mansion  called  Beck  Foot,  the  seat  of  Dorothy 
Pattinson.  Skelcies  is  a  large  estate  in  this  township, 
the  property  of  ilatthew  Robinson,  Esq.  Part  of  the 
house  is  old,  and  bears  an  inscription  and  the  date 
1094. 


JTALLERSTANG   CIIAPELEY. 


'19 


Wmton  is  the  birth-place  of  Dr.  Richard  Burn,  vicar 
of  Orton  and  chancellor  of  the  diocese  of  Carlisle,  and 
joint  author,  with  J.  Nicolson,  Esq.,  of  the  "History 
and  Antiquities  of  the  Counties  of  Westmoreland  and 


Cumberland;"  and  also  of  Dr.  John  Langhorne,  a  pro- 
liQc  writer,  who,  with  his  brother  AYLliam,  translated 
"  Plutarch's  Lives." 


M.VLLERSTANG   CHAPELRY. 

The  chapelry  of  llallerstang  extends  from  the  source  of  the  Eden  northwards  to  within  two  and  a  half  miles  of  Kirby 
Stephen,  being  nearly  five  miles  in  length,  and  containing  the  hamlets  of  Castlethwaite,  Hanging  Lund,  Outh  Gill, 
Short  Gill,  and  Southwaite,  with  several  scattered  dwellings  dispersed  through  the  deep  vale  of  the  Eden,  and  the 
secluded  glens  and  thwaites  ou  either  side  of  that  river.  This  district  was  anciently  a  vast  forest,  inhabited 
by  every  description  of  game. 


Mallcrstang  contains  4,0-1-t  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  is  £1,37"2  8s.  In  1801  it  contained  314  inhabi- 
tants; in  1811,  219;  in  1821,  213;  in  1831,  256;  in 
1841,  223;  and  in  1851,  2)4,  who  are  principally 
engaged  in  agriculture.  In  the  lower  end  of  the  town- 
ship there  is  a  small  coal  mine,  worked  by  Messrs.  Horn 
and  Brothers.  The  soil  in  the  vales  is  fertile ;  but  the 
township  is  principally  grazed. 

Before  the  grant  of  the  barony  of  Westmorland  to 
Robert  do  Veteripont,  the  forest  of  Mallerstang,  with 
the  remainder,  belonged  to  Sir  Hugh  de  Morville,  and 
a  large  round  hill  is  still  known  as  Sir  Hugh  Morville's 
scat,  where  Anne  Countess  of  Pembroke  erected  a  stone 
pillar,  with  an  inscription,  "  a.  r.  1001."  The  castle  of 
Mallerstang,  of  which  more  hereafter,  is  said  to  have 
been  erected  about  the  time  of  the  landing  of  the  Saxons 
in  this  country,  by  Ulhcr  Pendragon.  Who  this  Uther 
was  wo  have  no  means  of  ascertaining.  After  the  death 
of  John  do  Veteripont,  in  the  reign  of  lienry  III.,  the 
wardship  of  his  son  Robert,  during  his  mitibrity,  was 
committed  to  the  Prior  of  Carlisle,  who  suffered  great 
wastes  to  be  committed  in  the  estates  of  the  said 
Robert ;  and  particularly,  as  wo  learn  from  an  inquisi- 
tion taken  at  the  period,  in  the  vale  of  Mallerstang, 
which  was  much  decayed  by  the  multitude  of  vaccaries, 
and  cliiclly  by  the  archery  of  Roger  the  Forester,  and 
other  archers  of  Lonsdale,  by  default  of  the  prior,  and 
for  want  of  keeping.  After  the  death  of  Roger  de  Clif- 
ford, in  the  1  Itli  Edward  I.  (12S-1.3),  it  was  found,  by 
inquisition,  that  the  forest  of  JIallerstang,  in  herbage 
and  agistments,  and  all  other  issues,  was  worth  yearly 
i'14  7s.  Gd.  In  the  8th  Edward  H.  (1311-15)  the 
jurors  (Ind,  that  in  the  vale  of  Mallerstang  there  is  one 
castle,  called  Pendragon,  with  avaccary,  held  by  Andrew 
do  Ilercla  of  the  rent  of  Od.  a  year ;  and  si.v  vaccaries 
more,  worth  20s.  a  year  each;   agistment,  worth  Od.  a 


year;  turbary,  Cs.  8d. ;  pleas  and  perquisites  of  court, 
13s.  4d.  In  the  15th  Edward  III.  (1341-2),  the  Scots 
burned  Pendragon  Castle  to  the  ground ;  and  in  the 
30th  of  the  same  king's  reign  (1302-3),  Edward  granted 
to  Roger  ClitTord,  in  fee,  the  vaccary  called  Southwaite, 
in  the  forest  of  Mallerstang.  In  the  reign  of  Edward 
IV.,  during  the  attainder  of  Henry  Lord  Clifford,  part 
of  the  estate  was  granted  to  Sir  William  Parr,  of  Kendal 
Castle ;  and  after  the  death  of  Sir  William,  his  son 
Thomas  being  under  age  and  in  wardship  of  the  king, 
the  said  king  granted  to  Lancelot  Wharton  the  office  of 
bowbearer  of  Mallerstang  in  right  of  his  ward.  Sir 
Richard  Tufton,  Bart.,  is  the  present  lord  of  Maller- 
stang ;  besides  whom,  John  Grimshaw,  Matthew 
Thompson,  George  Blades  and  Sous,  Thomas  Cleasby, 
and  Mary  Fawcett,  with  a  number  of  small  proprietors 
and  yeomen,  are  the  landowners. 

THE   CHAPlil,. 

Mallerstang  chapel,  which  stands  near  the  centre  of 
the  township,  is  of  very  ancient  foundation,  and  about 
si.\ty  years  ago  had  a  burialgiound  attached  to  it.  It 
is  now  much  in  need  of  repairs.  After  remaining  about 
si.vty  years  in  a  state  of  dilapidation,  tiiis  chapel  wag 
repaired  in  1003,  by  the  Countess  of  Pembroke,  who 
endowed  it  with  lands  at  Cautley,  near  Sedbcrgh,  in 
Yorkshire,  then  worth  I'll  a  year,  which  was  to  be 
given  to  the  curate,  on  condition  that  he  teach  "  the 
children  of  the  dale  to  read  and  write  English  in  the 
chapel."  The  property  now  lets  for  i'20  a  year.  In 
1714  it  was  augmented  with  an  estate  at  Gardale,  now 
worth  £00  a  year,  purchased  with  £100,  given  by  the 
Earl  of  Thauet  and  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty;  the  latter  of  whom,  in  1772,  gave  £200  more, 
which,  with  another  £200,  given  by  the  Countess- 
dowager   Gower,    was   expended   in   the   purchase  of 


rso 


EAST  WARD. 


another  estate  at  Cautley,  now  let  for  .t'55  a  year,  so 
that  the  living  is  at  present  worth,  after  deducting 
payments  which  have  to  he  made  by  the  incumbent, 
about  £100  a  year.  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Bart.,  is 
patron.  The  chapel  is  licensed  for  burials  and  baptisms. 
The  burial-ground  was  consecrated  in  1813,  by  Bishop 
Goodonough.     The  registers  commence  in  1730. 

Incumbents. — Jeoffrey  Bowness,  ;    John   Bird,  ; 

William  Bird, ;   John  Fawcett,  ;   Eolicrt  IloLinsoD, 

18U. 

CHAIUTIES. 

ScJwol. — It  is  stated  in  Nicolson  and  Burns  "  His- 
tory of  Westmoreland  "  that  the  Countess  of  Pembroke, 
in  1G03,  repaired  the  chapel  of  Mallcrstang,  and  en- 
dowed the  same,  as  above,  for  the  maintenance  of  a 
person  qualified  to  read  prayers,  and  to  teach  the 
children  of  Malloi-stiing  to  read,  Ac,  in  the  chapel 
there.  This  statement  is  confirmed  by  an  original 
document,  which  the  Charity  Commissioners  in  their 
report  state  to  be  in  the  possession  of  the  schoolmaster. 
The  limds  thus  settled  are  in  the  possession  of  the 
incumbent,  who  hires  a  teacher  for  the  school.  There 
is  also  £5  from  some  charity  in  Loudon.  Adam  Robin- 
son, by  will,  dated  September  loth,  1813,  left  two 
cattle-gates  in  Aisgill,  and  other  leasehold  property, 
charged  with  a  yearly  payment  of  £-2  out  of  the  rents 
if  they  cleared  so  much,  for  the  purpose  of  buying 
school-books  for  the  children  attending  the  chapel 
school,  and  also  to  buy  coals  for  the  fire  in  the  said 
school  for  those  scholars  who  should  not  be  able  to  pay 
for  coals.  The  school  is  attached  to  the  chapel,  and 
is  attended  by  about  twenty-eight  children,  all  of  whom 
are  taught  free,  and  supplied  with  the  requisite  school- 
books  gratis. 

Middli'lons  Chanty. — George  Middleton,  of  Sedbergh, 
in  the  county  of  York,  by  will,  dated  8th  May,  178-1, 
left  £'100,  the  interest  of  which  he  directed  should  be 
expended  iu  the  purchase  of  bread,  to  be  distributed 
weekly,  every  Sunday,  in  the  chapel  of  Mallerstang, 
among  such  of  the  poor  residing  in  the  said  chapelry 
who  should  not  receive  parish  relief. 

Hunter's  Charity. — Lancelot  Hunter,  who  died  in 
1731,  left  £10  to  the  poor  of  the  dale  of  Mallerstang. 
This  money  was  laid  out,  some  years  ago,  in  the  pur- 
chase of  two  cattle-gates  in  ilallerstang,  which  now 
produce  generally  from  95s.  to  28s.  each.  This  money 
is  given  away  on   Christmas  Day,  with  the  share  of 


John  Waller's  money,  and  the  interest  of  the  poor  stock 
ne.vt  mentioned,  to  the  poor  of  the  township  not  receiv- 
ing parish  relie.*". 

Poor  Stock. — The  poor  stock  consists  of  the  sum  of 
£1  ] ,  of  which  the  origin  is  unknown. 

Castlethwaite  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township  about  four 
miles  south  of  Kirkby  Stephen.  Here  are  the  ruins  of 
Pendragon  Castle,  one  of  the  most  interesting  relics  of 
antiquity  in  the  county.  This  castle,  formerly  the 
capital  seat  of  the  Forest  of  Mallei-stang,  which,  as  we 
have  already  seen,  belonged  to  Sir  Hugh  de  Morville 
before  it  was  granted  to  the  Veteriponts,  was  a  very 
strong  fortress,  the  walls  being  battlemented,  and  in 
some  parts  four  yards  thick.  It  was  burned  by  the 
Scots  in  1340,  but  subsequently  restored.  It  was  again 
laid  in  ruins  in  l.jll,  and  continued  in  this  state  till 
1000,  when  it  was  repaired  by  Anne  Countess  of  Pem- 
broke ;  but  in  1685  it  was  dismantled  by  the  Earl  of 
Thanct,  and  has  since  suffered  f-o  much  from  age  and 
neglect,  that  the  moulderiug  rains  of  a  square  tower, 
which  stands  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  secluded  vale 
of  Eden,  are  all  that  now  remain.  Its  name  of  Pen- 
dragon  (the  dragon's  hill)  has  reference,  no  doubt,  to  its 
site,  though  why  it  should  be  called  dragon's  hill,  we 
have  now  no  means  of  ascertaining.  We  can  only  con- 
jecture that  tradition  located  here  one  of  those  dragons, 
or  worms,  so  much  spoken  of  in  the  old  legends.  In 
later  times,  this  stoiy  was  probably  forgotten,  and  to 
account  for  the  name,  tradition  handed  over  the  castle 
to  Uther  Pendragon,  one  of  the  mystic  heroes  of  Welsh 
history,  and  one  of  the  supposed  fathers  of  the  world- 
renowned  King  Arthur.  It  is  said  he  built  the  castle, 
and  attempted  to  turn  the  course  of  the  Eden,  so  as  to 
surround  his  dwelling  with  the  river ;  but  iu  this  he 
failed,  and  hence  arose  the  popular  rhyme : — 

"  Let  Uther  Pendragon  do  what  he  can, 
Eden  will  run  where  Eden  ran." 

Besides  repairing  this  ancient  structure,  the  Countess 
of  Pembroke  also  built  the  bridge  across  the  liver  Eden, 
near  the  castle. 

The  other  hamlets  in  this  chapelry,  and  their  distance 
from  Kirkby  Stephen  are  as  follow: — Hanging  Lund, 
sis  and  a  half  miles  south  ;  Outhgiil  (where  the  chapel 
is  situated),  four  and  a  half  miles  ;  Sbortgill,  five  miles 
south ;  and  Southwaite,  three  miles  south. 


SOULBY    CHAPELRY. 


751 


SOULBY     CHAPELRY. 

This  chapelry  comprises  the  township  of  Soulby,  the  commons  of  which  were  enclosed  in  1810. 
tolerably  fertilo.     The  Edeii  Valley  riiilway  runs  through  the  chapelry. 


The  soil  here  is 


Soulby  township  comprises  an  area  of  2,495  acres, 
and  its  rateable  value  is  £1,921  9s.  2d.  The  number 
of  inhabitants  in  1801  was  237;  in  1811,  193;  in 
lft21,  251;  in  1831,250;  in  1811,300;  and  in  1851, 
309  ;  who  principally  reside  in  the  village. 

The  first  owner  of  Soulby  on  record  is  Henry  de 
Sulleby,  or  Soulbv,  who  occurs  as  a  witness  to  the  grant 
of  the  advowson  of  the  church  of  Kirkby  Thore  by 
Adam  de  Kirkby  Thore  to  Robert  de  Veteripont,  in 
the  reign  of  King  -lolin.  Several  other  members  of 
this  family  occur  at  different  periods  down  to  the  reign 
of  Edward  II.,  when  the  manor  appears  to  have  passed 
to  the  Musgraves,  but  how  we  are  not  informed.  It 
was  afterwards  held  in  moieties  by  the  Musgraves  and 
"U'hartons ;  and  some  property  in  the  manor  appears  to 
have  been  held  by  the  Stricklands  and  Lowthers ;  but 
from  the  10th  Henry  V.  (1422)  the  manor  of  Soulby 
seems  invariably  to  have  continued  in  the  !Musgrave 
family,  with  the  exception  of  two  or  three  tenements 
which  are  held  of  Smardale  Hall,  Sir  George  Musgrave, 
Bart.,  being  the  present  lord  of  the  manor,  besides 
whom,  Tiiomas  Hutton,  Esq.,  and  E.  .1.  Jackson,  Esq., 
are  the  principal  landowners.  The  hall,  or  manor- 
house,  seems  to  have  been  in  the  grounds  now  called 
Hall  Garths. 

The  village  of  Soulby  is  situated  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Eden  and  the  Smardale  Beck,  two  and  a  half 
miles  north-west  of  Kirkby  Stephen.  Two  large  cattle 
fairs  are  held  here  annually,  viz.,  on  the  Tuesday  before 
Easter  and  on  the  30th  of  August ;  the  latter  was 
established  about  1797,  and  the  other  in  1835.  There 
is  a  good  bridge  of  three  arches  in  the  village,  erected 
in  1819. 

THE    CUArEL. 

Soulby  chapel,  which  stands  in  the  centre  of  the 
village,  is  a  neat  building,  with  turret  containing  one 
bell.  It  was  erected  in  1005  by  Sir  Philip  ]\[usgrave, 
lord  of  the  manor,  and  consecrated  on  St.  Luke's  Day, 
in  the  same  year,  by  Bishop  Stern.  In  the  act  of 
consecration  it  was  set  forth  that  the  said  Sir  Philip 
JIusgrave  and  his  heirs  anil  assigns,  lords  of  the  manor 
of  Hartley  Castle,  shall  repair  the  said  chnpel  from 
time  to  time,  and  have  the  power  to  nominate  a  fit 


minister  to  be  approved  and  licensed  by  the  bishop. 
Sir  George  Musgrave,  Bart.,  is  therefore  patron  of  the 
living,  which,  by  various  augmentations,  now  possesses 
about  100  acres  of  land,  worth  £90  a  year.  The  chapel, 
which  will  accommodate  upwards  of  100  persons,  is 
licensed  for  baptisms  and  funerals.  There  is  a  small 
marble  tablet  to  the  memory  of  the  Tebay  family. 
John  Wakefield,  Esq.,  is  the  impropriator  of  the  com 
and  hay  tithes,  which  have  long  been  let  to  the  inha- 
bitants on  a  lease  for  999  years,  at  £50  a  year.  The 
registers  commence  in  1813. 

Incombenis. Sewell, ;  Joseph  Briscoe, ;    S. 

Hutchinson,  1831. 

There  is  a  small  Wesleyan  chapel  in  the  vOlage, 
erected  in  1830. 


Sc/woL— Lancelot  Bell,  in  1768,  gave  £40,  with 
which  was  purchased  a  yearly  rent-charge  of  SOs., 
issuing  out  of  a  close  called  Flatts,  at  Waitby,  in  this 
p.ii-ish ;  and  also  out  of  two  cattle-gates  in  Waitby  intack, 
to  which  he  directed  to  be  paid  on  the  13th  August  and 
the  13th  February  yearly,  at  the  chapel  of  Soulby,  in 
trust,  to  pay  the  same  to  the  schoolmaster  of  Soulby, 
who,  in  consideration  of  the  same,  should  duly  teach 
three  poor  boys  of  Soulby.  A  further  annual  sum  of 
30s.,  derived  from  the  charity  of  Thomas  Wilson  (see 
Crosby  Garrett  parish,  page,  738),  is  also  paid  to  the 
schoolmaster  for  teaching  three  other  poor  boys  of  this 
township.  There  is  also  the  interest  of  £5,  left  by  Mrs. 
Jane  Grainger.  The  total  income  from  these  endow- 
ment is  now  £2  lOs.,  for  which  six  children  are  taught 
free.     The  average  attendance  is  about  fifty. 

Poor  Stock.  —  The  sum  of  £24  poors-money,  the 
origin  of  which  is  unknown,  was  laid  out  some  years 
ago,  with  other  moneys,  in  the  purchase  of  a  house  for 
the  use  of  the  township,  and  the  annual  sum  of  223. 
has  been  since  paid  out  of  the  poor-rates  as  interest 
upon  it.  This  interest,  with  the  addition  of  the  share 
of  John  Waller's  money,  and  a  rent  of  8s.  arising  from 
small  lots  of  ground  belonging  to  the  township,  is  dis- 
tributed at  Christmas  among  the  poor  not  receiving 
parish  relief. 


752 


EAST   WAHD. 


KIRKBY  THORE  PARISH. 

Tnrs  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Crowdundale  and  Newbiggin,  on  the  west  bj'  the  river  Eden,  on  the  south 
by  Loufjinarton  parish,  and  on  the  cast  by  that  of  Dufton.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile  and  in  a  good  state  of 
cultivation,  except  at  its  western  extremity,  where  there  is  a  mountainous  tract  comprising  Dun  Fell  and  ]\Iilburn 
Forest,  bordering  on  the  source  of  the  river  Tees,  the  north  of  which  is  Cross  Fell,  in  Cumberland.  In  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  river  is  a  sandy  loam  :  the  higher  grounds  have  a  mixture  of  gravel  and  clay.  The  parish  comprises 
the  townships  of  Kirkby  Thore,  Milbourne,  and  Temple  Sowcrby,  whose  united  area  is  11,030  acres.  The  commons 
were  enclosed  in  1812. 


KtHKIlY    THOUE. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1,072  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  i,'2,j03.  Its  population  in  1801  was 
247;  in  1811,  305;  in  1821,377;  in  1831,  408 ;  in 
1841,  442  ;  and  in  1831,  412.  The  Eden  Valley  rail- 
way crosses  the  western  portion  of  this  township.  The 
Troutbcck,  which  runs  through  Kirkby  Tlioro,  falls  into 
the  Edeu,  and  turns  a  corn  aud  saw  mill,  near  the 
bridge. 

Of  the  importance  ascribed  to  Kirkby  Thore  in  the 
Piomau  period  of  British  history,  we  have  evidence  in 
the  fact  of  its  being  selected  as  the  site  of  a  station  on 
the  line  of  road  between  Vertcrae,  (Brougb),  aud  Bro- 
cavium,  (Brougham).  This  station,  supposed  to  be  the 
BrovonaciB  of  the  Notitia,  stood  near  the  spot  where  the 
Maiden  Way  branched  off  from  the  road  which  led  from 
York  to  Carlisle.  An  account  of  the  Maiden  Way 
will  be  found  at  page  3.  The  site  of  the  Roman 
station,  now  known  as  Burwens,  has  been  fertile  in 
antiquities.  In  1C87  Mr.  Machcll  found  a  four -fold 
wall  here,  made  of  hewn  stone,  each  wall  being  two  feet 
four  inches  thick.  Several  arched  vaults  were  also 
discovered,  lead  pipes,  &c.,  and  an  altar,  inscribed 
FonTVNAE  sERVATRicr.  Hc  also  discovered  near  the 
bridge  and  the  great  Roman  road,  an  ancient  well  con- 
taining urns,  curious  earthen  vessels,  the  clasp  of  a 
spear,  and  sandals.  Ilorsley  tells  us  that  the  following 
inscription  was  found  here  :  — "  dec  del.\tvcadIvO 
LiBENTER  VOTV.M  FECIT  loLus."  Many  Other  Roman 
antiquities  have  since  been  discovered  here.  In  1838, 
while  making  the  foundations  of  a  new  bridge,  on  the 
river  Troutbeck,  the  following  were  brought  to  light : — 
A  bronze  ligula,  five  bow-shaped  fibulae,  and  four  ring- 
shaped  fibulae ;  also  four  bow-shaped  Roman  and  two 
enamelled  fibulie — one  of  the  crescent-shaped,  the  other 
in  the  form  of  a  cock — and  the  upper  ornament  and 
the  chape  or  lower  end  of  a  scabbard  of  Romano-Celtic 
workmanship.  In  September  of  the  present  year  (1859) 
some  workmen,  employed  on  the  Eden  Valley  railway 
in  this  township,  discovered  a  number  of  Roman 
antiquities,  amongst  which  were  several  vases  containing 
bones  and  ashes,  which,  on  being  exposed  to  the  air, 
crumbled  to  pieces.    A  beautiful  specimen  of  sculpture, 


in  a  high  state  of  preservation,  of  a  horse  and  rider,  said 
to  be  about  seven  feet  iu  height,  but  wanting  a  portion 
of  the  horse's  legs,  was  also  found,  which,  after  having 
been  exhibited  during  the  day  to  the  curious,  was 
privately  conveyed  away  in  the  evening. 

Whelp  is  the  first  lord  of  the  manor  of  Kirkby  Thore 
on  record.  He  occurs  about  the  reign  of  Stephen  or 
Henry  II.,  and  from  him  probably  Whelp  Castle  (of 
which  more  hereafter)  derived  its  name.  Whelp  had  a 
son,  Ganicl,  whose  sou  Waldeve,  or  Waltheof,  gave 
lands  at  Kirkby  Thore  and  Hale  to  the  abbey  of  Holme 
Cultram,  which  grant  was  confirmed  by  Lyulph,  the 
son  of  Lyulph,  who  seems  to  have  held  a  portion  of  the 
manor  uuder  Widdeve,  for  in  his  charter  of  confirmation 
he  styles  the  said  Waldeve  his  lord.  By  another  charter 
Waldeve  released  to  Holme  Cultram  Abbey  all  his  right 
and  claim,  as  lord  of  the  manor,  in  certain  lands  therein 
specified,  given  to  the  said  abbey  by  Lawrence  de  New- 
biggin. This  Waldeve  had  two  sons,  Adam  and  Alan, 
the  former  of  whom  confirmed  the  grants  made  by  his 
father.  This  Adam  de  Kirkby  Thore  granted  the 
advowson  of  the  church  to  Robert  de  Veteripont. 
Adam  de  Kirkby  Thore  had  a  son  Gilbert,  who  con- 
firmed the  grants  made  to  Holme  Cultram  Abbey  by 
his  father  and  grandfather ;  aud  also,  by  churler,  dated 
1247,  made  some  gifts  of  his  own  to  the  same  com- 
munity. A  considerable  portion  of  the  laud  iu  this 
manor  appears  to  have  been  given  to  Holme  Cultram 
Abbey  about  this  period ;  among  the  grantors  we  find 
Lyulph  sou  of  Lyulph,  Adam  son  of  Lyulph,  Robert 
de  Broy,  and  AmabU,  daughter  of  Robert  de  Bercford. 
John  do  Veteripont  also  gave  certain  lands  here  to  the 
said  abbey,  and  this  Johu,  as  lord  of  Westmoreland,  of 
whom  this  manor  was  held  in  chief,  granted  to  the  in- 
habitants of  Kirkby  Thore  freedom  from  puturo  of  his 
foresters  iu  Westmoreland,  and  from  finding  testimony 
to  his  foresters  which  is  called  witnessman,  and  that  if 
they  should  be  found  guilty  of  offences  iu  hunting  or 
vert,  they  should  not  be  called  to  account  for  the  same 
in  any  of  his  courts  of  the  forest,  but  only  in  the  county 
court.  After  Gilbert,  John  de  Kirkby  Thore  occurs 
(probably  the  son  of  Gilbert),  who  in  the  8th  Edward 
II.  (1314-1  5)  held  the  manor  of  Kirkby  Thore.    In  the 


KIRKBY  THOEE   PARISH. 


753 


following  year,  and  again  in  1340,  Jolin  do  Kirkby 
There  occurs  as  knight  of  the  shire  for  Westmoreland. 
In  the  31st  Henry  VI.  (145"3-3)  an  inquisition  was 
taken,  when  it  was  found  that   "  Gilbert  de  Kirkby 
Thore  heretofore  held   three   parts   of   the  manor  of 
Kirkby  Thore,  and  paid  yearly  for  cornagc  I'Js.  lOd.; 
and  owed  wardship,  marriage,  and  relief;  and  now  John 
Je  Kirkby  Thore  holds  the  same  three  parts  by  aU.  the 
services  aforesaid,  and  makes  fines  by  suit  of  the  county 
court,  notwithstanding  that  the  lord  of  Westmoreland 
re-leased  to  one  of  his  ancestors  the  said  suit.     And 
Robert  de  Bereford  heretofore  held  immediately  tho 
fourth  part  of  the  same  vill  of  Kirkby  Thore,  and  paid 
yearly  for  cornage  12s.  8d.,  and  owed  wardship,  mar- 
riage, and  relief.     And  now  Ralph  Pudsey,  Bart,  lord 
of  Berford- upon -Tees,  holds   immediately  the   same 
fourth    part,   by   the   services   aforesaid.      And   John 
Wharton  holds  the  said  fourth  part  of  the  said  knight, 
by  all  the  services  aforesaid."     This  is  the  first  men- 
tion of  the  Whartons  in  connection  with  this  manor. 
This  family  continued  to  possess  the  manor  of  Kirkby 
Thore  from  the  period  just  named  till  the  middle  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  when   the  male  issue  failed. 
The  manor  is  now  held  by  Sir  llichard  Tufton,  Bart. ; 
Sir  T.  B.  Lennard  is  lord  of  a  large  portion  of  tho 
township,  and  the  rector  receives  lords'  rent  from  eight 
difYorent  tenements.      The   landowners  are  the  Rev. 
Edward  Cookson,  Sir  T.  B.  Lennard,  John  Crosby, 
W.  Crackenthorpe,  and  J.  L.  George,  Esqs. ;  Messrs. 
John  and  Thomas  Nicholson,  James   Crosby,  and  a 
number  of  small  proprietors.     Kirkby  Thore  Hall  has 
long  been  used  as  a  farm-house.     Mr.  Machell  says 
that  the  hall  and  a  great  part  of  the  village  were  built 
out  of  the  ruins  of  Whelp  Castle,  which  stood  on  the 
site  of  the  Roman  station,  and  was  the  principal  seat  of 
the  manor.     It  is  said  to  have  been  a  fortress  of  some 
strength,  but  its  site  has  long  been  cultivated. 

Tho  village  of  Kirkby  Thore  occupies  a  pleasant 
situation,  near  the  conlluence  of  tho  Eden  and  Trout- 
beck,   four    miles    and    three-quarters    north-west   of 
Appleby,  and  consists  of  three  clusters  of  buildings, 
Pome  of  which  are  very  neatly  built.     In  the  vicinity  is 
Pott's  Well,  a  spring  of  a  sulpureous  nature,  supposed 
to  rise  from  a  bed  of  alabaster,  lying  at  a  great  depth 
below  tho  surface.     The  name  of  this  village  has  long 
been  held  to  mean  "  the  village  of  the  temple  of  Thor; " 
but  Mr.  Sullivan,  in  his  "  Cumberland  and  Westmor- 
l.md,  Ancient  and  Modern,"  remarks,  "  Kirkby  Thore 
cannot  have  any  connection  with  the  god  Thor ;  it  is  so 
called  from  the  Roman,  road;  Norse,  thor;  Hiberno- 
Celtic,  tnchar,  a  highway."    We  are  inclined  to  agreo 
with  him  in  this  derivation. 


THE  cauBcn. 
Kirkby  Thore  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Michael,  is  an 
ancient  structure,  in  the  early  English  style,  consisting 
of  nave,  aisles,  and  chancel,  with  a  square  tower,  con- 
taining one  bell,  said  to  be  the  largest  in  the  county, 
and  formerly  belonging  to  the  abbey  of  Shap.  The 
interior  has  a  very  chaste  appearance.  The  nave  is 
lofty  and  spacious,  and  is  filled  with  low  open  seats.  -A- 
lofty  pointed  arch  separates  the  nave  and  chancel.  The 
windows  are  all  filled  with  stained  glass ;  the  eastern 
one,  of  three  lights,  with  tracery  above,  commands 
general  admiration.  The  pulpit  is  of  oak,  most  elabo- 
rately carved,  as  are  also  the  rails  of  the  communion 
table.  In  the  chancel  is  a  brass  plate,  bearing  a  long 
Latin  inscription  to  the  memory  of  John  Dalston,  Esq., 
of  Acorn  Bank,  who  died  in  1G92,  aged  eighty-si-'c  years. 
The  living  is  a  rectory,  in  the  patronage  of  Sir  Richard 
Tufton,  Bart.,  as  the  descendant  of  Robert  de  Veteri- 
pont,  who  purchased  it  in  the  thirteenth  century  of  the 
then  lord  of  the  manor.  It  is  valued  in  the  King's 
Book  at  £37  13s.  SJd.;  but  is  now  worth  £015  a  year, 
arising  from  667  acres  of  land,  of  which  sixty-four  are 
ancient  glebe,  the  remainder  being  allotted  to  the 
rectory  at  the  enclosure,  in  1812,  as  a  commutation  for 
the  great  and  small  tithes. 

Eeciors.— Roger  de  Clifford,  1343  ;  Ralph  de  Brantingham, 
13ir);  Thomas  de  Riplyngham,  resigned  13  J4  ;  Adam  de  Hoton, 
1354 ;  William  de  Corbrigg,  1 302 ;  Roger  de  Crackenthorpe 
occurs  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI. ;  Henry  Wharton  occurs  in 
the  reign  of  Edward  r\'. ;  Richard  Rawson,  resigned,  1526; 
Richard  Evenwode,  1520  ;  Michael  Craclienthorpe,  died  156S  ; 
Robert  Warcop,  15C8;  Thos.  Warcop,  1507  ;  Lancelot  Low-ther, 

1G29  ;     Thomas  Warcop,  ;    William  Walker,  died  1677  ; 

Thomas   Machell,  1077;    Edmund  Wkkcns,   1099;    Carleton 
Atkinson,  1722;  Thomas  Milward,  1702;   Gilpin  Corst,1775; 

John  Rippon, ;   Gerald  Elliott,  1840  ;  John  Brown,  1^45; 

Cliorles  H.  Barham,  1646 ;  Edward  Cookson,  1802. 

The  rectory,  situated  north  of  the  church,  is  one  of 
the  finest  in  the  county. 

In  the  village  are  two  Methodist  chapels,  and  one 
belonging  to  the  Presbyterians. 

Kirkby  Thore  school  is  a  neat  building,  erected  by 
subscription  in  1832.  It  possesses  a  small  endowment; 
the  interest  amounts  to  £0  1  Is.  3d.  £'20  of  the  endow- 
ment was  left  in  1823  by  Mr.  John  Horn.  The  average 
attendance  is  forty  children. 

CHARITV. 

Poor  Stock. — There  is  an  ancient  poor  stock  of  £20, 
tho  origin  of  which  is  unknown.  It  is  secured  upon 
the  tolls  of  tho  turnpike  road  from  Brough  to  Eamont 
Bridge,  and  tho  interest,  amounting  to  IGs  a  year,  is 
given  to  poor  persons  of  tho  township  of  Kirkby  Thore. 


00 


764 


EAST    WAKD. 


In  tbis  township  is  a  freehold  estate  called  the 
Spiiilo,  said  to  have  formerly  belonged  to  some  religious 
Louse,  most  probably  some  hospital  for  lepers. 

MILBURNE. 

This  township  contains  5,282  acres;  its  rateable 
ralue  is  £l,-2ij:i  Is.  7d.  In  1801  it  coutiincd  237 
inhabitants;  in  1811,  281;  iu  1821,303;  in  1831, 
323;  in  1841,  348;  and  in  1831,  320. 

The  first  account  we  have  of  Jlilburne  is  in  the  reign 
of  King  John,  who  granted  to  William  de  Stuteville 
the  forest  of  Milburue.  Some  time  afterwards  Nicholas 
de  Slutevillc  granted  to  Robert  de  Veteripont  the  whole 
village  and  grange  of  Milbnrne,  as  William  de  Stute- 
Tille  or  his  ancestors  had  held  the  same.  Robert  de 
Veteripont  granted  to  Shap  Abbey  the  whole  village  of 
Milbnrne  Grange.  In  the  3rd  Edward  II.  (1300-10) 
Patrick  Earl  of  Dunbar  appears  to  have  held  Milburne 
of  the  Cliffords,  that  is,  that  portion  of  it  which  had 
not  been  previously  granted  away.  In  the  43rd  Edward 
III.  (ISCO-TOjit-wasfound,  by  inquisition,  that  Bertriue 
de  Johnby  and  Robert  de  Vallibus  had  held  the  manor 
of  Jlilburne  of  Patrick  Earl  of  Dunbar,  who  held  the 
same  of  Robert  de  Clifford,  and  the  said  Robert  de 
Clifford  held  the  same  of  the  king,  in  capite,  by  knight's 
service.  This  Earl  Patrick  forfeited  the  manor  for  his 
adherence  to  Robert  Bruce,  and  it  came  into  possession 
of  the  Lancasters,  very  probably  by  grant  from  the 
crown.  These  Lancasters  were  descended  from  Roger 
de  Lancaster,  bastard  brother  of  William  de  Lancaster, 
third  baron  of  Kendal  of  that  name.  Milburne  con- 
tinued in  this  family  till  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  when, 
on  the  demise  of  Sir  John  de  Lancaster,  of  Howgill, 
the  estate  came  to  his  four  daughters,  co-heirs. 
Christian  was  married  to  Sir  Robert  de  Harrington, 
Knt. ;  Isabel,  married  to  Sir  Thomas  Le  Fleming, 
Knt.,  of  Couiston  ;  Margaret,  married  to  Sir  Matthew 
de  Whitfield,  Kut. ;  aud  Elizabeth,  married  to  Robert 
de  Crackenthorpe,  Esq.,  a  younger  branch  of  the 
Crackenthorpes  of  Xewbiggin.  In  the  partition  of  the 
estates,  consequent  on  the  demise  of  Sir  John  de  Lan- 
caster, Christian  and  Elizabeth  were  to  have  the  manors 
of  Deepdale,  Blencoyne,  Howgill,  and  Knock  Salcok, 
and  the  lands  there,  as  also  in  Milburne  aud  Lowenth- 
waite ;  and  Margaret  and  Isabel  were  to  have  the 
manor  of  Rydal  and  Loughrigg.  In  the  division 
between  Christian  and  Elizabeth,  Howgill  fell  to  the 
latter,  who  thereupon  brought  the  same  in  marriage 
to  the  Crackenthorpes,  with  whom  it  remained  for  only 
two  generations,  the  family  failing  ui  issue  male,  on 
the  decease  of  Anthony  Crackenthorpe,  brother  of 
Ambrose,   son    of   Robert    de    Crackenthorpe.      This 


Anthony  had  three  daughters,  co-hfirs,  the  eldest  of 
whom,  Anne,  had  Howgill  for  her  portion  of  the  family 
estates.  Sbe  became  the  wife  of  Sir  Thomsis  Sandford, 
Knt.,  of  Askham,  thus  bringing  the  manor  to  that 
family.  From  the  Sandfords  the  manor  passed,  by 
marriage,  to  the  Honeywoods  of  Marks  Ilall,  in  Essex, 
from  whom  it  was  purchased,  in  1780,  by  the  Earl  of 
Thanet,  and  it  is  now  held  by  Sir  liicbard  Tufton, 
Bart.,  besides  whom,  Joseph  Parker,  Esq.,  and  John 
Brown,  Esq.,  are  the  principal  landownei-s.  Howgill 
Castle,  the  ancient  manor  house,  now  occupied  by  a 
farmer,  stands  half  a  mile  south-east  of  the  village.  It 
was  formerly  a  fine  building.  Some  of  the  walls  are 
ten  feet  thick,  and  part  of  the  rooms  in  the  lower  story 
are  strongly  arched  over.  Close  to  the  castle  is  the 
rivulet  Howgill,  from  which  its  name  is  derived. 

The  village  of  Milburne  is  three  miles  north-bj'-east 
of  Kirkby  There. 

THE   CmXVEL. 

Milburne  chapel  is  a  very  ancient  Grothic  edifice, 
consisting  of  nave,  aisles,  and  chancel,  with  low  turret, 
containing  two  bells.  It  is  much  in  want  of  repairs. 
It  contains  a  mural  brass  to  the  memory  of  Anne,  the 
wife  of  Richard  Sandford,  Esq.,  and  mother  of  eighteen 
children,  who  died  in  1603.  The  living  is  a  perpetual 
curacy  in  the  patronage  of  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Bart. 
In  1752  Sackville  Earl  of  Thanet,  gave  £000,  and  the 
governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  £400,  for  the  joint 
benefit  of  this  chapel  and  that  of  Temple  Sowerby ;  to 
be  paid  out  of  land  which  liad  been  purchased  at 
Firbank,  Howgill  near  Sedbergh,  and  Dillicar,  now  let 
for  about  £100  per  annum,  besides  which  the  curates  of 
these  chapels  receive  a  yearly  rent  of  £20  each  from  the 
rector.  This  chapel  was  augmented  in  1762  with  £400, 
with  which  land  was  purchased  at  Bolton,  now  let  for 
about  £30  a  year.  In  1838  the  tithes  of  Milburne 
were  commuted  for  an  annual  rent  charge  of  £100. 
The  curacy  is  now  worth  about  £93  a  year.  There 
was  anciently  a  chantry  at  Milburne,  which  seems  to 
have  been  intended  as  an  augmentation  to  the  chapel, 
for  the  abbot  aud  convent  of  Sliap  had  to  pay  £4  a  year 
to  a  chantry  priest  out  of  the  property  given  to  the 
community  by  Robert  de  Veteripont. 

iNcniBESTS. — Henry  Wilkinson,  1738;  Thomas  Kilner,  1763 ; 

Philip  Threlkeld,  178G;    Philip  Tlirelkeld,  Jan.,  ;    John 

TIMiarton,  1842;  ■William  D.  Tyson,  1858. 

The  Wesleyans  have  a  chapel  here. 

CHAItlTIES. 

School. — Sarah  Atkinson,  of  Milburne,  who  died  in 
1790,  left  £100,  the  interest  of  which  she  directed 
should  be  applied  for  the  education  of  the  children  of 


KIRKBT  THOEE    PARISH. 


756 


the  poor  within  the  chapehy.  ■  There  is  a  neat  school 
in  the  village  of  Milbunie,  erected  iu  1851,  and  lias  au 
average  attendance  of  twenty-five  children.  The  above 
bequest  is  applied  to  this  school. 

Man/aret  Atkinson's  Charitij.  —  Margaret  Atkinson, 
who  died  in  1767,  gave  in  her  lifetime  £10,  the  interest 
to  be  given  annually  to  the  poor,  who  had  no  parish 
relief.  The  interest  of  this  money  is  distributed  as 
directed  at  Ea.ster. 

Jackson's  Charity. — Thomas  Jackson,  of  Kirkhouse, 
who  died  in  1755,  gave  £'10  for  the  same  purpose,  to 
be  distributed  on  St.  Thomas'  Day. 

Gullom  Holme  is  a  small  hamlet  in  this  township, 
two  miles  and  three-quarters  from  Kirkby  Thore ; 
Milburne  Grange  is  a  village  a  mile  and  a  half  east  of 
Milburne.  Kirkhouse  is  an  estate  here,  held  of  the 
rector  of  Kirkby  Thore.  In  this  township,  near  to  a 
place  caliedGreen  Castle  (a  round  fort  surrounded  with 
deep  trenches,  on  the  south  end  of  Dun  Fell)  was  found 
au  altar  bearing  the  inscription,  Deo  Silvaso. 

TEMPLE    SOWERBT. 

Temple  Sowerby  comprises  an  area  of  1,176  acres, 
and  its  rateable  value  is  £'1,080  is.  2d.  The  population 
in  1801  was  299;  in  1811,  328;  in  1821,  371;  iu 
1831,438;  iu  1811,  381;  and  in  1851,  372. 

The  ancient  name  of  tliis  manor  was  Sowerby,  and 
several  persons  are  on  record  who  derived  their  name 
from  the  place,  such  as  .\dam  de  Soureby,  Wilham  de 
Soureby,  and  others ;  but  whether  any  of  these  held 
property  here  we  are  not  informed.  It  received  the 
prefix  of  Tciii|)le  from  the  Knights  Templars,  to  whom 
the  manor  was  granted  at  au  early  period,  but  at  wiiat 
particular  date  history  is  silent ;  it  is  equally  reserved 
with  resjiect  to  the  name  of  the  grantor.  The  lords 
of  this  manor  claim  and  exercise  for  themselves  and 
their  tenants  many  privileges  granted  to  the  Knights 
Templcrs,  the  most  important  of  which  is  the  exemp- 
tion from  toll  throughout  England.  The  order  of  the 
Temple  was  suppressed  in  the  year  1312,  and  eleven 
years  afttr  llieir  possessions  were,  by  act  of  parliament, 
given  to  the  Kniglils  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  ;  in  the 
intermediate  period,  we  find  Temple  Sowerl)y  in  the 
possession  of  llobert  Clifford,  wlio  held  it  by  way  of 
escheat.  The  Knight s  of  St.  Juhn  cotitiuued  to  hold 
Temple  Sowerby  till  the  dissolution  of  the  religious 
houses  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  which  king,  by 
lettere  patent,  bearing  date  July  15th,  1513,  granted  to 
Thomas  Dalstoii,  Esq.,  wilh  other  possessions,  the  wholo 
of  the  manor  of  Sowerby,  with  tlio  appurtenances  in  the 
counties  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  reserving  to 


himself  nil  mines  of  lead  and  coal  within  the  manor. 
This  Thomas  Dalston  was  the  eleventh  in  descent  from 
the  first  of  that  name  of  Dalston  in  Cumberland,  and 
was  the  common  ancestor  of  the  Dalstons  both  at 
Dalston  and  Temple  Sowerby.  This  manor  continued 
in  the  possession  of  the  Dalston  family  till  the  demise 
of  Sir  William  Dalston,  when  bis  daughter  brought  it 
in  marriage  to  William  Norton,  Esq.,  and  subsequently 
to  Mr.  EJmondson.  It  afterwards  passed  to  William 
Hodgson,  Esq.,  whose  sister  brought  it  in  marriage  to 
Juhn  Boazman,  Esq.,  of  Aycliffe,  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  and  it  is  now  possessed  by  Henry  Boazman, 
Esq.  The  landowners  are  William  R.  Boazman,  Esq.; 
Admiral  Caton,  Richard  Atkinson,  George  Gibson,  John 
Cleaton,  and  Richard  Temple,  with  a  number  of  small 
proprietors.  Acorn  Bank,  the  ancient  manor-house, 
commauds  an  extensive  and  delightful  prospect  of  the 
surrounding  country. 

The  village  of  Temple  Sowerby  is  pleasantly  situated 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Eden  and  Crowdundale  Beck, 
on  the  Penrith  road,  six  and  a  half  miles  north-west  of 
Appleby.  It  is  large  and  well  built,  and  consists  of 
two.  spacious  streets,  in  which  are  many  good  houses. 
Two  important  fairs  for  sheep  and  cattle  are  held  here 
annually,  on  the  last  Thursday  in  January,  February, 
and  .March,  the  second  Thursday  in  May,  and  the  last 
Thursday  in  October ;  these  fairs  were  establibhed 
about  half  a  century  ago.  The  Eden  bridge  below 
Temple  Sowerby  was  erected  in  1743,  at  a  cost  of 
£550.     There  is  a  free  library  iu  the  village. 

THE    CHAPEL. 

Temple  Sowerby  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  James,  is  a 
handsome  structure  of  red  sandstone,  rebuilt  and  con- 
siderably enlarged  about  the  year  1770  by  Sir  William 
Dalston,  t'ne  inhabitants  defraying  the  expense  of 
carrying  tlio  stone  from  Crowdundale.  The  clock  was 
given  in  1807  by  the  lady  of  the  manor.  There  are  a 
few  mural  monuments  to  the  memory  of  John  Marriot, 
Esq.  ;  Matthew  Atkinson,  Esq.  ;  and  the  family  of 
Dalston  of  Acorn  Bank.  Under  the  date  1338  there  is 
an  entry  in  the  epi>copal  register  of  Carlisle  of  a  con- 
firmation of  an  old  award  made  by  Raljih  de  Irion,  bishop 
of  Carlisle,  between  the  parishioners  of  Kirkby  Thore  and 
the  inhabitants  of  Temple  Sowerby,  whereby  it  is  declared 
that  the  latter  "are  and  shall  be  (as  they  have  ever  been) 
free  from  contrilmting  anything  towards  the  rei^irs  of 
tho  church,  beliVy,  or  churchyard  walls,  at  Kirkby 
Thore ;  saving  that  if  hereafter  it  shall  be  thought 
necessary  to  enlarge  the  nave  or  body  of  the  church, 
thej'  shall  then  bear  a  third  part  of  tho  expense."  In 
tho  valuation  made  by  King  Ilenry  VUI.  the  chapd  at 


756 


EAST  WARD. 


Temple  Sowerby  is  rated  at  20s.,  by  a  pension  from  tlio 
rector  of  Kirkby  Thore.  The  curacy  was  augmented  in 
l~i>'2  in  connection  with  that  of  Jlilburne,  and  of  the 
land  then  purchased  the  Davy  Bank  estate,  in  Firbank, 
is  allotted  to  this  benefice,  which  is  in  the  patronage  of 
Sir  Kichard  Tufton,  Bart.  The  living  was  again  aug- 
mented in  17C2  with  £400,  including  an  allotment  of 
eight  acres,  awarded  at  the  enclosure ;  besides  which 
the  curate  has  also  a  stipend  of  20s.  from  the  rector  of 
the  parish.  The  total  income  is  now  about  £114  per 
annum.  In  the  registers  of  this  chapel,  as  well  as  in 
others,  are  certificates  of  persons  who  have  been  buried 
in  woollen  only.  The  first  legible  entry  in  the  register 
occurs  in  1078.  The  tithes  of  the  chapelry  are  now 
commuted  for  £115. 

I.vcuJtBENTS. — William  Barton,  1670  ;  John  Langhorn,  1750; 
Jonathan  Sewell,  177U  ;  Robert  Harrison,  1803 ;  Bryan  Killock, 
1839;  Eobert  Harrison,  1815. 


There  is  a  parsonage  house  in  the  village. 

The  Methodists  have  a  small  place  of  worship  here. 

Temple  Sowerby  school  is  endowed  with  £0  14s.  Od. 
a  year,  and  is  attended  by  about  thirty  children. 

Some  years  ago  a  curious  sun-dial  was  found  in  this 
township.  It  is  now  at  Mill  Bigg,  formerly  a  residence 
of  the  Dalston  family. 

CHAMTY. 

Lov:cs'  Cliaritij. — Richard  Lowes,  of  King's  !Meaburii, 
in  the  parish  of  ilorland,  by  will,  dated  23rJ  September, 
1091,  gave  to  the  poor  of  the  township  of  Temple 
Sowerby  five  roods  of  land,  situate  at  Kurrydale,  within 
the  manor  of  Temple  Sowerby,  and  directed  that  the 
rents  should  be  divided  amongst  poor  widows  or  father- 
less children  of  the  township  of  Temple  Sowerby,  upon 
St.  Thomas's  Day,  yearly.  This  charity  now  produces 
about  £5  a  year. 


LONG  MARTON  PARISH. 

Tei3  parish  lies  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  Eden.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Alston,  in  Cumberland,  on  the 
west  by  Kirkby  Thore,  on  the  south  by  Appleby  St.  Michael's,  and  on  the  east  by  Dufton.  It  comprises  the  town- 
ships of  Long  Marten,  Brampton,  and  Knock,  whose  united  area  is  3,200  acres.  The  commons  have  been  enclosed 
in  the  following  order:  —  Brampton  in  1770;  Knock  in  1815  ;  and  Long  Marten  in  1824.  The  population  in 
1801  was  433;  in  1811,599;  in  1821,  714;  in  1831,  819  ;  in  1841,  804  ;  and  in  1851,  762.  Agriculture  is 
the  principal  employment,  and  Appleby  the  market  attended. 

are  the  Rev.  Edward  Heelis ;  Joseph  Jameson,  Esq. ; 


LONG   jrAETON. 

The  area  and  population  of  this  township  are  included 
in  the  returns  for  the  parish.  The  rateable  value  is 
£1,901  2s.  4d. 

The  manor  of  !Marton  appears  to  have  belonged  to 
the  Veteriponts.  In  the  partition  of  Marton  between 
the  daughters  of  Ilobert  Vetcripont  each  of  their  shares 
was  estimated  at  £13  3s.  5}d.,  besides  the  advowson  of 
the  church,  which  was  estimated  at  forty  marks.  In 
1309  the  heirs  of  Thomas  dc  Wake  held  the  manor  of 
Marton  of  Roger  de  CUfford,  by  homage  and  fealty, 
paying  8s.  Gd.  cornage.  In  1391-2  John  de  Holland, 
Knt.,  held  Marton;  and  in  1422  John  de  Gray  and 
Margaret,  his  wife,  held  the  same  manor,  as  of  the  right 
of  the  said  Margaret.  In  1452-3  we  find  Thomas 
Gray,  Knt.,  holding  ilarton,  and  afterwards,  in  the 
same  year,  Thomas  Salinger,  Knt.  In  1526-7  the 
manor  was  in  the  hands  of  the  king,  Henry  VIIL,  but 
■we  have  no  information  as  to  the  manner  in  which  he 
became  possessed  of  it.  ilarton  came  subsequently  to 
the  Lowthers,  with  whom  it  still  remains,  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale  being  the  lord  of  the  manor.   The  landowners 


George  Atkinson,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  Jonathan  and  Edmund 
Thompson,  John  Simpson,  John  Pearson,  Joseph  Pear- 
son, George  Belasis,  John  BaUas ;  and  Mrs.  Courtney. 
The  old  hall  serves  at  present  for  the  rectory. 

The  village  of  Long  Marton  is  situated  on  the  north 
side  of  the  Troutbeck  rivulet,  three  miles  north-east  of 
Appleby.  Most  of  the  houses  have  been  rebuilt  within 
the  last  forty  years,  so  that  it  is  now  one  of  the  neatest 
villages  in  the  county. 


THE   CIlCKCn. 


The  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Margaret  and 
St.  James,  is  a  large  plain  structure,  standing  in  the 
fields  of  Brampton,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south  of 
the  village  of  Long  Marton.  It  comprises  different 
periods  of  Gothic  architecture,  and  consists  of  nave, 
aisles,  chancel,  and  tower,  containing  three  bells.  It  is 
much  in  need  of  repair  and  renovation.  There  are 
mural  tablets' to  the  memory  of  members  of  the  Rippon, 
Milward,  Thompson,  Atkinson,  and  Ballas  families. 
The  living  is  a  rectory,  in  the  patronage  of  Sir  Richard 


LONG  JIARTON  PARISH. 


rsr 


Tufton,  Dart.  It  is  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at 
£21  15s.  5iJ.,but  it  now  possesses  forty-five  acres  of 
glebe,  besides  115  acres  awarded  at  the  enclosure,  in 
lieu  of  the  tithes  of  Knock  and  ilartou  townships. 
The  tithes  of  Brampton  township  have  also  been  com- 
muted for  a  yearly  rent  charge  of  £105  Is.  lid.  The 
total  income  is  now  about  £500  a  year. 

Rectors. — John  de  Hardcla,  about  IITO;  William  de  Conmb 
occurs  1298;  John  de  Muilburn,  1'2IJ0  ;  Thomas  de  Herewood, 
1.330;  Ralph  de  Maltou,  1331 ;  John  de  .Moreland,  1334  ;  Wra. 
de  Loundras,  135^;  Robert  de  WoUeley,  13(iJ ;  John  Donkjn, 
1309;  Henry  Kirkby,  1303;  Edward  Wharton  occurs  U"C ; 
William  Bury,  died  1563;  George  Bury,  156.i;  John  Bayncs, 
1577;  Richard  Burton,  1591;  Henry  Hulton,  ICIO;  Lancelot 
Lowther,  died  lOCl ;  Robert  Symson,  lOCl  ;  B.irnaby  Symson, 
died  1712;  Christopher  Grandorge,  1712;  Robert  Leyborne, 
1726;  John  Middleton,  resigned  1730 ;  Thomas  Jlilward,  1730; 
Joseph  Milward,  1775;  Gilpin  Gorst,  1782;  John  Ripon,  1803; 
Edward  HceUs,  1833. 

Tlie  rectory  (Marton  Hall)  stands  on  a  gentle 
eminence  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Troutbeck. 

The  Wesleyans  have  a  chapel  here,  built  in  1810,  at 
at  cost  of  £-100,  on  land  given  by  Mrs.  Mary  Brunskill, 
who  afterwards  bequeathed  two  acres  of  land,  which 
sold  for  £  1  GO,  to  assist  in  paying  otf  the  debt  contracted 
in  its  erection. 

The  parish  school,  near  the  church,  was  endowed  in 
1824  with  the  interest  of  £20  left  by  Mr.  Thomas 
Machel,  who  also  bequeathed  £20  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  a  singing  master  to  teach  psalmody  at 
church.  The  number  of  children  in  attendance  is 
about  fifty. 

There  are  also  two  private  schools.  A  good  library 
was  established  in  1858. 


CHASITIES. 

Burton's  Charity. — Poor  Slock.- 


Burton,  by 


will,  about  1055,  gave  to  the  poor  stock  of  the  parish 
of  Marton  £40,  the  interest  to  be  applied  in  binding 
apprentice  a  poor  boy  born  in  the  said  parish.  It  is 
understood  that  £10  of  this  legacy  was  lost  by  the 
insolvency  of  a  person  to  whom  it  bad  been  lent.  The 
remainder  is  supposed  to  form  part  of  a  sum  of  £100 
now  belonging  to  the  parish,  the  other  £70  being 
understood  to  bo  an  ancient  poor  stock,  applicable  to 
the  use  of  the  poor  not  receiving  parish  relief.  The 
apprentice  money  accumulates  tiU  it  amounts  to  a 
sufficient  sum  to  put  out  a  proper  object. 

Lord  Wharton's  Bible  Charity. — Five  or  six  Bibles, 
with  catechisms,  and  other  small  books,  are  annually 
received  by  the  minister  of  Long  Jlarton,  on  account 
of  this  charity,  who  duly  distribute^them  among  the 
poor  of  the  parish. 


BRAMPTON. 

For  acreage  and  population  see  parish  returns.  The 
rateable  value  is  .Cl,^<05  l-2s.  7d.  This  township  lies 
between  the  Eden  and  the  Troutbeck. 

The  manor  of  Brampton  appears  to  have  been  held 
by  the  family  of  Greystoke  as  early  as  the  reign  of 
Edward  II.,  and  they  continued  to  possess  it  till  14'2-J. 
It  subsequently  became  the  property  of  a  family  bearing 
the  name  of  Lancaster,  said  to  be  a  younger  branch  of 
the  Lancasters  of  Sockbridge,  by  whom  the  manor  was 
held  of  the  Greystokes,  as  the  latter  held  it  of  the 
Cliffords,  by  homage,  fealty,  and  scutage.     The  family 
of  Lancaster  ended  in  three  daughters  in  the  reign  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,  and  upon  their  respective  marriages 
the   manor   became   divided  into  three  portions,  one 
coming  to  the   Birbecks  of  Hornby,  another  to  the 
Backhouses  of  Morlaud,  and  the  third  to  the  AVhartons 
of  Kirkby  There.     That  part  held  by  the  Biibecks  was 
subsequently  exchanged  with  the  Earl  of  Thanet  for 
land  at  Hornby ;  the  other  parts  were  afterwards  sold 
to  the  tenants  ;  in  consequence  of  this  arrangement  Sir 
Pdchard  Tufton,  Bart.,  possesses  the  manorial  rights  of 
one-third  of  the  township.      The  landowners  are  Sir 
Richard  Tufton,  Bart.  ;  Rev.  Thomas  Bellas ;  William 
Spedding,  Esq.;  T.  B.  Leiniard,  Esq.;   Rev.  Edward 
Ileelis  ;  Messrs.  John  Thornburrow,  Jonathan  Thomp- 
son, Richard  Atkinson,  Samuel  Crosby,  R.  Blackburn ; 
Miss  A.  Milner,  and   many  other  small  proprietors. 
The  ancient  manor-house,  or  at  least  a  portion  of  it, 
now  serves  as  a  farm-stead. 

The  villages  of  Brampton  and  Brampton  Croft  End 
are  about  two  miles  uorth-by-west  of  Appleby.  Bramp- 
ton Crofts  and  Brampton  Tower  are  neat  residences, 
the  former  being  the  seat  of  William  Hopes,  Esq.,  and 
the  latter  of  William  Spilling,  Esq. 

^opcs  of  ^iramyloii  (froffs. 

William  IIorES,  Esq.,  of  Brampton  Crofls,  co.  Westmoreland, 
J.P.,born  2nd  December,  1800;  married  12lh  Miiroh,  If  38,  Jane, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Swanwick,  Esq.,  of  Macclesfield,  co.  Chester, 
and  has  issue  a  daughter,  Jane.  Mr.  Hopes  is  only  son  of 
William  Hopes,  Esq., of  Stainmore,  co.  Westmoreland,  and  Jane, 
his  wile,  daughter  of  William  Dickinson,  of  ibo  same  place. 

KNOCK. 

The  area  and  population  of  this  township  are  included 
iu  the  parish  returns;  its  rateable  value  is  £1,174  ISs. 

The  manor  of  Knock,  anciently  Knock  Shalcok, 
belonged  to  tho  Vetcriponts  and  ClifTords,  lords  of  the 
barony  of  Westmoreland.  It  appears  to  have  been  held 
under  the  ChlTords  by  the  Boyvillos,  Rookbys,  Soulbys, 
and  Lancasters,  from  tho  co-heirs  of  which  last  family 


758 


EAST  WARD. 


it  was  probably  purchased  by  the  Cliffords,  and  has  since 
continued  iu  the  possession  of  their  descendants.  Sir 
Eichiird  Tufton,  Bart.,  being  the  present  lord ;  besides 
whom  Francis  F.  Pearson,  Esq. ;  Rev.  Edward  Heelis  ; 
John  Milner,  Esq.;  Messrs.  Richard  Atkinson,  Joseph 
Bland,  Thomas  Bland,  Robert  Bland,  Richard 
Lowes,  and  others  are  landowners.      The   abbey   of 


Shap  had  some  lands  here,  given  by  John  de  Veteri- 
pont. 

The  village  of  Knock  is  two  miles  north-north-east  of 
Long  Marton,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Knock  I'ike  and 
Dufton  Fell.     The  Wesleyans  have  a  chapel  here. 

Close  Hotises  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  two  miles 
and  a  quarter  north-north-east  of  Long  Marton. 


GREAT    MUSGRAVE    PARISH. 


This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  Warcop, 
on  the  east  by  Brough  and  the  county  of  York.  It  compr 
Eden,  and  consists  of  but  one  township. 

The  area  of  Great  Musgrave  is  4,080  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £956  13s.  7Jd.  The  population  in  1801 
was  159;  in  1811,  105;  in  1831,  188;  in  1831,  179; 
in  1841,  107;  and  in  1851,  175;  who  are  chiefly 
engaged  iu  agricultural  pursuits ;  they  attend  the 
market  of  Kirkby  Stephen.  The  Eden  Valley  railway 
passes  through  a  part  of  this  township. 

The  manor  of  Musgrave  is  still  held  by  the  family 
which  gave  name  to  the  place,  and  is  called  Great 
Musgrave  to  distinguish  it  from  Little  Musgrave,  which 
also  belongs  to  the  Musgrave  family,  and  is  situated  in 
the  parish  of  Crosby  Garret,  on  the  other  bank  of  the 
Eden.  A  full  account  of  the  Musgraves  will  be  found 
in  the  account  of  EJen  Hall,  given  at  page  532.  The 
landowners  are  Sir  George  Musgrave,  Bart. ;  Thomas 
Mason,  Esq. ;  Samuel  Highmore,  Joseph  CoUinson, 
William  LiJley,  John  Raine,  Thomas  Alderson,  and 
other  small  proprietors.  The  lord  of  the  manor  holds 
a  court  baron  at  Hall  Garth  at  midsummer  annually. 
The  township  is  nearly  all  held  by  customary  tenants, 
who  pay  arbitrary  fines  on  the  change  of  lord  or  tenant, 
Umited  so  as  not  to  e.tceed  two  years'  value.  The  town- 
ship has  been  enclosed. 

The  village  of  Great  Musgrave  occupies  a  pleasant 
situation  on  an  eminence  about  two  miles  south-west  of 
Brough,  and  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  picturesque 
vale.  Rush  bearing,  an  ancient  custom  of  old  mid- 
summer day,  is  still  performed  here  annually,  when 
twelve  or  eighteen  couples  of  females,  dressed  in  their 
holiday  garb,  and  each  bearing  a  garland  of  flowers  to 
the  village  green,  proceed  to  the  church,  where  they 
hang  up  their  garlands  and  take  down  those  placed 
there  on  the  preceding  anniversary ;  the  day  is  closed 
with  rustic  sports. 


on  the  south  by  Crosby  Garret  and  Kirkby  Stephen,  and 
ises  a  small  district  lying  ou  the  east  side  of  the  river 


THE  CHDRCH. 

Great  Musgrave  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Theobald, 
is  a  small  neat  building,  consisting  of  nave,  chancel, 
and  small  western  tower  containing  two  bells.  It  is  in 
the  early  English  style,  and  was  erected  upon  the  site 
of  an  older  church  in  1845-6,  at  a  cost  of  £'550,  of 
which  Sir  George  Musgrave,  Bart.,  gave  ±'125  ;  the 
Church  Building  Society,  £40  ;  and  the  remainder  was 
raised  by  local  subssription.  The  windows  are  lancet- 
shaped,  that  at  the  east  end  containing  three  lights. 
There  are  several  ancient  monuments  in  the  church,  as 
well  as  some  neat  mural  tablets  to  the  memory  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Collinson,  Loy,  and  Pindar  families.  A 
valuable  communion  service  was  presented  to  the 
church  in  1809  by  the  late  Rev.  Septimus  ColUnson, 
provost  of  Queen's  College,  O.xford,  and  a  native  of  this 
parish.  Musgrave  church  was  appropriated  to  the 
Abbey  of  St.  Mary  at  York,  but  has  always  continued 
a  rectory.  The  living,  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at 
£16  Is.  11  Jd.,  was  certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen 
Ann's  Bounty  as  of  the  clear  yearly  value  of  £48. 
About  the  year  1750  it  was  augmented  with  a  small 
estate  at  Orton,  purchased  with  £300,  given  by  the 
Rev.  Simon  Pindar,  rector  of  the  parish,  and  £200 
obtained  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty.  It  is  now  worth 
about  £300  a  year.  The  tithes  have  been  commuted 
for  £120.  The  p.itronage  is  vested  in  the  Bishop  of 
Carlisle,  to  one  of  whose  predecessors  it  was  granted  ia 
1248  by  the  community  of  St.  Mary  at  York. 

Rectors.— Thomas  Ouds, ;  William  de  Burton,  1208; 

Robert  de  Halouton,  1303;  John  deBur.lon,  l.T^]  ;  Thomas  de 
Gouldinston,  131T ;  Robert  de  Denham,  13:iO;  Adam  de  Levir- 
ton,  133?;  John  de  Brydkirk,  13.)«  ;  John  de  Stoketon,  1342; 

WilUam  de  Sandford, ;  William  de  Ellerton, ;  John 

de  Soiilbj,  1359  ;  Peter  de  Morlaud,  1301 ;  Richard  de  Upton, 


NEWBIGGIN   PARISH. 


759 


1375  J  EdvrardCrackenthorpe,  1490;  Thomas  Anggrome,  1550 ; 
John  Birbeck,  died  1077;  Jeof&ey  Birbeck,  1577;  —  Barker, 
resigned,  1500;  Bernard  Robinson,  10!)!);  John  Spencer,  Ifl  13; 
William  Dodding,  1013  ;  John  Vaux,  KUIJ ;  John  Ardrey,  lfi71 ; 
Christopher  Thornton,  1CH4  ;  Simon  Pindar,  1719;  Robert  Hall, 
1705;  Edward  Knowsley,  175G;  William  I'aley,  1775;  Robert 
Whitehead,  1807;  Richard  Atkinson,  181:);  John  Bowstead, 
1832;  Alfred  Heslop,  1811 ;  Joseph  Chapelhow,  1810. 

The  rectory  is  a  plain  commodious  building,  which 
the  present  rector  has  modernised  and  otherwise 
improved. 

Lougrigg  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township. 

CHARITIES. 

The  School— The  Rev.  Septimus  Collinson,  D.D., 
provost  of  Queen's  College,  O.xford,  by  will,  in  1827, 
gave  £1,500  in  the  Three-per-cent  Consols  for  the 
endowment  of  a  free  school  in  this,  his  native  parish, 
to  be  conducted  on  the  Madras  system.     His  nephews 


and  executors  paid  tbe  legacy  duty  themselves,  and  also 
contributed  £300  towards  the  erection  of  the  school  and 
teacher's  house,  which  were  built  in  18'29  at  Longrigg, 
where  Dr.  Collinson  resided  in  his  youth.  The  late 
Ilev.  Sir  C.  J.  Musgrave  gave  the  timber  required  for 
the  buildings.  The  parish  previously  possessed  a 
school  endowment  of  £3  a  year ;  the  total  income  of 
the  school  is  now  (1859)  £17  per  annum.  The  average 
attendance  is  about  thirty  children. 

Poor  Stock. — Mr.  Hall  left  by  will  £40  to  poor  house- 
keepers not  receiving  parish  relief.  The  interest  of  this 
money  is  given  away  with  the  other  chwity  money  about 
Christmas. 

Richardson's  Charily. — George  Richardson,  in  1715, 
left  by  will  a  rent-charge  of  13s.  a  year  to  poor  house- 
keepers not  receiving  parish  relief.  This  money  is 
also  given  away  at  Christmas. 


NEWBIGGIN    PARISH. 

This  parish,  which  is  very  small,  being  only  three  mUes  in  circumference,  is  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the  parish 
of  Kirkby  Thore,  except  on  the  north,  where  it  is  separated  from  Kiikland  parish,  in  Cumberland,  by  the  Crowdun- 
dale  Beck.  It  comprises  no  dependant  townships.  The  area  is  1,184  acres.  The  population  in  ISOl  was  126; 
in  1811,  136;  in  1821,  152;  in  1831,  UO;  in  1841,  140;  and  in  1851,  114. 

The  earliest  possessor  of  the  manor  of  Newbiggin 
on  record  is  Gamel,  son  of  Whelp,  who  granted  it  to 
Robert,  steward  of  Appleby,  who,  in  consequence, 
assumed  the  name  of  Robert  de  Newbiggin.  The 
descendants  of  this  Robert  continued  to  hold  the  manor 


The  first  of  the  family  connected  with  the  manor  of 
Newbiggin  is 


till  about  the  year  1331,  when  Emma,  daughter  of 
Robert  de  Kewbiggin,  brought  it  in  marriage  to  the 
Crackenthorpes,  in  which  family  it  still  remains. 
Newbiggin  Hull,  the  seat  of  the  lord  of  tho  manor,  is 
a  large  structure  with  towers  and  turrets,  erected 
m  1533,  by  Ciiristophcr  Crackcnthorpo,  on  the  site  of 
the  ancient  manor  house.  (Jver  the  door  of  the  hall  is 
the  following  inscription  : — 

"  Christopher  Crackcnthorpo  men  did  me  call, 
Who  in  my  tyrae  did  buildo  ibis  hall, 
And  framed  it  as  you  may  see, 

One  thousand  live  hundred  thirty  and  three." 

The  hall  is  delightfully  situated  in  the  deep  and 
sequestered  vale  of  Crowduudale,  and  has  been  greatly 
improved  by  its  present  owner. 

f  rnclicnihorijc  of  |ttbbiggirt. 

This  is  an  ancient  Wcstmorehmd  family,  branches 
(if  which   have   occasionally   settled   in    Cumbcrlaud. 


Robert  de  CRACKENTnoiiPE,  who,  as  we  have  just  seen,  mar- 
ried the  heiress  of  the  Newbiggins,  by  whom  he  had  a  son  and 
heir, 

Wii.i.iAM  i)E  Crackenthobpe,  who,  in  tho  18th  Edward  III. 
held  a  third  part  of  the  manor  of  Brougham.  This  William 
married Grimston,  by  whom  lie  liad  a  son, 

John  be  Crackenthobpe,  who  married  a  daughter  of  Brisco, 
and  in  the  reign  of  Kicliard  II.  and  Henry  1\'.  represented 
Westmoreland  in  pailiameut.     His  son  and  heir, 
4  JoiiK  TE  CRACKENTHonPE,  married  one  of  the  Blencow  family, 
and  died  in  tho  11th  Henry  A'l.  (1135-0)  leaving  a  son  and  heir, 

John  be  CiucKENTiionrE.  This  gentleman,  during  bis 
father's  lifetime,  was  receiver  to  the  Lady  Elizabeth  Percy, 
widow  of  John  Lord  J'crcy,  of  her  revenues  in  Westmoreland. 
Thomas  Crackenthorpe,  brother  to  this  John,  in  1118-9,  served 
the  office  of  shoriU"  for  Cumberland,  and  two  years  afterwards 
represented  the  same  county  in  parliament.  Thomas  de  Crack- 
enthorpe and  his  brother  James  wore  killed  nt  the  battle  of 
Towton,  along  with  their  general,  John  Lord  Clillbrd.  In  the 
31st  Henry  VI.  John  Crackenthorpe  of  Newhi;.-gin  occurs,  with 
two  otiiers,  as  owner  of  the  manor  of  Brougham.  He  died  in 
1100-7,  leaving  by  his  wife, Leyburn,  a  son  and  heir, 

John  be  Ciuckknthoupe,  who  appears  to  have  married  a 
Musgrave.  This  gentleman,  like  his  father,  occurs  as  a  holder 
of  Brougham  manor ;  ho  also  filled  the  office  of  sheriff  of  Cum- 
berland.    He  had,  besides  Chnstopber  bis  son  and  heir,  a 


reo 


EAST  WAED. 


younger  son,  William,  to  wliom  be  appears  to  Lave  given  the 
third  part  of  the  manor  of  Brougham,  for  in  lOJi-S,  Margaret, 
widow  of  William  Crackenthorpe,  and  John,  their  son  and  heir, 
held  llio  third  part  of  Brougham  ;  these  are  the  last  of  the 
Crackenthorpes  we  find  at  Brougham.  John  de  Crackenthorpe 
was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

CuRisToruER  CitACKENTHORPE,  Esq.,  who  built  Newbiggin 
Hall,  as  described  above.  In  the  35th  Henrj- VIII.  (1543.4) 
this  gentleman,  for  the  sum  of  X055  3s.,  purchased  of  the  crown 
Hale  Grange,  in  Kirkby  Thore,  the  property  of  the  suppressed 
abbey  of  Holme  Cultram,  with  lands  in  Kirkby  Thore  and  New- 
biggin belonging  to  the  said  abbey,  amounting  in  the  whole  to 
182  acres ;  and  also  the  house  and  other  possessions  of  the 
Carmelite  friai-s,  in  Appleby,  and  the  whole  manor  of  Harden- 
dale  and  Wasdalo,  the  property  of  the  monastery  of  Byland  in 
Yorkshire ;  to  hold  of  the  king,  in  capile,  by  the  twentieth  part 
of  one  knight's  fee,  and  paying  to  the  king  yearly,  for  Holme 
Cultram  6s.  4d.,  for  the  Friary  2s.  8d.,  and  for  Byland  ICs.  This 
Christopher  married  a  daughter  of  Blenkinsop  of  Ilelbeck,  and 
had,  besides  Henry,  his  heir,  a  younger  son  John,  who  was 
founder  of  the  family  of  the  Crackenthorpes  of  Little  rftrickland. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Henuy  CitACKENTHORPE,  Esq.,  who  was  married  four  times, 
but  had  issue  by  his  fourth  wife  only.  This  lady  was  Winifred, 
sister  of  Sir  Christopher  Pickering,  and  by  her  he  had  four  sons 
and  four  daughters.     He  was  succeeded  b^  his  eldest  son, 

Christopher  Cr.^ckenthopj'E,  Esq.,  who  married  Mary, 
daughter  of  Sir  James  Bellingham,  and  by  her  bad  issue, 

I.  ricnry,  killed  at  Wigan  during  the  parliamentary  wars, 

II.  RicH-VRO  who  succeeded  his  father. 

III.  Robert,  who  died  unmarried ;  and  four  daughters. 

He  was  succeeded  by  bis  second  son, 

BiciiARD  CRACKENinoRPE,  Esq.  This  gentleman  was  twice 
married.  By  his  first  wife,  Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  Christopher 
Dalston,  Gnt.,  of  Acorn  Bank,  he  had  issue, 

I.  Henry,  who  died  young. 

II.  CuRisToruEH,  who  succeeded  his  father. 

III.  John. 

IV.  Thomas,  of  whom  hereafter. 
V.  William. 

I.  Mnry. 
II.  Barbara. 

His  second  wife  was  Letticc,  daughter  of  the  IJov.  Mr.  Lowgber, 
a  clergyman  in  Stafl'ordshire,  by  whom  he  had  four  sons  and  a 
daughter. 

Christopher  Crackenthorpe,  Esq.,  second  son  and  heir  of 
Eichard,  married  Anne,  daughter  of  Robert  Rawlinson,  Esq.,  of 
Cork  Hall,  Cartmell,  co.  Lancaster,  and  by  her  left  issue, 

I.  Richard. 

II.  Robert. 

hi.  Christopher. 
I.  Mary. 

He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Richard  Crackenthorpe,  Esq.,  who  married  Deborah,  eldest 
daughter  and  co-heir  of  Samuel  Mottram,  Esq.,  of  Thorp  Hall, 
CO.  Lincoln,  and  by  her  had  issue, 

I.  Mottbam. 

H.  Henry,  nbo  died  an  infant. 
.    1.  Deborah,  who  died  unmarried. 


II.  Anne,  who  became  tlie  wife  of  Adam  Askew,  M.I).,  Ncwcasllo- 
upou-Tyne;  who  after  ilii>  diutli  of  her  timlhers  anil  sisters 
will]iim  issue  ri-ULiiiii'd  hoir  gtniral  of  the  Cnukmlliorpes, 
but  by  the  entail  on  the  male  issue  was  excluded  turn  the 
iuberilance. 

Ho  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Mottram  Crackenthorpe,  Esq.,  who  dying  nomairied,  the 
direct  line  failed,  and  the  property  came  to 

Christopher  Crackestiiorpe,  Esq.,  son  and  heir,  by  Mary, 
daughter  of  Threlkeld  of  Mclmerby,  of  Thomas  Crackenthorpe, 
fourth  son  of  Richard  Crackenthorpe,  as  above.  This  Christo- 
pher married  Dorothy,  second  daughter  of  William  SandforJ, 
Esq.,  of  Askham,  and  dying  without  issue,  was  succeeded  by 
his  brother, 

Richard  Crackenthokpe,  Esq.,  who  mairied  Dorothy, 
daughter  of  Edward  Crewe,  Esq.,  of  London,  and  had  issue 
five  sons  and  five  daughters,  most  of  whom  died  young.  Ho 
was  succeeded  by  his  only  surviving  son, 

James  Crackenthorpe,  Esq.,  of  Kewbiggin.  This  gentle- 
man married  Anne,  second  daughter  of  George  Vane,  Esq.,  of 
Long  Newton,  co.  Durham,  and  died  without  issue,  when  the 
name  of  Crackenthorpe  of  Nen  biggin  became  extinct.  He 
devised  the  inheritance  to  his  widow,  during  her  life,  and  after 
that  to  his  sister  Dorothy,  wife  of  William  Cookson,  Esq.,  of 
renritb,  and  the  heirs  male  of  her  body ;  in  defect  thereof  to 
the  Rev.  Adam  Askew,  second  son  of  Dr.  Adam  Askew  above 
mentioned.  Under  this  settlement,  on  his  demise,  Newbiggin 
passed  to  his  nephew, 

Christopher  Crackenthorpe  Cooksok,  Esq.,  who  thereupon 
assumed  the  additional  surname  and  arms  of  Crackenthorpe. 
He  married  Cliarlotte  Cust,  and  dying  in  1800,  left  (with  two 
daughters,  Charlotte  and  Sarah),  an  only  son, 

Wn-LUM  Crackenthorpe,  Esq.,  of  Newbiggin  Hall,  J. P., 
liigh-shcriff  of  Cumberland  in   1820,  bom  2-jth  lebmary,  1790. 

Arms. — Or,  a  chevron,  between  tliree  mullets,  pierced,  ai. 
Crest. — A  holly  tree,  ppr. 

The  village  of  Newbiggin  is  seven  miles  north-west- 
by-uorlh  of  Applcb3'. 

the    CHfECH. 

The  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Edmund,  is  a 
neat  structure,  in  the  Early  English  style,  consisting 
of  nave  and  chancel,  with  small  turret  containing  two 
bells.  It  was  erected  in  1853-4  on  the  site  of  the 
former  church  at  the  expense  of  the  lord  of  the  manor. 
The  east  window  is  of  three  lights,  and  is  filled  with 
stained  glass,  on  which  is  emblazoned  the  arms  of  the 
Crackenthorpes.  The  living  is  a  rectory,  valued  in  the 
King's  Book  at  £i  14s.  i2J.,  and  is  in  the  patronage 
of  the  lord  of  the  manor.  In  1759  it  was  augmented 
with  ili200,  given  by  Mrs.  Dorothy  Crackenthorpe,  and 
JE200  obtained  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  with  which 
sum  the  Potter  Banks  estate  at  Kirkoswald  was  pur- 
chased, now  let  for  £40  a  year,  besides  which  the 
rector  has  eleven  acres  of  ancient  glebe,  and  receives  a 
prescriptive  rent  of  £'9  Cs.  8d.  from  the  lord  of  the 
manor,  for  the  corn  tithe  of  the  parish.  The  tithes 
were  commuted  in  1844  for  about  £62  a  year.     The 


ORMSIDE  PARISH. 


rei. 


rectory  is  now  worth  £82  a  year,  irrespective  of  forty- 
eight  acres  of  laud  and  common. 

Rectors.— Thomas  de  Newbiggin,  1313;  John  de  Hale, 
133;) ;  Gilbert  de  Tindale,  134'^ ;  Robert  de  Appleby,  resigned 
13(U  ;  Thomas  da  Appleby,  13C4  ;  Robert  de  Merlon,  1307  ; 
John  de  Culwen,  1375 ;  Roger  de  Kirkoswald,  1375 ;  Giles 
Robinson,  died  15H1;  Roland  Vaiix,  1584;  Thomas  Dawson, 
died  1CU8;  Thomas  Jackson,  1098;  Richard  Smith,  1731; 
George  Dawson,  17CG  ;  John  Murray,  1813 ;  John  Robinson, 
1818. 

The  rectory  is  a  good  commodious  house,  erected 
Bome  years  ago. 


Hale  is  a  small  hamlet,  partly  in  this  and  partly  in 
Kirkby  There  parish,  three  quarters  of  a  mile  south  of 


Newbiggin. 


CHAMIIES. 


Poor  Stock. — There  is  an  ancient  poor  stock  of  £57, 
arising  from  £(j  left  by  some  person  unknown;  £1  by 
William  Jackson;  £3  by  Mary  Crackenthorpe ;  £40 
by  Dorothy  Crackenthorpe ;  £5  by  John  Teasdalc ;  and 
£1  by  John  Harrison.  The  interest  of  this  money  is 
distributed  yearly  amongst  such  poor  persons  as  do  not 
receive  parish  rehef. 


OEMSIDE    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  those  of  St.  Lawrence  and  St.  Michael  Appleby,  on  the  west  by  the 
I)arish  of  St.  Lawrence,  on  the  south  by  the  parishes  of  W'arcop  and  Asby,  and  on  the  east  by  Warcop.  It  comprises 
a  small  fertile  district  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Eden,  and  consists  of  the  two  villages  and  constablewicks  of  Great 
and  Little  Ormside,  whose  united  area  is  2, -130  acres.  The  population  of  the  parish  iu  1801  was  171 ;  in  1811, 
105  ;  in  1821,  202  ;  in  1831,  190 ;  in  1811,  190 ;  and  in  1851,  198.     The  rateable  value  is  £1,034  10s.  3d. 


The  first  noteworthy  person  we  meet  with  at  Ormside 
is  John  de  Ormsheved,  who  occurs  in  the  reign  of 
King  John.  He,  together  with  Robert  de  Boell,  was 
appointed  to  receive  possession  of  Appleby  Castle,  in 
behalf  of  Ilobert  de  Veteripont,  to  whom  the  king  then 
granted  the  same  during  his  pleasure.  In  the  eighth 
year  of  the  same  king,  we  find  John  de  Ormsheved 
sheriir  of  Westmoreland  under  Ilobert  de  Veteripont. 
In  thi'  3l'.th  Henry  III.  (1251-2)  Robert,  son  of  Guy  de 
( )niisheved  witnessed  a  grant  of  lands  at  Appleby  made 
by  the  last  Robert  de  Veteripont.  In  the  ilth  Edward 
I.  fl285-0)  John  de  Ormsheved,  son  of  Robert,  lord  of 
the  manor  of  Ormsheved,  granted  to  John,  his  sou  and 
heir,  certain  lands  in  Ormsheved,  and  also  land  in 
Little  Ormsheved ;  in  the  same  year  John  do  Vesci 
occurs  as  holding  part  of  the  manor  of  Ormsheved  of 
t  lie  two  daughters  of  Robert  de  Veteripont.  In  1309-10 
.lohn  de  Dcrwentwater  held  the  manor  of  Ormsheved, 
Mild  it  continued  in  his  family  till  1-100,  when  we  find 
it  in  the  possession  of  John  de  Barton  and  Alice  his 
wife,  who  made  a  settlement  of  the  manor.  In  1 122 
Nicholas  do  Ratcliffo  held  the  manor  in  right  of  his 
wife,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  John  do  Derwentwatcr. 
Li  1151  there  is  a  letter  of  attorney  from  Thomas 
I'larton,  of  Ormsheved,  and  others,  to  Richard  Marten- 
dale  of  Patterdale,  to  deliver  seisin  to  John  do  Uartou 
and  Catherine  his  wife,  of  lands  in  Ormshead,  Great 
Salkild,  and  (ircat  Asby;  and  in  the  following  year 
Thomas  RatcliiTe  held  a  moiety  of  Ormshead  imme- 


diately of  Thomas  de  Clifford,  called  Ormshead  Vesci, 
because  it  had  been  previously  held  by  John  Vesci, 
and  John  Barton  held  the  same  of  Thomas  RadchfTe. 
Robert  Barton  in  1520  held  the  manor  of  Ormshead  of 
Cuthbert  Ratcliffe.  From  tliis  time  the  Bartons  con- 
tinued to  hold  the  manor  till  the  reign  of  Queen 
I'Uizabeth,  when  it  was  sold  by  Thomas  Barton  to  Sir 
Christopher  Pickering,  Knt.,  who,  dying  unmarried, 
left  the  manor  to  his  natural  daughter,  the  wife  of  John 
Dudley,  Esq.,  of  Duftou.  This  gentleman  dying  before 
his  wife,  she  married  Cyprian  Hilton,  Esq.,  of  Burton, 
who  had  with  her  the  manor  of  Ormside.  From  the 
Ililtons  the  manor  passed  with  a  heiress  in  marriage 
to  Thomas  Wybergh,  Esq.,  of  Clifton,  in  whose  time 
tlio  manor  was  sold  to  George  Stephenson,  Esq.,  of 
Warcop,  who  died  intestate  and  without  issue,  and  his 
property  descended  to  two  co-heirs,  sisters  of  his  father, 
Jolin  Stephenson,  and  upon  the  partition  thereof,  this 
manor  came  to  the  share  of  John  Fa  well,  of  Temple 
Sowcrby,  who  in  the  year  1770  sold  tlie  same  to  the 
Ivirl  of  Thanet ;  it  is  now  held  by  Sir  Richard  Tufton, 
Bart. ;  besides  whom  John  ^^■akeCeid,  Esq.,  is  the 
principal  landowner.  The  manor  house  is  an  ancient 
building  now  used  as  a  farm-house;  as  is  also  Becka 
Hall,  another  old  mansion.  Near  to  the  former,  iu  the 
bed  of  the  river  Edon,  several  brass  vessels  were  found 
iu  1089,  supposed  to  have  been  buried  during  the 
turmoil  of  the  civil  wars  iu  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 
The  village  of  Great  Ormside  occupies  a  pleasant 


91 


768 


EAST  WARD. 


situation  uear  the  Eden,  three  miles  south-south-east 
of  Appleby. 

THE  rnunCH. 
The  parish  church,  dedication  unknown,  hut  supposed 
to  be  St.  James,  is  a  small  ancient  edifice,  standing  ou 
a  considerable  eminence,  near  the  hall,  and  consists  of 
nave,  chancel,  chantry  or  chapel  belonging  to  the 
Tuftou  family,  and  a  tower  with  two  bells.  Inserted 
in  a  slab  in  the  floor  of  the  nave  are  three  brasses 
bearing  the  dates  IG'iO,  1625,  and  1093;  the  first 
commemorates  Sir  Christopher  Pickering,  who  was  five 
times  high-sheriff  of  Cumberland  ;  the  others,  members 
of  the  Hilton  family.  The  church,  a  rectory,  was 
appropriated  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary  at  York,  and  in 
1248  the  abbot  and  convent  granted  the  advowson  to 
the  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  whose  successors  have  continued 
to  exercise  the  patronage.  The  living  is  valued  in  the 
Kings  Book  at  £17  17s.  Sjd.,  and  certified  to  the 
governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  as  of  the  clear 
yearly  rent  of  £40.  The  tithes  were  commuted  in  1846 
for  an  annual  rent  charge  of  £78  10s.  4d. ;  the  living 
is  now  worth  about  £200  a  year. 

KECTons.  —  William  de  Gosford,  1394;  John  de  jrorland, 
1343;  John  de  Crete,  1363;  Robert  Bix,  1307;  Richard  de 
CoUeby,  140G;  Christopher  Parker,  died  10C5;  Richard  Towl- 
son,  1505;  John  Watson,  1500;  John  Barnes,  1071;  John 
Corry,  1573;  Lancelot  Manstield,  1577;  John  Braytliwaite, 
158-2;  John  Hudson,  1587;  Richard  Burton,  1591;  Robert 
Symson,  1C33  ;  Eamaby  Symson,  ICCl;  John  Symson,  1679; 
Thomas  Nicolson,  1720 ;  WiUiam  Nicolson,  1727 ;  Thomas 
Cautley,  1731 ;  WiUiam  Preston,  1762  ;  Thomas  Spooner,  1778 ; 
William  Monl<house,  1807;  Robert  Whitehead,  1811;  James 
Bush,  1851;  Christopher  Pariier,  1851;  Thomas  Clarlse,  1850. 


The  rectory  is  a  handsome  modern  house,  situated 
on  a  gentle  eminence  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south 
of  the  church. 

There  is  a  national  school  in  the  parish. 


Rtidd's  Charit;/. — The  sum  of  8s.  is  received  every 
fourth  year  from  Rudd's  Charity  (see  Appleby,  page  719) 
and  is  given  away  to  the  poor  of  the  parish. 

Sarah  Michaclson's  Charity. — This  charity  consists 
of  a  sum  of  £4,  wliich  appears  to  have  been  given  by 
Sarah  Michaelson,  the  interest  to  be  paid  to  the  poor 
of  Ormside,  yearly,  for  ever. 

Mary  Hiltnn's  Charily. — Mrs.  Mary  Hilton,  in  1750, 
gave  the  sum  of  £12,  the  interest  to  be  given  to  the 
poor  of  the  parish  of  Ormside,  for  ever. 

Burton's  Charity. — Poor  Stock. Burton,  by 

will,  about  1655,  gave  to  the  poor  stock  of  Ormside 
the  sum  of  £40,  the  interest  to  be  applied  yearly  to  the 
binding  of  some  honest  poor  man's  legitimate  child, 
born  in  the  said  parish,  and  apprenticed  to  some  honest 
trade;  the  said  child  to  be  elected  by  the  incumbents 
of  Ormside,  Appleby,  and  St.  Michael's,  or  the  major 
part  of  them. 

Little  Ormside  is  a  small  village,  lying  north-east  of 
the  parish  church,  about  three  miles  south-by-east  of 
Great  Ormside.  The  tenants  seem  to  have  been  pur- 
chased off  the  manor  of  Ormside  at  large,  and  are  now 
within  the  m.anor  of  Gathome,  in  the  parish  of  Asby ; 
but  most  of  them  have  been  enfranchised. 


ORTON  PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Asby,  Ravensworth,  Crosby,  and  Shap;  on  the  west  by  the  parish  of  Kendal; 
on  the  south  by  Kendal  and  Sedbergh,  in  Yorkshire;  and  on  the  east  by  Ravenstonedale,  Crosby  Garret,  and  Asby. 
It  is  very  extensive,  being  about  ten  miles  in  length  and  eight  in  breadth,  and  comprises  many  feUs  and  valleys,  in 
which  grazing  is  largely  carried  on.  Limestone  and  freestone  are  abundant  here.  The  river  Lune,  and  many  of 
its  tributary  streams,  have  their  sources  in  this  pai'ish.  The  moors  are  well  stocked  with  game,  and  Orton  Scar  is 
famous  for  dotterels.  Besides  a  portion  of  Fawcett  Forest  and  Birkbeck  Fells,  the  parish  contains  the  townships  of 
Orton,  Bretherdale,  Langdale,  Raisbeck,  and  Tebay,  whose  united  area  is  24,430  acres.  The  population  in  1801  was 
1,230;  in  1811,  1,323;  in  1821,  1,525;  in  1831,  1,501;  in  1841,  1,449;  and  in  1851,  1,450.  The  population 
of  the  townships  of  this  parish  have  not,  as  yet,  been  returned  separately. 

The  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway  runs  through  the 


ORTON. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £2,700,  its 
area  and  population  are  included  in  the  parish  returns. 
Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment  of  the  in- 
habitants, who  generally  attend  the  markets  at  Kendal. 


township. 

Of  olden  time  Orton  possesses  a  few  remains.  The 
Britons  have  left  a  tumulus  at  Grantlands,  about  a 
mile  east  of  Orton.     It  is  circular  in  form,  and  nearly 


ORTON  PARISH. 


763 


one  hundred  yards  in  diameter,  rising  gradually  from  the 
circumference  to  the  height  of  about  three  yards  in  the 
middle,  and  is  composed  of  stones  promiscuously  thrown 
together.  A  bumiiu  skeleton  was  found  here.  In  1847 
there  were  found  on  a  hill,  not  far  from  Orton,  some 
ancient  jewels,  which  a  writer  in  the  Kendal  newspaper 
supposed  to  have  been  deposited  there  in  the  time  of 
Petilius  Cerealis.  Behind  Orton  Scar,  nearly  two 
miles  north-east  of  the  town,  is  a  place  called  Castle 
Folds,  formerly  surrounded  by  a  strong  wall,  with  a 
small  fort,  for  the  defence  of  the  cattle,  &c.,  during  the 
border  foruys.  There  was  also  a  beacon  on  the  high 
grounds,  which  communicated  with  those  of  Penrith, 
Stainmoro,  and  Whin  Fell.  At  a  place  about  a  mile 
south  of  the  parish  church  is  a  weU,  called  Lady  Well, 
near  to  which,  according  to  tradition,  a  chapel  formerly 
stood ;  its  site  is  now  recalled  by  the  name  of  Chapel 
Field.  In  this  vicinity  is  a  farm,  bearing  the  name  of 
Friai-sbiggin,  probably  on  account  of  the  community 
of  Conishead  having  built  a  house  here  for  their  tenant. 
The  first  lord  of  the  manor  of  Orton  on  record  is 
Gamel  do  Pennington,  who  gave  the  church  to  the 
priory  of  Conishead  in  the  reigu  of  Henry  II.  In  the 
reign  of  Edward  I.  we  find  the  manor  divided  into 
moieties,  which  were  held  by  the  Dacre  and  Musgrave 
families  respectively.  The  Dacre  moiety  continued  to 
be  held  by  that  family  till  the  year  1614,  when  it  was  sold 
io  the  landowners.  The  llusgrave  moiety,  after  having 
been  subdivided  and  successively  held  by  the  families 
of  Henecastre,  Hilbeck,  Blenkiusop,  Warcop,  Dalston, 
and  Bowes,  was  also  sold  to  the  landowners,  for  tho 
sum  of  i'.iOo.  The  whole  is  now  consigned  in  trust  to 
four  nominal  lords,  for  the  purpose  of  holding  courts 
Icet  and  baron,  for  the  convenience  of  tenants.  The 
landowners  are  Richard  Burn,  Esq. ;  Rev.  C.  Parkin ; 
E.  Bniilhwaite,  Esq. ;  Robert  Wilson,  Esq.,  and  a 
number  of  small  proprietors.  Orton  Hall,  for  many 
years  occupied  as  a  farm-house,  is  a  fine  old  building, 
bearing  the  date  IGCii.  'Wljere  the  ancient  manor- 
house  stood  is  unknown. 

THE    TOWN    OF    ORTON. 

The  market  town  of  Orton  (anciently  Scar  Overton) 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  road  between  Appleby  and 
Kendal,  from  the  former  of  which  it  is  distant  nino 
miles  and  a  half  south-south-west,  and  from  the  latter 
tiftceu  miles  north -north -cast.  Tho  market  is  held 
under  a  charter  granted  by  Edward  I.,  but  the  market 
day  has  been  changed  from  Wednesday  to  Friday. 
At  the  request  of  tho  Countess  of  Pembroke,  Oliver 
Cromwell,  in  1058,  granted  to  the  inhabitants  of  Orton 
a  license  to  hold  a  fair,  annually,  iu  Whit-week,  and 


a  fortnight  fair  "  to  begin  on  Wednesday  next  after 
Whitsun-week  and  continue  till  the  day  of  St.  Simon 
and  St.  Jude  following,  with  a  court  of  pie-powder,  and 
power  to  take  tolls."  The  seal  appended  to  this  docu- 
ment is  about  six  inches  in  diameter.  On  one  side  are 
the  arms  of  the  Commonwealth,  with  this  motto  under- 
neath, "  Pax  quteritur  bello,"  and  circumscribed  "  Mag- 
num SigOlum  Reipublicas  Angha;,  Scotia;,  et  Hiberniie." 
On  the  reverse  is  the  Protector  in  armour,  with  tho 
legend  "  Olivarius,  Dei  Gratia,  Republicae  Anglia;, 
ScotiiP,  et  Hibcrni;r,  Protector."  The  fairs  are  now 
held  on  the  3rd  of  May,  Friday  before  Whitsuntide, 
and  the  second  Friday  after  Michaelmas  Day,  for  sheep, 
black  cattle,  &c. ;  there  is  also  a  cattle  fair  on  the  20th 
of  August. 

THE   CHCBCH. 

Orton  church,  dedicated  to  All  Saints,  is  a  large 
Gothic  structure,  comprising  nave,  aisles,  chancel,  and 
low  embattled  tower,  with  a  clock,  porch,  and  peal  of 
four  bells.  The  chancel  possesses  a  window  of  three 
lights ;  and  a  portion  of  the  ancient  scdillia  still 
exists.  In  this  part  of  the  church  is  a  monument  to 
the  memory  of  Dr.  Richard  Bum,  a  former  rector; 
another  to  the  memory  of  John  Burn,  of  Orton,  son 
of  Dr.  Burn ;  and  in  the  north  aisle  is  one  com- 
memorating John  and  Thomas  Redman.  In  the 
south  aisle,  an  ancient  piscina  with  a  trefoil-headed 
canopy,  shows  the  existence  of  an  ancient  chapel.  All 
the  seats,  with  the  exception  of  the  vicar's,  are  repaired 
at  the  public  expense,  and  no  one  of  the  parishioners 
has  a  right  to  any  particular  seat.  The  church  of 
Orton,  as  above  stated,  was  appropriated  to  the  priory 
of  Conishead  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  this  appropri- 
ation being  confirmed  by  John  Bartholomew,  prior  of 
Carlisle,  in  the  time  of  Hugh,  third  bishop  of  that  see. 
On  tlie  suppression  of  the  religious  houses,  tho 
advowson  of  Orton  came  to  the  crown.  It  was  pur- 
chased by  Francis  JMorice,  Esq.,  and  Francis  Pholips, 
Esq.,  who  in  their  turn  sold  it,  in  1018,  to  the  land- 
owners of  the  parish  for  £570.  The  patronage  is 
therefore  in  about  240  individuals,  but  in  order  to 
avoid  confusion  they  keep  the  advowson  in  the  hands 
of  twelve  trustees,  who  are  bound  to  present  according 
to  the  majority  of  votes  when  an  election  takes  place. 
The  hving  is  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  i'lO  17s.  3^d. 
At  the  enclosure,  made  about  eighty  years  ago,  it  was 
augmented  with  two  allolmonts,  called  the  Knott  and 
Vicar's  Moss,  consisting  of  about  200  acres  given  in 
lieu  of  the  tithes  of  lamb  and  wool,  and  the  living  is 
now  worth  about  XiSO  a  year.  The  pai'ish  registers 
commence  in  150G. 


764 


EAST  WAED. 


VicABS. — Richtti-d  de  Barnard  Castle,  1293;  Henry , 

1302;  Thomas  cle  Appleby,  died  13;i8;  Richard  de  Wessington, 
1338  ;  Robert  de  Berdeshay,  1373  ;  Thomas  Bell,  —  ;  William 
Birkbeck,  U55;  Thomas  Lorde,  1534;  Philip  Macbel,  died  1573; 
Robert  Comey,  1573;  Henry  Atkinson,  1594;  John  Comey, 
1595;  Alexander  Featherstonhangh,  1C43  ;  George  Fothergill, 
ejected  in  1CC2  ;  Roger  Kenynn,  1CC2  ;  Thomas  Nelson,  1703  ; 
Richard  Bum,  1736 ;  John  Redman,  1785;  Robert  Milner,  1802 ; 
J.  S.  Sisson,  1849. 

The  vicarage  is  an  old  house,  much  in  need  of 
renovation. 

Here  is  a  Wcslcyan  chapel  erected  in  1833. 
Wesleyanism  was  first  introduced  into  Ortou  by  the 
late  Mr.  Stephen  Brunskill. 

CHAWTIES. 

School. — This  school  appears  to  have  originated  in 
private  subscriptions  about  the  year  1730.  From  the 
fund  then  raised  a  school-house  was  built,  which  con- 
tinued to  be  used  for  the  purposes  of  education  until 
the  year  1809,  when,  being  considered  too  small,  and 
the  situation  bad,  a  new  one  was  built  on  another  spot 
at  the  expense  of  about  £310,  of  which  Mrs.  Margaret 
Hilme  contributed  jElSu  ;  William  Holme,  Esq.,  £'-io  ; 
and  Joseph  Burne,  Esq.,  £50.  The  old  school-house 
was  conveyed  to  the  church-wardens  upon  their  engag- 
ing to  pay  i£3  a  year  to  the  church  singing-master.  In 
1740  Agnes  Holme  left  to  the  school  a  rent  charge  of 
10s.  a  year  towards  paying  for  the  teaching  of  two  poor 
scholars.  Thomas  Addison,  by  will,  dated  in  1750, 
gave  to  the  school  of  Orton  £o  ;  Henry  Bland,  in  1709, 
gave  £10;  and  Francis  Wardale,  in  ]  781,  £400.  From 
these  various  charities  the  school  nov?  possesses  an 
income  of  £50  a  year;  it  is  attended  by  about  sixty 
children.  There  is  also  a  female  school,  built  by 
Eichard  Burn,  Esq.,  and  partly  supported  by  that 
gentleman. 

Agnes  Holme's  Charity. — Agnes  Holme,  but  at  what 
date  is  not  known,  left  £10  to  be  given  among  such 
poor  single  women  of  the  parish  of  Orton  as  were  not 
maintained  by  the  parish.  This  charity  is  distributed 
as  directed. 

Baurgh  Estate. — In  November,  1729,  the  closes 
at  Barfe,  called  Great  Closes,  or  High  Closes,  were 
purchased  for  £110,  of  which  £30  was  church  stock, 
and  £80  poor  stock,  in  trust  for  the  repairs,  &c.,  of  the 
parish  church  and  the  benefit  of  the  poor  of  the  parish. 
This  estate  was  augmented  at  the  enclosure  of  the 
commons,  and  one  moiety  of  the  rent  is  now  appropri- 
ated to  the  relief  of  poor  householders. 

Fraiiccs  Wardalc's  Charity. — Frances  Wardale,  by 
will,  dated  November  9th,  1781,  gave  to  the  overseers 
of  the  poor  of  the  parish  of  Orton,  £20,  which  she 


directed  should  bo  invested,  and  the  interest  distributed 
amongst  the  poor  of  the  parish. 

Rouiithwaite,  Brcthcrdale,  Ilirlibeck  Fells,  Upper 
and  Lower  Scales,  and  Grccnholmc  School. —  George 
Gibson,  by  will,  dated  23rd  November,  1733,  gave 
£400  bank  stock  towards  the  endowment  of  a  free 
school  in  Bretherdale  or  Birkbeck  Fells,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  places  named  above.  With  this  bequest 
an  estate  was  purchased  at  Dillicar  which  now  produces 
about  £50  a  year,  the  whole  of  which,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  20s.  for  a  dinner  for  the  trustees,  is  given  to 
the  master. 

Langdalc,  Tehay,  and  Bretherdale. — Lord  Wharton's 
Bible  Charity. — Tiiesc  townships  share  in  tlio  annual 
distribution  of  bibles,  catechisms,  itc,  distributed  in 
pursuance  of  the  will  of  Lord  Wharton. 

Langdale  and  Tehay. — Anne  Thompson's  Charity. — 
The  particulars  of  this  charity  have  been  given  in  our 
account  of  the  parish  of  Kirkby  Stephen.  Six  four- 
penny  loaves  are  placed  every  Sunday  in  the  parish 
church  of  Orton,  of  which  three  are  given  to  poor 
persons  of  Tebay,  and  three  to  other  poor  of  Langdale. 

Birkbeck  Fells. — Poor  Stock. — A  sum  of  £15,  sup- 
posed to  be  ancient  poor  stock,  belongs  to  this  town- 
ship, amongst  the  poor  people  of  which  the  interest  is 
distributed. 

Langdale. — Atkinson's  Charity. — Abraham  Atkinson, 
by  wLU,  dated  November  1st,  1819,  left  about  £40,  the 
interest  of  which  he  directed  should  be  given  to  the 
poor  people  of  Langdale. 

The  Temperance  Hall  is  a  neat  building,  erected  by 
subscription  in  1858.  In  connection  with  it  are  a 
library  and  newsroom,  the  former  of  which  comprises 
about  300  volumes. 

Orton  Hall,  the  seat  and  property  of  Richard  Burn, 
Esq.,  is  a  fine  old  mansion,  occupying  a  pleasant 
situation  near  the  town. 

Bousfield  is  a  small  hamlet  in  this  township,  one 
mile  west  of  Orton.  Park  and  Low  Scales  are  two 
other  small  hamlets,  the  former  three  quarters  of  a 
mile  north-west,  and  the  latter  about^two  miles  south- 
west of  that  town. 

BRETHERDALE. 

For  area  and  population  of  this  township,  see  parish 
returns.  This  place  belonged  to  the  abbey  of  Byland, 
in  Yorkshire,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  given  to 
that  house  by  Thomas,  son  of  Gospatric.  In  the  reign 
of  Edward  I.  we  find  the  abbot  of  Byland  holding 
Bretherdale  of  the  two  daughters  of  the  last  Robert  de 
Veteripont,  with  Ashy  Grange,  paying  for  all  services, 


OETON   PARISH. 


765 


31s.  IIJJ.  lu  the  reign  of  Henry  YI.  the  abbot  of 
Byland  paid  for  Bretherdale  a  white  rent  of  os.,  for  all 
services.  After  the  dissolution  of  the  religious  houses, 
the  Whartons  purchased  this  manor,  and  it  is  now  held 
by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 

The  hamlet  of  Crctherdalc  is  three  miles  south-south- 
west of  Orton. 

LAN'GDAI.E. 

Langdale,  or  Longdale,  is  a  mountainous  township 
lying  between  Eavenstonedale,  Yorkshire,  Tebay,  and 
Eaisbeck.  Its  area  and  population  are  returned  with 
the  parish.     The  rateable  value  is  £901  lis.  8d. 

The  manor  of  Langdale  was  never  held  of  the 
Cliffords,  having  been  given  by  Henry  II.  to  the  priory 
of  Walton,  in  Yorkshire,  which  grant  was  confirmed  by 
King  John,  on  the  29th  March,  1200.  In  the  36th 
Henry  III.  (1231-2)  there  was  a  grant  of  free  warren  in 
Langdale  and  llavenstonedale  to  Walton  Priory.  On 
the  suppression  of  the  monastic  establishments,  this 
manor  was  granted  to  the  Wharton  family,  from  whom 
it  was  purchased  by  Robert  Lowther,  Esq.,  of  Mauld's 
!Mcaburn,  and  it  is  now  held  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 
The  landowners  are  Matthew  Thompson,  Esq. ;  John 
Beck,  Esq. ;  John  Sawyer,  Esq. ;  Thomas  Fawcett, 
Esq. ;  and  some  small  proprietors. 

The  hamlet  of  Langdale  is  three  miles  south-east  of 
Orton.  Dr.  Thomas  Barlow,  a  learned  divine  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  bishop  of  Lincohi,  was  a 
native  of  this  place.  Ucro  is  a  Wesleyau  chapel, 
erected  in  1841. 

Coatgill  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  four  miles 
south-east  of  Orton. 

RAISBECK. 

The  rateable  value  of  Baisbeck  township  is  £1,773  ; 
its  area  and  population  are  included  in  the  parish 
returns.  The  landowners  are  Richard  L.  Watson, 
Esq. ;  John  Wakefield,  Esq. ;  Stephen  Bland,  Esq. ; 
Matthew  Thorapson,  Esq. ;  John  Brunskill,  Esq.  ; 
Richard  Burn,  Esq.  ;  Rev.  J.  Sisson,  and  a  number  of 
small  proprietors.  On  the  south  side  of  the  township 
is  Reasgill  Ilidl,  where  the  manor  courts  were  formerly 
held. 

The  village  of  Raisbeck  is  about  a  milo  and  three 
quarters  east  of  Orton.  Sunbiggin  is  another  village, 
at  the  foot  of  a  lofty  scar,  two  and  throe  (juarter  miles 
north-east  of  the  same  town.  The  hamlets  are  Coat 
Flat,  one  mile  and  a  half  south  of  Orton ;  Kelleth, 
three  miles  south-east ;  and  Rayne,  three  miles  south- 
south-east.  Coatllatt  Hall  is  a  commodious  dweUing, 
a  milo  and  a  quarter  from  Orton,  erected  in  1707,  on 
the  site  of  an  ancient  castellated  structure,  at  which, 


according  to  tradition,  the  judges  on  the  northern 
circuit  often  regaled  themselves  between  Appleby  and 
Lancaster.  Sunbiggin  tarn  is  a  small  lake,  a  little 
west  of  Sunbiggin.  Human  bones  have  been  found  at 
several  places  in  this  township. 

TEBAY. 

The  area  and  population  of  Tebay  are  returned  with 
the  parish;  the  rateable  value  is  jC3,599  3s.  Od.  The 
township  is  large,  consisting  of  two  divisions,  called 
High  End  and  Low  End,  both  of  which  are  fertile. 

The  first  possessor  of  Tebay  on  record  is  Radulpli 
de  Tybai,  who  occurs  as  a  witness  to  a  grant  of  land  at 
Kirkby  Tliore  to  the  abbey  of  Holme  Cultram.  Her- 
bert de  Tibay  is  the  ne.xt  of  the  name  we  meet  with, 
but  he  does  not  appear  to  have  held  the  manor,  which 
was  parcelled  out  amongst  several  owners.  He'  occurs 
as  a  landowner,  and  it  is  very  probable  that  he  pos- 
sessed a  part  of  the  manor.  We  afterwards  meet  with 
the  families  of  Hastings  and  English  as  owning  por- 
tions of  the  manor  of  Tebay.  In  the  31st  Edward  I. 
(1309-3),  Henry  Threlkeld,  of  Crosby  Ravensworth,  had 
a  grant  of  free  warren  in  Tebay  and  Rouuthwaite. 
Resides  Hastings  and  Englishes,  the  Rcstwolds  and 
Whartons  had  lands  here,  and  the  whole  manor  came 
at  length  to  the  latter  family.  The  Whartons  subse- 
quently sold  it  to  the  Lowthers,  and  it  is  now  held  by 
the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  landowners  are  John  Beck, 
Esq. ;  Richard  Brauthwaite,  Esq. ;  John  Brunskill, 
Esq. ;  the  Rev.  George  Wilson  ;  and  the  lord  of  the 
manor. 

The  village  of  Tebay  is  situated  on  the  Kcudftl  road, 
two  miles  south  of  Orton,  near  the  junction  of  the  Bir- 
beck  with  the  Lune.  Uere  is  a  station  on  the  Lancaster 
and  Carlisle  railway.  Tebay  is  to  be  the  terminus  of 
the  Barnard  Castle  and  Lancaster  line.  There  is  a 
Methodist  chapel  in  the  vill.ige.  In  the  Galloper  Field, 
in  this  township,  is  the  Brandery  Stone,  on  which  there 
was  formerly  an  inscription  ;  and  near  Low  Borrow 
Bridge  ai'e  the  remains  of  a  castle,  which  seems  to 
have  been  a  fortress  of  some  strength.  At  Tebay  and 
Grcenholme  are  two  places  called  Castle  How,  both  of 
which  are  supposed  to  have  served  as  places  of  defence 
during  the  Scottish  inroads. 

CU.UUTIES. 

School— B^  indenture,  dated  3nth  of  April,  1072, 
Robert  Adamsou  gave  two  messuages  and  tcuemeuts, 
and  the  lands  thereto  belonging,  the  one  called  Ormoadic 
Biggin,  and  the  other  Blocket  Bottom,  to  trustees,  for 
the  use  of  a  grammar  school  at  Tebay,  and  for  the 
maiutenauco  of  a  schoolmaster  there ;  the  school  to  be 


766 


EAST  WABD. 


open  free  of  charge  to  poor  chilJreu.  The  property 
just  unmeJ  briug  in  about  £55  a  year,  out  of  which  the 
master  receives  £'45.  The  school  is  under  the  manage- 
ment of  six  trustees,  and  is  attended  by  about  seventy 
children  of  both  sexes. 

This  township  also  shai-es  iu  other  charities,  for  which 
see  pages 

Ellcrgill  hamlet  is  two  and  a  half  miles  south  by  east 
of  Orton ;  Gaisgill  hamlet,  two  miles  south-by-east ; 
Redgill,  two  and  a  half  miles  south-by-east;  and  Rounth- 
waite,  three  miles  south  of  the  same  town. 

BIRKBECK    FELLS. 

Birkbcck  Fells  is  an  extensive  lordship  within  the 


manor  of  Crosby  Ravensworth,  and  part  of  it  is  also  in 
the  parish  of  Crosby  Ravensworth,  where  it  will  be 
found  described  more  in  detail.  The  Lancaster  and 
Carlisle  railway  runs  through  the  township,  the  part  of 
which  in  this  parish  is  rated  at  £-135  3s.  4d.  At 
Greenholme,  a  small  hamlet  in  this  division,  two  miles 
soutli-south-wcst  of  Orton,  is  an  endowed  school.  (See 
page  70-1.)  High  Scales  is  another  hamlet  iu  this 
division,  two  miles  south-west  of  Orton. 

BOKROWDALE. 

Borrowdale,  si.\.  miles  south-south-west  of  Orton,  is 
a  deep  romantic  dale,  forming  part  of  Fawcett  Forest, 
which  is  mostly  in  Kendal  parish.  This  part  of  Faw- 
cett Forest  township  is  rated  at  £'012. 


RAVENSTONEDALE    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  ou  the  north  by  those  of  Crosby  Garret  and  Kirkby  Stephen,  on  the  West  by  Orton,  on  the 
south  by  Sedbergh  and  Kirkby  Stephen,  and  on  the  west  by  Kirkby  Stephen.  It  comprises  a  picturesque  region 
of  valleys,  thwaites,  and  fells.  The  river  Rother  and  several  streams  which  form  the  source  of  the  Lune  rise  here, 
as  does  also  the  Ravenbeck,  which  flows  northward  to  Smardale,  through  a  fine  open  valley,  formed  into  rich 
pastures,  and  from  which  the  parish  has  its  name.  Ravenstoncdale  parish  comprises  only  one  manor  and  township, 
though,  for  the  convenience  of  collecting  rates,  &c.,  it  is  divided  into  four  angles  or  parts,  called  respectively  Town, 
Bowderdale,  Fell-End,  and  Newbiggin  Angles. 

The  area  of  Ravenstoncdale  is  18,450  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £0,428  1  Is.  The  population  in  1801 
was  1,138;  in  1811,  1,091;  in  1821,  1,059;  in  1831, 
1,030;  in  1841,  973;  and  in  1851,  939;  who  are 
principally  engaged  in  agriculture.  Kirkby  Stephen  is 
the  market  attended.  The  Durham  and  Lancaster 
line  of  railway  intersects  the  parish. 

The  manor  of  Ravenstonedalc,  with  the  advowson  of 
the  church  there,  was  granted  by  Torphin,  son  of 
Robert,  "  to  God,  and  the  Blessed  Virgin,  and  all  the 
holy  men  serving  God  in  the  monastery  of  Walton.'* 
This  community  belonged  to  the  order  of  Sempriugham, 
founded  by  St.  Gilbert  at  Sempriugham,  in  Lincoln- 
shire, in  1148.  Numerous  privileges  were  granted  to 
this  order  by  several  popes  and  kings,  in  all  of  which 
the  manor  of  Ravenstoncdale  participated.  Pope 
Celestine  IIE.,  who  was  elevated  to  the  pontifical  chair 
in  1191,  granted  to  the  order  of  Sempringham  the 
privilege  of  exemption  from  payment  of  tithes  of  lauds 
which  they  had  in  their  own  cultivation.  King  John, 
Henry  III.,  Edward  III.,  and  Hemy  VL  confirmed 
the  immunities  enjoyed  by  the  order.  From  these 
confirmations  we  learn  that  besides  freedom  from  toll 


and  other  personal  and  pecuniary  charges,  the  monks 
of  Sempriugham  had  also  the  privilege  of  sanctuary 
throughout  their  whole  possessions.  In  pursuance  of 
these  grants  it  is  recorded  that  if  in  Ravenstouedale 
'•  a  murderer  fled  to  the  church  or  sanctuary,  and  tolled 
the  holy  bell,  as  it  was  called,  he  was  free ;  and  if  a 
stranger  came  within  the  precincts  of  the  manor,  he 
was  safe  from  the  pursuer.'  The  privilege  of  sanctuary 
was  abolished  here,  as  well  as  iu  other  places,  in  the 
reign  of  James  I.,  and  many  of  the  other  privileges 
have  been  taken  away  by  act  of  parhament.  After  the 
suppression  of  the  monastic  institutions  Henry  VIII. 
granted  the  church  and  manor  of  Ravenestonedale  to 
the  Archbishop  of  York  during  his  life;  and  in  Novem- 
ber, 1540,  he  granted  the  reversion  to  Sir  Thomas 
Wharton,  Knt.,  for  the  sum  of  £935  16s.  8d.  The 
rectory  and  manor  continued  to  be  held  by  the  Wharton 
family  till  they  were  sold  by  the  Duke  of  Wharton  to 
Robert  Lowther,  Esq.,  from  whom  they  have  descended 
to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. '  The  greater  number  of  the 
estates  have  been  enfranchised.  The  landowners  are 
the  Earl  of  Lonsdale;  ^Matthew  Thompson,  Esq.; 
Richard  Winn,  Esq. ;  John  Hewitson,  Esq. ;  Richard 


RAVENSTONEDALE    PARISH. 


767 


Hunter,  Esq.;  Robert  Hewitson,  Esq. ;  John  Hewitson, 
Esq.;  Thomas  Fawcett,  Esq.;  John  Fawcett,  Esq.; 
John  Fothergill,  Esq. ;  Thomas  Fothergill,  Esq. ;  Rev. 
A.  Gibson  ;  Richard  Gibson,  Esq. ;  Rev.  Thomas  Jack- 
son ;  and  Anthony  Morland,  Esq. ;  with  a  number  of 
small  proprietors. 

In  what  is  called  the  Lord's  Park,  a  little  north  of 
the  town,  is  Gallows  Hill,  probably  on  account  of 
criminals,  condemned  by  the  manor  court,  having 
been  executed  there  in  olden  time.  The  park  was 
walled  round  by  Lord  Wharton  in  lOGO.  Upon  a  hill 
called  Ash  i'ell,  on  the  north  side  of  the  park,  is  a 
house,  cut  out  of  the  rock ;  and  near  Rother  Bridge  is 
a  circle  of  stones  supposed  to  be  druidical.  At  a  place 
called  Rosato  are  two  tumuli,  in  which  many  human 
bones  have  been  found.  Li  1771  there  was  discovered 
in  the  peat  moss,  about  half  a  mile  from  the  Town 
Head,  a  large  copper  vessel,  capable  of  containing  about 
eight  and  a  half  gallons  of  liquid. 

THE    TOWK    OF    RAVENSTONEDALE. 

The  town  of  Ravenstonedale  is  pleasantly  situated  in 
a  mountainous  district,  near  the  conlluence  of  Scandall 
Beck  and  Cold  Beck,  four  and  a  half  miles  south-west 
of  Kirkby  Stephen,  eight  miles  east -south -east  of 
Orton,  and  270  miles  north-north-west  of  London.  It 
contains  about  100  houses,  but  bears  evident  marks  of 
having  been  at  some  former  period  much  larger  than 
at  present.  The  market,  which  was  held  on  Tuesday, 
is  obsolete ;  but  a  fair  is  held  here  on  the  Thursday 
after  Whitsuntide ;  three  cattle  fairs  are  also  held 
annually;  one  on  the  second  Wednesday  in  r\Iarch, 
another  on  the  Wednesday  previous  to  the  second  Sun- 
day in  April ;  and  a  third  on  the  29th  of  August. 

THE    CHUnCH. 

Ravenstonedale  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Oswald,  is  a 
neat  and  commodious  edifice,  erected  in  1774,  near  the 
site  of  a  previous  church,  and  consists  of  nave  and 
chancel.  Below  the  communion  table  of  the  old  chunii 
were  two  rows  of  scats,  "  where,  it  is  said,  the  steward 
and  jury  of  the  manor  sat  formerly,  iu  their  court  of 
judicature."  The  prisoners  were  confined  in  a  hollow 
arched  vault,  which  was  discovered  when  making  the 
foundations  of  the  present  church.  There  aro  mural 
monuments  to  the  memory  of  the  Fothergill,  ililnor, 
and  Mounspy  families.  Tho  advowson  of  the  church 
has  doscondcd  with  the  manor,  as  seen  above.  The 
great  and  small  tithes  did  not,  however,  pass  with  tho 
living,  but  were  sold  to  the  inhabitants  and  landowners. 
None  of  these  tithes  or  other  dues  were  ever  set  out  for 
the  use  of  a  vicar,  as  the  duties  and  requiremeuts  of  the 


parish  were  attended  to  by  monks  sent  from  the 
monastery  of  Walton,  and  the  living  has,  in  conse- 
quence, continued  to  be  a  perpetual  curacy  even  to  our 
own  times.  In  1777  the  whole  glebe  and  houses 
belonging  to  the  curate  were  worth  about  £18  a  year, 
exclusive  of  the  ancient  salary  of  £'8  paid  by  the  lord  of 
the  manor,  as  impropriator ;  a  rent  charge  of  £5  Is., 
purchased  in  the  manor  of  Bleatam,  with  £100  left  by 
the  Rev.  W.  Morland ;  27s.  a  year  arising  from  land 
purchased  with  £28,  left  by  John  Fothergill,  for  a 
sermon  on  the  10th  of  August;  and  the  interest  of  £5, 
left  by  Henry  Fothergill,  for  a  sermon  on  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Day.  But  the  living  has  been  augmented  with 
various  bequests,  &c.,  amounting  to  £800,  with  which 
land  was  purchased  in  1820,  at  Dubbs.  The  interest 
of  £20  was  left  in  1780,  by  Mr.  Giles,  for  an  annual 
sermon.  Tho  living  is  now  worth  about  £120  a  year. 
The  parish  registei-s  commence  in  1570. 

CoEATES. Toppin  occurs  154C  ;   Robert  Mounsey,  died 

1780;  Jefifrey  Bowness,  1780;  John  Robinson,  1813;  Thomas 
Moss,  1834;  William  C.  Kendal,  ISli;  William  Yarker,  1819. 

The  parsonage  is  a  neat  and  commodious  house, 
pleasantly  situated  on  tho  Smardale  Beck,  south  of  the 
church. 

The  Independent  chapel,  formerly  Presbji:erian, 
situate  about  the  centre  of  the  town,  ranks  amongst  the 
oldest  dissenting  places  of  worship  iu  the  county, 
having  been  erected  about  the  year  1G02,  when  the 
congregation  was  formed  by  the  Rev.  Christopher 
Jackson,  who  had  been  ejected  from  the  living  of 
Crosby  Garret,  iu  pursuance  of  the  .Vet  of  Uniformity. 
It  was  endowed  by  Philip  Lord  Wharton  with  £100, 
which  was  invested  in  land,  together  with  £86,  left  by 
Mr.  Pindar,  John  Thompson,  Isabella  Langhoni,  James 
Fawcett,  and  George  Murthwaites.  Various  other 
benefactions,  amounting  to  upwards  of  £100,  have  also 
been  invested  by  tho  trustees.  The  chapel  has  a 
burial-ground  and  dwelling-house  attached. 

Here  is  also  a  Wcsleyan  Contcnary  chapel,  erected 
in  1839.  There  is  a  Primitive-Methodist  chapel  at 
Ncwbiggin. 


School. — The  Free  Grammar  School  of  Ravenstone- 
dale was  founded  about  the  year  1088,  by  Thomas 
Fothergill,  B.D.,  master  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  by  several  others  of  his  name  and  kindred, 
all  natives  of  the  parish,  who  endowed  it  with  £l50, 
with  which  three  small  estates  were  purchased — viz., 
llorngill,  in  .\sby  parish  ;  Foxhill  Bigg,  in  Scdbergh 
parish  ;  and  land  at  Bousficld,  in  Orton  parish ;  but 
only  tho  kst-meutioncd  belongs  to  tho  schools,  the 


^68- 


EAST  WARD. 


trustees  for  the  time  beiug,  ia  1703,  exceeded  their 
authority,  and  converted  the  other  two  with  rent  charges 
of  £11  a  year,  though  the  land  is  worth  now  more  than 
i'70  per  annum.  The  entire  income  of  the  school  is 
now  only  about  .£40,  inclusive  of  a  rent  charge  of  £6 
a  year,  left  by  Philip  Lord  Wharton.  The  school  is 
free  to  the  whole  parish  for  Latin  and  Greek  ;  a  charge 
is  made  for  other  branches  of  education.  The  present 
school  was  erected  by  subscription  in  1758,  aided  by 
three  donations,  amounting  to  £40  given  by  Thomas 
Fothergill,  D.D.,  principal  of  Edmund  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge ;  Thomas  Fothergill,  D.D.,  provost  of  (Queen's 
College,  O-xford ;  and  Henry  Fothergill,  M.A.,  three 
brothers,  born  at  Lockholmc,  in  this  parish,  and  mem- 
bers of  a  family  located  here  for  centuries.  From  its 
foundation  this  school  has  had  the  advantage  of  able 
preceptors,  and  many  eminent  men  have  received  the 
rudiments  of  their  education  here  ;  we  may  mention 
the  Rev.  John  Robinson,  D.D.,  author  of  the  "  Theolo- 
gical Dictionary,"  &c.,  &c.,  and  Dr.  Dawes,  the  present 
dean  of  Hereford,  who  was  the  pupil  of  Dr.  Robinson. 
The  school  is  a  small  plain  building ;  average  atten- 
dance about  forty  children. 

Various  Charities. — This  parish  being  subdivided 
into  four  parts  or  "  angles,"  some  of  the  following 
charities  are  only  applicable  to  one  or  more  of  these 
"  angles." 

There  is  belonging  to  the  parish  £700  stock,  in  the 
Three-per-ccnt.  Consols,  which  was  purchased  in  the 
year  1800,  with  £450,  being  the  amount  of  different 
sums  of  money  applicable  to  several  purposes  in  the 
parish.  The  money  invested  was  applicable  to  the 
following  uses,  and  the  dividend  of  the  stock  is  disposed 
of  proportiouably : — For  the  minister  £55,  dividend 
£•2  lis.  lid.  ;  for  the  clerk  £20,  dividend  18s.  8d. ; 
money  for  apprentices  £35,  dividend  £1  12s.  8d. ; 
poor  stock  £196  12s.,  dividend  £9  3s.  5d. ;  Mr. 
Giles's  legacy  for  the  poor  £40,  dividend  £1  17s.  4d ; 
parish  money  £09  8s.,  dividend  £3  4s.  lOd;  Faw- 
cett's  and  Powson's  money  £34,  dividend  £1  lis.  9d. : 
of  these  different  items,  the  first  is  composed  of  £20, 
left  by  Mr.  Giles  in  1780  for  a  sermon,  and  of  the 
residue  of  some  previous  bequests,  for  the  same  purpose. 
The  .£'20  left  to  the  clerk  was  a  legacy  from  John 
Holme,  who  died  in  1770,  for  the  increase  of  his  salary. 
It  is  not  known  from  what  source  the  apprentice  money 
was  derived,  but  it  is  an  old  stock,  and  the  interest  has 
always  been  employed  in  giving  small  sums  to  boys 
when  they  are  bound  out.  We  find  no  account  of  the 
origin  of  the  poor  stock,  but  it  seems  to  be  of  long 
standing.  John  Giles,  of  London,  by  will,  dated  June 
14th,  J786,  gave  the  sum  of  £00  in  trust,  directing 


one-third  of  the  interest  to  be  paid  to  the  minister  of 
Ravenstonedale,  for  preaching  a  sermon  there  yearly 
on  his  birthday,  being  the  1st  of  January,  and  the 
remaining  two-thirds  to  be  distributed  among  the  poor 
inhabitants  of  the  parish,  one-fourth  to  be  given  to  poor 
persons  in  Bowerdalc  Angle,  and  one-fourth  part  in 
every  of  the  other  three  angles.  The  parish  money 
belongs  to  the  parishioners,  and  no  charitable  use  is 
attached  to  it.  The  last  item  of  £34  is  composed  of 
two  gifts,  one  from  Richard  Fawcett  of  £30,  and  £  1 
from  Richard  Powson,  to  be  given  to  the  poor  of  New- 
biggin  and  Bowerdalc  Angles. 

Hunter's  Gift. — Beside  the  stock  just  mentioned, 
there  is  the  fourth  sum  of  £10,  left  by  Launcclot 
Hunter,  who  died  in  1731,  the  interest  to  be  given  to 
poor  housekeepers  in  Fell  End  Angle. 

Lord  Wharton's  Bible  Charity. — The  trustees  of  Lord 
Wharton's  Charity  send  yearly  to  the  parish  30  bibles, 
30  catechisms,  and  three  Grossman's  introductions,  and 
7s.  Cd.  for  the  trouble  of  distribution. 

Newbiggin  Anr/le. — Holme's  Charity. — John  Holme, 
who  died  about  1770,  left,  besides  .£50  to  the  minister, 
and  £20  to  the  clerk,  as  above  stated,  £20  in  trust  for 
the  teaching  of  poor  children  in  Newbiggin  Angle. 

Eobinson's  Charity. — John  Robinson,  of  Sythe  Side, 
left  the  interest  of  £200  to  be  distributed  in  bread 
every  Sunday,  in  the  church. 

Airey's  Charity.  —  William  Airey  loft  £150,  and 
directed  the  interest  to  bo  distributed  amongst  the  poor 
at  the  discretion  of  the  minister  and  churchwardens. 

The  Town  Angle  forms  the  north-east  division  of  the 
parish,  and  includes  the  hamlets  of  Cross  Bank,  Lock- 
holme,  and  High  and  Low  Stennerskeugh,  distant  from 
one  to  two  miles  south-east  of  the  town. 

Bowerdalc  Angle,  the  south-western  portion  of  the 
parish,  includes  the  deep  dale  and  village  of  its  own 
name,  with  Weasdale,  from  two  and  a  half  to  four  miles 
west-south-west  of  the  town. 

Fell  End  Angle  comprises  the  hamlets  of  Beckside, 
Dovengill,  Murthwaite,  and  Wardle,  distant  from  two 
and  a  half  to  four  miles  south  of  the  town. 

Newbiggin  Angle,  which  forms  the  north-west  divi- 
'  sion  of  the  parish,  includes  the  village  of  Newbiggin, 
!  and  the  hamlets  of  Coldbeck  and  Greenside,  situate 
within  about  one  mile  north-west  of  the  town. 

A  full  account  of  the  customs  of  the  manor  of 
Ravenstonedale  will  be  found  in  Nicolson  and  Burns 's 
"  History  of  Westmoreland,"  page  525  ;  it  is  sufficient 
for  us  to  remark  here,  that  the  tenants  were  not  allowed 
to  divide  their  ancient  tenements  without  a  special 
agreement  from  the  lord ;  the  estates  were  mostly  kept 


WAECOP    PAEISH. 


769 


entire,  ami  so  descended  from  father  to  son.  It  appears 
from  an  indenture,  made  between  Lord  Wharton  and 
the  tenants  in  1579,  "that  any  tenant  having  no  issue 
of  liis  body,  lawfully  begotten,  and  being  of  the  ago  of 
sixteen  years,  may,  by  his  last  will  in  writing,  or  by  any 
other  lawful  act  done  in  the  presence  of  four  of  the 
tenants   of  the   said   manor,   give  and   bequeath  his 


tenements  to  wliom  lie  will."  Bishop  Nicolson,  on  his 
visitation,  in  1783,  was  informed  by  the  churchwardens 
that  they  had  not  had  a  beggar  in  the  parish  within  the 
memory  of  man,  nor  never  had  any  gentleman  amongst 
them  "  except  only  the  curate  and  schoolmaster." 
There  are  many  good  residences  in  the  parish. 


WARCOP   PARISH. 

Warcoi-  parish  is  a  large  irregular  district,  lying  partly  on  the  west,  but  mostly  on  the  east  side  of  the  Eden,  from 
which  it  extends  to  Warcop  Fells.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north-east  by  a  part  of  Yorkshire,  on  the  west  by  St. 
Michael's  Appleby,  Ormside,  and  Asby  ;  on  the  south  by  Crosby  Garret  and  KirUby  Stephen;  and  on  the  east  by 
Musgrave  parish.  The  western  jwrtion,  being  in  the  vale  of  the  Eden,  is  very  fertile,  but  the  remainder  is  chielly 
a  wild  mountainous  region.  The  parish  comprises  four  manors  and  townships,  whose  united  area  is  10,020  acres. 
The  population  in  1801  was  707;  in  1811,  079;  in  1821,  713;  in  1831,  080;  in  1841,  703;  and  in  1851,  7-10. 
Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment  of  the  inhabitants ;  Appleby  and  Kirkby  Stephen  the  markets  attended. 


WAECOP. 

The  area  and  population  arc  returned  with  the  parish. 
We  possess  no  information  relating  to  Warcop  during 
the  lloman  period.  Behind  the  hall  is  what  is  con- 
sidered to  be  a  lloman  camp,  or  station  ;  and  a  lloman 
road  is  supposed  to  have  pas.sed  through  the  township 
near  a  place  called  the  Street  House,  and  so  on  towards 
Brough. 

Tliis  manor  appears  to  have  been  held  at  an  early 
period  ijy  a  family  bearing  the  local  name.  In  the 
reign  of  King  John,  William  de  Warthcop  occui-s  as  a 
witness  to  a  grant  of  lands  made  by  the  first  Robert  de 
Veteripont  to  llobert  de  Sandford.  In  the  time  of  John 
do  Veteripont,  son  of  the  Robert  just  mentioned,  the 
lord  of  the  manor  of  Warcop,  as  well  as  the  lords  of 
Sandford,  Burton,  and  Helton,  received  a  grant  of 
freedom  from  "  pultiire  of  the  foresters,"  and  other 
privileges.  The  manor  continued  to  bo  held  by  the 
Warcop  family  till  the  period  of  the  wars  of  tho  Roses, 
when  it  seems  to  have  been  forfeited  and  granted  to 
the  Nevilles,  several  of  whom  occur  as  holding  Warcop 
even  so  late  as  the  1st  Philip  and  Mary  (1554).  Shortly 
after  this  tho  Warcops  appear  to  have  regained  posses- 
sion, and  wo  find  the  manor  held  in  1574-5  by  Edward 
^Varcop,  Esq.  Tho  last  mention  of  the  Warcops  iu 
connection  with  this  manor  occurs  in  1589-90,  when 
tli(^  manor  was  sold  by  Julin  Warcop  to  Thon;as  Braith- 
waite,  Esq.,  the  eldest  in  the  direct  line  of  tho  Braith- 
waites  of  Ambleside,  in  whoso  family  it  continued  for 
six  generations,  and  was  then  purchased  by  Tiiomas 
Carleton,  l-isq.,  of  Appleby,  who  gave  it  as  a  marriage 
portion  with  his  younger  daughter,  Dorothy,  to  Georgo 
93 


Stephenson,  Esq.  This  last-named  gentleman  dying 
without  issue,  his  property  came  to  co-heirs,  sisters 
of  his  father,  John  Stephenson,  and  upon  a  partition 
thereof,  the  manor  of  Warcop  came  to  Elizabeth,  wife 
of  the  Rev.  ^^'illiam  Preston,  rector  of  Brougham,  in 
whose  family  it  still  remains.  The  Itev.  William 
Preston  came  from  the  western  division  of  the  county, 
where  the"  family  originally  possessed  large  landed 
estates.  Some  of  the  elder  branches  of  the  family 
ending  in  daughters  carried  the  bulk  of  the  property 
by  marriage  into  other  families  ;  other  branches  siding 
with  the  king  against  the  parliament  in  the  civil  wars, 
by  confiscation  and  misfortune  lost  nearly  all  they  pos- 
sessed in  that  part  of  Westmoreland.  Mr.  Preston,  of 
Brougham,  having,  through  his  wife,  succeeded  to  tho 
manor  of  Warcop,  seems  to  have  sold  what  projierty  ho 
possessed  in  tho  west  of  the  county  and  removed  to 
Warcop.  William  S.  Preston,  Esq.,  is  the  present  lord 
of  the  manor,  besides  whom,  tho  Rev.  C.  M.  Preston, 
William  \\'ilkiusou,  Esq. ;  Matthew  Charnley,  Esq. ; 
Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Bart. ;  William  Tinkler,  Esq. ; 
Mi's.  Atkinson,  Christopher  Richardson,  j\Irs.  Becks, 
Rev.  G.  D.  Whitehead,  John  Gregson,  Henry  Campbell, 
John  Blackett,  and  others,  are  the  landowners.  Tho 
lord  of  the  manor  holds  a  court  baron,  and  a  customary 
court  annually  iu  June.  Part  only  of  tho  township  is 
enclosed  by  act  of  parliament,  passed  in  1815.  ^  M'wcop 
Fell  is  unenclosed. 

\\'arcop  Hall,  the  seat  of  tho  lord  of  the  manor, 
is  a  stately  mansion,  pleasantly  situated  on  a  gentle 
cniinenec  overlooking  tho  village.  Some  parts  of  the 
house  are  very  old. 


770 


EAST  WARD. 


The  village  of  Warcop  is  situated  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  Eden,  at  the  confluence  of  two  rivulets,  five  miles 
south-east  of  Appleby,  and  about  the  same  distance 
noitli-by-west  of  Kirkby  Stephen.  At  a  short  distance 
south-east  of  the  village  is  Castle  Hill,  where  a  largo 
fortress  once  covered  more  than  an  acre  of  ground,  but 
it  has  long  disappeared,  most  of  its  ruins  being  removed 
for  the  erection  of  the  church  steeple  at  Kirkby  Stephen, 
at  least,  so  says  tradition.  Mr.  Machell,  who  was  vicar 
of  Kirkby  There  in  the  seventeenth  century,  says  he 
saw  some  parts  of  the  walls  of  the  castle  which  were 
fifteen  feet  in  thickness.  About  200  yards  south  of 
Castle  Hill  is  Kirkstead,  where  a  chapel  is  supposed  to 
have  stood  in  former  times.  An  ancient  cross,  which 
stood  on  the  common,  was  removed  after  the  enclosure 
and  placed  in  the  village. 

The  old  English  festival,  called  the  PiUsh-bearing, 
has  been  in  existence  at  Wursop  from  time  immemorial. 
The  rush-bearing  generally  took  place  in  old  times  on 
the  festival  of  the  saint  to  whom  the  church  was  dedi- 
cated. At  Warcop  the  custom  is  somewhat  different, 
for  the  church  is  dedicated  to  St.  Columb,  but  the 
village  festival  has  always  been  held  on  St.  Peter's  day. 
Perhaps,  as  there  are  various  Druidic  remains  in  the 
parish,  our  forefathers,  in  the  early  days  of  Christianity, 
may  have  fixed  the  village  festival  as  near  as  possible 
to  the  time  of  some  great  heathen  gathering.  It  was 
the  policy  of  the  ancient  Christians  to  give  as  little  a 
shock  as  they  could  to  the  feelings  of  the  people.  It 
■was  perfectly  lawful  to  change  a  heathen  gathering  into 
a  Christian  festival,  and  certainly  easier  than  to  abolish 
it  altogether.  With  regard  to  the  name  : — It  was  cus- 
tomary in  former  times  to  strew  the  floors  both  of 
churches  and  halls  with  fresh  rushes  ;  —  and  we  may, 
perhaps,  imagine  a  heathen  midsummer  feast  with 
its  various  offerings  of  fruits,  or  flowers,  or  bloody 
sacrifices,  changed,  by  the  mild  and  loving  influence  of 
Christianity,  into  the  grateful  offering  in  the  house  of 
God  of  that  which  might  make  it  more  seemly  and 
comfortable.  With  regard  to  the  present  village 
festival, — the  young  girls  of  the  parish  collect  flowers 
in  the  village  and  neighbourhood  for  some  days  before- 
hand. These  are  arranged  in  tasteful  upright  gar- 
lands, and  fixed  in  a  white  cushion  decorated  with 
green,  and  adorned  with  bunches  of  flowers  at  each 
corner.  The  little  maidens  have  been  accustomed  to 
assemble  near  the  centre  of  the  village.  The  members 
of  the  village  reading-room  have  lately  shown  a  great 
interest  in  the  old  festival,  and  have  greatly  added  to 
the  appearance  of  the  procession  by  tlie  different  flags 
belonging  to  them.  The  procession  is  now  formed 
near  the  reading-room.     The  members  of  the  society. 


the  children  with  the  garlands,  and  the  flag-bearers, 
march  through  the  village,  preceded  by  a  brass  band 
and  the  large  flag  of  the  society.  According  to  old 
custom,  they  then  come  up  to  the  hall,  and  the  garlands 
being  duly  arranged  on  the  grass,  and  the  flags  taste- 
fully displayed,  a  spirited  dance  is  commenced. 
Refreshments  are  provided  for  the  children  by  the  lady 
of  the  hall.  In  about  an  hour  the  procession  is  again 
formed  and  all  march  down  to  church,  where  the  proper 
service  for  the  day  is  said,  and  the  garlands  of  flowers 
fixed  up  by  the  churchwarden,  in  a  place  arranged  for 
them,  where  they  remain  until  next  year.  They  are 
then  replaced  by  new  ones.  In  the  afternoon  various 
country  sports  used  to  be  the  order  of  the  day  :  but 
these  having  given  occasion  for  much  real  evil  and  more 
evil  report,  they  are  now  nearly  discontinued.  About 
two  o'clock  in  the  aftenioon  a  procession  swelled  by 
numbers  is  again  formed  in  the  hall  grounds,  which,  by 
the  kindness  of  the  lord  of  the  manor,  are  thrown  open 
to  all  comers.  A  tent,  decorated  with  evergreens  and 
flowers,  is  laid  out  for  a  gigantic  tea-drinking,  under 
the  active  and  very  efficient  superintendence  of  the 
committee.  The  services  of  the  band  are  put  in 
requisition,  and  dancing  commences  with  spirit  and 
energy.  From  time  to  time  interesting  addresses 
are  delivered  on  such  subjects  as  may  be  most  useful 
and  amusing.  The  kindness  of  the  lord  of  the 
manor  in  throwing  open  his  grounds,  and  the  efficient 
manner  in  which  the  various  arrangements  have  been 
conducted,  bid  fair  to  make  Warcop  rush-bearing  one  of 
the  most  attractive  festivals  in  the  country.  It  is  heart- 
enlivening  to  see  the  old  festival  kept  up  with  so  much 
spirit,  somewhat  of  the  old  religious  character — hearti- 
ness, beauty,  and  simplicity  of  arrangement,  with  much 
that  is  likely  to  make  it  both  useful  and  popular  at 
the  present  day.  It  seems  calculated  to  produce  good 
feehng  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  is  a  bright  spot 
to  which  the  poor  man  may  look  forward — a  day  of 
wholesome  recreation  to  cheer  him  in  his  round  of 
toil. 


THE   CHUECH. 


Warcop  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Columb,  is  an 
ancient  structure,  in  the  Early  English  style,  comprising 
nave,  chancel,  north  and  south  transepts,  south  porch, 
and  tower  with  two  bells.  The  arch  separating  the 
nave  and  chancel  was  rebuilt  in  1855,  by  the  lord  of 
the  manor.  The  windows  are  lancet-shaped;  the 
eastern  one  consists  of  three  lights,  filled  with  stained 
glass.  The  centre  hght  contains  a  full-length  figure  of 
the  Piedeemer,  supported  by  St.  John  on  one  side,  and 
St.  James  on  the  other.      The  chancel  contains  six 


WAECOP  PARISH. 


rri 


other  windows,  five  of  which  are  memori;;!  windows, 
and,  of  course,  of  stained  glass,  and  commemorating 
various  members  of  the  Preston  family,  among  others. 
Captain  Henry  Preston,  of  the  OOtli  Foot,  killed  within 
the  Redan,  at  the  storming  of  Sebastopol,  September 
8th,  ISo.j;  and  Leiut.  Preston,  of  the  00th  Light 
Infantry,  who  died  at  the  Alumliagh,  of  wounds  received 
during  the  advance  upon  Lucknow,  under  Sir  H.  Have- 
lock,  September  27th,  1^57.  There  are  also  a  number 
of  mural  monuments.  In  15'20  Edward  Hilton,  rector 
of  Blechingdon,  bequeathed  a  legacy  for  the  celebration 
of  masses  in  St.  John's  aisle  in  this  church,  which  aisle 
appears  to  have  been  the  chapel  belonging  to  Burton 
Hall ;  there  was  also  anot?ier  chapel  on  the  south  side, 
belonging  to  VVarcop  Tower,  the  ancient  manor  house. 
This  church  was  appropriated  to  Shap  Abbey  by 
Piobcrt  de  Clifford,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  which 
appropriation  was  confirmed  by  Bishop  Halton,  in 
consideration  of  the  poverty  and  ruined  condition  of 
that  abbey,  in  consequence  of  the  incursions  of  the 
Scots.  On  the  suppression  of  the  monasteries  the 
presentation  came  to  the  Warcops,  probably  by  purchase 
from  the  person  to  whom  the  living  had  been  granted 
by  the  crown.  It  has  since  been  attached  to  tiie  manor. 
The  living  is  valued  iu  the  King's  Book  at  £0  5s.  3id. ; 
but  in  1772  it  received  forty-three  and  a  half  acres  of 
land  at  the  enclosure  of  Saudford  Commons,  as  a  com- 
mutation of  the  tithes  of  that  township;  and  in  1815, 
when  the  inhabitants  of  Warcop  enclosed  their  common, 
there  were  eighty  acres  allotted,  and  £400  for  the  hay 
and  corn  tithes,  and  ninety  acres  for  the  vicarial  tithes. 
The  only  tithes  the  lord  of  the  manor  receives  are  those 
of  one  township,  Blcatarn.  The  living  is  now  worth 
about  JC325.  Tbe  parish  registers  commence  in  1597. 
In  an  old  book  in  the  registry  chest  are  many  curious 
entries,  and  some  Jacobite  songs.  Robert  de  JIusgrave 
was  the  last  rector  of  this  church  before  the  appropria- 
tion to  Shap  Abbey. 

VicAns. — William  de  Wartlicoppe,  1311;  Hugh  de  Hoveden, 
1320;  Nicliolus  de  I'restoii,  13S'J;  Kdward  Kuype,  1547; 
David  Jack,  l.")?!);  Nicliolas  Deaiic,  I.'iSS;  llobort  Uubson,  IDS;)  ; 
Anthony  Janiues,  151t7;  George  Murtiii,  Klij;  John  Ilawlon, 
died,  1G13;  John  Vaiix,  Ul.|3 ;  Edward  Mawson,  1«43  ;  Charles 
Crow,  1(J«.I ;  Uichanl  Ward,  died  1711;  Matthias  Ward,  1735; 
John  Atkinson,  curate  till  1'8.^;  lUchmond  Fell,  KHU;  W.  M. 
Stephenson  I'reston,  IH'iV  ;  .Alexander  Harper,  and  A.  IIcslop, 
curates  from  ISlv!  till  1813;  Thomas  Bellas,  1M13;  Joseph 
Bland,  curate  till  1H50 ;  Ueginald  llradliy,  curate,  ISSl ;  W.  S. 
Preston,  1853  ;    C.  -M.  Preston,  1850. 

The  vicnrngo  is  situated  close  to  the  church,  and  has 
been  much  improved  by  the  present  vicar.  It  stands 
on  part  of  tho  site  of  a  Roman  camp  of  considerable 


extent,  some  of  the  entrenchments  and  embankments 
of  which  arc  stiU  visible. 

Here  are  chapels  belonging  to  the  Wesleyans  and 
the  Wesleyan  Association. 

CHABITIES. 

School. — It  appears  from  an  old  book,  containing 
minutes  respecting  parish  affairs,  that  the  schoolmaster 
of  Warcop  is  entitled  to  receive  five  shillings  every  two 
years,  out  of  four  estates  in  Sandford.  The  school  is 
partly  supported  by  subscription,  and  is  attended  by 
about  si.xty  children. 

Knipe's  Chariiij. — The  Rev.  Edward  Knipe,  of  War- 
cop, by  will,  dated  27th  December,  l."i7-l,  devised  a 
rent  charge  of  £2  9s.  4d.  a  year  to  the  poor  of  this 
parish. 

Uudd's  Charitij.  —  The  sum  of  eight  shillings  is 
received  every  fourth  year  on  account  of  Rudd's  Charity, 
particulars  of  which  will  be  found  iu  our  account  of  the 
Appleby  charities. 

Scai/c's  Charity. — This  charity  consists  of  £4,  which 
is  understood  to  have  been  left  by  Margaret  Scaife, 
many  years  ago,  to  the  poor  of  Sandford,  in  this  parish. 

Mary  Wilson's  Charity.  —  In  the  year  1804  Mrs. 
Mary  AVilson  gave  to  the  vicar  and  churchwardens  £20, 
to  be  put  out  at  interest,  and  the  produce  divided, 
yearly,  on  St.  Thomas's  Day.  She  afterwards  gave  £20 
more,  for  the  same  purpose. 

Parish  Money. — This  is  a  sum  of  £7,  the  interest  of 
which  is  given  away,  with  tho  other  charities,  on  St. 
Thomas's  Day. 

There  were  some  other  charities  belonging  to  this 
parish,  but  they  have  been  lost. 

Warcop  reading  room  was  established  November, 
1857,  under  the  presidency  of  the  lord  of  the  manor, 
and  Matthew  Chamley,  Esq.  It  is  well  supplied  with 
newspapers,  periodicals,  &c.,  and  has  a  library  of  about 
300  volumes. 

The  principal  houses  in  the  township,  besides  the 
scat  of  the  lord  of  the  manor,  are  Warcop  House,  the 
residence  of  Matthew  Chamley,  Esq. ;  and  Eden  Gate, 
tho  properly  and  residence  of  William  Wilkinson,  Esq., 
who  has  filled  tho  office  of  high-sheriff  of  the  county. 

Tho  township  possesses  a  corn  and  saw-mill. 

Brough  Hill,  so  celebrated  for  its  fair,  is  iu  this 
township. 

BLEAT.VRX. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £222.  Its 
area  and  population  are  incUidcd  in  the  parish  returns. 

In  the  roign  of  Henry  II.  this  manor  was  granted  to 
the  abbot  and  convent  of  By  laud  in  Yorkshire,  to  which 


772 


EAST   WARD. 


it  continued  annexed  till  the  period  of  the  suppression 
of  the  monastic  institutions,  when  it  was  granted  by 
Henry  VIII.  in  consideration  of  £2,100  lis.  to  Mar- 
garet Symsou,  the  Rev.  Anthony  Belasis,  and  AViHiam 
Belasis,  Esq.  On  ilurgarct  Symson's  death  the  manor 
reverted  to  her  brothers  Anthony  and  WilHam  Belasis 
just  mentioned,  and  on  Anthony's  demise  the  whole 
came  to  William,  in  whose  family  it  continued  till  the 
2'2nd  Charles  11.  (1670)  when  it  was  sold  to  Nicholas 
Salvin,  Esq.,  of  Croxdale,  in  the  county  of  Durham,  who 
three  years  afterwards  sold  the  same  to  George  Fothcrgill, 
of  Ravcnstonedalc,  from  whom  it  was  purchased  by  Sir 
Christopher  ilusgrave,  Bart.,  ancestor  of  the  present 
lord  of  the  manor,  Sir  George  JIusgrave,  Bart.  The 
landowners  are  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Bart.;  Sir  George 
Musgrave,  Bart.;  Matthew  Thompson,  Esq.;  John 
Hill,  Esq. ;  John  Wakefield,  Esq. ;  Michael  Richardson, 
Esq. ;  Robert  Rudd,  Esq. ;  Rev.  R.  Harrison,  and  others. 

The  village  of  Bleatarn  is  a  mile  and  a  half  south- 
south-west  of  Warcop. 

Birks  is  a  small  hamlet  in  this  township,  one  mile 
north-west  of  Warcop.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  this 
hamlet,  at  a  place  called  Black  Syke,  is  a  small  chapel, 
with  burial  ground  attached,  formerly  occupied  by  the 
Sandemanians,  and  afterwards  by  the  Independents, 
Baptists,  and  Methodists ;  it  is  now  used  for  farming 
purposes  and  occasionally  for  preaching. 

Byland  Abbey  had  a  cell  here,  at  Sawbridge,  in 
Wolverdalc,  where  the  monastic  buildings  appear  to 
have  covered  a  pretty  largo  parcel  of  ground,  and  near 
to  them  are  the  remains  of  two  large  fish-ponds.  A 
little  south-east  of  these  ponds  is  a  marshy  piece  of 
gi-ound,  called  the  Abbey  Park,  which  was  enclosed 
with  the  rest  of  tho  common  in  1790,  and  enfranchised 
in  consideration  of  an  allotment  given  to  the  lord,  who 
however  still  receives  7d.  fines  from  the  tenants  of 
the  old  enclosures,  and  a  yearly  rent  charge  of  Cd.  per 
acre  from  the  owners  of  the  enclosed  common.  The 
Sawbridge  and  other  estates  in  this  manor,  which 
belonged  to  the  monks  of  Byland,  are  tithe  free,  if 
occupied  by  their  owners ;  but  if  let  to  farm,  the  exemp- 
tion is  not  enjoyed  by  the  tenants. 

BUKTON. 

For  the  area  and  population  of  Burton  township,  see 
the  parish  returns ;  the  rateable  value  is  f  349  Is.  7d. 

The  manor  of  Burton  was  possessed  in  ancient  times 
by  a  family  bearing  the  local  name,  some  of  whom 
occur  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Henry  HI.  It  came 
afterwards  to  the  Heltons,  or  Ililtons,  who  continued 
its  possessors  till  the  year  1720,  when  it  was  brought  in 
marriage  to  the  Wybergh  family,  its  present  possessors, 


John  Wybergh,  Esq.,  being  the  lord  of  the  manor,  and 
owner  of  the  whole  township,  with  the  exception  of  a 
small  portion  held  by  Ralph  Brass,  of  Hilton.  The 
hall,  now  occupied  by  a  farmer,  is  said  to  have  been 
built  on  the  site  of  an  old  friary,  and  has,  over  the 
staircase,  a  bust  and  coat  of  arms,  supposed  to  be  those 
of  the  notorious  freebooter,  "  Johnny  Armstrong." 
From  the  remains  of  foundations,  &c.,  seen  on  every 
side,  the  hall  must  have  been,  at  one  time,  an  extensive 
building.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  the  hall  are  the 
remains  of  an  ancient  entrenchment,  but  whether 
British  or  Roman  cannot  now  be  ascertained. 

The  hamlet  of  Burton  is  two  miles  north  of  Warcop, 
and  four  miles  west-bj-south  of  Appleby. 

Christopher  Baiubridge,  archbishop  of  York,  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIIL,  was  a  native  of  this  township. 

SANDFORD. 

The  area  and  population  of  this  township  have  not 
as  yet  been  returned  separately.  The  rateable  value  is 
£1,090  10s.  5d. 

We  have  evidence  of  the  presence  of  tho  Romans  in 
this  township,  from  the  traces  of  an  encampment  which 
still  exist  near  Coupland  Beck.  Near  the  village,  and 
not  far  from  the  Roman  road,  are  three  tumuli,  tho 
largest  of  which  is  ninety-one  paces  in  circumference, 
the  next  eighty-six,  and  the  next  forty.  The  former 
was  opened  in  1700,  when  some  remains  of  arras, 
bones,  ashes,  and  an  iron  urn,  were  discovered,  which 
were  supposed  to  have  belonged  to  some  British  chief- 
tain. A  small  hospital  formerly  stood  near  Coupland 
Beck  Bridge,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  founded  by 
one  of  the  Veteripont  family. 

The  first  recorded  possessor  of  the  manor  of  Sandford 
is  William,  son  of  Robert  de  Sandford,  who  granted 
to  Robert  de  Veteripont  his  wood  of  Sandford,  and  all 
the  turbary  of  the  town,  in  consideration  of  his  being 
discharged  from  homage  and  service,  and  of  the  sura  of 
ten  marks  of  silver,  and  one  palfrey.  The  same  Robert 
de  Veteripont  re-granted  the  wood  of  Sandford  and  tho 
turbary  to  Robert  de  Sandford,  son  of  the  William  just 
mentioned,  in  consideration  of  the  sum  of  £20.  Tho 
Sandfords  held  the  manor  for  several  generations,  and 
many  of  them  represented  the  borough  of  Appleby  and 
the  county  of  Westmoreland  in  parliament ;  but,  like 
other  families,  they  at  length  ended  in  daughters,  by 
whom  the  manor  was  brought  in  marriage  to  the 
Berdesey  and  Warcop  families,  the  latter  of  whom  soon 
became  possessed  of  the  entire  manor.  But  they  seem 
not  to  have  held  it  long,  as  it  went  ofi"  to  daughters, 
co-heirs.  In  the  3-lth  Elizabeth  (1591-9)  we  find  that 
John  Dalston,  Esq.,  and  Frances,  his  wife ;  and  Talbot 


WAECOP  PARISH. 


773 


Bowes,  Esq.,  and  Agnes,  his  wife,  daughters  and  co- 
heirs of  Thomas  Warcop,  Esq.,  sold  to  the  tenants  their 
tenements  at  Sandford  to  freehold,  with  a  respective 
proportion  of  the  wastes,  mosses  and  commons  ;  and  in 
1071  Sir  Tliomas  Eraithwaito,  of  Warcop,  Knt.,  and 
Elizabeth,  his  wife,  (daughter  of  the  said  John  Dalston, 
hy  his  wife,  Frances  Warcop)  sold  the  manor  of 
Sandford,  with  the  soil,  profits  of  courts,  waifs,  strays, 
deodands,  goods  of  felons,  escheats,  rents,  boons,  and 
the  like,  to  Andrew  Wharton,  Esq.,  from  whom  the 
demesne  and  rents  were  purchased  hy  the  inhabitants 
and  landowners.  The  Her.  G.  D.  Whitehead ;  Sir 
Eichard  Tufton,  Bart.;  William  Wilkinson,  Esq.; 
Mrs.  Harrison ;  Messrs.  Hugh  and  Anthony  Harrison ; 


William  Stephenson  Preston,  Esq. ;  John  Hill,*  Esq. ; 
William  Tinkler,  Esq.;  John  and  Edmund  Eawcett, 
and  others,  are  the  present  landowners. 

The  hall  or  manor  house  was  sold  by  the  |Andrew 
Wiiarton  above-mentioned  to  Richard  Fawcett.  It 
serves  as  a  farm-house.  There  was  anciently  a  chapel 
attached  to  this  hall,  many  remains  of  which  may  be 
seen. 

The  village  of  Sandford  is  situated  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  Eden,  four  miles  south-east  of  Appleby.  Here 
is  a  chapel  belonging  to  the  Wesleyan  Association. 

Coupland  Beck  is  a  hamlet  in  the  townships  of  Sand- 
ford and  Hilton,  two  miles_south-south-east  of  Appleby. 


»st  muxi 


This  Ward  is  bouudcd  on  tbe  uortb  and  iioitli-west  by  tbe  county  of  Cumberland,  on  tbe  soiitb-west  by  Kendal  Ward, 
and  on  tbe  soutbeast  and  east  by  tbe  East  Ward.  It  averages  about  sixteen  miles  in  length  by  twelve  in  breadth, 
and  is  nearly  all  comprised  in  the  barony  of  Westmoreland.  It  is  a  fertile  and  picturesque  region,  intersected  by 
tlie  river  Lowther,  to  tbe  west  of  which  it  has  tbe  lakes  of  Haweswater  and  Ulles^ater,  with  several  tarns,  and  a 
fine  ran"e  of  lofty  mountains  and  deep  dales.  Its  eastern  portion  presents  a  smoother  aspect ;  the  beautiful  vales 
of  tbe  Lowtbor,  Eden,  Eamout,  and  several  smaller  streams,  forming  its  most  interesting  feature.  The  Ward  is 
intersected  by  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway.  Limestone,  freestone,  and  slate  are  its  principal  mineral 
productions,  but  lead  ore  has  been  found  at  Patterdale,  and  a  variety  of  spars  and  other  variegated  stones  at  Shap 
Wells.  It  conipriscs  tbe  parishes  of  Askham,  Bampton,  Barton,  Brougham,  Cliburn,  Clifton,  Crosby  Ravensworlh, 
Lowther,  Morland,  and  Shap.     This  Ward  is  rated  to  the  county  rate  at  i58,i05. 


ASKHAM   PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  those  of  Lowther  and  Barton,  on  tbe  west  by  Barton,  on  tbe  south  by 
Bampton,  and  on  the  east  by  Bampton  and  Lowther.  The  soil  here  is  mostly  incumbent  on  limestone  and  generally 
fertile.  The  parish  comprises  tbe  townships  of  Askham  and  Helton,  whose  united  area  is  4,G77  acres;  and  its 
rateable  value  £'2,096.     Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment,  and  Penrith  the  market  attended. 

He  was  a  younger  brother  of  William  de  Sandford, 


ASKHAM. 

The  area  and  rateable  value  of  this  township  are 
included  in  the  returns  for  the  parish.  The  population 
in  1801  was  (inclusive  of  that  of  Helton)  448  ;  in  1811, 
400;  in  1821  (Askham  alone),  355;  in  1831,  395;  in 
1841,  442  ;  and  in  1851,  437. 

Nothing  appears  to  be  known  respecting  tbe  manor 
of  Askham  previous  to  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  when 
Sir  Thomas  de  Hclbeck  received  it  in  exchange  for 
lands  held  by  knights'  service.  The  Helbecks  con- 
tinued in  possession  of  the  manor  till  the  8th  Edward 
n.  (1314-15)  when  it  appears  to  have  passed  to  the 
Swinburnes.  In  the  4Gth  Edward  III.  (1372-3) 
Eobert  de  Swinburne  conveyed  tbe  manor  to  William 
de  Sandford,  sen.;  William  de  Sandford,  jun.;  Thomas 
Bannay,  and  Edmund  de  Sandford,  who,  two  years 
afterwards,  all  joined  in  a  conveyance  to  William 
Colynson,  which  William  Colynson  re-conveyed  the 
same,  in  the  following  year,  to  tbe  said  Edmund  de 
Sandford  in  fee.  This  Edmund  was  the  common 
ancestor  of  tbe  Sandfords  of  Askham  and   HoweiU. 


lord  of  the  manor  of  Sandford,  in  the  parish  of  Warcop. 
From  this  period  the  Sandfords  continued  to  possess 
.'Vskham  till  the  year  1724,  when  the  family  failing  in 
issue  male,  the  manor  was  brought  in  marriage  to  tbe 
Tatbams ;  it  was  subsequently  sold  to  the  Lowthers, 
and  is  now  held  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  who  is  also 
tbe  principal  landowner.  The  hall  or  manor  house, 
which  for  well  nigh  four  centuries  was  the  residence 
of  the  Sandford  family,  is  a  turreted  building,  rebuilt 
iu  1574  by  Thomas  Sandford,  Esq.,  who  caused  the 
following  inscription  to  be  placed  over  the  gate  : — 

"  Thomas  Sandford  csquyr 
For  tlijs  paid  meat  and  lijT ; 
The  year  of  our  Savioure 
XV  hundredthe  seventy  foure." 

In  1828  it  was  converted,  by  the  permission  of  the 
bishop  of  the  diocese,  into  the  rectory  house  for  Lowther 
parish. 

Tbe  village  of  Askham  occupies  a  pleasant  situation 


ASKHAM  PAEISH. 


opposite  to  Lowther  Park,  five  miles  south  of  Penrith. 
The  ancieut  form  of  the  oame  was  Ascura,  or  Ascora, 
meaning  the  dwelling  place  of  Aske,  one  of  its  Anglo- 
Saxon  proprietors. 

THE   CHUBCH. 

Askham  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Peter,  is  a  neat 
Gothic  structure,  rehuilt  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  in 
183i2-3,  and  possesses  accommodation  for  300  persons. 
It  has  a  neat  embattled  tower.     There  is  a  small  chapel 
containing  several  handsome  mural  monuments  to  the 
memory  of  several  members  of  the  Sandford  family. 
There  is   also   a   tablet   to   the   memory  of  the   late 
Edmund  Bolton,   Esq.,  of  Askham  Hall.      The  old 
church   contained  a  chapel,  dedicated  to   St.  Mary, 
which  belonged  to  the  Sandfords.     By  the  first  will 
of  Dame  Idonea  Sandford,   made  .in   1-412,  her  son 
William  was  enjoined  "  on  pain  of  her   blessing  or 
malediction,  to  charge  his  sons  and  his  sons'  sons  after 
him,  to  provide  a  fit  priest  to  celebrate  mass  in  the 
church  of  Ascome,  for  ever,  for  the  repose  of  the  souls 
of  their  benefactors,  and  the  souls  of  all  faithful  people 
departed  this  life;"  and  by  her  will,  made  in  14.18,  she 
bequeathed  to  Kobert,  her  son  and  heir,  her  son  William 
being  then  dead,  eight  oxgangs  of  land,  and  half  of  the 
mill  of  Askham  upon  condition  that  he  found  a  chap- 
lain to  celebrate  mass  for  the  soul  of  her  father,  and 
the  souls  of  her  ancestors  in  the  chapel  of  St.  ilary  of 
Askham.     The  church  of  Askham  was  granted  to  the 
monastery  of  Wartre,  in  Yorkshire,  which  appropriation 
was  confirmed  by  Pope  Innocent  IV.  in  1245.     The 
canons  of  Wartre  had  also  a  carucate  of  land  in  Askham. 
On  the  suppression  of  the  monastic  institutions,  the 
church  was  granted  to  the  Earl  of  lUitland,  who  sold 
the  rectory  and  advowson  to  Lancelot  Lancaster  and 
Michael  Hudson,  and  they,  for  the  sum  of  i250  Us.  3d., 
in  154"2,  conveyed  the  same  to  Thomas  Sandford,  Esq., 
of  Askham,  whose  descendant,  William  Sandford,  Esq., 
sold  the  rectorj-  to  Sir  John  Lowther  in   ]080,   but 
reserved   tho  advowson  of  the  vicarage,  which   was, 
however,   purchased    in    1815    by   the    Lowthers,   so 
that  the  entire  patronage  is  now  vested  in  the  Earl 
of  Lonsdale.     The  vicarage  is  valued  in  the   King's 
Book  at  £i  13s.  8d.,  but  was  subsequently  certified  to 
the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  at  i31    ]Cs. 
The  tithes  have  been  commuted  for  a  yearly  rent  charge, 
and  the  present  value  of  tho  hviug  is  about  CICO  a 
year. 

ViCABS.— Eicharil  6e  Setorington,  1205  ;  'William  de  Stalinn, 

;  Jolin  do  CUworth,  died   134(1,   Robirt  do  Dale,  1340; 

John  do  Wjnteringliam,  Kl.'it) ;  Robert  do  Ferriby  occurs  1)500; 
Henry  do  llnliao,  137ii;  John  do  Morton,  IDSOj  John  Danby, 
1437  ;  Ilobcrt  Wiusyl,  1448;  Thomas  Waller,  died  10U3;  John 


Airay,  15G3;  John  Simpson,  1573;  Thomas  Wanrick,  1C04; 
John  Hutchinson,  ICU  ;  Lancelot  Hutchinsoo,  1035  ;  Christo- 
pher langhorne, ;   Joseph  James,  1678;   Thomas  Bell, 

16SI  ;  David  Bell,  ICOO;  John  Sisson,  1095;  Jeremy  Seed, 
1C9C  ;  Archer  Chambers,  1707;  Lancelot  Sisson,  1711;  Jeffrey 

Bowne-ss,  1711;  William  Mihier,  1723;   John  Cantley,  ; 

John  L.  Leech, ;  James  T.  Ward,  1832. 

The  vicarage,  which  occupies  a  beautiful  situation, 
has  been  partly  rebuilt,  enlarged,  and  much  improved, 
by  the  present  vicar. 

cu.\r.iTiES. 
School. — There  is  in  Askham  an  ancient  school,  of 
which  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  and  seven  of  the  principal 
inhabitants  are  the  trustees.  The  school  had  no  endow- 
ment till  about  si.Kty  years  ago,  when  the  sum  of  £20 
was  given  for  its  support  by  Jane  Bowman.  About  the 
year  1809  a  subscription  was  raised  amongst  the 
principal  inhabitants  and  landowners,  to  which  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale  contributed  £100.  The  amount  of 
this  subscription  was  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of  £400 
stock  Three-pcr-Ccnt  reduced.  The  stock  was  after- 
wards sold  out,  and,  in  1818,  £'213,  part  thereof,  was 
laid  out  in  the  purchase  of  about  five  acres  of  land  in 
the  parish  of  Askham,  and  the  remainder  thereof, 
which,  with  a  legacy  of  £10,  left  to  the  school  in  1819, 
amounting  in  the  whole  to  £121  7s.  3d.,  is  lent  out  at 
interest.  Tho  total  income  of  the  school  is  at  present 
(1850)  £12  a  year. 

Poor  Stock. — There  was  in  this  parish  an  old  poor 
stock  of  £10,  which,  for  a  long  period,  was  handed  over 
from  overseer  to  overseer.  It  was  at  length  taken  to 
the  account  of  the  poor-rate,  out  of  which  8s.  4d.  is 
regularly  alllowed  as  interest,  and  distributed  among 
the  poor  not  receiving  parish  relief. 

Saiidford's  Charitij. — William  Sandford,  by  will, 
dated  February  19th,  1724,  left  to  trustees  about  forty 
acres  of  land,  the  rents  of  which  he  directed  should  be 
distributed  as  follow : — 40s.  to  be  laid  out  in  bread  and 
wine  for  the  celebration  of  the  Lord's  Supper  at  Askham 
four  times  in  the  year,  namely,  Christmas  Day,  Easter 
Day,  Trinity  Sunday,  and  the  first  Sunday  next  after 
the  14th  of  September;  and  if  any  surplus  should 
remain,  that  the  same  should  be  distributed  on  St. 
Stephen's  Day  amongst  poor  persons  of  Askham,  by 
the  vicar  and  overseers.  He  also  directed  20s.  a  year 
to  be  paid  to  the  parish  clerk  of  Askham ;  and  £5  to 
be  distributed  amongst  tho  poor.  This  charity  is 
distributed  according  to  the  instructions  of  the  donor. 

Mdimscij'.i  Charity. — James  Jlounsey,  by  will,  dated 
Cth  October,  1700,  left  to  tho  poor  of  Askham  £400. 
This  charity  was  lost  after  £150  had  been  incurred 
for  laud  expenses. 


776 


WEST  WARD. 


IIELTOS. 

For  area  and  rateable  value  sec  parish  returns. 
The  population  in  1801  aiul  1811  were  returned  with 
Askham  township ;  in  18-31  it  was  102;  in  1831,  192; 
in  1841,  193;  and  in  18uJ,  179. 

The  manor  of  Helton,  or  Helton  Flecket,  belonged 
in  ancient  times  to  the  De  i\Iorville  family,  from  whom 
it  passed  by  heiress  to  the  Wessingtons  and  EngUshes, 


who  held  the  manor  in  moieties,  both  of  which  came 
ultimately  to  the  Lowthers,  and  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale 
is  now  lord  of  the  whole  manor,  and  principal  landowner. 
The  village  of  Helton  is  one  mile  south  of  Askham. 
Helton  Dale,  one  mile  south  of  Helton,  forms  the 
southern  extremity  of  the  parish,  and  is  watered  by 
a  rivulet  which  flows  eastward  to  the  Lowther  from 
Swarth  Fell,  near  Ulleswater. 


BAMriON    PARISH. 

Bamptos  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  parishes  of  Lowthor  and  Askham,  on  the  west  by  Askham  and 
Barton,  on  the  south  by  Shap,  and  on  the  cast  by  Shap,  Morland,  and  Lowther.  It  is  surrounded  on  almost  every 
side  by  lofty  and  rugged  mountains,  but  the  soil  in  the  vales  is  very  fertile.  In  the  Earl  of  Lonsdales  manor  of 
Thornthwaite,  at  the  south-western  extremity  of  the  parish,  is  the  beautiful  lake  of  Ilaweswator.  Bampton  parish  has 
no  dependant  townships.  It  includes  part  of  the  chapelry  of  ]Mardale,  the  other  part  of  which  is  in  Shap  pari^h. 
Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment  of  the  inhabitants.  In  1856  a  company  was  formed  for  the  working  of  a 
mine  of  copper  ore  in  the  south  part  of  the  parish.     Penrith  market  is  usually  attended. 


Bampton  comprises  an  area  of  10,390  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £2,739  19s.  2d.  The  population  in 
1801  was  COO;  in  1811,  593;  in  1821,614;  in  1831, 
636 ;  in  1S41,  579  ;  and  in  1851,  533. 

The  earhest  notice  we  possess  of  the  manor  of 
Bampton  describes  it  as  being  divided  into  moieties, 
distinguished  by  the  names  of  Bampton  Patric  and 
Bampton  Cuudale,  the  former  of  which  seems  to  have 
received  its  name  from  Patricus,  or  Patric  de  Culwen, 
who  possessed  it  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  and  from 
whom  it  descended  to  the  Curwens  of  Workington,  for 
an  account  of  which  family  see  page  407.  In  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.  we  find  it  stated  that  the  heir  of 
Thomas  Curwcn,  Knt.,  and  Thomas  Cliburne,  held  the 
portion  of  the  manor  called  Bampton  Patric.  It  came 
subsequently  to  the  family  of  Warwick  and  Ilassel, 
but  is  now  held  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  In  the  reign 
of  Henry  II.  we  find  the  other  moiety  of  the  manor  in 
the  possession  of  the  family  of  Cundalc,  from  whom  it 
derived  its  designation  of  Bampton  Cundale.  It  subse- 
quently passed  by  marriage  to  the  Cliburnes ;  and  we 
find  that  in  the  15th  Puchard  II.  (1391-2)  it  was  held 
by  Piobert  de  Cliburne  in  right  of  Margaret  his  wife.  The 
last  account  we  have  of  the  CUburnes  here  occurs  in 
1354  ;  it  is  now  held  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  Thorn- 
thwaite is  another  manor  belonging  to  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale.  It  extends  into  the  parishes  of  Bampton 
and  Shap,  and  into  the  chapelries  of  Mardale  and  Swin- 
dale.  It  includes  the  whole  of  Haweswater.  The  land- 
owners of  Bampton  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  Thomas 


Atkinson,  William  Noble,  William  Stephenson,  John 
Cowburn,  the  Misses  Holme,  WiUiam  Piawlandson, 
Thomas  Mounsey,  John  Bmidley,  and  many  small 
proprietors. 

Bampton  and  Bampton  Grange  are  two  neighbouring 
villages  on  the  opposite  banks  of  the  Lowther,  and  near 
the  confluence  of  that  river  with  the  stream  which  flows 
from  Haweswater,  four  miles  north-west  of  Shup,  and 
about  eight  miles  south  of  Penrith. 

THE    CHURCH. 

Bampton  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Patrick,  stands 
in  Bampton  Grange,  and  is  a  neat  edifice,  with  nave, 
chancel,  and  square  tower  containing  five  bells.  It 
was  erected  in  1726  on  the  site  of  the  former  church. 
It  contains  several  mural  monuments  to  the  memory  of 
the  family  of  Gibson.  There  was  anciently  a  chapel  or 
oratory,  dedicated  to  St.  Thomas,  in  connection  with 
this  church,  to  which  John  de  Askeb}',  vicar  of  Bampton, 
in  1302,  gave  by  his  will  two  shillings.  Nothing  is  now 
known  respecting  the  site  of  this  chapel.  The  church 
of  Bampton  was  granted  to  the  abbey  of  Shap  in  1170, 
and  the  appropriation  was  confirmed  by  Piobcrt,  bishop 
of  Carlisle,  in  1263,  who,  in  consequence  of  the  small- 
ness  of  the  revenues  of  the  abbey,  granted  to  the  com- 
munity the  privilege  of  officiating  in  the  said  church, 
by  two  or  three  of  their  own  canons,  one  of  whom  should 
be  presented  to  the  bishop  as  vicar,  to  be  answerable 
to  the  bishop  in  spirituals,  and  another  to  be  answerable 
to  the  abbot  and  convent  in  temporals.  The  com- 
munity of  Shap  was  also  bound  to  provide  a  chaplain 


BAMPTON    PARISH. 


777 


for  Bampton  church  out  of  the  secular  clergy,  to  hear 
confession,  and  perforin  such  duties  as  did  not  fall 
within  the  province  of  secular  canons.  The  vicarage  is 
valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £7  5s.,  hut  in  1750  it  was 
certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  at 
£'3;J,  having  been  augmented  with  land  at  RosscI  Bridge, 
near  Kendal,  purchased  with  i''200,  obtained  from  Queeu 
Anne's  Bounty,  and  £*i200  given  by  Dr.  Gibson,  bishop 
of  IvOndon.  The  tithes  have  been  commuted  for 
.£'i:58  4s.,  of  which  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  receives  £104, 
the  vicar,  £19  10s.;  and  the  grammar  school,  £54  8s.; 
the  total  income  of  the  living  is  about  £06  per  annum, 
together  with  four  acres  of  glebe  land.  On  the  sup- 
pression of  the  religious  bouses  the  patronage  came  to 
the  crown,  to  which  it  has  since  continued  to  bo  attached.  • 

TiCAns. — Roger  de  Barton,  l.'iOO;  John  de  Appleby,  1309; 
John  de  llanville  occurs  1:558;  John  de  Morlnnd,  1358;  John 
de  Askcby,  13(i-j ;  Gilbert  Raket,  13(15 ;  John  de  Bampton,  1360  ; 
William  de  Wicliff,  1379;  William  de  Sutton,  13H2;  Edward 
Harper  occurs  1539;  John  Harrison,  15C0;  Roland  Winter,  1507; 
Christopher  Symson,  1580;  Barnabas  Scott,  1586;  James 
Atkinson,  died  10-11;  Jlatthew  Wilkinson,  1011;  Tliomas  Knott, 
ICTi;  Thomas  Wearing,  1C9S  ;  William  Steplienson,  1712; 
William  I.anghorn,  1703  ;  Thomas  Ivilmer,  1775  ;  Thomas  Pear- 
sou,  1802  ;  William  Hodgson,  1S31. 

The  vicarage  is  a  plain  old  structure,  situated  near 
the  church. 


Free  Grammar  ScJmoI. — This  school  was  founded  in 
lC-23  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Sutton,  D.D.,  who  endowed 
it  with  £500,  collected  in  the  parish  of  St.  Saviour's, 
Southwark,  and  elsewhere,  which  was  afterwards  laid 
out  ill  the  purchase  of  tithes  in  the  neighbourhood. 
AVilliam  AVulkcr,  Esq.,  in  1057,  bequeathed  a  yearly 
rent  charge  of  fifteen  guineas,  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
viding the  school  with  books;  and  in  1093,  the  Rev. 
AN'illiani  Stephenson,  rector  of  Laxton,  in  Nottingham- 
shire, left  to  the  school  a  legacy  of  £150.  Thomas 
Denny,  in  1721,  gave  £5  for  buying  ink  and  paper  for 
the  poor  scholars.  In  1810  it  received  £500  Three- 
por-Cent.  stock  from  the  executors  of  John  Koble, 
Esq.  The  school  is  under  the  management  of  twelve 
governors,  six  of  whom  are  appointed  trustees.  Accord- 
ing to  an  agreement  made  in  1005,  tho  master  was 
required  to  bo  in  orders,  and  a  licensed  preacher,  but 
this  regulation  has  been  dispensed  with.  The  present 
revenue  of  the  school  is  about  £75  a  year.  A  charge 
i.s  made  by  the  master  for  all  children  who  do  not 
belong  to  the  parish. 

School  Lihrarij. — There  are  in  the  school-house  about 
200  books,  given  by  Dr.  Bray's  associates;  and  there 
83 


is  also  a  library  from  the  gift  of  William  Noble,  Esq., 
who  in  1798,  left  £100  for  that  purpose. 

Bouf/hiU  School. — There  is  a  school  at  Roughill,  in 
this  parish,  which  is  stated  to  have  heen  founded  by 
Edmund  Noble,  who,  by  his  will,  dated  0th  January, 
lGG-2,  left  to  trustees  £40  for  that  purpose.  £7  5s.  have 
since  been  added  to  the  school  stock  by  Messrs.  William 
and  John  Noble,  and  John  and  Thomas  Hudson,  the 
interest  of  which  is  applied  for  educational  purposes. 
Joseph  Noble  left  £0  to  buy  books,  and  Dorothy  Noble 
£5  towards  paying  for  two  poor  scholars.  These  sums 
were  all  expended  in  the  purchase  of  land,  the  rent  of 
which,  together  with  the  interest  of  20  left  by  Elizabeth 
Hotblack,  and  £10  given  by  Elizabeth  Atkinson,  now 
produces  about  £10  a  year. 

Measand  School. — This  school  was  founded  in  1711, 
by  Richard  Wright,  who  gave  for  that  purpose  an 
estate  called  Nether  Scales,  in  tho  parish  of  Orton.  In 
1723  Richard  Law  gave  a  parcel  of  ground  and  customary 
estate  at  Measand,  called  the  Old  Garth,  for  the  use  of 
the  schoolmaster  of  Measand  School.  The  income  is 
now  about  £08  a  year. 

Poor  Stock,  incliiiUiiri  Kitchen's,  Dennij's,  Colliiisons, 
Noble's,  Atldnson's,  and  Walker's  Gi/t$. —  A  terrier 
belonging  to  this  parish  states  that  Jenny  Kitchen,  ia 
1714,  gave  £10,  and  Thomas  Denny,  in  1721,  the  same 
sum,  the  interest  of  both  which  legacies  were  distributed 
every  year,  at  or  before  Christmas,  to  tho  poor  of  the 
parish.  The  terrier  also  states  that  Edmund  Collin- 
son,  in  1743,  gave  £5,  the  interest  distributed  at  tho 
time  aforesaid,  to  the  poor  of  Skews  only.  Deborah 
Noble,  by  will,  in  1770,  gave  the  interest  of  £10,  to  be 
distributed  amongst  tho  poor  of  the  parish  of  Bampton, 
on  St.  Thomas's  Day.  Elizabeth  Atkinson,  by  will,  in 
1781,  left  the  interest  of  £10  on  the  same  terms. 
William  Walker,  by  will,  in  1057,  gave  £40  to  the  poor 
stock  of  this  parish.  The  sum  total  of  these  bequests 
amounts  to  £113,  the  interest  of  which,  amounting  to 
£5  13s.  per  annum,  is  distributed  among  the  poor. 

Tinclar's  Libranj. — By  indenture,  dated  1st  Septem- 
ber, 1750,  Jonathan  Tinclar  gave  to  trustees  £50,  upon 
trust,  to  lay  out  the  same  in  the  purchase  of  land,  and 
to  apply  the  rents  towards  purchasing  and  supplying  a 
library,  to  be  kept  and  preserved  for  ever  in  the  parish 
of  Brampton.  This  library  was  increased  by  some 
works,  chiefly  on  divinity,  given  by  Lord  Viscount 
Lonsdale,  in  1710. 

Lxird  ]i'harton's  BibU  Charily. — Tho  schoolmaster  of 
the  grammar  school  receives  annually,  from  the  trustees 
of  Lord  Wharton's  Charitj-,  ten  bibles,  twelve  catechisms, 
and  one  copy  of  Grossman's  "  Introduction,"  for  distribu- 
tion in  Bampton,  and  live  bibles,  six  catechisms,  and 


778 


WEST  WARD. 


one  Grossman,  for  the  manor  of  Carhullen,  which  is  a 
disUict  of  Bumpton,  coutaiuing  only  two  houses. 

Besides  the  villages  of  Bampton  and  Bampton  Grange, 
the  parish  includes  several  hamlets,  amongst  which  are 
Bombey,  half  a  mile  soulh  ;  Bulterwick,  one  mile  uorth- 
by-west;  High  and  Low  Knipe,  two  hamlets,  one  mile 
north-by-east ;  and  Roughill,  one  mile  west-north-west 
of  Bampton.  The  hamlet  of  Measand  is  in  Mardale 
Chapel  ry,  on  the  west  side  of  Haweswater,  four  miles 
south-west  of  Bampton.  Riggendale  is  a  deep  romantic 
glen,  stretching  from  High  Street   Mouutain  to   the 


bridge  between  Chapel  Hill  and  Mardale  Green,  distant 
about  eight  miles  from  Shiip,  in  which  parish  it  is 
partly  situated.  Of  Thoruthwaite  manor  we  have 
spoken  above. 

.■\mongst  the  eminent  men  born  in  this  parish  we 
may  mention  Thomas  Gibson,  M.D.,  who  married  the 
daughter  of  the  Protector,  lliclmrd  Cromwell.  His 
nephew,  Edmund  Gibson,  D.D.,  the  translator  of  the 
"  .-Vnglo-Saxon  Chronicle,"  and  editor  of  two  editions 
of  "  Camden's  Britannia,"  was  successively  bishop  of 
Lincoln  and  Loudon. 


BARTON    PARISH. 

Barton  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  the  parishes  of  Penrith,  Dacre,  Greystoke,  and  Crosthwaite  in 
Cumberland ;  on  the  south  by  those  of  Grasmere  and  Kendal ;  and  on  the  east  by  Bampton,  Askham,  Lowther, 
Chfton,  and  Brougham.  It  is  about  fifteen  miles  in  length,  and  from  two  to  four  in  breadth,  and  forms  one  of  the 
most  picturesque  districts  in  the  region  of  the  lakes.  On  its  northern  side  is  the  beautiful  Ulleswater,  and  at  its 
western  extremity  the  mighty  Helvellyn.  Penrith  is  the  market  usually  attended.  The  parish  comprises  the 
townships  of  High  Barton,  Sockbridge,  Winder,  and  Yanwath  and  Eamont  Bridge,  with  the  chapelries  of  Hartsop 
and  Patterdalc,  and  Martindalc.  Its  area  is  35,312  acres.  The  whole  parish  of  Barton,  except  Yanwath,  belonged 
to  Ivo  Tailbois,  baron  of  Kendal,  whose  descendants  took  the  name  of  Lancaster,  and  granted  the  other  parts  of  it 
to  one  of  his  own  name,  from  whom  it  passed  by  man'iage  and  purchase  to  the  Lowther  family,  in  the  seventeenth 
century.  In  the  17th  Iviug  John  (131.5-lOj  William  de  Lancaster,  baron  of  Kendal,  obtained  a  grant  of  a  market 
at  Bai-ton. 


HIGH   BARTON. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  249  ; 
in  1811,  254;  in  1821,  322;  in  1831,  346;  in  1841, 
323;  and  in  1851,  320.  Its  area  is  5,653  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  £2,750  188.  lid.  The  soil  hero  is 
principally  a  good  loam ;  agriculture  the  only  employ- 
ment. The  inhabitants  reside  in  the  villages  and 
hamlets  of  Pojley  Bridge,  Bowerbank,  Ccllerou,  aud 
Barton  Church,  with  several  dispersed  dwellings,  from 
three  to  five  miles  south-west-by-south  of  Penrith.  As 
we  have  seen  above,  the  manor  of  High  Barton  was 
held  in  ancient  times  by  the  Lancasters,  fiom  whom  it 
came  to  the  Multons  of  Gilsland,  aud  from  them  to  the 
Dacres,  who,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  IL,  sold  it  to  the 
Musgraves.  It  was  subsequently  purchased  by  an 
ancestor  of  the  present  lord,  E.  W.  Hasell,  Esq.  The 
landowners  are  E.  W.  Hasell,  Esq. ;  Frederick  Cooper, 
Esq. ;  W.  B.  Sisson,  Esq. ;  Anthony  Parkin,  Esq. ;  W. 
H.  Parkin,  Esq. ;  and  many  small  proprietors. 

THE    Cm-ECH. 

The  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Michael,  is  a 
large  building   situated,  in   the   picturesque   vale   of 


Eamont,  consisting  of  nave,  aisles,  and  chancel,  with 
central  tower  containing  two  bells.  In  one  of  the 
aisles  is  a  sepulchral  brass,  commemorating  William  de 
Lancaster,  who  is  supposed  to  have  died  about  the  year 
1575.  It  bears  the  inscription  : — "  Here  lyeth  William 
Lancaster,  son  of  Christopher  :  on  whose  soul  Jesu  have 
mercy."  The  coats  of  arms,  &e.,  which  formerly  occu- 
pied the  space  above  the  communion  table  are  now 
defaced.  The  church  of  Barton  was  given  in  the 
thirteenth  century  by  Sir  John  de  Lancaster  to  the 
priory  of  Watre,  in  Y'^orkshire,  to  which  it  was  after- 
wards appropriated.  On  the  suppression  of  the  mon- 
asteries it  was  granted  by  the  crown  to  Thomas  Earl  of 
Rutland,  who  sold  it  to  Lancelot  Lsmcaster,  of  Sock- 
bridge,  and  Michael  Hudson.  The  Lancaster  portion 
passed  in  marriage  to  the  Lowthers,  who  have  since 
become  possessed  of  the  entire  advowsou,  so  that  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdalo  is  the  present  patron.  The  living  is 
a  vicarage,  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  .£11  Is.  O^d.,  but 
is  now  worth  about  £170  a  year,  arising  from  glebe  land, 
and  a  yearly  rent  charge,  for  which  the  tithes  were 
commuted  in  1841.  The  impropriators  pay  an  annual 
pension  of  £6  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese. 


BARTON  PARISH. 


779 


BECTons. — William  de  Corbrigje,  died  1304;  John  de 
Lowther,  1304. 

VicAKs — Gilbert  ile  Sandale,  llaO ;  William  de  Klvington, 
13-i2;  William  ilo  Kvrkton,  1330  ;  John  de  Fenton,  1315  ;  John 
de  Sherborn,  13.'il;  Robert  de  Ferby,  1334;  John  do  Whyslon, 
13D4;  William  de  Newton,  1301;  William  Spencer,  1422; 
Robert  Wrcs.vl,  1471!;  John  Hudson,  1540;  Lnnrelot  Dawes, 
1608;  Timothy  lioberts,  1053;  John  Hiirrison,  1000;  Richard 
Stainton,  1705;  Fiichard  Jackson,  1734;  William  Lindsey,  1738; 

Joseph  Wilson,  1753;    Ji^hn  Cowper,  1759;    —  Myers, ; 

—  Fletcher, ;  Thomas  Gibson, ;  Arthur  Wilkin, ; 

Thomas  Gibson,  the  younger,  1847  ;  B.  C.  Hodgson,  1855. 

The  vicarage  is  a  commodious  residence,  erected  in 
1851  by  subscription  and  a  grant  from  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty,  at  a  cost  of  i  1,000. 

CHARITIES. 

Free  Grammar  School. — Tliis  school  was  founded  iil 
]G49  by  Dr.  Lancelot  Dawes  and  Dr.  Gerard  Langbaine, 
the  latter  of  wiiom  endowed  it  with  j£30  and  an  estate 
at  Culgaith,  out  of  which  £10  a  year  is  "  to  go  to  bind 
two  poor  boys  apprentices."  Dr.  Dawes  gave  £35  and 
a  yearly  rent  charge  of  SOs.  out  of  the  tithes  of  the 
estate  called  Barton  Kirk.  The  money,  with  a  donation 
given  by  Dr.  William  Lancaster,  and  several  con- 
tributions, was  laid  out  in  land  at  Firbauk,  in  the  parish 
of  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  and  at  Ilowgill,  near  Sedbergh, 
now  let  for  about  £80  a  year,  out  of  which  the  £10 
mentioned  above  is  paid  yearly  for  tlie  binding  apprentice 
two  poor  boys  of  Barton  parish,  the  remainder  is  the 
master's  salary.  The  school  is  open  to  all  the  children 
of  the  parish  free  of  expense.  It  is  under  the  man- 
agement of  twelve  trustees,  and  is  attended  by  about 
tllirty-five  children. 

Dudley's  Vole. — .\gnos  Dudley,  of  Yanwath,  by  will, 
dated  April  19lh,  1071,  gave  to  trustees  £100,  to  be 
laid  out  in  land,  and  the  profits  to  bo  distributed  among 
the  aged  poor  of  the  parish  of  Barton,  on  the  0th  of 
September,  yearly.  Tliis  charity  is  distributed  as 
directed. 

Towmliip  of  Barton  and  Soclihridge.  —  Nicholson's 
Dole. — A  legacy  of  £20,  bequeathed  by  Robert  Nichol- 
son for  the  use  of  the  poor  of  this  parish,  between 
Surthbeck  and  Sockbridgo  IIa!l,  was  laid  out  in  the 
purchase  of  land  for  the  grammar  school,  the  trustees 
of  which  pay  £1  Is.  a  year  in  respect  of  this  legacy, 
which  is  divided  between  the  overseers  of  Barton  and 
Sockbridgo,  and  is  distributed  by  them  amongst  poor 
persons  of  their  respective  townships  not  receiving 
parish  relief. 

For  tlio  other  charities  of  this  parish,  see  the  several 
townships  and  cliapeliios. 

Pooloy  Bridge  is  a  pleasant  village  at  the  foot  of 
UUoswater,  in  tho  township  of  liigh  Barton,  five  miles 


south-west-by-south  of  Penrith,  where  a  handsome  bridge 
of  three  arches  crosses  the  river  Eamont,  which  flows 
from  the  lake  opposite  the  conical  hill  of  Dunmallet, 
or  Dunmallard,  anciently  crowned  with  a  British  fort, 
vestiges  of  which,  surrounded  by  a  lu.xuriant  grove, 
were  visible  till  a  comparatively  recent  period.  A  small 
market  for  fish  was  formerly  held  here ;  there  is  still 
a  fair  for  sheep  and  cattle  on  the  third  Monday  in 
September. 

Bowerbank,  Celleron,  and  Barton  Church  are  hamlets 
in  this  township.  The  principal  n^sidenccs  are  Bower- 
bank,  John  Cair,  Esq.;  Bewlah  House,  Captain  David 
Ladyman  ;  Barton  Hall,  Captain  D.  Ladyman  ;  Ease- 
mere  House,  Major  Bristow ;  Sharron  Bay,  Anthony 
Parkin;  Elderbeck,  —  Scisson,  Esq, ;  Ixavea  Cragg, 
W.  H.  Parkin,  Esq. 

There  is  a  corn-mill  on  the  Eamont,  a  short  distance 
below  Pooley. 

Dr.  Adam  Airey,  principal  of  Edmond  Hall,  Oxford; 
Dr.  William  Lancaster,  provost  of  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  in  the  seventeenth  century ;  and  Dr.  Gerard 
Langbaine,  provost  of  Queen's  College,  who  lived  during 
the  time  of  the  Commonwealth,  were  all  natives  of  this 
parish. 

SOCKBRIDGE. 

Sockbridge  comprises  an  area  of  11,818  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £1,581  IQs.  lOd.  The  number  of 
its  inhabitants  in  1801  was  175;  in  1811,  '213;  in 
1831,  IflO;  in  1831,  203;  in  1811,  212;  and  in 
1851,  279;  who  reside  principally  in  the  villages  of 
Sockbridge  and  Tirril.  The  manor  of  Sockbridge  was 
held  by  the  Lancasters  from  a  very  early  period,  till  the 
family  filled  in  issue  male,  when  it  passed  by  marriage 
to  the  Low  thers.  Tho  Karl  of  Lonsdale  is  lord  of  the 
manor ;  but  the  tenants  have  iill  been  enfranchised. 
The  landowners  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  ;  John 
Nicholson,  Esq. ;  William  Wordsworth,  Esq. ;  Mrs. 
Winch ;  and  a  number  of  small  ]iropriotors.  Sock- 
bridgo Hall,  long  tile  seat  of  the  Lancasters,  but  now 
occupied  by  a  farmer,  is  an  old  quadrangular  building. 

The  village  of  Sockbridgo  is  on  the  south  side  of  tho 
Eamont,  three  miles  south-south-west  of  Penrith.  Tirril 
is  another  village  in  this  townsliip,  one  mile  north-east 
of  Barton  chuivh,  and  contains  a  meeting  house  of  the 
Society  of  Friends,  with  burial  ground  ottai-hi'd.  A 
celebrated  mathematical  academy  was  established  here 
by  John  81ee,  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  well 
known  for  his  mathematical  acquirements.  Ho  was  a 
native  of  Mungrisdale,  in  Cumberland,  but  died  here  in 
1821.  His  son,  Thomas  Slee,  conducted  tho  school 
from  the  time  of  his  father's  demise  till  1819,  when  ho 


780 


WEST    WARD. 


died  much  regretted.  Here  are  also  two  breweries. 
Thorp  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  half  a  mile  east  of 
SockbriJgc.  There  are  several  good  residences  in  this 
township. 

WINDER. 

This  is  a  small  township  comprising  only  298  acres. 
Its  population  in  1801  was  1'2;  in  1811,  17;  in  18Q1, 
19;  in  1831,19;  in  1841,10;  and  in  1851,  11.  The 
soil  here  is  a  good  strong  loam.  This  township  is 
partly  in  the  manor  of  Barton,  and  partly  in  that  of 
Sockbridge.  It  is  of  the  marquis  fee,  parcel  of  the 
barony  of  Kendal.  George  Gibson,  Esq.,  of  Kendal, 
is  the  owner  of  the  township.  Winder  Hall,  the  only 
inhabited  house  in  the  township,  now  serves  as  a 
farm-house. 

TANWATIl   AND     EAMONT    BRIDGE. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1,109  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  X'3,077  Is.  8JJ.  The  number  of  in- 
habitants in  1801  was  198;  in  1811,  223;  in  1821, 
244;  in  1831,327;  in  1841,310;  and  in  1851,  350; 
who  reside  in  the  villages  of  Earaont  Bridge,  Yanwath, 
and  a  few  scattered  houses.  Agriculture  is  the  principal 
employment.  The  soil  here  is  a  good  strong  loam. 
The  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway  runs  through  the 
township. 

The  manor  of  Yanwath,  or  Evenewit,  as  it  is  called 
in  old  charters,  is  the  only  manor  in  the  large  parish  of 
Barton  -which  appears  to  have  been  held  under  the 
Cliffords,  lords  of  Westmoreland,  the  other  portions  of 
the  parish  seem  to  have  been  comprised  in  the  barony 
of  Kendal.  In  the  year  1314-15  Ralph,  sou  of  William, 
baron  of  Greystolic,  held  the  manor  of  Yanwath,  as 
mesne  tenant  under  the  Cliffords.  The  manor  was  held 
under  the  Greystokes  by  the  Threlkelds  and  Lancasters. 
The  whole  manor  was  subsequently  held  by  the  Threl- 
kelds, from  whom  it  passed  in  marriage  to  the  Dudleys, 
■who  continued  in  possession  till  about  the  year  1054, 
when  the  family  failing  in  male  issue,  Yanwath  was 
sold  to  Sir  John  Lowther,  and  is  now  held  by  the  Earl 
of  Lonsdale. 

Yanwath  Hall,  which  stands  at  the  north  end  of  the 
village  of  Y'anwath,  on  the  banks  of  the  Eamont,  is  a 
tower,  which  in  the  days  of  border  warfare  was  found 
the  most  convenient  form  of  building.  The  principal 
residence  of  the  family  was  on  the  ground  floor.  Yan- 
wath Hall  is  probably  of  the  fifteenth  century,  as  may 
be  inferred  from  the  battlements  and  parapets.  The 
bay  window  of  the  hall  is  rather  peculiar,  being  very 
heavy  at  the  head.  The  roof  is  perfect,  and  there  is  a 
large  fire-place  in  the  hall  of  considerable  archsological 
interest.     On  the  second  floor,  above  the  fire-place,  is 


carved  a  specimen  of  the  arms  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and 
from  initial  letters  found  in  another  part  of  the  building 
it  would  seem  to  have  belonged  at  that  period  to  the 
Dacres.  In  the  tower  is  seen  a  massive  wooden  ceiling, 
which  formerly  formed  the  roof  of  the  principal  hall,  but 
is  now  cut  off  by  an  intervening  floor.  The  pourt  yard 
is  a  perfect  specimen  of  the  period  of  Henry  VHI. 
About  a  mile  south  of  the  hall,  at  the  end  of  Y'anwath 
wood,  is  a  circular  entrenchment,  called  Castlesteads. 
The  landowners  in  the  township  are  the  Earl  of  Lons- 
dale, Lord  Brougham,  and  Frederick  Cooper,  Esq., 
with  several  small  proprietors. 

The  village  of  Yanwath  is  one  mile  and  a  quarter 
south  of  Penrith. 

Eamont  Bridge  is  another  village  in  this  township, 
lying  chiefly  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Eamont,  one 
mile  south-by-east  of  Penrith.  A  bridge  has  existed 
here  from  a  very  early  period.  In  1425  there  seems  to 
have  been  a  general  subscription  towards  building  or 
repairing  the  bridge,  and  an  indulgence  of  forty  days  was 
granted  by  Cardinal  Langley,  bishop  of  Durham,  to  all 
those  who,  observing  the  usual  conditions  of  going  to 
confession  and  conimuniou,  should  contribute  towards 
the  carr^-ing  out  of  the  work. 

In  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  Eamont  Bridge 
is  the  famous  monument  of  auti(iuity,  "  King  Arthurs 
Kound  Table,"  a  trenched  amphitheatre,  above  100 
yai'ds  in  circumference.  Excavations  were  commenced 
some  time  ago  flith  a  view  to  discover  some  remains 
which  might  give  a  clue  to  the  origin  or  use  of  this 
remnant  of  the  olden  time ;  but  no  satisfactory  result 
has  been  obtained,  and  the  general  idea  now  is,  that  tho 
mound  formed  part  of  a  sacred  grove.  Local  tradition 
states,  however,  that  it  was  devoted  to  the  purpose  of 
combats,  and  that  turf  seats  for  the  spectators  were 
ranged  around.  In  modern  times  it  is  used  as  the 
arena  of  wrestling  matches  whenever  any  occur  in  the 
neighbourhood.  About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the 
"  Round  Table,"  is  Mayburgh,  the  site  of  another 
sacred  grove,  which  is  deemed  of  so  much  importauco 
that  it  is  walled  in.  Mayburgh  rises  gradually  on  every 
side,  about  140  yards  from  the  level  of  the  land  below. 
The  summit  of  the  hill  is  fenced  round,  except  an 
opening  left  to  the  east,  with  a  quantity  of  loose  pebbles, 
which  seem  to  have  been  gathered  from  the  bed  of  the 
Eamont.  Inclining  a  little  to  the  west  and  from  tho 
centre  is  a  large  boulder,  consisting  of  a  mass  of  lime- 
stone, of  a  kind  not  usually  found  in  the  district. 

Here  is  a  neat  school,  with  teacher's  house  attached, 
erected  by  subscription  in  1855,  at  a  cost  of  JC230.  It 
is  under  government  inspection,  and  attended  by  about 
sixty  children.      Mr.  Wm.  Sanderson,  of  Sockbridge, 


HARTSOP  AND  PATTERDALE   CHAPELRY. 


781 


who  died  in  183C,  left  the  interest  of  ^100  for  the 
instruction  of  the  poor  children  of  the  villages  of  Sock- 
bridge,  Tirril,  Thorpe,  and  Yanwath.  The  school  at 
Eamont  Bridge  shares  in  this  charity. 

The  West  Ward  Union  Workliouse  is  in  this  town- 
ship. The  union  consists  of  two  sub-districts  ;  IMorland, 
including  Crosby  Ravensworth,  Siiap,  Little  Strickland, 
Thrimby,  Great  Strickland,  Newby,  Sleagill,  King's 
Meaburn,  Bolton,  Morland,  and  Cliburn  ;  and  Lowther, 
comprising  Brougham,  Clifton,  Lowther,  Helton,  Ask- 
ham,  liOw  Winder,  High  Barton,  Sockbiidgc  and  Tirril, 
Yanwath  and  Earaont  Bridge,  !Martindalo,  Patterdalc- 
with-Hartsop,  and  Barapton.  The  total  area  of  the 
union  is  120,523  acres.  Its  population  in  1851  was 
8,155,  of  whom  4,258  were  males  and  3,897  females. 


The  number  of  inhabited  houses  at  the  same  period  'was 
1,540;  uninhabited,  54;  and  two  were  building.  The 
workhouse  is  an  old  structure,  with  about  forty-five 
inmates.  The  total  receipts  for  West  Ward  union 
for  the  year  ended  Michaelmas,  1859,  amounted  to 
£2,483  Is.  lid.;  the  expenditure  for  the  same  period 
was  £2,752   5s.  8^d. 

The  residences  in  the  township  are  Poplar  Lodge, 
C.  S.  Jackson,  Esq. ;  Grotto,  F.  Cooper,  Esq. ;  and 
Bleach  Green,  Sirs.  Mason. 

CHAHITY. 

DennisoKs  Charity. — John  Dennison,  about  the  year 
17  08,  left  £90,  the  interest  to  be  distributed  for  the 
use  of  the  poor  of  Yanwath  and  Eamont  Bridge,  on  St. 
Thomas'  Day. 


HARTSOP  AND  PATTERDALE  CHAPELRY. 

This  chapelry  comprises  no  dependant  townships,  but  includes  Upper  and  Nether  Hartsop,  Deepdale,  Glenridding, 
and  Grisedale,  as  well  as  Patterdale.  Its  area  is  8,314  acres.  The  population  in  1801  was  201 ;  in  181),  319;  in 
1821,  282;  in  1831,  4'^0;  in  1811,  573;  and  in  1851,  080.  Mining  and  slate  quarrying  are  the  principal 
employments  of  the  inhabitants,  upwards  of  300  being  constantly  engaged  at  the  Greenside  Lead  Mine,  which  is 
worked  by  the  Greenside  Mining  Company.  The  mine  has  one  shaft,  thirty-seven  fathoms  in  perpendicular  depth  ; 
the  metal  bearing  strata  are  from  half  an  inch  to  seven  or  eight  inches  in  thickness,  producing  about  900  tons  of 
lead  ore  per  annum,  and  1,000  ounces  of  silver  per  month.  There  are  also  other  lead  mines.  At  Ilartsop,  Place 
Fell,  and  other  parts  of  this  chapelry,  are  c.Ktensive  slate  quarries. 


Upper  and  Nether  Hartsop  are  two  adjacent  hamlets, 
two  miles  south-by-east  of  Patterdale  chapel.  They  are 
comprised  in  the  marquis  fee  of  the  barony  of  Kendal, 
and  were  formerly  held  by  tlie  Lancosters ;  they  are 
now  the  property  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  Hartsop 
Hall,  an  ancient  building,  is  now  a  farm-house.  Deep- 
dale  is  a  grand  romantic  valley,  mostly  in  a  high  state 
of  cultivation,  and  decorated  with  n  profusion  of  wood, 
one  mile  and  a  quarter  south  of  tiio  chapel.  The  manor 
of  Deepdale  is  the  property  of  II.  Howard,  Esq.,  of 
Greystoko.  The  tenants  hero  pay  a  heriot  on  the  death 
of  lord  or  tenant.  Glenridding  is  a  deep,  rocky,  and 
well-wooded  valley,  stretching  from  Helvellyn  to  Uiles- 
water,  three  miles  west  of  Patterdale  chapel.  The 
manor  of  Glenridding  was  purchased  by  the  present 
lord,  William  Marshall,  Esq.,  in  1824,  previous  to 
which  it  was  held  by  John  Mounsey,  Esq.,  the  king  of 
Pattrrdalo.  Grisedale  extends  from  half  a  mile  north 
of  the  chapel  to  the  confines  of  Cumberland ;  the 
manorial  rights  of  Grisedale,  as  well  as  those  of  Place 
Fell,  are  held  by  E.  W.  Hascll,  Esq.  These  different 
places  are  surrounded  by  tho  lofty  luouutaius  of  Ucl- 


vellyn,  Great  Dod,  Fairfield,  High  Street,  Dow  Cracss, 
and  Place  Fell.  Patterdale  extends  six  miles  southward 
from  Gowbarrow  Park,  along  the  highest  and  most 
beautiful  reach  of  Ulleswater,  to  tlie  source  of  the 
Goldrill,  which  Hows  to  tho  lake  from  Brothcrwater, 
Ilaweswater,  and  Angletarn.  Patterdale  is  also  part  of 
the  barony  of  Kendal,  and  was  held  by  the  Lancastcrs. 
E.  W.  Ilasell,  Esq.,  is  the  present  lord,  who  resides  at 
Patterdale  Hall.  The  principal  landowners  in  tho 
township  arc  the  lords  of  tho  respective  manors,  as 
above,  together  with  W.  II.  .\skew,  Esq.,  and  Daniel 
and  John  Mounsey. 

The  following  memoranda  of  the  visits  of  royal  and 
other  personages  will  bo  interesting  in  connection  with 
Patterdale.  On  tho  17th  July,  18  10,  the  late  Dowager 
Queen  Adelaide,  and  her  sister  Ida,  duchess  of  Saxe 
Weimar,  with  a  numerous  suite,  arrived  here ;  as  did 
also  two  foreign  princes  from  -\sliantec,  on  the  coast  of 
Africa,  who  were  presented,  to  tho  ()aecn  Dowager  on 
tho  following  morning.  On  the  19th  July,  1844,  the 
King  of  Sa.\ony  and  suite  visited  Patterdale.  On 
Sunday  the  18th  of  August,  iu  tho  same  year,  Prince 


782 


WEST  WARD. 


^Villiam  of  Prussia  and  suite  arrived  here,  whence  they 
set  out  for  Windermere.  On  May  ICth,  1857,  his 
royal  highness  the  Prince  of  Wales  arrived  at  Geldard's 
Hotel  from  Keswick;  on  the  foUowing  day,  Sunday, 
the  prince  and  party  attended  divine  service  in  the 
church  at  Patterdale  ;  and  oa  Monday  they  departed  by 
•way  of  Pooley  Bridge,  Lowther  Castle,  and  Brougham 
Hall,  on  their  tour  through  the  Lake  District. 

THE   CHAPEL. 

Patterdale  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Patrick,  is  a  neat 
Gothic  structure,  erected  by  subscription  in  1852,  from 
designs  furnished  by  A.  Salvin,  Esq.,  of  London,  at  a 
cost  (if  ,£1,G81  ]7s.  4d.,  of  which  £643  was  contributed 
by  William  Marshall,  Esq.;  .£100  by  Mrs.  Marshall; 
£100  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale;    j£-200   by  the  Rev. 
Henry  Askew;    £6'i  by   Captain  John  Washington; 
and  £150  by  the  Hon.  Heni^  Howard.     It  consists  of 
nave  and  chancel,  with  a  small  belfry.     There  are  about 
300  sittings  in  the  nave,  most  of  which  are  free  and 
unappropriated.      The  chancel,   which  is  paved  with 
encaustic  tiles,  contains  sittings  for  the  lords  of  the 
different  manors  in  the  chapelry ;  the  pulpit  is  of  oak, 
and  has  a  very  neat  appearance.     The  chapel  was  con- 
secrated by  the  late  bishop  of  Carlisle  on  November 
3rd,  1853.     The  communion  plate,  of  Helvellyn  silver, 
is  of  the  most  approved  ancient  form  and  pattern,  by 
Keith  of  London.     The  silver  was  presented  by  the 
Greenside  Lead  Mining  Company  as  an  offering  to  the 
church  at  Easter,  1850.     The  chapel  is  situated  near 
the  head  of  Ulleswater,  and  has  in  its  burial  ground 
two  venerable  yew  trees.     The  beneBce  is  a  perpetual 
curacy  in  the  patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  and  is 
worth  about  .£7J  a  year.      The  tithes  are  commuted 
for  £(i4,  of  which  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  receives  j£20, 
William   Marshall,   Esq.,    £17    16s.,    Henry   Howard, 
Esq  ,  £4  4s.,  and  the  incumbent  £ii.     In  1807  the 
present  incumbent  purchased  part  of  a  messuage  and 
tenement,  called  Bearhow,  adjoining  the  ancient  glebe  to 
which  it  is  now  attached,  for  the  sum  of  £16S,  part  of 
an  augmentation  of  £200  Queen  Anne's  Bounty.      In 
1812  the  incumbent  gave  £100,  which  was  promptly 
met  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  with  a  like  sum,  which 
obtained  a  grant  of  £3U0  from  the  parliamentary  fund, 
making  together  the  sum  of  £'500  still  remaining  in 
the  Parliamentary  Grant  Fund  for  the  augmentation 
of  the  living. 

Incumbents. Longliorn, ;   Peter  Birkett,  1075; 

Edmuiul  Kilner,  lfi76  ;  John  Mauinson,  1705 ;  Thomas  Thomp- 
son, 1765;  John  Thompson,  1800. 

The  parsonage  was  erected  by  the  present  incumbent 
in  1820,  at  a  cost  of  £500. 


Near  to  the  chapel  is  a  well  called  St.  Patrick's  Well, 
where  it  is  said  that  saint  baptised  several  of  the  inha- 
bitants of  the  dale.  The  ancient  name  of  Patterdale 
was  Patrick's  dale,  of  which  the  modern  name  is 
evidently  a  contraction. 

At  the  head  of  Ulleswater  is  a  Wesleyau  Chapel, 
erected  in  1842  by  G.  H.  Head,  Esq.,  at  a  cost  of 
about  £100. 

CHAJIITIES. 

School. — There  was  a  very  ancient  stock  of  £116, 
applicable  partly  to  the  school  and  partly  to  the  poor  of 
Patterdale.  Of  this  stock  £90  was  kid  out  in  1706  in 
the  purchase  of  land ;  the  other  £20  was  put  out  at 
interest.  The  total  income  of  the  charity  at  present 
is  £12  a  year,  of  which  the  schoolmaster  receives 
£5  143.  7d.,  and  the  poor  £6  5s.  5d.  The  school  is  a 
neat  structure,  rebuilt  in  1836,  and  is  attended  by 
forty-five  children. 

There  is  an  infant  school  at  Glcnridding. 

Freemans  Charity. — John  M.  Freeman,  Esq.,  left  by 
will  £50,  the  interest  of  which  he  directed  should  be 
distributed  by  the  minister  and  churchwardens  in  bread, 
to  poor  labourers,  not  in  receipt  of  parish  relief,  to  be 
given  on  Sundays  at  church,  after  divine  service. 

There  is  a  library  in  the  school,  established  in  1847, 
the  books  having  been  given  by  the  neighbouring  gentry. 
It  consists  of  about  :i00  volumes ;  the  members  con- 
tributing two  shillings  a  year. 

The  princiiml  residences  in  the  chapelry  are  Patterdale 
Hall,  WiUiam  Marshall,  Esq. ;  Glenridding  House, 
H.  W.  Askew,  Esq.;  and  Place  Fell  House,  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  Wilson. 

glarsball  flf  ^palttrbak  «)all. 
This  family  is  derived  from 

JoHX  JIabshall.  Esq.,  of  Headingley,  near  Leeds,  M.P.  for 
Yorkshire,  born  '.iith  July,  17C5,  second  son  of  John  Marsliall, 
of  Yeadon  Low  HkII,  co.  York,  whooequired  great  wealth  by  his 
successful  introduction  of  raeclianical  in)i>iovements  into  a 
branch  of  the  linen  manufacture,  the  spinning  of  flax,  in  which 
he  has  formed  establisliments  at  Leeds  and  Shrewsbury.  Ho 
married  5lh  August,  17!)5,  Jane,  fifth  daughter  of  William  Pol- 
lard, Ksq.,  of  Halifax,  and  had  issue, 

I.  William,  of  Patterdale  Hall,  in  Westmoreland,  M.P. 
n.  John, late  MP.  for  I.pcds,  born  8ih  Deceiiilier,  179?,  mnrried, 
]sih   Niivi-iiibiT,  IKis,  .Mary,  eldest  daughter  of  t  i'   lute 
Joseph   Dykes  BallatuiDe  Dykes,  Esq,  of  Dovenby  Hall, 
Cumberland,  and  died  liJst  (jciober,  iBUtf,  leaving  iasue, 

1.  BcginnUl  Dikes. 

2.  Hirbert  Juhn. 

3.  Jiiliiin. 

1.  Janet  Mary. 
3.  Catherine  Alice. 

Mrs.  Marshall  manied,  secondly,  P.  O'Calaghan,  Esq.,  11th 
Hussars. 


MAKTINDALE   CHAPELBT. 


783 


m.  James  ruirtli,  of  Jfonk  Coniston  Pnrk.  Amblesidp,  nnd  Hend- 
inpley,  Lpeds.  .1  P.  ami  D.L.,  liurii  2iith  I-'ebnmry,  lHil2; 
niurri''*!,  !Hh  Febrimry,  1^11,  Hon.  Mtiry  Aiire  IVrry  ^^pi'ing 
Itice,  (laiir;h(er  of  Tiioiiias  Spring  Uicc,  Lord  Moutettgle, 
and  has  issue, 

1.  Victor  Alexander  Onrlli,  bom  Kitli  November,  1841. 

2.  Jnmes  Aubrey  (iarch,  boru  llth  Juue,  181J. 

1.  .lulm  Mary  Oarth. 

2.  Coii:>tauce  Eleauor,  died  1853. 

IV.  Henry  Cowper,  of  Weetwood  Hall,  co.  York,  bom  Sth  Afarch, 

1808;   niiirned,  i7ib  June,    IH.iT.   Cuiberine  Ainie  Luey, 

second  daugbier  of  Thumus  Lord  Munteagle,  and  has  issue. 
V.  Arthur. 
I.  Mary  Anne,  married,   13th  April,   1811,   to   Thomas  Lord 

Monleagle. 
II.  Cordelia,  married,  in  1841,  the  Rev.  William  Whewell,  master 

of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 
in.  Jane  Dorothea,  married,  29ih  July,  IS'^S,  to  John,  second  son 

of  Sir  Greurille  Temple,  Bart.,  and  has  issue. 
IT.  Ellen. 
V.  Julia  Anne,  married,  31st  October,  1833,  to  tlie  Rev.  Henry 

Venn  Elliot,  of  Uright,  atul  has  issue. 
TI.  Susan  Harriet,  married  in  March,  1812,  to  the  Bev. Frederick 

Myers,  Keswick,  aud  has  issue. 

Mr.  Mai^hall  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

WiixiAir  Marshall,  of  Patterdale  Hall,  co.  ■Westmoreland, 
M.P.  for  East  Cumberland,  horn  aClh  May,  179C  ;  married,  17th 
June,  1828,  Georgiana  Christiana,  seventh  danghter  of  the  late 
George  Hibbert,  Esq.,  of  Munden,  Hertfordshire,  and  has  issue. 

Arms. — Aig.,  three  bars,  sa.,  a  canton,  erm. 
Crest. — A  man  in  armom-,  ppr. 


gisluto  of  iStbljtuglj  aiib  (Slcitribbiitg. 

The  pedigree  of  this  family  is  deduced  from 

Adah  Askew,  M.T).  (son  of  Anthony  Askew,  M.D.,  of  Kendal, 
by  Anne,  his  wife,  daughter  of  .\dam  Storrs,  Esq.,  of  Storrs 
Hall,  CO.  Lancaster,  and  the  lineal  descendant  of  Hugh  Askew, 
of  (jroymaines,  Cumberland),  settled  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
about  the  year  1725,  and  acquired  extensive  practice.  Ha  mar- 
ried Anne,  daughter  and  co-heir  of  liichard  Crackenthorpe,  Esq., 
ot  Newbiggia,  Westmoreland,  and  had  issue, 

I.  Akthost,  his  heir. 

n.  Adam,  ,M.A.,  rector  of  Plumbland. 

III.  Henry  of  Itedheugli. 

IV.  John  of  I'allinsburn. 

I.  Deborah,  who  died  lunnarricd. 

II.  Anne,  who  also  died  single. 

Dr.  Askew  died  in  1773,  and  was  sacccedcd  by  his  eldest  son, 


Anthony  Askew,  M.D.,  of  London,  so  celebrated  for  his  ex- 
tensive collection  of  books  and  manuscripts,  born  in  1722.  Dr. 
Askew  married  first,  Margaret,  daughter  of  Cutbberl  Swinburne, 
Esq.,  of  Longwitton  and  the  West  Gate  in  Northumberland,  but 
had  no  issue.  He  married,  secondly,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
P%obert  Holford,  Esq.,  one  of  the  masters  in  Chancery,  by  whom 
ho  had 

I.  Ada.m,  his  heir. 

II.  Anthoiiv  Linnare,  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  died 

iu  1818. 

HI.  Heniy,  in  holy  orders,  rector  of  Greystoke,  in  Cumberland; 
married  iu  1790,  Anne,  daughter  of  Thomas  tsunderland. 
Esc] ,  of  Little  Croft,  Ulverstone;  died  December  20th,  1802, 
leavuig  issue, 

1.  Henry  William,  now  of  Conishead  Priory. 

1.  Anne  Elizabeth,  married  in  1830  to  John  Dalrymple 

Murray,  Esq.,  of  ilurrythwaite,  and  died  in  1840. 

2.  Eleauura,  married  to  Captain  Washingtou,  RN. 

IT.  Richard,  formerly  major,  27th  Regiment 
V.  Thomas,  married  to  Lucy,  daughter  of  Robert  Carey,  Esq.,  of 
Lond'in. 

I.  Anne  Elizabeth,  married  to  George  Adam  Askew,  Esq.,  of 

Palliiisburn. 
II.  Sarah,  died  unmarried. 

III.  Deborah,  married  to  Sir  Lucas  Pepys,  Bart,  M.D. 
IT.  Amy,  married  to  the  Rev.  John  Washington,  of  Winchester. 

V.  Mary,  died  unmarried,  in  178G. 

VI.  Elizabeth,  married  to  Henry  Percy  Pulleine,  Esq.,  of  Carlton 

Hall,  York. 

Dr.  Askew  died  at  Hampstead,  in  1774,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  eldest  son, 

Adam  Askew,  Esq.,  of  Eedhcugh,  high-sheriff  of  the  county 
of  Durham  in  1801);  married,  Istly,  Amy,  daughter  of  Robert 
Carey,  Esq.,  of  London,  and  2ndly,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the 
late  Rev.  Sir  Richard  Rycroft,  Bart.,  hut  died  without  children. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  nephew, 

Henry  William  Askew,  Esq.,  of  Conishead  Priory,  co.  Lan- 
caster, and  of  Glenridding,  co.  Cumberland,  born  in  1808  ;  mar- 
ried in  1832,  Lucy,  third  daughter  of  the  Hon.  and  Right  Rev. 
Hugh  Percy,  D.D.,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  and  has  issue, 

1.  Henry  Hugh,  bom  July  23rd,  1847. 

II.  Edmund  Adam,  born  May  2olh,  1840. 
I.  Charlotte  Elizabctli. 

II.  Emily  .Mary. 

III.  Frances  Louisa. 

j'lrms.— Sn ,  a  fesse,  or,  between  three  asses  passant,  «ij. 
Crcsl. — An  arm  holding  a  sword  traiulixing  a  Samcen'a  bead. 


]\[ARTINDALE  CIIArELEY. 

This  chnpelry  comprises  the  romatitic  glens  of  Boredale,  Fewsdale,  and  Howgrave,  with  the  hatnlots  of  Ilowtown  and 
Saiidwick.  It  lies  between  UUeswatcr,  nnil  ii  cliain  of  hills,  which  atfurd  piistuni^;o  to  thousands  of  sheep.  The  area 
of  Murliiulale  is  8,000  acres,  and  its  ruteahlo  Talue  i;  1,(171  8.s.  Vd.  The  populatiou  in  liSOl  was  165;  in  I8II1 
159;  in  1821,  155;  in  1831,  182;  in  1841,  198;  and  in  1851,208.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment, 
aud  Penrith  the  market  attended. 


784 


WEST   WARD. 


The  manor  of  Martindale,  like  that  of  Barton,  came 
from  the  Multons  by  marriage  to  the  Dacres,  and  is 
now  the  property  of  E.  W.  Hasell,  Esq.,  who  is  also 
the  principal  landowner.  The  lord  of  the  manor  has  a 
large  quantity  of  red  deer  on  the  mountains. 


THE  cnAPEr.. 


Martindale  chnpcl  is  a  small  old  structure,  situated 
in  the  vale  of  Howgrave,  five  miles  south-west  of  Poolcy 
Bridge.  It  is  supposed  to  have  hccu  rebuilt  in  1033 ; 
and  about  the  year  1833  underwent  considerable 
repairs.  All  the  rites  of  the  church  are  performed  here, 
except  the  solomnisation  of  marriages.  The  living 
is  a  perpetual  curacy,  in  the  patronage  of  John  dc 
Whelpdale,  Esq.  In  1C82  the  living  was  augmented 
with  £'100,  left  by  the  Rev.  Richard  Birkett,  who 
was  then  the  incumbent,  and  has  since  received 
five  donations,  amounting  to  £1,000,  from  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty,  all  of  which,  except  £115,  has  been 
expended  in  the  purchase  of  thirty  acres  of  land  in 
JIartindale,  and  eleven  acres  at  Salkeld,  in  Cum- 
berland, and  in  the  "eroctiou  of  a  new  parsonage, 
built  in  1808,  making  the  present  value  of  the  living 
X'Go.  The  township  pays  £'3  per  annum  for  "priest's 
wages."  The  registers  of  the  chapelry  commence  in 
1633. 


Incumbents. — William  Townlcy, ;  John  Healon,  1702  ; 

Thomas  Cookson,  170');  Thomas  Grisdale,  1772;  William  Sis- 
son,  17S2;  Henry  Johnson,  1783  ;  Joseph  Docker,  1819;  W.H. 
Leech,  1821 ;  II.  Kobinson,  182:) ;  W.  1'.  King,  1827  ;  J.  Wood- 
cock, 1843;  Thomas  II.  Wilkinson,  1817;  S.  GolJing,  1858. 

The  parsonage  is  an  unpretending  structure,  and  of 

no  particular  style. 

CHAniTY. 

The  School. — The  endowment  of  Martindale  School 
is  attributed  to  —  Sisson,  who  is  supposed,  about  a 
century  and  a  half  ago,  to  have  left  a  legacy  of  £20  for 
that  purpose,  which  was  afterwards  laid  out  in  land. 
The  school  was  erected  by  subscription  in  1834,  aided 
by  a  parliamentary  grant  of  £27.  It  is  endowed  with 
£  14  per  annum,  arising  out  of  property  in  the  township, 
and  an  annual  subscription  of  £5  from  Betton's  Charity. 
The  average  attendance  is  thirty. 

Boredale,  in  this  township,  is  eleven  and  a  half  miles 
south-south-west  of  Penrith  ;  Fewsdale,  five  miles  south- 
south-west  of  Barton ;  Howgrave,  about  five  miles 
south-south-west  of  Pooley  Bridge. 

llowton  hamlet  is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  south- 
west angle  of  the  lower  reach  of  Ulleswatcr  ;  Saudwick 
hamlet  is  near  the  head  of  Boredale,  a  mile  and  a  half 
south-west  from  jNIartindale  chapel. 


BROUGHAM  rARISII. 

Tins  parish,  which  is  situated  at  the  north-eastern  extremity  of  the  West  Ward,  is  about  five  miles  in  length,  and 
from  one  to  three  in  breadth.  It  lies  between  the  rivers  Eden,  Eamout,  and  Lowther,  which  here  unite  and  bound 
it  on  every  side,  except  the  south,  on  which  it  is  bounded  by  Clifton,  Melkinthorpe,  and  Cliburn.  The  commons 
were  enclosed  and  divided  about  sixty  years  ago,  with  the  exception  of  about  900  acres,  which  have  been  thickly 
planted  with  trees.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile  and  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  The  Eden  Valley  railway  passes 
through  a  small  portion  of  the  parish.  Agriculture  is  the  only  employment  of  the  inhabitants  ;  Penrith  is  the  market 
attended.     This  parish  comprises  no  dependant  townships. 

The  area  of  Brougham  is  6,040  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  £3,220.  The  population  in  1801  was  167;  in 
1811,  164;  in  1821,  143;  in  1831,  171;  in  1841, 
249;  and  in  1851,  179. 

The  earliest  record  we  find  of  Brongliam  occurs  iu 
the  Itinerary  of  Antoninus,  and  the  Notitia,  from  which 
we  learn  that  it  was  a  Roman  station  of  some  import- 
ance, bearing  the  name  of  Brocavium,  from  which,  no 
doubt,  the  modern  name  is  derived.  The  remains  of 
the  station  may  still  be  traced,  near  the  present 
Brougham  Hall.  Many  coins,  altars,  and  other  anti- 
quities, have  been  found  upon  the  site  of  the  camp. 
One  of  the  altars  was  dedicated  to  the  transmarine 


mothers  by  a  vexillatiou  of  Germans,  as  the  following 
inscription  testifies: — 


DEAEVS    MATniEVS 

TKAMAU  VEX    GEKMA 

NonVM   PRO   SALVTE 

EP  V  S  L  M 


To  the  goddess  mothers 

transmarine,  the  vexillation  of 

Germans,  for  the  safety 

of  the  state,  perform  a  vow  wilUnglj 

and  dutifully. 


The  station  of  Brocavium  appears  to  have  been  gar 
risoned  by  a  company  of  Denfensores.  On  the  fall  of 
the  Roman  power  Brocavium  would  of  course  fall  into 
the  hands  of  the  Celtic  inhabitants  of  this  part  of  the 
country,  and  would  continue  iu  their  possession  till  the 


BROUGHAM   PARISH. 


785 


arrival  of  the  Angles,  who  gave  it  the  name  of  Burgham, 
or  Brougham,  meaning  the  castle  town. 

Brougham  Castle  is  connected  with  the  Norman 
period  of  English  history.  When  or  by  whom  it  was 
erected  is  not  known.  It  is  evidently  of  Norman  and 
Early  English  architecture,  and  was  long  one  of  the 
feudal  strongholds  of  tho  Veteriponts  and  Cliffords. 
Some  JISS.  in  the  Tower,  of  the  time  of  Henry  III. 
inform  us  that  an  inquisition  of  waste  was  taken  of 
the  Veteripont  estates  during  the  minority  of  Robert 
de  Veteripont,  and  from  this  inquisition  we  learn  that 
the  house  of  Brougham  had  been  sulTored  to  go  to  decay. 
From  this  it  is  evident  that  the  king's  license  had  not 
then  been  obtained  to  embattle.  According  to  tho 
Countess  of  Pembroke,  the  greater  part  of  it  was  built 
and  repaired  by  Roger  de  Clifford,  who  caused  a  stone 
to  be  placed  over  the  inner  gallery,  bearing  this  inscrip- 
tion :  "  This  made  Roger."  His  descendant  of  the 
same  name  enlarged  and  otherwise  improved  it  in  1380 ; 
but  it  was  destroyed  by  tho  Scots  in  14  J  2.  In  1333-4 
Baliol,  king  of  Scotland,  was  the  guest  of  Robert  Lord 
CliiTord,  at  Brougham  Castle.  Whinfell  Park  was  then 
well  stocked  with  deer.  His  majesty,  on  one  occasion, 
accompanied  by  ClifTord — so  the  tradition  runs — chased 
a  stag  with  a  single  hound  out  of  tho  park,  and  after  a 
run  of  fabulous  length  the  stag  returned  to  tho  park, 
leaped  the  fence,  and  fell  dead.  The  hound,  which  was 
named  Hercules,  attempted  to  leap  after  the  game,  but 
not  having  strenglli,  fell  on  the  other  side  anl  died  from 
exhaustion,  and  hence  arose  the  couplet — 

"  Hercules  killeJ  Hnrt-a-grease, 
.Vnd  Ilart-a-grea-so  killed  Hercules." 

The  antlers  of  the  stag  were  nailed  to  a  tree  iu  the 
park.  A  tree  known  as  "  Hart's  Horn  Tree  "  was 
st.anding  within  living  memory.  Edward  IV.,  on  tho 
attainder  of  the  ClilTurds,  in  1100,  gave  this,  with  many 
otlier  castles,  to  his  brother,  tho  Duke  of  Gloucester, 
afterwards  Richard  III.  When  Henry  Clifibrd  was 
restored  to  the  estates  of  his  ancestors,  ho  found  tliis, 
and  his  other  castles  in  Westmoreland,  in  a  very  dilapi- 
dated state,  but  ho  soon  had  them  repaired.  After 
this  Brougham  appears  to  have  been  one  of  tho  prin- 
cipal residences  of  tho  ClilTonls.  Wo  lind  that  .James 
I.,  on  his  return  from  Scotland  in  1017,  was  entertained 
hero  for  three  days  by  Francis  Earl  of  Cumbeiland. 
Shortly  after  this  royal  visit  tho  castio  is  supposed  to 
liavo  been  destroyed  by  fire,  for  an  inscription  records 
that  it  was  repaired  by  tho  Countess  Dowager  of  Pem- 
broke in  1651,  after  it  had  lain  ruinous  for  thirty-four 
years.  The  countess  died  here  in  1075.  This  is  the 
Lady  Anno  Clifford  of  whom  it  is  said  by  the  facetious 
Dr.  Doime  that  she  could  "  discourse  of  all  things, 
91 


from  predestination  to  slea  silk."  Her  well-known 
answer,  returned  to  a  ministerial  application  as  to  the 
representation  of  Appleby,  shows  the  spirit  and  decision 
of  the  woman, — "  I  have  been  buUied  by  an  usurper 
^Cromwell),  I  have  been  neglected  by  a  court,  but  I'll 
not  be  dictated  to  by  a  subject  :  your  man  shan't 
stand !"  The  castle  has  since  been  neglected,  and  is 
now  in  ruins.  Tradition  records,  but  on  wliat  authority 
we  know  not,  that  Sir  Philip  Sidney  wrote  part  of  his 
"  Arcadia  "  at  this  baronial  residence.  Wordsworth's 
"  Song  at  the  Feast  of  Brougham  Castio  "  is  one  of 
his  noblest  lyrical  effusions.  In  its  pristine  days  the 
castle  of  Brougham  was  a  place  of  great  strength.  The 
rampart,  a  portion  of  which  still  remains,  was  five  feet 
in  thickness,  and  upwards  of  thirty  feet  high.  The 
entrance  was  secured  by  a  portcullis,  from  which  a 
wide  paved  passage  led  to  the  court  yard,  underneath 
a  portion  of  the  building  erected  by  Roger  Clifford  ia 
the  early  part  of  the  fourteenth  century.  Part  of  this 
passage,  which  is  still  perfect,  is  vaulted  with  beautiful 
groined  arches.  The  groove  for  the  portcullis  is  in  a 
perfect  state,  and  surmounting  the  entrance  is  the  old 
stone  above-mentioned.  This  stone  disappeared  after  the 
death  of  the  Countess  of  Pembroke,  and  its  resting  place 
was  for  many  jears  unknown.  About  forty  years  ago 
a  portion  of  the  weir  of  the  castle  mill  was  carried  away 
by  a  flood.  When  the  water  subsided  it  was  discovered 
that  one  particular  block  of  stone  had  been  turned  over 
and  carried  a  short  distance  down  the  river.  It  was  the 
stone  which  Roger  de  Clifford,  nearly  si.x  centuries 
previously,  had  placed  over  the  entrance  to  the  fortress. 
How  long  it  had  formed  a  part  of  the  embankment  is 
not  known,  but  it  must  have  been  a  considerable  period. 
The  central  tower,  the  most  ancient  part  of  tho  castle, 
formerly  comprised  five  stories,  the  central  one  of  which 
was  twenty  feet  iu  height  from  floor  to  ceiling.  Near 
this  tower  are  the  remains  of  the  chapel,  in  which  the 
ancient  sedillia  may  stiU  bo  seen.  A  strong  watch 
tower  stands  at  the  south-west  corner  of  tho  court  yard. 
Brougham  Castle  passed  from  the  Veteriponts  and 
Cliffords  to  tho  Tuftons,  and  is  now  tho  property  of  Sir 
Richard  Tufton,  Bart.  We  have  seen  at  pages  709-12 
tho  descent  of  tlio  barony  of  Westmoreland.  This 
barony  included  tho  manor  of  Oglcbird,  within  which 
Brougiiara  is  situated,  and  is  held  of  Sir  Richard 
Tufton,  Bart,  as  part  of  the  forest  of  Whinfell.  This 
was  not  well  ascertained  till  after  tho  division  of  the 
common  in  1775,  when  the  commissioners  were  directed 
to  set  out  such  a  proportion  of  ground  as  they  thought 
proper  to  Henry  Brougham,  Esq..  for  tho  lordship  of 
Brougham,  ilr.  Brougham  made  no  claim,  knowing 
he  hud  uo  manor,  and  tho  commissioners,  upon  inquiry, 


786 


WEST  VfASD. 


found  that  the  manor  belonged  to  the  Earl  of  Thanet, 
and  that  the  tenants  were  all  freeholders.  Mr.  Brougham, 
therefore,  took  his  share  among  the  other  tenants, 
without  attempting  to  establish  any  claim  as  lord. 
The  landowners  of  the  township  are  Sir  Richard  Tufton, 
Bart. ;  Lord  Brougham :  the  Earl  of  I,onsdalc ;  the 
Mother  and  Sisters  of  St.  Ann's  Hospital;  and  John 
Jameson,  Esq. 

Brougham  Ilall,  the  seat  of  Lord  Brougham,  stands 
on  an  eminence,  near  the  river  Lowther,  a  mile  and  a 
quarter  south-east  of  Penrith.    It  has  been  termed,  from 
its  elevated  position  and   the  prospect  it  commands, 
"  The  Windsor  of  the  North."      It  is  a  structure  of  a 
mixed    character — half   castle   and   half  mansion — of 
which  there  are  many  examples  iu  this  part  of  England. 
Its  origin  dates  from  a  remote  period.     The  mansion  is 
irregularly  built,  and  with  the  court-yard  and  offices 
cover  a  vast  extent  of  ground.     The  gardeu-court  com- 
prises, on  two  of  its  sides,  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
buildings  occupied  by  the  family.     At  the  tower  end  of 
this  court  is  a  massive  arched  entrance  gateway,  which, 
together  with  the  surrounding  buildings,  is  very  old  and 
picturesque,  and  clothed  with  a  garb  of  most  luxuriant 
ivy.     The  western  side  of  the  hall  is  considered  to  be 
the  most  ancient  part  of  the  structure.     It  is  singularly 
solid  in  construction,  the  works  being  several  yards  in 
thickness.  The  large  tower  contains  the  apartment  which 
was  formerly  the  armoury.     The  terrace  commands  an 
extensive  view  of  scenes  rich  in  historic  interest,  and  of 
great  natural  beauty,  comprising  in  the  distance  the 
whole  of  the  mountains  of  the  Lake  District.    The  inte- 
rior of  the  mansion  contains  many  apartments  of  great 
interest ;  several  of  them  having  been  renovated  in  the 
best  possible  taste,  and  in  perfect  hai'mony  with  the  rest 
of  the  building.     The  great  hall  is  a  double  cube,  forty 
feet  by  twenty,  and  twenty  high ;  the  roof  is  supported 
by  arches,  with  open  spandi'ils,  made  of  walnut  wood. 
The  ceiling  has  been  lately  restored ;  and  the  windows 
(six  in  number)  are  filled  with  very  fine  stained  glass. 
There  is  a  good  deal  of  curious  armour  here,  especially 
a  very  old  and  perfect  suit  of  Edward  IV.  or  Eichard 
LEI.'s  time.     The  most  curious  relic  iu  the  hall  is  an 
ivory  horn,  of  very  early  workmanship,  and  used  (as 
is  believed)  in  the  service  of  coi-uage — an  ancient  border 
service,  by  which  certain  of  the  lands  of  Brougham  are 
held.     In  one  of  the  bedrooms  is  a  carved  bedstead  of 
the  year  1571,  brought  from  Sheffield  Castle,  where  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  was  confined  for  some  years,  and  it  is 
supposed  that  if  Mary  herself  has  not  slept  iu  it,  the 
bed  is  one  which  Las  been  occupied  by  some  of  her 
maids  of  honour.    The  Shre\Ysbury  arras  is  carved  upon 
it,  and  the  last  time  it  was  occupied  was  by  a  member 


of  that  house.     In  an  adjoining  room  is  a  bedstead  of 
the  fourteentli  or  fifteenth  century. 

The  chapel  in  connection  with  the  hall  is  a  most 
interesting  and  picturesque  building.  It  is  a  very 
ancient  structure,  and  was  repaired  and  beautified  in 
1C59.  In  this  chapel  there  was  formerly  a  well, 
dedicated  to  St.  Wilfrid,  which  rose  through  the  ancient 
font  by  a  hole  bored  through  tlie  shaft  into  the  bowl. 
The  hill  near  the  chapel  was  cut  through  about  fifty 
years  ago,  for  the  purpose  of  lowering  the  road ;  and 
from  that  time  the  spring  which  supplied  the  well  was 
cut  olT,  so  that  the  water  now  rises  only  to  the  height 
of  the  chapel  floor.  At  the  east  end  is  some  very 
remarkable  carving,  said  to  be  the  work  of  Albert  Diirer. 
Tlie  windows  at  the  east  end  are  said  to  bo  Anglo- 
Norman,  and  are  filled  with  the  earliest  stained  glass 
known  in  England.  The  ancient  ambry  still  retains 
its  place  on  tlie  north  side  of  the  altar.  The  vessels 
used  for  the  communion  are  said  to  be  of  great  antiquity. 
The  sedLllia  and  piscina  are  still  in  existence.  Service 
is  performed  liere  whenever  the  family  are  resident,  and 
generally  by  the  rector  of  the  parish. 

^Irottghnm   ^iimib. 

The  family  of  Brougham  is  of  Saxon  descent,  and 
derives  its  surname  from  Burgham,  afterwards  called 
Brougham,  which  belonged  to  the  family  before  the 
Conquest.  This  is  proved  from  the  fact  that  the 
earliest  of  the  family  had  Brougham  at  the  time  of  the 
Conquest,  and  continued  to  hold  it  afterwards  by  the 
tenure  of  drengage,  a  tenure  by  military  service,  but 
distinguished  at  that  time  from  knights'  service,  inas- 
much as  those  only  held  their  lands  by  drengage  who 
had  possessed  them  before  the  Conquest,  and  were 
continued  in  them  after  submitting  to  the  Conqueror. 
Hence,  when  we  find  the  name  of  Gilbert  de  Broham 
among  the  drengi  of  Westmoreland,  who  made  fine 
with  King  John  that  they  might  not  go  with  him  into 
Normandy,  it  proves  not  only  that  he  at  that  time  held 
his  lands  of  Brougham  hi  capite,  but  that  in  the  time 
of  King  John  he  continued  to  hold  them  by  the  same 
service  of  drengage  as  his  ancestors  had  done  from  the 
Conquest  to  the  reign  of  John,  and  that  his  ancestors 
had  been  in  possession  before  the  Conquest.  This 
Gilbert,  about  the  fourth  year  of  Eng  John,  granted  to 
Robert  de  Veteripont  one  half  of  the  town  of  Brougham, 
together  with  the  advowson  of  the  rectory.  We  now 
proceed  to  the  descent  of  the  family  from  Walter,  who 
possessed  Brougham  before  the  Conquest. 

Walter  de  BcKGHAMwas  possessorof  tlie  estate  of  Burgham 
in  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  and  he  retained  possession 
after  the  Conquest,  as  tenant  in  cfl^t^c,  by  the  tenure  of  drengage. 
From  him  descended 


BROUGHAM  PARISH. 


rsr 


WiLFitiD  DE  BuRGiiAM,  wlio  Uved  in  tlie  time  of  Henry  I. 
He  was  succeeded  by 

Sir  Udaud  vf.  Buohaji,  Knt.,  (or,  as  it  is  somelimes  written, 
OdarJ  de  Bui;,'liam)  who,  in  the  early  part  of  the  reign  of 
Henry  II.,  hud  the  custody  of  Appleby  Castle,  and  was  lined  in 
the  Exchequer  twenty  marks  for  delivering  it  to  the  King  of 
Scots.  In  the  'J'ind  Henry  II.  he  was  again  heavily  fined,  as 
appears  by  the  record  belonging  to  the  Court  of  Exchequer 
(Account  side)  in  the  Public  Rocord  Office,  in  the  custody  of  the 
Eight  Hon.  the  JIaster  of  the  Rolls,  pursuant  to  the  statute  1 
and  i  Vic,  c.  0-1.     He  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

GitBEDT  DE  Broham,  mentioned  in  the  record  of  the  Seven- 
teen Drengi.     lie  was  succeeded  by 

Henry  de  Buroham,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  In  1!)03  his 
daughter,  Dorothy,  married  John  da  Carlton,  ancestor  of  the 
barons  of  Dorchester. 

In  the  time  of  Edward  III.  Jonx  df.  Burciiah  possessed 
Brougham,  and  was  sherili'  of  Westmoreland  in  1351,  under 
Lord  Clifford.     He  was  succeeded  by  his  son. 

Sir  John  de  Burgbam,  Knt.,  who,  baring  some  dispute  with 
Lord  Clifford  respecting  the  extent  of  the  manor,  a  solemn  deed 
was  entered  into  between  them,  for  the  purpose  of  detiuiug  and 
fixing  for  ever  the  boundaries  of  the  manor  of  Brouglmui.  This 
instrument  hears  date  the  2nd  Richard  II.,  nnd  is  enrolled 
among  the  records  preserved  in  the  Rolls'  Chapel.  In  1383  Sir 
John  de  Burgliam  was  knight  of  the  shire  for  Cumber- 
land, with  John  de  Kirkby.  He  married  the  daughter  nnd  heiress 
of  John  do  Tynedale,  and  his  daughter,  Alice,  married  John 
Vaui,  of  Catterlen.  He  was  succeeded  at  his  decease,  as  found 
by  the  tnijuisi/io  post  mortem,  by  his  son, 

John  di;  Burouam,  lord  of  Buigham,  M.P.  for  Cailislo  in 
1394  and  1390,  who  was  succeeded  by 

Thomas  de  Bubohaji,  lord  of  Burghara,  and  in  113(1 
knight  of  the  shire,  with  Wilham  Stapilton,  for  Cumberland. 
This  Thomas  appears  subsequently  to  have  dropped  the  de 
before  hi.s  name.  He  was  one  of  the  king's  justices  for  tho 
northern  counties,  as  appeal's  by  the  Record  of  .Assizes  and  Gaol 
Delivery,  preserved  in  the  Treasury  of  tlie  Exchequer,  in  the 
Chapter  House,  Westminster.  Thomas  Burgham  married  a 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Kirkbride,  of  Braitbwaito  Howes,  in 
Cumbeiloud,  and  llius  acquired  that  estate.  Ue  was  succeeded 
by 

Join  BcROHAM,  who  was  lord  of  Burgham  in  the  reign  of 
Edwanl  IV.;  and  by  an  inquisition  post  vtortem,  taken  at 
Burgham  in  140-1,  it  was  found  that  the  said  John  died  seised 
of  the  manor,  and  that  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son  and  heir, 

John  litnoHAM,  who,  in  1501,  possessed  Burgham.  He 
married  a  daughter  of  Dudley  of  Yanwath  ;  and  his  daughter, 
Isabelbi,  married  Thomas  de  Carluton.     He  was  succeeded  by 

Gii.UERT  BfRoiiAM,  lord  of  Burgham  temp.  Henry  VIII., 
who  was  succeeded  by 

TnoiiAS  BuRo.iiAM,  lord  of  Burghara  in  lo53.  This  gentle- 
man married  Jane,  daughter  and  heiress  of  John  Vaux  of 
Catterlen  and  Triermain,  and  had  two  sons,  viz.: — 

1.    HeNBY  BlItGUAU. 

u.  Peter  Burgham,  of  whom  presently. 
The  elder  son, 

Henrt  Buroham,  was  lord  of  Burgham  in  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth,  a$  appears  by  grant  signed  "  Hcnricus  Burgham," 
and  scaled  with  the  seal  of  his  arras.  This  Henry  married 
Catherine  Neville,  dangbter  and  heir  of  Sir  Ralph  Neville,  of 
Thornton  Briggs,  co.  York,  and  widow  of  Sir  Walter  Strickland, 


Knt.,  as  appears  by  a  fine  levied  by  her  in  the  18th  Henry  VIII. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  sou  and  heir, 

Thomas,  who  was  iu  the  commission  of  the  peace  for 
Cumberland ;  he  died  without  children  iu  1C07,  as  appears  by 
deed,  dated  '.>Oth  March,  1008,  reciting  that  Elizabeth,  Margaret, 
and  Katherine,  being  the  sisters  and  co-heirs  of  the  said  Thomas 
Brougham,  did,  for  the  consideration  therein  mentioned,  demise 
unto  the  said  Agnes,  his  widow,  all  that  manor,  capital  messuage, 
and  demesne  lands  called  Brougham  Hall,  with  the  appurte- 
nances, to  hold  to  Agnes  and  her  assigns  during  her  Ufe,  &c. 

Reter  Brougham,  of  Blackball,  in  the  co.  Cumberland,  uncle 
and  heir  of  the  last  mentioned  Thomas,  married  Anne,  daughter 
and  heiress  of  John  Southoick,  of  Scales  Hall,  in  Cumberland, 
and  thus  acquired  that  estate.  He  died  in  1570,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son, 

Henry  BnouoHAM,  of  Scales  and  Blackball.  This  gentleman 
served  the  office  of  sheriff  for  Cumberland.  He  married,  Istly, 
Jane,  daughter  of  John  ^\■bartOD,  of  Kirkby  Thore,  by  whom  he 
had  an  only  daughter,  Jane,  married  to  Edward  Aglionby.  Mr. 
Brougham  married,  2ndly,  Catherine,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Fallowtield,  of  Melkinlhorpe  Hall,  co.  Westmoreland;  and  djing 
in  I(i2'-J,  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Thomas  BaononAM,  Esq.,  of  Scales,  who  served  the  office  of 
sheriff  for  Cumberland.  He  married  Jlary,  daughter  of  Daniel 
Fleming,  Esq.,  of  Skirwith  (ancestor  of  the  Flemings  of  Eydal, 
created  a  baron  in  1700),  and  had  issue, 

I.  Hexrv,  his  successor. 
II.  Thomas. 

III.  Christopher. 

IV.  William. 
v.  John. 

VI.  Toby. 
I.  Agnes,  married  to  Anthony  Wyhorgh,  Esq.,  Tonngeat  son  of 

i'homus  Wybergh,  Esq.,  of  CUl'lou  Hull,  Westmoreland, 
u.  Mary, 

Mr.  Brougham  died  in  1G4S,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Henry  Brougham,  of  Scales,  who  enlarged  his  possesions 
there,  and  greatly  added  to  Scales  llall.  A  MS.  preserved  iu 
the  dean  and  chapter  library,  at  Carlisle,  called  "  Bishop  Nichol- 
son's MS.,"  and  described  as  a  cursory  relation  of  all  the  anti- 
quities of  families  of  Cumberland,  written  about  1075,  speaks 
thus  of  this  Henry  and  his  predecessors : — "  Next  adjoining 
Squire  Browhani,  ancient  heir  male  of  all  the  Squire  Browhams 
of  Browhara  Hall,  in  Westmoreland,  built  hiin  a  very  fine  house 
at  Scales,  and  lives  there.  His  grandfather,  Henry  Browham, 
married  June  Wharton,  daughter  of  Squire  Wharton,  of  Kirby 
Thore.  His  father,  Thomas,  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Squire 
Daniel  Fleming,  of  Skirwith,  and  cousin  of  Squire  Fleming, 
lord  of  Ridnll ;  and  this  Squire  Browham  married  fair  Miss 
Slee,  daughter  of  Mr.  Slee,  of  Carlisle,  a  jovial  gentleman  of 
X300  a  year."  By  lus  first  wife,  Mr.  BrongLam  had  four 
children, 

1.  Thonms. 
II.  Henry. 

I.  Anno,  bom  in  li'«.1;  ilied  in  Ffbruary,  1780,»t  the  ngc  of  Il1(l, 
biivio)^  livftl  tn  the  reigns  of  si*vt-u  mnereiicns,  \i/.,  Cborles 
II.,  .luines  11.,  WJliuu  uid  Mary,  Anne,  and  tlic  first  three 
Cit'urgi'S. 
u.  Juoue. 

Neither  of  his  sons  snrrived  him.  He  married,  Sndly,  Elizabeth, 
dnnglitcr  nnd  ultimately  sole  heir  of  John  Lamplagh,  Esq.,  of 
L&mplugh,  in  Cumberland,  and  had, 


788 


WEST  WARD. 


I.  Thoinns,  recciver-Rcneral  of  Cumberlaod  and  Westmoreland, 

who  died  iu  1710,  before  his  ffttlier. 
n.  Bernard,  died  williout  children  in  1750. 

III.  John,  who  suececded  to  the  estate  of  Srnles  Hnll,  nnd  pos- 
sessed, besides  large  estates  iu  Cun.berhiiul,  auioiit;  others, 
the  manor  of  Distington,  whicli  lie  sold  in  17:i7  to  Sir 
Jutnes  Lowlhcr,  liiirt.  It  is  now  the  property  of  the  Earl 
of  Lonsdale,  and  from  it  he  derives  his  chief  coal  revenue. 

IT.  Peter,  married  Elizabeth,  dan^'hter  and  heiress  of  Christopher 
Kiehinond,  Esq.,  of  Higlihead  Castle,  co.  Cumberland  (who 
was  grandson  and  heir  of  John  \'aux  of  Catterlen,  through 
his  mother,  Mubel  Viiux,  that  gentleman's  daughter  and 
sole  heir),  and  left  issue, 

1.  Henry  Richmond,  sheriff  of  Cumberland  in  17-lS,  who 

possessed  the  estates  of  Brougham  iu  Westmoreland, 
and  Ilighbend  Caslle  and  Catterlen  iu  Cumberland. 
He  died  without  ehildreu  in  17411. 

2.  John,  who  died  before  his  brother,  also  issueless. 

T.  Samuel,  married  Dorothy,  only  daughter  of  John  Child,  and 
had  two  sons, 

1.  John,  one  of  the  benchers  of  the  hon.  society  of  Gray's 

Inn. 

2.  Henry,  bom  in  1717. 

1.  Elizabeth,  married  to  —  Forster. 

II.  Mary,  niiuried  to  her  cousin,  John  Brougham,  of  Cocker- 
mouth,  son  of  John,  sixth  child  of  Thomas,  who  married 
Marv  Fleming.  Her  grandson,  Peter,  took  by  sign-manual, 
in  ITS^i,  the  name  of  LampUigh,  under  a  limitation  in  the 
will  ol  Elizabeib,  daughter  ami  heir  of  Thomas  Lamphigh, 
of  Lamplugli,  who  de\ised  her  estates  to  him,  althongh 
Mr.  Brongbimi,  of  Broughuni,  become  by  her  death,  without 
issue,  heir-general  of  the  Lamplughs. 

The  four  eldest  sons  of  Mr.  Brougham  having  died  without 

children,  he  was  succeeded  eventually  in   his  estates  by   his 

grandson, 

John  Brougham,  of  Brougham,  in  Westmoreland,  and  of 
Scales  Hall  and  Highliead  Castle,  in  Cumberland.  He  had 
issue  two  daughters  only,  both  of  whom  died  without  issue. 
On  his  own  death,  in  1756,  he  was  succeeded  by  his  brother, 

Henry  Brougham,  of  Brougham,  who  married  Mary,  daughter 
of  William  Freeman,  and  had  issue, 

1.  Hesrt,  his  heir. 

n.  John,  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  and  rector  of  Bally- 
hnise,  and  Bailieboroiigh.  diocese  of  Kilmore,  Ireland ; 
married,  17th  October,  1785,  Sarah,  daughter  of  James 
Scnulin,  by  Anne  Babingtou,  his  wife,  and  died  2'-iud  May, 
1811;  his  widow  surviving  uutU  21di  March,  1843.  He 
had  issue, 

1.  John  Henry,  died  28th  May,  1798. 

2.  Henry,   bom    18tli   March,   1799,  rector  of   Yallow, 

diocese  of  Waterford ;  married,  Ulth  May,  18Jt), 
Catherine  Anne  Marin,  daugliter  of  Sir  John  .Macart- 
ney, Bart.,  by  Catherine  Hussey  Burgh,  daugliter  of 
Walter  Hussey  Burgh,  chief  baron  of  the  Exchequer, 
distinguished  when  Ireland  had  ft  rarliament.  Henry 
Brougham  died  3iJth  January,  18^1,  leaving  issue, 
two  sons, 

Henry  William,  born  27lli  February,  1S37. 

John 'Richard,  horu  4th  August,  1829. 

1.  Anna  Rebe. 

2.  SariJi,  died  3rd  February,  1808. 

I.  MaiT,  married  to  Richard  Meux  (faUier  of  Sir  Henry  Meux, 
Bart.,  of  Theobald's  Park,  Herts),  and  had  issue, 

1.  Richard,  manied  Catherine  Roxby. 

2.  Henry,  created  a  harouet  in  1832. 

3.  Thomas,  died  widiout  issue. 

1.  Mary,  married  to  Richard  Arabin. 

2.  Fanny,  married  to  Vicesimus  Knox. 

II.  Anne,  married  to  George  Aylmer,  Esq.,  and  had  issue, 

1.  George,  married  to  Henrietta,  daughter  of  Cuthbert 

Ellison,  of  Hepburn,  co.  Northumberland. 

2.  Thomas,  a  general  in  the  army. 

3.  Charles. 
1.  Auue. 


III.  Rebecca,  bom  in  HiiS;  married,  12th  April,  1787,  to  Richard 

Lowndes,  Esq.,  of  Rose  Hill.  Dorking,  co.  Surrey;    and 
died  lOtli  January,  1828,  leaving  issue, 

1.  Ilenrv    Dalston,  bora   20di   July,    17S9  ;    died   17th 

October,  I>31. 

2.  William  Lofius,  born  IGdi  March,  1793;  one  of  her 

Maicsty's  counsel. 

3.  EichordJohn,  bom   11th   January,   1798;    died  in 

July,  1798. 
I.  Bcbe,  married  to  the  Rev.  James  Randall,  rector  of 
Bingfield,  co.  Berks. 

Mr.  Brougham  died  21st  December,  1782,  and  his  widow  in 
1807,  aged  93  years,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Henry  Brougham,  Esq.,  of  Brougham,  born  18th  June,  1742, 
who  married,  22nd  May,  1777,  Eleanora,  only  child  of  the  Kcv. 
James  Syme,  by  Slary,  sister  of  Robertson  the  historian,  and 
had  issue, 

1.  Henry  Lord  Brougham  and  Vaux. 

U.  James,  born  16th  January,  1780;  member  in  the  successive 
pailiamenis  of  IWJil,  18^9,  and  1831,  f  pr  Tregonyand  Win- 
chelsea,  and  in  the  lirst  reformed  parliament  for  Kendal,  co. 
Wesimorehuid  ;  died  without  issue  24tli  December,  1833. 
HI.  Peter,  in  the  army,  killed  iu  a  duel  by  Mr.  Campbell  of  Shaw- 
lield,  in  18U1. 

IV.  John,  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  James  Eigg,  Esq.,  of 

Morton,  iu  Scotland,  and  had  issue, 

1.  Henry,  born  7th  Febmary,  1813 ;  died  10th  October, 

1839. 

2.  Peter,  bom  12th  June,  1819. 

3.  John,  horn  27tli  May,  1821. 

4.  James  liigg,  born  5lh  Mav,  1826. 

6.  William,  horu  27th  Nov.,l82«;  died  2nd  April,  1829. 
1.  Margaret.  2.  Eleanor. 

3.  Katherine.  4.  Mary. 

5.  Lindsay. 

He  died  nt  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  in  October,  1829;  his  widow 
iu  December,  1839. 

V.  William,  M.P.  for  Sontliwark  in  1831  and  1832,  and  a  master 
in  Chancery;  married,  12th  August,  1834,  Emily  Frances, 
only  daughter  of  Sir  Charles  William  Taylor,  BarL,  of 
Hollycombe,  co.  Sussex,  ond  has  issue, 

1.  Henrv  Charles,  born  2nd  September,  1830. 

2.  Wilfrid,  born  •22nd  January,  1842. 

3.  Another  son,  born  2ud  December,  1803. 

1.  Alice  Eleanora. 

2.  Emily  Evelyn. 

3.  Sybil  Miu-y  Granville. 

Mr.  Brougham  died  13th  February,  ISIO,  aged  08  years,  and  his 
widow  31st  December,  1830,  aged  89.  He  was  succeeded  in  his 
estates  in  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland  by  his  son  and  heir, 

Henrv  Brougham,  baron  Brougham  and  A'aux,  F.R.S.,  of 
Brougham,  co.  Westmoreland  ;  president  of  University  College, 
London;  bom  19th  September,  1778;  married,  in  1819,  Mary 
Anne,  eldest  daughter  of  Thomas,  fourth  son  of  Sir  John  Eden, 
Bart.,  of  Windleston,  co.  Durham,  neice  of  the  Lords  Auckland 
and  Henley,  and  widow  of  John  Spalding,  Esq.,  by  whom  he 
had  two  daughters, 

I.  Eleanor  Sarah,  died  in  1820. 
11.  Eleanor  Louisa,  died  30th  November,  1839. 
This  eminent  person,  admitted  an  advocate  in  Scotland  in  1800, 
and  called  to  the  English  bar  in  1808,  was  constituted,  after  a 
long  series  of  great  and  gratuitous  public  services,  lord  chan- 
cellor, and  created  a  peer  of  the  realm  on  the  accession  of  the 
Grey  administration,  in  1830.  He  retired  with  his  party  in 
1834.  Lord  Brougham  is  heir-general,  and  representative  of 
a  branch  of  the  ancient  and  noble  house  of  Vaui. 

Creation.— 23rd  November,  1830. 

Amis. — Quarterly:  1st,  gu.,  a  chevron  between  three  luces,  arg., 
for  Brougham ;   2ud,  or,  a  fesse,  chequy,  gold  and  gu.,    between 


CLIBURN    PARISH. 


(89 


three  barbs  of  tlie  thinl,  banilcd,  of  tho  fir^t— in  chief,  a  label  of  iliroe 
points,  n/..,  for  Voux.  of  Culterleii ;  Urcl,  nrg.,  a  benil,  ebei|uy,  or  anil 
gu.,  for  VttHX,  of  Trjermajne  ;  Hli,  gu.,  a  cioss  fleury,  or,  lor  Dela- 
more. 

Crest. — A  hand  and  arm  in  armour,  holding  a  lucy,  arg. ;  on  the 
elbow,  a  rose,  gules. 

Siippnrlers. —  Dexter,  a  lion,  vert;  armed  and  Inngued,  gules; 
collared  with  a  Vans  collar,  chetiuy,  or.  and  of  the  second;  sinister, 
a  white  hart,  antlers  and  hoofs,  or,  in  his  mouth  a  rose,  gn.  ;  barbed 
and  seeded,  vert,  in  allusion  to  the  castle  of  Iliglihead,  which  Lord 
Brougham  holds  of  the  king  in  capitc,  by  the  service  of  the  red  rose, 
rendered  annually,  at  Carlisle.  It  came  from  the  family  of  the 
L'Kngleys,  or  Knglisb,  to  the  KichmonUs,  and  thence  by  marriage 
to  the  Broughams. 

Mullo. — Pro  rege,  lege,  grcge.  {This  is  not  a  newly  assnmed 
motto;  it  has  been  long  borne  by  the  family, and  is  to  be  seen  iu  an 
old  apartment  at  Brougham,  of  the  age  of  Ehzabeth.) 

THE    CHURCH. 

Brougham  churcli,  dedicated  to  St.  Ninian,  stands  on 
tho  borders  of  a  meadow,  close  to  tho  river  Eamont,  at 
a  point  where  there  is  a  ford.  It  is  about  two  miles 
from  the  nearest  village,  called  Woodside,  and  still 
further  from  the  place  where  the  town  of  Brougham 
formerly  stood ;  there  is  no  trace  of  any  habita- 
tions having  ever  existed  near  it.  It  is  generally 
called  Nineliirks,  and  is  best  known  in  the  neighbour- 
hood by  that  name.  The  church  contains  numerous 
monuments  commemorating  various  members  of  the 
Brougham  family.  The  benefice  is  a  rectory,  valued 
in  the  King's  Book  at  .£10  10s.  7Jd.;  and  is  in  the 
patronage  of  Sir  Ilichard  Tufton,  Bart. 

Bectobs. — Robert  de  Appleby,  1310;  Thomas  del  Close 
occurs  1355  ;  Thomas  de  Derby,  1.302  ;  John  de  Merton,  1305  . 
Thomas  de  Derby,  1307;  John  Wanclsford,  deprived,  1575; 
Thomas  Burton,  1675 ;  Cuthbert  Bradley,  15s3  ;  Christopher 
Beecroft,  1024;  William  Crackenthorp,  10'.i'J  ;  Arthur  Savage, 
1041;  Anthony  Savage,  1661;  Samuel  Grasty,  ICCl;  Roland 


Borrow,  1080;  John  Atkinson,  1703;  Carleton  Atkinson,  1713  ; 
William  I'restoD,  1722;  Richard  Machell,  17/0;  John  lleelis, 

;  Edward  Heelis, ;  Geo.  ElUott,  1833 ;  J.  Mc.  Killock, 

1814 ;  Hon.  Thomas  Edwards,  1816. 

CUAEITY. 

Countess  of  Pembroke's  Chariti/. — The  onlv  charity 
iu  this  parish  is  a  payment  of  £'4  a  year,  out  of  an 
estate  at  Yanwath,  in  the  parish  of  Barton,  given  by 
Anne  Countess  Dowager  of  Pembroke,  for  the  poor 
of  the  parish  of  Brougham,  in  1050,  and  which  she 
directed  tn  be  distributed  to  the  poor  of  Brougham  upon 
the  2nd  April,  at  a  certain  pillar  at  the  foot  of  Winter 
Close,  by  the  road  side,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from 
Brougham  Castle.  This  pillar,  called  the  "  Countess' 
PUlar,"  was  erected  by  the  Countess  of  Pembroke,  as 
"  a  memorial  of  her  last  parting  at  that  place  with  her 
good  and  pious  mother,  Margaret  Countess  Dowager  of 
Cumberland,  the  2ud  day  of  April,  1010." 

Hornby  Hall,  now  occupied  as  a  farmhouse,  was  long 
the  seat  of  the  Birkbeck  family,  having  been  granted  in 
the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  to  Edward  Birkbeck,  Esq.,  by 
Henry  Clifford,  earl  of  Cumberland.  It  is  situated 
near  the  church.  One  of  the  members  of  this  family, 
Simon  Birkbeck,  was  au  eminent  preacher  of  the  seven- 
teenth century. 

AViuderwath  Hall  is  in  this  parish,  though  both  it 
and  the  demesne  belong  to  Clibiirn  parish. 

Woodside,  a  small  hamlet  belonging  to  Brougham 
Castle,  is  near  the  confluence  of  the  Eden  and  Eamont, 
two  miles  north-by-west  of  Temple  Sowerby. 


CLIBURX    TARISH. 

Clibdrk  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  parishes  of  Lowtlier,  Clifton,  and  Brougham;  and  on  tho  west,  south,  and 
east  by  that  of  ilorland.  The  soil  here  is  a  good  loam,  with  a  sub-soil  of  strong  clay.  The  Eden  Valley  railway 
runs  tlirougii  a  part  of  this  parish.  Penrith  is  the  market  usually  attended  by  the  inhabitants.  This  parish  com- 
prises the  township  of  Cliburn  only. 


Tho  township  of  Oliburn  contains  1,300  acres;  its 
rateable  value  is  £1,709  lOs.  The  number  of  inhabi- 
tants in  1801  was  157;  in  1811,101;  in  1821,205; 
in  18.31,  229;  in  1811,  251  ;  and  in  1851,  259. 

The  manor  of  Cliburn  was  divided  into  moieties  at  a 
very  early  period.  These  moieties  were  known  as 
Cliburn"  Tailbois  and  Cliburn  Hcrvey.  Tho  former 
derived  its  name  from  its  owners,  a  branch  probably  of 
the  Tuilbois  of  Kendal.    We  may  say  the  same  of  tho 


latter,  though  it  had  passed  from  the  Hcrveys  before  the 
commencement  of  any  of  our  accounts.  The  Tailbois 
family  continued  to  hold  a  moiety  of  the  manor  until 
tho  lOth  Henry  V.  (1122);  shortly  after  which  the 
family  appears  to  have  ended  in  a  daughter,  b^-  whom 
it  was  brought  to  the  Franceys  family,  but  Low 
long  it  was  held  by  them  wo  have  now  no  means  of 
ascertaining ;  but  it  became  at  length  united  with 
the  Uervey  moiety,  most  of  the  tenants  having  been 


roo 


WEST  WAKD. 


previously  enfranchised.  The  Cliburns  are  the  earliest 
possessors  on  record  of  Cliburn  Hervey ;  they  also  held 
the  manor  of  Bampton  Cuudale  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
lU.  In  the  reign  of  Richard  II.  Ilobert  de  Cliburn 
•was  knight  of  the  shire  for  Westmoreland.  This  family 
continued  to  hold  the  manor  for  several  genemtions, 
and  how  it  passed  from  them  we  are  not  informed — 
probably  by  the  failure  of  the  family  in  issue  male. 
After  passing  through  several  hands  it  became  at  length 
mortgaged  to  Sir  John  Lowthei',  from  whom  it  has 
descended  to  its  present  possessor,  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 
Cliburn  II  all,  which  stands  on  a  gentle  eminence  near 
the  Leeth  rivulot,  on  the  south  side  of  the  parish,  was 
repaired,  or  rebuilt,  by  Bichard  Cliburn,  as  the  following 
inscription  testifies : — 

Richard  .  Clebnr .  thus  .  they .  did  .  me .  cawle . 
AVho .  in .  my  .  time  .  builued  .  this  .  hull. 
1577. 

The  landowners  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  Miss  Sal- 
monds,  Rev.  C.  W.  Burton,  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Mrs. 
Robinson,  Nicholas  Temple,  and  George  Workman, 
with  many  small  proprietors. 

The  village  of  Cliburn  is  situated  on  the  Leeth 
ri\-ulet,  six  miles  south-east  of  Peniith. 

THE   CHCBCH. 

Cliburn  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Cuthbert,  is  a  small 
ancient  edifice,  comprising  nave  and  chancel,  with  a 
small  gable  belfry  containing  one  bell.  1 1  was  thoroughly 
repaired  and  reseated  iu  18-19.  The  living,  a  rectory, 
■was  appropriated  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary  at  York  at 
a  very  early  date,  and  the  appropriation  was  confirmed 
by  Athelwold,  the  first  bishop  of  Carlisle.  In  the  time 
of  Walter  Malclerk,  fourth  bishop  of  Carlisle,  the  abbot 
and  convent  of  St.  Mary,  on  an  arbitration,  were  ordered 
to  give  up  the  perpetual  advowson  of  the  church  of 
CUburn  to  the  bishop  and  his  successors,  which  orders 
were  carried  out  in  the  year  l'3is4 ;  the  usual  pension 
of  10s.  a  year  being  reserved  to  the  abbey.  The  bene- 
fice is  valued  iu  the  King's  Book  at  i'9  Is.  5Jd.  It 
was  subsequently  certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty  at  £iO  lOs.  The  rector  has  thirty 
acres  of  ancient  glebe ;  and,  on  the  enclosure  of  the 
common,  in  1807,  there  were  ISO  acres  allotted,  as  a 
commutation  for  the  tithes  of  the  parish,  and  ten  and  a 
half  acres  for  the  endowment  of  a  school.  The  living 
is  now  worth  £180  a  year.  The  parish  registers  com- 
mence in  1505. 


KECTons. — Nicholas  Makesyn,  abont  1284;  Peter  Tilliol, 
1302;  Simon  de  Lalon,  1309  ;  John  de  Burdonne,  1317  ;  Henry 
de  Eosse,  1312  ;  Edward  Knype,  lO.'iO  ;  Kichard  I'haer,  15i7: 
Christopher  Witton,  1577  ;  William  Meye,  1587;  Richard  Flem- 
ing, 1C25  ;  Timothy  TuUie,  li;3U  ;  John  Ardrey,  resigned  1073 ; 
WilUam  Fenwick,  1073;  Nathaniel  Spooner,  1G87  ;  Bichaid 
Shepherd,  ItiSS  ;  Marmadoke  Hohne,  1739 ;  liobert  Stephenson, 
1670;  John  Poole,  1803;  John  Kotinson,  Pi33  ;  William  Jack- 
son, 1811 ;  C.  W.  Burton,  1858. 

A  new  rectory  is  now  in  course  of  erection  by  the 
present  rector. 

The  Wesleyans  have  a  small  chapel  here,  erected  in 

1852. 


The  School.  —  Until  1857  the  only  endowment 
possessed  by  Cliburn  school  arose  from  an  allotment  of 
land  made  on  the  enclosure  of  Clibura  common.  Tliis 
land  now  produces  £19  10s.  a  year,  which,  with  £5  per 
annum,  left  in  the  year  just  named  by  the  late  Jonathan 
Robinson,  of  Cliburn,  is  the  total  income  of  the  school. 
The  school  was  erected  in  1809.  It  is  under  the 
management  of  five  trustees,  and  is  attended  by  about 
thirty  children. 

Knipc's  Charity. — The  Kev.  Edward  Knipe.  rector  of 
this  parish  and  vicar  of  Warcop,  by  will,  dated  1574, 
left  on  trust  a  sum  of  money,  which  he  directed  should  be 
expended  in  the  purchase  of  twenty  nobles  of  white  rent, 
to  be  bestowed  yearly  to  ten  poor  families  of  his  own  kin, 
mentioned  in  his  will,  and  to  the  poor  of  the  parishes 
of  Warcop  and  Cliburn  for  ever. 

Poor  Stock. — It  appears  that  this  parish  possesses  an 
ancient  poor  stock  of  £58,  the  interest  of  which,  together 
with  the  proceeds  of  Knipe's  Charity,  amounting 
together  to  £3  Gs.,  is. distributed  among  the  poor  on 
St.  Thomas's  Day. 

Townhead  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  a  little  north 
of  Cliburn  village.  Winderwath  is  a  detaciied  farm  of 
305  acres,  which  is  separated  from  this  parish  by  that 
of  Brougham.  It  is  the  property  of  Miss  Salmond,  of 
York,  and  the  residence  of  James  Atkinson,  Esq.  It 
is  said  that  a  chapel  once  stood  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  this  house ;  where  Chapelgarth  still  recalls  its  site. 
Mr.  Atkinson  pays  seven  shilhngs  a  year  to  the  rector 
of  Cliburn,  iu  lieu  of  chapel  salary. 

A  mai-ket  was  held  at  Gilahaughlin  in  this  township, 
in  1598,  in  consequence  of  the  ravages  of  the  plague  at 
Appleby,  from  which  town  it  is  distant  seven  miles. 


CLIFTON  PAEISH. 


791 


CLIFTON    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  tlie  west  by  the  river  Lowther,  and  on  every  other  side  by  the  parishes  of  Brougham  and 
Lowther.  It  comprises  no  dependent  townships.  The  soil,  which  varies  much,  is  in  some  places  loamy,  and  in 
others  clayey.  The  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway  runs  through  the  parish,  and  has  a  station  about  a  mile  south 
of  the  village  of  Clifton.     Penrith  market  is  usually  atteiulcd ;   agriculture  is  the  or.ly  employment. 


The  area  of  Clifton  is  1,520  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  £3,321  12s.  7id.  The  population  in  1801  was 
219;  in  1811,219;  in  1821,  283;  in  1831,  288;  in 
1841,  288;  and  in  18.51,  289;  principally  resident  in 
the  village  of  Clifton.  The  commons  of  the  township 
were  enclosed  in  1813. 

Of  the  Roman  occupation  of  this  part  of  the  country 
evidence  -was  funiished  in  1815,  when  the  workmen 
employed  in  making  the  excavation  for  the  Lancaster 
and  Carlisle  railway  discovered  a  Roman  altar,  on  the 
sides  of  which  are  the  figures  of  a  vase  and  prreferi- 
culum ;  the  back  is  plain  and  in  a  rough  state.  The 
inscription  may  be  read  thus  : — 

i[ovi]  o[pnMo]  ji[axhio] 

GESIO  LOCI 

I!B[iTANNICO 

S[OI.VENS]    v[0TUil]    AP. 

ODIXA 

ras  pisi 
cir[i]  c[imAvrr]  r[Acn:si>tr3i.] 

This  altar  is  now  the  property  of  C.  Mould,  Esq.,  of 
Coldale  Ilall,  near  Carlisle. 

In  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  the  manor  of  Clifton  was 
given  by  Sir  Hugh  de  iMorville  to  Gilbert  Engaync, 
whoso  descendants  continued  to  possess  it  till  the  year 
130-1,  when  Eleanor,  the  heiress  of  the  family,  brought 
it  in  marriage  to  the  Wyberghs,  to  whom  the  hall  and 
demesne  still  belong,  though  the  manorial  rights  have 
passed  under  a  mortgage  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale, 
besides  whom  Lord  Brougham,  AYUliam  Brougham, 
Esq.,  and  John  Wyborgh,  Esq.,  arc  the  principal  land- 
owners. Clifton  Ilall,  now  used  as  a  sort  of  outoffico 
to  a  farm  house,  was  formerly  a  fine  turretted  mansion, 
supposed  to  have  been  built  by  the  Eugaynes,  who,  as 
well  as  their  successors,  the  Wyberghs,  were  long  resi- 
dent here.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  old  hall  has 
been  demolished,  a  tower,  with  a  turret  at  one  of  the 
corners,  being  all  that  noiv  remains.  For  an  account 
of  the  skirmish  at  Clifton  Moor  in  1743,  see  page  599. 


The  village  of  Clifton  is  pleasantly  situated  in  the 
vale  of  Lowther,  two  and  a  quarter  miles  south-south- 
east of  Penrith. 

THE   CHUBCH. 

Clifton  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Cuthbert,  is  a  neat 
edifice  in  the  Early  English  style,  consisting  of  ni^ve, 
north  aisle,  and  chancel,  the  latter  of  which  was  rebuilt 
in  1849,  when  the  church  was  thoroughly  repaired  and 
reseated.  There  is  stUl  a  turret  with  one  bell.  Some 
of  the  chancel  windows  are  filled  with  stained  glass. 
The  benefice  is  a  rectory,  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at 
JE8  8s.  4d.  When  Clifton  Moor  was  enclosed  in  1812, 
the  tithes  of  the  parish  were  commuted  for  nine  acres  of 
land,  and  the  sum  of  £3,000  raised  by  subscription, 
with  which  an  estate  of  173  acres  was  purchased  at 
Bowness,  in  Cumberland.  The  living  is  now  worth 
£130  a  year.  The  Bishop  of  Carlisle  is  patron.  The 
parish  registers  commence  in  1675. 

Rectors.  —  Peter  TUliol,  1.3(1.'!;  Henry  de  Carliol,  resigned 
laU;  William  de  Hiboton,  1:U7  ;  Thomas  de  Salkeld,  1351; 
IV'ter  de  Morland,  135!) ;  Eobert  de  Jlerton,  13TC ;  John  de 
Merton,  I37C  ;  Thomas  Byre,  resigned  1405;  Richard  Shaw, 
UG5;  Thomas  EUerton,  died  ISnO;  John  Wjbergb,  1506; 
Edward  Maplett,  1583;  John  Fletcher,  died  1032;  Robert 
Svrason,  1032  ;  John  Winter,  1034  ;  Rowland  Burrowe.'s,  1088 ; 
Jeremiah  Seed,  1707;  Jeffrey  Bowness,  1722;  Curwen  Huddle- 

stoii,  1735;    Wilfrid  Iluddleston,  1709;    Curwen  Burrow, ; 

William  Hogarth,  ;   Jonathan   Moorhouso,  ;    John 

Robinson,  181U  ;  Michael  Dand,  1841 ;  Joseph  Wood,  1?47. 

The  rectory  is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  the 
church. 

Clifton  school,  which  is  attended  by  about  thirty 
scholars,  has  a  small  endowment  of  £2  a  year,  left  by 
Mary  Scott,  in  1704,  for  the  education  of  three  poor 
children.  Subscriptions,  amounting  to  about  £20  a  year, 
are  the  principal  support  of  the  school. 

Clifton  Moor  and  Clifton  Dykes  arc  hamlets  in  this 
township. 


792 


WEST   WARD. 


CROSBY    RAYENSWORTH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  those  of  Morland  and  Shap,  on  the  west  by  Shap  and  Orton,  on  the  south 
by  Orton  and  Asby,  and  on  the  cast  by  Asby  and  St.  Lawrence  Appleby.  It  is  nearly  six  miles  in  length  by  three 
in  breadth,  and  is  generally  a  fine  open  district,  except  at  its  southern  extremity,  which  forms  part  of  the  wild  and 
mountainous  township  of  Birkbeck  Fells.  The  parish  abounds  in  limestone.  It  comprises  the  townships  of  Crosby 
Eavensworth,  Mauld's  Meaburn,  lleagill,  and  Birkbeck  Foils,  whose  united  area  is  1,5,024  acres.  The  population, 
which  has  not  yet  been  returned  in  separate  townships,  was,  in  1801,  789 ;  in  181 1 ,  704  ;  in  1821,  863  ;  iu  1831, 
928;  iu  1841,  909;  and  iu  1851,  971. 


CROSBY   HAVENSWORTH. 

The  first  lord  of  the  manor  of  Crosby  Kavensworth 
upon  record  is  Torphiu  de  Alverstain,  who,  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  I.,  gave  the  church  to  the  abbey  of  Whitby. 
This  Torphiu  had  a  son,  Alan,  who  confirmed  the  grant 
made  by  bis  father.  His  sou,  Thomas  de  Hastings, 
al?o  confirmed  the  grant  just  mentioned.  Hugh  de 
Hastings  received  from  Henry  II.  a  grant  of  free 
warren  in  Crosby  Piavensworth  and  Tebay.  In  the 
same  king's  reign  Hugh  de  Hastings  appears  to  have 
held  the  manor  of  Crosby  Eavensworth  of  John  de 
Vetcripont.  The  manor  continued  in  the  posssession 
of  the  Hastings  family  till  the  31st  Henry  VI.  (1452-3), 
when  it  appears  that  Edward  Hastings  held  the  manor 
by  the  payment  of  13s.  7d.  cornage,  subject  also  to 
wardship,  marriage,  relief,  and  suit  of  court.  At  this 
date  Lancelot  Threlkeld,  Knt.,  held  Crosby  Eavens- 
worth of  Edward  Hastings,  and  from  that  period  all 
mention  ceases  of  the  Hastings  family.  Crosby  Eavens- 
worth was  the  property  of  the  Threlkelds  till  that  family 
ended  in  daughters,  one  of  whom  was  married  to  a 
younger  son  of  Sir  James  Pickering,  who  thus  became 
possessed  of  this  manor.  It  was  purchased  from  the 
Pickerings  by  Sir  John  Lowther,  and  is  now  held 
by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  besides  whom  W.  Dent, 
Esq. ;  Thomas  Eeively,  Esq. ;  the  Hon.  Mury  Howard; 
John  Hill,  Esq. ;  Sir  Eichard  Lupton,  Bart. ;  Eev. 
Thomas  Balles  ;  Thomas  Gibson,  Esq. ;  and  others,  are 
the  landowners.     The  old  hall  is  now  a  farm-house. 

The  Tillage  of  Crosby  Eavensworth  is  situate  near 
the  source  of  the  Lyvennet  rivulet,  four  miles  east-by- 
north  of  Shap,  and  five  south-west  of  Appleby.  It  is 
surrounded  on  almost  every  side  by  wild  and  bleak 
moors ;  and,  till  a  very  few  years  ago,  was  scarcely 
approachable  from  the  west,  except  either  by  a  circuitous 
route  of  five  or  si.K  miles,  or  over  the  well  known  Har- 
berwain  Eigg.  A  broad  and  well-made  road  has,  how- 
ever, been  constructed,  and  the  vDlage  is  now  easily 
reached. 

THE   CHUECH, 

The  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  LawTence,  is  a 
handsome  structure  in  the  Early  English  style,  consist- 


ing of  nave,  aisles,  and  chancel,  with  a  lofty  square 
tower  containing  three  bells.  It  was  repaired  in  1811, 
and  has  since  been  restored  and  considerably  improved, 
priucipuUy  through  the  e.xcrtions  of  the  late  George 
Gibson,  Esq.  On  entering  the  sacred  edifice  by  a  richly 
moulded  doorway,  the  interior,  with  its  tall  clustered 
columns  and  lofty  Gothic  arches,  has  an  imposing 
appearance.  Between  the  nave  and  chancel  a  lofty 
arch  has  been  erected,  which  has  greatly  improved  the 
appearance  of  that  part  of  the  church.  Another,  but 
smaller  one,  has  been  lately  erected  between  the  north 
transept  and  the  private  chapel  belonging  to  Crosby 
Hall,  where  the  tomb,  supposed  to  cover  the  remains  of 
the  celebrated  Sir  Lancelot  Threlkeld,  has  been  raised 
to  its  proper  height  above  the  present  flooring.  The 
choir,  occupying  the  transverse  transept,  is  quite  a  new 
introduction,  and  some  of  the  seats  exhibit  richly  carved 
work  in  the  Early  English  style.  The  sanctuary  also 
presents  an  elaborately  carved  altar  table  on  a  foot  pace, 
floored  with  encaustic  tiles,  and  raised  by  two  stops 
above  the  floor  of  the  chancel.  The  old  wooden  pulpit 
has  been  removed,  and  a  substantial  stone  one  erected 
in  its  stead.  Service  is  performed  here  in  the  cathedral 
style.  A  large  stained  glass  window,  at  tlie  west  end, 
transmits  its  solemn  light  into  the  recess  of  the  tower, 
and  another  lights  the  west  end  of  the  north  aisle.  A 
few  years  ago,  a  vestry  was  built  adjoining  the  north 
side  of  the  chancel.  The  church  is  heated  by  means 
of  hot  water.  Torphin  de  Alverstain  gave  the  church, 
with  two  carucates  and  140  acres  of  land  at  Crosby 
Piavensworth  to  the  abbey  of  Whitby,  which  grant  was 
confirmed  by  his  successore,  and  also  by  Athelwold, 
first  bishop  of  Carlisle.  The  church  was  afterwards 
appropriated  to  the  abbey.  At  the  period  of  the 
Eeformation,  the  rectory  and  advowson  were  purchased 
by  the  Bellinghams,  of  Levins  and  Garthorne,  and, 
together  with  the  estate  of  the  Bellinghams,  were  sold 
by  Alan  Bellingham,  Esq.,  to  Colonel  James  Graham, 
whose  daughter  and  sole  heir,  Catherine,  brought  them 
in  marriage  to  Henry  Bowes  Howard,  earl  of  Berkshire, 
who  sold  the  rectory  to  the  Lowther  family ;  but  the 
advowson  continued  in  the  Howard  family,  and  is  now 
possessed  by  the  Hon.  Mary  Granville  Howard ;  the 


CROSBY  RAVENSWORTH   PARISH. 


793 


Eavl  of  Lonsdale  is  impropriator.  The  living,  a  vicar- 
age, is  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £7  13s.  4d. ;  it 
was  certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty 
at  £35  lis.  7J. ;  but  in  17-Jl,  was  augraenied  with  land 
at  Lazonby,  purchased  vkith  £200,  given  by  Colonel 
Graham,  and  a  like  sum  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty; 
it  is  now  worth  £1 .50  a  year.  The  tithes  were  commuted 
in  1846  for  £142.  The  parish  register  commences  in 
15G0.  According  to  tradition  a  friary  formerly  existed 
on  the  north  side  of  the  church  yard,  and  the  names  of 
Monkgarth,  Monkbarn,  and  Monkbridge,  seem  to  bear 
out  the  tradition. 

Vicars. — William  de  Insula,  1303 ;  John  de  Linton,  1361  ; 
Kobert  de  Threlkeld,   1381;     John  de   Regill,   13C-2;    Roland 

Thwaites,  ;    Christopher  Wilton,    l,j;2 ;    Edward   Smith, 

157fi;  William  Willaine,  1507;  Matthias  Braddel,  1017, 
WiUiam  Willain,  jiin.,  1C17;  William  Curwen  occurs  1(1(!0 ; 
■yVilliam  Wilkinson,  UIS5;  Jamos  Watson,  1708;  George  Wil- 
liamson, 1717  ;  —  Dowker, ;  Samuel  Revely,  1783  ;  Joseph 

Briscoe,  1«12;  Salisbury  EUard, ;   Edward  Carus  Wilson, 

;  George  F.  Weston,  1818. 

The  vicarage  has  been  enlarged  and  much  improved 
by  the  present  vicar.  The  gardens  are  laid  out  with 
great  taste. 

CHARITIES. 

The  School.  —  Crosby  Ravensworth  School  was  en- 
dowed in  1030  with  £100  by  the  Rev.  AVilliam  Willaine, 
and  rebuilt  in  1784  by  William  Dent,  Esq.,  who,  in 
conjunclion  with  Viscountess  Andovcr,  Robert  Dent, 
Dent,  Esq.,  and  Thomas  Wilkinson,  Esq.,  endowed  it 
with  £500,  which  in  1800  was  invested  in  the  Old 
South  Sea  Annuities,  together  with  £47  10s.  given  by 
the  other  benefactoi-s.  Besides  the  interest  of  these 
sums  the  master  has  £10  a  year  from  two  fields  pur- 
chased about  the  year  1790,  with  £145  of  the  original 
school  stock,  and  £1  a  year  from  Mauld's  Meaburn 
Hall  estate,  left  in  1749  by  Mr.  Edward  Twaites,  who 
also  bequeathed  10s.  a  year  for  the  purchase  of  books  for 
poor  scholars.  Several  of  the  children  are  taught  free 
in  respect  of  these  charities. 

Thuaites  Charities.  —  Edward  Thwaites,  by  will, 
dated  lOlh  April,  1749,  gave  to  trustees  a  rent  charge 
of  £2  lOs.  per  annum  on  his  estate  at  Mauld's  .Meaburn, 
to  be  distributed  to  poor  people  for  ever.  Ho  also  gave 
5s.  a  year  to  the  vicar  of  Crosby  for  a  sermon,  £1  a 
year  to  the  master  of  the  free  school,  and  1  Os.  for  the  pur- 
chase of  books  for  poor  children. 

Poor  Stock. — There  is  in  this  parish  the  sum  of  £63, 
called  poor  stock,  the  interest  of  which  is  divided  with 
the  rent  of  the  Teuterow  estate  hereafter  mentioned 
amongst  the  poor  of  the  parish. 

Poors'  Lund. — There  is  an  cstiito  at  Tenterow,  in 
Crosby,  which  was  purchased  with  £63  10s.  in  1725. 
9B 


It  produces  about  £10  lOs.  a  year,  a  portion  of  which 
is  set  apart  for  the  poor  of  Crosby  township  exclusively; 
the  remainder  is  distributed  to  the  poor  of  the  parish 
on  St.  Thomas'  Day,  with  the  interest  of  the  poor  stock 
before-mentioned. 

Addison's  Charity. — Thomas  Addison,  by  will,  left  a 
legacy  of  £30,  the  yearly  interest  to  be  applied  in  giving 
so  many  penny  loaves,  every  Sunday,  to  such  a  number 
of  poor  women  as  the  interest  would  pay  for,  the  said 
women  to  be  always  of  the  township  of  Crosby. 

Holme's  Charity.  —  The  Rev.  Edward  Holme,  in 
1757,  gave  £105,  in  trust,  for  the  purchase  of  bread 
for  distribution  among  the  poor  of  the  parish  of  Crosby 
Ravensworth,  who  should  duly  attend  service  at  the 
parish  church.  This  money  was  laid  out  in  laud,  the 
the  rent  of  which,  amounting  to  about  £6  a  vear,  is 
distributed  along  with  the  produce  of  Addison's  Charity, 
iu  two-peuuy  loaves,  as  directed. 

In  the  village  is  a  dame's  school,  for  girls  and  infants, 
established  in  1830,  and  endowed  with  £12  a  year. 

The  park  belonging  to  the  manor  of  Crosby  Ravens- 
worth  was  a  little  south  of  the  village,  and  is  now  known 
as  Crosby  Gill.  A  little  south  of  this  place  is  Black 
Dub,  where  Charles  II.  halted  with  his  army  on  his 
march  from  Scotland,  in  1651.  This  solitary  sprinc, 
which  is  the  source  of  the  Lyvennet,  is  surrounded  on 
all  sides  by  unenclosed  moors,  and  though  now  so  silent 
and  deserted,  it  was  once  the  great  thoroughfare  from 
Scotland,  by  way  of  Lancashire,  to  the  south.  In 
August,  1840,  a  rustic  obelisk  was  erected  here,  which 
bears  the  following  inscription  : — "  Here  at  Black  Dub, 
the  source  of  the  Lyvennet,  Charies  II.  regaled  his 
army,  on  their  march  froiu  Scotland,  August  8th,  a.d. 
1051." 

On  the  east  of  Crosby  Gill  is  Penhurrock,  a  remark- 
able heap  of  stones,  supposed  to  be  a  sepulchral 
monument. 

Gilts  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  near  Blasterfield. 
and  the  source  of  the  Lyevennet,  two  miles  north  of 
Orton. 

(^ddendale  is  another  hamlet,  consisting  of  three  farm- 
houses. It  has  long  been  the  property  of  the  Gibson 
family. 

There  are  three  or  four  houses  on  the  east  side  of  the 
village  of  Crosby,  called  Bank  and  Row,  which  are 
within  the  manor  of  Garthorne,  most  of  which  manor  is 
in  the  parish  of  Asby. 

DIRKDECK    FEI.LS. 

This  township  comprises  a  largo  mountainous  dis- 
trict, which  extends  into  tho  parishes  of  Shap  and 
Orton,  comprising  a  number  of  scattered  houses,  distant 


794 


VTEST  WARD. 


from  three  to  five  and  a  half  miles  sonth-by-east  of 
Shap,  and  forming  a  lordship  witliin  the  manor  of 
Crosbj  Ravensworlh,  belonging  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 
Most  of  the  tenements  here  have  been  sold  to  freehold, 
the  lord  reserving  only  the  royalties  and  power  to  enclose 
200  acres  of  the  common,  and  should  the  tenants  agrco 
to  enclose  the  remainder  of  the  common,  the  lord  is  to 
receive  sixpence  an  acre  as  rent.  The  rateable  value  is 
£1,957  lis.  6d.  The  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway 
runs  through  the  township.  The  landowners  arc  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale,  Rev.  John  Gibson,  G.  Bigge,  Esq., 
ilary  Ann  Abdale,  Rev.  John  liayton,  and  Richard 
Simpson. 

There  is  a  free  school  at  Green  Holme,  in  this 
township. 

In  this  township  is  Shap  Wells,  a  valine  spa,  stated 
by  Mr.  Alderson  to  be  a  most  genial  and  sanative  spring, 
milder  than  the  Harrogate  purgative  spa,  more  active 
than  the  Gilsland  water,  and  in  its  properties  nearly 
allied  to  that  of  Leamington.  There  is  an  hotel  here, 
fitted  up  with  every  requisite  convenience,  in  first  class 
style,  with  baths,  pump-rooms,  &c.  A  new  bath  has 
been  recently  fitted  up  in  the  hotel  for  the  use  of 
invalids,  or  persons  wishing  to  be  strictly  private.  On 
a  hill  north  of  the  hotel  is  an  octagonal  column,  sur- 
mounted by  a  richly  ornamented  capital,  erected,  as  an 
inscription  records,  to  commemorate  the  accession  of 
Queen  Victoria  to  the  throne  of  these  realms. 

mauld's  meaburn. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £1,975 ;  the 
area  and  population  are  included  in  the  parish  returns. 
The  soil  here  is  principally  loam,  with  a  clayey  and 
gravelly  sub-soil.  In  the  township  is  a  stinted  common 
of  250  acres,  called  Cow  Close,  belonging  to  thirty-two 
landowners.  Grayber,  an  open  field  containing  120 
acres,  was  enclosed  and  divided  in  1818. 

The  manor  of  Meaburn  anciently  comprised  the  two 
Meabums  and  the  intervening  tract  of  country  known 
as  Meaburn  Field,  and  was  possessed  by  the  Morvilles. 
Maud,  the  sister  of  Sir  Hugh  de  ftforville,  brought  this 
manor  to  her  husband,  William  de  Veteripont ;  and 
after  the  confiscation  of  the  estates  of  Sir  Hugh  de 
Morville,  the  other  portion  of  Meaburn  being  taken 
into  the  king's  hands,  these  two  divisions  became  known 
as  King's  Meaburn  and  Maud's  (or  Mauld's)  Meaburn, 
names  which  they  have  retained  to  the  present  day. 
William  de  Veteripont  gave  four  oxgangs  of  land  here 
to  the  hospital  of  St.  Leonard  at  York  ;  and  Ivo,  his 
son,  gave  other  lands  here  to  the  same  institution. 
Robert  de  Veteripont,  son  of  Ivo,  gave  to  the  abbey  of 


Shap  twenty-two  shillings  a  year,  to  be  paid  out  of 
Meaburn  in  the  name  of  alms  corn.  This  Robert  do 
Veteripont,  in  1242-3,  granted  this  manor  to  John  le 
Fraunceys,  who  was  to  render  yearly  for  all  services, 
e.xcept  those  due  to  the  barony  of  Westmoreland,  one 
pound  of  cummin.  The  family  of  Frauncey  ended  in 
a  daughter,  who  brought  Mauld's  Meaburn  in  marriage  to 
the  Vemons,  from  whom  it  came  to  the  Lowthers,  and  is 
at  present  held  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  besides  whom, 
William  Dent,  Esq. ;  Thomas  and  John  Thwaite,  Es(j. ; 
James  Betham,  Esq. ;  and  Mrs.  Salkeld,  are  the  prin- 
cipal landowners.  Meaburn  Hall  is  an  Elizabetlian 
structure,  supposed  to  have  been  erected  by  Robert 
Lowther,  Esq. 

The  village  of  Mauld's  Meaburn  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  banks  of  the  Lyvennct,  in  a  fine  rich  vale,  four 
and  a  half  miles  east-by-north  of  Shap.  A  fair  for 
horses,  sheep,  and  cattle  was  established  here  in  1828, 
and  is  held  yearly  on  the  Monday  before  Easter.  Here 
is  a  school  for  children  of  both  sexes,  erected  by  sub- 
scription in  1834.  It  is  endowed  with  £1(5  a  j'ear, 
arising  from  lands  purchased  with  the  sum  of  £475, 
subscribed  for  that  purpose  by  six  gentlemen.  The 
school  is  under  the  superintendence  of  three  trustees, 
and  is  attended  by  about  thirty  children. 


CHAItniES. 


Dame  Eleanor  howther's  Charity. — There  is  an  estate 
in  this  township,  purchased  with  a  legacy  left  by  Dame 
Eleanor  Lowther,  in  1C59,  the  rent  of  which,  amounting 
to  £4  12s.  6d.  is  distributed  amongst  the  poor  of  the 
township. 

Knot's  Charity. — John  Knot,  of  Maul4's  Meaburn, 
by  will,  dated  Kith  August,  1734,  left  an  estate  in  the 
township,  the  rents  and  profits  of  which  he  directed 
should  be  distributed  amongst  the  poor. 

Moss's  Gift. — Richard  Moss,  in  1738,  left  the  sum  of      • 
£20,  the  interest  of  which  he  desired  should  be  given 
to  the  poor. 

Witherslack  is  a  hamlet  iu  this  township,  three  and 
a  half  miles  east  of  Shap. 

Flass  House,  an  elegant  mansion  in  the  Italian  style, 
erected  in  1851,  is  the  seat  and  property  of  Wilkinson 
Dent,  Esq. 

On  the  summit  of  a  gentle  hill,  a  little  west  of  Flass 
House,  is  a  rustic  monument  bearing  the  following 
inscription  : — "  On  this  spot  dwelt  the  paternal  ances- 
tors of  the  celebrated  Joseph  Addison,  dean  of  Lichfield, 
who  was  born  here  a.d.  1032."  His  son,  of  the  same 
name,  was  the  author  of  "  Cato,"  and  of  immerous 
papers  in  the  "Tatler,"  "  Spectator,"  and  "  Guardian. ' 


LOWTHER  PARISH. 


795 


BEAGILL. 

The  rateable  value  of  the  township  of  Ileagill  is 
£^,0ol  lis.  Agriculture  is  tlie  principal  employment 
of  the  inhabitants.  A  seam  of  coal  has  been  discovered 
here,  but  its  cjualityis  very  inferior.  The  soil  is  loaray, 
with  a  subsoil  of  clay,  limestone,  and  sandstone.  On 
the  boundary  between  Reagill  and  Sleagill  are  the 
remains  of  what  are  considered  to  have  been  earthworks, 
constructed  by  some  of  the  early  inhabitants  of  this  part 
of  the  country.  At  Chapelgarth,  as  its  name  implies, 
there  was  formerly  a  chapel,  but  every  vestige  has  long 
since  disappeared. 

The  manor  of  Reagill,  or  Renegill,  as  it  was  called  in 
ancient  times,  was  the  property  of  the  Vcteriponts. 
Maude  de  Veteripont  gave  hsUf  a  plougliland  of  her 
demesne  here  in  frank  marriage  with  her  daughter, 
Christian,  to  Robert,  son  of  Derman  ;  and  afterwards 
gave  to  her  son,  Robert,  the  whole  vill  of  Reagill,  he 
rendering  to  her  one  hawk  for  all  services.  In  the  13th 
King  .John  (l-JH-li2),  the  Robert  de  Veteripont  just 
mentioned  gave  the  manor  to  the  abbey  of  Shap,  to 
which  it  continued  attached  till  the  period  of  the  sup- 
pression of  the  religious  houses,  when  Henry  VIII. 
granted  the  revenues,  &c.,  of  the  abbey  to  Thomas  Lord 
Wharton,  whose  descendants  sold  Reagill  "Grange  and 
half  of  the  demesne  to  Dr.  Lancelot  Dawes,  and  the 
other  lialf  to  Sir  John  Lowther,  who,  afterwards,  pur- 
chased the  whole.  The  manor  is  held  by  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale,  iu  addition  to  whom  Richard  Gibson,  Esq., 


Thomas  Salkeld,  Esq. ;  Rev.  F.  J.  Courtney ;  and 
Messrs.  Thomas,  William,  and  John  Bland,  ai'e  the 
landowners. 

The  village  of  Reagill  is  three  miles  north-east  of 
Shap.  A  festival,  of  a  somewhat  unique  character,  is 
held  here  annually,  on  the  anniversary  of  her  Majesty's 
accession,  ou  the  grounds  of  Mr.  Bland,  which  are 
richly  ornamented  with  pictures,  statuary,  &c.  A  band 
of  music  is  engaged  for  the  occasion,  and  the  day's 
amusements  are  interspersed  with  lectures,  addresses, 
music,  dancing,  and  other  recreations. 

Ileagill  Grange,  an  I'^liz ibclhan  structure,  has  been 
long  the  residence  of  the  Thwaites  family. 

CHASITXES. 

Bear/ill  School. — This  school  was  founded  in  1 684, 
by  the  Rev.  Randal  Sanderson,  who  gave  Jtl"20  for  that 
purpose.  It  subsequently  received  i;iO  from  'J'homas 
Harrison,  and  £5  from  Joseph  Wilkinson;  WiUiam 
Thwaites,  Esq.,  of  London,  gave  .£.500.  On  the  en- 
closure of  the  common,  in  lSi.>3,  an  allotment  of  twsnty- 
eight  acres  was  made  to  the  school,  the  total  income  of 
which  is  now  £3t)  a  year.  The  school  is  managed  by 
trustees,  and  is  attended  by  about  thirty  children. 

Lord  Wharton's  Bible  Charity. — Five  copies  of  the 
Bible,  bound  up  with  the  Common  Prayer,  are  annually 
sent  by  the  trustees  of  Lord  Wharton's  Charity  for  the 
poor  children  of  Reagill. 


LOWTHER    TARISH. 

LowTiiER  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  that  of  Clifton,  on  the  west  by  the  river  Lowther,  on  the  south  by  the 
parishes  of  Bampton  and  Shap,  and  on  the  east  by  ilorland.  It  comprises  a  fertile  district  three  miles  in  length 
and  two  in  breadth  :  the  soil  is  of  good  loam,  witli  freestone  subsoil.  The  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Lowther, 
Ilackthorpe,  Melkinthorpe,  and  Whale,  whose  united  area  is  3,5'20  acres.  Its  population  in  1801  was  373;  in 
1811,  500;  in  18-.il,  599;  in  1831,  494;  in  1841,  470;  and  iu  18.")1,  494.  The  rateable  value  of  the  parish  is 
£4,400   18s.  3d. 


LdWTllEn. 

As  early  as  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  the  manor  of 
Lowther  appears  to  have  been  divided  into  three  parts, 
and  in  1377-8  one  of  these  three  parts  seems  to  have 
been  divided  into  two  by  means  of  two  co-heirs,  one  of 
whom  became  the  wife  of  Robert  do  Morville,  and  the 
other  of  Gilbert  do  Whiteby;  the  other  two  parts  of 
the  manor  were  held  by  the  priory  of  AVatton  and 
William  do  Strieklinid.  In  1309-10  wc  find  the  manor 
held  under  the  ClilTords  by  tho  heir  of  John  de  Coup- 
land,  Henry  de  Haveringtou,  Simon  de  Alve,  and  the 


prior  of  Watton.  Five  years  later,  tho  family  of  Lowther 
appear  as  owners  of  a  fourth  of  the  manor,  probably  by 
purchase  from  tho  Simon  do  Alve  just  mentioned,  for 
an  inquisition  taken  in  that  year  gives  Adam  de  Coup- 
land,  Henry  do  Haveringlon,  Hugh  do  Lowther,  and 
tho  prior  of  Watton,  as  lords  of  tho  manor,  tiie  cornage 
of  whicli  is  slated  to  bo  worth  SOs.  Id.  In  the  10th 
Henry  V.  (1 1'^'i)  Sir  Robert  Lovvther,  Knt.,  appears  as 
lord  of  tho  eniiro  manor  of  Lowther,  and  it  lias  since 
continued  in  his  family.  In  the  rental  of  tho  ClitVord 
estate  for  14o^-3,  it  is  stated  that  Jehu  de  CouplauJ, 


790 


WEST  WARD. 


Adnra  de'Haverington,  Simon  de  Alve,  and  the  prior 
of  A\'attou  heretofore  held  Lowlher  William  and  Low- 
ther  John  b}-  homage  and  failty  and  20s.  4d.  cornage, 
and  that  Hugh  Lowther  now  holds  the  same  by  similar 
service.  This  distinction  of  Lowther  William  and 
Lowther  John  again  occurs  in  the  rental  of  the  Earl 
of  Cumberlaud  in  lD'2()-7.  From  this  time  we  hear  no 
more  of  the  manor  till  1038,  in  which  year  it  was 
found  by  inquisition  that  two  parts  of  the  manor  of 
Lowther  were  held  of  the  Earl  of  Cumberlaud  by  the 
servage  called  uoltgeld,  paying  yeai'ly  to  the  said  earl 
20s.  id.;  and  by  the  service  called  sergeants'  food, 
paying  10s.  yearly.  It  is  also  recorded  that  the  third 
part  was  held  of  llobert  Strickland,  Esq  ,  paving  yearly 
one  hawk,  or  sixpence.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  the 
present  lord  of  the  manor,  and  sole  landowner  in  the 
township. 

^obtlicr  ^amllg. 
The  family  of  Lowther  is  of  great  antiquity  in  the 
counties  of  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland.  The  first 
whose  names  we  meet  with  are  William  de  Lowther 
and  Thomas  de  Lowther,  who  appear  as  witnesses  to  a 
grant  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IL  The  names  of  Sir 
Thomas  de  Lowther,  Sir  Gervase  de  Lowther,  Knt , 
and  Gervase  de  Lowther,  archdeacon  of  Carlisle, 
occur  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  The  regular 
pedigree  commences  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  with 

Sir  Hugh  de  Lowther,  Knt.,  attorney-general  in  1292,  and 
knight  of  the  shire  in  1300  and  1305.  He  was  subsequently 
justice  itinerant,  and  escheator  on  the  north  side  of  the  Trent, 
and  in  1331  was  made  one  of  the  justice  of  the  Court  of  King's 
Bench.  He  mamed  a  daughter  of  Sir  Peter  TilUoI,  Knt.,  of 
Scaleby  Castle,  by  whom  he  had  issue,  besides  a  son  Thomas, 
a  son  and  heir, 

Sir  Hugh  de  Lowther,  who  married,  Istly,  a  daughter  of 
Lord  Lucy  of  Cockermoutli,  and  2adly,  Margaret,  daughter  and 
heiress  of  William  de  Quale.  In  1324  he  was  one  of  the  com- 
missioners to  array  all  men-at-arms  in  Cumberland  to  assist  in 
the  expected  invasion  from  France.  He  served  the  office  of 
sheriff  of  Cumbeiland  for  three  successive  years,  was  thrice 
returned  for  the  county  of  Westmoreland  and  twice  for  Cum- 
berland.   The  next  member  of  tlie  family  on  record  is 

Sir  EoBERT  DE  Lowther,  Knt.,  probably  son  and  heir  of 
Hugh.  He  had  two  brothers,  John  and  WiUiam ;  and  often 
represented  Cumberland  in  parUament.  Ke  died  in  1430, 
leaving  by  his  wife,'a  member  of  the  Strickland  family,  three 
daughters  and  a  son, 

I.  HcGH,  bis  heir. 

I.  Anne,  married  to  Sir  Thomas  Curwen,  Knt.  of  Workington. 
II.  Mary,  married  to  Sir  James  Pickering,  Knt.,  of  Killiugton. 
in.  Elizabeth,  married  to  WiUiam  Lancaster. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Sir  Hugh  de  Lowther,  Knt.,  who  married  Margaret,  daughter 
of  John  de  Derwentwater.  He  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Agin- 
court,  there  being  with  him  Geffrey  de  Lowther  and  Eichard 


de  Lowther.  He  served  the  office  of  sheriff'  of  Cumberland  in 
1440.    He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  and  heir. 

Sir  High  de  Lowtuer,  KnU,  who  was  kuight  of  the  shire 
and  sheriff'  of  the  county  of  Cumberland.  He  died  1473-0, 
leaving,  by  his  wife,  Mabel,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Lancaster 
of  Sockbridge,  a  son  and  heir, 

Sir  Hugh  de  Lowther,  Knt.  This  gentleman  married  Anne, 
daughter  of  Sir  Lancelot  ThrelkelJ,  by  Margaret  Bromllet, 
heiress  of  Vesci,  and  widow  of  John  Lord  Clifford.  In  Ili01-'.J 
he  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Balh.  He  died  about  1510  or  loll, 
leaving  issue  tliree  sons  and  two  daughters.  He  was  succeeded 
by  his  eldest  sod, 

Sir  JouK  DE  Lowther,  Knt.,  who  was  called  out  on  the  border 
service  in  1543,  with  one  hundred  horse  and  forty  foot,  and  was 
sheriff  of  Cumberland  for  three  years.  By  his  wife,  Lucy, 
daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Curwen  of  Workington,  he  had  issue. 

Sir  HcQH  Lowther,  Knt,  married  Dorothy,  daughter  of 
Henry  Lord  Clifford,  and  by  her  hod  issue, 

1.  EicH.vRD,  who  succeeded  his  grandfather. 

2.  Gerard,  a  bencher  in  Lincoln's  Inn. 

1.  Margaret,  married  to  John  liichmond,  Esq.,  of  High- 

head  Casile. 

2.  Anne,  married  to  Thomas  Wybergb,  Esq.,  of  Clifton. 

3.  Frances,  married  to  Sir  Henry  Goodyer,  Kuu,  of  Powels- 

worth. 

4.  Barbara,married  toThomasCarleton,E3q.,of Carleton. 

As  Sir  Hugh  died  during  the  lifetime  of  his  father,  on  the 
lauer's  <lemise  the  family  honour  and  estates  descended 
upon  his  grandson, 

Sir  PacHARD  Lowther,  KnL,  who  was  high-sheriff" of  Cumber- 
land in  the  Pth  and  30th  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  He  succeeded 
his  cousin,  Henry  Lord  Scroop,  as  lord-warden  of  the  west 
marches,  and  was  thrice  commissioner  in  the  great  affairs 
between  England  and  Scotland,  temp.  Queen  Elizabeth ;  and  in 
the  same  reign,  when  JIary  Queen  of  Scots  fled  into  England, 
and  arrived  at  Workington,  in  CumberKnd,  in  May,  15CS, 
Elizabeth  sent  orders  to  Sir  Eichard,  during  his  sheriffalty, 
that  he  should  convey  the  Scottish  queen  to  Carhsle  Castle ; 
but  while  the  princess  was  in  custody  the  sheriff  inciured  the 
displeasure  of  his  queen  by  admitting  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  to 
visit  the  fair  prisoner.  Sir  Richard  died  27th  January,  l(i0", 
leaving,  by  bis  wife,  Frances,  daughter  of  John  Middleton,  Esq., 
with  other  children, 

I.  Christopueb  (Sir),  of  whom  presently. 

II.  Gerard  (Sir),  of  St.  Michar's,  Dublin,  chief  justice  of  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas  in  Ireland  ;  and  subsequently,  in  1U54, 
lord  high  chnnrellnr  of  that  kingdom.  His  lord.sliip  inar- 
ried,  Islly,  Aune  Welbury,  widow,  daughter  and  co-beir  of 
Sir  Kalpii  Buhner;  2ndly,  Anne,  daughter  of  Sir  Lawrence 
Parsons,  to  whose  grandson,  Lowther  Parsons.he  bequeathed 
his  manor  of  St..lohn's,  co.  Wexford;  and  3rdly,  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Sh  John  King;  but  died  without  issue. 

m.  Laimcelot  (Sir),  co.  Kildare,  one  of  the  barons  of  the  ex- 
chequer, and  a  privy  councillor  in  Ireland. 

IV.  William,  of  Ingleton,  co.  York,  whose  daughter  and  sole  heir, 
Anne,  married  T.  Heber,  Esq.,  of  Marlon  and  Stainton,  co. 
York. 

Sir  Chkistopheb  Lowther,  the  eldest  surviving  son,  was 
father  of  several  children.  The  fifth  son,  WiUiam  Lowther, 
was  ancestor  of  the  Lowthers  of  Ingleton,  Lowtherstown,  and 
Kilrue,  now  represented  in  the  male  line  by  George  Lowther, 
Esq.,  of  Hampton  HaU,  co.  Somerset,  son  and  heir  of  the  late 
George  Lowther,  Esq.,  of  Kilrue,  county  Meath.  He  married 
JuUa  Huntingford,  niece  of  the  bishop  of  Hereford,  and  has  issue, 
Ponsonby,  St.  George,  Beresford,  Brabazon,  Marcus,  and  four 
suniving  daughters. 


LOWTHER   PARISH. 


(97 


Sir  John  Lowther,  Sir  Cliristopher's  eldest  son,  was  M.P. 
for  the  coutity  of  \S'estraorelaaJ  in  llie  reigns  of  James  I.  and 
Charles  I.  This  gentleman  Jjing  in  1B37,  was  succeeded  by 
his  eldest  son, 

Sir  John  Lowther  of  Lowther,  M.P.  for  the  eo.  of  West- 
moreland, who  was  created  a  baronet  of  Nova  Scotia  in  1C40, 
and  was  succeeded  at  his  decease,  in  1075,  by  his  grandson. 

Sir  JoHS  LowTHKR,  who  was  the  31st  knight  of  the  family  in 
almost  direct  succession.  Upon  the  accession  of  King  William, 
Sir  John  was  sworn  of  the  privy  council.  In  1C89  he  was 
nominated  as  lord-lieutenant  of  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland ; 
in  ICUO  appointed  first  commissioner  of  the  treasury;  and 
elevated  to  the  peerage,  28th  May,  leaC,  by  the  titles  of  Viscount 
Lonsdale  and  Baron  Lowther.  His  lordship  died  10th  July, 
1700,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

EicHAnp,  second  viscount;  who  died  in  1713,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  brother, 

Henhy,  third  viscount ;  at  whose  decease,  without  issue,  12th 
March,  1750,  the  viscounty  ceased,  but  the  baronetcy  and  estates 
devolved  upon  his  grandnephew. 

Sir  Jaites  Lowther,  eldest  son  of  Robert  Lowther,  Esq., 
governor  of  Barbadoes,  and  Catherine,  daughter  of  Sir  Joseph 
Pennington,  Bart,  (which  Catherine  Pennington's  mother  was 
the  Hon.  Margaret  Lowther,  daughter  of  the  first  Viscount 
Lonsdale.)  This  gentleman  represented  the  counlies  of  Cum- 
berland and  Westmoreland  for  several  years  in  parliament,  and 
was  elevated  to  the  peerage,  iith  May,  1781,  by  the  titles  of 
Baron  Lowther  of  Lowther,  Viscount  Lowther,  and  Earl  of 
Lonsdale.  Ho  married  7th  September,  1701,  Jlnrgaret,  daughter 
of  John  Earl  of  Bute;  but  having  no  issue,  he  obtained  a  new 
patent  10th  October,  1707,  creating  him  Baron  and  Viscount 
Lowther,  with  remainder  to  the  heirs  male  of  his  cousin,  the 
Kcv.  Sir  William  Lowther,  Bart.,  of  Swillington ;  and  dying 
21tli  May,  180'.!,  all  his  honours  expired  except  those  of  the 
latter  creation,  which  devolved,  according  to  the  limitation,  with 
the  deceased  earl's  estates  in  Westmoreland  an4  Cumberland, 
upon 

Sir  William  Lowther,  Bart.,  as  Baron  and  Viscount  Lowther. 
His  lordship,  bom  20th  December,  1757,  was  created  Earl  of 
Lonsdale  7lh  April,  1807.  He  married,  lOth  July,  1781, 
Augusta,  daughter  of  John,  ninth  and  late  Earl  of  AYestmore- 
land,  by  whom  (who  died  lOth  Miucb,  1838)  he  had  issue, 

I.  WiLi.iAM  Viscount  Lowther,  present  earl. 

II.  Henry  Cecil,  bom  27lh  July,  1790;  J[. P.  for  Westmoreland, 

and  colonel  rif  the  Cumberland  militia;  niiirried  ItUh  May, 

IH17,  Lucy  Eleanor,  eldest  daughter  of  Pliilip,  liflh  Earl  n! 

Ilnrborough,  and  by  her  (who  died  8th  June,  lMls)hii3  issue, 

1.  llenr>',boni27ih  Mnrrli,  I^IS;  captain  Istl.ifeOuards, 

M.P. ;  married,  :ilst  July,  Ixhi,  l!iiiily  Susan, eldest 
dauglitiror.St.iJcorgel'nuicisCnulUeM.Esci.  andbas 
issuc,as(>n,buru'2'.iudJuly,185l;  uiotlicr  sou, bom 
■4lh  Hctober,  lis.'i,'). 

2.  Arthur,  born  lith  July,  1820;  captain;  died  lOlli  Feb- 

ruary, IttiO. 

3.  William,  secretary  of  legation  at  Naples,  bom   Mtli 

DeccuiluT,  iH'il  ;  married,  I7ili  llioeuibcr,  IWl, 
Ciiarlolte  Alice,  claugbier  of  Lord  Wcnaleydole,  and 
has  iss  .0  a  son,  horn  1st  April,  IH'i."^. 

1.  Eleanor  Cecily;  married, -I.iud  April.  lH||,toJ.  Talbot 

Clitloii.  Esq.,  of  Lytliaiu,  co.  Lancaster. 

2.  AugiKsla  .Mary. 

3.  Constanta ;  niiurricd,  1800,  to  Colonel  Robert  Blacker 

Wood,  (J.n. 

I.  Elizabeth,  died  unmarried. 

JI.  Mary;  married,  lillli  Replemher,  1S20,  to  Majorgeneral  Lonl 
Frederick  (.'avuiidish  Hentiek.  youngest  bou  of  William 
Henry,  third  Uukc  of  Torilaud. 


III.  Anne;  married,  20ih  January,  1817,  to  the  Eight  Hon.  Sir 

John  Beckett,  Burt.;  and  died  .'ilst  May,  1847. 

IV.  Caroline;  married,  :)id  July,  1815,  to  Lord  William  John 

Frederick  Poulelt,  son  of  llie  late  Duke  of  Cleveland. 

His  lordship  K.G.,  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  army,  lord-Ueutenant 
of  Curaberlaud  and  Westmoreland,  and  recorder  of  Carlisle, 
died  19th  March,  1614  ;  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

WiLLUJi  LowTHEit,  F.U.S.,  second  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  Viscount 
Lowther  and  Baron  Lowther,  and  a  baronet;  born  aist  July, 
1787  ;  succeeded  as  second  earl,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  19th 
March,  1841.  His  lordship  had  been  summoned  to  the  House 
of  Peers,  in  his  father's  barony,  Cth  September,  1841.  He  is 
lord-lieutenant  of  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland, 
and  lieutenant-colonel  coiumaudaut  of  the  Westmoreland  mihiia. 

Creations. — Baronet,  22nd  August,  17C1.  Baron  and  viscount, 
lOlh  October,  1707.    Earl,  7th  April,  1807. 

Arms. — Or,  six  annulets,  sa. 

Crcsl, — .\  dragon,  passant,  arg. 

Siippnrlcrs. —  Two  horses,  arg.,  each  gorged  with  a  chaplet  of 
laurel,  ppr. 

^f(>ll}. — Magistratus  indicatviram. 

.Sta/s.— Lowther  Casile,  Wesiinoreland ;  Cottesmore  Park,  Rut- 
land ;  and  Whitehaven  Casile,  Cumberland. 

Lowther  Castle,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale, 
stands  in  a  noble  park  of  COO  acres,  on  the  east  side 
of  tlie  woody  vale  of  Lowther.  It  was  erected  by  the 
Lite  carl,  after  the  designs  of  Sir  Robert  Smirke,  upon 
the  site  of  the  old  hall,  which  had  been  nearly  destroyed 
by  fire  as  far  back  as  the  year  17-.iO.  The  light-colom-ed. 
stone  of  which  it  is  built  is  in  pleasing  contrast  with  the 
vivid  green  of  the  park  and  woods.  The  efloct  of  the 
whole  pilo  is  strikingly  grand,  worthy  the  residence  of 
its  wealthy  and  powerful  owner.  Tiie  north  front,  in 
the  Castellated  stylo  of  the  fourteenth  century,  is  120 
feet  in  length;  the  south  front  is  in  the  Gothic-cathedral 
stj'le,  and  has  a  number  of  pinnacles,  pointed  windows, 
&c.  So  far  from  the  diversity  of  the  fronts  being  dis- 
cordant, the  art  of  the  designer  has  made  them  increase 
each  other's  effect — a  circuinstanco  not  unnoticed  by 
Wordsworth,  who  has  a  sonnet  commencing — 

"  Lowtlier  I  in  thy  majestie  pile  are  seen 
Cathedral  pomp  and  grace,  in  apt  accord 
With  tho  baronial  castle's  sterner  mein ; 
Union  significant  of  God  adored, 
.\nd  charters  won,  and  guarded  with  the  sword 
Of  ancient  honour." 

Surmounting  tho  whole  is  a  lofty  tower,  from  the 
summit  of  which  tho  prospect  is  c.'ctreniely  fine.  The 
fitting  up  of  tho  interior  is  in  a  style  corresponding 
with  the  external  appearance.  Oak  and  birch  occupy 
in  a  great  niensuro  tho  place  of  foreign  woods,  in  the 
furniture  and  can'ings.  The  staircase,  sixty  feet  square, 
which  climbs  the  great  central  tower,  with  the  ceiling, 
ninety  feet  from  the  ground,  is  highly  imposing.  Tho 
library,  forty-five  feet  by  thirty,  decorated  entirely  with 


798 


WEST    WARD. 


oak,  is  plentifully  stored  with  books,  and  hung  round 
with  fiuiiily  portraits.  A  Lady  Lowther,  by  Lely,  is  a 
favourable  specimen  of  his  pencil.  The  saloon  is  a 
splendid  apartment  on  the  south  front,  sL\ty  feet  by 
thirty,  having  the  dining-room  on  one  side  and  the 
drawing-room  on  the  other.  The  corridors  and  rooms 
arc  adorned  with  busts  from  the  chisels  of  Chantry, 
Westraacott,  and  other  sculptors.  Amongst  them  is  a 
bust  of  her  JIajesty  Queen  Victoria,  taken  when  a 
child  of  three  or  four  years  old.  Upon  the  walls  of  the 
various  apartments  are  hung  many  paintings  by  the 
ancient  and  modern  masters,  of  great  excellence  and 
value.  Amongst  them  we  may  particularise  the  follow- 
ing:—  In  the  breakfast  -  room  :  Village  Wake,  Village 
Feast,  and  Fete  Champotre,  by  Tcniers ;  a  Hawking  Par- 
ty, and  a  Halt  of  Cavalry,  by  'SVouvermans ;  Fruit  and 
Animals,  by  Fytt ;  Oyster  Supper,  Jan  Steen  ;  Charity, 
Vandyke;  iladonna  and  Child,  Sasso  Ferrato ;  Dutch, 
F.  Hals;  Holy  Family,  Rubens;  Two  Infants  Em- 
bracing, attributed  to  Leonardo  da  Vinci ;  Head,  Rem- 
brandt ;  Head,  Titian.  In  the  dining-room :  the  Duke 
of  Wellington,  Jackson ;  Sir  James  Lowther  (first  earl 
of  Lonsdale),  in  a  masquerade  dress ;  in  this  room  is  a 
cast  from  Flaxman's  celebrated  model  of  the  shield  of 
Achilles.  North  drawing-room  :  the  late  Earl  of  Lons- 
ditle,  by  Lawrence ;  Landscape,  by  Poussin  ;  Adoration 
of  the  Shepherds,  by  Bassauo  ;  and  a  ilarine  View,  by 
Vandervelde.  The  small  sitting-room  :  Lieut.-colonel 
Lowther  (the  earl's  brother)  as  major  in  the  10th 
Hussars,  by  Lawrence ;  St.  John  Preaching  in  the 
Wilderness,  by  Salvator  Rosa  ;  Landscape,  by  Poussin  ; 
the  poet  Wordsworth,  a  drawing.  In  Lord  Lonsdale's 
study  :  Boors  Playing  at  Cards,  by  Teniers  ;  Alehouse 
Interior,  by  Bronever ;  Old  JMan  Mending  a  Pen  by 
Candlelight,  by  Gerard  Dow ;  Dutch  Village  Inn  Scene, 
by  Ostade;  Boys  Eating  Fruit,  by  Murillo;  Head  of 
a  Martyr,  by  Titian  ;  Soldiers  Quarrelling — the  Tribute 
Money,  by  Valentine  ;  Anne  Clifford,  countess  of  Pem- 
broke; Christ  and  the  Woman  of  Samaria,  by  Van- 
derwerf;  Female  Head,  by  Uolbeln ;  Crucifixion,  by 
Breughel ;  Fawn  and  Dancing  Nymphs,  by  Vander- 
■werf ;  River  Scene — Farrier's  Shop,  by  Wouvermans ; 
Two  Crones,  and  Boors  Rcvelhng,  by  Ostade ;  Female 
Reading,  by  Gerard  Dow ;  Dancing  Children  and 
Bacchanalian  Revellers,  by  Le  Xain.  Gallery  round 
staircase :  St.  Francis,  by  Guide ;  St.  Sebastian,  by 
Guido ;  St.  Jerome,  by  Guide ;  a  Magdalen,  by  Tinto- 
retto ;  a  Gentleman,  by  Tintoretto.  Ante-room,  west 
of  staircase  :  The  Palmister,  and  Two  Soldiers  Gaming, 
by  Pietro  da  Vecchia ;  Belisarius,  Rembrandt ;  William 
m.  in  his  robes,  and  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  in  armour, 
by  Dobson.      Dressing-room,  east  front;    Magdalen 


Reading,  by  E.  Sirani ;  Landscape,  by  Salvator  Rosa. 
Billiard-room  :  George  IV.,  by  Lawrence ;  William 
Pitt,  by  Hiippner ;  the  late  Lady  Lonsdale,  by  Law- 
rence. 

Lowther  village  and  Lowther  Newtown  are  situate 
within  a  mile  of  the  castle,  and  four  and  a  half  miles 
south-by-east  of  Penrith.  Machell  tells  us  that  tho 
ancient  village  of  Lowther  was  pulled  down  in  1082, 
by  Sir  John  Lowther,  in  order  to  enljtrge  his  demesne. 
The  village  called  Newtown  was  soon  afterwards  built. 

LOWTHER    CHUECH. 

The  parishr  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Michael,  is  an 
ancient  cruciform  structure,  standing  on  the  eastern 
bank  of  the  Lowther,  in  the  outskirts  of  the  castle 
park.  It  consists  of  nave,  aisles,  transepts,  chancet, 
and  embattled  central  tower.  The  pillars  separating 
the  north  aisle  from  the  nave  are  circular,  with  curi- 
ously enriched  capitals.  The  chancel  arch,  and  the 
arches  supporting  the  tower  are  Early  English.  Tho 
church  was  restored,  re-seated,  and  a  new  porch  added 
in  lS-')7,  at  the  expense  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  and 
the  present  rector,  the  latter  of  whom  restored  the 
chancel.  There  are  numerous  monuments,  tombs, 
and  tablets  to  the  memory  of  various  members  of  the 
Lowther  family,  and  others.  In  1857  a  beautiful  mau- 
soleum was  erected  in  the  churchyard,  by  the  present 
Earl  of  Lonsdale  ;  it  consists  of  a  vault  capable  of  con- 
taining twenty-five  coffins,  and  above  the  vault  is  an 
upper  chamber  for  monuments  ;  the  whole  of  the  work- 
manship is  o'f  the  most  excellent  description.  At  the 
sides  are  six  tablets,  three  on  either  side,  for  inscrip- 
tions, each  tablet  is  eight  feet  by  three  feet  four  inches, 
in  one  stone  ;  they  were  got  from  the  celebrated  granite 
mountain  on  Shap  Fell,  and  were  cut  and  polished  at 
the  marble  works  of  Messrs.  Nelson,  of  Carlisle,  bear 
a  high  polish,  and  are  altogether  unique  in  their  kind. 
The  building  was  designed  by  B.  Baud,  Esq.,  architect, 
London ;  and  the  whole  carried  out  under  the  imme- 
diate direction  of  Mr.  James  Mawson,  of  Lowther. 
Inside  the  vault  is  a  magnificent  sarcophagus,  of  the 
best  Italian  marble,  designed  by  j\Ir.  Band,  and  exe- 
cuted by  Mr.  B.  Stephen,  Esq.,  sculptor,  of  Loudon. 
The  two  gentlemen  before  named  carried  out  the 
restoration  of  the  church  of  Lowther  in  1S55  so  as  to 
give  general  satisfaction.  The  living  of  Lowther  is  a 
rectory,  and  has  always  been  attached  to  the  manor, 
the  various  lords  of  which  have  presented.  It  is  valued 
in  the  King's  Book  at  £-io  7s.  SJd-  The  tithes  were 
commuted  in  1838,  for  a  rent  charge  of  i'O-S  10s.  2d. 
The  total  income  of  the  living  is  about  £300.  The 
parish  registers  commence  in  1510. 


JIOKLAXD    PAEISH. 


799 


Rectors.— William  de  Capella,  1320;  Waller  de  Wells,  13C2  ; 

John  Bone,  l:)7U  ;  John  de  Kaby,  1425;  Thos.  Cleveland, ; 

John  Wharton,  14U5;  Anthony  Garnet,  about  15TIJ;  Thomas 
Fairfax,  157!) ;  Leonard  Lowther,  1580;  Chrlstoplier  Lowlher, 
1C09;  John  Teasdale,  1010 ;  William  Smith,  died  1670;  Ri.hiird 
Threlkeld,  1070;  Richard  Holme,  1691;  Hugh  Robinson,  1738; 
Henry  Lowther,  1703;  William  Lowther,  1769;  James  Set- 
tertbwaitc,  ISU  ;  William  Jackson,  1«28. 

Askham  Hall  serves  as  Lowther  rectory. 


HACKTHOEPE. 

The  soil  here  is  a  light  loam,  with  a  suhsoil  of  lime- 
stone and  freestone.  The  township  is  intersected  by 
the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railwu_v,  but  there  is  no 
station  nearer  tbau  Clifton.  The  rateable  value  of 
Hackthorpe  is  £'1,039.  10s. 

The  manor  of  Hackthorpe  is  included  in  the  marquis 
fee  of  the  barony  of  Kendal.  In  the  reign  of  Henry 
IIL  "  Ralph  de  Aincourt  released  to  William  de  Lan- 
caster and  his  heirs  his  right  in  fifty  shillings  of  land, 
in  which  he  was  bound  to  him  by  the  charter  of  William 
de  Lancaster,  liis  grandfather,  for  the  quit  claim,  which 
the  said  Willli^pm  made  to  the  said  IJalph,  of  the  service 
of  Gamel  de  Hakethorpe.  The  said  William  released 
to  Tialph  do  Aincourt  and  his  heirs  tlic  service  of  the 
said  Gainel,  in  drainage  and  other  services."  In  1361, 
Sir  Thomas  de  Strickland,  who  hold  under  the  barons 
of  Kendal,  had  a  license  from  the  crown  to  impark  his 
woods  at  Hackthorpe  and  oilier  places,  for  his  good  ser- 
vices in  France.  Hackthorpe  was  sold  by  the  Stricklands 
to  the  Lowthers,  and  it  is  now  held  by  the  Earl  of  Lons- 
dale.    The  old  hall  is  now  used  as  a  farm-house. 

The  village  of  Hackthorpe  is  a  mile  and  a  quarter      \ 


south-east  of  Lowther  Castle,  and  five  miles  south 
south-east  of  Penrith. 

MELKINTHOKPE. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £364  2s.  5d. 
The  soil  here  is  principally  a  light  loam,  with  a  subsoil 
of  clay  and  freestone.  The  township  is  intersected  by 
the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway. 

The  manor  of  Melkinthorpe  is  also  part  of  the  mar- 
quis fee  of  the  barony  of  Kendal.  It  was  held  in  ancient 
times  by  a  family  bearing  the  local  name,  one  of  whom, 
Galfrid  de  Melkinthorpe,  was  constable  of  Appleby 
Castle,  under  Roger  Lord  Clifford.  An  inquisition 
taken  in  13(19  informs  us  that  Margaret  de  Ros  then 
held  Melkinthorpe,  paying  five  shillings  cornage.  The 
manor  came  afterwards  to  the  Musgraves,  then  to  the 
Fallowfields,  from  whom  it  was  brought  in  marriage  to 
the  Udlstons  of  Acorn  Bank,  who  sold  it  to  Sir  John 
Lowther.     It  now  belongs  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 

The  village  of  I\Ielkinthorpe  is  three  miles  and  a 
half  south-south-east  of  Penrith. 

WH.VLE. 

The  township  of  Whale  is  nearly  all  included  in  one 
farm.  Its  rateable  value  is  £481  4s.  6d.  The  manor 
of  Whale  was  anciently  held  by  a  family  bearing  the 
local  name,  from  whom  it  appears  to  have  passed  to  the 
Fraunceys  family,  who  paid  for  wardship  40s.  a  year, 
and  for  cornage  33s.  It  subsequently  came  to  the 
Lowthers,  and  is  now  held  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 

The  village  of  Whale  is  situated  near  the  south  end 
of  Lowther  Park,  five  and  a  half  miles  south  of  Penrith. 


MORLAND   PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  liy  Cliburn,  on  the  north-west  and  west  by  the  parishes  of  Lowther  and  Bampton, 
on  the  south-west  by  Shap,  on  the  south  by  Crosby  Eavensworth,  on  the  south-east  by  St.  Lawrence's  Appleby,  and 
on  the  east  by  St.  Jlichael's  Appleby  and  Kirkby  Thore.  Limestone  is  abundant  here.  The  river  Eden  runs  on 
llio  eastern  side  of  the  parish,  while  the  Leeth  forms  its  nonlarn  and  western  limits.  Agriculture  is  the  principal 
employment  of  the  inhabitants,  and  Penrith  and  Appleby  the  markets  attended.  The  parish  comprises  the  townships 
of  Morland,  Ivings  Meaburn,  Newby,  SIcagill,  Great  Strickland,  and  Little  Strickland,  with  the  chapelries  of  Itolton 
and  Thrimby.     Its  area  is  15,'2U0  acres. 


MORLAND. 

The  area  of  this  township,  inclusive  of  that  of  Holton 
and  SIcagill,  is  5,449  acres  ;  and  its  rateable  value 
£1,400  Via.  4d.  Tbo  population  in  1801  was  273; 
in  1811,  304 -.'in  18^1,  37d;  in  1831,415:  in  1841, 
420;  and  in  1851,  394;  who  are  principally  resident 


in  the  village  of  Morland.     The  township  is  clean  and 
healthy,  and  the  houses  in  general  well  built. 

The  manor  of  Morland  is  included  in  Kendal  barony. 
Ketel,  grandson  of  Ivo  de  Tailbois,  baron  of  Kendal, 
is  the  first  lord  of  the  manor  on  record.  Ho  appears 
to  have  granted  a  portion  of  the  manor  to  'Wctheiul 


800 


"WEST  WARD. 


Priory,  as  well  as  the  church  and  some  lands  here. 
Ketel's  grandson,  William  de  Lancaster,  granted  the 
remainder  of  the  manor  of  ilorland  in  free  marriage  with 
his  daughter  to  Alexander  do  Windsor,  in  whose  time  the 
wood  of  Morland  was  divided  between  him  and  the  prior 
of  Wetheral.  From  an  inquisition  taken  in  1351,  we 
learn  that  the  Windsors  held  tliis  manor  by  wardship, 
cornage,  and  relief.  In  130-3  William  de  Windsor 
obtained  a  grant  of  a  market  and  fair  at.  Morland. 
This  privilege,  if  ever  exercised,  has  long  been  obsolete. 
The  Windsors  continued  to  hold  Jlorland  till  the 
failure  of  the  family  in  issue  male.  In  149)  the 
prior  and  convent  of  Wetheral  appear  to  have  had 
twenty -one  tenants  in  Morland,  whose  total  rents 
amounted  to  .i'll  10s.  lOJd.,  and  ninety  acres  of 
demesne.  At  the  dissolution  of  the  religious  houses, 
that  portion  of  the  manor  of  Morland  which  belonged 
to  Wetheral  Priory  was  given  to  the  dean  and  chapter 
of  Carlisle,  from  whom  it  has  recently  been  transferred 
to  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners.  In  1506  the 
other  portion  of  the  manor  was  held  by  Robert  Bowes  and 
Eleanor  his  wife,  who  iu  the  year  just  named,  obtaiuod 
a  license  from  Queen  Elizabeth  to  alienate  Morland  to 
the  Musgraves.  Four  years  afterwards  we  find  John 
Southaik  holding  a  moiety  of  the  manor,  with  100  acres 
of  wood  which  he  purchased  of  Simon  Musgrave.  In 
1591  it  appears  that  Lancelot  Backhouse  died  seised 
of  a  moiety  of  the  manor  of  Morland,  and  also  of  the 
wood  and  underwood  commonly  called  Morland  wood, 
containing  fifty  acres,  which  he  held  by  feofment 
from  John  Southaik,  Esq.  He  also  possessed  other 
lands  here.  A  survey  of  the  manor  was  made  iu 
January,  1019,  when  it  w.is  found  that  the  free  rents 
amounted  to  £3  193.;  the  assize  from  copyholders 
at  Michaelmas  and  St.  Thomas'  Day,  £14  133.  Id.; 
mill  moulter  rent,  £1  ;  pension  for  the  parson  at 
Lowther,  £1  Os.  Sd ;  fines,  royalties,  &c.,  £8  3s.  2d. 
The  same  survey  supplies  us  with  the  following 
memoranda  relating  to  the  manor: — The  tenants 
are  obliged  to  perform  suit  and  service  to  the  lord's 
courts.  The  copyhold  customary  tenants  within  the 
manor  hold  then-  lauds  and  tenements  by  copy  of  court 
roll  to  them  and  their  heirs  for  ever,  according  to 
the  customs  of  the  manor.  The  widows  within  the 
manor  after  the  death  of  their  husbands  have  a  right 
to  one  moiety  of  all  customary  estates  which  their 
husbands  died  seised  of.  All  customory  tenants  in 
the  manor,  upon  descents  or  alieuatious,  pay  to  the  lord 
three  yeai-s  old  rent  as  a  fine  certain.  That  strangers, 
such  as  are  not  tenants,  pay  to  the  lord  for  a  fine 
sometimes  five  years  old  rent  and  sometimes  seven 
years.     The  tenants  within  the  manor  have  usually 


liail  by  custom  necessary  timber  out  of  Morland  Wood 
for  the  repair  of  their  ancient  houses  and  barns.  The 
lord  of  the  manor  of  Morland,  his  tenants,  servants, 
and  freeholders,  arc  free  from  tolls,  and  possess  many 
other  privileges  iu  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  a 
charter  granted  in  the  5th  Henry  Vlll.  The  land- 
owners are  F.  B.  Atkinson,  Esq. ;  Itobert  Addison,  Esq. ; 
Rev.  W.  Rowley,  and  a  number  of  small  proprietors. 

Morland  Hall,  now  occupied  as  afarm-house,  is  on 
the  north-east  side  of  the  village.  A  dilapidated  old 
building,  called  Morland  Old  Hall,  is  a  httle  north  of 
the  village. 

The  village  of  Morland,  which  is  large  and  well 
built,  occupies  a  romantic  situation  on  the  banks  of  a 
small  rivulet,  seven  miles  north-north-east  of  Sbap,  and 
about  the  same  distance,  west-by-north,  of  Appleby.  In 
the  village  is  a  branch  of  the  Carlisle  savings  bank,  and 
a  flourishing  benefit  society. 

^(Iiiitsou  of  ^lampsbuli  anb  ^oilanb. 

This  family  inherits  at  Temple  Sowerby,  by  direct 
descent  from  William  .Vtkinson,  who,  with  his  mother, 
is  included  in  a  lease  for  999  years,  granted  in  the 
ISth  Elizabeth  (1570)  by  the  then  lords  of  the  manor, 
ou  the  compromise  of  suits  at  York,  which  had  origi- 
nated out  of  questions  on  the  tenures  of  the  landowners 
of  Temple  Sowerby,  which  manor  had  formerly  belonged 
to  the  Templars,  and  to  the  Knights  of  St.  John.  The 
great-grandfather  of  the  present  head  of  the  family, 

Matthew  Atkinson,  of  Temple  Sowerby,  had  two  sons.  The 
jouijger  son,  Richard  Atkinson,  born  in  1738,  a  merchant  of 
London,  and  admitted  to  the  freedom  of  the  Goldsmiths'  Com- 
pany, who  sat  in  parliament  for  Romney,  and  was  senior  alderman 
present  at  the  Mansion  House  during  the  attack  on  the  bank,  in 
Lord  George  Gordon's  riots,  after  Kennet,  the  lord  mayor,  had 
absconded,  and  who  died  unman-ied  in  1785.  Ue  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  eldest  sod, 

GEonoE  Atkinson,  Esq.,  born  ICth  August,  1730,  who  was 
receiver-general  for  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland.  He  mar- 
ried, 7th  January,  1758,  Bridget,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Michael 
Jlaughan,  Esq.,  of  Wolsingham,  and  Dorothy,  his  wife,  co  heiress 
of  George  Lowtham,  Esq.,  of  Staffield,  and  died  October,  1781, 
having  had,  with  otlier  children,  who  died  in  infancy, 

I.  Michael,  of  Moimt  JIachal,  Kent  and  Loudon,  died  1829. 

II.  George,  of  whom  presently, 
in.  Richard,  died  uumarried,  1793. 

IV.  MaiUiew,  of  Carr  Hill,  near  Newcastle-npon-Tyne,  died  1829. 

V.  John,  died  unmarried,  1798. 

1.  Dorothy,  married  to  N.  Clayton,  Esq.,  of  Chester,  Northum- 
berland. 

II.  Bridget,  married  to  H.  Tulip,  Esq.,  of  Brunton,  Norlhumber- 

laud,  and  died  IS-^O. 
in.  Jane,  of  Temple  Sowerby. 

The  second  surviving  son, 

Geoege  Atkinson,  Esq.,  of  Morland,  called  also  of  Lee,  in 
Kent,  born  17th  September,  1704,  was  secretary  at  Jamaica,  and 


MORLAND    PARISH. 


801 


aide-de-camp  to  Lord  Balcarres  when  governor  of  that  island, 
and  afterwards  agent-general  for  that  colony  in  England.  He 
married  :iOth  July,  1704,  Susan  Mackenzie  Dunkley,  of  Claren- 
don, Jamaica,  and  died  llth  May,  1814,  having  had,  by  hia  wife 
(died  February,  1830), 

I.  George,  bom  June  fitb,  1795,  died  unmarried,  1849. 
II.  Thomas,  bom  September  Uth,  1800,  captain  13ih  Light  Dra- 
goons, (Jied  nnmaiTied,  1838. 

III.  FiiANcis  Baring,  now  of  Ranipsbeck  Lodge  and  Morland. 

IV.  William,  in  Iiolj*  orders,  rector  of  Gateshead  Fell,  co.  Dur- 

ham, and  hou.  canon  of  Durham,  bom  June  l.'Uh,  1801), 
marrieil  Jane  Eli/ulteth,d!nit,'htfr  of  William  Clarke,  Esq., 
of  Belford  Hall,  co.  Norliiumberland,  and  has  issue. 
V.  Richnrd,  bom  August  5th,  1813,  married  Catherine, daughter 

of  the  Rev.  J.  Laudon,  of  Aberford. 
I.  Bridget,  mniricd  to  Robert  Robertson,  Esq.,  of  Auchlecks,  co. 

Perth,  and  Memblunds,  Devon. 
II.  Cnry,  married  to  Alexander  Tumbull,  Esq.,  British  Consul  at 

Jinrseilles. 
in.  Jane,  married  to  Edward  Johnson,E3q., of  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

IV.  Harriet  Elizn,  married  to  Alexander  Adair,  Esq.,  of  Heather- 

ion  Park,  Somerset. 

Mr.  Atkinson  was  succeeded  by  his  third  son, 

Fbancis  B.vrixo  Atkinson,  Esq.,  of  Rampsbeck  Lodge,  co. 
Cumberland,  and  Morland  co.  Westmoreland,  born  Dec.  30th, 
1805  ;  married  first  in  December,  1831,  Mary  Anne,  daughter 
of  Sir  Johti  Stoddart,  Knt.,  chief  justice  of  Malta,  which  lady 
deceased  in  November  the  following  year.  He  married  secondly, 
August  3rd,  1837,  Ellen  Francis,  daughter  of  John  Ilirae,  Esq., 
of  Edgbaston,  son  of  John,  who  was  son  of  the  last  Hime  of 
Whitfield,  a  branch  of  Hime  (or  Hime)  of  Minewelly,  and  by 
her  has  issue, 

I.  GF.onoE,  bom  November  24tli,  1838. 
II.  Francis  Hime,  bom  March  2nd,  1811). 
ni.  Thomas,  born  August  2nd,  1841. 

IV.  William,  |.t„i„g  born  October  18th,  1844. 

V.  Thomas,  I  '  ' 

VI.  Alexander  Henry,  bom  August  ICth,  184C. 
VII.  Robert  Septimus,  bom  February  15th,  1848. 
vin.  Edward,  bom  July  lOtli,  l8oil. 
I.  Ellen  Francis. 

II.  Man'  Jane. 

III.  Bridget  Harriet. 

Mr.  Atkinson  is  a  depnty-licutcnant  for  Cumberland,  for  which 
county  he  was  high  sheriifin  1853. 

Amis. — Gu.  an  cngle,  displayed  with  two  heads,  arg. ;  on  clxief  of 
the  second,  tliree  nmllets  of  tbe  first. 
Crest. — .\  falcon,  wings  expanded. 


TUE  cnuRCU. 

Morland  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Lavrrence,  is  a  largo 
cruciform  stnicturo,  staiidiiifj  on  n  gentle  eminence,  on 
the  north  side  of  the  villugo,  and  consists  of  nave,  aisles, 
transepts,  chancel,  and  centre  tower,  surmounted  by  an 
octagonal  spire.  Tlic  eiitraiu-c  to  the  church  is  beneath 
a  low  receding  arch  into  tho  jioivli,  on  each  side  of  which 
are  low  stone  benches.  The  general  appearance  of  the 
iirchitccturo  of  the  interior  marks  that  period  when 
the  Norman  changed  into  the  Early  English,  with  the 
exception  of  some  of  the  windows  which  have  fallen 
90 


victims  to  the  debased  styles  of  the  last  centuiy.  Tbe 
two  rows  of  cylindrical  pillars  between  the  nave  and  the 
aisle  arc  Norman,  most  of  them  having  moulded  capitals. 
The  chancel  ai-ch,  which  is  very  much  broken,  is  similar 
to  the  others,  only  the  apex  is  not  carried  so  high  above 
the  capital.  The  windows  lighting  tbe  body  of  the 
church  are  modern.  The  transept  affords  a  good  speci- 
men of  semi-Norman  work  in  its  lancet-shaped  windows. 
In  the  south  transept  is  fixed  a  white  marble  monument, 
to  the  memory  of  the  late  Lieut.-general  Markham! 
erected  by  his  brother  officers  of  the  .3'.>nd  Regiment. 
The  chancel  is  lighted  on  the  south  side  by  two 
windows  of  four  semi-oircular-headed  lights  each,  and  a 
similar  one  at  the  east  end,  only  the  two  middle  lights 
rise  a  little  higher.  Opposite  to  the  chancel  door  is  a 
white  marble  monument,  to  Stanwix  Nevinson  of  Newby 
Hall,  lord  of  the  manor  of  Newby,  who  died  in  ^~1■2. 
On  tbe  north  side  is  a  low  arch,  supported  on  moulded 
imposts  between  the  chancel  and  the  chapel,  now  be- 
longing to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale ;  across  this  and  on  the 
opposite  side,  against  the  wall,  are  some  old  oak  railings, 
ornamented  with  grotesque  heads  of  kings,  bishops, 
monks,  cherubims,  &c.  In  the  vestry  is  part  of  an  old 
brass  plate,  which  formerly  belonged  to  some  monument 
in  tbe  church.  Engraved  on  one  side  is  what  appears 
to  be  a  knight  and  his  son ;  the  larger  figure  is  nearly 
all  cut  away,  and  also  the  inscription  at  the  bottom, 
the  only  pai-t  of  which  now  remaining  is  "  orate  pro  an 
.  .  .  et  Sjbille  ...  On  the  reverse  side  of  this 
brass,  in  black  letter  characters,  is  the  following  inscrip- 
tion:— 

«  John  Blythe  lyved  here  vycar  of  this  church  by  the 
Space  of  xx.\v  years,  xni  dayes,  and  departyd 
this  lyfe  the  .\vi  day  of  January,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
God,  McccccLxii,  on  whose  soule  Jesu  have  m'cy.    Amen."' 

There  arc  also  monuments  to  the  memories  of  the  Rev. 
Edward  Backhouse,  the  Rev.  John  Jackson,  Robert 
Kendal,  ^^'i!liam  Dobson,  JIary,  widow  of  Captain 
Jvilncr,  and  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Stanwi.i:  Nevinson.  At 
the  west  end  of  the  church  there  is  a  gallery  for  the 
use  of  the  choir.  The  south  aisle  of  the  church  formerly 
belonged  to  Thrimby  Grange,  but  was  given  to  tho 
parishioners  by  Ileury  Viscount  Lonsdale.  Dalston 
porch,  the  small  aislo  north  of  the  chancel,  belonged 
to  Groat  Strickland  Hall.  The  church  was  given  by 
Kelol,  grandson  of  Ivo  do  Tailbois,  to  tho  abbey  of  St. 
Jlary  at  York  for  Uie  support  of  the  priory  of  Wetheral. 
On  the  suppression  of  the  monastic  institutions  the 
advowson  was  given  to  the  dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle, 
from  whom  it  has  passed  to  tho  Ecclesiastical  Commis- 
sioners, in  whom  tlie  patronage  is  at  present  vested. 


802 


WEST   WARD. 


The  living  is  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £  1 1  18s.  1  id. , 
and  was  certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty  as  of  the  clear  yearly  value  of  .£15.  At  the 
enclosure  of  the  commons,  about  the  latter  end  of  the 
last  century,  land  was  given  in  lieu  of  the  tithes  of  the 
townships  of  Morland,  Bolton,  Great  Stickland,  Slcagill, 
and  Tkrimby,  and  the  tithes  of  the  other  townships 
have  since  been  commuted  for  a  yearly  rent  charge. 
The  present  value  of  the  living  is  about  £150  a  year. 
The  parish  registere  commence  in  1638. 

Kectobs. — Gilbert;  Walter;  Thomas. 

Vicars.  — Rioliard   de  Agneta,  Vi'iO;    Michael  ,  1234; 

John  dc  Warwyke,  1310;  Henry  de  Rillington,  1316;   Henry 

,  1333;  Heniyde  Appleby,  1334  ;  Pjchard  de  Haverington, 

1334 ;  John  Murrays,  13U'.J ;  'Williani  de  Laysingby,  1303 ; 
John  Bray,  13(i8  ;  John  Eicliemont,  1424  ;  Alexander  Hall, 
1513;  John  BIythe,  died  15C2  ;  George  Neville,  ITjCii  ;  Thomas 
Warwick,  1507  ;  William  Hall,  1024  ;  Picrcy  Burton,  ICCO ;  John 
Hutchinson,  1008;  Michael  Hudson,  1670;  William  Atkinson, 
1080;  James  Kickeiby,  1720;  John  Brown,  1743;  Paniel 
Brocklebank,  1757  ;  John  Jackson,  1773  ;  William  Monkhouse, 
1811;  WiUiam  Eice  Markham,  1828. 

The  Wesleyan  Methodists  and  the  Society  of  Friends 
have  places  of  worship  here ;  to  the  latter  a  burial 
ground  is  attached. 

In  Catholic  times  a  chapel  dedicated  to  the  Blessed 
Virgin  appears  to  have  stood  near  the  Lyvennet,  about 
half  way  between  Morland  and  King's  Meaburn,  at  a 
place  now  called  Chapel  Garth,  but  no  remains  of  it  are 
now  visible.  In  1424  there  was  a  dispute  between  the 
vicar  of  Morland  and  the  prior  of  Wetheral,  concerning 
the  oblations  in  the  chapel,  and  half  an  acre  of  land 
lying  upon  Little  Aynesbcrgh,  which  was  referred  to  the 
arbitration  of  the  abbot  of  St.  Mary  at  York,  wfio 
awarded  the  same  to  the  prior. 

CHAMTIES. 

School. — The  school  of  Morland  possesses  an  endow- 
ment of  £19  a  year,  arising  from  land  given  by  the 
dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle,  in  lieu  of  the  wood  with 
which,  as  lords  of  the  manor  of  Morland,  they  were 
bound  to  provide  the  tenants.  The  school  is  attended 
by  about  fifty  children,  who  pay  from  one  to  seven 
shillings  each  per  quarter;  should  the  total  income  of 
the  school  from  the  endowment  and  the  school  fees  fall 
short  of  £60  a  year,  the  deficiency  is  made  up  by  the 
vicar,  and  paid  to  the  master.  A  female  and  infant 
school  in  the  village  is  partly  supported  by  Mrs. 
Markham. 

Atkinson's  Charity. — Mr.  Atkinson  of  Low  Ball  be- 
queathed the  sum  of  £20,  to  be  employed  for  ever  as  a 
poor  stock,  and  the  interest  thereof  to  be  distributed 
yearly,  in  Morland  Church,  to  twelve  of  the  most  needy 


widows,  or  other  aged  persons,  within  the  township  of 
Morland.  This  legacy,  with  the  addition  of  a  few 
pounds  more,  given  by  some  unknown  persons,  was  laid 
out  in  the  purchase  of  several  parcels  of  land  in  the 
township  of  Morland,  the  rent  of  which,  amounting  to 
about  £3  10s.  a  year,  is  distributed  as  directed.  For 
the  other  charities  of  the  parish  see  the  respective 
townships. 

A  library  of  300  volumes  and  a  reading  room  have 
been  estabUshed  here  by  the  vicar. 

kino's  meaburn. 

Tlie  area  of  this  township  is  2,381  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £1,184.  The  number  of  inhabitants 
in  1801  was  178;  in  1811,  168;  in  1821,  170;  in 
1831,  203  :  in  1811,  200  ;  and  in  1851,  216;  princi- 
pally resident  in  the  village  of  Iving's  Meaburn.  The 
soil  here  is  loamy,  with  a  subsoil  of  clay  and  limestone. 

The  manor  of  King's  Meaburn  derived  its  name  from 
its  being  held  by  the  crowu  on  the  forfeiture  of  Sir 
Hugh  de  JlorviUe,  and  was  so  named  to  distinguish  it 
from  Mauld's  Meaburn,  the  other  moiety  of  the  ancient 
manor  of  Meaburn.  This  manor  was  granted,  with 
the  other  portions  of  the  barony  of  Westmoreland,  to 
Robert  de  Veteripont  by  King  John,  and  has  descended 
with  that  barony.  Sir  Richard  Tufton,  Bart.,  being  the 
present  lord.  The  landowners  are  Robtrt  Addison, 
Esq.,  Robert  J.  Addison,  Esq.,  Robert  Bun-a,  Esq., 
Rev.  W.  Airey,  Robert  Addison,  Esq.,  and  several 
small  proprietors.  Sir  Hugh  de  Morville  gave  to  the 
priory  of  Carlisle  thirty-two  acres  in  Milbm-ne  Field,  iu 
this  township,  with  the  meadow  at  the  head  of  two  corn 
lands,  and  common  of  pasture  for  the  cattle  of  their 
men.  The  priory  of  Wetheral  also  had  some  lands 
here,  granted  to  it  by  John  de  Ilavensby. 

The  village  of  King's  Meaburn  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Lyvennet  rividet,  about  two 
miles  east-by-south  of  Morland.  Here  is  a  school,  a 
small  neat  building,  erected  and  endowed  by  subscrip- 
tion in  1831.  The  income  from  the  endowment  is 
£8  10s.  a  year,  which,  with  the  pence  of  the  childi-en, 
supports  the  school. 

CnAMTIES. 

Addison's  Charity. — The  sum  of  £15  is  said  to  have 
been  left  by  Nanny  Addison,  the  interest  thereof  to  be 
distributed  amongst  the  poor  of  the  township  not  receiv- 
ing parish  relief. 

Donor  unknown. — This  township  also  possesses  the 
sum  of  £3,  the  interest  of  which  is  given  to  the  poor. 

The  Lyvennet  rivulet  separates  this  township  from 
that  of  Morland. 


MORLAND  PAKISH. 


803 


NEWBY. 

In  1801  Newby  contained  253  inhabitants  ;  in  1611, 
298;  in  1821,  338;  in  1831,300;  in  1811,281;  and 
in  1851,  279.  Tlie  area  of  the  township  is  2,857  acres, 
and  its  rateable  value  £'2,350.  The  soil  here  varies 
considerably,  some  is  a  strong  loam,  with  a  clayey 
subeoil,  while  other  parts  are  a  rocky  limestone.  Agri- 
culture is  the  principal  employment  of  the  inhabitants. 
There  is  a  thin  seam  of  coal  here,  formerly  worked  for 
lime  burning. 

The  manor  of  Xewby,  or  Newby  Stones,  as  it  is  some- 
times called,  does  not  appear  to  have  been  comprised  in 
WestmorL'land  barony.  It  seems  to  have  been  held 
by  a  family  who  bore  the  name  of  De  Newby,  but  we 
possess  no  information  respecting  them.  In  1518-19, 
Richard  Vernon,  of  Nether  Haddon,  Derbyshire,  occurs 
as  holding  of  the  king,  in  capite,  sixteen  messuages  and 
300  acres  of  laud,  in  Newby.  The  Nevinsons  of  Newby 
arc  first  mentioned  in  1550-7  ;  they  continued  to  hold 
the  manor  for  several  generations  ;  but  it  came  ulti- 
mately to  the  Lowthers,  the  Earl  of  Lonsdalo  being  the 
present  lord ;  besides  whom  Matthew  Bolham,  Esq., 
Rev.  Mr.  Courtney,  Miss  Straughan,  and  others,  are  the 
landowners.  Newby  Hall,  the  residence  of  the  Nevin- 
sons, is  an  ancient  structure,  with  the  arms  of  the  family 
(three  eagles,  displayed  with  a  chevron  azure,  on  a  shield 
argent)  sculptured  in  stone  over  the  door. 

The  vUlage  of  Newby  is  five  miles  north-by-east  of 
Shap.  There  is  a  Wesleyan  chapel  here,  erected  in 
1845. 

Towcett  is  a  small  hamlet  in  this  township,  about 
three  miles  south-west  of  Newby. 

The  Society  of  Friends  have  a  burial  ground  here. 

There  is  a  coru-mill  on  the  Newby  Beck. 

SLEAGILL. 

The  area  of  Sleagill  is  included  with  those  of  Mor- 
laud  and  Bolton  town.ships  ;  its  rateable  value  is  1:770 
12s.  Id.  The  population  in  1801,  was  111 ;  in  1811, 
138;  in  1821,  157;  in  1831,  181;  in  1811,  153; 
aud  in  1851,  123.     The  soil  here  is  loamy. 

The  manor  of  Sleagill  seems  to  have  been  anciently 
included  in  that  of  Newby,  and  in  the  roign  of  Edward 
II.  is  described  as  '•  Sleagill,  in  the  hamlet  nf  Newby." 
It  forms  part  of  tho  l)aruny  of  Kendal.  Sleagill  was 
formerly  held  by  a  family  bearing  the  local  name,  from 
whom  it  passed,  by  grant,  to  the  StalVoles.  lu  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.  U'illiuni  Fap'er  occiu-s  as  holding 
some  messuages  and  tenements  in  Sleagill,  which  were 
held  of  the  king  as  of  his  manor  of  Kendal,  called  the 
manjuis  fee,  by  knights'  service.  The  lilcnkiusops  of 
Helbeck  seem  to  have  had  considerable  property  here. 


In  1070,  William  IMawson,  with  the  consent  of  the  dean 
and  chapter  of  Carlisle,  gave  a  lease  of  the  tithes  of 
Sleagill  to  the  vicarage  of  Penrith.  The  manor  is  now 
held  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  landowners  are 
the  Rev.  Edward  Salkeld,  John  Twhaites,  Esq., 
Thomas  Buck,  Esq.,  Robei't  Salkeld,  Esq.,  Miss  M. 
Braithwaite,  and  others. 

The  village  of  Sleagill  is  seven  miles  west-by-south 
of  Appleby.  There  is  a  school  here,  erected  in  1858, 
at  the  sole  expense  of  Miss  Braithwaite,  of  Low  Mill 
Flat,  in  this  township,  who  also  supplies  the  children 
with  books  and  other  school  requisites.  There  is  also 
a  school  in  the  village  for  girls  and  infants. 

CHABITIES. 

Bohinson's  Charitij.  —  Christopher  Robinson,  by  will, 
dated  lilarch  2'2ud,  1750,  left  two  closes  in  the  parish 
of  Crosby  Ravensworth,  upon  trust  that  the  rents  should 
be  distributed  annually  among  the  poor  of  Sleagill.  The 
income  of  this  charity  now  amounts  to  £G  a  year,  which, 
with  £9  added  by  Miss  Braithwaite,  is  given  to  the  poor 
of  the  township. 

Lord  Wharton's  Bible  Charity.  —  Five  copies  of  the 
Bible,  bound  up  with  the  Common  Prayer,  are  received 
annually  from  the  trustees  of  Lord  Wharton's  Charity, 
for  poor  children  of  Sleagill. 

GBEAT    STRICELAXD. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  2,265  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  £1,517.  In  1811  it  comprised  211  inhabi- 
tants ;  in  1«1],  211 ;  in  1821,  216  ;  in  1831,  215  ;  in 
1841,  277;  aud  in  1851,  345,  who  reside  principally 
hi  the  village.  The  township  is  clean  aud  healthy,  and 
many  of  the  inhabitants  are  remarkable  for  their  longev- 
ity. The  Lancaster  and  Carhsle  railway  runs  through 
the  towuship. 

Great  and  Little  Strickland  form  one  manor,  and 
from  it  tlie  Stricklands  of  Sizergh,  who  resided  here 
for  many  generations,  derive  their  name.  About  the 
time  of  Henry  VI.  a  family  of  tho  name  of  Fallowtield 
became  possessed  of  Strickland,  but  whotlier  by  mar- 
riage, purchase,  or  grant,  we  aie  not  informed,  in  the 
reign  of  James  I.,  Richard  Fallowfield,  Esq.,  of  Strick- 
land Hall,  married  Helen,  daughter  of  Sir  Christopher 
Lowlher,  Knt.,  and  by  her  had  a  daughter  and  heiress, 
who  became  the  wife  of  John  Dalston,  Esq,  of 
Acorn  Bank.  Chrisiophor,  son  of  this  John  Dalston, 
sold  Great  SuicKland  to  Sir  John  Lowther,  from  whom 
it  has  descended  to  the  Earl  of  Lousdale,  who  is  also 
tho  principal  landowner ;  but  there  are  many  resident 
yeomen. 

The  village  of  Great  Strickland  is  about  sis  miles 


804 


WEST  WARD. 


south-south-east  of  Penrith.  Here  is  an  old  Quakers' 
chapel,  with  burial  ground  attached.  A  school  was 
erected  here  in  1790,  with  money  belonging  to  the 
township.  In  1848  a  handsome  new  school,  with 
teacher's  residence,  was  built  by  Mrs.  Sarah  Plummer, 
at  a  cost  of  £.500.  The  same  lady  also  endowed  it  with 
an  estate,  which  now  produces  £30  a  year.  The  average 
attendance  is  forty-five.  The  girls'  school  has  an  endow- 
ment of  £i  15s.  2d. 

CHAHITTES. 

Poor's  Land. — This  township  possesses  some  laud  in 
Morland,  which  has  been  purchased  for  £22,  and  the 
rent  is  distributed  with  Stephenson's  Charity,  as  here- 
after described. 

Fletcher's  Charity. — William  Fletcher,  by  will,  dated 
December  1st,  175G,  left  £10,  to  be  appHed  for  buying 
books,  or  paying  for  the  education  of  poor  children. 
(See  Stephenson's  Charity.) 

Stephenson's  Charity. — William  Stephenson,  by  will, 
dated  2ord  March,  1797,  left  j£20  bu  trust,  the  interest 


to  be  applied  in  putting  to  school  poor  children ;  and 
should  there  be  any  surplus,  he  directed  it  to  be  given 
to  the  poor  of  the  township.  Of  this  legacy  £*10  was 
expended  in  the  purchase  of  th-  poor's  laud  as  above ; 
and  the  remainder  was  laid  out,  together  with  £10  left 
by  William  Fletcher  as  before  -  mentioned ;  and  £20 
borrowed  from  a  fund  belonging  to  the  township,  called 
the  Bull  Stock,  making  in  the  whole  £40,  in  the  pur- 
chase of  land,  which,  with  the  poor's  land,  produces 
about  £4  63.  6d.  a  year,  out  of  which  17s.  is  paid 
yearly  as  the  interest  of  £22  7s.  Gd.,  being  the  money 
advanced  by  the  township  for  the  purchase.  Out  of 
the  remainder,  £1  is  paid  towards  the  education  of 
poor  children,  as  the  interest  of  Wilham  Stephenson's 
money  ;  and  the  residue  is  divided  among  poor  people 
at  Christmas. 

There  is  a  corn-mill  on  the  river  Leeth,  in  this 
township,  the  property  of  the  lord  of  the  manor. 

Strickland  House  is  the  residence  of  Thomas  Fallow- 
field  Longrigg,  Esq. 


BOLTON     CHAPELRY. 

This  chapelry  comprises  no  dependant  townships.  Its  area  is  included  in  the  townships  of  Morland  and  Sleagill ;  its 
rateable  value  is  £2,157  12s.  lid.  The  population  in  1801  was  324  ;  in  1811,  305  ;  in  1821,  445  ;  in  1831,  391  ; 
in  1841,  383  ;  and  in  1851,  384.     The  soil  here  is  principally  a  strong  clay. 

The  first  recorded  possessor  of  Bolton  is  Pialph 
Baron  of  Greystoke,  who,  as  we  learn  from  an  inquisi- 
tion taken  in  1314,  held  at  that  time  Dufton,  Bolton, 


Brampton,  and  Yanwath.  In  1326  the  Derwent- 
waters  occur  as  holding  Bolton  under  the  Greystokes. 
The  ne.xt  mesne  tenants  mentioned  are  the  Piat- 
cliffs,  who  held  of  the  Greystokes  as  the  Greystokes 
held  of  the  Cliffords.  The  manor  was  subsequently 
purchased  by  the  Fletchers  of  Hutton,  and  is  now  held 
by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  landowners  are  the  Earl 
of  Lonsdale,  the  heirs  of  the  late  Richard  Tinkler,  Esq. ; 
John  Dent,  Esq.;  Robert  Harrison,  Esq.;  Ralph  Bird, 
Esq. ;  Robert  Addison,  Esq. ;  William  Brougham,  Esq. ; 
B.  C.  Caton,  Esq. ;  and  others. 

The  village  of  Bolton  is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  Eden,  four  miles  north-west-by-north  of  Appleby. 
In  ancient  times  its  name  was  written  Boelthum,  Boel- 
tum,  Bovelthum,  and  Botheltum. 

THE   CHATEL. 

Bolton  chapel,  dedicated  to  All  Saints,  is  a  low  antique 
building,  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  village.     It 


consists  of  nave  and  chancel,  with  a  small  belfry,  con- 
taining two  bells.  The  east  window  is  filled  with  stained 
glass,  on  which  the  Crucifixion  and  the  Four  Evangelists 
are  represented.  The  chapel  underwent  considerable 
repairs  about  twelve  years  ago  ;  it  will  accommodate  100 
persons.  In  ancient  times  this  chapel  was  worth  only 
£4  10s.  a  year;  viz.,  £3  paid  by  the  vicar  of  Morland,  and 
thirty  shillings  arising  "  from  the  produce  of  the  yard, 
surplice  fees,  and  the  tithes  of  garths,  chickens,  eggs, 
ducks,  hemp,  and  flax  in  the  lordship  of  Bolton  ; "  but 
since  )  753  it  has  been  augmented  with  £  1 ,000,  of  which 
£800  was  received  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  in  1754, 
1701,  and  1785,  and  ^200  was  given  by  the  Countess 
Dowager  Gower.  Two  estates  were  purchased  in  Bolton 
with  the  £800  named  above,  the  remainder  was  expended 
in  the  purchase  of  the  Scarside  estate  at  Orton.  The 
Derwentwater  family  had  a  chantry  in  tliis  chapel.  On 
the  enclosure  of  the  common  this  township  was  exonera- 
ted from  all  tithes.  The  hving  is  a  perpetual  curacy 
in  the  patronage  of  the  vicar  of  ilorland,  and]  is  worth 
about  £80  a  year. 


THRIMBY  CHAPELEY. 


805 


There  is  a  small  parsonage  house ;  but  the  incum- 
bent resides  at  Longmarton. 

The  Wesleyans  erected  a  chapel  here  in  18 IS.  It 
was  afterwards  occupied  by  the  Wesleyan  Associa- 
tion, and  being  purchased  by  John  Dent,  Esq.,  in 
1840,  is  now  designated  the  United  Wesleyan  Free 
Church. 

CHAEITIES. 

School. — Bolton  school  has  been  endowed  with  bene- 
factions amounting  to  £312,  the  principal  of  which  are 
£-iO  left  in  1721  by  James  Hanson;  €10  by  Elizabeth 
Hanson,  liis  wife;  £40  by  Joseph  Railton,  in  1702; 
£50  by  William  Bowness,  in  1762;  £50  by  Michael 
Richardson,  in  1765  ;  £50  by  Nicholas  Dent,  in  1782  ; 
£2,  by  John  FaUowficld,  in  1804.  The  yearly  interest 
of  this  money  amounts  to  £1 1,  for  which  thirteen  of  the 
poorest  children  in  the  township  are  taught  free.  The 
present  school  is  a  neat  building,  erected  in  1856,  on 
the  site  of  the  old  school,  at  a  cost  of  between  £500  and 
JE600,  defrayed  by  the  late  Richard  Tinkler.  The 
average  attendance  is  about  sixty  children. 

Poor  Stock  and  Chapel  Stock. — From  the  parish  books 
we  learn  that  tl;ere  was,  in  1723,  an  ancient  chapel 
stock,  the  interest  of  which  amounted  annually  to  8s. 
or  10s.,  and  an  ancient  poor  stock,  amounting  to  £15 
or  £16.     £  10  was  taken  from  each  of  these  stocks  and 


added  to  the  £200  with  which  the  estate  at  Scarside 
was  purchased  (see  chapel);  a  portion  of  the  proceeds  of 
which  are  devoted  to  the  repairs  of  the  chapel  and  to 
the  poor. 

Bowness's  Cliarity.  —  William  Bowness,  by  will,  in 
1709,  left  a  rent  charge  of  10s.  a  year  to  the  poor  of 
the  chapelry. 

Blamyre's  Charity. — John  Blamyre,  in  1713,  left  £5, 
the  interest  to  be  given  to  the  poor  of  Bolton. 

In  connection  with  the  school  there  is  a  library, 
established  in  1854,  which  now  comprises  upwards  of 
200  volumes. 

The  principal  residences  in  the  chapelry  are  Eden 
Grove,  Captain  Tinkler;  Crossrigg  Hall,  Robert  Addi- 
son, Esq. ;  Elm  House,  John  Dent,  Esq. 

Builly  Castle,  now  a  farm-house,  about  a  mile  and  a 
half  west  of  Appleby,  is  in  this  manor.  It  is  supposed 
to  have  been  erected  in  the  twelfth  centuiy,  by  John 
Builly,  whose  daughter  and  heiress  married  the  first 
Robert  de  Veteripont,  but  it  was  the  property  of  the 
Bishop  of  Carlisle  in  1256,  as  appears  by  a  deed  relat- 
ing to  the  vicarial  tithes  of  St.  Michael's  Appleby,  exe- 
cuted there  in  that  year.  It  has  since  continued  to  be 
held  by  the  successive  bishops  of  Carlisle. 

About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  cast  of  the  vUlage  the 
Eden  is  crossed  by  a  good  iron  bridge,  erected  in  1816. 


THRIMBY   CHAPELRY. 
This  chapelry  comprises  the  townships  of  Thrimby  and  Little  Strickland. 


THRIilBV. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1,506  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £2,049.  The  number  of  inliabitants 
in  1801  was  60;  in  1811,  79;  in  1821,  62;  in  1831, 
81 ;  in  1841,  60 ;  and  in  1851,  09.  The  township  is 
intersected  by  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway. 

This  manor  seem  to  have  been  possessed  by  the 
Thrimby  family  at  a  very  early  period,  some  of  them 
occur  in  the  reign  of  King  John.  In  the  reign  of  his 
successor,  Henry  III.,  John,  son  of  William  de  Thrimby, 
gave  to  the  priory  of  Wctheral  certain  lands  and  a 
grange  at  Thrimby.  The  manor  came  afterwards  to 
the  Harringtons,  who  held  it  in  capile  under  the  Rich- 
mond fee  of  the  barony  of  Kendal.  It  came  subse- 
quently to  tho  Lowthors,  and  is  now  held  by  the  Earl 
of  Lonsdale,  who  is  also  the  principal  landowner. 

Tho  hamlet  of  Thrimby  is  about  two  miles  north- 
east of  Jlorland. 


LITTLE    STRICKLAND. 

This  township  contains  772  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  is  £1,044.  Tlie  population  in  1801  was  98  ;  in 
1811,  102;  in  1821,  115;  in  1831,  121;  in  1841. 
134;  and  in  1851,  135.  For  an  account  of  the  manor 
see  Great  Strickland,  page  803.  A  branch  of  the 
Crackeuthorpe  family  appears  to  hovo  resided  at  Little 
Strickknd  for  several  generations ;  and  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.  Thomas  Fletcher,  Esq.,  had  a  good  estate 
here.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  bos  a  corn-mill  here  on 
the  river  Leeth. 

The  hamlet  of  Littlo  Strickland  is  three  miles  north 
of  Shap. 

THE   CIIIPEL. 

Thrimby  chapel,  situated  in  this  township,  was 
rebuilt  in  1814,  at  the  cxpnso  of  tho  Earl  of  Lonsdale 
and  the  incumbent,  the  farmers  giving  their  services 
in  the  carting  of  materials.     It  is  a  small  unpretending 


806 


WEST  WARD. 


structure.  The  original  chapel  was  quite  deserted,  and 
dilapidated  for  many  years  prior  to  1681,  when  Thomas 
Fletcher  left  a  yearly  rent  charge  of  i'lO  to  bo  paid 
out  of  property  in  Little  Strickland,  for  the  benefit  of 
the  curate  and  the  schoolmaster,  which  offices  were  to 
be  filled  by  one  man,  who  was  to  remain  unmarried  as 
long  as  he  officiated,  unless  a  dispensation  was  granted 
to  him  by  a  majority  of  the  trustees.  It  has  also  been 
augmented  with  d£30  by  the  Ecclesiastical  Commis- 
sioners. The  vicar  of  Morland  is  patron  of  the  per- 
petual curacy,  which  has  been  four  times  augmented 
from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  amounting  to  fSdO,  one 
half  of  which  was  expended  in  the  purchase  of  the 
Stonygill  estate,  in  Crosby  Ravensworth,  and  the 
other  half  remains  at  interest.     The   living,  in   the 


patronage  of  the  vicar  of  Morland,  is  now  worth  about 
£80  a  year. 

CBABITIES. 

ScJiool. — Little  Strickland  and  Thrimby  school  pos- 
sesses an  endowment  of  ;£5,  being  half  of  the  £10 
bequeathed  by  !Mr.  Fletcher,  as  above-mentioued,  to  the 
chapelry.  The  average  number  of  children  in  atten- 
dance is  about  twenty. 

Fletcher's  Charity. — Mary  Fletcher,  widow  of  Thomas 
Fletcher,  left  by  will  .€10,  the  interest  of  which  she 
directed  should  be  distributed  yearly  amongst  the  poor 
of  the  township. 

Coirpers  Charity. — Thomas  Cowper,  in  1799,  left 
the  interest  of  ,C5  for  the  use  of  the  poor. 


SHAP   PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Shap  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  those  of  ]MorlanJ,  Lowtlicr,  and  Bampton  ;  on  the  west  by  Bampton, 
Barton,  and  Kendal ;  on  the  south  by  Orton  and  Crosby  Ravensworth  ;  and  on  the  east  by  Crosby  Ravensworth  and 
Morland.  It  is  a  mountainous  district,  about  five  miles  and  a  half  in  length  and  four  in  bread^,  and  comprises 
within  its  limits  sevend  deep  and  fertile  vales,  watered  by  a  number  of  rivulets,  the  principal  feeders  of  the  rivers  Low- 
ther  and  Leeth,  and  the  lake  of  Haweswater.  The  manors  of  Birkbeck  Fells  and  Fawcett  Forest  are  partly  in  this  parish. 
At  Thornshap,  Hosgill  Beck,  and  Mosdale  are  excellent  slate  quarries.  For  parochial  purposes  the  parish  is  divided 
into  four  constableries,  viz.,  Shap-with-Keld,  Rasat,  Tailbert,  and  Thornshap ;  Ilardendale-with-Wastdale ;  Mardale- 
with-Swindale ;  and  Rosgill-with-Wet-Sleddale.  Its  area  is  -27,770  acres.  The  population  in  1801  was  8i28  ;  in  1811 
795  :  in  1821,  909 ;  in  1831,  1084  ;  in  1841,  996  ;  and  in  1851,  1,009. 

to  Robert  Lowthcr,  Esq.,  from  whom  it  has  descended 
to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the  present  proprietor,  besides 
whom  Thomas  Clarke,  Esq. ;  Adam  Potts,  Esq, ; 
Thomas  Wilkinson,  Esq.;  James  Lewis,  Esq.;  Walter 
Parker,  Esq.;  Major  Salmond,  and  others,  are  the 
landowners. 


The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £5,642 ;  its 
area  and  population  are  returned  with  the  parish.  The 
soU  here  is  chiefly  loam  upon  a  subsoil  of  limestone  and 
sand.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment  of  the 
inhabitants  ;  some,  however,  are  employed  in  the  slate 
quarries  at  Thornshap.  The  Lancaster  and  Carhslc 
railway  runs  through  the  township,  and  has  a  station, 
with  coal  depots,  ifcc.  on  the  south  of  the  village. 

The  manor  of  Shap  belonged  in  ancient  times  to  the 
Culwen,  or  Curwen  family,  who  held  it  under  the 
CMords,  lords  of  Westmoreland.  In  the  4tli  Edward 
ni.  (1360-1)  Sir  Gilbert  de  Culwen,  Knt,  re-leased  to 
the  abbey  of  Shap  all  his  right  in  certain  lands  and 
tenements  in  Shap.  In  1422  the  manor  was  held 
jointly  by  the  abbot  of  Shap  and  Christopher  Curwen ; 
and  subsequently  the  whole  manor  came  into  the 
possession  of  the  abbey,  by  gift,  probably,  of  the  Cur- 
wens.  On  the  suppression  of  the  monasteries,  the 
manor  was  granted  to  Lord  Wharton,  and  the  heirs 
male  of  his  body,  and  continued  in  the  possession  of 
the  Wharton  family  till  the  Duke  of  Wharton  sold  it 


In  the  deep  secluded  vale  of  the  Lowther,  about  a 
mile  west  of  the  town  of  Shap,  are  the  venerable  and 
time-honouied  ruins  of  Shap  Abbey,  one  of  those  struc- 
tures which  may  be  justly  regarded  as  the  great  land- 
marks fixed  in  the  history  of  our  country.  The  abbeys 
of  England  stand  like  monumental  pillars  in  the  stream 
of  time,  inscribed  with  the  names  of  her  native  chivalry 
and  early  hierarchy,  whose  patriotic  deeds  and  works  of 
piety  they  were  raised  to  witness  and  perpetuate.  The 
communit}-  of  Shap  formed  a  branch  of  the  Praemon- 
stratensian  order,  founded  in  1120  at  Praemonstratum, 
in  France,  by  St.  Norbert,  archbishop  of  Magdeburg. 
The  members  of  this  institute  were  also  called  White 
Canon,  from  then  habit,  which  was  a  white  cassock, 
with  a  white  rochet  over  it,  a  long  white  cloak,  and  a 
white  cap.      They  were  brought   to  England  shortly 


SHAP  PARISH. 


807 


after  1120,  and  first  settled  at  Newhouse,  in  Lincoln- 
shire. They  soon  began  to  increase  in  numbers,  and 
to  enlarge  the  sphere  of  their  operations.  Some  of 
them  proceeded  to  the  north  of  England,  and  settled 
at  Preston  Patrick,  where  lands  were  given  to  them  by 
Thomas,  son  of  Gospatric.  From  causes  with  which 
we  are  now  unacquainted,  the  community  removed  from 
Preston  Patrick  to  Shap,  or  Heppe,  as  it  was  then  and 
long  afterwards  called,  where  a  church  and  abbey  were 
erected  and  dedicated  to  God,  under  the  invocation  of 
St.  IVIary  Jfagdalene.  The  founder  endowed  the  abbey 
with  land  and  vai'ious  privileges  and  immunities,  which 
were  considerably  augmented  by  gifts  from  other  per- 
sons in  various  parts  of  England  and  Scotland.'  The 
abbey  was  not  e.xempt  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
ordinary.  The  bishop  of  the  diocese  admitted  the 
abbots,  who  took  the  customary  oath  of  canonical  obedi- 
ence. Shap  Abbey  continued  to  flourish,  subject  to 
many  vicissitudes,  until  the  period  of  the  change  of 
religion  in  this  country.  It  escaped  dissolution  in 
1535-0,  but  four  years  afterwards  was  surrendered  by 
Richard  Eveuwood,  the  last  abbot,  who  received  a  pen- 
sion of  i*40.  The  other  members  of  the  community 
and  the  pensions  were  as  follow : — Hugh  Watsonne, 
Eobert  Barlande,  John  Addison,  Edward  Michael,  and 
Edmund  Carter,  £0  each ;  Martin  Macrethe,  John 
Dawstone,  and  Richard  Mill,  £5  each ;  John  Bell, 
£5  Os.  8d.;  George  Ellerston,  Anthony  Johnson,  John 
Rode,  and  Ralph  Watson,  £-i  each.  The  valuation 
of  the  abbey  at  the  time  of  its  suppression  amounted  to 
£154  7s.  7Jd.  a  year  ;  the  community  numbered  twenty 
members.     The  names  of  those  given  above  are  those 

I  ThoDits,  son  of  Goapatrie,  by  charter,  g»ve  to  God  and  St  JFary 

jraKilalcnc.  luul  llie  canons  of  Prestoo  of  llie  Premouslrittcnsiuii  order, 
a  portion  of  his  lanil.s  at  Preston,  iu  Kenihil,  to  builil  a  mansion  for 
the  said  canons,  to  wit,  his  wliole  desmone  parlc  there,  and  also  otlier 
lauds,  spccifj'iog  lliu  respective  metes  and  bounds.  He  granted 
to  them  aUo  as  much  of  his  iroods  as  they  had  a  mind  to  lake,  and 
also  as  nmch  of  the  hark  of  sucli  wood  as  they  should  cut  down 
witliont  tlie  view  of  his  foresters,  and  mastage  also  for  tlieir  hogs,  and 
the  titlie  of  his  pannage,  andlibiriy  lo  grind  at  his  mill  there  moultcr 
free,  whensoever  they  should  come.  The  same  Thomas  subse- 
quently granted  to  the  Bamc  community,  on  its  removal  ti>  Shap,  a 
considerable  quantity  of  land,  with  pikstiirage  for  sixty  cows,  twenty 
mares,  and  'AiO  slieep,  and  for  live  yoke  of  oxen.  He  also  gave 
them  wood  fur  the  nlibcy,  for  limber,  for  lire,  hedtrinft,  and  other 
neccsjuiri'-a.  His  son,  of  the  same  nnmc  conlimied  those  giants, 
and  on  his  demise  his  widow  gave  nine  acres  of  land,  iu  the  ville 
of  Ileppe,to  the  abbot  and  canons.  In  the  l:ith  King.lohn  ( I'JU  12), 
Robert  de  Veleripont,  being  then  biiron  of  Westinoreland,  cunlirnied 
to  the  abbey  of  Shap  the  grant  of  Simp  anil  also  of  Renegill,  which 
had  been  mode  by  Maude,  his  motlier,  and  Ivo,  his  broilior,  and 
he  granted  fiirdier  to  tlie  abbey  Uie  grange  of  Milncbuni,  and  the 
titlies  of  all  his  mills  in  Westimirebuiil,  and  of  all  the  removid  of 
beasts  in  hi*  forest  in  Westmoreland  taken  by  him  or  his  men. 
John  de  Veteripont,  8<m  of  tliis  lioberl,  giive  the  hoopital  of  Su 
Nicholas,  near  Appleby,  to  Shap  .\blMy,  and  this  grant  was  confirmed 
by  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  upon  condition  of  the  comu^uuity  of  Shap 


who  were  living  and  in  receipt  of  pensions  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  reign  of  Queen  Mary,  1553. 

The  abbey  church  appears  to  have  been  a  spacious 
structure,  but  the  large  tower  is  the  only  part  now 
standing,  the  other  portions  having  entirely  disappeared. 
In  1835  extensive  foundations  of  buildings  were  discov- 
ered on  the  south  side  of  the  abbey,  near  which  the 
pillar  of  an  ancient  bridge  may  be  distinguished  in  the 
middle  of  the  river.  Thomas,  son  of  Gospatric,  men- 
tioned above,  was  buried  in  Shap  Abbey,  as  were  also 
several  of  the  Clifford  family. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Shap  are  two  of  those  rude  struc- 
tures to  which  no  Certain  date  can  be  assigned,  and 
which  are  therefore  usually  referred  to  the  primitive 
times  of  the  Druids.  Karl  Lofts,  the  name  of  one,  con- 
sists of  two  parallel  lines  of  unhewn  masses  of  granite, 
half  a  mile  long  by  si.xty  or  seventy  feet  broad.  At  the 
south  end  of  the  enclosure,  about  two  miles  from  Shap, 
there  was  a  circle  about  forty  feet  in  diameter,  consist- 
ing of  thirteen  blocks  of  granite,  the  largest  seven  to 
eight  feet  high  ;  but  this  interesting  memorial  of  bye- 
gone  days  was  destroyed  in  the  formation  of  the  Lan- 
caster and  Carlisle  railway  ;  and  it  is  probable  that,  in 
a  few  years  more,  what  now  remains  of  Karl  Lofts  will 
disappear  altogether.  Many  of  the  stones  have  already 
been  can-ied  off  for  buikling  purposes,  or  some  other 
"  base  uses."  At  a  place  called  Gunnerskeld  Bottom 
there  is  a  circle  of  large  stones,  supposed  to  be  a  sepul- 
chral cairn. 

The  village  of  Shap,  anciently  Hep,  or  Heppe,  extends 
about  a  mile  along  the  great  high  road  between  Penrith 
and  Kendal,  on  the  western  side  of  the  Lancaster  and 

supporting  three  lepers  in  the  said  hospital  for  ever.  Thesame  John  de 
Veteripont  gave  to  the  canons  of  Shap  a  parcel  of  his  demesne  land 
in  the  field  of  Knock  Salcock.  Robert  de  Veteripont,  son  of  John, 
gave  lo  the  said  abbey  four  marks  a  year  out  of  his  rents  at  .Vskham  and 
Milneburn.  Ralph,  sou  of  .\iUun  de  Buihelton,  gave  certain  liads  al 
Bolton,  as  did  idso  .\ilum,  son  of  William  de  Derweutwater,  I'etred, 
son  of  Simon  de  Bolhelton,  Henry  de  Threlkeld  ami  Walter,  son  o! 
Thomas  de  liothellon.  The  abbey  had  also  possessions  at  Gargrave 
iu  Craven.  It  had  also  the  appropriated  church  of  Jolmston  iu 
Anmmdole,  which  was  coufimied  to  them  by  William,  son  of  Walter 
de  Lindsay,  .\dain,  son  of  I'ghtred,  gave  lands  at  Uish  Knipc.  Sir 
Richard  de  Askeby,  Knt.,  gave  several  parcels  of  land  at  Onnsiile. 
William  de  Hoffgiive  to  the  abbey  a  messoage  in  Appleby.  Thomas, 
sun  of  Hanry  do  Itedewau,  cunfinned  lo  the  abbey  tivo  oxgauRS  of 
land  in  the  vill  of  Appleby,  wliicli  Norman,  bis  brother,  hail  received 
from  John  do  Veleripont,  f.ir  which  the  abbot  and  convent  wen'  to 
render  lo  the  said  Th^m«^  and  his  lieiro,  three  borl'fd  arrows,  <«■ 
one  penny  yearly  on  the  feaM  of  Su  Lawreuce,  auil  doing  for  the 
same  foreign  service.  In  1:10!'  XIargareU  widow  of  Sir  Hugh  de  Low- 
tlur.  gave  all  Inr  lumls  in  Westmurelnnd  lo  Shap  Abbey.  Tlie.-x-  lands, 
after  a  pcrio<l  of  near  |l>0  years  came  hack  to  ttw  l.owther»,wben  the 
abbey  poaseasions  mm  ptircliasrd  by  iliat  fouidy.  Besides  ihea* 
and  many  oilier  grants  of  land,  the  ablw^v  bod  the  rectories  and 
advowsons  of  the  cbnrches  of  Warcop,  BamploD,  and  Shap,  and  also 
the  manor  of  Shap,  as  above  stated. 


808 


WEST  WARD. 


Carlisle  railway,  ten  miles  and  a  half  south-by-east  of 
Penrith,  and  sixteen  miles  north-east  of  Kendal.  It 
contains  two  inns  and  about  150  detached  houses.  In 
1087  Philip  lord  Wharton  obtained  a  charter  for  a 
weekly  market  here  on  Wednesdays,  and  three  fairs 
yearly,  viz. : — on  the  2.Srd  and  21th  of  April,  1st  and 
2ud  of  August,  and  the  17th  and  18th  of  September,  but 
these  fairs  have  long  been  discontinued,  and  the  only 
one  worthy  of  the  name  is  now  held  here  on  the  Ith  of 
Jlay  ;  there  is  another  on  the  28th  of  September.  The 
market  also  has  become  almost  obsolete  ;  the  old  cross, 
or  market  house,  is  now  occupied  as  a  school. 

THE    CHUECH. 

Shap  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Michael,  is  an  ancient 
edifice,  in  the  Norman  style,  consisting  of  nave,  aisles, 
chancel,  and  low  embattled  tower  containing  three 
bells.  The  church  was  restored  and  repaired  in  1829, 
when  a  new  galleiy,  containing  100  sittings,  was 
erected.  In  consequence  of  a  grant  having  been  ob- 
tained from  the  Incorporated  Society  for  Building 
Churches,  &c.,  these  sittings  were  declared  free  and 
unappropriated.  There  is  a  curious  font  standing 
against  one  of  the  pillars  at  the  west  end.  The  families 
of  Hall,  Holme,  and  others,  are  commemorated  by  mural 
monuments.  Shap  church  was  rectorial  till  it  was 
given  to  the  abbey  by  Thomas,  son  of  Gospatric,  when 
it  became  a  vicarage.  The  appropriation  was  confirmed 
by  several  bishops  of  Carlisle,  with  the  exception  of 
the  altarage.  It  is  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at 
£S  15s.  7Jd.  Nicolson  and  Bum  tell  us  "  This 
vicarage  being  so  small,  few  persons  have  been  willing 
to  be  at  the  expense  of  institution  and  induction  ;  but 
it  hath  been  generally  suffered  to  go  in  lapse,  and  sup- 
plied by  curates  under  a  sequestration.  But  having 
received  augmentations  by  the  governors  of  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty,  it  hath  since  become  necessary  to  have 
vicars  canonically  appointed."  It  has  received  grants 
amounting  to  £1,300  from  the  governors  of  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty,  with  whom  £900  still  remain  at  four 
per  cent,  interest  ;  the  remainder,  with  £200  given  by 
the  Countess  Dowager  Gower,  was  many  years  ago  laid 
out  in  the  purchase  of  two  estates,  one  at  Staveley,  in 
this  county,  and  the  other  in  the  parish  of  Crosthwaite, 
in  Cumberland.  At  the  enclosure  of  the  commons  in 
1820,  the  vicarial  tithes  were  commuted  for  an  allot- 
ment of  three-and-a-half  acres  of  land,  and  the  rectorial, 
which  have  been  long  annexed  to  Lowther  rectory,  for 
an  allotment  of  223  acres.  The  patronage  has  descended 
with  the  manor,  and  is  at  present  possessed  by  the  Earl 
of  Lonsdale.  The  living  is  now  worth  about  £88  a 
vear. 


ViCABS.— Walter  de  Ditton,  died  1295  ;  'William  de  Kirkedal, 
1295  i  Thomas  de  Wynton,  lf!19;  John  de  Richmund,  resigned 
1312 ;  John  do  Langeton,  1.312 ;  Alexander  English  occurs 
1511  ;  John  Whinfell,  died  1574  ;  John  Brockbank,  1574 ; 
William  Langhom,  1759  ;  James  H  olme,  1775  ;  J.  Eowlandson, 
1819  ;  James  Simpson,  1857. 

The  parsonage  house  is  a  plain  residence,  on  the  south 
side  of  the  church. 

The  Wesleyan  Methodists  have  a  chapel  here. 

Shap  possesses  a  spacious  school,  erected  in  1838, 
b}'  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  who  also  endowed  it  with 
£500,  which  has  since  been  augmented  by  the  donations 
of  private  individuals.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  also  pays 
£20  a  year  for  the  free  education  of  twenty -five  children. 
The  endowment  of  the  school  produces  £25  1 7s.  a  year. 
In  connexion  with  this  school  is  one  for  girls,  held  in 
the  Old  Market  Hall,  and  endowed  with  £13  a  year. 


Poor's  Land. — There  is  a  field  called  the  Poor  Hagg, 
in  Wet  Sleddale,  containing  between  twenty  and  thirtj- 
acres  of  rough  and  wet  ground,  the  rent  of  which  has 
been  for  many  years  applied  for  charitable  purposes 
among  poor  householders. 

School. — The  master  of  Shap  school  receives  7s.  Od. 
annually  out  of  the  Poor  Hagg  just  mentioned. 

Lord  Wharton's  Charity. — The  vicar  of  Shap  receives 
annually  about  twenty  Bibles,  with  tracts  on  the 
Catechism,  from  the  trustees  of  Lord  Wharton's 
Charity.  A  sermon  is  preached  every  third  year  at 
Shap  as  directed  by  Lord  Wharton's  will,  for  which  the 
vicar  receives  ten  shillings. 

Holme's  Charity. — Gertrude  Holme,  widow  of  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Holme,  of  Wellingborough,  by  will,  dated 
February  20th,  1782,  left  a  number  of  shares  in  the 
Newport  Pagnell  and  Kettering  turnpike  trust,  the 
produce  of  which  she  decided  should  be  divided  amongst 
the  poor  relations  of  her  husband  of  the  name  of  Holme, 
resident  in  the  parish  of  Shap. 

It  is  traditionally  stated  in  Shap  that  the  ancestors 
of  the  Great  Washington  were  natives  of  this  parish. 

Egdale  is  a  hamlet  near  the  source  of  the  Lowther, 
two  miles  and  a  half  north-west-by-north  of  Shap.  Keld, 
or  Keilde,  is  an  ancient  village  near  the  ruined  abbey, 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Lowther,  three  quarters  of  a 
mile  west  of  Shap.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  small 
chapel  which  serve  as  a  cow-house.  The  other  hamlets 
are  Rasat,  two  and  a  half  miles  west  of  Shap  ;  Tailbert, 
two  and  a  half  miles  west-by-south ;  and  Thornshap, 
three  quarters  of  a  mile  south-west. 

Thomthwaite  was  formerly  an  extensive  forest,  and 


SHAP   PARISH. 


809 


belonged  successively  to  the  Curwens,  Howards,  War- 
wicks,  atid  Hasels,  from  the  latter  of  whom  it  was 
purchased  by  the  Lowthers. 

HARDENDALE. 

The  area  and  population  are  returned  with  the  parish ; 
the  rateable  value  is  £028  Us.  The  soil  here  is  generally 
poor,  the  greater  portion  of  the  township  consisting  of 
moor  and  fells.  Hardemklc  and  \Vastdale  form  a  joint 
manor,  which  formerly  belonged  to  Byland  Abbey,  iu 
Yorkshire,  but  by  whom  it  was  given  to  that  house  we  are 
not  informed,  though  Thomas,  son  of  Gospatric,  is  gener- 
ally supposed  to  have  been  the  donor.  On  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  religious  houses,  the  manor  was  granted  by 
Henry  VIII.  to  Christopher  Crackenthorpe,  Esq.,  of 
Newbiggin,  from  whom  it  has  descended  to  the  present 
proprietor,  William  Crackenthorpe,  Esq.  The  Eaid  of 
Lonsdale,  Richard  Ferguson,  and  Lady  Howard,  are 
the  principal  landowners. 

The  hamlet  of  Hardendale  is  one  mile  east  of  Shap. 
Dr.  John  iMills,  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Charles  II.,  was 
born  here,  and  is  known  for  his  edition  of  the  Greek 
Testament. 

Wastdale  is  four  miles  south-by-west  of  Shap.  Near 
the   foot  of  Wastdale  are   Shap  Wells. 

MAEDALE. 

For  area,  population,  &c.,  see  the  parish  returns.  The 
soil  here  is  fertile  ;  but  the  greater  portion  of  the  town- 
ship is  used  for  grazing  purposes. 

Thistowiishipisincludcd  inthe  forestof  Thornthwaite, 
which  e.xtends  into  Shap  and  Barapton  parishes ;  tho 
Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  lord  of  the  manor  of  Tliornthwaite 
forest.  The  landowners  are  William  Marshall,  Esq., 
Kev.  Thomas  lloluie,  and  John  llolrae,  Esq.  There 
is  no  village  or  hamlet  in  the  township,  the  houses  being 
all  detached. 

TUE   CHAPKL. 

Mardale  (Impel  occupies  a  most  picturesque  situation, 
one  mile  south  of  the  head  of  llaweswater,  and  seven 
miles  south-west-by-west  of  Shap.  It  is  a  small  ediQce, 
surrounded  by  beautiful  old  yew  trees,  and  in  tho  back 
ground  are  the  "  everlasting  liills."  Tho  living  has  been 
augmented  with  I'.SIO  fruni  (Jucen  Anno's  Bounty,  and 
JE75  given  by  different  individuids.  Part  of  tho  money 
was  expended  iu  tho  purchase  of  two  small  estates  at 
Kontmerc  and  Rosgill,  now  let  for  1''2  I  a  year.  The 
income  is  now  about  i'lOO  a  year.  Tho  registers  com- 
mence in  1684.  The  vicar  of  Shap  is  patron.  All 
tho  rites  of  tho  Church  of  England,  with  the  exception 
of  marriage,  are  performed  here. 
97 


Incumbents. — Bichard  Hobson  was  miaister  here  from  ITiO 
till  1799;  John  Bowstead,  from  1813  to  1830;  John  Eowland- 
son,  vicar  of  Shap,  attended  from  1844  till  1853,  when  the  Kev. 
John  Holme,  the  present  incumbent,  was  inducted. 

There  is  no  parsonage.  The  present  incumbent  has 
erected  a  handsome  house  here  at  a  cost  of  i:  1,200, 
cvclusive  of  the  site.  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  Castle 
Crag,  and  commands  extensive  views  of  the  surround- 
ing country. 

There  is  a  free  school  at  Measand  in  this  chapelry, 
but  in  the  parish  of  Bampton. 

Chapel  Hill  is  tho  residence  of  John  Holme,  Esq., 
whose  ancestoi's  are  said  to  have  resided  in  this  town- 
ship since  the  time  of  the  Norman  conquest. 

A  pleasure  fair  is  held  here  annually  on  Whit- 
Monday. 

Greenhead  is  a  hamlet  in  this  township,  about  a  mile 
and  a  half  south  of  Haweswater. 

EOSGILL. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township,  inclusive  of 
Mardale  and  Swindale,  is  £291 ;  its  area  and  popula- 
tion, not  having  as  yet  been  returned  separately,  are 
included  in  the  parish  returns. 

The  manor  of  Kosgill  was  anciently  held  bj-  a  family 
bearing  the  local  name,  one  of  whom,  John  de  Rosgill, 
occurs  as  a  witness  to  a  grant  of  lands  at  Thriraby  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  III.  In  the  reign  of  Richard  II. 
it  was  brought  in  marriage  to  the  Salkelds  of  Corby 
Castle,  who  continued  possessors  till  the  7th  Charles 
I.  (1631-2),  when  Dorothy,  sister  of  Richard  Salkcld, 
brought  it  in  marriage  to  the  Christians  of  Unerigg,  iu 
Cumberland,  by  whom  it  was  afterwards  sold  to  the 
Lowthers  ;  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  the  present  lord, 
and  the  principal  landowner. 

The  village  of  licsgill  is  situated  on  tho  east  bank  of 
the  Lowther,  two  and  a  half  miles  north-west  of  Shap. 

SWINDALE. 

This  township  comprises  the  narrow  vale  of  the  same 
name,  and  contains  only  a  few  dispersed  houses,  about 
four  and  a  half  miles  south-west  of  Shnp.  It  forms 
part  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale's  mauor  of  Thornthwaite ; 
tho  landownci-s  are  the  Rev.  Thomas  Sewell,  Joseph 
Abbott,  John  Fell,  Rev.  ^Ir.  Tinkler,  and  others. 

TUE   CU-irF.I.. 

Swindale  chapel  is  a  small  old  building,  tho  west  end 
of  which  servos  as  a  school.  It  was  erected  iu  1749, 
and  was  repaired  and  newly  roofed  in  \>*r>^>.  The  living 
has  received  several  augmentations  from  tjueeii  Anno's 
Bounty,  with  part  of  which  land  was  purchased  in  1822, 


810 


WEST  WARD. 


and  the  remainder  (£800)  is  still  at  interest  in  the 
Bounty  Office  ;  it  is  now  worth  £64  a  year,  besides  a 
house  and  nineteen  acres  of  land.  The  vicar  of  Shap 
is  patron  ;  and  the  llev.  Thomas  Sewell  the  present 
incumbent. 

CHARITY. 

The  Scliool.— Thomas  Ba.xter,  by  will,  dated  1703, 
endowed  Swindalc  school  with  lands  for  the  gratuitous 
education  of  the  children  of  the  township.  The  lands 
were  subsequently  conveyed  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale, 
subject  to  a  yearly  rent-charge  of  £25,  to  be  paid  to  the 
schoolmaster. 


Mosdale,  or  Mosedale,  is  a  bleak  mountainous  region, 
between  Swindale  and  Wet  Sleddale,  where  there  is  a 
slate  quarry,  four  miles  south-west  of  Shap. 

WETSLEDDALE. 

Wetsleddale,  which  formerly  belonged  to  the  abbey 
of  Shap,  is  a  narrow  dale,  surrounded  by  lofty  moun- 
tains, and  extends  from  two  to  four  miles  south-south- 
west of  Shap.  It  is  said  to  derive  its  name  from  the 
frequency  of  wet  weather  here.  The  manorial  rights 
are  possessed  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  besides  whom 
there  are  several  small  landowners. 


BARONY   OF   KENDAL. 


The  Barony  of  Kendal  comprises  the  whole  of  Keudal 
and  Lonsdale  Wards,  with  several  manors  in  the  other 
divisions  of  the  county,  and  that  part  of  Lancashire 
adjoining  Westmoreland.  It  was  given  by  William  the 
Conqueror  to 

Ivo  DE  Tailbois,  brother  of  Fulk  Earl  of  Anjou,  who  thus 
became  first  baron  of  KendaL  Ivo  de  Tailbois  gave  tlie  church 
of  Kirkby  Stephen  and  all  the  churches  in  his  barony  to  the 
abbey  of  St.  Mary  at  York.  By  his  wife  Elgiva,  daughter  of  our 
Saxon  monarch  Ethelrcd,  he  had  a  son, 

Keijiked,  or  EinEUiED,  second  baron  of  Kendal,  who  was 
succeeded  by  his  son, 

Ketei.,  tliird  baron  of  KendaL  This  baron  married  Christiana, 
as  appears  by  his  grant  of  Morland  to  t)ie  abbey  of  St.  Mary  at 
York,  to  which  she  was  a  witness.  Ketel  had  three  sons,  Gilbert, 
Orme,  and  Williaiu,  but  which  of  tlie  two  former  was  the  eldest 
is  a  subject  of  dispute.  All  the  pedigrees  of  the  Curwen  family 
(which  derives  its  descent  from  Orme)  make  Orme  the  eldest; 
but  Nicolson  and  Burn  will  not  concede  this,  in  consequence  of 
the  inheritance  of  the  barony  of  Kendal  having  descended  to 
Gilbert.  Kctcl  received  from  WilUam  de  Meschines  a  grant  of 
Workington,  Salter,  Kolton,  and  Stockhouse ;  and  gave  the 
parisli  church  of  Workington,  with  two  carucates  of  land  and 
a  mill  there,  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary  at  York.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son, 

GiLDERT,  who  thus  became  fourth  baron  of  Kendal,  whose  son, 

WuxiAM  DE  Taildois,  llie  liflh  baron,  according  to  Dugdalo, 
from  being  governor  of  Lancaster  Castle,  assumed  the  surname 
of  Lancaster.  This  William  was  a  great  benefactor  to  many 
religious  houses,  particularly  to  SL  Bees,  Furness,  Cockersand; 
St.  Leonard's,  near  Kondul ;  and  others.  Ho  also  occurs  as 
founder  of  Conishead  Priory.  Ilo  married  Gundrcd,  daughter 
of  William  Earl  Warrenne,  and  by  her  bad  issue, 

William  de  Lancasteu,  the  second.  This  baron  fdlod  the 
office  of  steward  to  Henry  II.  I'rom  an  exche((uer  roll  we  leani 
that  be  gave  thirty  marks  to  the  king  for  permission  to  have  a 
duel  with  Gospalric,  sou  of  Orme,  his  relative.  Ho  married 
Hi-lwise  de  Stuteville,  by  whom  ho  had  an  only  daughter,  Helwise, 
who  became  the  wife  of  Gilbert,  son  of  lioger  Fitz-Ueinft-ed. 
To  this  Gilbert,  liichard  I.,  in  1  IsD-OO, granted  the  whole  forest 
of  Westmoreland  and  of  Kendal  and  of  Fumcss,  with  many 
other  privileges,  inclusive  of  a  woikly  market  at  Kendal  on 
Saturday.  Uy  another  grant  from  the  same  king  ho  obtained 
lands  in  Lovens,  Forleton,  Deton,    I'rcstoD,   Holme,  fiarton, 


Henecaster,  and  Luptoo,  with  the  fishery  belonging  to  the  said 
lands ;  and  all  other  liberties  and  pririleges.  In  his  turn  Gilbert 
granted  lands  in  Holme,  Preston,  and  Hulton,  to  Thomas,  son 
of  Gospatric  He  took  part  witli  the  barons  against  King  John, 
and,  in  consequence,  had  to  pay  a  fine  of  I'.2,000  marks  to  obtain 
his  pardon.  Gilbert  died  in  1719-20,  leaving,  besides  three 
daughters,  a  sou  and  successor, 

Wtuxui  D£  Lakcasieb,  the  third  who  took  the  name  of  Ce 
Lancaster,  together  witli  the  inheritance,  from  his  mother.  This 
baron  was  Justice, itinerant  for  Cumberland  in  l'.'25-6,  and  was 
sheriff  of  Lanca-shire  from  1233-4  to  liiS-O.  He  confirmed  the 
grant  made  by  his  father  to  Thomas,  son  of  Gospatric  ;  he  also 
occurs  as  a  benefactor  to  Furness  Abbey.  In  I'J'2C-7  there  was 
a  contest  between  Roger  de  Vetcripont,  sheriff  of  the  county, 
and  this  William  de  Lancaster,  concerning  suit  being  made  to 
the  county  court  by  the  latter  and  his  tenants  ;  and  by  a  fine 
levied  tliat  year,  WilUam  de  Lancaster  granted  suits  for  his  lands 
to  Uie  county.  By  his  will  he  directed  his  body  to  be  buried  in 
the  choir  of  the  abbey  church  at  Furness,  near  to  the  tomb  of 
WiUiam,  his  grandfather.  By  his  wife,  .\gnes  de  Brus,  he  had 
no  issue,  and  consequently,  on  liis  demise,  his  estates  passed  to 
his  two  sisters,  Helwise  and  -Uice,  the  former  of  whom  received 
for  her  share  what  was  afterwards  called  the  Marquis  and  Lum- 
ley  Fee,  and  the  latter  wliat  was  subsequently  known  as  the 
Richmond  Fee.    We  shall  first  notice 

JT^e  ^itjintonti  ^tt. 

AucE,  sistor  of  the  last  William  dc  Laurastre,  just  mentioned, 
was  married  to  William  de  Lindesay ;  and  brou^-ht  with  her  in 
marriage  one  moiety  of  the  barony  of  Kendal.    They  had  a  sod, 

Waltek  de  Ltndesav,  who  died  in  tlie  SOtli  Henry  III.,  at 
which  lime  ho  held,  as  found  by  inquisition,  of  the  king  in 
capitt,  a  moiety  of  Kirkby  iu  Kendal.     Ho  had  a  son  and  heir, 

WiuJAM  HE  LvNi>ESAiE,  on  whose  death,  in  the  Jud  FMward 
I.,  the  inquisition  finds  that  he  died  "  seise<l  of  the  forest  of 
Gresmere,  Langdon,  Troulbock  Forest,  .Vppletliwaito,  Wynander- 
merv,  Eclesall,  Skandall,  L>ith,  Crostliwayto,  Stirklaud  Ketell, 
Kirkebyin  Kendall,  llelsington,  Kent  Fishetr,  and  Hoton  in  the 
Hay."     This  William  had  a  sun  and  heir, 

William  I'E  Lyshesay,  concerning  whom  nothing  is  related, 
except  that  he  died  without  issue  male,  baring  only  a  daughter 
and  heir, 

CiiiusTiAN  DE  LvsDESEY,  who  Was  married  to  logelram  de 
Guisnes,  lord  of  Couoy,  iu  Franco.    They  had  a  son  William, 


812 


BARONY  OF  KENDAL. 


bom  in  France,  who  after  his  father's  death  inherited  his  estate 
there.  They  had  a  second  son,  Ingelram,  born  in  Engbind, 
\rho  died  without  issue  ;  and  liis  brother  William  being  an  alien, 
and  thereby  incapable  to  inherit,  the  estate  escheated  to  the 
crown.  The  aforesaid  elder  brother,  William,  had  two  sons, 
Ingelram,  the  elder,  and  William,  both  of  them  born  in  France. 
Ingelram  enjoyed  the  paternal  estate  there ;  and  the  king 
granted  to  William,  the  younger  brother,  his  grandmother 
Christian's  estate  in  England,  which  William  also  died  without 
issue,  and  the  estate  again  escheated  to  the  crown.  After  which, 
the  said  king,  Edward  III.,  in  l'U7,  granted  the  same  to  John 
de  Coupland  (of  Coupland,  in  the  county  of  Northtnnberland), 
and  Joan  his  wile  during  their  lives.  We  Iiave  observed  above 
that  the  last  William  had  an  elder  brother,  Ingelram,  who  in- 
herited the  Coucy  estate  in  France.  This  Ingelram  liad  a  son, 
Ingelram,  lord  of  'Coucy,  who  married  Isabel,  davighter  of 
Edward  III.;  and  the  king  granted  them  the  reversion  of  the 
Enghsh  estate,  after  the  death  of  John  de  Coupland,  and  Joan 
his  wife,  to  them  and  the  heirs  of  their  body  ;  except  the  re- 
version of  the  moiety  of  the  manor  of  Ulverstone,  which  he  gave 
to  the  abbey  of  Furness.  Ingelram  de  Coucy  and  Isabel  his 
wife,  daughter  of  Edward  III.,  had  a  daughter,  Philippa,  mar- 
ried to  Robert  de  Vere,  earl  of  Oxford  and  duke  of  Ireland, 
from  whom,  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II.,  she  was  divorced  for 
lack  of  children.  She  died  in  l-tll-12,  and  by  an  inquisition 
taken  in  that  year  it  was  found  that  Philippa,  who  had  been  the 
wife  of  Robert  de  Vere,  late  duke  of  Ireland,  died  seised  of  a 
moiety  of  the  manor  of  ICirkby  in  Kendal.  And  the  same  having 
reverted  again  to  the  crown  for  want  of  heirs,  Henry  IV. 
granted  the  moiety  of  the  barony  to  his  third  son,  John  Puke  of 
Bedford;  and  by  an  inquisition  of  knights'  fees  in  Westmoreland, 
taken  at  Appleby  in  1427-8,  it  was  found  that  John  Duke  of 
Bedford,  then  lield  of  the  king,  in  capite,  a  moiety  of  the  manor 
of  Kirkby  in  Kendal  by  the  service  of  one  knight's  fee,  and  that 
the  same  lately  belonged  to  dame  Philippa,  duchess  of  Ireland. 
The  said  John  Duke  of  Bedford  died  in  1435-0,  as  appears  by 
the  inquisition  after  his  death.  Henry  VI.,  in  1443-4,  granted 
this  moiety  of  the  barony  to  John  de  Beaufort,  duke  of  Somerset 
and  of  Kendal,  and  his  heirs  male,  with  remainder  to  the  crown. 
This  John  Duke  of  Somerset  was  son  of  John  de  Beaufort,  earl 
of  Somerset;  son  of  John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lancaster;  son  of 
King  Edward  III.  The  Duke  of  Somerset  died  in  the  same 
year  in  which  his  grant  was  made,  without  issue  male,  and  t!ie 
barony  reverted  to  the  crown.  The  king  thereupon  granted 
the  same  by  letters  patent  to  Margaret,  daughter  andlieir  of  the 
said  John  Duke  of  Somerset,  by  the  name  of  JIargaret  Countess 
of  Richmond,  she  having  been  the  wife  of  Edmund,  late  earl  of 
Richmond,  and  being  then  (by  her  second  marriage),  wife  of 
Henry  Stafford,  son  of  Humphrey,  late  duke  of  Buckingham. 
The  grant  was  to  her  and  the  said  Henry  ;  and  there  is  a  private 
act  of  Parliament,  3rd  Henry  VII.,  c.  2.,  confirming  to  her  the 
said  grant.  This  grant  seems  to  have  been  tlie  reason  why  this 
moiety  of  the  manor  of  Kendal  received  the  name  of  the  Rich- 
mond Fee,  which  it  still  retains.  In  ]491-'2  she  caused  a  rental 
to  be  made  of  the  said  moiety,  of  which  the  particulars  were  as 
follow: — " Gresmere,  X'll  Is.  lid. ;  Langden,  £C  ;  Loughrigg, 
£i  3s.  ajd.;  Amelside,  .£20  14s.  SJd. ;  Troutbeck,  £4  4s.  Id. ; 
Applethwait,  i30  4s. ;  Undermilnbeck,  £S  10s.  Cd ;  Crosth- 
wait,  £10  7s.  Od. ;  Hutton,  X17  4s.  Cd. ;  Stirkland  Ketell, 
£l  8s.  IJd. ;  Forsthwait,  £1  6s.  8d.;  Fishery  of  Kent,  £i; 
Burgage  of  Kendal,  £i  is.  8d. ;  ToU  of  Kendal,  £i  10s. ;  Whit- 
tingtou,  £0;    Casterton,  £3  lOs. ;    Thornton,  £12   12s.  Id.; 


Whiersdale,  £i9  12s.  Id. ;  Scolforth,  £C  Is. ;  the  office  of  land 
Serjeant,  X' 10  Os.  7d. ;  Warton,  i.'flU  3s.  9d. ;  Kneton  and  Mid- 
dleton,  X6  133. 4d.  Fees  and  pensions  paid  forth  of  the  same: — 
To  the  steward,  £t> ;  to  the  land  Serjeant,  illO;  fees  to  the  fores- 
ters of  Troutbeck,  £2  3s.;  to  Reginald  Bray,  Knt.,  general 
receiver,  £i  lis.;  to  Richard  Berwick,  bow -bearer  of  Troutbeck, 
£'i  Is.  Cd.;  unto  St.  Mary  Holme,  .60."  The  aforesaid  Margaret 
Countess  of  Richmond  was  mother  to  King  Henry  VII. ;  and 
from  her  this  Richmond  Fee  came  again  to  the  crown.  Henry 
VIII.,  in  1531-2,  granted  the  moiety  to  his  natural  son,  Henry 
Duke  of  Richmond  and  Somerset,  who,  dying  without  issue,  it 
reverted  the  eighth  time  to  the  crown.  The  JIarquis  Fee 
escheated  not  long  after,  first  by  attainder,  and  afterwards  for 
want  of  heirs  of  the  last  grantees ;  both  have  continued  in  the 
crown  ever  since,  and  have  commonly  passed  together  by  tempo 
rary  grants,  as  will  afterwards  appear. 

the  parqitis  ^u- 

HEI.w^sE,  the  eldest  daughter  of  the  last  William  de  Lancaster, 
became  the  wife  of  Peter  de  Brus,  or  Bruce,  to  whom  she  bore, 
besides  four  daughters,  a  son  and  heir, 

Peter  de  Brus,  who  after  his  mother's  decease,  succeeded 
to  a  moiety  of  the  barony  of  Kendal.  This  Peter  confirmed  to 
the  inhabitants  of  Kendal  all  the  liberties  and  free  customs 
which  they  had  received  from  his  uncle,  William  de  Lancaster. 
He  died  in  1278-9,  when  his  possessions  passed  to  his  four 
sisters,  Margaret,  Agnes,  Lucy,  and  Laderina.  Margaret,  the 
eldest,  the  wife  of  Robert  de  Ross,  received  as  her  share  Kendal 
Castle,  and  "whatsoever  belonged  to  the  said  Peter  in  demesnes, 
villages,  rents,  and  services  of  free  men  and  others,  except  the 
vill  of  Kentmere,  which  was  assigned  to  Laderina."  Agnes,  the 
second  sister,  had  no  share  in  Westmoreland.  Lucy,  the  third 
sister,  had  that  which  is  now  called  the  Lumley  Fee.  Laderine, 
the  fourth,  had  Kentmere,  as  we  have  just  mentioned.  Robert 
de  Ross  died  in  1273-4,  leaving  by  his  wife,  Margaret,  above- 
mentioned,  a  son  and  heir, 

WiLLUJi  DE  Eoos,  who  appears  to  have  died  before  his  mother, 
leaving  a  son, 

WiixnM  DE  Roos,  who  in  132M  obtained  a  charter  for  a 
market  at  Staveley.     He  was  succeded  by  his  son, 

Tho.mas  de  Roos,  who  died  in  1390-91.  This  Thomas  had  a 
son,  John  de  Roos,  who  died  before  his  father,  leaving  an  infant 
daughter,  who  subsequently  became  the  wife  of 

William  del  Parr,  Knt.,  but  died  before  him.  Sir  William 
del  Parr  died  in  1404-5,  seised  of  the  fourth  part  of  Kirkby 
Kendal,  which  was  held  by  the  service  of  one  knight's  fee.  He 
was  succeeded  by  his  son  and  heir, 

John  Paree,  Knt.,  who  died  in  1407-8.  He  was  succeeded 
by  his  son, 

Thomas  Parre,  Knt.,  who  by  an  inquisition  taken  in  1427-8 
appears  to  have  held  one-fourth  part  of  the  manor  of  Kirkby  in 
Kendal  by  the  service  of  the  fourth  part  of  one  knight's  feo. 
This  Thomas  died  in  1404-5,  leaving  issue, 

I.  William,  his  successor. 

II.  John,  to  whom  Edward  IV.  granted  the  sheriffwick  of  West 
moreland  during  his  life.  Henry  Lord  Clifford  being  then 
deprived  of  bis  honours  and  estate  in  consequence  of  his 
father's  attachment  to  the  house  of  Lancaster,  the  same 
kuig  also  granted  to  John  Parre,  and  l]is  brother  William, 
all  the  lands  of  Sir  Henry  Bellingbani,  of  Burnesliead,  who 
who  was  attainted  on  the  Uke  account. 


BARONY  OF  KENDAI,. 


813 


Sib  William  PAiinE,  Knt.,  son  ami  lifir  of  Sir  Tliormis, 
married  Elizabeth,  oneof  the  three  sisters  and  co-lieirs  of  Henry 
Lord  Fitz-Hugh.  He  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Garter  by 
Edward  IV.,  and  represented  Westmoreland  in  parliament  in 
I-ICG  and  117'^.  The  date  of  his  decease  is  not  known,  but  he 
left  besides  a  son  William,  his  heir. 

Sir  Thomas  Parh,  Knt.,  master  of  the  wards,  and  comp- 
troller to  Henry  VIII.,  from  whom  he  received  a  grant  of  free 
warren  in  his  manor  of  Ivendal,  and  in  all  his  lands  in  the 
county  of  Westmoreland.  He  married  Maude,  daugliter  and  co- 
heir of  Sir  Thomas  Green,  by  whom  ho  had  a  son  and  two 
daughters.  The  elder  daughter,  Katlierine,  was  married  first 
to  Edward  Borough,  or  Rurgh ;  secondly,  to  John  Neville,  Lord 
Latimer;  thirdly,  to  King  Henry  VIII.,  being  his  sixth  wife; 
and,  lastly,  to  Thomas  Lord  Seymour  of  Dudley,  one  of  the 
uncles  of  Edwanl  VI.  She  died  iu  1518.  The  other  daughter, 
Anne,  became  the  wife  of  William  Herbert,  earl  of  Pembroke. 
Sir  Thomas  Parr  died  in  1517-18,  and  was  buried  in  the  church 
of  the  Black  Friars,  in  London.  His  wife,  Maude,  survived 
till  J  531-2.     He  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

William  Park,  Esq.,  who  in  1538-9  was  created  Lord  Parr 
and  Ross  of  Kendal ;  and  five  years  afterwards  he  was  made 
baroD  of  Hart  in  Northamptonshire.  Ho  married  Helena, 
daughter  and  heir  of  Henry  Bourchier,  earl  of  Essex,  and  in  the 
same  year  was  created  earl  of  Essex,  and  knight  of  the  Garter. 
In  1547  he  was  elevated  to  the  dignity  of  marquis  of  North- 
ampton, and  from  this  title  the  part  of  the  barony  of  Kendal 
held  by  him  has  received  the  name  of  the  Miuriuis  Fee.  On 
the  accession  of  Queen  Jlai-y,  the  moi'qtiis  was  attainted  of 
high  treason  for  his  share  in  the  usurpation  of  Lady  Jane 
Grey,  and  his  estates  became  forfeited  to  the  crown,  but 
he  was  soon  afterwards  pardoned,  and  his  estates  restored 
to  him.  He  died  in  1750,  and  was  interred  in  the  choir 
of  the  Collegiate  Church  of  Warwick.  He  does  not  tppear 
to  have  had  any  children,  and  his  widow  continued  to  hold 
his  estates  till  Queen  Elizabeth  gave  her  other  lands  in 
exchange  for  them  ;  and  in  this  manner  both  the  Marquis  and 
Richmond  Foes  came  into  the  hinds  of  the  crown.  He  had  two 
sisters,  Catherine,  wife  of  Henry  VIIL,  who  died  before  her 
brotlicr,  without  issue  ;  and  Anne,  who  wus  married  to  William 
Herbert,  earl  of  Pembroke,  ancestor  to  the  present  Earl  of 
Pembroke,  who  still  bears  amongst  his  other  titles  that  of  Baron 
Ross  and  Parr  of  Kendal.  Queen  Elizabeth,  In  15S0.81,  granted 
to  Ambrose  lOarl  of  Warwick,  a  port  of  the  demesne  lands 
belonging  to  the  eastlc,  by  the  name  of  the  Park  of  Kendal,  with 
divers  odilices,  buildings,  Xc,  to  hold  the  same  in  socage,  as  of 
the  manor  of  East  Grecnwick.  From  this  time  we  hear  nothing 
of  the  demesne,  park,  or  lands,  until  the  reign  of  Charles  II., 
when  they  appear  to  have  been  in  the  hands  of  Sir  Francis  Ander 
ton,  Bart.,  of  Lostook,  in  Lancashire.  His  son  and  heir.  Sir 
Charles  Anderton,  on  his  marriage,  in  1CH5,  settled  the  same  to 
the  use  of  himself  for  life,  remainder  to  his  first  and  other  sons 
in  tail  male,  with  divers  remainders  over.  Sir  Charles  dieil  in 
1001,  and  left  issue  Charles,  James,  Lawrence,  Francis,  and 
Joseph,  and  three  daughter.  Charles,  the  eldest  son,  succeeded 
his  father  and  died  without  issue,  when  the  estate  passed  to 
James,  who  also  died  without  issue.  Lawrence,  the  third  son, 
became  a  monk,  and  thereupon  Francis,  the  next  brother, 
assumed  the  title  and  possessed  himself  of  the  family  estate  ; 
but  taking  part  in  the  rising  of  1715,  he  was  token  prisoner  at 
Proslon,  and  tried  and  attainted  of  high  treason,  lie  was  par- 
doned as  to  his  life,  but  the  commissiouors  of  forfeited  estates 


seized  all  his  real  estate.  Upon  this  Lawrence,  the  monk,  claimed 
it,  insisting  before  the  commissioners  that  his  brother  had  no 
right.  Lawrence,  on  his  examination  before  the  commisioners 
confessing  himself  a  monk,  they  decreed  for  the  crown.  Subse- 
quently Lawrence  conformed  to  the  Protestant  religion,  and  so 
enjoyed  the  title  and  estate.  In  1723  he  sold  the  premises  to 
John  Huggins,  Esq.,  who  dying  in  1735,  the  same  came  to  his 
brother  and  heir,  William  Huggins,  Esq.  The  latter,  by  his  will 
in  1761,  devised  the  same  to  his  two  sons-in-law.  Sir  Thomas 
Gubtrouse,  Knt.,  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  James  Musgrave,  in  trust  to 
sell  the  same  for  the  purposes  in  the  will  mentioned :  who  ac- 
cordingly sold  the  premises  in  the  year  1705,  to  Thomas  Holme, 
Esq.  and  James  Dowker,  Esq. 

As  to  the  rest  of  the  Richmond  and  Marquis  Fees, 
James  I.,  in  1011-15,  granted  the  same  to  his  son, 
Charles  Prince  of  Wales.  Amongst  the  schemes  for 
raising  money  devised  by  King  James,  one  was  that  of 
taking  all  the  crown  lauds  of  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland ioto  his  own  hands,  ou  the  plea  '•  that  as  the 
border  service  had  then  ceased  by  the  union  of  the  two 
kingdoms  iu  his  own  royal  person,  the  estates  were  de- 
termined likewise  which  the  tenants  held  by  that 
service."  And  to  keep  his  avarice  in  countenance,  "  he 
encouraged  all  the  other  lords  of  the  manors  within  the 
said  counties  to  take  to  themselves  the  absolute  estate 
of  the  several  tenants,  and  refuse  to  admit  the  heirs  of 
their  ancestor's  estates."  But  though  the  service  was 
gone,  the  border  spirit  still  remained,  and  a  long 
struggle  ensued  between  the  lords  and  tenants,  the  latter 
entering  into  a  resolute  combination  to  defend  each 
other,  "  even  by  force,  if  no  other  course  should  be 
effectual,"  pursuant  to  the  articles  which  they  had  sworn 
to  at  their  meeting  held  at  Staveley,  by  order  of  James 
Smith,  high  constable,  "  under  colour  of  viewing  a 
bridge."  For  this,  uud  other  "  unlawful  assemblies," 
several  of  the  leaders  were  arraigned  before  the  Star 
Chamber,  which,  however,  acquitted  the  accused,  and 
confirmed  to  tlio  tenants  their  estates,  as  being  held, 
not  by  border  service  only,  but  by  the  "  generul  military 
tenure  by  which  all  other  tenants  iu  capite  were 
obliged."  Soon  afterwards  the  tenants  of  many  of  the 
manors  made  compositions  with  their  lords,  for  reducing 
the  tenements  to  a  fine  certain  :  and  others  purchased 
their  teuements  to  freehold.  Charles  II.  granted  the 
Richmond  and  JIaniuis  Fees,  which  comprise  three- 
fourths  of  the  barony,  in  jointure  to  his  queen,  Kutharioe 
of  Braganza,  and  from  her  they  received  the  name  of 
the  (iueeu's  LanJs,  and  not  from  Katharine  Parr, 
<iueen  of  Henry  VIII.,  for  they  never  were  possessed 
by  her.  When  ii  rental  was  made  of  these  fees  in 
1(170,  by  Sir  John  Otway,  deputy  steward  of  the 
queen,  the  jury  "  set  dowu  tiie  free  and  other  dry 
rents  of  the  Marquis  Fee  at  £'iO    17s.    IJd. :    and 


814 


BARONY  OF  KENDAL. 


of  the  Richmond  Fee  at  £36   10s.  8}d.     The  other 
yearly  rents  they  stated  as  follow  : — 


IN  THE   MABQCIS   FEE. 

Burgage  Ilents  in  Kondal 

Cmtomarij  and  other  Dry  EenU. 
Kendal  and  its  vicinity     -        -        -         . 

Grasmere 

Langdale 

Underbarrow 

Staveley  and  Ilngill         -        -        -        . 
Nether  Graveship        -        .        -        - 

Skalthwaite  Kigg 

Hay 

Hutton-in-tlie-Hay 

Strickand  Eoger  ----- 
Greenhead       ------ 

HugiU 

Crosthwaile 


£.  s.  d. 
U  17  11 


4 
11 

5 
20 

9 


0 
6 
4 
8 
3 
10  16 

12  5 

13  3 
8  18 

13  14  11 

10  16  10 

3  19     0 

0  15    0 


0 

2 

11 

1 

"i 
3 

04 

3 


Total 


£134  10    4} 


IH  THE  BICEMOND   F£C. 

Customary  and  other  Dry  Rents. 

£    s.    d. 

Grasmere        -        -        -                 .        -  11  11    8 

Langdale 7  12    5J 

Lougbrigg 2  16     1 

Ambleside  -         -                  -        -         -  26   17     0 

Undemiil  Beck        -         -         -         .        -  13     8     0 

Troutbeck 27     0  10 

Applethwaite 24  10  10^ 

Fishing  and  ferry  of  Windermere      ■"  -  6    0    0 

Crosthwaite  and  Lyth       -         -         -         -  19     3     7 

New  Hutton        -        -        -        -        -  10    9    9J 

Casterton 12    9    4 

Strickland,  Ketel,  and  Helsington        .  3  10  10 

Thornton,  Westhouse,  and  Maysinghill    -  12  14  10 

Total         -        -         -     £178     4  10|- 


After  the  decease  of  Queen  Katharine  these  fees 
were  granted  to  the  Lowther  family,  who  obtained  a 
renewal  of  the  lease  from  George  III.,  so  that  the  Earl 
of  Lonsdale  is  the  present  lord. 

She  ^mnkg  ^"«. 
The  Lumley  Fee,  containing  nearly  all  the  remaining 
third  part  of  the  ancient  barony  of  Kendal  was  the 
portion  of 

LrcY,  third  sister  and  co-heiress  of  the  abore-named  Peter 
de  Brus.  She  was  married  to  Marmaduke  de  Thweng,  lord  of 
Kilton  Castle  and  Thweng,  with  divers  other  manors  in  York- 
shire, Lancashire,  and  Westmoreland.     They  had  a  son, 

MiKMAi^rKE  BE  Thwexg,  who  in  1309,  together  with  his 
cousin-german  WiUiam  de  Eoss,  obtained  a  grant  of  a  n)arket 
and  fair  at  Kirkby  Kendal.  He  died  in  1316,  seised,  as  tlie 
mqmsition  finds,  of  a  fourth  part  of  the  barony  of  Kendal.  He 
was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

WniiAM  DE  Thweng,  who  in  1328  obtained  a  grant  for  a 


market  at  Staveley  on  Friday  weekly,  and  a  fair  yearly  on  the  eve, 

day,  and  morrow  of  St.  Luke  ;  and  in  1335-fl  he  obtained  a  grant 
of  free  wan-en  at  Staveley.  He  died  in  1340  ;  and  by  the  inqui- 
sition taken  after  his  death,  tlic  Thweng  share  of  the  barony 
appears  to  have  comprised  lands  and  tenements  in  Kirkby  in 
Kendal,  Crosthwaite,  Staveley,  Sadgill,  HugiU,  Respton,  Gras- 
mere, and  Langden.  William  de  Thweng  was  succeeded  by  his 
brother, 

Robert  de  Thweno,  parson  of  the  church  of  Warton,  who 
died  in  1344,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother, 

Thomas  de  Thwexg,  parson  of  the  church  of  Betham.  This 
Thomas  died  in  13T4,  leaving  three  sisters  co-heirs,  the  youngest 
of  whom  had  no  portion  in  Westmoreland  ;  the  other  two  sisters, 
Lucy  and  Margaret,  had  Uie  Thweng  share  of  the  barony  between 
them.  Lucy,  the  eldest,  was  married  to  Harmaduke  de  Lumley, 
from  whom  the  name  of  the  Lumley  Fee  was  derived.  Her 
share  of  the  barony  comprised  the  manors  of  Helsington,  Crosth- 
waite and  Lyth,  and  a  fourth  part  of  the  town  of  Kirkby  in 
Kendal,  together  with  the  turbary  of  Sampool.  This  Marmaduke 
de  Lumley  seems  to  have  been  succeeded  by 

Ralph  de  Lusllev  ;  for  in  J  404-5  one  fourth  of  the  manor  of 
Kirkby  in  Kendal,  was  taken  into  the  king's  hands  by  the 
death  of  Ralph  de  Lumley,  Knt.,  and  by  reason  of  the  minority 
of  Thomas  de  Lumley,  son  and  heir  of  the  said  Ralph  ;  and  it 
was  also  found  that  John  de  Lumley  was  brother  to  the  said 
Ralph. 

Thomas  de  Lumley,  son  and  heir  of  Ralph,  died  with- 
out issue,  and  was  succeeded  by 

John  de  Luan-EY,  Knt.  (his  uncle),  who  died  in  1422,  seised 
of  one-eighth  part  of  the  manor  of  Kirkby  Kendal,  Thomas, 
his  son  and  heir,  being  then  under  age.  By  an  inquisition  of 
knights'  fees  in  Westmoreland,  in  1427-8,  it  was  found  that 
Thomas  Lumley,  then  in  ward  to  the  king,  son  and  heir  of 
John  Lumley,  Knt.,  deceased,  "  held  of  the  king  in  capilc  a 
moiety  of  those  lands  and  tenements  in  Kendal  which  some- 
time before  belonged  to  Thomas  de  Thweng,  who  was  parson 
of  the  church  of  Beetham  by  the  service  of  one-fourth  part 
of  one  knight's  fee ;  and  that  Walter  Pennardine  and 
John  EUerker  held  of  the  king  in  cupile  the  other  moiety, 
which  formerly  belonged  to  the  said  Thomas  de  Thweng, 
by  the  service  of  the  eighth-part  of  one  knight's  fee ;  and 
that  Thomas  de  Stirkland,  Knt.,  held  the  third  part  of  a  knight's 
fee  of  the  said  Thomas  Lumley,  in  Helsington,  Heversham, 
Burton,  Lowther,  Whale,  Hackthorpe,  and  Strickland  Ketel." 
In  1514-15,  John  Fleming,  Esq.,  of  Rydal,  escheator  for  the 
king  in  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  accounted 
that  year  in  the  exchequer  for  XI 15  I7s.  7d.  of  the  issues  of  the 
manors  of  Kirkby  in  Kendal,  of  which 

George  Littley,  Knt.,  was  seised ;  and  for  Xl,224  9s.  10|d.  of 
the  issues  of  the  moiety  of  the  barony  or  lordship  of  Kendal, 
(viz.  the  Richmond  Fee)  of  which  Henry  VIII.  was  seised. 
Finally, 

John  Lord  Lnn.EY,  in  1531-2,  exchanged  his  part  of  the 
barony  with  the  king,  Henry  VIII.,  for  certain  lands  in  the  south, 
and  the  said  king  granted  the  same,  together  with  tlie  Richmond 
Fee,  to  his  natural  son,  the  Duke  of  Richmond  and  Somerset,  on 
whose  death  the  same  came  again  into  tlie  hands  of  the  king, 
who,  in  1544-5,  granted  the  same  to 

-AXAN  Beluxohaii,  Esq. 

Margaret,  the  second  daughter  of  JIarmaduke  de  Thweng — 
above-named — bad  a  daughter  named  Matilda,  who  was  married 


BAEONT  OF  KENDAL. 


815 


to  John  de  Hotham,  and  bronglit  to  him  the  other  moiety  of 
the  Thweng  share  of  the  barony,  in  Stavcley  and  other  places, 
that  is,  tlie  portion  of  the  barony  held  by  Walter  Pennardine  and 
John  Ellerker,  above  mentioned.  A  descendant  of  this  John  de 
Hotham,  in  1509  70,  granted  this  moiety  to  Alan  Bellingham, 
grandson  of  the  Alan  Bellingham  above-named,  who,  in  this 
manner  became  possessed  of  what  has  since  been  known  as  Oie 
Lumley  Fee.  By  an  inquisition  taken  after  the  deceaee  of  the 
last-named  Alan  Bellingham,  in  1077-^,  it  was  found  that  he 
died  seised  of  the  manor  of  OverStaveley,  and  divers  messuages 
and  tenements,  and  other  hereditaments  in  Over  Staveley, 
Nether  Staveley,  Hugill,  Sadgill,  Respton  (with  the  moiety  of 
Respton  mill),  Fairbank,  Grasmere,  Langden,  Potter  Fell,  Vow 
Flatt,  Ulthwaitc,  Eatherhead,  Sabergh,  Crookfell,  Westwood, 
and  Roger  Holme  (an  island  in  Windermere),  with  a  fishery  in 
the  waters  of  Windermere,  Skeleswater,  and  Grasmere.  This 
Alan  BelUngham  had  a  son, 

Sir  Jases  Bellinobau,  who  had  a  son. 


Sir  HfiNBY  Bellinguau,  who  was  succeeded  by  his  brother, 
Alan  BEtusonAii,  Esq.,  who  sold  this  Lumley  Fee  to  Colonel 
James  Graham,  whose  daughter  and  heiress  married  in  1708-9, 
Hesby  Bowes  Howakd,  earl  of  Berkshire,  and  it  is  now  pos- 
sessed by  the  Hon.  Lady  Howard  of  levens  HalL 

Ladarina,  the  youngest  sister  of  the  last  Peter  de  Brus,  and 
wife  of  John  de  Bella-Aqna,  in  Yorkshire,  had,  as  we  have  seen 
above,  Kentmere  assigned  to  her,  and  this  was  the  only  portion 
of  Westmoreland  she  possessed.  By  her  husband,  Robert,  she 
had  two  daughters,  Sibilla,  married  to  Milo  de  Stapleton;  and 
Joan,  married  to  Avicherus  Fitz-Henry.  In  1311-12  a  partition 
was  made  in  Chancery  of  tlieir  mother's  inheritance  between 
these  two  daughters,  or  their  representatives,  and  by  this  agree- 
ment Kentmere  came  to  the  Stapletons,  who  continued  its 
possessors  till  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  as  will  be  seen  in  the 
account  of  the  manor  at  a  subsequent  page. 


I^nkl    lEar^. 


This  division  of  the  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  East  and  West  wards,  on  the  north-west  by  a  small  part  of 
Cumberland,  on  the  west  and  south  by  Lancashire,  and  ou  the  east  by  I-onsdale  Ward.  It  is  about  twenty-six  miles 
iu  length,  and  varies  from  five  to  thirteen  miles  in  breadth.  It  is  the  most  interesting  ward  in  the  county,  both  in 
regard  to  its  picturesque  beauty  and  agricultural  and  commercial  importance.  The  soil  in  its  numerous  dales  is 
generally  very  fertile,  and  many  of  its  inhabitants,  particularly  in  and  around  Kendal,  are  employed  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  woollen,  linen,  and  hosiery.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  river  Kent,  which  rises  within  the  ward,  as  do  also 
several  smaller  streams,  all  of  which  flow  southward  to  Morecombe  Bay.  The  beautiful  lakes  of  Grasmere,  Eydal, 
and  Windermere,  with  several  smaller  sheets  of  water,  are  situated  here.  The  ward  is  intersected  by  the  Lancaster  and 
CarUsle  and  the  Kendal  and  Windermere  railways,  as  also  by  a  portion  of  the  Lancaster  Canal.  It  comprises  the 
borough  of  Kendal  and  the  market  towns  of  Ambleside,  Bowness,  and  IMilnethorpe.  The  parishes  in  Kendal  Ward 
are  Betham,  Grasmere,  Haversham,  Kendal,  and  Windermere.  This  ward  is  rated  to  the  county  rate  in  the 
sum  of  £141,947. 


BETHAM    PARISH. 

Tins  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  that  Heversham;  on  the  north-west  by  Cartmel,  in  Lancashire;  on  the  west 
by  the  sea ;  on  the  south  by  the  parish  of  Warton,  jn  Lancashire  :  and  on  the  east  by  Burton.  It  is  a  large  moun- 
tainous and  romantic  district,  situated  at  the  south-western  extremity  of  the  county,  and  is  intersected  by  the  rivers 
Kent  and  Belo,  with  several  minor  streams.  The  inhabitants  are  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  attend 
the  Kendal  markets  and  those  of  Lancaster  occasionally.  The  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Betham,  Farleton, 
Haverbrack,  Meathop,  and  Ulpha,  and  the  chapelry  of  Witherslack. 

Thomas  de  Betham  obtained  a  charter  for  a  market 


BETH.\M. 

The  area  of  Betham  township  is  7,101  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £5,078  12s.  The  population  in  1801 
was  668;  in  1811,  748;  in  1821,  830;  in  1831,  855  ; 
in  1841,  845;  and  in  1851,  875.  The  township  is 
remarkable  for  its  salubrity  and  for  the  longevity  of  its 
inhabitants. 

The  manor  of  Betham  is  included  in  the  Richmond 
Fee  of  the  barony  of  Kendal.  At  the  time  of  the  con- 
quest this  manor  was  part  of  the  possessions  of  Tostig, 
Earl  of  Northumberland,  and  when  Doomsday  survey 
was  taken  it  was  held  by  Eruvin,  the  priest,  under 
Roger  de  Poictou.  It  was  subsequently  the  property 
of  a  family  bearing  the  local  name,  which  continued  here 
for  several  generations,  and  several  members  of  which 
represented  Westmoreland  in  parUament.     In  1310-11 


and  fair  at  Betham  ;  and  in  1334  Ralph  de  Betham 
had  a  grant  of  free  warren  in  Betham.  Twelve  years 
afterwards  writs  were  directed  to  Ralph  de  Betham,  and 
Thomas  de  Ross  of  Kendal  Castle,  ^to  forward  their 
prisoners  from  their  castles  to  the  Tower  of  London.  In 
1735  it  was  found  by  inquisition  that  Ralph  de  Betham, 
Knt.,  held  of  Joan  de  Coupland  the  manor  of  Betham, 
with  its  appurtenances,  by  homage,  fealty,  and  the 
service  of  thirty-two  shilhngs  a  year,  as  of  her  manor 
of  Kirkby,  in  Kendal.  We  hear  no  more  of  the  Betham 
family  after  the  year  1 425,  in  which  Thomas  de  Betham 
was  representative  in  parhament  for  Westmoreland. 
Tradition  tells  us  that  the  Bethams  forfeited  the  manor 
after  the  battle  of  Bosworth  Field,  and  that  it  was 
then  given  to  the  Stanleys ;  but  it  is  more  probable 


BETHAM  PARISH. 


8ir 


that  it  was  purchased  by  the  latter  family.  In  the  28th 
Charles  II.,  (1676-7),  a  survey  was  made,  and  from  it 
we  learn  that  nraongst  the  free  rents  then  paid  to  Queen 
Catherine,  tlio  Earl  of  Derby  sUinds  charged  with  the 
annual  payment  of  £'2  ISs.  4d.  for  Betham  Park.  The 
manor  appears  to  have  subsequently  passed  to  the 
Cliffords,  and  was  sold,  in  1707,  by  Lord  Clifford  to 
Daniel  Wilson,  Esq.,  of  Dallam  Tower,  from  whom  it 
has  descended  to  the  present  lord,  George  Edward  Wilson, 
Esq.,  who  is  the  principal  landowner.  Much  of  the 
land  still  remains  in  the  hands  of  other  proprietors  ; 
several  small  estates  have  continued  iu  the  same 
families  for  several  generations.  Courts  are  seldom 
held  in  this  manor,  except  at  change  of  lord  or  death  of 
tenant,  when  those  who  are  not  enfranchised  pay  certain 
fines. 

Betham  Hall,  now  in  ruins,  was  formerly  a  largo 
handsome  building,  erected  for  defence  as  well  as  orna- 
ment, and  has  often  been  called  Betham  Castle.  The 
walls  by  which  it  was  surrounded  were  loopholed. 
A  portion  of  the  chapel  still  remains.  To  the  south  of 
the  hall  arc  two  large  fish-ponds.  The  park  was  behind 
the  hall. 

Cappleside  is  a  demesne  in  the  manor  'of  Betham, 
formerly  belonging  to  the  Prestons,  from  whom  it  passed 
by  marriage  to  the  Cliffords.  In  1707  it  was  sold  by 
Lord  Clifford  to  Daniel  Wilson,  Esq.,  for  £2,500. 
There  was  anciently  a  large  hall  here. 

Within  this  manor  are  Ilelslack  Tower  and  Arnside 
Tower,  which  seem  to  have  been  erected  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  bay,  as  there  are  on  the  opposite  side  the 
remains  of  Broughton  Tower  and  Baziu  Tower,  and  iu 
the  centre  of  the  bay,  Peel  Castle. 

The  village  of  Betham,  which  is  neat  and  well  built, 
is  situated  in  the  romantic  vale  of  the  Belo,  a  mile  and 
a  half  south  of  I\Iilutliorpe,  on  the  road  leading  from 
Lancaster  to  Ulverstone.  This  road  was  formed  about 
the  year  1820,  and  is  here  carried  over  the  river  near 
the  fall  at  Betham  Mill.  This  fall  is  caused  by  a  rock 
sixteen  foet  iu  perpendicular  depth,  crossing  the  river. 
In  old  records  the  river  is  called  the  Betha  ;  and  there 
is  little  doubt  that  from  it  the  village  derives  its  name. 
The  market,  for  wliich  Thoniiis  de  Betham  obtained  a 
grant  from  Edward  II,  has  long  been  obsolete. 

THE  ciiuncB. 
The  parish  church,  which  stands  in  the  township  of 
Ilavorbrack,  on  the.  bank  of  the  Bi'lo,  is  dedicated  to 
St.  Lcoth,  according  to  Mr.  Machell,  a  respectable 
antiquary  of  the  last  century,  but  Brown  Willis  says 
to  St.  Micliael.  It  was  originally  Sa.xou,  and  some 
parts  of  that  architecture  still  remain.  In  1834,  while 
98 


digging  a  grave  on  the  north  side  of  the  nave,  there 
were  discovered  at  the  base  of  one  of  the  piUars,  about 
a  hundred  coins  of  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Confessor, 
William  the  Conqueror,  and  William  Ilufus,  which 
appear  to  have  been  deposited  in  a  large  stone,  about 
two  feet  high,  set  up  against  the  pillar  where  the  pulpit 
is  placed.  The  church  comprises  nave,  chancel,  aisles, 
and  tower  containing  three  bells.  On  the  south  side 
of  the  chancel  are  two  recumbent  figures  of  stone,  said 
to  represent  the  last  Thomas  de  Betham  and  his  lady. 
He  is  represented  in  armour,  with  his  sword  by  his 
side.  The  lady  has  her  hands  crossed  upon  her  breast. 
These  monumental  efiigies  were  defaced  by  Pilchard 
Sill,  a  trustee  of  the  school  during  the  time  of  the 
parliamentary  wars,  who  headed  a  mob,  composed  of 
scholars,  and  some  drunken  soldiers  belonging  to  the 
army  commanded  by  Fairfa.\,  and  induced  them  to 
break  the  painted  glass  in  the  church  windows  and 
commit  other  acts  of  desecration.  The  only  stained 
glass  now  in  the  church  is  a  modern  window  of  two 
lights,  erected  to  the  memory  of  John  Burrow  by  his 
son.  It  contains  figures  of  the  Redeemer  and  Moses. 
The  church  contains  the  arms  of  Thomas,  the  first  earl 
of  Derby,  and  many  others.  There  are  mural  monu- 
ments to  various  members  of  the  Wilson,  Hutton,  and 
other  fUmilies.  The  church  of  Betham  and  some  lands 
at  Haverbrack  were  given  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Jlary  at 
York  by  Ivo  de  Tailbois,  and  the  church  was  afterwards 
appropriated  to  the  same  abbey.  It  was  subseijueutly 
confirmed  to  Wetheral  Priory,  a  cell  of  St.  Mary's 
Abbey,  by  Gilbert,  son  of  Roger  Fitz-Reinfred  and  his 
wife  Helwise,  daughter  and  heiress  of  William  de  Lan- 
caster. This  church  paid  a  pension  of  lOs.  a  year  to 
the  abbey.  After  the  suppression  of  the  religious 
houses,  the  rectory  of  the  church  continued  in  tho 
crown  till  the  reign  of  James  I.,  who,  in  1011,  granted 
the  same  to  Sir  Francis  Ducket,  Knt.,  of  <irayrigg, 
reserving  the  ancient  rent  and  payment  to  tho  vicar. 
The  great  tithes  were  afterwards  sold  by  his  descendants 
to  various  parties ;  and  the  small  tithes  were  purcliased, 
in  1750,  for  the  use  of  the  vicar,  but  as  tho  whole 
crown  rent  of  £25  is  now  settled  on  them,  lie  only 
derives  from  them  about  £11  10s.  a  year.  The  tithes 
have  been  commuted  for  a  rent  charge.  Tho  benefice 
is  a  vicarage  in  the  patronage  of  tho  crown,  and  iu  tho 
presentation  (under  the  crown)  of  tho  chancellor  of  tho 
duchy  of  Lancaster.  It  is  valued  in  the  King's  Book 
at  £13  73.  Od.,  and  was  certified  to  the  governors  of 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty  at  £1:)  Os.  8d.  In  1777  the 
revenue  of  the  vicarage  amounted  to  £40  :  but  it  is  now 
worth  about  £130,  arising  from  £13  paid  out  of  the 
rectory;  £4  10s.  out  of  tho  small  tithes:  the  rent  of 


8ia 


KENDAL  WARD. 


three  enclosures  at  Kellet,  purchased  by  iMrs.  Dorothy 
Wilson,  in  1707  ;  an  estate  at  Priest  Button,  purchased 
vrith  £200  obtained  from  Queen  Anne's  J3ounty  :  £100 
given  in  17-J2,  by  Edward  Colston;  £100  given  by 
James  French ;  £60  by  the  Kev.  James  Smith  ;  and  an 
estate  at  Yelland,  purchased  in  1731  with  £200  given 
by  Elizabeth  Palmer,  and  £200  obtained  from  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty. 

TiCARs. — Edward  Halstead,  died  1612;  Edward  FTslicr,  lfil5; 
George  Bennison,  1(112;  John  Brockbank,  lOCJ;  W.Jackson, 
1070;  James  Smith,  ITO;)  ;  Dauiel  Wilson,  lT5:i;  William 
Hutton,  1702;  Joseph  Thexton,  1811 ;  William  Uutton  (grand- 
son of  the  above-named  Willioni  Hutton),  1S45. 

There  is  a  school  for  girls  at  Helslnck  Tower,  under 
the  patronage  of  Mrs.  Wilson  of  Dalian  Tower. 

At  a  short  distance  from  the  church  there  formerly 
stood  a  chapel  dedicated  to  St.  John  ;  near  its  site 
many  human  bones  have  been  found  from  time  to  time. 
Some  years  ago  an  amber  bead  was  discovered  here, 
nearly  as  large  as  a  shilling,  on  one  side  of  which  was 
a  rejjresentation  of  the  Crucifi.xiou,  on  the  right  side  a 
crescent,  and  on  the  left  the  rising  sun  ;  at  the  bottom 
was  a  figure  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  in  an  attitude  of 
sorrow  ;  on  the  reverse  was  the  representation  of  a 
lamb,  with  cross  and  banner. 

CHAIUTIES. 

Free  School.  —  There  is  in  Betham  a  school  of  very 
ancient  foundation,  for  which  seven  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  parish  stand  as  feoffees  in  trust.  By  a  tablet 
hung  up  in  the  vestry  it  appears  that  the  original 
endowment  of  the  school  arose  from  a  subscription 
in  the  year  1500,  and  that  it  was  subsequently 
augmented  by  different  legacies  and  benefactors,  and 
by  another  subscription  which  took  place  in  1620, 
amounting  to  £135.  Of  this  sum  £125  was  laid 
out  in  the  purchase  of  the  tithes  of  wool  and  lamb 
in  Haverbrack,  and  other  parts  of  the  parish  of 
Betham.  In  1814  all  the  tithes  so  purchased,  e.xcept 
those  in  Haverbrack,  were  commuted  for  laud  under 
the  authority  of  an  enclosure  act,  and  two  allotments 
have  been  awarded  by  the  commissioners.  By  will, 
dated  January  23rd,  1794,  Kolaud  Burrow  bequeathed 
£10  ;  about  1801  John  Smyth  bequeathed  £10;  Agnes 
Cartmel  gave  £50  ;  in  1813  Joshua  Burrow  gave  £20  ; 
in  1817  James  Evans  gave  £20  ;  and  £200  were  given 
some  years  ago  by  John  Y.  Thexton,  Esq.  The  fund 
arising  from  these  sums,  with  the  allotments  above- 
mentioned,  and  the  tithes  of  Haverbrack,  forms  the 
whole  of  the  present  endowment,  amounting  to  about 
£40  a  year,  which  is  paid  to  the  schoolmaster.  The 
school-house  was  rebuilt  in  1847  on  the  south-east  side 


of  the  village,  and  is  attended  by  about  sixty  children. 
Joshua  Burrow's  Charily. — An  entry  in  the  paiiah 
book,  dated  February  13th,  1771,  states  that  Joshua 
Burrow,  aged  uiuety-.seveu,  gave  to  the  churchwardens 
of  Betham  the  sum  of  40s.,  the  interest  to  be  given  in 
bread  to  the  communicants  at  the  parish  church  of 
Betham,  on  ilichaelmas  Day  and  Trinity  Sunday. 

Johnston's  Charily. — There  is  also  Is.  8d.  distributed 
in  bread  in  like  manner,  on  Christmas  Day  and  Easter 
Sundays,  being  the  interest  of  40s.  left  for  the  purpose 
by  Thomas  Johnston. 

Parish  of  Bclham,  exclusive  of  Wilherslach. — Voor 
Stoclc. — The  following  several  legacies  and  donations, 
amounting  in  the  whole  to  £100,  were  given  by  different 
persons,  as  appears  by  an  entry  in  the  parish  book: — 
1663,  Gawen  Hutton  gave  £3 ;  1678,  Richard  Dowker 
gave  £10;  1083,  ElizLibeth  Dickson  bequeathed  £1: 
lO'.lu,  Kobert  Waller  aiid  bis  wife  gave  £5  ;  1 090,  Mary 
Chamney  bequeathed  £10 ;  1700,  Richard  Hadwen  gave 
£5;  1707,  Anne  Whiterigg  bequeathed  £10;  1718, 
Thomas  Thomliuson  gave  £5  ;  1719,  Richard  Jackson 
gave  £5  ;  Thomas  Johnston  gave  for  bread  £2;  1755, 
Grace  Foxcroft  gave  £40;  1755,  the  parish  and  vicar 
gave  £4 :  total,  £100.  The  interest  of  this  sum  is 
divided  amongst  the  different  townships  of  the  parish, 
exclusive  of  Witherslack,  and  is  distributed  chielly 
amongst  poor  housekeepers. 

Daniel  M'ilsoti's  Charity. — The  Rev.  Daniel  Wilson, 
by  will,  dated  in  1785,  left  to  the  parish  of  Betham, 
exclusive  of  W^itherslack,  £100,  to  be  disposed  of  in 
the  best  manner  for  the  use  of  the  poor,  at  the  discre- 
tion of  the  minister  and  churchwardens. 

John  Smyth's  Charity. —  It  appears  by  an  entry  in 
the  parish  book,  dated  31st  March,  1804,  tliat  John 
Smyth  bequeathed  to  the  vicar,  churchwardens,  and 
overseers  of  the  parish  of  Betbam  £20,  the  interest  to 
be  distributed  annually  amongst  the  poor  of  the  said 
parish.  This  money  was  carried  to  the  parish  account, 
and  15s.  2d.  is  regularly  paid  out  of  the  poor  rate  and 
distributed  amongst  poor  householders. 

Totcnships  of  Betham  and  Haverbrack. — Hilton's 
Charity.  —  George  Hilton,  by  will,  in  1724,  gave  £20, 
the  interest  of  which  he  directed  should  be  divided 
amongst  poor  housekeepers  of  Betham  and  Haverbrack. 

Toionship  of  Bclham.  —  Rowland  Burrow,  by  will,  in 
1794,  left  to  the  township  of  Betham  £10,  the  interest 
to  be  divided  amongst  poor  persons  of  the  said  township. 

Lncy  Hutton's  Charity. — Lucy  Hutton,  by  will,  dated 
1788,  directed  her  trustees  to  pay  to  the  hands  of  the 
vicar  and  churchwardens  of  Betham  £100,  the  interest 
to  be  distributed  by  them  amongst  the  poor  people, 
inhabitants  of  Betham  and  Slackhead. 


BETHAM  PARISH. 


819 


Divixion  of  Hale  and  Whasset. — John  Lucas,  by  will, 
dated  1793,  left  £o,  the  interest  of  which  he  directed 
should  bo  given  to  poor  housekeepers  of  Hale  and 
NVbasset,  in  the  parish  of  Betham. 

In  the  vestry  of  the  church  is  a  good  library,  left  for 
the  use  of  the  vicar  and  schoolmaster  by  the  Kev.  W. 
Hutton,  grandfather  of  the  present  vicar. 

The  township  of  Betham  extends  along  the  south 
side  of  the  estuary  of  the  Kent  to  the  headland  called 
Arnside  Point,  beyond  which  the  river  is  navigable  for 
small  vessels  to  the  hamlet  of  Storth,  which  is  in  this 
township,  two  miles  south-by-west  of  Milnthorpe  Hall, 
another  hamlet,  one  mile  and  a  half  south,  and  Whasset, 
another,  two  miles  south-west  of  ililnthorpe,  are  also  in 
Betham  township,  as  are  likewise  Helslack,  Slackhead, 
and  Arnside.  At  the  last-named  place  the  river  Kent 
is  crossed  by  a  bridge  on  the  Lancaster  and  Ulverstoue 
railway,  which  was  opened  for  traffic  in  1857.  Pas- 
•    sengevs  are  set  down  here. 

The  residences  in  the  township  are  Betham  House, 
Mrs.  Hutton  ;  Ashton  House,  John  Yeats  Thexton, 
Esq. ;  Ash  Meadow,  Thomas  Eodick,  Esq.  ;  Wood 
Close,  Robert  P.  Rodick,  Esq. ;  and  Elmfield  House, 
William  Hodgson,  Esq. 

There  are  a  paper  and  a  corn-mill  in  the  township. 

«iu«on  of  ObtrfbfDaUt. 

About  the  time  of  Henry  VII.  it  appears  that  the 
Buttons  of  Overtliwaite  and  the  Iluttous  of  Golds- 
borough,  in  Yorkshire,  branched  from  the  ancient  family 
of  Hutton  of  Hutton  Hall,  Penrith,  which  derived 
from  Adam  de  Hoton,  living  in  the  time  of  Edward  I.' 

Thomas  Hutton,  Esq.,  of  Overlliwaite,  in  the  parish  of  Betham, 
who  died  in  ISHS,  at  a  very  great  age,  left  a  son  and  successor, 

Geouoe  Hutton,  Esq.,  of  Overlhwaite,  who  died  in  1C21, 
and  vas  father  of 

Thomas  Hutton,  Esq.,  of  Overtliwait*,  at  whose  decease,  in 
105O,  the  property  devolved  upon  liis  son, 

GEonoE  Hutton,  Esq.,  of  Ovcrthwaile,  who  died  in  1678, 
and  had  two  sons, 

I.  Thomas,  his  hpir. 
II.  John,  ancestor  of  ilie  Rev.  .lohn  Ilntton,  \irar  of   llurion, 

whost'  (inly  (liiiiKliier  iind  heir,  A^Mi'S,  was  iiiiuTicd  lu  Cnpl. 

Joliusou,  uf  iMiiius  IhUl,  co.  llerefuld. 

Tbe  elder  son, 

Thomas  Hi:tton,  Esq.,  of  Overthwaitr,  ronrricd  Eleanor, 
dnnghter  of  William  Tenant,  lOsq.,  of  York,  by  Eleanor,  bis 

'  Tlip  lost  direct  male  heir  of  the  Ilullons  of  Hntton  Hall,  was 
Dr.  Addison  llullon,  who  died  in  174.'>.  Sir  lliihnnl  llnli.m,  a 
younger  son  of  the  Hutton  family,  was  judge  uf  tlie  Comiuou  Fleas, 
lemp.  Henry  VUI. 


wife,  daughter  of  Eoger  Crowle,  Esq.,i  by  Eleanor,  his  wife, 
daughter  of  Edward  Wilson,  Esq.,  of  Dallam  Tower,  and  died 
in  1732,  leaving  a  son, 

Geoege  Hutton,  Esq.,  of  Overthwaite,  who  left  at  his 
decease,  in  1730,  two  sons, 

1.  George,  who  died  unmarried  in  1802. 
II.  William. 

The  latter, 

The  Rev.  Wtlijam  Hutton,  ■ricar  of  Betham,  who  built  Cap- 
pleside  House,  near  Betham,  and  fixed  his  residence  there.  He 
married  Lucy,  third  daughter  and  co-heir  (by  Mary,  his  wife, 
daughter  of  Oliver  Marton,  Esq.,  of  Lancaster),  of  Eigby 
Molynoux,  Esq.,  il.P.  for  I'reston,  only  son  of  Thomas  iloly- 
ncux,  Esq.,  of  Preston,  by  Mary,  his  wife,  daughter  of  Gilbert 
ilundy,  Esq.,  of  AUestree,  co.  Derby,  and  grandson  of  Sir  John 
Molyneux,  Bart.,  of  Teversall,  by  Lacy,  his  wife,  daughter  of 
-Vlexander  P.igby,  Esq.,  of  Middleton,  one  of  tlie  barons  of  the 
Exchequer,  and  died  in  1811,  having  had  two  sons, 

I.  Thomas  Molyneux,  who  died  unmarried  on  20th  May,  1796. 
n.  William. 

The  latter, 

WnxiAJi  Hutton,  Esq.,  of  Overthwaite,  was  bom  28th  May, 
1781 ;  he  married,  ICth  June,  1803,  Catherine,  daughter  of 
Edward  Pedder,  Esq.,  of  Bishham  Lodge,  and  Preston,  co. 
Lancaster,  and  had  issue, 

I  William,  in  holy  orders, now  vicar  of  Betham:  married  Mar- 
garet Denton,  daughter  of  James  BramoU  Toosey,  Esq.,  of 
Lynn  Begis,  and  has  issue, 

1.  William  James. 

1.  Catherine  Mary. 

2.  Margaret  Toosey. 

3.  Lucy  Elizabeth. 

4.  Frances  June. 

II.  Edward. 

III.  Thomas,  deceased. 

IV.  George,  Royal  Artillery,  deceased. 
V.  Molyneux,  deceased. 

VI.  James. 

VII.  Charles,  JI.D.,  married  Henrietta,  daughter  of  Dr.  Sevmonr, 

of  Charles-street,  Belgrave  Square. 
VIII.  Richard. 

I.  Margaret,  married  to  the  Kev.  William  Mnson,  A.Sf.,  vicar  of 
NuraiaiitiMi. 

II.  Eleanor,  married  to  William  Brayshay,  Esq.,  of  Bradford. 

III.  Catherine. 

IV.  Isabella  Jane,  married  to  the  Rev.  James  Cookson,  incumbent 

of  Marlon  parsonage,  near  Blackpool. 

Mr.  Hutton  died  in  ISj'i,  and  his  widow  now  bos  tbe  family 
property. 

Arms. — Arg.,  on  a  fesse,  sa.,  three  bucks'  heads,  caboshed,  or. 
Ciett. — losuout  from  a  tower,  ppr.  three  arrows,  so. 


FARLETOX. 

Farleton  comprises  1,173  acres  ;  its  rateable  \-alue  is 
f  l.-lOl  2s.  Pid.  The  number  of  iulnbitants  in  1801 
was  92;    in  1811,  103  :    in  18-31,  l(i2;    in  1831,  90; 

'Roger  Crowle  was  elile-<t  son  of  Georgi'  Crowle,  Esq.,  of  Hull, by 
Eleanor,  his  wdc,  daugbter  of  Lowlhcr  of  Swillingtou. 


820 


KENDAL  "WARD. 


in  1*^-41,  1]!^  ;  and  in  1851,  111.     It  is  intersected  by 
the  Kendal  and  Lancaster  canal. 

Eichard  I.  granted  to  Gilbert,  son  of  Roger  Fitz- 
Eeinfred,  and  his  heirs,  four  carucates  of  laud  in  Farle- 
ton,  re-leasing  to  him  at  the  same  time  the  rents  of  all 
his  lands  in  Westmoreland  and  Kendal,  and  amongst  the 
rest,  the  rents  of  the  market  of  Ivciidal,  the  forest  of 
Kendal,  and  the  lands  of  Preston,  Farleton,  and  Lup- 
ton.  In  1375,  at  the  same  time  that  Ixalph  de  Betham 
held  the  manor  of  Betham  of  Joan  de  Coupland, 
Nicholas  de  Havcrington  held  of  the  said  Ealph  the 
manor  of  Farleton  as  of  the  manor  of  Betham.  The 
Haveringtons  seemed  to  have  continued  in  possession 
of  Farleton  till  the  fall  of  Richard  III.,  when  Henry 
VII.  granted  the  manor  to  the  Stanleys.  After  this 
we  find  the  manor  of  Farleton  in  the  hands  of  the 
Buttons,  one  of  whom,  in  1693,  sold  the  tenements  to 
freehold,  so  that  each  landowner  now  possesses  the 
manorial  rights  and  privileges  of  his  own  property.  The 
principal  landowners  are  the  executors  of  the  late  Rev. 
George  Cartmel,  the  late  William  Cartmel,  the  late  John 
Atkinson,  the  late  Alderman  Thompson,  and  the  Rev. 
Jeffrey  Hebden.  The  tithes  of  the  township  have 
been  commuted  for  £95,  which  is  paid  to  the  corpora- 
tion of  Kendal,  but  varies  according  to  the  state  of  the 
market.  George  E.  Wilson,  Esq.,  of  Dallam  Tower, 
receives  £1 14s.  4^d.  in  lieu  of  the  hay  tithes  ;  and  the 
e.KCcutofs  of  the  late  George  and  William  Cartmel 
£5  8s.  2d.  in  lieu  of  lamb  and  wool  tithes. 

The  village  of  Farleton  is  three  miles  east  of  Miln- 
thorpe.  Aikebank  and  Ovcrthwaite  are  hamlets  in  this 
township. 

Farleton  Knot  is  a  lofty  scar  of  limestone  rock,  which 
rises  above  the  village,  and  on  its  summit  are  no  less 
than  seven  springs.  Some  stones  found  on  this  hUl 
are  said  to  possess  musical  properties. 

Knot  Cottage,  the  residence  of  Mrs.  Cartmel,  has 
been  in  the  occupation  of  the  family  for  centuries.  The 
house  occupied  by  Mr.  Scott  bears  the  date  of  1G50, 
and  contains  some  beautifully-carved  oak  furniture  of 
the  same  date. 

HAVEEBR.A.CK. 

The  area  of  Haverbrack  is  923  acres.  Its  popula- 
tion in  1801  was  93;  in  IBJl,  105;  in  1821,  127; 
in  1831,  120;  inlS4I,117;  and  in  1851,  101.  The 
greater  portion  of  this  township  is  included  in  the 
demesne  attached  to  Dallam  Tower.  It  comprises  the 
parish  church,  a  portion  of  the  village  of  Betham,  and 
a  hamlet  of  its  own  name. 

Haverbrack,  like  the  other  portions  of  the  parish, 
belonged  to  the  barons  of  Kendal,  and  seems  to  have 


been  included  in  the  manor  of  Betham.  Lands  here 
were  given  by  Ivo  de  Tailbois  to  different  religious 
houses.  Margaret  de  Ross  gave  Haverbrack  Hall  and 
the  demesne  lands  to  Conishcad  Priory,  to  which  they 
continued  attached  till  1545-6,  when  they  were  granted 
by  Henry  VIII.  to  William  Thornburgh,  to  hold  of  the 
king,  in  capite,  by  the  twentieth  part  of  one  knight's 
fee,  and  a  yearly  rent  of  18s.  3d.  By  an  inquisition 
taken  in  1G09,  it  is  found  that  the  said  William  Thorn- 
burgh died  seised  of  the  capital  messuage  called  Dallam 
Tower,  with  sixty  acres  of  land  ;  six  other  messuages, 
with  100  acres  of  land  and  other  property.  Another 
part  of  Haverbrack  belonged  to  the  Prestons.  The 
manor  was  subsequently  purchased  by  three  mining 
adventurers,  who  expected  to  find  hero  a  lead  mine. 
It  was  afterwards  sold  to  Henry  Parker,  whose  suc- 
cessor, William  Parker,  Esq.,  sold  it  to  Edward  Wilson, 
Esq.,  an  ancestor  of  the  present  proprietor,  George 
Edward  Wilson,  Esq.,  besides  whom  Captain  Atkinson 
has  an  estate  here.  Arbitrary  fines  arc  paid  by  such 
of  the  tenants  as  are  not  enfranchised. 

The  hamlet  of  Haverbrack  is  half  a  mile  north-west 
of  Betham.  The  Rev.  John  Iluttou,  late  vicar  of 
Kendal,  and  for  many  years  fellow  and  tutor  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  was  a  native  of  this  township. 

Dallam  Tower,  the  seat  of  the  lord  of  the  manor,  is 
situated  near  the  confluence  of  the  Kent  and  Belo.  The 
original  edifice  was  erected  by  AViUiam  Thornburgh, 
Esq.,  out  of  the  ruins  of  an  old  tower  which  formerly 
stood  here,  and  from  which  the  present  structure 
derives  its  name.  The  present  elegant  mansion  was 
erected  in  1720  by  Daniel  Wilson,  Esq.,  but  has  been 
much  enlarged,  improved,  and  ornamented  by  his  suc- 
cessors. The  park  was  planted  about  the  same  time, 
and  has  now  a  grove  of  fine  old  oaks,  and  abounds 
with  deer. 

Wilson  of  Jlnllitm  S^ototr. 

This  family  has  been  of  note  in  Westmoreland  for 
several  centuries  past. 

Edwaed  Wilson,  Esq.,  of  Nether  Levins,  in  tiat  county, 
founded  and  endowed  the  grammar  school  of  Heversham  (m 
wliich  parish  Nether  Levins  is  situate),  about  the  reign  of 
James  L 

Edwam)  Wilson,  Esq.,  of  Heversham  Hall,  son  of  Thomas 
Wilson  of  Kendal,  (by  Dorothy,  his  wife,  daughter  of  Henry 
Fisher  of  Bradleyfiekl),  and  grandson  of  Thomas  Wilson,  Esq., 
of  Staveley  Hall,  in  Kendal,  who  died  about  i  O'il,  married,  Istly, 
Jane,  daughter  of  Gawen  Brathwaite,  Esq.,  of  Ambleside,  and 
by  her  had  issue, 

I.  Edward. 

I.  Elizabeth,  married  to  Philip,  only  son  of  Edwaid  Swetenham 
of  Somerford,  co.  Chester. 


WITHEESLACK    CHAPELRY. 


821 


Mr.  Wilson  married,  2ndly,  Dorothy,  daughter  of  Richard  Kirkby, 
of  Kirkby  Hall,  iu  Famess,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

I.  Roger,  bom  in  1003,  ancestor  of  William  WiUon  Cams  Wil- 
son, Esij.,  of  Cos  tenon  Hull,  formerly  M. P.  lor  Cockerinouth. 

Jlr.  Wilson  died  in  July,  1707,  aged  eighty-nine,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  son, 

Edwaiid  Wir.sON,  Esq.,  of  Dallam  Tower,  who  married 
Catherine,  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Sir  Daniel  Fleming,  Knt.,  of 
Rydal,  co.  Westmoreland,  and  left  at  his  decease,  0th  February, 
171!)-ao,  aged  sixty-nine,  a  son  and  heir, 

Daxiei,  Wilson,  Esq.,  of  Dallam  Tower,  M.P.  for  Westmore- 
land and  high  sheriff  of  Lancashire,  1727.  He  raan-ied  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  William  Crowle,  Esq.,  of  Hull,  and  died  31st  May, 
1754,  aged  74,  having  had  issue, 


III. 
I, 


Edward,  his  heir. 

Ueorge,  colonel  Ist  Foot  Guards,  bom  l''Z'};  married  Anne 
Sjbill,  daughter  and  heir  of  Allan  Harrison,  Esq.,  and  bad 
a  daughter,  who  died  young. 

Thomas,  borrister-at-law. 

Dorothy,  married,  lK:)il,  to  the  Rev.  Williom  Fleming,  arch- 
deacon of  Carlisle,  only  son  of  tbc  lUglit  Rev.  Sir  George 
Fleming,  Biu:t,  bishop  of  Carlisle. 


The  eldest  son, 

Edward  Whson,  Esq.,  of  Dallam  Tower,  married,  lOtli  Tune, 
1740,  Dorothy,  eldest  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Sir  William  Flem- 
ing, Bart.,  of  Itydal,  and  had  issue, 

I.  Daniel,  his  heir, 
n.  William. 
III.  Edward. 

I.  Dorothy,  married,  Dec.  21st,  1773,  to  Richard  Watson,  D.D., 

bisbiip  of  Llauda£ 

II.  Elizabeth. 

III.  Barbara,  died  unmarried. 

IV.  Margaret,  died  unmarried. 

V.  Cbarlottc,  married  to  Charles  Gibson,  Esq.,  of  Quemmore 

I'urk. 

Mr.  Wilson  died  1704,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 
Daniel  Wilson,  Esq.,  of  Dallam  Tower,  who  married,  fii-stly. 


Beatrix,  only  daughter  of  Samuel  Egerton,  Esq.,  of  Tatton  Park, 
Cheshire,  which  lady  died  without  issue,  1770;  and  secondly, 
17th  July,  1780,  Sarah,  only  daughter  and  heir  of  Samuel  Harper, 
Esq.,  of  Heath,  co.  York,  by  whom  he  left  at  his  decease,  11th 
November,  1824,  aged  78,  two  daughters, 

I.  Sarah,  wife  of  George  Smyth,  Esq. 

11.  Amie,  married,  8lh  June  1812,  to  Sir  Robert  Howe  Bromley, 
Bart, 

The  elder  daughter  and  co-heiress, 

Sarah  Wilson,  married,  as  already  stated,  in  1811,  George 
Smyth,  Esq.,  heut.-colonel  in  the  Guards,  second  son  of  the 
Right  Hon.  John  Smyth  of  Heath  Hall,  co.  York,  5I.P.,  by 
the  Lady  Georgina,  his  wife,  eldest  daughter  of  Augustus  Henry 
Duke  of  Grafton.  On  his  marriage.  Colonel  Smyth  took  the 
name  and  arms  of  Wilson.    The  issue  was, 

I.  George,  now  of  Dallam  Tower. 

II.  Charles  Henry,  in  holy  ordcre. 
IU.  Frederick  John,  married. 

I.  Maria  Laura,  Mrs.  Hare. 
II.  Georgiana,  deceased. 

HI.  Sarah  Maria,  deceased. 
IV.  Frances,  deceased. 

Colonel  Wilson  died  3rd  March,  1853,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
eldest  son, 

George  Edward  Wilson,  Esq.,  of  Dallam  Tower,  born  17th 
November,  181.5;  married  3rd  March,  1842,  Gortruda  Mary, 
daughter  of  William  Hutton,  Esq.,  of  Huttou  Park,  co.  Lan- 
caster, and  has  issue, 

I.  George  Crowle,  born  23rd  April,  1816. 

II.  Charles  Henry,  born  28th  December,  1847. 
HI.  Edward  Hugh,  born  3rd  February,  1849. 

T.  Gertrude  Sophia. 
11.  Emily  Sarah. 

-Irms. — .4rg.,  three  wolves'  beads,  conped,  sa.,  guttee  de  sang. 
Cnsl. — .4  crescent,  or,  issuing  dames  of  hre,  ppr. 


WITHEIISL.\CK    CHAPELRY. 

Tnis  chapelry  is  separated  into  two  divisions,  called  Eitst  and  West  Sides,  by  a  long  and  lofty  scar  of  mountain 
limestone.  It  comprises  the  townships  of  Witheislack,  and  Meathop  and  Ulpha,  the  population  of  whi.-li  is  almost 
entirely  agricultural.     There  aro  a  number  of  turf  labourers. 

to  Sir  Thomas  Broughton  of  liroughton  Tower,  and  on 
his  forfeiture,  for  taking  part  with  Lambert  Simnel,  it 
was  granted  by  the  same  monarch  to  Sir  Tliomas 
Stanley,  first  earl  of  Derby,  to  whose  descendant,  the 
present  lord,  it  still  belongs,  though  it  was  many  years 
witliheld  by  the  Laybouriies  and  Withams,  the  hidl  and 
demesne  having  been  seized  by  Oliver  Cromwell,  who 
conveyed  them  to  John  Laybourne,  Esq.,  of  Cunswick, 
for  £130.  Tho  earl  holds  a  manor  court  yearly  at  the 
Derby  Arms,  on  the  second  Tucsilay  after  ANHiiisuutide. 


WITHERSLACK. 

Tho  area  of  this  township  is  t.CiSO  acres  ;  its  rateable 
value  is  i;i,'.l(iO  Is.  Td.  Tho  population  in  ISOl  was 
300;  in  1811,  355;  1821,  477;  in  1831,  488;  in 
1841,489;  and  in  1851,487. 

The  manor  of  Witherslack  belonged  to  the  Harring- 
ton family,  one  of  whom,  .Tohn  do  llurrington,  in  1340, 
obtained  a  charter  of  free  warren  in  this  manor.  On 
tho  attainder  of  tho  Harringtons  after  tho  battle  of 
IJoswortU  Field,  the  manor  was  granted  by  Hcniy  VII. 


822 


KENDAL  WARD. 


The  landow-ners  are  the  Earl  of  Derby;  J.  B.  Thorn- 
borrow,  Esq.;  and  George  E.  Wilson,  Esq.  The  hall, 
which  is  now  occupied  as  a  farm-house,  was  formerly 
the  seat  of  the  Layhoumes,  and  had  then  a  well-stocked 
deer  park.  The  fishery  in  the  river  Belo  belongs  to 
the  Earl  of  Derby,  Mrs.  Howard,  and  George  E. 
Wilson,  Esq. 

Witherslack,  Foulshaw,  Low  Wood,  aud  Townend, 
are  hamlets  in  this  township,  distant  from  two  aud  a 
hah"  to  live  miles  north-west  of  Milnthorpo. 

THE   CUAPEL. 

Witherslack  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Paul,  consists 
of  a  nave,  chancel,  and  square  tower  with  throe  bells. 
It  was  erected  by  Dr.  John  Barwick,  dean  of  St.  Paul's, 
who,  in  IGGl,  bequeathed  the  impropriate  rectory  of 
Lazonby,  iu  Cumberland,  for  that  purpose,  aud  also 
for  allowing  a  curate,  who  should  teach  the  children  of 
the  chapelry  gratis,  the  sum  of  £26,  together  with  £i 
a.  year  for  the  repairs  of  the  chapel,  403.  yearly  to  the 
vicar  of  Lazonby,  aud  £10  a  year  for  binding  poor  boys 
apprentices,  or  marrying  deserving  poor  maids  within 
the  chapelry.  To  this  bequest,  liis  brother,  Peter  Bar- 
wick, M.D.,  physician  in  ordinary  to  Charles  II.,  added 
the  demesne  and  hall  of  Harosceugh,  near  Kirkoswald, 
in  Cumberland.  But  these  allowances,  which  were 
then  worth  little  more  than  £40  a  year,  having  been 
greatly  augmented,  in  consequence  of  the  increased 
value  of  property,  now  produce  upwards  of  £400  per 
annum,  and  the  trustees  have  been  enabled  to  procure 
at  different  times  augmentations  to  the  chapel  from 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  and  to  give  dowries  with 
deserving  brides,  amounting  sometimes  to  £-30  or  £40 
each.  In  1740  and  1759  it  received  two  augmentations 
from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  amounting  to  £400,  to  meet 
a  subscription  to  the  same  amount  contributed  by  the 
trustees  of  Dr.  Barwick,  the  e.^ecutors  of  Commissary 
Stratford,  aud  the  Piev.  John  Hunter,  who  was  then 
curate  and  schoolmaster.  The  whole  £800  was  soon 
afterwards  invested  in  property.  The  income  of  the 
curate  is  now  worth  about  £90  a  year.  The  trustees 
of  Dr.  Johu  Barwick's  Charity  appoint  the  minister; 
formerly  the  vicar  of  Betham  appointed,  but  he  appears 
to  have  forfeited  his  claim  by  not  having  exercised  the 
right  for  a  period  of  about  sixty  years.  At  the  east 
end  of  the  chapel  is  a  marble  tablet  raised  in  memory 
of  Dr.  John  Barwick.  There  are  also  the  arms  of  Dr. 
Barwick  and  the  Earl  of  Derby.  The  rites  of  marriage, 
baptism,  aud  burial  are  performed  in  this  chapel.  The 
registers  commence  about  the  year  1031. 

Ikcdsibents. — John  Hunter  was  minister  in  1750;  John 
Dawson,  1778;  W.  J.  Woodcock,  1843;  Thomas  M.  Toatle- 
thwaite,  1846. 


The  parsonage  was  erected  in  1841,  at  a  cost  of 
about  £500. 

In  addition  to  the  boys'  school  founded  by  Dr.  Bar- 
wick, the  trustees,  in  1824,  erected  a  girls'  school. 
The  endowment  of  Dr.  Barwick  was  both  for  the  clergy- 
man and  schoolmaster — both  olfices  being  held  together. 
The  master  is  now  allowed  £05  a  year ;  the  mistress 
£40.  Nearly  100  children  are  educated:  fifty  in  the 
boys'  school  and  fifty  in  the  girls'. 


Dean  Baruick's  Charity.  —  The  particulars  of  this 
charity  have  been  given  in  connection  witli  the  chapel. 
The  annual  income  is  about  £400. 

SimjKon's  Ground  Estate. — It  appears,  by  an  endorse- 
ment upon  an  indenture,  dated  14th  March,  1755,  that 
the  following  donations  and  legacies  were  given  by 
different  persons  to  the  j)oor  of  Witherslack  : — ]3y  — 
Brockbank,  .£5  ;  Christopher  Crossfield  and  Joseph 
Barson,  £17;  Piobert  Allinson,  £3;  Francis  Bowes, 
£2  ;  John  Bowes,  £10  ;  Mary  Chamney,  £0  13s.  4d. ; 
Piobert  Barwick,  £60  ;  John  Wilson,  £15  ;  Francis 
AVilson,  £10;  unknown,  £1  6s.  Sd. :  total,  £130. 
With  this  sum  lands  were  purchased  in  Cartmel  parish, 
which  bear  the  name  of  Simpson's  Ground,  the  rental 
of  which,  amouuting  to  £1 5  a  year,  is  given  to  the  poor 
of  the  township. 

A  small  portion  of  a  charity,  arising  from  laud  in  the 
county  of  Durham,  falls  to  the  poor  of  Witherslack  and 
Meathop. 

About  a  mile  from  Witherslack  chapel  is  a  spring, 
known  as  the  Holy  Well. 

Halsout,  the  residence  of  John  B.  Wanklyn,  Esq., 
is  a  handsome  mansion  at  the  foot  of  Yewbarrow  Scar, 
erected  in  1847,  at  a  cost  of  £2,000.  It  commands 
picturesque  views  of  the  surrounding  country.  Fell 
End,  said  to  be  the  birthplace  of  Deau  Barwick,  is  now 
the  seat  of  J.  B.  Thornborrow,  Esq. 

MEATUOP    AND    ULPHA. 

This  township,  which  includes  Holme  Island,  in 
Morecamhe  Bay,  comprises  an  area  of  3,501  acres ; 
and  its  rateable  value  is  £810  17s.  Cd.  The  number 
of  inhabitants  in  1801  was  90;  in  1811,  79 ;  in  1821, 
82  ;  in  1831,  86  ;  iu  1841,  87  ;  and  in  1S51,  78.  The 
manorial  rights  are  possessed  by  the  Earl  of  Derby, 
who  holds  courts  at  Witherslack  annually  in  Whit- 
week.  The  landowners  are  J.  B.  Thornborrow,  John 
Bon-ow,  James  Borrow,  Margaret  Borrow,  Rev.  E. 
Townley,  Piov.  WiUiam  Hutton,  aud  the  executors  of 


GEASMEEE  PARISH. 


823 


the  late  Robert  AV right.  There  is  a  large  quantity 
of  bog  in  this  township,  from  which  the  inhabitants 
obtain  turf,  the  oulv  fuel  they  use. 


The  hamlets  of  Meathop  and  Ulpha  lie  on  the  north 
side  of  the  estuary  of  the  Kent,  from  three  to  four  miles 
west-by-south  of  Miliithorpe. 


GRASMERE     PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  Cumberland,  on  the  south  by  Lancashire,  and  on  the  east 
by  the  parish  of  Windermere  and  the  chapelry  of  Patterdale.  It  comprises  one  of  the  most  picturesque  and 
beautiful  districts  in  the  region  of  the  lakes,  iu  which  it  occupies  an  almost  central  position.  Grasmere,  Rydal,  Elter- 
water,  Easdale,  Coldale,  Blea,  and  Stickle,  are  all  within  its  boundaries,  as  are  also  the  rivers  Brathay  and  Eotha, 
the  falls  of  Stockgill,  Dungeongill,  Rydal,  and  the  Force,  and  the  mountains  of  Fairfield,  Langdale  Pikes,  and  many 
others.  At  the  south-western  extremity  is  Wrynose,  upon  the  summit  of  which  tlie  counties  of  Westmoreland, 
Cumberland,  and  Lancashire  form  a  junction,  at  the  Three  Shire  Stones.  Tlie  parish  abounds  with  slate.  It  com- 
prises the  townships  of  Grasmere,  Ambleside,  Great  and  Little  Langdale,  and  Rydal  and  Loughrigg,  whose  united 
area  is  22,100  acres.     The  inhabitants  attend  Kendal  market. 

occupied  by  oaken  benches,  and  the  floor  strewed  with 


GRASMERE. 

The  area  of  Grasmere  township  is  7,CI5  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  JL"2,441.  The  population  in  1801  was 
270;  in  ISll,2G5;inl821,  32-i;  in  1831,  315;  and 
in  1851,  4-15. 

The  manor  of  Grasmere  was  formerly  included  in 
that  of  Windermere.  It  first  appears  as  a  distinct 
manor  in  the  14th  Elizabeth  (1571-2),  when  after  the 
death  of  William  Parr,  marquis  of  Northampton,  the 
inquisition  finds  that  ho  died  seised  of  the  manor  of 
Grasmere,  and  of  divers  messuages,  lands,  and  tenements 
there.  The  manor  is  of  the  Richmond  and  marquis 
fees  of  Kendal  barony,  and  is  held  under  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale  by  customary  tenants,  who  pay  a  small  fine 
on  the  change  of  lord  or  tenant,  and  heriots  when 
widows  come  into  possession.  The  landowners  are 
John  Green,  son.,  Thomas  Dawson,  James  Fleming, 
George  Patridge,  Ralph  H.  Alcock,  and  James  Y. 
Greenwood.  The  village  of  Grasmere  is  delightfully 
situated  in  a  fertile  and  higldy-cultivated  vale,  on  the 
north  side  of  the  lake  from  which  its  name  is  derived, 
nearly  four  miles  north-west-by-west  of  Ambleside.  A 
sheep  fair  is  held  here  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  Septem- 
ber. To  the  rear  of  the  village  is  Ilelme  Crag,  a  lofty 
eminence,  rising  like  a  wedge  from  the  valley.  From  its 
summit  an  extensive  and  delightful  prospect  may  bo 
obtained. 

TUE   CHtmcR. 

Grasmere  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Oswald,  consists 
of  nave,  witli  aisles,  south  porch,  and  clionccl.  Tho 
tower  is  square  and  embattled,  and  contains  three  bells. 
There  is  a  stoup  for  holy  water  in  tho  south  aisle  of  the 
chancel,  wluch  was  found  lower  doNvn  m  the  wall, 
covered  with  plaster.  The  doors  arc  ornanionted  with 
old  iron  scroll  work.    The  interior  is  daik  and  gloomy. 


rushes,  which  are  renewed  with  much  rejoicing  every 
summer.  A  sepulchral  brass  commemorates  three 
sisters  of  the  Le  Fleming  family,  and  mural  monu- 
ments various  members  of  the  Kearsley,  Knott,  and 
other  families.  The  monument  which  first  arrests  tho 
stranger's  attention  is  a  medallion  portrait  of  the  poet 
Wordsworth,  accompanied  by  an  inscription  adapted  from 
a  dedication  of  Mr.  Keble's.  The  simple  and  modest 
tombstone  in  the  churchyard  will  please  him  better. 
At  present  it  bears  only  the  name  of  the  poet  —  in  his 
case  an  all-sufScient  memorial  ;  but  it  is  understood 
that  some  dates  and  other  particulars  will  be  filled  in 
hereafter.  Beside  him  lie  his  daughter,  and  next  to 
her  her  husband — whose  first  wife  is  next  him  on  the 
other  side.  Some  other  children  of  Wordsworth,  who 
died  young,  and  one  grandchild,  are  buried  near.  Close 
behind  the  family  group  lies  Hartley  Coleridge,  at 
whoso  funeral  the  white-haired  A\'ordsworth  attended, 
not  very  long  before  his  own  death.  This  spot,  under 
the  yews,  beside  the  gushing  Rothay,  and  tucircled  by 
green  mountains,  is  a  fitting  resting-place  for  the  poet 
of  the  region.  He  chose  it  himself :  and  every  one 
rejoices  th;it  he  did.  When  the  church  of  Kendal  was 
appropriated  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary  at  York,  Gras- 
mere church,  then  a  chapel  to  Kendal,  was  appointed 
to  pay  to  the  abbey  i.'!  i:is.  4d. ;  but  it  continued  in 
the  patronage  of  Ingleram  de  Grnes  and  Christian,  his 
wife.  Iu  l:17t)  tho  living  was  valued  at  i*li>,  and  was 
iu  the  patronage  of  Joan  do  Conplund.  In  the  King's 
Book  Grasmere  is  said  to  be  worth  C2>'  lis.  5*d. 
After  the  suppression  of  tho  niouaateries,  the  patronage 
W!is  given  to  tho  Bellinghams,  one  of  whom,  Alan  de 
Dcllingham,  in  l.")73-4,  sold  it  for  £100  to  William 
Fleming,  Escj..  of  Kydal,  from  whom  it  has  descended 
to  Lady  le  Fleming,  the  present  patron.     The  living  is 


824 


KENDAL  WAED. 


BOW  worth  about  £148  a  year.     The  tithes  have  been 
commuted.     The  parish  register  commences  in  1570. 

KECTons. — Hugh  Ashton,  resigned  in  1511  ;   John  Frost, 

1511  :   William  Holgill,   1521 ;  Ambrose  occurs   1685  ; 

Tliomas  Jackson,  1809  ;  Sir  Richard  le  Fleming,  1823  ;  Fletcher 
Fleming,  1857. 

CHARITIES. 

The  School. —  M.  Ambrose,  rector  of  Grasmere,  in 
1685  endowed  the  school  with  £30  ;  Anthony  Dawsou 
also  gave  £7,  the  interest  to  be  applied  towards  the 
support  of  a  schoolmaster;  and  William  Waters  £80 
for  the  same  purpose.  In  1812  Mrs.  Dorothy  Knott 
left  £100  Navy  Three-per-cents,  for  the  education  of 
five  poor  children  of  Grasmere  school.  These  various 
sums  have  been  invested  and  now  produce  £13  a  year. 
The  school-house  is  a  neat  commodious  building,  erected 
in  1834,  at  a  cost  of  about  £400.  It  possesses  accom- 
modation for  100  children,  and  has  an  average  attend- 
ance of  sixty-five.  The  trustees  arc  the  rector  and 
seven  sidesmen. 

Poor  Moneij. — In  the  return  made  to  parliament  in 
1780,  it  is  stated,  amongst  the  charitable  donations 
for  the  poor  of  Grasmere,  that  Edward  Patridge,  in 
1740,  left  £5  ;  John  Watson,  in  1752,  £3 ;  Edward 
Benson,  in  1734,  £6  I3s.  4d. ;  unknown,  £33  Os.  8d.: 
making  in  all  £30.  The  interest  of  this  money  is 
geiierally  given  away  on  St.  Thomas'  Day  amongst 
the  poor  of  Grasmere  township. 

Holme's  and  Waters'  Gift. — John  Holme,  in  1777, 
left  by  will,  £200  to  the  poor  of  Grasmere.     This  will 


was  never  executed ;  but  William  Waters,  brother-in- 
law  of  Joini  Holme,  paid  the  £200  to  the  intent  that 
the  charity  should  take  ciTect  after  his  own  and  his 
wife's  death.  This  money  is  now  out  at  interest,  which 
is  distributed  at  Lady  Day,  yearly,  to  poor  persons  not 
receiving  parish  relief. 

This  township  contains  numerous  handsome  resi- 
dences, which  impart  a  pleasing  variety  to  the  beautiful 
scenery  of  the  neighbourhood. 

AMBLESIDE    ABOVE    STOCK. 

The  township  and  chapelry  of  Ambleside  extends 
into  the  parishes  of  Grasmere  and  Windermere,  and 
will  be  found  fully  described  in  our  account  of  the  latter 
pai-ish.  The  portion  of  the  chapelry  in  Grasmere 
parish  comprises  1,583  acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is 
£2,847  16s.  3d.  Itcontainediu  1841,  531  inhabitants  ; 
and  in  1831,  766,  who  are  chiefly  resident  in  the  town 
or  village  of  Ambleside.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  are 
engaged  in  the  bobbin  manufacture.  The  township  is 
included  in  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale's  manor  of  Winder- 
mere. The  landowners  are  James  C.  Wilson,  Esq. ; 
Kichard  L.  Watson,  Esq. ;  William  Pratt,  Esq. ;  the 
executors  of  the  late  Thomas  Newton,  Esq. ;  John 
Mackereth,  Esq.;  Benson  Harrison,  Esq.;  and  several 
small  proprietors.  Ambleside  HaU,  long  the  seat  of 
the  ancient  family  of  Braithwaites,  the  progenitors  of 
the  Braithwaites  of  Warcop  and  Burnside,  stood  near 
the  junction  of  the  Keswick  and  Penrith  roads. 


LANGDALE    CHAPELRY. 


This  chapelry  comprises  Great  and  Little  Langdale,  an 
the  north  by  tlie  township  of  Grasmere,  on  the  east  by 
Lancashire,  and  on  the  west  by  Cumberland. 

The  area  of  Langdale  is  7,702  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  £1,337.  The  population  in  180]  was  300;  in 
1811,  297;  in  1821,  317;  in  1831,  314;  in  1841, 
442;  and  in  1831,  530;  who  are  principallj' resident 
in  the  different  hamlets.  Agriculture  is  the  chief 
employment ;  but  about  ninety  of  the  inhabitants  are 
engaged  in  the  Elterwater  gunpowder  manufactory  and 
the  slate  quarries. 

In  1373-0  Joan  de  Coupland  died  seised  of  the  manor 
of  Windermere,  with  its  members  and  appurtenances, 
and  amongst  the  rest  the  hamlet  of  Langdale.  In  the 
14th  Elizabeth  (1571-2)  WilUam  Parr,  marquis  of 
Northampton,  died  seised  of  the  manor  of  Langdale, 
and  of  divers  messuages  and  tenements  in  Langdale ; 


J  the  manor  and  demesne  of  Baysbrown.     It  is  bounded  on 
the  joint  township  of  liydal  and  Loughrigg,  on  the  south  by 


and  in  the  particulars  of  the  dower  assigned  to  his 
widow  mention  is  made  of  Langdale,  the  total  yearly 
rent  of  which  is  said  to  be  £3  6s.  lOd.  When  Queen 
Catherine's  survey  was  made  in  1077,  the  amount  of 
customary  rents  ai-ising  from  her  lands  here  was 
£5  4s.  lid.  Great  Langdale  is  now  held  under  the 
crown  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  as  part  of  the  manor  of 
Windermere. 

Little  Langdale  was  long  held  by  the  Pcnningtons 
of  JIuncaster,  who  sold  most  of  the  tenements  to  free- 
hold about  the  year  1092.  The  rest  of  the  lordship 
was  afterwards  purchased  by  the  Phihpsons  of  Calgarth 
Park. 

Baysbrown,  within  Langdale  chapelry,  was  given  by 


LANGDALE  CHAPELRY. 


825 


William  de  Lancaster,  baron  of  Kendal,  to  Conishead 
Priory,  in  Lancashire,  but  after  the  suppression  of  the 
inouiistic  institutions,  tlie  chief  part  of  the  tenements 
was  purchased  by  Gaweu  Braithwaite,  and  the  demesne 
subsequently  became  the  property  of  John  Atkinson, 
Esq.,  of  Cockermouth.  It  now  belongs  to  Benson 
Harrison,  Esq.,  of  Ambleside. 

The  landowners  are  Benson  Harrison,  Esq. ;  R.  L. 
Watson,  Esq.;  the  Elterwater  Gunpowder  Company; 
the  Rev.  Fletcher  Fleming  ;  John  llobinson,  Esq.;  and 
a  number  of  small  proprietors. 

The  village  of  Great  Langdale  is  five  miles  west  of 
Ambleside. 

THE  cHcncn. 

Langdale  church,  dedicated  to  the  Holy  Trinity,  is  a 
neat  Gothic  edifice,  at  the  foot  of  Silverhow,  erected 
in  1 857,  within  the  old  chapelyard,  at  a  cost  of  £1 ,000, 
defrayed  by  John  Robinson,  Esq.,  of  Elterwater  Place, 
and  Edward  B.  Wheatley,  Esq ,  of  High  Close, 
Loughrigg.  It  comprises  nave,  chancel,  and  square 
embattled  tower,  in  which  is  a  peal  of  si.x  bells.  The 
church  contains  300  sittings,  the  whole  of  which  are 
free.  The  chancel  is  laid  with  encaustic  tiles  of  various 
patterns.  The  ancient  salary  of  the  curate  was  £G  Is.  3d. 
a  }'ear,  but  siuce  1743  the  living  has  been  augmented 
from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  with  the  sum  of  £800,  with 
which  four  small  estates  have  been  purchased.  In  18 13 
it  received  a  further  augmentation  of  £28  yearly  ;  so  that 
the  living  is  now  worth  about  £104  a  year.  All  the 
rites  of  the  Church  of  England  are  performed  here. 
The  patronage  is  vested  in  the  rector  of  Grasmere  for 
the  time  being. 

iNcr.MBr.NTS. — Richard  Steele, ;  Thomas  Jackson, ; 

William   Jackson,  his   son, ;  Dauid    Green, ;  Owen 

LloyJ, ;  Stephen  Birkett, . 

The  parsonage  is  a  commodious  house,  erected  in 
1 845,  at  a  cost  of  £400,  one  half  of  which  was  obtained 
from  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  the 
remainder  being  raised  by  local  subscription. 

Tlie  school  was  erected  in  IH04,  by  the  Elterwater 
( lunpowder  Company,  in  consideration  of  a  piece  of  land 
liaving  been  given  them  for  the  use  of  their  mill.  It 
was  endowed  in  1854  by  the  late  John  Braithwaite,  Esq., 
of  Orrest  Head,  Wimlcnnoro,  with  tl,(KiO,  tlio  interest 
of  which,  with  the  pence  of  the  children,  is  its  only 
support.  The  average  attendance  of  scholars  is  about 
fifty. 

Elterwater  village,  in  this  township,  is  four  and  a 

half  miles  west  of  Ambleside.     Elterwater  lake  is  also 

in  this  township.      The  gunpowder  works  hero  were 

commeucod  in  1824.   There  are  olso  three  slate  quarries. 

99 


Elterwater  Hall  and  High  Close  are  handsome 
residences. 

CU.illlTIES. 

Wastlale's  Charity.  —  Robert  Wasdale,  by  will,  dated 
IQth  January,  1055,  gave  £20  to  the  poor  of  the 
chapelry  of  Langdale,  the  interest  to  be  divided  amongst 
the  poor  on  Easter  Sunday. 

Busk  Bent  Charge.  — There  is  a  rent  charge  of  five 
shillings  payable  out  of  an  estate  called  Busk,  in  Little 
Langdale,  which  has  long  been  given  to  the  poor. 

Bridye  End  Charittj. — By  indenture,  dated  December 
4th,  1746,  Dorothy  and  Mary  Benson,  in  consideration 
of  £51  4s.  poor  stock,  paid  over  by  the  churchwardens 
and  overseers  of  Langdale,  conveyed  several  closes  of 
laud,  near  Hall  Garth,  in  Tibberthwaitc,  Lancashire, 
and  sixteen  cattlegates  on  Tibberthwaitc  Fell,  with 
other  appurtenances,  upon  trust,  for  the  benefit  of  the 
poor  of  Langdale.  In  1850  an  act  of  parliament  was 
obtained  for  the  enclosure  of  Tibberthwaitc  Fell.  John 
Robinson,  Esq.,  of  Elterwater  Hall,  purchased  the 
si.xteen  cattlegates,  &c.,  belonging  to  the  poor  of  Lang- 
dale, for  £200,  which  sum  has  been  invested  in  one  of 
the  government  funds.  This  chanty  is  now  worth 
about  £13  a  year,  and  the  amount  is  divided  amongst 
the  jjoor,  by  the  trustees,  at  Easter  and  Christmas  in 
each  year. 

Broclibank's  Gift. — John  Brockbank  gave  £20,  the 
interest  to  be  divided  amongst  poor  housekeepers  of 
this  township  at  Christmas. 

Sawrey's  Gift. — Miles  Sawrey,  by  will,  dated  17th 
ilarch,  1774,  bequeathed  to  trustees  the  sum  of  £Q0,  the 
interest  of  which  he  directed  should  be  distributed  on 
the  anniversary  of  the  day  of  his  decease  amongst  four 
poor  widows  of  Langdale,  of  the  Church  of  England, 
aud  not  in  receipt  of  parish  relief. 

HYD.VL   AND    LOriillRIGG. 

This  township  comprises  an  area  of  5,200  acres,  and 
its  rateable  value  is  £1,861  15s.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  in  1801  was  230  ;  in  1811,  275  :  in  1821, 
2'J9  ;  in  1831,  315;  in  1841,  343;  aud  in  1851,  388; 
who  are  chielly  resident  in  tho  village  of  Rydal  and 
the  hamlet  of  Loughrigg. 

The  manor  of  Rydid  was  granted  to  Roger  de  Lancas- 
ter by  Margaret  do  Brus,  widow  of  Robert  de  Ross  of 
Wark,  and  sister  and  one  of  the  co-heirs  of  Peter 
do  Brus,  who  married  Helwise,  sister  and  co-heir  of 
the  third  William  de  Lancaster,  baron  of  Kendal.  This 
grant  was  confirmed  by  Edward  I.  in  1271.  Roger 
do  Lancaster  had  three  sous — John,  William,  and 
Christoidier,  from  tho  latter  of  whom  came  tho  Lancas- 
tcrs  of   Sockbridge.     John,  the  eldest,  died  in  1315, 


sae 


KENDAL  WABD. 


\rithout  issue  male,  wlien  the  inheritance  was  trans- 
ferred by  entail  to  John  dc  Lancaster,  of  Hovcgill 
Castle,  the  next  heir  male  being  son  and  heir  of  the 
second  brother,  William.  This  John  de  Lancaster  of 
Ilowgill  and  Rydal  died  in  1351,  leaving  issue  Sir 
AViUiam  de  Lancaster,  whose  grandson.  Sir  John  de 
Lancaster,  appears  to  have  been  living  in  1437.  He 
died  without  issue  male,  leaving  four  daughters,  the 
second  of  whom,  Isabel,  became  the  wife  of  Sir  Thomas 
le  Fleming,  Knt.,  of  Coniston,  with  whom  he  had 
Eydal,  aud  it  has  since  continued  to  be  held  by  his 
descendants.  Lady  le  Fleming  being  the  present  pos- 
sessor of  the  manorial  rights  and  privileges.  The  prin- 
cipal landowners  are  Lady  le  Fleming ;  R.  T.  Branton, 
Esq. ;  Miss  Cookson  ;  and  Edward  Bury,  Esq. 

Rydal  Hall  stands  in  the  midst  of  a  pai'k  containing 
great  numbers  of  forest  trees.  The  celebrated  water- 
falls are  within  the  park.  The  fall  below  the  house  is 
beheld  from  the  window  of  an  old  summer-bouse. 
"Here,"  says  Mason,  the  biographer  of  Gray,  "nature 
has  performed  everything  in  little,  which  she  usually 
executes  on  her  larger  scale ;  and,  on  that  account,  like 
the  miniature  painter,  seems  to  have  finished  every  part 
of  it  in  a  studied  manner ;  not  a  little  fragment  of 
rock  thrown  into  the  Lasin, — not  a  single  stem  of 
brushwood  that  starts  from  its  craggy  sides,  but  has  its 
picturesque  meaning;  and  the  little  central  stream, 
dashing  down  a  cleft  of  the  darkest  coloured  stone, 
produces  an  effect  of  light  and  shade  beautiful  beyond 
description." 

^kmiitg  of  Jlgbal. 
The  first  of  this  family  on  record  is 

Sir  MicnAEL  le  Flebixo,  Knt.,  a  kinsman  of  Baldwin,  the 
fifth  earl  of  rianders,  who  being  sent  to  assist  William  the 
Xorman,  Baldwin's  brother  iu-Iaw,  was  some  years  afterwards 
employed  by  the  successful  monarch  against  the  Scots  upon 
the  borders;  for  which,  and  other  serrices,  he  obtained  the 
castle  of  Gleaston,  the  manor  of  Aldingham,  and  other  lands  in 
Furness,  together  with  the  castle  of  Carnarvon,  the  lordship  and 
manor  of  Beckermet,  and  other  estates  in  Cumberland.  He 
died  shortly  after  1 153,  and  was  interred  in  the  abbey  church 
of  Fm'ness.    His  second  son, 

Sir  EicH.u!D  LE  Fleming,  Knt.,  was  the  ancestor  of  the 
Flemings  of  Eydal.  He  died  in  the  reign  of  £ing  John,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  only  son  and  iieir. 

Sir  John  le  Flemixg,  Knt,  of  Beckermet,  who,  by  a  deed 
without  date,  conveyed  to  his  son  Kichard  all  his  lands  in  Coup- 
land.  He  also  gave  the  patronage  of  the  church  of  Arlecdon  and 
land  in  Great  Beckermet  to  the  abbey  of  Calder  in  1241-2.  He 
died  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  and  was  buried  in  the  abbey 
chturch  of  Calder.     He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  and  heir, 

Su:  EicHAED  LE  Fleuixg,  Knt.,  of  Beckermet.  This  gentle- 
man married  Klizabeth,  sister  and  heir  of  Adam  dc  Ursnick  and 
John  de  Urswick,  by  which  marriage  he  became  lord  of  the 


manor  of  Coniston,  in  Lancashire.  After  this  marriage  tlic 
family  removed  to  Coniston  Hall  and  Carnar\on  Castle,  the  old 
residence  at  Beckermet  was  allowed  to  fall  into  decay  and  ruin, 
the  demesne  lands  being  let  to  the  customary  tenants.  Sir 
Kichard  was  succeeded  by  his  son  and  heir, 

John  le  Flejiino,  Knt.,  of  Coniston,  who  in  1200  took 
part  in  the  expedition  then  made  into  Scotland.  He  had  issuo 
two  sons,  Raincrus  and  Hugh,  the  former  of  whom  succeeded 
his  father. 

Rainebus  le  Flemixg,  Knt.,  of  Coniston,  gave  to  the  com- 
munity of  St.  Mary's  at  York,  two  oxgangs  of  land  in  Rottington, 
and  also  one  villein  in  the  same  town.  This  Bainerus  appears 
to  have  been  a  royal  purveyor  in  these  parts,  as  he  is  known  as 
Kainerus  Dapifcr.    He  left  issue. 

Sir  John  le  Fleming,  Knt.,  of  Coniston,  who  had  issue  two 
sons  and  a  daughter.     The  eldest  son, 

WiLUAM  LE  Flemiso,  of  Conistou,  died  withont  issue  either 
before  his  father  or  soon  afterwards,  for 

Sir  John  le  Fleming,  Knt.,  of  Coniston,  appears  to  have 
been  heir  to  his  father  in  1333.  By  an  inquisition  taken  at 
Ulverstone,  alter  the  death  of  this  Sir  John,  it  appears  that  ho 
deceased  in  1353,  and  that 

Sir  Richard  le  Fleming,  Knt.,  of  Coniston,  was  his  son  and 
heir.  He  had  also  another  son,  Robert  le  Fleming.  Sir  Richard 
manied  Catherine,  daughter,  or  sister,  of  Sir  John  de  Kirkby, 
by  whom  he  had  issue  three  sons  and  a  daughter.  He  died 
shortly  after  1 302,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Sir  Thomas  le  Fi.eminc,  Knt.,  of  Coniston,  who  was 
twice  married.  By  his  first  wife  Margaret,  daughter  of  WiUiam 
de  Berdesly,  he  had  no  issue.  His  second  wife  was  Isabel, 
daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Layboiurne,  KnU,  by  whom  he  had  issue 
two  sons,  Thomas  and  John.  He  died  previous  to  1418,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son. 

Sir  Thomas  le  Fleming,  Knt.,  of  Coniston,  who  married 
during  his  father's  lifetime  Isabel,  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Sir 
John  de  Lancaster,  of  Rydal  and  Howgill  Castle ;  this  was  the 
first  introduction  of  the  Le  Flemings  into  Westmoreland,  and 
Rydal  henceforth  became  the  chief  seat  of  the  Fleming  family. 
Sir  Thomas  by  his  wife,  Isabel,  had  issue,  besides  a  younger 
SOD,  AVilliam,  a  son  and  heir, 

JoHs  FLEjnNG,  Esq.,  of  Rydal,  who  married  Joan,  daughter 
of  Bronghton  of  Broughton  Tower,  and  by  her  had  issue  John, 
his  heir.  By  a  second  wife,  Anne,  he  had  no  children.  He 
appears  to  have  been  dead  in  1484,  for  in  that  year  there  was 
an  award,  whereby  it  was  ordered  that  .Vnne,  late  wife  of  John 
Fleming,  should  enjoy  for  her  dower  lands  at  Claughton,  in 
Lonsdale.    He  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

John  Fleming,  Esq.,  of  Rydal,  who  in  1514  was  escheatrr 
for  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland.  This  gen- 
tleman married  a  daughter  of  Sir  Hugh  Lowther  of  Lowther, 
by  whom  he  had  issue  six  children,  a  son  and  five  daughters. 
He  died  before  1532,  and  was  biuied  in  the  church  of  Grasmere. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Ht;GH  Fleminc,  Esq.,  of  Rydal,  who  was  also  escheator  for 
the  counties  of  Westmoreland  aud  Cumberland  in  1511.  He 
married  Joan,  or  Jane,  d.iughter  and  co-heir  of  Sir  Richard 
Hudleston  of  Millom,  in  Cumberland,  by  whom  he  had  issue 
four  sons  and  a  daughter.    He  died  in  1557.    His  eldest  son, 

Anthont  Fleming,  Esq.,  of  Rydal,  was  thrice  married.  His 
first  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Sir  Geffrey  Middleton,  Knt.,  of 
Jliddleton  Hall,  but  by  her  he  had  no  issue.  His  second  wife 
was  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  William  Hutton,  Esq.,  of  Hutton- 


LANGDALE   CHAPELKY. 


82r 


in-the-Forest,  and  by  her  he  had  an  only  son,  William,  who 
succeeded  his  grandfather.  By  his  third  wife,  Jane,  daughter 
of  John  Eigmaden,  Esq.,  by  whom  Le  had  issue  Thomas  and 
Charles. 

WnxuM  Fi,EMiNO,Esq.,  of  P..vdal,  succeeded  his  grandfather. 
lu  1575  this  gentleman  sold  some  tenements  at  liouglirigg 
into  freehold.  He  was  twice  married.  By  his  first  wife,  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  Sir  John  Lamplugh,  Knt.,  he  had  issue  three 
daughters;  by  liis  second  wife,  Agues,  daughter  of  Hubert  Bind- 
loss,  Esq.,  beside  four  daughters,  he  had 

I.  Jonx,  his  heir. 
II.  Thomas,  who  died  without  issue. 

III.  Wilham,  who  died  also  without  issue. 

IV.  Dnuiel,  wlio  niorried  Isabel,  daughter  of  James  Bmidiwaite, 

Esq.,  of  Ambleside,  by  whom  he  ha.l  issue, 

1.  WiLLU-M,  who  sncceeded  to  the  whole  inheritance  as 

heir  in  tail. 

2.  John,  who  died  without  issue. 

3.  Thomas. 

4.  Joseph. 

5.  Daniel. 

1.  Agues,  married  to  Christopher  Dudley,  Esq.,  of  Yan- 

wnili. 

2.  Dorothy,  married    to    .Andrew   Iludlcston,   Esq.,  of 

llutttiu  Julm. 
fl.  Jlnry,  married  to  Thomas  Brongham,  Esq.,  of  Scales 
Ilall,  in  Cumberland. 

V.  Joseph,  who  died  without  issue. 

On  Mr.  Fleming's  decease  he  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 
Jons  FiJ^JiiNG,  Esq.,  of  Rydal,  who  was  a  justice  of  the  peace 
for  Westmoreland  from  IIJO'J  until  16~'4,  about  which  time  ho 
became  a  Catholic.  In  1C21J  he  procured  a  supersedeas  for  his 
recusancy,  and  an  acquittance  for  his  knighthood  money ;  and  in 
10.01  he  obtained  a  license  (being  a  Catholic)  to  travel  above 
five  miles  from  Rydal.  In  the  same  year  he  paid  to  the  king 
for  his  recusancy  after  the  rate  of  £^0  a  year;  and  two  years 
after  according  to  the  proportion  of  £00  a  year.  This  gentleman 
was  thrice  married.  His  first  wife  w.is  Alice,  eldest  daughter  of 
Sir  Francis  Ducket,  Knt.,  of  Cirayrigg,  hut  he  had  no  issue  by 
her.  Bridget,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Norris,  Knt.,  of  Speko, 
in  Lincolnshire,  his  second  wife,  died  also  without  issue.  His 
third  wife  was  Dorothy,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Strickland,  Knt., 
of  Sizergh,  by  whom  he  had  issue  a  son  and  two  daughters.  He 
died  in  ItH-l,  aged  about  sixty-eight,  and  was  buried  in  Grasmero 
churcli,  in  the  burying-plare  of  tho  lords  of  liydal.  lie  gave  by 
his  will  £'i,OlJ(l  each  to  his  daughters  for  their  portions. 

William  P'liimino,  tho  eldest  son,  was  only  fourteen  years  of 
age  at  the  time  of  his  father's  demise ;  he  died  unmaiTied  before 
he  came  of  age,  upon  which  his  sisters'  portions  became  «ng- 
monted  to  £10,000,  but  the  family  estates  went  over  to  his  uncle 
Daniel  (see  above)  tho  next  heir  male,  whoso  eldest  son  and 
heir, 

WiLi.iAil  Flfmiso,  Esq.,  thus  became  of  Rydal.  This  gentle- 
man, in  1H12,  had  a  major's  commission  from  the  F.nrl  of  New- 
castle in  a  regiment  of  foot  of  which  Sir  Henry  Fletcher  of 
Carleton  Hall,  was  lieutenant. colonel.  He  subsequently  accepted 
n  lientenant  colonel's  commission  in  a  regiment  of  horse,  but 
bis  services  were  not  called  into  requisition.  Mr.  Fleming 
married  Alice,  diughter  of  Roger  Kirkby,  Esq.,  by  whom  he  hnd 
issue, 

I.  Daxiel,  bis  heir. 

II.  Roger. 
III.  William, 


IT.  John,  who  died  yonng. 
V.  John,  who  was  lost  at  sea. 
VI.  .\lexftnder,  a  merchant  at  Newcastle. 

I.  Isabel. 

He  died  at  Coniston  Hall  in  1C53,  in  the  forty-fourth  year  of 
his  age,  and  was  buried  in  the  chancel  of  the  cbuich  of  Gras- 
mere.     He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Sir  Daniel  Flejiikg,  Knt.,  of  Rydal  Hall,  co.  Cumberland, 
M.P.  for  Cockermouth  in  the  latter  end  of  the  17th  century; 
for  which  borougli,  his  election  being  contested,  the  contest  cost 
him  .£iO !  Sir  Daniel,  who  was  a  distingnished  antiquarian, 
married  Barbaia,  eldest  daughter  of  Sir  Henry  Fletcher,  Bart., 
of  Button,  and  had,  with  other  issue, 

ii."  Geouge,'  I  successive  baronets. 

III.  JlioliacI,  a  disiinguished  soldier,  major  in  the  army,  and  M.P. 
for  Westmoreland;  married  Misa  Doroiliy  Benson,  and  left 
issue, 

1.  William,  who  succeeded  as  third  baronet. 

1.  Susan,  married  to  Michael  Knott,  Esq.,  of  RjdaL 

IT.  Eogfr,  in  holy  orders,  vicar  of  Brigham ;  married  Margaret 

Woorhouse,  aud  left  an  only  sou, 

Daniel,  land-surveyor,  of  Whitehaven,  who  married 
Mary,  daughter  of  Joseph  Dixon,  of  the  same  town, 
by  whom  he  had,  with  other  issue,  a  sou 

Roger,  father  of  Daniel,  who  inherited  as  fifth 

bai'onet. 
Richard,  present  baronet. 
Michael. 
Barbara. 
Isabella. 

Sir  Daniel  Fleming  died  in  1700,  and  was  succeeded  by  bis 
eldest  son, 

W'lLi.uM  Fleming,  Esq.  of  Rydal  Hall,  who  represented  the 
county  of  Westmoreland  in  parliament  from  10!)(i  to  1707,  and 
was  created  a  baronet  4th  October,  l-7().'j,  with  remainder,  in 
default  of  male  issue,  to  the  male  descendants  of  his  father. 
Sir  William  married  Dorothy,  daughter  of  Thomas  Rowlandson, 
Esq.,  of  Kendal,  by  whom  he  had  three  daughters, 

I.  Dorothy,  married  to  Edward  Wilson,  Esq. 

II.  Barbara,  married  to  Edward  Parker,  Esq. 

ni.  Catherine,  married  to  Sir  Peter  Leicester,  Bart. 

Sir  William  dying  thus  without  male  issue,  in  1730,  tho  title 
devolved  upon  his  brother. 

Sir  Geobge,  in  holy  orders,  and  lord  bi-ihop  of  Carlisle,  to 
which  sec  he  was  appointed  30th  October,  1731.  His  lordship 
married  Catherine,  daughter  of  Robert  JeflTerson,  Esq.,  and  bad 
issue, 

I.  William,   M..\.,  nrolidcacon  of  Carlisle;    married    in   1730, 

Dorothy,  daughter  of  Daniel  Wilson,  K.sq.,  of  Dallam 
Tower,  eo.  Westinorelaml;  ai;il  died  in  the  lifetime  of  his 
father,  leaving  an  only  daughter,  Catherine,  married  to 
Thttuias  .\yseough,  llsq. 
I.  Mary,  married  to  Mnuiphrcy  Senhonse,  Esq.,  of  Nethcrhall, 
in  Cuml>erliuul. 

II.  Barbara,  died  young. 

III.  Catberine,niarriedto.Ti>sei>h  Dacrc  .Appleby, Esq. .of  Kirklinton 
IT.  Mildred,  marrieii  to  Edwaril  Suvnley,  Esq.,  of  I'ousouby  Hall, 
oo.  Comborlouil. 

His  lonlsbip  died  'ind  .July,  1747,  but  Icnringno  male  issae,  the 
title  doTulvaU  upon  bis  nephew, 


82S 


KENDAL  WABD. 


Sir  WiLUA.M  (refer  to  istiie  of  Sir  Daniel  Fleming,  father  of 
the  (irstbaronctl.whoranrriciIKliziiliclli.ilaughterof  Christoplicr 
Petty,  Esq.,  of  Skipton-in-Craven,  co.  Yorli,  by  whom  he  had 
issue, 

I.  Mif  tiAFL,  his  siiceessor. 
1.  Amelia,  died  uumnrried. 
II.  Bnrbiirft,  married   to   Edward   Parker,  of  Bronnshulm,  CO. 

York,  and  ilied  •.;:)rd  April,  Isl:). 
III.  Elizabeth,  marrieil  to   Andrew   Hudleston,  Esq.,  of  Hntton 

Jolin,  CO.  Cmuberlund, 
IT.  Dorothy,  married  to  George  Edward  Stanley,  Esq. 

Sir  William,  from  his  veneration  for  antiquity,  being  desirous  of 
restoring  the  original  orthography  of  the  family  name,  by  re- 
adapting  the  particle  "le,"  incorporated  it  with  his  son's  Christian 
name  at  tlie  baptismal  font,  which  son  succeeded  at  his  decease, 
in  175(i,  as 

Sir  MicH.vEL  LE  Fleming,  the  twenty-third  in  succession  from 
Sir  Eichard  lo  Fleming,  the  progenitor  of  the  family.  Sir 
Jlichael  married  Diana,  only  daughter  and  heir  of  Thomas, 
lith  Earl  of  Suffolk  and  Berkshire,  by  whom  he  had  an  only 
daughter  and  heir,  Anne  Frederica  Elizabeth,  who  was  married 
10  his  successor  (in  1800), 

Sir  D.VNIEL.  (liefer  to  issue  of  Sir  Daniel  Fleming,  father  of 
the  first  baronet).  This  gentleman  died  without  male  issue  in 
1831,  when  the  title  devolved  upon  his  brother. 

Sir  Eicn.vRD  Flejiino.,  of  Kydal,  co.  Westmoreland ;  iu  holy 
orders,  M.A.;  born  4th  November,  1791 ;  succeeded  his  brother 
as  sixth  baronet,  in  1827;  married  Cth  September,  1825,  Sarah, 
third  daughter  of  the  late  W.  B.  Bradshaw,  Esq.,  of  Halton 
Hall,  CO.  Lancaster,  and  has  issue, 

I.  MtCH.vEL,  born  6th  April,  1828. 
II.  Willinm,  born  17th  October,  1832. 

I.  Elizabeth  Sarah  Anne  Bradshaw. 
II.  Isabella  Maria. 

Sir  Eichard  is  rector  of  Grasmera  and  Windermere  in  West- 
moreland. 

Creation — 1th  October,  1705. 
Arms. — Gn.,  a  fret,  arg. 

Crest. — A  serpent,  nowed,  holdmg  in  his  mouth  a  garland  of  olives 
and  vines,  all  ppr. 
J/0//0.— Pax,  copia,  sapientia. 

The  village  of  Rydal  is  placed  ia  a  narrow  gorge, 
fi)rmed  by  the  advance  of  Loiigbrigg  Fell  and  Rydal 
Nab,  near  tlie  lower  extremity  of  Rydal  water,  one  mile 
and  a  quarter  from  Ambleside. 


TIIE   CnATEL. 

Eydal  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  IMary,  is  a  handsome 
Gothic  building,  erected  by  Lady  le  Fleming  in  1824, 
at  a  cost  of  £1,500,  its  hexagonal  tower  ornamented 
with  pinnacles,  is  a  beautiful  object  from  various  points. 
The  same  lady  also  endowed  it  with  land  worth  £10  a 
year,  and  with  money,  which,  added  to  an  allotment 
from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  produces  about  £100  a  year. 


The  living  is  in  the  patronage  of  Liidy  le  Fleming,  and 
incumbency  of  the  Rev.  Fletcher  Fleming. 

The  school  is  supported  by  Lady  le  Fleming,  who 
pays  for  the  education  of  all  the  poor  children  in  the 
neighbourhood. 


CHAniTIES. 


Skclhrig  School. — The  sum  of  7s.  Cd.  is  paid  out  of 
an  estate  at  Loughrigg  Fold,  for  the  benefit  of  Skelbrig 
school,  in  this  township. 

Mackretlis  Gilt. — This  is  a  rent  charge  of  '.Ji's.  a 
year  on  the  estate  of  Clappersgate,  in  this  township, 
supposed  to  have  been  charged  by  a  person  of  the 
name  of  ilackreth,  to  bo  divided  between  the  poor 
of  Brailtry,  in  Lancashire,  and  of  Rydal  and  Lough- 
rigg- 

Poor  Money. — There  is  in  this  township  a  sum  of 
£20,  which  is  lent  out  upon  the  toils  of  the  turnpike- 
road  from  Kendal  to  Ambleside,  the  interest  of  which, 
amounting  to  SOs.,  is  carried  to  the  general  account  of 
the  poor  rates. 

A  short  distance  from  Rydal  Hull  is  Rydal  IMount, 
for  many  years  the  residence  of  Wordsworth ;  it  stands 
on  a  projection  of  the  hill  called  Nab  Scar,  and  is  ap- 
proached by  the  road  leading  to  the  hall.  It  is,  as 
Mrs.  Hemans  described  it,  a  "  lovely  cottage-like  build- 
ing, almost  hidden  by  a  profusion  of  roses  and  ivy." 
The  grounds,  laid  out  iu  a  great  measure  by  the  poet 
himself,  though  but  of  circumscribed  dimensions,  are 
so  artfully  while  seeming  to  be  so  artlessly  planned,  as 
to  appear  of  considerable  extent.  From  a  grassy  mound 
in  front,  "  commanding  a  view  always  so  rich,  and  some- 
times so  brightly  solemn,  that  one  can  well  imagine 
its  influence  traceable  in  many  of  the  poet's  writings, 
you  catch  a  gleam  of  Windermere  over  the  grove  tops ; 
close  at  hand  are  Rydal  Hall,  and  its  ancient  woods  ; 
right  opposite  the  Loughrigg  fells,  ferny,  rocky,  and 
sylvan  ;  and,  to  the  right,  Rydal  mere,  scarcely  seen 
through  embowering  trees,  while  just  below,  the  chapel 
lifts  up  its  little  tower." 

Near  to  Rydal  Mount  is  Olen  Rothay,  the  seat  and 
property  of  AVilliam  Ball,  Esq.  Loughrigg  lies  be- 
tween the  rivers  Brathay  and  Rothay,  from  which  it 
rises  boldly  into  a  lofty  and  romantic  fell,  extending 
from  half  a  mile  to  two  miles  west  of  Ambleside.  It 
contains  a  tarn  of  twelve  acres  in  extent,  and  com- 
mands fine  views  of  Windermere,  Rydal,  and  Elter- 
water  Lakes.  Fox  How,  the  residence  of  the  late  Dr. 
Arnold,  and  Fox  Ghytl,  the  seat  of  Hornby  Rough- 
sedge,  Esq.  are  in  this  district,  a  short  distance  from 
Ambleside. 


HEVERSHAM  PARISH. 


829 


liougbscbgc  of  t^oicgbgll. 

Edward  Rouohsedge,  Esq.,  son  of  Robert  Roughsedge, 
miuTied  Elizabeth  Hankinson,  and  bad  (witli  tbree  daughters, 
Anne,  Catharine,  and  Jane),  one  son, 

The  Rev.  Kobeut  Hankinson  Koit.hseuge,  M..\.,  rector  of 
Liverpool,  who  married,  1st  November,  177.3,  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Joshua  Wnreingr,  Esq.,  by  Elizabeth  Hampson,  his  wife,  and 
had  issue  (besides  Horndv  Eoigiisf.doe,  Esq.,  of  Foxghjll), 
five  oilier  sons,  all  deceased — (Edward,  the  eldest,  died  ISth 
January,  18iC,  at  Soanpore,  after  a  residence  of  twenty-seven 
years  in  India,  in  the  military  and  political  service  of  the  East 
India  Company) — and  six  daughters,  viz., 

I.  Ann,  married  to  the  Rev.  Williiim  Black,  rector  of  Blaysden, 

Gloucester,  and  is  deceased. 
II.  Lydin,  mniried  to  the  Rev.  Thomas  Johnson,  minister  of  St. 
Miclmil's  Church,  Liverpocjl,  and  is  deceased. 
III.  Mary,  moiricd  to  llie  Kev.  .lames  Gildart,  of  Finch  House, 
near  Liverpuol,  and  is  deceased. 


ir.  Catharine,  died  unmarried. 
V.  Elizabeth,  married  to  the  Rev.  Thomas  Henry  Healhcote, 

vieur  of  Leek,  co.  StatFord. 
VI.  Jane,  married  to  James  Alexander  Crutlicrs,  Esq.,  of  Wor- 

maiibic,  CO.  Dumfries. 

The  Rev.  R.  H.  Roughsedge  died  28th  September,  1829,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

HoESBY  Roughsedge,  Esq.,  of  Fosghyll,  co.  Westmoreland, 
J.P.  and  D.L.;  born  lath  July,  1782;  married,  31st  July,  1817, 
Margaret  Elizabeth,  second  daughter  of  Richard  Hodgson, 
Esq.,  of  Westhouse,  CO.  York,  and  had  an  only  surviving  child, 

Elizabetli,  married,  Iflih  August,  18J1,  to  the  Kev.  Edward 
James  GeoflVey  Hornby,  M.A.,  third  son  i.f  ihe  Rev. 
Geoffrey  Hornby,  rector  of  Bury,  co.  Lancaster. 

Arms. — Vert,  on  a  bend,  arg. ;   cotissed,  erm.,  veit,  between  two 
covered  cups,  a  lion,  passant,  guardant. 
Crest. — .\  dcmi-lion. 
Mutlo. — Res  non  verba. 


HEVEKSHAM  PARISH. 

Hevep.sham  parish  is  bounded  by  the  parishes  of  Kendal,  Burton,  and  Betham,  and  by  a  small  part  of  Cartmel  fells. 
It  e.\tends  northwards  from  Miliithorpc  to  Crosthwaite,  a  distance  of  about  eight  miles,  and  is  about  three  miles  in 
breadth.  It  is  intersected  by  the  rivers  Kent  and  Belo,  the  Kendal  and  Lancaster  caual,  and  the  Lancaster  and 
Carlisle  railway,  as  well  as  by  several  small  rivulets,  which  wind  through  picturesque  valleys,  between  diversiQed 
fells,  scars,  crags,  and  fertile  undulating  grounds,  studded  with  hamlets  and  farm-houses.  The  parish  comprises 
the  townships  of  Hevershain-with-^Iilnthorpe,  Crosthwaite  and  Lytli,  Hincaster,  Levens,  Preston  Richard, 
Sedgwick,  and  Stainton,  whose  united  area  is  19,749  acres. 

UEVEUSII.VM    WITH    .MILJiTHORPK. 


The  area  of  this  township  is  2,880  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  .£0,081  Ss.  The  population,  in  1801, 
was  908;  in  1811,  1,138;  in  l.s-^l,  1,401;  in  1831, 
1,509;  in  1811.  1,599;  and  in  1851,  1,534;  who  are 
chiefly  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  a  small  num- 
ber are,  however,  employed  in  a  small  factory  at 
Milnthorpe. 

At  the  time  of  the  Norman  conquest,  the  manor  of 
Hevershara,  or,  at  least,  a  part  of  it,  was  the  property 
of  Tostig  Earl  of  Northuniborland.  When  Domesday 
.Survey  was  taken  it  was  held  by  Ilogcr  do  Poictou.  It 
came  afterwards  to  the  barons  of  Kendal,  and  was  given 
by  the  first  William  de  Lancaster,  in  frank  marriage 
with  his  daughter  .\gnes,  to  .\U'.'cander  do  Windsor,  who, 
in  1279-80  obtained  a  grant  of  a  market  and  fair  at 
Fleversham,  but  which  appears  to  havo  been  held  at 
ililnthorpo,  which  seems  to  havo  been  originally  u 
parcel  of  the  manor  of  Ileversliain.  Tho  greater  por- 
tion of  the  manor  appears  to  have  been  given  at  some 
subsequent  period  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary  at  York. 
Tho  Stricklands  of  Si/ergh  also  occur  as  landowners 
here,  for  in  1300  Walter  do  Strickland  had  a  grant 
of  free  warren  in  his  lands  in  Ueversbam.     After  tbo 


suppression  of  the  monasteries.  King  Philip  and  Queen 
Mary  granted  the  manor  of  Heversham  to  Edward 
iluyses,  Richard  Foster,  and  Richard  Bowskell,  or 
Buskell,  from  one  of  whose  descendants  Jasper  Buskell, 
the  hall,  demesne,  and  manor  were  purchased  by  Edwd. 
Wilson,  Esq.,  of  Nether  Levens,  from  wbom  they  have 
descended  to  the  present  proprietor,  G.  E.  Wilson,  Esq. 
Heversham  Hall,  now  a  farm-house,  stands  in  a  vale 
west  of  the  village.  Courts  leet  are  occasionally  held 
here  by  tho  lord  of  the  manor.  Tho  Jasper  Buskell 
above  mentioned,  besides  what  ho  sold  to  Edward 
Wilson,  sold  a  part  of  the  manor  to  Sir  James  Belliug- 
liara,  of  Upper  Levens,  the  last  of  whose  name  sold  the 
same  to  Colonel  James  Grahamo  :  it  is  now  held  by  tho 
Hon.  Mary  Howard,  who  holds  courts  leet  for  the  same 
at  Milnthorpe. 

The  village  of  Heversham  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  Kendal  road,  a  mile  and  a  quarter  from  Miln- 
thorpe, and  six  miles  soutb-by-west  of  the  town  of 
Kendal. 

THE   CUVRCII. 

The  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Peter,  or  St. 
Mary,  comprises  nave,  aisles,  chancel,  with  two  chapels 
(belonging  to  Upper  Levens  and  Lower  Levens)  for 


830 


KENDAL   WARD. 


aisles,  and  a  western  tower  containing  three  bells.  The 
architecture  is  of  different  ages,  from  oldest  transition 
Norman  to  latest  Perpendicular.  The  east  window  is 
filled  with  stained  glass,  Christ  and  the  Four  Evangelists 
being  the  principal  figures.  There  is  .in  ancient  epitaph 
on  one  of  the  Bellingham  family  (103.5),  in  Upper 
Leveus  chapel ;  also  the  arms  of  the  same  family.  A 
fire  occurred  in  1601,  which  consumed  the  north  aisle 
and  all  the  old  monuments.  There  are  several  mural 
tablets.  Shortly  after  the  conquest,  the  churcli  of 
Heversham  was  granted,  by  Ivo  de  Tailbois,  to  the 
abbey  of  St.  Mary  at  York,  and  afterwards  confirmed  to 
the  abbot  and  convent.  After  the  dissolution.  Queen 
Mary,  in  1553,  granted  the  rectory  and  advowson  to 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  except  the  com  tithes  of 
Crosthwaite,  which  had  been  previously  granted  by 
Edward  VI.  to  John  Southcoat  .ind  Henry  Cheverton. 
The  said  college  has  still  the  patronage  of  the  vicarage, 
which  is  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £36.  ISs.  4d. 
At  the  enclosure  of  the  commons  in  1803,  the  tithes  of 
the  whole  parish  were  commuted  for  an  allotment  of 
about  650  acres  of  land  given  to  the  vicarage,  and  an 
allotment  of  663  acres,  with  the  Plumgarth's  estate 
in  Strickland  Ketel — purchased  by  such  of  the  town- 
ships as  had  not  common  land — given  to  Trinity  Col- 
lege in  lieu  of  rectorial  tithes.  The  value  of  the  livin" 
is  now  about  £555.  The  pai-ish  registers  commence  in 
1600,  and  are  continued  to  the  present  day.  The 
churchwardens'  book  also  commences  at  the  same  time. 
TiCAKS.— Mr.  'Whitmell  occurs  1005  ;  Jlr.  Calvert,  1617;  Mr. 
Cole,  1015  ;  Mr.  Tntham,  ICJl;  Mr.  Wallace,  10.58  ;  Mr.  Biggs 
restored  1003:  Mr.  Miliier,  1U7S;  Mr.  Ricller,  1080  ;  Mr.  Far- 
mer, 1033;  Mr.  \Vil!iam.s,  U-li;  Mr.  MiirgartroyU,  1027;  Mr. 
Smyth,  173-3 ;  Henry  Wilson,  1757;  George  Lawson,  1797;  E. 
W.  Evens,  ISiH. 

The  vicarage  is  a  gabled  house,  erected  in  1814. 

CHAEITIES. 

Some  of  the  following  charities  extend  over  the  whole 
parish,  while  others  are  confined  to  one  or  more  town- 
ships, or  divisions  of  townships  : — 

The  Grammar  School. — Heversham  Grammar  School 
was  founded  by  Edward  Wilson,  Esq..  in  1619,  in  order 
to  increase,  maintain,  and  continue  rehgion,  good  learn- 
ing, and  discipline  in  the  parish.  It  is  endowed  with 
twenty-six  burgage  messuages  and  tenements  in  Kendal, 
and  a  rent  charge  of  £3  out  of  Dawson's  Close,  in  Strick- 
land Ketel.  Being  without  a  master  from  1698  till 
1737,  the  school  was  suffered  to  decay,  but  was  rebuilt 
in  the  latter  year  by  Richard  Watson,  bishop  of  Llan- 
daff,  and  William  Preston,  bishop  of  Ferns,  in  Ireland, 
both  of  whom  had  received  the  rudiments  of  their  edu- 
cation here.     In  1783  Henry  Wilson,  then  vicar  of 


Heversham,  in  conjunction  with  the  associates  of  Dr. 
Bray,  founded  a  library  in  tlie  school,  and  prevailed 
upon  the  inhabitants  to  subscribe  £i!30  to  purchase  a 
dwelling-house  for  the  master,  with  two  fields  and  an 
allotment  of  moss  land,  so  that  the  master's  income 
from  the  school  endowment  is  now  upwards  of  £50  a 
year,  having  received  an  allotment  of  land  at  the  enclo- 
sure. The  school  is  open  to  all  the  boys  of  the  parish 
free  of  charge,  except  for  writing  and  arithmetic.  The 
founder  of  the  school  endowed  it  with  two  exhibitions 
of  £40  each, — one  to  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  and  the 
other  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  These  exhibitions 
were  withheld  for  many  years,  but  were  recovered  in 
1672,  with  .£500  arrears  and  interest;  they  are  called 
the  Dallam  Tower  exhibitions,  and  are  worth  about  £43 
per  annum,  and  are  tenable  for  four  years.  At  Jlagda- 
lene  College.  Cambridge,  are  four  ililner  scholarships, 
of  about  £70  a  year  each,  appropriated  to  scholars  from 
the  grammar  schools  of  Heversham,  Leeds,  and  Halifax. 
Heversham  is  also  one  of  the  twelve  schools  entitled  to 
send  a  candidate  for  the  Lady  Elizabeth  Hastings' 
exhibitions,  now  increased  in  number  from  five  to  ten, 
and  worth  from  £75  to  £90  a  year  each,  and  tenable  for 
five  years.  There  is  also  the  Rigge  exhibition  of  about 
£10  a  year,  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  connected  with 
this  school.  The  nunaber  of  pupils  at  present  is  about 
sixty-five.  The  school  is  beautifully  and  healthfully 
situated  on  the  side  of  the  hill  called  Heversham  Head, 
and  commands  a  fine  view  of  Morecambo  Bay. 

Woodhousc  Estate,  including  Martindalc's  Charity. — 
In  1793  the  Woodhouse  estate  was  purchased  for  £350, 
being  the  amouut  of  an  ancient  poor  stock  belonging  to 
several  townships  of  this  parish,  and  of  £84,  the  residuary 
legacy  of  Agnes  Marlindale,  which  latter  is  known  by 
the  name  of  the  Alartiudale  Money.  This  poor  stock 
seems  to  have  consisted  of  £95  apprentice  money;  £"24 
parish  stock :  £202  town  stock ;  £19  left  to  the  six 
poorest  widows  in  Mihitliorpe  town  ;  and  £17  com- 
munion money.  The  rent  of  the  Woodhouse  estate  is 
dividedaccording  to  the  money  advanced;  a  proportionate 
share  being  set  ajjart  as  Agnes  Martiudale's  money, 
which,  according  to  her  will,  is  divided  amongst  the 
poor  of  Beathwaite  Green,  in  Leveus  township,  the 
town  of  Heversham,  and  the  town  of  Mihuhorpe. 
The  proportion  of  the  apprentice  money  is  divided 
amongst  all  the  townships  of  the  parish,  except  Cros- 
thwaite and  Lyth,  and  the  interest  of  the  poor  money  is 
divided  in  a  similar  manner. 

Bread  Money. —  There  is  in  this  parish  the  sum  of 
£00,  which  has  arisen  from  the  accumulations  of  the 
communion  money.  £50  of  it  has  been  taken  by  the 
parish  and  applied  in  the  repairs  of  the  church;  but 


HEVERSHAM  PARISH. 


831 


interest  at  five  per  cent  is  allowed  for  it.  Tlie  remain- 
ing £10  is  out  at  interest.  The  interest  of  these  two 
sums,  together  with  the  proportionate  rent  for  the  sum 
of  £17  communion  mone}',  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of 
the  VVoodhouse  estate,  as  just  mentioned,  is  added  to 
the  communion  money,  and  given  awa}'  in  bread  every 
Sunday. 

Heversham  and  Levens.  —  Atkinson's  Charity.  — 
Thomas  Atkinson,  by  will,  in  1811,  left  £21  to  the 
churchwardens,  and  directed  that  the  interest  should 
be  given  to  the  poor  of  Heversham  and  Levens. 

Milnlhorpe  and  Heversham.  —  Gihson's  Charity. — 
Robert  Gibson,  by  will,  in  1701,  left  a  rent  charge  of 
4.0s.  a  year,  which  he  directed  should  be  given  to  some 
poor  child  of  Alilnthorpe  and  Heversham,  when  going 
out  apprentice. 

HcvershMH  and  Leasglll. — Johnson's  Gift.  —  Eobert 
Johnson,  Esq.,  by  will,  dated  81st  August,  1803,  left 
£200  upon  trust,  directing  the  interest  to  be  distributed 
in  bread  to  the  poor  of  Heversham  and  Leasgill  only, 
without  regard  to  whether  they  receive  relief  or  not. 
The  vicar  receives  a  guinea  from  this  charity  for 
preaching  a  commemoration  sermon  on  the  first  Sunday 
in  th3  year. 

For  other  charities  see  the  different  townships. 

THE    TOWK    OF   MILNTHORPE. 

Milnthorpc  is  a  small  market  town  forming  a  joint 
township  with  Heversham.  It  is  situated  on  the  north 
side  of  tlie  river  I3elo,  near  the  estuary  of  the  Kent, 
seven  miles  and  a  half  south-west  of  Kendal  by  road, 
and  eight  miles  and  a  half  by  railway.  The  principal 
street  runs  from  east  to  west,  nearly  parallel  to  the 
river,  over  which  is  a  bridge  of  one  arch.  Jliluthorpc 
is  a  member  of  the  port  of  Lancaster,  but  vessels  can 
seldom  get  nearer  to  it  than  Arnside  or  Haverbrack,  so 
that  the  business  done  here,  the  only  port  in  West- 
moreland, is  very  trifling.  There  are  a  corn-mill  and 
a  paper-mill ;  some  twiuo  and  sacking  are  made.  The 
market  was  held  on  Friday,  but  has  been  discontinued. 
There  are  fairs  for  cattle  and  sheep  on  May  lllh  and 
October  ITth.  A  cattle  fair,  established  in  1849,  is 
held  every  alleniato  Tuesday,  at  MUuthorpe  station, 
about  a  mile  from  the  town. 

THE  ciiAri:r- 

Milnthorpo  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Thomas,  is  a 
neat  Gothic  structure,  erected  in  1837  as  a  chapel-of- 


ease  to  the  parish  church,  at  a  cost  of  about  £1,Q00. 
It  comprises  nave,  aisles,  and  embattled  tower.  The 
east  window  is  partly  filled  with  stained  glass.  There 
is  a  marble  monument  to  the  memory  of  Eleanor  Blewert. 
The  living  is  a  curacy  in  the  patronage  of  the  vicar  of 
Heversham.  The  chapel  was  endowed  by  the  late  Jlrs. 
Piichardson,  of  Kendal,  with  £1,000,  which  has  been 
invested  in  land  now  worth  £100  a  year.  The  chapel 
includes  within  its  jurisdiction  the  town  of  ^lilnthorpe 
and  the  hamlet  of  Ackenthwaile.  The  Eev.  Nicholas 
Padwick  is  the  first  and  present  incumbent. 

The  Methodists  have  a  chapel  here. 

The  nutional  school  established  here  in  1819,  is  sup- 
ported chiefly  by  subscription,  and  attended  by  about 
si.xty  children  of  both  sexes.  The  late  Daniel  Wilson, 
of  Dallam  Tower,  guve  the  site  for  the  school. 

About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  Milnthorpc,  in  a 
healthy  situation,  is  a  workhouse  of  the  Kendal  union, 
with  vagrant  ward  and  infirmary.  It  was  erected  in 
181.3,  at  a  cost  of  £4,'J90,  in  accordance  with  an  act  of 
parliament  passed  in  the  22nd  George  111.  It  has 
apartments  for  284  paupers,  but  the  average  number  is 
only  about  134.  In  connection  with  the  workhouse  is 
an  extensive  garden.  (For  the  statistics  of  the  union 
see  Kendal.) 

The  hamlets  of  Ackenthwaite,  Deepthwaite,  Leasgill, 
Kowell,  and  Woodhouses,  are  all,  exce[it  part  of  Leasgill, 
iu  the  township  of  Heversham-with-Milnthorpe,  distant 
from  half  a  mile  to  two  miles  south  of  the  latter. 

Woodhouse,  the  seat  and  property  of  Mrs.  Ileslam, 
is  a  modern  mansion,  erected  in  1850,  at  a  cost  of 
£1,200.  There  are  many  other  good  houses  in  this 
township. 

Heversham  Head,  to  the  north-east  of  the  church, 
commands  a  most  extensive  view  of  the  countiy  round 
about  Farltou  Knot,  Morccarabe  Bay,  the  village  of 
Liudale,  Levens,  the  lake  mountains,  Ac. 

Richard  Watson,  bishop  of  Llandalf,  was  born  in 
this  parish.  His  father  was  master  of  the  grammar 
school.  On  a  monument  erected  to  his  memory  by  his 
son  (as  is  supposed)  he  is  described  as  "  ludo  niagister 
baud  inutilis."  William  Preston,  bishop  of  Ferns,  was 
also  a  native  of  this  parish.  The  two  bishops  were 
educated  at  the  grammar  school,  and  in  the  year  1737, 
at  their  joint  expense,  repaired  the  school,  which  had 
been  suflered  to  fall  into  decav. 


832 


KENDAL  WARD. 


CROSTUWAITE    AND    LYTil    CllArELKY. 

This  chapelrv  is  a  picturesque  and  highly  cultivated  district,  extending  from  four  to  eight  miles  north-nortli-wpst  of 
Jiiliithorpe,  and  comprising  the  hamlets  of  Bowl  and  Bridge,  Crosthwiiitc  Church  Town,  Crosthwaito  Green,  How, 
Iluliberstj  Head,  Pool  Bank,  Raw,  and  Tarn  Side,  with  a  number  of  dispersed  dwellings.  It  contains  but  one 
township. 


The  area  of  Crosthwaite  and  Ljth  is  7,950  acres, 
and  its  rateable  value  £5,819.  In  1801  it  contained 
509  inhabitants;  in  1811,  000;  in  18-21,  781;  in 
1831,  7-21;  in  18-11,  717;  and  in  1351,  701;  who 
are  chiefly  engaged  in  agriculture. 

Crosthwaite  and  Lyth  consist  of  part  of  the  Rich- 
mond and  ^larquis  Fees,  and  part  of  tln^  Lumley  Fee. 
When  the  inquisition  of  Queen  Catherine's  lands  were 
taken  in  1070,  it  was  found  that  the  township  con- 
tained sixty-three  tenements  of  the  Richmond  Fee,  of 
the  yearly  customary  rent  of  i'19  3s.  7d.;  and  two 
tenements  of  the  Marquis  Foe,  of  the  rent  of  15s. ;  of 
the  Lumley  Fee  there  were  about  fifty  tenements. 
The  manorial  rights  are  at  present  held  by  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale  and  the  Hon.  ]\Iary  Howard,  who  hold  courts 
leet  here,  but  the  greater  number  of  the  properties 
here  are  free.  The  landowners  are  John  Wakefield, 
]i;sq. :  Rev.  !Marsham  Argles  ;  Frank  A.  Argles,  Esq. ; 
and  a  number  of  freeholders. 

THE    CHAPEL. 

The  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  stands  near  the 
small  but  pleasant  village  of  Church  Town,  in  the 
centre  of  the  vale  of  Crosthwaite,  which  stretches  iu  a 
westerly  direction  as  far  as  Bowland  Bridge,  near  Cart- 
mell  Fells.  It  was  rebuilt,  by  the  inhabitants,  about 
forty  years  ago,  and  will  accommodate  about  300  persons. 
The  original  chapel  was  very  ancient,  but  was  not  made 
parochial  till  the  reign  of  Queen  Mary,  1550,  when  the 
Bishop  of  Chester,  in  consideration  of  its  great  distance 
from  the  mother  church,  granted  a  license  that  "  mass 
shall  be  celebrated  iu  the  said  chapel,  the  canonical 
hours  rehearsed,  the  bodies  of  the  dead  buried,  and  the 
sacraments  administered  by  fit  priests  canouically 
ordained,  having  first  been  approved  by  the  vicar  of 
Heversham  for  the  time  being."  About  the  year  1580 
the  inhabitants  of  the  chapelry  entered  into  an  agree- 
ment with  the  rest  of  the  parish  to  contribute  towards 
the  support  of  the  mother  chuieh,  and  to  pay  17s. 
yearly  to  the  parish  clerk.  In  10'20  Mr.  William 
Gilpin  built  the  chancel,  and  gave  £50  for  three  bells 
for  this  chapel.  The  living  is  a  perpetual  curacy  iu 
the  gift  of  the  landowners.  Since  1710  it  has  been 
augmented  with  £1,000  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty, 
£200  raised  by  subscription,  and  the  interest  of  £400 
of  the  £2,000  left  in  1817  by  Tobias  Atkinson,  who 
directed  that  the  interest  of  £300  should  be  paid  to  a 


schoolmaster,  and  £10  yearly  to  each  of  six  poor 
widows  belonging  to  the  chapelry  above  the  ago  of 
fifty,  and  who  had  never  received  parochial  relief.  Of 
the  chapel  money  £000  was  htid  out  in  the  purchase 
of  an  estate  at  Dent,  Yorkshire,  and  another  in  Little 
Langdale,  and  £000  still  remains  at  interest  in  the 
Bounty  Office.  There  is  also  a  small  cottage  belong- 
ing to  the  curate,  and  an  ancient  yearly  salary  of 
£5  8s.  lOd.  paid  by  the  inhabitants.  The  living  is 
now  worth  about  £113  per  annum.  Tl;e  registers 
commence  in  1000. 


Inxumdents. — James  Williams, 
— ;  John  Dixon,  1830. 


James  SlricldaDd, 


The  parsonage  is  a  plain  building,  erected  in  1834. 

Cn.VEITIES. 

School.  —  The  earliest  provision  we  can  fiml  for  a 
school  in  this  township  is  in  the  will  of  George  Cocke, 
who  in  1005  left  £10  for  the  maintenance  of  a  school- 
master at  Crosthwaite.  He  also  gave  £00,  of  which  he 
directed  the  interest  of  £10  to  be  expended  on  the 
highways  in  Lyth  Quarter;  the  remaining  £50  to  be 
expended  in  the  erection  of  a  school-house.  Part  of 
these  sums  appear  to  have  been  laid  out  in  land,  which 
now  produces  about  £20  a  year,  and  is  received  by  the 
schoolmaster.  The  master  also  receives  a  portion  of 
the  rent  of  the  Broad  Oak  estate,  as  hereafter  men- 
tioned. William  Strickland,  by  will,  dated  May  24th, 
1720,  gave  to  the  schoolmaster  of  Crosthwaite,  for  that 
part  called  Town  End  Quarter,  £4  yearly  for  ever,  on 
condition  that  the  children  of  the  said  quarter  should  be 
taught  free.  He  also  gave  two  shillings  yearly  to  some 
person  appointed  for  whipping  the  dogs  out  of  Cros- 
thwaite church  every  Sunday.  Tobias  Atlansou,  Esq., 
by  deed,  in  1817,  directed  his  trustees  to  set  apart  £300 
for  rebuilding  or  repairing  the  school,  or  for  the  aug- 
mentation of  the  schoolmaster's  salary.  This  sum  was 
invested  in  Consols,  and  the  dividend,  £13  5s.  Sd.,  is 
paid  to  the  schoolmaster.  The  income  of  the  school  is 
now  about  £42  ;  the  average  attendance  sixty. 

Cocke's  Gift.— George  Cocke,  by  will,  dated  23rd 
December,  1005,  devised  his  estates  to  trustees  to  be 
sold,  and  to  pay  thereout  his  legacies,  and  amongst 
others  to  the  poor  of  Crosthwaite  and  Lyth  £20. 

Broad  Oak  Estate,  including  Dawson's,  Thomas  Boh- 
inson's,  Burnes's,  and  Suart's  Q'lfts. — Tliere  is  an  estate 


LEVENS  CHAPELEY. 


833 


belonging  to  this  township  called  Broad  Oak,  which 
appears  by  the  book  of  accounts  of  this  charity  to  have 
been  purchased  iu  1732  for  the  sum  of  £520,  which 
sum  was  made  up  of  the  following  items:  —  Belonging 
to  the  curate  of  Crosthwaite,  £153 ;  to  the  schoolmaster, 
£70;  to  tlio  poor  of  Crosthwaite  and  Lyth,  £152; 
advanced  by  the  trustees,  £145  ;  and  it  was  agreed  by 
the  trustees  that  the  rent  should  be  divided  annually, 
in  proportion  to  the  sums  so  laid  out.  In  1750  Thomas 
Robinson,  one  of  the  trustees,  gave  £3  for  the  purchase 
of  bread  for  the  poor;  in  1757  Agnes  Bumes  gave 
£  10,  the  interest  to  be  given  to  the  poor ;  and  in  the 
following  year,  1758,  Judith  Suart  gave  £5  to  the 
church  stock.  After  the  receipts  of  these  various  sums 
the  rents  of  the  estate  became  divisible  in  the  following 
proportions: — The  poor's  share  in  respect  of  £207;  the 
curate's  share,  £158;  the  school,  £70;  bread,  £8.  The 
total  income  of  this  charity  is  about  £08  a  year,  which 
is  divided  iu  proportion  to  the  sums  given  above. 

William  liuhiiuon's  CliariUj. — "William  Fiobinson,  by 
will,  in  1705,  left  an  estate  at  Dowbiggin,  in  Scdbergh 
parish,  known  as  Green  Hollins,  to  the  poor  of  Cros- 
thwaite and  Lvth,  among  whom  the  rent  is  distributed. 
Several  children  have  been  put  out  apprentices  from 
the  funds  of  this  charity. 

Manj  Shippard's  Charity.  —  i\Iary  Shippard,  by  will, 
in  1790,  loft  £30  upon  trust,  that  the  interest  should 
be  distributed  iu  bread  every  fourth  Sunday  to  such 
poor  belonging  to  the  township  of  Crosthwaite  as  should 
attend  divine  service. 


Atkinsons  Charitij.  —  By  indenture,  dated  February 
0th,  1817,  Tobias  Atkinson  gave  £2,750  stock  in  the 
Three-per-cent  Reduced  Annuities,  upon  trust,  for  the 
augmentation  of  the  incomes  of  the  minister  of  Cros- 
thwaite chapel  and  the  master  of  the  school  at  Cros- 
thwaite, for  the  repair  and  enlargement  of  the  school- 
house,  and  also  for  the  payment  of  £  1 0  10s.  per  annum 
each  to  sk  poor  persons  who  should  be  housekeepers  in 
Crosthwaite  and  Lyth. 

HINCASTEB, 

Hincaster  is  a  small  township,  comprising  770  acres. 
Its  population  in  1801  was  102  ;  in  1811, 121 ;  in  1821, 
120;  iu  1831,  150;  in  1841,  130;  and  in  1851,  148. 

The  place  is  called  Ilennecastre  iu  the  Domesday 
Survey,  hence  it  has  been  supposed  to  have  derived  its 
name  from  some  Roman  station  or  camp  which  formerly 
existed  hero.  Richard  I.  granted  to  Gilbert,  son  of 
Roger  Fitz-Reinfrcd,  and  his  heirs,  one  carucate  of 
laud  in  Hincaster,  to  hold  the  same  by  knights' 
service.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  mention  is  made 
of  Adam  de  Hincaster,  who  liad  a  daughter,  Avicia, 
married  to  Sir  Thomas  de  Hcllebcck,  and  brought  with 
her  divers  lands  into  the  Hcllebeck  family.  She  seems 
to  have  been  the  heiress  of  her  family,  as  it  does  not 
occur  after  her  time. 

The  hamlet  of  Hincaster  is  two  and  a  quarter  miles 
north-east  of  MUnthorpe.  The  soil  in  the  township  is 
various ;  limestone  is  abundant. 


LEVENS    CHAPELRY. 

Toe  boundary  of  Levens  commences  at  the  north-west  at  Ilelsington  Nook,  following  the  river  Pool  till  it  joins  the 
Kent  river  (at  the  south)  which  is  the  boundary  upwards  to  Ninczergh,  then  by  Ninezergh  Lane,  Levens  toll  bar, 
Mabbin  Hall  Lane,  High  Barn,  Levens  Hall  Park  wall,  to  the  Kent  river  again,  and  along  it  by  the  Force  to 
Sedgwick  Bridge,  thence  westward  by  the  stream  to  the  Strickland  Arms  Inn,  on  the  Kendal  turnpike  road,  and 
across  Sizergh  Fell,  by  the  wood  of  Sizcrgh  westward  and  northward  till  it  reaches  Brigsteer,  and  iheuco  to 
Helsington  Park,  completing  its  course.  This  defines  that  part  of  the  township  attached  to  Leveus  church ; 
Leasgill  belongs  to  Heversham. 

domestic  comfort  or  cleanliness ;  but  intemperance  is 
the  prevaiUng  evil,  with  its  moral  and  social  conse- 
quences. Tho  soil  is  light  limestone,  or  reclaimed  peat 
moss  and  marsh  land.  Latterly  there  has  been  con- 
siderable improvement  in  husbandry.  Tho  Lajicaster 
and  Carlisle  railway  runs  within  half  a  mile  of  the  town- 
ship.    Kendal  is  the  market  usually  attended. 

Tho  first  recorded  possessor  of  Levens,  or  Lefuenes, 
as  it  is  called  iu  Domesday,  is  Tostig  Earl  of  Xorthum- 
bcrlaud ;    but  when   Domesday   Survey  was  taken  it 


The  area  of  Levens  is  3.053  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  £.^,018  12s.  Od.  Tho  population  in  1801  was 
4  12;  in  1811,  510;  in  1821,  705;  in  1831,  780;  in 
1841,  803;  and  in  1851,  938;  who  are  dispersed  over 
tlie  township,  with  one  small  scattered  village,  and 
some  hamlets.  Agriculture  and  peat  moss  labour  arc 
the  principal  employments.  The  district  is  very  healthy, 
and  the  labouring  poor  are  generally  employed ;  the 
wages  average  about  twelve  shillings  a  week  to  ordinary 
labourers.  Peat  moss  labour  is  not  favourable  to 
100 


834 


KENDAL  WAKD. 


belonged  to  Roger  de  Poictou.  In  the  reign  of  Henry 
n.  it  was  held  by  Ketel,  son  of  Uchtred ;  this  Uchtred 
appears  to  have  had  large  possessions  in  this  part  of 
the  country  ;  that  which  \Yas  afterwards  called  Preston 
Pilchard  was  at  this  time  called  Preston  Uchtred.  Ketel, 
son  of  Uchtred,  in  1187,  sold  a  moiety  of  Levens  to 
Henry,  son  of  Xonnan  de  Piedeman,  as  appears  from  a 
fine  passed  in  that  year;  and  from  that  time  Levens 
has  continued  divided,  ouc  part  being  caUed  Upper 
Levens,  the  other  Under  or  Xether  Levens. 

Upper  Levens,  as  we  have  just  seen,  was  granted  to 
Henry,  son  of  Norman  de  Kedeman,  whose  family  con- 
tinued here  for  many  generations,  one  of  them  filling 
the  office  of  seneschal  of  Kendal,  and  others  repre- 
senting Westmoreland  in  parliament.  Dr.  Richard 
Redman  was  promoted  by  Edward  IV.  to  the  see  of 
St.  Asaph  in  1-108,  and  was  made  abbot  of  Shap  in 
1471.  In  1495  he  was  translated  to  the  see  of  Exeter, 
and  in  1501  to  that  of  Ely,  but  died  in  1505.  About 
the  year  1490  Levens  was  sold  by  one  of  the  Redmans 
to  Alan  Bellingham  of  Burneshead,  who  purchased 
Fawcett  Forest  of  the  crown,  and  in  1540  had  a  grant 
from  Henry  VIH.  of  that  part  of  the  barony  of  Kendal 
now  called  the  Lumley  Fee.  He  was  treasurer  of 
Berwick  and  deputy  warden  of  the  Marches.  After  a 
few  generations  a  descendant  of  his,  of  the  same  name, 
and  the  last  of  the  family  at  Levens,  died  about  the 
year  1090,  having  wasted  a  vast  estate,  and  sold  Levens 
and  the  rest  of  his  property  in  Westmoreland  to  Colonel 
James  Graham,  younger  son  of  Sir  Richard  Graham 
of  Xetherby.  The  colonel  married  Dorothy,  daughter 
of  the  Earl  of  Berkshire,  and  was  member  of  parlia- 
ment for  Westmoreland  from  1T08  to  1722.  He  died 
without  male  issue,  and  his  only  daughter,  Catherine, 
carried  the  estates  in  marriage  to  her  cousin,  Heniy 
Bowes  Howard,  earl  of  Berkshire.  Henry  Howard, 
the  twelfth  earl  of  Suffolk  and  Berkshire,  dying  without 
issue,  bequeathed  his  estates  in  Westmoreland  to 
his  mother.  Lady  Audover,  and  after  her  decease  to 
his  sister,  Frances,  whose  husband,  Richard  Bagot, 
assumed  the  surname  of  Howard,  and  left  an  only 
daughter  and  heiress,  the  present  Lady  Mary  Howard 
of  Levens,  who  is  proprietor  of  the  manors  of  Levens, 
Milnthorpe,  Heversham,  Clawthorp,  Kendal,  Chartley, 
Kirkland,  Helsington,  Crosthwaite  and  Lyth,  Crook, 
Staveley-with-Hugill,  Skelsmergh,  Longsleddale,  Sad- 
gill,  Fawcett  Forest,  High  House,  Wattsfield,  and 
Garthorne.  The  landowners  are  George  Wilson,  Esq., 
of  Dallam  Tower;  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Howard;  Thomas 
Strickland,  Esq.,  Sizergh  Hall;  Colonel  Bi-andreth ; 
and  John  Yeates,  Esq. 

Levens  Hall,  the  seat  of  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Howard, 


five  miles  south  of  Kendal,  is  a  venerable  mansion,  in 
the  Old  English  style,  buried  among  lofty  trees.  The 
park,  through  wluch  the  river  Kent  winds  betwixt  bold 
and  beautifullj-  wooded  banks,  is  separated  by  the 
turnpike  road  from  the  house.  It  is  of  considerable 
size,  well  stocked  with  deer,  and  contains  a  noble 
avenue  of  ancient  oaks.  The  gardens,  however,  form 
the  greatest  attraction,  being  planned  after  the  old 
French  style  by  Mr.  Beaumont,  gardener  to  King 
James  II.,  by  whom  it  is  said  the  gardens  at  Hampton 
Court  were  laid  out.  His  portrait,  with  great  propriety, 
is  preserved  iu  the  hall.  Trim  alleys,  bowling-greens, 
and  wildernesses,  fenced  round  by  sight-proof  thickets 
of  beech,  remind  the  beholder,  by  their  antique  appear- 
ance, of  times  "  long,  long  ago."  In  one  part,  a  great 
number  of  yews,  hollies,  laurels,  and  other  evergreens, 
cut  into  an  infinite  variety  of  grotesque  shapes,  exhibit 
an  interesting  specimen  of  the  Topiarian  art,  which, 
at  one  period,  though  not  more  than  a  mechanic  craft, 
realised,  in  some  measure,  the  effects  of  a  fine  art  by 
the  perfect  skill  of  its  execution. '  This  "  curious- 
knotted  garden,"  as  may  be  imagined,  harmonises  well 
with  the  old  hall,  the  interior  of  which  also  deserves 
more  than  a  passing  glance.  It  contains  some  exquisite 
specimens  of  elaborately  carved  oak — 

"  The  chambers  caned  so  cnrionsly, 
Carved  with  figures  strange  and  sweet, 
All  made  out  of  the  carver's  brain." — CJirislabel. 

The  work  in  the  library  and  drawing-room  is  exceedingly 
rich,  as  may  be  conceived  from  its  having  been 
estimated  that,  at  the  present  rate  of  wages,  its  execu- 
tion would  cost  £3,000.  The  carved  chimney-piece  in 
the  library  is  an  intricate  piece  of  workmanship.  The 
two  jambs  represent  Hercules  and  Samson — the  one 
armed  with  the  ass's  jaw-bone,  the  other,  having  a  lion's 
skin  for  a  covering,  with  a  club.  Above  are  emblematic 
representations  in  bold  reUef  of  the  Seasons,  the 
Elements,  and  the  Five  Senses;  all  of  which  are 
explained  in  these  lines,  cut  in  dark  oak  : — 

"  Thus  the  five  sences  stand  portrated  here. 
The  elements  four,  and  3eason.s  of  the  year ; 
Sampson  supports  the  one  side,  as  in  rage, 
The  other,  Hercules,  in  like  equipage." 

The  large  drawing-room  contains  a  very  pleasing  por- 
trait of  the  unfortunate  Anna  Boleyn,  and  there  is  one 

'  The  quaint  method  of  ornamenting  gardens,  so  fashionable  in 
the  seventeentli  century,  tliough  derived  immediately  from  France, 
might  be  defended  by  the  autliorily  of  the  classical  ages  of  antiquity. 
Making  all  allowances  for  their  artificial  formality,  wc  cannot  but  regret 
their  indiscriminate  eradication,  few  of  any  extent  being  now  left  in 
the  island.  There  was  a  garden  near  Paris  so  elaborately  embellished 
with  Topiary  work,  that  it  contained  a  representation  of  Troy 
besieged,  the  two  hosts,  their  several  leaders,  and  all  other  objects  ia 
foil  proportion. 


LEVENS    CHAPELEY. 


835 


of  Henry  VII.,  by  John  de  Maubeuse.  The  study  has 
a  fine  old  Italian  picture  of  the  Holy  Family.  In  the 
library  is  a  full-length  painting  by  Lely,  of  Colonel 
James  Graham,  a  former  owner  of  Levens,  who  was 
keeper  of  the  privy  purse  to  King  James  II.,  and 
brother  of  Graham  of  Nethcrby,  first  Viscount  Preston. 
A  fine  picture  of  his  wife,  a  Howard,  bangs  by  his 
side,  reminding  us  of  Pope's  couplet : — 
"  Lely,  on  animated  canvas  stole, 
Tlio  sleeping  eye  that  spoke  the  melting  soul." 

The  daughter  of  this  pair,  a  portrait  of  whom  adorns 
the  staircase,  married  her  cousin,  the  Earl  of  Suffolk 
and  Berkshire,  thus  bringing  Levens  into  the  Howard 
family.  The  bugle-horns,  intcrmi.Kcd  so  profusely  with 
the  carved  work,  were  the  device  of  the  Bellinghams, 
an  ancient  Westmoreland  family,  from  whom  Colonel 
Graham  purchased  Levens.  The  entrance-hall  is 
decorated  with  pieces  of  ancient  armour  of  various 
dates,  and  in  the  paneling  are  several  bas-reliefs  in 
wood  from  holy  writ.  One  of  the  rooms  is  adorned 
with  some  jiieces  of  tapestry,  illustrative  of  a  tale  from 
an  Italian  poet.  On  the  12th  of  May,  annually,  the 
mayor  and  corporation  of  Kendal,  after  ha\-ing  pro- 
claimed the  fair  at  Jlilnthorpe,  adjourn  to  the  gardens 
at  Levens,  to  witness  the  various  athletic  sports,  bowl- 
ing, leaping,  itc,  whilst  several  tables  are  placed  in  the 
open  air,  at  which  morocco  (a  very  strong  old  ale 
peculiar  to  the  place"),  radishes,  and  bread  and  butter 
are  consumed  by  the  visitors. 

After  a  moiety  of  Levens  was  sold,  as  above,  by  Ketel, 
son  of  Uchtred,  it  does  not  appear  how  long' Ketel  and 
tis  posterity  continued  in  possession  of  the  other 
moiety ;  probably  not  long,  for  in  the  next  generation 
we  find  several  persons  of  rank  and  note  in  this  part  of 
the  county  bearing  the  name  of  De  Levens.  After 
them  came  the  Prestous,  very  likely  by  purchase. 
This  family  ended  in  daughters,  one  of  whom  brought 
Under  Levens  in  marriage  to  Lord  Montgomery,  who 
sold  it,  about  1094,  to  Edward  Wilson,  Esrj.,  of  Dallam 
Tower,  whose  descendant,  George  Wilson,  Esq.,  is  the 
present  lord  of  the  manor.  Nether  Levens  Hall  is  now 
a  farm-house. 

Levens  township  contains  the  largo  village  of  Beath- 
^vaite  Green,  four  and'  a  half  miles  south-by-west  of 
Kendal  ;  part  of  that  of  I'.rigsteer,  three  and  a  half 
miles  south-sDuth-west  of  the  same  place ;  and  part  of 
Leasgill,  a  mile  and  three  quarters  north-by-west  of 
Milnthorpe.  It  also  comprises  the  hamlets  of  Sizergh, 
Fell  Side,  Force  Cottages,  aiul  Bridge  Row. 

THE    CIIAPKI.. 

Levens  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  livangelist, 
is  situated  in  the  village  of  lieathwaite  Green.     It  is  a 


plain  modern  structure,  erected  in  18Q8,  at  a  cost  of 
nearly  £3,000,  and  consists  of  nave,  chancel,  tower,  and 
octagonal  spire.  The  windows  are  lancet-shaped.  The 
pul]iit,  reading  desk,  chancel  rail,  and  gallery,  are 
of  oak, — all  in  good  taste  and  keeping,  though  not  of 
any  particular  style.  The  late  Hon.  F.  G.  Howard 
and  Lady  Howard  defrayed  the  cost  of  the  erection  of 
the  chapel,  and  also  endowed  the  curacy  with  £300  a 
year,  and  £10  a  year  to  the  clerk.  There  are  no  tithes 
paid,  as  there  has  been  a  commutation  effected  ;  it  took 
place  at  tlie  enclosure  of  the  common,  about  fifty  years 
ago.  The  right  of  appointing  the  incumbent  of  Levens 
is  with  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Howard.  The  register  com- 
mences in  183  3,  when  the  Uev.  W.  Stephens,  B.A.,  the 
first  and  present  incumbent,  was  appointed. 

The  parsonage  was  erected  by  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Howard, 
in  1898,  at  a  cost  of  about  £1,000. 

There  is  a  Methodist  chapel  at  Beathwaite  Green, 
erected  about  sixty  years  ago. 

The  schools,  for  boys,  girls,  and  infants,  are  the 
property  of  Mrs.  Howard,  who  erected  them,  provided 
houses  for  the  master  and  mistress,  and  pays  their 
salaries.  The  average  attendance  at  these  schools  is 
about  1:20  children. 

There  are  no  vested  charities  in  Levens ;  but  it  par- 
takes in  some  of  the  parochial  charities.  There  arc 
two  benevolent  societies  in  Hcvershara  —  a  friendly 
society  and  an  oddfellows'  society — of  which  many  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Levens  are  members.  The  incum- 
bent has  a  provident  society  for  supplying  clothing, 
bedding,  itc,  to  the  members,  who  pay  a  small  sum 
weekly.     There  is  also  a  small  village  library. 

Besides  the  hall  this  township  comprises  the  follow- 
ing residences : — Heaves  Lodge,  Lieut.-col.  Brandreth ; 
Park  Head,  J.  Yeates  Yeates,  Esq. ;  Hyuing ;  Laurence 
House ;  and  Levens  Parsonage. 

Sizergh  Fell  is  the  only  hill  in  this  township,  not- 
withstanding the  great  variety  of  surface.  The  river 
Kent,  rising  in  Kentracre  and  j)assing  by  Ken^lal,  runs 
through  Levens  park  to  the  sea ;  and,  though  a  small 
stream,  has  much  beauty  in  this  part  of  its  course. 
There  is  also  a  little  stream  called  the  Pool  llowing 
from  Crosthwaito  to  Morecambe  Bay,  and  forming  tho 
western  boundary  of  this  township. 

Tho  only  old  custom  still  prevailing  in  this  township 
is  that  of  "peace-egging  "  at  Easter. 

rnESTOM    RICHARD. 

Tho  area  of  this  towiship  is  1,700  acres;  its  rateable 
value  is  £3,457  Is.  Gd.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in 
1801  was  200:  in  ISH,  877;  in  1R31,  318;  in  1831, 
395;    in    1841,  365;    and  in   1851,  417;    who  are 


836 


KENDAL  WARD. 


disp  eree  J  over  the  tovmship,  in  the  hamlets  of  Crooklands, 
Biikrigg  Park,  EuJmoor,  Milton  Low  Park,  Storth 
End,  and  PiOw  End.  and  several  dwellings  bearing 
diiTereut  names,  and  distant  from  two  to  five  miles 
north-east  of  ililnthorpe.  Preston  Pdchard  is  crossed 
by  the  Kendal  canal,  ou  which,  at  Crooklands,  the  Earl 
of  Crawford  and  Balcarres  has  au  extensive  coal-wharf, 
and  a  range  of  coke  ovens. 

As  far  hack  as  documentary  history  reaches,  this 
manor  appears  to  have  been  divided  into  two  portions, 
known  as  Preston  Eichard  and  Preston  Patrick.  The 
Domesday  record  informs  us  that,  at  that  period, 
Torfin  had  one  part  of  Preston,  and  Pioger  do  Poictou 
the  other.  From  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  to  that  of 
Edward  III.,  both  inclusive,  a  period  of  upwards  of 
two  centuries,  there  appears  to  have  been  a  long  suc- 
cession of  persons  bearing  the  name  of  Richard  de 
Preston,  from  ono  of  whom  there  is  little  doubt  the 
township  derived  its  name,  as  previous  to  the  first 
r.ichard  de  Preston  it  was  known  as  Preston  Uchtred, 
from  another  proprietor,  who,  as  we  have  seen,  held 
the  whole  manor  of  Lovcns.  The  other  portion  of 
Preston  appears  to  have  received  its  name  of  Preston 
Patrick  from  Patrick  de  Culweu,  who  possessed  it  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  II.  In  1313  and  1353  Sir  Pdchard 
.Preston,  Knt.,  represented  Westmoreland  in  pai'lia- 
ment;  and  in  1308  Richard  Preston  bad  a  license 
from  Edward  III.  to  impark  500  acres  of  land.  The 
manor  subsequently  came  by  marriage  to  the  Prestons 
of  Holker,  who  held  it  till  the  family  failed  in  issue 
male,  when  Preston  Richard  was  sold  to  Sir  John 
Lowther,  from  whom  nearly  all  the  tenants  purchased 
their  enfranchisement  in  1679.  According  to  ilachell, 
the  Earl  of  Derby  is  lord  paramount  of  this  as  well  as 
the  adjoining  manor  of  Preston  Patrick  in  Burton 
parish.  The  principal  landowners  are  John  Harrison, 
Esq. ;    Mrs.   Vincent,    Trinity    College,    Cambridge ; 


James  Martindale,  William  Nelson,  Miss  Atkinson, 
and  others.  Near  the  old  hall,  which  was  the  ancient 
manor  house,  is  a  farm  still  called  the  Deer  Park ;  there 
is  also  another  park  at  Birkrigg,  where  there  is  also  a 
burial  ground  belonging  to  the  Society  of  Friends. 

The  hamlet  of  Crooklands  is  three  and  a  half  miles 
north-east  of  Miluthorpe.  Here  is  a  bobbin  factory. 
Endmoor  is  another  hamlet  four  and  a  half  miles  north- 
east of  the  same  town.  Here  is  a  school  for  children 
of  both  sexes,  principally  supported  by  the  vicar  of 
Hevershara,  who  also  provides  books,  papers,  &c.,  for 
the  scholars,  about  sixty  of  whom  are  in  average 
attendance.  Milton  hamlet  is  three  miles  north-east- 
by-cast  of  I\Iilnthorpe. 

Summerlauds,  in  this  township,  the  seat  and  property 
of  John  Harrison,  Esq.,  is  a  handsome  mansion,  in  the 
Elizabethan  st\-le,  erected  in  1810,  at  a  cost  of  £8,500. 
It  is  surrounded  by  beautiful  grounds,  and  commands 
extensive  prospects  of  the  surrounding  country. 


Miles  Greemcood  and  Boivland  Gremwood's  Gifts. — 
MUes  Greenwood,  by  will,  dated  Sth  May,  1637,  gave 
a  house  and  its  appurtenances  to  Miles  Greenwood  and 
his  heirs,  provided  that  a  rent  charge  of  40s.  should  be 
paid  out  of  the  said  house,  namely,  20s.  yearly,  forever, 
to  the  poor  of  the  town  of  Grantham ;  and  the  other  20s. 
to  be  given  yearly,  for  ever,  to  the  poor  people  dwelling 
near  Crooklands,  in  the  township  of  Preston  Richard,  in 
the  parish  of  Heversham,  where  he  was  born,  upon  St. 
Thomas's  Day  and  Good  Friday.  By  indenture,  dated 
October,  1696,  Rowland  Greenwood,  left  £20  for  the 
purchasing  of  another  annuity  of  20s.,  to  be  distributed 
in  the  same  manner.  It  appears  from  the  township 
book  of  Preston  Pilchard,  that  this  rent  charge  was 
received  up  to  1780,  since  which  year  it  has  not  been 
received,  so  that  it  may  now  be  considered  as  lost. 


CROSSCRAKE   CHAPELRY. 


This  chapelry  comprises  the  townships  of  Sedgwick  and 

SEDGWICK, 

The  area  of  Sedgwick  township  is  990  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £1,359  17s.  SJd.  The  population  in 
1801  was  161 ;  in  1811,  175  ;  in  1821,  181 ;  in  1831, 
204;  in  184],  240;  and  in  1851,  250;  who  are  prin- 
cipally resident  in  the  village.  Agriculture  is  the  chief 
employment  of  the  inhabitants ;  a  few,  however,  are 
engaged  at  the  powder  mills.     The   Lancaster  and 


Stainton. 

Carlisle  railway  runs  through  the  township.  The 
manorial  rights  are  possessed  by  Walter  C.  Strickland, 
Esq  ;  John  Wakefield,  Esq.,  and  Edward  Wilson,  Esq., 
arc  the  principal  landowners. 

The  village  of  Sedgwick  is  three  and  a  half  miles 
south  of  Kendal.  In  the  neighbourhood  is  a  large 
powder  mill,  erected  about  ninety  years  ago,  and  worked 
by  W.  H.  A\'akefield  and  Co.    Sedgwick  House,  the  seat 


CKOSSCEAKE   CHAPELRY. 


837 


of  John  WakcfieU,  Esq.,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  river  Kent,  which  is  here  crossed  by 
a  good  stone  bridge. 

STAIN'TON. 

Stainton  comprises  1,440  acres,  and  its  rateable  value 
is  £2,243.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1801  was 
385;  in  1811,  395;  in  1821,  307;  in  1831,388;  in 
1841,  305;  and  in  1851,  384;  who  are  principally 
engaged  iu  agriculture ;  a  few  being  employed  in  a 
woollen-mill,  a  corn-mill,  and  a  chemical  works.  The 
Lancaitcr  and  Carlisle  railway  and  the  Lancaster  canal 
run  through  the  township.  When  Domesday  Survey 
was  taken,  this  place  belonged  to  Gillmichcl,  but  soon 
afterwards  came  to  the  Flemings,  and  as  early  as  tbo 
reign  of  Edward  I.  came  to  the  Stricklands  of  Sizergh, 
one  of  whom,  Sir  Thomas  Strickland,  about  the  year 
1074,  sold  the  tenements  to  freehold.  The  manorial 
rights  are  held  by  Walter  C.  Strickland,  Esq.;  the 
Lindowuers  are  Edward  Wilson,  Esq.;  George  Edward 
Wilson,  Esq.;  John  Wakefield,  Esq.;  Richard  Atkinson, 
and  many  other  smaller  proprietors. 

This  township  e.'ctends  from  two  and  a  half  to  five 
miles  south-by-east  of  Kendal,  and  contains  the  hamlets 
of  Stainton  Row,  Barrow's  Green,  part  of  Crosscrakc, 
and  Helm,  with  a  number  of  scattered  houses  bearing 
different  names. 

THE  CHATEL. 

Crosscrake  chapel  is  situated  about  three  and  a  half 
miles  south-by-east  of  Kendal.  It  is  a  neat  edifice, 
rebuilt  iu  1773  by  the  help  of  a  charity  brief,  and  was 
greatly  improved  and  enlarged  in  1842,  by  Thomas 
Phihpsou,  Esq.,  at  a  cost  of  £200.  Croscrake  chapel 
was  founded  and  endowed  by  Auselam  do  Furncss,  son 
of  the  first  ^lichael  le  Fleming,  about  the  time  of 
Richard  I. ;  and  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  was  granted 
by  Sir  William  do  Stricldaud,  Kut.,  to  the  priory  of 
Cartmell.  After  the  suppression  of  the  monastic 
institutions,  the  chapel  went  to  decay,  and  in  Mr. 
llachell's  time  served  as  a  school.     It  continued  iu 


this  state  till  1757,  when  Bishop  Keene,  Dr.  Stratford, 
and  the  curate  subscribed  .£200  to  obtain  £200  from 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty.  With  these  sums  two  estates 
were  purchased,  one  at  Dilhcar,  and  the  other  at 
Killiugton.  It  was  augmented  in  1763  with  £400 
more  obtained  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  which  was 
expended  in  laud  at  Sebergham,  and  a  yearly  rent 
charge  of  25s.  in  Garsdale,  so  that  the  curacy  is  now 
worth  about  £89  a  year.  There  are  no  tithes.  The 
vicar  of  Iloversham  is  patron.  The  registers  commence 
in  1755. 

IxccMBESTs. — William  Bewsher,  ;   Basil  R.   LawsoD, 

1833;  Frederick  ToUer,  1811;  John  \yallace,  1844. 

The  parsonage  is  a  plain  structure,  erected  in  1849, 
at  a  cost  of  about  £500. 

cnAIilTIES. 

Crosscralce  School. — There  is  a  school  at  Crosscrake, 
in  this  township,  for  the  children  of  Staiuton.  It  was 
built  by  the  inhabitants  and  endowed  with  £5  a  year, 
which  arises  from  £100,  given  by  Mr.  Joseph  Threlfall, 
for  a  schoolmaster  to  come  and  settle  there.  Mr. 
Threlfall  also  gave  another  £100,  which.,  in  consequence 
of  law  expenses,  was  reduced  to  £75.  There  is  also 
£100,  left  by  the  late  Thomas  Phillipson,  to  pay  for 
three  poor  boys  from  Preston  Richard  township.  The 
school  was  rebuilt  in  1828;  it  is  attended  by  about 
forty  children. 

John  and  Jane  Gilpin's  Gifts. — John  Gilpin,  by  will, 
in  1744,  left  to  the  poor  of  the  township  of  Stainton, 
the  sum  of  £10 ;  aud  Jane  Gilpin,  his  sister,  by  will, 
in  1745,  bequeathed  £3  3s.  to  the  poor  of  the  same 
township. 

A  small  beck,  or  rivulet,  runs  through  this  township 
and  falls  into  tho  Belo. 

The  residences  in  the  township  are  Hawthorn  Hill, 
Colonel  Thompson ;  Prospect  House,  Mr.  John  Taylor ; 
High  House,  Miss  Grccuhow;    Stainton  House,  Mr.    * 
William  Park. 


838 


KE^^DAL  ■v\'ARr>. 


KENDAL    PARISH. 

The  parish  of  Kendal,  or  Kirkby  in  Kendal,  is  bounded  by  the  parishes  of  Windermere,  Grasmere,  Shap,  Orton, 
Sedbogh  (in  YorksJiirc),  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  Burton,  and  Hevcrsham.  It  is  the  lai-gest  parish  in  the  county,  averaging 
ten  miles  in  length,  by  the  same  in  breath,  and  forms  a  beautifully  divereified  region  of  towering  fells  and  scars,  and 
fertile  and  picturesque  valleys  and  glens.  It  is  weU  watered  by  the  river  Kent,  and  its  numerous  affluents.  During 
the  last  half  century  most  of  the  moors  and  commons  have  been  cultivated,  and  fine  crops  are  now  raised  where  heath 
and  moss  once  grew  in  wild  luxuriance.  Excellent  limestone,  well  suited  for  building  and  other  purposes,  is  found  in 
various  parts  of  the  piirish,  and  near  Crook  are  veins  of  lead.  The  Lancaster  and  Carlisle,  and  the  Kendal  and 
Windermere  railways  run  through  the  parish,  as  does  also  the  Lancaster  and  Kendal  canal.  Kendal  parish  comprises 
upwards  of  fifty  villages  and  hamlets,  with  fourteen  chapels-of-ease,  and  includes  the  following  twenty-six  townships: — 
Ivirkby  in  Kendal,  Crook,  Dillicar,  Docker,  Fawcett  Forest,  Grayrigg,  Helsington,  HugiU,  Kcntmere,  Kirkland, 
Lambrigg,  Long  Slcddale,  Xatland,  Nether  Graveship,  Kethcr  Staveley,  New  Button,  Old  Button  and  Bolme  Scales, 
Over  Staveley,  Patten,  Scalthwaitrigg  Bay  and  Button-in-the-Hay,  Selside-with-Whitwell,  Skelsmergh,  Strickland 
Ketel,  Strickland  Roger,  Underbarrow  and  Bradley  Field,  WhinfeU,  and  Winster,  whose  united  area  is  66,360 
acres.     Kendal  parish  was  formerly  much  larger,  as  it  included  the  parishes  of  Grasmere  and  Windermere. 

Esq.;   the  executors  of  the  late  William  Thompson, 


KE.N'D.U.. 

The  population  of  Kendal  township  in  1801  was 
6,892;  in  1811,  7,505;  in  1821,8,984;  in  1831, 
10,015;  in  1841,  10,225;  and  in  1851,  10,377;  who 
are  principally  resident  in  the  town  of  Kendal.  The 
return  for  the  township  of  Kendal  includes  Skewbarrow, 
deemed  e.xtra-parochial,  containing  13  persons  in  1851 ; 
also  the  union  workhouse  and  house  of  correction,  con- 
taining 137  and  26  respectively  in  1851.  The  Lan- 
caster and  Carlisle,  and  the  Kendal  and  Windermere 
railways,  as  well  as  the  Kendal  and  Lancaster  canal,  run 
through  the  township.  The  rateable  value  is  £17,759. 
The  only  vestige  of  the  Romans  in  this  township  is 
a  road  which  is  supposed  to  have  passed  from  the 
station  at  Watercrook,  near  Kendal,  by  Belsington, 
Laithcrs,  and  Lane  Bead,  thence  across  the  common 
in  the  direction  of  Scout  Scar,  descending  into  Under- 
barrow by  the  depression  between  Underbarrow  Scar 
and  Cunswick  Scar,  and  past  Cunswick  Ball  in  Undcr- 
baiTow,  to  Bigh-street  iu  Kentmere.  Near  Cuns\vick 
Hall  are  the  remains  of  what  is  supposed  to  have  been 
a  Roman  station. 

The  ruins  of  Kendal  Castle,  of  which  only  four 
broken  towers,  and  the  outer  wall,  suiTounded  by  a  deep 
fosse,  remain,  crown  the  summit  of  a  steep  elevation  on 
the  east  side  of  the  town.  An  account  of  the  barony  of 
Kendal  and  its  various  lords,  with  which  the  history  of 
this  castle  is  connected,  will  be  found  at  page  811.  It 
is  not  known  when,  or  by  whom,  the  castle  was  erected, 
but  it  is  generally  supposed  to  have  been  built  in  the 
earlier  part  of  the  thirteenth  century.  It  was  long  the 
principal  seat  of  the  barons  of  Kendal,  many  of  whom 
were  born  here.  _The  castle  appears  to  have  become 
ruinous  pre\-ious  to  1071. 

The  landowners  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale ;  F.  M. 
Yeates,  Esq. ;  William  Wilson,  Esq. ;  Edward  Wilson, 


Esq. ;  Messrs.  W.  Walker  and  Co. ;  Tobias  .\tldnson, 
Esq. ;  the  Vicar  of  Kendal,  and  numerous  other  pro- 
prietors. 

BOItOtJGII    OF    KEXD.tX. 

Kendal,  the  largest  and  most  important  town  in 
Westmoreland,  the  capital  of  the  barony,  deanery,  and 
parish  of  its  own  name,  a  market  town,  municipal  and 
parliamentaiT  borough,  and  the  seat  of  a  poor-law  union 
is  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Kent,  in  50°  20' 
north  latitude,  and  0°  44'  west  longitude.  It  is  distant 
tv\eut3'-two  miles  south-west-by-south  from  Applebj', 
262  miles  north-west-by-north  from  London  by  road, 
and  250  by  the  London  and  North- Western,  and  the 
Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railways.  The  borough  of 
Kendal  comprises  the  townships  of  Kendal  and  Kirk- 
land, and  part  of  the  township  of  Nether  Graveship. 
Its  population  in  1851  was  11,829,  of  whom  5,004 
were  males  and  0,225  females,  inhabiting  2,457  houses, 
148  being  uninhabited,  and  fourteen  building. 

The  town  consists  of  two  principal  streets,  or  rather  of 
one,bearingtwonaiues,HighgateandStricklandgate,the 
former  being  the  principal  street  from  the  south.  Low- 
ther-street,  Finkle-strect,  SUamongate,  and  the  market 
place  are  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  main  street,  while 
Allhallows  Lane  and  other  streets  are  on  the  western 
side.  The  streets  are  all  well  paved,  and  the  houses 
are  built  of  limestone  from  the  fell  on  the  west  side  of 
the  town.  Though  ancient,  Kendal  has  quite  a  modem 
appearance,  as  the  majority  of  the  old  houses  have 
been  rebuilt,  and  many  new  streets  and  rows  of  houses 
have  been  erected  during  the  last  half  century. 

Of  Kendal  during  the  early  periods  of  our  history 
we  possess  but  Httle  information.  The  Roman  station 
Galacum  stood  about  a  mile  from  the  town,  at  the 
place  now  known  as  Watercrook,  which  will  be  found 


KENDAL  PAKISH. 


839 


described  in  our  account  of  Natland  townsliip  at  a 
subsequent  page.  Of  Kendal  during  the  Anglo-Saxon 
period  nothing  is  recorded ;  but  on  the  western  side  of 
the  town,  on  a  rocky  hill  opposite  the  castle,  and  at 
about  the  same  elevation,  is  a  circular  mound  of  gravel 
and  earth,  round  the  base  of  which  is  a  deep  fosse, 
strengthened  with  two  bastions  on  the  east.  It  is 
known  as  Castle  How  Hill,  or  Castle  Low  HiU,  and 
is  of  great  antiijuitj-.  By  some  writers  its  origin  is 
ascribed  to  the  Anglo-Saxons ;  and  it  is  said  to  be  one 
of  those  hills  called  "  Laws,"  where  in  ancient  times 
justice  was  administered.  We  are  more  inclined  to 
give  it  a  Danish  or  Norwegian  origin ;  and  to  consider 
it  to  have  been  one  of  the  places  in  which  the  "  Thing,  " 
the  popular  council  or  assembly  of  the  Norsemen  was 
held,  where  their  laws  were  passed  and  their  chiefs 
elected.  In  1778  a  handsome  obelisk  was  erected 
on  its  summit,  in  commemoration  of  the  revolution  of 
1088.  To  the  Northmen  we  may  also  ascribe  the 
name  of  the  town  itself,  lurkby  Kendal,  being  the 
church  town  in  the  vale  of  the  Kent;  but  whether 
the  Sa.\ons  or  Danes  were  the  founders  of  the  church 
we  have  now  no  means  of  ascertaining  ;  probability 
is  in  favour  of  the  former. 

With  the  Norman  Conquest  came  the  grant  of  the 
barony  of  Kendal  to  Ivo  de  TaUbois,  whose  successors 
for  several  centuries  made  Kendal  Castle  their  principal 
seat.  In  the  time  of  Gilbert,  the  sixth  baron,  the 
Scots  under  Duncan  Earl  of  Fife,  entered  and  plun- 
dered the  town  of  Kendal,  broke  open  the  church,  and 
put  all  the  inhabitants  to  the  sword,  sparing  neither 
age  nor  sex.  The  town  was  again  attacked  in  the 
time  of  Robert  de  Eoss.  At  the  battle  of  Flodden 
Field,  in  tlie  reign  of  Henry  Vlil.  the  Kendal  men, 

those 

"  bows  of  Kendal  stout 
With  milk  white  coats  and  crosses  red," 

did  good  execution,  and  we  are  told, 

"  Tliese  ore  the  bows  of  Kendal  bold 
Who  fierce  will  flght  and  never  flee." 

From  this  period  wc  have  little  or  nothing  recorded  of 
Kendal  till  lo'.i8,  when,  as  we  learn  from  an  inscription 
in  Penrith  church,  the  town  was  visited  by  the  plague, 
which  carried  olT  'i.MO  persons. 

In  1017  James  I.  stayed  hero  for  anight  while  on 
his  way  to  Scotland.  In  1640,  when  Charles  I.  was 
beheaded,  a  body  of  Kendal  men,  headed  by  Sir 
Llariuadukc  Laugdalc,  marched  to  besiege  tlio  castle 
of  Appleby.  In  the  "rising "of  1715  the  adherents  of 
the  house  of  Stuart,  under  the  command  of  Air.  Forster 
and  the  Earl  of  Derwentwater,  passed  through  Kendal 
on  their  inarch  to  the  south.     In  1710  prince  Choiles 


Edward  Stuart,  with  about  6,000  men,  passed  through 
Kendal,  on  the  retreat,  after  his  fruitless  invasion  of 
England.  The  other  historical  events  connected  with 
the  town  will  be  found  in  the  account  of  the  churches, 
public  buildings,  &c.  of  the  town,  described  in  the 
following  pages. 

CHxmcaES  akd  chapels. 
The  parish  church  of  Kendal,  dedicated  to  the  Holy 
Trinity,  is  a  flue  structure,  consisting  of  nave,  chancel, 
four  aisles,  and  a  square  tower  containing  a  fine  peal  of 
ton  bells.      It  will  accommodate  from  two  to  three 
thousand  pereons.     The  church  is  supposed  to  occupy 
the  site  of  a  more  ancient  Saxon  one,  and  was  probably 
erected  in  the  eleventh  or  twelvth  centuries ;  but  Uke 
the  other  old  chiu'ches  in  England,  it  has  since  under- 
gone considerable  alterations.     Originally  it  appears  to 
have  consisted  of  nave,  chancel,  north  and  south  aisles, 
and  tower ;  the  two  additional  aisles  having  been  added 
at  a  subsequent  period.     In  Catholic  times  there  would 
be  several  altars  ;  the  dechcation  of  two  are  known,  the 
one  on  the  north  of  the  high-altar  was  called  our  Lady's 
Altar,  and  that  on  the  south  St.  Catherine's.    The 
church  contains  three  chapels,  which  belonged  to  the 
ancient  families  of  Parr,  Strickland,  and  Bellingham. 
The  first-named  chapel  is  in  the  north  aisle,  and  beneath 
it  rest  the  remains  of  several  members  of  the  family 
from  whom  it  derives  its  name.     The  Strickland  chapel 
is  in  the  second  aisle  from  the  south,  and  contains 
several  monuments  to  the  memory  of  various  members 
of  the  SU-ickland  faiuily.     One  of  these  is  a  raised 
tomb  of  black  marble,  resting  on  four  pillars.     Beneath 
the  canopy  is  a  figure  of  a  boy,  in  alabaster,  dressed  in 
a  loose  gown.     Bellingham 's  chapel,  in  the  north  aisle, 
is  raised  considerably  above  tlie  rest  of  the  aisle,  and 
contains  a  monumental  brass  to  the  memory  of  Sir  Alan 
BelUngham,  besides  other  monuments.     The  church 
contains  a  number  of  mural  tablets,  &c.,  commemorating 
many  famihes  of  the  town  and  neighbourhood.     This  , 
fine  old  church  underwent   a  general  restoration   in 
1850-52,  and  it  is  now  one  of  the  finest  and  most 
imposing    ecclesiastical    structures    in    tlie    north    of 
England.     The  restoration  of  the  chancel  was  effected 
at  the  cost  of  the  master  and  fellows  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  the  patrons  of  the  living.     The  old  low  and 
unsightly  chancel  roof  was  removed  and  replaced  with  one 
of  more  elaborate  design,  and  more  in  harmony  with  the 
gcnei-ol  style  of  the  building.     It  has  also  been  raised 
to  the  original  elevation.      The  centre  gable  of  the 
chancel  has  also  been  entirely  rebuilt,  and  with  its 
pinnacles  and  enriched  battlements  has  quite  an  impos- 
ing effect.    In  the  interior  the  nave  and  chancel  have 


840 


KENDAL  -WARD. 


been  separated  by  a  newly -constructed  arch,  with 
corbels,  shields,  tracery,  &c.  The  chancel  stalls  are 
elaborately  carved.  A  new  cast  window  of  noble 
dimensions  has  been  erected,  and  filled  with  stained 
glass,  bearing  various  figures  and  emblematic  devices. 
The  restoration  of  the  chancel  had  its  eftect  upon  the 
inhabitants  of  the  town,  who  set  to  work  to  restore  the 
nave,  so  that  the  good  work  might  bo  complete.  The 
result  of  this  has  been  that  the  entire  body  of  the  church 
has  been  re-pewed  with  open  seats  on  a  consistent  plan, 
and  by  this  means  300  additional  sittings  have  been 
gained.  The  fine  west  window  has  been  restored,  and 
the  interesting  doorway  beneath,  which  had  long  been 
closed  up  as  an  entrance  by  the  position  of  the  organ  in 
front,  has  been  rebuilt,  re-opened,  and  enlarged,  so  as  to 
correspond  in  proportion  and  position  with  the  window, 
and  now  presents  a  specimen  of  elegance  and  beauty  in 
its  masonry  and  carved  ornaments  not  to  be  surpassed. 
From  this  entrance  a  good  view  of  the  interior  may  be 
obtained.  The  whole  length  of  the  edifice,  140  feet 
from  east  to  west,  opened  out  in  one  uninterrupted  view. 
The  organ  has  been  removed  from  its  place  on  the 
floor  in  the  front  of  the  western  door,  into  the  Belliiig- 
ham  chapel.  It  is  a  very  fine  instrument,  and  has 
recently  been  enlarged  and  improved  by  Messrs.  Kirtland 
and  Jardine,  of  Manchester,  under  the  supervision  of 
Mr.  Scarisbrick,  the  organist.  Some  parts  of  the  instru- 
ment are  very  old,  and  there  seems  to  be  great  doubt 
whether  tliat  portion  of  it  was  originally  built  by  Father 
Smith,  or  the  Harrises ;  but  the  general  opinion  is  in 
favour  of  the  former.  There  are  at  present  three  manual 
key-boards,  and  one  of  pedals.  The  great  and  choir 
organs  extend  from  C  C  to  F  in  alt.  (fifty-four  notes). 
The  swell  extends  from  C  to  F  in  alt.  (forty-two  notes) ; 
and  the  pedals  from  C  C  C  to  D  (twenty-nine  notes). 
The  great  organ  contains  fourteen  stops,  the  choir 
organ  eight,  the  swell  organ  nine,  and  the  pedal  organ 
three.  There  are  five  couplers,  five  composition  pedals ; 
and  the  organ  contains  altogether  upwards  of  1,900 
pipes.  The  accumulation  of  earth,  rough-cast,  &c., 
during  the  course  of  centuries,  had  altered  the  original 
elevation  of  the  floor  of  the  cliurch  to  the  ex.tent  of 
several  feet,  which  destroyed  the  effect,  and  was  the 
cause  of  dampness  in  the  interior.  This  accumulation 
of  earth  has  been  removed,  and  the  original  level  restored. 
The  si.\teen  clerestory  windows  have  been  filled  with 
stained  glass,  and  the  effect  in  the  church  is  most 
pleasing.  There  are  also  commemoration  windows  of 
stained  glass  in  the  Bellingham  chapel,  the  west  end, 
and  the  Lady  chapel,  as  well  as  in  the  baptistry,  which 
is  laid  with  encaustic  tiles.  The  total  cost  of  the  restora- 
tions amounted  to  J£G,-100.     Over  the  north-west  door 


is  a  monument  to  the  officers  and  men  of  the  55th,  or 
Westmoreland  Picgiment,  who  fell  during  the  Russian 
war.  It  is  beautifully  wrought  in  statuary  marble,  and 
of  pyramidical  form,  with  a  deep  base.  On  the  centre 
of  the  base  is  a  carved  laurel  wreath.  The  inside  of 
this  bears  the  names  of  Alma,  Inkermau,  and  Sevastopol. 
In  gold,  flanking  this  centre  piece,  are  circular  scrolls, 
on  the  face  of  which  the  word  "  Westmoreland"  is 
inscribed,  and  in  the  centre  the  numerals  LV,  all  in 
gold.  At  the  summit  of  the  base  is  a  beautifully 
sculptured  group  of  weapons,  &c.  The  colours  of  the 
regiment  are  fixed  on  each  side  of  the  monumcut.  An 
inscription  records  that,  "twelve  officers,  fifteen  Ser- 
jeants, and  three  hundred  and  sixty-four  private  soldiers 
of  the  ijuth  Regiment  fell  during  the  war  with  Russia, 
in  Turkey  and  the  Crimea,  in  the  years  1854  and 
1855." 

In  the  Valor  of  Pope  Nicholas,  taken  about  the  year 
1291,  the  church  of  Kendal  is  stated  to  be  divided  into 
two'medieties,  viz.,  "pars  Gulielmi  and  pars  Gualteri;" 
and  it  is  said  to  be  in  the  diocese  of  York.  It  was 
given  by  Ivo  de  Tnilbois  to  the  Abbey  of  St.  Mary  at 
York,  and  in  1301  was  appropriated  to  that  house. 
In  1321  the  abbot  and  convent  bound  themselves  and 
their  successors  to  find  and  maintain  a  chantry  in  the 
church,  at  the  altar  of  St.  Mary,  for  one  secular  priest, 
and  to  allow  him  £5  for  the  performance  of  certain 
duties.  Shortly  after  this  period  no  less  than  seven 
chantries  occur  in  connection  with  the  church,  amongst 
which  arc  mentioned  those  of  Our  Lady,  St.  Anthony, 
St.  Thomas  a  Beckot,  St.  Christopher,  and  Trinity  Guild. 
On  the  suppression  of  the  religious  houses  the  chantry 
priests  were  pensioned.  The  advowson  of  the  vicarage 
was  granted  by  Queen  Mary  to  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, to  which  the  patronage  of  the  great  tithes  still 
belong.  The  college  appears  to  have  become  possessed 
of  the  patronage  of  the  vicarage  from  the  desire  of 
Queen  Mary  to  do  something,  if  possible,  for  the  good 
of  the  soul  of  her  father,  Henry  VIH.  The  vicarage  is 
valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £99  5s. ;  it  is  now  worth 
£521.  In  conformity  with  the  provisions  of  Lord 
Blandford's  xVct,  passed  in  1856,  the  town  of  Kendal 
became  divided  into  separate  and  distinct  parishes  for 
all  ecclesiastical  purposes,  on  the  demise  of  the  lute  vicar, 
in  1858.  Under  this  new  arrangement  the  district 
attached  to  the  parish  church  comprises  the  whole  of 
that  portion  of  the  borough  not  included  in  the  two 
parishes  of  St.  George  and  St.  Thomas,  the  boundaries 
of  which  will  be  found  at  page  841. 

VicAEs.  —  Alan  de  Esyngwald, ;  'William  de  Madestan, 

1301;    Roger  de  Kirkeby,   ISIS;    Thomas  Greenwoode,  ; 

Thomas  de  Leynsbury,  13CG;  Eichard  Garsdale,  14.32;  John 


KENDAL  PARISH. 


841 


Bryan,  1430;  William,  alibotol' St.  Mary's,  York,  U95  ;  Thomas 

Maynes, ;  James  I'ilkingtou,  1.^0(1 ;  Nicholas  Ashton,  1551 ; 

Ambrose  Hetheriugton,  lOO-i;  Samuul  Heron,  1591;  Kalph 
Tyrer,  }'>a-2;  Francis  Gardner,  Ifi'^7;  Michael  Stanford,  1074; 
Thomas  Murgatroyd,  ICS;!;  William  Crosby,  lODU ;  Richard 
ClUhbert,  1714;  Thomas  Syiiionds,  1745;  Henry  Robinson, 
17H'J;  Matthew  Murfitt,  1800;  John  Hudson,  1815;  James  W. 
Barnes,  1843;  J.  Cooper,  1858. 

St.  George's  church,  near  Stramongate  Bridge,  is  a 
neat  structure,  in  the  Early  English  style,  erected  in 
1841,  at  a  cost  of  je4,000.  It  contains  about  1,200 
sittings,  of  which  878  are  free  and  unappropriated. 
Under  the  provisions  of  Lord  Blandford's  Act,  as  men- 
tioned above,  St.  George's  became  a  parish  church  iu 
li^58.  Its'district  commences  "  at  the  north  end  of 
Miller  Bridge,  proceeds  up  the  middle  of  Kent-street 
as  far  as  Finkle-street,  along  the  middle  of  Finkle- 
strect  into  Highgate,  up  the  middle  of  Highgatc 
northerly,  and  proceeds  in  the  same  course  down  the 
middle  of  Stricklaiidgate  as  far  as  Sands  Close,  down 
the  middle  of  Sands  Close  as  far  as  the  bank  of  the 
river  Kent,  and  crossing  that  river,  proceeds  in  a 
straight  line  to  a  bound  stone  placed  on  the  north-east 
side  of  the  road  to  Appleby,  at  the  distance  of  100 
yards  from  the  house  and  premises  occupied  by  William 
Duxbury,  and  from  such  bound  stone  in  a  straight  line 
to  another  bound  stone  on  the  southern  side  of  the 
road  to  Sedbergh,  at  the  eastern  corner  of  the  boundary 
of  the  common  garden  (now  a  cemetery),  and  from  such 
latter  bound  stone  in  a  straijjht  line  to  the  first  bridge 
over  the  canal,  crosses  the  bridge  in  a  straight  line  to  the 
cast  bank  of  the  river  Kent ;  it  then  proceeds  along 
the  baidi  as  far  as  Miller  Biidge,  which  it  crosses  to 
the  point  where  the  boundary  first  commenced."  The 
original  church  of  St.  George  was  erected  in  1754  ;  the 
present  structure  was  consecrated  June  17th,  1811. 
The  vii-ar  of  Keiulul  is  patron.  The  living  is  endowed 
with  £70  a  year,  arising  from  lands  purchased  in  1705 
with  £400  received  from  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty  and  other  sums.  Tiie  total  income  is  about 
i"l,'.ioi)  a  year.  The  registers  commence  in  1841. 
The  following  have  been  the  incumbents  from  1843  : — 

iKct'jinENTS.— W.  J.  Woodcock,  1812;  JI.  J.  Finch,  1S44; 
J.  B.  Meredith,  IH47;  Kdward  Ciabricl,  1800. 

St.  Thomas's  Church  is  situated  at  the  end  of 
Riricklandgate.  It  is  a  Gothic  structure,  erected  in 
18:)7,  at  a  cost  of  .CH.OOO,  defrayed  by  voluntary  sub- 
scription, £1,000  being  given  by  Mre.  Thomason 
Ilichardson,  widow  of  Mr.  Kichardson,  and  last  sur- 
viving child  of  James  Dowker,  Esq.  She  also  gave 
the  organ,  and  a  further  sum  of  £1,000  towards  the 
endowment.  The  entrance  to  the  church  is  at  the 
101 


east  end.  The  west  window  is  filled  with  staincil 
glass.  In  1858  a  district  was  assigned  to  this  church, 
which  was  made  a  parish  church  for  all  ecclesiastical 
purposes.  The  district  commences  "  at  the  middle  of 
Stricklaudgate,  opposite  Entry  Lane,  proceeds  down 
the  middle  of  Stricklandgate  as  far  as  Sands  Close, 
down  the  middle  of  Sands  Close  as  far  as  the  bank  of 
the  river  Kent,  follows  along  the  west  side  of  the  river 
as  far  as  the  boundary  of  Kendal  extends  (being  a  little 
to  the  south  of  Aikrigg  End),  and  follows  that  boundary 
to  the  Kendal  and  Ambleside  turnpike  road,  then  along 
the  middle  of  that  road  to  the  top  of  Shaw's  Brow,  down 
the  middle  of  Shaw's  Brow  to  the  north-west  comer  of 
the  House  of  Correction,  from  thence  along  the  Low 
Fell-side  by  Graudy  Nook,  to  the  top  of  Entry  Lane, 
down  the  middle  of  Entry  Lane  to  Stricklandgate, 
where  it  commenced.  The  living  is  in  the  patronage 
of  certain  trustees.  The  Rev.  John  A.  La  Trobe,  the 
first  and  present  incumbent,  was  appointed  in  18:39. 

The  Catholic  church,  situated  on  the  Kew  Eoad, 
is  a  handsome  Gothic  building,  erected  in  1837,  and 
dedicated  to  the  Holy  Trinity  and  St.  George  ;  a  statue 
of  the  latter  ornaments  the  front  of  the  edifice.  The 
interior  ornamentation  of  this  church  is  very  splendid. 
The  chancel  contains  statues  of  the  Redeemer,  the 
Blessed  Virgin,  St.  Mary  Magdalen,  and  St.  George ; 
and  is  lighted  by  a  beautifully  stained  -  glass  window, 
containing  figures  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  and  a 
number  of  emblematical  devices.  The  altar  and  screen 
are  well  executed,  and  elaborately  ornamenied.  The 
nave  is  lofty  and  spacious,  with  an  open  stained  roof. 
There  is  a  gallery  at  the  west  end  containing  a  fine- 
toned  organ,  presented  to  the  church  by  the  late  pastor, 
the  llev.  Thomas  Wilkinson,  at  a  cost  of  £000  ;  the 
same  gentleman  was  the  principal  contributor  towards 
the  erection  of  the  present  church.  There  is  a  handsome 
font  with  an  oak  top,  octagonal  in  form,  and  surmounted 
with  a  figure  of  St.  Michael.  Previous  to  the  erection 
of  the  present  church,  the  Catholics  of  Kendal  had  a 
chapel  in  a  confined  yard,  on  the  east  side  of  Stramon- 
gate, built  in  1793,  on  the  site  of  an  older  building, 
which,  for  an  uncertain  number  of  years,  had  been 
used  as  a  place  of  worship  by  them.  The  Eev.  Mr. 
Wilkinson,  the  late  pastor  of  this  church,  was  one  of 
the  last  students  of  the  famous  College  of  Douay, 
whence  he  was  sent  to  Kendal  as  his  first  mission,  and 
which  he  continued  to  hold  till  his  decease,  a  period  of 
about  seventy  years.  During  his  incumbency  he  col- 
lected an  extcQsivo  library  of  about  9,000  volumes, 
which  ho  subsequently  presented  to  Ushaw  College, 
near  Durham,  to  which  place  he  was  iu  the  habit  of 
going  during  the  summer  season,  rcturuiug  to  Kendal 


842 


KENDAL  WABT). 


for  the  winter.  He  deceased  January  80th,  1857,  aged 
ninety-four  years,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  James 
Gibson,  the  present  rector. 

The  Unitarian  Chapel  is  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
market-place.  It  was  erected  in  1730,  and  contains 
about  200  sittings.  The  congregation  was  iirst  formed 
here  about  the  year  1709.  The  chapel  possesses  a 
small  endowment,  which  includes  the  New  Shambles, 
the  Masons'  Arms,  and  a  house  for  the  ministT. 
Though  the  endowment  is  said  to  have  been  originally 
intended  for  Presbyterians,  it  has  been  confirmed  to  the 
present  congregation  by  the  Dissenters'  Chapels  Bill, 
passed  some  years  ago.  The  Rev.  Edward  Hawkes, 
who  was  appointed  in  1834,  is  the  present  minister. 

The  Independent  Chapel  is  in  Lowther-street.  It 
was  erected  in  1782,  and  newly-fronted  in  1898.  The 
Independcntsof  Kendal  date  their  origin  from  about  the 
year  1778,  when  they  first  met  for  worship  iu  the  Old 
Theatre,  in  the  market-place,  which  continued  to  serve 
them  as  a  chapel  tUl  the  erection  of  the  present  building. 
The  Rev.  David  Jones,  minister,  was  appointed  in  182G. 

The  United  Presbyterians  have  a  chapel  in  Wool 
Pack  Yard,  which  formerly  served  as  a  theatre. 

Zion  Chapel  (Congregational)  is  a  neat  commodious 
building,  situated  in  the  New  Inn  Yard,  Highgate.  It 
was  erected  in  1841,  and  has  since  been  considerably 
enlarged  by  the  erection  of  side  galleries ;  it  will  now 
accommodate  about  000  persons. 

The  Friends'  Meeting  House,  in  Stramongate,  was 
erected  in  1816,  upon  the  site  of  a  previous  structure, 
which  bore  on  its  door  the  date  1088,  and  as  the 
principles  of  the  society  were  introduced  into  Kendal 
by  George  Fo.\,  about  1G45,  it  is  more  than  probable 
that  the  building  had  been  erected  at  the  time  to  which 
the  date  referred.  The  present  meeting  house  is  a  good- 
sized  structure,  capable  of  accommo3atiug  about  1,200 
persons.     There  is  a  burial-ground  attached. 

The  Wesleyan  Methodist  Chapel,  iu  Stricklandgate, 
was  erected  in  ]  808.  Wesleyanism  was  introduced  into 
Kendal  in  1784,  and  for  some  time  sermons  were  preached 
in  the  market-place.  Shortly  afterwards  a  society  was 
organised,  who  assembled  for  worship  in  the  Old  Theatre, 
from  which  they  removed  to  a  room  in  Stricklandgate, 
and  continued  there  till  the  erection  of  the  present 
chapel. 

Besides  these  places  of  worship,  there  are  others 
belonging  to  the  Plymouth  Brethren,  the  Inghamites, 
the  Primitive  Methodists,  and  the  Glassites. 


AKCIENT   UELIGIOL'S   HOUSES. 


There  appears  to  have  been  a  chapel  in  ancient  times 
at  the  head  of  Capper  Lane  (supposed  to  be  a  contrac- 


tion of  Chapel  Lane).  Some  human  bones  have  been 
discovered  here  in  what  is  thought  to  have  been  the 
cemetery  attached  to  the  clmpcl. 

On  the  west  side  of  Kirklaiul  is  a  house  bearing  the 
name  of  the  "  Anchorite  House,"  and  before  the  house 
is  the  "  Anchorite  Well."  The  name  is  supposed  to 
have  originated  in  the  fact  of  an  anchoret  having  resided 
here  in  olden  time. 

A  chapel  dedicated  to  All  Saints  formerly  stood  at 
the  head  of  Allhallows,  or  All  Saints'  Lane,  at  the 
lower  side  of  the  field  now  known  as  Chapel  Close, 
adjoining  to  which,  on  the  north  side,  is  an  isolated 
cemetery,  called  the  "  Sepulchre." 

Another  ancient  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Anne, 
foiTnerly  stood  near  Dockwra  Hall.  This  chapel 
appears  to  have  teen  a  large  structure,  with  a  lofty 
tower,  and  was  surrounded  with  a  high  wall,  like  the 
ancient  manor  houses  of  this  and  the  adjoining  county 
of  Cumberland. 

About  a  mile  from  the  town,  on  the  road  leading  to 
Appleby,  there  formerly  stood  a  chapel,  or  hospital, 
dedicated  to  St.  Leonard ;  its  site  is  now  known  by  the 
name  of  the  Spittd  Farm.  This  was  a  hospital  for 
lepers.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  St.  Leonard's 
Hospital,  at  Kendal,  was  given  to  the  priory  at  Conis- 
liead,  by  William  de  Lancaster;  and  it  continued 
attached  to  that  house  till  the  period  of  the  Dissolution, 
when  it  was  granted  by  Henry  VIII.  to  Alan  Belling- 
ham  and  Alan  Wilson,  Esqs. ;  it  was  then  worth 
£11  4s.  3d.  a  year.  The  Spittal  estate  now  belongs  to 
the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 

SCHOOLS. 

Besides  the  Free  Grammar  School,  the  Blue  Coat 
School,  the  National  Schools,  the  Friends'  School,  the 
British  School,  the  Schools  of  Industry,  and  the  Infant 
Schools,  Kendal  possesses  the  following : — 

St.  Thomas's  School,  a  neat  buildiug,  erected  in 
1 841,  is  situated  iu  Stricklandgate.  It  is  attended  by 
about  100  children. 

St.  George's  National  School,  in  William-street,  was 
erected  iu  1854.  It  is  under  government  inspection, 
has  three  pupil  teachers,  and  is  attended  by  about 
eighty  children. 

The  Catholic  School  is  held  in  the  old  chapel  at  the 
back  of  the  present  church. 

The  other  schools  will  be  found  noticed  in  the 
accounts  of  the  various  charities. 

PDBLIC  INSTITUTIONS,   itc. 

The  White  Hall  is  a  large  edifice,  with  handsome 
stone  fronts,  looking  into  Lowther-street  and  High- 
gate.    It  was  erected  in  1825,  from  a  design  by  the  late 


KENDAL  PAEXSH. 


843 


Mr.  Webster,  at  a  cost  of  J£(j,000.  It  is  J -48  foet  loug 
mid  37  broaJ,  having  the  principal  entrance  ornauiunted 
by  a  receding  balcony,  fronted  with  columns  and  pilasters 
of  the  Ionic  order,  supporting  a  pediment.  A  haud- 
somo  circular  lantern  gives  light  to  the  billiard-room, 
besides  which  are  a  library,  news-room,  and  elegant 
ball-room. 

The  Kendal  Literary  and  Scientific  Institution, 
8tricklandgate  House,  possesses  a  museum,  library, 
&c.,  and  has  for  its  president  Professor  Sedgwick. 

The  Mechanics'  Institute  is  held  in  the  Oddfellows' 
Hail,  High-street.  It  comprises  a  library  of  1,800 
volumes,  news-room,  lecture-room,  and  two  class-rooms. 
It  was  established  in  1824. 

The  Working  Men's  Library  and  Newsroom,  in  the 
market-place,  was  established  in  18-t4,  and  is  well 
supplied  with  periodicals,  ne\vspapers,  Ac.  There  are 
baths  and  wash-houses  in  connection  with  this  institute. 

There  are  also  a  Christian  Institute,  vi-ith  a  library  of 
about  1,0()0  volumes,  and  a  book  club,  in  StricklanJgatc. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce,  established  in  1857,  has 
its  offices  in  Stricklandgate. 

The  Oddfellows'  Hall,  in  Highgate,  was  erected  in 
1833.  It  contains  a  large  room  sufficiently  commo- 
dious to  hold  500  persons,  besides  the  rooms  occupied 
by  the  Mechanics'  Institute,  etc.  The  cost  of  the 
building,  inclusive  of  some  cottages,  was  about  £'800. 

The  town  possesses  two  newspapers,  the  Kendal 
Mercury  and  tho  Westmoreland  Gazette,  published  on 
Saturday  mornings,  the  former  advocating  Whig  and  the 
latter  Tory  principles.  The  Mercury  was  established 
in  1811,  and  the  Gazetteia  1818.  A  newspaper  called 
the  Kemhd  Courunt  was  established  here  prior  to  1745, 
and  a  fortnightly  magazine  called  the  "  Agreeable  Mis- 
cellany," was  issued  in  1719,  but  neither  of  these  had 
a  long  existence. 

The  Serpentine  or  Fell-side  Walk,  on  the  west  side 
of  the  town,  was  formed  in  1824,  by  about  forty  sub- 
scribers, who  engaged  at  it  tlie  unemployed  operatives 
during  the  stagnation  of  trade.  The  walks  are  beauti- 
fully shaded  with  ti'ees. 


MAItKETS  AXD  FAIBS. 


Kendal  market,  held  on  Saturday,  was  established  by 
a  charter,  granted  towards  tho  close  of  tho  twelfth 
century  by  Richard  I.  to  Roger  Fitz-Reiufred,  baron  of 
Kondal,  and  confirmed  by  I'.dward  II.  and  Edward  III., 
and  subsequently  by  Kli/abeth.  Tho  same  charter  also 
empowered  the  holdings  of  two  fairs  yearly,  on  tho  eves, 
days,  and  morrows  of  the  feasts  of  St.  Mark,  and 
Sts.  Simon  and  Jude,  but  the  fairs  are  now  held 
annually  on  March  22nd,  April  29th,  and  November 


8th,  for  cattle ;  and  November  9th  for  horses.  There 
is  also  a  fortnightly  cattle  fair,  established  in  1848.  A 
hiring  for  servants  is  held  on  tho  Saturday  before 
Whit-Sunday.  About  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
Kendal  market  appears  to  have  been  one  of  the  best 
for  corn  in  tho  north  of  England,  but  it  subsequently 
declined,  and  about  seventy  years  ago  was  of  little 
consequence.  But  a  great  change  has  taken  place 
during  the  last  half  century,  and  the  market  is  now 
abundantly  supplied  with  grain  and  other  farm  produce. 
A  new  market-house  was  erected  in  1850,  on  the  east 
side  of  Stricklandgate. 

TKADE   AMD   ilAKUTACTUEES. 

Kendal  is  generally  said  to  be  the  first  place  in 
Eusland  in  which  the  manufacture  of  woollens  was 
established  by  act  of  parliament.  This  took  place  as 
early  as  the  fourteenth  century,  when  John  Kempe  and 
other  weavers,  from  Flanders,  settled  here  at  the  ex- 
press invitation  of  Edward  III.  The  reasons  which 
induced  Kempe  to  settle  here,  are  stated  to  have  been 
the  largo  numbers  of  sheep  grazed  in  the  neighbour- 
hood, and  the  abundance  of  broom  which  grew  on  the 
surrounding  wilds.  xVt  this  time,  and  for  long  after, 
wool  constituted  thirteen-fourteenths  of  our  exports, 
and  foreigners  sent  us  in  return,  woollen  cloth,  dyed 
and  dressed,  and  a  dyeing  material  wherewith  to  dyo 
tho  small  quantity  of  woollen  woven  at  home.  This 
dye  was  woad.  Indigo  was  not  then  known  as  a  dye. 
and  woad  was  the  only  blue.  Now,  blue  is  one-half  of 
green  ;  and  in  the  broom  which  grew  near  Kendal, 
Kempe  and  his  successors  had  the  other  half — the 
yellow ;  hence  arose  the  famous  Kendal  green,  which 
was  renowned  for  centuries,  even  to  within  a  hundred 
yeara,  when  it  was  driven  out  by  the  Sa.xon  green. 
This  Kendal  green  was  the  first  celebrated  Enghsh 
colour.  John  Kenipo  was  held  in  vivid  remembi-anee 
in  Kendal  for  several  centuries :  and  at  the  hxat  Kendal 
Guild,  held  in  1759,  it  is  said  that  some  of  his  de- 
scendants were  present.  The  woollen  trade  of  Kendal 
has  been  tho  subject  of  several  special  enactments,  the 
first  of  which  is  dated  in  1389.  From  various  acts  of 
parliament,  passed  during  successive  reigns,  we  Icam 
that  Kendal  cloths — soon  called  Kendal  cottons — wcro 
an  article  of  commerce.  Tho  length  and  breadth  of 
these  "cottons "(supposed  to  mean  "coatings")  were 
settled  by  legislative  acts;  and  corn,  thou  forbidden  to 
be  imported  was  permitted  to  be  brought  to  Kendal 
from  Ireland.  Within  a  century  of  John  Kempe's 
settlement,  his  fabrics  were  originating  at  least  one 
fair  in  tho  interior  of  the  island.  His  woollens  clothed 
a  multitude  of  London  people ;    and  tho  Kendal  men 


844 


KENDAL  WARD. 


had  uo  other  idea  than  of  canning  their  ware  to  Lon- 
don. On  one  occasion,  a  Kendal  clothier  got  wet — 
both  he  and  his  goods  got  wet — on  his  journey  to 
London;  and  he  stopped  on  the  spot  where  since,  as' 
Stourbridge  fair,  more  woollen  goods  have  been  sold 
there  than  at  any  other  place  in  Europe.  His  cloth 
being  wetted  very  much,  he  thought  he  had  better  sell 
it  for  what  it  would  fetch,  and  go  home.  It  fetched 
more  than  his  London  journey  would  have  left  him. 
He  and  some  of  his  townsmen  naturally  came  again, 
next  year,  with  cloth  in  good  condition.  "So  that," 
says  Fuller,  "within  a  few  years,  hither  came  a  con- 
fluence of  buyers,  sellers,  and  lookers-on,  which  are  the 
three  principles  of  a  fair." 

From  this  time  the  Kendal  manufactures  spread 
over  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land.  A  local  tradi- 
tion relates  how  country  weavers  multiplied  in  every 
hamlet  among  the  hills,  and  how  fulling  mills  might  be 
found  on  every  favourable  stream.  But  the  time  at 
length  arrived  when  the  woollen  yarn  was  to  be  used 
for  something  else  than  Kendal  cottons.  In  the  reign 
of  Henry  VIII.,  silk  stockings  were  heard  of  from 
abroad,  and  the  king  preferred  knitted  hose  to  the 
ordinary  awkward  cloth.  It  appears  that  the  Kendal 
folk  were  not  slow  in  taking  a  hint,  for  soon  after  this 
there  was  knitting  of  woollen  hose  proceeding  in 
thousands  of  dwellings.  This  may  seem  like  exaggera- 
tion ;  but  if  the  local  records  be  true,  the  quantity  of 
stockings  sold  weekly  at  the  Kendal  market,  a  centurj' 
ago,  was  about  3,000  pairs.  The  hosiers  used  to  set 
out  on  their  rounds  at  stated  times;  going  to  the  prin- 
cipal markets  to  give  out  worsted,  and  to  receive  the 
finished  goods.  This  amount  of  knitting  may  be  more 
easily  believed  when  we  find  that  the  number  of  pack- 
horses  employed  to  carry  out  Kendal  goods,  before 
waggons  were  established,  was  above  300  per  week. 

Meantime  the  Kendal  cottons  were  going  beyond 
sea.  They  had  lost  favour  at  homo  before  they  were 
sent  to  clothe  the  negroes  in  Virginia.  But  the 
American  war  put  a  stop  to  the  trade.  Before  the  war 
■was  over,  Yorkshire  had  got  the  start  in  regard  to  quaUty, 
owing  to  the  introduction  of  improved  machinery.  The 
"cottons"  descended  in  dignity  —  being  used  at  last 
for  horse-cloths,  floor-cloths,  and  scouring-cloths.  At 
last,  the  manufacture  was  admitted  on  all  hands  to 
have  sunk  below  that  of  the  linsey-woolsey  (mixed 
linen  and  woollen),  which  had  been  rising  for  some 
years.  Cotton  fabrics  were  as  yet  scarcely  heard  of; 
almost  all  the  Welsh,  and  multitudes  of  the  Scotch 
and  English  working  classes,  were  dressed  in  linsey- 
woolsey.  Between  three  and  four  hundred  weavers 
are  at  this  day  employed  at  Kendal  in  the  manufacture 


of  liusey-woolscys — all  of  the  old  patterns  that  were 
preferred  hundreds  of  years  ago.  Change  in  abundance 
may  be  found  side  by  side  with  this  adherence  to  old 
custom.  Railway  rugs — a  new  article — are  in  great 
request,  and  the  manufacture  is  increasing.  So  is 
that  of  trousering.  Tiie  great  manufacture  of  Kendal, 
however,  is  carpet?,  which  was  introduced  into  Kendal 
in  1822  by  Messrs.  Atkinson.  The  collective  woollen 
manufacture  employs  about  a  third  of  the  poi)ulation 
of  Kendal.  The  principal  manufacturers  are  J.  and 
J.  Wilson,  at  Castle  Mills;  !\Iessrs.  ]5raithwaite  and 
Co.,  Meal  Bank  Mills;  Messrs.  Simpson  and  Ireland, 
whose  works  are  at  Staveley ;  John  Ireland  and  Sons, 
Low  Mills;  and  Messrs.  Whitwell  and  Co.,  Dockwray 
Hall  iliUs. 

The  town  is  also  celebrated  for  its  breweries,  one  of 
which,  Messrs.  William  Whitwell  and  Co.'s,  situate  in 
Highgate,  is  very  extensive ;  their  stores,  near  the 
railway  station,  cover  half  an  acre  of  ground.  Tobacco 
and  snuff  are  also  manufactured  here ;  and  there  are 
four  tanneries. 

In  the  seventeenth  century  the  traders  of  Kendal 
felt  the  want  of  a  currency  of  small  value ;  and  it  was 
supplied  partly  by  the  trading  companies  and  partly  by 
individuals,  in  the  form  of  various  tokens,  of  which 
some  eight  or  ten  varieties  are  known,  and  may  be 
inspected  in  the  Museum  of  the  Natural  History 
Society  in  Kendal.  The  earliest  in  point  of  date  is 
that  of  "Thomas  Sandes,  of  Kendal,"  1050.  The 
obverse  presents  the  figures  of  a  teasel  and  a  wool-hook  ; 
and  the  reverse  a  wool-comb.  In  1GS7  a  fiirthing  was 
issued  under  the  name  of  the  Mercers'  Company.  On 
one  side  it  bears  their  arms,  the  Blessed  Virgin's 
head.  On  the  reverse  are  the  arms  of  the  town. 
Above  the  shield  are  the  initials  of  Kirkby  Kendal. 
The  dies  of  this  token,  much  worn,  were  found  in 
1803,  among  the  ruins  of  the  New  Biggin,  where  the 
Cordwainers'  Company  had  their  hall,  and  they  are 
now  in  the  Kendal  Museum.  The  last  token  which 
appears  to  have  been  issued  is  that  of  Richard  Row- 
landson  of  Grayrigg,  in  Kendal  parish,  in  1669.  The 
device  is  described  by  Mr.  Brockett  as  a  pair  of  scales 
on  a  pedestal. 

The  tradesmen  of  Kendal  were  formerly  enrolled  in 
seven  free  companies,  or  guilds,  viz.,  mercers, 
shearmen,  cordwainers,  tanners,  skinners,  tailors,  and 
barbers.  Each  of  these  guilds  was  under  the  govern- 
ment of  two  wardens,  who  were  elected  yearly,  and 
sworn  to  see  the  rules  and  orders  of  their  respective 
companies  duly  observed.  Up  to  1759,  a  guild  pro- 
cession took  place  in  Kendal  every  twenty-one  years, 
similar  to  that  held  in  Preston  and  others  of  the  ancient 


KENDAL   PARISH. 


845 


manufacturing  towns.  The  last  of  the  free  companies 
of  Kendal  was  brought  to  an  end  about  the  beginning 
of  the  present  century. 

For  banking  purposes  Kendal  possesses  the  Kendal 
Bank,  Ilighgate;  Messrs.  Wakefield,  Crowdson,  &  Co.; 
Westmoreland  Joint  Stock  Bank ;  and  the  Savings 
Bank. 

GAS  AND  WATEIt-WORKS. 

The  gas-works,  situated  in  Park  Lane,  were  con- 
structed in  1826,  at  a  cost  of  about  .€'7,600,  raised  in 
fcharcs  of  £20  each  ;  and  the  town  was  first  lighted 
with  gas  on  the  25tli  July  of  the  same  year.  There 
are  two  gasometers,  capable  of  containing  36,000  cubic 
feet  of  gas. 

The  water-works  were  established  in  1840,  when  the 
company  was  incorporated  by  act  of  parliament  con- 
jointly with  the  gas  company,  the  joint  number  of 
shares  amounting  to  2,282,  or  1,852  additional  shares  ; 
the  capital  of  the  gas-works  being  380  of  £20  each. 
The  reservoir  is  about  a  mile  east  of  the  town. 

THE   DUniAI,  ROAED. 

The  Kendal  Burial  Board,  established  on  the  27th 
February,  1854,  purchased  land  for  the  New  Cemetery 
on  the  north  and  south  sides  of  the  road  leading  from 
Kirklaud  to  I'arkside,  the  properties  respectively  of 
John  Wakefield,  Esq.,  and  the  corporation  of  Kendal. 
The  former  plot,  consisting  of  five  acres  and  three  roods, 
is  set  apart  for  the  use  of  members  of  the  EsUiblished 
Church,  and  the  other  portion,  which  contains  two 
acres  and  two  roods,  is  for  the  Dissenters.  The  high 
road  forms  the  division  between  the  two  parts.  The 
price  of  the  land  was  £200  per  statute  acre.  The 
comer  stone  of  tho  chapel  for  the  use  of  the  Church 
of  England  portion  of  the  burial  ground  was  laid  on 
the  2stli  November,  1854,  by  "Sh:  John  Hudson,  and 
was  consecrated  by  the  bishop  of  Carlisle  on  August 
23rd ;  and  the  first  interment  took  place  on  September 
14th,  1855. 

OOVERNUENT. 

Kendal  wa.s  first  incorporated  by  Queen  Elizabeth, 
who,  by  her  charter,  bearing  date  November  28th,  1575, 
vested  the  government  of  the  town  in  one  alderman,  one 
recorder,  twelve  burgesses,  and  twenty-four  assistants, 
under  tho  stylo  n,-.d  title  of  "Tho  Alderraan'and  Bur- 
gesses of  tho  Bnrgh  of  Kirkbio-in-Kcndall,  in  the 
county  of  Westmorland."  Kendal  was  governed  in 
accordance  with  tho  provision  of  this  charter  till  1G30, 
when  Charles  I.  granted  another  charter  which  con- 
firmed the  previous  one,  and  granted  more  ample  privi- 
leges. By  this  charter  tho  government  of  the  boi-ough 
became  vested  in  one  mayor,  twelve  aldcvnion,  and 


twenty  chief  burgesses  of  the  borough  of  Kirkby  in 
Kendal,  with  a  recorder,  who  was  to  be  chosen  by  the 
mayor  and  aldermen,  and  to  hold  office  during  pleasure. 
Both  these  charters  were  surrendered  to  the  crown  in 
tho  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  a  new 
one  obtained  which  continued  in  force  till  the  passing 
of  the  Municipal  Corporations  Reform  Act  in  1835, 
when  the  right  of  holding  a  separate  court  of  quarter 
sessions  in  Kendal  ceased.  These  quarter  sessions 
were  usually  held  before  the  mayor,  recorder,  or  deputy 
recorder,  and  two  senior  aldermen,  who  were  justices  of 
the  peace  in  right  of  their  office.  By  the  provisions  of 
the  Municipal  Corporations  Reform  Act  the  corporation 
still  retained  its  title  of  the  Mayor,  Alderman,  and  Bur- 
gesses of  the  Borough  of  Kirkby  iu  Kendal,  and  consists 
of  a  mayor,  si.K  aldermen,  and  eighteen  councillors — the 
mayor  being  chosen  from  the  council.  For  the  election 
of  councillors  the  borough  was  divided  intothree  war  ds, 
viz.,  the  East,  West,  and  North  wards,  each  of  which  is 
represented  by  si.\  councillors.  On  the  21st  August, 
1848,  the  Health  of  Towns  Act  became  law ;  and  on 
July  lilth,  1849,  the  General  Board  of  Health  in 
London  made  a  provisional  order  for  applying  the  same 
to  Kendal,  which  was  confirmed  on  the  1st  of  the  fol- 
lowing August.  On  the  21st  of  the  same  mouth  a 
meeting  of  the  council  was  held,  and  a  committee,  con- 
sisting of  the  whole  body,  appointed  to  consider  the 
provisions  of  the  act.  The  first  meeting  of  the  council 
as  a  local  board  of  health  took  place  on  the  4tli  Sep- 
tember, 1810.  The  Local  Government  Act  received 
the  royal  assent  on  the  2nd  August,  185  8,  and  came 
into  operation  in  this  borough  on  the  1st  of  the  follow- 
ing September.  Tlic  following  is  a  list  of  the  aldermen 
and  mayors  of  Kendal  from  its  incorporation  to  the 
present  time  : — 


ALDERMEN. 


15iR.  Ilcnrv  Wilson.  1,5!1!). 

1377.  Iluiirv  Fisher.  KiOO. 

1578.  SIjlcsFox.  KKil. 

1579.  Koberl  Jopson.  Jlill'J. 

1580.  Christopher  Hindloss.  ](10:l. 
IJiSl.  i\I)los  Urncken.  HiOi. 
\Wi.  Kdwnrd  I'otter.  1(105. 
I. ')H;1.  Henry  Dixon.  IdOit. 
15N4.  Willinm  Wilson.  I(i07. 
li'iH.").  Thomas  Poltor.  JOOS. 
iri>S|5.  John  Arnier.  1(109. 
15H7.  Anthony  IV'iirson.  Kilo. 
15H'<.  .Inmes  Wilson.  1(111. 
IflH!).  llonry  riiMiiing.  lOIi. 

1590.  Kdwor.!  Wilkinson.  1(113. 

1591.  HoRer  Dawson.  ]«U. 
150'.'.  William  SnainsoD.  ini.t. 
l.')9;l.  John  Thnaitcs.  IdlU. 
1591.  William  Wilson.  1017. 
l.')95.  John  .Smith.  luis. 
15911.  Kdnard  I'ottcr.  1(119. 

1597.  Henry  Dixon.  ItVJO. 

1598.  John  Aruior.  lO'Jl. 


Kdward  Wilkinson. 
Roger  Dawson. 
John  Tlifraites. 
John  Smith, 
liubcrt  Wilkinson. 
Francis  Gibson, 
liiiliard  Steel. 
Nicholas  RowlandsoD. 
James  Dixon. 
George  I'leniing. 
Michael  RowlaiidsOD. 
Thomas  Wilson. 
Thonuis  Green. 
Kdwftnl  Fisher. 
John  Smith. 
Kdward  Wilkinson. 
Thomas  Wilson. 
James  Dixon. 
Jidiii  Robinson. 
Thnmns  SIcddale. 
Rowland  Dawson. 
Stephen  Newby. 
Roland  Dawson. 


846 


KENDAL  WARD. 


163J.  Walter  Beck. 
)(!■>'.■).  Michnel  Gibson. 
Illi4.  Willium  Uaaks. 
Wio.  James  Cock. 
102(S.  James  Dixon. 
ICa".  Henry  Parks. 
I(i28.  James  KowlancUou. 
16i0.  Lawrence  Parks. 


1U37.  Thomas  Sleddale. 
1U3S.  Walter  Beck. 
1630.  Kdnard  Fisher. 
HUO.  William  Banks. 
llill.  llowland  Dawson. 
1U4J.  Lawrence  Parks. 
1(!13.  Robert  Crossfield. 
I(ii4.  William  Guy. 
1C45.  Gervas  Benson. 
1646.  Richard  Prisser. 
1047.  Alkn  Gilpin. 

1648.  Thomas  Saniljs. 

1649.  John  Archer. 
ICSO.  Giles  Redman. 

1651.  Anthony  Preston. 

1652.  John  Towers. 
165'i.  Edward  Turner. 
1654.  James  Cock. 
165.5.  William  Jennings. 

1656.  Robert  Jackson. 

1657.  Thomas  Fisher. 

1658.  John  Washington. 
165U.  George  Archer. 

1660.  William  Potter. 

1661.  Richard  Towers. 

1662.  Thomas  Jackson, 

1663.  William  Guy. 

1664.  ,Tohn  Park. 

1665.  Edward  Turner. 

1666.  John  Beck. 

1667.  Thomas  Turner. 
106S.  John  Towers. 

1669.  Thomas  Jennings. 

1670.  Thomas  Fisher. 

1671.  James  Simpson, 

1672.  William  Potter. 

1673.  Stephen  Birket. 

1674.  William  CoUinson. 

1675.  James  Froughton. 
1670.  John  Jeftei'son. 

1677.  Robert  Kilner. 

1678.  William  Guy. 

1679.  Thomas  Jackson. 

1680.  Christopher  Redman. 

1681.  Thomas  Turner. 

1682.  James  Cock. 

1683.  James  Simpson. 
16S4.  Robert  Hutton. 

1685.  Launcelot  Forth. 

1686.  Richard  Washington. 

1687.  John  Ingerson. 

1688.  Thomas  Towers. 
1039.  William  Wilson. 

1690.  John  Garnet. 

1691.  Giles  Redman. 

1692.  Joseph  Symson. 

1693.  William  Cock. 

1694.  Edward  Fairbank. 

1695.  William  Brownsword. 
1690.  Christopher  Redman. 

1697.  William  Cnriven. 

1698.  Jonathan  Thomson, 

1699.  Richard  Lowrv. 

1700.  Thomas  Jliddleton. 

1701.  Henry  Cort. 

1702.  Joseph  Dawson. 


1630.  Robert  Crossfield. 

1631.  Edward  Fisher. 

1032.  James  liateman. 

1033.  Richard  Forth. 

1034.  William  Guy. 
1635.  Thomas  Sleddale. 
1036.  Rowland  Dawson. 


1703.  Thomas  Bowes, 

1704.  Robert  Wilson. 

1705.  John  Hadwen. 

1706.  Thomas  Holme. 

1707.  John  Archer,  M.D. 
170H.  Robert  Kilner. 

1709.  Launcelot  Forth. 

1710.  Joseph  Symson. 

1711.  William  Cock. 

1712.  WiUiam  Wilson. 
17  13.   Richard  Lowry. 
1714.  Henry  Cort. 
1710.  Joseph  Dawson. 
1710.  Thomas  RowIandsoD. 
1717.  Thomas  Bowes. 

17 IH.  John  Strickland. 
1710.  William  Herbert. 

1720.  Thomas  Winter. 

1721.  Edward  Whitehead. 

1722.  Jolm  Hadwen. 

1723.  Thomas  Holme. 

1724.  Bryan  Phihpson. 

1725.  Thomas  Scai'isbrick. 

1726.  Giles  Redman. 

1727.  John  Dodgson. 

1728.  William  Hutton. 

1729.  Simon  Moore. 

1730.  Thomas  Scarisbrick. 

1731.  William  Symson. 

1732.  John  Miller. 

1733.  John  Fairbank. 

1734.  Edmund  Forster. 
1733.  Christopher  Brown. 

1736.  James  15axter. 

1737.  John  Holme. 

1738.  William  Mackreth. 

1739.  James  Shaw. 

1740.  James  Fisher. 

1741.  Joseph  Birkett. 

1742.  Thomas  Holme. 

1743.  Jolm  Wade. 

1744.  John  Hadwen. 

1745.  .Jonathan  Wilson. 

1746.  John  Shaw. 

1747.  John  Braithwaite, 

1748.  Francis  Drinkell. 

1749.  Edmund  Foster. 
1~50.  Christopher  Redman. 

1751.  Richard  Serjeantson. 

1752.  Robert  Rutson. 

1753.  William  Gurnal. 

1754.  James  Godmond. 

1755.  Thomas  Kennedy. 

1756.  Thomas  Holme. 

1757.  Wilson  John  Robinson. 

1758.  John  Hadwen. 
1751).  John  Shaw. 
1700.  Francis  Drinkell. 
17G1.  Christopher  Redman. 
1702.  C.  Redman,  re  elected- 

1763.  Richard  Fell. 

1764.  Thomas  Wilson. 
1705.  Thomas  Strickland. 
1760.  William  Gurnal. 
1707.  James  Godmond. 
1763.  Thomas  Kennedy. 


1769.  Christopher  Fenton. 

1770.  John  Hadwen. 

1771.  William  Baxter. 

1772.  T'homas  Scarisbrick. 
177.3.  William  Itutson. 

1774.  Thomas  Strickland. 

1775.  Christopher  Fenton. 

1776.  Francis  Drinkell. 

1777.  Thomas  Jliller. 

1778.  Jackson  Harrison. 

1779.  William  Baxter. 

1780.  Thomas  Scarisbrick. 
178L  Thomas  Miller. 

1782.  Christopher  Fenton. 

1783.  William  Petty. 

1784.  Robert  Harrison. 

1785.  Thomas  Gandy. 

1786.  David  Jackson. 

1787.  William  Pennington. 

1788.  Jonathan  Dawson. 

1789.  Joseph  Swainson. 

1790.  Batty  Hodgson. 

1791.  Thomas  Dobson. 

1792.  Richard  Braithwaite. 

1793.  William  Petty. 

1794.  John  Suart. 

1795.  William  Baxter. 
1790.  William  Berry. 

1797.  Jackson  Harrison. 

1798.  Robert  Harrison. 

1799.  Christopher  Wilson. 
1300.  Thomas  Holme  Maude. 
1801.  William  Briggs,  M.D. 
lMn2.  W.  Briggs,  M.D.,  re-elec. 

1803.  Thomas  Hurd. 

1804.  William  Pennington. 

1805.  Joseph  Swainson. 

1800.  Thomas  Harrison. 

1807.  Smith  Wilson. 

1808.  John  Suart. 

1S09.  Jonathan  Hodgson. 

1810.  John  Pearson. 

1811.  Henry  Bradshaw. 

1812.  Thomas  Dobson. 

1813.  William  Berry. 

1814.  Thomas  Holme  Maude. 


1815.  Thomas  .\tlanson. 
1810.  Thomas  Harrison. 

1817.  Smith  Wilson. 

1818.  Jonathan  Hodgson. 

1819.  John  Pearson. 

1820.  Joseph  Braithwaite. 
lH2l.  John  Harrison. 

1822.  Benjamin  Hunter. 

1823.  William  Pennington. 

1824.  Francis  Webster. 

1825.  Michael  Brauthwoite. 

1826.  George  I'orest. 

1827.  John  .Moflett. 
l8'-!8.  Thomas  Harrison. 
1820.  Joseph  Swainson. 

1830.  George  Webster. 

1831.  Jonathan  Hodgson. 
Is32.  Isaac  Wilson. 

1835.  Joseph  Swainson. 

1836.  John     Richards,     (after 

wards  Yeates.) 
1836.  John  Wakefield. 
Is37.  Wilham  Gelderd. 

1838.  Thompson  Bindloss. 

1839.  Richard  Wilson. 

1840.  James  Machell. 

1841.  John  Wakelield. 

1842.  Richard  AVilson. 

1843.  Samuel  Whinercy. 

1844.  Thompson  Bindloss. 
184.5.  Cornelius  Nicholson. 

1846.  John  Waketicld. 

1847.  James  Machell. 

1848.  Samuel  Whinerey. 

1849.  George  Braithwaite. 

1850.  Jacob  G.  J.  Ireland. 

1851.  J.  G.  J.  Ireland,  re-elec. 

1852.  John  Hudson. 

1853.  John  J.  Wilson. 

1854.  John  Whhwell. 
18.55.  William  Longmire. 
1S50.  John  Whitwell. 
1857.  John  J.  Wilson. 
1868.  John  Wakelield. 
1859.  J.  Wakefield,  re-elected. 


From  the  report  of  the  Cliarity  Commissioners,  it 
appears  that  the  revenues  of  the  corporatiou  consist  of 
quit-rents  received  from  houses  and  lands,  and  a  profit 
from  the  tolls,  which  they  hold  under  a  lease  from 
the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  and  the  Hon.  3Irs.  Howard. 
The  corjioratioii  arc  ako  owners  of  several  wharves  on 
the  canal,  which  they  formed  in  1818,  and  for  the  con- 
struction of  which  they  borrowed  £7,000.  They  are 
also  in  possession  of  a  sum  of  £1,040,  in  trust  for  the 
Blue  Coat  School ;  a  sum  of  £2,000  in  trust  for  the 
National  School;  and  £210  for  Dorothy  Knott's 
Charity. 

The  Town  Hall,  or  Moot  Hall,  stands  at  the  south- 
west corner  of  the  market-place.  It  is  a  plain  but 
convenient  structure  for  the  purposes  to  which  it  is 
applied.  It  consists  of  a  large  court-room,  and  the 
other  requisite  apartments ;  and  is  surmounted  by  a 
square  tower,  which  contains  the  town  clock.  The 
first  Moot  Hall,  which  stood  on  the  site  of  the  present 
building,  was  erected  in  1592  ;   the  present  structure 


KKNDAL  PARISH. 


847 


was  erected  iu  1739,  but  has  since  been  enlarged  and 
improved.  Petty  sessions  are  held  at  the  Town  Hall 
every  Saturday. 

The  House  of  Correction,  which  stands  at  the  north 
end  of  the  town,  and  which  sers-es  for  both  the  borough 
and  county,  was  built  in  178C,  but  has  since  been 
greatly  enlarged,  and  a  house  for  the  governor  erected. 

The  police  establislimcnt  of  Koudal  consists  of  a 
sergeant  and  three  police  constables,  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  county  superintendent. 

r.VRLIAirENTAEY   HErRESESTATION. 

Previous  to  the  passing  of  the  reform  bill,  Kendal 
was  unrepresented  in  the  imperial  parliament.  By 
the  provisions  of  that  act,  which  received  the  royal  as- 
sent on  the  7th  June,  1832,  the  borough  became  en- 
titled to  return  one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
We  subjoin  the  succession  of  members  from  that  period 
to  the  present  time  : — 

1839.  James  Brougham,  Esq.,  (died,  1831.) 

1834.  John  F.  Barliam,  Esq. 

1835.  John  F.  Bailiam,  Esq. 
1837.  George  W.  Wood,  Esq. 

IHil.  George  W.  Wood,  Esq.,  (died,  1813.) 

1843.  Henry  Warburton,  Esq. 

1847.  George  Carr  Gljn,  Esq. 

1852.  George  Corr  Glyn,  Esq. 

1857.  George  Carr  Glyn,  Esq. 

1809.  George  Carr  Glyn,  Esq. 

The  number  of  electors  is  382. 

POOR-LAW    TNION. 

Kendal  Poor-law  Union  embraces  five  sub-districts, 
viz.,  Ambleside,  comprising  Grasmere,  Laugdale,  Kydal 
and  Loughrigg,  Ambleside,  Troutbeck,  Applethwaite, 
Undormilbeck,  Crook,  Ilugill,  Kentmerc,  Over  Stavelcy, 
Nether  Stavcley  ;  Grayrigg,  iucludiug  Fawcett  Forest, 
Whinfell,  Selside  and  Whitwell,  Patton,  Grayrigg, 
Uillicar,  Lambrigg,  Docker,  Scaltbwaiterrigg  Hay  anJ 
Hulton-in-tho-Hay,  Skelsmergh,  Strickland  Roger, 
Strickland  Ketcl,  Long  Sleddale,  New  Huttou,  Old 
Hutton-with-IIolmescalcs,  Firbauk ;  Kirkby  Lonsdale, 
embracing  Killington,  Middleton,  Barbon,  Casterton. 
Kirkby  LousJalc,  Jfanscrgh,  Lupton,  Huttou  Roof, 
Farleton,  Burton-in-Kendal,  Dalton(Lancashire),  Holme, 
Proston  Patrick,  Preston  PiicharJ ;  KonJal,  compre- 
hending Natlaud,  Kendal,  Nether  Gravcship,  Kirklaud  ; 
Milnthorpe,  containing  Uelsington,  Uuderbarrow  and 
Bradley  Field,  Crosthwuitu  and  Lytli,  Levons,  Sedgwick, 
Stainlon,  Hincaster,  Ilcversham  -  with  -  Jlilnthoqie, 
Huverbrack,    Betham,   ilethop  and   Ulpha,   \\ither- 


slack.  The  area  of  the  union  is  189,134  statute  acres. 
Its  population  in  1H51  was  36,572,  of  whom  18,040 
were  males  and  18,526  females.  The  number  of 
inhabited  houses  at  the  same  period  was  0,871  ;  of 
uninhabited,  334  ;  and   73  were  in  course  of  erection. 


The  following  are  under  the  management  of  the  cor- 
poration trustees  of  charities  and  the  vicar  and  school- 
master : — 

Free  Grammar  School. — In  an  ancient  book  of  re- 
cords, called  "  The  Corporation  P»egister,"  the  names  of 
the  founder  of  the  Grammar  School  and  of  the  benefac- 
tors to  the  same,  with  their  gifts,  are  set  down  and  re- 
corded. From  this  it  appears  that  Adam  Pennyugton, 
of  Boston,  in  Lincolnshire,  by  will,  dated  20th  March, 
1525,  devised  £10,  as  a  stipend,  for  the  finding  of  a 
priest,  being  an  able  schoolmaster,  to  teach  a  free  school 
iu  the  town  of  Kendiil,  to  be  paid  out  of  lands  in  the 
county  of  Lincoln.  The  revenue  of  the  school  was  fur- 
ther augmented  in  1582,  by  the  sum  of  £9  us.  8d.  paid 
by  the  receiver-general  out  of  the  revenues  of  West- 
moreland, making  £19  5s.  8d.,  but  the  master  only  re- 
ceives £17  10s.  Id.,  £1  9s.  4d.  being  stopped  for  fees. 
John  Machell,  alderman,  of  London,  directed  by  his  will 
that  £40  in  money  should  be  paid  to  the  churchmasters 
of  Kendal,  and  that  they  and  their  successors  should 
lend  out  the  same  to  poor  young  men  of  Kendal,  from 
four  years  to  four  years,  and  in  default  of  such  appli- 
cation within  one  month  after  it  came  into  their  hands, 
he  bequeathed  the  same  to  his  brother  Leonard  !Machell, 
or  his  heirs.  The  money  was  not  lent  out,  and  in  con- 
sequence came  to  Lancelot  Machell,  sou  and  heir  of 
Leonard  Machell,  who  by  deed,  dated  October  1st,  1574, 
in  consideration  of  £  1 0  paid  by  the  churchmasters,  and 
also  in  consideration  that  the  suid  churchmastere  had  em- 
ployed £30,  the  residue  of  the  said  £40,  iu  the  purchase 
of  a  house  in  Highgate,  Kendal,  towards  the  erecting 
and  maintaing  a  free  grammar  school,  released  to  the 
said  churchmasters  all  claim  which  ho  might  have  to 
the  £10.  :Milcs  Phillipson,  of  Crook,  by  indenture, 
dated  January  20th,  15H8,  gave  a  parcel  of  ground  be- 
longing to  Abbot  Hall,  together  with  a  house  standing 
on  the  said  ground,  for  the  erection  of  a  free  school. 
The  school  was  built  by  public  subscription,  and  the 
corporation  register  contains  entries  of  various  dona- 
tions, some  of  which  were  undoubtedly  for  buildiug  the 
school,  and  others  towards  tlio  endowment  of  it.  The 
following  list  is  extracted  from  that  ancient  book,  in 
which  the  name  and  subscription  of  each  donor  is 
entered  : — 


848 


KF.KDAT.    WAP.D. 


0 


10    0    0 


10 


10 


10    0    0 


10     0     0 


10 

0 

0 

10 

0 

0 

10 

0 

0 

10 

0 

0 

10 

0 

0 

10 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

13 

4 

coo 


U  16     S 


i     8 


Nicholas  Batcmnn,  born  in  Cnderbarrow    - 

Thonifts  Wilson,  D.D.,  dean  of  Worcester,  born 
in  Ptitton        ..---- 

Bernard  Gilpin,  professor  of  divinity,  and  parson 
of  Houghton,  Durham,  born  in  Kentmere    - 
Agnes  Robinson,  widow,  lor  an  usher    - 
Edward  Swainson,  of  Kendal,  tanner  - 
Margaret  Eskrigge,  widow  of  Charles  Eskrigge, 

of  Kendal 

Eobert  Bindloss,  Esfi.,  born  in  Helsington  (to- 
wards the  exhibition)  -        .        .         - 
Katherino   Lound,  of  London,  widow,  born   in 

Whynfell  ...-.- 

Hugh  Ilindlaye,  of  Loudon,  draper    - 
Eobert  Sadler,  of  London,   merchant,  born  in 

Kendal 

John  Robinson,  of  London,  born  in  Kirklaiid 
Robert  Jackson,  of  London,  born  in  Kendal    - 
Thomas  Wilson,  professor  of  divinity,  born  in 
Grayrigg     .-...-- 
Richard  Fox,  of  Kendal,  shearman 
The  wife  of  John  Wharton         -        -         -         - 
The  Chamber  gave,  in  consideration  of  the  pur- 
chasing of  the  ground  for  the  school-house 
The  Aldermen  and  Burgesses  also   subscribed, 

individually,  in  various  sums    -        -         - 
iVnd  the  following  sums  were  giveu  by  the  inhabi- 
tants in  the  different  streets,  viz. : — 
Soutergate  (now  Highgate) 
Stricklandgate  -         -        - 

Marketstead         .         .        - 
Stramongate    .        -        ■        - 

Making  a  toti.1     - 


In  addition  to  these  pecuniary  donations,  it  appears 
that  Ambrose  Earl,  and  Ann  Countess  of  Warwick, 
gave  towards  the  building  "  six  fair  oke  tymber  trees," 
and  that,  amongst  the  inhabitants,  some  gave  balks  of 
timber  and  planks,  and  others  contributed  by  leading 
stones.  It  appears  highly  probable  that  part  of  the 
above  fund  was  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of  burgage 
rents,  which  are  entered  in  the  corporation  books  from 
the  oldest  dates  to  the  present  time,  under  the  designa- 
tion of  "  usher  lands,"  and  £'G,  their  rent,  is  regularly 
paid  to  the  schoolmaster.  Dr.  Airey  left  £'-40  a  year, 
the  interest  to  be  given  to  the  schoolmaster.  George 
Fleming,  in  1637,  gave  20s.  yearly,  towards  augmenting 
the  salary  of  the  master  and  usher.  In  J  080  Mr. 
Jackson  gave  to  the  school  £100.  These  form  the 
whole  of  the  endowments  of  the  school.  The  master 
receives  for  his  stipend : — From  the  receiver-general, 
£17  16s.  4d. ;  from  the  corporation,  as  master's  salary, 
£9  8s. ;  as  usher's,  £8  ;  as  interest  on  £40,  £2  ;  total, 
£37  4s.  4d.  The  schoolmaster  receives  from  the  pupils, 
.  j'early,  a  "  cockpenny,"  which  is  understood  to  be 
entirely  a  voluntary  payment.  The  corporation  have 
always  exercised  the  right  of  appointing  the  master. 


7 

3 

1 

.  1 

1 

10 

5 

1 

10 

.£161 

18 

3 

The  following  are  the  regulations  of  the  school : — 

That  the  school  shall  be  free  to  all  boys  resident  in  the  parish 
of  Kendal,  for  classics  alone,  excepting  a  voluntary  payment  of 
a  cockpenny  as  aforetime  at  Shrovetide,  and  the  payment  of  5s. 
as  entrance  fee. 

That  in  all  cases  where  a  boy  shall  request  to  be  taught  (in 
addition  to  classics)  English,  reading,  writing,  common  arilh- 
metic,  the  routine  bookkeeping,  geography,  English  grummor, 
and  history,  which  branches  of  learning  are  considered  to  com- 
prise a  general  commercial  education,  the  master  shall  ho 
authorised  to  charge  15s.  per  quarter. 

That  for  mathematics  (including  mensuration)  and  all  the 
higher  branches  of  learning,  the  charge  may  be  X'l  Ss.  per 
quarter. 

That  no  boy  be  admitted  into  the  school  under  eight  years  of 
age. 

That  it  be  a  regulation  of  this  school,  that  no  boy  shall  be 
required  to  learn  the  Church  Catechism  contrary  to  the  declared 
wish  of  liis  parent  or  guardians. 

That  there  shall  be  a  committee  of  visitors  appointed  from 
time  to  time,  by  the  corporiition  annually,  to  act  in  conjunction 
mth  the  master,  with  powers  to  make  such  arrangenjeuts  in  the 
management  of  the  school  as  thoy  may  deem  necessary  (always 
provided  that  such  arrangements  are  in  accordance  with  the 
regulations  previously  set  forth.) 

There  are  a  great  number  of  small  exhibitions  tenable 
at  Oxford  and  Cambridge  by  pupils  educated  at  this 
school,  viz.,  an  exhibition  at  Queen's  College,  founded 
by  Dr.  G.  Fleming  in  1  Cv!7.  Two  exhibitions  at  the  same 
college,  founded  by  Mr.  Jopson  and  Mr.  Joseph  Smith. 
Three  exhibitions,  at  the  same  college,  founded  by  Mr. 
Henry  AVilson,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  Farleton  tithes. 
An  exhibition,  founded  by  Mr.  Sands,  tenable  for  seven 
years,  by  scholars  nominated  by  the  mayor  and  corporation 
of  Kendal.  An  exhibition  at  Oxford,  endowed  by  ISh. 
Henry  Parke,  in  1031.  An  exhibition  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  founded  in  1074,  by  Thomas 
Braythwayte,  Esq.,  of  .\mbleside. 

FleminfjsCliariUj. — George  Fleming,  in  1027,  devised 
two  closes,  lying  in  the  Lawud,  near  Kendal,  contain- 
ing nine  acres,  to  trustees,  whom  he  directed  to  pay 
40s.  a  year  to  poor  scholars  going  forth  from 
Kendal  to  Queen's  College  in  Oxford;  40s.  to 
poor  people  within  Kendal ;  and  IDs.  a  year  for 
letting  the  lands  and  collecting  the  rents.  He  further 
bequeathed  £10  towards  the  raising  of  a  stock  for  a 
lecturer  in  Kendal  church.  The  forty  shillings  are 
paid  to  the  churchwardens  for  distribution  on  Good 
Friday. 

Barrow's,  Fisher's,  Wilson's,  Foard's,  and  Ha(j's  Gi^'ts 
for  Lecturer. —  Hugh  Barrow,  by  will,  devisedout  of  his 
lands  in  Skelsmergh  £100  for  procuring  a  lecturer  in 
Kendal  church,  in  the  afternoon,  on  every  and  every 
other  Sunday ;  and  the  lands  called  Must  Hill  were 
charged  with  this  payment.    Edward  Fisher  bequeathed 


KENDAL    PARISH. 


849 


by  will,  towards  the  purpose  of  retaining  a  lecturer  at 
Kendal  church,  the  sum  of  £20.  Henry  Wilson,  by 
will,  in  1039,  left  to  the  n]a3'or  and  corporation  £50,  to 
bo  invested  in  a  rent-charge,  and  the  proceeds  devoted 
to  a  lecturer.  Mr.  Foard  also  left  £10  for  the  same 
purpose.  It  also  appears  tliut  John  Hay  left  Os.  8d. 
yearly  out  of  lands  in  Kendal  Park  for  a  lecturer.  For 
many  years  these  lectureships  have  been  paid  to  the 
vicar  of  Kendal,  who  receives  annually  from  the  cor- 
poration £15  13s.,  besides  6s.  8d.  for  Hay's  gift,  making 
together  fl5  )8s.  sd. 

Good  Fridaij  Dole. — There  is  a  sum  annually  paid  by 
the  corporation  to  the  churchwardens  of  the  township  of 
Kendal,  to  be  distributed  amongst  the  poor  on  Good 
Friday. 

Bateman's  and  Duckett's  UseMoney. — A  sum  of  5s.  4d. 
is  annually  paid  by  the  corporation  to  the  churchwardens 
of  Kendal,  under  this  head,  and  applied  in  aid  of  the 
church-rate.  It  arises  from  £10  given  by  Kicholas 
Hatoman,  in  1603,  and  40s.,  part  of  Alice  Duckett's 
gift. 

Wilson's  Charity. —  Orf/aidst. —  Jennet  Wilson,  in 
1098,  left  a  close  in  Kendal  Park,  called  Haverbrack, 
on  trust,  that  the  rent  should  he  applied  for  the  salary 
of  an  organist  for  the  parish  church. 

Mrs.  Banks'  Gift. — Mrs.  Banks,  of  Kendal,  in  1709, 
left  several  small  suras,  secured  on  bonds,  amounting 
altogether  to  £113  lis.,  which  sum  appears  to  have 
been  increased  to  £135,  by  the  interest  due  upon  the 
haid  bonds.  A  part  of  this  sum  was  lost,  in  1733,  by 
llichard  Rowlaiidson,  and  the  fund  reduced  to  £45. 
In  1771  Thomas  Plolrae,  Esq.,  gave  £5,  by  which 
iienefaction  the  fund  was  raised  to  £50 ;  and  in  1 798 
this  sum  was  laid  out  in  £83  Stock  Four-per-cents, 
and  that  amount  now  forms  the  whole  property  of  this 
charity.  'I'in'  dividends,  amounting  to  £3  7s.  4d.  a 
year,  are  diviiled  between  si.x  poor  widows  appointed  by 
the  trusteoH,  the  mayor,  vicar,  two  senior  aldermen,  and 
schoolmaster  of  Kendal. 

Archer's  Charily. — ,Tohn  Archer,  by  will,  dated  May 
14th,  1725,  devised  a  parcel  of  ground,  called  Aikrigg, 
in  Kendal  Park,  to  the  mayor,  two  senior  aldennen, 
vicar,  and  schoolmaster  of  Kendal,  and  their  successors, 
upon  trust,  that  they  should,  every  New  Year's  Day, 
;ipply  one-half  of  the  rents  towards  the  support  of  the 
charity  school  in  Kendal,  and  the  other  half  in  clothing 
six  poor  men  and  six  poor  women  of  Kendal.  The  pro- 
perty consists  of  a  barn  and  four  inclosurcs,  called 
Aikrigg  fichls,  situato  to  the  south-east  of  the  Castle, 
and  are  let  for  £37  yearly.  The  clerk  of  the  parish  is 
paid  ;!0s.  annually  for  collecting  the  rents. 

Bev.  W.  Crosby's  Charities. — The  Rev.  Wm.  Crosby, 

va 


in  1732,  bequeathed  to  the  mayor,  recorder,  two  senior 
aldermen,  and  schoolmaster  of  Kendal  for  the  time 
being,  £00  in  trust,  to  be  paid  to  each  new  vicar  within 
three  months  after  his  induction,  towards  the  payment 
of  first-fruits,  such  new  vicar  giving  security  that  the 
sum  be  p:nd  again,  so  as  to  be  available,  in  a  similar 
manner  for  his  successor.  To  the  same  trustees,  also, 
he  bequeathed  his  library,  for  the  use  of  the  vicar  and 
curate,  and  he  further  gave  to  the  same  trustees  the 
annual  payment  of  £3  issuing  out  of  Sydenham  tene- 
ment in  Underbarrow,  to  be  paid  to  the  use  of  the 
Blue  Coat  charity  boys.  This  charity  is  distributed 
as  directed. 

Orf/an  Gallery  Tru.^t. — The  rents  of  the  pews  in  the 
gallery  of  the  parish  church  of  Kendal,  amounting  to 
about  £33  a  year,  is  appropriated  by  the  trustees  in 
augmenting  the  salary  of  the  organist,  in  paying  a 
salary  to  the  singing  master,  and  giving  an  annual 
treat  to  the  singers,  and  such  other  matters  connected 
with  the  church  as  the  trustees  think  proper.  This 
appropriation  of  the  rents  is  made  in  pursuance  of  the 
faculty  granted  for  the  erection  of  the  gallery,  to  the 
mayor,  recorder,  two  senior  aldermen,  and  vicarof  Kendal. 

Slcddall's  Prayer  Book  and  Bible  Charily. — William 
Sleddall,  by  his  will,  dated  August  11th,  ISOl,  gave  to 
the  vicar  of  Kendal,  the  master  of  the  grammar  school, 
and  the  senior  alderman  of  Kendal,  £300  upon  trust, 
to  invest  the  same  in  the  funds,  or  other  proper  security, 
and  out  of  the  dividends  to  retain  to  themselves  lOs.  Gd. 
each  yearly  for  their  trouble,  and  apply  the  residue  in 
the  purchase  of  books  of  common  prayer  of  the  Church 
of  England,  with  the  companion  to  the  altar,  and  the 
singing  psalms  in  the  old  version,  like  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer,  and  to  distribute  the  same  to  poor 
housekeepers,  who  should  be  residents  in  Westmoreland, 
or  in  any  of  the  parishes  of  Carttncl,  llawkshead,  and 
Warton,  in  the  county  of  Lancaster;  or  in  the  parish 
of  Sedbergh,  in  the  county  of  York ;  and  to  give  ten 
common  prayer-books  to  the  gaol  at  Ap]>leby,  five  to 
the  House  of  Correction  at  Kendal,  for  the  use  of  the 
prisoners,  and  twelve  to  the  workhouse  at  Kendal,  for 
the  use  of  the  poor.  The  same  directions  were  given 
with  respect  to  bibles,  but  there  wore  to  bo  two  distri- 
butions of  books  of  common  prayer  for  one  of  bibles. 
The  dividends  arising  from  this  charity  amount  to 
£14   10s.  a  year. 

Miss  DoH-ker'a  Hospital. — Dorothy  Dowkcr,  who  died 
15th  May,  1831,  by  her  will,  proved  1st  June,  1831, 
bequeathed  £3,000  to  the  mayor,  aldermen,  and  bur- 
"csscs  of  Kendal,  in  trust,  to  iilaco  the  same  out  in  the 
Threc-pcr-cent  Consols,  upou  trust,  that  the  mayor,  two 
senior  aldermen,  and  vicar  for  the  time  being,  should 


850 


KENDAL  WARD. 


nominate  sis  females  of  good  character,  boni  in  the 
borough  or  town  of  Kendal,  having  attained  the  age  of 
fifty  years,  without  having  been  married,  and  whose 
situation  in  life  should  require  some  assistance;  and 
should  hire  or  provide  a  home  or  building  in  the  said 
town  for  theii-  reception,  paying  for  the  same  not  more 
than  £45  a  year;  and  she  directed  that  they  should 
pay  the  residue  of  the  dividends  (deducting  all  costs 
and  expenses)  equally  amongst  the  said  six  females. 
The  legiicy  above-mentioned  was  invested  in  the  pur- 
chase of  i.':f,'24'2  I'is.  9d.  consols,  in  the  nama  of  the 
corporation,  producing  annual  dividends  to  the  amount 
of  £97  5s.  Od.  A  neat  and  suitable  almshouse  was 
erected  in  18:i;?  on  property  in  Highgate,  belonging  to 
the  Blue  Co-it  Scliool,  upon  which  the  trustees  of  that 
charity  laid  out  .£400  from  their  funds.  The  trustees 
of  Miss  Dowker's  Charity  p.iy  an  annual  rent  of  £40 
to  the  trustees  of  the  Blue  Coat  School,  and  keep  the 
premises  in  repair.  This  charity  has  since  been 
augmented  by  Miss  ilaria  Wilson. 

Thu-aite's  Charity. — Ann  Thwaites  bequeathed,  24th 
April,  lOlC,  £10  to  be  lent  to  five  poor  tradesmen  in 
Kendal,  by  the  aldermen  and  constables  after  the  rate 
of  Is.  Gd.  in  the  pound,  amounting  to  1 5s.  yearly,  which 
she  directed  should  be  bestowed  in  shirts  for  old  people 
and  young  children  of  Kendal  not  being  able  to  work. 

Besides  the  charities  already  mentioned,  the  corpo- 
ration, and  the  vicar  and  the  schoolmaster  of  Kendal 
are  jointly  or  severally  interested  in — Grayrigg  School, 
Old  Hutton  School,  Selside  School,  and  in  a  poor  stock 
belonging  to  Crosthwaite  and  Lyth  townships. 

The  following  are  under  the  management  of  the 
charitable  trustees : — 

Saiides'  Hospital  and  Blite  Coat  School. — The  pro- 
perty recognised  as  the  foundation  of  Sandes'  Hospital 
is  vested  in  the  charity  trustees,  who  are  appointed 
in  obedience  to  the  requirements  of  the  Municipal 
Corporation  Reform  Act,  and  consists  of  the  following 
premises : — The  hospital  premises  in  Highgate,  con- 
taining the  master's  house,  school-house,  and  library, 
and  dwellings  for  eight  acres  of  land  in  Skelsmergh, 
called  Eidge  Bank,  now  let  for  £70  a  year.  The  pre- 
mises in  Strickland  Roger,  called  Baxter  Holme,  and  a 
close  there,  called  Kettle  Crofc,  consisting  of  a  dwelling- 
house,  and  about  twenty-four  acres  of  laud,  let  for  £40 
a  year.  The  moiety  of  a  tenement  called  Wiisdale 
Head,  which  has  not  been  in  the  possession  of  the  trus- 
tees for  a  great  number  of  years.  These  several  pre- 
mises were  conveyed  by  indenture,  dated  Cth  September, 
1 670,  by  Thomas  Sandes,  to  the  mayor,  aldermen,  and 
burgesses  of  Kendal,  to  hold  the  same  upon  trust,  to 


apply  the  rents  and  profits  of  the  said  premises,  after 
payment  of  all  necessary  expenses,  towards  the  main- 
tenance, sustenance,  and  relief  of  eight  poor  widows ; 
and  also  for  the  use  of  a  schoohnastor  tliere,  to  read 
prayers   every  morning  and   evening   before  the  said 
widows,  and  also  there  to  teach  and  instruct  poor  chil- 
dren ill  good  literature  until  they  should  be  fitted  for 
the  free  school  or  elsewhere.     The  appointment  of  tlio 
schoolmaster  is  vested  in  the  mayor,  senior  alderman, 
vicar,  and  schoolmaster.     The  appointment  of  widows, 
who  are  to  be  fifiy-two  years  of  age  or  upwards,  is  vested 
in  the  trustees,  and  they  are  ordered  to  be  appointed  in 
the  following  manner,  viz. — "  Three  out  of  Strickland- 
gate,  three  out  of  Strauiongate  and  Highgate,  one  out 
of  Stricldand  Kotel  and  Strickland  Roger,  and  one  out 
of  Skelsmergh  and  Patton."  The  said  indenture  declared 
that  "the  widows  should  have  each  assigned  to  them 
convenient  rooms  and  places  in  the  hospital  premises  for 
their  habitations,  and  also  each  a  small  plot  of  garden- 
ground  behind  the  same,  and  should  each  receive  Is. 
every  Saturday  morning  and  8d.  on  the  eves  of  Ascen- 
sion Day  and  Whit-Sunday,  so  as  to  make  up  their 
several  allowances  to  four  marks  a  piece  per  annum  out 
of  the  revenues  of  the  above  premises ;  and  should  each 
ha-e  brought  for  them,  in  the  week  before  Christmas, 
a  good  horse-load  of  wood  by  the  tenants  of  the  premises 
in  Skelsmergh  and  Strickland  Roger."    The  widows  now 
receive  Is.  fid.  each  per  w^eek,  and  besides  having  an- 
nually paid  to  them  8d.  each  on  the  eves  of  Ascension 
Day  and  Whit-Sunday,  they  receive  Is.   Od.  each  at 
Christmas  in  lieu  of  firewood.    They  also  receive  on  the 
5th  days  of  February,  May,  August,  and  November,  29s. 
each;  and  on  the  21st  March,  June,  September,  and 
December,  14s.  Od.  each  out  of  the  proceeds  of  subsequent 
donations  and  bequests  to  the  hospital.    The  said  inden- 
ture further  declares  that  the  schoolmaster  should  have 
a  school-house  within  the  hospital  premises,  and  the  use 
of  a  chamber  for  his  habitation,  and  should  have  the 
custody  and  care  of  the  library,  and  the  general  super- 
vision of  the  establishment,  and  that  he  and  his  succes- 
sors should  have  all  the  residue  of  the  said  premises 
after  the  payment  of  all  the  allowances  above-mentioned. 
The  schoolmaster,  amongst  other  duties,  is  required  to 
teach  all  poor  children  to  read  and  write  gratis.     The 
rental  applicable  to  the  master's  salary  is  now  about 
£110.     The  books  left  by  the  founder  consist  chiefly 
of  the  ancient  fathers  of  the  church  and  ecclesiastical 
historians,  many  of  them  scarce  and  valuable  works. 
The  books  are  not  allowed  to  be  taken  out  of  the  library. 
Thus  far  may  be  considered  the  original  foundation  of 
the  hospital  aud  school.     The  following  gifts,  besides 
several  other   handsome  donations,   have   since   been 


KENDAL  PARISH. 


851 


added,  amongst  which  we  may  particularise  the  muni- 
ficent donation  of  500  guineas,  a  few  years  ago,  from 
^Ir.  Edward  Burrell,  of  Liverpool,  banker,  who  received 
his  education  at  this  school. 

Datf.ion's  Qi/t,  consisting  of  a  close  of  land,  called 
Itounddale,  in  Natlaud,  and  two  front  dwelling-houses 
and  back  premises  in  Highgate,  which  were  devised  by 
will,  dated  ^larch  8th,  172-J,  to  the  mayor,  two  senior 
aldermen,  and  vicar  of  Kendal,  and  their  successors, 
upon  trust,  to  dispose  of  the  rents  towards  the  advance- 
ment of  the  charity,  and  maintenance  of  the  blue  coat 
buys  in  Kendid.  The  premises  in  Highgate  have  been 
rebuilt,  and  are  now  used  as  Miss  Dowker's  Hospital, 
and  a  rent  is  regularly  paid  by  that  institution  to  the 
treasurer  of  Sandes'  Hospital. 

Woodburu's  Gift. — Christopher  ^Yoodburn,  by  will, 
ill  J  728,  charged  certain  premises  in  Highgate  and  All 
Hallow's  Lane  with  the  payment  of  40s.  each  per  year 
towards  putting  out  four  poor  boys  to  be  apprentices,  to 
be  paid  to  their  masters,  and  10s.  each  for  finding  them 
shirts  and  cravats  at  the  commencement  of  their  service ; 
to  be  sons  of  freemen,  and  two  of  them  to  be  educated 
at  the  charity  school,  and  to  be  elected  by  the  con- 
tributors and  managers  of  the  school,  with  the  payment 
of  20s.  annually  to  the  master  of  the  school.  The  sum 
of  £10  is  annually  received  by  the  treasurer  of  the 
charitable  trustees  out  of  the  said  premises,  out  the 
•iOs.  for  a  master  has  not  been  received  for  a  consider- 
able number  of  years. 

Archer's  Gift.  —  John  Archer,  by  will,  in  17"25, 
devised  to  the  mayor,  two  senior  aldermen,  vicar,  and 
schoolmaster  of  Kendal,  and  their  successors,  a  moiety 
nf  the  rents  of  certain  premises,  called  Aikrigg,  in 
K'endal  Park,  to  be  applied  to  the  maintenance  of  this 
school. 

Croshi/s  <7 //■/.— The  Rev.  William  Crosby,  in  173-3, 
gave  a  rent  charge  of  £3  annually,  on  Sydenham 
tenement,  in  Underbarrow,  to  the  mayor,  recorder,  two 
senior  aldermen,  and  schoolmaster,  in  trust,  for  the  use 
of  the  Blue  Coat  Charity.  This  is  regularly  paid  to  the 
master  of  the  school,  and  accounted  for  by  him  to  the 
treasurer. 

John  Gibson's  Gift. — An  estate  in  Brigsteer,  called 
Barrow  House,  now  let  for  .CIO  a  year,  was  conveyed 
by  John  Gibson,  by  indenture,  dated  21st  November, 
1 752,  to  the  mayor,  senior  alderman,  vicar,  and  school- 
master, in  trust,  for  the  use  of  the  charity  boys  then 
and  thereafter  to  be  educated  in  tliis  school. 

Uerherl's  Gift. — A  close  of  land,  calletl  Martin  Croft, 
in  Gilling  Grove,  was  dev'sed  by  William  Herbert,  in 
1705,  to  the  mayor,  vicar,  and  schoolmaster,  for  tbo 
use  and  benefit  of  the  charity  boys  in  Kendal. 


Thomas  Gibson's  Gift. — Thomas  Gibson,  in  1777, 
charged  certain  premises  called  Ralphford  Hall  (now 
the  Mason's  Arms),  in  Stramongate,  with  the  payment 
of  £1  Is.  annually  to  Sandes"  Hospital. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  the  following  donations  and 
bequests  in  money  have  been  made  at  various  times, 
which  are  advantageously  invested ;  and  the  funds  of 
the  institution  are  further  augmented  by  annual  sub- 
scriptions in  the  town  and  neighbourhood  : — 

£ 

IT-:;.'?  Mr.  ■^'illiam  CoUingwood,  for  boys' school  60 
■  Eev.  Mr.  BorwicU  do.     -           5 

Eev.  Mr.  Lancaster  do. 

Mr.  Kiehard  Leece  do.     - 

JIi-s.  Gibson  do. 

Mr.  Robert  Simpson  do.     - 

Mr.  Crackenthorp  do. 

i-'rU  Thomas  Holme  do.     - 

]731  Mr.  Commissary  Stratford  do. 

1734  Mrs.  Alice  Barrow  do.     - 

170S  Mr.  Jacob  Holme  do. 

1781  Mr.  Harrington  Gibson  do.    - 

176-2  A  Person  unknown  do. 

The  Company  of  Shearman  Dyers  do.    - 

1783  Mr.  Alderman  Strickland  do. 

1700  Mrs.  Isabella  EUeray,  i:200  for  mdows  )    300     0     0 

and  £100  for  boys' school        -         -$ 
1704  Mr.  Thomas  EUeray,  for    boys'  school 


s. 
0 
0 
2  10 


5 
40 

G 
16 
20 
20 
10 

5 
50 
20 

8 
20 

300 


d. 
II 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


50  0  0 

1795  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Cock                      do.  -       lOO  0  0 

1700  Mr.  Thomas  WhitweU                    do.         -     20  0  0 

1803  Joseph  Maude,  Esq.                       do.  -         25  0  0 

1808  Mr.  Garnett  Bniithwaite                do.         -     21  0  0 

1811  Mrs.  Knott  (annually)  do.  -  110 

John  ■\Vaketield,  Esq.                     do.         -     50  0  0 

1812  Jane  Emmerson,  for  widows  -         25  12  0 
1814  John  Postlelhwaite,  Esq.,  for  boys            250  0  0 

Mr.  William  Sleddall                      do.  -       150  0  0 

ISIo  Miss  Lambert                                  do.         .     10  0  0 

IS|()  Mr.  Jo-epU   Swainson,    for  widows  -         21  0  0 

Mrs.  Cock                                        do.         -     21  0  0 

1824  James  Bateman,  Esq.            for  boys  -         60  0  0 

18-25  Mrs.  Jackson  Hurrison                   do.         -BOO  1  8 

1827  Jlrs.  Dorothy  Matson                    do.  -       100  0  0 

1838  Miss  Mary  Robinson                      do.         -  100  0  0 

Edward  Burrell,  Esq.                     do.  -       525  0  0 

There  are  in  the  boys'  school  forty-five  scholars  who  are 
taught  reading,  writing,  I-atin,  and  mathematics.  In 
1789  it  was  determined  to  admit  thirty  girls  to  the 
benefits  of  this  school,  to  bo  clothed  in  blue  out  of  the 
proceeds  of  bequests  and  donations  to  the  institution 
subsequent  to  the  foundation  ;  and  the  number  has, 
since  1 838,  been  increased  to  forty.  These  girls  are 
now  selected  from  the  most  deserving  amongst  the  girls 
in  the  National  School,  and  are  instructed  in  reading, 
writing,  arithmetic,  and  needlework.  They  are  taught 
in  the  girls'  national  schoolroom,  and  attend  tlie  parish 
church  regularly,  with  the  other  children  in  that  insti- 
tution. 


852 


KENDAL  WAr.D. 


Gilpin's  Bents  for  the  Poor. — It  is  stated  in  "  ]?iirn's 
History  of  Westmoreland,"  page  75,  that  "  William 
Gil[)ii),  steward  to  Alan  Bellingliam,  of  Levcus,  Esq., 
purchased  of  the  said  Alan  Bellingliam  certain  rents 
belonging  to  the  chapel  of  St.  Anne,  of  £3  7s.  8d.  a 
year,  at  thirty  years'  purchase ;  and  by  his  will,  dated 
1301,  bequeathed  the  same  to  two  Gilpius,  his  relations, 
and  to  others  the  nearest  of  his  kindred,  successively  to 
ilistribule  the  same  to  the  poor  in  Kendal,  of  his  name 
and  family,  for  ever."  The  rents  arise  out  of  the  fol- 
lowing premises : — 


1.  Out  of  the  White  Hart  Inn  or  coffee  house 

2.  Out  of  a  Iiousii  and  two  shops  in  Cutchers' 

Row  adjoining  the  White  Hart,  tlie  properly 
of  Mrs.  Bradley,  oci'upied  by  Thomus  Kigg, 
draper,   and  John  Taylor,  tea  dealer 

3.  Out  of  a  shop  and  premises,  the  first  house  in 

Striuklandgate,  the  property  of  Mr.  Tliomas 
ItoblnsoD,  grocer         -         .         .        .         . 


£    .s. 
1  10 


•0     S     0 


is 


These  rents  are  regularly  received  and  disposed  of  as 
directed. 

Ilennj  Park's  Gift. — Henry  Park  bequeathed  to  the 
aldermen  and  burgesses  of  Kendal,  in  the  year  1C31, 
£7\  upon  trust,  to  bestow  the  yearly  profit  thereof  in 
cloth  for  the  poor  about  Martinmas. 

John  Towers'  Gift. — John  Towers,  in  1077,  gave 
to  the  chamber  of  Kendal  £60,  the  yearly  interest 
thereof  to  be  distributed  to  the  poor  of  Kendal  on  Good 
Friday. 

James  Simpson's  Gift.  —  James  Simpson,  in  1687, 
left  to  the  mayor  and  aldermen  of  Kendal,  £60  upon 
trust,  the  interest  thereof  to  be  laid  out  in  cloth  for 
si.K  aged  men  and  six  aged  women  of  Kendal,  free  of 
the  town,  to  make  each  of  them  a  coat.  James  Simpson 
also  left  one-half  of  the  residue  of  his  real  and  personal 
estate  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor  of  Keudal. 

Dr.  Stratford's  Gift. — It  appears,  by  an  entry  in  the 
corporation  books,  that,  in  173o,  a  sum  of  i'uO  was 
received  from  Dr.  Stratford,  for  which  £2  interest  is 
carried  out. 

Borotluj  Knott's  Gift. — Dorothy  Knott,  in  the  year 
1810,  purchased  £99  17s.  Od.  in  the  Navy  Five-per- 
cents,  in  the  names  of  the  mayor,  aldermen,  and 
burgesses,  the  proceeds  to  be  applied  to  the  following 
public  charities  of  Kendal;  and  in  1812  she  purchased 
another  sum  of  £'100  in  the  same  stock,  the  interest  to 
be  paid  half-yearly  to  the  rector  of  Grasmere  and  the 
sidesmen,  to  be  applied  for  the  education  of  five  poor 
children  of  Grasmere  School.  These  two  sums  appear 
to  have  been  sold  out  iu  1831,  and  secured  upon  the 
corporation  property.      The  interest,  at  four  per  cent, 


is  distributed  in  the  following  maimer : — Blue  Coat 
School,  Kendal,  £1  Is.;  Sunday  schools,  ditto,  £1  Is.; 
Dispensary,  ditto,  £1  Is.;  Lying-in  Charity,  ditto, 
the  residue ;  to  Grasmere  Scliool,  £4  4s.  The  con- 
tributions to  the  different  charities  in  Kendal  are  paid 
iu  August,  and  that  to  Grasmere  Scliool  in  February, 
annually. 

National  Schools. — The  Boys'  National  School  was 
founded  by  subscription,  in  1817,  and  was  endowed 
■with  the  munificent  sum  of  £■2.000  by  Matthew  Pypcr, 
Esq.,  of  Whitehaven.  The  deed  of  endowment 
declares  that  the  mayor,  aldermen,  and  burgesses  of 
Kendal  shall  be  trustees  of  the  school.  The  said 
indenture  also  declares  that  the  annual  produce  shall 
be  applied  to  the  payment  of  such  salary  or  salaries  to 
the  masters  or  teachers  of  the  said  school  as  should 
from  time  to  time  be  nominated  by  the  said  committee, 
ju  conformity  to  the  rules  of  the  National  Society, 
provided  such  masters  or  teachers  should  not  have 
any  freehold  or  permanent  interest,  hut  should  bo 
displaced  and  removed  from  time  to  time  by  the  said 
National  Society,  or  by  the  said  commmittee,  as  should 
be  thought  most  for  the  benefit  of  the  said  school. 
The  sum  of  £2,000  was  invested  iu  Five-per-cent. 
Stock,  and  on  the  reduction  to  Four-per-cent.  Stock, 
the  trustees  sold  it  out,  and  carried  the  produce  to  the 
general  account  of  the  school,  out  of  which  £2,000  was 
placed  in  the  hands  of  the  corporation,  and  secured  by 
mortgage  upon  their  property ;  aud  they  pay  iutcrest 
for  it,  at  four  per  cent,  per  annum.  The  only  perma- 
nent fund  of  the  school,  besides  this,  is  the  rent  of  part 
of  the  school  premises,  let  off  as  garden  ground,  for 
about  £3  a  year,  and  the  interest  of  the  following  small 
legacies  aud  benefactions  : — 

£  s.  d. 

1820  Legacy  of  Miss  Elizabeth  HaygartU  -        -  -lO  0  0 

ISiJO  Benefaction  by  the  corporatiun       -         -       10  0  0 

1825  Benefaction  by  the  National  Society  -         ■  70  0  0 

1828  Legacy  by  Enoch  Clark,  Esq  ,  Lancaster       20  0  0 

1830  Benefaction  by  Alderman  Branthwaite       -     0  5  0 

.  1833  Legacy  by  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Harrison,  Slrick- )  .,„  ^  „ 

landgate J " 

The  subscriptions  and  contributions  amouut  to  about 
£60  annually,  aud  the  scliool  is  couducted  on  the 
national  system,  under  the  mauagemeut  of  the  visitors 
aud  a  couimittee  of  subscribers.  There  are  about  100 
scholars  on  the  roll.  Children  are  admitted  at  the  age 
of  five  years  and  a  half,  aud  pay  one  penuy  per  week 
for  their  education,  and  have  books  aud  all  school 
requisites  (except  copy  books)  found  them.  The  salary 
of  the  master  is  £a0  per  annum.  Annexed  to  the 
boys'  school  is  a  commodious  building,  erected  in  1823, 
by  voluntary  contributions,  for  a  Girls'  National  School. 


KENDAL  PARISH. 


853 


Tlie  managoraent  of  the  girls'  school  is  under  a  coin- 
mittee  of  sixteen  ladies,  who  are  elected  visitors  at 
the  annual  meetings.  The  children  are  instructed  in 
reading,  writing,  and  the  common  rules  of  arithmetic, 
and  also  in  knitting  and  sewing.  Connected  with  this 
institution  there  is  a  clothing  fund,  raised  bj  annual 
subscription,  out  of  which  the  committee  distribute 
annually  to  each  of  the  children  some  useful  article  of 
apparel.     The  salary  of  the  mistress  is  £30  per  annum. 

Wilson's  Gift. — Rowland  Wilson,  Esq.,  by  will,  dated 
5lh  February,  1050,  left  53s.  yearly,  to  be  distributed 
in  breail  to  the  poor  of  Kendal,  charged  upon  his  estate 
at  Grasgarth.     liegularly  paid. 

Iwhiiuon's  Gift.  — John  Ilobinson,  of  Lane  Foot,  in 
Strickland  Kotel,  left  the  sum  of  ovJs.  yearly,  charged 
upon  bis  estate  called  Green  Riggs,  in  Uuderbarrow^ 
for  the  same  purpose.  The  date  of  this  bequest  is  1 7.50. 
Regularly  paid. 

BoiiUcd's  Gift. — Mrs.  Catherine  Bordlcy,  in  1811, 
left  JtlOO,  the  interest  thereof  to  be  given  in  bread  to  the 
poor.  This  money  was  invested  in  the  purchase  of 
i'113  Os.  Od.  stock  in  the  Fivc-per-ccnt.  Annuities,  in 
the  names  of  the  vicar  of  Kendal  and  Edward  I'eddar, 
and  produced  at  the  time  a  dividend  of  £5  13s.  4d. 
yearly,  but  has  hince  been  reduced. 

SleddaWs  (^;//c.— William  Sleddalj,  who  died  in  1813, 
by  will,  daud  11th  August,  1801,  left  £130  to  the 
churchwardens  of  Kendal,  to  be  lent  out  at  interest,  or 
invested  in  the  public  funds,  and  'is.  weekly,  laid  out  in 
the  purchase  of  bread,  to  be  on  every  Sunday  divided 
amongst  such  of  the  poor  people  of  Kendal  attending 
divine  service  at  the  parish  church  as  the  churchwar- 
dens should  think  fit.  This  money  was  laid  out  in  the 
purchase  of  £100  7s.  lOd.  stock  in  the  Four-por-cents. 
and  the  clear  interest  received  therefrom  was  at  that 
time  about  1.'0  5s.  yearly.  The  two  last  gifts  of  15ordlcy 
and  Sleddall  now  realise  only  £9  1-Js.  8d.  anmuiliy, 
owing  to  a  reduction  in  interest.  All  these  sums, 
amounting  to  £11  10s.  8d.,  are  paid  to  the  clerk,  and 
laid  out  in  bread,  which  is  ordered  by  the  churchwardens, 
and  distributed  by  them  every  Sunday — one  loaf  to  each 
person.  The  communion  money  has  usually  been  added 
to  the  bread  account  and  distributed  with  it.  ( ienerully, 
penny  loaves  are  given,  and  occasionally,  as  the  funds 
will  allow,  twopenny  ones  arc  distributed. 

Elizabeth  Rimh  of  Newton  Ilealii,  Manchester  (for- 
merly Miss  Baldwin,  of  Kendal),  by  deed,  dated  Decem- 
ber, 184C,  conveyed  to  Tliompson  Riudioss,  Esq.,  Mr. 
John  Hudson,  bookseller,  and  Mr.  Thomas  Thexton, 
corn  merchant,  in  trust,  two  dwelling-houses,  situate  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Wojipack  Yard,  one-half  the  net 
rents  of  which  to  bo  distributed  in  bread  to  the  poor 


every  Sunday,  at  the  parish  church,  and  the  other  half 
to  be  given  to  the  Ladies'  Sick  Poor  Society;  and  if 
the  subscriptions  to  this  society  should  in  any  year  not 
amount  to  £10  then  the  whole  of  the  net  rents  to  be 
distributed  in  bread  to  the  poor.  The  gross  rental  of 
the  property  now  amounts  to  £10  10s.  annually,  but 
owing  to  the  recent  date  of  this  trust,  no  funds  have 
yet  been  available. 

The  following  are  not  connected  with  the  corpora- 
tion or  charitable  trustees  : — 

lanson's  Charity. — This  charity  is  vested  in  twenty- 
seven  feoffees,  who  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  alder- 
man, vicar,  and  schoolmaster ,  and  when  sixteen  of  the 
said  feoffees  are  dead,  the  property  belonging  to  this 
charity  is  conveyed  over  by  a  new  deed  to  such  persons, 
inhabitants  of  Kendal,  as  the  corporate  officer  named  in 
lieu  of  the  alderman,  vicar,  and  schoolmaster  appoint. 
The  property  consists  of  several  burgage  rents,  amount- 
ing to  £3  10s.  lOd.  annually,  viz. — 

s.    (1. 
Miss  D}son  .......      a    (» 

W.  D.  Crewilsou,  Esq 1.3     4 

Oad-Fellows'  Hall 8     0 

Eov.  Denn  Carter SO 

C.  Wilson,  Esq 10 

Miss  Jjarton,  Bowness  (Property  in  Higligatc)  0    0 

Isaac  Braitliwaitf,  Esq.  -        -        -        -    -       3     0 

New  Inu  I'ropurtv,  viz. — Mrs.  Mc.  NauRlit  3s.  7d.  "1 

William  RonsUeld  1    10     ^  9     0 
Joseph  Clarke       3      7    3 

£i  IG   10 

.\iid  three  closes  of  land  situate  in  Park  Castle  lauds, 
containing  8a.  3r.  89p.,  customary  measure,  let  for 
£37  15s.  annually.  The  sum  of  3s.  4d.  is  ordered  to 
be  paid  annually  to  the  chamber  of  Kendal,  and  3s.  4d. 
to  the  churciiwardcns  for  the  repair  of  the  church.  Ten 
shillings  are  ordeied  to  be  paid  to  the  clerk  for  collect- 
ing the  rents ;  but  this  sura  is  now  increased  to  30s. 
Twenty  shillings  each  are  appointed  to  be  given  to  six 
a"cd  and  poor  men,  of  abjve  the  ago  of  fifty  years,  of 
honest  and  good  behaviour ;  and  in  want  of  duly  quali- 
fied natives,  the  trustees  may  choose  or  elect  one  or 
more,  if  wanted,  who  have  lived  twenty  years  in  the 
said  burgh,  the  said  men  to  be  chosen  by  the  trustees 
and  the  aldermen  of  Kendal,  and  the  vicar  and  school- 
master there,  each  of  such  men  to  have  yearly  paid  to 
him  20s.  on  the  2lst  of  December,  at  the  porch  of  tho 
parish  church.  Tiie  residue  to  be  bestowed  in  cloth, 
linen  and  woollen,  for  shirts  and  coats,  on  the  day  and 
place  aforesaid,  to  such  other  poor  people  of  Kendal 
town,  and  in  such  manner  as  tho  said  collector,  with 
the  consent  of  tho  said  trustees,  alderman,  vicar,  and 


854 


KENDAL  WARD. 


schoolmaster,  or  the  major  part  of  them,  should  think 
fit.  The  trustees  have  the  power  to  let  the  premises 
for  terms  not  exceeding  ten  years. 

Prissoe's  Cliarkij. — John  Prissoc,  on  the  20th  Sfarch, 
1695,  bequeathed  to  the  ma_vor  of  the  corporation  of 
Kendal  for  the  time  being,  Richard  Washington  and 
two  others,  aldermen,  and  John  llobinson  and  two 
others,  inhabitants  of  Kendal,  .€120  upon  trust,  to  lay 
out  upon  land  or  upon  good  security,  and  to  distribute 
the  interest  thereof  to  the  poor  of  Kendal  every  Christ- 
mas Eve.  He  also  gave  £10  to  defray  the  charges 
of  purchasing  land.  Two  fields  in  Church  Fields,  con- 
taining 2a.  .^r.  20p.  were  purchased  with  a  part  of  the 
money,  and  the  residue  (£1.5)  is  out  at  interest  and  pro- 
duces 14s.  annually.     The  land  is  let  for  £11  a  year. 

SlcddaU's  Green-Coat  Cliarity. — William  Slcddall,by 
will,  dated  11th  August,  1801,  gave  to  John  Stuart 
and  William  Berry,  two  of  the  senior  aldermen  of  Ken- 
dal, and  to  such  two  persons  as  should,  at  his  decease, 
be  the  two  senior  burgesses  of  Kendal,  £525,  upon 
trust,  that  they  and  their  successors,  to  wit,  should  pur- 
chase Four-per-cent.  Bank  Annuities,  or  lend  the  same 
upon  real  or  personal  security,  and  apply  the  interest 
or  dividends  in  the  establishing  and  for  ever  supporting 
a  Sunday  school  in  Kirkby  Kendal,  for  the  instruction  of 
thirty-five  boys  and  twelve  girls,  the  children  of  the 
poor  people  of  Kirkby  Kendal,  to  be  nominated  by  the 
trustees ;  and  for  finding  and  providing  a  new  green 
coat  for  each  of  the  boys  every  year,  and  new  hats  once 
in  two  years ;  and  for  each  of  the  girls  a  green  gown 
every  3-ear,  and  green  bonnets  once  in  two  years.  Mr. 
Slcddall  died  in  1813,  and  this  legacy  was  received  by 
Mr.  Stuart  and  Mr.  Berry,  and  invested  in  the  pur- 
chase of  £025  18s.  7d.  stock  in  the  Four-per-cents., 
then  at  83|,  in  their  names,  and  the  dividends  arising 
therefrom  amounted  at  that  time  to  £25  Os.  8d.  yearly  : 
but  the  interest  on  the  stock  having  been  reduced,  the 
dividend  is  only  £22  10s.  lOd.  at  this  dute.  In  1843 
the  trustees  found  the  management  of  the  school  so 
exceedingly  defective,  that  they  determined  upon  re- 
moving the  children  to  the  schools  connected  with  St. 
Thomas'  Church,  under  certain  regulations,  which  are 
entered  in  the  minute-book  kept  by  the  trustees  ;  and 
the  scholars  were  accordingly  removed  from  the  old 
school  in  Finkle-street,  at  Easter,  in  the  same  year. 
The  trust  is  now  efficiently  managed  according  to  the 
will  of  the  donor. 

Lord  M'liarlon's  Bible  Charihj. — The  Vicar  of  Kendal 
receives  thirty  bibles  yearly,  with  about  thirty-six  small 
books.  An  examination  takes  place,  and  the  books  are 
given  to  such  poor  children  as  pass  the  best  examin- 
ation. 


Stephenson's  Charity. — The  property  of  this  charity 
consists  of  the  house  and  prcmi 

llaiiibow,  in  Kendal,  and  the  house  and  shop  adjoining. 
These  premises  arc  supposed  to  have  been  given  by 
Robert  Stephenson  about  the  year  1710.  The  sum  of 
six  guineas,  out  of  the  rents,  is  given  to  the  Catholic 
priest  of  KenSal,  to  be  distributed  at  his  discretion 
amongst  poor  Catholics  on  St.  Thomas'  Day.  The  re- 
niaindf'r  is  given  away  to  poor  persons,  not  pensioners, 
in  small  sums  from  Is.  to  2s.  Gil.,  on  St.  Thomas'  Day. 
A  part  of  these  premises  liave  latelj'  been  rebuilt  out  of 
money  reserved  from  the  rents,  but  the  new  buildings 
are  now,  it  appears,  clear,  and  the  whole  of  the  pro- 
ceeds are  again  available  for  the  purposes  intended  by 
the  donor. 

Lancaster's  Charity. — Bryan  Lancaster,  by  will,  dated 
8th  day  of  4th  month,  1719,  devised  his  estate  at  Ken- 
dal Park  to  certain  trustees,  for  family  purposes,  which 
being  fulfilled,  he  directed  that  on  the  1st  of  January, 
.£9  should  be  yearly  distributed,  namely,  20s.  each  to 
six  poor  men,  and  10s.  each  to  six  poor  women,  they 
being  legal  inhabitants  within  the  corporation  of  Ken- 
dal, without  respect  to  what  society  or  denomination 
or  profession  of  religion  they  should  go  under,  but 
chiefly  with  regard  to  their  age  and  poverty.  The 
rest  and  residue  of  the  proceeds  he  gave  to  such  chari- 
table use  as  his  trustees,  together  with  four  or  six  more 
approved  faithful  friends  of  the  people  called  Quakers 
within  the  Kendal  meeting,  should  in  their  discretion 
think  fit.  The  above  sum  of  £9  has  been  regularly 
distributed  on  New  Year's  day  as  far  back  as  can  be 
remembered,  to  poor  men  and  women,  settled  inhabi- 
tants within  the  borough,  and  not  members  of  the 
Society  of  Friends.  The  surplus  rents  are  appropri- 
ated partly  to  the  funds  for  relieving  the  poor  amongst 
the  Society  of  Friends,  and  partly  to  other  charitable 
objects.  The  property  belonging  to  this  trust  has  a 
rental  of  about  £280  per  annum.  It  consists  of  the 
dwelling-house  and  land  connected  with  the  Friends' 
School,  in  Stramongate,  the  rental  of  which  is  £30  per 
auuum  ;  and  of  sixteen  fields  situated  in  Kendal  Park, 
containing,  with  plantations,  house  and  garden,  about 
S9a.  2r.  35p.,  yielding  about  £175  per  annum,  together 
with  five  fields  in  Mint's  Feet,  measuring  about  2  5a 
Ir.  30p.,  and  the  rent  of  which  is  ab  ut  £75,  Four 
acres,  however,  of  the  last-mentioned  land  have  been 
left  at  sundry  times  by  different  individuals  for  pur- 
poses connected  with  the  Society  of  Friends  only.  In 
respect  of  these  latter  trusts,  Lancaster's  trustees  pay 
out  of  their  income  about  £14  yearly.  There  is  like- 
wise a  field  called  Shaw's  Parrock,  which  is  the  exclu- 
sive property  of  the  Society  of  Friends. 


KENDAL   PAEISH. 


S55 


Friend's  School. — About  seventy  rears  since,  "  The 
Friends"  in  various  parts  of  England  built  by  subscrip- 
tion upon  a  portion  of  Bryan  Lancaster's  estate  a 
scbool-house,  in  order  that  a  good  school  should  always 
be  maintained  in  Kendal.  The  master  for  the  time 
being  has  hitherto  had  the  school-house  and  play- 
ground adjoining  rent-free.  He  must  be  a  member  of 
the  Society  of  Friends,  and  is  appointed  by  Lancaster's 
trustees  in  conjunction  with  the  preparative  meeting 
of  Kendal. 

British  School. — This  school  was  built  in  the  year 
1835,  and  opened  in  October  of  that  year.  The  build- 
ing cost  fClO,  of  which  sum  £485  was  raised  by 
voluntary  subscription,  and  .£lv>.j  was  granted  by  the 
government  commissioners  for  education.  The  trus- 
tees are  appointed  by  the  managing  committee  of  the 
school.  The  school  is  open  to  children  of  all  religious 
denominations,  and  is  ably  conducted  on  the  Laucas- 
teriau  system.  The  number  of  scholars  on  the  books 
amounts  at  present  to  about  300,  the  only  payment 
required  being  3d.  for  writing  and  accounts,  and  2d.  for 
reading,  per  week. 

Schools  of  Iiidnstry. — The  schools  of  industry  were 
established  in  1799,  and  are  supported  by  annual  sub- 
scriptions, lu  1812,  Jane  Emerson  bequeathed  the 
.sum  of  £'25  19s.  for  the  support  of  this  institution  ;  and 
in  1814,  John  Postlethwaite,  Esq.  left  the  sum  of  £250 
for  the  same  purpose.  These  suras,  together  with 
about  £150,  raised  by  voluntary  subscription,  which 
was  required  to  complete  the  purchase,  were  laid  out  in 
suitable  premises  on  the  Keut  side,  in  the  year  1827, 
where  the  schools  were,  till  lately,  efficiently  managed 
by  a  committee  of  subscribei-s  :  but  it  is  to  bo  regretted 
that,  from  the  inadequacy  of  the  funds,  the  trustees 
have  been  obliged  to  close  the  school  for  the  present. 

Infants'  School. — This  school  was  established  by 
voluntary  subscriptions  from  among  the  Society  of 
Friends  in  the  year  1830,  and  is  mainly  indebted  for  its 
continued  support  to  the  annual  contributions  of  that 
society,  added  to  a  small  wecldy  payment  with  each  of 
the  children.  The  school-house  is  a  neat  stone  build- 
ing, which  stands  near  Stock  Bridge,  at  the  foot  of 
Castle-street. 

Miss  Miirin  Wihnn's  Benefaction  to  Miss  Poirkcr's 
Hospital. — Maria  ^\'iLson,  of  Kendal,  in  the  county  of 
Westmoreland,  spinster,  by  indenture  made  1 3th  Jlay, 
1830.  assigned  and  transferred  unto  trustees,  the  sum 
of  £  1,000  in  the  Three-percent.  Consols,  in  trust,  that 
they  should  receive  the  dividends  and  interest  arising 
therefrom  when  and  as  the  same  should  become  due, 
and  after  thereout  paying  all  expenses  incident  to  the 
trust,  should  pay  and  divide  the  same  or  the  residue  of 
such  dividends  unto  and  equally  between  and  amongst 


the  si.'c  females  for  the  time  being  in  the  hospital  in 
Kendal  founded  by  Dorothy  Dowker,  by  her  will  bearing 
date  the  22nd  day  of  February,  1830.  A.nd  it  is  de- 
clared and  agreed,  that  the  vicar  for  the  time  being  of 
the  said  parish  of  Kendal  should,  ex  officio,  be  a  trus- 
tee under  the  said  indenture. 

The  Dispeusarij.  —  The  Dispensary  is,  perhaps,  the 
njost  active  and  most  useful  charitable  institution  in 
the  town.  It  was  established  by  voluntary  subscription 
ill  I'l&i,  and  continues  to  be  supported  in  like  manner, 
together  with  £80  per  annum  as  an  allowance  from  the 
township  of  Kendal,  the  interest  of  a  legacy  of  £100 
left  by  Mrs.  Dorothy  Dowker  in  1831,  Mrs.  Knott's 
annuity  of  £1  Is.,  and  tlie  interest  of  the  recent  liberal 
donation  of  £500  made  by  James  Gandy,  Esq.,  of 
Heaves  Lodge,  in  January,  1844.  Mr.  Gaudy's  muniii- 
cent  gift  is  at  present  invested  in  the  Stockton  and 
Darlington  railroad,  iu  the  name  of  Mr.  John  Gaudy, 
the  treasurer  of  the  Dispensary,  Mr.  W.  D.  Crewdson, 
and  of  the  secretary,  Mr.  Samuel  :\Iarshall.  The 
treasurer  and  secretary  of  the  Dispensary,  for  the  time 
being,  are  to  be  the  permanent  trustees,  and  the  annual 
dividends  are  to  bo  appropriated  to  the  procuring 
nourishing  diet,  &c.,  for  the  patients  of  the  Dispensary, 
under  the  superintendence  of  the  apothecary  of  the 
institution.  The  institution  is  under  the  direction  of 
a  committee  of  twelve  subscribers,  appointed  at  the 
annual  meeting  held  on  the  first  Monday  in  each  year. 
A  resident  apothecary  is  maintained,  who  is  aided  by  a 
physician  and  several  consulting  surgeons  ;  and  efficient 
medical  and  surgical  aid  are  thus  secured  to  tlie  poor, 
whose  title  is  the  production  of  a  subscriber's  ticket. 


inr.iUANO  cBAErriEs. 


Whitehead's  Gift.—Veter  Whitehead,  of  Kirkland, 
by  will,  dated  3rd  October,  1713,  gave  a  burgage  house 
in  Keudul,  and  a  house  iu  Kirkland,  and  a  bit  of  land 
called  Little  Roods,  iu  Kirkland,  to  his  sister  for  life, 
and  he  gave  the  house  iu  Kii-kland,  after  her  death,  to 
Bryan  Lancaster,  Elizabeth  Walker,  Thomas  Crosby, 
and  Robert  Wharton,  and  their  heirs  in  trust  to  sell 
the  same:  and  out  of  the  proceeds  he  gave  £45  to  the 
poor  inhabitants  legally  settled  iu  the  township  of 
Kirkland,  which  sum  ho  directed  the  trustees  above- 
named  to  pay  over,  after  the  decease  of  his  said  sister, 
to  the  trustees  of  the  charity.  And  he  directed  the 
trustees  to  lay  the  Siime  out  at  five  per  cent,  and  out 
of  the  interest  to  take  20s.  anuuully  and  therewith  buy 
cloth  or  kersey  for  coats  for  three  poor  men,  inhabitants 
of  and  legally  settled  in  Kirkland,  and  such  as  iu  their 
judgment  should  stand  most  in  need,  and  to  distribute 
the  same  on  the  feast  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  And 
to  distribute  the  further  sum  of  20s.  amongst  the  poor 


85C 


KENPAT,    WAKP. 


inhabitants  of  Kiikland,  and  especially  to  the  ancient, 
the  lame,  and  blind,  widows  and  orphans,  in  sums  not 
less  than  Is.  nor  exceeding  Is.  Od.,  and  the  remaining 
us.  to  be  divided  amongst  the  trustees,  and  he  directed 
that  the  coats  should  have  the  letters  P.  W.  in  red 
cloth  upon  the  left  arm.  The  interest  of  this  money 
(£2  5s.)  is  given  away  ainiimlly  on  St.  Peter's  Day, 
nothing  being  reserved  for  the  distributors.  For  a 
considerable  period  coats  have  ceased  to  be  given  away 
on  account  of  the  objection  to  wcuriiig  the  letters,  and, 
instead  thereof,  7s.  is  given  to  each  of  the  poor  persons, 
towards  furnishing  a  coat. 

Poor  Stock,  Kirkland. — Anthony  Yeates.'Esq...  held, 
until  his  death,  the  sum  of  JEIT,  which  was  in  the 
liands  of  his  father,  John  Yeates,  but  of  the  particulars 
of  which  no  account  can  now  be  obtained,  except  that 
tlie  sum  was  originally  £30,  and  in  the  hands  of  a 
person  of  Koidal  wlio  faile.l,  and  £17  was  all  that 
could  be  recovered  from  his  estate.  Mr.  Yeates  gave 
17s.  as  interest  of  this  money  to  the  settled  poor  of 
Kirkland  on  All  Saints'  Day  yearly,  in  sums  of  Is.  and 
as.  each.  Since  the  death  of  Mr.  Yeates  this  charity 
has  been  distributed  by  the  vicar,  Edward  Wilson,  Esq  , 
and  Mr.  Bindloss,  who  were  appointed  trustees  after 
the  death  of  Mr.  A.  Yeates.  The  money  (£17),  is  in 
the  hands  of  Mr.  Eeveley,  one  of  the  tin-tees  of  the 
late  A.  Yeates,  Esq.,  and  he  pays  tlie  interest  thereof 
regularly  to  the  trustees  of  the  cliiuity. 

Burijafje  Bents.  —  There  are  two  burgage  rents  of 
.'(s.  2d.  and  10s.  4d.,  which,  for  at  least  eighty  years,  have 
Ijeen  given  away  to  the  poor  of  Kirkland.  How  these 
payments  arose  cannot  be  clearly  ascertained.  The 
Jirst  is  found  charged  upon  preiiiises  on  the  east  side 
of  Kirkland,  now  belonging  to  Jlr.  Bindloss  ;  and  the 
other,  viz.  10s.  4d.,  issues  out  of  a  house  close  adjoin- 
ing the  former  premises,  now  belonging  to  the  execu- 
tors of  the  late  John  Thompson.  These  sums  are 
regularly  distributed  to  the  poor  of  Kirkland,  annually, 
by  the  churchwarden,  and  are  entered  by  him  in  a  book 
required  by  the  Poor-law  Commissioners  to  be  kept  for 
that  purpose. 

There  are  several  other  charities,  but  they  are  either 
lost  or  not  now  appropriated. 


EMINENT   PERSONS. 


Amongst  the  eminent  persons  who  were  born  or 
resided  at  Kendal,  we  may  mention — 

Katherine  Parr,  queen  of  Henry  YIIL,  who  was  born 
at  Kendal  Castle,  about  the  year  1510. 

William  Parr,  marquis  of  Northampton,  brother  of 
Queen  Katherine,  also  born  at  Kendal  Castle,  in  ]  5 1 3. 


Barnaby  Potter,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  born  at  or  near 
Kendal,  in  1578. 

Sir  George  Wharton,  distinguished  as  an  astronomer 
and  mathematician,  born  at  or  near  Kendal,  in  1G17. 

Ephraim  Chambers,  compiler  and  publisher  of  the 
first  enfyclopcdia,  was  bom  at  Milton,  near  Hever- 
sham,  but  educated  at  the  Grammar  School  here. 

John  Wilson,  a  journeyman  shoemaker  of  this  town, 
distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  botany. 

William  Hudson,  F.R.S.,  author  of  "  Flora  Anglica," 
and  other  works,  born  at  Kendal  about  1730. 

Thomas  Shaw,  D.D.,  born  at  Kendal  in  1093,  was 
the  author  of  several  bo  iks  of  travel,  particularly 
describing  those  portions  of  Asia  and  Africa  in  con- 
tiguity to  the  Red  Sea. 

Anthony  Askew,  M.D.,  born  in  1722,  well  knowa  us 
a  collector  of  Greek  jMSS. 

Sir  Alan  Chambre,  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas,  was  born  hero  in  1740,  died  in  1823, 
and  was  buried  at  Kendal. 

John  Gough,  a  celebrated  naturalist,  was  born  here 
in  1757,  and  died  in  1823.  His  contributions  to  the 
transactions  of  the  Manchester  Literaiy  and  Philo- 
sophical Society  are  very  numerous. 

John  Dalton,  the  celebrated  philosopher,  was  for 
some  time  a  resident  of  Kendal. 

NETUER    GRAVESniP. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £2,554  8s.  8d. 
The  population  in  ISOl,  was  37;  in  1811,  43;  in 
1821,  70;  in  1831,  312;  in  1841,  323;  and  in  1851, 
313.  Nether  Graveship  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Kent, 
and  forms  a  populous  suburb  of  the  town  of  Kendal, 
from  which  it  extends  about  a  mile  to  the  south.  Col- 
lin Field,  the  old  manor  bouse,  is  now  a  farmstead. 
It  was  long  the  scat  of  the  Chambre  family,  of  whom  it 
was  purchased,  in  1008,  by  Mr.  George  Sedgwick, 
secretary  to  the  Countess  of  Pembroke,  who  gave  him 
£200  towards  the  purchase.  During  the  parliamentary 
wars,  the  Countess  of  Pembroke  retired  to  this  house 
for  safety.  The  pictures  which  this  house  formerly 
contained  have  been  removed  to  Park  Head,  the  resi- 
dence of  John  Y.  Yeates,  Esq.  The  landowners  are 
Richard  Wilson,  Esq. :  Edward  Wilson,  Esq. ;  Edward 
W.  Wakefield,  Esq.;  the  Earl  of  Londsdalc;  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  Howard;  F.  M.  Yeates,  Esq.;  Messrs.  William 
Walker  and  Co.,  with  many  others.  For  a  farther 
account  of  this  township,  see  Kendal. 

KIRKLASD. 

The  township  of  Kirkland  forms  part  of  the  borough 
and  town  of  Kendal. 


KENDAL  PARISH. 


857 


This  township  containeil  in  ISOl  77  inhabitants; 
in  1811,81;  ia  18-^1,  80;  in  1831,71;  in  184J,  GO; 
and  in  1851,  83.     The  rateable  value  is  £783  10s. 

Patton  seems  anciently  to  have  belonged  to  a  family 
bearing  the  local  name,  from  whom  it  passed  to  the 
]5ellingliams  of  liurneshead,  from  whom  it  was  trans- 
ferred iu  marriage  to  the  Thornburghs  of  Meathop  and 
Selside.  In  1723  it  was  sold  to  trustees  for  the  use  of 
the  tenants.  A  moiety  of  the  lauds  in  Patton  appear 
to  have  belonged  to  the  priory  of  Conishead,  iu  Lanca- 
shire. The  landowners  are  Arthur  Shepherd,  Esq.; 
John  Simpson,  Esq.;  Messrs.  Ilubbersty;  Mrs.  Har- 
rison ;  and  some  small  proprietors. 

Patton  is  situated  between  the  Mint  and  Sprint  rivu- 
lets, and  extends  from  two  and  a  half,  to  four  miles 
north-east  of  Kendal. 

Shaw  End  is  a  fine  mansion  in  this  townsliip,  four 
miles  north-east  of  Kendal,  and  the  property  of  Arthur 
Shepherd,  Esq. 

There  is  a  corn-mill  hero  on  the  rivulet,  v»hich 
divides  Patton  from  Selside-with-Whitwell. 


SKELSMEHGH. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £3,513.  The 
population  in  1801  was,  '447;  in  1811,  220;  in  1821, 
258;  in  ^831,  203;  in  1811,  293;  and  iu  1851,  327. 
Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment. 

Skelsmergh  belonged  to  the  Leybournes  for  upwards 
of  four  centuries,  during  which  time  their  principal 
residence  was  at  Cunswiok.  It  was  granted  in  the 
reign  of  lIiMiry  III.  to  Robert  do  Leybgurne,  by 
William  de  Lancaster  the  third.  In  1301  Nicholas 
do  Leybourne  had  a  grant  of  free  warren  ia  Skelsmergh. 
In  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  the  Leybournes 
suffered  greatly  iu  consequence  of  their  attachment  to 
the  Catholic  fiith.  Tliey  sold  the  manor  to  the  Bol- 
linghanis  of  Levons,  and  Braithwaite  of  Burncshead, 
who  enfranchised  most  of  the  tenants.  But  the  hall 
and  demesne  continued  to  be  hell  by  the  Leybournes 
till  1715,  in  which  year  they  wero  forfeited.  They 
were  subsequently  purchased  by  Thomas  Crowley,  Esq., 
and  by  him  sold  to  Daniel  Wilson,  Esq.,  of  Dallam 
Tower,  whose  descendant,  (Icorge  E.  Wilson,  Esq.,  is 
tlio  present  owner.  The  Hon.  Mrs.  Howard  is  the 
superior  lady  of  the  manor.  Tlio  landowners  are, 
George  E.  Wilson,  Esq  ;  John  Bateman,  Esq.;  Ste- 
phen Brunskill,  Esq.;  Rev.  O.  H.  Swale;  J.  J.  Row- 
landson,  Esq.;  John  A.  Medcalf,  Esq.;  the  trustees  of 
Dodding  Circcn,  and  others.  The  township  of  Skels- 
mergh extends  from  a  mile  and  a  quarter  to  four  and  a 
103 


half  uulcs  nortli-east  of  Kendal.  It  contains  the  small 
hamlet  of  Garth  Row,  three  miles  north  of  Kendal,  a 
number  of  dispersed  dwellings,  two  corn-mills,  a  worsted 
mill,  a  bobbin  mill,  and  a  dyewood  mill. 

I\Iint  House  and  Mint  Cottage,  are  two  neat  bouses 
iu  the  vale  of  Mint,  the  former  the  property  of  John 
A.  Medealfe,  Esq.,  and  the  latter  of  Alexander  W. 
Long,  Esq.  Oak  Bank  is  the  property  and  residence 
of  Mr.  Robert  Seed.  Dodding  Green  is  an  ancient 
house  with  a  Catholic  chapel  attached,  which  was  en- 
dowed about  a  century  and  a  half  ago  with  the  adjoin- 
ing house  aud  estate.  No  service  is  performed  hero 
at  present.  Gillthwaito  Rigg  House  is  another  resi- 
dence in  this  township. 

CHAIUTIES. 

School— There  is  no  school  in  Skelsmergh,  but  the 
inhabitants  have  the  privilege  of  sending  four  children 
to  Selside  School,  and  four  children  to  Burneside  school, 
to  be  taught  free,  on  account  of  a  bequest  of  £100  by 
Joseph  Harling  to  each  of  these  schools.  The  number 
of  children  is  always  kept  full  at  each  place. 

Alice  Duckctt's  Charity A  full  account  of  this  charity 

will  be  found  in  the  account  of  Kendal  charities  at  page 
817.  The  sum  received  by  the  overseers  of  this  town- 
ship is  2  Is.  yearly,  which  is  divided  about  ]\Iay  Day, 
annually,  amongst  poor  householders. 

Townships  of  Shehmci-f/h  and  Patton.  —  Stephenson's 
Gift. — There  is  a  memorandum  in  the  township  book 
which  states  that  there  was  due  to  the  townships  of 
Skelsmergh  and  Patton  the  sum  of  £2  annually,  being 
a  gift  of  ]\Ir.  Robait  Stephenson  to  the  said  townships,* 
out  of  Dodding  Green  estate.  The  sum  of  £10  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  received  many  years  ago,  as  Robert 
Stephenson's  donation,  and  to  have  been  laid  out  iu  the 
year  1775  in  repairing  the  public  roads.  The  surveyor 
of  highways  pays  yearly,  on  account  of  this  charity, 
£1  17s.  Od.,  to  three  or  four  poor  pereons  not  receiving 
parish  relief. 

Stephenson's  Charity. — Bodding  Green  Vole. — The 
poor  of  Skelsmergh  and  Patton  are  eutitled  to  IDs. 
annually,  chargod  upon  the  Dodding  Green  tenement, 
the  former  receiving  2(is.,  the  latter  lis.  This  estate 
was  convoyed,  about  the  year  1710,  by  R.  Stephenson, 
Esq.,  a  Catholic,  to  trustees  of  the  same  religion,  for 
charitable  uses.  The  general  object  of  this  charity  is 
stated  to  be  for  the  support  of  a  priest  for  the  Catholics 
of  Dodding  Green  and  neighbourhood.  The  Catholic 
priest  of  Kendal  is  the  present  pastor  of  Dodding 
(ireen,  and  by  him  is  the  charity  distributed  amongst 
the  poor  of  Skelsmergh  and  Patton,  without  distinction 
of  creed. 


858 


KENDAL  WARD. 


CROOK   CHAPELRY. 

This  clinpelrr  comprises  an  extensive  mountainous  district,  containing  several  dispersed  dwellings,  bearing  different 
names,  and  a  small  hamlet  called  Crook  Mill,  three  and  a  quarter  miles  north-west  of  Kendal,  but  the  chapelry 
extends  to  about  six  miles  from  that  town.     Lead  and  barytes  are  found  here. 

male,  .ind  his  throe  daupjliters  and  co-heirs  sold  the 


The  rateable  value  of  Crook  is  £  1 ,433  1 5s.  7d.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  in  1801  was  179;  in  1811, 17G; 
ill  1821,  227;  in  1831,  246;  in  1841,  257;  and  in 
1851,  QTi?  ;  who  are  principallj'  engaged  in  agricultural 
pursuits. 

This  manor  is  partly  in  the  Mai'quis  Fee  and  partly 
in  the  Lnraley  Fee  of  Kendal  barony.  In  1309  Simon 
do  Knype  held  of  AVilliam  de  Roos  the  fourth  part  of 
Crook,  by  the  cornage  of  5s.  ll*d.,  and  for  puture  of 
the  foresters  Cs.  In  1572  part  of  the  jointure  of 
Helena,  widow  of  William  Parr,  marquis  of  North- 
ampton, was  "  the  rent  of  Crook  and  improvements 
there,  15s.  7d.  a  year."  In  1598  it  was  found  that 
"in  Crook  seventeen  messuages  or  tenements  in  the 
several  teinires  of  divers  customary  tenants  were.holdeu 
by  William  Knype,  gentleman,  of  the  queen  (Elizabeth), 
as  of  her  barony  of  Kendal,  by  knight's  service,  viz., 
the  fiftieth  part  of  one  knight's  fee,  and  were  worth  by 
the  year  £4  18s.  4d."  The  manorial  rights  arc  vested 
in  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  and  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Howarth. 
The  landowners  are  the  trustees  of  the  late  Mr.  Har- 
rison ;  E.  P.  Davis,  Esq. ;  Robert  Birkett,  Esq. ;  John 
Banks,  Esq. ;  John  Fell,  Esq. ;  and  Henry  Birming- 
ham, Esq.     The  commons  were  enclosed  in  1823. 

Crook  Hall,  anciently  Thwatterden  Hall,  belonged  for 
several  generations  to  the  Philipson  family,  a  younger 
branch  of  which  settled  here,  the  olJier  remaining  at 
Calgarth.  In  1G81  Miles  Phihpson,  Esq.,  of  Crook 
Hall,  representative  of  AVestnioreland  in  parliament, 
was  knighted  by  Charles  I.      He  died  without  issue 


estate  to  ]\Iajor  Pigeon,  natunil  son  of  Charles  II., 
whose  daughter  brought  the  estate  in  marriage  to  Ralph 
Day,  Esq.,  who  in  1777  was  owner  of  the  hall,  which, 
like  most  of  the  old  residences  of  the  Westmoreland 
gently,  is  now  a  farm-house. 


THE   CHiPEI.. 


Crook  chapel  is  an  ancient  building,  situated  on  an 
eminence,  about  the  centre  of  the  chapelry,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  be  dedicated  to  St.  Catherine.  The  tower 
contains  one  bell.  The  endowment  of  this  chapel  was 
formerl}'  only  £3  10s.  4d.,  but  in  1751  and  1707,  it  was 
augmented  with  £400  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  with 
which  two  estates  were  purchased,  one  at  Stainton  and 
the  other  at  Crook.  It  also  possesses  another  small 
estate  in  the  latter  township,  given  by  an  unknown 
donor.  The  income  is  now  £77  a  year.  The  patronage 
is  vested  in  the  vicar  of  Kendal.  The  registers  com- 
mence in  1742.  Part  of  Under  Milbeck  township  is 
attached  to  this  chapel. 

iKCtTMBENTS. — EicliarJ  Thexter,  lio.'i ;  Edward  Eowlandson, 
1757;  Kichard  UrocUbank,  170.5;  William  S.indfcrd,  17CB; 
Robert  Sandford,  1801 ;  John  Sedgwick,  1810. 

Crook  School,  erected  in  1852  by  Robert  Summer- 
scales,  Esq.,  possesses  a  small  endowment  of  £1  Is.  Cd. 
a  year,  being  the  interest  of  £30  left  by  Mrs.  Bedk- 
liouse.     'Jhe  average  attendance  is  thirty-five. 

In  the  township  are  the  hamlets  of  Crook  and  How, 
a  worsted-mill,  a  corn-mill,  and  a  machine  works. 


GRAYRIGG    CHAPELRY. 


This  chapelry  includes  the  township  of  Grayrigg,  Dillicar,  Docker,  Lambrigg,  Whinfell,  and  part  of  Patton. 

GRAYRIGG. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £2,586.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  in  1801  was  199;  in  1811, 
208;  in  1821,  229;  in  1831,  242;  in  1841,  264;  and 
in  1851,  264;  who  are  principally  employed  in  agricul- 
ture. The  township  is  generally  clean  ;  the  soil  poor 
and  cold.  The  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway  runs 
through  the  township. 

The  manor  of  Grayrigg  belonged  to  the  barons  of  Ken- 
dal, and  was  granted  by  the  first  William  de  Lancaster, 


in  marriage  with  his  daughter  Agnes,  to  Alexander  de 
Windsor,  son  and  heir  of  William  de  Windsor,  whose 
descendants  held  the  manor  for  several  generations. 
William  de  Windsor  was  knight  of  the  shire  in  1354, 
and  sheriff  of  Cumberland  in  1367  and  the  following 
year.  The  manor  subsequently  passed  by  maiTiage  to 
the  Duckets,  who  resided  at  Grayrigg  Hall  tiU  Anthony 
Ducket,  Esq.,  sold  the  manor,  with  Lambrigg  and 
Docker,  to  Sir  John  Lowther,  who,  in  1095,  enfran- 
chised all  the  tenants  except  some  few  who  were  not 


GR-iYElGG  CHAPEtRY. 


859 


able  to  purchase  their  enfranchisement.  The  Earl  of 
Lonsdale  is  lord  of  the  manor.  Those  tenants  who 
have  not  been  enfranchised  have  to  give  two,  three, 
or  four  days'  labour  in  reaping  corn  in  the  harvest, 
according  to  the  size  of  the  farms.  Tiie  landowners 
are  William  Thompson,  Esq. ;  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Thomp- 
son ;  the  rkrl  of  Lonsdale ;  Arthur  Shepherd,  Esq. ; 
Thos.  Atkinson,  Esq. ;  with  several  smaller  proprietors. 
Grayrigg  township  comprises  the  small  hamlets  of 
Deckhouses,  Ciiapelhouses,  and  a  number  of  dispersed 
dwellings,  four  and  a  half  mUes  north-east  of  Kendal. 

THE   CHAPEL. 

Grayrigg  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  John,  is  a  modern 
Gothic  structure,  rebuilt  in  1837,  at  a  cost  of  about 
£1,100.  Its  ancient  revenue  was  twenty  nobles,  but 
it  was  augmented  in  1723  with  £100  given  by  the 
Earl  of  Lonsdale,  and  £100  obtained  from  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty.  It  was  again  augmented  in  1751 
with  £200  obtained  from  the  latter  source,  and  £200 
given  by  AVilliam  Rudd,  "William  Stratford,  and  the 
Rov.  John  ILiistwell,  all  of  which  sums  were  expended 
in  the  purchase  of  land  at  Dillicar  and  Whinfoll.  A 
further  augmentation  of  £20  has  been  obtained  from 
the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners,  and  the  rent  charge 
in  lieu  of  tithes  is  £209  lOs.  9id.  The  living  is  now 
worth  about  £  1 00  a  year.  The  incumbent  is  nominated 
by  the  vicar  of  Kendal.  The  right  of  appointment  was 
contested  by  the  parishioners  about  the  year  1820,  but 
it  was  decided  in  favour  of  the  vicar. 

Incdmbents. — Cliiistopher  Jackson,  ;  John  Ilaistwell, 

1773;  George  'W'il'ion,  1»31. 

The  parsonage  is  a  plain  substantial  house,  erected 
by  subscription  in  1814,  at  an  e.xpouse  of  about  £000. 

CllAIUTllS. 

The  School. — The  school  was  built  by  subscription 
in  1818,  and  now  affords  gratuitous  education  to  thirty- 
three  schulars  belonging  to  the  chapelry.  It  is  endowed 
with  eleven  acres  of  land,  purchased  in  1723,  with  £30 
left  by  Robert  Adamson,  and  £100  in  the  Five-per- 
rcnts,  given  before  1807,  by  "William  Thompson, 
Leonard  linrnard,  Arthur  Shepherd,  and  John  Moscr. 
There  is  also  a  school  for  girls,  established  in  1845. 
Its  principal  endowment  consists  of  £10  a  year,  given 
by  the  trustees  of  tlio  Quakers'  Meeting  House,  which 
had  stood  at  Deckhouses  till  about  twenty  years  ago, 
tiud  wliich  was  endowed  witli  £100  left  by  Jnhu  Dic- 
conson.  Botli  these  sciiools  are  in  connection  with  the 
Committee  of  Council  on  Education. 

Poor  Slock.  —  Richard  New  by,  in  1010,  gave  £10, 
the  interest  to  be  distributed  to  the  poor  of  Grayrigg. 


Slephenson's  Charity. — Robert  Stephenson,  in  1714, 
settled  an  estate  called  Evetsykes,  in  the  township  of 
Whinfell,  to  charitable  uses,  and  directed  the  rent  to 
be  distrfbutcd  to  the  poor  of  Grayrigg,  AVhiul'ell,  and 
Whitwell  and  Selside  township.s. 

Thompsons  Charity. — William  Thompson,  by  will, 
dated  in  1807,  left  £50  a  year  to  be  divided  annually 
amongst  five  poor  families  for  ever. 

William  Thompson,  Esq.,  of  Underley  Hall,  near 
Kirkby  Lonsdale,  lately  deceased,  was  born  at  Gray- 
rigg Head  in  this  township.  He  was  one  of  the  alder- 
men of  the  city  of  London,  president  of  Christ 
Hospital,  and  one  of  the  members  of  parliament  fgr 
Westmoreland. 

DILLICAR. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £2,473  16s.  6d. 
The  population  in  1801  was  77;  inlSll,  78;  in  1821, 
89;  in  1831,  109;  in  1841,  S3;  and  in  1851,  135. 
The  township,  though  in  grayrigg  chapelry,  and  Ken- 
dal parish,  is  locally  in  Lonsdale  Ward.  It  contains 
several  scattered  houses  on  the  west  side  of  the  river 
Lune,  eight  miles  north-east  of  Kendal,  and  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway,  which 
has  a  station  at  Lowgill.  The  landowners  are  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  Thompson;  Rev.  Thomas  Airey;  the  execu- 
tors of  the  late  William  Thompson;  Rev.  W.  C.  Wilson; 
Rev.  George  Wilson;  William  Richardson,  and  others, 
who  possess  the  manorial  rights  of  their  respective 
estates. 

Beckfoot  is  a  small  hamlet  in  this  township. 

DOCKER. 

This  township,  which  is  surrounded  b}'  fells,  con- 
tains a  number  of  dispersed  form-houses  and  a  few 
cottages,  four  miles  north-cast  of  Kendal.  In  1801  it 
contained  05  inhabitants;  in  1811,  71;  in  1821,  SO; 
in  1831,  95;  in  1811,  82;  aud  in  1851,  87.  Agri- 
culture is  the  only  employment.  The  Lancaster  and 
Carlisle  railway  runs  through  the  township.  The 
rateable  value  is  £1,303  18s. 

The  manor  was  granted  to  St.  Peter's,  subsequently 
called  St.  Leonard's  Hos|ntal,  York,  by  the  second 
William  de  Lancaster,  which  grant  was  confirmed  by 
Gilbert,  the  seventh  baron  of  Kendal,  and  also  by  Ed- 
ward I. ;  the  horses  and  dogs  belonging  to  the  said 
hospital  being  also  sulfered  to  range  Gilbert's  forest 
hero.  After  the  Dissolution,  the  manor  was  grunted 
to  Uichurd  Wa-iiiington,  who  conveyed  it  to  the  Ducketts 
of  Grayrigg,  by  whom  it  was  sold  to  the  Lowtliers 
iu  1U90,  aud  it  is  now  held  by  the  Earl  uf  LousJale, 


860 


KENDAI.   WARD. 


who  pays  for  it  a  quit-rent  to  the  Duke  of  Leeds,  whose 
ancestors  purchased  this  aud  many  other  fee-farm  rents 
of  the  crown  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  The  land- 
owners are,  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale;  Kev.  N.  Hurbersty; 
John  Yeates,  Esq.;  Thomas  Dawson,  Esq.;  William 
Farror,  Esq.;  and  others.  Docker  Hall  now  serves  as 
a  farm-house. 

L.\MCniGG. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £1,623  15s.  7d. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1801  was  124;  in  1811, 
137;  in  1821,  lOl;  in  1831,  176;  in  1841,  143; 
and  in  1851,  153.  The  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  rail- 
^vty  runs  'through  the  township,  which  .consists  of  a 
number  of  dispersed  houses  four  miles  and  a  half  east- 
northcast  of  Kendal,  and  contains  a  long  aud  lofty  fell, 
called  Lambrigg  Park. 

In  1282  Thomas  de  Chenaye  granted  to  Gilbert  de 
Bronolmshead  all  his  lands  at  Lambrigg,  reserving  to 
himself  the  park  only.  From  the  Buniesheads,  or 
Bronolmsheads,  Lambrigg  was  transferred  by  marriage 
to  the  Bellinghams,  and  from  them  in  a  similar  manner 
to  the  Ducketts,  one  of  whom,  Anthony  Duckett,  Esq., 
sold  it  to  Sir  John  Lowther,  from  whom  it  has  descended 
to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the  present  lord  of  the  manor. 
Lambrigg  is  of  the  marquis  fee,  and  was  held  of  the 
king,  ill  capite,  by  knights'  service.  Edward  Wilson, 
Esq.;  William  Thompson,  Esq.;  Thomas  Farrer,  Esq  ; 
John  Brunskill,  Esq.;  and  Mrs.  Thompson,  are  the 
principal  landowners. 

Mosedale  Hall,  the  seat  and  property  of  WilUam 
Thompson,  Esq.,  is  a  neat  mansion  in  this  township, 
comprising  extensive  views  of  the  surrounding  country. 

Lambrigg  is  a  neat  Elizabethan  structure,  the  resi- 
dence of  John  Brunskill,  Esq.,  erected  in  1852. 


WHINFELL. 

Whinfoll  township  is  a  iiicturesque  district,  lying 
between  the  Mint  aud  liorrowdale  Beck,  from  four  and 
a  half  to  six  miles  north-cast-by-north  of  Kendal.  It 
is  all  included  in  the  chapelry  of  Grayrigg,  with  the 
exception  of  Guest  Ford  estate,  which  is  in  that  of  Old 
Hutton.  The  population  in  1801  was  184;  in  liSll, 
191;  in  1821,  204;  in  1831,  214;  iu  1841,  187;  and 
in  1851,  181.     The  rateable  value  is  £1,725. 

The  manor  appears  to  have  been  divided  into 
moieties  at  a  very  early  period ;  and  tho  Redmans, 
Stricklands,  and  Ducketts,  occur  as  owners.  In  1723 
the  manor  was  sold  to  the  tenants,  together  with 
Selside,  Skelsmcrgh,  and  Patton,  for  £1,040  3s.  4d., 
"with  all  royalties,  deodands,  ponds,  waifs,  and  estrays; 
paying  thereout  yearly,  Os.  ll.^d.  to  the  king,  and  Is. 
to  the  Lord  Viscount  Lonsdale."  At  the  same  time  it 
was  agreed  that  the  fishery  in  Whinfell  Tarn  should 
remain  among  the  tenants  undivided.  The  landowners 
arc  Edward  IVuldell,  Esq.;  James  Macliell,  Esq.; 
Pilchard  Wilkinson,  Esq. ;  Arthur  Shepherd,  Esq. ; 
Edward  Wilson,  Esq. ;  the  trustees  of  the  late  William 
Thompson,  Esq. ;  the  trustees  of  —  Garnott,  Esq. : 
the  Rev.  H.  J.  Swale ;  the  CathoUc  Church,  Kendal, 
and  others. 

Besides  Whinfell  Tarn,  which  covers  twelve  acres, 
there  are  in  the  township  two  other  smaller  tarns.  Flat 
Tarn  aud  Pig  Tarn.  Beacon  Hill  is  a  lofty  eminence, 
crowned  with  a  pile  of  stones,  the  remains  of  one  of  the 
old  beacons. 


CH.VKITIES. 


StepJienson's  Chari'ij. — The  poor  of  'Whinfell  are  en- 
titled to  a  sum  of  money  annually,  of  the  gift  of  Robert 
Stephenson. — (See  Grayrigg.) 


HELSINGTON  CHAPELRY. 

This  chapelry  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Underbarrow,  on  the  west  by  Crosthwaite  and  Lvth,  on  the  south  by 
Levens,  on  the  south-east  by  Sedgwick,  on  the  east  by  Natland,  and  on  the  north-east  by  Nethcrgraveship.  It 
includes  part  of  the  village  of  Brigsteer,  and  a  number  of  scattered  dwellings,  extending  from  one  and  a  half  to  four 
miles  south  of  Kendal,  on  the  west  side  of  the  river  Kent.  The  commons  were  enclosed  by  an  act  passed  in  1837-8, 
since  which  time  no  less  than  £15,000  have  been  expended  in  the  drainage  and  improvement  of  the  land. 

The  Roman  road  from  Watercrook  to  Under- 


The  estimated  area  of  the  township  is  3,072  acres, 
and  the  rateable  value  £2,535  4s.  3d.  In  1801  it  con- 
tained 230  inhabitants;  in  1811,  229;  in  1821,  268; 
in]831,2D6;  in  1841,310;  and  in  1851,  289;  who 
are  principally  engaged  iu  agriculture  and  in  peat  moss 


labour. 

barrow  passes  through  part  of  this  township. 

The  manor  of  Helsingtou  is  part  of  the  Lumley  Fee, 
and  in  1341  was  held  by  William  de  Thweng,  at  which 
time  it  appears  that  the  rent  of  the  free  tenants  and 


HELSINGTON    CHAPELRY. 


861 


Other  tenants  at  will  amounted  to  £15  Os.  8J.  yearly,      i 
In  the  reign  of  Henry  ^'1II.  it  was  possessed  by  a      ' 
family  named  Bindlose,  from  whom   it  was  purchased 
by  the  Bellinghams,  who  sold  it  to  Colonel  Graham,      | 
and  it  now  belongs  to  the  lion.  Mrs.  Howard.     The 
landowners  are  Ivlward  Wilson,  Esq.;  Geo.  E.  Wilsnii, 
Esq.;  Walter  C.  Strickland,  Esq.;  Hon.  Mrs.  Howard, 
Richard  Wilson,  Esq. ;  and  some  smaller  proprietors. 

Sizergh  Hall,  the  seat  of  the  ancient  family  of  Strick- 
land is  situate  three  and  a  half  miles  south  of  Kendal, 
at  the  foot  of  a  hill  facing  the  east.  It  is  an  autitiuo 
fortified  building,  stiinding  in  an  undulating  park, 
delightfully  sprinkled  wilh  wood.  Ouly  a  small  portion 
of  the  old  towers  remain ;  frequent  additions  and 
repairs  have  given  an  irregular  but  picturesque  aspect 
to  the  whole  pile.  It  contains  a  considerable  collection 
of  carved  oak,  tapestry,  portraits,  and  armour.  There 
is  a  portrait  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  by  Antonio  More, 
excellently  painted,  and  some  portraits  by  Lely  and 
Romucy.  One  apartment  is  called  the  queen's  cham- 
ber, from  a  tradition  that  Catherine  Parr  once  lodged 
there.  A  portrait  of  Charles  II.,  by  Vandyke,  was 
presented  to  the  family  by  King  James  II. 

Slritkluiibs  of  Sijcrglj. 

The  first  of  the  name  of  Strickland  met  with  is  in 
the  reign  of  King  John,  when  Gilbert  Fitz-Reinfred 
having  been  compelled,  on  account  of  his  involvement 
with  the  rebellious  barons,  to  give  hostages,  who  were  the 
sons,  daughters,  and  heirs  of  the  principal  mesne  lords 
holding  under  the  btrons  of  Kendal,  including  amongst 
them  the  son  and  heir  of  Sir  Walter  de  Stiickland. 
In  the  time  of  Hugh,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  who  came  to 
the  see  towards  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  King 
Henry  III.,  this  Sir  Walter  had  license  to  keep  a 
domestic  chaplain  in  his  family,  within  the  parish  of 
Jlorland,  so  as  it  should  be  of  no  prejudice  to  the 
mother  church.  Sir  Walter  Strickland  granted  to  the 
church  of  St.  Mary,  York,  and  to  the  prior  and  monks  of 
Wetheral  (which  was  a  cell  of  the  said  abbey)  four 
acres  of  land  in  the  territory  of  Strickland,  moulter 
free.     The  great-great-grandson  of  this  Sir  Walter, 

Sir  Waiter  pg  Stiuckiand  wos,  in  llio  96tli  LJward  I., 
wiUi  tlie  king  at  tlio  siogc  ol  Carlavcrok,  udJ,  in  U>o  1st  and  0th 
of  Kilwttnl  11.,  «'a»kiii.;lit  of  tlio  shiro  for  \Yos[morel»nil.  In 
the  mil  of  EihvarJ  HI.  Sir  Wiillcr  obtainod  a  grant  to  cncloso 
}iis  wood  and  diMiioiino  lands  at  Siecrgli,  and  to  iniikL'  n  park 
there,  and  to  hold  Ihu  same  sio  enclu!>ed  to  liiiu  and  bis  heirs 
fur  ever.     Tlio  grnat-graiidson  of  this  Sir  Walter, 

Sir  TnoMAs  df.  STRirKL.VND,  entered  into  agreement  with 
Henry  V.,  dated  >".Hh  Aiiril,  1115,  to  servo  the  king  in  his 
wars  iu  Franco  during  one  year,  aud  had  the  distinguished 


honour  of  bearing  the  banner  of  St.  George  at  the  ever-memo- 
ruble  battle  of  Agincourt.  Ho  was  subsequeutlyl^Vth  Henry  VI.) 
M.P.  for  Westmoreland.     His  son  and  heir, 

Wai.tee  Strickland,  Esq.,  appears  to  have  heen  a  zealous 
liancasterian,  and  of  the  forces  he  was  enabled  to  raise,  with 
ihuir  proper  habiliments,  we  have  a  muster-roll  yet  extant,  which 
seems  to  havo  been  made  out  chiefly  in  respect  of  the  border 
service.     This  Walter  Strickland  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Sir  Thomas  SrnicKLAND,  Kut.,  who  married  Agnes  Parre, 
daughter  of  William  Parre,  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Parre  and  his 
wife,  Elizabeth,  one  of  tlie  three  sisters  and  co-heirs  of  Henry 
Lord  Filz-Uugh,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Walter  Strickland,  Esq.,  who  married  EUzabcth  Salkeld, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

Sir  Walter  Strickland,  Knt.,  who  married,  Istly,  Agces, 
daughter  of  Kichard  Redman,  but  had  no  issue  ;  and  2ndly, 
Catherine,  daughter  and  sole  heir  of  Sir  Ralph  Newell  of 
Tliornton  Briggs,  co.  York,  by  whom  he  had  a  son  and  successor. 

Walter  Strickland,  Esq.,  of  Sizergh  and  Thornton  Briggs, 
CO.  Westmoreland,  M.P.  5th  Elizabeth.  He  married  AUce, 
daughter  of  Nicholas  Tempest,  Esq.,  of  Holm,  co.  Durham, 
and  dying  1009,  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son. 

Sir  Thomas  Strickland,  K.B.,  of  Sizergh,  M.P.  co.  Westmore- 
land -13rd  Elizabeth  and  1st  King  James.  Sir  Thomas  married 
Ehziibeth  Symou  of  Bristol,  and  had  a  daughter,  Alice,  married 
to  Sir  William  Webb,  Knt.,  equerry  to  Prim-e  Henry.  He  mar- 
ried, 2udly,  Jlai-garet,  daughter  of  Sir  Nicholas  Curwen,  Knt., 
of  Workington,  by  whom  he  had  issue, 

I.  Robert,  his  successor. 
II.  Thomas, 

III.  Walter,  from  whom  descended  die  Stricklands  of  Catterick, 
in  Yorkshire. 

II.  Dorothy,  third  wife  of  John  Plcming,  Esq.,  of  Rydal. 

n.  Margaret,  second  wile  of  (jcorgo  Preston,  Esq.,  of  Holker, 
Lancashire. 

Ho  died  in  KU.'J,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Sir  RoBKRT  Strickland,  Knt.,  M.P.,  co.  Westmoreland  21st 
King  James  I.  He  was  a  colonel  in  the  army  of  Charles  1. 
and  commanded  a  troop  of  horse  at  the  battle  of  Edgeliill  whiio 
his  son,  Sir  Thomas  Strickland,  led  a  regiment  of  foot.  Sir 
Thomas  married  Margaret,  eldest  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Sir 
William  Alford  of  Bylton,  co.  York,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons, 

L  Thomas  (Sir),  his  successor. 

II.  Walter,  married  Barbara  Belasyse,  fourlli  daughter  of  tlio 
Hon.  llLiiry  liulasyso,  sun  and  heir  of  Thomas  Viscount 
Fttucouberg,  by  whom  he  had  a  daughter, 

Dorothy,  married  to  William  Grimstone,  Esq. 

Sir  Robert  dying  in  1070,  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Sir  Thomas  Strickland,  Knt.,  who  was  made  a  baronet  by 
King  Charles  I.  in  person  on  the  field  At  Edgeliill,  2:)rd  October, 
ICiVi.  This  gentleman  represented  the  co.  Westmoreland  iu 
lliUl.  He  married,  Isily,  June,  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Joha 
Jloselcy,  Esq.,  of  Ulskclfe,  CO.  York,  by  whom  ho  had  two 
surviving  daughters, 

I.  Alice,  married  to  Sir  Widtcr  Bhuit,  of  Soddinglnn. 
u.  Anne,  uiiirrieJ  to  John  Middlcton,  Esq.,  of  Slockeld,  co.  York. 

Sir  Thomas  married,  -Jiidly,  Winifred,  douglitor  and  heiress  of 
Sir  Charles  Trenlbum,  Knt.,  of  Rochester,  co.  Stafford,  and  had 
issue. 


862 


KENDAL  WAED. 


1.  Walter,  boru  Jfay,  1610, 
II.  Robert,  diiii  iinraai-ricd. 

III.  Roger,  who  was  pngc  to  the  Prince  of  Conti,  when  he  went 

from  France,  to  be  elected  King  of  Poland.     He  died 
unmarried. 

IV.  Thomas,  in  holy  orders,  Bishop  of  Xamnr,  died  17-13. 

Sir  Thomas  Strickland,  who  had  been  pri\T  purse  to  King 
Charles  II.  was  one  of  the  privy  couucil  to  King  James  II.  and, 
following  the  fortunes  of  that  monarch,  died  in  Irance,  8th 
January,  lOJl.    He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 

Walter  Stricicland,  Esq.,  who  married  Anne,  daughter  of 
Gerard  Salvin,  Esq.,  of  Cruxdale,  co.  Diuham,  by  whom  he 
had  issue, 

L  Thomas,  his  successor,  boru  2'Jlh  June,  1701. 

IL  Gerard,  born  30tli   July,  1701;    died    1st  September,  1701; 

inarrieil,    Istly,  Miss    Mary   Bagual,  and  had,  with  two 

daughters, 

1.  Gerard,  boru  4th  October,  1711;  married  15th  April, 
177!),  Cecilia,  relict  of  Charles  Strickland,  Esq.,  of 
Sizergb,  and  dying  23rd  October,  179J,  left  issue, 

George,  bom  ^Srd  October,  1780. 
Gerard,  bom  21lli  February,  1782. 

Mr.  Gerard  Strickland,  sen.,  married,  2ndly,  Lady  Gascoigne, 
rehct  of  yir  Edward  Gascuigue,  Burt. 

I.  Mary,  died  unmarried,  8th  May,  1717. 

Mr.  Strickland  was  succeeded  by  his  elder  son, 

Thomas  Steicklasd,  Esq.,  of  Sizergh,  born  29th  June,  1701, 
who  married,  Istly,  2nd  June,  1728,  Mary,  daughter  of  Simon 
Scroope,  Esq.,  of  Danby,  by  whom  he  had  issue ;  and  Sndly, 
Mrs.  Archer,  widow  of  John  Archer,  Esq.,  of  Oxeuholme.  He 
was  succeeded  at  his  decease  by  his  eldest  son, 

Walter  Steickla-sd,  Esq.,  of  Sizergh,  who  married  4th  June, 
175S,  Margaret,  daughter  of  Michael  James  Messenger,  Esq.,  of 
Fountain  Abbey,  co.  York,  but  dying  without  issue  in  1701,  was 
•ncceeded  by  his  brother, 

CnABLEs  SiRlcKLiXD,  Esq.,  of  Sizergh,  who  married  20th 
April,  17G2  CeciUa,  only  daughter  of  William  Towneley,  Esq.,  of 
Towncley,  co.  Lancaster  (by  his  wife,  Cecilia,  daughter  and 
sole  suniving  heir  of  Ralph  Standish,  Esq.,  of  Standish,  in  the 
same  county,  and  the  Lady  I'hilippa  Howard,  second  daughter 
of  Henry  Duke  of  Norfolk),  and  had  issue, 

I.  Thomas,  his  successor. 

II.  William. 

III.  Charles,  died  13th  September,  177.5. 
1.  Mary,  married  27th  February,  178(3,  to  Edward  Stephenson, 
Esq.,  of  Farley  Hill,  co.  Berks. 

Mr.  Strickland  died  Gth  October,  1770,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  eldest  son, 

Tbosas  Strickland,  Esq.,  of  Sizergh,  who  likewise,  upon 
the  decease  of  his  uncle,  Edward  Towneley  Standish  of  Standish, 
inherited  the  Standish  estates,  and  assumed  the  surname  of 
"  Standish."  He  married  24th  Eebruary,  17S9,  Anastasia,  eldest 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Lawson,  Bart.,  of  Brough  Hall,  co.  York, 
and  had  issue, 

I.  Charles,  who  inherited  the  Standisli  estates,  and  continued 

the  name  of  Standish. 
n.  Thomas,  of  Sizergh. 


I.  Ana3ta3iB,bornlltliMay,  1707, and died22ndNovember,  1807. 
IL  Elizabeth,  born  1st  March,  1800,  and  died  17th  September, 

1813. 
HI.  Monica,  married  in  December,  1827,  to  Sir  John  Gerard,  Bart , 

of  Bryu. 
IT.  Catherine,  bora  lUih  Jaly,  and  died  l!)th  March,  1808. 

Mr.  Strickland  married,  2ndly,  Catherine,  daughter  of  Sir 
Robert  Gerard  of  Bryn,  co.  Lancaster,  but  had  no  issue.  He 
died  4th  September,  1813,  and  was  succeeded  at  Sizergh  by  bis 
second  son, 

Thomas  Strickland,  Esq.,  born  15th  March,  1790,  who  mar- 
ried, November,  ln2t,  Mademoiselle  Ida  de  Finguerlin  Uisa- 
hengen,  youngest  daughter  of  the  Baron  Finguerlin,  and  by  her 
(who  married,  2ndly,  the  Coiute  de  Ferenzac,  and  died  in  1846) 
he  left  at  his  decease  an  only  son, 

Walter  Stricki.and,  Esq.,  of  Sizergh,  co.  Westmoreland, 
bom  Oth  September,  1825. 

Arms. — Sa.,  three  escallops,  within  a  bordure,  engrailed,  arg. 


the  chapel. 
Helsington  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Jobn,  is  a  neat 
building,  erected  by  subscription  iu  1720,  and  cudowed 
bj-  Joha  Jackson,  of  Holeslack,  with  the  adjacent  Scar- 
house  estate,  and  the  "  Cliamber  Tenement,"  on  con- 
dition that  the  iuhabilaiits  should  subscribe  £1 00 
towards  obtaining  an  augmentation  from  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty.  The  sum  of  i'44  12s.  was  raised,  and  the 
remaining  £'58  8s.  contributed  by  Mr.  Matsou,  the 
curate,  which  sums,  with  k'2Q0  obtained  from  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty  were  e.xpeuded  in  the  purchase  of  Kirk- 
barrow  Field,  near  Kiiklaud,  and  land  in  Eawnrigg,  in 
Barbon.  It  was  augmented  in  1702  with  £'200,  given 
by  the  Countess  Dowager  Gower,  and  a  further  sum  of 
^200  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty.  The  Scaifoot  estate 
at  Uuderbarrow  was  purchased  with  these  sums,  and  the 
annual  revenue  of  the  curacy  is  now  worth  about  £125 
per  annum.  The  vicar  of  Kendal  is  patron.  All  the 
rites  of  the  Church  of  England  are  performed  here. 

Inci-meents. — William  Moore,  1790;  William  Hution,  1831, 
James  Muckalt,  1838;  Charles  Butler  Harris,  18jI. 

The  parsonage  is  a  neat  commodious  house,  erected 
in  1810,  and  enlarged  in  1851. 

Helsington  School  is  a  neat  Gothic  structure,  erected 
by  subscription  iu  1853,  at  a  cost  of  £310,  and  possesses 
a  small  endowment  of  13s.  4d.  a  year,  arising  from  the 
rent  of  a  shop*t  Kendal,  left  in  1739,  by  John  Jackson, 
for  the  education  of  three  poor  children.  The  school 
is  under  inspection,  and  has  an  average  attendance  of 
about  twenty  scholars.  The  John  Jackson  mentioned 
above,  by  his  will,  devised  to  the  clerk  of  Helsington 
a  small  parcel  of  ground  called,  Jack  Parrock. 

There  are  marble-mills  and  a  powder-mill  on  the 
river  Kent,  in  this  to\vnship. 


INGS   CIIAPELRY. 


863 


INGS    CIIAPELRY. 

Ikgs  chapelry  comprises  the  greater  portion  of  tbe  township  of  Hugill  nnd  part  of  that  of  Nether  Staveley. 

further  augmentation  of  £'12  a  year  was  left  to  it  in 
1(;C5.  by  KowlauJ  AVilson,  Esq.,  on  condition  that  die 
curate  should  give  gratuitous  instruction  to  the  poor  of 


iiCGirx. 
Hugill  township  is  distant  from  six  to  seven  miles 
north-west  of  Kendal,  on  tiie  Ambleside  road  and  fce 
river  Kent,  and  contains  the  small  hamlets  of  Heights, 
Grassgarth,  Ings,  riostoii,  and  Ulthwaite.  The  rateable 
value  is  £1,379  3s.  3d.  The  population  in  1801  was 
237;  in  ISll,  213;  in  1831,  300;  in  1831,  367; 
in  ]84),  383;  and  in  ]S5),  413;  who  ;ire  chiefly 
employed  in  agriculture  and  bobbin  turning.  The 
Kendal  and  Windermere  railway  runs  through  the 
township.  For  an  account  of  the  manor  see  Staveley. 
The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  and  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Howard 
possess  the  manorial  rights.  The  landowners  arc 
John  H.  Wilson,  Esq.;  the  trustees  of  the  late  James 
Braithwaite,  Esq.;  Messrs.  Jenkiuson,  Nathan  Thomp- 
son, Thomas  Brown,  and  others.  Hugill  Hall  is  now 
a  farm-house. 

THE    CHAPEI.. 

Ings  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Anne,  is  a  neat  edifice, 
rebuilt  in  1743,  by  Robert  Bateman,  who  endowed  it 
with  £'12  a  year,  besides  bequeathing  £8  a  year  to  the 
school,  and  £1,000  for  the  purchase  of  an  estate,  and 
the  erection  of  eight  cottages,  for  the  reception  of  as 
many  poor  families.  Mention  is  made  of  Ings  chapel 
in  165.1.  There  appears  to  have  been  a  previous 
one  at  Grassgarth,  in  this  township.  The  chapel  was 
repaired.  Sec,  in  1842,  and  now  consists  of  nave, 
chancel,  west  gallery,  and  tower  containing  three  bells. 
There  is  a  marble  tablet  to  the  memory  of  the  late 
James  Braithwaite,  Esq.,  of  Hugill.  The  ancient 
revenue  of  Ings  chapel  was  only  £2  4s.  Id.,  to  which 
£3    6s.  8d.  was  added  by  the  king's  auditor,  and  a 


the  chapelry.  The  living  has  been  since  augmented 
with  £200,  given  by  Mrs.  Mary  Foster,  and  £000 
obtained  in  three  lots  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty. 
The  income  of  the  living  is  now  about  £90  a  year. 
The  landowners  are  the  patrons.  The  registers 
previous  to  the  year  1813  have  been  lost. 

Inxcmbents. — John  Airey,  1813;  Charles  B.  Harris,  1845; 
Matthew  J.  Finch,  1S47  ;  Thomas  Finton,  1834. 

The  parsonage  is  a  neat  residence  near  the  chapel. 

The  school  is  endowed  with  the  interest  of  £1,000 
left  by  John  Braithwaite,  Esq.,  who  died  March  1st, 
1854,  and  £50  per  annum  from  Bateman's  Charity, 
as  below.  The  average  number  of  scholars  in  attend- 
ance is  thirty-five. 

CHAEITIES. 

Batcmaii's  Climity. — Mr.  Bateman,  who  built  the 
church,  left  cert;un  moneys,  which  now  realise  about 
:Pl0O  a  year,  of  which  £50  a  year  is  given  to  the  poor 
of  Hugill  not  in  receipt  of  parish  relief. 

Roidand  Wihoii's  Charity. — Rowland  Wilson,  by  will, 
dated  1650,  devised  his  lands  at  Grassgarth,  in  the 
parish  of  Kendal,  subject  to  a  yearly  payment  of  £5  4s. ; 
one-half  of  which  sum  he  directed  should  be  disposed 
of  in  bread  at  Keudal,  and  the  remainder  ia  bread  at 
Hugill. 

There  are  two  bobbin-mills  and  a  coni-mill  in  this 
township. 

Ings  Hall  is  now  a  farm-house. 


KENTMERE    CIIAPELRY. 

Keststerf.  chapflry  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Patterdale,  on  the  west  by  Gnrbnme  Fell,  on  the  south  by  the 
chapclries  of  Ings  and  Staveley,  and  on  the  east  by  I^ong  Sleddale.  It  consists  principally  of  a  narrow  vale,  shut  iu 
by  lofty  fells,  nnd  is  distant  nine  miles  north-west-by-norlh  of  Kendal.  It  is  watered  by  the  river  Kent,  which  rises 
a  little  to  the  north,  and  formed  a  lake,  or  mere,  which  was  drained  off  several  years  ago.  -V  largo  reservoir,  covering 
about  eight  acres  of  land,  is  situated  here,  which  supplies,  in  dry  weather,  the  mills  on  the  river  Kent. 

Tho  township  of  Kcntmcre  contained  in  1801  100  12^'.!,  Jfargaret.  the  eldest,  had  that  which  is  now 

inhabitants;    in  1811,  217;    in  1821,  212;   in  1631,  called  the  Manjuis  Fee;   Agnes,  tho  second,  had  no 

191;  in  1841,  198;  and  in  18.'')1,  193.  I      share  in  Westmoreland;    Lucy,  tho  third  sister,  had 

In  tho  partition  of  the  Hrus  estate  amongst  the  four  I      that   which    is    now   ca'led    the    Lumlcy   Fee  ;    and 

sisters  and  co-heirs  of  the  last  Peter  lo  Bras,  about  I      Ladarina,  tlio  fourth,  had  Kentmere.     This  Ladariua 


8G4 


KKXDAr,  w,\nri. 


was  married  to  John  de  Bella-Aqua,  and  had  issue  two 
daughters,  co-heiresses :  Sibil,  married  to  Miles  de 
Staple  ton ;  and  Jonu,  married  to  Anchcrus,  son  of  Henrv. 
Miles  de  Stapleton,  hy  his  wife,  Sibil,  had  a  son, 
Nicholas  de  Stapleton,  between  whom  andrfoan,  his 
aunt,  the  inheritance  was  divided,  and  hy  this  division 
Kcntracre  became  the  property  of  Nicholas.  The 
manor  continued  to  be  held  by  the  Stapletons  till 
1020,  in  which  year  it  was  sold  by  Gilbert  Stapleton 
tD  Nicholas  Fisher,  Esq.,  of  Stanebank  Green,  whose 
descendant,  Henry  Fisher,  Esq.,  devised  the  manor 
to  be  sckl,  and  it  was  purchased,  in  1745,  by  Thomas 
Wilson  of  Kendal.  The  younger  son  of  this  last-named 
gentleman  subsequently  assumed  the  name  of  Fenwick. 
The  manor  was  afterwards  sold  to  the  landowners. 
Kentmere  Hall,  now  occupied  by  a  farmer,  stands  at 
the  foot  of  a  huge  and  rugged  mountain,  and  was 
formerly  the  residence  of  the  ancient  family  of  the 
Gilpins,  one  of  whom,  Bernard  Gilpin,  the  "Apostle 
of  the  North,"  as  he  has  been  termed,  was  born  here 
in  1517;  and  Dr.  Airey,  who  was  provost  of  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  and  who  lived  about  the  year  loOO, 
was  also  a  native  of  Kentmere. 

THE    CHAPEL. 

Kentmere  chapel  is  situated  near  the  old  hall,  an3 
is  a  small  ancient  building.     The  salarv  of  the  curate 


was  formerly  only  £6  a  year,  arising  from  a  rate  of  2s. 
levied  for  every  13s.  4d.  paid  to  the  lord  of  the  manor. 
The  livitig  was  augmented  before  1757,  with  fOOO,  viz., 
£400  obtained  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  i'lOO  given 
by  the  inhabitants,  and  £100  by  the  executors  of  Dr. 
Stratford.  Of  this  money  £-200  was  expended  in  the 
purchase  of  Bonnet-green  estate,  in  Strickland  Ketel, 
and  the  other  £400  in  the  purchase  of  Patton-end 
estate,  in  Patton,  so  that  its  revenue  now  amounts  to 
£70  a  j-ear. 

cHAnrriEs. 

Neirton's  Charity. — Robert  Newton,  by  will,  in  1700, 
bequeathed  £00,  the  interest  to  be  applied  for  the 
clothing  of  poor  people  iu  the  township. 

Poor  Stoek. — Henry  Airey,  by  will,  in  1708,  gave 
to  the  poor  of  Kentmere  £50,  the  interest  to  be  dis- 
tributed annually  on  the  anniversary  of  his  decease 
amongst  the  poor  of  the  chapelry,  with  the  exception 
of  those  of  Wray  West  Quarter.  William  Birkett,  by 
will,  in  1785,  left  £40,  in  trust  for  the  poor  of  Kent- 
mere."  These  two  legacies,  with  £30,  the  donor  of 
which  is  unknown,  make  up  the  sum  of  £120,  the 
interest  of  which  is  distributed  on  the  first  Sunday 
after  Old  Candlemas,  yearly,  to  poor  persons  not 
receiving  parish  relief. 


LONG  SLEDDALE  CHAPELRY. 

This  chapelry  embraces  a  wild  and  picturesque  district,  about  three  miles  iu  breadth,  and  extending  from  five  to  eleven 
miles  north  of  Kendal.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Sprint  rivulet,  which  runs  through  a  deep  vale  parallel  with  the 
road,  till  it  unites  with  the  Kent  about  half  a  mile  below  Burueside  Hall. 

The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £1,150.  The 
population  in  1801  was  187  ;  in  1811,  173  ;  in  1831, 
185 ;  in  1831, 199  ;  in  1841,  173  ;  and  in  1851,  17o! 
Agriculture  is  the  only  employ:nent. 

Long  Sleddale  belonged  to  the  ancient  barons  of 
Kendal,  who  granted  '•  in  fee  divers  tenements  there  to 
several  persons."  and  finally  granted  the  manor  to  the 
Thornburghs  of  Hamsfel  and  Selside,  who  sold  it  to  the 
Bellinghams,  from  whom  it  was  purchased  by  Colonel 
James  Grahame,  and  is  now  held  by  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Howard.  The  tenements  have  been  from  time  to  time, 
all  or  most  of  them,  enfranchised.  There  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  a  manor-house  here,  the  lords 
never  being  resident.  Wlsen  the  Thornburghs  held  the 
manor,  the  tenants  attended  the  court  at  Selside  Hall. 
Uberry,  or  Yewbarrow  Hall,  was  the  most  considerable 
house  in  the  vale,  and  seems  to  have  been  the  residence 


of  a  family  bearing  the  name  of  Layburne  ;  it  is  now  a 
farm-house.  The  landowners  are  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Howard,  Richard  Wilkinson,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  Henry 
and  George  Fothergill,  Alexander  W.  Lodge,  Rev. 
Robert  Walker,  .Thomas  Walker,  Michael  and  John 
ilattinson,  Robert  Mattinson,  and  others. 

THE   CHAPEL. 


Long  Sleddale  chapel  stands  near  the  centre  of 
the  vale.  It  is  a  small  building,  erected  in  1712,  when 
the  burial-ground  was  also  consecrated.  The  living  has 
been  several  times  augmented.  In  1713  it  received 
£80  from  the  heir  and  four  daughters  of  Henry  Holme  ; 
and  in  1746,  1773,  and  1775,  three  sums  of  money  of 
£200  each  from  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty, 
and  a  subscription  of  £200,  making  altogether  £800, 
laid  out  iu  the  purchase  of  land  in  Long  Sleddale, 


NATLAND   CHAPELRY. 


865 


Selside,  and  Lambrigg,  now  let  for  about  £'50  a  year. 
The  total  income  of  tlie  living  is  £88.  The  vicar  of 
Kendal  is  patron.     The  registers  commence  in  1(370. 

iNcuiiuENTs.' —  Matthew  Monkliouse,  1717  ;  Edward  Green- 
wood, 179S  ;  Robert  Walker,  1815. 

There  is  no  parsonage. 

In    1853   the   Rev.  Miles   Walker,   brother   of  the 
present  incumbent,  gave  i'liOO,  on  condition  that  the 


•inhabitants  of  the  township  would  raise  a  similar  sum, 
and  devote  it  to  the  education  of  ths  poor  of  the  cbapelry. 
The  inhabitants  subscribed  £250,  to  which  tlie  master 
and  fellows  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  added  £50, 
thus  making  up  the  amount  required,  which  was  invested 
in  the  Three-percent  Consols,  and  now  produces  about 
£•21  per  annum.  The  Hon.  Mrs.  Howard  also  sub- 
scribes £10  a  year  for  the  educatiun  of  poor  children. 
A  new  school-house  is  much  needed. 


NATLAND  CHAPELRY. 
Tins  is  a  small  chapeln,-  containing  a  township  and  village  of  its  own  name,  and  the  Roman  station  of  Galaeum. 
It  is  bounded   on   the  north  by  Netbergravcship,  on  the  west  by  HeLiugton,  and  on  the  south   and   east   by 
Stainton. 


The  area  of  Natland  township  is  returned  with  that 
of  the  parish ;  its  rateable  value  is  £o,U05.  The  popula- 
tion in  1801  was  205;  in  1811,188;  in  18-21.244; 
in  1831,  230;  in  1841,  251;  and  in  1851,  236; 
nearly  two-thirds  of  whom  reside  in  the  village,  the 
remainder  in  dispersed  houses.  Agriculture  is  the 
only  employment.  The  soil  here  is  rather  sandy.  The 
township  is  intersected  by  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle 
railway. 

Of  the  Roman  occupation  of  this  part  of  Westmore- 
land we  have  abundant  evidence  at  Watcrcrook,  sup- 
posed to  be  the  Galacura  of  the  Notitia.  According  to 
Horsley,  the  station  measured  six  chains  from  north  to 
south,  and  eight  from  east  to  west,  covering  an  area  of 
about  five  acres,  .\ltars,  coins,  urns,  stones,  and  the 
remains  of  pottery,  have  been  found  here  ;  and  Hors- 
ley discovered  a  stone  monument  in  the  wall  of  a 
neighbouring  barn,  with  an  inscription  to  the  memory 
of  two  freedraen.  A  lioman  coin,  of  the  Emperor 
Vespasian,  was  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Water- 
crook  a  good  many  years  ago.  About  a  mile  and  a 
half  from  the  station,  on  the  summit  of  a  high  hill, 
called  Helm,  is  a  place  called  Casilesteads,  supposed  to 
have  formed  a  summer  station  for  the  garrison  of  Gala- 
eum. Tho  inner  and  outer  valluns  are  still  visible. 
Coneybods,  situated  on  ll'iy  Fell,  east  of  Kendal,  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  an  exploratory  station  fur  Watcrcrook. 

On  the  Norman  invasion,  Natland  is  conjectured  to 
have  become  tho  habitation  of  the  Nulivi,  or  bondmen 
of  Kendal  Castle.  Tho  manor  is  included  in  the  Mar- 
Huis  Fee,  and  has  long  been  held  by  the  Strickland 
family,  Walter  C.  Strickland.  Ksij.,  of  Sizcrgh,  being 
the  present  lord.  The  lajidownors  are  tho  Rev.  W.  C. 
Wilson,  George  E.  Wilson,  Esq.;  Edward  Wilson,  Esq.; 
llichard  Wilson,  Esq.;  and  W.  1).  Crewdson,  Esq. 

Tho  village  of  Natland  is  two  miles  south  of  Kendal. 


THE    CHAPEL. 

The  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Mark,  is  a  neat  modem 
edifice,  erected,  near  the  site  of  a  former  chapel,  in  1 825, 
at  a  cost  of  £550,  of  which  £300  was  given  by  three 
individuals,  and  £100  by  the  Society  for  Building  New 
Churches.  In  174i!,  1740,  and  1754,  the  living  was 
augmented  with  £000  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  ;  and 
in  the  latter  year  with  £100  left  by  Archbishop  Bolter, 
and  £liiO  left  by  Bishop  Stratford,  making  a  total  sum 
of  £800,  which  was  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of  land  at 
Skelsmergh,  Old  Hutton,  and  Barbon.  The  two  for- 
mer estates  now  let  for  £53  a  year,  but  tho  latter  has 
been  sold  and  the  money  invested  in  the  funds.  It  has 
since  received  other  augmentations,  so  that  the  benefice 
is  now  worth  £113  a  year,  besides  a  residence.  The 
tithe  corn  rent  is  paid  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
and  the  vicar  of  Kendal,  the  latter  of  whom  is  patron  of 
the  living.     The  registers  commence  in  1777. 

Inccmdents. —  Williiim  Townson,  George  Kendal,  Thomas 
Briggs,  Thomas  Thoruborrow,  Thomas  Mackereth,  aud  Joseph 
I'uwcett. 

The  parsonage  is  a  plain  building,  purchased  about 
twelve  years  ago. 

The  school  for  boys  and  girls  is  endowed  with  £40  a 
year  from  an  estate  in  die  chapelrj-. 

cn.vniTiEs. 

Shipphard's  Charily. — Charles  Shipphard,  by  will,  in 
1779,  left  the  sum  of  £180,  upon  trust,  and  directed 
that  the  interest  should  t§  divided  amongst  tho  jwor  of 
the  chapelry.  This  sum  was  subsciiucntly  increased  to 
£300,  on  account  of  which  £4  a  year  is  distributed  as 
directed. 

Shippluird's  Devise. — The  same  Charles  Shipphard,  by 
his  will,  devised  an  estate  called  Crow  Park,  the  rent  of 
which  he  ordained  should  be  applied  for  the  education 
of  the  poor  ckildrcu  of  tho  township. 


ini 


860 


KENDAL  WARD. 


NEW    HUTTON    CHAPELRY. 

This  olinpelry  comprises  tlie  townships  of  New  Hutton,  liny,  and  IIutton-in-the-Hay,  wliicli  foim  a  township  with 
Scaltbwuiie  liigg. 


NEW    EUTTON. 

New  Ilutton  townsliip  coutaiiieJ,  in  1801,  125  inha- 
bitants;  in  1811,  JIO;  in  18i21,  127;  in  ls:Jl,  173; 
in  1811,  118;  and  iu  1851,  157.  The  rateable  value 
is  .£1,185    15s.  7Jd- 

Nicolsou  and  Burn  toll  us,  "  at  first  there  was  only 
one  general  name  of  Hutton.  The  distinction  between 
Old  and  New  Hutton  seems  to  have  eonic  in  about  the 
beginning  of  the  reign  of  Edward  I."  For  the  descent 
of  the  manor,  see  Old  Hutton.  New  Hutton  is  held 
under  the  Richmond  Fee  ;  the  tenants  possess  the 
manoriiil  rights  of  their  own  properties,  and  pay  a  quit 
rent  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the  lessee  of  the  crown. 
Tlie  landowners  are  the  executors  of  the  late  William 
Thompson,  Esq. ;  Richard  Simpson,  Esq. ;  Messrs. 
John  Y.  Thexton,  William  AVhitwell,  John  Sleddall, 
L.  Watson  ;  the  Misses  llarrisou,  and  a  number  of 
small  proprietors.  The  commons  were  enclosed  in  1839. 

The  township  contains  the  small  hamlets  of  Borrans, 
Millhohn,  and  Rawgreen,  with  several  scattered  dwell- 
ings, distant  three  miles  and  a  half  east-south-east  of 
Kendal. 

THE    CnAPEL. 

New  Hutton  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Stephen,  is  a 
modern  Gothic  structure,  erected  in  1820,  at  a  cost  of 
about  £'}00.  It  comprises  nave,  aisle,  chancel,  tower, 
and  spire.  The  windows  are  lancet-shaped ;  those  at 
the  east  end  are  partly  stained.  There  are  tno  mural 
tablets ;  one  to  the  memory  of  the  late  William  Sleddall 
and  bis  wife ;  the  other  to  the  late  Ralph  Fisher,  Esq. 
The  chapel  contains  near!}'  300  sittings,  most  of  which 
are  free.  The  living  is  worth  about  .£80  a  year,  arising 
from  an  estate  at  Killington,  purchased  with  i'-iOO 
subscribed  by  the  inhabitants,  and  £-200  obtained  from 
the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  and  laud  at 
Grayrigg  bought  with  an  augmentation  of  .£200  re- 
ceived iu  175G  ;  together  with  a  grant  of  £l'd  a  year 
from  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners,  received  in  1844. 
The  vicar  of  Kendal  is  patron.  The  registers  com- 
mence in  1741. 

Incumbents. — Samuel  Simpson,  John  Simpson,  Kalph  W. 
risher,  Francis  Whalley,  and  Henry  Scambler.  The  Key. 
Samuel  Simpson  held  the  living  for  sixty-seven  years,  from 
1741  till  1S08,  when  he  deceased,  being  upwards  of  ninety  years 
of  age. 

New  Huttou  School  possesses  an  endowment  of  five 
guineas  a  year,  arising  from  a  small  enclosure  in  the 
township  of  Sedgwick,   purchased  with  £40  left  for 


education  by  Miles  Tarn,  in  1778;  and  £15  8s.  (Id- 
given  by  tlie  Rev.  Samuel  Simpson,  the  then  incum- 
bent, the  rent  of  which  is  given  to  the  schoolmaster. 
The  average  number  of  children  iu  atteudance  is  about 

twenty. 

CBAIilTIES. 

Wallter's  Charihj. — William  W.ilker,  of  Bendrigg,  in 
Old  Hutton,  in  10;39,  left  sevi  ml  messuages,  diarged 
with  the  following  payments  : — •'  'i'u  twelve  poor  house- 
holders dwelling  within  the  lordship  of  Kiilington,  to 
each  3s.  Cd.,  42s.;  to  four  poor  householders  within 
the  lordship  of  Firbank,  each  2s.  Od.,  10s.;  to  eight 
poor  householders  within  the  lordship  of  Old  Hutton, 
each  3s.  4d.,  £1  6s.  8d. ;  to  four  poor  householders 
within  the  lordship  of  New  Hutton,  each  3s.  4d., 
13s.  4d. ;  and  to  four  poor  householders  of  Lanibrigg. 
each  23.  6d.,  10s."  The  sum  of  13s.  4d.  is  regularly 
distributed  on  account  of  this  charity  to  four  poor 
householders  of  this  township. 

Ward's  Charity. — Thomas  Ward,  late  of  Norfold, 
left  by  his  will,  dated  February  15th,  1800,  the  sum 
of  £300,  the  interest  of  which  he  directed  should  be 
distributed  by  the  minister  and  overseers  to  the  poor 
not  in  receipt  of  parish  relief,  belonging  to  and  living 
in  the  three  towns  of  Hutton,  near  Kendal.  The  said 
Thomas  Ward  also  left  £50  to  the  minister  of  New 
Hutton  Chapelry,  which  was  applied  to  the  purchase  of 
land  for  the  benefit  of  the  chapel. 

SC.\LTHVV.\ITE    r.IGG,    H.\Y,    AND    nUTTON-IN-TIIE-n.VT. 

This  townsliip  extends  from  Faircross  Bank,  in  the 
suburb  of  Kendal,  to  three  miles  east  of  that  town.  Its 
rateable  value  is  £4,280.  The  population  in  1801  was 
250:  in  1811,  270  ;  in  1821,  348;  in  1831,880  :  in 
1841,408;  and  in  1851,  460.  The  Lancaster  and 
Carlisle  railway  runs  through  the  township.  The 
manorial  rights  are  possessed  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale, 
besides  whom  Ralph  Fisher,  Esq. :  the  executors  of 
the  late  William  Thompson,  Esq.;  Edward  Wilson.  Esq.; 
William  Sleddall,  Esq.;  WUham^  Edmondson,  Esq.; 
Richard  Dobinson,  Esq.,  and  others,  are  the  landowners. 

Scalthwaite  Rigg  is  included  in  the  parish  of  Kendal. 
It  includes  the  village  of  Mealbank,'which  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Kent,  two  and  a  half 
miles  north-east  of  Kendal,  where  there  are  a  corn  and 
snuff  mills  and  a  woollen  manufactory.  There  is  a  neat 
school,  erected  by  Messrs.  Braithwaite  and  Co.,  in-]840, 
for  the  education  of  the  children  of  their  workpeople. 


OLD  HCTTON  AND  HOLMESCALES  CHAPELRY. 


867 


SleJJaU  IJull,  now  a  farm  house,  belouging  to  Edward 
Wilsou,  Esq.,  was  formerly  the  seat  of  the  ancient 
family  of  Sleddall,  one  of  whom  was  mayor  of  Kendal  in 
1030. 

Uay  is  a  hamlet  about  half  a  mile  west  of  Hutton-in- 
the-Hay,  which  is  a  constabulary  in'thc  township,  three 
miles  east  of  Kendal.  Both  jilacesarc  in  New  llutlon 
chapelry,  and  iu  the  manor  of  Hay,  which  belongs  to 
the  Marquis  Fee  of  Kendal  barony.  Nicolson  and  Burn 
ri-iy  "  Hay  signifies  a  park  or  enclosure,  and  Hutton 
seems  to  have  come  from  huts,  which  were  erected  in 


Utile  hunting  grounds  and  forests  for  the  convenience  of 
the  hunters  ;  it  is  therefore  evident  that  the  huts  within 
the  park  were  called  Hutton-iu-the-Uay,  to  distinguish 
them  from  the  huts  in  the  open  forest ;  and  this  dis- 
tinction is  supposed  to  have  originated  when  the  estates 
of  William  de  Lancaster  were  divided  between  his 
co-heiresses,  Helwise  and  Alicia." 

Hill  Top  is  a  delightfully-situated  mansion  in  the 
liamlet  of  Hay,  and  the  residence  of  Dr.  Fleming. 
lUw  Hea<l,  an  ancient  mansion  in  Hutton-in-the-Uay, 
is  the  seat  and  property  of  William  Sleddall,  Esq. 


OLD  HUTTON  AND  HOLMESCALES  CHAPELRY. 
This  chapelry  comprises  the  township  of  Old  Hutton  and  Holmescales,  including  the  hamlets  of  Bridge  End, 
Clinpel  Houses,  Ewbank,  Middleshaw,  and  Beckside,  and  e.^teuds  from  three  and  a  half  to  live  miles  south-east  of 
Kendal. 


The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  308  ; 
in  1811,  arc  ;  in  1831,424;  ia  lS;il,  4-a9  ;  in  1841, 
of  Old  Hutton  alone,  434;  in  1851,  307;  in  1841,  of 
Holmescales  alone,  34;  in  18.51,  44.  The  surface  of 
the  township  is  irregular,  and  the  soil  is  generally  of  a 
light,  sandy  quality.  The  commous  have  been  enclosed. 
Holmescales,  though  united  with  Old  Hutton  iu  poors' 
rate,  and  in  the  partition  of  common  rights,  is  a  hamlet 
to  the  extreme  point  easterly  of  Biirton-in-Kendal,  and 
belongs  to  that  parish  for  eeclesiasticfil  purposes.  It  is 
five  miles  south-east  of  Kendal,  and  possesses  a  bobbin 
mill.  At  Bridge  End,  which  is  five  miles  from  Kendal, 
is  a  worsted  manufactory  ;  and  at  the  beck  side,  about 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  chapel,  is  a  corn-mill. 

The  distinction  between  Old  and  New  Hutton  does 
not  appear  to  be  older  than  the  reign  of  Edwai'd  I. 
About  the  time  of  Richard  I.,  Gilbert,  son  of  Roger 
Fitz-lleinfred,  granted  to  Thomas,  son  of  Gospatric, 
Holme,  Preston,  and  Hutton,  with  the  ajipurtenances 
to  hold  of  him  and  his  heirs  by  the  service  of  the  fourth 
]iart  of  one  knight's  foe.  In  the  ne.\t  generation, 
William  de  Lancaster  granted  and  confirmed  to  Patrick, 
son  of  the  said  Thomas,  son  of  (io.spatric,  and  his  heirs, 
the  charU^r  which  Gilbert,  son  of  Roger  Fitz-lloinfred, 
father  of  the  said  William,  granted  to  the  said  Thomas, 
of  the  lauds  in  Kendal  wliii-li  ho  hold  of  the  siiiil  Gilbert, 
iu  Preston,  Holme,  and  liutton.  In  the  ioth  Edward 
r.  John  de  Culwen  granted  and  confirmod  to  Patrick  de 
("lulwen  and  his  heirs  all  his  lands  at  Old  Hutton  and 
Holmescales,  with  the  mill  and  services  of  his  free 
tenants  there,  except  the  wood  of  Hutton,  and  rendered 
for  the  same  one  penny  of  silver  yearly  at  the  Nativity 
of  our  Lord,  for  all  services.     And  iu  the  7th  Edward 


III.  Gilbert  de  Culweu,  lord  of  Workington,  re-leased 
and  quitted  claim  to  Thomas  de  Culwen,  son  of  Patrick 
de  Culweu,  Knt,  his  uncle,  all  his  lands'  of  Old  Hutton 
and  Holmescales,  in  Kendal,  with  the  mill  and  homages 
of  the  free  tenants  there ;  to  hold  to  the  said  Thomas 
and  the  heir  of  his  body,  rendering  to  the  said  Gilbert 
and  his  heirs  yearly  one  penny  of  silver  as  above. 
The  manor  of  Old  Hutton  has  long  been  enfranchised. 
From  some  escheats  taken  about  the  beginning  of  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.,  the  tenements  in  Old  Hutton  and 
Holmescales  appear  to  have  been  held  of  the  king  as  of 
his  manor  of  Kirkby  in  Kendal  called  the  Richmond 
Fee,  in  socage,  by  payment  of  certain  rents. 

THE   CHATEL. 

Old  Hutton  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Baptist, 
was  erected  in  lOdS,  rebuilt  iu  1009,  and  had  a  burial 
ground  consecrated  in  1 82'2.  It  is  a  plain  structure, 
without  any  architectural  pretensions.  The  benefice, 
a  curacy,  iu  the  patronage  of  the  vicar  of  Kendal,  lias 
an  ancient  salary  of  £i  12s.,  a  piece  of  land  left  hf 
Henry  Bateman,  and  £5  a  year  for  an  afternoon 
sermon,  left  by  Thomas  Robinson,  in  1706;  since 
which  time  it  has  been  augmented  with  £000  of  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty,  with  i'lilO  from  Dr.  Stratford's  trustees, 
and  £100  given  by  various  benefactors,  all  laid  out  in 
land,  so  that  its  net  income  is  now  about  £0H  a  ye.ar. 

The  parsonage  is  a  neat  and  commodious  structure, 
erected  in  18;U.     It  is  about  a  mile  from  the  chapel. 

The  Grammar  School  was  founded  by  I'.dward  Milner 
in  1013.  It  was  rebuilt  by  the  inhabitants  in  1753, 
and  possesses  a  j'early  income  of  i'lO  lis.  arising  from 
three  rent-charges,  and  from  interest  of  money  vested 
iu  the  Navy  Five-i)cr-cents. 


808 


KENDAL  WARD. 


CHARITIES.  W 

Walker's  Charity. — The  particulars  of  the  foundation 
of  this  charity  are  given  in  our  report  of  the  charities 
in  New  llutton.  14  Cs.  8d.  is  annually  added  to  tlio 
rents  of  Roger  Ward's  Charity,  and  disposed  of  witli 
them  at  Whitsuntide,  in  the  manner  hereafter  men- 
tioned. 

Eoger  Ward's  CJiarity. — There  is  an  estate  at  Old 
Hutton,  supposed  to  have  been  given  by  Roger  Ward, 
which  produces  about  £'-^0  a  year.  After  deducting 
what  is  necessary  for  incidental  expenses  and  repairs, 
the  rent  payable  to  the  charity  is  distributed  half-yeariy 
amongst  about  thirty  poor  persons  of  the  township  of 
llutton  aud  Holraescales. 

Bobinson's  Charity.—Thomaa  Robiuson,  of  Greaves, 
in  Old  Hutton,  by  will,  dated  1G93,  left  £5  a  year  to 
the  minister  of  Old  Hutlon,  to  preach  an  afternoon 
sermon  every  Sunday  in  the   year,  except  the  winter 


•  quarter.  He  also  bequeathed  it'yi  to  be  laid  out  upon 
lands  for  ever  by  the  cliurchwardens  and  overseers,  the 
produce  to  be  laid  out  in  penny  loaves  and  given  away 
every  Sunday,  to  poor  persons.  He  also  left  two  brack- 
endales,  the  one  on  Holmescales  Common,  the  other  in 
Preston  Patrick,  to  bo  let  by  the  churchwardens,  and 
the  rents  divided  among  such  poor  housekeepers  as 
should  not  receive  aid  from  the  parish. 

Dawson's  Charily. — Joseph  Dawson,  alderman,  of 
Kendal,  left  £52,  to  be  distributed  weekly  in  bread. 

Donor  Unknown. — The  township  also  possesses  tho 
sum  of  £''i2,  which  is  applied  to  different  purposes. 

Division  of  Holmescales. — Hiitloh's  Charity.  —  The 
division  of  Holmescales,  though  it  forms  a  township 
jointly  with  Old  Hutton,  is  itself  in  the  parish  of 
Burton.  It  is  consequently  entitled  to  a  share  of  the 
rents  of  tho  Hinden  estate,  for  au  account  of  which  see 
Burton-iu-Keudal  parish. 


SELSIDE-WITH-WHITWELL    CHAPELRY. 

This  cbapelry  is  situated  between  the  Mint  and  Sprint  rivulets,  and  extends  from  four  and  a  half  to  six  and  a  half 
miles  north-by-east  of  Kendal. 


This  township  contained  in  1801  19^  inhabitants; 
in  1811,  234;  in  1821,  291;  in  1831,  263;  in  1841, 
335;  and  in  1851,  2^1;  who  are  principally  resident 
in  scattered  farm-houses.  The  rateable  value  is 
£1,052  9s.  Id. 

Selside  and  Whitwell,  though  separate  divisions, 
form  only  one  constablewick,  and  seem  to  have  been 
originally  one  manor.  At  what  date  they  were  first 
separated  we  have  now  no  means  of  ascertaining. 
They  subsequently  became  united  in  tho  ancient 
family  of  Thornburgh.  The  first  account  we  have  of 
Whitwell  is  in  1351,  in  which  year  we  find  that  Gilbert 
de  Burneshead  held  of  William  de  Coucy  the  hamlet 
of  Whitwell,  by  the  service  of  cornage,  wardship,  and 
relief.  Tiie  heiress  of  the  Burneshead  family  married 
a  Bellingham,  aud  one  of  the  daughters  and  co-heirs  of 
the  last  Bellingham  of  Burneshead  brought  Whitwell 
in  marriage  to  the  Thornburghs.  Of  Selside  we  have 
no  account  previous  to  1375,  when  Matthew  de  Red- 
man held  of  Joan  de  Coupland  divers  tenements  in 
Selside,  but  the  manor  appears  to  have  been  then  held 
by  the  Thornburghs.  This  last-named  family,  which 
held  Selside  and  Whitwell  till  it  failed  in  issue  male 
in.  177-i,  produced  a  number  of  distinguished  men, 
several  of  whom  were  knights  of  the  shire  for  West- 
moreland, in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  Richard  H., 
Henry  IV.,  and  Henry  V.     Tho  Thornburghs  sold  olf 


the  manor  by  degrees,  part  to  the  tenants,  part  to  the 
Wilsons,  and  part  to  the  Bellinghams,  so  that  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  it  now  belongs  to  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Howard.  The  landowners  are  Ralph  Kiddell,  Es(i. ; 
Mrs.  Fothergill;  James  Machell,  Esq.;  the  executors 
of  the  late  William  Thompson,  Esq. ;  and  Arthur 
Shepherd,  Esq. 

Selside  Hall,  the  ancient  seat  of  the  Thornburghs, 
and  now  the  property  of  Ralph  Riddell,  Esq.,  serves  as 
a  farm-house. 

E.tcept  the  small  hamlet  of  Gateside,  which  is  five 
miles  uorth-by-east  of  Kendal,  the  houses  in  this  town- 
ship are  all  scattered,  and  bear  different  names.  The 
commons  were  enclosed  in  1825. 

THE  CUAPEL. 

The  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Thomas,  is  a  plain 
building,  re-erected  in  1838,  at  a  cost  of  about  i;l,0(li>, 
the  whole  of  which  was  defrayed  by  subscription  with 
the  exception  of  £80  obtained  from  the  church  com- 
missioners, and  £50  given  by  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge. The  site  for  the  building,  together  with  the 
requisite  stone  and  sand,  were  given  by  Mr.  Riddell. 
The  chapel  will  accommodate  about  300  persons,  and 
with  the  exception  of  five  pews  appropriated  to  Low- 
bridge  House,  Forest  Hall,  Selside  Hall,  Kit  Cragg, 
and  Northgate  Side,  are  all  free.  In  1717,  the  curacy 
was  certified  at  £8  5s.,  viz.,  £4  charged   upon  the 


STA^'ELEY   CHAPELRV. 


fifiQ 


estates  of  the  inhabitants,  £4  issuing  out  of  land  left  by 
Allies  Uiikbeck,  and  5s.  interest  of  money  left  liy  Thos. 
Nelson.  It  was  augmented  in  l~-i-i  with  two  estates 
called  Ilarrod  and  Stonogarth,  in  Whinfell,  purchased 
vdih  £200  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  j£10()  given  by 
Lady  Mover,  i'lOO  from  ilie  trustees  of  Dr.  Stratford, 
and  £100  given  by  the  Kev.  William  Atkinson,  all 
laid  out  ill  tlie  purchase  of  Beckstones,  afterwards 
exchanged  for  lirowfoot  estate,  in  Firbank.  The  total 
income  of  the  living  is  £115.  The  landowners  are  the 
patrons.  The  chapel  includes  within  its  jurisdiction 
the  township  of  Selside  and  Wliitwell,  the  township  of 
Fawcett  Forest,  part  of  Whinfell,  two  houses  in  Skels- 
mergh,  and  three  houses  in  Strickland  Roger.  The 
register  commences  in  175^. 

Incdmdbxts. — William  Atkinson,  1752;  Jacob  CLanibre, 
1701;  Joliu  Parker,  177;!;  Matthew  Monkliouse,  1780;  Thomas 
.\irey,  1791;  Henry  Hulme  Airey,  1831. 

The  incumbent  resides  at  Browfoot. 

The  school  possesses  an  endowment  of  £59  a  year, 
arising  from  a  bequest  made  in  1730,  by  John  Kitching, 
who  gave  an  estate  at  Biggersbank,  upon  trust  that  the 
rents  should  be  applied  for  the  gratuitous  education  of 
the  children  of  the  township.  Joseph  IlarlinK,  by  will, 
in  ISOvi,  Itft  £100  to  this  school,  upon  condition  that 
four  poor  hoys  of  Skelsmergh  should  be  taught  by  the 
schoolmaster,  free  of  expense,  except  only  a  cockpenny 
at  Shrovetide,  which  is  paid  by  all  the  scholars. 

CHARITIES. 

Poors'  Land. — There  is  a  small  parcel  of  ground, 
about  half  an  acre,  commonly  called  the  Poor  Dole.  It 
is  not  known  how  it  came  to  the  township,  but  the  rent 
has  been  distributed,  on  St.  Thomas'  Day,  together 
with  the  communion  money,  among  the  poor  house- 
holders of  the  township,  as  long  as  can  bo  remembered. 


Stephenson's  C/ian'ti/.— The  poor  of  this  township  are 
entitled  to  a  sum  of  money,  annually,  of  the  gift  of 
llobert  Stpplienson,  as  described  in  the  account  of  the 
township  of  Whinfell  and  Grayrigg. 

LowbriJgc  House,  the  seat  and  property  of  Mrs. 
Fothergill,  is  a  neat  mansion,  occupying  a  pleasant 
situation  at  the  foot  of  Bannisdale,  six  and  a  half 
miles  north  of  Kendal.  It  was  erected  in  1837,  and 
is  Elizabethan  in  style. 

Mozergh  House,  the  residence  of  James  Machell, 
Esq.,  is  pleasantly  situated  four  miles  and  a  quarter 
uorth-by-east  of  Kendal.  It  was  erected  in  1835,  and 
contains  some  ancient  oak  furniture,  remarkable  for 
the  beauty  of  its  carving. 

FAWCETT    FOREST. 

This  is  an  extensive  but  wild  and  mountainous 
'district  in  the  parishes  of  Kendal,  Shap,  and  Orton, 
and  in  the  chapelry  of  Selside,  distant  from  five  and  a 
half  to  eight  miles  north  of  Kendal.  Its  population  in 
1801  was  81  ;  in  1811,01;  in  1821,51;  in  1831,01: 
in  1811,  00;  and  in  1851,  51.  The  rateable  value  is 
£110. 

Fawcett  Forest,  anciently  Fauside  Forest,  was  given 
to  the  abbey  of  Bylaud  by  William  de  Lancaster  I. 
After  the  suppression  of  the  religious  houses,  it  was 
purchased  by  Alan  Bellingham,  Esq.,  a  younger  son  of 
the  Bellinghams  of  Burneshead,  who  also  purchased 
Helsington  and  Levens.  The  last  of  the  Bellingham 
family  sold  Fawcett  Forest,  with  other  estates,  to  Colonel 
James  Graham,  from  whom  it  has  descended  to  the 
Hon.  Mrs.  Howard,  besides  whom  George  A.  Geldard, 
Esq.,  is  the  principal  landowner. 

Forest  Hall  is  the  residence  of  ]\Ir.  William  Wood, 
who  farms  the  whole  township.  It  partakes  in  some 
degree  of  the  Elizabethan  style. 


STAVELE 
This  chapelry  includes  the  township  of  Over  Staveley, 

The  rateable  valueofStnvelry  township  is  £1,085  18s. 
In  1801  it  contained  3-J  I  inhabitants:  in  1811,  230; 
in  1821,  312;  in  1831,  412:  in  1841,  527;  and  in 
1851,  732;  who  are  principally  resident  in  the  village 
of  Staveley,  and  many  are  employed  at  woollen  and 
bobbin  mills  ;  the  remainder  as  in  agricultural  districts. 
Tho  Kendal  and  Windermere  railway  passes  close  to 
the  township,  and  has  a  station  at  tho  village  of  Nether 
Staveley. 

The  manor  of  Staveley  and  Uugill  is  part  of  the 


Y    CHAPELRY. 

the  chief  part  of  Nether  Staveley,  and  a  part  of  Uugill. 

'  Marquis  Fee  of  Kendal  barony.  After  the  death  of 
William  de  Thweng,  in  1340,  it  was  found  by  inqui- 
I  sition  that  ho  died  seised  of  the  park  of  Staveley,  and 
I  of  a  fullins  mill  there,  as  also  of  tho  rents  of  free 
tenants  and  tenants  at  will  at  Staveley  and  at  HugilL 
1  Among  the  escheats  in  1413  it  is  found  that  John 
'  Hotham,  Knt.,  held  the  ninior  of  Siaveley.  From 
'  this  time  till  150U  the  Hotharas  held  the  manor;  they 
I  sold  it,  or  nitlior  their  part  of  it,  in  the  latter  year  to 
!      tbo  Bellinghams.     In  1577,  after  tho  death  of  ALui 


870 


KENDAL    WARD. 


Beliingliaiii,  E>(\.,  it  was  found  by  imiuisitioii  that  lie 
died  possessed  of  the  manor  of  Staveley,  aud  of  "  divers 
lands  and  tenements"  in  Over  Staveley,  Nether  Stave- 
ley,  ami  other  jilaces,  aud  that  be  held  the  same  of  the 
queen  by  knight's  service.  In  the  same  year  it  was 
found  that  William  Gilpin  held  a  part  of  the  manor  of 
Over  Staveley.  In  1595  it  was  found  tliat  Robert 
Bindloss,  Esq.,  and  James  riellingham,  Esq.,  held  of 
the  queen  (Elizabeth)  as  of  her  barony  of  Kendal,  in 
free  socage,  and  not  in  capite,  in  Nether  Staveley, 
several  messuages  aud  tenements.  In  1008  Rowland 
Philipson  held  Staveley  by  fealty  and  l'2d.  rent;  and 
five  years  later  we  find  Christopher  Philipson  holding 
"one  capital  messuage  called  Ashes,  with  twenty-one 
acres  of  laud,  in  Staveley  Godmond  (so  called  from 
Godmond,  who  had  estates  there),  of  the  king  as  of  his 
manor  of  Kendal  called  the  ilarquis  Fee,  by  the  yearly 
rent  of  ICd.  for  all  services.''  In  1070  there  were , 
held  of  Katharine,  queen  consort  of  Charles  II.,  in 
Staveley  and  Hugill,  of  the  Marquis  Fee,  "si.x;  freehold 
tenements  of  the  yearly  rent  of  43.  7d. ;  thirteen  cus- 
tomary tenements  of  the  yearly  rent  of  £5  i  7s.  4^d. ; 
fulling  mills  and  lords'  acres  of  the  rent  of  £1  8s.  4d., 
and  fifteen  cottages  of  the  rent  of  .£1  13s.  4d.  Four 
other  tenements  in  Hugill,  pay  a  free  or  dry  rent  of 
£3  19s.  9d.;  Ulthwaite  mill  in  Hugill,  Is.  3d."  The 
Earl  of  Lonsdale  and  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Howard  are  the 
present  possessors  of  the  manorial  rights  aud  privileges. 
The  landowners  are  Edward  Wilson,  Esq.;  John  H. 
Wilson,  Esq. ;  the  executors  of  Abraham  Banks,  Esq, ; 
•Tas.  Gandy,  Esq. ;  R.  B.  Armstrong,  Esq. ;  Benjamin 
Tui-ton,  Esq.;  the  trustees  of  the  late  Geo.  Mounsey, 
Esq. ;  and  others. 

The  village  of  Staveley  is  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Kent,  a  little  above  the  confluence  of  that  river  with 
the  Gowan,  four  miles  and  a  half  north-west  of  Kendal. 
In  the  village  are  two  extensive  woollen  mills,  a  corn 
mill,  aud  two  bobbin  mills.  Here  is  also  a  handsome 
hotel  called  the  Abbey,  erected  in  1844.  It  is  finished 
aud  furnished  in  a  superior  manner,  aud  is  a  great 
convenience  to  travellers.  Staveley  is  very  ancient. 
It  was  a  prosperous  village  at  a  very  early  period. 
We  find  that  as  early  as  1341,  ten  years  after  the 
establishment  of  the  wooUen  manufacture  at  Kendal, 
there  was  a  fulling  mill  here,  which  was  worth  10s. 
a  year.  In  ]32!l  (and  Edward  III.)  a  charter  was 
obtained  for  a  weekly  market  at  Staveley,  on  Friday, 
and  a  fair  yearly  on  the  eve,  day,  and  morrow  of  the 
feast  of  St.  Luke,  but  they  have  long  been  obsolete. 
Two  annual  fairs  are  now  held  here  on  the  Wed- 
nesday before  Easter  for  cattle,  and  the  7th  October 
for  sheep. 


TBE   CHirnL. 

The  chapel,  probably  dedicated  to  St.  Margaret,  is 
an  ancient  but  commodiojis  structure,  consisting  of 
nave,  chancel,  and  neat  tower  containing  two  bells. 
There  are  two  mural  monuments  in  the  chancel,  one 
of  which  cotnmeinorates  George  Jobson,  the  other  is 
defaced.  There  are  also  neat  marble  tablets  to  the 
memory  of  Thomas  F.  de  Lambert,  Esq.,  and  the  Rev. 
Peter  Strickland,  and  his  only  son  Thomas.  The 
ancient  salary  of  this  chapel  was  only  .£0  13s.  4d.,  to 
which  Mr.  Henry  Nicolson  added  10s.  a  year  for  a 
sermon  on  St.  Thomas'  Day.  It  has  since  been 
augmented  with  .£201)  obtained  from  Queen  .A.nuc's 
Bounty,  JEIOO  given  by  Lady  Moyer,  and  £100  sub- 
scribed by  the  inhabitants,  for  which  two  small  estates 
were  purchased,  one  at  Pattou  aud  the  other  at  Natland  ; 
and  in  1844  it  received  a  further  augmentation  of  £44 
from  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners,  so  that  the 
living  is  now  worth  about  £120  a  j'ear.  The  vicar  of 
Kendal  nominated  the  present  incumbent,  but  the 
payers  of  chapel  salary  nominated  bis  predecessor. 
The  registers  commence  in  1051. 

Incumbents. — George  Myera,  1757  ;  Peter  Strickland,  1807 ; 
J.  G.  Elleray,  1837. 

The  parsonage  occupies  a  pleasant  situation  on  the 
side  of  Ravenscar,  in  the  township  of  Hugill.  It  was 
erected  in  1852,  and  is  in  the  Elizabethan  style. 

The  Wesleyan  and  Primitive  Methodists  have  chapels 
in  the  village. 

The  school,  which  was  rebuilt  in  1841,  possesses  an 
endowment  arising  from  the  rents  of  Low  Scroggs  and 
Elphow  estates,  left  in  ICOG,  by  George  Job.son,  for  the 
education  of  poor  children,  about  sixty  of  whom  attend 
the  school. 

CHAKm. 

Poor  Stock. — There  is  the  sum  of  £50,  supposed  to 
have  been  left  by  thi-ee  persons  of  the  names  of  Muck- 
bold,  Airey,  and  Woodburn.  The  interest  is  annually 
distributed  on  Easter  Tuesday,  amongst  four  or  five 
poor  householders  having  no  parish  relief. 

NETHER    STAVELEY. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  131 ; 
in  1811,  155  :  in  1821,  180  ;  in  1831,  190  ;  in  1841, 
201;  aud  in  1851,  299.  The  rateable  value  is  £2,044. 
The  inhabitants  are  principally  engaged  in  agriculture, 
but  a  few  are  employed  in  the  bobbin  manufacture. 
The  Kendal  aud  Windermere  railway  runs  through 
the  township,  aud  has  a  station  here.  The  manorial 
rights  are  possessed  by  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Howard. 
The  landowners  are  Richard  de  Lambert,  Esq.;  William 


BURNESIDK    CHAPELRY. 


871 


Wakefield,  Esq.;  Thomas  Atkinson,  Esq.;  Eicbard. 
Wilson,  Esq.  ;  the  trustees  of  the  late  J.  G.  Roberts, 
Esq.;  P.  Iliibbersty,  Esq.;  nnd  some  smidler  propnctors. 
This  towubliip  extends  from  three  and  a  half  to  about 
seven  miles  north-west  of  Kendnl.  The  houses  are 
all  scattered  except  a  few  near  Gowan  Bridge,  where  it 


adjoins  the  village  of  Over  Staveley  and  the  river  Kent. 
Common  Head,  the  property  and  residence  of  Robert 
de  Lambert,  Esq.,  is  a  handsome  structure,  pleasantly 
situated  at  the  foot  of  a  bill  bearing  tlie  same  name, 
and  commanding  extensive  views  of  the  surrounding 
country. 


BURNESIDE    CHAPELRY. 
This  chapelry  includes  the  townships  of  Strickland  Ketel  and  Strickland  Roger. 


The  manor  of  Bunieside,  anciently  Burnesbead, 
appears  to  have  been  possessed  by  a  family  bearing  the 
local  name,  but  only  cue  of  them  is  recorded,  Gilbert 
de  Buruesliead,  who  occurs  in  ]2S'^.  The  family  seems 
to  have  ended  iu  a  daughter,  Margaret,  who  became 
the  wife  of  Richard  de  BcUingbam,  one  of  a  Northum- 
berland family,  who  thereupon  came  to  reside  at  Burue- 
side.  From  the  Belliugliams  the  manor  was  purchased 
by  Sir  Thomas  Clifford,  whose  son-in-law  (as  it  is 

supposed)  sold  it  to  llachell,  of  Kendal,  from 

whom  it  was  bought  by  Robert  Braithwaite,  Esq.,  of 
Ambleside.  The  Brailliwaites  continued  to  hold  the 
manor  till  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century,  when 
Richard  Braithwaite,  Esq.,  sold  it  to  Thomas  Shepherd, 
Esq.,  who  sold  the  estates  to  the  tenants,  and  the 
manor  to  the  Lowthers,  so  that  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale 
is  the  present  lord.  Burneside  Hall,  the  ancient 
manor-house,  has  long  been  in  ruins,  but  a  portion  of 
it  is  now  occupied  as  a  farmstead.  It  stands  iu  the 
township  of  Strickland  Upger. 

The  village  of  Burneside  is  situated  on  both  sides  of 
the  Kent,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  good  bridge,  two 
miles  nurtii-by-west  of  Kendal,  in  the  townships  of 
Stricklau<l  Ketel  and  Strickland  Roger.  It  is  a  place 
of  considerable  antiquity,  and  derives  its  name  from 
hum.  a  brook  or  stream,  in  allusion  to  the  river  flowing 
through  it. 

TIIR   CIIAPCL. 

Bunieside  chapel,  dedication  unknown,  is  a  neat 
Gothic  structure,  with  a  spiral  tower,  erected  in  ISdti, 
near  the  site  of  a  much  older  chapel,  at  a  cost  of  about 
Xl.flOO,  of  which  L'ftOO  was  raised  by  subscription, 
i'lOO  obtained  from  government,  and  the  remainder 
from  a  rate  levied  upon  the  occupiers  of  land.  John 
Bateman,  Esq.,  built  tiie  spire,  ornamented  the  interior 
of  the  cbapol,  and  gave  a  painted  window.  The  chapel 
contains  a  neat  marble  tablet  to  the  memory  of  Janirs 
Bateman,  Esq.,  of  Tolson  Ifall.  In  the  time  of  Charles 
I.  the  living  was  augmented  with  live  marks  {1'3  Os.  8d.) 


a  3'ear,  out  of  an  estate  at  Nether  Staveley,  left  by 
Messrs.  Robert  and  Rowland  Kitcbiu.  Since  then  it 
has  received  an  augmentation  of  2ns.  a  year  out  of  an 
estate  at  Strickland  Ketel,  left  by  3Ir.  Thos.  Atkinson  ; 
.£■100  ill  two  lots,  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  to  meet 
subscriptions  and  benefactions  to  the  same  amount,  of 
which  i'lOO  was  given  by  the  executors  of  Dr.  Strat- 
ford. This  money  was  expended  in  1757  in  the 
purchase  of  au  estate  at  Skelsmergh,  and  another  at 
Dent,  in  Yorkshire,  the  latter  of  which  now  produces 
about  £16  a  year.  The  total  income  of  the  living  is 
about  ,£120  per  annum.  The  cunite  is  elected  by  the 
landowners  paying  chapel  salaiy,  and  approved  of  by 
the  vicar  of  Kendal.     The  registers  commence  in  1717. 

I.sccMBE.STS. — William  Smitli,  17S4;  William  Barton,  1777; 
.Tohn  Jackson,  17H1 ;  Henry  DoJd,  17U1  ;  William  Kobinsou, 
1H15;  George  LondoD,  1854. 

The  parsonage  is  a  neat  Elizabethan  structure, 
erected  in  IS.'jO,  on  ground  given  by  John  Bateman, 
Esq.,  at  a  cost  of  about  £600,  of  which  £100  was  given 
by  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty. 

Burneside  School  possesses  an  ancient  school-stock  of 
£20,  together  with  the  following  bequests :  —  Alan 
Fisher,  of  llundlow,  in  Strickland  Roger,  by  will,  in 
1781.  gave  the  sum  ofXIioii  in  trust,  directing  that  the 
interest  should  be  applied  in  the  purchase  of  plate  for 
the  communion  service  of  Burneside  chapel,  and  the 
making  of  an  additional  room  to  the  school-house  ;  and 
for  furnishing  this  additional  room  he  left  his  books  and 
other  things  ;  and  he  declared  his  will  to  be,  that  if  tlio 
school  and  ehapcl  should  bo  united,  or,  during  such 
time  as  the  master  of  the  school  should  be  curate  of  tlie 
chapel,  that  six  poor  children  of  Strickland  Roger 
should  be  taught  gratis;  but  that  none  should  be 
taught  gratis  during  sucli  time  as  the  cbapol  and  school 
should  be  divided.  And  he  further  directed  his  trustees 
to  pay  yearly  to  a  poor  widow  belonging  to  Strickland 
Roger,  with  not  less  than  two  children,  the  sum  of  £1, 
by  half  yearly  payments  ;  and  he  further  ordered  that 


872 


KENDAI,    WARD. 


out  of  the  profits,  bis  trustees  should  pay  yearly  to  the 
churchwardens  of  Strickland  Roger  £2  12s.,  to  be  laid 
out  in  bread  at  a  shilling  a  week  ,  and  he  directed  that 
the  residue  of  the  yearly  interest  of  the  i'OOO  should  be 
given  to  the  schoolmaster  at  Burncside  for  the  time 
being.  Joseph  Hading,  by  will,  in  November,  1802, 
gave  £100  to  the  trustees  of  Burneside  School,  upon 
condition  that  they  should  permit  the  master  of  the 
said  school  to  receive  the  interest ;  in  consideration  of 
which  the  trustees  and  the  master  were  to  permit  the 
churchwardens  and  the  overseers  of  the  township  of 
Skelsniergh,  to  send  to  Burneside  School  four  poor  boys 
of  their  township  yearly,  to  be  taught  reading,  writing, 
and  accounts,  without  paying  any  quarterage,  except  a 
cockpeuny  at  Shrovetide.  These  two  bequests,  with 
the  school-stock  of  j£20,  were  laid  out  in  the  purchase 
of  £'810  Stock  five  per  cent,  producing  a  j'early  divi- 
ilend  of  £40  IDs.,  which  is  distribntr-d  as  directed.  A 
new  school-liouse  was  erected  in  18")5.  The  school  is 
under  the  management  of  four  trustees,  vi/,.,  the  incum- 
bent, George  A.  Geldard,  Esq.,  Thomas  Harrison,  Esq., 
and  Stephen  Brunskill,  Esq. 

CHARITY. 

Great Satlnreij  Estate. — liobert  and  Eou-land  Kitchin's 
Charity. — By  indenture,  dated  July  23rd,  1812,  it  is 
recited  that  a  close  called  Great  Satturey  had  been 
purchased  for  £80,  and  another  called  Lamb  Parrock 
for  £10,  and  that  for  £18  some  meadow  ground,  called 
the  Broad  Ing,  all  which  closes  were  purchased  with 
money  given  by  Jlr.  Robert  Kitchin  ;  and  that  part 
thereof  given  by  Rowland  Kitchin,  for  and  to  the  use 
of  a  lecturer,  curate,  minister,  and  schoolmaster  at 
Burne,side  chapel,  and  to  the  poor  people  of  the  said 
chapclry.  These  lands  produce  about  £29  10s.  a  year, 
out  of  which  the  minister  receives  £3  Os.  8d.,  and  the 
remainder  (after  deducting  incidental  expenses)  is 
divided  hetvpeen  the  two  townships  of  Strickland  Ketcl 
and  Strickland  Roger,  and  is  given  away  at  Christmas 
to  poor  persons  not  receiving  parish  relief. 

STRICKLAND    KETEL. 

The  population  of  this  township  in  1801  was  209  ; 
in  1811,  310  ;  in  1821,  390  ;  in  1831,  386  ;  in  1841, 
466;  and  in  1851,  409.  The  rateable  value  is  £3,910 
ITs.  6d.     Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment. 

"  Strickland,"  say  Nicol.son  and  Burn,  "  anciently 
was  always  written  Stirkland,  being  no  other  than  the 
pasture  ground  of  the  stirks  or  steers,  and  other  young 
cattle.  At  what  precise  time  the  Stirkland  was  divided 
into  moieties,  and  so  denominated  from  the  several 
owners,  hath  not  appeared  to  us.     It  seems  to  have 


been  about  the  reign  of  King  Ilcnry  I.,  in  the 
time  of  Ketel,  son  of  Eldred,  son  of  Ivo  de  Tailbois, 
first  baron  of  Kendal.  Roger  de  Lancaster,  bastard 
brother  of  William  de  Lancaster,  had  large  possessions 
given  to  him  by  his  said  brother,  but  he  had  not  Strick- 
land Roger,  for  that  continued  in  the  legitimate  lino; 
therefore,  Strickland  Roger  had  not  its  name  from  him, 
but  from  some  other  probably  before  his  time.  The 
family  de  Stirkland,  which  finally  settled  at  Sizergh, 
had  not  their  name  from  the  Stirkland  of  which  we 
now  speak,  but  from  Stirkland  (which  in  after  times 
was  divided  into  Great  and  Little  Stirkland)  in  the 
bottom  of  Westmoreland.  They  had  indeed  certain 
tenements  in  Stirkland  Ketel,  holden  under  the  lords 
of  the  manor,  but  they  were  never  lords  of  the  manor 
themselves.  By  an  inquisition  after  the  death  of  Joan 
de  Coupland,  in  the  49th  Edward  III.,  it  is  found  that 
she  held  of  the  crown  the  hamlet  of  Stirkland  Ketcl,  as 
parcel  of  the  manor  of  Wyandermere  ;  and  that  others 
held  divers  lands  there  of  her,  as  parcel  of  the  manor  of 
Kirkby  in  Kendal.  In  the  9th  Henry  VIII.,  Sir 
Thomas  Parr,  by  his  will,  devised  to  his  wife  for  life, 
the  manor  of  Strykelaud  Rogers,  being  of  that  which 
was  afterwards  called  the  Marquis  Fee.  And  in  the 
14th  Elizabeth,  William  Parr,  marquis  of  Northampton, 
died  seised  thereof,  and  the  same  was  assigned  to  his 
widow  for  dower."  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  now  lord 
of  both  tliese  manors,  except  a  small  part  which  belongs 
to  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Howard.  The  landowners  arc  .lames 
Cropper,  Esq. ;  Geo.  A.  Geldard,  Esq. ;  John  Gand}', 
Esq. ;  Allen  Chambers,  Esq. ;  Rowland  A.  Standish, 
Esq. ;  Henry  Bermingham,  Esq. ;  the  trustees  of  the 
late  William  Thompson,  Esq.  ;  John  Bateman,  Esq. ; 
William  Wakefield,  Esq. ;  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ; 
Messrs.  Harrison  and  Evans,  and  others.  The  com- 
mons were  enclosed  in  1821. 

Strickland  Ketel  township  contains  the  chapel  and 
part  of  the  village  of  Burneside,  with  the  small  hamlets 
of  Aikrigg  End,  Bonuiug  Yeat,  Cowen  Head,  Low 
Green  Hill,  Plumgarths,  and  Sparrowmire,  besides 
many  detached  dwellings  from  one  to  four  miles  north- 
north-west  of  Kendal.  The  residences  in  this  township 
are  Aikrigg  End,  G.  A.  Geldart,  Esq. ;  EUergreen, 
James  Cropper,  Esq.;  Tolson  Hall,  William  Whitwell, 
Esq.  I  Plumgarths,  William  AVakefield,  Esq.  Near 
Tolson  Hall  is  an  obelisk,  erected  by  James  Bateman, 
Esq.,  in  commemoration  of  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 

CHABITIES. 

School. — Wilham  Newby,  of  Strickland  Ketel,  in 
1744,  left  £00  upon  trust,  that  the  interest  should  be 
applied  for  the  education  of  six  poor  children  of  Strick- 
land Ketel.     This  charity  appears  to  have  been  lost. 


UNDERBAEKOW  CHAPELEY. 


873 


Poor  Stock. — There  is  belonging  to  tliis  township  the 
sum  of  £07  Os.  3d.,  poor  stock,  the  interest  of  which  is 
given  away  at  Easter  amongst  the  poor  of  the  township. 

STRICKLAND    ROGER. 

Tlie  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £1,078  lOs.  2d. 
In  181)1  it  contained  250  inhabitants;  in  1811,  309; 
in  1821,  341;  in  1831,  326;  in  1841,  412;  and  in 
1851,  301;  who  are  principally  resident  in  the  village 
of  Burneside.  Agriculture  is  the  chief  employment, 
but  a.  good  many  are  employed  in  the  paper  mills  of 
James  Cropper,  Esq.  The  Kendal  and  Windermere 
railway  passes  through  the  township.  The  account  of 
the  manor  is  given  with  Strickland  Ketel.  The  land- 
owners are  James  Cropper,  Esq. ;  George  A.  Geldard, 
Esq. ;  J.  Cropper,  Esq. ;  Mrs.  Fothcrgill ;  Mrs.  Har- 
rison ;  John  Brunskill,  Esq. ;  Messrs.  George  Dickin- 
son, Wilson,  and  others.  This  township  contains  part 
of  the  village  of  Burneside,  a  number  of  dispersed 
dwellings,  and  extends  from  two  to  si.'c  miles  north  of 
Kendal.  It  is  bounded  by  the  river  Sprint  and  Potter 
Fell.     On  the  former  is  a  woollen  mill,  and  near  the 


latter  is  the  hamlet  of  Garnet  Bridge,  sis  miles  north 
from  Kendal,  where  there  is  a  corn-mill,  and  also  a 
bobbin  manufactory.  At  Burneside  is  a  school  for 
girls  and  infants,  partly  supported  by  James  Cropper, 
Esq.,  and  attended  by  about  sixty  children.  There  is 
a  paper  mill  at  Burneside,  in  this  township. 

Godmond  Ilall,  a  farm-house,  occupies  the  site  of  aa. 
ancient  haU,  or  tower,  four  miles  north-by-west  of 
Kendal. 

CHARITIES. 

Atkinson's  Gift. — Thomas  Atkinson,  of  Coppackhow, 
In  Skclsmergh,  by  will,  in  17I5,  charged  a  messuage 
and  tenement  in  Strickland  Ketel  with  the  payment  of 
20s.  yearly  for  ever,  to  be  distributed  among  the  poor  of 
Strickland  Roger  on  St.  Thomas'  Day. 

Poors'  Dole. — There  is  a  parcel  of  ground  in  Strick- 
land Ketel,  the  rent  of  which  has  always  been  dis- 
tributed to  the  poor  of  the  township  of  Strickland  Roger. 

Poor  Stock. — This  consists  of  two  several  sums  of 
£40  and  £41,  the  interest  of  which  is  distributed 
among  the  poor. 


UNDERBARROW    CHAPELRY. 

Tins  chapelry  comprises  Underbarrow  alone,  though  Underbarrow  and  Bradley  Field  form  one  township.     Bradley 
Field  is  attached  to  the  mother  church  of  Kendal. 


The  rateable  value  of  this  township  is  £3,855.  Its 
population  in  1801  was  370;  in  1811,  340;  in  1821. 
TiOl:  in  1831,  .020;  in  1841,515;  and  in  1851,  505; 
who  are  resident  in  houses  dispersed  over  the  town- 
ship.    Agriculture  is  the  only  employment. 

Underbarrow  has  its  name  from  its  situation  under 
the  barrow,  hill,  or  scar,  which  extends  from  north  to 
south  all  along  in  this  division.  Bradley  Field  consists 
of  a  few  scattered  houses  about  two  miles  west-south- 
west of  Kendal,  and  took  its  name  from  a  family  of  the 
name  of  Bradley,  which  came  from  Bradley,  in  Lanca- 
shire. This  fiimiiy  ended  in  three  coheiresses,  one  of 
whom  became  the  wife  of  William  Leybournc,  Esq.,  of 
Cunswick  Hall,  in  this  township,  an  ancient  West- 
moreland family,  who  possessed  the  manor  till  1715, 
wlien  John  do  Leybourne  joined  the  Earl  of  Derwent- 
water  in  his  attempt  to  restore  the  house  W  Stuart  to 
the  English  throne.  In  consequence  of  his  share  in 
this  "  rising"  the  estates  of  John  do  I-cybourno  became 
forfeited  to  the  crown;  tliey  were  afterwards  purchased 
by  Thomas  Crowle,  and  are  now  the  property  of  tho 
Furl  of  liOiisdalo;  besides  whom,  the  executors  of  the 
late  William  Thompson,  Esq. ;  MissNewby;  Thomas 
103 


H.  Bateman,  Esq.;  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Howard;  George 
Kirkby,  Esq.  ;  Samuel  Whenery,  Esq. ;  —  Riddle, 
Esq. ;  Allen  Chambers,  Esq.,  and  others,  are  the  land- 
owners. Underbarrow  is  part  of  the  Marquis  Fee  and 
part  of  the  Lumley  Fee. 

THE  CHAPEL. 

Underbarrow  chapel,  dedication  unknown,  is  a  small 
plain  building,  re-erected  in  1708  by  the  inhabitants  of 
Underbarrow  alone,  for  Bradley  Field  is  not  included 
in  its  jurisdiction,  being  attached  to  the  parish  church. 
In  173v!  the  curacy  was  endowed  with  tho  High  Bend- 
rigg  estate,  in  Killiugton,  purchased  with  £200  of 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  and  £200  given  by  Colonel 
Graham  and  Lady  Jloyer.  It  has  also  a  rent-charge 
of  30s.  out  of  a  field  in  the  same  township  ;  and  a 
small  estate  near  the  chapel,  called  Chapel  House,  out 
of  which  35s.  a  year  is  paid  to  tho  poor  in  considera- 
tion of  £35  poor  stock  having  been  included  in  tho 
purchase  money.  Tho  present  value  of  tho  Uving  is 
about  £100  a  year.  Tho  vicar  of  Kendal  is  patron. 
Tho  registers  commence  in  J  735. 

iNci'MBENTs.  —  W.  Langhom,  1735;  Johu  Jackson,  1762; 
Thoiims  Ilorvpy,  17(;o  ;  Tliomas  Hervey,  jun.,  1808;  Robert 
Taylor,  isai ;  JoUq  Graves,  1838. 


874 


KENDAL  WARP. 


The  parsonage  is  a  plain  cottage,  a  little  nortb  of  the 
chapel. 

There  is  a  small  Methodist  chapel  in  this  township. 

Underbarrow  school  is  attended  by  about  thirty 
children. 

CHAMTIES. 

Besides  the  Chapel  House  estate,  mentioned  above, 
this  township  possesses  the  following  charities : — 

Bdldwinson's  Charily.  —  William  Baldwinson,  pre- 
vious to  1000,  charged  certain  lands  called  'J'he 
■Rroom,  or  Old  Close,  with  the  payment  of  £1,  to  bo 
distributed  to  the  poor  on  St.  Thomas's  Day,  and  of 
£1  10s.,  to  be  paid  yearly  to  the  curate  on  the 
same  day. 


Starnthwaite's  Chanty. — There  is  a  parcel  of  ground 
called  Mintsfeet,  the  rent  of  wliich  is  applicable  to 
charitable  purposes  in  this  township.  The  land  is 
supposed  to  have  been  given  by  Peter  Stiirnthwaite. 
The  rent  is  disposed  of,  with  the  other  charity  money, 
on  St.  Thomas's  Day,  as  above-mentioned,  to  the  poor 
of  Underbarrow  and  Bradley  Field  not  receiving  parish 
relief. 

The  residences  in  the  township  are  Tullythwaite 
House,  George  Kirkby,  Esq.;  Thorns,  Richard  Wilson. 
Ksq. ;  Blake  Bank  Cottage,  Samuel  Whincry,  Esq. ; 
High  Crag,  Heury  Kirkby,  Esq.;  Larch  House,  John 
Hudson,  Esq. 


AVINSTER    CHAPELRY. 

Thts  chapelry  contains  a  small  hamlet,  eight  miles  west  of  Kendal,  and  forms  a  joint  township  with  Undcrmillbeck, 
in  Windermere  parish.  Part  of  Cartmel  Fells,  being  far  distsuit  from  the  mother  church  in  Lancashire,  pays  to  the 
curate  of  this  chapelry,  which  was  anciently  included  in  that  of  Crook,  but  has  been  a  distinct  chapelry  for  a  number 
of  years. 

with  i;-200  of  the  same  bounty,  £100  left  by  Dr.  Strat- 
ford, and  jEIOO  subscribed;  and  iu  1S30  with  the  Hole 
estate  in  Crook,  purchased  with  .£900,  of  which  sum 
X'400  was  obtained  iu  1801  and  1815  from  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty,  £300  from  a  parliamentary  grant, 
£83  by  subscription,  and  the  remainder  was  the  before- 
mentioned  £  11 8,  so  that  the  benefice  is  now  worth  £90 
a  year.  The  vicar  of  Kendal  is  patron.  The  registers 
commence  in  1720. 

Incumbents. — John  Hudson,  ITu'O;  Eichard  Harrison,  1756; 
■\Villiam  Elloray,  1789 ;  Robert  Eigg,  1803;  John  Long,  1821; 
William  Noble,  184\!;  Charles  Biiller  Harris,  18i7 ;  Frederick 
Uowlett,  l55I  ;  William  Adamson,  165C. 

The  school  is  a  small,  neat  building,  and  is  attended 
by  about  thirty  children. 

High  Mill  House,  the  residence  of  Piers  F.  Legh, 
Esq.,  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  secluded  vale,  near  the 
source  of  the  river  Winster. 

On  the  river  Winster,  which  divides  the  chapelry 
from  Lancashire,  are  two  corn  mills. 


Winster  was  formerly  held  of  the  Philipsons  of 
Calgarth,  in  Applethwaite.  The  last  Philipson  of  that 
place  left  lour  daughters,  co-heirs,  who  sold  the  manor 
in  1717  to  John  Taylor  and  Miles  Birket,  both  of 
Winster,  who  conveyed  it  to  the  several  tenants  respec- 
tively, subject  only  to  the  payment  of  a  free  rent  to  the 
crown.  A  lead  mine  was  opened  here  in  1848,  but 
proved  to  be  unprofitable. 

THE   CHATEL. 

AVinster  chapel,  dedication  unknown,  is  a  small 
edifice,  with  low  tower,  containing  one  bell.  The 
burial  ground  was  consecrated  in  1721.  The  curate's 
original  income  was  £3  19s.,  but  it  has  been  several 
times  augmented,  viz.,  in  1G17  with  land  given  by  a 
Mr.  Knipe,  and  exchanged  in  1801  with  William 
Birkett  for  £118  and  the  Garnett  House  estate  in 
Winster;  in  1720  with  an  estate  in  Cartmel  Fells, 
purchased  with  £200  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty;  in 
1760  with  an  estate  in  Dent,  Yorkshire,  purchased 


WINDERMERE    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  that  of  Grasmere.  on  the  west  and  south-west  by  Lancashire,  and  on  the 
east  by  that  of  Kendal.  It  is  about  ten  nriles  in  length  and  three  in  breadth,  and  is  a  highly  interesting  district, 
deriving  its  name  from  the  lake  of  Windermere.  It  comprises  the  townships  of  Undcrmillbeck,  Applethwaite, 
Troutbeck,  and  Ambleside-below-Stock,  whose  united  area  is  17,139. 


WINDERMERE   PARISH. 


875 


UNDERiriLLBKCK. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  3,925  acres,  ami  its 
rateable  value  £1,898  ITs.  OJ.  The  population  in 
1801  was  500;  in  1811,  000;  in  1821,  0S9  ;  in  18^1, 
854;  in  1811,  1,033;  in  1851, 1,421 ;  who  principally 
reside  in  the  village  of  Bowness.  Winster,  in  Kendal 
parish,  is  a  joint  township  with  Undermillbeck. 

The  manor  of  Undermillbeck,  more  commonly  known 
as  the  manor  of  Windermere,  was  anciently  of  con- 
siderable extent ;  for  after  the  death  of  Joan  do  Coup- 
laud,  it  was  found  that  she  died  seised  of  Windermere, 
"  with  its  members  and  apperteuances  ;  to  wit,  the 
hamlets  of  Langden,  Louglirigge,  Grismer,  Hamelside, 
Troutbeck,  Applethwaite,  Crosthwaite,  Stirkland  Ketel, 
and  Hoton."  It  is  of  the  llichraond  Fee.  In  the  4tli 
Edward  III.  Christian  de  Lindesey  obtained  a  charter 
of  free  warren  in  Windermere;  and  in  the  IJlh  year 
of  the  same  king  William  de  Coucy  obtained  a  like 
charter  of  free  warren  there.  On  a  survey  of  the 
(Queen's  lands,  in  the  28th  Charles  II.,  it  was  found 
that  ill  Undermillbeck  there  were  eighty-one  tenements 
of  the  Richmond  Fee,  of  the  yearly  rent  in  the  whole  of 
£13  8s.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  is  the  present  proprietor 
of  the  manorial  rights  and  privileges.  The  landowners 
are  the  Rev.  Thomas  Stiinforth;  Thomas  Ullock,  Esq.; 
Rev.  E.  P.  Stock ;  Rev.  T.  Fleming ;  Rev.  George 
Coventry ;  the  executors  of  Thomas  Garnett,  Esq. ; 
John  Gaudy,  Esq.;  John  Birkett,  Esq.;  the  executors 
of  the  late  Baroness  de  Sternberg ;  the  executors  of 
Garoett  and  Kew;  Rev.  Isaac  Benson ;  Richard  Wilson  ; 
and  various  other  owners. 

Bowness,  the  chief  village  in  this  parish,  is  charm- 
ingly situated  on  the  edge  of  a  large  bay  of  Windermere, 
five  and  a  half  miles  south-by-east  of  Ambleside,  nine 
miles  west-north-west  of  Kendal,  and  two  from  the 
terminus  of  the  Kendal  and  Windermere  railway. 
From  its  admirable  position  it  is  much  frequented  by 
tfturists,  for  whose  accommodation  it  possesses  two 
hotels,  the  Royal  and  Crown.  A  circulating  library 
was  established  here  in  18 18,  and  a  mechanics'  institu- 
tion in  1 8.')  1 .  A  short  distance  north  of  the  town  is 
the  Windermere  1  lydrnpathic  Establishment,  one  of  the 
most  attractive  in  tlie  kingdom.  In  1858  a  constabulary 
station  and  magistrates'  room  were  erected.  A  small 
market  for  flesh  is  held  on  Wednesday.  A  fair,  held 
on  the  18th  of  October,  has  long  been  obsolete.  Bowness 
can  lay  claim  to  considerable  antiquity,  having  been 
known  as  a  town  or  village  in  Saxon  times;  and  ijj  the 
Melrose  C  bronicle  it  is  mentioned  as  the  place  where,  in 
791,  Eldred,  a  thane,  slow  Elf  and  Edwin,  the  sons  of 
Elfwald.  Bowness  is  the  port  of  Windermere,  and 
during  the  summer  mouths  is  rather  a  bustling  place. 


THE   CHUBCH. 


The  parish  church,  a  venerable  and  spacious  struc- 
ture, dedicated  to  St.  Martin,  is  situated  in  the  centre 
of  the  village  of  Bowness.  Seen  from  the  lake,  it  has 
a  beautiful  and  picturesque  effect.  Of  the  date  of  its 
foundation  nothing  is  known  with  certainty.  In  ancient 
times  the  parish,  like  that  of  Grasmcrc,  was  a  chapelry 
only  in  the  parish  of  Kendal ;  but,  through  length  of 
time,  and  little  or  no  communication  with  the  mother 
church,  by  reason  of  the  distance,  it  acquired  the 
reputation  of  a  distinct  parish.  It  is,  nevertheless, 
stated  that  in  token  of  submission  to  the  mother  church, 
the  rector  of  Windermere  pays  to  this  day  an  annual 
pension  of  10s.  4d.  to  the  viear  of  Kendal.  The 
church  consists  of  an  embattled  square  tower,  carrying 
a  peal  of  three  bells,  into  which  a  low  recessed  arched 
doorway,  not  now  used,  gives  access  on  the  western, 
part;  a  vestry,  of  modern  addition,  at  the  west  end  of 
the  aisle ;  a  nave  with  north  and  south  aisles ;  a 
porch  at  the  south  side,  through  which  it  is  the 
principal  entrance  into  the  church  ;  a  narrow  arched 
door  is  near  the  east  end  of  the  same  aisle,  and  a  door 
of  a  like  design  near  the  west  end  of  the  north  aisle. 
The  south  aisle  is  lighted  by  four  square  stone-mullioned 
windows,  while  the  windows  in  the  north  aisle  are  five 
in  number.  There  is  a  clerestory  with  six  windows. 
The  east  window  is  of  the  latest  Perpendicular,  and 
divided  by  plain  stone  mullions  into  seven  lights.  It 
is  said  to  have  belonged  to  Furness  Abbey.  Numerous 
fragments  of  its  stained  glass  are  still  visible.  In  the 
interior,  the  arches  dividing  the  nave  from  the  aisles 
are  pointed,  covered  with  coats  of  plaister  and  white- 
wash. The  roof,  which  is  open  to  the  framing,  is  of 
oak,  black  through  age,  and  covered  on  the  outside  with 
lead.  In  the  church  is  kept,  chained  to  a  scat  under- 
neath the  reading  desk, 'a  copy  of  Erasmus's  ''Paraphrase 
on  the  New  Testament.''  There  is  also  a  copy  of 
Jewel's  "  Defence  of  the  Apologie  of  the  Church  of 
England.'  The  font,  which  stands  near  the  principal 
entrance,  is  of  pale  red  sandstone,  octagonal  in  form, 
ornamented  with  some  rude  sculpture.  On  ths  vails, 
especially  in  the  chancel,  are  many  neat  and  handsome 
tablets,  commi'inorntive  of  individuals  connected  by 
birth  or  property  with  the  surrounding  country, — over 
two  or  three  of  them,  funeral  hatchments  are  susjiended. 
( )ne  of  the.se  monuments  is  to  the  late  Dr.  Watson, 
bishop  of  LlandalV.  There  are  also  several  mortuary 
brasses,  but  none  of  any  particular  interest.  At  th» 
appropriation  of  the  church  of  Kendal  to  the  abbey  of 
St.  Mary  at  York,  by  Ivo  de  Tailbois,  the  patronage  of 
Wynandermere  chapel,  as  it  was  called,  was  excepted, 
lu  the  reign  of  Edward  III.   the  patronage  was  in 


876 


KENDAL  WARD. 


Ingelram  de  Guisnes  and  his  wife,  Christian,  who  were 
grantees  of  the  crown,  subject  to  a  pension  of  38s. 
•Id.  payable  to  the  said  abbey.  It  appears  to  have  be- 
come subsequently  vested  in  Joan  dc  Coupland,  as  by 
an  inquisition,  taken  in  49th  Edward  III ,  after  her 
death,  it  was  found  that  she  held  by  grant  of  the  king, 
during  bis  life,  the  avdowson  of  Wyuandermere,  then 
valued  at  100s.  The  patronage  afterwards  reverted  to 
and  remained  in  the  crown  till  the  seventh  year  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,  when  it  was  granted  to  William 
Herbert  and  John  Jenkins,  to  hold  of  the  queen  in  free 
socage  by  fealty  as  of  the  manor  of  East  Greenwich. 
After  several  mesne  conveyances,  it  was  in  the  last 
century  purchased  by  Sir  William  Fleming,  of  Rydal, 
and  is  now  exercised  by  Lady  le  I'leming.  In  1535 
the  living  was  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £2i  6s.  8d. ; 
it  was  subsequently  certified  to  the  governors  of  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty  at  £78.  The  tithes  of  the  parish  have 
been  commuted]  for  a  yearly  rent-charge  of  £87.  The 
rector  has  a  "  prescription  of  so  much  a  boat,  in  lieu  of 
all  the  tithes  of  fish  caught  in  the  lake,  which  is  divided 
into  twelve  fisheries."  The  parsonage  has  upwards  of 
fifty  acres  of  glebe,  reaching  from  the  bouse  to  tlie 
waterside,  now  let  at  about  £153  a  year.  The  total 
income  is  about  £953  a  year.  The  registers  commence 
in  1G70. 

Eectors.— William  Barton  occurs  175(1 ;  G.  B.  Barton,  1754 ; 
Giles  Moore,  17G6 ;  William  Barton,  1780 ;  Sir  Kichard  Flem- 
ing, 1824;  Edward  P.  Stock,  1857. 

The  rectory  is  an  ancient  house,  which,  in  Nicolson 
and  Burn's  time,  was  known  as  The  Hall,  there  beins 
then  no  other  gentleman's  house  in  the  village  of 
Bowuess. 

The  Wesleyans  and  Christian  Brethren  have  chapels 
here. 

Bowness  Free  School,  for  the  boys  of  Undermillbeck 
and  Applethwaite  townships,  is  endowed  with  £50  a 
year,  arising  from  an  estate  purchased  in  the  early  part 
of  last  century  with  £200  subscribed  by  the  inhabitants 
of  those  townships.  The  school-house  is  a  handsome 
building,  occupying  a  pleasant  and  healthful  situation 
on  an  eminence  a  little  east  of  Bowness.  It  was 
erected  in  1836  by  the  late  John  Bolton,  Esq.,  of  Storr's 
Hall,  who  died  in  1837,  and  was  interred  in  Bowness 
churchyard,  where  a  handsome  tablet  is  raised  to  his 
memory.  The  late  John  Braithwaite,  Esq.,  of  Orrest 
Head,  left  £'2,000  to  the  trustees  of  this  school,  the 
annual  proceeds  to  be  applied  as  an  exhibition  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  tenable  for  four  years,  by 
a  youth  bom  in  Applethwaite  or  Undermillbeck, 
educated  two  years  in  the  said  school,  and  nominated 
by  a  majority  of  the  trustees.     He  also  bequeathed 


£200  to  the  same  school,  one  half  of  the  interest  of 
which  he  directed  should  be  applied  towards  the  salary 
of  a  second  master  for  the  boys,  and  the  remainder 
towards  the  salary  of  a  schoolmistress.  He  also  left 
£1,000  in  trust  for  the  school  of  Great  and  Little 
Langdale,  £1,000  for  Troutbeck,  £1,000  for  Birth- 
waite,  and  £1,000  for  Ings. 

CHARITIES. 

Borwiclcc's  Charity. — Knipe's  Gift.  —  Francis  Bor- 
wicke,  in  1038,  gave  £100,  the  interest  to  be  applied 
in  putting  out  poor  children  apprentices,  or  for  the 
help  of  poor  scholars,  or  for  the  poor.  This  money 
was  subsequently  vested  in  laud.  In  1679  William 
Knipe  gave  £5  for  the  use  of  the  poor  of  .\pplethwaitc 
and  Undermillbeck.  The  proceeds  of  this  charity  are 
divided  amongst  the  poor  of  the  parish. 

The  following  charities  belong  to  the  township  of 
Undermillbeck  : — 

Thomas  Dixon's  Gift. — Thomas  Di.xon,  Esq.,  in  1730, 
gave  a  rent  charge  of  '20s.  to  the  poor  of  this  township. 

Shaw's  and  Robert  Di.ron's  Gift. —  !Mr.  Shaw  and 
Robert  Dixon  gave  £14  to  the  poor  of  Undermillbeck. 
The  date  of  1731  is  given  to  these  donations  in  Bum's 
"  History  of  Westmoreland."  This,  together  with  other 
charity  money,  is  secured  upon  the  tolls  of  the  turnpike 
road  from  Kendal  to  Ambleside,  and  the  interest  is 
distributed  at  Easter  with  Borwicke's  money  and  the 
communion  money. 

Coltinson's,  Richard  Di.ron's,  and  Eirkhi/'s  Gift.— 
Thomas  CoUinson,  of  Cleabarrow,  gave  £5  to  the 
poor  of  Undermillbeck.  Richard  Dixon,  Esq.,  gave 
£17  10s.  for  the  same  purpose  ;  and  John  Kirkby,  Esq., 
gave  £5.  The  interest  of  the  two  first  sums  to  be 
distributed  in  bread,  and  the  third  sum  in  money,  on 
St.  Thomas'  Day. 

Belman's  Gift. — Edward  Belman,  Esq.,  gave  5s. 
yearly,  charged  upon  his  estate  in  Undermillbeck,  to 
be  distributed  iu  wheaton  bread  on  St.  Thomas'  Day.* 

Otley's  Gift. — John  Otiey,  Esq.,  left  a  legacy  to  the 
poor  of  Undermillbeck  amounting  to  £32   Gs.  lOd. 

Garnett's  Charity.  —  .\nthony  Gamett,  by  will,  in 
1774,  bequeathed  £G0  to  the  churchwardens  and  over- 
seers, upon  trust,  that  they  should  lay  out  the  yearly 
interest  in  white  bread,  a  proportionable  part  thereof  to 
be  divided  every  Sunday  in  the  parish  church,  after 
service,  amongst  poor  householders. 

Satterthiiaite's  Charity. — James  Satterthwaite,  who 
died  in  1800,  by  his  will,  left  £100,  the  yearly  interest 
of  which  he  directed  should  be  divided  at  Bowness 
church,  amongst  the  poor  of  the  township  of  Under- 
millbeck. The  interest  is  divided  on  St.  Thomas' 
Day,  with  Otley's  money  mentioned  above. 


AMBLESIDE    CHAPELEY. 


877 


The  villas  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Bowuess  are 
Holly  Hill,  Frederick  Clowes,  Esq.;  The  Craig,  Mrs. 
Harrison ;  Feruy  Green,  Mrs.  Greaves  ;  Burneside, 
G.  A.  Aufrure,  Esq.;  Bcllsfield,  Baroness  A.  Sternberg  ; 
Storr's  Hall,  Rev.  Thomas  Staiuforth  ;   Quarry  How, 


Thomas  Ullock,  Esq. 

Undermillbeck  township  comprises  also  the  hamlets 
of  Cleabarrow,  a  mile  aud  a  half  east-by-south  ;  Matson 
Grand,  one  mile  west;  and  Lindeth,  a  mile  and  a  half 
south-south-east. 


AMBLESIDE    CUArELUY. 

Tjik  chapelry  aud  township  of  Ambleside  is  partly  in  the  parishes  of  Grasmere  and  Windermere,  in  the  former  of 
which  the  chapel  is  situated.  Its  total  area  is  3,244  acres.  Its  population  in  1801  was  538;  in  1811,  624;  in 
1821,838;  in  1831,  l,09j  ;  in  1841,  1281;  and  in  1851,  1,592. 


The  portion  of  the  chapelry  in  this  parish  comprises 
1,001  acres.  Its  population  was  not  returned  separately 
previous  to  1841,  when  it  was  730 ;  and  in  1851,  820; 
who  are  chielly  resident  in  the  village  of  Ambleside. 
Many  of  the  inhabitants  are  engaged  in  the  bobbin 
raanufiicturc.  The  township  of  Ambleside  is  included 
iu  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale's  manor  of  Windermere. 

THE    TOWN    OF    AMBLESIDE. 

The  small  market  town  of  Ambleside  is  situated  in  a 
beautiful  valley  near  the  upper  end  of  Windermere, 
and  on  the  left  bank  of  the  little  river  Rothay,  fourteen 
miles  north-west  frum  Kendal,  and  about  270  north- 
west-by-north of  London.  It  is  built  in  pleasing 
irregularity  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  commanding  pros- 
pects of  the  vale,  the  parks  of  Rydal,  Bratbay,  and 
Windermere,  amongst  which  the  various  outlets  and 
approiiches  wind  interestingly,  detaining  the  visitor  at 
every  step  by  new  combinations  and  unexpected  beau- 
ties. From  its  central  situation,  the  town  is  frequently 
made  the  head  quarters  of  tourists  for  a  considerable 
time,  as  within  the  compass  of  seven  miles  are  the 
following  lakes  : — Windermere,  Esthwaitc  Water,  Klter 
Water,  Coniston,  Lydal  Water,  Grasmere,  and  UUes- 
water.  It  was  formerly  the  site  of  a  Roman  station ; 
ruined  walls  and  traces  of  fortifications  are  discernible, 
and  armour  and  coins  have  been  found.  This  station, 
which  is  supposed  to  bo  llio  Alone  of  the  Xolitia,  was 
connected  with  both  north  and  south  by  moans  of  the 
great  Roman  roads  which  ran  through  the  country. 
Most  of  the  old  houses  in  the  town  have  been  rebuilt 
or  altered,  so  that  the  town  now  wears  a  modern 
appearance.  "In  1050  the  Keeper  of  the  Liberties  of 
England  granted  to  tlio  Countess  of  rembroke  that 
within  tho  villnge  of -Vniblesido  there  sliall  bo  a  market 
weekly  on  Wednesday,  and  two  fairs  yearly  (now  held 
on  the  Wednesday  in  Whit  Week  and  on  tho  29th  of 
Oetober),  with  the  courts  incident  thereto."     In  1088 


James  II.  granted  a  similar  charter,  in  which  nine 
trustees  are  incorporated  with  power  to  collect  tolls, 
itc.  Another  fair,  for  sheep,  is  now  held  on  the  13th 
of  October.  A  branch  of  the  Ulverstone  Savings  Bank 
is  kept  at  the  National  School ;  there  is  also  a  branch  of 
tho  Kendal  Bank.  Petty  sessions  are  held  at  Amble- 
side every  Wednesday,  iu  the  Town  Hall,  erected  in 
1858  for  a  county  court,  on  the  sito  of  the  old  market 
house.  The  old  market  cross  is  still  in  existence  in 
the  village.  The  ancient  custom  of  rush-beaiing  is  still 
observed  here. 

CHUnCHES. 

Ambleside  possesses  two  churches,  the  old  and  the 
new.  The  old  church,  which  stands  at  the  north  end 
of  the  town,  was  rebuilt  in  1812,  by  a  rate  levied  on 
tho  landowners  of  the  chapelry  and  township.  It  was 
made  parochial  by  tho  bishop  of  Chester,  in  1075,  and 
endowed  by  the  principal  inhabitants  with  a  yearly 
salary  of  £14  (afterwards  reduced  to  £12  4s.  lid), 
which  they  voluntarily  charged  upon  their  estates.  The 
living  has  been  since  augmented  with  an  estate  pur- 
chased iu  1758,  at  Grayrigg,  with  i'OoO,  of  which  i'400 
was  given  by  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  in 
1720  aud  17  10,  i'lOO  by  the  executors  of  Dr.  Stratford, 
£30  by  Sir  William  le  Fleming,  and  £30  by  the  Rev. 
Isaac  Ivnipo,  the  rcraaiuing  £40  being  chapel  stock. 
It  has  since  received  a  parliamentary  grant  of  £400, 
and  £200  from  Queen  Auno's  Bounty,  and  another 
grant  of  £678  IBs.  Od.  in  1640;  so  that  the  living  is 
now  worth  about  £80  a  year.  Lady  Ic  Fleming  is  the 
patroness.  Service  has  been  discontinued  iu  this 
church  since  the  opeuiug  of  tho  new  one. 

Tntcmdents. — .lolin  Wilson,  17><7  ;  .Tolin  Prwcs,  1701  :  Ji.lin 
Kiiype  occurs  about  17Uv! ;  Isimc  Crckald,  17U'.; ;  Johu  Uawts, 
1811;  SamuelJ.  Fell,  1810. 

St.  Mary's  Church,  opened  for  ser\-ice  in  1854,  is  in 
the  Early  English  style,  and  comprises  nave,  aisles, 


878 


KENDAL  WARD. 


chancel,  tower,  and  spire,  with  a  peal  of  bells.  It  con- 
tains Ood  sittings,  of  which  500  are  free  and  unappro- 
priiitoJ,  iu  consequence  of  a  grant  havini;  been  received 
from  the  Church  Building  Society.  The  pulpit  and 
font  are  of  stone.  Most  of  the  windows  are  filled  with 
stained  glass.  The  cast  window,  the  gift  of  Benson 
Harrison,  Esq.,  is  of  five  lights,  and  contains  figures  of 
St.  Paul  ar.d  the  four  Evangelists.  There  are  several 
memorial  windows,  one  of  which  is  to  the  memory  of 
the  poet  Wordsworth  and  his  sister  Dorothy. 

There  is  a  Wesleyau  chapel  at  the  west  end  of  the 
town. 

Ambleside  School  possesses  an  endowment  arising 
from  a  beques-t  made  by  John  Kelsick,  who,  by  will, 
dated  December  14th,  17"21,  left  to  trustees  all  his  lands 
and  tenements  in  Ambleside,  of  the  yearly  rent  of 
.£1  3s.  11  Jd.,  upon  trust,  to  apply  the  rents  and  profits 
towards  the  support  of  a  schoolmaster  for  the  town  of 
Ambleside.  The  property  is  now  worth  £'150  a  year, 
and  the  school  is  attended  by  about  eighty  boys. 

The  National  School  is  in  the  management  of  a  com- 
mittee of  ladies  and  the  incumbent,  and  is  principally 
supported  by  subscription,  and  an  annual  collection 
made  iu  the  church  on  "  Eush-beariug  Sunday." 


There  is  also  an  infant  school. 


CUARITIES. 


Jackson's  Gift.  —  Robert  Jackson,  in  1658,  charged 
his  estate  at  Ambleside  with  the  payment  of  i3  a  year 
to  the  churchwarden  and  overseer  of  Ambleside,  to 
distribute  out  of  tlie  same  every  Sjjnday  at  the  chapel, 
Is.  in  bread  to  the  poor. 

Brailhuaite's  Gift.  —  Thomas  Braithwaite,  in  1070, 
gave  certain  lands  to  his  sister,  charged  with  the  pay- 
ment (amongst  other  things)  of  £'50  to  the  use  of 
eiglit  or  ten  of  the  poorest  householders  born  in  Arable- 
side.  This  money  is  secured  on  the  tolls  of  the  turn- 
pike road  from  xVmbleside  to  Kendal ;  and  the  interest 
is  given  away  on  Christmas  Eve  to  ten  or  twelve 
poor  people  of  xVmbleside,  not  in  receipt  of  parish 
relief. 

Mackcrelh's  ChariUj. — Jlr.  George  Mackereth  gave 
£100,  the  interest  whereof  is  to  be  laid  out  on  the 
feast  of  St.  Martin,  yearly,  in  clothes  for  the  poor  of 
Ambleside.  This  money  is  secured  on  the  tolls  of  tho 
turnpike  road  leading  from  Ambleside  to  Kendal,  and 
the  interest  is  disposed  of  as  mentioned  in  Mr.  Braith- 
waite's  charity. 


APPLETHWAITE    CHAPELRY. 


This  chapelry  comprises  the  whole  lake  of  Windermere,  and 
east  of  Troutbeck. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  6,231  acres  ;  its  rateable 
value  £'4,099  13s.  4d.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in 
1801  was  343;  in  1811,  350;  jn  18:21,  417;  in  1831, 
429 :  in  1841,  436  ;  and  in  1851,  GC4. 

Applethwaite  is  of  the  Richmond  Fee  of  the  barony 
of  Kendal,  and  on  the  survey  made  of  the  queen's  lands 
in  the  28th  Charles  II.,  it  appeared  that  in  Apple- 
thwaite there  were  sixty-two  tenants,  of  the  yearly 
lord's  rent  in  the  whole  of  ii'21  lOs.  lOAd.  Apple- 
thwaite manor  is  now  held  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale. 

Calgarth,  formerly  written  Calfgarth,  is  an  ancient 
house  and  tenement,  long  the  seat  of  the  Pbilipsons, 
descended  from  a  younger  son  of  the  Northumberland 
family  De  Threlwall,  or  Thirlwall,  and  who  settled 
here  about  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century.  The 
family  ended  in  daughters,  when  the  estate  was  sold ; 
it  is  now,  together  with  St.  Mary's  Holme  and  Green- 
field, the  property  of  Richard  L.  Watson,  Esq.;  besides 
whom  the  Earl  of  Bradford  ;  John  Wilson,  Esq. ;  John 
Robinson,  Esq.;  the  executors  of  the  late  John  Braith- 
waite ;   Rev.  Fletcher  Fleming,   and   others,  are   the 


a  great  part  of  the  parish  lying  north  of  Bowness,  and 

landowners.     The  commons  were  enclosed  by  act  of 
parliament  passed  in  1830. 

Calgarth  Hall,  whose  style  of  building  was  such  as 
prevailed  in  these  parts  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 
and  Elizabeth,  at  one  time  must  have  been  a  fine  place 
to  behold.  Though  greatly  injured,  it  is  still  pic- 
turesque ;  but  it  has  known  its  troubles,  and,  having 
been  for  a  long  period  in  the  possession  of  farmers,  for 
whose  accommodation  the  useful  but  inelegant  ollices 
of  a  modern  farmery  have  been  erected  with  part  of  the 
materials,  it  has  been  deprived  of  all  its  pride,  and  the 
integrity  of  its  appearance  lost  iu  the  additions  and 
alterations  of  later  days.  So  great  indeed  has  been 
the  curtailment  of  its  original  proportions,  that  it  is 
impossible  to  make  out  what  its  precise  form  has  been. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  designed  somewhat  after  the  man- 
ner of  the  venerable  halls  at  Levens  and  Sizergh.  If  this 
be  true,  thedestructionthathas  reduced  an  edifice,  which, 
even  so  late  as  1774,  Dr.  Burn,  the  learned  historian 
of  Westmoreland,  states  was  "  a  fair  old  building,"  to 
its  present  condition,  has  indeed  been  complete.    What 


Al'PLETHWAITE  CHAPELRY. 


879 


is  now  called  the  kitchen,  and  the  room  over  it,  are  the 
only  portions  of  the  interior  existing  from  which  a 
judfjment  may  be  formed  of  the  care  and  finish  applied 
to  its  internal  decoration.  In  the  former,  which  appears 
to  have  been  one  of  the  principal  apartments,  the 
armorial  achievements  of  the  Philipsons,  or  Phillisons, 
as  the  name  seems  sometimes  to  have  been  formerly 
spelled,  crested  with  the  fine  ostrich  plumes  of  their 
bouse,  and  surmounted  with  their  motto,  "  Fide  non 
Fravde,"  together  with  the  bearings  of  Wyvill  impaling 
Canes,  into  which  families  the  owners  of  Calgarth 
intermarried,  are  represented  in  stucco  over  the  fire- 
place, by  the  coarse  skill  of  some  provincial  artificer 
of  yore,  and  still  serve  to  connect  their  names  with 
the  place  ^tself.  The  window  likewise  retains  some 
fragments  of  its  former  display  of  heraldic  honours, 
for,  "glowing  with  gem-like  radiancy  in  the  light  of 
the  sun's  brilliancy,"  the  arms  of  the  early  lords  of  the 
place,  impaling  those  of  Wyvill,  and  the  device  of  the 
Briggs,  another  Westmoreland  family,  with  whom  the 
Philipsons  wore  also  matrimonially  connected,  yet 
appear  in  tluir  proper  blazon.  The  windows  formerly 
bore  other  armorial  cognizances  of  the  f.imily  and  their 
alliances,  but  they  have  long  since  disappeared,  the 
only  remaining  ones  being  those  just  alluded  to.  In 
the  same  window,  underneath  the  emblazonry,  is  this 
inscription,  likewise  on  painted  glass  : — 

ROBERT   PHIIilSON 

AND  JENNET  LAIBOB- 

NE.  HIS  WIPE.      HE.   DIE- 

D.  IN.  ANNO.  1539. 

SHE.  Df.OE- 

UBER.    1570. 

The  room  over  the  kitchen  has  been  nobly  ornamented 
after  the  fashion  of  the  day,  and  it  still  retains,  in  its 
dilapidat 'd  oak-work  and  richly -adorned  ceiling,  choice, 
though  rude  ornaments  of  its  ancient  splendour.     It 
has  a  dark  polished  oak  floor,  and  is  wainscoted  on  three 
sides  with  the  same  tough  wood ;    which,  white  and 
bleached  with  ago,  is  elaborately  carved  in  small  and      j 
regular  intersecting  panels,  inlaid  with  scroll  work  and 
tracery,  and  surmounted  by  an  embattled  cornice.     In 
this  wainscot  two  or  three  doors  indicate  the  entrances      | 
to  other  rooms,  whose  approaches  arc  walled  up,  the 
rooms  themselves  having  been  long  since  destroyed.      , 
The  ceiling  is  flat,  and  formed  into  compartments  by      I 
heavy  intersected  moulded  ribs,  the  intermediate  spaces 
being    covered  with    oruamented  work   of    the   most 
grotesque    figures    and    designs.      So    late   as  1789, 
when  Clarke  wrote  his  "  Survey  of  the  Lakes,"  there 
was  remaining  over  the  fire-place,  in  what  was  then 


called  the  dining-room,  two  devices  remarkably  well 
carved  in  oak.  One  exhibited  Sampson  asleep  upon 
Delilah's  lap,  while  the  Philistines  were  cutting  off 
his  hair;  the  other  was  a  representation  of  .Teptha, 
after  his  rash  vow,  meeting  his  daughter.  In  the 
room  then  designated  the  parlour,  there  were  also  upon 
the  coiling  several  devices  modelled  in  stucco,  in  which 
the  figure  of  the  wyverne,  the  crest  of  the  ancient 
family  of  Wyvill,  was  frequently  repeated.  And  even 
down  to  so  recent  a  period  as  1820  the  walls  of  one  of 
the  rooms  were  covered  with  various  paintings  in  fresco 
or  distemper  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  other  saints. 

iSlafsoir  of  6:ilgarflj  ^arh. 

The  Calgarth  estate  was  purdiased  from  tlie  family  of  Saxdys, 
by  Dr.  Eichakd  Watson,  the  celebrated  bishop  of  Llandaff 
(born  at  Heversham,  Westmoreland,  1737),  who  added  greatly 
to  the  natural  beauties  of  the  place  by  adorning  it  with  a  new 
and  elegant  mansion.  His  lordship,  who  married  Dorothy, 
sister  of  Daniel  Wilson,  Esq.,  of  Dallam  Tower,  died  at  Cal- 
garth in  181G,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  grandson,  Pdchard 
Luther  \\atson,  lOsq.,  the  present  proprietor,  who  is  son  of  the 
late  Charles  Luther  Watson,  Esq.,  lieut.-colonel  3rd  Dragoon 
Guards. 

PiicHAKD  LuTHEE  Watson,  Esq.,  of  Calgarth  Par!;,  high 
sheriff  of  Westmoreland  in  1S57,  horn  1811;  married,  1842, 
Louisa  Anne  Cole,  and  has  four  daughters, 

I.  Lonisa. 
n.  Elizabeth. 

III.  Margaret. 

IV.  Kose. 

"  The  village  of  Windermere,"  says  Miss  Martineau, 
"  is  like  nothing  to  be  seen  anywhere  else.  The  new 
buildings  (and  all  are  new)  are  of  the  dark  grey  stone 
of  the  region,  and  are  for  the  most  part  of  a  mediasval 
stylo  of  architecture.  The  Ilcv.  J.  A.  Addison,  late  of 
^^'indermere,  had  a  passion  for  ecclesiastical  architec- 
ture, and  his  example  has  been  a  good  deal  followed. 
I'hcrc  is  the  little  church  of  St.  Slary,  and  there  are 
the  schools  belonging  to  it,  with  their  steep  roofs  of 
curiously-shaped  slate,  and  there  is  St.  Clary's  Abbey 
(new,  ioispite  of  an  antique  name),  and  St.  Mary's 
Cottage.  And  there  is  the  new  college  of  St.  Jlary, 
standing  in  a  fine  position  between  the  main  road  and 
a  descent  to  the  lalie.  This  college,  which  may  be  dis- 
tinguished by  its  square  tower,  was  originally  intended 
as  a  place  of  education  for  the  sons  of  the  clergy,  but 
having  proved  unsuccessful  in  that  form,  is  now  estab- 
lished ou  an  entirely  new  basis.  It  is  under  the  manage- 
ment of  G.  Hull  i'uekle,  M.A.,  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  and  B.  A.  Irving,  M.A.,  of  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge."  The  number  of  boys  at  present 
is  UO. 


880 


KENDAL  ■WARD. 


THE    CHAPEL. 


Windermere  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary  the  Virgin, 
is  a  neat  Early  English  structure,  consecrated  August 
8th,  1856.  It  comprises  nave,  aisle,  and  chancel,  and 
contains  450  sittings,  one-third  of  which  are  free  and 
unappropriated.  The  east  window  is  of  three  lights, 
and  filled  with  stained  glass  representing  the  Cruci- 
fixion and  other  passages  in  the  life  of  the  Redeemer. 
The  total  cost  of  church  and  school  amounted  to  j£2,000. 
The  north  aisle  was  erected  at  the  cost  of  John  Gaudy, 
Esq.,  and  the  south  at  that  of  the  late  John  Braith- 
waite,  Esq.  The  living  is  in  the  patronage  of  the 
bishop  of  the  diocese,  and  is  worth  about  £170  a  year. 
The  Rev.  Charles  C.  Lowndes,  the  present  incumbent, 
was  appointed  in  1856. 

The  Independents  have  a  cliapel  near  Troutbeck 
Bridge,  erected  iu  1857,  at  a  cost  of  £550,  upon  land 
given  by  R.  H.  Fell,  Esq. 

The  national  school  possesses  au  endowment  of 
£1,000,  left  by  the  late  John  Braithwaite,  Esq.,  in 
1856,  the  proceeds  to  be  devoted  towards  the  school- 
master's salary,  or  otherwise  for  the  benefit  of  the 
school,  according  to  the  discretion  of  the  trustees.  The 
school  is  attended  by  about  eighty  children. 


CHABITIES. 


Boger  Parle's  Gift. — There  is  the  sum  of  I83. 
received  from  the  treasurer  of  the  tolls  of  the  turnpike 
road  between  Kendal  and  Ambleside,  as  the  interest  of 
£20  poors'  money,  left  by  Roger  Park.  The  interest  of 
this  money  is  given  away  on  St.  Thomas'  Day,  to  the 
poor  of  Applethwaite,  with  the  other  charity  money,  as 
hereafter  mentioned. 

Thomas  Duron's  Gift. — Thomas  Di.xon,  in  1730,  gave 
£1  yearly  out  of  his  estate  at  Fallbarrow  to  the  poor  of 
Applethwaite. 

John  Wilson's  Gift.  —  John  Wilson,  by  will,  dated 
May  25th.  1798,  bequeathed  to  the  churchwardens  and 
overseers  of  the  township  of  Applethwaite,  £30,  the 
interest  thereof  to  be  distributed  yearly,  as  /oUows : — 
5s.  in  wheaten  bread  and  the  remainder  in  money,  to 
be  divided  amongst  the  poor  of  the  township. 

Broun's  Gift.  —  Josiah  Brown,  in  1801,  left  £50  to 
the  poor  of  Applethwaite,  to  be  given  in  bread.  The 
money  is  given  away  in  bread  eveiy  Sunday. 

At  Misslett,  au  estate  in  this  township,  is  a  burial 
ground  belonging  to  the  Society  of  Friends,  who  had 
also  a  meeting  house,  now  converted  into  a  dwelling. 


Tkoutbeck  chapelry  occupies  a  picturesque  vale,  watered 
flows  southward  to  Windermere. 

The  area  of  Troutbeck  is  5.332  acres,  and  its  rate- 
able value  is  £2,239  10s.  In  1801  it  contained  310 
inhabitants;  in  1811,333;  in  1821,335;  in  1831, 
319  ;  in  1841,  299  ;   and  in  1851,  369. 

The  singular  vaUey  of  Troutbeck  was  once  a  wooded 
basin,  where  the  terrified  Britons  took  refuge  from  the 
Romans,  whUe  the  latter  were  making  their  great  road 
from  Kendal  to  Penrith.  The  road  actually  ran  along 
the  very  ridge  of  the  Troutbeck  hills.  After  the 
Romans  and  Saxons  were  gone,  the  valley  was  a 
great  park,  and  the  inhabitants  were  virtually  serfs, 
in  danger  of  the  gallows  (which  had  a  hill  to  itself 
named  after  it  to  this  day)  at  the  will  and  pleasure  of 
the  one  great  man.  In  course  of  time — that  is,  a 
great  many  centuries  ago — the  valley  was  disparked, 
and  divided  among  the  inhabitants — only  one  very 
large  estate  being  left,  the  new  park,  containing 
2,000  acres.  This  was  the  estate  given  by  Charles  I. 
to  Huddleston  Phillipson  for  his  services  in  the  civil 
wars.     Troutbeck  is  included  in  the   Richmond  Fee 


TROUTBECK  CHAPELRY. 

by  a  stream  which  rises  at  the  foot  of  High-street,  and 


of  Kendal  barony,  and  iu  28th  Charles  II.  contained 
forty-eight  tenements,  of  the  yearly  value  of  £27  Os.  J  Od. 
The  Earl  of  Lonsdale  possesses  the  manorial  rights. 
The  landowners  are  Richard  L.  Watson,  Esq. ;  Henry 
Birmingham,  Esq. ;  Admiral  Wilson ;  Samuel  Taylor, 
Esq. ;  and  others.  The  valley  now  contains  a  string 
of  hamlets: — Town  End,  Town  Head,  High  Green, 
Cray,  and  High  Fold ;  and  its  farmsteads  and  out- 
buildings show  some  of  the  most  curious  specimens 
of  ancient  edifices  that  are  to  be  seen  iu  the  district. 

THE    CHAPEL. 

Troutbeck  chapel,  which  stands  near  the  centre  of 
the  township,  is  dedicated  to  St.  James.  It  is  a  small 
edifice,  with  tower  and  one  bell,  and  will  seat  about 
126  persons.  It  was  consecrated  in  15(32  for  the  use 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Troutbeck  and  Applethwaite,  and 
was  repaired  in  1828.  The  curacy  is  in  the  gift  of  the 
rector  of  Windermere.  In  1748,  1756,  and  1773  its 
ancient  revenue  was  augmented  with  certain  sums  from 


TROUTBECK    CHAPELRT. 


881 


Queeu  Anne's  Bounty,  amounting  to  £000,  which,  with 
d£200  given  by  the  Dowager  Countess  Gower,  was 
expended  in  the  purchase  of  estates  in  Yorkshire; 
one  in  Dent,  and  the  other  at  Marthwaite  Foot,  near 
Sedbergh.  In  1820  the  living  received  another  gift 
from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  amounting  to  £400,  and 
previously  with  various  donations  amounting  to  £75 
vested  in  the  Ambleside  Turnpike  Trust,  so  that  the 
living  is  now  worth  about  £50  a  year.  The  registers 
commence  in  1585. 

Incumbents. — William  Thompson,  1750 ;   Robert  Lambert, 
1792  ;  John  Fleming,  1799  ;  WiUiam  SeweU,  1827. 

CHARITIES. 

School. — By  articles  of  agreement,  bearing  date  July 
29th,  1639,  we  learn  that  a  school  was  erected  by  the 


inhabitants,  and  100  marks  was  subscribed  towards  the 
support  of  the  schoolmaster.  The  sum  of  £1U7  lis. 
was  subsequently  contributed,  making  a  total  school 
stock  of  £175.  In  1850  John  Braithwaite,  Esq.,  left 
£1,000  to  this  school,  which  is  attended  by  about 
thirty  children. 

Blrkelt's  Charity. — William  Birkett,  by  will,  dated 
December  10th,  1785,  bequeathed  the  sum  of  £50,  on 
trust,  that  the  interest  should  be  distributed  among 
the  poor  of  the  township. 

Mrs.  Freeman's  Charity. — Mrs.  Freeman,  in  1S37, 
left  £100  to  the  poor  of  the  township. 

The  residences  in  the  township  are  Ecclerigg,  R.  L. 
Watson,  Esq. ;  Abbotsholme,  Samuel  Taylor,  Esq. 


ion 


Sanskk   Wiu^. 


LossDALE  Ward  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  Kendal  AVard,  on  the  south  hy  Lancaster,  and  on  the  east  by 
Yorkshire.  It  is  the  smallest  of  the  wards  of  Westmoreland,  and  is  about  fourteen  miles  in  length.  Its  greatest 
breadth  at  the  southern  part  is  about  eight  miles ;  but  its  average  width  for  more  than  seven  miles  is  not  more  than 
one  mile  and  a  half.  The  river  Lune  runs  through  the  entire  length  of  the  ward  from  north  to  south,  and  from  it 
the  name  of  the  district  is  derived.  The  soil  here  is  generally  a  rich  mould,  producing  excellent  crops  of  corn,  grass, 
and  vegetables.  Lonsdale  Ward  comprises  the  parish  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  the  greater  part  of  that  of  Burton-in- 
Kendal,  and  the  township  of  Dillicar  in  Grayrigg  chapelry,  Kendal  parish. 


BURTON -IN -KENDAL    PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Kendal  parish,  on  the  west  by  those  of  Betham  and  Heversham,  on  the 
south  br  that  of  Warton  in  Lancashire,  and  on  the  east  hy  Kirkby  Lonsdale.  It  comprises  a  long,  narrow,  and 
irregularly  formed  tract  of  country  extending  into  two  of  the  Westmoreland  wards,  and  into  the  hundred  of  South 
Lonsdale  in  Lancashire.  The  parish  comprises  the  townships  of  Burton,  Dalton,  Preston  Patrick,  and  Holme. 
Holmescales,  a  hamlet  in  Old  Hutton  township,  for  ecclesiastical  purposes,  is  considered  to  belong  to  this  parish. 

whose  brother  and  heir,  Thomas  Fenwick,  Esq.,  in 


BURTON-IN-KENDAL. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  ],437  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £3,380  18s.  Id.  The  population  in 
1801  was  548 ;  in  1811,  574 ;  in  1831,  673 ;  in  1831, 
733;  in  1841,  790;  and  in  1851,  791  ;  who  are  prin- 
cipally resident  in  the  village  or  town  of  Burton. 
Burton  is  mostly  in  the  Marquis  Fee.  Richard  I. 
granted  to  Gilbert  son  of  Roger  Fitz-Reinfred  two 
carucates  of  land  in  Burton,  and  four  carucates  in 
Preston  and  Holme.  The  manor  seems  to  have  been 
then  or  soon  after  granted  to  a  family  who  assumed  the 
local  name,  one  of  whom,  Roger  de  Burton,  represented 
the  county  of  Westmoreland  in  parliament  in  1297, 
after  which  year  we  hear  no  more  of  the  De  Burtons. 
The  manor  came  subsequently  to  the  Harringtons,  for 
in  1488,  after  the  attainder  of  Sir  James  Harrington, 
the  inquisition  finds  that  he  was  seised  of  a  moiety  of 
the  manor  of  Burtou-in-Kendal.  This  manor  appears 
to  have  been  some  time  after  in  the  hands  of  the  Mid- 
dletons  of  Leighton,  whose  heir  female  was  mamed  to 
Oldfield,  who  sold  the  manor  to  Thomas  Bcnison,  Esq., 
of  Hornby,  whose  daughter  and  heir  carried  the  same 
in  marriage  to  John  Fenwick,  Esq.,  of  Borrow  Hall, 


pursuance  of  an  act  of  parliament  for  that  purpose, 
sold  the  same  to  Thomas  Pearson,  Esq.,  who  was  suc- 
ceeded in  178'2  by  ftliss  Pearson,  and  in  1790  by  W. 
Atkinson,  Esq.,  who,  dying  in  1820,  left  it  to  his  wife 
as  tenant  for  life.  Mrs.  Atkinson  deceased  iu  July, 
18.50,  when  the  manor  came  to  Brj-an  Walter  Atkinson, 
Esq.,  the  present  lord,  besides  whom  the  Earl  of  Lons- 
dale, Mrs.  Williams,  and  Allen  Jackson  Sewell,  Esq., 
are  the  principal  proprietors.  Courts  baron  are  held 
annually  iu  the  town.  The  township  was  enclosed  in 
1815. 

THE    TOWN    OF   BURTON-IN-KENDAL. 

The  market  town  of  Burton-inKendal  is  situated 
close  to  the  border  of  Lancashire,  in  54°  11'  north  lati- 
tude, 0°  42'  west  longitude.  It  is  distant  thirty-four 
miles  south-south-west  from  Appleby,  251  miles  uorth- 
west-by-north  from  London  by  road,  and  2-13  miles  by 
railway  rid  Lancaster.  Burton  is  a  small  but  neat  and 
regulariy  built  town.  The  market-place  is  a  spacious 
area,  with  good  houses  and  shops ;  a  stone  cross  stands 
iu  the  centre  of  it.  The  market,  which  is  held  on 
Tuesday,  was  established  in  ICGl,  and  iu  the  course  of 


BURTON-IN-KENDAL  PARISH. 


883 


the  following  century  had  become  the  most  extensive 
corn  market  in  the  county  ;  but  shortly  after  the  open- 
ing of  the  Kendal  and  Lancaster  canal,  in  1819,  the 
market  began  to  decline,  and  is  now  of  cumjiarative 
unimportance.  Two  fairs  were  established  at  the  same 
time  as  the  market,  and  are  held,  one  on  the  23rd  of 
April,  and  tlie  other  on  Whitsun  Monday.  The  linen 
and  canvas  manufacture  employ  some  of  the  inhabitants, 
but  the  trade  of  the  town  is  inconsiderable  in  amount. 
The  salubrity  of  the  climate  has  induced  many  respect- 
able families  to  select  Burton  as  a  place  of  residence. 
The  scenery  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  town  is  very 
interesting.  In  1777  the  inhabitants  expended  con- 
siderable sums  in  draining  a  large  tract  of  marshy  and 
mossy  ground  on  the  west  side  of  the  town.  Trunks  of 
large  oak  and  fir  trees  were  found  embedded  in  the 
moss. 

THE   CnXJItCB. 

The  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  James,  is  an 
ancient  but  plain  edifice,  consisting  of  nave,  aisle, 
chancel,  and  square  tower  coutainiug  si.x  good  bells. 
It  was  thoroughly  repaired  and  restored  in  1844,  at  a 
cost  of  about  £1,000.  There  are  two  chapels,  which 
serve  as  places  of  sepulture  for  the  families  residing  at 
Dalton  and  Preston  Halls.  The  pulpit  and  reading- 
desk  are  of  oak,  curiously  carved,  and  bear  the  date 
1607.  On  the  chapel  belonging  to  Preston  Hall  is  the 
inscription — "Gloria  Deo  in  K.xcelsis,  J.  F.  F.,  1634  ;" 
and  inside  that  of  Daltou  Hall  are  the  words — "Soli 
Deo  Gioriffl  P.  S.,  Fandator,  1C28."  The  church  con- 
tains a  number  of  monuments  to  members  of  the  Par- 
kinson, Lucas,  Cotton,  Atkinson,  and  Waller  families. 
This  church,  with  many  others,  was  given  by  Ivo  de 
Tailbois,  first  baron  of  Kendal,  to  the  abbey  of  St. 
Mary  at  York,  and  w;is  contirmed  to  that  house  by  his 
successor,  Gilbert,  son  of  Roger  Fitz-Reinfred,  about 
the  year  1200.  In  1359  it  was  appropriated  to  the 
abbey,  a  pension  of  40s.  a  year  being  reserved  to  the 
archdeacon  of  Richmond,  3s.  4d.  to  the  archbishop  of 
York,  and  Ss.  4d.  to  the  dean  and  chapter  of  York.  In 
1400  the  vicar's  revenue  was  .£20  a  year,  arising  from 
a  house  and  garden  called  Kirk  Uutts,  with  all  small 
tithes,  oblations,  and  mortuaries;  but  out  of  his  income 
he  had  to  repair  the  chancel,  find  candles  for  the  use  of 
the  churcli,  and  pay  i'lO  3s.  4d.  to  the  monastery. 
After  the  suppression  of  the  religious  houses,  the  rectory 
and  advowson  of  the  vicarage  were  granted  by  Queen 
Elizabeth  to  the  Earl  of  Lincoln  and  C.  Gough,  Esq., 
"with  reservation  of  a  rent  to  the  crown  of  £9  7s.  8d.; 
to  the  schoolmaster  of  Kendal,  X9  Os.  8d. ;  to  the 
curate  of  Hugill,  £3  Cs.  8d. :  and  to  the  bishop  of 
Chester,  £2."    The  great  tithes  afterwards  belonged 


to  the  Prestons  of  Preston  Patrick,  whose  two  heiresses 
carried  them  in  maiTiage,  about  the  middle  of  the  17th 
century,  to  the  lords  Montgomery  and  Clifford  ;  the 
former  having  for  his  share  the  tithes  of  Burton,  Holme, 
and  D^ton,  which  were  subsequently  purchased  by 
Colonel  Charteris,  of  Hornby  Castle ;  and  the  latter 
having  the  tithes  of  Preston  Patrick  and  Holmscales, 
which,  about  the  year  1770,  were  sold  to  Mrs.  Gibson 
of  Lancaster.  B.  W.  Atkinson  is  the  present  impro- 
priator, having  purchased  the  tithes.  Shortly  after  the 
dissolution  the  advowson  of  the  vicarage  appears  to 
have  been  in  the  hands  of  the  Middletons  of  Leighton, 
in  Lancashire,  the  last  of  whom,  Sir  George  Middleton, 
Bart.,  had  a  daughter  and  heiress,  Mary,  who  by  mar- 
riage brought  the  same  to  the  Oldflelds  of  Somerforth, 
in  Cheshire,  who  sold  the  same,  together  with  the  manor 
of  Burton  and  demesne  of  Claythorpe  Hall,  to  Mr. 
Beuison  of  Hornby,  from  whose  daughter  it  was  pur- 
chased by  Mrs.  Hutton  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  who  in  her 
turn  sold  it  to  Mr.  Lancaster  of  Sedgefield,  in  the 
county  of  Durham.  It  was  afterwards  bought  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Hutton  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale  and  Mr.  Jeffrey 
Tenant  of  Bentham,  in  Yorkshire,  but  subsequently 
passed  with  the  heiress  of  the  Hutton  family  to  John 
Johnstone,  Esq.  It  was  next  possessed  by  the  Rev. 
C.  Simeon,  whose  trustees  are  the  present  patrons.  The 
vicarage  is  valued  in  the  King's  Book  at  £15  17s.  SJd. 
It  was  certified  at  £30  Os.  8d.  in  1725,  in  which  year 
it  received  an  augmentation  of  £200  from  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty,  and  £200  from  the  executrix  of  Lady  Moyer, 
and  other  donors,  which  sums  were  laid  out  in  the  pur- 
•  chase  of  a  house  and  estate  for  the  vicar,  the  ancient 
house  and  glebe  called  Kirk  Butts  having  been  taken 
possession  of  by  one  of  the  lords  of  the  manor.  In 
1772  it  was  augmented  with  an  estate  at  Yealand 
Conyers,  in  Lancashire,  purchased  with  £200  from 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty;  £100  given  by  the  Rev.  John 
Hutton,  then  vicar ;  and  £100  given  by  the  Countess 
Dowager  Gower.  On  the  enclosure  of  the  commons  in 
1815,  the  tithes  of  the  parish  were  commuted  for  au 
allotment  of  land  for  Burton,  Holme,  and  Dalton  ;  and 
the  sum  of  £1,400  for  Preston  Patrick,  and  £420  for 
Holmscales. 

VicABs. — John  Thexton,  16S5  ;  Gerard  Brown,  1(163;  John 
Ormenid,  1600;  J.  Uslierwood,  1091;  Tlionias  Harbon,  169'J; 
John  BeDisoD,  I7'j3;  Jolm  Uutlou,  1704;  liryim  Waller,  ISOO; 
Uobcrt  Morewood,  1812. 

The  vicarage  is  a  neat  building,  erected  by  the 
present  vicar  in  1844,  at  a  cost  of  £900.  It  stands  on  a 
gentle  eminence  south-east  of  the  church. 

There  is  a  Friends'  meeting  house  in  the  town,  but 
no  congregation,  the  last  member  dying  in  1858. 


884 


LONSDALE   WAED. 


The  national  school  is  a  large  commodious  building, 
erected  by  subscription  in  1817,  on  land  given  by  John 
Hutton,  Esq.,  ancestor  of  one  of  the  vicars.  It  is  under 
government  inspection. 

CHAMTIES. 

John  Hiilton's  Charity.  —  John  Ilutton,  of  Hindon, 
in  the  parish  of  CockfielJ,  Durham,  gave  20s.  a  year, 
for  ever,  to  the  poor  of  Cockfield  parish,  and  40s.  per 
annum  to  the  poor  of  the  parish  of  Burton-in-Kendal ; 
and  after  leaving  other  legacies  to  his  relations,  h  f  gave 
the  remainder  of  his  estate  at  Hindon  to  the  free  school 
at  Burton,  on  condition  that  the  master  should  be  a 
master  of  arts,  of  either  Oxford  or  Cambridge,  who 
should  officiate  as  curate  at  Preston  Patrick  chapel. 
The  latter  of  these  conditions  not  being  practicable,  tlie 
proceeds  of  this  charity  have  been  given  to  the  poor  of 
this  parish  and  that  of  Betham. 

Gmmmar  School. — There  is  in  the  town  of  Burton 
a  school  of  ancient  foundation.  The  earliest  endow- 
ment is  an  old  school  stock  amounting  to  ;£!  1 7,  the 
origin  of  which  is  unknown,  and  the  following  bene- 
factions have  been  subsequently  bequeathed  to  it : — 
Robert  Lucas,  by  wUl,  in  1754,  left  £10,  the  interest 
to  be  paid  to  the  schoolmaster.  Rowland  Burrow,  of 
Holme,  by  will,  in  1794,  left  a  similar  sum  for  the 
same  purpose.  John  Lucas,  by  will,  in  1793,  left  the 
interest  of  £40  for  the  education  of  two  poor  boys  of 
the  township  of  Holme.  The  school  also  possessed 
£20  a  year  from  Parkinson's  Charity,  now  lost.  The 
school  has  not  been  in  existence  for  several  years. 

Tvichships  of  Burton,  Holme,  and  Daltnn.  —  John 
Parkinsons  Charity.  —  John  Parkinson,  by  will,  in 
1795,  left  £800  on  trust,  the  interest  of  which  he 
directed  should  be  distributed  in  the  following  manner  : 
£20  yearly  to  the  schoolmaster  at  Burton  for  the 
education  of  twenty  poor  boys ;  £7  yearly  to  a  school- 
mistress for  the  education  of  fourteen  poor  girls ;  to 
three  trustees  £1  Is.  each  for  their  trouble ;  and  to 
the  churchwardens  £1.  This  charity  has  been  lost  in 
consequence  of  the  bankruptcy  of  the  person  in  whose 
hands  the  money  had  been  placed. 

Wilson's  Charity. — Elizabeth  Wilson,  in  173],  left 
the  interest  of  £10  to  the  vicar  of  Burton. 

John  Lucas's  Charity  for  a  Sermon. — The  John 
Lucas  mentioned  above,  left  the  interest  of  £12  for 
the  preaching  of  a  sermon  in  the  parish  church  of 
Burton.  This  charity  was  also  lost  with  Parkinson "s 
Charity. 

Toicnship  of  Burton. — Poor  Stock.  —  There  is  the 
sum  of  £40,  which  has  existed  for  at  least  160  yeais 
by  the  name  of  poor  stock,  and  the  interest  of  which 
is  carried  to  the  poor  rates. 


John  Lucas's  Charity. — John  Lucas  above-mentioned 
bequeathed  the  sum  of  £5,  on  trust,  the  interest  to  be 
distributed  to  poor  housekeepers  in  the  township  of 
Burton. 

Heron  Sike  and  Clawthorp  are  hamlets  in  this  town- 
ship; the  latter  is  about  a  mile  north- north-east  of 
Burton.     Clawthorp  Hall  has  long  been  a  farm-house. 

DALTON. 

Dalton  township,  which  is  one  mile  cast-by-south  of 
Burton,  is  to  the  south  of  Lonsdale,  in  Lancashire. 
Its  area  is  2,135  acres,  and  rateable  value  £1,923. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1801  was  73;  in  1811, 

;  in  1821,  151;   in  1831,  131;   in  1841,  155; 

and  in  1851,  100.  The  soil  here  is  a  good  loam. 
The  manorial  rights  are  held  by  Edmund  George 
Hornby,  Esq. ;  besides  whom  Bryan  W.  Atkinson, 
Esq. ;  Rev.  Edward  G.  Kendal ;  Edmund  Tatham, 
Esq.,  are  the  principal  landowners. 

Dalton  Hall,  the  seat  of  the  lord  of  the  manor,  is 
a  handsome  mansion,  erected  in  1812,  commanding 
extensive  views  of  the  surrounding  country. 

gorn^g  of  Jaltort  fall. 

The  family  of  Hornby  was  settled  in  the  Fylde 
country,  in  the  north  of  Lancashire,  from  a  very  early 
period. 

Johannes  de  Horneby  was  receiver-general  of  the  duchy 
rents  uader  John  of  Gaunt;  and  the  records  in  the  duchy  ofiBce 
give  the  seals  of  the  arms  such  as  they  have  been  ever  since  they 
were  borne  by  their  descendants.  In  the  reign  of  Jaraes  I.  Hugh 
DE  HoKXEV,  Esq.,  of  Banlifield,  in  Fylde,  was  rated  to  find 
service  and  men  of  arms.  He  was  ruined  by  the  civil  wars,  and 
sold  Banlifield  to  the  Harrisons.     His  son, 

Geoffrey  Hokney,  followed  the  profession  of  the  law,  and 
settled  at  roulton-in-the-FylJe,  where  he  acquired  considerable 
property.    He  was  the  father  of 

Edmund  Hokxby,  Esq.,  who  married  Dorothy,  daughter  of 
Geoffrey  Eishton,  of  Antley,  co.  Lancaster,  M.P.  for  Preston, 
and  sister  of  Edward  Eishton,  Esq.,  of  Antley,  of  good  Lanca- 
shire descent.  She  died  ITd'-i,  This  Edmund  Hornby  left 
issue  by  Dorothy,  his  wife, 

I.  Geoffrey. 
II.  George,  in  holy  orders,  rector  of  Whittington,  died  widiout 

issue. 
I.  Anue,  wife  of  Edmund  Cole,  of  Beaumont,  near  Lancaster,  by 
whom  she  had  a  daughter, 

Dorothy,  wife  of  Butler  of  Kiikland. 

Edmund  Hornby  had  other  issue,  who  died  young.  The  eldest 
son, 

Geoffrey  Hornby,  Esq.,  of  Poulton  and  Scale  Hall,  near 
Lancaster,  married  Susannah,  daughter  and  lieir  of  Edward 
SherJIey,  of  Kirkham,  by  Ellen,  his  wife,  daughter  and  co-heir 
of  John  Veale,  Esq.,  of  Whinney  Heyes,  in  Fjldc,  and  Susannah 


BUr.TON-IN-KENDAL    PARISH. 


885 


KishtoD,  his  wife,  and  left  issue  tvo  sons,  QeofTrey,  who  died 
without  issue,  and 

Edmumd  Hornby,  Esq.,  of  Poulton  and  Scale  Hall,  bom 
October,  1728,  married  Margaret,  second  daughter  of  John 
Winckley,  Esq.,  of  Preston,  by  his  wife,  Elizabeth  Starkie,  of 
Huntroyde,  co.  Lancaster.  By  her  (with  three  daughters, 
Margaret,  died  1815  ;  Susan,  died  171)1) ;  and  Dorothy,  died 
young),  he  had  issue, 

Geoffrey  Hornby,  only  son  and  heir,  some  time  colonel  of 
a  regiment  of  Lancashire  militia ;  he  afterwards  took  orders 
and  was  rector  of  Winwick,  Lancaster,  178'2.  He  married,  'J5th 
April,  1772,  Lucy,  daughter  of  James  Lord  Strange,  and  sister 
of  Edward,  12th  Earl  of  Derby,  and  bad  issue  seven  sons  and 
six  daughters, 

I.  Edmund,  his  heir. 

II.  James  John,  in  holy  orders,  rector  of  Winwick ,  rcnrried,  Istly, 

Esther,  youngest  daughter  luid  co-heir  of  Kobert  Vernon 
Atherton,  Esq.,  of  Atherton,  by  Harriet,  his  wife,  dangbter 
and   co-heir  of  Peter  Lee,  Esq.,  of  Lyme;    and  2ndly, 

Cuiherine,  daughter  of Boyle,  Esq. ;  and  died  leavin  g 

issue. 

III.  Geoffrey,  in  holy  orders,  rector  of  Bury,  Lancashire,  married 

tlic  lion.  Georglana  Byng,  sister  of  the  late  Lord  Torring- 
ton,  and  has  issue. 

IV.  Edwurd  Thomas  Stanley,  in  holy  orders,'died  unmarried. 
V.  Piui'ps  (Sir),  K.C.B.,  of  Little  Green. 

VI.  George,  in  holy  orders. 

VII.  Charles,  lieut.-col.  Scots  Fusilier  Guards,  now  in  holy  orders. 
I.  Lucy,  married  to  Kev.  II.  W.  Cbampney,  rector  of  Badswortb. 
II.  Charloite,  married  June  :tOtb,  179s,  to  Edward  Lord  Stanley, 
late  Earl  of  Derby,  and  died  in  1817. 

III.  Georgiana. 

IV.  Frauces  Susannah. 
V.  Louisa. 

TI.  Henrietta  Elizabeth. 

Mr.  Hornby  died  July  -Slst,  1812,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
eldest  son, 

Edmund  Hornby,  Esq.,  of  Dalton  Hall,  J.P.  and  D.L.,  high 
sheriff  in  1828  ;  born  June  17ih,  1773  ;  married,  August  22nd, 
170C,  Lady  Chailotte  Stanley,  daughter  of  Edward,  12th  Earl  of 
Derby,  and  has  one  son, 

Edmund  George,  late  M.P.  for  Warrington,  born  Ifith  Novem- 
ber, 1799,  married  January  .'iOlh,  1827,  Sorali,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Yates,  Esq.,  of  Irwell  House,  in  Laucosbirc,  first 
cousin  to  Sir  Robert  Peel,  and  has, 

1.  Elizabelh  Sarah. 

2.  Lucy  I'rancesca. 

Arms.—  Qr,  a  chevron,  between  three  bugle  boma,  sa. 
Crest.— \  bugle  horn. 


HOLME    AND    HOLMESCALES. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  1,010  acres.  The 
miniber  of  iuhubitants  in  1801  was  '2"^0  ;  in  1811, 
•28;J;  iu  1821,  -120;  iu  1831,  019;  iu  1811,  032;  aud 
ia  1851,  1,15-1;  who  priucipiilly  reside  iu  the  village 
of  Holiue. 


At  the  time  of  the  Domesday  Survey  the  manor  was 
part  of  the  possession  of  Torsin,  but  subsequently  came 
to  the  crown.  It  was  granted  by  Richard  I.  to  Gilbert, 
the  seventh  baron  of  Kendal,  who  granted  it  to  Thomas, 
son  of  Gospatrick,  to  whose  son,  Patrick,  it  was  con- 
firmed by  William  do  Lancaster.  It  came  afterwards 
to  the  Tunsdals  and  Prestons,  and  iu  1717  was  con- 
veyed, with  other  adjacent  manors,  to  the  family  of 
Charteris,  but  has  since  been  purchased  by  the  Wilsons 
of  Dallam  Tower,  the  present  owners.  Ilulme  Park 
was  formerly  three  miles  in  circumference,  aud  well 
stocked  with  deer.  George  E.  Wilson,  Esq.,  and  the 
Hon.  Mrs.  Howard,  are  the  principal  landowners. 

Holme  is  a  large  village  on  the  Lancaster  and  Kendal 
canal,  two  miles  uorth-by-west  of  Burton,  and  contains 
some  well-built  houses  and  cottages.  The  linen  manu- 
facture which  formerly  e.visted  here  has  been  discon- 
tinued for  some  time. 

TUE    CUAPEL. 

Holme  chapel,  dedicated  to  the  Holy  Trinity,  is  a 
remarkably  neat  building,  iu  the  Early  English  style, 
situated  iu  the  village.  It  was  erected  by  subscription 
in  1839,  and  consists  of  nave,  chancel,  and  tower  con- 
taining one  bell.  In  1843  it  was  endowed  by  the 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  with  .£107  a  year,  and  is 
a  curacy  in  the  patronage  of  the  vicar  of  Burton.  The 
living  is  now  worth  £120  a  year.  The  registers  com- 
mence iu  1839. 

Inol-mbexts.— John  Wild,  18:10;  M.  H.  Maxwell,  1812;  F. 
B.  Ashley,  1844  ;  Samuel  Moon,  1845. 

The  parsonage  is  a  neat  commodious  building,  near 
the  chapel. 

The  National  School  for  boys  and  girls  was  erected 
by  subscription  in  18-44,  aided  by  a  grant  from  the 
National  Society.  The  average  number  of  children  in 
attendance  is  twenty-eight. 

CHAIUTIES. 

John  Lucas's  Charily  fur  Bread. — John  Lucas,  by 
will,  in  1793,  left  the  interest  of  £(J0  for  the  purchase 
of  bread,  to  be  distributed  amongst  poor  housekeepers 
of  Holme. 

John  Lucas's  Charily  for  poor  Housekeepers. — The 
same  John  Lucas  left  the  interest  of  £10  for  the  poor 
housekeepers  of  Holme. 

Burrote's  and  Smallshaw's  Charillcs. — Koland  Bur- 
row, by  will,  in  1794,  left  £10,  the  interest  of  which 
he  directed  should  bo  divided  among  the  poor  of  this 
tow-nship.  Jacob  Smallshaw  also  left  JL'lO  for  the  same 
purpose. 


886 


LONSDALE  WAKD. 


PKESTON    TATPJCK    CHAPELRY. 

Prestox  Patrick  is  a  larfje  chapelry  and  township,  containing  the  small  hamlets  of  Gatebeck,  Goose  Green, 
Milluess,  and  Nook,  with  a  uumber  of  dispersed  dwellings  extending  fioni  four  to  six  miles  uorih-by-east  of  Burton, 
on  the  east  side  of  the  river  Bdo. 


The  area  of  Preston  Patrick  is  3,580  acres;  its  rate- 
able value  £2,858  13s.  lid.  The  population  in  1801 
was  335;  in  1811,  373;  in  1821,  308;  in  1831,  418; 
in  1841,  484;  and  in  1851,  514;  who  are  principally 
engaged  in  agriculture;  a  few,  however,  are  emplo3-ed 
in  a  powder  works,  a  bleach  works,  and  a  bobbin  mill. 

The  manor  of  Preston  Patrick  received  its  name 
from  Palricius  de  Culwen,  ancestor  of  the  Curwens  of 
Workington,  and  grandson  of  Thomas,  son  of  Gospatric, 
who  gave  lands  and  possessions  to  the  abbey  of  Preston 
about  the  year  1119,  which  abbey  was  afterwards 
removed  to  Shap.  After  the  dissolution  of  the 
monasteries,  the  lands  here  belonging  to  Shap  Abbey 
came  into  the  hands  of  the  crown,  and  were  granted  by 
James  I.  to  Philip  Lord  Wharton,  in  whose  posterity 
they  continued  till  the  Duke  of  Wharton  sold  them  to 
Robert  Lowther,  Esq.,  from  whom  they  have  descended 
to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the  present  lord  of  the  manor. 
The  landowners  are  John  Wakefield,  Esq. ;  Christopher 
Wilson,  Esq. ;  the  heirs  of  the  late  William  Thompson, 
Esq. ;  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  ;  John  Atkinson,  Esq. ; 
and  several  smaller  proprietors.  Preston  Hall  is  now 
used  as  a  farm-house. 

THE    CHiPEL. 

Preston  Patrick  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Gregory,  is 
a  neat  Gothic  structure,  rebuilt  in  1832,  and  consists 
of  nave,  chancel,  aisles,  and  tower.  It  stands  on  an 
eminence  in  the  centre  of  what  was  formerly  a  park. 
There  seems  to  have  been  a  chapel  in  this  township  as 
early  as  the  twelfth  century ;  the  present  one  was 
endowed  with  parochial  privileges  in  1781.  The  pat- 
ronage is  vested  in  the  osvners  of  property  in  the  town- 
ship charged  with  the  chapel  salary.  In  1722  the  living 
was  augmented  with  an  estate  at  Nook,  purchased  with 
£200  obtained  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  and  £240 
given  by  James  Graham,  Esq.,  Sir  John  Mawson,  and 
the  inhabitants.  It  was  also  augmented  in  1773,  with 
fifteen  acres  of  land  at  Houghgill,  in  Yorkshire,  pur- 
chased with  £200  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  and  £200 
given  by  the  Countess  Dowager  Gower ;  and  in  1810, 
\vith  rather  more  than  two  acres  of  land  at  Bentham,  in 
Yorkshire,  purchased  with  an  additional  £200  from 
Queen  Anne's  Bounty.  The  ancient  salary  of  £3  6s.  8d. 
is  paid  out  of  the  tenements  in  the  chapelry.     The 


entire  income  is  now  £77  7s.  8d.     The  chapel  contains 
a  few  mural  monuments. 

Incl'mbekts. — J.  Tinkler,  dieJ  1790  ;  Joseph  The.\toD,  1790; 
Samuel  Scott,  1811  ;  Jefirey  Hebden,  1820. 

The  parsonage,  situated  in  the  hamlet  of  Nook,  is  a 
plain  modern  building,  erected  in  1837,  at  a  cost  of 
about  £400,  of  which  £200  was  obtained  from  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty,  and  the  remainder  by  subscription. 

Nook  and  Gatebeck  are  hamlets  in  this  township. 
The  principal  residences  are  Lune  Head,  William 
Talbot,  Esq. ;  Long  Croft,  the  Misses  Talbot ;  Moss 
Side,  John  Atkinson,  Esq.;  and  Challen  Hall,  W.  H. 
Wakefield,  Esq. 

This  township  is  divided  from  that  of  Preston 
Richard  by  a  small  rivulet,  on  which  are  extensive 
powder  works.  There  ai'e  also  bleach-mills,  two  corn- 
mills,  and  a  bobbin  mill. 

cD-iniTres. 

School. — Preston  Patrick  School  was  erected  in  1780, 
and  on  the  enclosure  of  the  common  in  1814  an  allot- 
ment of  twenty  acres  of  laud  was  assigned  to  it,  which 
now  produces  about  £10  a  year,  applied  in  part  payment 
for  the  tuition  of  ten  poor  children.  The  average 
attendance  is  about  thirty-five.  There  is  another  school 
at  Gatebeck,  partly  supported  by  subscription. 

Poor  Panock. — There  is  a  small  pieje  of  ground, 
containing  about  a  rood,  called  the  "  Poor  ParroL-k,"  the 
rents  of  which  have  always  been  distributed  to  the  poor 
in  charity.  This  land  was  sold  to  the  canal  company, 
and  the  interest  amounts  to  £1  a  year. 

Elhahcth  ]Vihon's  Charity. — Elizabeth  Wilson,  by 
will,  dated  1731,  bequeathed  the  interest  of  £5  to  be 
paid  yearly  to  two  old  women  in  Preston  Patrick,  on 
Good  Fiiday,  for  ever. 

Lord  Wharton's  Charity. — The  lordsliip  of  Preston 
Patrick  is  entitled,  conjointly  with  the  lordships  of 
Langdale,  Tebay,  and  Bretherdale,  in  the  parish  of 
Ortou,  in  this  county,  to  thirty  bibles,  and  a  propor- 
tionate number  of  religious  tracts.  Four  bibles 
annually  are  transmitted  to  the  curate  of  Preston 
Patrick,  and  distributed  by  him  amongst  poor  children 
resident  there. 

Story's  Charity. — William  Story,  by  will,  in  1720, 
left  £10  to  poor  householders  of  this  township;  and 
some  unknown  person  gave  £5  for  the  like  purpose. 


KIRKBY  LONSDALE  PARISH. 


887 


KIRKBY   LONSDALE   PARISH. 

This  parish  is  bounded  on  tlie  north  by  those  of  Sedbeigh  and  Kendal,  on  the  west  by  Kendal  and  Burton,  on  the 
south  by  Burton  and  Lancasliire,  and  on  the  cast  by  Yorkshire.  It  comprises  the  greater  portion  of  Lonsdale 
Ward,  and  is  about  ten  nniles  in  length  and  from  four  to  six  in  breadth.  It  is  a  picturesque  and  highly  interesting 
district,  intersected  by  the  Lune,  ■nhich  here  assumes  the  character  of  a  fine  river,  and  flows  through  a  fruitful  and 
well-cultivated  valley.  It  is  divided  into  the  chapelries  and  townships  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  Barbon,  Casterton, 
Firbank,  ilutton  Hoof,  Killington,  Lupton,  Mansergh,  and  Middleton,  whose  uuited  area  is  35,509  acres. 

been  a  Roman  camp  or  station.    It  has  been  surrounded 


KIUKBY    LOKSDALE. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  3,098  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  .£7,001  4s.  3d.  The  population  in  1801 
was  l,':i83;  in  1811,  1,368;  in  18-il,  1,613;  in  1831, 
1,080;  in  1841,  1,6-29;  and  in  18,51,  ],075;  who 
reside  principally  in  the  town.  Agriculture  is  the 
principal  employment.     The  soil  here  is  a  fertile  loam. 

The  manor  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale  was  given  by  Ivo  de 
Tailbois  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary  at  York,  to  which  it 
continued  annexed  till  the  period  of  the  dissolution, 
when  it  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  crown.  In 
1357  it  was  sold  by  Queen  Mary  to  Thomas  Cams, 
Esq.,  of  the  Middle  Temple,  and  afterwards  one  of  the 
justices  of  King's  Bench,  with  the  demesne,  water 
mills,  and  several  other  lands  and  tenements  in  the 
neighbourhood,  to  hold  of  the  crown,  in  eapite,  by  the 
service  of  the  fortieth  part  of  a  knight's  fee.  The 
Carus  family  sold  this  manor,  in  1586,  to  William 
Thornburgh  and  Thomas  Curwen,  from  whom  it  passed 
to  the  Prestons  of  Holker,  who  sold  it  to  Sir  John 
Lowther,  ancestor  of  the  present  possessor,  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale,  who  has  the  tolls  and  control  of  the  market 
and  fair  at  Kirkby,  and  holds  a  court  Icet  and  view 
of  frank  pledge  annually  in  October.  Tho  landowners 
are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale ;  Rev.  W.  C.  Wilson ;  A.  B. 
Tomlinsou,  Esq.;  Robert  Abbott,  Esq.;  John  Robin- 
son, Esq  ;  Mr.  Thompson,  and  the  trustees  of  the  late 
James  Coates,  Esq.,  with  several  smaller  proprietors. 

THE    TOWM    CI-    KIEKBY    LCSSDALE. 

Kirkby  Lonsdale  (that  is,  the  church  town  in  the  dale 
or  valley  of  Lon  or  Lune)  is  oti  the  right  bank  of  the 
Liine,  fifteen  and  a  half  miles  north-east  from  Lan- 
caster, and  eleven  and  a  half  miles  south-west  from 
Kendal.  Tho  market-place  ia  in  the  centre  of  the 
town ;  tho  streets  are  lighted  and  well  paved.  The 
houses  aro  well  built  of  freestone  and  roofed  with  slate. 
Until  some  few  years  ago  a  carpet  and  blanket  manu- 
factory was  carried  on  here,  and  gavo  employment  to  a 
number  of  tho  inhabitants,  many  of  whom  were  also 
employed  in  weaving  coarse  Linen  cloth,  ginghams, 
and  calicoes.  On  the  north  side  of  the  prrscnt 
vluurago  i^  the  remains  of  what  is  considered  to  have 


on  all  sides  except  the  east  by  a  fosse,  the  Lune  pro- 
tecting the  eastern  side.     The  situation  of  this  camp 
is  much  higher  than  that  of  the  surrounding  country. 
A  Roman  road  passed  through  the  adjoining  township 
a  short  distance  to  the  east.     There  is  little  doubt  that 
the  town  dates  its  oi'igin  from  the  Anglo-Saxon  times. 
Its  name  is  Danish  or  Norwegian,  given  to  it  by  the 
Northmen  when  they  settled  in  this  part  of  the  country. 
A  charter  for  a  market  and  fair  was  granted  in  ld27. 
The  market  day  is  Thursday.     The  fair  is  held  on  the 
eve,  day,  and  day  after  the  feast  of  the  Nativity  of 
the  Blessed  Virgin.     Other  fairs  are  held  on  Maunday 
Thursday,  Ascension  Day,  and  that  day  week,  the  5th 
of  October,  and  21st  of  December.     The  bridge  which 
crosses  the  Lune  a  short  distance  east  of  the  town  is 
very  ancient,  and  for  its  curious  workmanship  is  per- 
haps unique  in  the  north  of  England.     The  date  of 
its  erection  is  not  known,  but  it  appears  to  have  existed 
before  1275,  as  in  that  year  a  grant  of  pontage  was 
made  for  its  repair.     This  ancient  structure  is  built 
of  white  freestone,  so  truly  squared  and  well  executed 
that  the  joints  are  scarcely  perceptible.     It  consists  of 
three  strong  and  lofty  semi-circular  arches,  turned  and 
ribbed  with  the  utmost  exactness,  about  fifty-one  feet 
span,  supported  by  massive  piers,  and  is,  according  to 
some,  of  Roman  workmanship.     At  its  cast  end  is  a 
stone  bearing  the  date  1633.     The  mills  in  this  neigh- 
bourhood are  singularly  situated  on  a  steep  declivity, 
and  one  above  another,  so  as  to  receive  iu  turns  the 
full  of  water  from  a  brook,  iu  its  descent  ijjto  the  valley, 
from  a  small  lake  of  twelve  acres  and  a  half,  called 
Ferry  Bank  Tarn,  and  distant  three  miles  north-north- 
west of  the  town. 

IITK   CHTBCH, 

The  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  stands 
in  a  spacious  burial-ground  near  the  edge  of  a  steep 
bank  rising  from  the  river  Lune,  and  is  reached  by  a 
llight  of  forty-six  steps.  It  is  a  large  Norman  strac- 
turc,  120  feet  in  length  by  102  in  breadth,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  erected  shortly  after  the  Con-inest, 
with  the  exception  of  a  portion  of  the  eastern  end,  which 
appears  to  have  been  added  subsequently.     Much  of 


888 


LONSDALE  WARD. 


the  ancient  character  of  the  church  was  destroyed  in 
1809,  ivben  the  leaden  roof,  battlements,  pinnacles,  and 
clerestory  were  removed,  and  the  church  covered  with 
blue  slate.  Its  interior  has  fared  no  better  than  the 
exterior.  The  stalls  and  rood  screen  have  been  removed, 
and  the  delicate  and  elaborate  workmanship  of  the 
capitals  of  the  columns  covered  with  plaster.  The 
pulpit  and  reading-desk  are  of  oak,  beautifully  carved ; 
the  former  bears  the  date  lOlii.  The  tower,  which  was 
rebuilt  from  the  first  story  in  1705,  is  large,  square,  and 
embattled,  and  contains  six  good  bells,  hung  in  182(5, 
when  the  old  bells  were  sold.  In  Machel's  time  the 
porch  at  the  east  end  of  the  church  contained  the 
remains  of  a  finely  executed  alabaster  monument,  sup- 
posed to  represent  one  of  the  ]\Iiddletons  and  his  lady. 
The  church  contains  mural  monuments  to  the  memory 
of  the  late  Wm.  Thompson,  Esq.  (alderman  of  London 
and  JI.P.  for  the  county  of  Westmoreland),  William 
Sturgeon,  the  electrician,  and  many  others.  There  is 
also  a  memorial  window  of  stained  glass,  commemo- 
rating the  late  Mrs.  Moore.  In  the  year  1486  a 
chantry  was  founded  in  this  church  by  William  ]\lid- 
dleton,  who  endowed  it  with  seven  marks  a  year  out  of 
lands  in  Garsdale,  in  Sedbcrgh  parish.  The  church  of 
Kirkby  Lonsdale  was  given  by  Ivo  de  Tailbois  along 
with  the  manor  to  St.  Mary's  Abbey  at  York.  After 
the  suppression  of  the  monastic  institutions,  the  impro- 
priation and  advowson  of  the  vicarage  were  granted  in 
1553  liy  Queen  Mary  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
to  which  they  still  belong.  In  1 535  the  vicarage  was 
valued  at  £20  15s.  5d. ;  it  was  subsequently  certified  to 
the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  at  £49  13s.  8d. 
It  is  now  worth  £550  a  year,  arising  from  vicarial 
tithes  and  glebe  lands.  The  registers  commence  in 
1530. 

ViCAT.s. — John  Applegarth,  155C ;   John  Williamson,  1591; 

—  Adams,  1016;  Thomas  Adamson,  1617;  Henry  Park, ; 

Samuel  Sackville,  lCi3;  Charles  Jones,  1637;  Geo.  Buchanan, 
I6i0;  George  Bateman,  1640;  Henry  Hoyle,  1661;  Hiram 
Waterhouse,  1670;  John  Briggs,  1076;  Tobias  Croft,  1739; 
Marwooil  Tlace,  1766 ;  Joseph  Sharp,  1793 ;  John  H.  Fisher, 
1831.  Vie  find  that  Edward  Tatham  and  John  HoUinson  were 
also  vicars  for  a  short  time. 

The  vicarage  is  a  large  commodious  structure,  situated 
on  the  north  side  of  the  church.  It  has  been  much 
improved  by  the  present  vicar. 

The  Wesleyans,  Independents,  and  Sandemanians 
have  each  a  place  of  worship  here. 

On  the  east  of  the  churchyard  is  a  small  building 
called  Abbot's  Hall;  there  is  also  a  place  here  called 
the  Dean's  Biggin,  or  Building,  both  of  which  are 
supposed  to  have  belonged  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Jlary, 


and  to  have  been  the  seat  of  the  rural  deanery  of 
Kirkby  Lonsdale. 

Kirkby  Lonsdale  Grammar  School  was  founded  in 
1591  by  letters  patent  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  put 
under  the  control  of  twenty-four  feuflfces,  or  governors, 
having  previously  been  endowed  with  £100  by  Mr. 
Godshalfo,  and  £100  subscribed  by  the  inhabitants,  in 
consideration  of  which  sums  .John  Tennant  granted  to 
the  governors  a  rent  charge  of  £90  a  year,  out  of  the 
manors  of  Bedale  and  Scotton,  iu  Yorkshire.  Lady 
Curwen,  heiress  of  the  Cams  family,  gave  the  school 
site,  and  also  certain  parcels  of  land  near  the  Biggins, 
which,  with  an  allotment  given  at  the  enclosure,  is  now 
worth  about  £'25  per  annum.  This  sum,  together  with 
of  £20,  the  rent  charge  is  paid  to  the  master.  The  endow- 
ment of  the  school  was  augmented  by  a  legacy  of  £120, 
bequeathed  by  Henry  Wilson  in  1638,  for  the  use  of  an 
usher,  and  also  £400  secured  on  the  tithes  of  Tarlcton, 
for  exhibitions  for  seven  poor  scholars,  four  of  them  from 
this  school,  and  three  from  Kendal  School,  to  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  the  said  scholars  to  be  natives  of  Cum- 
berland or  Westmoreland.  The  school  is  partially 
entitled  to  the  benefit  of  three  scholarships  at  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  founded  by  Thomas  Wilson,  by 
will,  dated  August  9th,  1626 ;  and  to  three  other 
scholarships  at  the  same  college,  founded  by  the  will  of 
Thomas  Otway,  bishop  of  Ossory,  who  died  in  1692. 
The  governors  or  feoffees,  are  the  vicar  for  the  time 
being,  and  some  of  the  magistrates  of  the  neighbourhood. 
The  school  is  lofty  and  spacious.  There  are  seven 
boarders,  twenty  day  scholars,  and  six  foundation  boys. 
The  Rev.  Thomas  Croft,  M.A.,  is  head-master. 

The  National  School  is  a  handsome  Elizabethan 
structure,  erected  in  1851,  at  a  cost  of  £1,000,  towards 
which  a  government  grant  of  £455  was  obtained,  the 
remainder  being  defrayed  by  subscription.  The  site 
was  given  by  the  Rev.  Cams  Wilson ;  and  the  sum  of 
£200  was  raised  towards  an  endowment  fund,  which  is 
vested  in  railway  debentures.  There  are  separate 
schools  for  boys  and  girls,  which  are  conducted  by  a 
master,  mistress,  and  three  pupil  teachers. 

Kirkby  Lonsdale  possesses  a  monthly  paper,  called 
the  Kirkby  Lonsdale  Press,  established  in  1858.  There 
is  also  a  book  club,  containing  about  6,000  volumes, 
which  was  established  in  1794,  and  is  supported  by 
subscription. 

The  Town  Hall  was  erected  by  a  joint  stock  company 
in  1854,  at  a  cost  of  £2,000.  It  is  a  large  and  hand- 
some building ;  the  lower  portion  serves  as  a  market 
house,  while  the  upper  is  used  as  a  mechanics'  institution, 
which  was  established  in  1855,  and  comprises  a  news- 
room, reading  and  class  -  rooms,  and  a  library  of  ]  ,000 


KIRKBY  LONSDALE   PARISH. 


889 


volumes,  with  a  spacious  lecture-room,  in  which  the 
meetings  of  the  county  court  are  held.  Petty  sessions 
for  Lonsdale  Ward  are  held  every  Thursday. 

The  Savings  Bank  occujiics  a  commodious  building 
in  the  market-place.  It  was  established  in  1818,  and 
is  open  every  Thursday. 


Poor  Stock,  inchuUng  Hi'iinj  Wihon's  and  other 
Charities. — Henry  Wilson,  by  will,  dated  103i^,  be- 
queathed j£3oO  to  be  bestowed  on  some  rent  charge  or 
otherwise,  and  out  of  the  yearly  profit,  to  elect  out  of 
the  said  lordship  two  poor  boys,  each  to  have  £10  for 
placing  them  apprentices  in  London ;  and  also  to  one 
poor  maid  yearly  chosen  by  his  trustees  to  be  placed 
out  at  London.  He  also  bequeathed  to  his  trustees 
£50  upon  trust,  that  the  same  should  be  a  stock  for 
ever,  and  that  the  profits  thereof  should  be  bestowed 
upon  twenty  quarters  of  coals,  or  more,  for  the  people 
dwelling  within  the  lordship  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  on  the 
feast  of  St.  Andrew  yearly.  Ho  also  bequeathed  to  the 
trustees  £100  upon  trust,  to  bestow  the  same  upon 
lands,  or  a  rent  charge ;  the  yearly  income  thereof  to 
be  given  at  Christmas  and  Easter,  by  equal  portions, 
to  the  poorest  old  men  and  women,  and  children 
within  the  town  and  lordship  aforesaid.  John  Jagger, 
of  London,  in  the  year  1714,  gave  £50  for  the  use  of 
tho  poor  of  this  parish,  the  interest  to  be  distributed  on 
Christmas  Day.  The  interest  of  the  stock  is  now  given 
away  at  Chrismas  and  Easter,  with  the  other  charity 
money  of  the  township. 

C(iiiterto7i  licnt  Chanje. — By  a  deed-poll,  dated  July 
30th,  1670,  certain  premises  in  Casterton,  in  this  parish, 
called  tho  Field  Barn  grounds,  were  conveyed  to  Edward 
Wilson,  Esq.,  of  Dallam  Tower,  in  fee,  e.i:cept  a  rent 
charge  of  40s.,  heretofore  payable  to  the  poor  of  Kirkby 
Lonsdale.  This  rent  charge  is  regularly  paid,  and  is 
given  away  with  the  other  charity  money  as  above 
described. 

Barrett's  Charitij. — ,Tohn  Borrctt,  by  will,  dated  1738, 
left  £5  a  year  to  bo  distributed  amongst  twenty  poor 
persons  not  in  receipt  of  parish  relief. 

Redmitns  Gift. — Elizabeth  Redman,  by  will,  dated 
1750,  gave  £50  to  be  put  out  at  interest,  and  the 
produce  to  be  applied  in  the  purchase  of  bibles  and 
"  Tho  Whole  Duty  of  Man,"  which  she  directed  should 
be  distributed  to  poor  boys  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale  township. 


Preston's  Charity. — Richard  Preston,  by  will,  in  1802, 
gave  £100  to  the  churchwardens  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale, 
to  place  out  at  interest,  and  apply  the  produce  for  the 
benefit  and  general  use  of  the  poor  of  the  parish. 

About  half  a  mile  north  of  the  town  is  Underlej 
Park,  the  elegant  mansion  of  Mrs.  Thompson,  widow 
of  the  late  AVilliaui  Thompson,  Esq.,  M.P.  for  West- 
moreland and  alderman  of  London.  It  stands  in  a 
spacious  park,  and  was  formerly  the  property  of  the 
Nowells,  a  Lancashire  family,  one  of  whom,  Arthur 
Nowell,  Esq.,  rebuilt  it  in  1828,  in  the  Gothic  stj-le 
prevalent  in  the  reign  of  James  I. 

Lunefield,  the  property  of  the  Rev.  William  Cams, 
is  pleasantly  situated  above  the  river,  about  a  quarter  of 
a  mile  east  of  the  town.  It  was  erected  in  1815  by 
Roger  Carus,  Esq. 

The  other  residences  are  Cressbrook,  Humphrey  A. 
Gregg,  Esq. ;  Springfield,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Croft ; 
Luneville,  John  Cartmell,  Esq. ;  The  Biggins,  A.  B. 
Tomlinson,  Esq. 

High  Biggins,  Low  Biggins,  Keartswick,  and  Tarn- 
side  are  hamlets  iu  this  township. 

LUPTON. 

The  area  of  this  township  is  3,439  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  £2,859.  In  1851  it  contained  150 
inhabitants;  in  1811,  152:  in  1821,  921;  in  1831, 
282  ;  in  1841,  285  ;  and  in  1851,  209.  The  soil  here 
is  a  fine  fertile  loam. 

The  manor  of  Lupton,  called  in  Domesday  Survey 
Lupetun,  belonged  to  the  barons  of  Keudul,  and  was 
held  under  them  by  the  Redmans  of  Levens,  until  the 
reign  of  Htiiry  VII.  It  came  afterwards  to  the  Bel- 
hngliams,  Huttons,  and  Musgraves,  but  is  now  held  by 
tho  Earl  of  Lonsdale.  The  landowners  are  Robert 
Lamplugh  Gregg,  Esq  ;  W.  R.  Gregg,  Esq.;  H.  A. 
Gregg,  Esq. ;  William  G.  Bell,  Esq. ;  the  trustees  of 
the  late  William  Thompson,  Esq. ;  Edward  Wilson, 
Esq.;  R.  H.  Richardson,  Esq.;  and  Jlrs.  Pickard. 

Lupton  Row,  Lupton  Smithy,  and  Cow  Brow,  are 
hamlets  in  this  township,  from  tsvo  and  a  half  to  four 
miles  west  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale.  There  is  a  com-mill 
on  Lupton  Beck. 

Bo.\  Tree,  the  property  of  W.  G.  Bell,  Esq.,  is  a 
handsome  house,  with  a  square  embattled  tower. 


107 


890 


LONSDALE  WARD. 


BAECON    CHAPELRY. 

This  cbapeliy  comprises  only  the  township  of  Barbon,  which  includes  the  village  of  that  name,  and  the  hamlets  of 
High  and  Low  Beckfoot,  with  numerous  dispersed  residences. 


The  area  of  Barbon  township  is  4,304  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  j£'2,3'20.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in 
1801  was  249;  in  1811,  254;  in  1821,  348;  in  1831, 
318;  in  1841,  315;  and  in  1851,  322;  whose  princi- 
pal employment  is  agriculture.  Kirkby  Lonsdale  and 
Kendal  arc  the  markets  attended.  A  Roman  road 
appears  to  have  passed  thtough  this  township.  Some 
time  ago  a  large  stone,  marked  with  a  cross,  and  other 
emblems,  was  found  in  a  field  here ;  it  now  stands  oq 
the  summit  of  a  hill  near  to  the  spot  where  it  was 
discovered. 

Barbon  and  Mansergh  are  said  to  have  been  originally 
one  manor,  which  was  subsequently  divided  for  con- 
venience' sake,  in  consequence  of  their  being  situated 
on  opposite  sides  of  the  river  Lune.  Be  this  as  it 
may,  the}'  formed  two  manors  when  Domes^dav  Survey 
■was  made.  In  that  record  it  is  stated  that  Tostig 
Earl  of  Northumberland  held  Barbon,  or  Bereburne, 
as  it  was  then  written.  It  appears  to  have  afterwards 
come  to  a  family  bearing  the  local  name,  one  of  whom 
Robert  de  Bereburne,  Knt.,  occurs  as  a  witness  to  the 
grant  of  Skelsmergh  by  William  de  Lancaster  to  Robert 
de  Leyburne.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  and  Edward 
H.  others  of  the  name  occur.  In  ]  344  the  manor  of 
Barbon  and  divers  lands  in  Middleton  were  conveyed 
to  Roger  Lassels,  or  Lascelles,  and  Eleanor  his  wife, 
but  by  whom  does  not  appear  in  consequence  of  the 
illegible  condition  of  the  record.  Mention  is  made 
only  of  two  more  members  of  this  family  in  connection 
with  Barbon,  both  of  whom  occur  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.  From  this  time  we  hear  no  more  of  the 
manor  till  J  580,  in  which  year  we  find  it  held  by  the 
Vaughans,  from  whom  it  was  purchased  about  the 
beginning  of  the  following  century  by  the  Middletons, 
who  sold  it  to  the  Shuttleworths,  who  have  since  con- 
tinued its  possessors;  Sir  John  P.  Kay  Shuttleworth, 
Bart.,  being  the  present  lord  of  the  manor,  besides 
whom  Joseph  Gibson,  Esq.,  the  executors  of  the  late 
Wilham  Thompson,  Esq.,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
and  othei-s,  are  the  landowners. 

The  village  of  Barbon  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Lune,  three  and  a  half  miles  north-by- 
east  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale. 

THE    CHAPEt. 

Barbon  chapel  is  a  plain  structure,  rebuilt  in  1815, 
partly  by  subscription  and  partly  by  a  rate  levied  on  the 
inhabitants  of  the  chapeliy.      Previous  to  1738  the 


chapel  salary  was  only  £2  10s.,  but  in  that  year  it  was 
augmented  with  £200  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty,  and 
donations  of  the  inhabitants,  with  which  an  estate  was 
purchased  at  High  Beck  Foot.  It  has  since  received 
three  lots  of  the  same  bounty,  and  several  donations, 
with  which  three  other  estates  have  been  purchased, — . 
one  at  Over  Kellet,  in  Lancashire,  in  1758;  and  two 
at  Kirkthwaite,  in  Dent,  Yorkshire,  in  1772  and  1808. 
The  estate  last  mentioned  is  for  the  joint  benefit  of  the 
curacies  of  Barbon  and  Old  and  New  Hutton.  The 
curate  of  Barbon  has  also  one-third  of  the  rent  of 
Tarudale  Close,  purchased  with  ,£4G  15s.,  of  which 
£31  3s.  4d.  was  poor  stock;  and  the  interest  of  £210 
in  the  Kirkby  Lonsdale  Savings  Bank,  obtained  by  the 
sale  of  land  left  by  John  Garnett  in  1721,  is  equally 
divided  between  the  curate  and  the  schoolmaster.  The 
living  is  in  the  patronage  of  the  vicar  of  Kirkby  Lons- 
dale, and  worth  £92  12s.  Od.  a  year,  £10  of  which  is 
given  by  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners.  The  regis- 
ter of  baptisms  commences  in  1813,  that  of  marriages 
in  1839,  and  that  of  burials  in  J  848. 

Incumbents. — Harling  Kichardson  was  curate  in  1813 ;  P. 

J.  ■\Villiains,  1B3C;  John  A.Addison,  18i0;  Benjamin  Hopkins, 
1842. 

There  is  a  small  school  attached  to  the  chapel. 

CUAMTIES. 

Gamett's  Charity. — John  Garnett,  by  will,  dated 
March  15th,  1721,  devised  a  close  called  Laddera, 
containing  about  five  acres,  to  trustees,  directing  that 
one  half  the  yearly  rents  should  be  given  to  the  poor 
of  Barbon,  and  the  other  half  to  the  schoolmaster  for 
teaching  four  poor  children  of  the  township,  bom  in 
wedlock.  The  close  above-mentioned  was  afterwards 
sold  for  £105,  the  interest  of  which  is  distributed  as 
directed. 

Tamdales.—In  1733  a  close  called  Tarndales  was 
purchased  for  £46  15s.  6d.,  of  which  £31  3s.  4d. 
belonged  to  the  poor  of  Barbon,  and  the  remaining 
£15  Us.  8d.  to  the  curate.  The  rent  of  this  land  is 
divided  between  the  poor  and  the  incumbent  of  Barbon, 
in  proportion  to  the  sums  named  above. 

Poors'  Bent. — In  1741  a  close  called  tlie  Hole  Close 
was  purchased  for  £70,  said  to  be  the  chapel  or  school 
money  of  Barbon.  It  now  produces  9s.  a  year,  which 
is  given  to  the  poor. 

Margaret   Haicden's  Gift. — Margaret  Hawden,  in 


CASTEETON  CHAPELEY, 


891 


1758,  left  £\0  to  the  poor  of  this  township.     The 
interest  is  given  away  witli  the  other  money  at  Easter. 

High  and  Low  Beckfoot  are  hamlets  in  this  township. 

Whelprigg,  the  residence  of  Joseph  Gibson,  Esq.,  is 
a  handsome  mansion  in  the  Elizabethan  style,  erected 
in  ]S'3i  by  the  present  owner.  It  is  situated  on  a  fine 
eminence  about  a  mile  northeast  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale. 

(Sibson  of  231^clpngg. 

This  family  is  derived  from 

James  Gibson,  Ksq.,  son  of  JosEPn  Oibsok,  Esq.,  by  Miss 
Glover,  bis  wife,  who  married  Maiy  Wilson,  aud  had  four  sons 
and  two  daughters.    Of  the  former, 


W'li.LUM  Gibson,  married  in  1785,  Margaret  Kobinson,  of 
Eigmadei),  and  had  with  other  issue,  who  died  young, 

I.  Joseph  Gibson,  Esq.,  of  Whelprigg. 

I.  lliiry,  .lied  in  1803. 
II.  Margaret. 
III.  llannali,  married  to  B.  P.  Gregson,  Esq.,  of  Lancaster. 

Jlr.  Gibson  was  succeeded  by  his  sou, 

Joseph  Gibson,  Esq.,  of  Whelprigg,  J.P.,  bom  July  28th, 
1SU5;  married  April  21th,  1811,  Anne,  third  dau^'hter  of 
Keginald  Remington,  Esq.,  of  Crowtrees,  ilelling,  CO.  Lancaster, 
and  has  one  daughter, 

I.  Catherine. 

Arms. — \z.,  three  storks  rising,  ppr. 
Crest. — A  stork  rising,  ppr. 


This  chapelry  is  bounded  by  Lancashire,  Barbou,  and  the 
Castcrton,  with  a  number  of  dispersed  dwellings. 

The  area  of  the  township  is  4,230  acres,  and  its 
rateable  value  is  £3,3-27  18s.  2d.  It  contained  in 
1801,  2GG  inhabitants;  in  1811,  278;  in  1821,  277; 
in  1831,  302  ;  in  1841,  623  ;  and  in  1851,  570  ;  whose 
chief  employment  is  agriculture.  A  chapel  is  supposed 
to  have  formerly  stood  at  a  place  called  Chapel  Head 
Close,  near  St.  Columb's,  to  which  saint  it  is  probable 
the  chapel  was  dedicated. 

Castcrton  and  Ilutton  Roof,  though  separated  by  the 
river,  were  originally  one  manor ;  but  they  have  long 
been  separate  and  distinct.  The  earliest  recorded 
possessor  of  Castcrton  is  Ingelram  de  Gynes  and 
Christian  his  wife,  who  occur  as  owners  in  1318.  In 
1351  wo  find  a  third  part  of  the  manor  of  Castcrton 
held  by  Gilbert  do  Burneshead  of  William  de  Coney, 
grandson  of  Inglcram  de  Gyues,  by  cornage,  wardship, 
and  rchcf.  In  1375,  after  the  death  of  Joan  de  Coup- 
laud,  it  was  found  by  inquisition  that  she  died  seised  of 
the  manor  of  Castcrton.  It  has  since  shared  the  fate 
of  the  Ilichraond  Fee  of  the  barony  of  Kendal,  and  is 
now  held  by  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  beside  whom,  the 
Rev.  AV.  C.  Wilson;  Joseph  Gibson,  Esq.;  George  E. 
Wilson,  Esq.;  the  executors  of  the  late  Thomas  Rubiu- 
son,  Esq. ;  the  executors  of  the  late  Francis  Pearson, 
Esq. ;  and  others  are  the  landowners. 

The  hamlets  of  High  aud  Low  Castcrton  are  about 
a  mile  and  a  half  uorth-north-eost  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale. 

THE   CHAPEL. 

The  chapel,  a  neat  Gothic  structure,  dedicated  to 
the  Holy  Trinity,  was  erected  by  subscription  in  1833, 


CASTERTON    CHAPELRY. 

river  Lune,  and  contains  the  hamlets  of  High  and  Low 


at  a  cost  of  £700,  exclusive  of  the  site,  stone,  and  lime, 
which  were  given  by  the  Rev.  W.  C.  Wilson.  It  com- 
prises nave  aud  chancel,  with  lancet  windows,  those  at 
the  east  end  being  partly  stained.  The  sittings,  550 
in  number,  are  all  free.  At  the  west  end  of  the  chapel 
is  a  gallery,  containing  a  fine-toned  organ.  The  living, 
a  curacy  in  the  patronage  of  the  vicar  of  Kirkby  Lons- 
dale, is  worth  £80  a  year. 

Incumbents. — William  Carus  Wilson,  1833 ;  Henry  Shepherd, 
185C. 

The  parsonage  is  a  neat  structure,  erected  in  1837  at 
a  cost  of  £850,  defrayed  by  the  Rev.  W.  C.  Wilson, 
aided  by  subscriptions. 

Here  is  a  school  for  the  education  of  the  daughters  of 
poor  clergymen,  instituted  by  the  Rev.  W.  C.  Wilson, 
in  1824,  at  Cowan  Bridge,'  but  removed  to  this  place 
in  1833;  there  is  also  a  preparatory  school  for  the 
younger  girls.  A  school  for  training  servants  was 
instituted  by  the  gentleman  just  named  at  Whittington, 
iu  1837;  it  is  now  held  here.  There  are  at  present 
(1859)  100  clergymen's  daughters  and  teachers  in  the 
school,  and  tweuty-sLc  youuger  girls  in  the  preparatory 
school. 

Castcrton  National  or  Parochial  School  is  under 
government  inspection,  and  attended  by  about  fifty 
children. 

cuABrrv. 

Poor  Land. — There  are  some  lands  in  this  township, 
the  rents  of  which  are  applied  to  the  use  of  the  poor. 

I  Sec  Mrs.  Goskell's  "  Life  of  Charlotte  Bronte." 


892 


LONSDALE   WARD. 


They  produce  about  £11  a  year,  which  is  giveu  away 
to  poor  persons  hall"  yearly,  on  St.  Thomas'  Day  and 
Holy  Thursday. 

Cabtertou  Hall,  the  seat  aud  property  of  the  llev. 
Carus  Wilson,  is  a  fine  mansion,  situated  on  a  gentle 


eminence  about  a  mile  east-by-north  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale. 

Castertou  Old  Hall,  in  which  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale 
holds  his  courts,  has  been  partly  rebuilt. 

Norwood  Cottage  and  the  Grange  are  neat  residences 
in  this  township. 


FIRBANK  CHAPELRY. 

This  chapclry,  anciently  called  Frithbank,  is  a  wild  mountainous  district,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Lune,  which  here 
forms  the  boundary  of  Yorkshire. 


The  township  of  Firbank  comprises  an  area  of  3,017 
acres,  and  its  rateable  value  is  £1,583  12s.  Id.  In 
1801  it  contained  100  inhabitants;  in  1811,  219;  in 
1021,209;  in  1831,190;  inlH41,199;  and  in  1851, 
233.     Agriculture  is  the  only  emjiloyment. 

Firbank  and  Killington  wore  anciently  one  manor; 
its  history  will  be  found  under  Killington  township. 
The  tenants  are  all  freehold,  the  manorial  rights  having 
been  purchased  from  the  mesne  lords  by  the  tenants, 
who  therefore  hold  immediately  of  the  crown  as  of  the 
Marquis  Fee  of  the  barony  of  Kendal,  by  the  yearly 
free  rent  of  6s.  8d. ;  this  rent  is  now  paid  to  the  crown's 
lessee,  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  besides  whom,  Lady  le 
Fleming,  Miss  Upton,  and  the  executoi-s  of  the  late 
William  Thompson,  Esq.,  are  the  landowners. 

Firbank  is  about  three  miles  west  of  Sedbergh,  and 
ten  miles  north  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale. 


THE    CnAPEL. 


Firbank  chapel  is  a  small  structure,  rebuilt  in  1VA2, 
when  thirty  additional  sittings  were  added  to  the 
accommodation  possessed  by  the  old  chapel.  The 
windows  are  lancet-shaped,  and  there  is  a  small  turret 


with  one  bell.  The  chapel  was  endowed  by  Anthony 
Wood,  with  an  estate  in  Lambrigg,  together  with  the 
sum  of  £50,  and  has  since  received  £800  of  Queen 
Anne's  Bounty,  both  of  which  sums  have  been  laid 
out  in  the  purchase  of  land  at  Firbank,  Kentmere, 
Strickland  Ketel,  and  Strickland  Roger.  The  living, 
a  curacy,  in  the  patronage  of  the  vicar  of  Kirkby  Lons- 
dals,  is  now  worth  about  £78  a  year. 

Incumbents. — John  Wuistell,  1711 ;  Christoper  Mason,  1801 ; 
John  Garnett,  1808 ;  Dr.  Robinson,  ISiri ;  William  Clark,  1849. 

The  parsonage  is  a  small  old  house  much  in  need 
of  rebuilding. 

The  school  is  attended  by  about  twenty  children. 


CBABITIES. 


Walker's  Gift. — The  poor  of  the  township  are  entitled 
to  10s.  yearly,  by  the  will  of  WilHam  Walker.  (See 
New  Huttou,  Kendal  parish.)  This  sum  is  distributed 
about  May  Day  to  poor  persons  not  receiving  parochial 
relief. 

Poor  Stock. — There  is  also  belonging  to  this  town- 
ship, a  poor  stock  of  £37,  the  interest  of  which  is  given 
away  with  the  above  charity. 


HUTTON    ROOF    CHARELRY. 

Tuis  ch.ipeh-y  comprises  a  romantic  district  bordering  upon  Lancashire  and  Farieton  Knot,  and  possesses  several 
limestone,  blueflag,  and  millstone  quarries,  most  of  which  are  on  Button  Roof  Cragg. 

The  area  of  Hutton  Roof  is  2,G35  acres  ;  its  rateable 


value  is  £2,174  7s.  4d.  The  population  in  1801  was 
179;  in  1811,  231;  in  1821,257;  in  1831,351;  in 
1841,  319;  and  in  1851,  343;  who  are  engaged  in 
agriculture,  and  at  the  stone  quarries. 

Hutton  Roof  and  Casterton  were  originally  one  manor, 
but  have  been  separate  since  the  commencement  of 
authentic  records.  The  first  mention  of  Huttou  Roof 
occurs  in  1351,  in  which  year  it  was  held  of  William 
de  Coucy  by  John  de  Hutton  Roof,  by  the  service  of 


cornage,  wardship,  and  rehef.  In  1375  it  was  found 
by  inquisition  that  Hugh  do  Moresby  then  held  Hutton 
Roof  of  Joan  de  Couplaud,  by  homage,  fealty,  and  the 
service  of  8s.  a  year;  and  that  Simon  de  Heversham 
held  of  her  divers  tenements  there,  of  the  yearly  rent 
of  3s.  4d.  In  Hutton  Roof  there  was  anciently  a  park 
(and  there  is  at  present  a  house  known  as  Park  House), 
which  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  belonged  to  Judge 
Carus.  It  was  afterwards  purchased  by  the  Bellinghams 
aud  Piestons,  and  finally  by  Colonel  Francis  Charteris, 


KILLINGTON   CHAPELRY. 


893 


and  is  now  the  property  of  W.  E.  Wilson,  Esq.  There 
is  one  field  of  about  sis  acres,  the  manorial  rights  of 
■which  belong  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  and  which  pays 
hcriots  at  the  death  of  the  lord  or  change  of  tenant. 
With  this  exception  tbo  township  is  free,  paying  a  quit 
rent  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the  lessee  of  the  crown. 
The  landowners  are  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale ;  William  R. 
Gregg,  Esq.;  Humphrey  A.  Gregg,  Esq.;  John  Bralley, 
Esq.;  Robert  Burrow,  Esq.;  the  executors  of  the  late 
William  Thompson,  Esq.;  and  others.  A  portion  of 
this  township  was  lield  in  Catholic  times  by  the  abbey 
of  St.  Mary  at  York,  to  which  it  was  given  by  Ivo  de 
Tailbois.     The  commons  were  enclosed  in  1815. 

This  township  comprises  the  village  of  Hutton  Roof, 
and  a  hamlet  called  Newbiggin,  with  several  scattered 
houses,  from  two  and  a  half  to  four  miles  west-by-south 
•of  Kirkby  Lonsdale. 


THE    CUAPEL. 


The  chapel  is  of  very  ancient  foundation,  and  its 
original  income  was  twelve  nobles.  The  present  small 
chapel,  built  in  17.57,  is  endowed  with  three  estates, 
purchased  by  Queeu  Anne's  Bounty  and  benefactions. 


The  benefice,  a  curacy,  in  the  patronage  of  the  vicar  of 
the  parish,  is  now  worth  £85  a  year.  The  registers 
commence  in  1796. 

Incdmbents. — William  Sedgwick,  1790;  JohnDobsoD,  1799; 
J.  H.  F.  Kendal,  1842  ;  Eichard  Hodgson,  1817  ;  William  Norris 
Pempier,  1858. 

The  parsonage  is  a  commodious  structure,  erected  in 
1819,  at  a  cost  of  i'OOO,  defrayed  by  subscription  and  a 
grant  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty. 

The  Wesleyan  Methodists  have  a  chapel  in  this 
township. 

There  is  a  school,  erected  in  1852  by  the  late  incum- 
bent ;  it  is  attended  by  about  thirty-five  children. 

CBABITIES. 

Schoul. — There  is  a  school  at  Hutton  Roof,  which  in 
1773  was  endowed  by  Thomas  Chamney  with  £100. 
This  endowment  has  been  lost,  and  the  only  income  of 
the  school  is  £9  a  year  from  the  slate  quarries. 

Poors'  Land. — There  is  a  field  in  the  township,  con- 
taining about  an  acre  of  land,  the  rent  of  which  is  given 
to  the  poor. 


KILLINGTON  CHAPELRY. 


This  chapelry  comprises  a  mountainous  district,  including  the  hamlets  of  Killington  Hall,  Beckside,  Fellside,  and 
Hallbeck,  with  a  number  of  detached  bouses,  from  five  to  seven  miles  north  of  Kirkhy  Lonsdale. 

it  to  the  tenants,  who  are  therefore  free,  paying  a  quit 
rent  of  63.  8d.  a  rear  to  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  the 


Killington  contains  4,875  acres,  and  its  rateable 
value  is  £2,100  Gs.  3d.  In  1801  it  contained  311 
inhabitants;  in  1811,  252;  in  1821,  335;  in  lS31, 
802;  in  1811,  301  ;  and  in  1851,  275. 

Killington  and  Firbank  form  one  manor,  and,  in 
ancient  times,  a  chapt'lry.  The  first  possessor  of  the 
manor  on  record  is  VVilliam  do  Pickering,  who  held  it 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  IIL,  under  Peter  de  Brus,  ren- 
dering for  the  same,  yearly,  a  pair  of  gilt  spurs,  or 
sixpence,  at  the  feast  of  Pentecost,  and  doing  service 
for  the  twentieth  part  of  one  knight's  fee.  Thomas  de 
Pickering,  son  of  William,  in  1303  obtained  a  grant  of 
free  warren  in  his  esUites  at  Killington  and  MiUhope, 
from  Edward  I.  James  Pickering,  another  of  tins 
family,  was  knight  of  tho  shire  for  Westmoreland  in 
1302  and  1305;  and  in  tho  reign  of  Richard  II.  tho 
same  county  was  twice  represented  by  Sir  James  Picker- 
ing, Knt.  Sir  Christopher  Pickering,  the  last  of  his 
name  and  family  who  held  Killington,  had  an  only 
daughter,  Ainie,  who  brought  the  manor  in  marriage  to 
John  \  aughun,  Esq  ,  whose  son,  Francis  Vaughan,  sold 


lessee  of  the  crown.  Tho  landowners  are  George  E. 
Wilson,  Esq. ;  Miss  Upton ;  the  executors  of  the  late 
William  Thompson,  Esq.,  and  a  number  of  small  pro- 
prietors. Killington  Hall,  the  old  manor-house,  has 
long  served  as  a  farmstead. 

THE   CnirEL. 

Killington  chapel  is  an  old  building,  and  has  a  small 
bell  turret  containing  two  bells.  It  contains  mural 
monuments  to  the  meraor}-  of  members  of  the  Morland 
and  Ccoke  families,  and  also  to  the  Rev.  J.  GoocUer. 
As  above  stated,  this  township  was  anciently  included 
in  the  chapelry  of  Firbank ;  hut  about  1585,  on  the  peti- 
tion of  tho  inhabiuints  of  both  townships  to  the  bishop, 
they  obtained  a  license  to  have  a  curate  and  chapel, 
with  parochial  privileges.  The  living,  a  curacy,  in  tho 
patronage  of  tho  vicar  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  is  worth 
£80  7s.  9d.  a  year,  arising  from  £13  17s.  ancient 
salary,  20s.  yearly  out  of  Lord's  Holme,  20s.  yearly 


894 


LONSDALE   WARD. 


out  of  Bendrigg  estate  in  Old  Hutton,  left  by  William 
Walker;  an  estate  in  Killington,  purchased  with  X'200 
of  Queen  Aunc's  Bounty,  and  the  chapel  stock ;  an 
estate  in  Dent,  purchased  in  1754  with  i:-200  more  of 
the  same  bounty,  and  £200  left  by  Dr.  Stratford  ;  and 
the  interest  of  £5:>,  viz.,  .tin  left  by  Thomas  Hebble- 
thwaite,  £10  by  Hugh  Bowman,  and  i'.j  by  Jacob 
Morland,  Esq.     The  registers  commence  iu  1019. 

Inccmbents.— William  Sinter,  1720;  William  Pearson,  1779; 
William  Moore,  IbOl ;  Kobert  Williinson,  \HU. 

Killington  School  was  founded  in  lOTO,  and  pos- 
sesses an  endowment  of  £9  4s.  Gd.  a  year,  arising 
from  an  ancient  stock  of  £82,  of  which  £40  was  given 
by  Thomas  Hebblethwaite,  Esq. ;  £20  by  Thomas 
Sharp,  and  £5  by  Jacob  Morland,  Esq.  There  is  also 
a  field  called  Moss  Butts,  the  rent  of  which  is  appro- 
priated to  the  school.  On  the  enclosure  of  Killington 
Common  an  allotment  was  made  to  the  school,  in 
right  of  Moss  Butts,  to  which  the  landowners  added 
about  twelve  acres  more.  The  school  is  attended  by 
about  twenty  children. 


CBAIUTIES. 


Ilebblethicaite's  Charity. — There  is  in  Firbank  an 
estate,  consisting  of  about  fifteen  acres,  belonging  to 
the  poor  of  Killington. 

Poor  House  Field. — There  is  also  another  estate, 
situate  in  Killington,  called  the  Poor  House  Field,  the 
rent  of  which  is  always  given  to  the  poor. 

Walker's  Gi/t — The  poor  of  this  township  arc 
entitled  to  the  sum  of  £2  annually,  by  the  will  of 
^Villiam  Walker ;  for  the  particulars  of  which  see  our 
account  of  New  Hutton,  in  the  parish  of  Kendal. 

Poor  Stock,  dc. — There  are  three  sums  of  £11  15s., 
£10,  and  £18  15s.  (id.  respectively,  belonging  to  the 
poor  of  this  township,  the  interest  of  which  is  added  to 
William  Walker's  Charity,  and  distributed  with  it  at 
Candlemas,  to  poor  persons  not  receiying  parish  relief. 

Richardson's  Gift.  —  Robert  Richardson,  in  1810, 
gave  £20  to  be  placed  out  at  interest,  and  the  produce 
given  annually  to  si.x  poor  householders. 


MANSERGH   CHAPELRY. 

This  chapelry  is  a  wild  district  containing  about  twenty  scattered  dwellings  and  the  Tillage  of  Old  Town,  about  three 
miles  north-by-west  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale. 


The  township  comprises  an  area  of  2,.') 68  acres;  its 
rateable  value  is  £2,131.  In  1801  it  contained  134 
inhabitants;  in  1811,  188;  in  1821,  157;  in  1831, 
232;  in  1841,232;  and  in  1851,216;  who  are  chiefly 
engaged  in  agriculture. 

Mansergh  and  Barbon  formed  originally  one  manor ; 
but  were  deemed  separate  as  early  as  tlje  Domesday 
Survey,  when  Mansergh  was  held  by  Torfin.  It  sub- 
sequently became  the  property  of  a  family  bearing  the 
local  name ;  one  of  whom,  Thomas  de  Mansergh, 
purchased  lands  in  Barbon  in  1318.  In  1383  John  de 
Mansergh  represented  Westmoreland  in  parliament. 
During  this  time  Ivigmaden  Hall,  supposed  to  havo 
been  the  ancient  manor-house,  appears  to  have  been 
held  by  the  family  of  De  Rigmaden,  which  has  been 
assumed,  and  not  without  reason,  to  be  the  same  familv 
as  the  De  JIausergh  ;  who,  probably,  assumed  the  name 
of  their  residence.  After  the  Rigmadens,  this  place 
became  the  property  of  the  Wards,  who  held  it  for  a 
considerable  period,  and  had  possessions  also  in  Killing- 
ton,  Firbank,  and  other  places.  The  last  of  this  family, 
Henry  Ward,  sold  the  same  to  ]\Ir.  Thomas  Godsalve, 
who  occurs  as  lord  of  the  manor  in  10G4.  He  was 
succeeded  iu  1733,  by  his  son,  Thomas  Godsalve,  who 


died  in  1750,  when  the  estates  passed  to  his  daughter, 
the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Maudesley.  In  1781 
Miss  Mary  Wilkinson  and  Mrs.  Margaret  Robinson 
were  joint  possessors  of  the  manor.  In  1788  John 
Satterthvvaite  occurs  as  lord  of  the  manor.  It  was  sold 
by  his  devisees  in  trust,  in  the  year-  1825,  to  the  late 
Christopher  Wilson,  Esq.,  and  by  him  was  devised,  in 
1845,  to  Edward  Wilson,  Esq.,  the  present  lord.  After 
the  purchase  of  the  manor  by  the  late  Edward  Wilson, 
he  made  Riguiadeu  his  residence ;  and  the  present 
owner  has  resided  there  since  the  decease  of  his  father. 
The  landowners  are  Edward  Wilson,  Esq. ;  Robert 
Baynes  Armstrong,  Esq. ;  Mrs.  Thompson ;  John 
Addison,  Esq.,  and  several  small  proprietors.  Courts 
are  held  when  required. 

Rigmaden,  the  seat  of  the  lord  of  the  manor,  is  a 
handsome  mansion,  delightfully  situated  on  an  eminence, 
fijur  miles  north  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  and  commands 
e.xtensive  prospects  of  the  vale  of  the  Lune.  It  was 
erected  in  1825,  by  the  late  Christopher  Wilson,  and 
contains  some  fine  paintings. 

THE    CHAPEL. 

Mansergh  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Peter,  was  erected 
in  1720,  by  Jacob  Dawson,  on  his  estate  at  Nether  Hall, 


MIDDLETON   CHAPELRY. 


895 


the  inhabitants  paying  for  their  seats,  and  subscribinf» 
•with  Mr.  Dawson  i'l:iO,  to  which  Oliver  Jfartin  added 
£f^0  :  and  the  governors  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  £'200. 
The  latter  afterwards  made  two  more  grants  of  JC200 
each;  Lady  Gower,  £100;  and  the  curate,  in  1777, 
JEIOO.  Those  sums,  amounting  to  .£1,000,  were  laid 
out  in  the  purchase  of  estates  at  Old  Button,  Dent,  and 
Casterton.  The  living  is  in  the  patronage  of  the  vicar 
of  the  parish,  and  is  now  worth  about  £85  a  year. 


Incujtbents. — W'm.  Sedgwick ;  E.  GorrcU  ;  J.  Eowlandson. 

The  school,  which  stands  near  the  chapel,  was  erected 
in  1839,  at  the  sole  expense  of  the  late  Mr.  AVilson, 
who  also  contributed  £'20  a  year  to  the  master's  salary, 
a  payment  which  is  stiU  continued  by  his  son. 

cinniTY. 
James  Moore's  Gift. — The  only  charity  in  this  town- 
ship is  five  shillings  a  year,  left  by  James  Moore,  for 
the  poor  of  the  township. 


MIDDLETOX    CHAPELRY. 

This  chapelry  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  north-west  by  the  river  Rother,  which  divides  it  from  Yorkshire,  on  the 
■west  by  the  Lune,  ou  the  south  by  the  township  of  Baiboii,  and  on  the  east  by  Yorkshire.  It  contains  a  number  of 
detached  houses,  and  the  small  hamlet  of  Middleton  Head,  seven  miles  north-by-east  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  and  three 
and  a  half  miles  south-west  of  Sedbergli. 


The  area  of  Middleton  is  7,503  acres;  its  rateable 
value  £3,507.  The  population  in  1801  was  303;  in 
1811,  293;  in  1821,  322;  in  1831,  280;  in  1811, 
275;  and  in  1851,275;  who  are  principally  engaged 
in  agriculture.  On  the  west  side  of  Middleton  Hall  a 
small  tumulus  is  visible;  there  is  another  in  a  field  on 
the  east  side,  and  a  large  one  at  a  place  called  Fellsidc, 
near  where  the  old  Roman  road  passes  through  the 
township. 

The  manor  of  Middleton  is  part  of  the  ancient  barony 
of  Kendal,  and  seems  to  have  been  given,  with  divers 
other  possessions,  by  Ketel,  third  baron  of  Kendal,  to 
his  son  Orme,  father  of  Gospatric.  Orme  subsequently 
exchanged  this  manor  with  his  cousin,  William  do 
Lancaster,  for  the  manors  of  Workington  and  Lam- 
plugh,  ill  C^umberland,  reserving  to  himself  and  his 
heirs,  the  homage  of  Middleton,  and  a  quit-rent  of  Od. 
yearly,  or  a  pair  of  gilt  spurs.  Middleton  was  subse- 
quently granted  to  the  Prestons,  who,  in  their  turn, 
sub-granted  it  to  others,  amongst  whom  the  Kcnnet 
family  occurs.  Whether  this  family  of  Kennct  after- 
wards assumed  the  name  of  Middleton  or  not,  we  are 
not  informed,  but  shortly  afterwards  wc  find  the  Mid- 
dletons  holding  the  manor,  and  it  continued  in  their 
possession  for  no  less  than  ton  generations,  and  then 
ended  in  two  daughters.  In  the  reign  of  James  I. 
John  Middleton,  Esq.,  enfranchised  tho  tenants,  so 
that  tho  manor  is  now  held  under  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale, 
as  lessee  of  the  crown,  by  the  payment  of  a  small  quit- 
rent.  Tho  landowners  arc  William  I\Ioorc,  Esq.;  Mrs. 
Upton  ;  Joseph  Gibson,  Esq. ;  Thomas  Fawcctt,  Esq.; 
Lady  lo  Fleming ;  Messrs.  Gibson  and  Jcukinson,  and 
others.  Middleton  Hull,  tho  ancient  manor-house,  and 
a  building  of  grout  strength,  now  served  as  a  farmstead. 


Grimeshill,  the  residence  and  property  of  William 
Moore,  Esq.,  stands  in  a  pleasant  situation,  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Lune,  and  commands  beautiful 
views  of  tho  vale  and  surrounding  country. 

Jlloort  of  CHtmcsbill. 

The  family  is  derived  from 

William  Moore,  Esq.,  of  Grimesliill,  J.P.,  and  D.L.,  colonel 
of  the  Westmoreland  Militia,  born  October  1st,  1704,  son  of 
John  Moore,  Ksq.,  of  Grimeshill,  J. P.,  colonel  of  the  Westmore- 
land Militia,  by  Anne,  bis  wife,  daughter  of  William  Dickenson, 
Esq.,  of  Arelioline  ;  was  grandson  of  tiilcs  Moore,  Esq.,  D.L., 
(the  son  of  .luhn  Moore,  of  Grimeshill,  who  died  1701)  by  Mary, 
his  wife,  second  daughter  and  co  heir  of  JuiiN'  MinDLEToN,  Esq., 
the  last  male  descendant  of  the  jrimn.ETONs  of  MiddletoK 
Hall.  He  married  June  10th,  1770,  Mary,  daughter  of 
William  Palmer,  Esq.,  of  Whitehaven,  and  by  her,  who  died 
June  .'hd,  1811,  left  (with  other  issue,  all  of  whom  died  without 
issue)  a  son  and  heir, 

John,  lieut.-nolonpl  of  the  Westmoreland  Local  ^[ilitia,  bora 
I'ebrunry  lOili,  17sl  ;  inorriLil,  November  Htb,  I'-d",  Eliza, 
duiipbier  of  liirlmrd  Uiithuriie.  F.sq.,  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale, 
anil  died  during  ilic  lireiiiue  of  his  father,  leaving  issue, 

1.  William,  siicrcssor  to  his  grandfather. 

1.  Mary,  ninrried,  September  .'Jth,  18M,  the  Rev.  William 

Lister  Iminc,  of  I'irtou  and  Croome,  Worcestershire, 

and  has  issue. 

Colonel  Mooro  died  January  2and,  1833,  aged  77,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  grandson, 

William  Moore,  Esq.,  of  Grimeshill,  J. P.,  born  Jlny  intli, 
1809;  married. May  9th,  1833,  Elizabeth,  second  daughter  of 
Thomas  Fawcett,  Esq.,  ot  Oato  House,  Dent,  Yorkshire,  and  had 
issue, 

I.  William  MinnLExoN,  bom  May  lOlh,    1K11,  caplnin  Otii 

Koynl  Lniion^birc  .Mililiii,  lute  liciitenaut  Iftlh  loot. 
II   John     Ilelililetbwiiile,    born     Jidy    illi,    IKW,     lieutenant 

H.E.LC.S.,  .Mailraa. 
ui.  Thnniim  (ieorge  Cams,  an  ofiicer  in  the  armv,  born  August 
Oth,  IHHS. 

I.  Eliza  Mar}-  Charlotte. 


896 


LONSDALE  "WARD. 


Mr.  Moore  served  the  ofiSce  of  high-sherifif  of  the  couDty  in  1859. 

Arms. — Qaartcrly  :  6rst  and  fourth,  or,  on  a  clicv.  pcnn,  beneath 
three  Moors'  heads  in  profile,  coupt-d  at  the  neck,  ppr.,  wreathed 
about  tlie  temples,  arg.  and  sa.,  a  pheon  of  the  tield,  for  Moore ; 
second  and  third,  gii.,  a  fesse,  between  tliree  mullets  in  chief,  and  as 
many  crosses  crosslct  in  base,  arg.,  for  Cragg. 

Crest. — A  swan,  wings  elevated,  arg.,  charged  on  the  breast  with  a 
pheon,  sa.,  in  front  of  bulrushes,  ppr. 

lIuUo. — Aaimum  rege. 

THE   CHAPEL. 

Middleton  chapel,  dedicated  to  the  Holy  Ghost,  was 
rehuilt  in  1813,  on  the  site  of  a  previous  chapel,  which 
was  erected  in  1031,  on  a  piece  of  land  given  for  that 
purpose  by  Dr.  Bainbridge,  who  also  gave  forty  shillings 
towards  its  erection,  a  considerable  sum  in  those  days. 
In  1635  it  was  consecrated,  in  1671  made  parochial, 
and  in  1712  the  burial  ground  was  enlarged  by  land 
given  by  Giles  Moore,  Esq.  The  present  edifice  is  a 
plain  unpretending  structure,  capable  of  accommodating 
about  120  persons.  A  mural  tablet  commemorates 
Anne,  wife  of  John  Moore,  Esq.,  of  Grimeshill,  who 
died  in  177'2.  The  curacy  is  in  the  gift  of  the  vicar  of 
Kirkby  Lonsdale.  It  is  endowed  with  two  small  estates 
in  Middleton,  and  one  in  Garside,  purchased  with  £106 
ancient  chapel  stock ;  £600  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty, 
given  in  1750,  1756,  and  1791  ;  £100  left  by  Dr. 
Stratford,  in  1756;  £100  left  by  Mrs.  Pyncombe ;  and 
£100  given  by  a  late  curate;  and  is  now  worth  £116 
per  annum. 

Incuubents. — William  Garnett,  1T24;  John  Knipe,  1784; 
John  A.  Addison,  1838 ;  J.  H.  Abbott,  1840. 

A  new  parsonage  is  now  (1859)  in  course  of  erection. 

CHAHITIES. 

The  School. — There  is  a  school  near  the  chapel,  which 
possesses  an  endowment  of  £8  a  year,  arising  from  one- 
third  of  the  interest  of  £60  given  by  John  Moore ;  the 
interest  of  £10  given  by  Giles  Moore,  of  Berwens,  in 
1762  ;  and  the  interest  of  £11  secured  upon  the  tolls  of 
the  Scdbergh  turnpike  road. 


John  Moore's  Charity. — John  Moore,  of  Grimeshill, 
nearly  two  centuries  ago,  gave  £60,  the  interest  of 
which  he  directed  should  be  divided  yearly  at  Christ- 
mas and  Easter,  between  the  curate,  schoolmaster,  and 
poor  of  Middleton. 

Bainbridge  s  Gift. — John  Bainbridge  gave  £10,  the 
interest  to  be  yearly  applied  to  buy  Bibles  and  Com- 
mon Prayer  Books  to  bo  given  to  the  poor  children  of 
this  chapelry. 

Baylies  Gift. — John  Baylie,  in  1712,  left  a  field  in 
Middleton,  called  Long  Barrows,  to  the  poor  of  Mid- 
dleton, and  directed  that  the  rent  should  be  divided  at 
Christmas  and  Easter. 

Jeffery  Ildudeii's  Gift.  —  Jeffery  Hawden,  in  1721, 
gave  £10,  the  interest  thereof  to  be  given  yearly  to 
poor  widows  of  the  township. 

Poors'  Land.  —  This  is  a  part  of  the  field  called 
Carradice  Field,  or  Xicliol  Field ;  the  rent  has  always 
been  applied  to  the  poor. 

Jolm  Handen's  Gift. — John  Hawden,  brother  of 
Jeffery  Hawden,  in  1747,  gave  £10,  the  interest  to  be 
distributed  to  the  poor  on  Good  Friday,  in  bread. 

Marr/aret  Hawden  s  Gift. — M&garet  Hawden,  widow 
of  John  Hawden,  gave  £10,  the  interest  to  be  laid  out 
about  Whitsuntide  in  clothes  for  some  poor  children  of 
the  township,  who  should  be  most  in  need. 

Giles  Moore's  Gift. — Giles  Moore,  of  Borwens,  in 
1762,  gave  £20,  the  interest  of  which  he  directed 
should  be  distributed  yearly  to  poor  householders.  He 
also  gave  £10,  the  interest  to  be  applied  towards  placing 
poor  children  of  Middleton  apprentices. 

Besides  Grimeshill  and  ]\liddleton  Plall,  this  town- 
ship comprises  Hawkin  Htill,  built  by  Dr.  Buinljridge 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.;  Beckside,  in  which  was 
born  Sir  John  Otway  ;  and  Abbey,  a  building  belonging 
to  Cockersand  Abbey.     These  are  now  farm-houses. 


makchesieb:   pbinted  by  GALT,  KEREUISH,  &  KIRBY,  28  new  caknon   stbeet. 


INDEX    OF     PLACES. 


Pago 

Aballba      2,  5. 

Abbey  Fid.I 672. 

Abbey  Ton-n 230. 

Ackenthwaite    H:il. 

Ad'lin^'liam   000. 

Aslionby    188. 

Aikbank     281. 

Aikpsgate      55*^. 

Aikbeail     2S0. 

Aiktnn    ^^.)H. 

Aiiislabb;    504. 

/.Iilinj,'liam    44. 

Aliona    ''<,  r>. 

AUerby  208. 

ALI.EnDAI.E  -  ABOVE  -  DeR. 

WENT  Ward 370. 

AlXEIlDAI.E  -  BELOW  -  DeII- 

WF.ST  Ward IBR. 

AUhallows 202. 

Allonby 210. 

Alone 2,  3. 

Al.slnn    

Alston  Town    Mn. 

Ambleside 877. 

Amblesi.le-aboveStock    . .  824. 

Amboplnnna 118!). 

Annaside   409. 

Anthorn     IM. 

Apiatorium    HMO. 

Apiilebv ' 71.'). 

Appl.tl'iK-nitp .130. 

Appletbwiiitf     870. 

Arn,  or  Aira  b'l. 

Arbeift    -  • 

Arkleby 3n.',. 

Arlecdon    370. 

Armalbwiiiie .')04. 

Armalliwaito !>'>>*. 

Arlhur.'t    ''J.'". 

Asby  New 378. 

Asbv  Windervvntb     724. 

Aslibv  Coftlsforlb 72(1. 

Asbbv,  Little 727. 

Ask.rton    088. 

AKkliiim 774. 

Aspntrift     203. 

AuRill  Row   73(1. 

Audberlreo    9112. 

AuMlliwttilo     407. 

Axuludunum    3,  A. 


Page 

Baggery 203. 

Bailey     045. 

Baldwin  Holme    176. 

Bamboroiigh 12. 

Bamplon    776. 

Bampton,  Little    174. 

Bampton,  Great  173. 

Banna    3. 

Barbnn 800. 

liarelose     602. 

liarnscar     404. 

Barrow 48. 

Barrock 500. 

Barton   778. 

Barton  Church 770. 

Barugh 281. 

Bascadyke 508. 

Bassonthwuito   283. 

Bah'Ie     104. 

Beathwaite  Green    835. 

Beaumont     148. 

Beckermet     7,  8. 

Beckermet,  St.  Bridget    . .   458. 

Beckeniet,  St.  John 462. 

Bei-kfoot,  High  and  Low..   800. 

Beokfoot    236. 

Beckfoot    859. 

Beckside    803. 

lieckside    807. 

Bei-kside    768. 

Beckhouso     312. 

Bees,  St 425. 

Bellbank    046. 

Bellbnnk    604. 

Berwiek-on  Tweed   18,00. 

Berrier  and  Murrali     ....   044. 

Belbam      810. 

Bowcnstle    620. 

Bewaldetb  and  Suittb^garlh,  256. 
Biglands  and  Gamblesbv..  201. 

Birdoswnld    2,"  3,  682. 

BirdoswnM    flSO. 

Biikbcck  Fells 70fi. 

Birkl.y    318. 

Birkl.y   404. 

Birker  and  Aiislhwaite     . .   407 

Birks 772. 

Birkberk  Fells 703. 

Blnekbnll   03,  04. 

BInekwell,  Iliuh   185. 

Blaokwall,  Low 186. 


Page 

Black  Dyke    243. 

Blaithwaite  (Hi^h  &  Low)  281. 

Bleatarn     771. 

Blencarn    566. 

lilencogo    214. 

Blencow,  Great     528. 

Blencow,  Little 545. 

Blennerliasset  &  Kirkland  257. 

I'.lindbothel 297. 

Blinderake,  Isell,  and  Red- 
main  362. 

Blittcrlees 243. 

Bolton    200. 

Bolton    300. 

Bolton    804. 

Bolton  Gate 200. 

Bolton  Highside 200. 

Bolton  High 301. 

Bolton  Lowsido     210. 

Bolton  Low   301. 

Bongate 721. 

BooTLE  Waiii) 484. 

Bootlo    485. 

Boot    436. 

Boredale   784. 

Boroughbridgo    88. 

Borrans      806. 

Borrowdale    348. 

Borrowdalo    706. 

Borrowdalo    348. 

Botchergato 143. 

Botcberby 180. 

Bothel  and  Threapland  . .   257. 

Bouslield 764. 

Bowerbank     770. 

Bowerdale 708. 

Bowstead  Hill 1.56. 

Bowscale    517. 

Bowes    220. 

newness    140. 

Bowness    875. 

Bow    176. 

Brackenlhwaito    072. 

Bradley 585. 

Bradley  Field    873. 

Brampton 757. 

Brampton 647. 

Braylon 206. 

Brnokentbwftite     313. 

Draithwaite    144. 

Braithwaite  Little    351. 


Page 

Branthwaite 224. 

Branthwaite 353. 

Breckonhill   C27. 

Bremetonacfe  (Overborougli)  2. 

Bremetenracum   3,  5. 

Brelberdale   704. 

Bridekirk 285. 

Bridge  End 867. 

Bridge  Row 835, 

Brierthwaite,  orTarnhouse, 

Forest    C70. 

Brigham    295. 

Brigsteer    835. 

Brisco    186. 

Broadgate 409. 

Brough 728. 

Brough  Sowerby 733. 

Brough  Hill 771. 

Brougham 784. 

Brougbton,  Great 286. 

Broughton,  Little 287. 

Brown  Top    250. 

Brownrigg 224. 

Brovonacii'    2,  3. 

Brocklebank 267. 

Brockenthwaite     268. 

Brocavium     2,  784. 

Bromlield 210. 

Brough  Head   153. 

Brougbton     56. 

Brownelson  l(Jl. 

Brunstock 158. 

Brundholme ;)28. 

Buekbowbank   161. 

Burgh-upon-Sauds  152. 

Burntb\vRite,High  A-  Low,    185. 

Burnesido      871. 

Burrow  Crail,  or  Barwick 

Rails 407. 

Burrell  Green   622. 

Burrells 720. 

Burton   772. 

Burtonin- Kendal     882. 

Burtholme    685. 

Bustnbeck  Bound    520. 

Bnttemiere   nil. 

Butterwick    773. 

Calder    405. 

Calder  Bridge  458. 

Caldbeck  231. 


INDEX. 


Page 

Cal.lbeck,  High    224. 

Caldbeck,  Low 221. 

Calthwiute SCO. 

Caldbeck  Haltcliff    224. 

Caldecote    1-14. 

Calgarlli    bVti. 

Calvo 243. 

Caldewgale    145. 

Cambeck  Fort 2,  6!)o. 

Camerton !i  1 5. 

Capella,Johnde(iMauorof)  159. 

Cargo 181. 

Cardurnock    151. 

CarlnUon    C^O. 

Cardew 102. 


Caelisi.e  —  Historical,  83; 
Calbedral,  98  ;  Annajs  of  the 
Bishops,  104  ;  See  of  Carlisle, 
114;  Frinrs,  115;  Ancient 
EeUi;ioas  Houses,  120  ;  Pub- 
lic Schools,  124 ;  Keligious, 
i-c,  Societies,  125  ;  Charitable 
Instil  HtioDS,  120;  Public 
Buildings,  Ac,  12S  ;  Literary 
and  Scientific  Institutions, 
Newspapers,  Ac,  130 ;  Courts 
of  Law,  1:12  ;  Banks,  Markets, 
Fairs,  Ac,  132  ;  Railways, 
Gas,  Water  Works,  <fec.,  133  ; 
Corporation,  134;  Bridges, 
133  ;  Members  of  Parliament, 
130;  Poor  law  Union,  138; 
Antiquities,  130;  Charities, 
141  ;  Eminent  Men,  141  ; 
Amusements,  141 ;  Customs, 
Ac,  141. 


Cardew  Lees 162. 

Cartmel 42. 

Carletou     017. 

Carleton    378. 

Carleton     ISO. 

Carlatton   070. 

Caithwaite,  East 268. 

Carthwaite,  West 268. 

Castlestead   22. 

Castleton  3. 

Castletoa  434. 

Castle  Carrock 071. 

Castle  Sowerhy 517. 

Castlehead    47. 

Casterton 881. 

Castlerigg 339. 

Castlethwaite    750. 

Castle  How   434. 

Catlowdy   ''83. 

Catterlen   5*2 . 

Causeway  Head   243. 

CeUeron     779. 

Chapel   284. 

Chapel  Houses 807. 

Chapel  Sucken 40K. 

Chester 95. 

Christ    Church,     Carlisle, 
perish  of    143. 

Churchhill    206. 

Clawthorpe    884. 

Clealarrow    877. 

Clea  Green    208. 

"  City,"  The 348. 

Gleator 372. 

Cliburn 789. 


Page 

Clifton,  Great    479. 

Clifton,  Little    481. 

Clifton    791. 

Clifton,  Great  and  Little. .  479. 

Clotfocks    479. 

Close  Houses    758. 

Coatflatt     705. 

Coatgill 765. 

Coalhill 195. 

Cocciutn  (Ribchester) 2. 

Cockermouth     299. 

Coledale,  or  Portinscale  . .   350. 

Coldbeck    708. 

Colby 720.  [ 

Congavala     8,5.  , 

Corbv,  Great 192.  ] 

Corby,  Little 196,078. 

Comey   487. 

Coupland  Beck 773. 

Conlderton     432. 

Cowper 230. 

Cra<-s       2C8. 

Cray   880. 

Crackenthorpe 72  J. 

CrogHn 52L 

Croglin,  Litlle 574. 

Crookdake 21:3. 

Cross  Canontiv 317. 

Crosby-upon-Eden   157. 

Crosby    318. 

Croft  End 178. 

Crofton 252. 

Cross 178. 

CrossfieUl 374. 

Crosslacon     372. 

Crosthwaite   328. 

Crosthwaite,  Great   339. 

Crosthwaite  and  LUh 831. 

Crossbank      768. 

Crosscrake    836- 

Crooklands   836. 

Crook     858. 

Crooked  Holme    652. 

Crosby  Ravensworth    ....   792. 

Crosby  Garret 737. 

Culgaith    508. 

Cummersdale    145. 

Cumwhinton  and   Coathill  195. 

Cumwbitton 673. 

Cunirew     072. 

Cnmdevock    162. 

Cumberland  Ward 83. 


CnjiBEiiTAND — Situation,  Boun- 
daries, E.xteDt,  Divisions,  Ac, 
57;  Surface,  58;  Rivers,  59; 
Lakes,  Tarns,  A-o.,Cl:  Road, 
Turnpike  Trusts,  and  Bridges, 
CI;  Railways,  63;  Climate, 
Soil,  Agriculture,  Ac.,  66 ; 
Government  of  the  County, 
&c.,  07 ;  County  Constabulary, 
70;  Parliamentary  Represen- 
tation, 72  ;  Trade,  Commerce, 
Ac  ,74;  Botany,  79;  Charities, 
82. 


Dacre 523. 

Dale   508. 

Dalton   .•  884. 

DaUton,     159. 

Deanscales    354. 

Dean  352. 


Page 

Dearham  354 

Deeplhwaite 831. 

Denton,  Nether 674. 

Denton,  Upper 075. 

Df.uwent  Wahd 283. 

Derby 94.  ; 

Dillicar 859.  ■ 

Distington 376. 

Docker 859. 

Dockwray 551. 

Dockray 2t:0. 

Dovenby 287. 

Doveng'ill 708. 

Downhall 201. 

Drawd^-kes    183. 

Drigg 377.  ' 

Drumburgh   151. 

Drunleaning 201. 

Dryheck 720.  < 

Dufton 738. 

Dundraw 215. 

Dungeon  GhvU  Force  ....     52.  '■ 
Dunmaile  Raise.  .39,  40,  51,  .W.  \ 

Dumfries 87. 

Durdar 165. 

Dvkesfield 157.  : 

Eaglesfield 297. 

Eaglesfield  Abbey     144. 

Eamont  Bridge 617,  780. 

Easby 651. 

Easton,  or  Eston 627. 

East  Wabd   713. 

EastwoodsiJe 268. 

East  Cote 243. 

Easton 152. 

Easedale 52. 

Edenhall 532. 

Egdale 803. 

Egremont 378. 

Ellenborough  2,  350. 

Ellergill 760. 

Elteiwater 825. 

Embieton 311. 

Endmoor 830. 

Ennerdale 433. 

Eskdai.e  Ward 025. 

Esk  Meals   487. 

Esk 19. 

Eskdale     434. 

Eskrigg 280. 

Etterby 181. 

Evening  Hill 2.52. 

Ewebank   809. 

Falkirk 80. 

Farlam 0'"5. 

Faugh  and  Fenton 678. 

Fawcett  Forest 869. 

Fellside 585. 

Fellside 835. 

Fil'side 

Fellside 

Fewsdale 

Firbank 

Fingland 

Flat 

Flimby 

Floating  Island 

Floriston   

Fleshes  

Force  Cottages 

Foresterfold 

Foulbridge    

Foulshaw 

Frisington,  High  and  Low.. 


893. 
•i-ll. 
784. 
892. 
152. 
174. 
358. 
47. 
178. 
180. 
835. 
266. 
148. 
822. 
371. 


Page 

Gabrosentum,      or     Tun- 

nocelum 3,  5,  149. 

Gaitsgill    766. 

Galacum ,2. 

Galava 2,  .3. 

Gale 578. 

Gamblesby   (see   Biglands 

and  Gamblesby) 502. 

Garistown 17S. 

Garth  Row 857. 

Garrigill     515. 

Galebeck   880. 

Gatesgill   107. 

Gatehouse  Green 436. 

Gateside    808. 

Geltsdale  Forest 071. 

Giants' Caves 018. 

Gilcru.'c 359. 

Gilsland     690. 

Gill| 102. 

Gill   550. 

Gilgarran 370. 

Gilshaughlin 790. 

Gilts 793. 

Glanoventa 2,  3,  5. 

Glannibanta . . . . , 5. 

Glassonby 500. 

Glasson 152. 

Glencoin 39. 

Goat 293. 

Goose  Green 886. 

Gosforth 389. 

Grange .349. 

Grasmere 823. 

Grayrigg    858. 

Great  Salkeld 020. 

Great  Corby  and  Warwick 
Bridge 102. 

Greta    Mills    and    Briery 
Cottages 352. 

Green  Row 243. 

Grrenside 708. 

Greenholnie 766. 

Greenhead 809. 

Greenrigg 224. 

Green  Trees 297. 

Grejstoke 538. 

Greysoutlien  298. 

GrinsJale 108. 

Gullom  Holme 755. 

Gutterby 499. 

Hacklhorpe   799. 

Hull 761. 

Hall  Foss 497. 

Hall  Thwiiitcs 400. 

Hallbeck    89.3. 

Hallbank  Gate 077. 

Hale 39a. 

Hanging  Land 750. 

Hardendale  809. 

Harrington 393. 

Harrabv l87. 

Harhy  Brow 202. 

Harker 178. 

Hartrigg 249. 

Hardrigg 19. 

Har'sop 51. 

Harlsop  and  Patterdale  . .   781. 

Hartley 740. 

Haresceugh,  or  Harcscow  573. 

Haverbrack  820. 

Hawes 284. 

Ha.vkesdale 162. 

Havton  and  Melay 200. 

Havton 077. 

Heights 268. 


INPEX, 


Page 

Helsington    KUU. 

Helton    770. 

Hensiugbaoi 437. 

Henderby Iei7. 

Heron  SJ  ke HH4. 

Hesket-inthe-Forest O'iO. 

Heskel  Newmarket iii5. 

Hesket 225. 

Hesket,  Upper  and  Nether  000. 

Hesket,  Hiph    050. 

Hesket,  Nether     OOS. 

Hethergill litjO.  I 

Heversliam   829.  ' 

Hewtliwaite  )'J. 

High  Bij;gius    8"ia. 

High  Fold     tjbO.  i 

High  Street a,  40,  01.  ' 

High  Crosby 158. 

High  Green (SSO.  ! 

High  Head    lUfi. 

High  Hill :i:i:).  ; 

High  Scales 7(lfi. 

Higher  Scales   745. 

Hilton    72:1. 

Hilbeck 73:). 

Hincaster >-:!:!. 

Hoff 72(1. 

Holborn  Hill 407. 

Holme  and  Holmescales. .  8s5. 

Holme  Low   23t. 

Holme  East  Waver 236. 

Holme  St.  Cuthberfs 230. 

Holy  Trinity,  Carlisle,  Ec- 
clesiastical District 145. 

Holme-Cultram   22n. 

Holme  Eden IIIU. 

Holme  Head US,  14(1. 

Homrook    39H. 

Holme  Abbey  . .  • 229. 

Hornby (i74. 

Houghton 1^3. 

Howrigg 21H. 

Howrigg     2(iK. 

Howbeck 225. 


Howbound 018. 

How H5«. 

How  Hill   OlH. 

Howgraves    7K4. 

Howton 7h4. 

Hadscales 224. 

Hugill    .sii2. 

Huntingdon 13. 

Hunsonby  and  Winskill . .   503. 

Hiitton  John 547. 

Hntton  Roof 54!'. 

Hutton  Soil 54!). 

Hultoninthe-Fori'st  ....    562. 
Hutton  Hoof b'J2. 

Hckirk    266. 

Ings   K63. 

Ireby 244. 

Ireby,  Low    244. 

Ireby,  High 245 

Irming-Btreel    4. 

Trton 3!I5. 

Irthington 67lt. 

Isoa  (Carleou)      5. 

Isell    362. 

Isell  Old  Park 364. 

Itonfield     5611. 

Ivegill,  or  High  Head    ..  166. 

.loUnby 050. 

Kaber     745, 

Kearlswick     HH'.i 

Keekle  Low <37. 


Page 

Kelso 21. 

Kelswick    216. 

Kelton    401. 

Kellelh 76.5. 

Kendal b3-). 

Keutmere H63. 

Kenoal  Babonit 811. 

Kr.xDAL  Wakd 816. 

Keswick      330. 

Killington 8113. 

KilUngton  Hull 897. 

Kinnisidc 434. 

Kingwater      688. 

Iving's  -Mealjiirn   802. 

Kirby  Lonsdale     887. 

KirbyThore 752. 

Kirkby  Stephen    74 1 . 

Kirksteads     171. 

Kirk  Cambeck 87. 

Kirkoswald     570. 

Kirk-Aiidrews-upon  E-k. .   681. 
Kirk-.\ndre\vs-upon-Eden.  170. 

Kirbanipton 172. 

Kiikbride    247. 

Kirklinlon      683. 

Kirkoswald    570. 

Kingmoor      IG!). 

Kirkland  207. 

Kirkland    402. 

Kirklond    556. 

Kirkland    856. 

Kirkland  and  Bleucarn    . .  566. 

Kirkhouse      677. 

Kirklanl    80. 

Knipc  (High  and  Low)  ..   778. 
Knock    707. 

Lady  Hall 409. 

Lnniplugh 399. 

Lamlirigg 860. 

Lancaster 20,  95. 

l.anercost 6K5. 

l.angand's  Head 248. 

Langwathby 574. 

Langrigg  and  Mealrigg  . .   216. 

Lavatra' 2. 

Lawrence  Holme 280. 

Lealhes 201. 

Legberlliwaiie 46. 

Levington 105, 

I.eviiis    111. 

Liddell  (Harony) TJ. 

Lincoln II, 

Lindcth      877. 

l.indisfarce   6. 

Linstock     1 82. 

I.ingley  Close  Head    161. 

Little  Town   350. 

Lodore  (Fall  of) •. . .     48. 

London 101. 

Long  llurgh 106. 

Longcrofl 151. 

Lnnglunds 262. 

Longrigg    174. 

Lossi'Ai.r.  Waki 882. 

Lords  Island    47. 

Lorton    312. 

Lorton,  High  and  Low    ...  313. 

Low  Uiggius 889. 

Iaiw  Ualstnn 144. 

I  .ow  Crosby  10«. 

Lowniill..'. 432. 

LowDthwaito     (High     and 

Low) 282. 

Lowcsnater  367. 

I.aillics 624. 

ouby   liU. 


Page 

Langton     722. 

Langdale   765. 

Langdale   824. 

Laversdale     C80. 

Lazonby     075. 

Leath  Waed    000. 

Leasgill      831. 

Levens   833. 

lycvirgton  liarony     <)>*3. 

Lineside     627. 

Lockholme    768. 

Longmarton 756. 

Longpark 692. 

Longdates      508. 

Long  Sleddale 864. 

Longtown 626. 

Lowside  Quarter 432. 

Lowther     795. 

Lowwood   223. 

Luguballiuui 2,6. 

Lund 402. 

LuptOQ 689. 

Magna  (Carvoran)    3. 

JIaiden  Way 3. 

Mais  3. 

Miiley    (see  Langrigg  and 

Mallersiang 749, 

ilancuiiiura  (Manchester)       2. 

-Man,  Isle  of 20. 

Mansergh 894. 

Marda'.e     809. 

Martindale     783. 

Maryport 319. 

Marslon  Moor 19,  00. 

Market  Gate .56-5. 

Matson  Grand 677. 

MatterJale     550. 

.^ratterdale  End     051. 

Maughanby   502. 

JIaulds  Meabiirn 794. 

Mawbray,  or  Malbrey 236. 

Ma  ley). 

Mealbank 806. 

Meal  House 202. 

Mealrigg     216. 

Measand    778. 

Meathop  and  Upha 822. 

.Melmerby 578. 

-Melkinthorpe    799. 

Miokkthwaite    254. 

.Middloton 895. 

Middleton  Head 895. 

Middleton 432. 

Middle  Quarter 6^2. 

Middleton  Place   488. 

Middle  Quarter     U85. 

Middlesliaw 867. 

Middlesccugb  and  Uraith- 

waite 144, 167. 

Milburne    754. 

.Milburne  Grange 755. 

Jlilnthorpe    831. 

Milion    677. 

.Millbcck     339. 

Jlillness     886. 

Millom  Above   407. 

.Millom 402. 

Millom  Below 406. 

Moat 6H2. 

.Mocki'rkin  and  Sosgill  ...   367. 

Mo«tliwaite   282. 

.M>)Ol'llnUS0     157. 

.Moor  Knd 252. 

.Moor  Uow 216. 

Moorlhwaito      674. 

Mouk  Force  , i97. 


Page 

Monk  Hill 148. 

Monkhouse  HiU  200. 

Morland     V99. 

Moresby     418. 

Morbium   2. 

Mosdale,  or  Mosedale 810. 

Mosedale   225. 

Mosser 815. 

Mosser,  High    315. 

Mosser,  Low 315. 

Motherbv  and  Gill    050. 

MousgillRow    736. 

Mumps  Hall 675. 

Muncaster,  or  Mulcaster. .  488. 

Mnngrisdale 651. 

Murrah 044. 

Murton 402. 

Murton  (West)     723. 

Murthwaite    "68. 

Musgrave,  Great 758. 

ilusgrave,  Little 738. 

Xatcbv  745. 

Natlaiid 805. 

Naworth     652. 

Naworth    652. 

Neutbead 517. 

1  Nether  683. 

Nether  How 224. 

Nethergravesbip 856. 

Netherby   627, 

Nether  Graveship     856. 

Nether  Wnsdale    439. 

Netherball     19. 

Nethertown   452. 

New  Hutton 866. 

Newlands 349. 

Newton  Arlosh 236. 

New  Mawbray 236. 

Neville's  Cross 17. 

New  Asbv 371. 

New  Sand.slield    148. 

Newbiggin 495. 

Newbigu'in     522. 

Newbiggin     495. 

Newton  Reigoy 580. 

Newbiggin     893. 

Newbiggin 759. 

Newby    681. 

Newby    802. 

Newbiggin     768. 

Newtonn 681. 

Newton  Arlosh     11. 

Newland  210. 

Newlands 250. 

Newtown,  or  Town  End  . .  499. 

Newby    146. 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  12, 17, 19, 
20,  21,  108. 

Nichol  Forest   688. 

Nixons  648. 

Nook 886. 

I  Nythsceugli-witb.Moortb- 

,      waito 678. 

I  Nostell 104. 

j  Nunclose   558. 

Nunnery    605. 

Oddendnlc 793. 

Old  Carlisle 206. 

Old    Hutton   and   Holme- 
scales     867. 

Old  rourith     2. 

Old  Wall   681. 

Old  Scales 315. 

Old  Town 860. 

Old  Town 894- 


INDEX. 


Page 

Olenacum aPU. 

Ormatliwftite 339. 

Ormside     "Ul. 

Ormesby    219. 

Orton 702. 

Orton 175. 

Orion  Little 170. 

Orton  Rigg    170. 

Oughterby 174. 

Oughterside  and  .illerby . .  208. 

OuUon   280. 

Ousbv     5S2. 

Outhgill     750. 

Pfcgnalaich    8. 

Papcastle   293. 

Pardshaw 354. 

Parton  and  Micklethwaite .  25-1. 

Parsonby  305. 

Parkgate    281. 

Parton,    (see   I'artoa   and 

Mucklethwaite)     422. 

Patterdale 51. 

Patterdale 781. 

Patton    857. 

Peathwath     !)3. 

Pelutho 23(i. 

Pendragon  Castle 11. 

Penrith *596. 

Penruddock 549. 

Petrinna    2. 

Petriana    095. 

Petteril  Crooks 500. 

Ploughlands 174. 

Plumpton  Wall  . .  2,  5,  11,  576. 

Plumpton  Head   017. 

Plumbland     305. 

Plumpton  street  501. 

Pooley  Bridge   779. 

Ponsonby 422. 

Port  Carlisle 151. 

Preston  Patrick    8*^0. 

Preston 20. 

Preston  Quarter   432. 

Priestwoodside 8. 

Preston  Richard  835. 

Powbill  24S. 

Powter  How 351. 

Eaisbeck    765. 

Kamp's  Holme 47. 

Batten  Row 185. 

Eaughton  and  GatesgiU  . .   107. 

Eaugbton  Head    521. 

Eaughton  Beck 315. 

Eaveuglass   493. 

Eavenstonedale     700. 

Bawgreen 806. 

Rayne    705. 

Eeagill   795. 

Eeathwaite 268. 

Eeilmain    352. 

Eedgill 767. 

Red  l>ial    268. 

Redbill 178. 

Beddings   21. 

Eenwick    619. 

Ribton    294. 

Rickerby    182. 

Eidpath 17. 

Eiggendale    778. 

Eigm.iden 894. 

EocklifTe  Cburchtown 178. 

Eocklifife  Castletown 177. 

Bockliffe    170. 

Eookby 745. 

Kosthiraite    ', 349. 


Pago 

Rose   103. 

Rosgill   800. 

RossetGliyll 52. 

Rosley    20«!. 

Uottington     432. 

Rougbill    778. 

Rounthwnite 707. 

Row    5H5. 

Rowrah 402. 

Row  Round  520. 

Rowell    831. 

Roxburghshire 3. 

Ruckcroft 008. 

Rutnpiiu  (Richborough)  ..  8. 

Ruthwell    8. 

Ruthwate 240. 

Rydal  and  Loughrigg 825. 

Salter  and  Eskatt    463. 

Snlkeld,  Little 503. 

Salkeld,  Great 020. 

Salkeld  Gate 577. 

Salkeld  Dyke     021. 

Sandwith  432. 

Sandwick  784. 

Santon  and  Melthwaite  ..  397. 

Sandford   772. 

Sawbridge 772. 

Scale  Houses    020. 

Scales     549. 

Scales    574. 

Scales    554. 

Scales     213. 

Scaleby 091. 

Scaleby  Hill 092. 

Scaleby  West    092. 

Scaleby  East 002. 

Scattergate    721. 

Scalthwaite  Rigg,  Hay,  and 

Hutton-in-the-Hay 800. 

Scarramanwick 674. 

Scotby    190. 

Scoggerbar    497. 

Scuggate    683. 

Scugger  Houses 180. 

Seaton    310. 

Seaton    480. 

Seascales  and  Newton ....    300. 

Seathwaite     319. 

Seatoller    319. 

Seberghara,  High  Bound. .  248. 

Sebergbara    248. 

Sebergham,  Low  Bound  . .   250. 

Sebergh am  Bridge   250. 

Sedgwick   830. 

Selside-with-Whitwell 80S. 

Sella  Field     401. 

Setmuithy 310. 

Snap 800. 

Shalkfoot 162. 

Shap  Wells    794. 

Shaddongatt' 144. 

Shortgill    750. 

Silloth    239. 

Silecroft    400. 

Sizergh 835. 

Skelsmergh 857. 

Skclton 622. 

SleagiU  803. 

Skirwith    567. 

Smardale   746. 

Smaithwaite 402. 

Snitliegarth 250. 

Sockbridge    779. 

Solport 694. 

Sosgill  .367. 

Soulby  1 630. 


Pago 

Siulby    751. 

Soutberby  iJound 521). 

Southwaite     750. 

Sowerby J5. 

Spital  Sloor 98. 

St.  liridgefs  Bockermet  ..  45S. 

St.  Bees 425. 

St.  Cuthbert,  Carlisle,  par- 
ish of     142. 

St.  Helen's    317. 

St.  John  Beckerniet 462. 

St.  John,  Tale  of 345. 

St.  John's,  Casllerigg,  and 
Wythburn 340. 

St.  Mary,  Carlisle, pari.sh  of  143. 

Sl  Nicholas      93,  98. 

Standing  Stones 280. 

Stanwix 179. 

Stainbum 482. 

Stanley  Ghyll  Force 55. 

Stainton     182. 

Stainton     530. 

Stainton    836. 

Stainmore 735. 

Staffield 573. 

Stapleton  093. 

Staveley     800. 

Stavelcy  (Nether)    870. 

Stennerskeugh  (High  and 
Low)  768. 

Stock  Ghyll  52. 

Stockdalewath  Bound 520. 

Stonethwaite 349. 

Stoneraise     185. 

Stoneraise 205. 

Stone  Knowle   092. 

Strickland  Ketel   872. 

Strickland  Roger 873. 

Sunderland  304. 

Swinesdale    225. 

Swindale    800. 

Strickland,  Great 803. 

Strickland,  Little 805. 

Stndholme    175. 

Sunbiggin 765. 

Swineside 409. 

Talkin    678. 

Tallantire 294. 

Tarnrigg    280. 

Tarnside    889. 

Tarraby     182. 

Tebay    705. 

Temple  Sowerby  . .    755. 

Thomas  Close 505. 

Thornthwaite    35 1 . 

Thornby    201. 

Thornthwaite    808. 

Threlkeld 552. 

Threnpland    257. 

Thrimby    805. 

Thurstonfield    157. 

Thursby     251. 

Thwaites    408. 

Tod  Hills 178. 

Torpenhow  and  Whitrigg...  255. 

Towcett      803. 

Townhead 790. 

Town  End     681. 

Town  End     ., 822. 

Town  End    880. 

Town  Head 8h0. 

Triermnin 088. 

Troutbeck 880. 

Trough 094. 

Tnnnocelura      5. 

Tyne  Head   010. 


Pago 

Ukmanby  or  Upmanby   . .  202. 

Uldale    259. 

Ullock 351,353. 

Ulphu  Kirk 56,411. 

Ulpba    410. 

Ulvei-stone 52,  53. 

Unerigg 350. 

Underbarrow    873. 

Undcrmillbeck 875. 

Underskiddaw 328. 

Unthank    101. 

Unthank    503. 

Unthank    624. 

Tpperby     184. 

Utterba'nk 110. 

Vertera     12. 

Vicar's  Island 47. 

Virosidum    35. 

Voreda 2,  5,  II. 

Wabertliwaite    495. 

Waitby   746. 

Walby    159. 

Walton 094. 

Walton  Low 095. 

Wallsend    2. 

Wampool    201. 

Wardle 708. 

Warwick    187. 

Warwick  Bridge 192,  196. 

Warrington    20. 

Warwick   21,  187. 

WarneU 240,  250. 

Warcop 709. 

^Varblebank 200. 

Warthole   305. 

Wasdale  Head 435. 

Wastdale    46. 

Wastdnle   809. 

Waterhead     089. 

Watemiillock    554. 

Watendlath   46,  48. 

Watch-cross 2. 

Wath 374. 

Watling-street  3,  4. 

Waverbridge 216. 

Waverton  281. 

Wayrigg 216. 

Weasdale  708. 

Wedholme  Hill     280. 

Weddicar   433. 


Westmoreland  —  Situation, 
Boundaries,  Extent,  Popula- 
tion, Divisions,  itc,  099;  Sur- 
face, 700 ;  Rivers,  Lakes,  &c., 
701;  Roads,  Turkpike  Trusts, 
and  Bridges,  702 ;  Climate, 
Soil,  and  Agriculture,  704 ; 
Government,  i-c,  705 ;  Parlia- 
mentary Representation,  700 : 
Trade,  707  ;  Tenure  of  Land, 
ic,  708. 


WESTMORELASD(BaronyofJ  709. 

West  Ward 774. 

West  Newton    217. 

West  End 153. 

West  Hall 089. 

Westlinton    085. 

Westminster 105,  106. 

Westffoodside  268. 


INDEX. 


Page 

Westward '-iO'i. 

Wescoe 554. 

■VVellieral   188. 

Wetheral    178. 

Wetsleddalo 810. 

Whale    7'J!). 

Wharton     747. 

Wharton    10. 

Whitby  Ca.stle 3. 

Whiiifell    S60. 

Whitehaven 4-tO. 

Wliittingham     104. 

Whillimoor   373. 

Whinnali   402. 


Page 

Whinnow ~5'). 

Whichara 495. 

Whinfcll     298. 

Wniilbeck 497. 

Whitrit;s    153. 

Whitrigg    255. 

Whitrigg  Lees 201. 

Wigton 272. 

Wiggonby 201. 

Wiggonby 175. 

Wilton 39^!. 

■Windermere 2. 

Winder 402. 

Winder 780. 


Page 

Winder 402. 

Winscales 483' 

Winskill 503. 

Winster     874. 

Winderwatli 790. 

Windermere 874. 

Winton 748. 

Witherslack 71)4. 

Witherslac'k 821. 

WoKerdale    772. 

Woodside 7N9. 

WooJbank 180. 

Woodhouses 170. 

Woodhouses 831. 


Page 

Woodriggs 9. 

Woodside 92,268,281. 

WooJrow   281. 

Workington 463. 

Workington 468. 

Wotobank,  or  Wodowbank  403. 

Wreay    146. 

Wythbum 348. 

Wjthop    314. 

Yimwaih     780. 

Yearn  Gill,  or  Urn  Gill   . .   218. 
York    12,15,17,19. 


INDEX    OF    FAMILIES. 


Page 

Aglionby,  of  Nunnery 500. 

Askew,  of  Glenridding   783. 

Atkinson,  of  Kampsbeck  and  Morland  BOO. 

Harwis,  of  Langrigg  Hall 817. 

Blamire,  of  Thackwood  and  the  Oaks  521. 

Blcncowe,  of  Blencow     545. 

Blenkinsop,  of  Kilbeck   733. 

Boyvillc,  lords  of  .Millom   401. 

Braddyll  family   100. 

lirisco,  of  Crofton    253. 

lirougliam  family     780. 

Browne,  of  Tallantire 2!)5. 

Carleton,  of  Carlcton 501.' 

Carlisle  family OOs. 

Christian,  of  Unerigg 357. 

ClifVords    71(1. 

Crackenthorpe,  of  Newbiggin    7.50. 

Curwen,  of  Workington 407. 

Dacre  family    524. 

Sacres,  barons  of  Grcysloke 540. 

Denton,  of  Warnell 240. 

Derwcntwater  family 339. 

Dixon,  of  Knolls 183. 

Dykes,  of  Dykcslicld,  See 289. 

Egremont,  Lords  of   381. 

Fealherstonhaugh,  of  Kirkoswald. . . .  573. 

Featheratonliaiigh,  of  Staflield 573. 

Fenton,  of  Castlerigg 317. 

Ferguson,  of  Marker  Lodge 178. 

I'leming,  of  Rvdal 826. 

Fletcher,  of  Cfoa  Hall     207. 

Fletcher,  of  Corkermouth  and  Hutton  502. 

Fletchers,  of  iMoresby    418. 


P.ige 

Gibson,  of  Whelprigg 801. 

Gillbanks,  of  Whitelield 240. 

Gilsland,  Lords  of 057. 

Graham,  of  Kdmond  Castle 078. 

Graham,  of  Netherhy 028. 

Greystoke,  Lords  of    539. 

Harrison,  of  Winscales  and  Stainburn  482. 

Hartley,  of  Gillfoot 380. 

Hiisell,  of  Ualemain   520. 

Helbeck,  of  Hilbeik    733. 

Hodgson,  of  Houghton  House 184. 

Hopes,  of  lirnmpton  Crofts    757. 

Hornby,  of  Dalton  Hall 884. 

Hoskins,  of  Higham   311. 

Howard,  of  Corby    101, 

Howiinl,  of  Greystoke     541. 

Hutton,  of  Hutton  Hall 500. 

Hndleston,  of  Hutlon  .lolm 208. 

Hudleston,  lords  of  I^Iillom   404. 

Hutton,  of  Overtbwaite 810. 

Irton,  of  Irton 306. 

Irwin,  of  Justustown  and Caldcr  Abbey  401. 

James,  of  Barrock  and  West  Auckland  501. 

Kendal  Barony,  Lords  of 811. 

Lamplugb,  of  Tjimplugli    400. 

Lawsons,  of  limy  ton 2(16. 

Lowfliwaite,  of  ijroadgatu 400. 

Lowlher  family    700. 

Lulwidgc,  of  Uoliurook 308. 

Moresby  family   413. 

Mounsey,  of  Cnsllolown 177. 

Musgravc,  of  Uaytou 20". 


Pago 

Marshall,  of  Tatterdalo 782. 

Marshall  family 341. 

Machell,  of  Crackenthorpe     722. 

Moore,  of  Griinosbill 895. 

Musgrave,  of  Musgrave,  Hartley,  and 
EdenhoH 634. 

Parker,  of  Tetteril  Green 561. 

Penningtons,  of  Muncaster   490. 

Ponsonby,  of  Tonsonby  and  Hale  . .  393. 
PykcriugL's,  of  Jloresby 417. 

Richmond,  of  Caltcrlcn 583. 

Kohertson-Walker,  of  Gilgarran  ....  370. 
llolhery,  of  Littlethorpe  >t,  Greta  Hall  345. 
Koughsedge,  of  Foxghyll   829. 

Salkeld  family 202. 

Salmond,  of  Wnierfoot   530. 

Senhouse,  of  Nelher  Hall 326. 

Skelton,  of  .\rmath«aite     558. 

Skelton,  of  I'apoastle 293. 

Spedding,  of  Sninmcrgrove    438. 

Stauloy,  of  Dalegarth  and  I'onsouby  423. 

Stricklands,  of  Si.:orgh  801. 

Tuftons 712. 

Vane,  fff  Hutton  Hall 503. 

Vnnx,  of  Catterlen 582. 

Ycteriponts  709. 

Warwick,  of  Warwick 187. 

Watson,  of  Calgarth  Park 679. 

Walls,  of  llawkcsdule 184. 

Westmoreland  Harony,  Lords  of 709. 

Wliartons,  of  Wharlon  747. 

Wilson,  of  DaUam  Tower 820. 


APPENDIX. 


ADDITIONS     AND      CORRECTIONS. 


Par/e  78. 
CUMBERLAND  IRON  ORE  AND  COAL. 
The  following  statistics  of  coal  and  iron  ore  produced 
in  and  shipped  from  AVhitehaven  and  neighbouring 
ports  during  the  year  1858,  are  taken  from  the  Mineral 
Statistics  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  (just  published), 
by  Robert  Hunt,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  Keeper  of  Mining 
Records,  and  printed  by  order  of  the  lords  commis- 
sioners of  Her  Majesty's  treasury : — 

HEMiTITE   irtOX    MIXES,   NEAE  WHITEHAVEN",   IK    1858. 

Names  of  Jlines.  Names  of  Owners. 

Ague.!!  Pit Fletclier,  Miller,  and  Co. 

Birks H.  Attwood  and  Son. 

Bigrigg  Moor,  ie      . .     . .  S.  and  J.  Lindow. 

Bigrigg A.Hill. 

Bigrigg        AVilson,  Peile,  and  Co. 

Crowgarth       A.  Hill. 

Cleator T.  Ainsworth  and  Co. 

Eskett P>.  Barker. 

Eskett D.  and  J.  H.  Robinson, 

Barker,  and  W.  Thobum. 
Frisington  Parks  ....  Do.  do. 

High  House       S.  W.  Smith  and  Co. 

Jack  Trees     S.  and  J.  Lindow. 

Knockmurton Thomas  Carmichael. 

Langhorne Ijord  Lonsdale. 

Parkside* Fisher,  Dees,  Fletcher,  and 

Jlusgrave. 

Todholes John  Stirling, 

Woodend H.  Attwood  and  Son, 

Salter      Nicholson  and  Co. 

Yatehouse Fletcher,  Miller,  and  Co. 

*96,107  tons  of  Hematite  were  produced  from  those  mines. 


HEMATITE    IRON"    DEE    SENT    FP.OM    THE    WHITEHATES  DISTRICT 
IN    THE   YEAB    1S58. 


Quantity  shipped  atWhiteharen      Tons. 

and  at  Workington 207,2ri0 

Quality    sent   from    'Whitehaveft ^.   .xt' 

out  of  the  disUict 57,040 

Quantity  used   at  Iron  Works  at 

Cleator  Moor,  Workington,  i-c.       C7,21S 


£.        s. 
113,990  IC 


31,37 


0     0 


80,986     8     0 


Total  of  the  Whitehaven  district    331,544    182,3r)9    4    0 
Alston  Moor— Brown  Hematite       3  7,094         1,129     2     0 


348,638     183,478     G     0 


THE    QUANTITY    OF    COAL    PRODUCED    AND    SHITrED   IN 
CUMB£BLAND   TOK    1858. 

Tons. 

Shipped  from  Maryport 31)0,229 

Shipped  from  Workington 133,733 

Shipped  from  Harrington       2,005 

Shipped  from  Whitehaven 187,020 

Total 622,987 

Coals  for  land  sent  by  Eailway — 

Coals  used  at  iron  furnaces        78,450 

Coals  used  at  collieries  and  iron  mines 3,700 

Coals  for  local  consumption  at  manufactories  in 

principal  towns 215,000 

Total  produce  for  Cumberland  . .  920,1 37 


THE 


DIS- 


ROMAN   REMAINS    RECENTLY 
COVERED   AT    CARLISLE. 

In  February  of  the  present  year,  1860,  a  large  stone 
was  discovered  while  making  the  excavations  for  the 
new  premises  for  the  Carlisle  Journal,  English-street, 
Carlisle.  The  slab  is  of  a  large  size,  5  feet  3  inches 
long  and  a  foot  thick.  Unfortunately  the  upper  portion 
is  gone.  The  stone  has  suffered  from  that  vengeance, 
on  the  part  of  the  Caledonians,  on  the  occasion  of  a 
successful  onslaught,  which  so  many  of  the  relies  of 
Rome  in  these  parts  bear  marks  of.  That  part  of  the 
inscription,  which  no  doubt  told  of  the  occasion  of  its 
being  cut,  is  lost;  but  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  it 
was  to  commemorate  the  erection  of  some  building  of 
importance,  probably  a  temple.  The  names  of  the  chief 
officials  engaged  in  the  work  are  also  lost,  with  the 
exception  of  the  fragments  of  four  letters.  Notwith- 
standing those  ravages  the  stone  is  of  great  value,  and 
that  part  of  the  inscription  that  is  left  gives  us  informa- 
tion which  we  did  not  possess  before. 

The  inscription  is  thus  read  by  Dr.  Bruce  : — 

ltca[ncs] 
peaef[ectus]  alae  avgvstae 

PETBIKAE    TOKQ[fATi;    MlLLIAnUE    CIVIUM  BOMANOECM 

'de  dicaveeunt  (or  de  dicavit]). 

(This  temple)  was  dedicated  to ,  by  Lucanus  (?) 

the  Prefect   of  the   Petriana   Cavalry,  sumamed  the 
Augustan,  entitled  to  wear  the  torque,  consistisg  of  a 


APPENDIX. 


thousand  men,  all  Roman  citizens.  The  notices  which 
we  have  previously  had  of  the  Ala  Petriana  have  been 
very  scanty.  Its  name  occurs  on  the  Riveliug  rescript, 
along  with  other  troops  then  in  Britain,  under  the 
charge  of  Aul  us  Platorious  Nepos.  This  rescript  belongs 
to  the  eighth  tribuneship  of  Hadrian,  answering  to 
A.D.  191.  In  Camden's  day  a  stone — which  was  lost 
before  Horsley's  time — had  an  inscription,  which  has 
been  thus  read  by  Horsley  : — 

OADVXO 
VLp[nj9]   TllAl[\>ICS] 

eu[eiutvs]  al[je]  pet[rianj:] 

MARIIVS 
FiCIEXDUlI  rBOCORAVIT. 

Ulpius  Trajanus  Martius,  a  veteran  of  the  Petriana 
cavalry,  caused  this  to  be  erected  to  (the  memory  of  j 
Gadunus.  This  stone  was  found  at  Old  Penrith.  Last 
summer,  a  carving  upon  the  side  of  an  old  limestone 
quarry  at  Banksburn,  near  Lanercost,  was  discovered, 
which  also  mentions  the  Ala  Petriana.  The  inscription 
may  be  read  : — 

l[UNins]    DRTTVS 
DEC[VRI0]    AI,[.i:]    I'ET[RIANJ!] 

Junius  Brutus,  a  decuriou  (commander  of  ten  men) 
of  the  Petriana  cavalry 

Lastly,  we  have  in  the  Notitia  list,  after  the  mention 
of  the  Tribune  of  the  first  .lElian  Cohort  of  Dacians  at 
Amboglanna,  the  following  entry  : — 

Pa.KFECTUS  ALE  PETMAN.E  PETRIANIS. 

From  this  circumstance  it  has  been  inferred  that 
Walton  House,  the  station  ue.\t  west  from  Amboglanna, 
is  the  Petriana  of  the  Notitia.  Unfortunately  we  have 
met  with  no  stony  record  of  the  Ala  Petriana  at  Walton 
House,  though  we  have  three  of  the  Second  Cohort  of 
the  Tungri,  and  one  of  the  Fourth  Cohort  of  the  Gauls. 
By  comparing  the  stones  found  at  the  various  stations 
with  the  Notitia  list,  the  names  of  the  stations  on  the 
Wall  between  Wallscnd  and  Birdoswahl  have  been 
ascertained  with  certainty  ;  westward  of  ibis,  all  is  in- 
volved in  comparative  doubt.  Had  this  stone  been 
found  at  Walton  House  it  would  have  gone  fur  to  con- 
firm the  reasonings  of  antiquaries  that  ibis  was  Petriana. 
In  all  probability  thi-;  ala  had  not  then  taken  up  its 
position  upon  the  Wall.  The  Wall  at  the  time  this 
slab  was  cut  was  probably  only  in  the  process  of  erection. 
The  letters  are  clearly  cut  and  well  formed  ;  no  ligatures 
are  introduced  ;  even  the  letters  composing  the  dip- 
thongs  are  not  tied  together.  The  style  of  the  lettering 
indicates  an  early  date,  probably  not  later  than  tlio 
Rivcling  rescript  in  the  time  of  Uadriuii.    If,  as  seems 


probable  from  the  size  and  character  of  the  slab,  it  was 
attached  to  a  building  erected  by  the  Prefect  of  the  Ala, 
we  may  infer  that  this  body  of  troops  were  at  this  time 
resident  in  Roman  Carlisle.  Had  the  inscription  oc- 
curred on  au  altar,  it  might  have  been  made  when  they 
were  only  restiug  there  for  a  brief  space.  This  account 
of  the  stone  is  abridged  from  a  paper  read  by  Dr.  C. 
Bruce  before  the  Newcastle  Society  of  Antiquaries. 
Other  antiquities  have  also  been  discovered,  among 
which  are  a  most  perfect  specimen  of  a  Pi,oman  hand 
lamp,  and  a  small  male  figure,  carved  in  white  sandstone. 


rar/e  172. 
KIRKBAJIPTON  PARISH. 
Drainage:  Great  improvement  has  been  effected  by 
draining.  The  ground  is  for  the  most  part  undulating, 
and  running  horizontally  along  the  slopes  there  are, 
generally,  between  the  superficial  and  vegetable  earth 
and  the  clay,  at  a  greater  or  less  depth  below  it,  bands 
of  comparatively  loose  subsoil,  alternating  laterally  with 
dense  bars  impervious  to  moisture.  These  bars  cause 
the  vegetable  earth  resting  upon  them  to  be  more  im- 
pregnated with  water  than  the  vegetable  earth  resting 
upon  the  looser  subsoils,  and  the  earlier  attempts  to  drain 
the  soil  here  being  made  at  a  time  when  the  different  qua- 
lities of  subsoils  were  imperfectly  understood,  the  drains 
were  made  underneath  what  appeared  the  wettest  parts 
of  the  surface  of  the  ground,  viz.,  along  the  dense  bars. 
Such  drains  were  of  course  of  very  little  use.  In  or 
about  the  year  1800,  however,  the  late  ilr.  Thomas 
Hodgson,  of  Kirkbampton,  having  accidentally  carried 
a  drain  up  the  ascent  in  one  of  his  fields,  and  so  cut 
through  ouo  of  such  dense  bars  therein  transversely, 
observed  that  the  drain  so  cut  was  much  more  effective 
than  the  drains  he  had  previously  made  in  the  then 
usual  manner,  and  he,  and  afterwards  his  neighbours, 
acting  upon  his  discovery,  introduced  tlie  present  more 
effectual  and  more  remunerative  system  of  drainage, 
which  has  so  largely  benefited  the  parish  and  neigh- 
bourhood. 

i  The  moiety  spoken  of  in  the  account  of  the  church 

j      (p.  173)  is  only  a  moiety  of  the  tithes  of  one  township, 
I      viz.,  Bampton  Little.     The  rector  has  had  a  modus 
j      and  now  has  rent  charges  for  the  other  townships,  of 
which  no  one  else  had  or  has  any  portion. 


KENDAL 
In  the  list  of  mayors  of  Kendal  at  page  8-10,  the 
following  are  omitted :—lt)31,  George  Forest;   1835, 
Joseph  Swuiusou. 


APPENDIX. 


The  receipts  and  expenditure  for  the  Kendal  Poor- 
kw  Union  for  the  year  ending  Lady  iJay,  1859,  were 

as  follow  : —  ■       , 

\  -  ' 

Keceipts. — From  poor  rates,  ^2,776  Ts. ;  receipt/'in  aitt  of 
poor  rates,  £1,030  4s.;  total  receipts,  j£13,80e  lis. 

EsPENDiTUKE. — Connected  wilh.Relief  of  the  Poor  :  In  main 
tenance,  X2,018  Is. ;  out-relief,  X5,1'21;  maintenance  oWimatict) 
£2iS  Is. ;  salaries  and  rations  of  officers, £I,U5C  lis. ;  other  ex- 
penses of  or  immediately  connected  wi>h  relief,  .£786  ISs. ;  total 
relief  to  the  poor,  iC9,430  8s. — Unconnected  with  Relief  to  the 
Poor  :  Costs  of  proceedings  at  law  or  in  equity,  £'iB^  17s. ;  pay-' 
ments  for  or  towards  the  county,  hundred,  or  borough  rate  or 
police  rate,  £2,308  4s. ;  constables'  fespenses,  and  cost  of  pro- 
ceedings before  justices,  £136  12s. ;  payments  on  account  of  the 
registration  act,  viz.,  fees  to  clergyman  and  registrars,  outlay  for 
register  offices,  book^,  acd  forms,  £113  3s.;  vaccination  fees, 
£63  16s. ;  expenses  allowed  in  respect  of  parliamentary  or  mu- 
nicipal registration,  and  cost  of  jury  lists,  £57  18s.    PaHbj  Con- 


nected and  partly  Unconnected  with  Relief  to  the  Poor  :  Jloney 
expended  for  all  other  purposes,  £930  l-.2s. ;  total  expenditure, 
£18,384  10s.  • 

.         .  ( 

Page  370. — The  sale' of  the  estates 'at  Frisington, 
belonging  to  the  late  Baroness  de  Sternberg,  has  taken 
place  at  Whitehaven.  The  Frisington  Parks  estate 
,  was  bought  for  £9,120,  by  Mr.  S.  Lindow,  of  Cleator ; 
and  the  Birks  estate  was  purchased  by  Mr.  J.  Bi.xon,  ■ 
of  Hheda,  the  price  being  ±'8,200. 

Page  lO,  "2nd  column,  lines  26  and  27,  /or  "Con- 
ventional," read  "  Conventual." 

Page  12,  Une~5th  from  bottom,  for  "  1153,"  read 
"1135," 

Page  IT,  line  19,  for  "Haworth,"  read  "Naworth." 

f 
Page  580,  for  "  ],971  acres,"  rjead  "  971  acres." 


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