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HOME TREATMENT 


FOR 


THE DISEASES 


OF 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 


A PRACTICAL WORK 


FOR 


FARMERS, TEAMSTERS, MERCHANTS, MECHANICS, 
STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS. 


A TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, HOGS 
AND DOGS. THEIR CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, PREVENTION, 
AND CURE. ALSO THE LATEST AND MOST 
APPROVED METHODS OF DELIVERING 
THEIR YOUNG. 


FULLY ILLUSTRATED. 


/ BY, MAR 2, 1896) 
Ee one ON Cerone 
- 5) Nom eg WR Our 


GRADUATS OF THE ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE, 
TORONTO, CANADA, 


ee 
4 


1 


- Copyrighted 
ROR abe ci Mami Lye 
WALTER LANGTRY, V. S. 


FORT WAYNE, IND. 
1805. .40 0) 


NO’TICE. 


For the diffusion of knowledge, all classes of litera- 
ture should be placed at a very nominal price, so as to 
be within the reach of every one, and more especially 
should this be the case with medical works, so that 
persons may not only inform themselves, but render 
valuable assistance in all cases of emergency, as well as 
treat successfully those minor cases where medical skill 
would not be called upon. All such hooks should be 
written very plainly in the English language, carefully 
avoiding all technical terms, so that any person may 
read and understand what he is doing. This I have 
earnestly endeavored to do, and have placed the price at 
an extremely low figure, being satisfied with a small 
profit and depending upon a large sale, to recompense 
me for my time and trouble. The price being so low 
and the profit so small, book stores cannot afford to 
handle them. They will, therefore, be sold only 
through agents. Any person desiring this work after 
the agent has called, can procure a copy by writing to 
my address: 

WALTER LANGTRY, V. S., 
Fort Wayne, InpIAna, 


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PREFACE, 


In presenting this work to the general public, it is 
not to be presumed that many will take the time to read 
the preface, for only about one in a thousand receive 
close attention. But if the reader will take the time to 
give it a careful perusal, it will doubly repay him for 
his trouble. It is not my intention nor desire, to make 
every purchaser of this work a thorough veterinarian, 
but to supply the busy and industrious American, who 
is the owner or lover of domesticated animals, with a 
concise and comprehensive treatise of the diseases of 
live stock, according to the modern or advanced system 
of treatment, discarding the old, vulgar and incompati- 
ble messes that have formerly been prescribed, and the 
poor, dumb brute has been compelled, through force 
and ignorance, to endure that which it could not avoid. 
The advanced and successful theory and practice among 
the lower animals, so closely resembles that of the 
human family, that what is considered humane treatment 
for the one, also applies to the other, and I most respect- 
fully invite you to ask your family physician to carefully 
peruse these pages, and obtain his opinion as to the 
correctness of treatment, and value to your library. It 
seems remarkably strange, from the number of books 


that are daily printed, that the wants of the industrious 


PREFACE, Vv 


farmer and owner of live stock, have been neglected in 
this line, and not supplied with a practical work, whereby 
he could not only avoid, but successfully and intelli- 
gently administer remedies and heal the wounds of his 
afflicted stock. The loss to the stock owner, amounts to 
an enormous sum annually, not only through diseases 
but during the period that they are producing their off- 
spring, for a want of knowledge in assisting them at 
that critical time; and after an extensive practice in 
this line, for a period of eighteen years, and fully 
appreciating the desire of the stock-owner for a knowl- 
edge of this kind, I have endeavored to present it to 
them in this work as plainly as it is possible under the 
circumstances, for me to do in the English language, 
and if it will somewhat assist in mitigating some of the 
pain and misery, which the females are compelled to 
endure, the author will greatly appreciate the fact and 
will consider himself amply repaid for his time and 
trouble. 
Water Lanetry, V. S. 


EXPLANATION OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF 
THE SKELETON. 


Zygomatic arch. 

Orbital cavity. 

Face bone. 

Incisor teeth. 

Molar teeth. 

Lower jaw. 

Atlas, Ist vertebrz of neck. 

Axis, 2d vertebra of neck. 

Cervical vertebre. 

Spinal process of back. 

Dorsal and lumbar vertebre. 

Sacrum. 

Coccygeal or tail bones. 

Scapula, or shoulder blade. 

Acromion process. 

Hollow of shoulder blade. 

Superior tuberosity of the hu- 
merus. 

Humerus, or arm bone. 

Olecranon, or elbow bone. 

Cartilages of the ribs. 

Ribs. 

Haunch, the external and ante- 
rior angle of the illium, 

Os innominatum, or haunch bone, 


Great trochanter. 

Small trochanter. 

Femur, or thigh bone. 

Ischium, posterior angle of the 
illium. 

Radius, or fore-arm bone, 

Carpal, or knee bones. 

Trapezium. 

Metacarpal, or cannon bone. 

Os suffraginis, or pastern bone, 

Sesamoid bone. 

Os corone, or small pastern 
bone. 

Superior tuberosity of the tibia. 

Stifle joint. 

Tibia, or leg bone. 

Os calcis, or point of hock. 

Tarsus, or hock joint. 

Head of small metatarsal bone, 

Cannon, or metatarsal bone. 

Hoof, or foot bone. 

Fetlock joint. 

Patella. 

Fibula. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


Since an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of 
cure, it will be well first to consider such rules of treat- 
ment and of diet, as will tend to maintain good health 
in animals. The physical construction must be re- 
garded, and the fact impressed upon the mind that they 
do not consist entirely of hair and hide and a few exter- 
nal organs, simply because such alone are visible; these 
but serve as an outer guard for a delicate, intricate and 
beautiful mechanism within. The wonderful work of 
digestion begins as soon as the food is taken into the 
mouth, for there it is ground by the teeth and mingled 
with the saliva; through the proper channels it reaches 
the stomach, and then enters the intestines. When di- 
vested, the nutritive portions of the food are conveyed 
to the blood by means of absorbent vessels, whence oc- 
curs a process of purification, in which all waste parti- 
cles are cast aside and the rich, life-giving fluid is pro- 
pelled by the heart, through many blood-vessels, to the 
various portions of the system, to supply worn-out tis- 
sues. The body is not interspersed with blood-channels 
alone, but there is also a tracery of nerves extending to 
every extremity, commonly called the nervous system, 
and having two great centers; the spinal cord with 
which all lesser nerves connect, and the crowning splen- 
dor of animal existence, the brain, to which, in turn, the 
spinal cord is attached. There is also a structure of 
bones, termed the skeleton, to which cling in proper 
position, folds or layers of flesh, called muscles. The 


10 HOME TREATMENT FOR 


vast and marvelous mechanism of animal anatomy, is in 
itself a study, and since it can here be but briefly con- 
sidered, it will be better to proceed at once to the con- 
sideration of the principles of hygiene and sanitation, 
and of proper nursing and medical treatment, than to 
dwell longer upon the art of dissection, We will there- 
fore first regard such rules of diet and management, as 
will be conducive to the maintenance of health. 


WATER. 


Dysentery, diarrhoea and many other diseases of 
stock, are very often occasioned by drinking water con- 
taining decomposing organic matter, such as may some- 
times be found in wells and ponds, situated near man- 
ure-heaps and cess-pools. It is important then, that 
water be free from impurities. When animals have: 
free access to water, they never drink toexcess. Green 
food, owing to the juice it contains, lessens the quantity 
of water required. When fed upon dry hay and grain, 
the thirst is necessarily greater. 

Water from shallow wells, and river water, which is 
usually contaminated with sewage, is dangerous, while 
water from springs and deep wells, and upland surface 
water, is considered wholesome. Surface-water from 
land that has been cultivated, and stored rain-water, 
may be regarded with suspicion. Pure water can gen- 
erally be determined by its bluish tint, its clearness, 
and lack of taste or smell, but the presence of certain 
poisons, bacteria, etc., can be detected only by micro- 
scopic and chemical examination conducted by an ex- 
pert in this line. When at rest, the horse requires 
water at least three times a day; but when laboring, 
more frequently. The rule, under the latter circum- 
stance, should be to give in small quantities and often. 
When a horse is warm, he may be allowed a few swal- 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 1] 


lows of water and should then immediately be given a 
pound or two of hay. He should then rest about an 
hour before feeding. The danger in giving water to a 
warm or over-heated animal, is due to the excessive 
amount it will take while in this condition. Horses 
should not be allowed ice cold water, and while hot 
water need not necessarily be added, it should be seen 
to that it does not verge upon the freezing point. 
While it is not a good idea to give water thus cold, yet 
serious trouble is seldom produced, if the horse has not 
been deprived for too long a time. The same rule will 
apply to cattle, although they are not so susceptible to 
unpleasant effects from this source as the horse, having 
four stomachs while the horse has but one. 


FOODS AND FEEDING. 


Cleanliness should be considered both in preparing 
and administering food. The method of preparation, 
found by experience to be the best, should be adhered to 
and regular times of feeding should be observed. Oats do 
not pass from the stomach so quickly as hay and straw 
and should therefore be given after either of the latter, 
as they cannot then be forced by the hay or straw, 
which is more rapidly digested, into the intestines, be- 
fore the stomach has performed its part in the work of’ 
digestion. When the horse is hungry or exceedingly 
tired, this manner of feeding is particularly commend- 
able, since it requires more time to masticate hay, in- 
suring a proper mixture with it of the saliva, and it 
cannot be bolted as are oats or other grains. ~ Water 
should not be given after feeding, as it washes the food 
from the stomach before it is prepared to enter diges- 
tion in the intestines. Before feeding then, is the 
proper time to give water. The selection of food should 
depend upon the nature of the labor required of the 


12 HOME TREATMENT FOR 


horse. Severe or hurried work cannot be expected of 
an animal with a full stomach. When labor of this na- 
ture is required, it is best that food be allowed in small 
quantity, about two hours before going to work. Even 
slow-working animals should not be gorged with bulky 
food lacking in nourishing properties, immediately be- 
fore being put to labor. Grains should never be fed 
immediately after a hard day’s work, as digestive dis- 
orders are apt to arise. Hay should first be given, with 
grains following. The same rule should be observed in 
feeding an animal that has been for any reason, de- 
prived of food for sometime; also in this case, a less 
quantity should be given than would be consumed. If 
too much food is allowed, colic is apt to follow. For 
horses engaged mostly in slow work, chopped or cut 
hay, fed with crushed oats, ground corn, etc., is desira- 
ble. Diet should not be changed suddenly, as this is 
dangerous, but the desired change should be accom- 
plished very gradually. Neither should there be an 
immediate increase in the quantity of food, if this is 
desired, but the amount required should be reached by 
degrees. The quantity of food must be governed by the 
amount of labor to be performed. If the work is de- 
creased or there is an entire cessation from toil for a 
few days, the food should be lessened. If the horse is 
to stand for sometime, the food should be of a laxative 
nature. Musty or moldy foods should not be fed, since 
from these frequently arise various diseases, such as 
bronchitis, lung trouble and heaves. Kidney disorders 
are apt to arise from the consuming of musty hay. 


HAY. 


Timothy, about a year old, fresh, clean, and of a 
greenish color, and possessing a pleasant odor, is the 
best hay for horses. If kept too long, however, it be- 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 13 


comes deficient in nourishment, hard, dry and more or 
less difficult of digestion. New hay also, is hard to di- 
gest, sometimes producing purging, and irritation of the 
skin. It should be mixed with old hay, if given at all. 
Second crop hay is not good for horses, but is consid- 
ered by some persons, as good food for milch cows; it 
being claimed that it has a tendency to increase the flow 
of milk. Ten to twelve pounds of hay a day, is suffi- 
cient for the average horse, when grain is also fed. 
Horses engaged in light work, should not be kept en- 
tirely upon hay, as they will fall off in flesh and become 
pot-bellied. This also applies to colts; unless the latter 
are allowed some grain in addition to their hay, they are 
apt to grow into lean, awkward creatures, never making 
as good horses, as others fed upon both kinds of food. 


STRAWS. 


When straws are used as an article of food, they 
should be chopped and mixed with crushed or ground 
grains, and hay. The straws mostly used, are those of 
rye, oats and wheat. Oats straw contains the greatest 
amount of nourishment and is the most easily digested. 
Bean and pea straws are sometimes fed to horses, and 
of these two, the pea straw appears to be preferable. 


CHAFF. 


When oat chaff is mixed with cut hay or corn fod- 
der, it may be used as an article of food, but only in 
small quantities, as abundant feeding frequently pro- 
duces a troublesome and sometimes fatal diarrhcea, in 
both horses and cattle. 

- Rye and wheat chaff should not be used. More or 
less trouble is occasioned by the beards becoming lodged 
in the mouth and throat, while in the bowels and stom- 
ach, they often form the basis of soft concretions. 


14 HOME TREATMENT FOR 


GRAINS. 


Oats are the most easily digested, and contain the 
best proportion of nourishment. They are therefore 
preferable to all other grains. The best oats are a year 
old, clean, hard, short and plump. New oats are indi- 
gestible. Kiln-dried oats, though originally good, are 
not desirable, since this method of drying, injures them. 
Sprouted or fermented oats should never be fed, as they 
are injurious.’ For old horses and those having poor 
teeth, oats are best when crushed; in most instances, 
however, they may be fed whole. Crushed oats are also 
best for horses addicted to the habit of bolting their 
food, and in such cases, it is well to scatter the grain 
before them, or spread it in a thin layer. With the 
amount of hay already mentioned, the average horse 
will require about twelve quarts of oats daily. Moldy 
oats should not be fed, as they will give rise to very 
serious disturbances, often terminating fatally. 


WHEAT AND RYE. 


These grains should be given as food, in small quan- 
tities only, and should be crushed and mixed with hay 
_ orother grains. Digestive disorders, founder and simi- 
lar troubles are produced in horses, if these grains are 
given alone, in any considerable quantities. When 
used as an article of diet, they should invariably be 
ground or crushed, and the amount given, should not be 
more than one-fourth of the quantity of grain allowed. 


BRAN. 


Wheat-bran is mostly used, when bran is desired. 
Various estimates are placed upon its value. It is best 
fed with other grain; it bestows freedom of action upon 
the bowels, and sour bran, therefore, should not be 
given, as it is productive of stomach and intestinal 
disorders. 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. is 


MAIZE-CORN. 


This grain should not be used exclusively as food for 
young horses, as it is lacking in salts. It may be fed 
either whole or ground. For horses affected with 
lampas, it is generally given upon the cob, but if it is 
old corn and it is desired to give it in this manner, it 
should be soaked in clean water for some ten to twelve 
hours. Corn is better given in the ground form, from 
one to two quarts at a feeding, mixed with wheat-bran 
or crushed oats. A full feed of corn given to a horse 
unaccustomed to its use, is likely to give rise to acute 
indigestion. For this reason, small quantities should 
be given at first, and gradually increased until the de- 
sired amount is reached. 


LINSEED. 


When it is desired to keep the bowels open and im- 
prove the condition of the skin, ground linseed may oc- 
casionally be given with other articles of diet. When 
the digestive organs are inflamed or irritable, tea made 
of linseed is very beneficial. 


POTATOES—CARROTS—BEETS. 


Potatoes used as food for horses or cattle, are best 
steamed or boiled. If given in considerable quantities in 
the raw state, they are apt to produce indigestion. 
Like most other roots, they possess a small proportion of 
laxative properties. Beets are not used often as food 
for horses, and should not be used too liberally as food 
for cattle. Carrots, when fed in small quantities, are 
very beneficial and particularly so in sickness, as they 
improve the appetite, and to a slight extent, increase 
the action of the kidneys and bowels. They also con- 
tain alterative properties and when used as an article of. 
diet the coat becomes glossy and smooth. 


16 HOME TREATMENT FOR 


GRASS. 


If at all possible, every horse should receive a sum- 
mer vacation, which he may spend in some good pas- 
turage. This not only affords him his natural food, but 
gives him a brief season for rest and recuperation. 
Grass is indispensible to growing stock. It is not suffi- 
cient in itsef, as food for an animal engaged in labor, 
as purging results, and horses soon tire in travel or 
work. They also perspire easily. It should at first be 
given in small quantities to horses accustomed to grain 
and hay, but the best idea, is to let the animal crop it 
for itself. Chronic disorders sometimes disappear en- 
tirely, when the animal is upon grass; it also has a ten- 
dency to lessen fever, and wounds heal with greater 
rapidity than when upon grain. Last but not least, is 
the fact that an occasional change of diet, goes far to- 
ward maintaining a good conditioninanimals. It is not 
a good idea to continue the same routine of feeding, for 
this becomes tiresome, as it would with ourselves, were 
we subjected to a certain rule of diet. An occasional 
change is appreciated by animals, and consequently fol- 
lowed with good results. 


STABLING. 


Stalls should be large and roomy. Box stalls are best, 
for these allow such complete freedom from halter or 
strap, that the animal may choose any position desired, 
for comfort and rest. It is bad policy to economize in 
stable-room, by building narrow, uncomfortable stalls. 
There should at least be room for the animal to stretch 
out its limbs, so that it need not lie in a cramped posi- 
tion. A ground floor is the best, but upon floors of 
any kind, should be placed a good bedding. For 
this, clean straw is preferable. Ventilation should 
pot be disregarded, but in order to secure this, it 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 17 


is not necessary that a flood of cold or damp, chilly 
air be allowed to rush upon the animal. In this, as in 
other matters, judgment must be used. Above all 
things, cleanliness must be observed, and there should 
be plenty of light. Food should be placed so that it can 
be reached without discomfort. Screen or netting prop- 
erly arranged, affords good protection from flies. Floors 
of any kind should be level; if a board floor is used, 
there should be some means of drainage. 


HARNESS. 


This should be adjusted to the form of the horse, in 
as comfortable a manner as possible. Rubbing should 
be guarded against, particularly the friction of the col- 
lar upon the shoulders. The cruelty of tight check- 
reining cannot be too severely condemned. It not only 
cramps the horse into a painful position, but is senseless 
in the extreme, being a detriment to the natural beauty 
of the animal and a hindrance to him while at work. 


MUTILATIONS. 


The inhuman fashion of docking has happily almost 
entirely disappeared, as has also the slashing of ears. 
The mane, tail and fore-top, appear well if evenly 
trimmed, but there is no beauty in a stubby tail, a 
closely hacked mane and a raring fore-top; the latter 
should be either short enough to escape the eyes, or be 
carefully tucked away beneath some portion of the 
head gear. As to the recent style of clipping, it cer- 
tainly does not seem reasonable to subject the horse to 
the chilling air of winter, deprived of his natural pro- 
tection. The animal suffers as much as would his mas- 
ter, were he compelled to remain out any length of 
time, without a coat. 

It may do well enough in mid-summer, or as soon as 
the weather becomes settled and warm. Nature, how- 


18 HOME TREATMENT FOR 


ever, has made ample provision, by granting a shedding 
or thinning of the hair. at the proper time. But with 
all due care and consideration, animals will sicken 
sometimes from causes over which we have no control; 
it is the way of all flesh, and when ailments occur, we 
must seek to administer in the best and most practical 
manner, the most efficient remedies. 


BATHS. 


For the cure of disease and likewise for the pres- 
ervation of health, baths are important. When falling 
in temperature below 70° Fahrenheit they may be 
termed cold baths; sucl, when used with discretion, ex 
ert tonic, stimulating or bracing effects. They contract 
the blood-vessels lying close to the skin and increase the 
excretion of waste particles. Cold baths should not be 
too long continued, especially when applied to young or 
weakly animals, as undesirable and even injurious re- 
sults may ensue. A sea bath is better than fresh water 
at rest. By drying thoroughly, by hand-rubbing or 
blanketing, reaction is encouraged, and it may some- 
times be well to give stimulants. If a lower tempera- 
ture than 70° Fahrenheit is required, the animal may be 
placed ina bath of that degree of temperature which 
may then be lowered to 60° or lower; or may at once be 
placed in a bath, ranging from 60° to 50°, or have cold 
water dashed over it. Ten or fifteen minutes will suf- 
fice, in such cases, and the treatment may be given 
twice inaday. By this method, high fever may be re- 
duced from 1° to 4°. 

TEPID BATHS. 

From 65° to 85° Fahr. is the proper range for a 
tepid bath. They are beneficial to heated and tired 
animals, producing a sense of comfort. Perspira- 
tion is encouraged, the skin is cleansed, and they also, 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 19 


more or less, allay thirst; likewise they are beneficial in 
removing stiffness, resulting sometimes after a hard 
day’s labor. 

WARM BATHS. 

From 85° to 97° Fahr. is the proper range of tem- 
perature for baths of this kind. They are servicable in 
relieving chronic skin diseases and softening the skin. 
By their application, blood-vessels under-lying the skin 
are expanded and perspiration is promoted. 

HOT BATHS. 

The temperature in baths of this kind ranges upward 
from 97° Fahr. As high as110° may be reached if in- 
creased by degrees. By their use, the temperature of 
the body is increased, the capillaries or blood-vessels of 
the skin are expanded,-the perspiration and pulse are 
accelerated, and excretion of waste matter is hastened. 
They are soothing to over-taxed muscles, useful in re- 
lieving colic and cramps, check such disorders as rheu- 
matism, catarrh and weed attacks, and are of benefit in 
chronic affections of the skin. 

MEDICATION. 


Baths may be medicated. To stimulate the skin, 
salt or mustard may be added. Drugs of various kinds 
are used for the destruction of parasites of the skin and 
also for chronic skin diseases. In the latter instance, 
alkaline carbonates or potassium sulpheret; for the de- 
struction of parasites, carbolic acid, tobacco juice, solu- 
tion of arsenious acid may be used. 

Not many stables, however, afford the convenient 
and elegant appliances facilitating the administering of 
baths. The next best method, and the one usually em- 
ployed, is sponging with tepid, cold or hot water, as the 
case may require. Satisfactory results are thus ob- 
tained. In treatment of fever, the water should not at 


20 HOME TREATMENT FOR 


first, be of temperature lower than 85° or 80° Fahr. 
The sponging process should not last longer than three 
or four minutes; the animal should then be wiped dry 
and at once covered with a blanket. The sponging may 
be repeated within three or four hours, if necessary, 
especially should the temperature again have risen. 
After the first or second sponging, the temperature of 
the water may be lowered to 65° or 60° Fahr. Some- 
times a little acid added to the bath is of benefit, and 
concurrent with this treatment, stimulants or anti- 
septic salines may be prescribed. 


FOMENTATIONS. 


In order to be of benefit, fomentations should be 
continued for several hours. Usually, water alone 1s 
used, but laudanum, vinegar, saline, and other reme- 
dies, suitable to the ailment, are sometimes added. 
Fomentations are usually hot, though cold applications 
are sometimes used. They are generally applied to 
bruises, inflammations, such as in kidney disease, or in 
diseases of the lungs as pneumonia and pleurisy; to 
sprains, wounds, or inflamed eyes. The temperature 
must of course be regulated to the nature of the disor- 
der, and the portion of the body where it is situated. 
When applied to the eye, the degree of heat should not 
go beyond 100° Fahr. For bruises, external inflamma- 
tions and disturbances of similar character, the water 
may be as hot as can be borne by the hand, and for 
pleurisy -and other internal inflammatory affections, 
horse-cloths or pieces of flannel should be soaked with 
boiling water, partially dried, and spread over the sur- 
face around and above the affected parts and covered 
with a piece of rubber or any other material that will 
prevent evaporation. For the lesser ailments, a sponge 
or rag, a flannel rag is preferable, may be used, with 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 21 


some covering to retain the moisture. It is not advisa- 
ble to use a sponge where there is any putrid or foul 
discharge, as it is apt to harbor disease germs, whereas, 
if a rag is used, it is usually burned, or destroyed in 
some other manner. Probably the most speedy and 
convenient method, is to wring a sheep-skin out of the 
water, and place the wooly side to the diseased part. 


\\ roatay y 
NW 
\ \ \\\s 


Fomenting a Bruise. 


The temperature of the application should be kept as 
even as possible, and when the fomenting operation is 
completed, the affected portions should be nicely dried 
and wrapped, so as to prevent chilling. Mustard is 
sometimes applied to assist in sustaining the tempera- 
ture, though this is apt to be somewhat painful to open, 
sensitive wounds. For this purpose, also alcohol or a mild 
stimulating liniment may be used. Guard against irri- 
tation, in the treatment of araw sore or an open wound, 
as this will have a tendency to delay the healing process. 


22 HOME TREATMENT FOR 


POULTICES. 

Boiled linseed-meal, oat meal, bran, bread, turnips, 
and dried hops where a light poultice is desired, are 
some of the substances used for this manner of moist 
application. Poultices may be either hot or cold; cold 
poultices are prepared in the same manner as are hot 
applications, and then allowed to cool. Hot poultices, 
however, are mostly used. They may be laid directly 
upon the wound, or affected part, or a very thin cover- 
ing as a piece of old, thin muslin, may first be spread 
upon the part to be treated. This tends to prevent 
sticking, and for this purpose also, a light coating of 
glycerine solution or vaseline, may be used. They 
should be removed every hour or two, and fresh ones 
supplied, and’ this changing should be accomplished 
with rapidity, so as to prevent chilling. Poultices en- 
courage the excretion of pus and therefore should not 
be applied to fresh or to dry wounds where there is no 
suppuration. They should not be continued for too long 
a time, as the result will be a too great relaxing or soft- 
ening of the affected parts. When the operation is 
completed, care should be taken to prevent chilling by 
enveloping in flannel or some other suitable material. 
When heat is desired without moisture, hot salt or sand 
in bags, may be apphed. Poultices are sometimes 
medicated. Opiates may be added to produce a sooth- 
ing effect; a sprinkling of turpentine or mustard will | 
encourage stimulation, and an antiseptic tendency is 
produced by adding carbolic acid, yeast, charcoal or 
chlorinated soda. 

POWDERS. 

When not of too large a size powders may be dropped 
upon the tongue of the patient. The most satisfactory 
manner of administering, is to mix with some soft form of 
food, provided the flavor is not so disagreeable that the 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 28 


animal will refuse it. Most all medicines may be ob- 
tained in the form of powders, and while their action is 
not quite as quick as in liquid form, they are just as ef- 
fective, andit kept in close stoppered bottles, will retain 
and impart their active principles for a great length of 
time. 


PLASTERS. 


In veterinary practice, plasters are not as a rule, a 
convenient method of treatment, owing to the fact that 
an animal usually shows a disposition to bite or rub 
them off, and thus there is danger of additional injury 
to the portion already affected. They are useful in af- 
fording protection and retarding evaporation, increas- 
ing activity of the glands, and when applied in a thick 
form, tend to hinder motion of the diseased parts. 
When they are to remain for some length of time, the 
ingredients melted to softness, may be poured directly 
upon the skin, over-spread with ravelled lint or tow and 
over the whole, a linen or leather bandage should be 
placed. Applications of this kind, are known as 
charges. For stimulation, mustard or cantharides may 
be added to the other ingredients, but if a soothing ef- 
fect is desired, add opium or belladonna. 


LOTIONS. 


Fluid preparations intended for the bathing of ex- 
ternal parts, are termed lotions. Various drugs are 
used, with water or other fluids or mixtures of fluids, as 
solvents. They are of benefit in swellings, sore joints 
and muscles, infiamed eyes, skin diseases and other ex- 
ternal disorders. They may also be applied for stimu- 
lating effects upon internal organs. Besides pouring, or 
rubbing as in the application of liniments, lotions may 
be apphed by means of linen saturated with the prep- 
aration and laid upon the part to be treated. 


24 HOME TREATMENT FOR 


OINTMENTS. 


Lard, butter, or other fatty matters, form the basis 
of ointments. Vaseline is very desirable since it does 
not become rancid and in itself possesses soothing and 
healing qualities. To the oily consistence employed, 
such drugs are to be added as are to be used in treating 
the ailment, and after being well mixed, the ointment 
is, as a general thing, ready for use. This manner of 
treatment is desirable for healing sores, skin disorders, 
and since the ingredients are capable of being absorbed 
by the skin, for introducing medicines, in certain in- 
stances, into the system. In order to facilitate absorp- 
tion, lanolin or oleic acid is in the proper instances, 
used as a basis. When wax or resin is employed, it 
must be slowly melted and the other ingredients added, 
and the mass should be stirred until well mixed and un- 
til it is of the proper consistence. 


VAPORS. 


For disinfecting the air-passages, destroying para- 
sites therein, for soothing or stimulating, inhalations 
are sometimes used with good effect. This manner of 
treatment is beneficial in many ailments of the throat 
and breathing organs, as catarrh, sore throat, bronchial 
congestion. For these latter affections, vapor produced 
from pure water alone, or to which has been added a lit- 
tle chloroform, laudanum, belladonna, or whatever else 
is designated for the ailment, often affords prompt re- 
lief. A hot bran-mash contained in a good sized nose 
bag, is a convenient method of producing steam, as also 
a bucket containing hot water, placed beneath the nos- 
trils, the bucket and head of the animal being covered 
with sacking, or the covering may be omitted and a hot 
iron plunged into the water at suitable intervals. For 
disinfection, and for irritability of the organs of breath- 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 25 


ing, fumes and gases from various drugs are sometimes 
employed, but these will be treated upon elsewhere. 
The practice of smoking with old shoes, rubber, wool, 
etc., is to be severely condemned as injurious, inhuman, 


we = 


Nose Bag for Sleaming. 


and utterly senseless. To a human being suffering with 
throat or lung affections, this would be not only obnox- 
ious, but very prolific of injurious effects. It is none 
the less so to the fettered animal, unable to speak or 
offer any other sign of protest, and it must therefore 
stand patiently and endure, or if this becomes impossi- 
ble, succumb to the torment. 


INJECTIONS. 


Liquid introduced into the rectum, whether pure 
water alone, or water with the addition of some me- 
dicinal element, or whether of some other fluid form, 
constitutes an injection. The object in administering, 
is to relax the bowels, for which it is safe and effectual, 
to maintain and hasten the action of purgatives, to 
cleanse of worms which may infest the posterior portion 
of the canal, and may be used with soothing as well as 
stimulating effect, influencing both adjacent and remote 


26 HOME TREATMENT FOR 


organs. This is also a means of introducing medicines 
into the system, when there is difficulty in swallowing, 
as in sore throat, lock-jaw, or other affections producing 
a similar condition; they are not so rapidly absorbed by 
this method however, as when administered in the nat- 
ural manner. This treatment is effective in constipa- 
tion or in obstinate torpidity. In the horse, the har- 
dened fecal matter may first be removed by the hand 
or spatula and the injection may then follow. From 
one and a half to five gallons of tepid water, may be in- 
jected into the rectum of a draught-horse, while a pint 
is sufiicient for a dog weighing forty pounds. In thisas 
in all else, judgment must be used, and the amount 
regulated to the nature of the disorder and species of 
animal. ‘Two or three pints is a sufficiency for the ox 
or horse, when intended for retention and absorption; 
three or four times this amount is required when evacua- 
tion is desired, and larger quantities in obstinate cases. 
By the addition to tepid water, of soap—castile is 
preferable, or raw linseed oil, the effect is increased. 
An injection composed of four ounces of turpentine and 
a quart of raw linseed oil, is effective in removing 
worms. The apparatus for giving injections are of vari- 
ous kinds, of which we will designate the barrel syringe 
and the ball syringe as the most common. There is also 
Prof. Gamgee’s funnel; a sort of rectangular arrange- 
ment, into the top or cup of which the liquid may be 
poured, and it will then follow the tube and enter the 
rectum. This method would no doubt be the most 
agreeable to the animal, as it does not necessitate the 
unpleasant pumping or forcing usually required to oper- 
ate a syringe. The portion of the instrument intro- 
duced into the rectum, should be well greased with oil 
or lard and entered in a slow and careful manner, to 
prevent any unnecessary irritation to the parts. 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 27 


SUPPOSITORIES. 


By combining with soap, cocoa-butter or lard, and 
wielding into a round form resembling a ball or cylin- 
der, certain drugs may be introduced into the rectum, 
vagina and uterus. A suppository of soap placed in the 
anus, encourages acton of the bowels in young foals and 
calves. 

BOLUSES. 

Some medicines are conveniently administered in the 
form of a bolus or pill. The remedy to be given, is 
mixed with a mass of sufficient consistency to allow 
molding into a round form; the cylindrical shape is bet- 
ter than the absolutely round ball, and it may measure 


SNES SS “GH 
<5 SI oe 
/ 


Giving « Pill 

from a half to three-fourths of an inch in thickness, and 
two inches in length. There are a number of articles 
with which the medicine may be mixed and wielded 
into the proper form, but lard or linseed meal can prob- 
ably be the most readily obtained. In both mixing and 
administering, cleanliness should be observed and the 
balls must not be allowed to harden, as in this condi- 
tion, they sometimes pass away from the animal with- 
out having been changed and absorbed. Wrapping in 
oiled paper will preserve moisture, or fresh ones may be 
made as required. 


28 HOME TREATMENT FOR 


The bolus is usually given with the fingers, and 
the operation is simple. The ball is held by one end 
between the thumb (which supports it below) and the 
fingers of the right hand, which is drawn together and 
rounded as much as possible. The tongue of the patient 
is gently drawn out a little way by the left hand, and 
the ball passed rapidly along the roof of the mouth, and 
dropped on the back of the tongue. The hand must be 
quickly withdrawn and the hold upon the tongue at once 
released. Close the mouth, and slightly elevate the 
head which may be released as soon as the ball is swal- 
lowed. The operation should be performed in as rapid 
and careful a manner as possible and with a firm, steady 
hand, for a nervous doctor usually makes a nervous pa- 
tient; neither should the animal be struck or abused. 
When, on account of viciousness, the ball cannot readily 
be administered by the hand, it is best to use a balling 
iron. This device is also conveniently used when the 
mouth is narrow, or when by reason of some affection, 
it cannot be sufficiently opened. 


DRENCHES. 


Fluid preparations given in a single good-sized dose, 
are termed drenches. When the flavor is not disagree- 
able, the animal may usually be induced to drink it 
mixed with its drinking water or with gruel. From two 
to six ounces, according to the size of the animal, is an 
average amount for dogs; one or two pints for horses, 
six to eight ounces for sheep, and for an ox one to two 
quarts. The mixture should be well shaken, so that the 
ingredients will be thoroughly mixed. In administering 
to a horse, the head should be raised to a moderate 
height, and the tongue secured so as to prevent the 
throwing out of the liquid, yet allowing sufficient action 
of jaws, lips, tongue and cheeks to permit swallowing. 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 29 


The tongue should not be drawn outward in a forcible 
manner, as in this position, it cannot assist in forcing 
back the fluid, and furthermore encourages the danger 
of choking. To secure the head by means of ropes and 
pulleys fastened above, is an objectionable method; a 
’ better way is to hold the head in position by means of a 
twitch, the noose of which is placed over the upper jaw 
within the incisor teeth, and an assistant, standing on 
the left side of the animal may raise and sustain the 
head by means of a stick attached to the noose, or the 
noose may be slipped between the prongs of a stable 
fork. The best method however, is to dispense with all 
fetters and entanglements, and use the hands alone, as 
first described. This requires but one person, and is 
quickly and easily accomplished, at the same time al- 
lowing the most comfort and freedom to the animal. 
Drenching through the nostrils is not only unnatural, 
but is attended with danger of death, as the fluid may 
enter either the channel to the lungs or the passage to 
the stomach, or both. The nostrils are to admit air, not 
food and drink or other matters foreign to them. The 
mouth has this office to perform. If, in administering 
a drench to an animal, it is seized with a fit of coughing, 
release it at once, as there is danger of choking. In 
administering to cattle, grasp firmly but not roughly by 
the nostrils, with the thumb and two fingers, in such a 
manner that there will be no interference with the 
breathing, and raise the head to a moderate height. 
The drench may then be given with the other hand. 
Aid is rendered in some instances, if an assistant grasps 
the horns and steadies the head. Large dogs may be 
backed into a corner, so that they cannot pull away, and 
the head held between the knees. Glass bottles are 
usually used to contain the fluid, but if a properly 
shaped tin vessel can be obtained, it will be all the bet- 


380 HOME TREATMENT FOR 


ter, as there is danger that the glass bottle may be 
broken, the contents spilled, and the mouth of the ani- 
mal or the hands of the operator, cut by the fragments. 
The drenching horn is also sometimes used. In all ani- 
mals the nostrils should be left unobstructed to such an 
extent as to not interfere with breathing; choking 
should be guarded against, and the drench should be 
poured somewhat slowly. 


DISINFECTION, 

For cleansing a drain, pour into it a bucket of water 
in which has been dissolved a handful of copperas. 
When it is desired to eradicate disease germs, smoke the 
shed or stable with sulphur; if to this is added wood 
tar, the activity will be greatly increased. Place a heap 
of live coals in an iron kettle or other suitable vessel}, 
and lay the sulphur or tar and sulphur upon them. 
The gases will at once begin to generate. For thorough 
disinfection, it is best to remove all living creatures, 
close the building tightly, arrange the vessel so that 
there is no danger of fire, and leave matters so, for an 
hour or two. The smoke will thus penetrate every 
crevice. A little of this gas inhaled by animals may be 
beneficial, but the suffocating power of sulphur fumes 
is well known, and it is therefore not to be trifled with. 
By all means, remove the animals if distress is indi- 
cated by coughing. Carbolic acid applied to the door- 
lintels and walls, forms a good disinfectant. Cloths 
wet with a weak solution of it and hung up, are an at- 
traction and a destruction to disease germs floating 
about in the atmosphere. This acid is also disagreeable 
to flies. 

BLISTERING. 

Before applying a blister, shave the hair from the 
part, wash and dry well; then with smart friction con- 
tinued for a few minutes, apply the blistering prepara- 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 31 


tion. If the operation is properly accomplished, and 
the application is afterwards carefully watched, the 
blister should leave no permanent scar or blemish. If it 
proves to be too severe, remove it and wash the part 
gently and apply olive oil or lard freely. Tie the horse 
in sucha manner that he cannot gnaw at the blister, 
and do not remove the loose skin raised by it; let this 
scale off naturally. This treatment is sometimes used 
to hasten the opening of an abscess, or to reduce an en- 
larged gland. When sufficient action has been aroused, 
further irritation may be discouraged by washing care- 
fully and applying olive oil or lard. 


FIRING. 


In many eases of chronic lameness and in obstinate 
bone diseases, firing is of great benefit. For this pur- 
pose, Williams’ instrument for pyropuncture is to he 
recommended, as it makes a deep impression and leaves 
scarcely any scar. The iron should be red hot, and ap- 
plied with enough force to pierce the skin and enter the 
diseased part. Before the procedure begins, the hair 
should be shaved from the part to be treated, and the 
animal securely fastened. On the day following the 
operation, neats’ foot or some other bland oil may be 
applied, to act upon the swelling, and this may hence 
forward be used daily, until the swelling is reduced. 
The animal should not be put to labor too soon, as the 
disease may return if this is done. <A rest of several 
months is advisable. 

SLINGS. 


Unless suffering from diseased feet, it is best to let 
the horse sustain himself, but when to all appearances, 
exhaustion is so great that this is no longer possible, it 
is well, in some instances, to prepare a sling for support 
in maintaining an upright position. To accomplish 


o2 HOME TREATMENT FOR 

this, a block and tackle may be securely fastened to a 
beam over-head and attached to the canvas or other 
stout material employed, and which has been wrapped 
two or three times at each end, around stout rollers, at 
least two inches thick, and securely nailed. If instead, 
a frame is to be used, set four posts, a little over three 
feet apart one way and five feet the other. On either. 
side and on a line with the middle of the body, place a 
strong horizontal bar. Lead the horse between the 
posts, place a bar in front at such a height that it will 
cross the lower part of the neck, and another between 
the hind posts, on a line with the stifle. Wind your 
material around one of the side bars, and nail it on the 
outside, then pass it beneath the body to the bar oppo- 
site, and secure in the same manner. Do not let the 
horse sink down into the sling until it is well secured. 
The cloth may be strengthened by small ropes, and it 
should be of such a width as to begin behind the fore- 
legs, and clear the sheath in the male. 


BLEEDING. 

By diminishing the quantity of blood in circulation, 
bleeding lessens the action of the lungs and heart. If 
this manner of treatment is resorted to, it should be in 
the first stages of the disease, before there is much ex- 
haustion. It is not asafe remedy and should be avoided 
if possible. In some instances, however, it is the only 
chance for life. In horses, the jugular vein is generally 
selected when blood-letting is desired. A fleam is 
preferable to a lancet, for this purpose, since with this 
instrument, there is certainty of tapping the vein to a 
proper extent. From a previously strong, healthy horse, 
one bleeding of from five to seven quarts, is sufficient. 
The quantity extracted, must be regulated to the size of 
the animal and the nature of the ailment. A rusty or 
unclean instrument should not be used, as it is likely to 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 88 


produce inflammation. The horse should be _ blind- 
folded; pressure should be brought upon the vein with 
the finger, until it grows tense, or to accomplish this, a 
stout string may be tied about the neck with pressure 
enough to bring the veins into prominence, but there 
should be nodragging upon the skin. The incision 
must be made above the point of pressure; the fleam 
should be laid lengthwise along the center of the vein, 
and should be given a quick, heavy blow, whereupon 


Raising the Vein. 


the blood will spurt out. The pressure must be con- 
tinued until a sufficient amount is drawn, when the 
string or finger, whichever has been employed, should be 
removed, and the flow will cease. During the operation 
and while the flow continues, the head should be ele- 
vated to a moderate height. When bleeding has ceased, 
a common pin is run through the margins of the wound 
and wrapped with thread crossed back and forth over 
the ends of the pin in the form of a figure eight. 
Care must be exercised in the pinning operation, so that 
there will be no dragging upon the skin, and no undue 
tightening of the thread ligature, and the vein must not 


34 HOME TREATMENT FOR 


be included. Usually in three days, the pin may be re- 
moved. It should first be twisted about to loosen adhe- 
sions, should there be any, and then withdrawn with 
one hand, while the other holds the skin in place below 
it, so that it will not be dragged back. 

The ox and sheep are also generally bled from the 


Bleeding. 


jugular, though sometimes in the sheep, the eye or 
cheek vein is tapped. In the pig, the ear may be turned 
back and the veins pressed upon at the base, and brought 
into prominence, when the incision can be made; ora 
cord may be tied around the foreleg above the knee, 
when the brachial vein, on the inside of the leg will be 
seen, and can be lanced. The cut should be made 
about an inch above the knee. 


SHOEING. 


While the art of shoeing belongs to another profes- 
sion, which is closely allied to that of the veterinary 
surgeon, it may not be out of place here to make a few 
remarks on the various modes and manners in which 
the foot of the horse is treated by many blacksmiths, 
for want of a knowledge of one of the most intricate 
parts of the horse’s anatomy. Far from it, is it my in- 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. BY5) 


tention to do any injustice to the knights of the anvil, yet 
there are so many who undertake to practice this trade 
or profession, that have never given the parts suf- 
ficient study, or in whom there is not enough mechanical 
ingenuity, to properly place the shoe, and drive the 
nails in their proper position, after the foot has been 
levelled and prepared for its reception. The somewhat 
-~weeping assertion has frequently been made, that the 
history of every horse, has been a record of human en- 
deavor to destroy its usefulness, yet this assertion is not 
made without some foundation for its support, for where 
is the individual who questions the statement, ‘‘No 
foot, no horse ;’’ and yet there is no portion of this ani- 
ial’s anatomy, wherein he has been compelled to suffer 
so many ills, the cause of which, in the vast majority of 
instances, are traceable either directly or indirectly, to 
the manner in which the foot has been prepared and the 
ill-fitting shoe it has been compelled to wear. Unfortu- 
nate indeed, has it been for that noble animal, that we 
have been obliged to invent some device for the artifi- 
cial protection of the foot, as the necessary work that is 
imposed upon it from day to day, causes a greater waste 
of horn than nature can replace during the intervals of 
rest it is allowed. The ordinary iron shoe, has so far, 
proven the best protection, and even this, when applied 
under the direction of, or by a skillful mechanic, means 
a certain amount of injury to the tissues of the foot. 
Every nail driven, means so much injury, and the larger 
the nail, the greater the injurious effects. There is 
however, one class of horses in this country, which, 
from the nature of the work they have to perform, and 
the condition of the ground they have to travel over, 
renders it unnecessary to furnish artificial protection for 
their feet, except under extraordinary circumstances. 
These are our agricultural horses; and when one of 


36 HOME TREATMENT FOR 


them, from the peculiar shape or condition of the feet, 
must receive attention, take it to a skillful mechanic, 
no matter how great the distance. It is strange, yet 
nevertheless true, that the average horse shoer has a 
mania for cutting, carving and rasping at the horse’s foot, 
thereby taking upon himself the task of improving na- 
ture by means of art, which has always proven a dismal 
failure, for sooner or later, after being handled in this 
manner, you perceive a dried, contracted, pinched up or 
shriveled object instead of the broad, beautiful foot, 
with which nature in her ineffable wisdom, provided the 
animal. I will now endeavor to present to you, some 
of the pernicious and insane methods of preparing the 
foot for the shoe. Foremost among these, is the habit 
of trimming the frog. Now as the frog is nature’s cush- 
ion and hoof expander, placed there to ward off con- 
cussion, through its elasticity, thereby furnishing the 
much needed protection to the other structures of the 
foot, which are possessed of a much smaller amount of 
expansion and contraction, it now being trimmed to a 
degree that. deprives it of pressure, immediately com- 
mences to shrink, dry and harden, very soon presenting 
a pinched up appearance, when its usefulness to the 
foot is destroyed; then instead of being a protection to 
the foot, as in its natural state, discharging its allotted 
function, it becomes a menace rather than a benefit to 
this organ. Next among these, is the habit of paring 
out the sole of the foot, until it yields by the pressure 
of the operator’s thumbs. As the sole grows very 
slowly, and rests upon a soft, velvety cushion, from 
which it is nourished and developed, consequently when 
it is pared down until it yields to light pressure, the 
part that still remains is only partially developed, and 
when exposed to dryness and heat, the delicate half- 
formed fibres contract to such a degree that their source 


or 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. ol 


of nourishment is greatly impaired, and the process of 
development is vastly retarded; then it is, that this 
mutilated and shrunken sole adds still more serious 
injury to the foot. Nor does the injury stop here. The 
operator proceeds to ‘‘open up the heels,’’ as he calls 
it, by cutting out the bars and splitting down with the 
knife between the frog and the quarters. These bars 
are so arranged as to prevent the quarters from closing 
in on the frog, to prevent contraction at the heels. 
Thus, with the bars or lateral braces removed and a slice 
taken out in the immediate vicinity of the heels, there 
is no other alternative, in a dry climate like ours in the 
summer, but to continuously contract, until the sensi- 
tive structures of the foot are naught but a constant 
source of irritation, pain and misery to the horse, the 
remainder of its animal existence. Adding to this al- 
ready mutilated foot, after the shoe has been placed 
upon it and the clinches made, the rasp is brought into 
play, commencing up very closely to the hair and rasp- 
ing the whole external portion of the foot, thus robbing 
it of its natural layer of varnish, which was placed there 
by nature to prevent the evaporation of the moisture 
there secreted, for the nourishment and healthy main- 
tenance of the parts. The condition of horses’ feet 
depends greatly upon the care and management they 
receive from colthood up, and were they allowed the 
privilege of standing, while in confinement, upon some 
material containing a small amount of moisture instead 
of on a dry, wooden floor, their feet would be found to 
be better shaped, tougher and less brittle, a condition 
much" better for the work to be exacted from them. 
Now in summarizing the conditions to which our horses’ 
feet have been subjected, not only by the shoer, but the 
owner, let us look together with more reason, and see if 
these evils cannot be abated in a great degree. As [| 


88 HOME TREATMENT FOR 


have heretofore stated, the frog, sole and bars, were 
placed in position by nature, to maintain the whole 
structure in a healthy condition, and as they have been 
mercilessly mutilated with the drawing knife, that is the 
first instrument to be discarded from the shoer’s outfit. 
The frog should never be touched with either knife or 
rasp, and as only the semi-detached portions of the sole 
should be removed, in order to level the foot for the 
proper adjustment of the shoe, the rasp is the only in- 
strument that is necessary for the completion of that 
part of the work, for the shoe, when properly adjusted, 
has its bearing alike upon the horny wall, and the sole 
which is in immediate contact with it. If is a grave 
mistake to adjust a shoe and so concave the sole with 
the treacherous knife, that the only bearing the foot 
has, rests upon the wall, and the wall only. After the 
bottom of the foot has been prepared for the shoe by 
levelling it off with the rasp, the next thing in order is 
to fit the shoe, using the best of judgment as to the 
proper weight of shoe the animal should wear. ‘The 
only legitimate use of the shoe, is to prevent undue 
wear of the wall and sole, therefore the lighter the shoe, 
in proportion to the weight it has to sustain, the better. 
The plain shoe without calks, will allow the animal to 
rest in a natural position, consequently calks should be 
used only upon those horses where it is actually neces- 
sary, from the peculiar or difficult labor they have to 
perform. In such cases, a short calk answers the pur- 
pose much better than a long one, for the toe calks wear 
down much more rapidly than the heels, resulting in a. 
depressed toe and an elevated heel. Also the relative 
positions of the bone structure of the foot are altered; 
the coffin bone becomes bruised and diseased, and possi- 
bly it may suffer during the balance of its existence. 
The weight of the shoe having been decided upon, it 


DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 89 


should now be so shaped as to conform to the size and 
shape of the foot, and not, as is too often the case, place 
on a shoe that is too small in circumference, then rasp 
down the foot to fit the shoe, in order to make it pre- 
sentable. The upper surface of the shoe, or that part 
that comes in contact with the hoof, should be perfectly 
level; then with the two level surfaces coming in direct 
opposition, it will require only a few nails, and these 
of a small size, to retain the shoe in position for a 
proper length of time, as the shoes should be changed 
every four or five weeks. It is no uncommon sight to see 
the shoer using heavy nails and a numerous lot of them 
driving them high up and clinching them firmly, and if 
remonstrated with or upbraided for doing such work, he 
will invariably tell you that if the shoes do not remain 
on for four or five months, the owner will go elsewhere 
to have his work done, thus losing his custom, which 
he cannot afford. Here it is clearly the owner’s fault, 
either through short-sightedness or stinginess. He 
should be compelled to wear a pair of nicely fitting 
boots for a month, then supplied with a pair two sizes 
too small, and forced to wear them for the balance of 
the time the horse is compelled to wear his. I would 
venture the opinion that the horse would be taken to 
the shop immediately. A badly fitting shoe is as pain- 
ful to the horse as the tight boot would be to the owner. 
After the shoes have been fitted and the nails driven 
and clinched, nothing remains to be done outside of 
rasping off the few slight projections that may extend 
over the shoe, but, just at this point, it is a common 
sight to see the rasp applied over the whole external 
part of the wall, robbing it of its layer of natural var- 
nish, which was placed there to protect the foot, by 
holding the moisture that is secreted within. When de- 
prived of this covering, the moisture evaporates, the 


4() HOME TREATMENT FOR DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 


foot dries and hardens, and sooner or later contracts to 
a degree that is a source of irritation and pain. This 
habit, for such it is and nothing else, should be dis- 
carded, for nothing could be devised that is calculated to 
do a greater amount of injury, than this willful, whole- 
sale and wholly uncalled for rasping. The various de- 
vices for shoeing to overcome deformities and habits, as 
well as for the production of speed, I will leave to the 
skillful mechanic, who understands that profession 
much better than I do, and who should receive the 
highest sense of praise, that can be bestowed upon those 
who follow this profession, 


DISEASES OF THE HORSE 


THEIR 


CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT. 


DISTEMPER, OR STRANGLES. 


This is a disease peculiar to the horse, but may be 
communicated to man by inoculation. It seldom at- 
tacks a horse after maturity, but attacks colts from 


DISTEMPER, OR STRANGLES. 


birth until they are five years old. The causes are 
many and varied. Among them are want of nutritious 
properties in the mother’s milk, change from pasture to 
dry feed, irritation from teething, impure air, change 
from one climate to another, ete. 

Symptoms:—The colt will appear dull and stupid; 
the eyes will begin to water and sometimes to matter; 
fever begins to rise; loss of appetite, coat begins to get 
rough; discharge from the nostrils; abscesses begin to 


(41) 


42 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


form under the lower jaw. In irregular strangles ab- 
scesses may form anywhere on the body, or in the lungs 
or intestines, making the case very serious. 


Treatment:—The treatment is very simple. In regu- 
lar strangles place the animal in an airy, comfortable, 
loose box-stall and bed well. Blanket comfortably, 
protect from exposure to cold to prevent severe bron- 
chitis or lung complications, and feed on soft food—such 
as bran-mashes, chopped feed, mashed turnips or car- 
rots. If the patient is constipated and the fever high, 
give four ounces of glauber salts twice a day, as a 
laxative. 

If there is a dry cough, steam the nostrils with 
scalded bran or oats, but do not smoke the colt. Poul- 
tice the throat with fried onions, boiled turnips or lin- 
seed meal, and when the abscesses soften, lance them to 
allow the matter to escape. If the abscesses remain 
hard, apply a good stimulating liniment, as, 


City ele einer er, ho four ounces. 
On Turpentine: alec 0% two ounces. 
AQUa, AM MOm a! s. «ihn yeeia two ounces. Mix. 


Apply morning and evening and gargle the throat 
with the following: 


Chlorate of Potassium......one ounce. 
Nitrate of Potassium....... one ounce. 


Hypo-Sulphate of Soda..... one ounce. Mix. 

Make into twelve powders and give one powder every 
six hours. 

When lung complications show themselves, apply 
mustard along the belly and sides. During convales- 
cence, care must be taken not to expose the animal to 
cold, as a relapse might follow. Allow exercise but do 
not turn the exercise into work, until the animal has 
entirely recovered. 


EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA. 48 
EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA. 


This disease is very peculiar and yet not uncommon 
in this country. In 1871 it traveled from east to west 
with such rapidity, that there is little reason to doubt 
that it is produced through atmospheric influences. It 
is much more dangerous in some localities than in oth- 
ers, according to the hygienic measures employed. In 
localities that are low and malarious, with poor sta- 
bling, the disease is much more fatal than where the 
elevation is greater and the air dryer. But no location 
is exempt from the disease. In the same stable a num- 


EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA. 


ber of horses may be attacked, and very severely, while 
others remain perfectly healthy. Every horse ina given 
stable may be affected, while their neighbors in a sta- 
ble across the street escape entirely. It is my opinion 
that horses poorly cared for and ill-fed, are not only 
first attacked, but the first to succumb. 


Symptoms:—The disease comes on very suddenly, 
with weakness and stupor, eyes swelled and watery. 
The membraneé of the nostrils may be of a bright pink 
color, but are more frequently of a dull leaden hue. 
There is a dry cough, staring coat, ears and legs alter- 
nately hot and cold; patient is feverish; pulse acceler- 
ated—generally weak but sometimes hard; sometimes 


44 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


a watery discharge from the nostrils, afterwards assum- 
ing a yellowish or greenish color; appetite lost; when 
made to move, will go with a swinging gait—frequently 
crackling of the joints will be heard, when the disease 
assumes a somewhat rheumatic nature, the legs swollen, 
hot and very painful when touched. In other cases the 
lungs or abdominal viscera may be seriously involved. 
If the horse is tucked up along the abdomen, with hard 
pellets of dung, covered with mucus, the bowels are at- 
tacked and your case is somewhat dangerous. If the 


FIRST STAGE OF EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA. 


patient is tucked up in the flanks, with a ridge extend- 
ing from the flanks to the breast bone, hurried breathing 
and short, painful cough, the disease has attacked some 
part of the thoracic cavity,—either the lungs or the 
pleura, probably both—and is extremely dangerous. 


Treatment:— When first noticed, place in a comforta- 
ble, loose, box-stall, well aired but without draughts. 
Blanket well and bandage the legs. Relieve costive- 
ness with a pint of linseed or castor oil and injections of 
warm water. If the fever is high give, 


Ouinime Subp hes vc seats ds three drachms. 
IN TETATO HC OLAS sci chsk ie eters olen one ounce. 
Bi-Carbonate Soda.one and one-half ounces. Mix. 


SPASMODIC COLIC, CRAMPS. 45 


Make into six powders, of which give one every five 
or six hours. If the horse is very weak give, 


Liq. Ammon. Acet.......eight ounces. 
Speen Nite Atlas eels ale four ounces. 
Pinet., NuxX VomiGa....: <<: two ounces. Mix. 


Give two ounces every five or six hours in a little 
water asa drench. Bathe the throat with 


WiCiteheliaZels sriiec deme Jone ar six ounces. 
ena ek ATTICS Venn A A ge ee ae one ounce. 
Aqua Ammonia.....-.+...-. one ounce. Mix. 


Apply two or three times a day. 
Feed on soft, nutritious diet and give plenty of pure, 
fresh water. If the joints swell, bathe with, 


ALCO HON He aor ts eo terne ewe eight ounces. 
Witeh-hazeli. «sce 0... .--four: ounces. 
Tr CATNIGHs «0. cc eke osrce tour ounces: ~ Biix, 


Apply twice daily and bandage. If there are any lung 
complications, use mustard freely on the sides and read 
treatise on lung diseases. If the bowels are affected, 
vive linseed jelly, slippery elm, etc. 


SPASMODIC COLIC, CRAMPS. 


Several diseases of horses,—such as affections of the 
kidneys, liver, spleen, etc., cause abdominal pain and 
are erroneously classed under the head of colic. I shall 
not treat of them here, but confine myself to spasmodic 
colic proper, which is a disease of the intestinal canal 
usually confined to the stomach and small intestines,— 
an involuntary contraction of the muscular fibres, sep- 
arate and distinct from inflammation, at the beginning 
causing intense pain in the abdominal region. There 
are many and various causes,—such as change of feed 


46 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


from oats to corn; too high feeding; sudden changes of 
temperature, from hot to cold; standing in the rain; 


drinking ice-cold water; innutritious food; in fact any- 


thing that will cause indigestion or irritation of the 1n- 
testinal canal. 


Symptoms:—The horse will generally appear uneasy, 
commence pawing and attempt to lie down, sometimes 
falling upon his knees, then raising himself up again. 
As the pain increases he will paw violently, suddenly 
drop down, roll around for a time, get up and stand 
apparently easy for a few minutes, possibly attempt to 
eat a few mouth-fulls. Then he is suddenly siezed 
again, paws violently, drops down again and rolls 
around—possibly rolls upon his breast and remains 
there for a time. Then commences tumbling and rolling 
again; gets up and shakes himself, and possibly the 


SPASMODIC COLIC, CRAMPS. AT 


cramps are over. If not the pain continues to increase 
in intensity. It will throw itself down, roll over and 
over, jump up, whirl about, drop down again, paw or 
strike with the front feet, steam and sweat, and make 


SECOND STAGKH OF SPASMODIC COLIC. 


frequent attemps to pass water. Ifa horse, frequently 
the penis will be partially erect; sometimes a small 
amount of water is passed, but more frequently none is 
passed until the spasm has passed off, when the urine 
will be voided freely, which has led many to suppose 
there was trouble with the kidneys and bladder when, 
in reality, it was only a symptom of colic. If the pain 
continues to increase in intensity, and the animal is 
not relieved, inflammation of the bowels (which is very 
dangerous) may result, or the horse may die from pain 
and exhaustion. 


Treatment:—Place the animal in a dry, well-bedded 
stall, where he is less liable to bruise himself. Rub the 
legs and abdomen and give, 

immer sce thi tos sale elle(s\x 3 It) OUGCE, 
Baking Sodas Nie alo ein lass half ounce. 
RedMbeppaer waite Sok half ounee: Mix. 


48 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Make it into a tea and give at one dose. If this does 
not give relief in thirty minutes, repeat again, or give, 


Barbadoes Aloes..........-.one ounce. 
Chioral Hydrate... 3.5: one drachm. 
Powdered Opium......... one drachm. Mix. 


SPASMODIC COLIC—LAST STAGE. 


If the pain increases, give, 


Spts. Nitrous Hther,one and one-half ounces. 


AWM Slices lender earl at ae: one ounce. 
Oil of Peppermints 275 eile. 43 thirty drops. 
Spirits of Turpentine......... six drachms. 
Painseeas Oats veo cniece oislo biel: one-half pint. Mix. 


Should the pain continue, repeat the latter preserip- 
tion every forty minutes. If you have failed to give the 
aloes, after the pains have subsided it is good policy to 
give a good physic—either a pint of linseed oil or one 
ounce of barbadoes aloes and half ounce of ginger 
combined, 


FLAYTULENT COLIC. 49 
FLATULENT COLIC. 


Flatulent colic is a disease separate and distinct 
from spasmodic colic. In the former there is bloating, 
or distension with gas, of the bowels; in the latter 
there is no bloating whatever. Among the many causes 
are sudden changes of food, too long fasting, and food 
viven while exausted, new hay or grain, large quanti- 
ties of green food, crib biting, sour, mouldy or other 


ADVANCED STAGE OF FLATULENT COLIC. 


indigestible food setting up a ferment and creating a 
vreater amount of gas than can be comfortably accom- 
modated by the bowels, thus causing intense pain. 


Symptoms:—The horse will hang his head and com- 
mence looking around at his flanks; soon he will begin 
pawing, then will lie down and roll, frequently looking 
at the flanks; the animal begins bloating and sometimes 
has belching of gas from the stomach; the bowels grow 
more distended, the pains are continuous and grow more 
severe, the breathing is shorter and the animal groans or 
grunts while lying down and often while standing; the 
legs and ears become cold, cold sweats break out over 


50 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


the body. The disease is usually of short duration and, 
if not speedily relieved, ends in death. 


Treatment:—When first noticed, in the absence of 
other remedies, give two ounces of baking soda. If no 
relief is obtained in thirty minutes, give, 

Chioral. Eiydrate. 2.2). 26: two ounces. 
AWE EGTy cereal rst Se a iottale are? spa eight ounces. Mix. 

Give half in a pint of water and if necessary repeat 
in forty minutes, or give, 

DaAnseeG vOul Mes clee ek vielen) os one pint. 
Spts. Purpentine: cc. 6. 1. two ounces. Mix. 

If that fails to neutralize the gas, give 

Liq. Ammonia Acet......three ounces. 


Chloral Hydrate........ .-four drachms. 
Bi Carbonate Soda.......two drachms. 
Tinct. Aconite...........twenty drops. 
Wiathemtis satu: as aera gpkuteh ite one-half pint. 


Repeat every thirty minutes. 

Give injections of hot water and castile soap every 
twenty minutes. If the bloating continues, tap with a 
trocar and canula, on the right side, between the hip 
and ribs, where it is most resonant on percussion. 
After recovery give a pint of linseed oil or castor oil. 


GLANDERS, OR FARCY. 


Glanders is a specific febrile disease peculiar to the 
horse, mule and ass; and, by inoculation, it can be 
communicated to man. Its causes are keeping horses in 
damp filthy stables, impure air, improper feeding, 
impaired nutrition, sequel of ‘‘ grease heels,’’ sequel 
of epizootic influenza; also contagion, which is by. far 
the most common. 


— 


GLANDERS, OR FARCY. 51 


Symptoms:—Dullness, decreased appetite, eyes water- 
ing, fever rising from 102° to 107° F., coat staring, at 
first watery discharge from the nostrils; discharge 
afterwards turns to a yellowish and later to a yellowish 
green, and is very tenacious; in the nostrils reddish 
ulcerations appear, later becoming purpleish; all over 
the body the lymphatic glands become enlarged, fre- 
quently breaking and discharging matter; the sub-max- 
illary glands enlarge and harden, later on becoming 
adherent to the jaw; breath foetid; by auscultation, 


GLANDERS. 


crepitation of the lungs will be discovered; the dis- 
charge from the nostrils becomes very profuse and 
more greenish in color; fever now stands from 105° to 
107° F.; quite frequently the limbs will swell,—more 
particularly about the joints. 


Treatment:—The best treatment is the destruction of 
the animal as soon as thoroughly satisfied he has glan- 
ders. Separate all animals which have come in contact 
with him. If treatment be attempted, place the animal 
where he can have plenty of fresh air and try the sul- 
phites—as sulphite of sodium, benzoate of sodium, 
arsenate of strychnia, carbolic acid; also vegetable 
and mineral tonics—as sulphate of iron, sulphate of 
copper, gentian, ginger, nux vomica, etc. 


52 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


ANAEMIA, OR DROPSY. 


This is a term used to denote a deficiency of red 
corpuscles in the blood. The disease is caused by 
excessive bleeding, deteriorated food, keeping in ill- 
ventilated, filthy stables, without much light, effects of 
fevers, severe or protracted diarrhcea, leucorrhcea; it 
sometimes results from epizootic influenza. 


Symptoms:—Pallor of the mucous membranes; is 
tucked up in the flanks, cardiac palpitation, disinclina- 
tion to move, staggering gait, paleness of eyes and eye- 
lids, coat more or less rough; later on, if a horse, a 
swelling of the sheath—if a mare, swellings of a drop- 
sical nature under the breast, shght at first, but grad- 
ually extending both backward and forward; in the 
horse usually extending from the sheath forward; the 
limbs begin swelling, sometimes reaching an enormous 
size; on scarifying the swelling, there will be an oozing 
out of serum, barely colored with blood, which may be 
continued for days,—you will also find the flesh of a 
bluish color; appetite sometimes fair, usually for hay 
but not for grain; bowels generally constipated, but 
sometimes a diarrhoea will set in which, if not checked, 
will commonly prove fatal; rumbling of the bowels is 
invariably a constant symptom. 


Treatment:—If possible remove the cause as soon as 
can be; give plenty of light and fresh air. If necessary, 
regulate the bowels with a pint of castor oil. Give 
strengthening and easily digested food—such as ground 
oats, beans, boiled flaxseed, etc. Administer such rem- 
edies as will tend to build up the system, as 


Sulphate of Iren.......... two ounces, 
Geert TAT eee ra hued te aes one ounce. 
ING ob: oA onaanK Gwen 3 le wahoo oc Ie one ounce. 


AYSeHniC seat eta eee, thirty grains. Mix. 


EPISTAXIS, OR BLEEDING FROM THE NOSTRILS. 53 


Make fifteen powders; give one powder every five or 
six hours; or use any of the mineral or vegetable tonics, 
as, cascarrilla, quassia, gentian, sulphate of copper, etc. 
Regulate the kidneys with drachm doses of nitrate of 
potassium. Bed the animal well. When the sheath is 
much swollen, scarify lightly. 


EPISTAXIS, OR BLEEDING FROM THE NOSTRILS. 


This disease seldom occurs. It is usually caused by 
hard running, sneezing, coughing, by external injuries, 
congestion of the lungs, bronchitis, or influenza. 


Symptoms:—If the blood is merely dropping or run- 
ning in a small stream from one nostril, some small 
blood vessel in the head is ruptured. If the blood flows 
in a stream and comes from both nostrils and is of a 
bright scarlet color, quite frothy and accompanied by a 
cough, the blood is coming from the lungs. If it comes 
away in dark colored clots, it is in all probability com- 
ing from the stomach. 


Treatment:—If from some ruptured blood vessel in 
the head, elevate the head and apply cold water over it 
and down over the nostrils, or apply ice to the head. 
Inject weak solutions of alum water up the nostril, or a 
weak solution of sulphate of zinc; or plug the nostril 
with a sponge or cotton batting, but be sure and have a 
string tied to it to draw it out and only plug one nostril 
atatime. If the bleeding continues for some hours, 
give one drachm of sugar of lead in a pint of water, as a 
drench. If the bleeding is from the lungs and is accom- 
panied by a cough, give, 


Peeing yin tec he cee two ounces. 
naw LinseedsOile 2's oe: half pint. Mix. 


54 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. 


Give at one dose. If the bleeding continues, take, 
Sugar or headwes.-, .\. 4. one drachm. 
Waiter Sepik ae ate Sie iy sree one pint. 
Give at one dose and keep the animal perfectly 
quiet. 


AZOTURIA, OR PARTIAL PARALYSIS. 


By some this disease has been described as a disease 
of the kidneys, by others as a disease of the spine and 
by others as a disease of the liver. But I have invari- 
ably found the whole system more or less affected, from 


AZOTURIA. 


an abnormal amount of nitrogen in the blood, which is 
caused by high feeding and want of exercise. As the 
animal is put to work, there is a greater amount of 
waste material cast upon the excretory organs than they 
can well dispose of; hence an excess of nitrogen is 
formed in the blood and is carried through the system, 
invariably settling in the myolema or coverings of the 
deep muscles of the haunch, causing partial and some- 
times complete paralysis of the hind extremities. 


AZOTURIA, OR PARTIAL PARALYSIS. 55 


Symptoms :—Invariably the horse leaves the stable in 
the best of health, and, as the driver says, ‘‘the horse 
was never feeling better.’’ But it is probably not 
driven over half a mile, possibly five or six miles, when 
he is noticed to hang back, to be covered with profuse 
perspiration and to be stiff in his hind legs. Other 
symptoms, are looking back at the flanks, anxious 
expression of countenance, breathing short, nostrils dis- 
tended and red, staring eyes, drooping of the hind legs 
and knuckling over at the fetlocks, as though there was 
no strength in them; after staggering around for awhile 
the animal falls and is unable to get up,—although they 
sometimes keep upon their feet in a mild attack and, if 
so, are most likely to recover in a few days; if urine is 
passed it will be very dark, sometimes looks bloody, 
smells very strong and is very ropy. 


Treatment:—If the horse remains very uneasy, give 
four drachm doses of bromide of potassium every hour 
until relieved; then remove to a comfortable place and 

bed well. Clean out the bowels well by giving, 


Barbadoes Aloes..eight or ten drachms. 
Ganngien’ Si Nishes ce .....two drachms. Mix. 


Give in one pint of water as a drench. While 
the animal is perspiring, blanket well and keep sweat- 
ing. Apply a fresh sheep-skin over the loins and cover 
well, or apply cloths wrung out of hot water over the 
Joins, and be careful the animal does not take cold. If 
the kidneys do not act freely, give one ounce tinct. 
buchu compound, every six or seven hours in a little 
syrupasadrench. And in a few days give, 


Tincture Gentian..........two ounces. 
Tincture Nux Vomica......two ounces. 
Tinemire Gan@er’ 20%) s,s eis four ounces. 


TSVIVe cota] Raat) eae gee eight ounces. Mix. 


56 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Give two ounces every four or five hours. Bathe 
the back and loins with a good, strong liniment once 
or twice a day, also rub from the stifle to the point 
of the hip. Turn the horse over from one side to the 
other every three or four hours, and occasionally sponge 
him off with dilute alcohol. If shod, remove the shoes 
and keep lying upon the breast as much as possible. 
I believe it bad policy in such cases to swing the horse, 
unless the slings can be got under him before he goes 
down,—then it is advisable; but after he is down 
for a few hours, do not attempt to swing. If the 
patient lies upon his breast well and rests easy, you 
may look for recovery in a few days; if he hes straight 
out, the inevitable result is death ina few days. Should 
the animal not urinate properly, pass the catheter and 
draw off the urine. If in twenty-four hours the bowels 
do not respond to the aloes, give a quart of raw linseed 
oil; also give injections of castile soap and hot water. 


NASAL CATARRH, OR COLD IN THE HEAD. 


This quite frequently arises from standing in a 
draught, from inhalation of irritating gases, or from de- 
cayed teeth. 


Symptoms:—Discharge, watery at first, from the nos- 
trils, also from the eyes; sneezing; later on a discharge 
of matter from the nostrils of a thick, mucilaginous 
state, of a yellowish white color, and it may be quite 
profuse. It is sometimes very fcetid, especially when 
from a diseased tooth; sometimes ulcers will appear on 
the septum of the nose, when the discharge is of a 
muco-purulent character; often the appetite is lost and 
.the animal becomes debilitated. 


UiLUNIC ROARLNG. 57 


Treatment:—Complete rest, with pure air and good 
food fora few days should be granted. Steaming the 
nostrils with hot wateror scalded bran, to which may 
be added a little carbolic acid, four or five times a day 
and about fifteen minutes each time, will be of great 
benefit and cannot be over-estimated. Feed such food 
as the animal will partake, bran-mash, scalded oats or 
bailey; green grass if it can be procured, but if the 
patient prefers hay, oats, corn or other dry food, give it. 
If there is loss of appetite, get liq. ammon. acet., sixteen 
ounces. Give two ounces with two drachms of chlorate 
of potash, in a pint of water, three times a day. After 
a few days give, 


Pod ve Lob Aron tye cies sens two ounces. 
Gentian... ces os ease hte One: Ounce: 
CELDT 1g v Ne Woot ORDO MAS SNiATD aS four drachms. Mix. 


Make twelve powders. Give three powders each 
day. If the weather is cold, blanket and keep the ani- 
malwarm. If froma diseased tooth, the tooth should be 
extracted, and if there is matter in the frontal sinuses, 
they should be trephined and washed out with, 


i STS Pet nl ts ane ae ea pe ate four ounces. 
Sulphate of Zinc.....one-half drachm. 
Waherie oils ciehiders Wisi ee het ONE OLLI eRy 4 Nbbx 


Use morning and evening. 


CHRONIC ROARING. 


This is so called from the roaring, rasping, unnatural 
sound when the horse is put to work, and is caused by 
atrophy or wasting of the muscles on the left side of the 
larynx, by distemper, by epizootic influenza, by polypus 
in the nostrils; also by spasmodic constriction of the 
bronchial tubes from tonic contraction, mostly reflex of 
the involuntary muscular fibres; by fracture of the bones 


58 . DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


of the nose,—when the fracture is depressed; by an 
extra amount of fat, by dropsical swellings, etc. 

Treatment:—First, if possible, remove the cause. If 
that cannot be done, treatment is useless. If caused by 
atrophy of the muscles of the larynx, apply every fifth 
day, for three or four applications, a blister of 

Waalse lime darts ic se ice eccltieus bie one ounce. 
Bin-Iodide Mercury....... one drachm. 
Powdered Cantharides....one drachm. Mix. 

If caused by polypus, have it removed. If from fat, 
reduce in flesh. In the majority of cases the roaring is 
made during the inspiration. The horse seemingly 
inhales more air than the lungs can dispose of; conse- 
quently he roars and chokes down when put to work. 
By using a clasp over the nostrils, it holds them so he 
can only take in a certain amount of air at each inspi- 
ration; when put to work, the roaring will be stopped 
and the horse will do a reasonable amount of work. 
The clasp may be taken off after he has been working 
an hour, and, in the majority of cases, the animal will 
breathe freely. In order to keep horses from roaring 
badly, work them moderately every day. The operation 
of extirpating the collapsed cartilage and vocal cord, is 
the only way to give permanent relief, when the roaring 
is caused from wasting away of the muscles of the 
larynx, and as that requires a skillful practioner, it is 
quite unnecessary to describe it here. 


BRONCHITIS. 


This is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. The 
mucous membrane alone may be affected or the whole 
tube may be involved. When the large tubes alone are 
affected, it is much less serious than when the smaller 
ones are involved. It is caused by standing in draughts 


BRONCHITIS. 59 


when heated, inhaling irritating gases and smoke, and 
by drenching through the nostrils, whereby both fluids 
and solids gain access to the parts. It occasionally 
follows influenza, distemper and other specific fevers, or 
even common cold or sore throat. 

Symptoms :—Systemic depression, dullness; the appe- 
tite is partially or wholly lost, breathing quickened, 
redness and dryness of the mucous membrane of the 
nostrils, followed by fever and a hacking, barking cough, 
followed in a few days by a moist, rattling cough, witha 
light-colored discharge from the nostrils. Sometimes 
this discharge is tinged with blood. The pulse at first 
is hard and quick; later it becomes smaller and more 
frequent. By placing your ear to the side of the chest, 
you will hear a wheezing sound, if the small tubes are 
affected, and a rattling, snoring sound if the large tubes 
are affected. In a few days the cough becomes deeper 
and looser and the mucous which is secreted, is expec- 
torated through the nostrils, although some of it may 
drop into the pharynx and be swallowed. The breath- 
ing is labored, short and quick but not necessarily 
painful. The bowels are generally constipated and the 
dung is covered with a slimy mucous. 

Treatment :—Place the animal in a comfortable and 
airy stall and blanket well. Apply mustard to the 
sides and breast. Hand rub the legs until they are 
warm, then apply flannel bandages as high up as the 
knees and hocks. If the legs cannot be made warm by 
hand rubbing alone, apply whisky and red pepper 
mixed, and then bandage. Compel the patient to inhale 
steam from a bucket in which has been placed an ounce 
of turpentine, four or five times a day, and give 

Bicarbonate of Potassium.two drachms. 
Dover’s Powders .......-. one drachm. 
Lig. Ammonia Acet...... three ounces. Mix. 


60 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Give every four or five hours; and if the cough is 
very tight, give every three or four hours, 


Syrup of Ipecac... ..\.'. four drachms. 
Syrup of Squills..........six drachms. 
Tinct. Opii Camph........six drachms. Mix. 


Continue until the cough softens. 

If the bowels are costive, do not give physic, but 
give afew injections of warm water and castile soap. 
If the appetite remains passibly good, feed on soft diet, 
as bran mash, scalded oats, green grass, etc., and in 
case the patient does not relish cooked food, feed any- 
thing that it will eat, and allow all the water the 
patient will drink. Give as it comes from the well. 
Do not think the disease can be cured in two or three 
days for it will likely last for two or three weeks. 
When the patient is making a good recovery, and noth- 
ing remains except the cough and a slight discharge 
from the nostrils, discontinue all other remedies and 
give the following: 


Sulphate of Tron. 228k ois, four ounces. 
OMALAIN lek ce ah lonateve enue kus eight ounces. 
Nix Wionaieal. 25). eas tb wo ounces.) Max: 


Make twenty powders. Give one powder morning 
and evening in soft food or as a drench. Do not put 
the animal at work too soon, as a slight relapse may 
develop into a chronic case and terminate in an incur- 
able case of thick wind. 


SORE THROAT, OR LARYNGO PHARYNGITIS. 


This disease affects the larynx and pharynx, situated 
at the upper part of the wind-pipe, and consists of an 
inflammation of the soft tissues of both. 

Symptoms :—The disease is sometimes ushered in by a 
chill, immediately followed by fever; and if the attack 


SORE THROAT, OR LARYNGO PHARYNGITIS. 61 


is very severe, the nose will be elevated, to straighten 
the air passages. Swellings, sometimes very large exter- 
nally, and most frequently noticed behind the jaws on 
the neck. Sometimes they are so extensive that the 
animal can scarcely breathe or can only do so with the 
greatest difficulty; there will be a wheezing sound at 
each inspiration. During this period the heart becomes 
excited and its pulsations rapid. The mucous mem- 
branes in the nostrils will be of a bluish color, owing to 
the lack of sufficient fresh air in the lungs to oxidize 


BANDAGE FOR LARYNGITIS AND INFLAMMATION 
OF THE LUNGS. 


the blood. If the patient is in a box stall, it will wander 
around considerably and endeavor to keep its nose in 
the direction where there is most fresh air. If the 
animal attempts to eat, the food will be chewed and 
dropped out of the mouth; and, on attempting to drink, 
the water will be ejected through the nostrils. In some 
cases the cough is very loud, but in many,—especially 
when the internal swelling is very great, the cough will 
be very slight. Frequently there is a discharge from 
the nostrils and an abundant flow of ropy saliva from 
the mouth. 


62 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. 


Treatment :—Blanket well and place the patient in a 
comfortable and airy box-stall, devoid of draughts. 
Bandage the legs, and if possible give as a physic: 


HANES Foe eee eta bis wees seven drachms. 
GUTOR eee etree ie wes ore one drachm. Mix. 


Give at one dose. Then bathe the throat well with 
warm water and wrap it up in rugs or sheep-skins to 
keep it warm. Steam the nostrils with scalded bran or 
oats and give, 


Solid Ext. Belladonna...... one ounce. 
Chlorate of Potassium...... one ounce. , 
PulveGlycyrriiza.. +... > one ounce. ! 
Gun Camphor-recs =. one-half ounce. 


Honey of Sim. Syrup..one-half pound. Mix. 


Give a table-spoonful three times a day. If the 
weather is in any way cold or disagreeable, be very 
careful about bathing the throat with hot water, as the 
patient may take cold. So, immediately after bathing, 


apply, 
Olive vO Mee ea selec four ounces. 
Turpentine:.“.\...)...-.2.|.bwOcounces, 
Aqua Ammonia.......... two ounces. Mix. 
Or, 
Tincture Cantharides....three ounces. 
Tincture Capsicum......... one ounce. 
Rectified Spirits.......... four ounces. Mix. 


The danger from cold will be greatly lessened. It 
also acts as a good counter-irritant, reduces the swell- 
ing, removes the effusions by promoting absorption, and 
leaves the patient less liable to be ‘‘ thick-winded, ”’ or 
‘‘a roarer.’’? The diet should be of soft food, as bran 
mash, or chopped feed mixed with a little linseed meal. 
Sometimes it is advisable to gargle the mouth with some 
cooling lotion; in such cases use, 


PNEUMONIA OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 63 


Povwd. Chlor. of Potassium .one ounce. 

Powd. Nit of Potassium... one ounce. 

Bi-Carbonate of Soda...... one ounce. Mix. 

Make into twelve powders. Three times a day mix 

one powder with half a pint of water and gargle the 
mouth. If the swelling ‘‘ points, ’’ open with a lancet 
and allow the pus to escape. Dress the cavity three 
times a day with, 

Permanganate of Potassium,one drachm. 

Wiatetnccsecchs trees sara os eight ounces. Mix. 


PNEUMONIA OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 


This consists of an inflammation of the lung sub- 
stance caused by catching cold, inhaling irritating 
substances, injuries, drenching through the nostrils, 
badly ventilated stables, ete. 

Symptoms :—The horse is generally taken with a 
chill; hangs his head; there is redness of the eyes and of 
the membranes of the nostrils, dryness of the mouth, a 


‘ PNEUMONIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF 
THE LUNGS. 


cough, quite deep at first, which gradually shortens for 
a few days; pulse, at first generally full, gradually 
growing faster and weaker; rapid breathing; on the 
third day fever ranges from 103° to 106° and continued 


64 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


until about the sixth or seventh day, when it gradually 
declines; on the third or fourth it is likely there will be 
a discharge of mucous from the nostrils; about the 
seventh day when the fever subsides. the horse will 


LAST STAGE OF INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 


either get well or there will be great oppression in 
breathing, increased prostration, deeper cough, more 
copious expectoration, emitting a fetid, purulent odor; 
and death will result from the sixth to the twentieth day. 
Treatment :—Place the animal in a comfortable, airy, 

loose box stall, devoid of draughts. Blanket the body 
to keep warm. Hand rub the legs and if warmth can- 
not be produced by hand rubbing alone, apply whisky 
and red pepper mixed; then bandage as high up as 
they are cold. Do not give a physic but open the 
bowels with soft foods and injections of warm water. 
Some practitioners will scoff at the idea of bleeding, 
nevertheless a plethoric, robust horse, in many instances, 
will be greatly benefited in the first three or four days 
by being bled, while an older and debilitated patient 
would succumb. Apply mustard to the sides and give 
the following: 

Liq. Ammonia Acet....twelve ounces. 

Sits: Ae thy (Nat an. ee oe lo four ounces. 

Fluid Ext. Aconite.......one drachm. Mix. 


PLEURISY. 65 


Give two ounces every three hours in a little water 
asadrench. Also give every four or five hours, 


Quinine Sulph...........forty grains. 

Nitrate of Potassium....two drachms. Mix. 
Or, 

Powd. Ext. Belladonna...one scruple. 

Garin Camp horus ntew oe .two scruples. 

Nitrate of Potassium..... one drachm. Mix. 


Give all the water the horse will drink,—just as it 
comes from the well, and feed on soft diet. If there is 
great prostration give tonic stimulants, as, 


‘Alcohol p saern we eds ae eight ounces. 
Tinct. Ginger ...........three ounces. 
Tinct. Nux Vomica....... two ounces. 
Ea ha Geel al =) .¢ pass ten a = three ounces. Mix. 


Give two ounces as occasion demands, in half pint of 
water asa drench. During the period of convalescence, 
good, nutritous food should be given in limited quanti- 
ties, and tonic medicines administered, as, 


Sulphate of Iron .4.”. 2 22)... four ounces. 
Gontiat <cl oe ieee «Gee STR OGG, 
J VED OR OTI ACE oer eee Fy een OP twoounces. Mix. 


Make twenty powders. Give one powder morning 
and evening in soft food or as a drench. 


PLEURISY. 


This is an inflammation of the lining membrane of 
the thoracic cavity. Generally after a chill or cold 
stage, sharp pains begin in the sides; the animal fre- 
quently will look at his sides and lie down very care- 
fully, then rise again; the skin is hot, breathing short, 
also a short cough; vo discharge from the nose; pulse 
hard and rapid; abdomen tucked up, and a ridge ex- 


66 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


tending from the hips to the breast-bone; on punching 
between the ribs, when the seat of inflammation is 
reached, the animal will evince pain by grunting; if the 
animal lies down it will invariably lie on the affected 
side, but they more frequently stand up. The second 
day, effusion of serum takes place; then the pulse 
will become slower and fuller, breathing will be easier 
and the animal seemingly is well again. And, if the 
effusion is not very great, it will soon be absorbed and 
the animal is well. But, if the effusion is great, the 


PLEURISY. 


breathing becomes hurried and short; the pulse grows 
fast and weak; the ridge from the hip to the breast is 
more prominent; appetite almost completely gone, cold 
sweats break out and imminent danger is at hand. 
Treatment:—Place the animal in a comfortable, airy, 

loose box-stall, free from draught. Blanket comforta- 
bly and warm the legs by hand rubbing, after which 
bandage with flannel to keep warm. Allow all the 
pure, cold water the animal will drink, and feed upon 
soft food, as bran-mash, boiled oats, etc. If it will not 
eat soft food, give it what it will eat. When the pain 
is severe, as is observed at the commencement of the 
attack, give the following drench: 

Raw Linseed: Oils os 55 ae one pint. 

Laudanum....... Velen. s «two ounces,” Max: 


PLEURISY. 67 


If the pain continues, give ounce doses of laudanum 
every four hours. Then give, every six hours, the fol- 
lowing: 

Liq. Ammon Acet...... twelve ounces. 
Spts. of Nitrous Ether....four ounces. Mix. 

Dose, four ounces in a pint of water as a drench. 
Also the following: 

Powd. Potass. Nit.:...... .two ounces. 
Pods! Bi-Cary <4 dishes t= ashe two ounces. Mix. 

Make into ten powders. Give one powder morning 
and evening in soft food, drinking water or as a drench. 
Hot flax-seed poultices applied to the sides are very bene- 
ficial, and in the absence of flax-seed, good mustard plas- 
ters applied will assist in promoting absorption. If the 
patient becomes weak and debilitated, give stimu. 
lants, as, 


AILEOMOME jais een wee ase eight ounces. 
PESGINeee ssf 25 MN three ounces. 
FrvNux Wome. otic, - two ounces. 
Tr: Gentian.............three ounces. Mix. 


Give two ounces three times a day in half pint of 
water asa drench. Keep the bowels moving freely by 
frequent doses of raw linseed oil, which will assist in 
carrying off the effusion of serum that settles around 
the lungs. 

But if the effusion of serum within the thoracic cav- 
ity is very great and the breathing hurried, the chest 
should be tapped. Although the operation is simple 
and easily performed, it does not always result satisfac- 
torily, probably because delayed too long. The proper 
place to operate is between the eighth and ninth ribs, 
as close as possible to the ninth rib. It should be done 
with trocar and canula, two-thirds the way down to- 
ward the bottom of the chest. After tapping give the 
following: 


68 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Iodide of Potassium........ one ounce, 
W DISk@ys. apace wiiete 5 ies -s. 8.00 pint, IMix. 
Give a wine-glassfull every six hours; also give daily 

one ounce of tincture perchloride of iron. Apply a 
good mustard plaster to the sides or a good cantharides 
liniment. Or ifthe tapping is not resorted to, the latter 
prescription, as well as the perchloride of iron, may be 
given with excellent results. 


CHRONIC COUGH. 


A cough is not a disease but a symptom of a disease, 
usually of the throat, lungs, bronchial tubes or some 
portion of the air passages. A chronic cough is a 


CHRONIC COUGH, 


symptom of some chronic derangement of the air 
passages, the result of an incomplete recovery from 
some acute affection, as pneumonia, bronchitis, laryn- 
gitis, influenza, heaves, ete. It is also an accompani- 
ment of heaves, and a symptom of diseases not classed 


CHRONIC COUGH. 69 


with disorders of the respiratory organs, as diseases of 
the stomach, worms, etc. When inflammation of the 
membranes lining the throat and _ bronchial tubes 
becomes chronic, the parts are very irritable and easily 
excited. Inhaling cold air suddenly, or dust, either 
from the hay or while on the road, or pinching the 
throat between the finger and thumb, will cause a 
heavy fit of coughing that will last for a few minutes 
and then cease until irritated again. 


Symptoms :—The location of the diseased parts is 
determined by the nature and sound of the cough. The 
healthy cough is strong, full and often accompanied by 
a sneeze to clear the nostrils of whatever may be 
within them. The heave cough is at first spasmodic, 
becoming feeble, short and suppressed and accompanied 
by a grunt. The throat cough is light, short and hack- 
ing, and the chest cough is hollow deep and resonant, 
except during the acute, painful stages of inflammation, 
when it is short and almost noiseless. 


Treatment :—Chronic cough in many instances is 
incurable, especially in cases of long standing; the more 
recent cases, however, often yield to treatment. When 
the irritation is in the upper part of the throat, great 
benefit will be derived from the application of a good 
stimulating liniment, as, 


Sweet Gilhs te wae hee tele four ounces. 
AVOCA TIA OTA e 2secia)e. eho /e two ounces. 
Turpentine .<. 420.2% yes bwovounces.: “Mix: 


Apply thoroughly around the throat up to the ears 
once daily, and give internally, 
Chlorate of Potassium.... two ounces. 
CamphoniG unr sot. os.5 osin)2.: one ounce. 
Solid Ext. Belladonna...... one ounce. 
Molasses, or Honey...... eight ounces. Mix. 


vil) DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Place a teaspoonful on the back part of the tongue 
three times a day, or give a teaspoonful of oil tar once 
daily, or, 

Chlorate of Potassium .... two ounces. 
Bicarbonate of Potassium.two ounces. Mix. 

Make twelve powders. Give one powder morning 

and evening in half pint of water, or, 


Gime Camphor ey: 2) sc cist. ,<43 one ounce, 
Pony deo mirth his’. y.i.'s ve. Wea was one ounce. 
Oalonmelieciuie maak neki i OOnevOUuneE: 
Lanseedmiviea rao hia two ounces. Mix. 


Make twelve pills. Give one pill every day fora 
week, then omit for a week, and repeat. Careful 
attention should be paid to the diet. Feed soft food; 
cut the hay and wet it, and mix chop feed with it. 
Allow an abundance of pure, fresh air. If grass is in 
geason, turn out to pasture as much as possible, for the 
benefit resulting from this course, is sometimes wonder- 
ful, being often productive of more good than a course 
of medical treatment. 


CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS. 


Congestion is generally a fore-runner of inflamma- 
tion of the lungs, although we frequently see cases 
where it never reaches the inflammatory stage; the 
patient either recovers or dies while the lungs are in the 
congested condition. Horses that are kept in the stable 
and fed and groomed well, without sufficient exercise, 
when taken out and put to severe exertion, are subjects 
for congestion of the lungs. In the same way when ani- 
mals suffering from influenza, catarrh or any other 
respiratory trouble, are put to severe work, congestion 
may be looked for. Or an animal unaccustomed to long 


CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS. 71 


drives, when driven a good distance on a hot day, may 
be stricken with congestion of the lungs; or it may 
result from badly ventilated stable, ete. 

Symptoms :—When caused from over-exertion in au 
animal unaccustomed to severe exercise, the patient 
will stand with limbs out-stretched, neck extended, 
head depressed, anxious looking countenance, flapping 
of the nostrils, heaving in flanks, more or less trembling 
over the whole body, with perspiration breaking out and 


CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS. 


rolling off in large drops. The limbs become cold, the 
eyes look blood-shot, the pulse is fast and feeble and 
the heart, as felt on the left side, is rapid and jerking. 
By placing the ear to the breast of the patient, you will 
hear minute crepitation or sharp, fine, crackling sounds. 
The nasal membrane will be of a deep red or blue color 
and the breathing will be quick, labored and wheezy. 
If blood is extracted, it looks very dark. 

Treatment :—As soon as congestion is observed and 
although the attack may be severe, by using very sin- 
ple remedies, great relief may be obtained. If any 
wind is blowing, turn the animal’s head toward it, then 


72 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


blanket well and rub the limbs thoroughly, or rub on 
some good, strong liniment and bandage to keep warm. 
Bleeding at this time will be of great benefit in assist- 
ing to unload the over-charged lungs. Thorough rub- 
bing all over the body with cloths, hay or the hands, 
will tend to bring the blood to the surface and assist in 
equalizing the circulation. Then give, 

Walntisewaeyy< Mites «sists eee oes four ounces. 

Blot Whaver e2 be hs ttn ee eleds half pint. Mix. 


Give every half hour until three or four doses are 
given. Or, 
Liq. Ammonia Acetatis....ten ounces. 
WHTRIRE Yao cite kin ea sham sp oats eel six ounces. Mix. 


Give three ounces every hour in half pint of water. 
After the acute symptoms have subsided, be very care- 
ful for a few days. Allow plenty of pure, fresh air and 
water, feed on soft food, to which may be added night 
and morning, one powder of 


Nitrate: of Potass 2 cee. ...two ounces. 
Bi-Carbonate of Soda...... -ohe ounce. Mix. 


Make six powders. Blanket well to keep warm and 
allow only moderate exercise, for you should bear in 
mind, that for some time after an attack, another is lia- 
ble to occur from trifling causes and may terminate ina 
more serious complaint, inflammation of the lungs. 


ASTHMA. 


That a condition does exist, wherein a chronic spasm 
of the bronchial muscular tissues is seen as a distinct 
and separate affection from heaves, there is no longer 
doubt. From the strong similarity between the two dis- 
eases, and also from the fact that asthma is sometimes 
a precursor of heaves, the two ailments have become 


ASTHMA. (3 


confounded and looked upon as synonymous. Asthma 
is hereditary in the majority of cases, and it may occur 
at any age. It is also caused by fog, smoke, fumes 
from various things; from fatigue and overwork when 
the system is debilitated, irritation of the stomach from 

indigestion, etc. 


Symptoms:—The difficult breathing, which is of a 
spasmodic character, generally develops suddenly and 
is quite severe while it lasts, and may terminate very 
speedily. Again it will last for months, unless 
relieved. There is also a wheezing sound accompanying 
inspiration; cough is short, quick and suppressed; great 
anxiety of countenance, which disappears to a great ex- 
tent when expectoration commences. The chest and 
abdomen very much resemble those of heaves, in the 
fixed or set position of the ribs and the double lft of 
the flank during the respiratory act. 


Treatment :—During the attack, the aim should be to 
give relief by relaxing the spasm, and what will accom- 
plish this in one animal, will fail in another. You will 
therefore have to try several remedies, and when one ts 
found that will answer that particular case, continue 
with it. Open the bowels with a quart of raw linseed 
oil, and give drachm doses of tincture of lobelia, every 
two hours, until five or six doses are given. If this does 
not give relef, try Hoffman’s anodyne, two drachm 
doses every two hours; or two drachm doses of chloral 
hydrate, every hour, until five or six doses are given; 
dilute the chloral with a pint of water. Or give bro- 
mide of potassium, two drachm doses every three or 
four hours, or half ounce doses of laudanum every hour, 
until five or six doses have been given. Apply mustard 
plasters to the sides; feed on light, soft diet; keep the 
body warm and the stomach quite empty. After the 


74 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


most distressing symptoms have subsided and the 
trouble still lingers, feed the animal some cedar or hem- 
lock boughs, as excellent results have been obtained 
from their use. 


QUINSY. 


This consists of an inflammation in the throat of a 
deep-seated character, tending to the formation of 
abscesses which are somewhat slow at development, but 
which subsequently break internally and are discharged 
through the nostrils. 


Causes:—Some horses are seemingly predisposed to 
quinsy. Often it is the result of exposure to cold 
storms or standing in drafts when heated. It may also 
be caused by neglected catarrh or anything causing an 
irritation and inflammation of the throat. Many cases 
of supposed influenza are really quinsy. 


Symptoms :—Fever is usually present from the out- 
set. There is usually soreness of the throat in swallow- 
ing, with internal pain and swellings on one or both 
sides of the neck. Sometimes there is external swelling 
which can be plainly seen. Soreness of the throat 
increases day by day, until there is complete inability 
to swallow. The breathing is considerably affected ; the 
symptoms become somewhat alarming, when suddenly 
the abscess bursts and matter gushes from the nostrils. 
The animal is immediately relieved and recovery soon 
follows: 


Treatment :—Place the patient in a clean, comfortable 
stall devoid of drafts, and blanket well; then if possible, 
administer a pint and a-half of raw linseed oil, to, be 
followed with, 


=I 
or 


SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM—THUMPS. 


Nitrate of Potassium......two ounces, 
Sweet Spirits of Nitre.....two ounces. 
Tincture Aconite........ .one drachm. 
Widltter yes rao tpaees to make one pint. Mix. 


Give one ounce every two or three hours until the 
feyer subsides, then give three or four times a day. 
Apply linseed meal poultices all around the throat, well 
up to the ears, changing them daily, and while changing 
apply quite freely to the throat, 


Sweet Oils te vacua: ota four ounces. 
Turpentine ...4)..\.. 2.) bwo ounces. 
Aqua Ammonia.......... two ounces. Mix. 


Feed on soft bran mashes or boiled food, and keep 
a bucket of cold water within reach of the animal, con- 
tinuously. If no abscesses form, the recovery will be 
rapid, or in case abscesses do form, as soon as they 
burst, recovery immediately follows. Two or three 
weeks frequently pass before the rupture takes place. 
Should the symptoms become very alarming, the 
abscesses should be opened internally, and this requires 
the skill of a veterinary surgeon. 


SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM—THUMPS. 


The diaphragm is the principal muscle used in 
breathing, and is situated between the lungs and 
bowels, forming a sort of partition between them. 
Spasm of this muscle is caused by extreme and pro- 
longed speeding upon the road or race track, also by 
hauling heavy loads a long distance on a hot day, or by 
doing any severe work on a hot summer day. The 
severe strain or over taxation of this muscle causes an 
irritation of the nerves controlling it, and violent and 
forcible contractions follow, which may be observed by 


76 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. 


a jerk or a thump in the region of the chest. It is 
sometimes mistaken for violent action of the heart, but 
by feeling the pulse and watching the thumping, it will 
be discovered that they do not act together. 

Treatment :—If nothing better is convenient, give six 
ounces of whisky in a pint of hot water, repeating in 
one hour; or, 


(Olt OF OLOMMA poate ests Sete six drachms. 
WAS eee AW. wt a ous SOUR O ONICeS: 
NIETO eh ge iaso Nk 5 NMR en CR eee one pint. Mix. 
Give at one dose and repeat in one hour if neces- 
sary, or, 
Chioralvrydiraite ii. 6 ears oe one ounce, 
Sulphate of Morphia..... forty grains. 
Wider sh meisre kgm c rd. cates one pint. Mix. 


Give half and repeat in one hour. After you have 
controlled the spasm, allow absolute rest for a week or 
ten days. If when put to severe exertion the thumps 
return, the animal should be worked either at very 
slow, light work, or turned to pasture for six months. 


HEAVES. 


This disease very closely resembles asthma: in man, 
but is more continuous in its symptoms. One of the 
principal causes is over-feeding on clover hay; but over- 
feeding with any bulky food, causing overloading and 
distention of the stomach, will produce heaves. Dis- 
eases of the lungs are also said to be a cause. I believe 
that large horses with small chests are more susceptible 
to this disease than those with large chests. Therefore, 
from mares that breed such colts with small chests, de- 
veloping heaves at the period between six and ten years 
of age, the disease truly may be said to be hereditary. 


LYMPHANGITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE LYMPHATICS. 77 

Symptoms:—No fever, but short, hacking cough; 
sometimes discharge from the nose of a mattery sub- 
stance; heavy, abdominal breathing, with a double lift 
of the flank at each inspiration; a wheezing sound is 
made when the animal is put to work; breathing very 
difficult on sultry, foggy days; the animal usually eats 
dirt and filth, and, invariably, when the animal coughs, 
wind will pass off from the bowels. 

Treatment :—Keep the animal out of the stable both 
winter and summer and let it run on pasture as much as 
possible. When fed, dampen both hay and grain. If 
stabled, keep in a cool, well aired stable. If the fol- 
lowing recipe is followed daily, it will be of much bene- 
fit in checking the cough, which greatly benefits the 
animal: 


Bost reees i. |. eat e: sso theta ake two ounces. 
VAM ALATIE® Cera. sel'a ove 1c Were sian de two ounces. 
Gingerk cat. o tt Belek ite bWwO OUDCES. 
‘Partar: EMetiG.!s 3). 2 Von two ounces. 
Spanish Brown. ..% 62. 2.0. two ounces. 
Sulphate of Morphia...... sixty grains. 
Browim Ougar. 2.) > ako. 6-6. four ounces. Mix. 


Give a tablespoonful three times a day until the dis- 
ease is checked; then give a spoonful once a day or 
every other day. Always give the medicine in soft 
food; or give two ounce doses of raw linseed oil twice 
daily, to keep the bowels loose. 


LYMPHANGITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE LYMPHATICS. 


This is a constitutional disease and most frequently 
occurs in fleshy, heavy-legged horses. It is caused by 
heavy feeding and want of proper exercise. Hence it 
is generally seen on Monday morning. The heavy 
truck horses are worked all week and highly fed, and 


78 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


on Sunday they receive their usual amount of food. As 
the system is not working enough to carry off the waste 
material, the lymphatic glands become gorged and in- 
flammation is the result. 


Symptoms :—If seen at first, there will be noticed a 
chill, with fever rising immediately afterward; pulse 
ranging from forty to seventy, hard and cord-like under 
the fingers; the horse is lame, either in the fore or hind 
leg, most freqently the latter; if the lameness is in the 
fore leg, press upon the inside of the fore leg, in the 
brachial region, close up to the breast, and the horse 
will evince great pain; if in the hind leg, press in the 
inguinal region, close up in the groin, and from 
there to near the stifle, and the horse will be so pained 
that he will raise his leg sideways, so high that he will 
almost fall over. The bowels become constipated and 
the urine scanty. The symptoms usually increase for 
twenty-four to thirty-six hours, then commence to 
abate. Occasionally, the lymphatic glands, high up on 
the inside of the leg, suppurate and pyzemia supervenes 
and proves fatal. In severe cases, the skin remains 
hard, with a fibrous growth, which is known by the 
name of elephantiasis, or big leg. 


Treatment :—If the case is a mild one, exercise mod- 
erately and apply hot fomentations to the parts 
affected. A recovery may be expected in twodays. If 
the case is very severe, give immediately, or as soon as 


possible, 
Barbadoes Aloes........... one ounce. 
Ginvier kh. you yuede Jest es shWwo Grachmig. via 


Give in half a pint of water at one dose. Then ap- 
ply fomentations of hot water and vinegar to the 
affected parts for twenty minutes, every two or three 
hours; after fomenting, wipe dry with a flannel cloth. 


STOMATITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. 79 


As soon as the physic has operated, give two or three 
times a day, the following: 


Powe. Potasse Nite crs 040 ties one ounce. 
Bi-Carbonate Soda......... one ounce. 
OO SR ED yea chor Me hate a looses one ounce. Mix. 


ake into twelve powders. As soon as the horsecan 
walk with any comfort, take him out and exercise mod- 
erately. Should there be any swelling left in the groin 
or brachial region, apply tincture of iodine every day 
for a week; then cease for a few days and then repeat. 
Should there be a tendency to ‘‘big leg’’ (which fre- 
quently follows this disease), use the iodine freely and 
give the following: 


Iodide of Potassium....... two ounces. 
Dake WOTMICA oe ccda a techs’: one ounce. 
PowdsSalph. Tronic.) one ounce. 


’ ake into fifteen powders and give one powder at 
each meal. If that should fail, use a good blister along 
the lymphatic chain. 


STOMATITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. 


This disease has various causes, such as stings of in- 
sects, snake-bites, injuries from the bit, injuries from 
pulling ropes through the mouth, giving medicines not 
thoroughly diluted, decayed or irregular teeth, ete. 


Symptoms :—Swelling and redness of the mucous 
membrane lining the mouth; often small blisters will 
form in the mouth, allowing a discharge of serum, then 
look raw with ragged edges; sometimes several of these 
coalesce, forming a large sore; difficulty in swallowing; 
slavering; often a fetid saliva dropping from the 
mouth, 


80 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Treatment :—If the cause is apparent, remove it; if 
from any corrosive agent, wash the mouth with almond 
oil, sweet oil, or dilute glycerine. If the teeth are out 
of condition, attend to them at once. If the mouth is 
very sore, use a paste made of glycerine and prepared 
chalk and gum arabic; apply to the sores several times 
a day; or if ulcers are present, use a solution of chlorate 
of potash or alum, one ounce, to a pint of water. Wash 
the mouth three times a day with an ounce of the mix- 
ture. If the ulcersare very deep and not inclined to heal, 
mix thirty grains of nitrate of silver with an ounce of 
water and touch the sores with it every other day. 
Feed on soft food and give a saline cathartic, as, 


Glauber Salts.............ten ounces. 
Gimpier ses ee) sci ok one drachm. Mix. 


Give at one dose in a quart of water. Also give 
drachm doses of nitrate of potassium, three times a day. 


TONGUE INJURIES. 


The tongue is a very important organ to the horse, 
for without its assistance, the act of eating and drinking 
is performed with great difficulty. The tongue is sub- 
jected to many injuries, as being pulled out forcibly to 
one side of the mouth by ignorant persons, while 
administering medicines or dressing the teeth; by being 
cut while rubbing against sharp edges of the back 
teeth, or against split teeth; by being torn with bit and 
halter chains. By falling and striking on the chin, the 
tongue may be badly bitten and it may also be injured 
by the breaking of a thin glass bottle in the mouth or 
by a bottle with a sharp or broken edge, used in 
drenching. 


* LAMPAS, OR SWELLED GUMS. 81 


Treatment :—Injuries to the tongue heal very quickly 
when the cause is removed. If the wound is caused by 
sharp edges of the teeth, dress them off with a file. If 
from other sources, and the injury is not sufficient to 
amputate the parts, dress the wound with the following: 


GER ech ete catomasi tea ee areks half ounce. 
Pow wAlimert ore ieiee aie ali '.. half ounee. 
VELEN Mee cal iawn eu REP IN unas one pint. Mix. 


Apply to the sore three or four times daily. Before 
amputation is resorted to (which should be done by a 
veterinary surgeon) satisfy yourself that the parts will 
not heal or will cause great inconvenience, for it must 
be remembered that the tongue may be almost cut or 
torn off, yet it will heal and be of great service. If 
early seen, a wound may be stitched together with good 
results. Feed on soft, sloppy diet, and do not give hay 
or grain, unless it has been boiled sufficiently to 
soften it. 


LAMPAS, OR SWELLED GUMS. 


This is a red or swollen state of the upper gum and 
may be called properly dentition fever. Itusually is seen 
in colts from one to five years old, and is caused princi- 
pally from teething; but may occur at any age from 
indigestion. 

Treatment :—If in an old horse, give at one dose the 
following physic: 

ANGER sch atone sak batman ater as ar one ounce. 
GPT SPST. ey me PDE SIR LM one drachm. Mix. 

Afterward give a vegetable tonic to improve the 
digestion. If ina colt, scarify the gums,—but do not 
go back of the second crease in the mouth. Feed corn 
on the ear and give, 


82 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Nitrate of Potassium.......one ounce. 
Chlorate of Potassium...... one ounce. 
Bi-Carbonate of Soda..... two ounces. Mix. 
Make into sixteen powders and give one powder at 
each meal in the drinking water. If the bowels are 
costive, give a physic,—as one pint of castor or raw lin- 
seed oil. 


ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 


Causes :—Drinking ice-cold water, standing in drafts, 
giving too powerful cathartics; feeding new oats, new 
corn, or musty grain or hay; heavy fatiguing work, 
indigestion; spasmodic colic, when not properly 
attended to. 


Wy, Dyin; 


INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS, 


Symptoms:— The symptoms very much resemble 
spasmodic colic; the animal will paw and lie down,— 
very carefully at first; as the disease advances, he will 
lie down and get up frequently, roll upon his back, lie 
for a short time in that position, then begin;tumbling 
around. The pains are very severe, and continuous; 
whereas, in spasmodic colic there are frequent intermis- 
sions. The membranes of the nose, mouth and eyes are 


ae 


WK 
S 


Wie 


s 


ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 83 


congested and reddened, the mouth is hot and dry, res- 
pirations are increased, with a desire to drink small 
amounts of water. The legs and ears get cold. The 
pulse at first full and fast—ranging from sixty to 
seventy, very soon becomes smaller and weaker. Cold 
sweats break out on the body; an anxious expression 
of countenance appears; glassy, staring eyes; upon 


Rats 


; 
MARA S 
nan 


INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 
applying pressure to the abdomen the animal will evince 
pain. The bowels are generally costive but occasionally 
pass small pellets of dung generally glazed with mucous 
or streaked with blood; but if occasioned by irritant 
food or medicine, purging and bloating may be present. 


Treatment :—If the patient is seen during the early 
stage, bleeding from the jugular vein, until an impres- 
sion is made on the pulse, will often give relief. Give 
immediately— 

Powd. Opium.:.... . 2. .+- One drachm, 
Extract Belladonna...... one drachm. Mix. 

Apply hot fomentations to the abdomen. Rub the 

legs with the following: 


84 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


UIST" (Gro) Ar oy aay Meee NU a man four ounces. 
Ext. Witch Haze!......... six ounces. 
UA OAT VANTIA TOIT) <). seNeil two ounces. Mix. 


Apply bandages and if the pain continues, give 
drachm doses of powdered opium every thirty or forty 
minutes, until it ceases. Then apply the foregoing lini- 
ment to the abdomen and keep the patient well 
blanketed. Keep the bowels quiet, it makes no differ- 
ence if they do not move for two or three days. Feed 
on light, soft food,-as bran mash, linseed meal, etc. In 
the course of two or three days give sulphate of soda, 
eight ounces, and continue giving it morning and even- 
ing until the bowels move. Give walking exercise, and 
occasionally warm injections to assist in moving the 
bowels. 


MUCO-ENTERITIS. 


This is inflammation of the lining membrane of the 
bowels. It is seen quite frequently in this country, 
though usually confined to localities where there is poor 
drainage and the hay and corn-fodder become musty; 
also where the stabling is poor and the horses are 
exposed to the inclement weather. Other causes are 
giving brisk cathartics, drinking impure or stagnant 
water, etc. 


Symptoms :—The first symptom noticed, generally, is 
a staring coat; others are dullness, loss of appetite, and 
fever; sometimes pawing and lying down; tenderness of 
the abdominal region. The animal looks gaunt; abdo- 
men is drawn up. Sometimes there is diarrhcea but 
more frequently constipation. Quite large balls of 
manure are passed, coated with mucous, sometimes 
very stringy like a large bundle of worms. 


SUPERPURGATION. 85 


Treatment:—When first noticed, give one quart of 
castor or linseed oil and change the diet immediately, 
give a gruel made from linseed meal or slippery elm tea. 
After the physic has operated, give the following: 


Sulphate ‘of-sodar 3.014980 A one pound. 
Ouinines eee ce Low es four drachms. 
Mire VW omileasateiin ec acct: one ounce. Mix. 


Make eight doses and give morning and evening. If 
diarrhoea sets in spontaneously, let it go twenty-four 
hours unchecked, as it is frequently beneficial. If the 
animal is suffering much pain, give ounce doses of 
laudanum until relieved; then immediately cease giving 
opiates and give more castor or linseed oil to move the 
bowels. 


SUPERPURGATION. 


This term is used to designate a diarrhea or flux 
from the bowels, which is superinduced by and follows 
the administration of a physic. There is always con- 
siderable irritation of the bowels, and not infrequently 
inflammation supervenes, which latter symptom should 
always be looked upon with suspicion, as it is quite 
dangerous. The disorder is caused by giving too large 
doses of physic or by administering physic to horses 
suffering from debilitating diseases, as influenza, stran- 
gles, pneumonia, etc.; by driving horses some distance 
while purging, or by giving large quantities of cold 
water while a physic is operating. - Great care and 
judgment should be exercised in giving physic to 
horses while suffering from diseases of the throat and 
chest. Before giving a physic, the animal should be 
prepared by giving two or three warm, soft bran 
mashes; immediately follow with the physic and after 


86 DISEASES Ub THE HORSE. 


it begins to operate, clothe the body and keep it warm, 
give small quantities of water slightly warmed and 
allow perfect rest until the purging ceases. After the 
horse has purged for twenty-four hours, the frequent 
evacuations may usually be stopped by feeding dry hay 
and oats, but should the purging still continue, give flour 
and water, or four ounces of brandy in a quart of milk 
to which add four eggs; repeat if necessary, five or six 
times a day and if this does not check it, use the 
following: 


Tincture, Catechu.<....:.. .four ounces. 
Lauda)! S aes es four ounces. 
Tincture; Ginger si: ss...) . four ounces. Mix. 


Give three ounces in half pint of water every three 
hours; restrict the drinking water and feed upon good 
hay and oats. If this manner of feeding constipates, 
give a pint of raw linseed oil, afterwards. 


CONSTIPATION. 


This is a condition of the bowels, where the fecal 
matter is abnormally retained, and when passed, is 
small in amount and hard in consistence. Constipation 
can hardly be considered a disease of itself but rather a 
symptom of a diseased condition, brought about by 
feeding upon bulky, innutritious, dry, fibrous food fora 
continuous length of time. The stomach and bowels 
become weakened, there is a dimunition in fluid 
material from defective secretion, and the dry ingesta 
contained within the intestines, causes a partially para- 
lyzed condition of the muscular fibre of these organs, 
with*loss of peristaltic action, which if not relieved, 
would bring on congestion or inflammation of the bowels. 


INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS. 87 


Symptoms:—Among the first symptoms noticed, is a 
gradual falling off in flesh, coat staring, distended abdo- 
men or pot belly; swelling of the limbs, which disap- 
pears upon exercise; general lassitude and weakness, 
difficulty in passing manure, which is small, dry and hard 
and passed with much straining; appetite becomes im- 
paired; pulse, small and weak, and a foul smell ema- 
nates from the mouth. In some instances there are 
colicky pains, but these are very rare. 

Treatment:—The first step in the treatment of 
constipation, is to remove the cause. Place good, soft, 
nutritious food within reach and avoid giving drastic 
‘athartics. If bran mash will be eaten, throw in a 
handful of sulphate of soda or sulphate of magnesia, 
once or twice a day. Groom well and give moderate 
exercise. If the ailment does not yield to this treat 
ment in a few days, give a quart of raw linseed oil at 
one dose. After the bowels have responded to the 
above interference with medicines, they are liable to 
drop back into a torpid condition, and to relieve this, 
use the following: 


Barbadoes Aloes.........-. two ounces. 
Asafwetida. 20%. 64022. >. two ounces. 
AW Re? V OLGA as es CR, So one ounce. Mix. 


Make eight powders. Give one powder morning and 
evening, for ten days, and allow all the water the ani- 
mal will drink. 


INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS. 


Accumulation of stercoraceous material in the intes- 
tinal tube, is sometimes noticed in horses. It consists 
of concretions of various kinds adhering to the walls of 
the intestines, sometimes assuming immense propor- 
tions before any symptoms of intestinal trouble are 


88 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


noticed. The position of these large concretions is in 
the large bowels, where they may remain for years, 
undisturbed, except perchance, the animal may have an 
attack of colic, and during the paroxysm of pain, while 
rolling and tumbling about, may displace the concre- 


SYMPTOM OF INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION, 


tions and they may then become lodged in some other 
part, when grave symptoms are observed. Under this 
head, will also be included such troubles as invagina- 
tion, where one bowel slips into another; strangulation 
of an intestine by another rolled round it, tumors and 
abscesses formed within the bowel, etc. 


Symptoms :— When obstruction is complete, there will 
be severe colicky pains, without intervals, when free 
from pain, differing from inflammation of the bowels in 
that there is no rise of temperature at first.- There may 
be slight diarrhcea, at first, which soon disappears, as 
only that manure will pass which is behind the obstruc- 
tion. Frequently, the horse will sit upon its haunches, 


DIARRH@A. 89 


or if standing, press its haunches against the wall. Consti- 
pation or irregularities of the bowels, with occasional at- 
tacks of colic, indicate intestinal concretions, and obstruc- 
tion from accumulations of material, of whatever sort. 
Treatment :—Whenever obstrution of the intestines 
is observed from the forgoing symptoms, make an 
examination through the rectum, or last bowel; grease 
the hand and arm thoroughly, then pass it carefully, 
and if you can reach the obstruction, try to remove it. 
It is not advisable to give any physic in such cases. On 
the contrary, give medicines to relieve pain, and trust 
the rest to nature. If the animal will eat anything, 
give only soft, nutritious food, in limited quantities. 
To relieve the pain, use the following: 
Chioralsjhydraves:. .-seu.)- two ounces. 
Wa Garett eo ary aa oe eight ounces. Mix. 
Give two ounces every hour, in a pint of water until 
relief, or, 


TU OUNADINAY, heeds oats lee ove four ounces. 
Tincture Belladonna...... two ounces. 
SU phUriG Hither tian nest two ounces. Mix. 


Give one and one-half ounces every hour in a pint 
of water until relief. If the pain is severe and bloating 
is observed, tapping the bowel with a trocar, and allow- 
ing the gas to escape, will give témporary relief. If 
invagination has taken place, the bowel may grow 
together and that position invaginated, slough off and 
pass away with the manure. 


DIARRHOEA. 


This disease is quite frequently met with among 
horses. 

Causes :—Giving too heavy cathartics, drinking im- 
pure water, eating tender, green grass in the spring; 


90 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


indigestion, drinking ice-cold water, over-driving and 
watering while heated, exposure to cold rains; any irri- 
tant within the bowels; eating mouldy or musty food, 
diseased condition of the teeth, pasturing on low 
marshy ground, exposure during cold nights, low damp 
stables, ete. 


Symptoms :—There may be a soft discharge from the 
bowels, which may be completely overlooked for a con- 
siderable length of time because the animal retains its 
appetite; it may terminate in complete recovery. But 
in the more severe cases, a watery discharge comes 
flooding from the bowels, with loss of appetite, staring 
coat, paleness of the mucous membranes, sunken eyes, 
unsteady or staggering gait, rapid breathing, small, 
weak and rapid pulse, rumbling of the bowels,—if the 
ear is applied to the side a rumbling or churning sound 
is heard. 


Treatment :—If the discharge is slight, give a pint of 
‘astor oil, which will generally effect a cure. But in 
the more aggravated form, give a pint and a half of cas- 
tor or linseed oil and one ounce of laudanum. Change 
the diet to good, nutritious food. If the purging con- 
tinues, give wheat flour in water, starch water or white 
oak bark tea. If there is much bloating accompanying 
the diarrhoea, give a tablespoonful of baking soda three 
times a day, or give every four hours, two tablespoon- 
fuls of the following: 


Prepared (Chalk oy. oc. 3's four ounces. 
Powdered Catechu......... one ounce. 
Powdered Cinchona........ one ounce. 
Powdered Gentian........ two ounces. Mix. 


Allow a horse to stand for a few days before putting 
to work, as a second attack is worse than the first. 


DYSENTERY. YT 
DYSENTERY. 


This is an aggravated form of diarrhcea, tending to 
inflammation of the bowels. The causes are like those 
of diarrhcea,—such as feeding musty hay, drinking im- 
pure water, strong purgatives, exposure to cold rains; 
by being crowded in low, damp, dark stables; by graz- 
ing for a long time on low, wet, marshy pastures. 

Symptoms :—Excessive watery discharge from the 
bowels, which has an offensive odor; the discharge is 
frequently streaked with blood and passed with consid- 
erable straining; shreds of mucous membrane and 
blood are passed; the horse lies down a great deal; the 
appetite remains fair, and there is an unusual desire for 
drir' ‘ng water; the abdomen is tucked-up and very 
tender; staring coat; sunken eyes; the animal soon be- 
comes very weak; dejected appearance, generally. 

Treatment :—First place the animal in a dry, warm, 
well-ventilated stall; brush and rub the skin thoroughly 
two or three times a day; blanket well and bandage the 
legs; give good, pure water in small quantities and give 


at first, 
Castor Oile22) ore eee. .ten ounces. 
De euani irae: ke Sy chats hae two ounces. Mix. 
Give at one dose; also, 
IVR at rs nis Pai el Paaa tac re tas -one quart. 
AW Alig ign 2 Shs. cada tan be sole four ounces. 


To which add four eggs. 

sive three times a day. Give the patient soft and 
easily digested food, as linseed meal gruel, slippery elm 
gruel, etc. Administer the following: 


Powe. homie. (5. one-half ounce. 
Pome Gatechttc.: 3.00 eee 32's one ounce. 
Rowe Kinesis) vlad ae One ounce: 


Prepared. @halktk. Ya iaiie. : four ounces. Mix. 


ite) 
Nc 
Ww 


DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Make six doses and every four or five hours give one 
in a little sweet milk. Rub the abdomen with a can- 
tharides liniment, or take mustard, mix with vinegar to 
form a paste, and apply tothe abdomen. As the bowels 
begin to act better and are more regular and more 
nearly normal in their discharges, give, 

DoverisiPowderts a... ee one ounce. 
enna Pas ea four drachms. Mix. 

Make eight powders and give one powder at each 
meal. Bandage the legs and rub them with dilute alco- 
hol; also keep the animal well. blanketed and warm. 


GASTRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. 


{Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the 
stomach, is rarely seen as an independent affection and 
is probably only seen as the result of irritation from 
impaction of the stomach, from over-feeding or over- 
eating when fatigued, getting loose in the stable and 
having access to the grain bin, from foreign substances 


SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. 

given in the food, the administration of powerful and 
irritating drugs without being sufficiently diluted with 
water or oil, by giving an over-dose of arsenic and by 
poisoning with lead. If horses are around newly- 
painted buildings or where paint kegs have been thrown 
away, they will sometimes lick and eat a sufficient 
quantity to produce gastritis, and not infrequently it 


Pras 
=> 


GASTRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. 93 


results from drinking water which runs through new 
lead pipes. 


Symptoms:—When occurring from inpaction and 
over-eating, colicky pains of a continuous character are 
usually observed. There is rapid breathing with a hard, 
wiry pulse, turning of the head around pointing to the 
stomach, and sometimes sweating along the neck, shoul- 
ders and sides. The desire for drinking water is some- 
what intense and a turning up of the upper lip is some- 
times observed. When arsenic is the cause of inflamma- 
tion of the stomach, there will be loss of appetite with 
nausea and attempts to vomit, a desire for water and a 
frothy saliva in the mouth. Abdominal pain is present, 
a rumbling in the bowels is heard and sometimes 
diarrhoea supervenes with heavy straining. The manure 
that is passed has a very offensive odor, sweat bedews 
the body, while the limbs are cold. The breathing is 
short and rapid, the pulse soon becomes very feeble and 
in a short time cannot be detected. Following the 
symptoms very closely, will be paralysis of the hind 
extremities and death. If the inflammation is caused 
by lead poison, colicky pains will be observed, with 
labored breathing, staggering gait, general. paralysis, 
convulsions and death. If there is chronic poisoning by 
lead, there will be an unthrifty appearance, diminution 
of appetite, a blue line extending around the margin of 
the gums, puffy swellings beneath the jaws, constipa- 
tion, and a rough, staring condition of the hair. Abor- 
tion frequently occurs during chronic lead poisoning. 


Treatment :—W hen we observe a case of inflammation 
of the stomach, arising from any cause, itis well to bear 
in mind that by reasons of the structures involved, its 
course is very rapid and also very fatal, although I 
believe there are more recoveries from this affection 


04 DISEASES OF THE HORSE, 
than from inflammation of the bowels. Soothing reme- 
dies should be given as quickly as possible and the 
stomach held in a state of repose. For this purpose 
give flaxseed tea, slippery elm tea, thoroughly boiled 
oat meal gruel, etc., to which should be added as soon 
as can be obtained, 

Powd. or Gum Opium...... one ounce. 

Some sWiaiter sic as noe None one quart. Mix. 


Place over the fire and simmer down to one pint, 
then give two ounces every two or three hours. Hot 
applications along the abdomen just under the stomach, 
are attended with beneficial results. For this purpose 
blankets wrung out of hot water and held in that posi- 
tion for a few hours, is a good method, changing every 
few minutes to maintain the heat. After ceasing the 
hot applications, a mustard draft should be applied 
around the region of the stomach. When the severe 
symptoms have subsided and the patient appears some- 
what improved, administer a pint of raw linseed oil, 
which will assist in unloading the stomach of retained 
material and possibly the offending agent. When the 
offending agent is arsenic, give half dozen raw eggs 
well-beaten up with milk, raw linseed oil or linseed 
eruel every half hour for a few hours, or the adminis- 
tration of powdered charcoal, will be attended with 
beneficial results; or if obtainable, give two-ounce 
doses every ten minutes for an hour, of freshly prepared 
hydrated peroxide of iron. This is really the best anti- 
dote for arsenical poisoning. If the inflammation is 
caused from lead poison or any other of the irritant 
poisons, treat as above recommended, with milk, eggs, 
oil, linseed or slippery elm tea, etc., omitting the prep- 
aration of iron. But constantly bear in mind that the 
stomach should receive soothing remedies, as the linseed 
gruel, ete., for a continued length of time. After 


” 


GORGED STOMACH—STOMACH STAGGERS, ETC. 95 


recovery has taken place, feed only upon boiled food 
and in limited quantities, for a few months, or if in the 
proper season, turn out to grass. 


GORGED STOMACH—STOMACH STAGGERS—INDIGESTION. 


This derangement of the stomach is caused by team- 
sters feeding their horses a large feed after a heavy 
day’s work. The animal being very hungry, eats rap- 
idiy ; the food is not well masticated, and going into a 
stomach somewhat weakened by the day’s work, is una- 
ble to digest it and indigestion is the result. It may 


SYMPTOMS OF RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH. 


also arise from eating damaged wheat, dried ripe 
vetches, and from eating rapidly of bulky food after 
fasting, etc. When we consider the small capacity of 
the stomach of a horse, holding only about, three gal- 
lons, we need not be surprised to see indigestion, for 


96 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


when the stomach becomes gorged, it has scarcely any 
other exit except to pass on, as it is very seldom that 
the horse vomits. 


Symptoms :—These are generally sudden, but not al- 
ways. The animal may step back from the manger and 
lie down, apparently resting. Suddenly, it will rise and 
stand for a while, without eating; then lie down again 
for a time. Soon it arises and becomes more restless by 
pawing with its fore-feet and lying down upon its 
breast, rolling over to its side, then upon its breast 
again and trying to vomit, at which it may make fre- 
quent attempts, and sometimes a sour smelling hquid 
discharge will come from the nostrils. There are fre- 
quent eructations, or belching up of gas from the stom- 
ach. “The animal may tremble considerably, and cold 
sweats bedew the body. <A thick slobber may be seen 
around the mouth. The bowels are usually costive, but 
sometimes a slight diarrhoea is present. The pulse and 
respiration are both increased. If vomiting does actu- 
ally occur, it generally presages rupture of the stomach ; 
at this stage the horse may sit upon its haunches, which 
isa dangerous symptom, and an unfavorable termina- 
tion may be anticipated. 


Treatment:—When first noticed, give a heavy physic. 
As the stomach is distended with both food and gas, its 
action must be aroused to throw off its contents. The 
following will suffice very well: 

Powd. Barbadoes Aloes.....one ounce. 
Calomeli sole wees ans yeaa one drachm. 
Gentian connie a ooo ne three drachms. Mix. 


Give at one dose, If the pain increases, give ounce 
doses of sulphuric ether in half pint of water every hour, 
until four doses are given. Or, aromatic spirits of 
ammonia, one ounce every two hours until three or four 


HEMIPLEGIA—PARALYSIS. 97 


doses have been given. Blankets wrung out of hot 
water and applied to the stomach and bowels, often give 
relief. Ifthe former physic is not convenient, give a 
quart of raw linseed oil or a quart of melted hogs’ lard, 
as the stomach must be unloaded before permanent 
relief is to be obtained. Injections of castile soap and 
hot water are beneficial. A moderate amount of walk- 
ing exercise, will also be of benefit. After relief has 
been obtained, feed cn easily digested food, for a few 
days; also give the following, as much benefit will be 
derived therefrom: 


Powd. Barbadoes Aloes.... one ounce. 
IASGALOODIGA on bie ondlate oe oy4 one ounce. 
Gentian nu ee. 8 Silicone none OlENCes Oa: 


Make eight powders. Give one powder each day, 
until all are given. 


HEMIPLEGIA—PARALYSIS. 


This form of paralysis is not frequentl, seen among 
horses. It is usually the result of some brain trouble, as 
tumors in the lateral ventricles, pressure upon the brain 
from fracture of the skull, softening of the brain from 
poison in the blood, inflammation of the brain from 
emboli obstructing the blood-fiow through the brain, ete. 


Symptoms;—The attack may be sudden, with complete 
loss of motion of one side of the body, the animal fall- 
ing down and being unable to rise. Again, the standing 
position is retained, but movements are made with ° 
great difficulty. The lips on one side will hang pendu- 
lous, the tongue protrude from .one side of the mouth 
and there is difficulty in swallowing food or water. The 
urine may pass away involuntarily. 


98 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Treatment :—The treatment of paralysis is very unsat- 
isfactory and flattering results must not be anticipated. 
If due to an inflamed condition of the brain, bleeding 
will be proper. Carefully regulate the bowels by feed- 
ing soft food, in which may be given four to six ounce 
doses of sulphate of soda or epsom salts, until the 
bowels are regulated. Hand rubbing of the affected 
limbs and a strong liniment applhed along the spine, 
may assist in restoration to health. The following will 
suffice : 


Raw Linseed Oil.......... six ounces. 
Aqua Ammonia.........three ounces. 


Oil of Turpentine........ three ounces. Mix. 
Apply until blisters are raised. 


JAUNDICE, ICTERUS, OR YELLOWS. 


Jaundice is caused by suppression or re-absorption of 
bile and is more of a symptom than a disease. Any 
cause which tends to disturb the functions or tissue of 
the liver, as disturbed circulation from congestion or 
inflammation, deposits or growths, pressing upon the bile 
duct, catarrh of the bile duct, gall stones, or impurities 
in the blood from specific fever, ete. 


Symptoms :—The first that is generally noticed, is the 
yellowness of the eyes and membranes of the nostrils 
and mouth, instead of the pale pink, as is observed in 
health. The tongue will be coated and an offensive 
smell emanates from the mouth. The bowels are some- 
what constipated, the dung is dry, of a light color and 
has an offensive smell. When there is no fever present, 
the appetite will remain very good and the pulse 


will be but little affected. But when fever’ is 


resent, the animal will appear drowsy, with loss of 
Pp ’ ’ 


Ps 


CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. 99 


appetite, and seems greatly exhausted with moderate 
work, in fact the animal acts as if it wished to be left 
alone and does not care to move. Occasionally a dry 
itching, scurfy state of the skin is observed. 

Treatment :—First discover the cause, if possible, then 
remove it. If from congestion, endeavor as quickly as 
possible to unload the liver, by giving such remedies as 
will have a direct action, as, 


BArLDAGCOeSHMAWOES = ic.) Mieerencea. one ounce. 
Walomielieiret swe Na aatae cues one drachm. Mix. 


Give at one dose. The object is to rid the system of 
the excessive amount of bile and it is best accomplished 
in this way. When fever is present, avoid giving such 
brisk physic and endeavor to move the bowels by giving, 

Sulphate of Sada, oi. 2.1.5 “1X OUNCES. 
NYSE Re ila Pan mi | ~. One, quart. 

Or linseed oil, one pint daily, until the bowels are 
loose. If there is an acid condition of the stomach, as 
evidenced by eating dirt or licking the walls, give two 
to four ounces of lime water, twice a day. If the 
patient is weak and slow of recovery, give nitro-muri- 
atic acid, one drachm, morning and evening, well 
diluted in drinking water, and feed light, easily digested 
food, as bran mash, ground flaxseed, ete. 


CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. 


This disease is more prevalent during hot weather 
than at any other season, and is also seen in low, damp, 
malarial districts. It is caused from over-exertion, 
after eating a rich, hearty meal; sudden chills following 
specific fevers; faulty digestion, especially when rich 
food is given, without exercise; changes from a cold to 
a warm, damp region; chills in cold, damp nights after 
hot days, ete. 


100 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Symptoms :—The animal will appear dull and disin- 
clined to move. An unnatural appetite is evidenced by 
the desire to eat dirt or lick at the walls of the stable. 
The appetite for food becomes impaired. The bowels 
are costive, and what does ‘pass, is hard, scanty, of a 
light color and smells offensive. The mucous mem- 
branes of the nostrils and mouth assume a yellowish 
tint, as is also seen around the eyes. Frequently an 
offensive. odor is observed around the mouth. The 
pulse is usually full and soft and the breathing but lit- 
tle affected. Pressure behind the right shoulder, fre- 
quently produces pain and sometimes there is lameness 
in the same shoulder. 


Treatment :—Bleeding is frequently attended with 
good results, providing the pulse is full and distinct. 
The liver should be emptied as quickly as possible, and 
for that purpose, use the following: 


Barbadoes Aloes....... seven drachins. 
Calomel Moen us ae one drachim.. wave 


Give at one dose, either in the form of a pill, or ina 
pint of water as a drench, to be followed up with 


Epsom Salts: ..)......25.. +. .one, pound; 
Bi-Carbonate of Soda..... four ounces. Mix. 


Make twenty powders. Give one powder, morning 
and evening, in bran mash, chopped feed, or as a 
drench. The diet should be hght, soft food of easy di_ 
gestion and given in limited quantities. Cloths wrung 
out of hot water and applied along the right side, be- 
hind the fore-leg, are very beneficial, or good mustard 
poultices on the right side, over the region of the liver, 
will assist greatly in affording relief. 


HEPATITIS—INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. 101 
HEPATITIS—INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. 


Although mankind is subject to many disorders of 
this gland, it may sound strange to say that diseases of 
the liver rarely attack the horse. Gall stones which 
accumulate in the gall sack in man, and cause so much 
trouble, are never seen in the horse for the very good 
reason that there is no gall-sack attached to the liver. 
They do, however, sometimes form in the liver itself. 
Inflammation of the liver may be either acute or 
chronic. The acute form is readily recognized, while 
the chronic form can seldom be detected during life by 
even a skilled veterinarian; it is mainly guess work, and 
for this reason, it will be unnecessary to treat of the 
chronic form in a work of this kind. In the acute form 
there will be great dullness with more or less pain, but 
not of a severe type. The animal hangs its head but 
generally remains in a standing posture. The bowels 
are constipated and the dung balls are small and of a 
clayish color, being sometimes covered with a slimy 
mucous. The urine is scanty and dark colored. Pres- 
sure applied to the right side over the liver, causes pain, 
consequently if the animal lies down it will lie on the 
left side. Sometimes there is lameness in the right 
shoulder and after a few days’ illness, the white of the 
eyes and tongue, turn a yellowish color. 


Causes :—The prevailing cause is feeding too great an 
amount of rich, stimulating food in hot weather without 
sufficient exercise. Horses that are kept for family or 
pleasure driving, or the old family pet which has been 
pampered and highly fed in a warm stable, are the best 
subjects for these attacks, hence it is more often seen 
in the city than in the country. It is also caused by 
injuries, as blows or kicks on the right side; from for- 
eign substances being swallowed, piercing the stomach 


102 DISEASES OF THE IORSE. 
© 


and entering the liver, as needles, ete. It is also caused 
by the presence of worms in the liver; by gall-stones 
forming therein and passing through the ducts to the 
bowels, and by inflammation of surrounding structures, 
which extends to and envelopes the liver. 

Treatment :—If detected in the earliest stage, abstract 
four or five quarts of blood from the jugular vein, but 
if this is not done early, refrain from blood-letting alto- 
gether. Then give a physic: 


Powad: ‘Ahkoes x4... 8.1L one ounee, 

a lormvele hee Gee Snes oie one drachm. 

Ginrer es ee nae 2 two drachms. Mix. 
Give at one dose in a pint of water; or, 

Epsom Salts...........:...one pound. 

Gilawber Salter n ne gach pong one pound. Mix. 


Dissolve in a gallon of water and give one quart 
every two hours. Apply hot cloths to the right side 
from the back of the girth to the last rib; or apply 
mustard freely over the same space. Medicines that act 
upon the kidneys, should now be given. To reduce the 
fever, the following will answer admirably: 

Balipecerse cls aac clare oirate six ounces. 
Powd. Nux Vomica........ one ounce. Mix. 

Make twelve powders. Give three powders daily. 
Change the habits of the animal by giving a lmited 
supply of soft food, as boiled oats, bran mash, etc., and 
as the patient improves, give exercise accordingly, and 
see that it does not get into such a condition again 
through want of exercise and too high feeding. 


PARAPLEGIA—PARALYSIS OF THE HIND LIMBS. 


This form of paralysis affects both hind limbs and 
may result from tumors pressing upon the spinal cord, 
from parasites in the cord, from broken back or loins, 


PROLAPSUS ANI, OR EVERSION OF THE RECTUM. 1038 


from softening of the cord, inflammation of the cord, 
from bony growths, the result of sprains, pressing 
upon the cord; from over-feeding on certain herbs, 
seeds and grains, causing indigestion, etc. The treat- 
ment, for which see Hemiplegia, is yery unsatisfactory. 


PROLAPSUS ANI, OR EVERSION OF THE RECTUM. 


Eversion of the last bowel, is generally seen as a 
sequel of some other disease; as occurring during the 
act of parturition or in parturient apoplexy, or follow- 
ing up certain cases of colic when they are somewhat 
protracted and accompanied with constipation, or in 
torpidity of the bowels, unaccompanied with any other 
disease, we will often observe protrusion of the last 
bowel, or rectum. In the majority of cases, it is ob- 
served in horses that are in poor condition and fed on 
dry, innutritious food, or young colts that have been 
kept upon dry pastures or food, after stabling upon 
dry food containing a super-abundance of woody fibre. 
When protrusion has taken place, the animal will not 
evince much pain, only when wanting to pass manure, 
which is generally very dry and hard; it will then 
evince pain and uneasiness, but after the faeces have 
passed, the uneasiness disappears, and the animal moves 
on as though nothing had happened. 


Treatment :—When the protruded bowel is not very 
extensive and has been observed before strangulation 
has taken place, it is quite easily reduced. Clean out 
the last bowel with the hand, which should first be well 
greased, then oil the protruded bowel and press it back 
into place by gentle manipulation, after which apply 
the following: 


104 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Powe Opinii mecte cohen one drachm. 
aT HAG UA GUO ook ey ee one drachm. 
AVGPNTE) hn SIRE eeletice Se MO a one ounce. Mix. 


Insert enough in the rectum, morning and evening, 
to cover the protruded part. Place the animal on soft, 
nutritious diet and give mild laxatives to keep the 
bowels soft, as, 

Sulphate of Soda..........two ounces, 
Hpsom Salts. ch... two onnees.>. (Mix, 


Give morning and evening into feed or as a drench. 
Should the protrusion become strangulated and swollen, 
scarify with the knife, grease or oil well, and return _ 
carefully as it is possible to do under the circumstances. 
Sometimes it is necessary to place a truss or bandage 
around the anus, to keep the bowel in place, but if 
watched carefully, and whenever it protrudes slightly, 
returned with the hand, continuing so to do until the 
bowels become regulated, favorable results may be 
looked for without any further treatment. 


SALIVATION OR SLOBBERS. 


This consists in an excessive flow of saliva, and is 
more frequently asymptom of some other trouble than 
a disease of itself. It is often seen in connection 
with irregular teeth, injuries to the tongue, from indis- 
criminate use of lobelia, mercury, colchicum, wild 
mustard, etc. Second crop of clover is one of the great 
causes of slobbering; foreign substances becoming 
lodged between the teeth, as parts of wood, nails, corn- 
cobs, ete. 

Symptoms :—Fever and persistent discharge of saliva, 
or frothy masses hanging from the mouth; frequent 


GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. 105 


attempts at swallowing, great desire for water, and dis- 
turbed digestion, causing colic. 

Treatment :—First discover the cause, then remove it 
if possible. If from eating some obnoxious herbs or 
plants, or from eating second crop clover hay, remove 
from such pastures, or if in stable, change food ; examine 
the mouth carefully, in corn districts, as sometimes 
corn cobs become fastened between the teeth, causing 
considerable trouble. If from irregular teeth, file off 
the sharp edges. If from injuries to the tongue or 
small fistules in the mouth, wash the mouth with, 


SRT TAGS OM Siar Spain Bees» Oe one ounce. 
Chiorate of Potash... 5°. tx. one ounce. 
Witte em aCe ote csi hi aes one pint. Mix. 


Gargle the mouth two or three times a day; if some- 
what persistent, paint the glands below the ears, once 
daily with tincture iodine and give one drachm of 
iodide of potash, morning and evening. 


GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. 


It is very seldom we encounter inflammation of the 
tongue, separate from injuries or administration of 


drugs not properly diluted, but when glossitis does - 


exist as an independent affection, the tongue will 
become swollen and painful and look hard and black. 
Difficulty in swallowing is a prominent symptom, with 
a tenacious saliva adhering to the tongue, that has a 
disagreeable smell. 

Treatment:—From the inability or difficulty in swal- 
lowing, it is out of the question to treat internally, 
which if we could, would be of much benefit, as with 
laxatives, fever powders, etc. But as we cannot do 
this, our attention must be directed locally. Scarify 


106 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


the tongue with the knife, and bathe with warm water 
tc encourage bleeding; or steam the mouth with the 
ordinary nose-bag. Also wash the mouth with. 


1S OR Ee Eocene Renee half ounce. 
Chlorate of Potassium.....half ounce. 
WVGAIGCT sc Sey sca aaah eae eee one pint. Mix. 


Bathe the tongue three or four times a day. If the 
swelling does not extend backward and involve the tex- 
tures of the throat, within two or three days, a speedy 
recovery may be looked for. If there is a desire to eat 
and the animal can swallow some, give flaxseed gruel 
or soft bran mash. 


PURPURA HAEMORREAGIA, 


This affliction usually occurs as a sequel of some lin- 
gering or debilitating disease, as distemper, influenza, 
epizootic catarrh, lung troubles, etc., or it may originate 
spontaneously, not as the result of some prior disease, 
but from badly ventilated stables, where animals are 
compelled to breathe vitiated atmosphere arising from 
decomposed urine and manure; also in poorly fed 
horses, and such that are subjected to exhausting work, 
being placed in cold stables when perspiring freely, 
without blankets; exposure to cold rains and wind 
storms, when perspiring freely. It is more frequently 
seen in cold than in warm climates, and is very seldom 
seen when kept in well ventilated, warm, comfortable, 
clean stables, even as the result of a debilitating disease. 


Symptoms :—Although it is a non-inflammatory dis- 
ease, the first symptoms observed, are swellings appear- 
ing very suddenly on any part of the body, head or 
neck, only to disappear and re-appear upon some other 
part. These swellings are hard, painful and pit slightly 


res 


PURPURA HEMORRIHAGIA. 107 


upon pressure. In some cases, these swellings app: ar 
around the head, eyes, nostrils, mouth and throat to an 
alarming extent, causing great difficulty in breathing 
and eating. Sometimes one or more of the limbs will 
swell considerably, the swelling being very uniform and 
ending abruptly as though a cord had been tied around 
it. Small vesicles appear, sometimes around the hocks 
and fetlock joints; these burst and discharge an amber 
colored liquid, which scalds the hair off wherever it 
flows. Whenever the skin breaks over a swollen part, 
it leaves an ugly, unhealthy sore with a great ten- 
dency to sloughing. The pulse is weak and often 
double. The bowels are usually constipated but easily 
excited by purgatives, and blood streaks are often 
mixed with the manure. Small spots of a purple color 
are observed in the nostrils; these spots often slough 
and leave a raw, unhealthy looking sore, which dis- 
charges a dark colored liquid, frequently stained with 
blood. The urine is high colored and has a strong am- 
moniacal smell and quickly undergoes decomposition. 
Sometimes these swellings take place within the in- 
ternal organs and to such an extent as to cause death 
from internal bleeding. 


Treatment :—First and above all things, attempt to 
remove the exciting cause; if from badly-drained, ill- 
ventilated stabling, remove to a well-ventilated, warm, 
comfortable place, as pure air, light and warmth are 
very necessary. If constipation is observed, the bowels 
should be regulated but do not give a severe physic. 
The following will suffice : 


Raw Linseed Oil.... ....... one pint. 
Tine. Terchloride of Iron, five drachms. 
Spits. Wurpentine./.v0e.s 2. 3. ne ounce. Mix. 


Give at one dose, to be followed up with, 


108 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Chlorate of Potassium....four ounces. 
Nitrate of Potassium....... one ounee. Mix. 
Make nine powders. Give three powders each day 
in soft food, drinking water or as a drench. Continue 
giving the above prescription for ten days to two weeks 
but diminish slightly in the dose. In the course of a 
few days, get the following: 


Sul phatevor Tiramisu. a vier one ounce. 
Dilute ee Weide Meh: one ounce. 
Water. i 2 Neel ce SIR OUNCES: nie Minox 


Give half ounce w ell dated in water, twice daily, 
alternated with the potassium powders. If the swell- 
ings do not yield to this treatment in the course of a 
week, omit the last prescriptiou and give, 

Raw Linseed Oil....... twelve ounces. 
Spts. Turpentine........ . four ounces. Mix. 

Give two ounces twice daily, alternated with the 
potassium powders. If there is much debility and loss 
of strength, give two to four ounces of whisky, two or 
three times a day orspirits nitrous ether one and one-half 
ounces, three times a day. For the treatment of the 
local swellings, do not searify much, but if necessary to 
assist in breathing or eating, scarify around the head 
and throat. Theswellings around the head and throat 
may be bathed with hot water, to which may be added 
tincture muriate of iron or carbolic acid. Do not 
disturb the swellings on the other parts of the body or 
limbs, as the less they are interfered with, the better. 
Feed anything the patient will eat and give plenty of 
pure, fresh water. 


DYSPEPSIA. 


Dyspepsia is sometimes seen in horses that have been 
highly fed for a continued length of time, without 


DYSPEPSIA. 109 


proper exercise, and being stabled continuously and not 
allowed the privilege of a run at pasture. 


Symptoms:—The animal will present an unthrifty 
appearance, the hair will look rough and the animal 
will loose flesh, growing very thin and _ hide-bound. 
The manure has a disagreeable smell, is quite hard and 
yellow in color. There is partial loss of appetite, al- 
though at times there is apparently great hunger, which 
is appeased by a few mouthfuls devoured in a greedy 
manner. The animal does not appear to relish its food 
and is generally spoken of as being ‘‘off its feed.” 


Treatment :—First clear the bowels of what material 
they contain, by giving a physic, as, raw linseed oil, 
one quart. After a free evacuation of the bowels, give 
a good tonic, as, 


Red Pepper... 255 ~+......two ounces. 
Gentian one f Phx is are ae three ounces. 
Sulphate of Iron: . 215 sc. ' two ounces. 
INES Ecar ho wouter: input anna aly ay ea .two ounces. 
Dalthpehem. 008 see obo 8s three ounces. 
Bi-Carbonate of Soda..... four ounces. Mix. 


Give a teaspoonful three times a day in soft food; 
if the horse will not eat it, take a teaspoonful of the 
powder and put it into a pint of water, heat it up, mak- 
ing a regular tea of it, and administer three times 
aday. Give a complete change of food, as boiled oats 
or barley and bran mash, also give roots, as carrots, 
turnips, mangels, ete. If during the season of green 
grass, turn out to pasture for a few months. Always 
examine the teeth thoroughly, and if any trouble exists, 
it should be attended to before any other treatment is 
given, 


110 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


INTUSSUSCEPTION AND GUT-TIE. 


The slipping of one portion of a bowel into another 
like the turning of the finger of a glove partly wrong 
side out, sometimes occurs, and is most frequently seen 
in the small intestines, although it may also take place 
in the large guts. The part that slips in, may extend 
but a few inches and again a number of feet. This 
accident is most likely to happen in horses that are suf- 
fering from pains or spasms of the bowels, as spasmodic 
or flatulent colic, inflammation of the bowels, diarrhcea, 
dysentery, or anything that will cause abdominal 
trouble or pain. 

Symptoms :—There is no one special symptom whereby 
the trouble may be determined or located. Unless the 
parts become strangulated, there may be no symptoms 
displayed, except constipation and even then there may 
be a few scant passages of manure. Colicky pains may 
be present and severe straining may be observed. If 
strangulation of the bowel takes place, the animal will 
suffer intense pain unless relieved, and die within a 
few hours, and even when the pain is relieved, it may 
linger for a few days and then die. Cases have been 
reported where one portion of a bowel had slipped into 
another and become strangulated; the part of the 
bowel thus enveloped gradually sloughed off, so that the 
ends of the bowel grew together, and the discarded por- 
tion passed away with the manure; a complete recovery 
resulted. Such cases are very rare; however, they have 
served as a warning and guide in our treatment of this 
affection. In such cases as terminate fatally, just prior 
to death the animal will sweat profusely; the legs and 
ears become cold and there is an anxious appearing 
countenance and an oceasional sigh; for a brief period 
of time there is cessation of acute pain, then the animal 
falls to rise no more, 


a 


PERLLONITIS, ETC. AE: 


Treatment:—As soon as convinced that the bowels 
are invaginated, give such remedies as will relieve the 
pain and keep the patient quiet and comfortable, as, 

DF LATE hee hel steers Seok oe eight ounces. 
Sulphuric Ether.........eight ounces. Mix. 

Give two ounces in a pint of water every hour until 
relieved, then give at intervals, sufficient to keep the 
patient quiet; or give one drachm of powdered or gum 
opium every hour until there is relief from pain, after 
which, just often enough to keep the patient quiet 
and let nature work its course. The giving of physic 
in this affection is liable to be productive of a great 
deal of harm and should, therefore, be avoided, but 
should the bowels slip back to their place and resume 
their normal functions, except being somewhat consti- 
pated, which they sometimes do when kept perfectly 
quiet, the administration of a pint of raw linseed oil 
three times a day until the bowels become relaxed, will 
be of much benefit and should be given. 


PERITONITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING 
MEMBRANE OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY. 


Causes :—Exposure to cold rains when heated; cas- 
tration; any surgical operation in which the abdominal 
walls are pierced; kicks or blows; abscess of the liver 
or stomach; rupture of the womb while foaling; abscess 
of the womb. 

Symptoms :—Pain in the abdomen, demonstrated by 
the patient’s turning and pointing to the side; on press- 
ing the abdomen at or near the affected part, the ani- 
mal will evince great pain; on being made to move, it 
seems stiff and in pain. If the horse lies down, it does 
so very carefully. As the pain is increased while down, 


112 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


it usually maintains a standing position. The pulse 
generally ranges from seventy to ninety beats per min- 
ute and is hard and wiry. The abdomen is tucked-up; 
the breathing accelerated and short, and quite fre- 
quently the animal will bloat; in three or four days 
dropsy of the abdomen appears, when the severer pains 
will cease and the patient will breathe more deeply and 
freely. 

Treatment :—If acute peritonitis is seen at the outset, 
bleeding freely from the jugular vein will frequently 
stop the progress of disease. Then give fifteen drop 


doses of fluid extract ac. ..te every hour until the disease 
is under control, or give, 

Powe .Opiaiinny por ehsie er cae eevee one ounce. 

Colonie yet tasers castes four drachms. Mix. 


Make into eight powders and give one every four 
hours. Apply hot cloths to the abdomen but be careful 
that the patient does not take cold. Mustard poultices 
applied to the abdomen will have the same effect. 
Physic must not be given during this disease. If the 
disease arises from abscesses of the stomach or liver, or 
from rupture of the womb, stimulating treatment 
should be tried, though the termination invariably is 
death. Apply diluted alcohol to the limbs and bandage 
thoroughly. Place the patient where no draughts can 
strike it and blanket well. Feed on soft mashes or 
linseed gruel, boiled oats or barley, in restricted 
quantities. 


BOTS. 


These are the larve of the different species of gad- 
fly, which pester horses in the summer. They fly about 
horses and deposit their eggs upon their legs and sides; 
and by the horse biting or licking itself, they are 


5 
% 
: 
} 
} 
y 


BOTS. 113 


r 


taken into the stomach, when they fasten themselves to 
the mucous lining of the stomach or of the upper part 
of the small intestine (duodenum.) There they develop 
into the grub or bot and subsist upon the gastric or in- 
testinal juices, and when once they lose their hold they 
seldom regain it. If but few in numbers, they never 


2 4 
BOTS. 
1.—Female Fly. 2.—Egg. 
3.—The Bot. 4.—The Chrysalis. 
5.—Male Fly. 


do any harm. If existing in great numbers, they cause 
indigestion and colic; sometimes they almost stop up 
the duodenum. In such cases the horse will not thrive 
and will be troubled with indigestion; it will be weak 
and easily fatigued. 


Treatment :—Feeding sliced potatoes is beneficial, or 
warm sage tea, two quarts. Follow it up with a brisk 
cathartic— 

SAL ern Siete, ake ate) orth! S202 one ounce. 
Ganeer fare asa, (ed a's oe two drachms. Mix. 


114 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


This will sometimes carry off quite a number of the 
bots. But there is no remedy yet known which will de- 
stroy the bot while in the stomach. In the early spring 
they pass away voluntarily and during the summer de- 
velop into the gad-fly. 


WORMS. 


A great many varieties of worms infest the intes- 
tines of horses. A thorough description of them is 


WORMS. 
quite unnecessary. Suffice it to say they are of no bene- 
fit to the animal and the sooner they are expelled from 
the bowels the better. 
Symptoms :—Rough, staring coat; ravenous appetite, 
rubbing the tail, loss of flesh, big or pot-belly, licking 


SYMPTOMS OF WORMS. 


of dirt, pallor of the mucous membranes, sunken eyes, 
sometimes constipation, at others diarrhcea; frequent 


WORMS. 115 


switching of the tail; worms protruding or smashed 
around the anus, leaving a white or mattery substance. 

Treatment:—It is necessary to prepare the animal 
prior to giving any worm medicine. First, allow the 
animal to fast for twenty-four hours, then give a soft 
bran mash, to be followed immediately with, 


Barbadoes Aloes..........-one ounce. 
Santonimer i oes coe ...one drachm. Mix. 


Give at one dose, either in pill or in half pint of 
water, asadrench. If this does not remove them all, 
repeat in five days, or you may use, 

Raw Linseed Oil .... eighteen ounces. 
Spirits Turpentine......... six ounces. Mix. 

Give four ounces morning and evening. Immediately 

after the last dose is given, administer the following: 


Barbadoes: Aloes?!) 2 6.0 die) one ounce. 
CV TELAT i as ee ees two drachms. Mix. 


Give at one dose in half pint of water as a drench. 
It is a well-known fact, that intestinal worms are 
mostly seen in horses that are in poor condition, and if 
allowed to remain in this condition, worms will rapidly 
accumulate again, even though they had all been 
expelled by the worm medicines. It is, therefore, nec- 
essary to tone up the powers of digestion. This can be 
done with, 


Game ers sy. Ta die eke one ounce. 
Gentian iis 2 ihe savannas none OUNCE; 
Nuk Viomicas 6563 ie ote one ounce. 
Bi-Carbonate of Soda....... one ounce. Mix. 


Give teaspoonful three times a day in food or asa 
drench. Give good food and pure water and the animal 
will commence to thrive, then worms will cease accum- 
culating. A great many colts are lost every year from 
worms, when a few doses of prepared chalk will remove 


116 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


them. Give a teaspoonful once a day for a week. If 
they become constipated, give four to six ounces of 
raw linseed oil. Prepared chalk given to aged horses, 
will assist in removing worms. 


DIABETES INSIPIDUS. 


Among the horses in this country, this disease quite 
frequently occurs and has various causes. Among them 
are feeding on musty hay or grain, exposure to wet and 
cold, blows on the top of the head, drinking ice-cold 
water while heated, eating too much malt from distil- 
leries, the reckless administration of medicines that act 
upon the kidneys, new oats imperfectly cured, etc. 

Symptoms :—An excessive discharge—amounting to 
several gallons within twenty-four hours, of almost 
colorless urine; excessive thirst; withholding water 
from the animal does not check the disease. Sometimes 
it comes on very slowly, at others it develops to an 
alarming extent within twenty-four hours; it varies in 
duration from a few days to months and even years. If 
it lasts for any considerable time, the animal will lose 
flesh rapidly. There will be pallor of the mucous mem- 
branes, rough coat; skin drawn tight to the ribs. Death 
finally results from emaciation and prostration. 

Treatment :—Change the diet to good, clean hay and 
grain, and give a liberal supply of boiled flaxseed in 
the drinking water. Also give, 


Sulphate of Iron..........two ounces. 
Gentian) Fo iticnes seis One OUNCE, 
Nux*V OmICAagA stain eres one ounce. 
Iodide of Potassium...... two ounces. Mix. 


Make into sixteen powders and give one powder at 
each meal. The drinking water should be restricted in 
quantity and of good quality. Give plenty of rest. 


ACITES, ANASARCA OR DROPSICAL SWELLING. ALT 


ALBUMENURIA—BRIGHT’S DISEASE. 


This disease consists of an inflammation of the 
kidneys either acute or chronic, with degeneration and 
shedding of casts of epithelium from the tubes of the 
kidneys. It occurs in horses of all ages. 


Symptoms :—The horse walks with a straddling gait 
and passes a thick, ropy urine, which upon being 
boiled or tested with corrosive sublimate, acetate of 
lead, or nitric acid, coagulates in part in whitish flakes. 
The animal usually wastes in flesh; general health seems 
broken; dropsical swellings appear but vanish upon 
exercise. 


Treatment:—Avoid any exposure to cold, wet or 
fatigue. Keep in a comfortable, warm box-stall and 
keep the body warm by blanketing. See that the 
bowels are kept loose by feeding on bran mashes or 
other soft food and if inclined to be costive, give a pint 
of raw linseed oil; also give half ounce doses of tincture 
chloride of iron three times a day, diluted in a pint of 
water. Use cloths wrung out of hot water, over the 
loins, frequently; if this does not assist in the flow of 
urine, give ounce doses of fluid extract buchu and 
juniper with acetate of potassium three times a day, 
but be persistent with the hot cloths, as this is better 
than giving medicines to act upon the kidneys. 


ACITES, ANASARCA, OR DROPSICAL SWELLING. 


Causes :—Obstruction to venous circulation, excess of 
water in the blood, disease of the heart, disease of the 
liver, disease of the kidneys, the action of cold and wet 
upon the skin, causing an arrest of execretion; but the 
principal cause, is neglected influenza; when it has con- 


118 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


tinued for some time, the system is debilitated and the 
blood is in a watery state. 

Symptoms :—If following a prolonged attack of influ- 
enza or distemper, the blood is impoverished, paleness 
of the mucous membranes is observed around the mouth, 
nose and eyes; swellings appear, either at the breast 
and gradually spread backward under the belly, or 
commence between the hind legs or at the sheath, and 
gradually more foward. In the course of a few days, 
the whole of the lower part of the abdomen is swollen, 
s0 that it leaves a ridge on either side. The swelling 
pits, upon pressure, and if pricked with a knife, a yel- 
lowish fluid oozes out. The appetite is capricious, but 
hay will sometimes be fairly well consumed. The 
animal will le down at first, but as the swelling 
increases, it will persist in standing, and if compelled 
to move, will walk quite stiff and sore. Pressure upon 
the swelling when it first appears, causes pain, but as 
the swelling increases, pain upon pressure diminishes. 

Treatment :—First place the animal in a comfortable 
stall and bed well to entice it to he down. Feed upon 
choice hay and grain. Give bran mashes to keep the 
bowels open. If the weather is cold, blanket well, and 
in the daytime turn out to exercise. Take a knife and 
make several small incisions into the swelling, to allow 
the serum to escape; or take a paddle and drive several 
small tacks through it, allowing them to protrude from 
one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch, then paddle the 
swelling with the sharp tacks; this will leave several 
sinall openings through which the serum will escape. 
Then give the following: 


Sulphate: of rom iien dane eye two ounces. 
Powd. Nux Vomica........ one ounce. 
Gentisnnose sa eon ea one.ounce. 


Nitrate’ of: Potass en skewnu: two ounces. Mix. 


HEMATURIA, OR BLOODY URINE. 119 


Make sixteen powders. Give one powder norning, 
noon and night. If the urine does not pass freely, give 
the following: 


Acetate: of ‘Potass. ois: : four ounces. 
Wiaibe tec sate aeit tel uu aaiy Rees one pint. Mix. 


Give four ounces every four or five hours. If the 
bowels are costive, physic with, 
Powd. Barbadoes Aloes.... one ounce. 
Powd. Ginger...........two drachms. Mix. 


Give at one dose in half pint of water as a drench. 


HAEMATURIA, OR BLOODY URINE. 


Blood in the urine is not often observed in horses, 
but is frequently seen in both cattle and sheep. When 
seen in horses, it is generally caused by some violent 
strain or injury, as slipping while starting a heavy load 
or while rearing up and jumping, in this manner injur- 
ing or straining the psoas muscles, which are situated in 
the region of the kidneys below the back-bone. Or it 
may be caused by fracture of the back-bone over the 
kidneys, or from gravel in the kidneys or bladder, or in 
the channels leading from the kidneys and bladder, 
through which the urine passes. It may arise from con- 
gestion of the kidneys, or from ulcers and abscesses in 
the parts through which the urine passes, as well as in 
the kidneys, from the rupture of a small blood vessel in 
these organs; also from eating acrid plants which exert 
a powerful diuretic action. If the blood is coming from 
the kidneys, it will be uniformly mixed with the urine, 
but if from other parts, it may come away in clots or 
streaks. 

Treatment :—Remove the causes if they can be ascer- 
tained and located. If from irritants in the food, 


San te ee 


120 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


change it immediately; if from gravel in the bladder, 
remove it; if from the rupture of a small blood vessel 
and it is within reach, tie it, and if from fracture or 
sprain, give the treatment required for these injuries. 
If the flow of blood is very great, apply cold water to 
the loins and keep the animal as quiet as possible. 
Give mucilaginous drinks frequently, as linseed and 
slippery elm tea; also give, 


Tincture Chloride of Iron, eight ounces. 
WatericG. wan ciueien acts elo bt OUNCES.\, UVERXe 


Give two tablespoonfuls three times a day in half 
pint of water: or give a teaspoonful of sulphuric acid 
twice daily in drinking water, or ounce doses twice 
daily of spirits turpentine well diluted with raw lin- 
seed oil. 


PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER. 


When the urine is withheld for a continued length 
of time, the bladder becomes over-distended and loses 
its contractile force, a condition which may last for a 
considerable period of time. It is generally brought on 
by some disease causing the animal to occupy a recum- 
bent position, such as rheumatism, azoturia, etc. Many 
horses will fail or refuse to pass their urine while lying 
down, and all such cases should be relieved by having it 
drawn away twice daily with a catheter. When the 
bladder has lost its power of contraction, it is paralyzed, 
or partially so, and it will be observed that the urine 
dribbles away in small quantities, scalding all the parts 
with which it comes in contact. When caused by over- 
distension with urine, by keeping the bladder emptied, 
it will in the course of time, regain its contractile pow- 
ers and normal condition. . If it is caused by paralysis 


A 
raw 


HYDROCELE—DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM. iDAL 


of the hind parts, while treating for this disease, do not 
allow the bladder to become distended but draw the 
urine away three times a day with a catheter. 


HYDROCELE—DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM. 


The scrotum is the sack or pouch which covers and 
contains the testicles. Dropsy, or a watery effusion 
within the scrotum, may arise from injuries to the 
parts, or disease of the testicles or lining membrane of 
the sack, and it may be the result of dropsy of the 
abdomen, as it has a direct connection with the abdom- 
inal cavity. 

Symptoms :—There will be an enlarged condition of 
the scrotum, which organ will be soft and fluctuating 
under pressure of the fingers. The testicles will be 
felt floating in water. Sometimes the scrotum will 
retain the indentation of the finger after pressure. The 
liquid can be forced up into the abdomen by pressure; 
or by laying the horse upon its back, the fluid will 
gradually recede into the abdominal cavity. 


Treatment :—If the effusion of liquid within the sack 
is very limited in amount, feed upon good, nutritious 
diet and give, 

Iodide Potassium......... two ounces. 
WUKeUGE Ts Mctirk ge = Vpn Cah crah ce aeet one pint. Mix. 


Give two tablespoonfuls morning and evening. But 
if there is alarge amount of liquid within the sack, tap 
with a trocar and canula and allow the fluid to escape; 
immediately inject into the sack, one ounce of tincture 
iodine, and repeat this in a few days, if necessary. And 
in addition to the above prescription, administer a 
tonic, as, 


122 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Sulphate of limon’ 3. ons two ounces. 
Nar Woman ater 6.4: One “OUNCE: 
Nitrate of Potassium...... two ounces. Mix. 


Make twelve powders. Give two powders each day. 
If the testicles are inflamed and enlarged, use locally, 


‘Barer auana. ir ech eh ae two ounces. 
Goulara’sthxtie i enss os two ounces. 
Olt Wraterve ee si) ein als one quart. Mix. 


Saturate a soft cloth and apply to the parts and keep. 
it wet with the above mixture. If it occurs in geldings 
as the result of injuries, dissect out the sacks and treat 
as an ordinary wound. 


LEUCORRHOEA, OR WHITES. 


Leucorrhcea consists of a discharge of mucous or 
matter from the mucous membranes of the vagina, from 
the neck of the womb, and not infrequently from the 
womb itself. 


Causes :—Generally irritation of the organ followed 
by relaxation, but relaxation alone will produce it. 
Want of nutrition attended with debilitating influences 
is a frequent cause. Partial eversion of the womb or 
vagina, is also a cause. 

Symptoms :—On opening the lips of the vulva, a 
sticky whitish or yellowish matter will be seen. Quite 
frequently it runs out of the vagina and accumulates on 
the tail and surrounding parts. As the disease pro- 
gresses, the discharge emits an offensive odor, pulse 
grows feeble, mucous membrane pale, appetite partially 
suspended and a gradual wasting of the whole system. 
Mares affected with the whites are very often seeking a 
-male companion, but seldom get with foal and when 
they do, they generally abort. Occasionally, to all 


STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA. 128 


appearances, an animal will a8 healthy and yet affected 
with the whites. 


Treatment :—Feed on soft, nutritious diet, with 
tonics and stimulants, as, 


Sulphate of Iron......... four ounces. 
Gentian : ss ete eee four ounces, 
_ Powd. Nux Vomica....... two ounces. Mix. 
Make twenty powders. Give one powder at each 
meal or as a drench. Use as an injection into the 
vagina or womb as the case demands, twice daily, one of 
the following powders dissolved in a quart of warm water: 
Permanganate of Potassium,two ounces. 
Sulphate: Aine vhosts one ounce. Mix. 


Make sixteen powders. Previous to injecting, wash 
out the vagina and womb with warm water to remove 
all matter. 


STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA. 


This consists of a partial closure, at a certain place 
of the channel through which the urine passes, and is 
caused by the healing of ulcers in gonorrhoea and gleet, 
also by using strong astringent injections in the treat- 
ment of gonorrhoea and gleet, or from irritating ingre- 
dients in the urine, as stone or gravel passing from the 
bladder. 


Symptoms :—The trouble is demonstrated by the pas- 
sage of urine in a fine stream. The act is accomplished 
by hard straining; the animal will sometimes groan 
from pain; also painful erections of the penis are fre- 
quently observed. The passage of a small stream of 
urine, with straining and groaning, is sometimes noticed 
when the so-called bean is lodged in the end of the 
penis. 


bed 
Ww 
— 


DISEASES OF THE MORSE. 


Treatment :—Take a small sized catheter, oil it well 
and pass it beyond the stricture, using a catheter a little 
larger day by day, forcing it up past the stricture with 
ventle pressure, until the stricture has disappeared. 
Beyond the oiling of the catheter, there is no medicine 
necessary. 


NEPHRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 


This disease is of infrequent occurrence but may be 
induced in various ways.—as by spraining the loins 
while pulling hard, carrying too heavy a weight, being 


NG t 
sist 4 HER BN — oN 


at ts fp 


es 


INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 


heated and then exposed to the cold, absorption of can- 
tharides when applied as a blister to large surfaces, by 
the administration of severe diuretics, the presence of 
stone in the kidneys, ete. 

Symptoms :—The animal walks with a straddling gait 
and with back ‘‘roached ;’? evinces pain similar to that 
of colic; if it Hes down, will do so very carefully: small 
and frequent passages of very highly colored urine; 


FOUL SHEATH. 195 


fever usually very high, pulse cord-like to the touch, 
and very fast; breathing very much accelerated; in the 
course of a few days, swelling of the limbs, which dis- 
appears upon exercising. 

Treatment :—Put the animal in a good, comfortable 
place, blanket warmly and persistently apply hot cloths 
across the loins. Give a good physic, 

Sulphate of Soda.......... one pound. 
NViaIbET chute aches ses Sere two quarts. Mix. 

Or give three pints of raw linseed oil, followed by 
drachm doses of Dover’s powder, every three or four 
hours; or 

Liq. Ammonia Acet....sixteen ounces. 
INGErOwmS AUDNOR. ss ne 5 aes two ounces. 
Spite Camphor si.) saaecae 4: two ounces. Mix. 


Give four ounces every three hours to stimulate per- 
spiration. Feed on soft diet and in a few days give 
fluid extract buchu juniper, with acetate potassium, 
half-ounce doses morning and evening. Keep the 
bowels loose all the time and give injections of warm 
water and laudanum every hour for a few hours. 


FOUL SHEATH. 


The sheaths of horses sometimes become very dirty, 
and should receive the owner’s attention. The glands in 
the sheath secrete a fluid to lubricate the parts and 
when large quantities are secreted, it accumulates in 
the form of a black, gummy substance, filling up the 
sheath and preventing the animal from passing out the 
penis when urinating. Some horses seldom protrude 
the penis during the act of staling; when they do not, a 
sediment from the urine assists in creating a, foul 
sheath. Sometimes when the sheath becomes foul, the 


126 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


penis becomes sore and scaly and the surrounding parts 
become swollen to a greater or lesser extent. 


Treatment :—Take a sponge or soft cloth, some warm 
water and castile soap and wash out the sheath thor- 
oughly but carefully, and do not use too much force in 
drawing out the penis. It is well to cut off your finger 
nails to prevent scratching the parts. If the parts be- 
come injured while cleaning, oil with sweet oil, and 
should there be much swelling, bathe frequently with 
hot water and give'the animal exercise. When washing 
out the sheath, always examine the end of the penis; 
here there is a small pouch just below the channel, 
through which the water passes; accumulations called 
beans, sometimes form and obstruct the flow of urine. 
These should always be removed. 


RETENTION OF URINE. 


This has various causes,—such as spasm of the neck 
of the bladder, calculus (or stone in the bladder) working 
its way into the urethra, paralysis of the neck of the 
bladder, over-distention of the bladder withurine. The 
more frequent cause is spasm. In spasmodic colic the 
neck of the bladder becomes constricted and is only 
relieved as the colic disappears. . 

Symptoms:—See treatise on colic for symptoms of 
spasm. From other causes the animal will walk with 
a straddling gait, frequently attempt to urinate, stand 
stretched out and groan when attempting to urinate; 
sometimes pain is so severe as to cause perspiration to 
break out all over the body; urine is passed in small 
quantities. 

Treatment :—If from colic, treat for that. If from 
other causes, as calculus (stone in the bladder), pass 


{ 


CYSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. 127 


the catheter and afterwards remove the stone. If from 
spasm of the neck of the bladder or from over-distension 
with urine, pass the hand per rectum and apply extract 
of belladonna, or give hot water injections, or pass the 
catheter. 


CYSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. 


Causes :—Retention and decomposition of urine, irri- 
tation by stone in the bladder; in the female, irritation 
and eversion caused by foaling; injudicious use of 
diuretics; occasional heavy and repeated blistering with 
cantharides; or application, by persons of little sense, 
of irritants to the neck of the bladder for the purpose of 
promoting a discharge of urine; irritation of a catheter 
or other foreign substance intreduced from without, 
over-distension of the bladder with urine, sudden 
exposure while perspiring to cole and wet, or from 
disease extending from the vagina and urethra to the 
bladder. 

Symptoms :—Frequent attempts to urinate, urine 
passed in small quantities, heavy straining; bearing 
down pains, lying down ané getting up, quite frequently 
straining hard while lying; pulse not very much 
changed, fever ranging from 101° to 104° F.; if on 
pasture, the animal will wander around in a shiftless, 
uneasy manner. The penis hangs from the sheath in 
the male and in the mare the vulva is frequently 
opened and closed, as after making water. Upon exam- 
ination per rectum or vagina, there will be found a 
hard, round tumor—sometimes quite large, at others 
small—sensitive to the touch, and the neck of the 
bladder will be very much thickened. 


Treatment:—Feed on soft, sloppy gruels or bran 
mashes, If there is intense pain, give drachm doses of 


128 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


powdered opium; also make a decoction of one drachm 
of powdered opium to one pint of hot water, and inject 
it into the bladder three or four times a day. Give 
internally, one quart of raw linseed oil; if that does not 
physic in twenty-four hours, repeat the dose. If the 
bladder is distended with urine, pass the catheter and 
draw the urine off. As the patient appears better and 
improving, give morning and evening half-ounce doses 
of fluid extract buchu juniper and acetate of potassium. 


GONORRHOEA—CLAP. 


In the male, this is inflammation of the urethra, and 
inflammation of the vagina in the female. Its causes 
are unclean sexual intercourse, irritation by stone pass- 
ing from bladder, injuries during copulation, or from 
passing a rough, unclean catheter. 

Symptoms :—While passing urine the animal evinces 
pain; in the male, frequent erections of the penis; 
occasional swelling of the testicles; aggravation by 
exercise; discharge of a yellowish white matter; occas- 
ional great swelling of the glans penis. 

Treatment :—Frequently bathe the parts in hot water, 
give one quart of raw linseed oil, feed on soft mashes 
and good clean hay. Give drachm doses of balsam of 
copabia, morning and evening and use injections of hot 
water three times a day; or injections of— 


Sulphate of Zinc........ twelve grains. 
2 Whalers hciwah science seatanre sto eight ounces. Mix. 
r, 
Sulphate of Copper...... eight grains. 
Watertcss test sera sk at eight ounces. Mix. 
Or, 
Nitrate of Silver Sic i221... ° ten grains. 


Water.. ............... eight ounces. Mix. 


EVERSI°') OF THE BLADDER. 129 


Use three times a day, any of these. If the testi-les 
become inflamed, apply a poultice of tobacco. 

If small ulcers make their appearance, fill them with 
calomel or cauterize with lunar caustic. Stallions 
affected in this manner should be withheld, from service. 
Neither should mares be bred nor should they, if sutfer- 
ing from leucorrhcea or whites. 


EVERSION OF THE BLADDER. 


This occurs only in the female, and then only 
through excessive straining. Most frequently it happens 
when the patient is laboring very hard to deliver her- 
self of a colt, with a mal-presentation. If eversion 
tikes place, a red soft fluctuating tumor will be seen, 
protruding between the lips of the vulva, varying in size 
from a goose egg to that of a sugar bowl. 

Treatment:—If the eversion has just happened, take 
a smooth, round piece of hardwood about the size of your 
little finger, place it on the center of the tumor and press 
back through the channel through which it came; assist 
with your hand by pressing the tumor toward the 
center. If too large to return, wrap it tightly with a 
bandage to force the swelling down and when reduced 
enough, return as per direction given. Be very careful 
while returning, or you may rupture the bladder, when 
your patient is done for. After it is returned, bathe 
the parts with 

Powd. or Gum Opium ....one drachm. yi 
BW rarin WAGER visics.! Saisie wa Mags 4 os one pint. Mix. 


Give ounce doses of laudanum every two hours to 
prevent the straining. If the bowels become consti- 
pated, give one quart of raw linseed oil. Whenever 
you see the patient begin to strain, place your hand on 


180 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


the bladder and hold it firmly. Place the patient sc 
the hind parts will be a foot higher than the fore parts. 
A truss may be placed upon the patient, the same as for 
eversion of the womb. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES. 


This has various causes, among them blows, kicks 
from mares during copulation, excessive copulation, 
gonorrheea, catching cold while having distemper. 

Symptoms :—Walks with a straddling gait; swelling 
of the testicles, accompanied by heat and tenderness 
upon pressure; loss of appetite; disinclination to lie 
down; sometimes the part is so painful that the animal 
breaks out in profuse perspiration; drawing up and let- 
ting down the testicle within the scrotum, etc. 

Treatment :—Give the patient a good, comfortable, 
loose box-stall, well bedded, to entice him to lie down. 
Then give a good physic,— 


Powd. Aloes............nine drachms. 

Powd. hag gs oe .two drachms. 

Wither cabs Gorse. iG .one-half pint. Mix. 
Give at one dose. Then es locally, 

Goulard’s Extract....... four drachms. 

SDescastnicdlen rarmiunaicay sens he eee es four drachms. 

VAAN WAGON Age 5. be oP sentses Bn one quart. Mix. 


Keep the testicles wet continuously with the above 
mixture, by either putting it upon soft rags or cotton 
batting, and holding against the testicles by placing a 
suspensory bandage beneath them and tying it over the 
back. The bandage also acts as a support to the cord. 
Sometimes bathing the testicle with hot water and after 
each bathing applying solid extract belladonna and pow- 
dered opium, equal parts, or placing a boiled tobacco 


a 


CYSTIC CALCULUS, OR STONE IN THE BLADDER. 181 


poultice in the bandage and keeping it on continuously, 
will give the desired result without further treatment. 
If pus or serum can be felt fluctuating, make a free 
opening and allow it to escape. Then dress the wound 
with, 


Carboli¢c Acig = «:<.<:.. s,s. -half ounce. 

NVI AST chaiere «slat as ake aia ayer anes one pint. Mix. 
Or, 

Permanganate of Potash.two drachms. 

SUVS BOI co 5 oy) hele ah cbedccaeehacwreter oon. one quart. Mix. 


Apply two or three times a day. If gangrene takes 
place, castrate immediately, after which wash out the 
wound three times a day with the last prescription. 


CYSTIC CALCULUS, OR STONE IN THE BLADDER. 


Symptoms :—Frequent attempts to void the urine, 
occasionally passing small quantities and suddenly 
stopping; blood may be passed in small quantities; on 
examination, per rectum, the stone, if of any size, will 
be found in the bladder; when the stones are small 
they sometimes will pass with the urine; occasionally 
hard straining while passing. 

Treatment :—This should never be attempted by an 
amateur, as it is not always successful in the hands of a 
professional. The operation is called lithotomy and is 
performed by cutting into the urethra in the perineal 
region, when the patient is a male. Previously pass 
the catheter and let it remain asa guide. Then passa 
pair of spoon forceps, gently dilating the urethra, seize 
the stone and extract slowly. Afterwards close the 
wotnd with sutures and treat as a flesh wound.+ In the 
female, gradually dilate the urethra, then pass the for- 
ceps, seize the stone and withdraw. In some cases the 


V52 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


stone is very large: if so, introduce a pair of for 
and crush the stone, then remove the pieces. A 
removing the stone, inject the bladder with warm w 
and a decoction of opium, three times a day for a 
days. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS, OR 
UDDER. 


Causes:—Blows on the udder, lying on cold, 
ground, exposure to cold rains, neglect of milking, 
denly feeding rich food causing indigestion, etc. 

Symptoms :—Loss of appetite, fever, hurried ba 
ing, constipation, shivering spells, sometimes the ¥ 
bag is involved, but more frequently one-half 
quarter; the part of the bag affected, will present 
appearance and be hard and painful to the touch; t 
will be falling off of milk in that part and possibl 
the whole bag; frequently streaks of blood will 
from the teat while milking; patient walks in a sti 
straddling manner and, quite frequently, will go la 

Treatment :—If the case is very mild, bathe well 
camphorated soap liniment and acure will be the re 
But in a more aggravated case give, 


BipsomeSalts: 22). si... 2% twelve ounces. 
Sulphate of Soda......... eight ounces. ; 
GAMO Reiss ati ice teiaie one-half ounce. Mis 


Stir in a gallon of warm water and give at one 
Bathe the bag freely with, camphorated soap lini 
Or, ; 

Wratehhazel:s <:seic cis. fourteen ounces. 
Landanumt somes ae two ounces. 

Use three times a day; or put one-half pound? | 
phate of iron into one-half gallon of hot wate? | 


4 


SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA, ETC. | 133 


the the bag frequently; or poultice the bag with 
seed meal and grease frequently with— 

Lard, or Vaseline........ four ounces. 

Solid Ext. Belladonna...... one ounce. Mix. 
If matter forms, open and let it escape; inject the 
scess with two drachms of permanganate of potas- 
am in sixteen ounces of water, twice a day. Some- 
mes in the milder form, it is advisable to let a hungry 
Jf suck and burst it. If gangrene ensues, amputate 
i’ portion of the bag. 


MPLE OPTHALMIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES. 


Causes :—Feeding from a rack above the head, thus 
stting chaff, etc., into the eyes; blows from whips or 
icks, exposure to cold, obstruction of the lachrymal 
uct, irritating influence of a badly-ventilated stable. 


Symptoms :—Whatever the cause, the eyes will be 
2d, or blood-shot, and watery; swelling of the eye-lids; 
yes, hot and feverish; if not relieved, a white film 
yreads over the eye; lids kept closed most of the time. 

Treatment:—If a foreign body gets into the eye, 
move it, bathe the eye with hot water, and all will 
e well ina few days. A decoction of opium may be 
lded to the hot water. If from a blow or from 
xposure to cold, give a physic— 

Bowd.Aloes. jivcnes «<- »s.one ounce; 


ONT Gs GAD WET so tele las shel o's one drachm. 

WW RUGT < 55-9, tes ase Lepcane . one-half pint. Mix. 
Bathe the eye with hot water and apply, 

AAC Sulphate <2) cael ae four grains. 

Atropia Sulphate.......... two grains. 


Bote Waters lel ccs aeietea ne bWwo ounces: Mix: 
Or, 


134 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


oncae of Bee Pi eccens . four grains. 

Water. nieileGetatoioy « ausvexea's CWO OUMCER.: | oViiame 
Or, 

Common SalGacs sac penees ten grains. 

BLO WMG al tet Ak sea ales.te ten grains. 

Wiabenoecei: caisia ae Rene two ounces. Mix. 


Apply three times a day. Sometimes it is advisable 
to blister the temples with— 
Cantharides..............one drachm. 
Weaselinerden ears eee ered es one ounce. Mix. 


In removing a foreign body, apply to the eyes for a 
few minutes a solution of five grains of cocaine to one- 
half ounce of water. Apply five drops and in two min- 
utes repeat, when the object can be removed with ease. 


AMAUROSIS—PARALYSIS OF THE NERVE OF SIGHT. 


Amaurosis is a paralyzed condition of the nerve of 
sight and may be caused by pressure upon the nerve 
from tumors in the brain, injury or fracture of the 
skull causing pressure upon the brain or upon the nerve 
between the eye and brain, inflammation of the nerve 
of sight, excessive bleeding either internally or through 
accident, an over-loaded stomach, or excessive weight 
in the womb during pregnancy. It may be seen during 
a very high fever and is invariably observed during a 
severe attack of parturient apoplexy. 

Symptoms :—An unnaturally wide dilatation of the 
pupil, which remains round and motionless. There is 
no contraction or dilation when brought to a bright 
light or placed ina darkened situation, as is observed 
in the healthy eye. The best test is to bring the animal 
from a dark stall to a bright light; if the pupil does not 
contract at all but remains large and stationary, there 


OBSTRUCTION OF THE LACHRYMAL DUCT, ETC. 185 


is an attack of amaurosis, even though the eyes may 
look clear and bright. The animal is blind, and motions 
toward the eye as if the intention were to strike, will 
not cause any movement, such as winking or closing it, 
unless the hand causes a current of air. The ears are 
on the alert and turn quickly if a noise is made, the 
animal steps high with the front feet to avoid stumbling, 
the same as a blind horse. 

Treatment:—All manner of treatment 1s useless, 
unless the disease is the result of some ailment or injury 
which is curable, as an over-loaded stomach, the abate- 
ment of high fever, congestion of the brain, excessive 
bleeding, etc., although there have been instances 
where the animal, fully recovering from excessive bleed- 
ing, failed to regain the eye-sight and remained blind 
through life. When the sight is not restored following 
the favorable termination of the disease, apply blisters 
behind the ears and around the temples, as, 


Powd Cantharides.......one drachm. 
Red Iodide of Mercury....one drachm. 
VWaselimet.eiree.t ose... .--4 . one ounces Mix, 


Apply every five days until three applications have 
been made. Also give one drachm doses of powdered 
nux vomica, twice daily. 


OBSTRUCTION OF THE LACHRYMAL DUCT— 
WATERING EYE. 


Tears escaping from the eye and coursing down over 
the cheeks, are a symptom of inflammation of the eye, 
but if there is neither redness or swelling of the eye or 
eyelids, it is evident that there is some obstruction of 
the lachrymal duct. This duct is situated at the inner 
corner of the eye and extends downwards, opening into 


136 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. 


the nostril, and conveying the watery secretion of the 
eye, emptying it into the nostril. If this duct becomes 
obstructed in any manner, the tears will flow over the 
cheeks. It may be caused by acatarrhal affection; the 
duct may be closed by fracture of the bones of the face 
or from eversion of the eyelid, the duct failing to re- 
ceive the tears, or it may be closed at the opening into 
the nostril, by dust and dry matter adhering to it. 

Treatment :—If from the adherence of dust and dry 
matter, remove the obstacles with a wet sponge. If 
there are other obstructions, take a silver or an elastic 
probe about fifteen inches long and about the diameter 
of a knitting needle and insert it down through the 
duct once a day for a few days. If from inflammation 
or catarrhal affection, bathe the face frequently with 
hot water, for an hour at a time, also steam the nostrils. 
A good way to steam the nose, is to feed the animal hot 
bran and oats out of a nosebag. By examining the floor 
of the nostril about three or four inches up, a small 
opening will be observed, into which insert the end of a 
small syringe and inject warm water, which will come 
out at the inner corner of the eye; then inject the fol- 
lowing: 

Nitrate of Silver........twelve grains. 
Wiater. sina uaa. eight ounces. Mix. 

Inject once daily for a few days. If fracture or dis- 
ease of the teeth causes the obstruction, remove or treat 
them, to remove the pressure from the duct, and a cure 
will be perfected. 


TORN EYE-LIDS. 


This injury may arise from various sources; the most 
frequent are, from catching upon nails driven around 


WARTS. 137 


the stable and from barbed-wire fences, or from the 
bites of other horses while playing, or in any other 
accidental way. 


Treatment:—This consists in bringing the wound 
together with a few stitches, if possible, after which tie 
the patient so it cannot rub it and keep a linen cloth 
dampened with water over the eye; or if it is inflamed 
to any extent, take— 


Chloride of Ammonium... two ounces. 
Nitrate of Potassium...... two ounces. 
WAL e re iiss. as-rune 2 Rin s, Saal: one pint. Mix. 


Shake thoroughly until dissolved, then dip the 
cloths into the solution and apply to the inflamed part. 
If some part will not heal, take a pair of shears and cut 
it off, then apply the former solution. 


WARTS. 


Warts are an overgrowth of the papilla of the skin 
and are mostly seen on young horses, but horses of any 
age are not exempt from them. -They generally appear 
on the thin and delicate portion of the skin, as the sides 


WARTS. 


of the nose, the eye-lids, the inner parts of the hind 
legs, the sheath, abdomen and on the neck. They vary 
greatly in size from that of a grain of wheat toa large 


138 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


goblet. Some are flat and some pedunculated (that is 
fastened with a constricted neck). Sometimes they are 
quite tough and hard, and again some are soft and bleed 
easily. They always have a small beginning and grad- 
nally increase in size. Some warts, after attaining a 
certain growth, will remain the same size for years. 


Treatment :—Warts should be removed while still 
small. If they have a constricted neck, twist or burn 
them off; afterwards burn them with lunar caustic, blue 
vitriol or a red-hot iron. If they are flat, scrape them 
a little and dress with chloride of zine or touch them 
with nitric acid once a day until they are destroyed, 
then grease until well. Sometimes warts are tied off. 
This is done by tying a strong string around them and 
in a few days another tied still tighter, and so continu- 
ing until the wart drops off. If these growths are on 
the lips or eye-lids, touch with nitric acid daily, but 
care must be exercised, so that the acid will not touch 
any part but the wart. Small warts that appear on 
young colts in the summer, usually disappear voluntarily 
in the winter. 


PERIODIC OPTHHALMIA, OR MOON BLINDNESS. 


Causes :—First and chief, want of judgment in breed- 
ing, as it is undoubtedly hereditary and horses or mares. 
affected with it, should not be used for breeding pur- 
poses; living in low, marshy, ill-drained localities, irri- 
tation from teething; intestinal worms, etc. 

Symptoms:—These are similar to those of simple 
ophthalmia, but are more marked. The ‘first symptom 
usually noticed is swelling of the eyelids in the morn- 
ing, and, upon examination, the eye is found to be 
somewhat inflamed, with red streaks of an aggravated. 


EPILEPSY, OR FALLING FITS. 139 


appearance running across the eye-ball; at the lower 
part of the eye-ball will be seen a semi-circular whitish 
or yellow spot, possibly the size of a half nickel; the in- 
ner corners of the eye-brows are drawn down, forming 
almost a right angle; generally the eye is retracted 
within the orbit, and the haw, or membrana nictitans, 
pushed out over the eye-ball. These symptoms may 
pass off to reappear in the course of a few weeks or pos- 
sibly months, and continue to reappear until the animal 
goes blind. 

Treatment :—The treatment of periodic ophthalmia is 
simply palliative, unless the case can be removed to a 
dry, healthy climate. Give a physic, 

Powd', AlGes-).,.io «ses s« >) ONETOUNCe: 


Ow ds (GanCer. seers eieieksrcle 2 one drachm. 

WEA EOI rel sy Nee anadinne te. doe one-half pint. Mix. 
Bathe the eye with hot water and apply, 

AGO pLaAS UPA cutee st ssis ot ae one grain. 

Sul pliate! Of Aine... 5) asiee ok two grains. 

Whathere. CSG ccs! h deca: s sara Wars one ounce. Mix. 


Put three drops into the eye three times a day. 
Good tonic treatment will invigorate the system and 
assist to ward off another attack, as, 


Sulphatesor lr on'ics:2 4) Ysie: four ounces. 
Nux Vomaca si io % sc. 3 two ounces. 
Gilarberisea lis si<es sor ay. .' two pounds. Mix. 


Give tablespoonful morning and evening. But your 
best treatment is to dispose of your horse at your earli- 
est convenience. 


EPILEPSY, OR “FALLING FITS.” 


The exact cause of this disease is not known, but it 
undoubtedly arises from some trouble with the bowels 
or brain. For horses troubled with worms frequently 


140 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


have fits, and when once rid of the worms will cease having 
fits. Others, perfectly free from worms, have ‘‘falling 
fits’’ for years, owing to some structural change in the 
brain,—as tumors, abscesses, etc., pressing upon the 
nerve centers, causing a rush of blood to the brain. 
Fright will frequently cause ‘‘falling fits.’”’ A horse, 
subject to them, when frightened, will invariably fall 
over in a fit. 


Symptoms :—Generally the first symptoms noticed 
will be movement of the ears backward and forward, 
loss of motion or staggering gait, head drawn backward, 
with twitching of the muscles of the neck. Then the 
animal will rear and fall over; when down, the head 
will be drawn backward and the muscles of the body 
and neck will be rigid or trembling; sometimes the ani- 
mal will kick and strike violently, remain for a minute 
or perhaps several minutes, then get up and move on; 
a wild or anxious expression of the countenance will al- 
ways be noticed; the eves bulge out and are very red. 


Treatment :—As soon as the fit is seen coming on, 
bleed from the nostrils and the animal will invariably 
rise and go on; or give by inhalation, chloroform or 
ether, which also relieves. Dashing cold water on the 
head during the fit is also beneficial. When aware that 
a horse has fits, attention should be directed to preven- 
tion as far as possible. If intestinal worms are sus- 
pected, clean the bowels out with a physic and get rid 
of the worms. In a plethoric horse, an occasional 
physic will benefit by lessening the quantity of blood 
and cooling him off. But if the patient is of weak con- 
stitution, give vegetable and mineral tonics, as, 


Gentian verenwas One .four ounces. 
Powd. Nux Vomica.......two ounces. 
Sulphate of Iron..........two ounces. Mix. 


TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW. 144 


Give teaspoonful morning and evening. In the 
summer, during hot weather, keep a wet sponge on top 
of the head. Feed on soft food. Above atl, do not 
whip or excite the animal. Drachm doses of bromide 
of potassium or sodium, given twice daily in drinking 
water, may be given with benefit. 


TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW. 


The great majority of cases of lockjaw arise from 
puncturing the foot with a rusty nail, but it may be 
caused by wounds of any description. Quite frequently 
it is caused by castration—no matter how neatly or 


My 
Mi i) 


sy anh ii hi 
; ‘4 i aul 


TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW. 


thoroughly performed. It may also arise from exposur 
to cold or wet, nicking or docking the tail, and fron 
fractured bones. It will sometimes happen without an 
apparant cause, whatever, and sometimes from excessiv 
fright. 

Symptoms:—The first observable sign is a grea 
stiffness; then the eyes are drawn back into the sockets 


142 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


and the haw, membrana nictitans, will almost cover the 
eyes; grinding of the teeth follows, with stiffness of the 
jaws and dribbling of saliva from the angles of the 
mouth; on approaching the animal, the eyes are with- 
drawn into their sockets, the haws protrude over the 
eyes, and the patient manifests great fear; the muscles 
along the neck are very rigid; the tail is slightly ele- 
vated; the animal will attempt to suck food or water, 
but the act of swallowing is extremely difficult and very 
little food or water reaches the stomach;ebreathing is 
usually accelerated, with the nostrils widely distended ; 


ff, net eN 
| re NW “( eS 
|! en 
VOY 
Wj 
l 


a Stace a aq 2 —— 


TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW. 


pulse, regular but hard and incompressible; fever, in 
some cases very slight, but in the more severe cases 
sometimes reaching 107° to 108° F. If compelled to 
move, the horse goes with a stiff, straddling gait; while 
standing, its legs are spread apart, acting merely as 
props for the body. 

Treatment :—If possible, first ascertain the cause and 
remove it. If from a punctured foot, find the spot and 
pare it out to the bottom, and apply solid extract of 
belladonna to the wound. Put in a comfortable stall 
and, as soon as possible, place the slings under the 


TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW. 143 


animal to give it rest, but do so very quietly. Then, if 
you can, give a good physic— 

Powd. Aloes.--- +++ -+ree*: one ounce. 

Powd. Ginger.--+--s+ 00°: one drachm. Mix. 

Or, one pound of sulphate of soda. Give in drinking 
water or drench. Keep the bowels open by giving oil 
or epsom salts, or sulphate of soda in drinking water. 
Keep the wound well greased with belladonna, every 
four to six hours. Give drachm doses of the solid 
extract of belladonna, every six hours, by placing it 
between the back teeth, or on the back part of the 
tongue. I have seen vood results from giving two 
drachm doses of prussic acid every five hours, or the 
following: 

Bromide of Potassium. ...one drachm. 
Chloral Hydrate...----- one drachm. Mix. 


Give with two ounces of liquid ammonia acetatis 
every four or five hours. All remedies of an irritating 
nature applied externally, will do a great deal more 
harm than good. Ihave never seen any good results 
from their application, on the contrary, the patient 
invariably grew worse steadily. Good results are fre- 
quently obtained by covering the upper part of the head, 
neck and body with woolen blankets, kept saturated 
with very hot water. If the treatment is commenced, 
it must be kept up for six or eight hours every day, and 
until the acute spasms have subsided. Keep a pail full 
of pure, cool water in front of the animal, high enough 
so it can reach it without any special effort. It may 
not drink much but it will cool its mouth. If the dis- 
ease is occasioned by a wound of any kind, poultice well 
with flaxseed and apply belladonna. One thing I wish 
to impress upon the mind of the attendant: Place the 
patint in a dark stall, put the slings under it as soon as 
it is possible, and allow no one to go near it but your- 


144 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


self—no matter how anxious they may be to see it. 
While going around the patint, goas quietly as possible. 
Do your work as quietly as it can be done, as a little 
fright will sometimes place a convalescent in a worse 
condition than at first. 


PHRENITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. 


Causes :—Blows, other injuries to the head, fracture 
of the cranial bones, exposure to excessive heat, clots of 
blood floating from some other part of the system and 
lodging in the brain; over-exertion, results of certain 
fevers, indigestion, tumors in the brain, ete. 


Symptoms :—When the membranes covering the brain 
are affected first, the animal will get very uneasy, in 
fact, uncontrollable; it will jump and plunge about, 
grind its teeth, climb up against the walls, strike with 
its fore feet—in fact, act as if it were crazy; the breath- 
ing will be accelerated, pulse, full and hard; occasionally 
sweat will break out over the body. If the brain sub- 
stance alone is involved, the symptoms will vary consid- 
erably from the foregoing. The patient will act dumpish 
and sleepy; it will walk around the stall in a cirele until 
it comes in contact with some object, then it will stand 
and press its head, possibly for hours, and may force it 
through; pulse and respiration will be slow and full, eyes 
will have a dull or glassy appearance, appetite will be 
moderate—sometimes the patient will chew up a mouth- 
ful of hay and hold it in the mouth, possibly drop it out 
again; it will drink a moderate amount of water; ina 
few days will look very gaunt. The skin of the head is 
invariably knocked off by their continual pushing and 
knocking of the head. 


- SPINAL MENINGITIS, ETC. 145 


Treatment :—Put the patient in a comfortable, airy, 
loose box-stall. Bleed thoroughly from the jugular 
vein. Then give, to clean out the bowels, a brisk 
cathartic, 


Powd: Aloesie sists: es ee e.-One ounce. 
Powd. Ginger.) 3.0% 2 os 3 one drachm. 
Wraternin). 2 tie aiken sutra c one-half pint. Mix. 
Apply cold water or ice to the head and give, 
Bromide of Potassium..... two ounces. 
Nitrate of Potassium...... two ouuces. Mix. 


Make into twelve powders and give one every four 
hours. After the acute symptoms have subsided, mus- 
tard mixed with vinegar should be applied to the legs, 
and if the horse is not perspiring, apply heavy blanket. 
to promote perspiration. Give iodide of potassium, two 
drachm doses, twice daily; also one drachm of calomel, 
once a day. 

If inclined to eat, give the patient soft food and all 
the drinking water it will take. As convalescence pro- 
gresses, a few good blisters applied to the poll will often 
prove beneficial. If caused by a fractured skull, tre- 
phine and raise the bones to their normal position, 
thus relieving the congestion. 


SPINAL MENINGITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE MEM- 
BRANES AND SPINAL CORD. 


The causes of this disease are similar to those of in- 
flammation of the brain,—as external violence, disease 
of the bones of the spinal column, exposure to cold 
rains, spraining of the back by carrying a heavy person; 
also some specific virus in the blood; exposure to wet 
and cold when exhausted. 


146 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Symptoms :—These are very different from inflamma- 
tion of the brain. The animal will have muscular 
spasms and partial paralysis of the parts behind the seat 
of the inflammation. In attempting to walk, the feet 
will be jerked up quickly and put down in a similar 
manner; patient moves with a staggering gait. Some- 
times the pulse is rapid and the breathing greatly accel- 
erated. Although its movements cause the animal 
great pain, it is unable to control them. In the course 
of a few hours, the patient will reel and fall over. 
Though conscious of all surroundings, it will evince 
great fear upon being approached, will be unable to 
regain a standing posture alone. Most commonly high 
fever is present, but frequently the animal will sweat 
profusely from intense pain. 


Treatment:—When thoroughly convinced that the 
spinal cord is congested, put the patient in a good, com- 
fortable place with plenty of bedding. Administer a 
physic, , 

Barbadoes Aloes..........-.one ounce. 
Ganbratid ec ake as Seles 28 two drachms. Mix. 


Give at one dose in a pint of water as a drench, to be 
followed with four ounce doses of sulphate of soda, 
morning and evening. Apply cloths wrung out of hot 
water, to the spine. In a plethoric animal, before 
paralysis exists, bleeding will be beneficial,—but not 
after the animal falls down from paralysis. Rub the 
back thoroughly with belladonna, or applya bel lonna 
plaster. Give every two or three hours half drachm 
doses of tineture of ergot of rye. When certain that 
the congestion and inflammation have subsided, apply 
the actual cautery (red hot iron) from the withers to 
the rump, three lines on each side, an inch apart. Give 
grain doses of strychnia combined with two ounces of 


CONGESTION OF THE SKIN. 147 


- 


alcohol and four ounces of water, every four or five 
hours. Pay strict attention to the diet, giving soft, 
nutritious food. Keep the patient very quiet. 


CONGESTION OF THE SKIN. 


Causes :—Exposure to cold and rains, being driven in 
the inud in the spring and fall, imperfectly fitting har- 
ness and collar, chafing during the summer months, ete. 

Symptoms :—Redness of the skin, attended with itch- 
ing; if between the thighs, the horse will straddle when 
standing or when first driven; if under the collar, the 
horse will keep stretching and bobbing the head; if in 
other parts of the body, they will invariably rub them- 
selves. 

Treatment :—Bathe the parts well with hot water and 
eastile soap, and apply three times a day— 


Silgar Ob Legd. me - sen: ea one ounce. 

Sofp Water ses oss) iy oh . one pint. Mix. 
Or, apply twice daily, this— 

PASI UNG tat rs sues w2)e 2) ONE OUNCE: 

Glycerine...............eight ounces. Mix. 


Or, white oak bark tea, extract of witchhazel, salt 
and water, all of which will be found beneficial. Give 
two-ounce doses of glauber salts morning and evening. 


SUN-STROKE, OVER-HEATING. 


This disease attacks all kinds of horses during the 
summer heat, but is more prevalent in large cities than 
in small ones, or in the country. The principal causes 
are badly ventilated, filthy stables; poor food, causing 
derangement of the alimentary canal, and afterwards 


148 DISEASES OF TIE HORSE. 


being driven in the hot sun; over-work and tight-fitting 
collars are also causes. 

Symptoms :—Sometimes the horse will begin to hang 
back and seem stupid, hang his head and want to stop. 
If allowed to stop, he will prop himself with all four 
legs. The breathing is very rapid and heavy; skin, hot 
and dry; the head about the poll very hot, nostrils 
widely distended, pupils of the eyes contracted, eves 
bulged out and very red; if compelled to move, the ani- 
mal staggers and sometimes falls; pulse very quick and 
weak. If the patient recovers, it is comparatively use- 
less in the summer, but will do all kinds of work in the 
winter. 

Treatment:—As soon as noticed, take off the harness 
and collar and apply cold water to the head and along 
the spine. Sometimes it is advisable to apply cold 
water all over the body. If the patient is failing, give 
strong stimulants, as, 

Carbonate of Ammonia..four drachms. 
MWVMISKE Ys be as Mer ase ote one pint. Mix. 

Give at one dose; or, 

Aromatic Ne Ammonia.. one ounce. 
Water.. sae Jae ees OLE plmbon Muoxe 

Repeat every hone otal the hale grows slower and 
stronger. 

Bathe and rub the limbs well with alcohol; or, better 
still, with mustard. Give injections of hot water con- 
taining a littl ammonia. When the pupils begin to 
dilate and consciousness returns, give a quart of raw 
linseed oil. 

After reaction has taken place and convalescence is 
established, the following tonic will be of great service. 

Sulphate of Iron..........two ounces. 
Grentiian cee wea e et ies two ounces. 
QUITE Lena ea eene half ounce. Mix. 


IRRITATION OF THE SKIN—PRURITIS—PRURIGO. 149 


Make sixteen powders. Give one powder morning 
and evening. It is good practice to wear large sponges 
wet with cold water on the top of the head of work 
horses during the heat of the summer, or bathe the head 
and nostrils with cold water frequently. 


IRRITAHON OF THE SKIN—PRURITUS—PRURIGO. 


This affection is an inflamed condition of the skin, 
causing intense itching. 

Causes :—It is caused by feeding to excess on hay and 
grain, and not being worked regularly and kept in close 


PRURITUS—PRURIGO. 


stables. It is usually seen during the summer months 
but it is not uncommon to observe bad cases during the 
winter, where the stable is kept close and hot. 


Symptoms :—Vesicles and patches of pimples will 
appear around the mane, neck, tail and rump and as the 
itching is quite severe, abrasions of the skin are some- 
times observed, caused either by the biting, of the 
animal or by rubbing against some stationary object. 
Patches of the affected portions will sometimes dry up, 
and dry scabs or a surplus of scaly dandruff will peel 


150 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. 


off. Itching of the tailis very common among horses 
and seemingly becomes a habit with some. However, 
it is sometimes caused by worms, in the last bowel. 

Treatment :—Feed more moderately, and give either 
steady work or turn out into the barn lot every day, for 
air and exercise. Give one pound glauber salts and 
wash the parts with, 


OWsot Vitel: cea neces one ounce. 

Oarpolic Acid... einew eesiae one ounce, 

Sort WW Aber ee wc creo) sey eee two quarts. Mix. 
Apply twice daily, or, 

Sali@y lic erie stays le ene sh one ounce. 

BORaR see iS eh pe ste ieira SW POUNCE. 

WGO Oh eat cha Ri es eecaee four ounces. 

Wiateee seen causes en eer one pint. Mix. 
Apply twice daily, or 

Ode sOL Fame i iectes ens four ounces. 

Vapelime dip ens vanvek ecarien four ounces. Mix. 
Apply once or twice daily, or 

Sup Hees oe suisse Guns one pound. 

OAT Dae 23 i Lenco sree in one pint. Mix. 


Apply once daily, washing it off occasionally with 
soft soap and warm water. If the case is very obstinate, 
give, 

Subp lan sis): estes le ated eight ounces. 
Powd. Nux Vomica........ one ounce. Mix. 

Make sixteen powders. Give one powder morning 
and evening. If there are worms in the last bowel, 
inject, 

Oil Turpentine.......... eight ounces. 
Kinseed Oils sak.ce ce wee eight ounces. Mix. 

Or take three gallons of water, throw in half pound 
of quassia wood, let it steep thoroughly and inject 
occasionally. 


SCRATBHES AND GREASE HEEL. 151 


SCRATCHES AND GREASE HEEL. 


Causes :—Continuous driving on muddy roads, too 
much washing in cold water and not being rubbed dry ; 


SCRATCHES. 
irritating fumes arising from the manure, running in 
dirty, wet barnyards, weak or deficient circulation, 
clipping the hair off from the heels, cold draughts, snow 
and freezing mud, working in deep, irritating mud, etc. 


SCRATCHES. 


Symptoms :—It is usually noticed in horses of lym- 
phatic temperament, with thick, meaty legs, but may 
attack any horse. Cold, or any irritation of the lym- 
phatic or of the subaceous glands will cause the heels to 


152 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


swell and crack open; small scabs will form and be 
very painful; when first started the horse will lft his 
heels very high, owing to the pain; there will be more 
or less fever, appetite usually good; after being driven 
for awhile the horse gets over his lameness. If not 
attended to, the case becomes more aggravated, the 
swelling increases; deep cracks will break across the 


GREASE HEEL. 


heels, and a yellowish white, foetid discharge will 
come oozing out and run down the heels. Later on the 
cracks become larger and often coalesce, forming a very 
large sore which, when washed, looks red and aggra- 
vated. Then comes what is termed the ‘‘grapy’’ stage 
—small lumps of flesh will raise in bunches very much 
resembling a bunch of grapes. The discharge still con- 
tinues and is very foetid and offensive. 

Treatment :—During the first stage, when the skin 
is swollen and tender, apply a hot bran poultice and 
regulate the diet. Feed on soft food and give at one 
dose, 

Powdi "Aloes Monte etn se one ounce. 
Bow d.iGinger catia. two drachms. Mix. 


Quite frequently the disease will disappear. But as 
the disease becomes more advanced and small cracks 


: 
: 


FACIAL PARALYSIS. 158 


appear with a discharge, continuous poulticing with hot 
bran will be very beneficial; also use a solution of, 


Copperas...d ic... A A ieee Aes one ounce. 

BoLh Waters .\2cccsiaidnn!c<- One Guatt,. Mix, 
Or, | 

Sulphate of Zinc.......one-half ounce. 

Sugar of ead!.. «cans: -'4 2. OMe OUNCE, 

Carbolic Acid...........four drachms. 

Distilleds Waiber, 53): Perce ae one quart. Mix. 


Apply three times a day. Also give the physic of 
aloes, and give three times a day, in soft food, a tea- 
spoonful of the following: 

Nitrate of Potassium.......one ounce. 


ECT a EPO eat AoE» Mai GP eR Fie ee paneer one ounce. 
Bi-Carbonate of Soda .....two ounces. 
Sulpiate ob lront. 2 Zils sy one ounce. Mix. 


When the ‘‘grapy’’ stage appears, cut the knobs off 
with a hot iron or with a knife, and apply dilute muri- 
atic acid, after which persist in the use of one of the 
former astringent lotions; or, 


VASCIIMEtS hota ada ee aoa ¢ one ounce. 
Oxide of Zinc........... two drachms. 
Carbolic: Acid tio... 2... bhirby drops... Mix: 


Apply three timesa day. A great many practition- 
ers advise cutting the hair short for the application of 
local remedies. I would not advise such a course, as, 
in my experience the short hair invariably proved a 
source of irritation. 


FACIAL PARALYSIS. 


This is caused by badly-fitting bridles, bruises, etc. 

Symptoms :—Dropping of the lip on one side, diffi- 
culty in eating and drinking, partial loss of motion and 
sensation on the affected side. 


154 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Treatment :—Give drachm doses of nux vomica three 
times a day. Apply to the side of the face the follow- 
ing blister, every four or five days, until it has been ap- 
plied four or five times: 


‘Oan tharindesiiccn » sovetacres two drachms. 
Red Iodide of Mercury....one drach. 
Vaseline..... one and one-half ounces. Mix. 


CHAFING BY THE HARNESS—SADDLE OR COLLAR GALLS. 
—SORE SHOULDERS. 


Chafing or abrasion of the shoulders is very com- 
monly met with in the agricultural districts, and more 
especially so, in the spring of the year. Of late years, 
since the timber industry occupies so little of the atten- 
tion of the farmer, his horses are either in the stable 
or barn lot, the most of the winter. Consequently, 
when they are put to work at plowing, in the spring, 
their shoulders are soft and tender, and easily chafed or 
galled. The majority of injuries of this kind, come 
from ill-fitting collars, being either too large or too 
small, and not infrequently from having a rough, un- 
even surface. The harness sometimes becomes har- 
dened if not frequently oiled, and when placed upon 
the animal, will not fit around the girth. The saddle 
pinching and pressing the skin, on either side of the 
back-bone, will produce sores. 

Treatment :—First, ascertain the cause, if possible, 
then remove it. Ifthe shoulders become galled when 
first put to work, in the spring of the year, which is 
generally the case, look to the collars immediately and 
see that they fit perfectly; when the collars are fitting 
nicely and the shoulders are chafing, it is on account of 
the skin being tender; as the animal is generally soft 


MANGE. 155 


at this season of the year, it sweats profusely; the 
sweat and dust accumulate on the collar, making it 
rough, and consequently, it irritates and chafes the 
skin. Every noon and evening the collar should be re- 
moved and cleaned, and the shoulders bathed with cold 
water. Continue in this manner until the shoulders be- . 
come hardened to their work. If the harness pinches 
the back, place pads under it and oil it frequently to 
render it soft and pliable. The shoulders and back, 
when commencing to gall, should be washed every noon 
and evening with cold water, then wiped dry, and after- 
ward bathed with tea made from white oak bark. If 
there is a raw sore, rest from work as much as possible, 
and while at work, pad the collar so it does not rub the 
sore. The tea of white oak bark will often heal the 
sore, or you may apply, three times a day, with a 
feather, compound tincture of benzoin, or, 


Pod; SEMeOne, soa co ede aiai six ounces. 

Lod OtONMRS: ssa el Se Rohe goes one ounce. Mix. 
Or, 

Sugar sae si eae ete sa. one ounce. 

Sulphaté.of Zime: «25.4.5. one ounce. 

SOLE) WRMBOE reer: ci maples one quart. Mix. 
Shake well before using; or, 

CarboHGAGend..\ei oss. Yen, one ounce. 

Raw Linseed Oil....... fifteen ounces. Mix. 


Any of these preparations will quickly heal the sore, 
provided you keep pressure and friction from irri- 
tating it. 


MANGE. 


At the commencement this is purely a skin disease, 
and is caused by a small insect called acaria, which 
burrows into the skin and breeds. It forms small pus- 


156 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


tules which cause considerable itching. As the pustules 
break, a small scab is formed, and so intense is the itch- 
ing that the horse will rub himself until the hair, and 
frequently the skin, are rubbed off. In severe cases 


SYMPTONS OF MANGE. 
the mane and tail will fall off, leaving the horse a pitia- 
ble object. Mange is very contagious—at least the 
acaria will crawl from one horse to another. It is even 


communicated to a healthy horse by his rubbing himself 
against a post where a mangy horse has been rubbing. 

Treatment :—The disease is seldom noticed until scabs 
are formed. They should be well oiled with sweet oil, 
and, in twenty four hours, washed with warm water 


LICE. 157 


and castile soap, until the scabs are removed. If it is 
necessary, take a brush to accomplish this. Then ap- 
ply tobacco liquor, prepared by boiling two ounces of 
tobacco in a quart of soft water. The application 


MANGE INSECT. 
should be used three times, with intervals of two weeks 
between each application; or the following liniment 
should be applied: 


hingeed- Owed, teak ccs eight ounces. 
Sulphur). 25 eae uote se ot WO OUNCES. 
Ousor Pars sisi es ils four ounces. Mix. 


Apply with a brush and wash off in twenty-four 
hours. If thought necessary, apply a second or third 
time. Regulate the bowels and keep in as good spirits 
as possible. All harness, combs and brushes should be 
saturated with the tobacco liquor. The blankets should 
be boiled and the stable whitewashed, to which should 
be added half pound of chloride of lime to every gallon. 


LICE. 


These are small insects of a low grade, which seldom 
attack horses in good condition, but invariably appear 
on horses in poor condition. The animal will rub itself 


158 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


and the hair will look rough and staring; there will be 
pallor of the mucous membranes; sunken eyes; fre- 
quently an unsteady gait. An examination will reveal 
the cause. Quite frequently horses are kept close to a 
chicken house and become infested with chicken lice; 
these are very small and not easily detected but are 
very troublesome. 


Treatment:—As lice seldom cover the whole body, 
examine and locate the place where they are. Apply 
diluted kerosene oil two or three times and they will 
generally disappear. Or, take one pound of stavesacre 
seeds and two gallons of soft water; simmer for two 
hours or till reduced to one gallon.. Allow to stand 
twenty-four hours; then apply all over the animal. 
Two applications generally will suffice. Some prefer 
the use of tobacco in the same manner, but I am posi- 
tive that the best results will be obtained from staves- 
acre seed. 


HIDE-BOUND. 


Hide-bound is not a disease but is a symptom of 
some disease, or of neglect. It may be caused by 
starvation, exposure, indigestion, irregular or diseased 
teeth, and by worms. Abuse is a frequent cause, also 
want of proper exercise, irregular feeding, and neglect 
of currying and rubbing, that the skin of the animal 
may be kept clean. 


Symptoms :—The skin sticks as tightly to the body as 
though glued fast; the ribs show plainly and the skin 
can scarcely be moved from them. The hair looks 
rough and s.ands the wrong way; it is very dry, and the 
skin is dirty and full of dandruff. 


SIT FAST. 159 


Treatment :—First remove the cause. If the teeth 
are sharp and irregular, take a rasp made for that pur- 
pose and level them down. If from exposure, shelter 
in a warm, comfortable place, and if the want of good 
food is the cause, feed better and groom thoroughly, 
and the horse will soon begin to thrive and the skin will 
loosen. In order to start a thriving condition in many 
horses, it is necessary to give them a physic, and for 
this purpose, a quart of raw linseed oil answers best. 
After the physic has operated, cut the hay for the 
animal and place chop-feed upon it, then scald it either 
with steam or hot water, and give with the food a hand- 
ful of ground flaxseed twice daily. If the manure 
smells badly, give a teaspoonful of baking soda in feed 
or water, once daily, and if the digestive powers are 
low, use the following: 


Powd. Ganger® .. 0205/2. 0 two ounces. 
Powd. Sulphate of Iron... two ounces. 
Gpatian..i/ a vas Hoeslus ooo FOUR OUNCES. 
Powd. Nux Vomica....... two ounces, 
Salter cate atta cots acs four ounces. 
Bakiaet Modme 2 <s.5 oe... four ounces. Mix. 


Give a teaspoonful two or three times a day. Feed 
upon soft food—if scalded, so much the better. Also 
give regular exercise, either at light work or turn into 
a vacant lot or barn-yard. If it is suspected that 
worms are the cause of the ailment, see treatment for 
worms, 


SIT FAST. 


This condition is brought about by ill-fitting saddles, 
harness not properly adjusted, or badly-fitting collars, 
more especially on the top of the neck; or by any undue 
friction or pressure by anything the horse is made to 


160 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


wear. Being continuously kept under the saddle, and 
especially when the animal is mounted by a poor rider, 
the skin becomes bruised and calloused and becomes 
partly separated from the healthy skin; it then assumes 


} SIT FAST. 

a tough, leathery, horny form, sinking deeply down into 
the soft tissue and is kept partly alive by the blood 
supply at the bottom. 


Treatment :—The best mode of getting rid of this 
trouble, is to remove it with the knife. Cut it out 
clean, leaving nothing but healthy looking tissue. You 
may experience a little trouble in doing this, as they 
are very sensitive and the animal may strenuously 
resist the operation; but as there is no danger, be per- 
sistent in removing it, then use the following: 


Sulphate of Iron........ four drachms. 

WisGer i. Hints Rtutaaveleislcieepee eight ounces. Mix. 
Or. 

OWL ATOM iaa opine’, w/els-cuale two ounces. 

POCO ROI 2a) seems slialaNelels eit four drachms. Mix. 
Or, 

Sulphate of Zinc....... “our drachms. 

Sugar of Lead...)...... four drachms. 

Water heiec es slice digvewlele eight ounces. Mix. 


ccs ean A 


ERYSIPELAS. 161 


Carbolic Acid...........two drachms. 
ASHORAING tai erete cbs cene ur net igie sk one ounce. 
Wigner din ao rake Oe Peak seven ounces. Mix. 


Apply two or three times a day. Occasionally wash 
out the wound with warm water and castile soap. 


ERYSIPELAS. 


Causes :—Anything which has a tendency to lower 
the vitality and vitiate the blood—such as diseases of 
the liver or kidneys, for they are great blood purifying 
organs, and any affection of these organs tends to 
impair the blood by leaving within it the effete mate- 
rials intended to be eliminated by them; feeding on 
musty or badly cured fodder, exposure to extreme heat, 
wounds, burns, scalds, bites of insects or reptiles. 


Symptoms :—Usually erysipelas begins with fever, 
quite frequently preceded with a chill; the fever grad- 
ually rising; loss of appetite; pulse ranging from fifty 
to eighty beats per minute. The skin and the connect- 
ive tissues are the seat of the inflammation, which gen- 
erally attacks the hind limbs, though the fore limbs, 
head and neck may be attacked. Owing to the attack, 
the swelling of the skin is sometimes very great. If it 
begins near the foot it runs very rapidly up the limb. 
The swelling is hard, but pits on pressure. In a white 
horse the redness is perceptible, but in horses of any 
other color the redness cannot be seen. Sometimes, 
though not always, the swelling is painful to the touch. 
Small vesicles appear and discharge a yellowish serum; 
they then form a small scab and in a few days peel off. 
If for the better, they leave a dry surface; if for the 
worse, a deep sore, and quite frequently deep cracks 
having a ragged, unhealthy appearance, and disinclined 


162 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


to heal. Sometimes pus will form under the skin, bur- 
rowing into the muscular tissues; sometimes it is very 
diffuse, and is re-absorbed by the system, when a fatal 
termination may be anticipated. When the swelling is 
great, the hair invariably drops off and leaves a shining 
surface. 

Symptoms :—Open the bowels thoroughly with— 


IPowdl oMloessn eee oe. aie eel ONE OMNce: 
Calomelwret cue --.- one drachm. 
PowdGingercchiticit oes: one drachm. Mix. 


Give at one dose; then follow up with tincture 
muriate of iron in half-ounce doses every two hours. If 
the swelling is odematous or pits on pressure, give—- 


Nitrate of Potassium.......one ounce. 
Jodide of Potassium........one ounce. 
Powd. Nux Vomica....-..-one ounce. Mix. 


Make into ten powders and give one three times a 
day. If there is much depression, give alcohole stimu- 
Iunts; but if they tend to irritate the skin, stop using 
them. As a local application, cover the swollen part 
with— 

Sulphate ot Troms... <5). 1). ome Ounce: 


Laudanum- sc. .2...22.. four ounces. 
SoLss Wiaseran: seco. twelve ounces. Mix. 


Apply three or four times a day; or the parts may 
be painted twice daily with tincture muriate of iron, or 
tineture iodine, or the fluid extract of belladonna. 

If pus has formed, make a free incision to allow it to 
escape, and dress the wound and abscess with one 
ounce of permanganate of potassium in one pint of soft 
water, twice a day; also use the same solution on 
unhealthy ragged sores; or, 

Jarbolic Acid....... © sew ot OME OUNCE, 
Nitrate of Silver.......twenty grains. 
Gly cerimec6° 4s. Ware -)e bois EM OUNCES, Maixe 


2 


BURNS AND SCALDS. 163 


Apply twice daily. When sores break out and 
become aggravated and when abscesses form, they 
should be washed twice a day with hot water and castile 
soap before the dressings are applied. The diet should 
be first-class in every particular but ground feed is 
preferable to solid grain. The animal should be kept 
in a clean, comfortable, airy place. 


BURNS AND SCALDS. 


A great deal depends upon the extent and severity 
of the injury. Shght burns or scalds may-be treated by 
using a solution of one-half ounce of carbolic acid to 
one pint of water, applied frequently. But, if the 
burn is very deep, cover over with’ linseed oil or vase- 
line, to exclude the air. After the pain’has ceased, 
open the blisters with a needle and allow ‘the fluid to 
escape. Then press the skin down closely so that, if 
possible, it may adhere. If it does not adhere and an 
open sore results, dress it twice a day with carbolic acid 
five drachms in ten ounces of water; of sulphate of zinc, 
one drachm, in one ounce of vaseline. Or, 


WSOC Ratan oe is een eat tke one ounce. 
Carolee oes Lect one drachm. Mix. 


Frequent washings with castile soap and hot water 
are also beneficial. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE FEET, LAMINITIS, FOUNDER. 


This disease has various causes, such as picking up a 
nail, having a nail driven too close while shoeing, driv- 
ing on hard roads barefooted, drinking cold water when 
heated, eating tco much grain, feeding green corn, giy- 


164 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


ing a drastic cathartic, muco-enteritis, or from any 
affection of the alimentary canal or of the air passages. 

Symptoms —When first noticed the patient generally 
will be standing with its feet well under the body, the 
fore feet both pointed forward, and so stiff that it is almost 
impossible to move it, either forward or backward. 


LAMINITIS, OR FOUNDER. 


The fore feet almost invariably are the ones attacked; 
the hind feet are sometimes, but very seldom affected. 
The breathing is greatly accelerated ; temperature varies 
from 108° to 106° F.; attempts to move the animal 
cause so much pain that it will groan; if forced to 
move, it goes with a jumping, staggering gait, almost 
falling down, and rests very lightly on the heels of the 
front feet. The feet will be very hot and tender, and 
if they are struck with a hammer the horse will groan 
and almost fall down. Sometimes the breathing will be 
so accelerated that the nostrils are distended to their 
fullest capacity. Occasionally only one foot is attacked; 
in such cases the patient will keep the foot raised the 
most of the time. Sometimes in chronic cases, the feet 


INFLAMMATION OF THE FEET, LAMINITIS, ETC. 165 


contracted at the heels. Sometimes the wall and sole 
become greatly distorted; the healthy rings around the 
wall of the foot coalesce, the feet grow crooked and are 
become separated; an effusion takes place between the 
lamina and pedal bone, forcing it down and pressing the 
sole down along with it—-sometimes penetrating through 
to the ground. 

Treatment :—Some practitioners prefer hot applica- 
tions to the feet, but my experience has forced me to 
conclude that cold applications are preferable to hot 
ones. Place the feet in a tub of cold water, putting 
straw in the bottom of the tub to ease the feet; in the 
heated months put ice into the water, and keep the 
patient there for two hours at a time. Do this three or 
or four timesa day. When out of a tub, or if a tub 
cannot be obtained, put flaxseed poultices on the feet 
and keep pouring in cold water occasionally. Change 
the poultice every twenty-four hours. Give a physic— 


Powd. Aloes:s..i%. Ssi2s.. One Ounce, 
Powd. Ginger iat. ih).0)6- one drachm. Mix. 
Give at one dose. Also prepare and give— 
Saltpenre ca gate ono eats sixteen ounces. 
GlawberiSailts. 252 eee sixteen ounces. Mix. 


Make into sixteen powders and give one three times 
aday. While the fever is high, give fifteen drops of 
fluid extract aconite every hour or two until the fever 
subsides. After the patient recovers so it can walk 
around, a httle exercise on soft ground is beneficial; 
but too much exercise is harmful. Sometimes in the 
acute stage, bleeding from the toe is very beneficial. 
But if this is done, let the blood run freely, though it is 
a practice to whichI seldom resort. If properly attended 
to, a large majority of cases will make complete recov- 
ery. After recovery is assured, shoe carefully and 
keep the feet soft and do not put the animal to work 


166 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


too soon. Sometimes it is good treatment to place 
slings under the patient, especially when it maintains 
a standing posture, to relieve the feet. If the patient 
chooses to lie down during the attack, bed well and 
allow it to remain in that position. 


CHOKING. 


Choking is most frequently found in horses that are 
very greedy eaters, and consists in the lodgment of dry 
food (most frequently corn or oats) within the throat. 


CHOKING. 


Horses that are fed on roots, such_as carrots, mangels 
or turnips, quite frequently suffer from choking. 
Symptoms .—In many cases the horse will be uneasy 
and the saliva will run from the mouth. If the obstruc- 
tion be in or near the pharynx, the nose will be elevated, 
the patient will make frequent attempts at coughing 
and frequently if the obstruction be grain, portions of 
it will be ejected through the nostrils in a paroxysm of 
coughing. The breathing will be labored and difficult 
and accompanied by wheezing. If the obstruction be 


amass 


CHOKING. 167 


farther down the throat, the patient will breathe more 
easily and the frothy saliva will be less abundant— 
sometimes entirely absent. 


I have seen horses, where the obstruction was within 
the chest, that had not eaten for a day or more—as the 
owner said ‘* were:feeling a little off,’’—that had eaten 
more food and thus completely filled the whole of the 
wsophagus. During the whole time they seemed but 
little distressed other than being hungry and unable to 
eat. They would chew hay and drop it out of the 
mouth. Such cases usually terminate fatally. 


Treatment :—If the obstruction be in the pharynx, 
elevate the nose. Put a mouth speculum in the mouth, 
insert the hand, and if possible, remove the object by 
pulling it up. If it be beyond reach and noticeable on 
the left side of the neck, an assistant will be of great 
service by pushing it up from the outside. If it cannot 
be gotten in this way, give the patient a little oil, as 
raw linseed, sweet oil, or fresh lard melted; then try 
and work it down. If the obstruction be dry food, as 
oats, corn or hay, it probably will be softened and pass 
down. Sometimes while giving the oil, the horse will 
take a fit of coughing and eject both oil and grain by 
the nostrils. In such cases wait for a few minutes and 
repeat the dose; in that way the grain may be gotton rid 
of by coughing and the plug will pass on down. If no 
grain is coughed up or the obstruction is down in the 
chest, give eight or ten ounces of melted lard or sweet 
oil and let it remain there fora few hours; the obstruc- 
tion will sometimes pass away. Should it not move, 
place the speculum in the patient’s mouth, elevate the 
nose and introduce a probang, which should be oiled 
well before using. Pass it down gently, and when you 
com-~ to the obstacle, press quite heavily and as it starts 


168 DISEASES OE THE LIORSE. 


send it clear into the stomach. Then give a little oil 
and for a few days feed on soft food. 

If you find it impossible to remove the obstruction 
with the probang without seriously injuring the horse 
by rupturing the cesophagus, and the obstruction can be 
felt on the left side of the neck, take a lancet and cut 
lengthwise of the neck, into the obstruction. Then 
carefully stitch up the cesophagus (or gullet) with cat- 
gut, stitch up the integument (or skin) and feed on 
very soft or sloppy food for a week or two. Do not re- 
sort to the barbarous method of pushing a whip-stock, 
broom handle, or any other hard substance down the 
throat, as injuries to the throat are sure to occur, caus- 
ing an immense amount of trouble and suflering and in 
all probability the loss of the animal. 


CRIB-BITERS, WIND-SUCKERS OR STUMP-SUCKERS. 


This is a habit that is formed principally when the 
young animal is cutting teeth. It is caused by the pain 


CRIB-BITER OR WIND-SUCKER. 


of cutting and shedding teeth. To relieve itself of the 
irritation, the animal catches hold of the manger or any 
other object within reach. After a time, the habit he- 


POLL EVIL. 169 


comes fixed, and when the animal catches hold of the 
object a gulping sound is heard. It is then sucking air 
into stomach. 

Any irregularity of the teeth, or decayed teeth, may 
cause a horse to form the same habit. When the habit 
is once formed, it is very hard to break it up. After 
the horse has been sucking wind for a considerable 
time, it causes indigestion and colic. They are unsafe 
horses to own for they may bloat up and die at any 
time. 

Treatment:—Various devices have been used _ to 
break the habit, and sometimes with success. Attend 
to the teeth and, after you get them in good condition, 
make a paste of red pepper and flour and daub it on the 
manger: or fasten on the manger a sheep-skin with the 
woolly side out; or fasten a broad strap around the neck; 
or fasten some sharp object where the horse is in the 
habit of biting; or place small, revolving rollers just 
above the edge of the manger, so the teeth will slip off. 
Sometimes the habit may be broken by raising the 
tongue and cutting the membrane that fastens it to the 
lower jaw, about an inch, or by inserting a steel or sil- 
ver ring through the same membrane and allowing it 
to stay there; the ring to be about three-fourths of an 
inch in diameter. I have seen cases completely cured 
by this method. 


POLL EVIL. 


Poll evil consists of a swelling or an abscess just be- 
hind the ears upon the top and sides of the neck, and 
the irritation extends down to the first two or three 
bones of the cervical vertebrzee. When the disease ex- 
tends downward to the bones and affects.the joints, the 
animal will carry the head and neck stiff. Among the 


170 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


many causes of poll evil, are badly fitting, heavy halters. 
and bridles, blows from the butt end of the whip, by 
the horse hitting its head against low beams or doors, 
from too high reining, ete. 


POLL EVilL. 


Symptoms:—The first symptom observed is slight 
stiffness of the neck, with a swelling upon the poll, 
which is quite hard at first, later on becoming soft and 
fluctuating. The swelling may not increase much in 
size for some time, or it may increase quiterapidly. If 
there is no interference on the part of the attendant, it 
will eventually burst and discharge a whitish matter. 

Treatment :—In the earliest stage, when soreness is. 
present and the swelling has just begun so that it is 
quite noticeable, the trouble may be aborted. First, 
give a pliysic, as, 

PowdAloes. 22 .cc.4 0-6. --s one ounce: 
Eerie N ESI Ba See two drachms. Mix. 

Give at one dose in a pint of water, and give a small 
teaspoonful of saltpeter, three times a day, either in 
food, water or asadrench. Then cut off the hair and. 
apply the following as a blister: 

Waseliimectusaigiw mn weucr ae. sate one ounce. 
Powdered Cantharides...two drachms. Mix. 

Apply every fourth day for three times in succes- 

sion, Then grease until well. By this treatment I have: 


POLL EVIL. 171 


seen many cases aborted, and they required no other 
care except avoidance of the original cause. If this 
should fail to scatter the enlargement, it wil! hasten the 
formation of pus. The swelling should then be laid 
open with a knife. Make a bold incision and allow the 
matter to escape; then examine with a probe, and if no 
sinuses or pockets are found, you then have a simple, 
regular abscess to deal with. Dress the wound with, 


Risterme 30.0 ed four ounces. 
Todoform:. «..). 0+. 2c+s J-s. two drachms. 
Glycenmee hata eters four ounces. 


Wash the sore with castile soap and hot water and 
apply the medicine twice daily. If, however, while 
probing, you find pipes or sinuses, keep on exploring 
until you find them all; then take three or four grain 
quinine capsules, fill them full of corrosive sublimate 
and put one capsule into each pipe; its weight will gen- 
erally carry it down to the bottom. The capsule soon 
becomes dissolved and the medicine will cut out the 
pipes. Grease the hair thoroughly over which the mat- 
ter flows, to keep the matter and medicine from excori- 
ating the skin. After the pipes have come out, use the 
following: 


Ames Swampy tea ors soe -four drachms. 

Sugar Gibe ads see's « five drachms. 

AGG ST oe ore Seam eee re re one pint. Mix. 
Ox; 

CarbolneiAergeas aie oe ce bebe half ounce. 

1 GEls{ Retr ois (Ever pak) crmeounerghap eee ea four ounces. 

Sort <Wraterstc.ase se twelve ounces. Mix. 


Apply once daily, after washing out thoroughly with 
castile soap and hot water. If, after it has healed up, 
another swelling appears, you may rest assured that 
you missed one or more of the pipes. You must then 


172 DISEASES OF THE IORSE. 


open again and go after what is left. Do not despair, 
for success will crown your efforts, and a complete cure 
will be effected. 


BRUISES. 


Bruises are caused by kicks, bites, falling upon hard, 
rough or uneven substances, etc., resulting in a crushed 
or pumiced condition of the flesh with the skin covering 


' Ly 
e 


a 


YY ¥ 
uN ], 4 
\ \ Wy 


\ 
NNN “ 


FOMENTING A BRUISE. 


it remaining unbroken. There is more or less subcutane- 
ous bleeding, which may result in the formation of 
matter and a sloughing of the parts. If the bruise is 
not too severe, the formation of matter may be averted 
by fomentations of hot water, continued for a couple of 
hours, after which bathe freely with whiskey and cam- 
phor. If in a place where bandages can be used, a 
light bandage steeped in saltpeter water should be 


ss Sus ee 


BRUISES. 1738 


applied and the animal allowed rest for a few days, 
when the parts will resume their normal condition. If, 
however, the bruise is very severe, there is no other 
alternative save the formation of matter, and it should 
be hastened by the application of poultices of flaxseed 
meal, fried onions, bran, bread and milk, slippery elm 
or hops. While the sloughing of the parts is taking 
place, should there be a foul smell, powdered charcoal 
or iodoform, or a weak solution of carbolic acid, should 
be sprinkled over the poultice. After the parts have 
sloughed off, discontinue the poultices and use any of 
the following lotions: 


iat LTE PCA ea: 2 ibis fa oe one ounce. 

Water or Linseed Oil........ one pint. Mix. 
Or, 

Permanganate of Potash.four drachms. 

AViaberesas cue vial ok LON ace one pint. Mix. 
Or, 

Sulphate: Zine ..'e6i5 4. 6. ak half ounce. 

Supar Lead 460. .j-.. 0. «czhalf ounce. 

WAVER ies fit hela cis aatricia anes one pint. Mix. 
Or, 

TOMOTOT a oS. coe sete half ounce 

Powe. Ava: 56's eget four ounces. Mix. 


Apply two or three times a day. If proud flesh 
makes its appearance, cut it out with a knife or apply 
burnt alum. Feed the patient on soft or green food and 
if symptoms of fever present themselves, give half 
ounce doses of saltpetre, three times a day. When the 
fever subsides and the discharge has been great, feed 
the best of nourishing food, with which may be mixed, 


Sulphate of Iron..........two ounces. 
Rowd./ Gentian.) cote s 8% four ounces. 
Powd.s Nix} Womies).2 3) oo. one ounce. Mix. 


Give a teaspoonful three times a day. 


° 


174 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


_ ABSCESSES. 


Abscesses consist of accumulations of matter within 
circumscribed walls and may be situated upon any part 
of the body or in the lungs, liver, kidneys, ovaries, womb, 
bowels, etc. They are classed as acute, and cold or 
chronic abscesses. 

Acute abscesses are most frequently met with in the 
muscular tissues or gland structures, following local 
inflammation; or they may be the results of bruises and 
injuries. The abscesses found most often in horses, are 
those affecting the salivary glands, the result of stran- 
gles or distemper. The glands behind and under the 
jaws are observed to gradually increase in size, anil 
become hard, hot, painful, and sensitive to the touch. 
As the abscess gradually increases in size, pus or matter 
begins to form and in a little while it becomes soft and 
fluctuating. This condition is discovered by pressing 
gently upon the center of the abscess with the fingers; 
it is then considered coming to a head. A small eleva- 
tion is soon observed from which the hair slips off and 
is moistened with a yellowish fluid which oozes through 
the skin. Ina short time the abscess breaks, its con- 
tents escape and the cavity gradually fills up by healthy 
granulations. When abscesses form in the muscular 
tissues, they are usually produced by bruises or some 
other form of injury.. Sometimes, however, they are 
the result of irregular. strangles. 

Whenever it is noticed that abscesses are forming, 
the aim should be to hasten development as rapidly as 
possible, by hot fomentations and poultices. When they 
are very slow in developing, a good stimulating liniment 
applied to the parts, is advisable, as, 

Spts. Turpentine..... ..... two ounces. 
Acca, “Amar Omilaerics a2. ko two ounces. 
Raw. Linseed Oil... “2220 fourounces.. Max: 


COLD ABSCESS. 175 


Apply twice daily. As soon as matter can be felt by 
pressure of the fingers, it will be well to open witha 
sharp knife, as low down as possible, to afford good 
drainage so that the matter may escape. But if not 
fully satisfied that the matter is near the surface, it will 
be better to encourage the ripening and allow it to open 
itself. An abscess located at a joint, should be allowed 
to open itself, or operated upon by a skilled veterina- 
rian. It is unnecessary to squeeze and pinch abscesses 
when opened. Gentle pressure will remove all the old 
thickened matter, and if inclined to heal too quickly, 
keep it open with a smooth piece of hickory or other 
hardwood, made into a probe. Poultices and fomenta- 
tions are often beneficial after the abscess has opened, 
especially if there is much swelling. It is unnecessary to 
inject medicines into abscesses, unless a bad smell comes 
from the eavity, then it should be washed out with— 

AMOI C -AciGiys seis st ealgtcie AF one ounce. 
Soft Water...... ae sombre sy OMe uate. 4 VErK. 

Use twice daily. 


COLD ABSCESS. 


Cold abscess is a term used to denote a large swell- 
ing, the result of chronic inflammation, in the center of 
which there is usually a small accumulation of matter. 
These abscesses are generally situated on the neck in 
close proximity to the shoulder joint. When first ob- 
served, the swelling is quite large, and apparently in- 
creasing in size or growing (if the horse is working) un- 
til if assumes enormous proportions. It may be shghtly 
warmer than the surrounding parts, but is not very 
painful when pressure is apphed. The animal instead 
of exhibiting pain when moved about, acts as though 
the shoulders were stiff, or there is a stiffness in its 


176 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


movements. When relieved from work, this vast swell- 
ing gradually diminishes in size, until it leaves a large 
hardened mass, very much resembling a tumor, and re- 
maining in that condition for a great length of time. 
There is now neither heat nor soreness and it neither 
grows nor diminishes, unless the animal is put to work, 
when the irritation from the collar will cause it to in- 
flame, and increase in size again, but after a few days 
rest it will gradually recede to the same sized tumor ag 
before commencing work. 

Treatment:—The treatment as recommended for 
acute abscess, will fail to accomplish anything. We are 
therefore compelled to use more heroic measures. 
First, examine carefully to ascertain if matter is pres- 
ent, which is generally difficult to detect, for it ‘is sel- 
dom that there is over two tablespoonfuls located in the 
center of the abscess. However, whether matter can be 
felt or not, make a deep incision into the center of the 
tumor, all the way through it if necessary, and allow 
the matter to escape. . Then, whether matter is found 
or not, saturate a piece of sponge or cotton batting with 
turpentine and force it into the bottom of the cut; allow 
it to remain two or three days to excite the formation 
of matter; or pack the wound full of sulphate of zine 
and plug it for twenty-four hours, then withdraw the 
plug and let it slough out; or take a red hot iron and 
push it into the bottom of the cut; in fact anything to 
excite an inflammatory action and promote the forma- 
tion of matter. If the opening is disposed to heal too 
quickly, open it up with some of the former prepara- 
tions. After you have got it suppurating nicely, en- 
courage it by applying poultices of flaxseed meal, 
bran, boiled turnips, bread and milk, slippery elm, ete. 
With this mode of treatment you will dispose of it and 
leave the surface smooth. 


—— 


TUMOR IN THE FALSE NOSTRIL. Lil 
NASAL POLYPUS, OR NASAL TUMORS. 


These pear-shaped tumors are frequently found in 
the nasal chamber and may be attached anywhere along 
the nasal canal. They are, however, generally attached, 
high up in the nostril and hang by a slender neck. 

Symptoms :—They sometimes grow down far enough 
to be observed protruding from the nose. The breath- 
ing is obstructed more or less in that nostril. There is 
bulging of the nostril on the affected side if the tumor 
is large, according to its size. It produces a snuffling 
sound while breathing and sometimes a discharge from 
the nose. 

Treatment:—Removal of the tumor can be accom- 
plished by folding a copper wire through a gas pipe. Slip 
the wire over the tumor and pass it and the pipe up, 
until you reach the top of the tumor, then draw the 
wire up tightly against the pipe and twist the tumor 
off. Or if an ecrasure is obtainable, pass it up over the 
tumor and twist it off; or take a pair of forceps and 
pass them up to its attachment, then sieze it and twist 
itoff. There will not be bleeding enough to do any 
harm. However, the blood may be stopped, by injecting 
up the nostril a solution of alum water or a solution of 
sulphate of iron, or the tincture of iron, or by forcing a 
plug of wool up the nostril, having a string attached to 
it by which to draw it out when the bleeding stops. 


TUMOR IN THE FALSE NOSTRIL. 


Small tumors are often observed in the false nostril 
(which is a small pouch just within the nostril and 
appears like a loop or fold of skin). These tumors are 
very slow of growth and contain a cheesy matter. They 
are usually about the size of a walnut and while they do 


178 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


not cause any pain, they are a blemish and sometimes 
become so large that they cause difficult breathing when 
the animal is put to severe exercise. They are obsery- 
able on the outer side of the nostril, but by inserting 


TUMOR IN THE NOSTRIL. 


the finger up the nose, they will appear much larger on 
the inside. No danger need be apprehended in open- 
ing them and this can be done either from the outside 
or inside of the nostril, the latter being preferable. 
Pass the knife up the inside of the nostril and when the 
tumor is reached, make a free incision; then squeeze 
the matter out and nature will generally perform the 
rest. Or you may syringe the cavity with— 


Sulphaterot Zane : 2.40.2 two drachms. 
WiABEr ere aes a ale eat ea) ks eight ounces. Mix. 


Inject once daily for a few days. When the cut is 
made, blood sometimes flows freely for a short time, but 
this is of no consequence; it will soon cease. 


PHARYNGEAL POLYPUS, OR TUMOR IN THE THROAT. 


This is just the same kind of tumor as appears within 
the nostrils, only it is situated in the upper part of the 
throat. If itis located at the opening at the back part of 
the mouth, when the animal takes a drink, it is liable 
to drop into the larynx or upper part of the air channel, 
causing alarming symptoms by partially shutting off its 
breathing. ‘ Respiration is then accomplished with the 


WOUNDS ABOUT THE NOSTRILS. 179 


greatest difficulty; efforts are made at coughing; the 
animal chokes until it falls upon its knees or falls down 
completely, when the tumor is generally dislodged from 
the larynx. The animal then breathes freely and 
appears as though there was nothing wrong. These 
frequent and sudden attacks, especially while drinking 
or eating, followed by almost instantaneous recoveries, 
should lead to an examination of the throat, which is 
done by holding the mouth open and passing the hand 
back into the throat, where the tumor will be found. If 
within reach, remove in the manner advised for remoy- 
ing nasal polypus. When the removal is accomplished, 
feed wholly upon soft food, for two weeks and after 
each feed, give a few swallows of water, then pour some 
alum water into the mouth and allow it to run over the 
sore. 


WOUNDS ABOUT THE NOSTRILS. 


Wounds around the nostrils are quite a common 
occurrence, and are generally caused by catching upon 
a nail or hook of some description, bites from other 
horses, or by running against some object, ete. As 
quickly as possible after the accident, the wound should 
be stitched together. No loose parts should be cut off 
and thrown away, but everything placed in its proper 
position. The skin around the nostrils is very thin and 
easily stitched, consequently any kind of a needle and 
any kind of white thread will answer. If not immedi- 
ately given attention, the wound may swell considera- 
bly and difficulty may be experienced in getting the 
edges in direct opposition. If possible, place the 
stitches quite closely together. Occasionally a nostril 
is so badly lacerated, that it is with difficulty the parts 
are brought together, and then a blemish may result. 
After the parts have been brought together, and secured 


180 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


with stitches, the animal should be tied so that it can- 
not rub the wound, for ten days or two weeks, and in 
the meantime Keep the parts clean, and use, 


Carbolic Acids ia04. 08 .four drachms. 
Soft Water >..2-..% =. siniisorere, ROME’ PEE, °s Ilex 
Apply twice daily, or dust it with iodoform once 
daily; or, 
Sugar Legar.2s ......-four drachms. 
Sulphate Zinc........... two drachms. 
WViaterueee wie cies eis aes ease one pint. Mix. 


Apply morning and evening. After the parts ad- 
here firmly, cut the stitches and carefully draw them out. 


NETTLE RASH OR SURFEIT. 


This is a frequent form of skin disease in fhe horse, 
and is caused from a sudden change of diet. It is fre- 


SURFEIT. 


quently observed when horses are first fed upon grass. 
It may also be caused by sudden changes in the weather, 
taking a drink of cold water when heated, worms in the 
intestines, and is sometimes connected with the shed- 
ding of the hair. 


RINGWORM. 181 


Symptoms :—The lumps rise quickly and appear on 
any part of the body, sometimes covering nearly the en- 
tire body, head and neck. The eyelids may be closed 
and the lips greatly thickened. Sometimes the nostrils 
are swelled nearly shut. The swellings are unequal in 
size, varying from a marble to a saucer and are flat 
upon their surface. It may be attended with diarrhea 
or slight colicky pains. The eruption breaks out very 
suddenly, the whole skin being covered in a short space 
of time, and it often disappears just as rapidly as it 
came, or it may linger for five or six days. 


Treatment :—This is very simple and consists in clean- 
ing out the bowels with, 


Powd); Aloes: 2 3sgee: seven drachms. 
Powd. Gentian..........twodrachms. Mix. 
Give at one dose in a pint of water. Also give one 
ounce daily of glauber salts, fora week. Apply to the 
skin twice daily, 
Sugar Lead ie cecc ages a5 two ounces. 
DOlb-W AlGE ss 4e1ane« cltes.< shlee one quart. Mix 


RINGWORM. 


Ringworm is most frequently seen in young horses 
that have been poorly kept through the winter and 
spring. It appears at the time of shedding and is a 
parasitic growth of a contagious nature, sometimes 
attacking several horses in the same herd. It may be 
communicated to other animals and also to attendants. 


Symptoms :—It commences in a small pimple, at first, 
where the parasite has established itself. It then begins 
to form a circle which continues to spread daily. The 
hairs over the affected part stand erect, split up, break 


382 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


off and fall out, leaving a bare spot which is covered 
with a greyish scruff or dandruff, very much resembling 
the coarse hulls of wheat bran. During its progress, the 
disease is not confined to one spot but may develop on 


RINGWORM. 


several parts of the body at the same time. If allowed 
to run undisturbed, it may prove very troublesome, or 
recovery may take place spontaneously within a couple 
of months. 


Treatment:—Clip the hair closely over the affected 
parts, then wash with soft soap and warm water; dry 
the parts thoroughly and paint with acetic acid or tinc- 
ture of iodine, twice daily until cured. Should these 
remedies fail after applying ten days, apply the follow- 
ing once daily: 

Corosive Sublimate...... half drachm. 
Sott Wiater ee cera ei eee one pint. Mix. 


FISTULOUS WITHERS. 


This disease very much resembles poll evil, only it is 
located upon the shoulders, and is also very obstinate 
to treat. It usually comes from a bruise, from the 


CASTRATION. 183 


saddle, from rolling, or striking the top of the shoulders 
against something; for instance, against the top of a 
low stable or shed. 


FISTULOUS WITHERS. 


Treatment :—As soon as noticed, apply the same rem- 
edies as for poll evil, and make a dependent orifice to 
allow the pus to escape, treating the orifice as directed 
for the sinuses in poll evil. 


CASTRATION. 


There are various methods of performing this opera- 
tion, but all tend to the same purpose, viz.: removing 
the testicles and preventing hemorrhage. 

First cast the horse and confine him closely and 
tightly, drawing the hind feet well up along the sides. 
Have a good assistant to hold the head. Take hold of 
the testicle (always taking the smaller one first) and 
raise it well up. Hold it firmly and make a bold cut 
about three inches long, close to the dividing line of the 
testicles. - Then take hold of the testicle and cut off the 
white membrane at the back part of the testicle, but do 
not cut the spermatic cord or artery. Then if the ecra- 
seurs are used, apply them and smash off the cord. If 


184 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


the clamp is used, fasten it on tighly and tie with a 
stout cord. The clamps should be grooved so they will 
have a firmer hold. Then cut off the cord and testicles, 
about a half inch from the clamp. Some prefer ligat- 
ing, which.is simply cutting out the testicle and tying 
the cord with a silk thread, to prevent hemorrhage. 

If the testicles are not down in the scrotum, the 
horse is called a ridgeling. 

If one testicle is down and the other is not, the one 
that is not down should be procured first. In order to 
get it, cast the horse and tie his hind feet close up along 
his sides. Then roll the patient upon his back and cut 
through the scrotum as if the testicle were there. Oil 
your hand and pass it up through the internal abdom- 
inal ring, where you will almost invariably find the 
testicle. Take hold of it firmly, draw it out and cas- 
trate by any of the usual methods. 

If you do not find it between the internal and exter- 
nal abdominal rings, pass the hand on up through the 
external abdominal ring and you will find it, if he has 
one. Seize it, draw it out and take it off by any of the 
usual methods. 

My preference is for the ecraseur, an instrument in- 
vented by M. Chassaignac, of Paris. 

Take the opposite testicle in the same manner and the 
operation is complete. Always cut well down toward 
the sheath, to allow the pus to escape freely to prevent 
any unnecessary swelling. If the clamps are used, re- 
move them in twenty-four hours and turn the horse out, 
or put him at moderate work, and he will do much _ bet- 
ter than if standing in the stable. 

About the third day, run your finger up around the 
cord and break off any attachment, so that it will not 
adhere too low down, and thus prevent scirrhus cord 
from forming. 


BLEEDING AFTER CASTRATION. 185 


Be careful before operating, to examine and see that 
the horse isnot ruptured. If arupture should exist, cas- 
trate by what is called the covered method, which con- 
sist, in cutting through the skin only, being careful not 
to cut through the tunics or coverings of the testicle. 
Then castrate with the clamps. Place the clamps over 
the covering of the testicle, the testicle included, and 
clamp tightly. Then cut off the coverings and testicles 
together and allow the clamps to stay on until they 
come off of their own accord. If the bowels should 
come out, return them and stitch up the internal abdom- 
inal ring with cat-gut. Then stitch up the scrotum, 
leaving a small opening for the escape of pus, and the 
#peration will be complete. 


BLEEDING AFTER CASTRATION. 


Bleeding from the incisions in the scrotum, from the 
small blood vessels severed and especially from the 
small artery at the back part of the cord sometimes 
occurs in warm weather and may appear quite serious 
No fears need be entertained, as it seldom lasts only a 
few minutes and is easily stopped by splashing cold 
water into the wound. 


Bleeding from the artery in the front part of the cord 
may be attended with danger, when the necessary pre- 
caution has not been taken to fasten it, to prevent 
bleeding. In such cases, the end of the cord should be 
found and the artery tied with a strong thread. If the 
end of the cord cannot be procured, pack the parts 
thoroughly with cotton batting or wool, which may be 
saturated with tincture of muriate of iron. Shove well 
up into the wound; a blood clot may be formed in this 


186 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


manner and thus stop the bleeding. Allow the packing 
to remain two days, then withdraw it gently and but 
little danger need be apprehended. 


PHYMOSIS AND PARAPHYMOSIS. 


Phymosis consists in the glans penis becoming envel- 
oped in the prepuce, thus being hidden from view, and 
forming a soft, glazy swelling. It most frequently hap- 
pens from an injury or as the result of castration. 

Paraphymosis consists in the prepuce forming a con- 
striction around the penis, just behind the glans. The 
glans penis will then be visible and frequently greatly 
swollen. It also occurs from the results of castration, 
and from injuries of any description. 

The treatment for phymosis, consists in applying hot 
fomentations and scarifying. When paraphymosis. 


PARALYSIS OF THE PENIS. 


exists, apply hot fomentations and _ scarifying; also 
catch hold of the tumor and evert it by forcing it back 
through the constriction, then place it back into the 
sheath and place pledgets of cotton batting greased with 
vaseline, into the sheath, to prevent the penis from 
coming out. Usually within a few days the swelling 


AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS. 187 


disappears and the trouble is over. Sometimes the 
swelling is so great that it cannot be everted immedi- 
ately ; when such is the case, scarify and press the blood 
and serum out as much as possible, place a bandage 
around the body and suspend the penis to relieve the 
weight, occasionally pressing out the blood and serum, 
and in a few days you will be able to evert it, when a 
speedy recovery will follow. 


AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS. 


It is very seldom that we are called upon to perform 
this operation. But occasionally it has to be done to 
save the patient and sometimes to be rid of the un- 
sightly appearance, which greatly depreciates the value 
of the horse. 


Some of the causes justifying such an operation are 
paralysis of the penis, caused by blows from the whip or 
kick from a mare during service ; cancerous growth upon 
the penis; or anything which causes the penis to hang 
pendulous, with inability to retract it within the sheath. 


The operation is performed by casting the animal 
and getting him under control. Commence to amputate 
by making a circular incision down to the urethra (or 
canal for the passage of urine.) Next cut the tissue off 
from the urethra for about an inch, which you must 
leave. Then cut off the urethra. If any small arteries 
present themselves, ligate them. Sprinkle powdered 
per sulphate of iron upon the remaining part and allow 
the patient his freedom. Insert the catheter before 
operating and allow it to remain during the operation. 
Pass the catheter every day, until the wound is healed. 


188 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


HERNIA, OR RUPTURE. 


Hernia is the protrusion, either of the bowels or of 
the mesentary through a natural or unnatural opening 
out of the abdominal cavity. There are several kinds of 
hernia, the most important of which I shall mention 
here. 

Umbilical hernia occurs when the opening of the 
umbilical cord passes into the abdomen, which fails to 


elose up, and the aperture continues to increase in size, 
It is invariably seen in young colts, and, if it fails to 
close apply a bandage and keep it on for some time. A 
cure will generally be effected; if not, and the colt isa 
year old, fasten on a pair of clamps and allow them to 
slough off, or inject hypodermically, a solution of salt 
water ina few places around the base of the tumor; 


HERNIA, OR RUPTURE. 189 


or another method and one that is very effectual, is to 
cut off the hair over the tumor and apply nitric acid 
enough to barely moisten the skin. Either of these set 
up a deep-seated adhesive inflammation and close up 
the opening. 

Inguinal or scrotal hernia, consists in the passage of 
the bowels or mesentery down through the abdominal 
ring, into the scrotum. If in an entire horse, cut by the 
covered operation (see castration). If in a gelding, 
either open it up, stitch up the abdominal ring and 
then clamp, or, gather up as much of the scrotum as is 
possible and clamp, first returning the bowels, and 
allow the clamp to remain until it sloughs off. A cure 
will most generally be effected. 

Ventral hernia consists in an abrasion of the abdom- 
inal walls, allowing the bowels to escape through to the 
skin and forming tumors of various dimensions. It is 
readily recognized by its disappearance upon pressure, 
and almost immediate return on being released from 
pressure; by its softness and the gurgling sound trans- 
mitted by the bowels. If the rupture is small, return 
the bowels and fasten on a clamp, allowing it to slough 
off: or, bandage tightly when first noticed; or use some 
of the methods as given in umbilical hernia. Another 
method is to cast the animal, then return the bowels, 
cut through the skin and stitch up the abdominal walls 
and apply a broad bandage. 

Diaphragmatic hernia is when the bowels pass 
through a rupture of the diaphragm, and press upon the 
lungs. If any quantity of the bowels pass through, the 
breathing will be difficult and a terrible gurgling, 
wheezing commotion will be heard on applying the car 
to the chest. In such cases there is no remedy and the 
patient will very soon die. If the rupture be small and 
a very small portion of the bowels protrude through the 


190 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


diaphragm, the pain may be very intense but that 
terrible sound around the lungs will be wanting and, if 
kept quiet on opiates, the bowels may return and the 
patient do well. 

In strangulated hernia, when the bowels become 
entangled in the mesentery, completely shutting off the 
passage, death is almost inevitable. 


ANEURISM. 


The term aneurism is used to denote the rupture or 
dilation of an artery, forming a fluctuating tumor, dis- 
appearing on pressure, but immediately returning. It 
may be caused by hard work or by a hard, straining pull. 
By pressing the fingers upon the tumor, the pulsation 
may almost always be felt. 


Treatment ;—If the tumor is visible and can be oper- 
ated upon, cut down and tie the artery at either side of 
the tumor, which should then be dissected out. After- 
wards treat as an ordinary wound. But if the artery 
be very large, you had better let it alone. 


SEEDY .TOE. 


This term is used to denote an unhealthy condition 
of the foot, wherein the wall and sole of the foot partake 
of amealy or dry, crumbling nature, thus separating 
them from the sensitive lamina of the os pedis, or bone 
of the foot. It is principally caused from laminitis but 
sometimes by a large clip being fastened to the front 
part of the shoe and being hammered down hard on the 
wall of the hoof. It may also be caused by an ill-fitting 
shoe being irregular upon its bearings upon the wall 
and sole at the toe. 


CORNS. 19] 


Treatment :—Cut out the diseased parts and shoe with 
a bar shoe; and pad it in the crevices to prevent dirt 
from getting in and accumulating. 


CORNS. 


At first these consist of a simple bruise of the sole of 
the foot and are usually found in the inner quarter of 
the fore foot, though they are sometimes found in the 
outer quarter. Some authors consider them to be 
horny tumors, but such I could never find. However, I 
am inclined to believe that, from the constant irritation, 
they are the cause of inflammation of the lateral carti- 
lages and thus of the formation of side-bones. Some- 


CORNS. 


times the corns suppurate and if an exit is not made for 
the pus to escape by, it will cause a bulging of the coro- 
net and will break and discharge there; or the pus will 
keep burrowing down toward the toe and thus separate 
the wall from the sensitive sole. Bad shoeing, or allow- 
ing the shoes to remain on too long, are the principal 
causes. 


Symptoms :—Heat and lameness in the affected foot, 
and invariably pointing it forward; heat and tender- 
ness around the affected quarter, and a sulky stumbling 
gait when driven. [If it is a suppurating corn, the horse 
will scarcely put the foot to the ground and, if it does, 
will merely rest it on the toe. Upon tapping the quar- 


192 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


ter of the foot with a hammer, the animal generally 
evinces pain; also pressure from a pair of pincers will 
cause more or less flinching, and by taking off the shoe 
and paring down the quarters, blood streaks to a 
greater or less degree will be observed. 

Treatment :—Take off the shoe and poultice the foot 
with ground flaxseed, or bran, for twenty-four hours; 
then pare down the corn until the sole between the bar 
and wall is compressible; then place a sponge saturated 
with crude oil or a seventy-five per cent. solution of car- 
bolic acid over the corn and nail on the shoe, retaining 
the sponge in position and applying the crude oil or car- 
bolic acid solution once or twice a week; or shoe with a 
bar shoe, using the sponge as directed. You may paint 
the wall and sole of the foot with crude oil once or twice 
a week, but avoid letting it get up into the hair around 
the coronet. If you suspect a suppurating corn, cut 
down and allow the matter to escape, then remove the 
dead horn as far around as the pus cavity extends. 
Afterwards apply compound tinct. benzoin twice a day, 
or tincture of iodine once daily. As soon as new horn 
commences to form, place a leather or felt pad over the 
bottom of the foot and shoe with a bar shoe. 


THRUSH. 


The principal causes of thrush are filth from stand- 
ing in manure and urine in the stable, from poulticing 
with cow-dung, from wading around in a filthy barn- 
yard, from grease-heel and scratches, and from hard 
work on rough, stony roads, causing bruises to the frog. 

Symptoms :—There is a fcetid discharge from the 
cleft of the frog, only in severe cases causing lameness 
and a feverish foot. 


CANKER. 198 


Treatment :—First, remove the cause and keep in a 
clean, dry place; remove all ragged portions of horn 
and fill the crease in the frog with calomel a few times, 
and a cure is generally effected; or use powdered sul- 
phate of copper or burnt alum. If allowed to run un- 
disturbed, it may develop into canker. This latter dis 
ease of the foot, is due to a vegetable parasite which 
not only destroys the sole and frog, but invades the 
deeper structures and prevents the natural and healthy 
growth of the horn substance, which usually repairs an 
injury to these parts. : 


CANKER. 


Causes:—As it is due to a parasite, certain condi- 
tions must present themselves before the parasite com- 
mences its work. As it is rarely ever seen in high, dry 
districts, it is quite evident that moisture paves the 


CANKER. 


road for the germ to travel in. Among the many causes 
are filth from standing in manure and urine, when the 
frog or sole is injured; also from poulticing injuries, as 
pricks from nails, with cow-dung, or allowing them to 
run in filthy barnyards; also working on muddy roads 
and grazing on low, marshy pastures; from grease heel. 


194 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. 


Symptoms :—Canker is generally confined to one foot, 
although all the feet may be attacked at the same time. 
When the disease follows an injury, which it usually 
does, and the soft tissues are involved, they show no in- 
clination to heal; on the contrary, there is secreted from 
the inflamed parts, a foul smelling watery discharge, 
which gradually undermines the surrounding healthy 
horn and which, if not checked in its course, will com- 
pletely destroy the whole frog and sole. Rapid growths 
spring out from the frog and sole, of a soft, spongy, un- 
healthy nature, and, if cut off, may grow from one to 
two inches in length in twenty-four hours. When cut 
close up to the foot, they bleed quite profusely. There 
is an offensive discharge and the disease stubbornly 
resists treatment. Lameness may at first be very slight, 
but as the disease advances, it will be a prominent 
symptom. 

Treatment :—First, remove to a clean, dry place, then 
cut out all of the diseased tissues or until it bleeds 
freely, pare down the sole quite thin next to the canker, 
removing all of the sole and frog that covers diseased 
parts. Next put on a shoe with quite a wide web. 
Then take some tow and saturate it with muriate of 
iron and cover the diseased part, and apply pressure/by 
slipping sticks under the web of the shoe; it is very 
essential to apply heavy pressure upon the diseased 
parts. Medicines seemingly lose their force when ap- 
plied for a few days in succession. It is therefore nec- 
essary to change from one remedy to another quite fre- 
quently. Choose any from the following list: Sulphate 
of copper, sulphate of zinc, sulphate of iron, chloride of 
zinc, quicklime, chloride of antimony, creosote, calomel, 
carbole acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, corrosive sub- 
limate, nitrate of silver, or caustic soda. You may mix 
any one of these, equal parts, with animal charcoal, but 


PRICKS FROM NAILS. 195 


very often you will be compelled to use the most severe 
remedies, undiluted. It will try your patience, but be 
persistent, and when you notice healthy horn commenc- 
ing to form, cease using very severe remedies. From 
commencement to finish, the foot should be dressed once 
in twenty-four hours, bearing in mind that pressure 
should be applied continuously throughout the course of 
treatment. 


PRICKS FROM NAILS. 


This is of frequent occurrence from the carelessness 
of the horseshoer or from the nail splitting while being 
driven; also from horses picking up nails while being 
driven, or while running at large—more frequently 
from the latter than from the former. 


Symptoms :—Lameness, heat and tenderness in the 
foot affected. Ifa nail splits when the smith is driving 
it, he will notice it at once from the horse flinching. If 
the nail be withdrawn and the owner not informed, the 
patient in a few days may be very lame and suppura- 
tion may take place before the real cause is found out; 
there will be heat and tenderness present. By tapping 
the foot with a hammer, you may find the exact place. 
Or, if a nail is driven close enough to press the sensi- 
tive laminew, the patient may not go lame for a few 
days, then it will be very lame, frequently holding the 
foot from the ground or merely resting it upon the toe. 
By tapping the foot with a hammer you will discover 
the spot, when you hit the nail that is pressing. Or, if 
the patient has picked up a nail and goes lame, by 
examining the foot you will find either the nail penetrat- 
ing the foot or the place whence it was withdrawn. 


196 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Treatment :—If from a split nail or one driven too close, 
draw it out and poultice the foot for a few days with 
ground flaxseed; a cure will usually be effected. 
But if it suppurates, make an opening and allow the pus 
to escape, and treat as a suppurating corn (see corns). 
If the patient has picked up a rusty nail and you have 
withdrawn it, cut a hole into the bottom of the foot 
where the nail entered, about the size of a nickel and fill 
the opening with tincture of iodine, two or three times 
a day; but if the foot is very much inflamed, poultice 
for a day or two, also applying either tincture of iodine 
or Friar’s balsam to the wound. If suppuration has 
taken place, remove all loose or dead tissue and wash 
out thoroughly with castile soap and hot water. Then 
dry it out and apply Friar’s balsam or tincture of 
iodine, and protect the foot from dirt and filth. It is 
sometimes necessary to remove all of the frog and 
sometimes the sole. Bevery careful if the horse has 
picked up a rusty nail, as tetanus, or lockjaw frequently 
ensues; also extensive inflammation and sloughing 
around the coronet and loss of the hoof, which in the 
majority of cases, renders the animal worthless. 


QUITTOR. 


The most frequent causes of quittor are horses calk- 
ing themselves and catching cold, suppurating corns, 
pricks from nails, bruises, gravel working up through 
the feet, disease of the lateral cartilages, also quarter 
cracks, etc., etc. 

Symptoms :—First a tender swelling around the cor- 
onet, bursting after a while and discharging a whitish 
fluid and showing no evidence of drying up or healing. 

By probing, you will find fistulous openings running 
down into the foot in different directions. 


GRAVEL IN FOOT. 197 


Treatment :—If much inflammation exists anda visible 
bulging of the coronet, lance it and apply flaxseed poul- 
tices for a few days. Then into each sinus inject twice 
daily the following: 


Zine: Sulphaber as. + sexes ss: one drachm. 
Sulphate of Copper.......one drachm. 
Weaterat ate tepene saaeio. four ounces. Mix. 


After you have followed this up for about a week, 
and the foot is almost healed, stop the injections and 
apply Friar’s balsam twice daily until a cure is effected. 
If the disease affects the lateral cartilages, or if side- 
bones are formed and they are affected, they may have 
to be removed. 

Occasionally the sinuses burrow down deep into the 
soft tissues and a fistulous opening is established, which 
will not yield to the former treatment but will require 
more heroic measures. In such cases, fill the sinus full 
of corrosive sublimate, pounding it well in; allow it to 
remain for two days, then take it out and apply carbolic 
salve until well. 


GRAVEL IN FOOT. 


The feet of horses are often affected by a small 
gravel encased between the sensitive and insensitive 
parts. - It may become pressed in through an opening 
made in paring out corns, or into a large nail hole, or 
into the opening made from paring out the sole, from 
treading on a nail or being forced through a quarter- 
crack; or by continuous pressure while traveling, a 
gravel may be forced through the parts where the sole 
and wall of the foot unite; or by being forced up 
between the frog and bars, etc. In whatever manner it 
gains admission to the sensitive parts, it causes inflam- 
mation and sloughing of the surrounding portions. 


198 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Symptoms :—Lameness is a predominant symptom. 
If there be an opening, it will present a dirty appear- 
ance, look black and unhealthy and have a fcetid smell. 
Upon tapping on the parts with a hammer, the animal 
will evince great pain. If much matter is formed, it is 
liable to work up and break around the top of the hoof 
close to the hair, when the lameness will partially or 
wholly subside. 

Treatment:—First wash the parts thoroughly, then 
enlarge the opening by paring away the hoof, to make 
room to remove the gravel; examine very carefully to 
avoid pushing it in farther. When in contact with the 
gravel, it will be readily recognized by its sound and 
hardness to the touch. Work around it and dig it out as 
carefully as possible. Then wash the parts perfectly 
clean and inject into the wound twice daily— 


Carbolic Acid...........two drachms. 


Wicibek. Pui oak esiend wiewitapon ws half pint. Mix. 
Or, 

Sulphate of Zinc........ four drachms. 

IWGECR ec et is an Nee Fe half-pint. Mix. 


Apply a hot linseed meal or bran poultice until the 
fever and lameness subside, after which, if the opening 
is protected to prevent dirt from getting into it, the 
animal may be put to work, still applying the aforesaid 
lotion if possible, until the parts are healed. 


PUMICED FOOT. 


This is a condition wherein the horny sole becomes 
separated from the sensitive sole or laminz, by an effu- 
sion that accumulates as the result of inflammation of 
the parts. The bottom of the foot, especially toward 
the toe, crumbles away, exposing the sensitive tissues. 


BRUISES OF THE FROG. 199 


It is generally caused by laminitis or founder when 
proper treatment has not been applied. The coffin-bone 
tips down at the toe causing pressure upon the sole, and 
prevents the formation of new horn. Other conditions 
may cause pumiced sole, but, as a rule, not to the ex- 
tent as does founder. Punctured wounds of the feet 
and bruises of the sole occasionally cause an exudation, 
separating the sensitive from the insensitive parts, but 
the soft tissues are seldom exposed because new horn 
is developed, completely taking the place of that which 
has been separated. 

Symptoms :—Exposure of the sensitive parts can 
readily be recognized. If it has not reached that stage, 
the foot will become convexed, or bulge down instead of 
being concaved or hollow. The sole of the foot, espe- 
cially at the toe, readily crumbles away and there is 
lameness very similar to that of founder. 

Treatment:—This disease is incurable. If the toe 
pushes through, put the animal out of its misery. If 
the sole is convexed, by careful shoeing, keeping the 
pressure off the sole, and by keeping the feet cool, the 
animal may do light work on soft ground, but should 
never be driven on hard roads. 


BRUISES OF THE FROG. 


Causes:—Bruises of the frog usually occur from 
horses stepping upon rough, hard, frozen ground, or 
from travelling upon newly macadamized roads, thereby 
getting stones wedged in between the shoe and frog, 
which are frequently overlooked, and the frog becomes 
badiy bruised. Flat feet, with low heels, are the best 
subjects for bruises. Cuts through the frog, from step- 
ping upon glass or any other substance causing similar 
injury, are liable to cause suppuration beneath the frog. 


200 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Symptoms :—Lameness, in proportion to the extent of 
the injury involving the sensitive parts. If the injury 
is quite severe, the animal walks wholly upon the toe or 
raises the foot completely and hobbles along on three 
legs. When the horse is standing quietly, the limb is set 
forward and flexed at the ankle, the toe resting upon 
the ground. Upon examining the foot, the injury may 
be detected, but if no opening exists, the matter will be 
observed working back toward the heels, seeking a soft 
place where it can break through and escape. The horn 
then becomes detached at its connection with the skin 
and looks somewhat white and bleached. As soon as 
the pus escapes, the lameness diminishes. 

Treatment :—When lameness is first observed, exam- 
ine the bottom of the foot carefully and if no puncture 
is discovered, bathe the foot in cold water to prevent 
the formation of matter; but if matter has already 
formed, pare the frog and sole quite thin to relieve 
pressure, make an opening to allow the pus to escape, 
then poultice for a few days with linseed meal, and pour 
tincture of iodine into the opening twice daily. If the 
pus has loosened much of the frog, remove the part that 
has become detached, with the knife. If the pus has 
worked its way up and has broken, and is discharging 
near the hair, a great portion of the frog has become 
separated and should be removed at once, after which 
dress three times daily with compound tincture of ben- 
zoin, tincture iodine or spirits turpentine, and if obsti- 
nate, with— 


Chloride of Zinc....... ... One ounce. 
Soft Wiatermaak ve. aieines eight ounces. Mix. 


Apply once or twice daily and pad with cotton bat- 
ting. As soon as a thin layer of new horn has grown 
on, it may be padded with waste, a sponge or cotton 


CALK WOUNDS. 201 


batting, a piece of leather placed over the entire bot- 
tom of the foot and a shoe nailed on, when the animal 
may be put at slow work. 


CALK WOUNDS. 


In all northern climates, when the roads become 
slippery, horses are necessarily shod with sharpened 
shoe calks. The heavier breed of horses, used for 
teaming and hauling heavy loads, are compelled to 


RESULTS FROM CALKING. 


twist, turn and back up, when they frequently tread 
upon their mate, or upon their own feet, inflicting 
injuries of a somewhat severe character. In fact, any 
horse wearing sharp calks, is hable to tramp upon and 
injure either itself or another horse. Some horses while 


202 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


standing in the stable, rest with one hind foot upon and 
immediately in front of the other foot. These horses 
are liable to calk themselves at any time. 


CALKING. 


Treatment:—When horses rest one foot upon the 
other, a circular boot should be worn when in the sta- 


ble, extending out four inches from the ankle, which 
will prevent calking. If the wound is not deep and 
there is little if any soreness, fill it with tar or vaseline. 
But where the wound is deep and there is great sore- 
ness, with considerable inflammation and suppuration, 


hot poultices should be applied for a few days. Benefi- 


cial results will be produced by sprinkling powdered 
saltpetre upon the poultice before applying it. After- 
wards apply— 
Sulphate of Iron........-- half ounce. 
Whe herrea oy ay (stantial ae case oOne (pint... Mix, 
Use three times a day. 


Or tincture benzoin compound may be applied twice: 


daily, with advantage. If the wound is deep between 
the horn and skin in front of the foot, cut away the 


detached horn and continue to apply either of the above 


remedies. 


CONTRACTED HEELS. 


Contracted heels or hoof-bound, is a very common 
disease among horses in cities. They are generally kept 


upon hard, dry floors and the feet do not receive the 


—<— satons Ses 


CONTRACTED HEELS. E03; 


necessary amount of moisture to keep the hoofs soft and 
pliable. When the hoof becomes dry and hard, it hasa 
natural tendency from the conformation of the foot, to 
draw inward, and the continued inward pressure, causes 
‘a wasting away or shrinking of the soft tissues of the foot. 


CONTRACTED HEELS FROM BAD 
SHOEING. 


The fore feet are mostly liable to this affection, although 
it may occur in a hind foot. Usually, only one foot at 
a time is affected. When both feet are attacked, one 
foot is worse than the other. Sometimes only one heel 
is contracted and when this is the case, it is generally 
the inner one. 


Causes:—One of the common causes of contracted 
heels, is a want of knowledge of the structure of the 
foot, on the part of the horseshoers. They become 
entirely too free with the knife and rasp. The frog, 
heels and bars are cut away, the walls are rasped too 
much, high calks are put on and the nails driven too 
close to the heels. Another common cause is the 
removing of horses from pasture lands, where they 


204 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


receive moisture and daily exercise, and shipping them 
to cities, where they are apt to be placed on hard, dry 
floors. The feet become fevered on account of the 
change, the horn becomes dry and hard, the soft tissues 
gradually waste away and contraction is the result. 
Contraction is sometimes an accompaniment to other 
diseases, as ring bone, side bones, thrush, corns, navic- 
ular disease, sprains of the tendons, ete. 


Symptoms :—The hoof becomes dry and hard, and 
loses its circular shape. The heels are higher and nar- 
rower, the sole is greatly concaved; the freg is greatly 
shrunken and cramped between the narrow heels. The 
bottom of the foot is smaller than at the hair, the heels 
are often ridged and scaly, with deep fissures running 
up between the quarters. In the first stages there is no 
lameness, but great uneasiness is observed, manifesting 
itself by the frequent shifting from one foot to the 
other. The animal will stumble considerably, espe- 
elally when driven on hard, rough roads. When first 
brought out of the stable, there will be stiffness, and in- 
clination to walk upon the toe, but after being driven 
a while, it will warm up and go with quite a free 
action. The toes of the shoes wear down very quickly 
‘and when the shoes are removed and the bottom of the 
foot pared, a dry mealy substance is observed where the 
sole and wall come together. When the disease is of 
long standing, lameness is present. 


Treatment :—Preventive measures are much more 
effectual than curative ones. The feet should be kept 
moist, either by bathing or standing for a few hours 
daily upon some moist substance, as moist saw-dust, or 
a ground floor. Any of the parrafine ointments applied 
to both wall and sole two or three times a week, are 
very beneficial. One of the best remedies to keep the 


CONTRACTED HEELS. 205 


foot soft, is crude oil applied to both wall and sole twice 
a week but it should not be applied up against the hair. 
The rasp should not be used upon the wall to any ex- 
tent and the knife should not be applied to the frog, 
heels and bars. Level the heels down with the rasp, if 
necessary, and if there are loose pieces extending from 
the sole, remove them. Avoid putting calks on shoes 
except when absolutely necessary. Make the shoe the 
shape of the foot and not the foot the shape of the shoe. 
The shoes should be reset once a month and the feet 
will not become cramped nor grow too long. As to the 
cure of the disease, when it does exist, there is a great 
diversity of opinion. There are a great many shoes and 
other contrivances invented for the spreading of the 
heels, all of which may be of some value if properly 
and persistently used. About as good a course of treat- 
ment as can be employed, is to poultice the foot until 
softened, then pare it down well and lower the heels; 
put a half shoe (commonly called a tip) on the toe of 
the foot; leave it the usual thickness in front but taper 
the ends of the shoe down to a thin edge, then take a 
rasp and commence just below the hair to file the wall 
very thin, gradually sloping down to the bottom of the 
foot, where it should be left its natural thickness. 
When this has been done, apply around the coronet, 


Powd. Cantharides.......one drachm. 
Wiagplamer eating) cuneate aie one ounce. Mix. 


Apply and wash off the next day. Grease with lard 
for a couple of days and then turn out to pasture. 
Leave in pasture for three or four months and about 
every two weeks apply the ointment. If the case is not 
of too long standing, a complete cure may be expected, 
but in those old chronic cases, where the frog is almost 
obliterated, the sole greatly concaved, with extreme 


206 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


wasting of the soft tissues of the foot, treatment is al- 
most useless, and the animal had best be put out of its 
misery. 


KNEE SPRUNG. 


Knee sprung in reality is not a disease but is often 
the result of disease. In a perfectly formed hmb, a 
line drawn from the elbow to the fetlock will touch the 
limb its entire length, but when the knees are sprung, 


KNEE SPRUNG. 


a line drawn from these points will pass at varying dis- 
tances behind the knees, presenting a bowed appear- 
ance of the limb. Slight bending of the knee may be 
congenital; the colt being foaled with this deformity, 
may grow up and continue through hfe and yet not be 
considered a knee-sprung animal. 


Causes:—One of the most frequent causes is too 
much driving before the animal has matured or received 


KNEE SPRUNG. 207 


age sufficient to stand the work; or by hauling very 
heavy loads with young horses, but continuous hauling 
of heavy loads will cause a weakness and sprung knees 
in horses of any age. Sprain and injury of the back, 
tendons or suspensory ligament, if not properly treated, 
is most certain to be followed by sprung knees. Sore 
feet, soreness in the knee joint, sore shins or any dis- 
ease of the limb from the knee down, causing continued 
lameness whereby the animal rests the heel, will cause 
knee sprung, by the gradual contraction of the back 
tendons and ligaments. 


Treatment:—When occuring in young horses from 
overwork or fast driving, if the case is not of too long 
standing, give absolute rest and use a stimulating lini- 
ment, as— 


Tincture Cantharides.....four ounces. 
Ort Tur pentimes'-i.15, 3-56 Feye' ¢ two ounces. 
VAC OEOU hs ROR ETE Ma ae two ounces. Mix. 


Apply twice daily with smart friction down the back 
of the limb, both above and below the knees, or, 


Powd. Cantharides..... four drachms. 
Wrageltime(.sc% dagen antes two ounces. Mix. 


Cut off the hair and apply along the back tendons, 
and in twenty-four hours wash off and grease every day 
with lard. While the medicine is on, tie the horse so 
he cannot bite it. Repeat every two weeks until three 
or four applications have been made. If there is thick- 
ening of the back tendons, use the latter prescription. 
The animal should rest fora few months and during 
that time it may be turned out to pasture. With this 
trouble, the danger of recurrence must be borne in mind 
for it is always liable to occur again. If it arises from 
other causes, see treatment for those ailments. In old, 


‘ 


208 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


chronic cases, but lhttle can be done. Sometimes the 
operation of tenotomy or cutting the tendons, may be 
performed, which see under head of ‘‘Sprain of the 
Flexor Tendons. ”’ 


SAND CRACKS. 


Sand cracks or quarter cracks most frequently comes 
from concussion, or from driving at a high rate of speed 
over rough roads, horses whose feet have weak walls, or 
whose feet have been weakened by rasping; also from 
ill-fitting shoes with uneven bearings; excessive dry- 


Vi “fy 
Vy 


QUARTER OR SAND CRACK. 


ness; also changing from damp to dry places, from tak- 
ing horses from pasture and stabling them on hard, dry 
floors; from jumping, calk wounds, etc. The cracks in- 
variably begin at the coronet and extend downward, 
sometimes into the quick, causing lameness and _ bleed- 
ing. Sometimes fungus growths will spring out of the 
crack near the coronet. 

Treatment :—If sand crack appears in a strong footed 
horse, I would advise clinching with a nail or clasp, to 


CORONITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE CORONET. 209 


hold the wall firmly together. But if in a weak footed 
horse, as it almost invariably is, commence at the coro- 
net and cut the edges of the crack its full length, so 
they will not rub together. Then cut transversely 
(crosswise) at the coronet about three-quarters of an 
inch to each side of the crack to the quick, and apply 
a bar shoe, with even pressure all around. If the quar- 
ter is cracked all the way down to the shoe, you may 
take the bearing off from that quarter. Blhsters ap- 
plied around the coronet will now act beneficially. Use 
the following : 


GHveOmet ee, Cte bee four ounces. 
Pe Ue Wawa ony 3 Cy 0 gee Bere ee two ounces, 
Tr. Cantharides...........two ounces. Mix. 


Apply every three or four days. Also keep the en- 
tire hoof softened by painting it with crude oil two or 
three times a week. If a fungus growth springs out, 
cut it off and touch with nitrate of silver, or, 


Chloride Ames 3. ooo, four drachms. 
oft OW BteL le lec ouieeuie ce CAMOLOUTICER. ET: 


Apply as often as you deem it necessary. 


CORONITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE CORONETP. 


Inflammation of the coronet, with suppuration, is 
not infrequently met with in this country, and in many 
instances is caused by frost bites. A great many horses 
are abused by being compelled to stand out-doors dur- 
ing the excessively cold weather which prevails during 
the winter season; and frequently we see cases of coro- 
nitis during that season. Coronitis may also be caused 
by standing in filthy stables or by bruises. But from 
whatever cause, this disease is of a serious character. 


210 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Symptoms :—There will be noticed a peculiar shuffling 
or sliding lameness; there will be bulging of the coro- 
net, fever around the coronet and a tendency of the tis- 
sue to break and slough. 

Treatment :—The treatment must be constitutional as 
well as local. Give the following physic, 


Powd.: Aloes.cy 2.2 vinsie ok OMELOUNCE. 

Powd. Ginger......... -.-.one drachm. Mix. 
Give at one dose. , Also 

Nitrate of Potassium .... three ounces. 

Powd. Nux Vomica A Gani ang 6 one ounce. 

Bi-Carbonate of Soda......two ounces. Mix. 


Make fifteen powders and give two powders each 
day. The local treatment consists in washing the coro- 
net thoroughly with castile soap and hot water, pencil- 
ing the sores with nitrate of silver every third day and 
applying twice daily, 


Vaseline.......%. vee) eiie so bWOOUN CES: 
Salycilic Acid...... .....two drachms. 
Sulphate of Zinc..........one drachm. Mix. 


Or; 
COPPELaBy since oes ais aes 6), PON OUDEE, 
Carbolic Acid...........-six drachms. 
Soft Water. 20 ..s CRASS teed utes one pint. Mix. 
Apply twice daily, or paint every day with muriate 
of iron or tincture iodine. 


NAVICULAR DISEASES, OR COFFIN JOINT LAMENESS. 


This disease consists in inflammation and alteration 
of the structures entering into the formation of the cof- 
fin joint. It is generally seen in horses that are used as 
roadsters, or on the track. It may be caused by hard 
driving, picking up nails, by nails being driven into the 


inti esis is 


NAVICULAR DISEASE, OR COFFIN JOINT LAMENESS. 211 


quick near the coffin joint, by bad shoeing, as uneven 


bearings, or contraction at the heel; by wearing the 
shoes too long and too much pressure upon the soles, by 


NAVICULAR BONE DISEASED. 


gravel working into the foot, by strain of the flexor ten- 
don where it passes over the joint; also by concussions, 
bruises, or by standing too long in the stable. 


ty y 
Hy) 


NAVICULAR BONE HEALTHY. 


Symptoms :—Pointing of one or both fore feet; if one 
foot only be affected it will be held in front of the other 
and rest only upon the toe; if both are affected, the 
animal will change from one foot to the other and point 
alternately. There will be an inclination to stumble 
when first driven, but as the animal is warmed up, it 
will travel much better. The animal travels with a 
stumbling gait, the front part of the shoes being worn 
down when the heels of the shoes will be almost as good 
asnew. This may go on for some time before the lame- 
ness becomes a prominent symptom. Afterwards will 
be fever in the heels, with more or less contraction of 
the hoofs at the heels, and a dryness throughout the foot, 
with lameness now as a prominent symptom. 


919 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Treatment:—When first noticed, take off the shoes 
and turn the horse out to pasture on swampy ground, or 
fix up a stall with a clay floor, softened with water, and 
keep the patient standing there through the day. Dur- 
ing the night, poultice the feet with flaxseed till you re- 
duce the fever; then you may insert a frog seaton; or 
blister around the coronet with, 

Cantharides.............two drachms. 
Waseltne cc. irc raat one ounce. Mix. 

Apply every two weeks and keep the animal on 
damp pastures for three or four months, if possible. 

Or you may use— 


Tincture Cantharides..... two ounces. 
Aqua Ammonia-...).....: two ounces. 
Sweet One ei em eles bathe four ounces. Mix. 


Apply once daily for two or three weeks. 

The treatment of navicular disease is generally 
unsatisfactory; but, if the foregoing fails, neurotomy is 
the final resort. This may be performed either by the 
high or the low operation. The high operation consists 
in cutting out a piece of the plantar nerve, just below 
the knee. The lower operation is cutting out a piece 
of the plantar nerve, at the pastern, between the fet- 
lock and the foot. As the nervous communication is 
cut off, the lameness ceases, although the disease con- 
tinues unabated. Nevertheless, to say the least, it is a 
humane operation. 


WOUNDS FROM BARBED WIRE. 


Wounds from barbed wire may be placed among the 
worst classes of injuries with which we have to deal. 
They are usually caused by horses running into a fence 
constructed of barbed wire. The skin is lacerated and 
torn and very frequently the muscles are divided and 


WOUNDS FROM BARBED WIRE. 913 


torn in a frightfwl way, the injury depending greatly 
upon the force and manner in which the animal comes 
in contact with the wire. It is quite a common occur- 
rence, to see the skin and flesh of a foreleg torn across 
at the forearm to the bone, and the bone exposed fron. 
here down to the knee, or to see the skin lacerated and 


WOUNDS FROM BARBED WIRE. 


torn around the hocks, and the tendons and ligaments 
exposed, also deep and serious injuries around the fet- 
locks and feet. Im wounds of this kind, the loss of 
blood, as a rule, is not very great, the blood vessels 
becoming torn and twisted and thus preventing the 
flow of blood. 


Treatment :-—First examine the wound very carefully 
and remove all dirt, splinters, or barbs from the wire, 
should any be found in the wound, then should blood be 
found flowing from any of the vessels, they should be 
picked up and tied. If itis found difficult to do this, 
take a needle—any ordinary sewing needle will answer 
—and pass it through the flesh close to the blood vessel 
on both sides of it, then tie it tightly around the vessel. 
The small amount of flesh thus tied with the blood 
vessel, will do no harm. If the wound is not very 
large, it may be stitched together, but rarely if ever, 
are stitches to be used in wounds of this kind. The 


214 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


surrounding tissues become so weakened and torn that 
the stitches will not hold, and only tend to irritate 
instead of assisting in holding the parts together. It is 
best to get the portions together as closely as possible 
and secure them in this position with bandages or stick- 
ing plaster. If the sticking plaster is used, shave the 
hair close to the skin so the plaster will hold, always 
leaving an opening for the exit of pus. When the skin is 
torn in shreds, the pieces may just as well be cut off, as 
they will not heal and will only slough off if left alone. 
If there is much swelling, frequent applications of hot 
water should be used until the swelling subsides; after- 
wards it will not be necessary to use hot water, except 
to wash off any matter that may accumulate. The 
wounds may be dressed with any of the following: 


Suman ead pete eon four drachms. 

Sulphate Zine...,,./. 2. four drachms. 

WW atern fcc aac ole melee s one guart. Mix. 
Apply twice daily, or, 

Carbolie Acide nos. cele half ounce. 

Soh Wisktere sic eu atone cece one pint. Mix. 
Or, 

Carbolicv Acids) sto scien es half ounce. 

Raw Linseed Oil........ eight ounces. Mix. 


Apply morning and evening. Or an excellent heal- 
ing powder may be used if any unhealthy granulations 
called proud flesh, arise, as, 

Powe - Admirer sien ce eight ounces. 
Tedeterma ce taitiee eee, eek one ounce. Mix. 

Apply twice daily. Should any symptoms of fever 
arise, give half ounce of saltpetre twice daily, and feed 
upon soft diet. Keep the patient tied, so that it cannot 
bite the sore. If the wound is very bad, it is sometimes 
necessary to place the animal in slings. 


SPLINT. 215 
SPLINT. 


Splint is a bony elargement seen most frequently on 
the inner side of the fore limbs, between the knee and 
lower third of the cannon bone. It is occasionally seen 
on the outer side of the fore limbs, as well as upon the 
hind limbs between the hock and pasterns. It varies 
considerably- in size, from that of a small butternut 


SPLINT AND SMALL WIND GALL. 


down to a grain of corn, but the small nodule which is 
always found two-thirds the distance down the cannon 
bone from the knee, should not be mistaken for splint, 
as it is the natural development of the small cannon 
bone. There are three cannon bones in each leg, one 
large and two small ones, situated between the knee 
and fetlock and hock and fetlock. The splint occupies 
a position between the large and small cannon bones, 
sometimes extending entirely across the back part of 
the large bone, beneath the suspensory ligament.” In 


914 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


this condition, permanent lameness may be looked for. 
The regular splint frequently causes lameness while 
growing, but after becoming hard, rarely causes any 
annoyance, remaining only as an eyesore. 

Causes: —The most common cause is too hard 
work, or too hard driving before the animal has fully 
matured. In the young animal, these bones articulate 
with a very limited movement and if strained or over- 
taxed, splint is formed. In older animals, these bones 
become united and it requires greater force to tear 
them apart so as toset up an inflammatory action result- 
ing in splint. But there are other causes, as running, 
jumping, slipping, kicks, bruises to the bone, in fact 
anything that will sprain the hgamentous attachments 
of the large and small cannon bones. When splints are 
caused by bruises, they may appear anywhere on the 
bone. 

Symptoms :—In the earlier stages, there will be lame- 
ness; as observed when the animal is trotting, the limb 
will be carried with an outward swing, accompanied by 
a very low nodding of the head, but while the animal 
is walking, the lameness will scarcely be perceptible, 
except when the splint is close up to the knee affecting 
the knee joint. Then lameness may be observed while 
the animal is walking. By bending the leg and press- 
ing quite heavily along the bones, tenderness will be 
observed. Later on, by passing the hand down along 
the bone, an enlargement will be felt. When the 
enlargement is an inch or more below the knee, it sel- 
dom amounts to much, but if close to the knee so as to 
affect the joint, it frequently causes permanent 
lameness. ; 

Treatment :—In many instances it is advisable to let 
it alone, but if they are quite tender and feverish, use 
sonic mild lotion, as, 


SORE SHINS. DAL 


Witchhazel..:...........+: SIX, ounces. 
Tineture Arnica. .|...s6. one ounce: 
PTC a WTMTIING yopad eeu ahah one ounce. Mix. 


Apply three times a day, after bathing with cold 
water. After the fever and soreness have been reduced 
and the animal still remains lame, use a blister, as, 


Red Iodide Mercury...... one drachm. 
amin Tidee easels wo enero: one drachm. 
Waiselineioi AON ahha, one ounce. Mix. 


Make two or three applications, allowing a week to 
intervene between each application. Then allow two or 
three weeks rest, if possible. If lameness and soreness 
upon pressure is great, the trouble lies under the cover- 
ing of the bone; a small opening made with a small 
blade of a knife, cutting through the covering immedi- 
ately over the lump, will relieve the tension. Treat as 
above specified. 


SORE SHINS. 


This is an affection of the cannon bones in the fore 
legs of young horses, and is mostly seen in race horses 
and trotting horses under four years old. It is caused 
by the amount of hard work they are forced to perform 
when their bones are as yet unable to stand it. The 
bones do not become fully developed until the age of 
five or six years, and if subjected to hard training while 
in the state of development, they are unable to stand 
the shocks and concussions caused by severe and contin- 
ued speeding. Sore shins may include the entire bone 
but generally affect only the anterior part of the lower 
third thereof. It is also caused by kicks either from 
the attendant or from other horses; or by grooms 
becoming vexed while currying over the shins and hit- 


218 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


ting them three with the edge of the curry comb, 
because the animal is restless from pain. 


Symptoms :—If in the thoroughbred, lameness will be 
observed after a gallop; if in one leg, that foot will be 
placed in front of the other, or pointing. If occurring 
in both legs, the animal will be restless, shifting its. 
weight from one leg to the other. An animal affected 
in this manner, acts sore and moves with a short, stiff, 
stilty gait. The parts are very sensitive when pressed. 
upon. There is more or less swelling along the bone,. 
which at first is soft and doughy upon pressure; after a 
time it becomes hard, like bone. The soreness may 
extend the entire length of the bone, but if caused by 
an injury, it may be confined to the injured portion 
alone, and also as a usual thing, soreness arising from 
overwork, settles in the lower third of the bone, just 
above the fetlock joint. 

Treatment :—When the lamenesss is first noticed, 
bathe the parts with cold water for half an hour to an 
hour at a time, three times a day. Immediately after 
apply, 


Spts. Chloroform... 2...... two ounces. 
AWA ATUN hls eee ee two ounces. 
ie GARNICR Leck cpt are eins two ounces. 
Whitehiazelys uch ee. aie ten ounces. Mix. 


Apply a loose bandage and moisten it occasionally 
with this liniment. Continue in this manner until the 
soreness disappears completely, then, if necessary, ap- 
ply a few blisters, allowing ten days to two weeks to 
intervene between each application. The following will 
suffice : 

Red Iodide of Mercury....one drachm. 
Cantharides.............two drachms. 
Vaseline or Dard (2°25). 0.4 two ounces. Mix. 


a ae 


WIND GALLS—WIND PUFFS. 219 


Apply with smart friction. In twenty-four hours 
wash off, and grease daily with lard, until another ap- 
plication of the blister is made, after which grease as 
before. Absolute rest is imperative and a complete 
restoration of the parts may be effected in a few weeks, 
without the use of blisters. Bad cases, however, will 
need the blisters and continued rest for several months. 
The constitutional treatment consists of a physic, given 
at the outset, of, 

Barbadoes Aloes...........one ounce. 
Gentian ste syrah. twodrachms. Mix. 

Give at one dose, in half pint of water. Feed on 
soft food and give a teaspoonful of powdered saltpetre 
twice daily. 


WIND GALLS—WIND PUFFS. 


This disease consists of dilated bursee situated at the 
back part of the limbs, at the fetlock joint, or immedi- 


WIND GALL. 


ately above the joint. They are more often seen on the 
hind than on the fore limbs and are usually caused from 
over exertion and sprains. They appear as soft tumors 
of various sizes, being somewhat tense, when the animal 


22) DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


stands firmly upon the afflicted limb. They are usually 
painless and seldom cause lameness, but if an inflamma- 
tory action takes place, they become painful and lame- 
ness results. They may swell so large as to interfere 
with the action of the tendon, thus causing lameness, or 
sometimes they change their condition and become cal- 
cified or bonelike, then lameness will follow, although 
this condition is seldom seen. 


Treatment.—When they first appear, bathing with 
cold water and bandaging, will keep them under con- 
trol, followed with a few applications daily of tincture 
of iodine. If they do not yield to this treatment, use 
the following blister: 


Red Iodide of Mercury....one drachm. 
Powd. Cantharides....... one drachm. 
WRBOLINO eee ERE eG two ounces. Mix. 


Cut off the hair and apply with smart friction. 
Allow it to remain on for twenty-four hours, then wash 
off and grease every day for five days, when apply again. 
Use in this manner until four applications have been 
made, or, 


Cottonseed Oil............ five ounces. 
Croton Oilee ae eo se ten drachms. 
Oil Camphor ji. psu three drachms. 
OirliMurpentine siete Se five drachms. 
Oil Origanum..one and a-half drachms. 
Coa Oi a see longs ae h ten drachms. 
Sulphurie: Acids iss 22s 2. half drachm. Mix. 


Apply once a day with smart friction, until thor- 
oughly blistered; apply a little hogs’ lard for a few 
days, then repeat the liniment. The treatment of wind 
galls is sometimes a little unsatisfactory, as they will 
often reappear. 


SWELLED LEGS—STOCKING—ODEMA. 221 
SWELLED LEGS—STOCKING—ODEMA. 


This is more of a symptom than a disease and is fre- 
quently the result of defective kidneys, liver or heart, 
weak circulation, or lymphatic irritation from standing 
upon a hard floor, without exercise, etc. 


Symptoms :— When the animal is at work or turned 
out to pasture, there will be little or no swelling; when 
standing in the stable, the lower part of the limbs will 


SWELLED LEGS. 


become swollen, but the swelling will disappear upon 
exercise. The animal will apparently be enjoying ex- 
cellent health, pulse normal and appetite good, yet 
swelling of the limbs every morning. 


Treatment :—If from standing upon the hard floor, 
change to a dirt floor, and if from want of exercise and 
you have no work for the animal, turn into a vacant Ict, 
for a few hours each day. Give some tonic to tone up 


222 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


the system as well as medicines to operate upon the 
kidneys, as, 


Sulphate of Tron. 23. .5)§ os. two ounces. 
(Juinine Sulphate.......four drachms. 
Gontiane 1 oe we ene one ounce. Mix. 


Make sixteen powders. Give two powders each 
day, or, 


Nitrate of Potassium...... two ounces. 
Powe INwx ViomiGan kaise one ounce. 
Bi-Carbonate of Soda...... one ounce. Mix. 


Make twelve powders. Give two powders each day. 
Frequent hand rubbings of the swollen parts, with a few 
applications of witchhazel, will be found to be very 
beneficial. 


COCKED ANKLES, OR KNUCKLING. 


Causes :—All kinds of heavy work and hard pulling, 
especially on hilly roads, or not being properly shod and 


KNUCKLING OVER, OR COCKED ANKLES. 


pulling and shipping on smooth pavements; also fast 
driving upon hard roads or race tracks. It is most fre- 
quently seen in horses with-very straight pasterns, and 
especially in the hind pasterns of horses somewhat ad- 


COCKED ANKLE, OR KNUCKLING. 223 


vanced in years. It is also produced by disease or 
sprain of the suspensory ligament, and by shortening of 
the tendons at the back of the leg, as well as diseases of 
the fetlock joint. Many young foals knuckle over so 
badly, that they walk upon their pasterns for a short 
time, but as the muscles, ligaments and tendons gain a 
little strength, they adapt themselves to their functions 
and force the joints to their place. 

Treatment :—In the case of young foals, it is seldom 
necessary to interfere, as in a few days or weeks they 
will straighten themselves. Butif they walk over on 
the pastern joint and do not straighten themselves ina 
few days, take some rubber hose or belting padded with 
cotton batting or wool, and make a brace to extend 
from the foot to the knee, fasten it on, with the leg per- 
fectly straight but do not tie too tightly; allow it to 
remain for a week or ten days, examining frequently to 
see that it does not chafe the leg and as soon as the colt 
will stand straight, remove it. When knuckling occurs 
in young horses, from fast driving upon hard roads, re- 
move the shoes, then apply a few blisters from below 
the knees behind the legs, down around the fetlock, and 
turn out to pasture. You may use either a liquid blis- 
ter or a salve; either of the following will suffice: 


Spts.. Turpentine... 0.55.5 two ounces. 
AGua AMMOnias wae iw os: two ounces. 
ive Ov. soe eee four ounces. Mix. 
Or, 
Mil Cada. waco teen ba half ounce. 
Oi Tansy inset Choice rls se half ounce. 
WOilrbentlockes a) faerie cate. half ounce. 
Oily Wormwood ) 2s iis. oe A. half ounce. 
Alleoholisnd oo. oi ace, oe os. ten ouncess | Mix. 


Apply morning and evening for a week or ten 
days. Or, 


224 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Powdered Cantharides..four drachms. 
Waselaimers cy cima: Ata two ounces. Mix. 


Apply every four days with smart friction, until 
three or four applications have been made; then grease 
every day with hog’s lard until healed, or use the firing 
iron which should only be attempted by a qualified sur- 
gveon. When kKnuckling has become chronic, relieve the 
tendons by proper shoeing, which is best done by rais- 
ing the heels and lowering the toe. For the hind feet, 
a long heel shoe with high calks answers best. 


SIDE-BONES. 


This consists in solidification or ossification of the 
lateral cartilages, situated on either side of the foot just 
above the heel. It may be caused by shoeing with too 
high calks, by pricks of nails, by corns, by uneven shoe- 
ing, by cutting away the bars of the foot, by bruises to 
the heels or soles of the feet, causing a deep irritation 
or inflammation. 


Symptoms :—Lameness, with short, stilty gait anda 
want of elasticity in movement. On pressing upon the 
cartilage on either side of the heel, you will find it hard 
and unyielding, instead of soft and phable; and the 
pressure will cause pain. Sidebones are almost always 
found in the heavy breed of horses. Whether in heavy 
or hght horses, it is considered an unsoundness. 


Treatment :—The treatment consists in absolute rest, 
and shoeing with a bar shoe. If lameness continues, 
blister with— 

Cantharides's) t.)-\.\" 2%): .two drachms. 
Red Iodide of Mercury....one drachm. 
Vaseline..... one and one-half ounces. Mix. 


CURB. pps) 


Apply every five or six days until four applications 
have been made. If that should fail, use the firing 
iron and blister immediately. If this fail, perform neu- 
rotomy by cutting out the plantar nerve. 


CURB. 


This disease is always seen at the posterior aspect of 
the hock and consists of a sprain of the caleaneo cuboid 
ligament, or sprain of the tendon which passes down 
the back part of the hock, or one of its sheaths or cov- 


CURB. 


erings. It is generally caused by horses jumping and 
rearing, by backing up violently, or by slipping. It 
sometimes appears as a small very hard nodule; or it 
may be very large and soft, with heat and tenderness, 
and more or less lameness. The lameness does not 
depend upon the size of the curb. Sometimes the curb 
is very large with no lameness; at other times it is very 
small with considerable lameness present. Sometimes 
it is congenital, and in such cases it is not an unsound- 


226 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


ness. It is best observed by standing over it and look- 
ing straight down the hind leg, from the point of the 


CURB. 


hock to the fetlock, which should present a straight line, 
but when a curb is present you will observe the 
enlargement about three or four inches down from the 
point of the hock. 

Treatment:—First and foremost—rest. Apply high- 
heeled shoes, hot fomentations and a liniment com- 
posed of— 


Alicoholi2aun. Mee acdsee OU OUNGeS: 
Pinct:Lodime kee. sek) two ounces. 
Witchhazell cs ees 02 tay GUNMe es. oie 


Apply after bathing. If this fail to remove, apply— 
Tine. Myrrh et Capsicum..eight ounces. 
Red Iodide Mercury.....two drachms. 


Iodide Potassium........ two drachms. Mix. 
Apply after bathing with hot water, or, 
Powd. Cantharides...:..: one drachm. 


Red Iodide of Mercury... one drachm. 
Vaseline. caus. Bea Na .... one ounce. Mix. 


CAPPED HOCK. Dae 


Apply once a week until four or five applications have 
been made. Sometimes it is necessary to use the firing 
iron; when such is the case, use the sharp pointed or 
needle iron and fire quite deep, after which apply the 
above blister. Sometimes a curb can be removed by 
friction. Takea bone or smooth piece of hard wood and 
rub the curb thoroughly once or twice a day, and in the 
course of time, a small curb will disappear. 


CAPPED HOCK. 


This consists of a serious abscess, situated on the point 
of the hock, between the skin and tendons in areolar 
tissue. It is generally caused by the horse kicking the 
point of the hock against some hard substance, or by 


CAPPED HOCK. 


bruises on the point of the hock. The size varies from 
that of a walnut to that of a good, large bowl. The 
abscess is soft and fluctuating. It seldom causes any 
lameness, but in rare instances it does. 


228 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Treatment :—First of all prevent the cause; if from 
kicking in the stable, which it generally is, change the 
patient to a stall where it cannot injure itself. Then 
apply high heeled shoes, and foment with hot water un- 
til the inflammation subsides. Then open with a lancet 
from below and allow the serum toescape. Afterwards 
inject tincture of iodine into the sack and apply a cold 
bandage; if thought necessary, repeat in two or three 
days. If it heals up and there is no serum accumula 
ting, but just a slight thickening of the parts, apply, 

Rectified Spirits..........four ounces. 
Tineture Todine <:.)..¢-0:4. two ounces. 
Watchhazelinte: At. cn eck two ounces. Mix. 

Foment with hot water and apply the liniment 

twice daily; or, 


re TOGING.. eee oeide eae b WO OUNCES 
Oilblemlocken cankawinncaes half ounce. 
Onl} Wormwood sche seb: ete: half ounce. 
OweOrig amu (25d oy one ounce. 
Milcoholeee. a. cer pat AS EUR et four ounces. Mix. 


Foment with hot water and apply twice daily. 
Have plenty of patience and perseverance as the com- 
plete removal is sometimes very obstinate. 


THOROUGH PIN. 


This is a disease of the sheath of the flexor perforans 
tendons, and is usually caused by a sprain. It some- 
times causes considerable lameness; at other times the 
lameness will be very slight, and, possibly, none at all. 
This tendon plays down the back part of the hock to the 
inside of the os calsis or point of the hock, and any 
sprain or irritation may cause an extra secretion within 
the sheath of the tendon and a bulging out on each side 
of the back part of the hock, in the hollow or gambrel 


THOROUGH PIN. 229 


space. Itis usually a soft, fluctuating tumor and if 
pressed on one side, will cause a greater enlargement on 
the other side. 


oY) 
THOROUGH PIN. 

Treatment :—If there is lameness, give absolute rest 
and apply hot fomentations fora few days. Then blis- 
ter with, 


Waseline's sce tre ee ste one ounce. 

Ganthabides’:... 08 44k ene one drachm. 

Red Iodide Mercury..one-half drachm. Mix. 
Or apply, 

Tincture Myrrh...........four ounces. 

Oapsletiim (225 5703 -.-... four ounces. 

Iodide of Potassium......one drachm. Mix. 
Or, 

Cotton Seed Oil... . ..four ounces. 

CropomeQye ey E Hae .....one ounce. 

Oil Camphor:s:., (2... ..... two drachms. 

Oil Turpentine..........four drachms. 

Or @Oirermarrinnaats i ahve Poe ho one ounce. 

WoaleOnlee eet cad er aoa - -one ounce. 


Sulphuric Acid...........forty drops. Mix. 


2380 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Apply once daily with smart friction. If this should 
fail to remove it and the lameness has subsided, leave 
it alone unless it be a valuable horse. Then, if the 
swelling is great, open it and allow the fluid to escape, 
afterwards injecting tincture of iodine into the sack, 
until you are satisfied the sack is destroyed. Then keep 
cold water running over the hock, or apply a sponge on 
either side of the hock and keep it wet with cold water 
to keep control of the swelling; and keep this up until 
the swelling subsides. Immediately after opening give 


physic, 
Powd: Aloese (soy senieds i © One Ounce: 
Powe: Ginger oe ar: v.4 one drachm. Mix. 
Give at one dose. Feed on soft feed and give, 
SalGpetre: ip ee ieee skye four ounces. 
Bi-Carbonate of Soda......two ounces. 
Glauber Salts..:...........one pound. Mix. 


Give two tablespoonfuls two or three times a day. 
It will take about three months to effect a cure. If the 
limb swells very much and the patient does not he down, 
place slings under it to give rest and relieve the other 
leg. 


TUMORS. 


Tumors belong to a class of diseases known as hyper- 
trophies or enlargements, and should not be confounded 
with inflammatory exudations. Tumors constantly 
grow or increase in size independent of the surrounding 
tissues, with the exception that they derive their nour- 
ishment from the blood, whilst an inflammatory exuda- 
tion depends on a morbid state of the parts, and 
increases as long as the morbid state continues, then 
decreases to a greater or less extent. Tumors are di- 


INCISED AND CONTUSED WOUNDS. QS 


vided into several kinds or classes. But to speak of 
them separately is quite unnecessary ina work of this 
kind. We will treat of them in a general sense or take up 
those which are most frequently met with in veterinary 
practice. These are fibroid, fatty, cystic and cancerous 
tumors. Any of these tumors may be seen on almost 
any part of the animal, and for the removal of them, 
such remedies as iodine, mercury and stimulating em- 
brocations, are used with more or less success. The 
best mode of disposing of them, is to dissect them out 
and afterwards treat them as an ordinary wound. (See 
wounds.) Should a fibrous tumor make its appearance 
in the nostrils in the form of a nasal polypus, it may be 
removed by an ecraseur, an instrument of French in- 
vention for removing excresences; or you may take a 
small iron with an eye in the end of it, fasten a heavy 
cord through it, and slip it up over the tumor until vou 
have reached the top of it, then commence twisting and 
continue until you have twisted it off; pull the tumor 
out and you have completed your work. 


INCISED AND CONTUSED WOUNDS. 


An incised wound is the result of a cut from any 
sharp instrument. If an artery or vein cut, it should be 
taken up and tied. Then wash out any dirt that may 
have accumulated and bring the edges of the wound 
together, and fasten with stiches. This may be done 
by using a curved needle and white linen or silk thread, 
or catgut sutures. The best mode is by the interrupted 
suture, viz.: by taking stitches one-half to three-fourths 
of an inch apart, tying a knot at each stitch and cutting 
the ends about one-half inch long. Afterwards apply 
Friar’s balsam, or— 


232 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


WeAS@NnG™ seats cach ots enete one ounce. 

GarbolicZAcid sj2.) << 2 one-half drachm. Mix. 
Or, 

Carbolic Acid= 4. 3225. one-half ounce. 

Raw Linseed Oil........ eight ounces. Mix. 


Apply once or twice daily. Should the stitch break 


out, the wound will heal by granulation. When this 
occurs bathe with tepid water and castile soap occasion- 
ally,and apply twice daily the following: 


Fowd: -Adtmies ie as ae four ounces. 
Poo tora. eevee sate crete erage es one ounce. Mix. 

Use sparingly. 

Contused wounds are those where the tissues are 
bruised or torn, and always require a careful and thor- 
ough examination, for fear some foreign body may be 
lodged deeply within them. This, if not removed, will 
be a constant source of irritation and thus prevent the 
wound from healing. After all foreign bodies are re- 
moved, wash out thoroughly and stitch the edges of the 
wound together as best you can, then if possible, bandage 
below the wound to assist in bringing and holding it 
together. As these wounds always heal by granulation, 
begin at once to use compound tincture of benzoin, or, 


Sulphate of Zinc........ four drachms. 

Sugar of Leade ica seh aie. five drachms. 

Saito ater nilecce eelsijuorns sole one pint. Mix. 
Or, 

Powis sAllermic i ahs cietiieare be four ounces. 

Todotormah saree wees. one ounce. Mix. 


Apply morning and evening. If it suppurates much, 
wash with hot water and castile soap. Occasionally an 
enlargement or inflammatory exudation is thrown out, 
sometimes called ‘‘ proud flesh.’? When this happens, 


IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH. 233 


touch every third day with nitrate of silver, or burnt 
alum, until it disappears. If any portion of the skin 
becomes detached or fails to heal up, cut it off with a 
knife. 


IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH. 


Sometimes from various causes, the teeth of a horse 
become very irregular. I have seen the molar teeth of 
a horse serrated like the teeth of a saw, so that they 
fitted nicely together. Such animals could not grind 
their hay, and had to be fed altogether on soft food. 
The upper jaw is always a little wider than the other, 
just enough to fetch the molars. nicely together. But 
sometimes the upper jaw is so wide that the teeth do 
not come together, consequently there is an irregular 
rrowth. At other times the surface of one tooth is 
harder than that ofits fellow on the opposite jaw; the 
result is that one tooth grows long and its opposite is 
worn away. In such cases the projecting tooth should 
be cut off. I remember seeing a horse six years old, 
belonging toa Mr. Butler, near Spencerville, Indiana, 
almost dead from starvation, though it had plenty of 
hay and grain in the manger. The cause was irregular 
teeth. The horse was so poor it could not stand, and so 
weak that it could not raise its head, and was in fact, 
dying when I put it out of its misery. Had I seen the 
horse before it became so weak as to be unable to stand 
an operation on its teeth or to eat afterwards, it might 
have been saved. 

When the teeth become irregular so tha sharp cor- 
ners lacerate the tongue or cheeks, they should be 
rasped off with a guarded rasp. Any person can do 
this with a little care. The surface of the teeth should 
never be rasped smooth; as the horse has to grind his 
food, the teeth should be rough. 


234 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


TOOTHACHE—DECAY, OR CARIES OF THE TEETH. 


Decay of the teeth is generally caused by blows, by 
biting hard substances, such as nails; or from food 
becoming lodged between the teeth, or between the 
cheeks and teeth. 


Symptoms :—An excessive flow from the mouth ofa 
saliva, very ropy in consistency ; intense pain, exhibited 
when the tooth is struck by an instrument, by redness 
and swelling of the gums; by dropping of half-chewed 
food from the mouth, by the presence of whole grain in 
the manure, by suddenly stopping while chewing food, 
throwing the head to one side and slightly opening the 
mouth; also by suddenly stopping and throwing the 
head to one side when drinking cold water. Other 
symptoms, are unthrifty appearance of the animal; 
rough staring coat, weakness and emaciation, with pro- 
fuse sweating on very little exercise, swelling of the 
jaw. If in the fang or root of the upper molar, there 
will frequently be a fcetid discharge from the nostril on 
the affected side. If the root of the lower molar, there 
may be, in connection with the swelling, a fistula of the 
lower jaw. 


Treatment :—First make an examination of the teeth 
by looking into the mouth, or explore with the hand. 
If food or any other substance is lodged around the 
teeth, remove it, and if you cannot decide which tooth 
is affected from looking into the mouth, press upon the 
teeth separately through the cheeks and usually when 
the affected tooth is pressed upon, the animal will 
evince pain. If the tooth is badly affected, it should be 
removed. This may be accomplished by taking a pair 
of forceps and fastening onto the tooth, then twisting 
and working the tooth until it appears loose. Then 
place a small piece of wood beneath the handles of the 


PARROT MOUTH. 235 


forceps close up to the tooth; pry down on the handle 
and the tooth will come out, unless it should be so badly 
decayed that it breaks off. When this happens the best 
mode of treatment is to trephine the jaw, just above 
the fangs of the tooth, and punch the latter out. The 
punch should not be less than a quarter of an inch in 
diameter. Place the punch on the fangs of the tooth 
and hit it a few taps with a hammer, when the tooth 
will drop out. The after treatment consists in feeding 
soft food for a few days and washing out the cavity with 
a ten per cent. solution of carbolic acid twice a day. 


PARROT MOUTH. 


This is a peculiar condition of the mouth, where the 
upper jaw is much longer than the lower. Consequently 


PARROT MOUTH. 


the upper and lower incisors fail to meet, and the upper 
incisors grow down to an enormous length. The incisors 
of the jaw also grow to such a length that they press 


236 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


upon the bars of the roof of the mouth, sometimes to 
such an extent as to injure the horse. In such cases 
the teeth must be filed or rasped down. Parrot mouth 
is a great inconvenience, as the animal cannot graze; it 
will, however, do well when fed in the stable. 


WOLF, OR SUPERNUMERARY TEETH. 


Supernumerary teeth, more frequently called ‘‘wolf 
teeth,’ are frequently seen just in front of the molars 
in either the upper or lower jaw. They are small, con- 
ical shaped teeth and of little or no importance what- 
ever, except where they grow to a sufficient length to 
disturb the horse while eating. Many persons labor un- 
der the mistaken idea that ‘‘wolf teeth’’ cause blind- 
ness in horses. This can hardly be the case. But horses 
having hereditary opthalmia, or which are otherwise 
prone to weakness of the eyes, may be greatly dis- 
turbed during dentition fever; and after such fever is 
abated, all symptoms of ophthalmia disappear; and the 
credit is erroneously given to the extraction of the 
‘wolf teeth.”? But when called upon to extract them, 
do so for the price and for the owner’s consolation—but 
not for any great benefit to the animal. 


APOPLEXY. 


Apoplexy is a rupture of a blood-vessel in the brain. 
The vessel being in a weakened or diseased condition, 
breaks or ruptures and allows the blood to escape into 
the brain structure, where it forms a clot. 

Symptoms :—A stroke of apoplexy comes on very 
suddenly. The animal will fall, if the extravasation of 
blood is great. There is a sudden loss of both feeling 
and motion; difficult breathing is observed and there is 


PARALYSIS OF THE LIPS. 237 


inability to arouse the patient from its stupor. The 
action of the heart seems regular at first, but gradually 
grows quicker and weaker, and if the shock is very 
heavy, the organ soon ceases to beat. If the ruptured 
vessel is small and the escape of blood very limited, 
unconsciousness may be complete for a short time, pos- 
sibly a few minutes, or an hour or more. After this, a 
general or local paralysis is observed. During the 
period of insensibility, the breathing is labored, in fact 
stentorian. The pulse is slow and full and the head 
hot. The location of the paralysis, which is sure to fol- 
low apoplexy, depends upon the portion of the brain 
pressed upon by the extravasated blood. 

Treatment :—Place the patient in a cool, quiet, com- 
fortable place and keep the head elevated, and cool 
with wet cloths or a sponge until the temperature be- 
comes natural. Rub the limbs thoroughly and band- 
age, and if necessary to warm them, apply mustard. 
After the animal regains consciousness so that it will 
swallow, give the following: 


owilt AlGetiasss(s ucpeeaecccts one ounce. 
Oalomel $23 425. 4s he ee ee one drachm. 
Powd. Gentian: ,: 42 245-9". two drachms. Mix. 
Give at one dose in a pint of water as a drench. 
Also give, 
Iodide of Potassium....... two ounces. 
Bromide of Potassium..... two ounces. Mix. 


Make sixteen powders. Give three powders each 
day for a couple of weeks. 


PARALYSIS OF THE LIPS. 


Paralysis of the lips is seen in all classes of horses, 
and is the result of an irritation and inflammation of 
the seventh pair of nerves, called the portio dura. It is 


238 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


very seldom, indeed, that the nerves on both sides of the 
face are affected. The disease is generally confined to one 
side. During the time the inflammatory action(neuritis) 
is in progress, the nerve loses its functional ability and 
the exudation from the inflammatory action, pressing 
upon the nerve, prevents it from regaining that ability 
and thus the paralysis continues. Examination along 
the course of the nerve will frequently reveal a small, 
hard nodule, or the inflammatory exudation which is the 
seat of the trouble. The causes of this disease may be 
found in badly fitting or heavy halters and bridles, 
blows, kicks, etc. The lip will hang pendulous and 
flabby, with inability to raise it to its proper place. 
The animal will drop food from the mouth and have great 
difficulty in getting enough to eat, as it has to gather it 
with its teeth instead of with its lips. When drinking, 
it pushes its head deep into the bucket to drink. 

Treatment:—The treatment consists of removing 
from the nerves, all pressure in the form of halters and 
bridles, and place the horse in a loose box stall. Feed 
on soft food and apply hot fomentations to the side of 
the cheek. Immediately afterward apply, 


Tincture Cantharides...... two ounces. 
Tineture Todimei sss 22. 5b, oe two ounces. 
Tincture Capsicum.).5(. 37024, one ounce. 
Avcahole ie eum aa nlite. three ounces. Mix. 


Apply morning and evening along the side of the 
face for about two weeks. Then, if no progress is no- 
ticeable, apply, 


Witiceline sane cuctewie ean eee one ounce. 
Cantharidege. (.\2\(2ail: : one-half drachm. 
Red Iodide of Mercury....one drachm. Mix. 


Use thoroughly every fourth day, for three applica- 
tions. Afterwards grease with hogs’ lard every day un- 
til well. Should this fail, apply the actual cautery, or 
insert seatons; or you may try acupuncturation. 


me 


GOITRE—BRONCHOCELE. 239 


GOITRE—BRONCHOCELE. 


This is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which 
is situated on the under side of the neck just behind the 
angles of the lower jaw, at what is sometimes called the 
throat-latch. These glands when enlarged assume vary- 
ing proportions, from those of a hen’s egg to the size of 
a sugar bowl. When greatly enlarged, they sometimes 
press heavily upon the windpipe and cause difficult 
breathing. It is most frequently seen where animals 


BRONCHOCELE. 


graze and drink water off of magnesian limestone for- 
mations,although low situations and damp,high localities 
are producing causes. The disease appears as a hard 
lump or tumor on the side of the neck. The enlargement 
is movable, grows very slowly and is not very sensitive. 

Treatment :—Remove the cause, if it is ascertainable, 
feed on good food, and give drachm doses of iodide of 
potash once daily; also cut off the hair and paint the 
lump with tincture of iodine once daily for a continued 
length of time. If this does not check the growth and 
reduce it, and it should be of such a size as to interfere 
with the breathing, take a hypodermic syringe and 
inject half an ounce of iodine into the center of the 
tumor, once a week for a few weeks; or if need be, it 
ean be dissected out, but this operation requires the 
skill of a veterinary surgeon. 


240 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 
PILES—HAEMORRHOIDS. 


This disease though somewhat rare in horses, is 
deserving of mention, as it is a source of considerable 
annoyance when it does exist. It is due principally to 
constipation, but may be observed to follow the intense 
straining of dysentery, or the severe and prolonged 
labor pains attending difficult parturition, or foaling. 
Injuries might also be considered a cause. Whenever 
bright red irregular tumors are observed, varying in 
size from a small marble to that of a hen’s egg, protrud- 
ing after the passage of manure or when the animal is 
lying down, you havea case of piles on hand. Often 
when piles are present, the animal will rub the tail and 
rump against a post or other stationary object until it 
bleeds or scabs are formed on the parts, and not infre- 
quently blood streaks are observed on the manure. 


Treatment :—First direct your attention to the condi- 
tion of the bowels, which should be kept soft by feeding 
on mashes and chop feed with a liberal supply of salt, 
but physic should be avoided. When the tumors pro- 
trude beyond the anus, wash them off thoroughly with 
warm water then barely cut into them with a knife, 
squeeze them out nicely, and deep into the wound put a 
few drops of, 

Sulphate of Zinc........four drachms. 
Waterers se taser suse two ounces. Mix. 


Afterwards grease the tumor with vaseline and 
return it within the anus. One tumor each week is 
enough to operate upon. If considered preferable, 
they may be tied off by using fine white silk or hemp 
thread. Place the thread around the tumor close up to 
the bowel and tie it as tightly as it can be comfortably 
drawn and allow the tumor to slough off. If the tumors 
do not protrude, oil the hand and pass it into the 


RABIES—71 ADN ESS—HYDROPHOBIA. 241 


bowel, then sieze the tumor and by gentle traction it 
may be brought to the surface for the operation of 
removal. If the tie method is chosen, only two at a 
time should be operated upon and these allowed to 
come away before another operation is undertaken. 


RABIES—MADNESS—HYDROPHOBIA. 


Madness is credited with arising spontaneously in 
the dog, fox, wolf and cat but does not attack the larger 
animals, save only as the result of inoculation. In 
regard to spontaneous origin in any animal, I entertain 
serious doubts. That a poison or virus may be intro- 


RABIES—MADNESS. 


duced into the system which will act upon the nerve 
centers, causing severe symptoms with Cestructive ten- 
dencies, there is no doubt, but it must be done through 
inoculation. One dog may bite another and the one 
bitten may become affected with rabies, while the one 
inflicting. the wound, shows no symptoms of the disease 


949 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


whatever, but at the time the bite was given, the saliva 
was unhealthy and contained a virus which became 
absorbed into the system, affecting the nerve centers 
and producing the disease. It is communicable to all 
the lower animals, but all animals bitten by a mad dog 
do not become affected with rabies. While statistics 
show that one in eleven of the human family, having 
been bitten by a rabid animal, was stricken with rabies 
I believe that even then, it was caused by fear and con- 
tinued worry over the possible results of the injury, 
rather than from inoculation from the bite itself. 


Symptoms :—The period of incubation extends from 
a few days toa few months. It is usually observed in 
the horse in from fifteen to ninety days, twenty to 
thirty days in cattle, twenty to seventy days in sheep, 
twenty to fifty days in swine, and in man its develop- 
ment is questionable unless he brings it upon himself 
by continued anxiety and worry about the bite and the 
disease itself. The first thing observed, is irritation of 
the original wound; although the injury may have 
healed completely, the animal commences to rub and 
bite at it and soon a new sore is formed. If a horse, it 
now becomes irritable, frantic and vicious. The penis 
will protrude with frequent erections. A mare will act 
as though desiring the stallion. The patient will neigh, 
paw, strike, kick, bite the manger and surrounding 
objects, while the slightest noise made by an attendant 
seems to be exaggerated by the afflicted animal; if may 
then try to destroy everything around it. There will 
be periods of calm and rest, when the attacks of rage 
and wild, vicious manoeuvering will again return. In 
attempting to eat or drink, the act of swallowing is 
prevented by spasms of the throat. If the disease is 
allowed to run its course, paralysis of the limbs will 
follow, and death. 


HYSTERIA. 243 


Treatment:—When first bitten, burn the wound 
deeply with a red-hot iron, or nitrate of silver (lunar 
caustic), caustic potash or carbolic acid, or cut out a 
piece of the flesh around the wound and then burn it. 
When the disease has once developed, it is too danger- 
ous a risk to attempt to do anything, except to destroy 
the animal, thus putting it out of its misery as well as 
preventing a loss of the property it would destroy while 
in a frenzied condition. 


HYSTERIA. 


This disease is seldom seen in the domesticated ani- 
mals and when appearing, occurs only in the female. 
It consists of an excitable condition of the whole 
neryous system, occurring about the time the mare is in 
season, which gives rise to the theory that it is caused 
by the ovaries and womb. The nervousness is exhibited 
by trembling of the muscles, grinding the teeth, champ- 
ing the jaws and sometimes foaming at the mouth. 
The patient acts as though delirious. It may paw, kick 
or strike, or it may fall or lie down and refuse to arise 
if forced, but may get up voluntarily if left alone. 
There is rolling of the eyes, and when in a recumbent 
position, the animall will sometimes be perfectly still, 
and again will paw or strike; in fact, the actions are at 
times so peculiar, that it is almost impossible to de- 
scribe them. 


Treatment:—Give a quart of raw linseed oil and 
Jeave the patient alone in a comfortable place, where it 
cannot injure itself. Also give two drachm doses of 
bromide of potassium, every two or three hours until 
the physic operates, when, as a rule, the symptoms 
sueide. 


244 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 
STINGS OF BEES, WASPS AND HORNETS. 


Horses when in a sweating condition, should never 
be brought close to bees, especially when the bees are 
swarming. There is something in either the smell of 
the horse at that time or the salts of the sweat, that at- 
tracts their attention. A whole swarm of bees has been 
known to attack horses at such a time, with fatal re- 
-ults. The sting of bees is very irritating to horses, on 
account of the barbed stinger being left in the skin and 
the poisonous material given off from it. 


Treatment :—If the imbedded stinger can be found, it 
should be immediately extracted, either with the finger 
nails, a pair of forceps or a knife point, then immedi- 
ately covered with an application of wet clay, or bathed 
with ammonia or baking soda and water, or, 


Sram fle cles arate ph cence is one ounce. 
Weiter tiered tem roe Lye att one pint. Mix. 


HIP LAMENESS. 


Hip lameness occurs in a manner similar to that of 
the shoulder. The causes being about the same, it will 
not be necessary to recapitulate them. The symptoms 
vary from those of shoulder lameness, materially. 
When the hip joint is affected, there is a hop and a 
catch in the lame leg and the movement of the affected 
quarter will be greatly lessened. While at rest, the 
foot of the lame leg in bad cases, will be held clear 
from the ground. Heat may be felt near the joint and 
pressure upon the parts will cause pain. The muscles 
over the hip soon become atrophied or wasted away, 
causing what is termed swinney. 


RUPTURE OF MUSCLES. 245 


Treatment:—The treatment is just the same as rec- 
ommended for shoulder lameness, including absolute 
rest for sometime, and with the exception of placing a 
high-heeled shoe on the affected limb, to enable the 
parts to be maintained in a state of rest. 


RUPTURE OF MUSCLES. 


That muscles do become ruptured or torn is perfectly 
true, nevertheless these cases are seldom seen, except it 
may be in the muscle called flexor metatarsi which is 
situated above the hock on the inner side of the hmb 
and whose action is to flex the hock. Muscles are rup- 
tured during a severe sprain or over-exertion, as in 
starting a heavy load and slipping, while the muscles 
are at full tension. 

Symptoms :—Severe lameness is observed if the ani- 
mal is forced to move and while the leg is raised, the 
hock will present the appearance of a dislodged ham- 
string. Some soreness, heat and swelling will be 
detected at the seat of the rupture. If the foot is 
placed squarely under the animal, it will stand upon it 
in a natural attitude, but there is an unwillingness to 
move either forward or backward. If forced to move 
foreward, the foot will be jerked upward and backward 
so high that a crease will be left in the muscles above 
the hock, presenting the appearance of a broken limb. 


Treatment :—The care and attention necessary for a 
ruptured muscle should be about the same as for a 
fractured bone. Place the animal in closely fitting 
slings, boxing it in so as not to admit of any movement, 
either sideways, backwards or forwards, and keep in 
that position for about two months. In that time, the 
ends of the muscles will have grown together, when 


246 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


exercise should be given, or the animal may be put to 
moderate work so that the muscles will again develop. 
If there is much soreness, heat and swelling, occurring 
shortly after the rupture has taken place, it is best 
combatted with frequent fomentations of hot water, and 
between each bathing, use— 


LAUd ann ae se oe wee hee one ounce. 
Pret ATniCaciereae son two ounces. . 
Wratclthazel se ws esac ce thirteen ounces. Mix. 


Apply until all the inflammation has subsided, then 
cease using anything and allow nature to complete the 
cure while the animal is resting in the slings. 


CHRONIC CATARRH—NASAL GLEET, OR OZOENA. 


Nasal gleet consists of a suppurative inflammation 
of the lining membrane (Schneiderian membrane) of 
the nostrils and of the sinuses in the bones of the front 
part of the face. It is sometimes confined to the nos- 
trils alone, but more frequently the sinuses are also 
affected. The principal cause, isa catarrhal inflamma- 
tion of the membrane, but it may also arise from ulcer- 
ated teeth. It may also be caused by injury to the face, 
enlargement of the fangs of the teeth, abscesses forming 
in the sinuses ; disease of the facial bones, or the lodg- 
ing of foreign bodies in the nostrils. 

Symptoms :—A constant discharge from the nostrils 
or more frequently from one nostril, as one side of the 
head alone is more frequently affected. This discharge 
is of a bluish white color and tenacious, very much 
resembling the discharge of glanders. But the glander- 
ous ulcerations are absent, although abrasions or excor- 
iations of the membrane are present, owing to irritating 
_influence of the discharge. The sub-maxillary glands 


CHRONIC CATARRH—NASAL GLEET, OR OZOEMA. 247 


may be enlarged and if adherent to the jaw, should be 
looked upon with suspicion. Heat over the sinuses will 
generally be observed, and sometimes a bulging out in 
their locality. Percussion on the side affected, will 
produce a dull sound, compared to that given by its fel- 
low on the opposite side. This discharge is sometimes 
very offensive and when that is the case, the teeth 
should be examined thoroughly, as it is indicative of 
disease of the fangs. 


Treatment :—When the lining membrane of the nos- 
trils alone is affected, throw a spray up the nostrils of 
a five per cent. solution of listerine, and administer 
internally— 

Sulphate of Copper.........one ounce. 
Nix Vomieaa. hss % vatelne. cis BONE OUNCE: 
Iodide of Potassium........one ounce. Mix. 


Make into twelve powders and give one morning and 
evening. This will often effect a cure. But if the 
sinuses are affected and pus is contained therein, tre- 
phine the sinuses and evacuate all the pus. Then wash 
out thoroughly with a five per cent. solution of listerinc 
twice daily. Also throw up the nostrils a spray of the 
same solution. If there is any diseased bone, or if there 
are any foreign bodies or a diseased tooth, a removal 
must be affected. This is best accomplished by tre- 
phining, as it opens the cavity so that treatment can be 
directly applied. The following will suffice for a wash: 


Car bolas ACI: st scjetebate wit ste one ounce. 

SG Wi eIes cso lire bicle ohare are one quart. Mix. 
Or, 

Sulphate or Himes s..s) 0 3 six drachms, 

Ohta Weathers. Ate ice awed? Set one pint. Mix. 


Syringe through the opening once or twice daily. 
The system should be kept up on tonics, as 


248 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Sulphate of Tron. ? four ounces. 
Powd. Nux Vomica.......two ounces. 
Gren a MI eIRME Monier y wsmi ed Aree Ata aie! six ounces, 
Salfpetre: cule iemorceun three ounces. Mix. 


Give a teaspoonful morning and evening. Give the 
most nutritive food obtainable and a moderate amount 
of exercise. 


BONE SPAVIN. 


Bone spavin consists in an irritation, sufficient to 
cause inflammation of the bones of the hock joint. 
When the inflammation exists between the bones, pro- 
ducing lameness, but without any osseous deposit 


SPAVIN. 


thrown out to form an enlargement, it is called occult 
spavin. But when there is an exudation of a bony 
deposit thrown out, causing an enlargement on either 
the inner or outer aspect of the hock and inducing lame- 
ness, it is called a bone spavin. This may occur from 
various causes, but in the majority of cases it is the 


55 


BONE SPAVIN. 249 


result of a wrench or sprain. Still I am inclined to 
believe in the hereditary tendency to spavin. Whether 
it be in the peculiar conformation of the hock which is 
marked and transmitted by certain sires, or if it be an 
ossific diathesis in the blood, Iam unable to tell. But 
I have seen a colt not to exceed three months old, with 
well-defined ringbones and spavins causing lameness, 
without any apparent reason therefor. And I could not 


BONE SPAVIN. 


attribute it to overgrowth, with the consequent extra 
amount of weight to carry, for, in the majority of cases 
coming under my observation, it happened in small 
breeds of horses and the colts were only in moderately 
good keeping condition. Sometimes a small, bony 
enlargement is situated at the internal aspect of the 
hock. It is called jack spavin and seldom does very 
much harm, merely serving as an eye-sore. A horse 
with jack spavin should not be considered unsound, as 
lameness very seldom results therefrom. The symptoms 


arty) DISEASES OF TIlE HORSE. 


of spavin are lameness of a peculiar character. The 
animal, when tirst driven after rest, will walk on the 
toe of the affected limb, with the fetlock bent forward 


and with a hopping movement of the hind parts. After 


driving ashort distance, it improves very much in its 


gait; the lameness diminishes and sometimes after the 


animal is driven some distance, the lameness disappears. 


altogether. In other cases, after driving, the lameness. 


SPAVIN BONE FIRED. 


will diminish but still be quite perceptible. If in the 
stable, the animal is made to turn around in the stall, it: 
does so wlth a stumbling, hopping movement. On very 


forcibly flexing the leg at the hock, then dropping the 


foot and starting the horse on a trot, it will often go off 


on three legs. By sitting in front of the horse and look- 
ing toward the hock, you will perceive the enlargement, 


if there be any. By holding the hand over the antero-- 


internal part of the hock, you will invariably detect fever. 


Treatment :—Various methods of treatment are used 
for spavin, but one very essential thing, and one upon. 


BONE SPAVIN. aay | 


which all must agree, is that the animal must have 
absolute quiet and rest. If the spavin be just started, 
mild counter irritation will often effect a cure; in this 
case, apply— 


Tinct. Cantharides........two ounces. 


Spts. Turpentine..........two ounces. 
Sweets Oat a. Sie ttessnrare) css"ns four ounces. Mix. 
Or, 
Cottonseed Oil ...... dies LOUPOUNICES. 
GroponsOnlR: Gonmocetseki nes one ounce. 
Oil Camphon aco ovtgoss two drachms. 
Oil Turpentine s*. s/5.1..”- four drachms. 
Onl Origa wrasse as: one drachm. 
Coal Owe. .5 sence Hasson One. GUNCE, 
Sulpinrie PAC Ass versa. forty drops. Mix. 


Apply once daily for six or eight weeks. If the, 
lamenese does not cease in that time, apply 


N aRehmes. «skh ecee. sw ee ee one ounce. 
Red lodide of Mercury... one drachm. 
Powd. Cantharides ...... one drachm. Mix. 


Apply thoroughly; wash off in twenty-four hours 
and grease with fresh lard or oil, every day for five 
days. Then apply the foregoing prescription again, 
wash off as before and continue this treatment for 
three applications. Give the horse complete rest and 
tie it while the medicine is on, so it cannot bite or rub 
the place. In the course of five weeks, if this fails, 
apply the actual cautery (firing irons) and immediately 
afterward apply the before mentioned salve,as directed. 
If it be an occult spavin or if the true hock joint, that 
is the large cuneiform and astragalus bones are affected, 
a failure tocure is almost certain and the animal remains 
lame as long as it lives. The sole object in the treat- 
ment of bone spavin, is to prevent the horse from going 


252 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Jame and this is accomplished only when the inflamma- 
tion exists between the cuneiform and metatarsal bones, 
and you establish complete union between those bones 
thus preventing irritation from their gliding motion. 


BOG SPAVIN. 


This sometimes consists of an inflammation of the 
hock joint, but not always. I have seen bog spavin 
gradually developing upon horses, without the existence 
of any perceptible inflammation. This kind is generally 


BOG SPAVIN. 
found in horses which have weak or very upright hocks. 
It consists of a fluctuating swelling, situated at the 
antero-internal and upper part of the hock, and com- 
posed of synovia or joint oil. It is nature’s remedy to 
prevent disease by having an abundance of oil to lubri- 
cate the joint during work or violent exercise. This 
should be considered merely a blemish and not a dis- 
ease. But when it is caused by overwork, sprains or 


BLOOD SPAVIN. LASTS 


wounds it is considered to be more serious. It is then 
accompanied by heat and lameness, varying in their 
intensity. When bog spavin occurs from these causes, 
or from rheumatic trouble, absolute rest should be 
given, and the part fomented with hot water three 
times a day for a few days. Then apply 


Tinet. Cantharides...,....two ounces. 
Mite ts LOG TINS 2 fea alg) rtieye seeps one ounce. 
Tinct. Capsicum.|.. 3....-two: ounces. 
YN Rete} a) Maeda ee eae Pee meet .three ounces. Mix. 


Or the following blister: 


Waselane: tic eocee: Pivenista ONG OUNCE, 
Red Iodide of Mercury....one drachm. 
Powd. Cantharides ...... one drachm. Mix. 


After the lamenes ceases, stop treatment and allow 
nature to take its course. Sometimes bog spavin causes 
thoroughpin and when this is the case, treat as for bog 
spavin alone. 


BLOOD SPAVIN. 


This is a distension of the large vein that passes 
down over the anterior and internal part of the hock, 
and is caused from pressure upon the vein, arresting or 
preventing a free circulation of blood, thus damming it 
up to acertain extent, and in this manner causing a dis- 
tension of the coats of the vein to a greater or lesser 
extent, leaving an enlargement that is soft to the touch 
and can usually be rubbed away. They seldom produce 
lameness and cause no harm. When examined with 
the hand, a blood spavin is found to be soft and pliable 
and by rubbing it for a time, it will disappear. No 
treatment will give better results than frequent rubbing. 


2954 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


OCCULT SPAVIN. 


When inflammation exists between the bones of the 
Lock, producing lameness without any enlargement to 
sight or touch, it is called an occult spavin, or hidden 
spavin. A deposit of bone material may form a partial 
or complete union of the small bones of the hock, caus- 
ing intense lameness, and yet the hock to all appear- 
ances, will be perfect and smooth. 


Causes:—It is caused in the same manner as bone 
spavin; by concussion to the ends of the bones, slipping 
while at play, hauling or starting a heavy load. In the 
majority of cases, it is the result of a wrench or sprain 
sufficient to cause a laceration of Hgamentous attach- 
ments in the internal part of the hock, and in many 
other ways by which the hock receives injury. Yet 
spavin may occur without any injury. My own experi- 
ence has convinced me, of the hereditary disposition to 
spavin in certain families of horses, it being transmitted 
from one generation to another and sometimes occuring 
at a very early age. 

Symptoms:—The same symptoms are observable in 
o-cult as in bone spavin. When first driven, after rest, 
will walk on the toe of the affected limb with the fet- 
lock bent forward and with a hopping movement of the 
hind parts. While at rest, the animal frequently stands 
upon its toe with the heel raised and the hock 
flexed. If made to stand over in the stall, it stands on 
the toe of the affected limb and hops over. After 
having been driven and allowed to cool off, take hold of 
the toe of the affected limb and raise it up high, forcibly 
flexing the leg at the hock, holding it in that position 
for a minute, then dropping the foot and starting the 
animal on a trot, it will often go on three legs. This is 
one of the best tests for occult spavin. In the majority 


rae a ‘ 


STIFLE-JOINT LAMENESS, ETC. 255 


of cases of spavin, after driving a short distance there 
is much improvement in gait; the lameness diminishes 
and sometimes, after driving some distance, the lame- 
ness disappears altogether. In other cases the lameness 
is continuous. The treatment for occult spavin is just 
the same as for bone spavin, but more persistence may 
be necessary, as it usually takes a greater length of 
time to effect a cure, and not infrequently the lameness 
continues through life. 


STIFLE-JOINT LAMENESS AND DISLOCATION OF THE 
PATELLA. 


Stifle-joint lameness is usually detected by the man- 
ner in which the horse brings the foot forward, which is 


STIFLE-JOINT LAMENESS. 


done with difficulty, the lee swinging outward with a 
circular motion and dragging the toe (although they do 
not always drag the toe). The foot is sometimes raised 
clear of the ground, but with the circular motion, and 
placed flat on the ground. Whilst the animal is at rest 
the leg is usually in asemi-flexed position. Heat around 
the stifle joint is quite a prominent symptom, but is 
sometimes wanting. Sometimes quite a prominent 
symptom is a fluctuating swelling or dropsy of the Joint. 


256 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


If you have dislocation of the patella, or what is more 
commonly called ‘‘ stifled joint,’? you will observe that 
while the horse is standing in the stall, it may stand 
squarely upon both feet; but, if you force it to walk 
the stifled leg will fly backward and the animal is pow- 
erless to bring it forward. If you examine the joint 


you will find the patella on the outer side of the leg and; 


the groove in the femur may be felt quite plainly. 

Treatment :—When lameness is present in the stifle- 
joint, without dislocation, give absolute rest and apply 
hot fomentations of water three or four times a day, to 
allay the inflammation. Then apply 


Aqua DeW saad TOL OV om Sh oes ai two ounces. 
Spts ar penhiMeyyaccse7 « ¢ two ounces. 
OTR ew Ot Pemenen eee cick Ani Retr four ounces. Mix. 


Apply three or four times daily, until you blister 
thoroughly. Then allow to rest for three or four days 
and repeat several times in this manner. If the patella 
is dislocated, fasten a rope or strap around the fetlock, 
then pass it through the collar and draw the leg for- 
ward; no matter if the patient struggles hard, force it 
forward. Then place your hand behind the bone, 
which will be felt at the outside of the leg, and force it 
forward, when you will feel it drop into place and the 
patient will have full control of its leg. Apply 


Tincture Cantharides...... two ounces. 
Spirits Turpentine........ two ounces. 
Agua AmniOnia Awescc cess - one ounce. 
SweetiOilsotans cae cee four ounces. Mix. 


Or, use the former prescription, three.or four times 
a day for two or three days; allow the patient to rest 
for a week and all will be well. If the patient kicks it 
out or it drops out of its own accord immediately 
a ter you have placed it in position, you must apply one 
of the former prescriptions until it blisters thoroughly, 


Or 7 


RINGBONE. “04 


and the swelling will force it into position and 
strengthen the ligaments that have been relaxed. 
Then allow a longer rest than would ordinarily be 
required, or apply the following: 

Win mabey. visti cat oo eth sears one ounce. 

Powdered Cantharides...two drachms. Mix. 

Wash off in twenty-four hours and grease every day 

for three days; then apply again and grease every day 
until well, 


RINGBONE. 


Ringbone very much resembles spavin, except in 
location. Ringbone consists of an osseous deposit upon 
the upper and lower pastern-bones. When the deposit is 


RINGBONE. 


around the middle of the large pastern and not involving 
the Joint, it is called an osselet or false ring-bone, and is 
seldom the cause of lameness; it should not be looked 
upon as an unsoundness, 2° it eslls for no treatment what- 


958 DISEASES OF THE HORSE, 


ever. True ringbone acts very differently from the false, 
and occasions more or less lameness. It may affect two 
very important articulations, viz., the articulation be- 
tween the large and small pastern, or between the small 
pastern and the coffin bone. The former articulation is 
the one most frequently affected, and where complete 
union is most easily obtained; here less stiffness will be 
the result if a cure results, than where the lower joint is 


RINGBONE, 


diseased. But in either location, the disease is difficult 
to treat with any satisfaction and it is sometimes incur- 
able, the lameness continuing through life. * Some- 
times the deposit completely encircles the joint; at 
others is on one side, and directly in front of the joint. 
The degree of lameness does not depend upon the size 
of the enlargement but more upon its Jocation. If it is 
situated immediately in front of the pastern, the lame- 
ness. will be greater than when situated on either side. 
The lameness is greatest, when the deposit is between 
the lower pastern and the coffin bone. When between 


= 


RINGBONE. 259 


these two bones, it frequently causes a bulging of the 
foot and not seldom causes the foot to turn inward, 
forming what is known as reel-foot. The lameness of 
ringbone alway precedes the deposit and is caused by 
inflammation existing in the bone or in the synovial 
membrane surrounding it. Ringbone is occasioned by 
sprain; by fractured bone; and by the hereditary ten- 
dency, referred to in the treatise on spavin. 

Treatment:—When first noticed there will be no 
enlargement but considerable lameness and_ fever. 
Then apply hot water freely to allay the inflammation 
and after bathing, apply the following: 


Spirits Chloroform........ two ounces. 
Distene parinatial feak 2) sc ciehe Bastienel two ounces. 
Waheh nicely sys. foc ee four ounces. 
Tincture Aconite...... one-half ounce. Mix. 
If the lameness continues after ten days’ treatment 
apply— 
Wa selnme tat ates bem ranting two ounces. 
Red Iodide of Mercury...two drachms. 
Cantharides...........three drachms. Mix. 


Make three applications, with intermissions of four 
or five days between each two applications. Give abso- 
lute rest and if the patient is inclined to walk upon the 
toe, use high calks upon the heal of the shoe. But if 
inclined to walk upon its heel, use a thin-heeled bar 
shoe. If lameness continues, use the firing irons. Fire 
it deeply as illustrated in spavin and in a few days 
apply— 

Waser mers retire stia/etsisiavel se one ounce. 
Powd. Cantharides...... two drachms. Mix. 

Apply once a week for three or four applications. If 
all these fail, the cutting out of the plantar nerves may 
be performed with varying success. 


260 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 
SPRAIN OF THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT. 


This is a very large ligament composed of white 
fibrous tissue, and extends from the knee in the foreleg 
and from the hock in the hind leg, down the back part 
of the cannon bones. Just above the fetlock it divides 
and becomes attached to the sesamoid bones, below 
which it reunites and joins the flexors of the foot. 
Sprains of this ligament happen only through severe 


POSITION OF THE FOOT IN LAMENESS. 


exertions, and sometimes the strain is sufficient to cause 
rupture of the ligament. This generally happens near 
the dividing point, just above the fetlock. The most 
prominent symptoms are lameness, heat, and swelling 
beneath the flexor tendons and down behind the cannon 
bones, with swelling of the leg at the fetlock joint. The 
animal stands or walks upon the toe, the fetlock joint 
is flexed to relieve the ligament of tension. If the lig- 
ament is ruptured, the fetlock will spring down close to 
the ground and the toe will be turned upward. The 
rupture may occur higher up, or at the attachment of 
the hgament to the sesamoid bones, or even below the 
fetlock; the result is the same. This is what is meant 
by the term, ‘‘ broken down.”’ 


SPRAIN OF THE FETLOCK JOINT AND SESAMOIDITES. 261 


Treatment :—Absolute rest in a comfortable box stall, 
well bedded, to entice the patient to he down. Bathe 
with cold water, after which apply bandages and keep 
wet with cold water. After the fever has subsided 
apply to remove the swelling, 

PneLure LOdInG se a2 ee) Me two ounces. 
Red Iodide of Mercury...two drachms. 
Tincture of Myrrh and 
ORATION fone, Ne ce ata six ounces. Mix. 
Apply three times a day, or 
Powdered Cantharides .. two drachms. 
Viniseiimenaeun wate iece Vee ae one ounce. Mix. 

Apply every two weeks until three applications have 
been made. If the ligament is ruptured, bandage the 
leg in a set of splints, so as to hold it in a proper posi- 
tion. Heavy belting makes a good support for the 
limb, by cutting it to fit, and packing the space between 
the fetlock joint and the heel to form a prop. This 
will hold the limb in proper shape. Or put on a bar 
shoe and fasten an iron brace to it, bending it to fit the 
fetlock and extending it up to the knee. Pad it well 
with cotton batting and bandage. After complete union 
is secured, remove the support and blister a few times 
to remove the swelling. Horses that have once ‘‘broken 
down,”’ or ruptured the suspensory ligament, should not 
be put on the track nor at heavy pulling; but they may 
be used to good advantage for ordinary work, after a 
rest of six or eight months. 


SPRAIN OF THE FETLOCK JOINT AND SESAMOIDITES. 


It is possible to have sprain of the fetlock joint or of 
its lateral ligaments, without injury to the sesamoid 
bursa; but such cases, I think are very rare. Owing to 
the particular manner in which the sesamoid bones are 


262 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. 


placed behind the joint, over which the flexor perforans 
tendons play, I am constrained to believe that any exer- 
tion sufficient to cause sprain of the fetlock joint, will, 
at the same time produce inflammation of the sesamoid 
bursa. 

Symptoms :—If the sprain is very slight, lameness 
will scarcely be perceptible, appearing only while 
traveling upon uneven ground and the joint is twisted a 
little; but if the sprain is severe, the lameness will be 
so intense that the animal will go on its toe or hobble 
on three legs. The joint swells and is quite hot, and 
when the animal is resting, the leg is flexed at the 
joint, the toe resting upon the ground. 

Treatment :—Apply cold water frequently and band- 
age until the fever subsides, then use 


TINGE GQGUINEH sks. Slee are two ounces. 
Wine bia mel Garter 2 two ounces. 
ANGonO iW. Le ekeinot four ounces. Mix. 


Apply morning and evening and bandage, or 
Wraselamecin ounce oie teat ee one ounce. 
Powdered Cantharides.. two drachms. Mix. 


Apply every ten days until three applications have 
been made. Complete rest should be given for a 
month. If you consider the ligaments ruptured, a 
plaster of paris bandage should be applied, the same as 
for fracture, and allowed to remain on for a month. If 
any swelling remains, a few applications of the above 
blister will greatly assist in removing it. 


SPRAIN OF THE FLEXOR TENDONS. 


Sprain of the flexor tendons, like the sprain of the 
suspensory ligament, is caused by heavy pulling and 
fast running or trotting; also by wearing shoes with 


pin bx 


SPRAINS OF THE FLEXOR TENDONS. 268 


high toe calks. The symptoms observed will be lame- 
ness, heat and swelling at the back part of the leg, and 
the peculiar way in which the horse moves the limb, 
which is with a stiff, stubby movement; the toe touches 
the ground first and the horse bears most of its weight 


BACK TENDONS THICKENED FROM 
INJURY OR SPRAIN. 


upon it, seldom bringing the heel to the ground during 
the first stages. After it becomes chronic, or the more 
severe symptoms have subsided, the heels will be 
brought to the ground. there will be a shortening of the 
tendons and a knuckling over of the fetlock joint. The 
swelling, which isa prominent symptom, will diverge 
from the seat of the sprain and extend up and down the 
tendon, involving the thece, or sheaths of the tendons 
to such a degree, that the tendons with difficulty pass 
through them. 

Treatment:—Shoe the horse with a bar shoe without 
calks, to give the shoe an even pressure when standing. 
This will prevent shortening of the tendons, which is 
likely to occur with high heel calks, which only afford 


264 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


temporary relief. Apply cold bandages, occasionally 
pouring on cold water until the fever subsides. Then 
apply one of the following mixtures, three times a day: 
Dincture lodimecy: joe 4. wees one ounce, 
Redtlodide! of Mercury. 0).).0).- 
RRS gh es one and one-half drachms. 
Tincture Myrrh and Capsi- 


Cui J chews aise ee SOVED OUNCES. sine 
Or, 
Tincture Cantharides......two ounces. 
Tincture Iodine....... -...-one ounce. 


Tincture Capsicum........two ounces. 

Alcohol. oo. ..cs eels. cbhree ounces... Mix 
Or, 

Oil Cedar.............-.four drachms. 

Oil Hemlock............four drachms. 


Oiler Lamsy..'.s) 06 ......four drachms. 
Oil of Wormwood.......four drachms. 
AT CORO eee ei ns clas eight ounces. Mix. 


If shortening of the tendons should take place, ten- 
otomy may be performed, if the patient is a young 
horse. But if an old horse, the operation had better be 
let alone. The operation is performed by casting the 
horse and securing it firmly. Then loosen the leg to be 
operated upon; fasten it as straight out as possible by a 
rope or strap tied to the fetlock. Make a small incision 
midway between the knee and the fetlock, the smaller 
the incision the better. Pass the knife flat-wise beneath 
the tendons, taking care to keep outside the blood ves- 
sels, until you feel the knife against the skin on the 
opposite side. Then turn the edge of the knife towards 
the tendons and cut outward very slowly until you have 
severed the tendons. Then withdraw the knife. Be 
very careful to only cut the skin in one place and thata 
very small opening, where the knife enters. Place 


ELBOW LAMENESS. 265 


your knee against the leg and forcibly straighten it, to 
break up any adhesions which may have formed. 
After the operation, keep the leg straight by putting on 
a shoe with a high toe-calk; or fasten a piece of iron to 
the shoe and let it extend six inches in front of the foot. 
If the toe should turn up a little, have no fear, for 
when the tendons grow together it may shorten a little 
too much. After union has taken place, remove the 
thickening with a few applications of the last pre- 
scription. 


ELBOW LAMENESS. 


Disease of the elbow is not an infrequent occurrence. 


Symptoms :—While standing, the horse holds its leg 
in a peculiar manner—carried well back, the leg flexed 
and resting upon the toe. In walking, the hmb is 
brought forward with difficulty and when putting it to 
the ground to make the step, the patient drops the head 
and shoulder as if about to fall. There may not be 
very much heat or swelling. If there is fracture of the 
point of the elbow, you will see the excessive dropping 
of the head and shoulder; the leg will be flexed or 
seemingly in a pendulous condition, with heat and 
swelling and pain upon pressure. Sometimes ‘‘ capped 
elbow”’ causes lameness, but not always; when it does, 
you do not have such excessive dropping of the head. 

Treatment :—If there is lameness, without swelling or 
heat, apply three times a day of— 


OnhomGsdarr soiree ak four drachms. 
Oil of Wormwood....... four drachms. 
Oilvot Tansy! ). 59-244... four drachms: 
Oilsof Hemlock ss te 2... four drachms. 


AL EOHOL see eee 6 eight ounces. Mix. 


266 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


Allow sufficient rest and a cure will result. If there 
is fracture of the elbow, swing the patient up immedi- 
ately and feed on soft food. Apply splints, and bandage 
from the knee up above the elbow to hold it in position 
and keep the patient swung up until complete union has. 
taken place, which will be in from six to ten weeks. 
Broad rubber belting, makes a good splint and bandage 
combined. If the lameness comes from capped elbow 
(usually caused by the horse lying with its elbows resting 
upon the heels of its shoes), remove the shoes and place a 
roll of sheepskin, or other soft material, around the back 
part of the fetlock, to prevent the feet from irritating 
the bruise. Then apply hot water to the elbow until the 
inflammation subsides, when the lameness will usually 
disappear. But, to remove the enlargement, make a free 
incision low down to allow the fluid to escape: then 
apply some irritating substance to cause it to slough 
out. After it heals and there isa small nodule left, dis- 
sect it out and treat as an ordinary wound. Widen the 
stall and allow plenty of room for the animal to lie 
down. 


CARPITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE KNEES. 


Inflammation of the knees may arise from different. 
causes, such as concussion, rheumatism, sprains, ete. 
The animal is observed to hold the leg stiff and to 
exhibit intense pain upon either flexion or extension of 
the knee. If the animal walks, it will carry the leg 
stiffly. Sometimes there isa swelling of the knee; at 
others, no swelling whatever is perceptible. If the 
disease exists between the bones, there will be no swel- 
ling until an exudation is thrown out, and when this 
happens, a stiff knee is almost certain to be the result. 


BROKEN OR BRUISED KNEES. 267 


Treatment :—Give complete rest and, if thought nec- 
essary, place the patient in slings. Use applications of 
cold water until the fever subsides; then apply a strong 
blister, as— 


Winicelamneun ne Siicnit dens ear eaten g one ounce. 
Red Iodide of Mercury....one drachm. 
Cantharides........ .-...one drachm. Mix. 


Use repeatedly. If there is a fluctuating swelling in 
front of the knee, puncture it and allow the fluid to 
escape, after which apply a wet bandage and keep it 
wet. Should it fail to disappear, apply the foregoing 
blister. 


BROKEN OR BRUISED KNEES. 


Whenever you see a bruise or a scar upon the knees 
of a horse, the animal, as regards value, should be 
looked upon with suspicion, unless the horse has good, 
free action and the bruise is known to be purely acci- 


BROKEN KNEE. 
dental. For a majority of cases arise from faulty action 
of the fore legs, vertigo or fits, ‘‘speed cut”’ or inter- 
fering, diseased feet or navicular disease; over-reacli- 
ing: or from bad shoeing, and possibly from the driver’s 
awkwardness. The disease is more frequently noticed 
in the form of bruises than as broken bones. 


268 DISEASES OF THE MORSE. 


Treatment:—When bruises exist, without any abra- 
sion of the skin, apply cold water frequently, with 
dressings of vaseline. Give rest, with good, deep bed- 
ding, and probably no other treatment will be neces- 
siry. But when the skin is lacerated, if none of the 
deeper tissues are involved, wash the wound well and 
bring its edges together with heavy court-plaster, leav- 
ing an opening below for the escape of pus; give rest 
and tie the horse up so it cannot he down, to prevent it 
from breaking any of the adhesions while flexing the 
leg. Never use any stitches, as any movement of the 
knee will tend to tear them out. Where, besides the 
laceration of the skin, deeper tissues are involved, so 
that the tendons and synovial membrane are torn, and 
‘open joint’? is the result, you have a more serious 
case in hand. The wound may set up an extensive 
inflammation, the surrounding parts become greatly 
swollen, followed by so extensive a sloughing of the 
parts as to expose the bone. There will then be con- 
siderable constitutional disturbance, high fever, loss of 
appetite, bowels constipated, difficult voiding of the 
urine, and a foetid discharge from the wound. It is then 
as serious as a broken bone and the animal should be 
destroyed, unless valuable for breeding purposes. If 
the animal is to be preserved, force the leg out straight 
and fasten it with splints to maintain it in that position, 
leaving the knee exposed for treatment. Wash it out 
three times a day with tepid water and castile soap and 
apply one of the following three times a day: 


Zine Sulphate...........two drachms: 

Acetate of lead......... four drachms. 

Warbolite WAgids i warkk he two drachms. 

Soft Water..... yi hecaltchevss slr! a ORE DAE VL ERe 
Or, 


pe - 


SHOULDER SLIP OR SWINNEY. 269 


Permanganate of Potassium.. 


ae NSE AAs Ai eA eS one drachm. 
LFA sas) 7) Mae tees ee hee ee, kas one drachm. 
Distilled Water.............one pint. Mix. 
Or, 
PASGORIMe cea Seelam es two. ounces. 
Carbolic, Aciaeis...4 5.6248 one drachm. 
DistilleGuWeatiers aaa ss aes six ounces. Mix. 


SHOULDER SLIP OR SWINNEY. 


This disease generally termed ‘‘ swinney,”’ consists 
in atrophy, or wasting away, of the antea and postea 
spinatus muscles. <A brief description of the parts 


Hi; 


SWINNEY AND CAPPED ELBOW. 
forming the shoulder joint, will facilitate an under- 
standing of the matter. The glenoid cavity, or hollow 
in the lower end of the shoulder bone, is very small 
compared with.the head of the humerus, which plays 
within it, thus giving it great freedom of motion, espe- 


270 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


cially as the joint is not bound down with inelastic liga- 
ments, but by muscles and tendons only. The antea 
and postea spinatus muscles occupy the outer surface of 
the shoulder blade and extend down over the external 
and lateral surface of the joint. The sub-scapularis, 
muscle occupies the inner surface of the shoulder blade 
and extends down over the inner and lateral surface of 
the joint. The coraco humeralis muscle extends down 
over the front of the joint. So it will be seen that, 
when the external muscles are wasted away (atrophied) 
there is nothing left strong enough to hold the joint to 
its proper position, and it has an outward movement or 
slipping—but not a dislocation. It may be caused by a 
bruise, heavy pulling, or walking on uneven ground, as 
the furrow horse is compelled to do while plowing. It 
is more frequently seen in young horses, used for plow- 
ing, especially in the spring when the muscles are soft 
and flaceid. 


Symptoms :—There are generally swelling, heat and 
tenderness, all along the external surface of the shoul- 
der blade; but in the majority of cases, the patient 
shows no lameness until the swelling and heat have 
subsided and atrophy, or wasting of the muscles, has 
begun. This generally takes place in a week or two, 
from the time of theinjury. The hollow space is usually 
the full length of the shoulder blade, and 1s sometimes 
very deep, so that the spine of the bone is prominent. 

Treatment :—During the inflammatory stage, while 
there is heat and swelling, foment well with hot water 
and after the swelling has disappeared, apply a mild 
stimulating liniment, as 


PAINE O Maite Seren eee po ue one ounce. 
Purpentiae yt lence eis repetstaie tere two ounces. 
Sweet Onl iit Lees: oe tive jounces) (Mix 


Or, 


ATROPHY OF THE MUSCLES—SWINNEY. par gil 


Oilvor@ed ara. -.i se <2. one-half ounce. 
Oiot Wamp yng ty esa one-half ounce. 
Oil of Hemlock.......-one-half ounce. 
Oil of Wormwood..... one-half ounce. 
TATCOMO ley 2 pe ahaneey Sots whe ten ounces. Mix. 


Use three times a day, rubbing in thoroughly. Do 
not be afraid of rubbing, as it stimulates the muscles to 
development. Use at light work on level ground, or 
turn out to pasture, for the patient needs exercise to 
develop the muscles. Do not be discouraged, but be 
persistent in your treatment, as it frequently takes six 
months, and sometimes a year, before the hollow is 
filled up and the muscles fully developed. If it seems 
very slow, apply at intervals the following: 


Vaselimins. okie ssc soumen ee one ounce. 
Red Iodide of Mercury... one drachm. 
Oantharides.. one and a-half drachms. Mix. 


If you are persistent, success will crown your effort 
and reward your trouble. 


ATROPHY OF THE MUSCLES—SWINNEY. 


This consists in a shrinking or wasting away of the 
muscles and is most frequently seen at the shoulders and 
hips. It may, however, manifest itself upon any part 
of the limbs or body. It is caused by sprains, bruises, 
severe and continued pressure, paralysis, rheumatism, 
continued lameness of the foot or limb or anything in 
fact, whereby a certain set of muscles do not receive 
sufficient exercise. 


Symptoms :—A flattened or hollow space will be 
observed instead of the full, round, plump muscles. 
When occurring at a certain point, compare it with the 


272 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


same point on the opposite side, and a flattening or 
wasting away will be observed. 

Treatment :—Atrophy of the muscles and swinney 
mean one and the same thing; therefore, the same 
treatment may be used as outlined under the head of 
‘‘Swinney.’? Any manner of treatment, however, will 
in some instances, fail to redevelop the muscles but itis 
well to be persistent for a continued length of time. 


SHOULDER LAMENESS. 


Shoulder lameness may arise from different causes, 
but the most frequent are kicks, bruises, sprains and 
rheumatism. It is characterized by the peculiar man- 
ner in which the patient holds the leg, which is flexed 


SHOULDER LAMENESS. 


and resting upon the toe; also the great difficulty with 
which the leg is brought forward in walking, with at 
the same time, a dragging of the toe. If from kicks or 
bruises, the lameness will be observed at the injured 
place; but if from sprain of the coraco humeralis 
muscle, which plays on the front of the joint in the 
form of a tendon, there will be observed fiexing of the 
limb and great difficulty in bringing it forward, with 
swelling heat and tenderness upon pressure at the point 
of the shoulder. Asinflammation of a tendon frequently 
results in formation of bone material, you will readily 


gce the need of prompt and careful treatment. 


RHEUMATISM. 273 


Treatment :—Put ona very high heeled shoe and apply 
frequent fomentations of hot water; or place a rug on 
the point of the shoulder and keep applying hot water 
until the inflammation has subsided. Then remove the 
shoes and keep quiet on a level floor, and apply the fol- 
lowing three times a day: 


Tincture Iodine...........two ounces. 
Witehhazel.weae shel. two sounces: 
UNE GAOUS S8s eee ee ae we four ounces Mix. 
Or, 
Oil of Cedar sce. Natio ss one-half ounce. 
Oil of Hemlock....... one-half ounce. 
Oil of Wormwood..... one-half ounce. 
Finetune OL lOdime' e.g no one ounce. 
PELCOMOW i ai) ston Mae anea eet: eight ounces. Mix. 


Allow the patient to rest for sometime, and use only 
at light work for at least four months. 


RHEUMATISM. 


This is a peculiar disease, and none too thoroughly 
understood. It attacks the fibrous structure, such as 
muscles, tendons, etc. It is apt to move suddenly from 
one joint to another, from one set of muscles to another, 
or to some internal organ, as the heart. It is seldom 
that acute rheumatism terminates in chronic rheuma- 
tism, or that the reverse occurs. Chronic rheumatism 
is met with most frequently among the domesticated 
animals. : 

Symptoms :—The patient will appear dull and stupid 
with an inclination to be let alone and not to be moved 
about. If the affection be in the limbs or joints and the 
animal be forced to move, it either goes very lame or is 
very stiff. The parts affected may be swollen and hard, 


274 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


or, if in the joint, soft and fluctuating; or there may 
not be any swelling, but a crackling noise at the joints 
when moved. There is generally fever witha full, hard 
pulse, increased temperature, hurried breathing, cos- 
tiveness and scanty, high-colored urine. If acute rheu- 
matism, the disease will generally terminate in about 
six or eight weeks; but, if chronic, it may last until 
warm weather comes. 


Treatment :—Give as a physic— 
Powdered Aloes........... one ounce. 
Powdered Ginger........ one drachm. Mix. 
Administer at one dose; and, if the pain be exces- 
sive, give ounce doses of laudanum, to be followed by— 
Salicylic Acid,............two ounces. 
Bi-Carbonate of Soda......two ounces. Mix. 
Make sixteen powders. Give one powder three 
times a day, to be followed by— 


Acetate of Potassium....... one ounce. 
Bi-Carbonate of Soda....... one ounce. 
JONTbrate-of Potassium. secs 2. sees soe 


APSR Mae A ae one and one-half ounces. Mix. 


Make twelve powders and give one powder three 
times a day. Apply hot cloths, hot bran, hot corn, 
hot salt, or make the following liniment: 


Spirits of Chloroform...... two ounces. 
Eartacl arta rat ite eee here oa eres two ounces. 
Tincture of Arnica: .-:)s).>. two ounces. 
Wittehbazel! oxi e2 ca een ha two ounces. Mix. 
Apply two or three times a day. 
Or, 
Aqua Ammonia...........two ounces. 
Spirits of Turpentine...... two ounces. 
Sweet Only cee anees weno four ounces. Mix. 


SPRAINED BACK. 275 


Apply two or three times aday. You may also give, 
with benefit, liquid ammonia acetate, two ounces three 
times a day; but the treatment is seldom very satisfac- 
tory. 


SPRAINED BACK. 


Sprained back is not of frequent occurrence, but it 
may happen from the hind feet s!ipping, while the ani- 
mal is pulling hard to start a heavy load, or from its 
struggling when cast in the stall. The psoas muscles, 


SPRAINED BACK. 


which are the seat of the sprain, are situated under- 
neath the lumber vertebrze, and are attached anteriorly 
to the heads of the last ribs and dorsai vertebre and 
posteriorly to the brim of the pelvis and internal tro- 
chanter of the femur; their action is to bend the 
haunch upon the pelvis, and when the horse is pulling, 


276 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


to produce the appearange ofa ‘‘ roached back.’? When 
sprained, these muscles lose their tone and power, and 
instead of a ‘‘roached back’ there will be the reverse, 
except there will be swelling over the loins, which is 
frequently the case. If both the psoas muscles are 
strained, the animal will be unable to rise from a 
recumbent position, though when placed on its feet, it 
may stand; it will walk with a drunken, staggering 
gait and.a knuckling over of the fetlocks. It is easily 
distinguished from broken back by the power to move 
its limbs, and the sense of feeling in the hind extremity. 
Examination per rectum, reveals heat and swelling, 
with pain upon pressure along the spine. After these 
symptoms have passed away and the animal is restored 
to usefulness, there will be a weakness of the back for 
some months, or until the muscles are again fully 
developed and regain their natural power and tone. 

Treatment :—If the patient is able to stand, place the 
slings under it, but if unable to stand, you had better 
let the slings alone. Apply frequently, hot fomenta- 
tions across the loins and afterwards use— 


Tincture of Arnica........ four ounces. 

Chloroform iis ess eee tee one ounce. 

Maudanniy. os eee two ounces. 

Witchhasel....2...2...3¢.three ounces. Mix. 
Or, 

AGOA A MONT Kee eto Neto sel cate evens 


..........-one and one-half ounces. 
Turpentine...one and one-half ounces. 


Olivevorl etic owe wees five ounces. Mix. 
r, 

Tincture of Todines sick two ounces. 

Oil of Hemlock...)..::.. one-half ounce. 

Oil of Wormwood..... one-half ounce. 

Oil ot ‘Orisanumiss. isos og one ounce. 


VA Ke Oho cee nthe ee nce ee four ounces. Mix. 


~) 


7 


WOUNDS AT THE JOINTS, ETC. Z 


Is 


Apply three times a day. If the patient is dragging 
along and not improving very rapidly, in the course of 
a month apply a good blister across the loins and it will 
help materially to develop the muscles, and to regain 
their natural tone and power. A_ blister may be 
applied every two or three weeks; the following will 
answer nicely: 

Waseli me safe gic ste fines two ounces. 
Red Iodide of Mercury.... 

BY Dah tah one and one-half drachms. 
Powdered Cantharides...two drachms. Mix. 


WOUNDS AT THE JOINTS—INFLAMMATION OF THE 
JOINTS, OR OPEN JOINT. 


An open joint may be caused by a puncture from a 
knife, from splinters of wood, or by the prongs of a 
fork; or by bruises, by kicks, or by lacerations from 
falling on a hard or rough surface. It is always attended 
with more or less danger. 

Symptoms :—If the opening is small with but a trifling 
leakage from the joints, the patient will not at first 
exhibit any distressing symptoms; but in the course of 
a few days it will manifest pain by going very lame and 
possibly, not resting upon the limb at all but holding it 
up and keeping it in continuous motion, on account of 
severe pain. The leakage will then be more profuse 
and accumulate on the outer edge of the wound. The 
patient will now lose its appetite, and have very high 
fever with constipation. The pulse will be quick, hard 
and-wiry; and, from extreme pain, the patient will 
break out ina sweat. If at this stage the patient does 
not receive prompt attention, the disease will continue 
in force, and from between the opening and the accum- 
ulation on the outer edge of the wound, a thin watery 


278 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


discharge, accompanied by streaks of blood and small 
scales of cartilage and bone, will issue. The ends of 
the bone entering into the formation of the joint are 
now undergoing a destructive change, and a cure can 
only be effected by a consolidation of the joint. A stiff 
joint is inevitable; and if it be a joint requiring great 
motion the patient had better be destroyed. During 
the whole time, the tissues surrounding the joint will 
be enlarged and inflamed, sometimes very hard and at 
others soft and doughy. 


Treatment :—Two things are very essential to a fav- 
orable termination. The first is endeavoring to heal 
the wound by the adhesive process (or first intention) 
and thus prevent suppuration. The second, is prevent- 
ing the air from penetrating the joint, thus avoiding 
extensive inflammation. Never probe around in the 
wound to find if there be any dirt, gravel or any other 
foreign substances lodged there, but wash it out care- 
fully with a sponge, and syringe with tepid water; if 
any foreign substance be found, remove it carefully. 
If the tissues are lacerated, cut off the small particles 
that will not adhere, but do not cut the skin, and bring 
the edges of the wound together with stitches of catgut; 
then place half a teaspoonful of iodoform upon the 
wound and bandage. Immediately after, place the 
animal in slings, as it not only affords the patient com- 
plete rest but prevents the stitches from being torn out 
by the flexing of the hmb in lying down. If complete 
union is effected and there is enlargement of the joint 
with some inflammation apply a good blister. If there 
is not complete union of the parts and they burst out, 
and the synovia, or ‘‘ joint oil,’? comes oozing out, 
accompanied by pus, you then can only expect to heal 
by granulation. The best method to secure this is to 
apply a good blister, as it not only sets up a healthy 


STRINGHALT. 279 


inflammation but frequently produces a swelling suffi- 
cient to bring the edges of the wound together, thus 
excluding the air and, before the swelling subsides, 
forming granulations enough to close the wound, and so 
effecting a cure. The following is a good blister: 

Waseling 20) -%. .. ee hs b>wWO OUNCES: 

Powdered Cantharides..four drachms. Mix. 

Apply every third day for fourapplications. Ifmuch 

swelling remains after the wound is healed, apply 


Tincture Iodine...........two ounces. 
Oplhblemlocksos.d-giso eae half ounce. 
Oil, Wormwood.) 2.2.55 half ounce. 
Onl Oriv ance yer iene aiye one ounce, 
eG OMe eect tore Teva oe Soke four ounces. Mix. 


Apply once or twice daily with smart friction. 

If small abscesses form around the joint and cause 
much pain, open them; if they do not cause much pain, 
allow them to burst. The constitutional treatment 
should be to open the bowels with a physic— 

ANGE Ser tires oom evar seS OMELOUNCE: 
GUIRY 02 des srg Jag) eR one drachm. Mix. 

Give at one dose. Then give three times a day one 

powder of the following: 


Quinine Sulphate.......four drachms. 
Nitrate of Potassium......two ounces. 
Bi-Carbonate of Soda...... one ounce. Mix. 


Make into twelve powders. For the first few days 
feed on a soft diet, as bran mash, chopped feed, ete. 
Afterwards feed on the most nutritious diet in limited 
quantities, to build up the strength. 


STRINGHALT. 


This disease consists of an involuntary spasmodic 
contraction of the muscles of the hind leg. The horse 
raises and lowers the foot in a peculiar manner, with a 


280 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


quick, jerky motion, which it cannot control. The 
causes are not thoroughly understood. It is by some 
attributed to injuries; by others to inflammation of the 
nerves, and others still attribute it to tumors variously 
situated—as in the brain, in the spinal cord, in the 
muscles of the legs, etc.; and some attribute it to a 
peculiar condition of the blood. These theories are all 


STRINGHALT. 


auppositions; possibly all are, toa certain extent, true. 
The disease generally comes on very slowly but may de- 
velop very rapidly, even in so short a time as twenty-four 
hours. At first the foot may be slightly elevated, with 
a quick, jerking motion, and brought to the ground in the 
same manner. This may be noticed in the winter season, 
and during the heated months the animal may travel all 
right. When this is the case, it may be regarded as a 
rheumatic form of stringhalt. If it does not improve 
during the summer months, as age advances the disease 


ARTHRITIS, SYNOVITIS, ETC. 281 


gradually continues to grow worse, until the horse strikes 
the belly with the fetlock. The disease is purely nervous 
in nature, as, for instance, should the animal pick up a 
nail with the foot, the stringhalt is m  ifested in a 
severe form, and extreme pain is manifested. Except 
for the rheumatic form, there is no treatment that will 
benefit the patient. In that case, treat for rheumatism ; 
or when first noticed, give strychnia in full doses for a 
few months. 


ARTHRITIS, SYNOVITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE JOINTS. 


This may be due to sprains of the hgaments extend- 
ing into the joint, and adjoining the synovial mem- 
brane; to concussion of the bones extending to the 
joint, to wounds admitting air into the joint; to rheu- 
matism, to scrofula, to calcareous deposits in the joints, 
etc. From whatever cause, the whole joint becomes 
involved and.the symptoms have such a close similarity 
that they may be considered alike. 


Symptoms :—The joint will be swollen and of a doughy 
consistency. There will be lameness with more or less 
fever, according to the severity of the attack. If the 
joint is moved, the patient will exhibit excruciating 
pain. Sometimes the animal will hold the foot clear of 
the ground, in a fixed position. Often from pain the 
patient will break out in a sweat, the fever running 
high and the pulse being quick and wiry. The tissues 
surrounding the joint become greatly swollen, with in- 
ereased heat and tenderness of the parts. 

Treatment :-—Place the patient in slings and give a 
physic to open up the bowels. Then apply hot fomen- 
tations to the joint frequently, with fiannel bandages, 
and the following every three or four hours; 


282 DISEASES OE THE HORSE. 


Sulphuric Ether.......... two ounces. 
Tad amu ei mie sy os two ounces. 
Ohlorotormy. cece = aeons es one ounce. 
Spirits Turpentine...... three ounces. Mix. 


If this does not quiet the pain and the swelling is 
obstinate, apply a blister—such as for open joints, and 
administer three times a day half-ounce doses of fluid 
extract buchu and juniper, with acetate of potassium. 


RICKETS. 


This is not an inflammatory disease, but consists of a 
softening of the bony structures. It is most frequently 
seen in young animals, those from a few days to a few 
months old. The real trouble, is a lack in the bones of 
such inorganic material as the phosphate and carbonate 
of calcium. Whenever the bones become deficient in 
these materials, they are cartilaginous in texture and 
easily bent; in this way occurs the deformity of rickets. 
The causes are mal-nutrition, or a deficiency of the ele- 
ments necessary to build up the already deficient bony 
structure. Although hereditary in its character, it may 
be developed by not allowing the colt to suck the mare 
at will only permitting it, perhaps, to suck three times 
a day when the mare, hot and feverish, returns from 
work. Such treatment will cause irregularities of the 
bowels, the milk passing through them ina half-digested 
curd-like mass, white in color and very sour to the smell. 
This will cause great depletion, and rickets is the 
result. 

Treatment :—Feed regularly on good, nutritious diet, 
change the pasture, bandage the legs to keep them 
straight, give small doses of phosphate of lime; keep in 
a dry, sunshiny, airy place; give cod-liver oil and, to 
check the scouring, four to six ounces of castor oil. 


TEEPE 


HOW TO TELL THE AGE OF HORSES BY THEIR TEETH. 


Persons should familiarize themselves as much as possible,. 
with the various shapes and changes which the teeth of horses: 
undergo, from colthood to extreme age, so that they may not be 
deceived when purchasing a horse, which is quite frequently 
the case with those persons who have never given the teeth any 
attention. Ihave known cases wherea fifteen and a sixteen year 
old horse had been sold for a seven and an eight year old, and 
the deception or falsehood was accepted by the purchaser, as he 
was himself unable to tell anything about their ages. I shall 
here endeavor to explain as nearly as possible, the various 
changes that take place, from foaling time to twenty years of 
age, so that the purchaser of a horse can determine very closely, 
the age of the animal he desires to buy, and not be too badly 


TEETH OF A FOAL. 


deceived by the seller. When the colt is foaled, it frequently 

has four front teeth or nippers, two above and two below. If 

these are not present at foaling time, they make their appearance 

within ten days afterwards. In the course of five or six weeks, 

four more incisor front teeth, make their appearance alongside 

of the first four; these are called the middle teeth. Then a lapse 
(283) 


284 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


of six or seven months takes place before the last four incisors 
make their appearance, and they are designated as corner teeth. 


TEETH AT ONE YEAR OLD. 


It is then possessed with twelve incisors, six above and six be- 
low, which is considered a full set of front teeth. After this, 


TEETH AT TWO YEARS OLD. 


the only distinguishing mark to be observed, is that the wearing 
surfaces become somewhat smoother every few months, until 


TEETH AT THREE YEARS OLD. 


the colt is}two and one-half to three years old; at this age the 
four central incisors or colt teeth are shed and four permanent 


TEETH. 285 


incisors are or horse teeth, are coming through the gums, to 
occupy their place, and in the course of a few weeks, they will 
have attained sufficient growth, to be of service while eating. 
At from three and a half to four years, four more colt incisors 


TEETH AT FOUR Y®ARS OLD. 


give way, and their place is taken by the same number of perma- 
nent incisors, or horse teeth. The front or nipper teeth, now 
commence to show wear on the outer edge. At from four and a 
half to five years, the colt teeth have all gone and four more 


TEETH AT FIVE YEARS OLD. 


permanent or horse teeth, have taken their places. The nippers 
now show wear on both outer and inner edges, and the middle 
teeth show wear on the outer edges. The horse is now said‘to 
have a full mouth or a complete set of permanent teeth. I have 


286 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


not said anything about the back or molar teeth, for the simple 
reason that they are seldom examined with reference to varia- 
tion, in order to ascertain the age of the animal. The front or 


LOWER JAW AT SIX YEARS. 


incisor teeth, are considered the indicators, and to them I will 
confine myself. At six years of age, the nipper teeth in the 


LOWER JAW AT SEVEN YEARS. 


lower jaw have worn down, until the large cavity or mark in the 
center of the teeth, is nearly gone, and the inner edge of the 
corner teeth, is in full wearing, unless it should be what is 


TEETH. 287 


ealled a shell tooth, then it is not considered to have an inner 
edge. At seven years, the nippers and middle teeth in the 
lower jaw, are worn quite smooth; the cavity or mark in the 


LOWER JAW AT EIGHT YEARS. 


center of these teeth bas disappeared, except in certain cases, 
when a slight trace of it is left. The corner teeth in the lower 


UPPER TEETH AT NINE YEARS. 


jaw, at eight years of age, lose the cavity in the center, through 
wear, although a slight trace of it may yet be seen. All the 
incisor teeth in the lower jaw, now present a well worn, or 


288 DISEASES OF THE HORSE 


smooth appearance. At nine years, the mark or cavity in the 
nippers of the upper jaw disappears, and the wearing surface of 
these two teeth, becomes quite smooth, but the marks in-the 


UPPER JAW AT TEN YEARS. 


balance of the upper teeth, are plainly visible. At ten years 
of age, the middle teeth of the upper jaw, lose their mark, and 


UPPER JAW AT ELEVEN YEARS. 


they become smooth through wear. At eleven years of age, 
the corner teeth in the upper jaw, lose their mark, and the 
wearing surface of all of the upper incisor teeth becomes smooth, 


TEETH. 289 


and the cavity or marks obliterated—the teeth commencing to 
assume a little difference in shape. The gums are commencing 
to recede from the teeth, which gives them the appearance of 
being much longer. They are also a little deeper from their 


LOWER JAW AT TWELVE YEARS. 
outer to their inner edge, in proportion to their breadth. At 
twelve years of age, the nippers of the lower jaw are almost 
round. They are about two-thirds the depth from the outer to 


LOWER JAW AT THIRTEEN YEARS 


the inner edge, that they are in breadth, and the middle and 
corner teeth, are assuming the same shape. Thirteen years of 
age, shows the middle as well as the nippers of the lower jaw, to 
be almost perfectly round; the distance from the outer to the 


290 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


inner edge, measuring about the same as the breadth. Fourteen 
years, presents all of the incisors of the lower jaw, as being 
nearly round, measuring about the same in depth that they do 
in breadth. When fifteen years old, the nippers of the upper 


LOWER JAW AT FOURTEEN YEARS. 
jaw are nearly round, measuring about the same in depth that 
they do in the breadth. At sixteen years, the middle teeth of 
the upper jaw have become nearly round, the nippers measuring 


UPPER JAW AT FIFTEEN YEARS. 


a little more in depth than they do in breadth. Seventeen 
years of age, presents all of the incisors of the upper jaw, as 
being nearly round, the nippers and middle teeth being a trifle 
greater in depth than they are in breadth. At eighteen yeears, 


TEETH. 291 


shape, 


UPPER JAW AT SIXTEEN, 


being about one-fifth greater in depth than they are in breadth. 


UPPER JAW AT SEVENTEEN YEARS. 
Nineteen years, presents the middle teeth of the lower jaw as 


LOWER JAW AT EIGHTEEN YEARS. 
being triangular in shape, increasing in depth and diminishing 


292 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 


in breadth. At twenty, all of the incisors in the lower jaw have 
become triangular in shape, measuring about one-third more in 


LOWER JAW AT NINETEEN YEARS. 


depth than they do in breadth, and as the animal grows older, 


LOWER JAW AT TWENTY YEARS. 


they increase in depth and diminish in breadth, or become very 
irregular. 


CATTLE DEPARTMENT, 


$$$ 


(FS 
Hs) 


DISEASES OF CATTLE, 


THEIR 
CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT. 


SORE MOUTH, OR APTHA. 


Aptha consists of small vesicles or sores in the 
mouth, around the lips and cheeks and sometimes upon 
the tongue. They become ulcerated and are quite 
troublesome. 


Symptoms :—Sometimes there is considerable fever, 
but not always. There is usually dropping or quidding 
of the food. The mouth will feel hot with saliva drop- 
ping from the lips, and upon examination, the vesicles 
and ulcers will be revealed. 

Treatment :—Give a mild physic, say a quart of raw 
linseed oil and apply one of the following applications: 


Chloride Zinc........... two drachms. 

AViainORys Ce aiaildrctawih dia sis gue eats one quart. Mix. 
Or, 

Powe, Abamae. cassia --++,. two ounces. 

DWV LOR er ase ne agli tre ote slants one pint. Mix. 


Or rub powdered alum into the sores, which will 
often work the best. 


GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. 


This disease is quite often met with among cattle, 
and is either supeficial or deep-seated in character. 
When of a superficial nature, caused by the administra- 

(295) 


296 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


tion of medicines not thoroughly diluted or by drinking 
lye or mineral acids, as cattle will do sometimes when 
thirsty, the inflammatoryeaction may follow to the 
stomach and produce death, but if confined to the 


N § 


GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. 


tongue, no unfavorable results need be looked for; but 
when of a deep-seated character, it is very obstinate 
and with difficulty attended. It usually comes from di- 
rect injuries and deep-seated ulcers, and sometimes 
abscesses form spontaneously. 


Symptoms :—The tongue will.be more or less swollen 
and of a deep red color. Sometimes swollen to such an 
extent that it will protrude from the mouth. There is 
great difficulty in swallowing, laborious breathing, 
saliva driveling from the mouth, tongue hot and the 
pulse quickened. Sometimes a foetid smell will be no- 
ticed in the mouth. 


Treatment :—If of a superficial nature, mild solutions, 


such as, 
POW: CATs eee ee one ounce. 
WW: ae rid 6) 7 PO ieee seh hy ae ire one pint. Mix. 


Wash the mouth three times a day; or, 


ULCERATED TONGUE. 207 


Winer ar ot 2 ts. ckt Se ech) Sie Ounces, 
OGY Riker aiaeteecraqsrtiainiaie ele four ounces, 
Chlorate of Potassium...... one ounce. Mix. 
Apply three times a day. Feed soft food as, bran 
mash, etc. If deep-seated in character, the treatment 
will be more severe. Give physic, 
Hpsom: Salts: ces: 2)! sixteen ounces, 
Powd. Jamaica Ginger...twodrachms. Mix. 
Give at one dose in half gallon of water. Keep 
chlorate of potassium in drinking water continuously. 
Feed soft food, allowing plenty of water. If any for- 
eign substance is lodged in the tongue, remove it, or if 
an abscess forms, open it and allow the matter to 
escape. If from deep-seated ulcers, take, 
Chiorate of Zinc... ....'. two drachms. 
IWVistUR TE ia tricone minten Sekacsue: eee four ounces. Mix. 


Apply to the ulcers with a feather or small brush, 
every three or four days until the ulcer looks healthy, 
or pencil it well with lunar caustic. Someyimes scari- 
fying the tongue with the Knife, will be attended with 
great benefit. Also give as a tonic, 


Sulphate of Ironl.4 2S. two ounces. 
Powdered Gentian........ two ounces, 
Powdered Nux Vomica..... one ounce. 


Nitratevot -Potasshimm. oot 08 cents aiey 
-..+....... One and one-half ounces. Mix. 
Make twelve powders. Give one powder morning 
and evening in a pint of water or beer. 


ULCERATED TONGUE. 


Ulcerations of the tongue, fauces and cheeks occur 
from inflammation excited by injuries, diseased teeth, 
lodged food, corn cobs or sticks between the teeth in the 


298 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


mouth; by trying, whilst the animal is choking, to force 
apples, potatoes, or other substances down the throat 
with a stick. 

Symptoms :—Constitutional disturbances will be no- 
ticed from the very first, as the animal experiences 
great difficulty in masticating and swallowing food. 
Emaciation will follow, attended by a rough, staring 
coat, sunken eyes and a dejected appearance generally. 
On examining the mouth, the cause will appear in the 
form of one or more ulcers on the back part of the 
tongue or fauces, having a ragged appearance and 
emitting a sour, disagreeable smell. 

Treatment :—Feed on soft, nutritious diet, as bran 
mash, chop feed, corn meal, green grass, etc. With a 
sponge or cloth fastened to a stick, apply to the ulcers 
the following, once a day: 


Sulphateof Zines: ..(.. 2 one drachm. 

Butter of Antimony......one drachm. 

ATCOMOL Se cea eel ue -eight ounces. Mix. 
Or, 

Nitrate of Silver.....one-half drachm. 

Wither perm esamoneue .. eight ounces. Mix. 
Or, 

Chloride of Zinc......... one drachm. 

DIE ron eMC Hr ML le HORUHG 48 ten ounces. Mix. 


Keep in a cool place and allow plenty of cool drink- 
ing water. <A cure will generally result. 


DIARRHOEA. 


Diarrhoea is observed in cattle as well as in all other 
animals, and its causes are many and various.’ Among 
them are eating irritating substances; eating too large 
quantities of food; eating to excess of sloppy bran or 
linseed meal; changing from dry to green food; the inju- 


DIARRH@A. 299 


dicious or continued use of purgative medicines; indi- 
gestion or disordered stomach. Diarrhoea in calves may 
be caused by giving very rich milk in large quantities, 
or by feeding sour milk; the latter curdles in the 
stomach, and passing on into the bowels in a half- 
digested state, acts as an irritant, producing what is 
known as the ‘‘ white scours.’? Whilst diarrhcea is a 
disease, it is sometimes a boon to the animal, being 
nature’s effort to cast off some deleterous matter that 
has impregnated the system. 


Symptoms :—The most prominent symptoms are a 
copious discharge, of a liquid consistency, from the 
bowels, accompanied by flatulence and continued strain- 
ing; sometimes a good appetite, but more frequently 
itis diminished ; cramping pains, staring coat; and the 
animal will stand all drawn up; if the patient be a calf 
whose diarrhcea is caused by sour milk the feeces will 
emit a sour odor; the animal will lose flesh rapidly and 
have a dejected appearance generally. 


Treatment :—Too much cannot be said against the use 
of astringent remedies at the commencement of diar- 
rhoea unless the cause be known to be the use of purga- 
tives, bran or linseed meal. The reason for this is that 
there is generally within the bowels some irritant which 
nature is trying to expel. Instead of giving remedies 
to prevent it, give half a pint or a pint of linseed or 
castor oil to aid in removing the offending object; it 
will usually effect a cure. If not, you may then resort 
to astringents and give one of the following every four 
or five hours until a cure is effected : 


Timetune) Oateenid. os. is5 2% two ounces. 
DMN GtURe ROIMO ¢ische <ieta oe shee two ounces. 
Pinchurey Opium sai: .'s)/6)e two ounces. 


Tincture Ginger..-....... two ounces. Mix. 


B00 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


Give two ounces at a dose in a little water as a 
drench; or, 


Powdered: @halks 7.2.0.0 .% . one ounce. 
Powdered Catechu..... three drachms. 
Powderedak mow cei: cas: one drachm. 
Powdered Opium....one-half drachm. Mix. 
Give at one dose; or, 
Prepared: Chalk 20:20 fae six dracims. 
Powdered Opium........ one drachm. 
PanmiceAcie sets enews k one scruple. Mix. 


Give at one dose. If, after giving these remedies, 
the bowels become too much constipated, give a pint of 
raw linseed oil, or castor oil. Feed on dry food, give 
no grain and limit the amount of drinking water to half 
gallon at each drink. For calves give one-fourth the 
amount prescribed above. 


ACUTE DYSENTERY. 


This disease consists in an inflammation of the 
mucous membrane of the bowels, with ulceration and 
hemorrhage, and is sometimes called bloody flux. It is 
very often the sequel to diarrhoea and has similar 
causes. The symptoms, too, are about the same, only 
of a more aggravated form. There is great constitu- 
tional disturbance with a liquid or watery discharge, 
intermingled with blood, from the bowels. The animal 
appears very dull, with clammy mouth, flurred tongue, 
sunken eyes, discharging a thin, watery or mattery dis- 
charge; rapid, small and wiry pulse, dry, harsh, staring 
coat, great emaciation, with a hide-bound appearance. 
The animal grunts, grinds its teeth and stands with ita 
back arched. Pain in the bowels is manifested by 
uneasiness and frequent straining; the straining 1s some- 


alee ae al 


ACUTE DYSENTERY. 801 


times so hard, that it forces the bowel out, when it pre- 
sents a red and inflamed appearance. Sometimes, but 
not always, there is considerable bloating on the left 


ACUTE DYSENTERY. 


side. The horns, limbs and ears are cold. If acow she 
loses her milk. Loss of appetite is noticed, with sus- 
pended rumination and increased desire for water. 


Treatment :—Place the animal in a good, comfortable 
piace, well bedded, and blanket well. Feed choice, 


862 


clean, 


DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


sparingly. Give the following: 


Castor or Linseed Oil....... one quart. 
Powdered Opium......... one drachm. 
Powdered Catechu....... one drachni. 


nutritious food and allow drinking water 


Mix. 


Give at one dose, and afterwards give every four or 
five hours till the bowels stop running off and the 
patient stops straining, of the following: 


alone oie 2 .one-half drachm. 
Powdered Opium........ two scruples. 
Powdered Kino.......... one drachm. 
Give in a pint of linseed tea; or, 
Powdered Opium........ twe scruples. 
Prepared Ohalk ........ five drachms. 
Powdered Catechu...... four drachms. 
Ginger re nk wwe two drachms. 
Give ina quart of linseed gruel; or, 
Muriate of Morphia........ ten grains. 
Powdered Camphor...... one drachm. 
Prepared Chalk.......... six drachms. 


Whites of three hard-boiled eggs ..... 


Mix. 


Mix. 


Mix. 


Give in a pint of linseed or oatmeal gruel; or, 


Tincture Opima os se is.e/ lee one ounce. 
Tincture Catechu...... one-half ounce. 
Tincture Kino........: one-half ounce. 
Pure Carbolic Acid.......thirty drops. 
Sweet Spirits of Nitre.............. 


.one and one-half ounces. 
Cire ina eipine of linseed gruel. 


Mix. 


Sometimes acute dysentery subsides and takes a 
chronic form, when the length of time for recovery will 
be prolonged. Select one or two of the foregoing pre- 
scriptions containing chalk, and continue its use twice 
daily ; the results will be very satisfactory. But, if the 


WHITE SCOURS IN CALVES. 803 


chronic form is the result of old age and general de- 
bility, the bowels become so weakened that any treat- 
ment is of little avail and death closes the scene. 


WHITE SCOURS IN CALVES. 


This disease is caused by an acid condition of the 
stomach. Calves that are not allowed to nurse their 
mothers and especially the first milk after calving 
(called colostrum) which acts as a mild physic and pre- 
pares the stomach and bowels for the reception and 
proper digestion of food, are susceptible to white scours. 
When calves are not allowed the first milk of the 
mother, they become constipated, which condition is 
followed by an acid secretion from the lining mem- 
branes of the stomach and bowels, and when milk is 
swallowed it soon curdles; the cheesy material acts as 
an irritant and the whey passes off in the form of white, 
half-fluid manure, which is properly termed white 
scours. 

Treatment :—The first object is to counteract the acid 
secretion and restore the bowels to a natural condition. 
This is best accomplished by giving a mild physic to 
remove offending agents, as, 


Page ds Olean eee ia slay ante of arse log one pint. 
Baia ere ria theater, Lie rai ar eral es one ounce. 
Beraanciyiers teres oe ye, secant ot two ounces. Mix. 


Give two ounces three times a day until the bowels 
act in a somewhat natural manner. The food should 
receive immediate attention. Give milk and linseed 
gruel, half and half, until the bowels are in a condition 
to receive milk alone. Or, you can constantly diminish 
the gruel and add more milk daily, until the desired re- 
sults are accomplished. Sometimes white scours as- 


804 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


sumes a chronic form, when more active astringents are 
called for, and when such is the case, use the following; 


Prepared @haik 3. 2:5). ties two ounces. 
Powdered Catechu......... one ounce. 
Powdered Ginger..... . four drachms. 
Powdered Opium........ .one drachm. 
Peppermint Water.......... one pint. Mix. 


Give one ounce three times a day. 


TYMPANITIS, HOVEN OR BLOATING. 


This is a common disease, or rather accident, among 
cattle and has been pretty generally observed by almost 
every person who is in the habit of keeping or handling 
them. The complaint is usually observed in cattle 
which are greedy eaters and have just been turned out 


ACUTE TYMPANITIS, OR BLOATING. 


to feed on red clover pasture of rank growth and coy- 
ered with moisture or dew. ‘The greedy animal eats 
more than the stomach can handle and force up for 
mastication. °In the rumen, or first stomach, which is 
merely a receptacle for food, a fermentation takes 


prea 


TYMPANITIS, HOVEN OR BLOATING. 805 


place, gases are formed and the paunch is distended to 
an enormous size and is noticed on the left side. If relief 
is not speedily obtained, rupture of the stomach or bow- 
els takes place and death ensues. Cattle that have been 
fed on dry food, and are turned upon green pasture that 
is wet from rain or dew, are most liable to become af- 
fected. Great care should therefore be exercised, in 
not allowing the cattle to eat too much such grass, before 
being removed to a place of confinement, where they 
may ruminate or ‘‘chew the cud.’’ Cattle fed on frozen 
turnips, carrots or other roots, are subject to tympan- 
itis. So, also, cattle which are choking, or have any 
foreign substance within the csophagus, are liable to 
bloat; but on removal of the obstruction, the bloating 
disappears. I have seen a case where the cow had at- 
tempted premature birth. The calf was dead and par- 
tially decayed within the womb; rumination was sus- 
pended, appetite lost, rough coat, dejected appearance 
generally. Bloating was a prominent symptom. An 
examination by the vagina revealed the cause. 
Symptoms :—The symptoms are developed very rap- 

idly. After being turned on clover or wet grass, 
a swelling appears on the left side and gradually in- 
creases in severity. The bloating becomes greater, 
breathing is most difficult and the patient moans and 
grunts; the eyes become blood-shot, saliva drivels from 
the mouth, and the back is arched. The animal seems 
riveted to the spot on which it stands, or staggers 
around and falls to rise no more. 

Treatment :—If the case is not too far advanced, vive 
the following at one dose: 


Aqua Ammonia...... +. -...one ounce. 
Tincture of Ginger........ two ounces. 
Minetureof Anise i355. 40.2 one ounce, 


Water ware oats occa mien one quart. Mix. 


806 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


Or give the ammonia and water together, omitting 
the other drugs. Afterwards place a large gag in the 
mouth to keep it wide open and fasten it there by ropes 
tied around the horns or neck; this will permit the free 
outlet of eructations of gas from the stomach. If the 
symptoms increase in severity, it is best to tap the 
stomach with a trocar and canula, which is done as 
follows: Fasten the animal so that it cannot get away, 
then shove the beast against the stall or fence. Then, 
standing on the left, somewhat in front to prevent be- 
ing kicked, measure about half way between the last 
rib and hip bone, and about six inches from the lumbar 
vertebre. Now plunge the instrument inward and 
downward and withdraw the trocar leaving the canula, 
through which the gas will come rushing out. The 
canula may be fastened there, and, if necessary, kept in 
position for twenty-four hours. The trocar and canula 
should be eight or nine inches in length and three- 
eighths of an inch in diameter. If you have no instru- 
ment, use an ordinary jack-knife, as there is very little 
danger from such an operation. After discharging the 
gas, to empty the stomach, give the following, 


Epsom Salts............twelve ounces. 
Glauber Salts eels eG four ounces. 
Powdered Ginger......-four drachms, 
WVaiematstuem ee cer uapraaee tse one gallon. Mix. 


Give immediately. Sometimes the hollow probang 
is introduced into the stomach, to allow the gas to 
escape; but this is not very practical, as you cannot al- 
low it to remain in very long and the opening is Hable to 
become plugged with food. After giving the physic you 
may give some brandy, whiskey or ale, to tone up the 
stomach, 


PLEURO-PNEUMONIA CONTAGIOSA. 307 


PLEURO-PNEUMONIA CONTAGIOSA. 


For forty years, or so, this disease has been noticed 
in different parts of the eastern states, but through pre- 
cautionary measures, it has not become at all widely 
spread in the rest of the country—for which stock own- 
ers may be deeply thankful. The means now employed 
to prevent a spread of the disease by quarantining 
imported cattle for a period of three months will, no 
doubt, lessen, if not completely check, the ravages of 
this malady. Floating rumors sometimes declare the 
existence of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in some 
of the western states; but upon the best authority [ am 
informed upon thorough examination, both ante and 
post mortem, by qualified veterinary surgeons, such 
rumors fail to establish themselves. At the same time 
considerable alarm may exist. Pleuro-pneumonia epi- 
zootica is as contagious among cattle as smallpox is 
among men. Bedding, food, blankets, manure——in fact 
anything used around an animal affected with pleuro- 
pneumonia—brought in contact with a healthy animal, 
is liable to communicate the disease. The period of 
incubation varies with different animals. The disease 
may develop in a week or ten days and may not appear 
under twelve or fifteen weeks—though during this time 
there will appear some symptoms. There may be a 
slight, husky cough, pulse somewhat accelerated, with 
‘a raise in temperature to possibly 108° F. Yet the 
animal may thrive and lay on flesh and, if a milch cow, 
the flow of milk may not be diminished. After the dis- 
ease becomes further advanced, respiration is quick- 
ened, the temperature reaches 108° F., appetite ceases, 
rumination is suspended, the mouth is hot, there are 
chiils™with more or less shivering, milk diminishes, 
bowels are constipated, urine is high-colored, breath 
somewhat offensive, pulse accelerated to possibly one 


808 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


hundred or more per minute, coat staring, with yellow 
skin. The cough becomes more frequent and trouble- 
some, the nostrils are dilated, with a sight, offensively 
smelling discharge, there is great emaciation; on apply- 
ing the ear to the windpipe a rushing sound of air is 
heard; at the base of the lungs a loud sound may be 
distinguished but still further back, on account of the 
infiltration or consolidation of the lung tissue, no sound 
at all or only a wheezing sound can be heard. If the 
disease be confined to one side or to one lung only, on 
the opposite side the respiratory murmur is much louder, 
on account of the double work on that side. No treat- 
ment should be attempted, but the infected animals 
should be destroyed and their carcasses burned, as soon 
as the identity of the disease is established beyond 
doubt, in order to prevent the spread of the contagion. 


ALBUMINURIA, INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS, OR 
BRIGHT’S DISEASE. 


This disease is not very frequent, except as the re- 
sult of injury, when it sometimes occurs in a violent 
form. Still it may arise from bad feeding, from feed- 
ing poorly matured or marsh hay, which causes derange- 
ment of the digestive organs and irritation of the kid- 
neys through reflex action of the brain. This form is 
seldom observed among the lower animals. But when 
an injury is received upon the brain or spinal cord, 
albuminuria is frequently the result. 

Symptoms :—Generally the first symptoms observed 
are the animal’s standing with its legs gathered under 
it, and the back arched; or the legs will be somewhat 
stretched out, the hind legs wide apart, and the back 
sunken or straight. The animal is loath to move, ap- 
pears stiff, and if compelled to move, does so witha 


iN aaa 


EPIZOOTIC APHTHA, ETC. 309 


painful, straddling motion. The bowels are usually con- 
stipated and the breathing accelerated. The urine is 
thick and dark colored, and sometimes passed with diffi- 
culty ; if tested for albumen, it will be found in varying 
amounts. The attack is usually very sudden, and, if not 
speedily relieved, the patient usually dies from blood 
poisoning. 

Treatment:—If there is inability to void urine, it 
should be drawn away. In the cow this is easily done 
with a straight catheter; but in the ox, owing to the 
curvature in the penis, it can only be done by making 
an incision into the urethra below the anus, through 
which pass the female catheter. Then immediately 
give a strong physic to unload the bowels and keep their 
contents in a liquid state to relieve the kidneys of a 
share of their work. Give the following, 


Epsom Salts...........sixteen ounces. 
Sulphate of Soda.......twelve ounces. 
Ginwersn2e a0: we oy ORE OUNCE, 


Warm Waker one cand one- half gallons. Mix. 
Keep hot cloths across the loins, and mustard embro- 
cations may be applied across the loins to advantage. 
Keep in a comfortable place, and feed on soft, nutri- 
tions diet, as, bran mash, scalded chop feed, linseed 
gruel, etc. After the bowels have been relieved, give 
the following: 
Powdered Opium........... one ounce. 
Cilomie lic Maine teat four drachms. Mix. 
Make eight powders. Give one powder morning 
and evening, in thick linseed gruel. 


EPIZOOTIC APHTHA, OR FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. 

It is proper to state here, that a simple form of 
aphtha appears in young animals during dentition, 
when small vesicles or blisters break out around the 


B10 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


mouth, on the tongue, and sometimes around the feet. 
But this is in no way contagious and calls for little or 
no treatment except the application of some healing 
lotion. But epizootic aphtha is a different disease and 
highly contagious, often fatal; and like smallpox and 
measles in man, is seldom seen twice in the same indi- 
vidual. It is purely an eruptive fever and destined to 
run a certain course, until a favorable termination may 
be reached, despite all treatment. 


Symptoms :—The symptoms vary in intensity accord- 
ing to the condition, temperament and habits of the 
animal. It develops rapidly from the commencement 
and is generally ushered in bya chill which is succeeded 
by a staring coat, dry cough, quick, hard pulse, and a 
temperature ranging from 108° F. to 106° F., the appe- 
tite is poor and sometimes entirely suspended. Thick, 
ropy saliva drivels from the mouth, and, as the vesicles 
rupture, it becomes mixed with blood. Upon examining 
the mouth, vesicles varying in size will be seen on the 
tongue, lips and cheeks. The feet are not always 
attacked, but generally are. If so, there will be swell- 
ing around the coronets covered with small blisters, also 
small blisters between the coronets. The swelling 
presses the toes apart and, on standing or walking, 
causes great pain. The blisters or vesicles soon burst, 
discharge their contents and, in the majority of cases, 


scab over. Sometimes the teats and udders of cows. 


become affected, break out, swell, and prove a great 
source of irritation. 
Treatment :—Give a mild laxative, as, 


Sulphateof Soda. 2)" /c nee ten ounces. 
GM ERS eee e ae ere et .. one-half ounce. 
Poenuateelk ye. j.e0 ee et one-half ounce. Mix. 


Give in a quart of warm beer. The mouth should 
be washed twice or thrice daily with the following: 


CANCEROUS ULCERS. 311 


Chlorate of Potassium...... one ounce. 
Powdered sAluny ices aan es one ounce. 
Vater. af sapere ei oe JOT VG MAT Gs VET 


If matter foie around ie feet, apply the following 
twice daily: 


INC ah iven ce atop ae Meet AN Aaa one ounce. 

Wiel <4 MMR eiteieeueiy two ounces. Mix. 
Grease the parts; or use, 

Salicylic Acids) o 2) ci .one-half ounce. 

Wave haul as che 1 ieee Aan Ney pe OR ne one ounce, 

Verselamierw: ss iene tat one two ounces. Mix. 


Grease the parts thrice daily. If the udder is swelled 
and painful grease with, 


Guim, Camphor7. 2): 6 .++..-one ounce. 
Extract of Belladonna...... one ounce. 
Wea e@limens <A Sees ihe eaten cats five ounces. Mix. 


Use twice daily. If the appetite fails or the animal 
cannot eat, drench with gruel two or three times a day, 
into which may be mixed a quart of beer. 


CANCEROUS ULCERS. 


When the veterinary surgeon’s attention is called to 
these cases, he can do little more than to advise concern- 


LUMP JAW. 


ing the best mode of destroying the animal. These 
uleers generally appear as small, hard nedules, situated 
upon either the upper or lower jaw, principally the late 


312 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 

ter. Usually they are at first movable, the skin playing 
over them with perfect ease. As they gradually de- 
velop in size, they become adherent to the bone and 
may continue to grow for months before breaking. 
When one breaks, it discharges either a thin lquid, or 


TUMOR REMOVED. 


pus, and presents an ugly, ragged appearance, of a 
fibrous nature and sometimes bleeds profusely. It may 
partially heal up, then it will swell up and discharge, 
and lumps of tissue will slough away. Gradually be- 
coming worse, it eventually affects the teeth, causing 


LUMP JAW. 


them to fall out and establishing an opening into the 
mouth, through which the food will drop out.\ There is 
no special treatment save to fatten the animal for the 
butcher—that is when the swelling is first noticed. 


HEMATUREA, OR BLOODY URINE. 318 


After it has broken out and discharged for some time, 
the flesh ought not to be used. Still, destroying the 
animal is a humane act. 


HAEMATUREA, OR BLOODY URINE. 


This disease is seen amongst all breeds of cattle and 
is caused by injuries over the back and loins; by cattle 
jumping upon each other, by eating herbs which cause 


TRAUMATIC HAMATUREA. 


irritation of the kidneys, by the administration of pain- 
ful diuretics; from stones in the bladder, rupture of 
small blood vessels in the kidneys, or vagina. 

Symptoms :—The symptoms develop very rapidly. 
The animal appears weak, scarcely able to rise, and 
when standing the back is arched; there is strain- 
ing, the animal voids small quantities of urine 
mixed with blood globules and albumen; _ pulse 
quick, small and wiry; appetite and rumination partly 
suspended, legs and horns are alternately hot and cold, 
mouth hot, bowels constipated, flow of milk decreased ; 
on applying pressure along the back, the animal evinces 
pain; if compelled to walk, it moves with a straddling 
gait. 


814 DISEASES OF CATTLE, 


Treatment :—Apply hot fomentations across the loins 
and give the following: 


Epsom Salts...... .-...sixteen ounces. 
Sulphate of Soda......... eight ounces. 
Ground: Ginger. -s'-\.-% one-half ounce. 
Gentiame eae. tags oa: .one-lalf ounce. Mix. 


Give in a gallon of water at one dose; to be fol- 
lowed with tonics, as, 
Tincture Per-Chloride of Iron....... 
ATS ANEW hates en . -one ounce, 
Tincture Cinchona........four ounces. 
Tincture Nux Vomica.....two ounces. 
Tincture Opin... 3s .four ounces. 
Infusion of Quassia ..... .-five ounces. Mix. 


Give two ounces, three times a day. Feed on a soft 
outritious diet and the drinking water should be ren- 
dered mucilaginous by linseed. 


PHRENITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. 


Inflammation of the brain usually results from in- 
juries to the head, or as the sequel of fevers caused by 


eating buckeyes; also from indigestion, from exposure to 


the hot sun, from extensive inflammation of the ear, etc. 


Symptoms :—Sometimes an animal suffering from 
inflammation of the brain will appear stupid, pressing 
its head for a considerable time against a wall, fence or 
some stationary object, and occasionally running about 
wildly as if it were both drunk and blind. Others ap- 
pear as though seized with a fit of madness and act 
fiercely ; the eyes are inflamed and staring—constantly 
watching. The animal in rushing about, will fall down 
in almost any position. The breathing will be slow, 
and the pulse, strong and full at first, will gradually de- 


GONORRH@A, OR CLAP. 815 


cline with throbbing of the temporal arteries. The dis- 
ease generally occurs during the hot months. 


Treatment :—Give a brisk physic: 


Epsom Salts....... twenty-four ounces. 
Gane er wee aha cer kcaee six drachms. Mix. 


Put in a gallon of warm water and give at one dose. 
Bleed from the jugular vein, while the pulse is full, 
from one to two gallons. Apply ice-cold water to the 
head constantly. If the limbs are cold, apply friction 
or some stimulating liniment and bandage, and give, 

Bromide of Potassium...... six ounces. 
Sulphate of Soda......-twelve ounces. Mix. 

Make twelve powders. Give one powder every two 
or three hours in a pint of water, and as convalescence 
is taking place, apply a good blister on the head, back 
of the horns. 


GONORRHOEA, OR CLAP. 


This disease is not very frequently met with in 
veterinary practice, but sometimes occurs and is a 
source of considerable annoyance to both practitioner 
and patient. Bulls and cows suffer considerably in 
passing water. The animal strains frequently and only 
a small quantity of urine at a time is passed; the ani- 
mal occasionally stamps its feet and lashes its tail from 
side to side; the bowels are constipated; if a bull, a 
swelling appears around the sheath; a discharge of mat- 
ter, at first light in color and then assuming a thick white 
or yellowish white color, is seen dropping away; some- 
times the penis swells up and becomes fiery red in color. 

Treatment :—As soon as noticed give a brisk physic: 

Epsom, Saltse is, ace. - sixteen ounces. 


Gineeriate. 4 ieee foals seven drachms. Mix. 


316 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


Give ina gallon of warm water. Bathe the parts 
well with hot water and into the affected portions in- 
ject hot water frequently, or inject the following: 


LOGOLODIM? eats eae eee two drachms. 

JOINS) sete aU ears Pts as, ee ree six ounces. 

WHALER stn ee neces ati eon ten ounces. Mix. 
Use three times a day; or, 

Sulphate of Copper......... one ounce. 

WWALCIi at leit: dees ci nts stk: -one quart. Mix. 
Or, 

Calomelateine cece oe ae two drachms. 

Pame BW ater s cect beets wires one pint. Mix. 


Inject twice daily and give the following: 


Balsam \Coparbariswe oes. two ounces. 
Tincture. Cubebs'.tc us... two ounces. 
Spirits of Camphor........ two ounces. 
Minctore: Kanes: aes two ounces. 
EOE Dp Wane a= pice eae sche eae forty grains. Mix. 


Give tablespoonful three times a day. If chancres 
appear, they should be touched with lunar caustic and 
afterward covered with iodoform or calomel twice 
daily. Cattle thus affected should not be bred until a 
complete cure is effected, as it is communicable to other 
animals. Great care should be used in thoroughly 
cleansing the hands, as the discharge is very poisonous. 


CATARRH, OR COLD. 


This is the term used to denote an inflamed condi- 
tion of the lining membrane of the nostrils, sinuses of 


the head and upper air passages; it may extend to the 
eyes and throat. The causes are change of climate, 


sudden changes of weather, bad ventilation, deficient 


CATARRH, OR COLD. 817 


drainage, being turned from a warm stable out into a 
cold storm, ete. 


Symptoms :—The lining membrane of the nostrils is 
at first reddened and dry, soon becoming moist with a 
thin, watery discharge. The eye-lids become swollen 
and red and discharge a watery secretion, soon assuming 
a mattery appearance. The forehead and butts of the 


CATARRH, OR COLD. 


horns are very hot. The animal snuffles and sneezes 
and sometimes coughs. The breathing is somewhat 
difficult. The animal occasionally shivers. Appetite 
and rumination are partly suspended. The urine is 
high-colored. Coat is rough and staring. Sometimes a 
light diarrhoea is present and later on a thick, viscid 
discharge from the nostrils. 


Treatment :—Give as a mild laxative— 


Bipsomusaltg. 2h... af.aels twelve ounces. 
GinPerkecek san coats 2 one-half ounce. 
(FETs a saat eal one-half ounce. Mix. 


Give in a half gallon of warm water. Keep the 
patient ina comfortable place, blanket well and feed 
on hot mashes. Give one of the following powders 
three times a day: 


818 DISEASES OF CATTLE, 


Chlorate of Potassium..... one ounce. 
Nitrate of Potassium.......one ounce. 
Bicarbonate of Soda........ one ounce. Mix. 


Make eight powders. If the discharge becomes 
stopped before a favorable termination is reached, steam 
the nostrils with scalded bran or oats and add a little 
vinegar to the hot water. 


CHOKING. 


This 1s a common accident among cattle that are fed 
on such roots as turnips, carrots, potatoes, beets, ete., 
etc. In greedy eaters it is also caused whilst eating 
grain or chaff; in the hurry to eat, the food is not thor- 
oughly mixed with saliva, and being swallowed about 


INJURIES TO THE GULLET FROM USING BROOM STICKS 
AND WHIP STALKS WHILE CHOKING. 
half dry, it frequently becomes lodged in the cesophagus. 
Choking also occurs from leather, clothing, ete., of 
which cattle frequently attempt to eat. 
Symptoms :—If the obstruction is high up in the 
throat or in the pharynx, the animal will slaver consid- 


CHOKING. 319 


erably—the saliva running profusely from the mouth. 
There will be difficult breathing and much uneasiness. 


hy, fh, 
ie It h 


|, 
‘a Wy 
Bhi Vas 
iy li ls 


THE MANNER OF USING THE PRORANG IN CHOKING. 
The head will be held low down with the nose straight 
out; sometimes attempts at coughing are made. The 


320 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


eyes are staring and blood shot. If the obstruction is 
lower down the neck or within the chest, the symptoms 
are not so severe. The breathing may be but little 
altered and the slavering much less and_ probably 
absent. If the animal attempts to drink and the obstruc- 
tion is large, the water will be ejected through the 
mouth and nostrils; but if the obstruction is small, it 
may pass by it and go to the stomach. Bloating is a 
prominent symptom—the left side will sometimes be 
ereatly distended. 


Treatment :—If the obstruction is within the pharynx 
place a gag in the mouth and remove it with the hand 
or with a pair of forceps. If you fail to withdraw it, 
give a half pint of sweet oil or melted lard; administer 
carefully, and the obstruction may pass downward or be 
expelled in an attempt to cough. Should this fail or 
should the animal be in great distress, pass the pro- 
bang immediately. This should be done as follows: 
Place gag in the mouth and have an assistant hold 
it; then grease the probang and pass it slowly down the 
throat. When you come to the obstruction, press 
heavily but slowly, and when it starts force it on into 
the stomach. If the obstruction is low down or within 
the chest, give six or eight ounces of sweet oil or melted 
lard, also a quart or two of water, and it will frequently 
pass on. If it does not, pass the probang, but do not 
attempt to force it down with sticks or whip-stalks as 
you are liable to produce great injury, by rupturing the 
cesophagus. When this occurs and inflammation sets 
in, apply hot water to the side of the neck, and give 
internally— 


Powdered Alum.......one-half ounce. 
Powdered Opium...... three drachms. 
Warm Water. ure tice ti oe -. one pint. Mrx. 


OHRONIC INDIGESTION, out 


Give wineglassful three times a day. Sometimes it 
is advisable to apply a blister along the side of the 
neck. The following will answer very well: 


Aqua Ammonia.......... two ounces. 
Spirits Turpentine........ two ounces. 
IinseednOia ke sks ees four ounces. Mix. 


Apply two or three times a day, rubbing it thor- 
oughly. Feed on soft food, allow drinking water at 
pleasure and fatten for the butcher, as there will always 
be more or less trouble. 


CHRONIC INDIGESTION. 


This is a disease of the fourth stomach and is caused 
by irregular feeding, bad ventilation, feeding innutri- 
tious and badly-cured fodder, exposure to cold and rain, 
feeding on marsh grasses, ete. 


CHRONIC INDIGESTION. 


Symptoms :—At first the animal will have a whim- 
sical appetite and eat irregularly; later on, they will 
sometimes be discovered eating dirt, filth, straw, 
manure, etc. -,The skin becomes harsh and dry, with a 
staring coat. The dung will be passed in small lumps 


822 ' DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


which will be hard and dry and covered with mucous. 
The loss of flesh will be rapid and the creature at the 
flanks will look as thin as a sunfish. The blood becomes 
depleted, with pallor of the mucous membranes; and if 


ayy OT, 


VK 
iN \ (\ \ 
\ 
| Ae) 
\ oe 
4 J) 


eee 


DROPPING OF THE CUD, OR INDIGESTION, 


the disease is allowed to progress, diarrhcea will super- 
vene and death will result. But, if attended to in time, 
a favorable termination may be looked for. 


Treatment:—Put the animal in a comfortable place 
and give a mild laxative. 


Epsom’ Salts). 2... 3 ....- twelve ounces. 
Powdered Ginger...... one-half ounce. 
Powdered Gentian.... one-half ounce. 
Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia...... 
Meiscgestels Sl iemac days a Bua eouaeeun WO LOMIMGES: 
Wiaiters. su cuhcie es note Nene accion one quart. Mix, 
Give at one dose, and afterwards give— 
Powdered Nux Vomica....two ounces. 
Powdered Jamaica Ginger.two ounces. 
Powdered Gentian..... .. four ounces. 


Powdered Fenugreek .... two ounces, Mix. 


coLic. S34 


Give desertspoonful two or three times a day in soft 
food. Feed on soft, nutritious food in.small quantities, 
often repeated; or feed roots, as turnips, carrots, beets, 
ete., with a little linseed meal occasionally. Give 
plenty of fresh drinking water, with a teaspoonful of 
soda, three times a day. 


COLIC. 


This disease is seldom seen in cattle and when it 
occurs, the animal is not very violently attacked. Com- 
pared with the same disease in the horse, the symptoms 
are very mild. ‘The animal will appear a little uneasy, 
stamp with its hind feet, twist its tail around from side 
to side, and possibly he down and remain quiet; some- 
times it will turn its head around to its side. The 
breathing and pulse remain about normal. 


Treatment :—Administer a physic; the following will 
answer very well: 
Epsom Salts...........sixteen ounces, 


Powdered Ginger.......... one ounce. 
Powdered Gentian.... one-half ounce. 
Wiatti ise emt s/).\e oth baeiets 4 one quart. 
Warm Water orig va byes one quart. Mix. 


Give at one dose. Bathe the lower part of the abdo- 
men and allow the animal to rest. If it still appears 
uneasy give the following; 


Tincture Opium.......... two ounces. 
Dinekure: GinPer aise es 34 one ounce. 
Tincture Capsicum.... one-half ounce. 
IW, Higkey oo. eer td cel. hae one-half pint. Mix. 


Give at one dose, and, if the pains still continue, 
repeat in two hours. 


324 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 


Among cattle this disease is not very frequent, but 
when it does occur it is usually very fatal. The causes 
are obstruction of the bowels, feeding on musty hay, 
drinking ice-cold water, administration of powerful, 
irritating medicines, change of food, ete. 

Symptoms :—The animal will be seized with colicky 
pains; will strike at the abdomen with the hind feet; 
there is suspension of appetite and rumination; pulse, 
at first full and hard, gradually growing quick, small 


—~ 


i Ys oe 
Pe oe 


ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 
and wiry; the animal hes down and rises up frequently ; 
pain is constant: there is moaning; nose hot and dry; 
mucous membrane very red; anxious expression of 
countenance. 


Treatment :—Place the animal in a comfortable stall, 
well bedded. If the disease is caused by obstruction of 
the bowels give a mild laxative—as a pint and a half of 
sweet oil, or a pound of sulphate of soda in half a gal- 
lon of water. Follow up with drachm doses of pow- 
dered opium, to relieve the pain, or twenty-drop doses 
of fluid extract aconite, every thirty minutes until 


AFFECTIONS OF THE RETICULUM, ETC. 325 


relief is obtained. Apply to the abdomen blankets 
wrung out of hot water and rub mustard on the abdo- 
men and legs. Blanket well and feed on soft bran 
mashes for a few days, to relax the bowels. Avoid giv- 
ing brisk purgatives as evil results are lable to follow 
their use. 


AFFECTIONS OF THE RETICULUM, OR SECOND STOMACH. 


The reticulum, or second stomach, of cattle is. some- 
times the seat of trouble. It is this stomach which pre- 
sents a honeycombed appearance. The usual trouble 
here is the accumulation of foreign bodies—such as 
pins, nails, shoe soles, pieces of tin, wire, ete.—which 
cows are liable to pick up. Many of these articles find 
a resting place in the rumen, or first stomach, but some 
pass on into the second stomach. Needles or nails some- 
times pierce the stomach and pass out to the ribs or on 
through the flesh and form an abscess, finally sloughing 
their way out of the animal’s body. Others may pass 
forward through the diaphragm and pierce the heart, 
causing instant death. Others may pierce the walls of 
the stomach and excite an inflammation there; and 
they may be incased in tumors which have formed 
around them, there to remain for months, or even 
years; or abscesses may form and break, assisting to 
destroy the life of the animal. It may not show any 
signs of illness and yet have within the stomach quite 
an accumulation of bits of iron, ete. But, if tumors 
and abscesses form, the animal will begin to lose flesh; 
an intermittent diarrhoea will be noticed, with rough, 
staring coat and yellow skin, full of dandruff, impaired 
appetite, sunken eyes, and aversion to movement.’ The 
treatment is unsatisfactory, as the offending object is 


326 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


difficult to locate. All that can be done is to feed on 
good, soft nutritious diet, and, if able to locate the 
irritating substance, operate and remove it. 


CONJUNCTIVITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES. 


Inflammation of the eyes arises from various causes, 
such as blows from sticks or stones, being struck with a 
whip, dirt or chaff getting into the eye, foul stables, 
exposure to cold, ete. 

Symptoms:—Swelling of the eyelids, with water 
dropping from the inner corners; eyelids closed most of 
the time, intolerance of light, impaired appetite, fever- 
ishness, conjunctiva swollen and red, with a whitish 
film covering the anterior portion of the eyeball; if 
from a bruise, red streaks of blood will be seen radiat- 
ing from the seat of injury. 

Treatment :—If a foreign body is in the eye, remove 
it. This is much easier said than done, but the follow- 
ing solution will greatly assist in the operation: 


WOCAING oar iets vee sheen ees . ten grains. 
Ott Waterers cig G one ounce. Mix. 


Place a few drops into the eye every thirty seconds, 
for two or three minutes; the eye becomes insensible 
and a thorough examination may be made. After the 
removal of any foreign substance, bathe the eye a few 
times with hot water, and the trouble is usually at an 
end. 

If from other causes, give a physic, 

Epsom Salts...........sixteen ounces. 


Gamer Ce - Morten s gate as one-half ounce. 
Moenueneek oii cet ce one-half ounce. Mix. 


Give at one dose. Then bathe the eyes three or four 
times a day with hot water; feed on soft food and apply 
twice daily, one of the following lotions: 


INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER, OR HEPATITIS. 827 


Sulphate of Zine@iinal ete. four grains. 

Sulphate of Atropia ........ one grain. 

Soft: Waters). crete a ....two ounces. Mix. 
Or, 

Powdered Opium......... one drachm. 

Hot Sott: Water: .22.0.25..0.. six ounces. “Max. 
Or, 

Sulphate of Zine.:..)5,...°. four grains 

VADER eters vrata el ortho two ounces. Mix. 
Or, 

CATO PUNE foo any ean e) aterd die See one grain. 

Sulphate of Copper........four grains. 

Wate EA ot cpt Waal .....two ounces. Mix. 
Or, 

Sulphate Morphia..... Hee ares one grain. 

COGaIME:, s)\4 ree es ive wart Velstarns. 

BWW uber Gr ensure eat onal tara hats one ounce. Mix. 


Keep the patient in a clean, dark, airy stable; if at 
pasture, and only one eye is affected, bandage the af- 
fected eye. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER, OR HEPATITIS. 


Inflammation of the liver is most frequently the re- 
sult of high feeding in warm stables, without sufficient 
exercise to keep the circulation of the blood active. 
The bowels become constipated and the liver suffers 
from an extra amount of blood sent to it, causing con- 
gestion and resulting in inflammation. 


Symptoms :— When the liver is attacked with conges- 
tion, the animal exhibits no distressing symptoms. 
But when inflammation sets in, the pulse is s ow and 
intermittent; respiration slow, the mucous me ibranes 
are pale or tinged with yellow; bowels constipated: the 


828 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


dung hard and black; urine high colored: coat staring, 
dry and hard to the touch; horns, ears and legs cold. 
On applying pressure to the right side, behind the last 
rib, the animal will evince pain and try to get away 


FAINTING FIT FROM INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. 


from you, and sometimes moan; you will also feel a 
hard tumor-lke substance. 
Treatment :—At the outset give a brisk cathartic— 


EpsomSallts ta. fsts « .- twenty ounces. 
PUIOER ea te orients ee OLLINCes 
Callomel ness. Bish Sh ae GO. Ct ac Minas. 
Gingvers).)) 226 a try Tie one ounce. Mix. 


Give in a gallon of warm water at one dose. After 
the physic has operated, give morning and evening, fora 
week or ten days, in a pint of gruel, the following: 


Iodide of Potassium...... one drachm. 
@allomiel ee eave epaiey uta, .twenty grains. 
Extract of Taraxacum...two drachms. 
Nitrate of Potassium.....twodrachms. Mix. 


If the bowels become costive, give a physic. When 
convalescence is established, great care in feeding 


DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR STIFLE JOINT. 3829 


should be observed. Give highly nutritious food, in 
limited amounts, and such as is easily digested, as, 
scalded bran mash, linseed meal, boiled barley, turnips 
and choice, clean hay. Sometimes much benefit is de- 
rived from blisters applied on the right side. 


DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR STIFLE JOINT. 


Among cattle this is quite a common affection, 
usually resulting from slipping on the ice, or in stables 
where the drop or receptacle for manure is very deep 
and the floors not well cleaned. 


DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR STIFLE. 


Symptoms :—When once seen it will be readily rec- 
ognized again. The animal can walk only on three 
legs; the stifled one will be dragged along behind and 
will be stiff and rigid. Where the patella should be, 
when in position, a hollow spot will be observed. 
There will be inability to flex the affected limb with 
more or less swelling around the joint. 


830 DISEASES OF CATTLE, 


Treatment:—Fasten a strap around the fetlock of the 
disabled leg, pass it forward, between the front legs, 
then forcibly draw it forward, when the patella will 
often drop into place; if not, press forward on the bone 
(which is always on the outside) and it will readily 
drop into place. Then apply a blister, as, 


Aqua Ammonia....... ....two ounces. 
Spirits Turpentine........ two ounces, 
Linseed or Olive Oil...... four ounces. Mix. 


Apply around the stifle morning and evening until 
the ligaments are strengthened. 


JAUNDICE. 


This is quite a common disease among cattle, and is 
caused by a re-absorption of bile into the system. The 
bile is secreted in the liver and emptied into the gall 
sack, and from there it is emptied into the duodenum 
or first bowel, to increase the peristaltic action of the 
bowels and complete digestion. There are many dis- 
eases of the liver that will produce jaundice. Gall 
. stones passing through the duct and becoming lodged, 
will prevent the bile from passing into the bowels; it 
then becomes re-absorbed and diffused through the 
whole system. 

Symptoms :—In ordinary or acute cases of jaundice, 
either suddenly or after a few days, you will notice a 
yellowness of the eyes and the lining membrane of the 
mouth and nose, and a general listlessness is apparent. 
The bowels will be constipated and what does pass, will 
be dry, hard, dark-colored and covered with mucous. 
The urine is high-colored and stains linen~ yellow. 
Rumination is generally suspended and the tongue 
heavily coated. Sometimes bloating will be present, 
but not always. Acute jaundice is not very often fatal. 


a a te ada 


FITS FROM EATING BUCKEYES. 831 


Treatment :—When supposed to be functional dis- 
turbance of the liver, the object is to restore that gland to 
a normal condition, or if gall stones be the cause, they 
may be removed by the same course of treatment, viz: 


Epsom Salts........... twelve ounces. 
Powdered Barbadoes Aloes..one ounce. 
Podophyllin Resin...... two drachms. 
Gingent. i WR viene teeta two drachms. Mix. 


Give at one dose in two quarts of water. After the 
physic has operated, give the following: 
Ohlorate of Potassium...two drachme. 


Podophyllin Resin........ one drachm. ‘ 
Extract of Taraxacum ....one drachm. 
Cam PAT tae ine 215i shay eid eens one drachm. Mix. 


Give in a quart of water or gruel, night and morn- 
Db 9 a 
ing, for four or five days. When convalesence takes 
place, feed carefully on easily digested food, such as 
bran mash, clover hay, malt, barley, ete. 
b) >] 3 J) 


FITS FROM EATING BUCKEYES. 


Buckeyes are nuts which grow on trees, in a great 
many parts of this country. In the autumn, when they 
fall to the ground, they are a source of great annoyance 
to the farmers who use forest pasture lands. Some cattle 
are particularly fond of these nuts and eat them readily, 
seldom, however, eating them a second time if they eat 
many the first. When once observed, the symptoms 
will never be forgotten. For a while the animal will 
appear dull and stupid; respirations natural; pulse, at 
first full and quick, gradually growing small, weak and 
rapid. When the animal attempts to walk,-jt staggers 
around like a drunken man, striking all around with its 
forelegs and falling in almost any positi on, as if ina fit 


Son DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


After lying a short time, it gets up very awkwardly and 
may stand perfectly quiet; but, if forced to walk, it 
will stagger around until it either regains its balance or 
falls to the ground. The animal may lie perfectly 
quiet, stretched out on the ground for two or three 
days, and if relief is not obtained, death ends the scene, 
By pressure on the stomach, you will generally feel the 


FITS FROM EATING BUCKEYES. 


offending agents. There will be involuntary twitching 
of the muscles and grinding of the teeth. € 

Treatment :—When first noticed, give a brisk physic 
to expel the buckeyes— 


Hpsom Sallis): as ...twenty ounces. 
Powdered Aloes............ one ounce. 
Gamera creep sea. sone one ounce. Mix. 


Put in a gallon of water and give at one dose. Give 
per rectum, frequent injections of warm water. If 
within twenty-four hours the animal is not conva- 
lescent, rumenotomy should be performed (see Impac- 
tion of the Rumen:;) after which give one of the follow- 
ing powders three times a day: 


IMPACTION OF THE OMASUM, OR FARDEL-BOUND. 388 


Bromide of Potassium. ....two ounces. 
Nitrate of Potassium....... one ounce. 
(UNL OTS On Lele Sickel strane, Bibi one ounce. 
Gentian: tiie eth ok ee). Or OUMCeR: 
Bi Carbonate of Soda..... .two ounces. Mix. 


Make twelve powders. Feed on soft food, as, bran 
mash or linseed gruel. The balance of the herd should 
be moved to other pasture, or the nuts should be gath- 
ered and destroyed. 


IMPACTION OF THE OMASUM, OR FARDEL-BOUND. 


Impaction of the manifolds, or third stomach of the 
ox, is sometimes met with; more especially when the 
‘attle are poorly kept during the winter season and are 
fed on innutritious food, containing a great amount of 


IMPACTION OF THE OMASUM, OR THIRD STOMACH. 


woody fiber. Even soft, nutritious food, when thor- 
oughly masticated, appears very dry when passing 
through the manifolds of the third stomach. ° Conse- 
quently, when the food is innutritious, dry, possessing 
a vast amount of woody fiber, it is liable to become im- 
pacted while passing through this stomach. 


$34. DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


Symptoms :—At first the animal may be uneasy, but 
this is only of short duration, as it soon grows dull and 
stupid, resting its head on the manger or on other 
objects. The head is carried low down; appetite and 
rumination are suspended; if in a cow, the flow of milk 
decreases; the tongue protrudes from the mouth, eyes 
are staring and blood-shot; colicky pains arise; the tail 
is switched from side to side. The first stomach some- 
times fills up with gas; then the breathing is acceler- 
ated. The eyes are affected and will bear the touch of 
the finger without closing the lid. Sometimes the brain 
is affected, when the animal will rush around as though 
it were mad, fall down and struggle as if in a fit, when 
death puts an end to its misery. Sometimes the dung 
passed while the animal is straining will be thin, and 
frequently blood and mucous are passed. The urine is 
high colored; pulse at first full and natural but grad- 
ually growing weaker. The disease may last but a day, 
or it may continue for a week. 


Treatment :—Give a good, brisk cathartic, as the fol- 
lowing: 


Epsom Salts....... SRA ENE two pounds. 
@alomvel sie soe ee aes two drachms. 
Grembia mie res we oo aerate une e one ounce. Mix. 


Give in half a gallon of warm beer. Follow this up 
with hourly injections of warm water and castile soap, 
as long as deemed advisable. Allow all the water the 
animal will drink, but allow no food until the bowels 
are moved by the physic. If the first stomach bloats up, 
draw off the gas with a probang or trocar and canula. 
Rub the legs with some stimulant as mustard and 
alcohol. Blanket well to keep the animal warm and 
give the following stimulant every four hours, in a quart 
of warm beer: 


HIDE-BOUND. 885 


Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia..... 
PPL ADU ts obhe heey ttanetete haat eretats two ounces. 
Tincture Nux Vomica...two drachms. 
dimeture Gentian... 40.0). « one ounce. Mix. 
Never bleed in this disease as it is dangerous, even 
while the animal has a full pulse. Be careful after 
giving the first dose not to give any more physic for 
forty-eight hours. Then, if the bowels do not move, 
give half of the first dose. 


HIDE-BOUND. 


A great many diseases of the alimentary canal in cattle, 
cause great depletion in flesh, whereby the skin assumes 
an unhealthy appearance; the cellular tissue loses 
its elasticity, and to all appearance, the skin is fastened 
to the bones. Then the animal is said to be hide-bound, 
when, in reality, the disease exists in the alimentary 
canal, and the tightened appearance of the skin is only 
a symptom of some other affection, such as indigestion, 
diarrhoea, disease of the liver, or failure of the secre- 
tory glands in the intestines to perform their work. 
Some animals present a pinched-up, poor, unthrifty 
appearance, without any tendency to take on flesh. 
Such animals may have some derangement of the sys- 
tem over which medicines would have no control, and 
may be classed as worthless, as you cannot make beef 
out of them. And they are useless in the dairy. The 
treatment should be to find out the real cause of the 
trouble, which is generally in the alimentary canal, and 
if this is properly treated, the skin will soon assume a 
healthy appearance. But I know of no disease among 
the lower. animals which could properly be called hide- 
bound. 


836 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


Treatment :—When it appears without any assignable 
cause, disease of the digestive organs may be suspected 
and give as a mild physic— 

Sulphate of Soda....... ».. one pound. 
Powdered Gentian ........ one ounce. Mix. 

Give at one dose in a gallon of water, to be followed 

up with— 
Powdered Nux Vomica.... one ounce. 


Powdered Gentian....... four ounces. 
Powdered Fcuenugreek.... four ounces. 
Bi-Carbonate of Soda... s- four ounces. Mix. 


Give a dessertspoonful three times a day, in soft food. 


IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN, OR FIRST STOMACH. 


This affection is quite common among cattle. It ig 
caused by cattle eating too large quantities of food 
which they may particularly lke and of which pre- 


IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN. 

viously they may have been deprived. Cattle are par- 
ticularly fond of clover, and if deprived of it for some 
time, and then obtaining free access to it, they are |ta- 


IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN, OR FIRST STOMACH. 887 


ble to eat so much that the stomach becomes so gorged 
that the muscular coats become partially paralyzed. Or 
cattle that have gained access to a large quantity of 
grain, will devour a large amount of it, overloading the 
stomach and causing impaction, with more or less tym- 
panitis. 

It is also caused when cattle are fed upon innutritious 
food, or food containing a vast amount of woody fibre. 

Symptoms :—Usually, at first, the symptoms are not 
severe. The animal will appear dull, and _ possibly, 
somewhat distressed; bowels constipated, appetite and 
rumination suspended, nose dry and mouth hot; pulse 
full at first but growing gradually faster and weaker; 
horns, ears and legs grow cold; labored respiration; 
sometimes the animal will groan or grunt, and the 
breath be foetid or sour; paleness of the visible mucous 
membranes; if lying down, the animal usually lies on 
the right side. By pressing the fingers on the left side 
the contents of the stomach will be felt like a hard mass 
within it and will pit upon pressure, leaving the inden- 
tions of the fingers there for some time. On percussion 
the resonant sound is absent, unless tympanitis super- 
venes; but if no gas is present, the doughy feel of the 
stomach remains. 

Treatment :—If there is tympanitis, relieve by giv- 
ing the following: 


Liquor Ammonia..... ...two drachms. 
Tincture Ginger....... one-half ounce. 
“W1AVASH He Toes tae dS Ome MEME UGH a EN has one quart. Mix. 


Or, pass the hollow probang, or tap with the trocar 
and canula; after which give at one dose in a gallon of 
warm water the following: 

Epsom Salts: . 5... twenty-four ounces. 
Gainer ite vee ey) seins? .-.-. one ounce. Mix. 


888 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


Give repeated injections of castile soap and warm 
water, and every four hours give the following as a 
drench: 

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia...... 

borne Vc [ef tam alens BMGr Oe eee two ounces. 
Tincture Gentian.......... one ounce. 
Wiarmi Beer... seas ania: one quart. Mix. 


If the bowels fail to respond in from twenty-four to 
thirty-six hours, ruamenotomy should be performed, as 
later the animal may become exhausted and unable to 
stand the operation. The operation should be per- 
formed as follows: First prepare yourself with the 
necessary instruments, which consist of a scalpel or an 
ordinary sharp jack-knife, two pairs of hooks, needles, 
white silk thread of the heaviest kind, some clean, 
white linen cloths, a sponge and a pail full of clean, 
warm water. Next fasten the animal by ropes with the 
right side against the stall or fence; be sure to fasten it 
securely, so it cannot get away; have three or four 
assistants to hold it up and steady it. Commence 
the operation by making an incision through the skin 
midway between the last rib and the point of the 
hip, and about five inches from the bones which pro- 
trude from the back (vertebrm). The incision should 
he downward and about eight inches in length. Then 
divide the muscles suecessively and cut through the 
peritoneum. Lastly the walls of the stomach should be 
divided about the center; first make a small opening 
into the stomach; then secure the edges of the stom- 
ach with hooks and gradually pull it outward, while the 
incision is being lengthened both upward and downward, 
but not to the extent of the external opening.* The 
edges of the wound in the stomach should be drawn 
outward to cover the external wound so as not to allow 
any of the food to fall into the abdominal cavity, as 


ry 
7] 
: 
{ 
y 


ae, 


PNEUMONIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 339 


that would surely cause the death of the patient. The 
hand is then introduced and about three-fourths of the 
contents of the stomach removed, leaving about one- 
fourth behind, be careful not to leave any hard, dry 
lumps. You may then pour into the stomach through 
the opening the following: 


PUPS GTU ETE Maye shes cel shay ale Velev ten ounces, 
Warn GOT asco vs katie ale one quart. 
Warm: Water: 2 ny sl. an als bos one quart. Mix. 


Next wash off the wound and sew up the stomach 
with the uninterrupted suture, bringing the edges neatly 
together. Then stitch up the muscles in layers, taking 
deep stitches with the uninterrupted sutures. Lastly 
sew up the skin in the same manner. Immediately 
after, apply the following ointment: 

Waselingttacy co. chan aes four ounces. 
Mod olor... bee van tae ts six drachms. Mix. 

Continue its use until the wound is healed, or use 
some other healing lotion. The food should be light 
and soft, of the most nutritious kind, and given in small 
quantities. If the wound heals except a small opening, 
searify its edges and stitch them together again. 


PNEUMONIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 


Inflammation of the lungs may have various causes, 
such as exposure to cold and damp, being kept in filthy, 
ill ventilated stables, a morbid condition of the blood— 
lungs, in their endeavor to throw off its impurities, the 
becoming altered in tissue, with inflammation as the 
result; injuries etc. 

Symptoms :—The disease is generally ushered in whith 
a shivering chill, which is not always noticed, after 
which the animals appear dull and stiff. The skin is 
dry and harsh, coat staring, nose dry, mouth hot; pulse, 


840 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


at first full and strong—from fifty to sixty beats per 
minute—later becoming small, weak and rapid; mucous 
membranes are red; slight cough; anxious countenance; 
breathing short, quick and chiefly abdominal, the chest 
and ribs being held, as muchas possible, in a fixed posi- 
tion; bowels constipated; urine scant and high colored ; 
patient les down most of the time; dullness on percus- 
sion; on applying the ear to the sides of the’ chest no 


4 


INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 


respiratory murmur will be heard over the affected 
part, but the unaffected portion will be heard with 
increased force; as the disease advances the legs and 
ears become cold, the breath becomes feetid and shorter, 
and an unfavorable termination seems imminent. 


Treatment :—When first seen while yet the pulse is 
full, bleed to the amount of two quarts; but, should 
the pulse be weak, do not bleed, and give every three or 
four hours, two ounces of the following, ina little water 
as a drench: 

Liq. Ammonia Acetate. . twelve ounces. 
Sweet Spirits of Niter..... four ounces. 
Fluid Extract Aconite....one drachm. Mix. 

Also give the following powders every four or five 
hours; ee 


\ 


OYSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. 9841 


Quinine Sulphate...... three drachms. 
Devers’ Powder iy ol. si) ok: one ounce. Mix. 
Make into twelve powders. If the bowels are con- 
stipated give— 
Epsom Salts).:2)./.de2/s"5 6. twelve ounces. 
Ginwen nese eae one-half ounce. Mix. 
Give in two quarts of warm water. Apply mustard 
freely to the sides of the chest; feed on soft food; 
blanket well; allow the patient to breathe cold, fresh 
air and give plenty of fresh, cold water; if the limbs 
become cold rub them thoroughly with dilute alcohol 
and bandage. 


CYSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. 


Inflammation of the bladder is a very rare disease 
and is occasioned sometimes through difficult parturi- 
tion, or injuries from various sources. The urine of 


INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. 


cattle is alkaline, but from disturbed digestion and the 
injudicious use of drugs of various kinds, it sometimes 
becomes acid, thereby causing inflammation of the 
bladder. 


Symptoms:—The animal exhibits great uneasiness. 
Colicky pains are apparent with efforts to void urine, 
and sometimes, to vomit. The head will frequently be 
turned toward the flanks and severe constitutional dis- 


842 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


turbance will be manifest. Occasionally, the urine will 
be voided frequently. 


Treatment:—In this disease, it is always policy to 
examine the bladder and urethra carefully, to ascertain 
whether there be a calculus or stone causing these symp- 
toms, which may be dislodged or removed. If the blad- 
der is distended with urine, pass the catheter and draw 
it away, after which give the following: 


Raw Linseed Oil.......... two ounces. 

Ope i. 
Epsom Salts........... twenty ounces. 
Powdered Gentian.....three drachms. Mix. 


Give at one dose in a gallon of water. Mustard 
plasters placed over the loins are beneficial, as are also 
injections thrown into or around the bladder, of the fol- 
lowing: 

Tincture of Opium........ four ounces. | 
Fluid Extract Belladonna.four ounces. Mix. 

Put one ounce into a quart of warm water and inject 
every three or four hours. Flaxseed tea may be given 
freely. If pain continues give— 

Liquid Ammonia Acetate....one pint. 
Fluid Extract Aconite...two drachms. Mix. 

Give two ounces every three or four hours. 


EVERSION OF THE BLADDER. 


Among the cattle this is not a very common afflic- 
tion, except during difficult labor. However it may 
occur from other causes, as administration of powerful 
diuretics; use of too much cantharides, either internally 
or externally; any irritation of the bladder causing 
continuous straining. By violent attemps to pass water, 
followed by continuous straining, the vagina is ruptured 


EVERSION OF THE BLADDER. 848 


and the bladder is everted, when it appears as a red, 
fluctuating tumor gradually filling with water, as it is 
unable to discharge its contents owing to the twisted 
condition of the neck of the bladder. 


ype 


a re Sc ¥ py = 
= ag FA Pah es er IP ee. 
2 1463 ANE es V ™ 
Gia tL, ge 
——— : ny 
—_———— 2 ie 


EVERSION OF THE BLADDER. 


Treatment :—Oil the hands with sweet oil and carefully 
replace the bladder; then draw off the urine and, while 
the catheter remains in position, inject a decoction of 
opium and warm water. Then, if possible, stitch up the 
rupture in the vagina and allay the irritation and over- 
come the straining by giving drachm doses of powdered 
opium every two hours until relieved; or you may give 
twelve-grain doses of sulphate of morphia until relieved ; 
afterwards give a physic: 

Epsom Salts...........twelve ounces. 
Sulphate of Soda.........four ounces. 
Ginwers syst). ste sae wolke- Crachimeae. avLix, 


Give at one dose in a gallon of water. To assist in 
preventing the straining tie a rope or strap tightly 
around the body immediately over the loins. 


344 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


EVERSION OF THE VAGINA. 


With cows this is quite a common occurrence and 1s 
the result of dificult parturition, the animal receiving 
some injury therein; also is caused by tumors in the 
vagina or womb), straining after calving, retention of the 
placenta or afterbirth; swinging animals so the whole 
veight is upon the abdomen, ete. 


TRUSS TO PREVENT EVERSION OF THE WOMB. 
Treatment :—First ascertain the cause and, if possible, 
remove it; then oil the hands with sweet oil and care- 
fully press the vagina into position; then wash it thor- 
oughly with— 
Gum, or Powdered Opium.......... 
Mine tee aii ae Pi One GG HACE MS 
Hot Water..... Sevet abe Moa ye one pint. Mix. 
Place the animal in a stall, with the hind parts ele- 
rated fifteen or twenty inches above the front. Apply 
a truss made of rope, fasten it around the neck and 


DROPSY OF THE UTERUS, OR WOMB. 845 


bring the ropes straight down along the back; pass one 
down on each side of the tail to the udder, and on each 
side between the udder and hind leg; fetch it up past 
the flank and tie it just over the loins to the rope 
coming down the back. Then make a few circles 
around the body and tie the ends of the rope securely. 
Thus you have the animal harnessed safely so that it 
cannot strain any, as the back will be kept in a straight 
line. Inject the above preparation of opium into the 
vagina every three or four hours and give drachm doses 
of powdered opium every hour until the straining ceases. 
If the bowels become constipated, give a physic as— 

BGI SLES ina70"se aso soe Ss one pound. 

AEM URATI tate ova clcnn aoet dis ellevavars half ounce. Mix. 

Give at one dose in a gallon of water, and feed on 

soft, nutritious food. 


DROPSY OF THE UTERUS, OR WOMB. 


Occasionally vast accumulations of serum or fluids, 
are found within the womb. This, at the present time 
is none too thoroughly understood, although various 
theories have been presented. 


Symptoms :—The symptoms very much resemble those 
of pregnancy. The abdomen will begin to enlarge, and 
the owner usually considers her with calf, from the fact 
that the cow appears in a healthy condition, but as the 
period of gestation goes by without any signs of calving, 
the conclusion is soon reached that something is wrong. 
Upon examination the womb is found distended to a 
considerable extent and by pressure and manipulation, 
it will be found to contain a watery substance. j 

Treatment :—Open up the neck of the womb with the 
finger, if possible, and allow the fluidtoescape. If that 


846 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


cannot be done, puncture with a trocar and canula; it 
will then escape. Allow the canula toremain until you 
have injected one of the following: 


Tincture of: fodine....623.5. one ounce. 
WEEORS oki cee n sige a kenes gies one quart. Mix. 
Or, 
Permanganate of Potassium........ 
Rak orp caamrars dapeeteaiave tieustare two drachms. 
Water cn attr omen eee, two quarts. Mix. 


Inject through the neck of the womb, if it can be 
opened. The injection may be used every other day, 
until it has been used five or six times, then if the 
fluids continue to form, the operation of allowing it to 
escape will have to be repeated, as often as occasion 
demands. 


LEUCORRHOEA, OR WHITES. 


Leucorrhea consists of a chronic discharge of muco- 
purulent matter from the mucous membranes of the 
vagina, and, not infrequently, from those of the womb. 
Generally irritation of the organ followed by relaxation 
is the cause; but relaxation alone will produce it. Want 
of nutrition attended with debilitating influences is a 
frequent cause. Sometimes, to all appearance, an ani- 
mal will be healthy and yet affected with leucorrhea. 
On opening the lips of the vulva a sticky, whitish or yel- 
lowish matter will be seen; quite frequently it runs out 
of the vagina and accumulates on the tail and surround- 
ing parts. As the disease progresses the discharge emits 
an offensive odor; pulse grows feeble; mucous mem- 
branes pale; appetite and rumination suspended ; mouth 
clammy; gradual wasting of the whole system. Cattle 
affected with leucorrhea are quite frequently seeking 
a male companion, but seldom get with calf, and if they 
- do, generally abort. 


PLEURISY. 847 


Treatment :—Feed on soft, nutritious diet with tonics 
and stimulants. Give twice daily two ounces of the 
following, diluted in water: 

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia ...... 


Rr Tae Ale eee enema Sea o> four ounces. 
Sweet Spirits of Niter.....five ounces. 
fineture: Gainer. 2.4. oie five ounces. 
Tincture Muriate of Iron..two ounces. 
Sepp ye tively cdr aiss se seakats at tl ava": two grains. Mix. 


Use as an injection per vaginum twice daily one of 
the following powders, dissolved in a quart of warm 
water : 


Permanganate of Potassium........ 
Mists nih sha sueltey «idles s'eley chisel (ahs \oie;/t one ounce, 
Sulphate of Zinc>....... four drachms. Mix. 


Make into eight powders; previously wash out the 
vagina and womb to remove all matter. 


PLEURISY. 


The term pleurisy is used to denote an inflammation 
of the membrane covering the heart and lungs, which is 
also the lining membrane of the chest. Sometimes 
pleurisy occurs in pneumonia or inflammation of the 
lungs, on account of the proximity of this membrane to 
the lung tissue. Sometimes it occurs as a separate and 
independent disease. The causes are exposure to wet 
and cold, filthy stables, sudden changes by being turned 
from warm stables into the cold, injuries to the chest, 
ete. 

Symptoms :—The animal appears dull and stiff, with- 
out desire to walk around. Fever is present from the 
beginning of the attack. The breathing is chiefly 
abdominal, the chest being held, as far as possible, in a 


848 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


fixed position. The patient seldom coughs, as the act is 
very painful. The pulse is wiry, ranging about sixty 
beats per minute. The head is carried low with droop- 
ing ears. Appetite and rumination are suspended; nose 
dry; eyes about half closed. On applying the ear to 


PLEURISY. 


the part affected, a grating sound is heard, although the 
lungs give forth a healthy respiratory murmur; pressure 
between the ribs causes great pain, sometimes causing 
the animal to groan or grunt. While breathing, inspi- 
ration is short, becomes painful, while the expiration is 
more easily performed and therefore lengthened. 

Treatment:—Put the animal in a good, comfortable 
place and blanket well. Apply poultices of linseed 
meal to the chest; in its absence, poultice freely with 
mustard. Give every two hours, two ounces of the fol- 
lowing mixture: 


Liquid Ammonia Acetate..... ens Was 
ie (aia Geb Hani dlacls Meee NEL VG) OLN CEB: 
Sweet Spirits of Niter.... four ounces. 


Fluid Extract Aconite.. .two drachms. Mix. 
Regulate the bowels by giving a pint and a half of 
raw linseed oil, and injections per rectum, of warm 
water, every two hours. Also give one of the following 
powders every six hours: 


SORE TEATS. 3849 


Nitrate of Potassium...... two ounces. 
Chlorate of Potassium..... one ounce. 
lodide of Potassium -’). #/.... one ounce. Mix. 


Make into twelve powders. If it terminates in reso- 
lution the disease will last but a few days; but if it ter- 
minates in hydrothorax, or water in the chest, it may 
last some considerable time and require a different 
treatment. If there is much effusion into the chest, it 
should be drawn off with a trocar and canula. The 
place to pass the trocar and canula is between the 
eighth and ninth ribs; after they are inserted withdraw 
the trocar and allow the canula to remain until all the 
fluid runs out. Sometimes bands of lymph plug up the 
canula; these should be removed with a long needle. 
After the fluid has all drained out, remove the canula. 
Then administer tonics and stimulants to support the 
system. Give every six hours one of the following 
powders: 


Powdered Digitalis...... six drachms, 
Saltpeter.... one and one-half ounces. 
Sulphate of Iron..........two ounces. 
Powdered Nux Vomica..... one ounce. Mix. 


Make eight powders. Give in a pint of warm beer. 
Also give twice a day,.drachm doses of iodide of potas- 
sium, with four ounces of brandy and a little water. 
Feed on soft, nutritious diet. 


SORE TEATS. 


Around the teats some cows are more tender than 
others. The skin is tender and easily cracked, form- 
ing open and indolent sores which are hard to heal. 
These sores may occur at any season of the year and are 
most commonly seen on cows which have just calved. 


350 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


Cow-pox is lable to break out on the teats at any time, 
and to cause considerable annoyance. It first forms a 
round blister which bursts and discharges a bluish 
liquid. It then scabs over with a thick crust which 
cracks open during milking, or comes loose’ around the 
edges; or comes off altogether, when it leaves a small 


TEAT SIPHON. 


depression in the structure of the teat. It gives consid 
erable annoyance to the milkman, as the sores fre- 
quently bleed and his hands become covered with mat- 
ter, and blood frequently gets into the milk. When the 
teats are in this condition calves should not be allowed 
to suck, as it aggravates the sores and tends to make 
the cows professional kickers. The following ointment 
will be found to be very beneficial, especially during 
the season of flies: 


Wiaiseliimet ss catsna crumeanta ts two ounces. 

Carbolie Acid ii. 4/1. fess one drachm. 

TOMOLORTI OS. on hoon mies two drachms. Mix. 
Apply twice daily; or, 

Via REIN el ails t ie oa shee ... two ounces. 

Salicylic Acid’: .\. c-:.!-...'. one drachm. 

Ladot ORT Oe Re, one drachm. Mix. 


Apply twice daily. Great care should be exercised 
in milking such animals, and if badly affected the teat 
siphon should be used. 


INJURIES AND OBSTRUCTION IN THE TEATS. 


There are many ways in which the teats become 
injured, causing an obstruction to the flow of milk or a 


INJURIES AND OBSTRUCTION IN THE TEATS. Bol 


complete stoppage, giving rise to inflammation of the 
udder. The ends of the teats frequently become 
injured from barbed wire, or from warts forming there, 
and often from the annoyance of warts in milking, the 
milkman seizes them and pulls them off, thus causing 
an abrasion of the skin, at or in the channel through 
which the milk flows, and as the healing process takes 
place, the channel grows together, shutting off the flow 
of milk from that quarter of the bag. When this con- 
dition is noticed, the teat siphon should be forced 
through the channel and kept in position, if possible, 
until the wound is healed. If the siphon cannot be kept 
in this position, it should be forced through three or 
four times a day, until the wound is healed and the 
opening remains. 

Another and more frequent cause of obstruction is 
observed in the small tumors that sometimes form in 
the teats, varying in size from a pea to a good sized 
bean. They are generally movable. Various methods 
have been employed for their removal; sometimes they 
can be broken up with a knitting. needle, or pass a 
shielded bistoury up the teat and cut them out, but 
neither of these methods have proved satisfactory to 
me. The most successful way to manage them, is to 
fasten the cow and cut down directly onto the tumor, 
then dissect it out, bring the wound together with a few 
stitches, and use the following: 

Vaselinessorii:s. 2. s.u ©. -OneOunee: 
Lodoformy is oe, ota four drachms. Mix. 

Apply twice daily, then cover with cotton batting 
and bandage lightly and loosely. Draw away the milk 
with a teat siphon for a few days, and all will be well. 
Sometimes strictures exists in the passage of the teat 
and greatly diminish the flow of milk. When such a 
condition is observed, pass a smooth blunt instrument, 


352 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


as a knitting needle or a teat siphon, up the teat, two 
or three times a day, gradually increasing the size, until 
the stricture disappears. Occasionally we find in fresh 
milch cows, the passage up close to the udder, cemented 
over, so as to allow no milk whatever, to enter the teat. 
In such cases, pass the teat siphon up until you come to 
the obstruction, then force it through and rotate it, to 
break the obstruction away, and there will afterwards 
be but little trouble. 


COW-POX. 


Every case of eruption or sores upon the udder and 
teats of cows, should not lead the casual observer to 
conclude that it is a case of genuine cow-pox. Indeed, 
cow-pox seems to be a disease originating spontaneously 
with, and confined to milking cows, as bulls are not sub- 
subject to it and neither are heifers, until they have 
undergone the change in life and become mothers. 
Cow-pox is infectious, and it may be communicated to 
man through inoculation, after which, if he be suscep- 
tible to small-pox, it will only be in the mildest form. 


Symptoms :—At first there may be some fever, which, 
as arule, will scarcely be noticed, but which will be 
followed in a few days by an eruption upon the udder 
and teats consisting of small, red spots, which are pain- 
ful and hot. The spots at first are small, but within a 
few days, contain a bluish liquid that soon becomes 
converted into a yellowish matter. By the process of 
milking, these spots, which have formed pus tubes, 
become broken and discharge their contents, and if not 
broken that way, will burst spontaneously, after which 
a scab forms and in the course of ten or twelve days 
drops off, leaving the teat somewhat tender for a short 
space of time. During the eruptive and scabby stage, 


MAMMITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. 858 


the milk should be drawn with the teat siphon, to save 
pain and trouble, and the attendant should not milk 
other cows. 


COW-POX. 


Treatment :—The treatment is very simple. If in the 
winter, feed on soft food and give plenty of fresh, cold 
water; should the udder become swollen, painful and 
hard, foment well with hot water and poultice thor- 
oughly with flaxseed or bran. It is very seldom that 
any treatment is needed. 


MAMMITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. 


Inflammation of the udder arises from many causes, 
euch as bruises, wounds, bites of insects and reptiles: 
allowing the animal to go unmilked for a day or so: 


354 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


taking cold; rheumatism and other fevers; being over- 
heated; allowing a superabundance of milk to remain 
in the udder previous to calving. The last named is the 
most frequent cause among cattle of all ages, but espe- 
cially with young cows which are having their first calf. 
Symptoms :—Inflammation of the udder may exist in 
a mild form for a few days and then subside, without 
any alarming symptoms beyond a slight increase in heat 
around the affected parts. But with the severe form, 
there will be considerable fever and dullness. The ani- 
mal will have a capricious appetite and rumination be 
partially suspended; bowels slightly constipated; the 
udder becomes very hot, is swollen and tender; milk 
will be decreased and sometimes totally suspended ; skin 
covering the udder is very red and glistening; if only 
one or two quarters of the bag are affected, they will 
appear and feel like hard tumors and may continue 
swollen for some time. The operation of milking is per- 
formed with difficulty on account of the painful condi- 
tion of the udder. The milk from the affected quarters 
will be thick and curd-like and frequently streaked 
with blood. If not relieved suppuration takes place 
within the udder, the hardened parts becoming soft and 
discharging matter during the operation of milking; or 
the affected quarter may point and break externally, in 
which case its usefulness is generally gone forever. 
Treatment:—If properly attended to when first 

“noticed, mammitis will generally result satisfactorily. 
But if left unattended for some time the opposite state 
of affairs is certain. Put the animal in a good, dry, 
comfortable place, free from drafts, and administer in 
a gallon of warm water, the following: 

Epsom 'Salts....55.5 (2.6. . sone.pound, 

GTS 5 erty casinos ..+..one ounce. 

Nitrate of Potassium.... two drachms. Mix. 


MAMMITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. 300 


Afterwards apply to the udder, for two hours at a 
time, fomentations of hot water; to each gallon of water 
used, add four ounces of powdered sulphate of iron. 
Immediately after bathing apply a hop poultice as hot 
as can be borne; or a poultice of fried onions will do as 


a elrynes eae x ; = 


qo 


4 


BANDAGE FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE UDDER. 


well. Use a broad bandage and tie it up around the 
back to support the bag. If the animal shows signs of 
high fever, administer the following draught, every 
four or five hours: 

Liquid Ammonia Acetate. . four ounces. 

Fluid Extract Aconite.. .fifteen drops. 

Sweet Spirits Niter........ one ounce. 

IEE siscsk ads hits bauedia ee Sots 2h Ph one quart. Mix. 

Milk the patient frequently, but if it causes much 

pain, insert the teat siphon. Occasionally rubbing the 
bag with fluid extract belladonna is frequently benefi- 
cial. If the udder still remains hard, the following 
lotion will be found of benefit : 


Rectified Spirits...........six ounces. 
Wi telstazieley sake ears eight ounces. 
Spirits of Camphor:.%.:.... two ounces. Mix. 


Apply three times a day. This can be used from the 
commencement of the attack until the end. If mortifi- 
cation sets in, cut out that quarter of the bag and dress 
with the following: 


856 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


Vaseline.... 5. Hays iL ST ete EOL OUNCES! 

LoGoLarsh ee Wee .. five drachms. Mix. 
Apply thrice daily; or, 

Chloride of Zinc........ two drachms. 


NV aan. ronmemcry Eta ERIN, one quart. Mix. 
Apply thrice ee or, 

Listerine. . i Fos jslelenie BLK) OUNCES. 

Carbolic Moa AU AUB LRAG EL FE two drachms. 

Water SHUM te RH TA a SS aoa a Gu OR one pint. Mix. 


Apply frequently. Feed on soft, nutritious diet and 
keep as clean as possible. 


SPLENIC APOPLEXY. 


This disease seldom occurs, except among cattle 
which are fed for beef and fattened rapidly. It consists 
of a poisonous ferment created within the blood itself, 
during an unnaturally plethoric condition of the system 
and it is demonstrated by the extravasation of blood 
throughout the intestinal canal, brain, serous mem- 
brane, pericardium, ete., as found in post mortem 
examination. That it is poisonous is shown by the fact 
that dogs and pigs have died within a few hours after 
eating the flesh, and that men have died from cutting 
themselves while skinning animals dead from this 
disease. 

Symptoms :—Great excitement, eyes staring, mucous 
membranes red, mouth hot and dry, urine and manure 
mixed with blood, colicky pains, breathing accelerated 
and short: pulse, from full and hard becomes quick and 
feeble and almost imperceptible. These symptoms are 
not always observed, as the disease is of such short 
duration; the animal may be left to all appearance per- 
fectly well in the evening and found dead in the 
morning. 


STRANGULATION OF THE INTESTINES, ETC. 357 


Treatment :—When seen in the first stage, give imme- 
diately the following: 
Epsom Salts...........sixteen ounces. 
Glauber Salts..........twelve ounces. 


@alomiel Pane Ma usee t re two drachms. 

Ginger sao ys akan les oe seietorsts one ounce. 

Warm Beer, two quarts; or Warm 
Wiahero ye ute tows One allen: i Mix 


Constantly apply cold water or ice to the head and 
give every two hours the following: 


Carbonate of Ammonia. .two drachms. 
LORE Sa a OO nk ais As one drachm. 
eer He water, Sian adie: one quart. Mix. 


Bleeding is sometimes beneficial. 


STRANGULATION OF THE INTESTINES, OR “ GUT-TIE. ” 


This disease is seen only in steers and work oxen. 
When the animal is castrated, the spermatic cord 
recedes and becomes adherent to the abdominal ring. 
The cord is united to the pelvic bones by a fold of peri- 
toneum, which by pressure is sometimes ruptured and 
allows the gut to pass in and out and thus become 
strangulated. 

Symptoms :—The animal appears dull; colicky pains 
are present; appetite and rumination suspended; fre- 
quent straining with great effort, but nothing passed 
save a little mucous and possibly blood; pains become 
more violent and the animal kicks at its belly with the 
hind feet, les down and quickly rises again; pulse small 
and quick; the animal points its nose to the affected 
side; moaning and grinding of the teeth frequently 
occur; pressure on the right side causes great pain; the 


858 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


back is curved downward; administration of purgatives 
produces alarming symptoms. 

Treatment :—The only sure treatment is by operating. 
Place the animal with its left side against a stall and 
fasten there securely. Make an incision in the right 
side, large enough to admit the hand. Pass the hand 
down to examine the abdominal rings and trace up the 
cord. When you come to the strangulation, sever the 
adhesions of the cord and the intestine is then liberated. 
Draw out the cord and cut off two or three inches, 
then return it, and treat as an ordinary wound. 


WARBLES, OR GRUBS UNDER THE SKIN. 


This is really no disease but simply the manner in 
which an insect, called the oestrus bovis, or gad fly, 


GRUB FROM COW’S BACK, 
develops itself. During the warm months of summer, 
this insect flies about and attacks cattle, by piercing 
the skin and depositing an egg in the orifice. In the 
course of time a swelling is observed, caused by the 
deposition of lymph and the development of the larvee 
from the egg, which is in time discharged by the process 
of suppuration. It may fall upon the ground or in the 
stable. If the temperature is sufficiently warm to 
develop it, it puts forth wings and soon begins to deposit 
eggs for the continuance of its race in the manner 


LICE. 359 


already described. Sometimes there are a number of 
these tumors that acquire the size of a butternut, and 
suppurate and discharge to such a degree that they call 


GSTRUS BOVIS, OR GAD FLY. 


for treatment. This consists of pressing them out and 
using some mild astringent lotion; the following will 
suffice: 


Zine Sulphate: .a-<<s.)s. two drachms. 
Acetate ot Lead to..-26% two drachms. 
Wi aie ers ok ee ook ten ounces. Mix. 


Apply twice daily. 


LICE. 


Cattle are affected by several kinds of lice, but those 
chiefly met with are the small, red lice and the large 
gray ones which have black spots on their backs and 
sides. They are most frequently seen on poor, debili- 
tated cattle that are poorly fed and cared for. Their 


360 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


propagation is very rapid; when an animal hecomes 
infested, they are soon numbered by thousands and the 
whole herd is speedily possessed of them. They may be 
speedily exterminated by the use of some of the follow- 
ing remedies: Take one pound of stavesacre seeds, 
soft water two gallons; place over the fire and simmer 
down to one gallon. Sponge the animal all over and 
repeat every third day until three applications have 
been made. Or, take leaf tobacco one pound, water 
two gallons; boil thoroughly and apply every other 
day, for four or five times. Or, take blue ointment and 
rub it back of the horns and down the back every third 
day, for three applications; this is the most dangerous 
and the animal must be kept tied so it cannot lick 
itself; also protect it from storms. If the stavesacre 
can be obtained, it will be found to be the most effective, 


RINGWORM. 


Ringworm in cattle, is an affection that seldom calls 
forth much attention. It is usually seen in poorly fed 


RINGWORM. 


cattle, although it sometimes makes its appearance on 
cattle in good condition. It is caused by a small para- 
site and is somewhat contagious. 


WARTS. 361 


Symptoms :—The first symptoms observed, are round 
patches about the size of a nickle, which sometimes 
coalesce, but the well-defined ring will be observed. 
They generally appear around the head, neck, eyes and 
nose and sometimes on.the shoulders, loins, hips and 
udder. 


Treatment :—If the animal is in poor condition, feed 
on good, nutritious food and remove from other cattle. 
As cleanliness is very necessary, bathe with soft soap 
and warm water, after which use one of the following 
prescriptions to kill the parasite: 

Nitrate of- Silver. 40.4.2. one drachm. 
IV cease nica thd aloe Ne four ounces. Mix. 

Apply every day for three or four days. Oy, 

Chionidevot. Zane: W."./.. four drachms. 
SOLA wUGIs sce po tts ane four ounces. Mix. 

Apply once daily for three or four days. Or, paint 
the parts thoroughly with tincture of iodine, several 
times; or, apply acetic acid morning and evening for 
afew days. If the ringworm is close to the eyes be 
very careful not to let any of the medicine get into 
them. 


WARTS. 


Every person that is familiar with the care and 
handling of stock, has noticed these excrescences which 
make their appearance on any part of the body, but 
most frequently about the eyes, mouth, udder and belly. 
Warts are a skin disease in every sense of the word and 
do, not affect the blood in any way, hence constitutional 
treatment is useless. They vary greatly in size, from a 
small pea to a large goblet, and are best removed with 
the knife. Cut them off beneath the skin and apply 


352 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


either chloride of zine or corrosive sublimate in powder, 
to the raw surface, and they are not liable to grow 
again, 


WORMS. 


Cattle suffer more or less from worms, which accum- 
ulate in the intestines. Those most commonly seen are 
the Jarge round worms, called lumbricoides, although 
tape-worm is occasionally discovered in cattle. 


TAPEWORM. 


Symptoms :—One of the most prominent symptoms, 
is the finding of worms or links, if tape-worm is sus- 
pected, in the manure, also an irregular or ravenous. 
appetite. There is a falling off in condition, general 
weakness, with a hide-bound appearance, and some- 
times diarrhoea with colicky pains, is observed. 

Treatment :—If tape-worm is present, keep both food 
and water away from the patient for twenty-four hours, 
then give two quarts of pumpkin seed tea, and within 
two hours after, give the following: 

psom! Saltish::)4.’47, a. hone pound 
Ghemilaiyy nett ever erage ere four drachms. Mix. 

Give at one dose in a gallon of warm water. If 

afflicted with other kinds of worms, feed on soft food, 


TETANUS, OR LOCKJAW. 363 


as bran mash, etc., for a few days, then give the follow- 
ing before you feed in the morning: 
Linseed Oil...’.... eis Rea two pints. 
Oil of Turpentine. ........two ounces. 
Oil of Male Shield Fern....half ounce. Mix. 
Give at one dose. If one dose iails to remove them, 
repeat in five or six days. 


TETANUS, OR LOCKJAW. 


This disease is not socommon among cattle as it is 
among horses, but is to be worse dreaded as it is more 
often fatal. It is one of those nervous disorders that 
are none too thoroughly understood. There are two 
kinds of tetanus, traumatic and idiopathic. The former 


LOCKJAW. 


originates from wounds, pricks of nails, castration, or a 
skin abrasion from surgical operations, etc. The latter 
is of obscure origin and may be produced from exposure 
to cold, irritation of the bowels from drastic cathartics, 
from fright, ete. But from whatever source, the symp- 
toms are about the same. 


364 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


Symptoms :—At first the casual observer might think 
there was nothing specially wrong, except that the ani- 
mal was lacking in appetite; but the symptoms grad- 
ually increase in force and intensity and it will then be 
noticed that the animal becomes somewhat stiff, with 
the nose protruding. The muscles along the neck and 
back become rigid and stiff, the tail is slightly elevated, 
the limbs grow stiff and act like props for the body; the 
mouth is closed, but there may be slight motion of the 
jaws. There is partial, and sometimes complete inabil- 
ity to swallow and saliva will drivel from the mouth. 
There will be grinding of the teeth, and if the head is 
elevated, the haw or membrana nictitans will shoot out 
over the eyes. Sometimes the patient will appear 
hungry and make attempts to eat but will only suck the 
food after it has gotten it within the mouth. At all 
times, the animal is very easily frightened. There is 
usually more or less fever, sometimes reaching 107° or 
108° Fahrenheit. If compelled to move, it will do so 
with a straggling, staggering gait. 

Treatment :—First ascertain the cause, if possible, 
and if from the prick of a nail, pare the wound to the 
bottom and fill it with solid extract belladonna. Or if 
from a wound of any other kind, apply the belladonna 
frequently. Put the animal in a comfortable place and 
bed well, as cattle frequently lie down during this 
disease. Give a brisk physic, if the animal can swal- 
low, as— 

Sulphate of Soda.......twelve ounces., 
Epsom Salts 7) 20. 22. weight ounces: Mix; 


Give at one dose in two quarts of water, or give— 


IE PSO Ma ltsiee a anne sixteen ounces. 
Barbadoes Aloes........-..-one ounce. Mix. 


tive in two quarts of water, after which give— 


ee ee 


BLACK LEG, OR QUARTER-ILL. 865 


Bromide of Potassium. .three drachms. 

Chloral Hydrate... .......'. two drachms. 

Pe el renee geet neers Sua unis, Mine Soe one pint. Mix. 

Give three times a day or place drachm doses of 

solid extract belladonna back between the teeth or on 
the tongue, three times a day. It will gradually 
become dissolved and taken into the system. Apply no 
irritating medicines whatever, such as blisters, etc., as 
they do more harm than good. Allow them to suck at 
water and gruel as much as possible, to maintain their 
strength, and one thing above all others is to be 
impressed upon the mind of the attendant, that is, to 
keep the animal isolated and in a dark stall, no person 
to go near it but the attendant himself, and then only 
to give medicine and food. Approach very carefully, 
as fright will cause a relapse. Some cases, when 
isolated in a dark stall and left alone, free from noise 
and fright, will recover without the use of any medicine 
whatever. 


BLACK LEG, OR QUARTER-ILL. - 


This disease is rarely seen in the eastern, middle, or 
southern states but is frequently seen in the west. It is 
seldom ever seen in animals over three years of age, but 
is observed occasionally, in animals beyond this age. It 
is purely a blood disease and is caused from too high 
feeding of animals, taken from a half-starved or poor 
condition.’ The reason it is most frequently seen in the 
western states, is because of the immense herds in that 
section receiving a scanty amount of provision, during 
some of the severe winters. They are.-consequently 
very thin in the spring, and when turned upon the rich, 
nutritious buffalo and bunch grasses, they thrive so 
rapidly that a sudden change in the quality of the blood 


B66 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


takes place, having a great tendency to decomposition. 
Although called black leg, it must not be taken for 
granted that the limbs are the only parts that become 
affected, for the seat of the disease, while purely a 
blood affection, will be noticed at the point of the 
shoulders, the neck, back, loins, tongue and thighs. 


Symptoms ;—The symptoms in the first stages are sel- 
dom noticed, but when observed, the eyes will look 
bloodshot, the urine will be highly colored, costiveness, 
with blood streaks in the manure; a full, quick pulse 
and hurried breathing; then if in the quarter, the ani- 
mal will appear lame, the quarter will commence to 
swell, and by pressing the hand down over the swelling, 
it will emit a crackling sound as though there was air 
beneath the skin. If located in some other part of the 
body, there may not be any lameness, but the crackling 
sound beneath the skin, when pressed upon, will be 
apparent. This disease runs its course very rapidly, 
seldom lasting twenty-four hours and frequently termi- 
nating fatally within twelve hours. 


Treatment :—If seen in the early stages, abstract two 
gallons of blood and give the following physic: 


Epsom Salts....... ...-sixteen ounces. 
Sulphate of Soda........ eight ounces. 
Powdered Ginger........ two drachms. Mix. 


To be given at one dose in two gallons of water. 
Plunge a knife deeply into the swellings, in several 
places, and pour turpentine into the wounds. Give the 
following stimulant: 


Sweet Spirits Niter........ six ounces, 
Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia ...... 

SUR BR PRE RA NrotNEl aR. il fe one ounce. 
Pineture Gmeeyr, Ve eae ea one ounce. Mix, 


Q 
ig om 


RHEUMATISM. 367 


Give two ounces every two hours in a pint of water 
or beer. Should a recovery take place, and the ulcer- 
ations prove troublesome, apply 


Chionidevef Zine-s- 5... .two drachms. 
Sulphate of Copper...... four drachms. 
ae Hae cei itis cule uke ats te one pint. Mix. 


Apply twice daily. Attention should be directed 
toward the prevention of further attacks among the 
herd. As it is not contagious, no fears need be enter- 
tained from that source. Insert a seaton into the bris- 
ket below the neck and just in front of the forelegs. 
Keep the cattle in yards at night where no food can be 
had, and allow only moderate feeding in the daytime, 
until they become habituated to the rich, succulent 
food or pasture. 


RHEUMATISM. 


Rheumatic lameness in cattle is quite frequently 
observed, and is one of those diseases that is none too 
thoroughly understood. It attacks the muscles, tendons 
and fibrous structures around the joints, as also the 
heart, bowels, bones, lungs, or any other part of the 
animal. There is a specific condition of the blood, 
causing constitutional disturbance. It is undoubtedly 
hereditary with some animals, as is observed by follow- 
ing down through certain families. It also arises from 
other sources, such as being poorly kept, and exposed to 
cold and storms in winter; from exposure to the cold 
rains in the spring of the year, by housing in damp, 
wet, filthy stables, etc. 

‘Symptoms :—In the acute form, the first signs are 
general uneasiness and stiffness, staring coat, appetite 
diminished, rumination partially or completely sus- 
pended, the bowels constipated and the urine high col- 


368 \ DISEASES OF CATTLE. 


ored. Suddenly one of the joints will become swollen, 
hot and tender and probably the following day that 
joint will apparently be in healthy condition and 
another joint affected, and so continue to change about 
from joint to joint, or to the heart, lungs, bowels, bones, 
muscles, etc. When rheumatism assumes a chronic 
form which we most often see in cattle, it remains sta- 
tionary in whatever part affected, as in a joint or whole 
limb. When in a joint, as in the hock, it becomes 
swollen, hot,.hard, very sensitive to the touch and 
causes intense pain. As time passes by, bone material 
is formed and the joint becomes solid. In other cases, 
the tissues above and below the joint, become swollen, 
hot and painful. Abscesses form and discharge matter. 
There is continued fever and loss of flesh. The animal 
will lie down a good portion of the time. 


Treatment :—Move the bowels with the following lax- 
ative: 
MH PsoOMa Saltese elecla net lee one pound. 
Ginger eke eo ctor drachime. * ix: 
Give in a gallon of water. Next attend to the joints. 
Cold applications are not desirable in swellings of this 
nature, but warm applications are always soothing and 
prove beneficial. Cloths wrung out of hot water and 
applied to the swollen joints, give relief. Heated oats 
or salt sacks applied, are also beneficial, or use the fol- 
lowing liniment: 


OlaveOi wae .....four ounces. 
Spirits of Turpentine...... two ounces. 
Aqua Ammonia...........twoounces. Mix. 
Apply two or three times a day. 
Or, 
Soap Liniment.........--. four ounces. 
Oil of Turpentine........ four ounces. 
Gardena: ace ney ie two ounces. Mix. 


RHEUMATISM. 3869 


Apply two or three times a day. If the pain is 
intense, give ounce doses of laudanum until rest is 
obtained, to be followed with— 

eines Sct eiteatete a Sik, GTaACMINs: 
Salicylate of Sada eerie gear one ounce. Mix. 

Make nine powders. Give three powders each day. 

Or; 


Sulphate of Potash........ two ounces. \ 
Sulphuric Acid... 2.20.. one drachm. _ 
AVY GiET cies vce Seine «erie ala aie cee one pint. Mix. 


Give as one dose, morning and evening. Bed well 
and blanket the animal, and arrange to keep cold 
draughts from striking it. Feed anything it will eat, 
but soft food is preferable, as bran mashes, boiled oats 
or corn, clover hay, green grass, etc. While the fore- 
going are worthy of trial, all may prove a failure; if a 
favorable termination has resulted, immediately fatten 
for the butcher, as a recurrence may be expected. 


DE-HORNING. 


As horned cattle frequently do considerable harm 
by goring other animals, it is just and proper to deprive 
them of these weapons of defense. It also makes them 
more docile while feeding. The operation is very ‘sim- 
ple; first confine the animal securely, then take a fine, 
sharp saw and saw off the horns close up to the head, 
taking off a small portion of the skin where the horn 
and skin come together; then put on some pine tar and 
it will quickly grow over. Have no fears about the 
bleeding, as it will do no harm. When raising calves, 
the horns can be prevented from growing by cutting off 
the hair over where the horns start to grow; moisten 
the parts a little and pencil with caustic potash. Do 
this when the calf is two or three weeks old. Two ap- 
plications will suffice, 


ae << I~ 


es 


S % 

~ sass 

KaSS sh ss Ni 
. 


3 


/ 
Jf 


‘ S 


= wae ke 


OBSTETRICS 


‘ND 


DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS 
IN THE MARE AND COW, 


CARE OF FOALS AND CALVES. 


STERILITY—BARREN HORSES AND CATTLE. 


The loss to farmers, as well as to owners of stallions 
and bulls, on account of sterility, is sometimes enor- 
mous. Sterility exists both in males and females. If 
a number of females are bred to a certain male animal 
and fail to conceive, there is something wrong with the 
male and he is considered sterile. Again, certain 
females may be bred to a number of male animals, 
without conceiving, then the fault is with the female 
and she is considered barren. In the male, sterility 
may be due to many causes, as hardening of the testi- 
cles, the result of inflammation; softening of the testi- 
cles from being pampered, and liberally fed upon 
starchy food without sufficient exercise; imperfect de- 
velopment of the testicles, as in the case of ridglings. 
Change of climate has sometimes a marked influence on 
the generative organs, at times only for a season and 
again it renders them wholly sterile.” Self-abuse, con- 
tinued for a length of time, also renders animals inca- 
pable of impregnating females. There are also several 
diseases of the generative organs, which tend to pro- 

(371) 


872 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


duce sterility, as inflammation of the membrane cover- 
ing the penis, ulcerations on the penis, warts on the end 
of the penis, paralysis of the penis, tumors affecting 
either the testicles or penis, tumors affecting the excre- 
tory ducts of the testicles, enlarged prostrate glands, 
injuries or disease of the back and loins rendering the 
animal unable to mount; serving too many females 
within a few days, will sometimes render the male 
sterile for the balance of the season. Sterility in the 
female, has also a variety of causes. It results from 
imperfect development of the ovaries; changes from 
one climate to another, will sometimes render females 
barren; closure of the neck of the womb by inflamma- 
tory adhesions; by the male during the act of copula- 
tion, exciting and irritating the womh, causing straining 
and ejection of the semen; catarrh of the womb fol- 
lowed by a discharge of mucous; leucorrheea or whites, 
a fatty condition of the ovaries in females that have 
been pampered, highly fed and are very fat and not 
receiving enough exercise; tumors in the ovaries or 
fallopian tubes; low condition, with imperfect nutri- 
tion of the ovum; poor feeding and chronie weakening 
diseases; from mares being advanced in years when 
bred for the first time. All these conditions should be 
met and attended to, if the owner wishes to breed and 
increase the quantity of his live stock. If from imper- 
fect development of the testicles, as in a ridgling, cas- 
trate at once and convert into a good work horse. 
When there is softening of the testicles, from being too 
fat and fed upon starchy food, give plenty of exercise 
or work, and avoid feeding corn, wheat, or other 
starchy food, and feed oats, bran mash, cottonseed 
cake, etc. When there is hardening of the testicles, 
grease them with a weak iodine ointment, to which 
should be added some camphor and extract of bella- 


STERILITY—BARREN HORSES AND CATTLE. 373 


donna. Where self-abuse has been continued for a 
considerable length of time, castration is the most prof- 
itable method to pursue. Ulcerations of the penis, are 
best combatted by filling the ulcers with calomel, a few 
times. Warts should be extirpated with the knife and 
afterwards touched with lunar caustic or acetic acid. 
Too much stress cannot be placed upon the evil of sery- 
ing too many females in a short space of time. One 
service a day, is all that should be allowed during the 
season. Two services may be permitted in one day, by 
allowing five or six hours to elapse between each service, 
but this should not be continued daily. The indiscrim- 
inate and injudicious methods practiced by some own- 
ers of sires by allowing four, five and sometimes as high 
as eight services in a single day, is very liable to cause 
a weakness in the testicles, so that the fluid secreted 
thereafter for a considerable length of time, will 
be deficient in impregnating properties, and although 
the animal may seem vigorous and continue in service, 
the female will fail to conceive, through no fault of her 
own. Closure of the neck of the womb, if by spasm, 
is best treated by greasing the arm with water and 
castile soap, vaseline, or hogs’ lard. Reach into the 
female, and as soon as you come to the neck of the 
womb, insert one finger first, then two fingers, and con- 
tinue in this manner until the hand can be passed 
through. Ordinarily, a very small opening will suffice. 
Females will become impregnated when the opening is 
no larger than will admit a lead pencil. If the closure 
is due to inflammatory adhesions, greater force will 
have to be used. If you cannot force a finger through, 
take a small-bladed penknife and make a few incisions 
into the neck of the womb, then force an opening either 
with the finger or some round-pointed instrument, like 
a scratch-awl, and immediately serve with the male. If 


874 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 


the neck of the womb is four or five inches in length, 
which is sometimes observed, a portion of it should be 
excised, after which place a small sponge into the neck 
of the womb until it heals, to prevent its growing 
together. When the womb is excitable and irritative, 
causing straining and ejection of the seminal fluids, it 
is best to give the female a good run or a hard day’s 
work—something to compel the animal to become 
fatigued, then breed immediately and she will likely 
conceive. If from a fatty condition of the ovaries, 
where the animals are very fat and pampered up, place 
them to work and work them hard for a month or six 
weeks, feeding on a limited quantity of oats and hay, 
but if from too low a condition, and over-work, reverse 
the conditions. If from catarrh of the womb, leucor- 
rheea or whites, see treatment for these ailments. If 
from diseased ovaries, the animal should be spayed. 
If only one ovary becomes affected, that ovary should 
be taken away, when the animal will possibly breed all 
right. When mares become greatly advanced in years, 
say seventeen to twenty, without ever raising a colt, 
they should not be bred, as the pelvic bones become 
solidified and difficult delivery is the result, probably 
ending in the loss of both foal and mare. 


ABORTION IN CATTLE. ~. 


Abortion, slinking or slipping of calves, to a breeder 
of fine stock is a great misfortune. It not only deprives 
him of the profit on the increase of his herd, but the 
animal fails to give her full quota of milk, which she 
would otherwise do, if permitted to run the full period 
of gestation, the system thus undergoing the necessary 
change. 


en 


ABORTION IN CATTLE. 875 


Causes :—Abortion is due to many causes. It is some- 
times caused mechanically, such as being injured by 
unruly and vicious animals, horning or bunting them; 
also by cattle that are continuously, bulling, jumping 
upon them; from certain herbs obtained in the pastures 


CALF IN WOMB AT FIVE MONTHS. 


or in the hay; from too close in and in breeding; from 
eating frozen roots, drinking ice water, slipping into too 
deep a trench constructed as a receptacle for the ma- 
nure; also from smelling other cows that had aborted 
or had premature births, and from the last cause it seems 
almost like an epidemic in some herds. It is generally 
considered an abortion, when the cow loses her calf 
within the first six months of gestation, and during the 
last three months, a premature birth. 


(sey 


16 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


Symptoms :—It is very seldom that any symptoms pre- 
cede abortion. Usually the animal will abort the calf 
and not miss a meal, but with premature birth, we will 
quite frequently notice a loss of appetite, suspended 
rumination, dullness in appearance and a disinclination 
to be with the balance of the herd. At first there is a 
yellow, glairy discharge from the vagina, sometimes red 
and streaked with blood; if the calf is not soon expelled, 
decomposition soon takes place and an offensive smell 
emanates from the vagina, with a whitish colored mat- 
ter and small portions of the placental membranes. 
Colicky pains and great uneasiness are sometimes 
noticed. 


Treatment:—First isolate the animal from the bal- 
ance of the herd to a comfortable place, then make an 
examination, by greasing the hand and arm thoroughly 
with hogs’ lard and passing it into the womb. Remove 
the dead calf and all of the membranes, after which 
wash out the womb with carbolized water, say half an 
ounce of the acid to two quarts of warm, soft water, or 
permanganate of potassium, one drachm to two quarts 
of warm water, once a day for three or four days. Give 
the following physic: 

Epsom Salts..twelve to sixteen ounces, 
Powdered Foenugreek, or Ginger.... 
Saha ecb ache mie atoms carats -.-.-one ounce. 
Water :.-.-. WU etane asi oe one gallon. 
Give at one dose, to be followed with— 
Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia..... é 
stkee terest Falceave heats i. mute ein dec ten ounces. 
Tineture of Oardamon....four ounces. 
Tincture of Jamaica Ginger.two ounces. Mix. 


Give two ounces every three or four hours in a pint 
of water, or you may give four quarts of beer each day, 


ws 


NECESSARY AID IN NORMAL PARTURITION. Sih 


until the appetite returns. At all times, give warm 
bran mashes and entice the animal to eat anything she 
will, and give all the water she will drink. 


4 
Cl 


“a 
NECESSARY AID IN NORMAL PARTURITION. 


When animals are about to deliver their young, they 
should have suitable places provided for them—more 
especially large animals, as the mare and cow. As the 
act of delivery is performed with a certain amount of 
pain and uneasiness, they should be left untied, and 
provided with a large, comfortable box stall, containing 
a sufficient amount of bedding to prevent slipping and 
injuries; or if in proper season, they will do better ina 
pasture field or meadow. When delivery commences, 
it is seldom that the aid of man is necessary, yet at the 
same time, he should make an examination to see that 
the little animal is started right—that is with the two 
front feet first, the head resting upon and between the 
legs, the upper part of the head and backbone resting 
against the mother’s backbone; or if the hind feet start 
first, it will be delivered in that position; but see that 
its backbone rests against the mother’s backbone. If 
it lies in either position, do not meddle too much, but 
allow some time to elapse before aid is rendered, except 
it be a mare, then do not delay too long, for if the colt 
is not delivered voluntarily within an hour from the 
time of commencement, aid should be rendered imme- 
diately or the little animal may be lost. As it receives 
its nourishment and supply of air through the coverings 
or afterbirth/*thence through the umbilical or navel 
cord, should these become detached from the mother’s 
womb, the colt quickly dies from inanition or want of 
air, if not brought into the external world. Sometimes 
females will act very sick, and the straining or labor 


B72 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


pains will be exceedingly hard er heavy. Usually in 
such cases, the mouth of the womb has not dilated suffi- 
ciently to allow it to start, or the other surrounding 
tissues have not become sufficiently relaxed. In such 
cases, you may give ounce doses of laudanum to assist 
in quieting the pains; or half ounce doses of chloroform 
or chloral hydrate, as well as applying hot cloths to the 
belly; or give a liberal amount of walking exercise, in 
fact anything to attract or divert her attention for the 
time being, to allow the parts to become relaxed. 
Placing a drachm of belladonna on the mouth of the 
womb, will often cause it to open rapidly. Use quiet 
and soothing measures, and in the course of from six to 
twenty-four hours, the delivery will be comparatively 
easy. However, when parturition or delivery is 
retarded, it is sometimes a question whether the young 
animal is living or dead; this is frequently difficult to 
determine, and as my experience has been I presume, 
almost equal to that of any person of my years, having 
attended over twelve hundred cases in eighteen years of 
practice, I have resolved that there is but one absolute 
or positive symptom of the death of the young animal, 
prior to birth; that is, when upon examination, you dis- 
cover bloating or pufliness of the skin, and the hair 
slips off readily, decomposition has set in and there can 
no longer be any doubt but that the young animal is 
dead. * Many and varied are the symptoms spoken of 
and called infallible signs of the youngster’s death, but 
all have proven failures in my own experience, with the 
exception of the one referred to above. It is perfectly 
true that in fully sixty per cent. of the cases which I 
attended, the foals were dead, and about two per cent. 
of the mares succumbed, but many of these cases were 
confined in labor for from twenty-four to forty-eight 
hours before I reached them. The foal seldom lives 


NECESSARY AID IN NORAL PARTURITION. 379 


over four hours within the mare, after the first expul- 
sive efforts or foaling have commenced, while a calf 
may live for two or three days. The placental mem- 
branes or afterbirth, do not become detached so readily 
in the cow as in the mare, hence the longer lease of life 
in the calf, after the labor pains have started. If, after 
the water bag is ruptured and part of the fluid has 
escaped, the natural expulsion of the young animal 
should be waited for. I will here remark that it is 
never necessary to rupture the water bag in the cow 
artificially, as it is very thin and ruptures easily itself. 
But with the mare it is quite different. The membranes 
are quite thick and firm and not infrequently the foal 
is dropped enveloped in the sack without it being 
ruptured, when the young animal would quickly perish. 
Therefore, when the water bag presents beyond the 
vulva or opening as a large sack, it may be torn with 
the fingers or cut with a knife or scissors, after which 
some assistance may be needed. If the forefeet and 
head are presented, take hold of the feet, and at 
each labor pain of the mother, draw steadily and firmly 
upon the feet in the direction of the mother’s hocks, so 
as to follow the natural curve of the channel through 
which it has to pass; occasionally moving it from right 
to left, will assist greatly in working the shoulders and 
hips through the passage. When the young animal 
comes with the hind feet first, it will be delivered in 
this way easily, and will be recognized by the pasterns 
bending upward instead of downward, as in the front 
feet also by the feel of the hocks, which is vastly differ- 
ent from the knee. If assistance is rendered, draw in 
the direction of the mother’s hocks, the same as in the 
front presentation. ‘But when the hind feet are deliy- 
ered first, immediately after delivery, seize it by the 
hind legs and raise it clear from the ground with the 


380 DISEASES OF THE QENERATIVE ORGANS. 


head hanging downward, so that any fiuids remaining 
in the nostrils and wind pipe, will escape. Many foals 
and calves are lost annually, through neglect to empty 
the fluids from the wind pipe; the lungs are too weak to 
force air in through these fluids. When colts and calves 
are born head first, these fluids escape, as the head 
hangs downward during delivery, but when the head 
comes last, these fluids are liable to remain in the wind 
pipe, and death quickly ensues. Sometimes after birth, 
life is apparently suspended in the young animal. 
When this is observed, clean out the mouth and nostrils 
and dash some cold water upon its head, or take wet, 
cold cloths and beat them against the body and chest. 
Also take hold of both forelegs, draw them well for- 
ward to elevate the ribs, then gradually bring them 
back again, continuing to repeat this operation to invite 
artificial breathing; also starting a little blood from the 
navel, may assist in restoration to life. When the 
youngster is lively, but unable to stand and nurse the 
mother, you may draw some milk in a clean bottle and 
administer it. Always give the first milk of the mother 
as it acts as a mild physic, and if this has escaped, give 
a teaspoonful of castor oil. In assisting the youngster 
to nurse, do not place the hand under the breast bone; 
as it is quite soft and yielding, you may do considerable 
harm, even causing a quite lively colt to become sick 
and die. Many are lost in this way, the owner consid- 
ering that he was doing an act of kindness. When it is 
necessary to hold them up to nurse, catch one arm 
around the forelegs and breast, and the other arm 
around its haunches, and you will not injure your colt 
in the least. After the colt is a few days old, it is 
necessary for it to receive some exercise; therefore, 
allow it to run in the barn lot, or if in season, turn the 
mare and colt to pasture. Calves should be treated in 


NECESSARY AID IN NORMAL PARTURITION. 381 


a like manner. The mother should receive some atten- 
tion after delivering her young, as she is generally irri- 
tated and somewhat fatigued. She should be kept 
comfortable, in an airy place but free from draughts. 
If she has been sweating, she should be rubbed dry—in 
fact a good rubbing is very beneficial at this time as it 
equalizes the circulation, allays restlessness, and hastens 
the contraction of the womb. Sometimesit is necessary 
to blanket the animal, as they are very susceptible to 
cold at this period. Give the mother a gallon of warm 
gruel, and bed liberally. Allow her to remain alone for 
an hour or so, when you may give her some more soft, 
easily-digested food, then if necessary, assist the colt to 
nurse. Feed upon soft, easily digested food for ten or 
fifteen days and allow her perfect rest during this time, 
in order to permit a good flow of milk to be fully estab- 
lished and the complete recovery of the animal. If 
parturition has been prolonged and the animal has suf- 
fered considerably, and the womb and other organs have 
become bruised and inflamed, she should rest for a 
greater length of time, and care should be taken to pre- 
vent inflammation of the womb. A few injections into 
the vagina will now be beneficial. Take 
Permanganate of Potassium........ 
NS Csi aye Leander Male OLRCEL 
Wiaheruie Aatiseaes tuys one gallon. Mix. 

Inject once daily, using a quart each time. ~ Apply 
warm cloths over the loins, feed on soft food, and give 
four ounces of glauber salts daily, to keep the bowels 
soft. )Also keep ina clean stable, where the atmosphere 
is pure. When animals are either old, or weak and 
debilitated, and the labor has been prolonged with some 
bleeding following, stimulants should be given, as 
whisky, brandy, wine, etc. Rub the body and limbs 
thoroughly and supply plenty of bedding; and.as the 


882 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


mothers contract colds quite readily at this time, shelter 
should be provided when turned to pasture, to protect 
against cold storms, for it should be borne in mind that 
cold and dampness are dangerous to the health of the 
animal, for some time following parturition. 


PARTURITION—ITS SYMPTOMS, ETC. 


During parturition, from the earliest’ symptoms 
developed by the attempted expulsion of the foetus until 
the foetus and membranes are delivered, is called labor. 
Symptoms of approaching labor and the termination of 
the period of gestation, are sometimes observed for sev- 


* rag eat 


NV ard re MAb 
WIRE . BERENS 


NORMAL PARTURITION, OR NATURAL LABOR. 


eral days before the event transpires. One of the most 
important symptoms is enlargement of the mammary 
glands—sometimes to such an extent that swellings, 
from the size of a saucer to that of a large plate, appear 
in front of the bag, also behind the bag up between the 
hind legs to the lower part of the vulva.” Later on, if 
pressure is applied to the teat, it yields a watery secre- 
tion which sometimes escapes unaided and accumulates 
around the lower part of the teat, forming a gum-like, 


PARTURITION—ITS SYMPTOMS, ETO. 883 


substance or wax. The vulva increases in size and its 
lining membrane lb ‘omes reddened; sometimes a 
whitish, glairy secretion is formed and discharged as a 
long, stringy, sticky substance hanging from the vulva 
and sticking to the tail and legs. The croup, on either 
side of the tail, looks hollow and feels soft and pliable 
from relaxation of the broad ligaments. The back is 
somewhat sprung downward, the abdomen distended 
and hanging low down. The animal walks about care- 
fully and is somewhat inclined to leave the balance of 


NORMAL PARTURITION, OR NATURAL PRESENTATION. 


the herd. In mares, swelling of the hind legs is fre- 
quently seen. As the time for the expulsion of the 
foetus draws nearer, the animal has pains of a colicky 
nature; gets up and lies down frequently, and, if per- 
mitted, usually will seek a place of seclusion. As the 
uneasiness and pain increases, the os uteri, or mouth of 
the womb, continues to dilate until the womb and 
vagina form one large continuous passage. The mem- 
branes are now observed externally in the form of a 
water bag, which on pressure, is usually ruptured. The 
pains become more severe and frequent. The animal 


384. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


takes a full breath (as if preparatory to making a deep 
sigh), filling the lungs, and, holding it there for a time, 
brings the diaphragm and abdominal muscles into action 
to assist the uterus in the expulsion of the fcetus. If 
the animal is standing, it brings its four feet close 
together, arches its back, elevates the tail, and takes a 
deep inspiration, the same as if lying. These labor 
pains are continued for a time, when the forefeet and 
head are observed to be passing. The spine of the foetus 
should be resting against the spine of the mother, and 
the breast and abdomen against the lower part of the 
vulva. In the mare, a few more labor pains and all is 
over; but in the cow, labor is more prolonged and an 
extra effort is made when the chest is forced through 
. the vagina to the outer world. As soon as the young 
animal is born, the umbilical cord is torn apart, and, if 
bleeding much, should be tied; but this is seldom: neces- 
sary. The remaining fluid now escapes from the womb 
and is sometimes tinged with blood, from the sudden 
separation of the membranes. Sometimes the foetus is 
delivered encased in the membranes, the uterine passage 
being sufficiently large to admit it, and the membranes 
being very thick and strong. When such is the case, 
the foetus sometimes ruptures them when struggling, or 
ithe mother tears them apart with her teeth; if not 
speedily ruptured, the young creature soon expires for 
want of air. After the young animal has been deliv- 
ered, the next act is to get rid of the foetal membranes 
— the after-birth.”’? In the mare, the placenta will 
have such delicate attachment that slight contractions 
of the womb, together with the weight of the protruded 
part cause speedy expulsion. But in the cow, the pla- 
centa is not readily expelled; its attachment is by coty- 
ladons instead of villi, and the contractions of the 
womb do not so readily detach them, There may be 


CARE AND FEEDING OF PREGNANT ANIMALS. 885 


from forty to a hundred attachments, and from four 
hours to three or four days are required before the 
membrane is expelled, and then it may have to be 
removed artificially. If the mother is not seen during 
the act of parturition, or for some time after, the after- 
birth may never be seen, as cows, and sometimes mares, 
devour it as soon as expelled. 


CARE AND FEEDING OF PREGNANT ANIMALS. 


The measures for preservation of health in animals 
during pregnancy, are those which should be observed 
generally with animals which are not pregnant, except 
a few extra precautions which should be taken, in order 
that the mother may pass the periods of gestation and 
delivery in safety. Whenan animal has been served by 
the male and has conceived, she should not be allowed 
to associate with the male either in the stable or pasture, 
as attempts on the part of the male at coition and casual 
excitement on the part of the female, may do considera- 
ble harm, and even produce abortion. With such ani- 
mals as are kept at work—as the mare—it is bad policy 
to work them hard, especially after pregnancy is well 
advanced. Great care should be taken not to put them 
in a position where their sides are apt to receive blows, 
such as from heavy wagon tongues, etc. Neither should 
they be pampered and nursed in a stall, without exer- 
cise. The work should be slow, and if at all slippery, the 
mare should be well shod. They should not be used for 
saddle purposes, but if used, spurs should not be worn. 
Galloping, jumping, or in fact, anything producing 
excitement should be avoided. Should the patient bea 
mare used exclusively for breeding purposes, she should 
have a box stall and a yard in which to exercise. It is 
not at all necessary to cease working a mare for the two 


886 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


or three months previous to foaling; better to give slow, 
light work, so that they will have exercise up to the 
day of foaling. The food is a most important factor of 
success. Milch cows or working animals should be well 
fed, as not only their appetite but their physical condi- 
tion demands it. Some animals are prone to lay on 
flesh when pregnant; with such you should be very 
careful about feeding, as it may prove troublesome, 
especially if allowed to proceed tothe extreme. It may 
retard the growth of the foetus, produce abortion, cause 
difficult parturtion, or give rise to some other serious 
trouble, which will be more likely to take place during 
the last few months of pregnancy than at first. The 
food should be clean, of good quality and easily digested. 
Damp, bulky, mouldy or fermentable food should be dis- 
carded, as evil results are nearly certain. Grazing is 
beneficial if the pasture is nutritious, if not, supply the 
deficiency. The animals should be protected from foggy, 
damp or stormy weather. They should have all the clean, 
pure water they desire, for when at liberty with free 
access to water, they seldom drink much at a time. 
The water should not be too cold and ice water is to be 
strictly avoided. When animals are housed, strict 
cleanliness must be observed, and when near foaling 
time, they should be placed in roomy box stalls. If one 
animal aborts and there are others pregnant on the 
same farm, the one aborting should be removed, as the 
excitement amongst the others is liable to produce sim- 
ilar results. The stall in which abortion took place, 
should be white-washed and strewn with slacked lime, 
to destroy the smell. Harsh or cruel treatment on the 
part of the attendant or groom should be suppressed. 
Young animals, about to bring forth their first off- 
spring, should be handled very gently. Their udders 
and teats should be handled frequently, thus preventing 


CARE AND FEEDING OF PREGNANT ANIMALS. 387 


aversion to suckling their young. As much as possible, 
surgical operations and the administration of medicines 
should be avoided. Above all things, avoid giving dras- 
tic purgatives, as the irritation they produce is apt to 
cause contractions of the womb, resulting in abortion, 
and endangering the life of the mother. The stables in 
which pregnant animals are kept, should have floors as 
nearly level as possible, for if the incline is at all great, 
the gravid uterus pressing backward, may cause ever- 
sion of the vagina and abortion. The doors should be 
wide to prevent the animal striking or crowding 
together its sides on entering or going out. 

Cows that are rich, heavy milkers, and more especi- 
ally about the time they produce their third or fourth 
calf and from that period on, are very susceptible to 
parturient apoplexy or milk fever, which being very 
fatal, should receive special attention. When we know 
that the subjects of it are hearty feeders, fleshy, and 
good milkers, we have every reason to caution the 
owner to take preventative steps to combat or ward off 
the malady, by a strict attention to feeding—more 
especially during the last months of pregnancy and 
immediately after delivering their calves. For two 
months before calving, the food should be soft, to 
prevent constipation; and when the animal is quite 
fleshy, it should be given in limited quantities, in order 
to reduce the condition. The cow should be allowed to 
take daily exercise, as it greatly assists in preventing 
an attack of this disease. Extracting the milk by hand 
for a few days before calving, if the bag is full and 
large, should not be neglected. After calving, allow 
drinking water in a limited amount, and within four 
hours or as quickly after as possible, give a physic, as— 

Bpeomit Salta ca, tesa che a,c one pound. 
Powdered Ginger....... four drachms. Mix. 


B88 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


Dissolve in one gallon of warm water and give at 
one dose. If these directions are carefully followed 
and more especially the physic given immediately after 
calving, parturient apoplexy, or milk fever, will very 
seldom be seen. I will here add that it is more fre- 
quently seen in the rich milking, delicate Jersey, than 
any other breed; but no class of cattle are exempt from 
this terribly fatal complaint. 


PARTURIENT APOPLEXY—MILK FEVER. 


This disease is seen in all breeds of cattle and gen- 
erally attacks cows which give large quantities of rich 
milk. It is seldom seen during the first, second or third 
calving period, but usually from that time on, and almost 
always in cows that are highly fed and in good flesh. 
It usually occurs within three days after calving, and is 
very fatal—fully one-half of those attacked die. If 
recovery does result great care should be taken at the 
next time of calving, as a recurrence of the attack at 
that time is frequent and generally proves fatal. 


Symptoms :—Usually between the first and third day 
after calving, the cow will stand around dull and stupid; 
appetite, rumination and milk will be suspended—or 
only a slight flow of milk present; the cow walks as if 
weak across the back, staggers around shaking her 
head; as the disease advances, she falls to the ground 
unable to rise again. She may rest in a recumbent 
position with her head carried around to her side, or 
she may lie stretched out upon her side with her head 
lying upon the ground. Sometimes the head is shaken 
viciously from side to side, endangering those about 
her and being hable to break off her horns. Occasion- 
ally, but not often, a few kicks with the feet are given. 


389 


MILK FEVER. 


APOPLEXY 


PARTURIENT 


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Sr ee OU 
Wee Qs 


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Assas . 
NOOVwes 


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q 


SSAA 


SS 


FAV OWT 


SONG 


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APOPL 


INT 


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PARTURII 


890 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


The eyes become glassy and staring, soon growing 
insensible to the touch, with total blindness. Some- 
times the eye-lids will quiver and jerk for some time. 
The pulse, at first full and soft, later on becomes slower 
and feebler, gradually becoming almost imperceptible. 
The breathing, at first almost normal, becomes generally 
slower, prolonged and difficult; and frequently a rat- 
tling sound is heard within the wind-pipe. At the com- 
mencement.of the attack, the temperature will range 
from 103° to 104° F., and as the disease progresses will 
gradually sink to 8° or 4° below normal. At. first the 
bowels may appear lose, but soon become constipated, 
and the urine is usually retained within the bladder. 

Treatment :—I wish here to impress upon the reader’s 
mind that to be successful in the treatment of partur- 
ient apoplexy demands persistent attendance until 
death has actually occurred. | I have seen cases, where 
the owner considered treatment useless and momentar- 
ily looked for death, make complete recovery. If the 
patient is seen when the pulse is still’ full and strong, 
bleed to the amount of. six quarts; but if the pulse is 
weak and the animal down, with the eyes insensible to 
light, do not bleed. As soon as possible give the fol- 
lowing physic: 


Epsom Salts...........twenty ounces. 
Galomeli es Aer ee one drachim. 
Croton: Oxy aa ee twenty drops. 
ETI 28 PAL NMREU EUR ie Aian RENE Ano one ounce. 
Warne Beer. sien wauie a one-half gallon. Mix. 


If the animal has become unconscious, give very 
slowly as it is hable to run down the wind pipe. Then 
draw away the urine by means of a catheter, or by 
slipping the finger well oiled into the neck of the blad- 
der, the urine will frequently be passed. Give injec- 
tions of warm water every hour. Constantly apply 


PARTURIENT APOPLEXY—MILK FEVER. 891 


. 


rugs wrung out of hot water over the loins and apply 
ice-cold water orice bags to the head, as the brain is 
badly congested. Frequently draw away the milk and 
keep the body and limbs warm, by friction and blankets. 
Keep the animal in a position as nearly erect as possi- 
ble, and give the following every two hours until recov- 
ery begins, when the time should be lengthened: 


Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia ..... ‘ 

SIS ih Byatt Cpa cea a eV UNL ECD eight ounces. 
Spirits Nitrous Ether .... four ounces. 
Tincture Nux Vomica.....two ounces. 
Tineture Gentian < joo... 3 ssix ounces: + Mix: 


Give four ounces in a quart of warm beer or water, or a 
half pint of hot whisky every two hours. This may seem 
like heavy dosing with stimulants, but it is the proper 
thing to do. Should the physic operate and the animal 
begin to appear conscious of her surroundings, feed on 
soft and sloppy diet, until convalescence has been 
established. Prevention is the best and safest treat- 
ment for parturient apoplexy. When an animal is 
known to be a heavy milker and is fleshy or plethoric 
in condition, she should be fed previous to calving, on a 
laxative diet and but sparingly. The milk should be 
drawn away for ten days previous to calving; immedi- 
ately after calving give the following drench: 


BipsOmy Saisie gets sys 2 twelve ounces. 
Glauber Salts..... Salyer sane six ounces, : 
Gitte. ses variate Ries eee one-half ounce. 
WM oenmPneek yeiais sieves.) 4 one-half ounce. 
Wein a aca uate 2H, one-half gallon. Mix. 


If these directions are followed you will not be 
troubled with parturient apoplexy. 


, 


892 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


OEDEMA, OR SWELLING IN PREGNANCY. 


In some of the coarser breeds of animals and, occa- 
sionally in some of the finer, during pregnancy swell- 
ings appear around the udder, extending forward as far 
as the breast and backward and upward as high as the 
vulva. The hind legs will begin swelling just above the 
hoof, and the swelling will extend upward to the hocks 
or even to the groin. These swellings are serous or 
watery in character, diminish rapidly during exercise 
and increase upon rest. The disease is not of much 
consequence, being caused by deficient circulation 
occasioned by the pressure of the foetus upon the crural 
vessels. It is never seen in the cow, as in her the 
circulation through the mammary veins is more com- 
plete than in the mare. In mares it sometimes appears 
three or four months previous to. foaling; but when at 
pasture where they can get regular exercise, it rarely 
occurs. It depends very much upon the conformation 
and temperament of the individual animal, as well as 
on season and hygienic management. No fear need be 
entertained, as it disappears in a few days after foaling. 
Should it occasion any inconvenience, give exercise. 
Or, bandaging, the application of a mild stimulating 
liniment, or scarification may be resorted to. However, 
this is very seldom necessary. 


EVERSION OF THE WOMB. 


Eversion of the womb can only happen when the 
os uteri, (or mouth of the womb) is dilated. Conse- 
quently it happens only shortly after parturition or dur- 
ing the act of parturition. It is liable to occur amongst 
all breeds and all classes of animals. Mares seldom suf- 
fer from it, though it is quite common among cattle. I 


EVERSION OF THE WOMB, 393 


cannot say whether or not it be from peculiar conforma- 
tion, but some cows are more subject to this affection 
than others. The uterine ligaments of the cow are so 
extensive and elastic, that a few extra efforts or labor 
pains after the foetus is expelled, send the womb along 


EVERSION OF THE WOMB. 


with it, or shortly after. If eversion of the womb is 
thought probable, the animal should be watched and 
before the womb can be everted, a pessary should be 
introduced and the womb maintained in its position. 
A truss should be used to prevent straining and the fol- 
lowing drench should be given at one dose: 


Seblp Mabe Hip rosea 5 oS one ounce, 
Tincture of Opium........two ounces. 
Brandy we ses e.g si). oss ao. WO; ORRMEES, 
Wate sa eel vee Me Mca tis wens one pint. Mix. 
Previous to inserting the pessary, remove all of the 
after-birth. ie 


Should the womb be inverted and lying on the 
ground, or hanging from the animal as it stands, gather 
{t on a clean linen sheet, remove all the membranes and 
wash it thoroughly with warm water, to which may be 


894 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 


acded a mild solution of listerine. Then commence to 
replace it. Oil your hand thoroughly, then close your 
fist and place it in the hollow spot or center of the 
womb. Press inward slowly and carefully. If the 
animal strains be very careful, for fear of rupturing the 
womb. Have your assistants press on the sides of the 


TRUSS TO PREVENT EVERSION OF THE WONG. 


womb towards your arm. In this way the womb can he 
returned. This should be done as quickly as possible 
after eversion has taken place. As soon as the womb 
is replaced, insert a pessary and keepit there from four 
to ten days. The pessary should be made of light wood 
about twenty-two inches long and two inches thick, 
with the end inserted covered with a smooth, otled 
cloth and the outer end having a hole bored through it, 
in which to pass a rope to hold the pessary in position. 
Fasten a truss made from rope around the patient, (as 
per illustration) but do not fasten it too tightly. Leave 


_ 


POST-LABOR PAINS—AFTER PAINS. B95 


loose enough to allow the patient to get up and down. 
Feed on soft food to prevent constipation, and give 
Powdered Ginger.......... one ounce. 
Beatie SOG a estar da oie 6:0-0'e's t one ounce. 
Salipeters: vseeculss to <> /-bwo ounces. :, Mix. 

Make six powders and give one powder every six 
hours, made into a tea as a drench. 

It is a rather difficult task to return the womb and 
maintain it in position. But be persistent in your 
work and your efforts will be crowned with success, at 
least if the patient is a cow. In mares, fully three- 
fourths of the cases prove fatal. 


POST-LABOR PAINS—AFTER PAINS. 


The painful sensations of the womb, after the expul- 
sion of the foetus and secundines (which are frequently 
observed) are sometimes termed after pains. They are 
due to contractions of the womb which continue for 
some time, in order to reduce its volume and cast off 
the membranes. They are seldom seen after an easy 
delivery and, when they are seen, last but a short time. 
But when there is difficult or protracted labor, the after 
pains may last twenty-four or forty-eight hours; or, if 
some of the placental membranes are attached, the 
straining is lable to be prolonged. The animal will 
arch its back, contract the abdominal muscles and strain 
violently, as though trying to deliver another fetus. If 
retention of the membranes is the exciting cause, they 
should be removed at once, as otherwise the after-pains 
will be continued and result in eversion of the womb. 
After an exploration to discover the cause of the after- 
pains, and removal of the membranes, should you find 
any bruises or lesions of the vagina or womb, wash 


OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


DISEASES 


396 


AFTER PAINS. 


PREMATURE LABOR PAINS. 897 


out thoroughly with warm water, and afterwards with a 
fifty per cent. solution of permanganate of potassium. 
Also give at one dose, the following mild physic: 


Sulphate of Soda.......twelve ounces. 
GHNEOT Jha ac seats eae one-half ounce. 
Warm beer. csa:e2c. 28. ..,0ne pint. Mix: 


Then apply a truss, such as is used for eversion of 
the womb. 


PREMATURE LABOR PAINS. 


Premature labor pains frequently occur in the lower 
animals and are sometimes attended with considerable 
danger. Various things are supposed to cause them, 
some of which are exposure to cold rains; injuries; 
administration of certain drugs; feeding upon rye 
grasses, etc. I am inclined to believe that the quality 
and quantity of the food, exerts upon the uterus a 
greater influence in producing premature labor pains, 
than any thing else. Musty, mouldy, indigestible or 
fermentable food, will cause derangement of the 
bowels and, through sympathy, involuntary contrac- 
tions of the womb. Frozen food or ice-cold water acts 
similarly. The symptoms are similar to natural labor 
except that in premature labor, the animal almost 
always strains while standing, while in normal labor the 
position may be either lying or standing, and fre- 
quently both positions are taken alternately, while 
straining. During natural labor, the mouth of the 
womb is open, while, during premature pains, it is 
closed for a considerable length of time. The straining 
is intermittent and sometimes very forcible and, if not 
overcome, results iu abortion. 


Treatment :—Give drachm doses of powdered opium 


398 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


every hour, until the straining stops; then give at one 
dose, the following mild physic: 
Magnesia Sulphate .... twelve ounces. 


Gaim ee ei all anette ete one-half once. 
Wither es rddi lo heh sab athe two quarts. Mix. 


If this fails to act in thirty-six hours, repeat the 
dose. 


POST-PARTUM HEMORRHAGE, OR FLOODING. 


Bleeding from the womb, or “‘ flooding,”’ after abor- 
tion or after delivery at full term, occasionally occurs 
among domesticated animals and is very fatal. 


Causes :—Injuries to the womb during expulsion of 
the foetus; premature removal of the placenta; partial 


POST-PARTUM HEMORRHAGE, OR FLOODING. 


adhesion of the placental membranes; feeble develop- 
ment of the uterine walls and insufficient contraction of 
the womb. Ifa slight dribbling stream is noticed, an 
examination of the vagina will probably reveal slight 
lesions there, which seldom do any harm.* But if the 
blood issues forth in torrents, and there is a quick weak 
pulse, pale mucous membranes, increasing prostration, 


RETENTION OF THE PLACENTA—AFTER-BIRTH. 399 


staggering gait, chilliness of the surface, coldness of the 
limbs and breaking out of a coldclammy sweat, the bleed- 
ing is great and, if unrelieved, will terminate shortly 
in death. The treatment must be very prompt and 
effective or death will speedily follow. First, examine 
to ascertain the cause. If part of the membranes still 
adhere, at once remove them; but do so carefully or 
you will increase the hemorrhage. Remoye all clots of 
blood. Then apply cold water over the loins. Also dip 
your arm into cold water, insert it into the womb and 
move it around, which sometimes will induce contrac- 
tion of the womb and thus stop the bleeding. If not, 
take a soft cloth or a sponge, dip into cold water, and 
insert in the womb; or inject cold water into the womb ; 
or use injections of cold water and per-chloride of iron. 
If there is much prostration, the following will prove 
very beneficial: 
dears aed Sadik ek Se ae ae fe ...one pint. 
Tincture of Per-Chloride of Iron.... 
Se EE OS RY re mg State four ounces. Mix. 

Give three ounces every two hours, in a half pint of 
hot water as a drench, after which place the patient in 
a good comfortable stall, well bedded, and feed on soft 
nutritious food. 


RETENTION OF THE PLACENTA—AFTER-BIRTH. 


Beyond a certain period after the expulsion of the 
foetus, the retention of the placenta or ‘“‘after-birth”’ 
should be considered unnatural and to require some 
attention. With mares this seldom occurs, but in cows, 
owing to the peculiar attachment of the membranes, it 
is quite frequent. In the mare the placenta is attached 
by fine villi, which are easily detached and the placenta 
is only retained by abnormal adhesions. » In the cow 


400 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


the placenta is attached by cotyledons, varying from 
forty to one hundred in number, which are so con- 
structed that entanglement of the membranes is liable 
to occur at any time after calving. From this peculiar- 
ity of construction, abnormal adhesions are more fre- 
quent than in the mare. The natural mode of expelling 
the placenta, is by the contraction of the womb, although 
I have seen cases where the womb, had contracted and 
the os uteri, or mouth of the womb, completely closed, 
and the foetal envelopes, completely encased within the 
womb, and could only be removed by forcible dilation 
of the mouth of the womb. But these are exceptional 
cases. The general rule, where there is retention of the 
membranes, 1s that the womb will contract, but its 
mouth will remain open with part of the membranes 
protruding through it. More frequently the membranes 
are visible, hanging down from the vulva. In the mare, 
the placenta, if not expelled by the efforts of nature, 


should not be allowed to remain undisturbed, but should: 


be removed within twelve hours after foaling. With 
the cow, danger is less imminent, and unless straining 
or hemorrhage are prominent symptoms, the placenta 
should not be disturbed for at least from one to three 
days, during which time—if not detached naturally— 
decomposition is Hable to occur. If this be the case, it 
should be immediately removed or chronic inflamma- 
tion of the womb and vagina may follow and leucor- 
rhoea (or whites) be the result. When the placenta is 
not expelled shortly after calving, the following may 
assist its removal: 


Gentian tl oaeicn ose one-half ounce. 
GAM COR: ho je od ole esos ORO OUNCE: 
HoenMmoree kore cet ae eke one ounce. 
GATES Gein ys nae ope EO Me ibeeeta one ounce. 
Bi-Carbonate of Soda...... one ounce. Mix. 


HERNIA OF THE UTERUS, OR WOMB. 401 


Make two powders and give morning and evening. 
After a lapse of three days, it is advisable to remove 
the placenta by a manual operation. First see that 
there are no abrasions of the skin on your hand or arm, 
through which absorption of putrid matter can take 
place and so lead to blood poisoning. Then grease your 
hand and arm and pass between the placenta and the 
walls of the womb. As you meet the cotyledons, unfasten 
the membranes in the same manner in which you unbut- 
ton your coat; proceed to the next, and so on until you 
have unfastened them all. Use gentle traction with 
the other hand all the time, as some of them will be 
detached by traction alone. When you have detached 
the placenta from all the cotyledons, it will drop out 
easily. After the placenta is detached, when there is a 
very fetid odor, wash out the womb thoroughly with a 
soft cloth and warm water, to which may be added a 
drachm of permanganate of potassium. Then feed on 
a nutritious diet, to which add a dessert spoonful of 
glauber salts morning and evening. In the mare, take 
the same precautions before removing the placenta. 
Grease the arm thoroughly, then pass the hand gently 
between the placenta and womb, separating the attach- 
ments slowly and carefully, using traction with the 
other hand. If the attachments are very close or ab- 
normally adhered, break them down, when the placenta 
is easily removed. Keep her quiet fora time; feed soft 
food to which add twice daily a teaspoonful of— 

Glauber Salts...........eight ounces. 
Palipetretemas se kee fa. four ounces. Mix. 


HERNIA OF THE UTERUS, OR WOMB. 


This accident is not frequent, though it sometimes 
occurs. During the eighteen years of my practice I 


402 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 


have worked extensively in obstetrical cases, and have 
seen only five mares with hernia of the womb and 
not one cow. Hernia of the womb consists of a 
breaking down or separation of the abdominal muscles 
through which the womb and contents pass until they 
come in contact with the skin, which from its elastic 
nature, is carried down: sometimes within fifteen to 


HERNIA OF THE UTERUS (OR WOMB). 


eighteen inches from the ground. The bag and teats 
are generally carried down with the skin and frequently 
form the lowest point of the tumor. The causes of uterine 
hernia are none too thorougly understood, but that 
which seems to me the most reasonable supposition, is 
that the uterine muscles become ruptured or relaxed, 
thus allowing the gravid uterus to rest entirely upon the 
abdominal muscles. These become weakened from the 
abdominal strain, after which the energetic movements 


HERNIA OF THE UTERUS, OR WOMB. 4035 


of the foetus, materially assist in forming the rent in the 
abdominal muscles. In the first case of this description 
that I ever saw, I was somewhat puzzled, as the owner 
did not know whether the mare was in foal or not; and 
I was unable to ascertain any signs of life, though the 
mare presented the appearance of being with foal. I 
then determined upon exploring the tumor by inserting 
asmall trocar and canula. In a moment the amniotic 
fluid began to escape, and soon the foetus began to 
struggle. I immediately withdrew the canula and 
applied bandages. In about a month after, I delivered 
her of a dead colt fully developed. The operation was 
rather difficult and the mare died ina few hours. A 
post mortem examination revealed a complete rupture 
or rather lacerations of the oblique muscles as well as 
of the rectus muscles and linea alba. Had the mare 
lived she would have been useless either for work or for 
breeding purposes. 


This accident seldom takes place until within the 
last two months of pregnancy. When it befalls a cow, 
I would recommend that she be fattened and sold to the 
butcher. But mares, which are not used for food and 
can be utilized in no way other than breeding or work- 
ing, may be bred again. I have known one mare, which 
I was called to deliver on account of a wrong presenta- 
tion, and which had a comparatively bad uterine hernia, 
to bring forth two living foals, entirely unassisted, dur- 
ing the next two years after my attending her. After 
this she was sold, left the neighborhood, and I lost trace 
of her. When females are found to be in this condi- 
tion previous to time of delivery, they should be sup- 
ported with broad bandages. At the time of delivery, 
trouble should be anticipated and they should receive 
prompt attention. If unable to deliver spontaneously, 
have a number of assistants to place a broad blanket 


404 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


under the abdomen and raise it up as high as possible. 
Then should the presentation be the buttock, the oper- 
ator should push it a little toward the side opposite to 
the legs and seize the hind legs, one at a time, and 
bring them into the natural passage. Fasten a quarter- 
inch rope, well greased, around the pasterns, separately. 
Then pull with considerable force, the assistants still 
holding up the abdomen, and you may expect a safe 
delivery, providing there are no malformations. If it 
be a head presentation, fasten a rope around the neck 
and lower jaw; then push the head in and to one side. 
Next endeavor to bring the forefeet up into the natural 
passage, fasten a rope around the pasterns, then draw 
the head back betwen the front legs and pull. Use 
plenty of fresh hogs’ lard if the membranes are in the 
least dry, also have all ropes or straps well greased 
while using them, to assist delivery. If you are 
unable to deliver in this position, make a deep, soft 
bed of straw and, if the animal will he down, all the 
better. If she will not le down herself, lay her down 
as easily as possible. Then secure her limbs to prevent 
her doing injury and roll her on her back; have plenty 
of assistants to hold her there, with her hind quarters 
raised higher than the fore. Have some handy assist- 
ant to try to reduce the tumor while the operator is try- 
ing to seize the parts which are most convenient. If 
there be a head or a breast presentation secure it in the 
manner prescribed before and, when everything is 
straight, apply traction and complete the delivery. 
But, in case you cannot deliver by the natural passage, 
and the colt is living and would prove more valuable 
than the mother, you can secure the animal and perform 
the Cesarean section, which is to open the abdomen 
sufficiently to deliver the foetus in that way, after 
which I believe it profitable to destroy the mare and 


Sa 
4 
- = 


RUPTURE OF THE PERINEUM. 405 


raise the colt on cows’ milk. But in the case of the 
cow, you may stitch up the wound after removing the 
afterbirth; then stitch up the integument (skin) and 
try to save her. If she lives, she should be fattened for 
slaughter. 


RUPTURE OF THE PERINEUM. 


Generally, this accident is the result of difficult par- 
turition, though sometimes it is caused by unruly stal- 
lions. Asa result of parturition, rupture of the vagina 
is a frequent occurrence, and sometimes we meet with 
rupture of the perineum and rectum combined. In 
other cases the perineum may be ruptured and the 
sphincter muscles undisturbed; while in some cases the 
rupture will extend clear out, severing the sphincter 
muscles. If the foetus be not in a natural position, 
the uterine contractions driving it backward may force 
the limbs or the head through the perineum and pre- 
sent them at the anal opening. If assistance is not at 
hand and the parts presenting are not returned and 
placed in the proper channel, the expulsive efforts of 
the mother will cause them to tear the perineum and 
sphincter muscles asunder and thus deliver the foetus— 
sometimes dead and sometime living—but leaving an 
unsightly appearance, as the vagina and rectum are 
one continuous slit. The results vary, owing consider- 
ably to the extent of the injury. If the laceration is 
not great, no serious results need be anticipated.: But 
if the laceration be great and the sphincter be torn 
tlirough, a suppurative inflammation may occur with a 
coutinuous discharge of pus, smearing the tail and legs 
and causing the animal to present an unsightly appear- 
ance. Others seem to experience no inconvenience, a 
partial recovery takes place, the animal appears per- 


406 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


fectly healthy, may breed again and bring forth its 
progeny without any evil results. 

Treatment :—Trim off evenly the lacerated margins, 
bringing them together with the cat-gut suture, using 
the interrupted stitch. Then introduce a tampon or 
plug into the vagina to support the septum during 
defecation. Apply cold water frequently to keep down 
the inflammation, and twice daily use the following 
dressing all along the laceration: 

ASTI ese bc las costal ee four ounces. 
Carbolie sAcxdens feece > oe two drachms. Mix. 

Should the stitches tear out, you may replace them 
a second or third time. After that it will be useless. 
While the stitches are intact, place the animal in a 
narrow stall to prevent her lying down. If there is 
much bleeding when the laceration occurs, arrest it 
with cold water; if that fails, apply tincture of per- 
sulphide of iron. Feed on soft, sloppy food, and give 
frequent injections of pure water, to soften the dung 
and thus relieve the strain on the perineum. 


METRO-PERITONITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB 
AND PERITONEUM. 


This disease affects animals of all ages, and results 
from difficult parturition, retention of the foetal mem- 
branes, inversion of the womb, exposure to wet and 
cold, drinking ice-cold water, ete. 

Symptoms :—The disease may occur from withina few 
hours after parturition up to the fifth or sixth day’ At 
first the animal will appear dull with loss of appetite; 
visible mucous membranes injected red; secretion of 
milk dimished; pulse quick, full and hard; bowels con- 
stipated; urine diminished in quantity; colicky pains 


METRO-PERITONITIS, ETC. 407 


are present, manifested by frequently lying down and 
getting up until lying down becomes too painful, from 
the pressure of the abdominal muscles on the womb; 
striking at the belly with the hind feet; pointing with 
the nose at the flanks; respiration accelerated ; abdomen 
tucked up. As the disease advances, the pulse grows 
small, feeble and wiry; the animal becomes insensible 
of objects around her and plunges about with great vio- 
lence; death shortly follows. 

Treatment :—First examine the womb. If any of the 
membranes adhere, they should be removed at once. 
Wash the womb out thoroughly with warm water, to 
which add a little carbolic acid—one part of acid to 
forty of water. This should be repeated twice daily. 
If the bowels are constipated and the patient is a mare, 
give the following physic at one dose in half a pint of 
water, as a drench: 


VANS EE he ve eS tise ene a one ounce. 
@alloninele S40 c sete cal atee ee one drachm. 
Gumncere ey eerie cede we, one-half ounce. Mix. 


For the same condition in a cow, give at one dose in 
a gallon of water, the following: 


Magnesia Sulph........ twenty ounces. 
Glonme tients feces cota os ae two drachms. 
GANG SR eas nee testers tte wk ta 6 vin one ounce. Mix. 


After which give every four or five hours one of the 
following powders: 
Qimmdime Stl hi? cr 0). four drachms. 
SahicviierpWend. Ariss. 3. four drachms. Mix. 
Make into six powders. Or the following, given 
every four hours, will be found beneficial : 
Liquid Ammonia Acetate........... 
Fc IN Br ee aan ee a three ounces. 
Fluid Extract Aconite...twenty drops. Mix. 


408 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


If the animal’s temperature remains high, place a 
sheet, wet with cold water, around the body and keep 
wetting it with a sprinkling can for an hour, after 
which rub the animal dry and place warm, dry blankets 
over it. When convalescence has occurred good food 
and tonics should be administered. Give one of the 
following powders three times a day: 

Powdered Sulphate of Iron......... 
-.+.-2+--+ one and one-half ounces, 
INO COMP LG ane ene alae 5 eral two ounces. 
GiM@ern eee ee eee maul e ng one ounce. 
Potassioni ol Nibratior amet ani. se 
SER Rew one and one-half ounces. Mix. 

Divide into sixteen powders. While the pain is 
very severe, the application of mustard to the abdomen 
is very beneficial. After the disease has abated, if 
there is a chronic discharge from the womb, the treat- 
ment given for leucorrha will suffice. The person 
examining the womb should be very careful, and see that 
there are no fresh sores on his hands or armsand grease 
them thoroughly to prevent inoculation and blood poi- 
soning. 


UMBILICAL HEMORRHAGE, OR BLEEDING FROM THE 
NAVEL. 


Bleeding from the umbilical cord, of an alarming 
nature, is not a very common accident, nevertheless it 
sometimes occurs and occasionally so profusely as to 
cause death. It generally happens immediately after 
birth or within a short period afterwards and may con- 
tinue for some time in small quantities, but sufficient to 
produce great debility. The bleeding is* generally 
caused hy the cord’s being cut or broken off too close to 


> po npnm bear ai Sar Se 


UMBbhL.CAL HEMORRHAGE, ETC. 409 


the abdomen; it may be due to a varicose condition of 
the cord. Sometimes, after the cord is tied, when sufli- 
ciently long enough to admit of it, the mother will nip 
it off closer and so induce bleeding. 


Treatment:—When the bleeding is slight and not 
likely to be continued, little or no treatment is required. 
If possible, seize the cord and tie; if not apply tannic 
acid, alum, or per-chloride of iron and bandage, after 
placing some cotton batting saturated with Monsell’s 
solution of iron upon the cord. Or you may take a 
needle and thread and pass it through the skin on both 
sides of the cord, then tie it tightly and you will com- 
pletely close the opening, but in doing this be careful 
not to penetrate or include the intestines. 


PERSISTENCE OF THE URACHUS, OR URINE PASSING 
FROM THE NAVEL. 


What is understood by the urachus, is the canal 
formed by the middle portion of the allantois, which 
passes through the umbilical ring and communicates with 
the bladder through which the urine is conveyed to the 
allantoid sack, during foetal life. After birth the 
urachus should become obliterated and the bladder 
should be retracted and further developed within the 
pelvic cavity, the urine then passing through the natural 
channels. It sometimes happens the urachus does 
not close up and disappear, and the urine is passed 
through the navel. It more frequently occurs in males 
than in females. In the latter it generally comes by 
drops and quite frequently ceases spontaneously, while 
in the male it usually runs ina stream and is more dan- 
gerous. 


410 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


Treatment :—In a great many cases no treatment is 
required, the escape of urine ceasing in a few days 
after birth; but, where treatment is demanded, a cure 
can usually be effected. If the urachus is sufficiently 
long, seize it and tie it. If this cannot be done, grasp 
the cord between the thumb and fingers and raise it up; 
then pass a stitch in a circle clear around the cord and 
tie it tight. The urachus is then closed. But be care- 
ful not to gather any more skin than is actually neces- 
sary into the stitch. If the urethra, or natural channel 
for the urine to pass by, is not opened, get the longest 
human catheter obtainable and pass it to open the 
channel. 


UMBILICAL HERNIA, OR RUPTURE OF THE NAVEL. 


Rupture of the navel is most frequently congenital, 
although it sometimes occurs two or three months after 
birth, when it would be called accidental hernia. A 
small, round tumor, situated at the navel opening and 
varying in size from that of a bird’s egg to that of a 
goose egg or even larger, is observed. It is usually soft 
and fluctuating and easily reduced within the abdomi- 
nal eavity by manipulation with the fingers, just as 
readily returning when the hand is removed. Some- 
times it presents a doughy or hard appearance, when 
probably the intestines within the sack are filled with 
alimentary matter. When the intestines are returned, 
the opening will present a circular or elliptical shape, 
and around the edges it will be tense and hard to the 
touch. i 


Treatment :—In a great majority of cases when the 
tumor is not very large, if allowed to remain undisturbed 
nature will bring about acomplete cure varying in time 
from three months to three years of age. I have 


RETENTION OF THE MECONIUM, ETC. 41f 


applied a broad bandage with very gratifying results 
and would recommend it strongly. Constriction of the 
tumor is an excellent method of effecting a cure. First 
cast the animal and secure it firmly, place it on its back 
and maintain it in that position. Then manipulate the 
tumor until the intestines are returned to the abdominal 
cavity. Next grasp the skin over the tumor and raise 
it up as far as you can stretch it, and fasten a pair of 
clamps as close to the abdomen as possible. Fasten 
them tightly. Then put a couple of wooden pegs through 
the skin, protruding beyond the clamp, to keep it from 
slipping off when the animal is standing. In this way 
you set up an adhesive inflammation, forming a plug 
filling up the opening by the time the clamp sloughs off. 
Some practitioners recommend the application of nitric 
acid to the tumor and report good results; but I have 
never tried it. But to inject into the sub-cutaneous 
connective tissue a few drops of salt water, around the 
rupture, will, in a great many cases, through irritation 
set up a healthy inflammation, throwing out a plastic 
substance, filling the cavity, thus forcing the intestines 
back within the abdominal cavity and completely plug- 
ging up the opening. This operation can be done with 
the ordinary hypodermic syringe, care being taken not 
to insert it too deep. 


RETENTION OF THE MECONIUM, OR CONSTIPATION 
SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH. 


The contents of the intestines previous to birth is 
ealled meconium. This is generally expelled immedi- 
ately after birth; but when it is retained for any leneth 
of time, serious results follow if left unrelieved.: This 
occurs, perhaps, more frequently with the colt than 
with any other animal, but occasionally happens with 


412 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


calves. It generally oceurs in animals that are weakly 
and not thoroughly developed. It is generally caused 
by the mothers being fed on dry fodder for a length of 
time, or by her milk being thin and not rich in those 
purgative elements so necessary for the newly born 
animal. Hence, it is generally seen in those colts and 
calves that come in the winter and early spring, previous 
to the mother being turned out to pasture. 


Symptoms :— Within a few days after birth, the little 
animal appears uneasy and refuses to suck; shows 
symptoms of colic, lies down and rolls around, occas- 
ionally looking toward the abdomen; when standing, 
the back is arched and attemps to pass manure and 
water are frequent; pulse and respiration are frequent 
and sometimes the respiration is labored; the eyes are 
injected red; grinding of the teeth is a frequent 
symptom. 


Treatment :—The proper treatment is to attend to the 
food and condition of the mother, previous to parturi- 
tion. The diet should be soft and nutritious. Imme- 
diately after birth, the young animal should be fed the 
first milk the mother gives, as it contains purgative ele- 
ments so necessary for the movement of the bowels. If 
the bowels do not move, remove all the fecal matter 
you can with the oiled finger, after which give frequent 
injections of warm water and castile soap, or injections 
of oil. Feed the mother ona soft, sloppy diet, to which 
may be added a mild physic. Should the bowels fail to 
respond, give two ounces of castor oil, towhich you may 
add a dessertspoonful of brandy with a little sweetened 
water; or you may give every two or three hours, two 
ounces of cod-liver oil with a little brandy and a little 
sweetened water. Keep the little creature warm with 
‘blankets, rub the limbs with dilute alcohol and bandage. 


DIARRHG@A IN COLTS. 418 


DIARRHOEA IN COLTS. 


This disease consists of a watery discharge from the 
bowels, differing somewhat both in color and ingredi- 
ents from the regular natural discharge. Quite often it 
will be strongly acid, as is demonstrated by its scalding 
the hair off from the surrounding parts and emitting an 
offensive odor. 


Causes :—It is produced from many causes; such as 
an altered condition of the mother’s milk through some 
unknown or unforseen agency; or by the mother eating 
too rich and highly nutritious food, or just the reverse 
—by being furnished with a scanty amount of poor, innu- 
tritious food, or bad, deficient, improper food; also from 
an excessive amount of lime salts in the food; milk that 
is too rich in fatty constituents; permanent stabling; de- 
fective stabling; chills or stable miasma. It is most fre- 
quently seen where the young creature is permanently 
housed, and seldom observed when out to pasture, thus 
indicating very strongly that the offending agent isin or 
about the stable, and is properly called a stable miasma. 
Another circumstance must be borne in mind, that is, 
when one young animal becomes badly affected, other 
colts or calves that are around the same stable, soon 
become affected, thus giving rise to the theory of con- 
tagion, or infectious nature of the complaint. 


Symptoms :—This disease generally makes its appear- 
ance quite suddenly and without any direct or assign- 
able cause, as the food and water as consumed by the 
mother, may not have been changed or altered in the 
least.°* But within eight or ten days after birth, the 
diarrhoea manifests itself in a violent form. ~ The pass- 
ages are very watery in character, and have a sour, 
offensive smell. They are either yellow-tinted, whitish, 
or a grayisi green color, but more often whitish. The 


414 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


bowels move quite frequently and with some force, as 
the discharge will squirt some distance. Sometimes the 
animal will cease sucking, while others again, will 
nurse as though there was nothing the matter, except 
that they will switch and rub the tail, from the irrita- 
tion produced where the hair and sometimes the skin 
has been scalded off from the effects of the discharge 
from the bowels. In those cases where they cease to 
suck, they fail in strength very rapidly and are nearly 
always lying down. The eyes are sunk quite deeply 
within their orbits and appear indifferent to surround- 
ing objects; the hair looks dry and staring. There is 
neither bloating nor rumbling of the bowels, and the 
belly does not seem sore nor painful when pressed upon. 
There may besome straining, and as the end approaches, 
the little creature remains immovable, and-dies without 
even a struggle. 


Treatment —As is the case with all other diseases, 
preventative measures are always better than curative 
treatment. Attention should be given to cleanliness 
and diet at all times, but more especially is this the 
case, when this disease has appeared in the stable 
before, or is now present; and all pregnant stock should 
be removed from the stable, when this is the case, a 
month prior to producing their off-spring, in order to 
render them secure. The stable or shed in which this 
disease has occurred, should be thoroughly washed and 
disinfected with carbolic acid, chloride of lime or sul- 
phuric acid, paying particular attention to the floor, 
where the infectious material may remain for months. 

It is good policy not to use the stable after disinfec- 
ting it, for the balance of the summer. The curative 
measures employed, are many and varied. ” Such as have 
proven beneficial, I will here insert. First, change the 
amother’s diet. If fed too highly, reduce a little; or if 


, re 


DIARRHEA IN COLTS. 415 


scantily fed, increase her rations, and if in season, do not 
fail to turn out to pasture. If the colt or calf is strong 
and lively, give an ounce of castor oil to clean the 
bowels of any irritant that may be within them, to be 
followed with a couple of raw eggs, every four hours 
until six or eight eggs are given, and if this fails to 
check it, a few doses of white oak bark tea may be 
given. Or give, 


Prepared Clralke. i) .ic2nys0s:. one ounce. 
Powdered Catechu...... four drachms. 
Powdered Opium......... one drachm. Mix. 


Make fifteen powders. Give one powder every 
three or four hours, in a little milk. Or better still, 
give— 


Powdered Opium.......... ten grains. 
Tincture of Cardamon...ten drachms. 
Sulphuric Ether..........two ounces. Mix. 


Give dessertspoonful every four to six hours, in four 
to six ounces of linseed tea or gruel. 


Or, 
IDE DIGIEN Ch Baa eeeoe Roeee eee Be Aiea one ounce. 
Tincture of Catechu...:.... one ounce. 
Sweet Spirits of Niter...... one ounce, 
PARES ORIC Hert teierstaecieie a ese ki one ounce. Mix. 


Give dessertspoonful ever hour or two until relief. 


Burnt flour sometimes. aids materially. Keep the 
patient warm and comfortable and if pains in the 
bowels are exhibited, apply cloths wrung out of hot 
water to which may be added some camomile tea or 
flowers, to the belly, which will greatly assist in easing 
the pains. 


416 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 
PRESENTATIONS AND POSITION OF THE FOETUS. 


We have before spoken of normal parturition, where 
the foetus was presented ina natural position and the 
mother had power to expel it. We will now consider 
the various presentations and positions of the foetus 
during parturition. They should be well studied, as 
the different modes of delivery are of much importance 
practically, to the obstetrician. When we remember that 
during gestation the foetus in the womb assumes so many , 
different positions, it is not surprising that in delivery 
so many different presentations occur. Notwithstand- 
ing, there is supposed to be some agency or influence, so 
induce the foetus to assume a natural position and pres- 
entation at delivery, this is not always the case; and, 
instead of the foetus being in a favorable position, it 
frequently requires assistance to change the false posi- 
tion assumed by the young animal at the termination of 
gestation. 

What is understood by presentation, is that part of 
the foetus which presents itself first at the pelvic inlet, 
or that part of the foetus which the hand of the operator 
touches when making an examination as to position— 
which may be the head, forefeet, hocks, breast, abdo- 
men, sides, etc. Presentation may vary exceedingly, 
as any part of the foetus may occupy the space at the 
mouth of the womb. I will condense and simplify as 
far as possible, the description of these presentations 
and positions, in order not to confuse the mind of the 
reader. 


Presentations may be grouped in four classes, viz. : 
Anterior Presentation, when the head, neck, chest, fore- 
feet or forelimbs are presented; Shoulder and Loin 
Presentation, when any portion of the body is presented, 
as the shoulder, withers, back, loins or haunches; 


ANTERIOR PRESENTATION. AI] 


Breast and Abdominal Presentation, in which the limbs 
are most frequently felt first, possibly all four feet, or 
only three of them, and sometimes only one; Posterior 
Presentation, in which the breech or croup is facing the 
inlet and the presence of the limbs there only consti- 
tutes a different position. 

The different positions in which a foetus may be 
found with any of these presentations, are numerous. 
For instance, with anterior presentation, the withers of 
the foetus may rest against the spine of the mother, and 
the breast against the lower part of the pelvis; or it 
may be just the reverse; or the fetus may be lying on 
its right or left side, when its ribs would rest against 
the mother’s spine and against the lower part of her 
pelvis, the breast facing either the right or left ileum, 
and the withers the opposite; the head may deviate to 
the right or left; one limb may be retained, or crossed 
over the neck; or both limbs may be retained, etc. 


ANTERIOR PRESENTATION. 


This is the only natural presentation of the fcetus, 
and in this presentation, the different positions of the 
young creature frequently require the aid of art to 
complete the delivery. But when the presentation is 
natural and nature has brought about the necessary 
changes in the generative organs of the mother, delivery 
is comparatively easy and successful. In this position 
the foetus at the inlet should present the forefeet first, 
with the head lying upon or between them, the withers 
toward the spine of the mother, and the breast resting 
upon the pubes. When the fcetus is found in this posi- 
tion, it should be left undisturbed for a time, as the 
contractions of the womb gradually increase in force. 


418 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


The abdominal muscles are now brought into play, the 
animal makes a few extra efforts, and, generally, the 
foetus is expelled. * But, if the mother is laboring hard 
and the progress is very slow, man’s intervention is 


ANTERIOR PRESENTATION. 


necessary. You should then seize the young animal by 
the forelegs, and, at each succeeding labor pain, use 
traction until the little creature is born. In using 
traction, always pull outward and downward towards 
the mother’s heels. Immediately after the birth, tie 
up the navel about three inches from the abdomen. 
Then allow the mother to have care of her young. 


FORE LIMB CROSSED OVER THE NECK. 


It is not at all uncommon to find colts and calves in 
this position, and delivery very much retarded or 


incomplete without assistance. Though I have no 
doubt that delivery has been completed in this position 


FORE LIMB CROSSED OVER THE NECK, 419 


without assistance, the cases where the mother has not 
been more or less lacerated, are exceptional. In this 
position, instead of the shoulders being lodged in 
the hollow space along the side of the neck, they are 
held back along the side of the chest, increasing the 
transverse diameter as it enters the pelvic inlet, instead 


FORE LIMB CROSSED OVER THE NECK. 


of diminishing it, thus retarding the delivery. But if 
the limbs are crossed over the neck up at the poll, it is 
still more dangerous. In all complications tending to 
retard delivery, the mother becomes more excited and the 
labor pains more violent and irregular. Then with the 
limbs crossed at the poll, the feet are pushed against 
the roof of the vagina, causing laceration of that part. 
Sometimes they are pushed through the roof of the 
vagina into the rectum, producing a rupture of the 
perineum, In the more favorable cases, the limbs are 


420 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


crossed far enough over the neck to allow the knee to 
become flexed, turning the feet downward. There is 
then but little danger of rupture of the perineum, but 
the labor is protracted and severe and certain to 
result in contusions of the vagina, to a greater or 
less extent. This position is frequently recognized 
before an examination is made. If the forefeet 
are seen pressing against the roof of the vagina, 
at the outlet, the probabilities are that both legs 
are crossed over the neck. If only one foot is 
seen pressing the roof of the vagina, or if both feet 
are observed on one side of the head, the one leg shorter 
than the other, only one leg is crossed. If only one 
leg is crossed, it may be placed in position without much 
difficulty and without the trouble of pressing the foetus 
back into the uterine cavity. Seize the leg above the 
fetlock, raise it up and draw it to its proper side; then 
place one hand on the head of the foetus and hold it 
firm, with the other hand extend the leg forcibly, when 
it will readily straighten out into position. Delivery 
may then take place without help, or a little help with 
the head and limbs may be beneficial. When both fore 
limbs are crossed over the head, the case is more diffi- 
cult to handle. If the feet are visible, fasten a half 
inch rope to each separately, then force the foetus back 
within the womb by pressing:upon the head. Then the 
operator should place the feet to their proper sides, if 
possible. If he cannot do this, bring the ropes to their 
proper sides, and, while the operator holds the head 
back firmly, let an assistant pull the rope on one side 
until that limb is brought into position. “Then take 
hold of the other rope and fetch that into position. 
Then place the head straight in a line above and between 
the limbs, and delivery will be effected with but little 
help. 


FORELIMBS FLEXED AT THE KNEES. 4921 
FORELIMBS FLEXED AT THE KNEES. 


In this position, the difficulty, as a rule, is easily 
overcome. When the labor pains first commence, if the 
feet are not lifted high enough to enter the pelvic cav- 
ity, they become lodged against the lower border of the 
pubes; and, as labor- progresses, the head is forced 
onward, the feet being retained, the fore legs become 


FORELIMBS FLEXED AT THE KNEES. 


flexed at the knees and there they remain with the 
knees pressing up against the lower part of the neck. 
If an examination is made before labor has progressed 
any length of time, the nose and knees will be felt at 
the same time. But if labor has progressed any length 
of time, the head will be forced farther out. Then the. 
operator, on exploring, will first come in contact with 
the head, for sometimes it is advanced in the passage 


429 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


even as farasthe outlet. The object now to be obtained 
is to straighten the forelegs, in order to complete the 
delivery, as the vertical diameter of the pelvis will not 
admit of delivery with the fore limbs beneath the 
breast. The operator will have but little difficulty, if 
called early enough, or before the head has passed any 
great distance into the vagina. If the head has made 
but little progress, the operator, upon examination, will 
feel the knees as readily as the head. While ascertain- 
ing the position of the legs, you will almost always find 
that one has greater liberty than the other, and, if 
seized by the fetlock, can be thrown easily into its 
natural position. Then seize the other leg just below 
the knee, raise it up with the lower part of the hand, 
while pressing backward with the upper part of the 
hand, and that leg can be brought easily into position. 
Use the right hand to handle the left foreleg, and the 
left hand for the right foreleg. If the head has been 
forced well into the passage or presented beyond the 
outlet, the case will have to be handled differently. 
First fasten a small, well greased rope around the neck, 
then grasp the head, and, during the intervals between 
the labor pains, force it back into the womb. Then 
grasp the legs separately below the knees and raise 
them up, pressing backward at the knee and forward 
further down the leg, and in this way bring them into 
position. If they cannot be brought up in this manner, 
fasten a small rope around the fetlock of each leg, then 
bring them into position separately. The operator must 
take hold of the knee and force it back into the womb, 
while an assistant draws on the rope. In this manner, 
you will force the leg upward and outward, into the 
proper position. Then fetch the other limb up in the 
same manner. » If the head is presented beyond the out- 


let and the little creature is dead, the only thing to be - 


FORELIMBS FLEXED AT THE KNEES, 423 


looked after is the preservation of the mother. First 
eut off the head close to the skull, then cut a hole 
through the skin and flesh about six inches back 
on the top of the neck, and guide the knife so as to 
pierce between the first two bones of the neck. Then 
pass a small rope through the first bone of the neck and 


FORELIMBS COMPLETELY RETAINED-——-REVERSED POSITION. 


through the opening, and tie it. You then have a hold 
that will stand a pull. You must then force the foetus 
back into the womb, raise the forefeet as described, 
fetch the neck into position and deliver. 

If the colt or calf is lying upon its back, with the 
legs turned upward within the womb, it will be impos- 
sible to extract it in that position. It must be turned, 
which will prove a difficult task. In this position a 
great deal depends upon the judgment of the operator. 
If the mother is lying down, the hind parts should be 
raised higher than the fore quarters. Seize the foetus 
and fasten a small rope around each fore fetlock. and 


424 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


another around the jaws. Then, if the fcetus is slightly 


turned to the left, let the operator pass his right hand 
under the left shoulder. Have the rope attached to the 
right leg, pass out on the left side of the head. Then, 
at each labor pain, draw tightly upon the rope, and with 
the hand under the shoulder, raise up with a rotary 
movement. In the course of time you will completely 
turn the little creature around to a proper position. 
Proceed in a manner precisely the reverse, if the fetus 
is turned to the right. When the proper position is 
gained, delivery will be easy. If the mother can be 
kept in a standing position, the foetus can be much 
more easily handled. 


FORELEGS COMPLETELY RETAINED. 


The complete retention of one or both of the fore- 
legs of the foetus within the womb, with head presenta- 
tion, is frequently met with in veterinary practice. 
With the mare the case is somewhat serious, the colt 
usually dying before delivery is completed. But with 
the cow the danger is not so great; the calf, in all prob- 
ability will be delivered alive. The position is, no 
doubt, assumed during birth in the same manner as 
knee flexion. It is possible for the foetus to be delivered 
in this position, but it would have to be very small, and 
the vagina of the mother very large and roomy. This 
position is more frequently seen in the colt than in the 
calf, a fact probably due to its having much longer legs. 
In making an exploring examination, to determine the 
true position, the hand will touch first the head, some- 
times at the inlet, at others further outward within the 
vaginal passage. If both limbs are completely retained, 
the head may be forced well into the vaginal canal or 


FORELEGS COMPLETELY RETAINED. 425 


even to the outlet, at each labor pain, but retracting 
immediately after each pain ceases. Sometimes it is 
with the greatest difficulty that the forelegs are reached, 
owing to the vast dimensions of the womb, although the 
arm may be introduced without trouble. When the 


ONE FORELIMB RETAINED. 
legs can be felt, they are usually lying immediately 
under the abdomen or beside the chest and flanks. 
The main object now, is to reach the legs with the 
hand and bring them forward to the knee posi- 
tion first. In order to do this, it may be necessary 
to force the head back within the womb." If so, first 
place a rope around the neck and lower jaw, then force 
it back within the womb during the intervals between 
the labor pains. * Then pass a rope around the forearm 
of the colt or calf, pushing it well down toward the 
knee, and use gentle traction until you bring the knee 


496 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


up to the passage. You may then fasten the rope to 
the fetlock, and have an assistant to use traction 
upward and outward, while you grasp the knee and 
force it upward and backward within the womb. Next 
bring the other leg into position, in the same way. In 
this manner the forelegs are brought into proper posi- 
tion. Then you should find the head and place the hand 


FORELIMBS COMPLETELY RETAINED. 


under the nose and lower jaw, and have an assistant 
pull upon the rope which was fixed to the jaw, until the 
head is brought into position, but little force may be 
required after this to complete the delivery. If the 
head presents beyond the outlet and the foetus is dead, 
you should remove the head before forcing it back 
within the womb, (this operation is described under the 
head of ‘‘ Forelegs Flexed at the Knee.’’) Then pro- 
ceed as before described. Indeed it is sometimes nec- 


DOWNWARD DEVIATION OF THE HEAD. 497 


essary to decapitate a living foetus, in order to save the 
mother. To place a rope around the neck in this posi- 
tion and apply force without placing the foetus in posi- 

tion, is brutal, and the law for the prevention of cruelty 
to animals, should be rigidly enforced in such cases. 


DOWNWARD DEVIATION OF THE HEAD. 


Downward deviation of the head, may exist from 
mere flexion of the head on the first bone of the neck, 


DOWNWARD DEVIATION OF TH tiwaw. 


the nose being caught on the lower bone of the 
pelvic inlet. But when the downward deviation is 
great, the upper part of the head comes in contact with 
the lower border of the inlet and is forced down 


498 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


beneath the chest and abdomen. The cause usually, 
is premature rupture of the foetal membranes, and the 
nose or head catching on the pelvic border as the foetus 
is entering the inlet. If the feet are in a proper posi- 
tion and the nose catches on the lower border of the 
inlet, the contractions of the womb will force the upper 
part of the head and neck into the genital passage, 
along with the feet. Then the operator, on passing the 
hand to explore matters, will come in contact first with 
the feet and next with the top of the head. During the 
intervals of labor, he should press backward and 
upward against the top of the head; then pass the hand 
down under the nose, seize the lower jaw and raise 
upward and outward. The head will be easily thrown 
into the natural position, when delivery may be com- 
pleted in the usual way. But, if the pains have forced 
the head and neck outward, so that they are firmly 
wedged in the passage, take a crotch and place it 
against the shoulder, and force the foetus back within 
the womb a distance sufficient to admit of raising the 
nose and placing the head in a proper position, to allow 
a natural birth. This may take some time, but can be 
accomplished. 

When the top of the head rests against the lower 
border of the inlet the case is a little more difficult, but 
can be brought into position by passing the hand down to 
the nose-and fastening a rope to the upper jaw. Then 
let the operator press backward on the side of the neck 
and an assistant draw upward and outward on the rope, 
and most frequently the head will be brought into posi- 
tion. But, if labor has been progressing some time and 
some wise fool has been pulling at the legs, the head 
will be forced down underneath the chest and, possibly 
as far back as the abdomen. You then have one of the 
most critical cases to deal with. Indeed, so critical is 


LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD, ETC. 429 


the case, you may consider yourself extremely fortunate 
should you complete a delivery and save the life of the 
mother. You may take a couple of blunt crotches, and 
place them against the shoulders of the foetus and push 
it back within the womb. If you succeed in this, you 
may reach the head, which you may fasten with cords, 
as before described, and raise it up. If you fail in this, 
you may return the forelimbs and try to turn the foetus 
around and deliver the hind feet first. Failing in this, 
you may cut off the head, when you feel the neck, and 
then deliver; or, amputate the legs at the shoulder and 
then deliver. Use plenty of fresh lard and handle the 
knife carefully. . 


LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD TO THE RIGHT OR 
LEFT. 


In this position, the head is carried either to the 
right or left side of the foetus, and the forelegs pre- 
sented either in the genital passage or at the outlet. It 


LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT IN 
AN UPWARD POSITION. 

is a very difficult case to handle. It may be caused by 

uterine contraction taking place too strongly, before the 


430 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


mouth of the womb is thoroughly dilated. If the nose 
is not in a straight line with the opening, when partially 
dilated, the forefeet may pass through and as thie 
uterine contractions increase in force, the head is forced 
off to one side. ‘Sometimes it rests back on the 
shoulders, at others down along the back or sides, and 


vs 


\ 


LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD TO RIGHT OR LEFT— 
DOWNWARD POSITION. 


it may be down by the flanks of the mother. I have 
delivered two cases when the deviation was to the right 
side and the colts were wry-necked and could not be 
straightened after delivery. One was born dead and 
the other, to my knowledge, lived for two years with a 
crooked neck. It was then sold and taken out of the 
neighborhood. As arule, it is not hard to distinguish 
this position of a colt or calf. The forelegs will be pre- 
sented in the genital canal, but birth is retarded and on 


LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD, ETC, 431 


the side to which the head is turned, the leg will appear 
shorter than the other. On being passed beyond these, 
the hand comes in contact with a bulky mass occupying 
the whole space of the inlet, rendering access to the 
uterine cavity difficult. Upon examination this will be 
found to be the neck; and, by tracing it up, the ears, 


LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT. 


eyes and frequently the nose can be felt,—if a calf. 
But, if a colt, it is seldom that the nose can be felt if 
the uterine contractions have continued for any length 
of time. The colt’s head will be pushed back toward 
the chest, abdomen or flanks, when it scarcely can be 
reached. ‘This position is not only frequent but serious, 
as it is impossible for birth to occur without assistance, 
and this requires strength, perseverance and ingenuity, 
The object now is to get hold of the head and bring it 
into a favorable position, and then complete the 


432 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


delivery. But this cannot be done very easily, especi 
ally when the head is lying along the abdomen or down 
in the flank and beyond reach of the operator. If the 
head can be felt by the hand, you should catch hold of 
the cheeks, by putting your hand into its mouth, and 
raise it into position. Failing in this, fasten a rope 
around the lower jaw, then secure the legs with ropes 
and push the foetus back into the womb. Then have an 
assistant pull on the rope attached to the jaw, while the 
operator pushes inward on the neck just at the bend. The 
head will readily be brought into the vaginal passage. 
Then draw up the feet and complete delivery. In case 
the feet present and the head cannot be reached by the 
operator, first fasten small ropes to the fore fetlocks. 
Then return the legs to the womb, pressing them to the 
opposite side from that to which the head is bent. 
Then if the head is turned to the right, press against the 
left shoulder, and vice versa if it is turned to the left. 
With the hand or a crotch, you can fasten a rope around 
the neck. Pass the rope along the neck as near the 
head as possible, then twist the rope until it presses 
deeply into the flesh of the neck, care being taken not 
to entangle the membranes in the rope. Then press 
inward on the shoulder and draw outwards and sideways 
on the neck and you will draw the head backward 
toward the natural position. Continuein this until you 
reach the head, when you should fasten the rope to the 
head or lower jaw, after which you can easily bring it 
into position. Then draw up the feet and complete 
the delivery. Sometimes an advantage is gained by 
securing the legs with cords, then placing a crotch 
against the neck or upper part of the chest, and forcing 
the foetus back into the womb, while the operator 
fastens a blunt hook into the eye or mouth of the foetus 
and uses outward traction on the head. But if the 


DEVIATION OF THE HEAD UPWARD AND BACKWARD. 483 


mouth can be reached, I would prefer catching the 
hold there. If the foetus is dead and the membranes 
are dry, use copious injections of warm water. Perse- 
verance and good judgment will nearly always effect a 
delivery in this position. Let the knife for dissecting 
purposes, be the very last resort. 


DEVIATION OF THE HEAD UPWARD AND BACKWARD. 


In this position, the head will be found more or less 
extended along the back, or slightly deviated to one 


DEVIATION OF THE HEAD UPWARD AND BACKWARD. 


side, with the inferior border of the lower jaw resting 
against the mother’s back.” In this position the head 
may be forced through the womb into the rectum, caus- 
ing rupture of the perineum, and the fwtus may be 


AB4 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


delivered in that way. On examination, the forefeet 
will first be felt, possibly well advanced into the vagina, 
and beyond them at the inlet, the hand meets the chest 
and, above, the lower part of the neck which, if traced 
backward, will leaa to the head more or less back on 
the withers and loins or very slightly inclined to one 
side, the lower jaw facing the back of the mother. In 
order to place the head in a natural position, it is nec- 
essary to force the foetus back within the womb by 
pressing the chest downward. Should the head not drop 
down into the natural position, introduce the hand and 
seize the head by the mouth or lower jaw, and pull it 
downward, slightly sideward and outward, into the 
natural passage. If this cannot be done with the hand, 
place a small rope around the lower jaw and have an 
assistant pull, while the operator guides the head with 
his hand until itis brought into the natural passage, 
when delivery will be completed easily. This is nota 
difficult position and can be rectified with ease and 
safety. 


HIND LEG DEVIATION—ANTERIOR PRESENTATION. 


In this position, the operator may consider the case a 
natural presentation, which it is, as far-as the head and 
forefeet are concerned. Birth may‘be proceeding favor- 
ably, the forelegs, head and body being normal and ina 
natural position, protruding well beyond the outlet; 
when, suddenly, the foetus becomes locked and wedged 
within the passage, notwithstanding the: mother 
increases her efforts at straining; and powerful traction 
upon the fceetus, fails to bring it beyond a certain point. 

The operator should pass his hand underneath the 
abdomen of the foetus, along the genital passage, until 
he reaches the inlet, where he will find the obstruction. 


HIND LEG DEVIATION—ANTERIOR PRESENTATION. 435 


Here he may find the thighs of the foetus turned ou 

ward from its flanks, forming too broad a surface to 
piss through the genital canal. Sometimes he will find 
tl:e hind legs flexed forward, underneath the belly of the 
foetus, and the feet or fetlocks caught under the brim of 
the pelvis at the inlet, so that to deliver by force, would 
cause the hind legs of the fwtus to force their way 
through the tissues into the abdominal cavity of the 
mother, before delivery could be completed: and this 
might cause the death of the mother and off-spring. 


HIND LIMB DEVIATION—ANTERIOR PRESENTATION. 


A safe delivery can be effected only by the proper 
adjustment of the hind legs. This is all the more 
difficult, when the foetus is well advanced in the 
passage and much traction has been employed. If, 
upon examination, the thighs are extended outward 
from the flanks of the foetus, it should be forced 
back within the womb and the limbs drawn as 
closely together as possible, with the hand, If this can- 
not be done, you may take a half-inch rope, well 
greased, and fasten it around the body of the foetus with 
a running noose. Then the operator should work the 


486 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


rope just beyond the rump of the fcetus, or midway 
between the rump and the hocks. He must hold if 
there, while an assistant draws tightly on the rope and 
forces the thighs together. The delivery can then be 
completed. If, however, the foetus cannot be forced back 
into the womb to adjust the thighs, cut it off close up to 
the mother; then force the remainder back within the 
womb and deliver the hind feet first. But, if upon 
examination, the hind feet or fetlocks are found to be 
caught below the brim of the pelvis at the inlet, you 
should pass your hand between the belly of the foetus 
and the genital canal, until you come in contact with 
the feet or fetlocks. Then pass the hand with the 
palmer surface against the feet or fetlocks, and extend 
it backward and inward as far as the arm will reach, 
when traction may be applied to the foetus and delivery 
completed. 


DEVIATION OF THE HIND LEGS INTO THE GENITAL 
CANAL—THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE 
BODY PRESENTING. 


In this position we have a serious case to deal with. 
Generally, the principal object is to save the life of the 
mother. The foetus generally is dead or in a dying 
condition, before help is thought necessary to complete 
the delivery. Outward appearances may reveal nothing 
but a natural presentation,—the forefeet and head being 
presented and sometimes so well advanced, that part of 
the chest will be presented to view beyond the outlet, 
when progress ceases, notwithstanding the - violent 
efforts of the mother are increased and forcible traction 
has been used. The operator now has great difficulty to 
ascertain the cause of the delay, the difficulty depending 
upon the size of the foetus and the amount of space in 


DEVIATION OF THE HIND LEGS, ETC. 337 


the genital canal occupied by it. The hand should be 
introduced to ascertain the cause of delay, which 
may be very difficult. When the feet are found, 
they should be examined to make certain they are 
the hind ones. Sometimes -the hind legs are well 
advanced in the passage, even as far as the hocks; but 


‘LL OF THE LIMBS ENTERING THE PASSAGE, THE ANTERIOR 
PART OF THE BODY PRESENTING. 


this depends greatly upon the size of the foetus and the 
capacity of the mother. It is impossible to extract the 
foetus until this position is rectified, no matter what 
amount of force may be used; and violent force is cer- 
tain to injure the mother. It is, therefore, necessary 
to ascertain the exact state of affairs before using any 
force. As to saving the life of the foetus, should it be 
living, your decision generally must be unfavorable. In 
a great majority of cases the young animal, if not 
already dead, must be sacrificed to save the life of the 
mother, 


438 DISEASES OF THE -GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


If attention is given to the mother before the foetus 
has advanced far into the passage, and the hind feet are 
found mingled with the forefeet, the operator will have 
little difficulty in pushing them back to the lower 
border of the pelvis. Then push them downward and in- 
ward and immediately after grasp the forefeet and head 
and hasten the delivery, which can be done successfully. 
Or the operator may hold the hind feet back, while an 
assistant extracts the foetus. But if the foetus is well 
advanced, the forelegs, head and chest being beyond 
the outlet, you may try and force it back within the 
womb until you can reach the hind feet. Then, if pos- 
sible, push them back within the womb, either with 
the hand or with a crotch. Then, the head and foreiegs 
being in good position, delivery can be effected easily. 
When the foetus has advanced so far and is very large, 
it is very seldom possible to force it back into the womb 
or even to introduce the hand beside it. The only 
recourse left then, is to cut the foetus off close up to the 
mother; then force the remainder back within the 
womb, turn it around and deliver the hind feet first. 


POSTERIOR PRESENTATION. 


In posterior presentation, as in anterior presenta- 
tion, the foetus may assume several positions, in 
only one of which, a spontaneous and natural de- 
livery can result. This is when the back of the 
foetus is next to the back of the mother, the abdo- 
men next to the lower part of the pelvis and the 
thighs occupying the horizontal diameter of ~the 
genital canal, the hind legs being fully extended 
outward and entering the inlet, first gradually di- 
lating the mouth of the womb. Birth in this position 
without assistance, is more frequent with cows than 


POSTERIOR PRESENTATION. 439 


with mares, and the calves are generally alive. With 
the mare, parturition is more prolonged and laborious, 
and the foal quickly dies after rupture of the mem- 
branes, or is suffocated immediately after birth for want 
of attention. Colts that are foaled in this position, 
should be raised by the hind legs until the head is clear 
off from the ground, to allow the escape of any fluid 
that may be in the wind-pipe. I have seen as much as 


POSTERIOR PRESENTATION, OR HIND FEET PRESENTATION. 


a pint escape, and the little animal begin to breathe 
and do well. When colts are foaled with an anterior 
presentation, the head and neck hang down so that if 
any fluids have accumulated in the wind-pipe, they 
escape spontaneously. With the posterior position, it 
is just the reverse, hence the necessity of raising the 
hind quarters and allowing the fluid to escape. The 
foal sometimes perishes quickly after rupture of the 
membranes. It is therefore necessary, in a posterior 


440 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


presentation, when everything is favorable, to hasten 
the delivery to save the life of the colt. 

In the posterior reversed position, when the hind 
feet are presented with the foetus lying on its back 
within the mother, its belly against the back of the 
mother, and its back upon the lower bone of the pelvis, 
there is danger ahead and trouble to be anticipated. As 
a consequence of this reversed position, the hind legs 
(which enter the passage first) are directed upward and 


ASN 


WWOY 


WME edhe 


3; 


HOCK PRESENTATION—REVERSED POSITION. 


outward, and are the parts first met by the hand in 
making an examination. The operator can make no 
mistake, if he notices whether the back or front of the 
hind leg is uppermost. This can be told easily from the 
shape of the feet or the position of the hocks, the point 
of the latter being downward, and the bend upward in 
the same direction as the wall of the hoof. Whereas, 
the bend of the knee is in the same direction as the sole 
of the foot. The obstacle to birth, hes in the buttocks 


POSTERIOR PRESENTATION. 441 


resting against the lower border of the pelvis, whilsi 
the legs are extended upward towards the mother’s 
back and, to a certain extent held rigid. There is 
danger of lacerating the perineum; or the feet may be 
pushed through into the rectum, causing rupture of the 
perineum. Besides this, the body of the fcetus itself 
forms a curve exactly opposite to that of the genital 
canal, so that it cannot easily accommodate itself to the 
bony canal through which it must pass. From these 
circumstances, the position not only is unfavorable to 
birth, but must be remedied, or serious accidents may 
follow. 

When the fetus is found in this position, the oper- 
ator must take great care in conducting the feet through 
the genital canal, to prevent lacerations of the peri- 
neum. Sometimes, in order to bring the feet beyond 
the outlet, it is necessary to pass the hand and raise the 
hocks above the brim of the pelvis. As soon as the feet 
appear beyond the outlet, they should be secured with 
ropes, and, while an assistant seizes the legs and 
attempts to turn the foetus on its belly, the operator 
should pass his hand under its rump and assist in turn- 
ing it over so that its back rests against the mother’s 
back. When this position is gained, extract the foetus, 
—if necessary, by forcible traction. If the foetus is 
small, or if the rump has passed into the genital pas- 
sage it should be drawn far enough into the passage 
to have the rump beyond the outlet; then twist it 
half way round, or until its back is uppermost, and com- 
plete the delivery.- If the foetus be a colt, delivery 
must be completed within a half hour; otherwise it is 
likely to die before entirely born. If it be a calf, it 
may live for several hours and be born alive. 


442 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 
HOCK PRESENTATION. 


This presentation is liable to happen when there is 
a posterior presentation, and the womb contractions 
force the foetus toward the inlet, before the hind legs 
are completely extended. Consequently, the back part 
of the legs below the hocks, comes in contact with the 
brim of the pelvis. The croup, being above, naturally 
forees the legs into a cramped position. The labor 


HOCK PRESENTATION. 


pains continuing, the croup has a tendency to descend 
and, with the hocks, to enter the pelvic inlet. The legs 
now being thoroughly flexed, the croup pressing upon 
them they become jammed tightly in the inlet, forming 
too large a mass to advance further. Therefore labor is 
suspended and the animal becomes exhausted by con- 
tinuous straining. 

On making an examination in hock presentation, 
the point of the hock is always the first part encoun- 


HOCK PRESENTATION. 443 


tered; but it may be found at different points. Some- 
times it is well advanced in the inlet, the croup 
and body of the foetus being still within the womb. In 
other cases, the body and croup are in the inlet and thor- 
oughly wedged in the passage. Asa rule, if the mother 
has run the full period of gestation, birth cannot take 
place until the deviation has been rectified; and until 


Ww) ) ’ 
I) 1}))) py ih iy Ly p-})) 
Sa ET 


HOCK PRESENTATION—HOCKS CORDED. 


this has been done, a forcible attempt at delivery is 
likely to take the life of the mother. Therefore it is 
necessary to place the hind legs in a favorable position, 
by extending them in the genital passage. This is more 
easily done with the calf than with the colt, owing to 
the shortness of the legs of the former. If the offspring 
be very small and the mother large and roomy in the 
genital canal, the foetus may be delivered in this posi- 


444 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


tion, by extending its legs forward underneath its abdo- 
men. But this would be a very exceptional case. 

The best mode of completing delivery, is toso adjust 
the foetus that the hind legs are completely extended 
outward. This is quite easily accomplished, if an exam- 
ination be made before the foetus has entered the pelvic 
inlet, or, at the most, the points of the hocks, and rais- 
ing them upward, at the same time pressing inward, 
the operator can draw the feet into the pelvic inlet. 
Or, if the operator has secured the feet by ropes previous 
to handling the hocks, as he raises and forces them 
inward an assistant can pull on the ropes and bring the 
feet outward into the genital canal, and can then com- 
plete the birth with ease. But at a later period, when 
labor is more advanced and the croup is well advanced 
or wedged in the inlet along with the hocks, the case is 
more troublesome. First, fasten a rope around each 
hock separately; then apply pressure to the croup, fore- 
ing it inward and upward until you force it within the 
womb, or far enough inward to secure the feet with 
ropes. Then take hold of the hocks and press upward 
and inward, when an-assistant may draw upward and 
outward on the ropes and bring the feet into position. 

If there is much trouble in forcing the foetus back 
and it is known to be dead, or if it must be sacrificed to 
save the mother, ropes may be fastened to the hind legs 
and the hocks drawn as near the outlet as possible. 
Then amputate the legs at the hocks, remove the 
detached parts, and the remainder is easily brought 
into position for delivery. If the mother persists in 
lying, you may elevate her hind quarters by packing 
straw under her. If thought necessary, place the hob- 
bles on the hind feet, then place a rope over a high beam 
and draw-up the hind parts. This sometimes, will 
greatly lesson the danger to the operator and assist him 
in extracting the foetus. 


THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATIONS. 445 


THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATIONS. 


The cause of this mal-position, is the same as that 
operating in the hock presentation. It occurs frequently 
with both mares and cows. When the thigh and croup 
are presented and the legs are flexed slightly forward, 
the mass is too large to enter the pelvic inlet. But, as 
labor progresses, the croup is forced into the pelvic 


x 


py er 
byl 


THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION. 


inlet, while the thighs are forced downward and the legs 
forward until the latter are pressed up against the 
abdomen. In this position birth is possible; but the 
foetus must be very small and the pelvis of the mother 
large and well-formed. In this position, upon examina- 
tion, the hand first encounters the tail and buttocks 
of the foetus, then the thighs, and possibly the hocks. 
But if labor is somewhat advanced, the legs will be 


AAG DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


pressed up along the abdomen, when the hocks will be 
beyond the reach. The croup and haunch may have 
passed some distance into the pelvic inlet, yet it is very 
unusual for any part of the foetus, except the tail, to be 
discernible externally, no matter how long labor may 
have been progressing. This mal-position is the most 
difficult encountered in veterinary obstetrics. Some- 
times the mother perishes without being delivered. 
Though a living calf sometimes is delivered in this posi- 


THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION—THE HOCK CORDED. 


tion, a living foal is very rarely obtained; and only too 
often, the mare dies after the foal has been taken away. 
The chance of saving either mother or offspring, depends 
greatly upon the length of time the mother has been in 
labor, and the amount of injury or irritation sus- 
tained by the genital organs through improper hand- 
ling. The chances are lessened if it be the first 
foal or calf, or if the foetus be unusually large. 
To complete birth, it is necessary to extend the 


THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATIONS. 447 


limbs of the foetus backward, as in ordinary breech 
presentation, the hind feet first so that the mother’s 
efforts with slight assistance from the operator, will 
effect a delivery. This will prove a difficult task. 
Though in some instances, where labor’ has _ not: 
advanced very far and the fetus is still in the 
uterine cavity and can be moved around so that the 
feet can be reached and brought into the genital pass- 
age, it is not very difficult. When labor has progressed 
far enough to force the croup into the pelvic inlet, 
delivery will be completed only by hard work and per- 
severance. Asi possible, place a small rope around each 


= 
= > 


THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION—THE THIGHS CORDED. 


leg separately, as low down as the hock. Then take a 
repeller, or use the hand, placing it against the croup, 
and force it inward, the assistant drawing upward and 
outward upon the hock. Continue in this way until 
you have a hock presentation. Then fasten ropes to the 
fetlocks, and while the operator seizes the hock and 
presses upward and inward, the assistant may draw 
upward and outward on the fetlocks, until they are 
brought into the passage, when the delivery may be 
completed. But if the croup and thighs are completely 


448 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


wedged in the genital passage, and can not be moved, 
either inward or outward, which sometimes is the case, 
no recourse but embryotomy is left. This is a very 
tedious manner of completing delivery. Take a guarded 
knife and cut through the skin and muscles until you 
come to the hip joint. Then detach that limb and 
remove the other in the same manner, after which you 
can insert. hooks in the cavity of the hip-joint and 
extract.. Or, place a rope completely around the body 
of the foetus and extract. Or, sever the muscles from 
the bones of the haunch as much as possible, then fasten 
a hook into the bones and extract them. After you 
have severed the haunch bones, remove the bowels. 
Then fasten a rope to the remaining skin and complete 
delivery. 


TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION. 


The foetus is in a transverse position when, upon 
examination, the hand of the operator first encounters 
the shoulders, withers, sides, flanks, haunches, loins, 
back, breast, belly or all of the limbs collected together. 
The possibility of the foetus assuming a transverse 
position within the womb, is by some strongly disputed, 
but entirely without reason, because the womb is a 
soft, yielding membraneous sack, capable of assuming 
almost any position; so it readily appears that its 
transverse diameter may be increased at the expense of 
its length. Though transverse presentation sometimes 
is observed, it is not nearly so common as an anterior or 
posterior presentation. Still it is quite as necessary 
that the operator should understand something of this 
presentation, as with it, birth is impossible when unas- 
sisted. No matter whether the foetus presents. in the 
transverse vertical or transverse horizontal position, 


SHOULDEK AND LOIN PRESENTATION. 449 


version must be accomplished in order to change it to 
either an anterior or posterior presentation. For in one 
of these ways only, can the foetus be brought into the 
pelvic inlet and delivery be effected. This presentation 


TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION. 


occurs more frequently in the mare than in the cow, 
perhaps, owing to the stronger contractions of the 
womb of the former not allowing proper adjustment of 
the foetus, should it not be in a position exactly favor- 
able at the commencement of labor. 


SHOULDER AND LOIN PRESENTATION. 


When labor has continued for some time with little 
or no progress, and upon examination, the hand of the 
operator comes in contact with the shoulder and loins, 
he knows that he has to deal with a transverse presen- 
tation.. If labor has lasted some time, the straining has 
been energetic and the waters have escaped, it some- 
times is a difficult matter to decide what part of the 
foetus the hand encounters first. There is first felt a 
more or less rounded surface, that has no special char- 


450 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


acteristic by which it may be recognized. The hand 
should then be introduced farther into the womb and 
search should be made for some part of the foetus that 
can be recognized. Then study the position of the 
young creature in the womb. The presentation having 
been recognized, the position must be determined by 
ascertaining the direction in which the head lies. With 
the foal, this is accomplished by feeling for the mane 
and tracing it as far as thearmecan reach. It may le in 


SHOULDER AND LOIN PRESENTATION. 
the right or left flank of the mother, or up along her 
back, or down toward the floor of her belly, the legs 
assuming different positions in a direction opposite to 
the head; although sometimes one leg is found crossed 
over the neck. To learn the exact position, is abso- 
lutely necessary, before venturing upon any attempt at 
extraction, as in nearly every case, the presentation isa 
difficult oné and requires all the skill and judgment of 
the operator to rectify it. But if labor has not con- 
tinued any length of time before the operator discovers 


ot. 


SHOULDER AND LOIN PRESENTATION. 451 


the presentation, and if the membranes are soft and 
yielding from the natural fluids, the position, generally, 
is easily converted into an anterior or posterior presen- 
tation, and a living foetus is delivered. If labor has con- 
tinued for some time and the patient is a mare, you 
may depend upon it, the foal will be dead. But with 
the cow, a living calf may be delivered—the tenacity of 
life and the power of endurance being wonderful. The 


SHOULDER AND LOIN PRESENTATION. 


principal object is to convert the transverse presenta- 
tion into either an anterior or a posterior presentation, 
for only in this way, can delivery be effected. If the 
foetus hes or can be moved so that the head and forelegs 
are most convenient and can with the least difficulty be 
brought into the pelvie inlet, the position should be 
converted into an anterior presentation. Ifthe hind legs 
are most accessible and can be brought into the inlet 
with less difficulty, convert the position into a posterior 
presentation. But to do either, is generally a difficult 
task, as the presentation offers nothing to take hold of 


452 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


advantageously, or to which ropes could be attached. 
If labor has progresser for some time and the mem- 
branes are dry, before attempting to turn the fcetus, it 
is a good treatment to inject warm water into the 
womb, to moisten the membranes, which will greatly 
aid the operator in his efforts at version. The foetus 
must not be pushed directly forward into the womb, 
but rather obliquely and in a direction opposite to that 
of the parts we wish to bring into the inlet. If the 
mother be lying down, the operator will find it greatly: 
to his advantage to raise her hind quarters very high. 
He should be persistent in his work, use frequent injec- 
tions of warm water, and, in the great majority of cases, 
the foetus will glide around the inner surface of the 
womb until a convenient part presents itself. Then the 
forelegs and head, if they are the parts sought, or the 
hind legs, are brought into the genital canal by the hand 
or by ropes, when slight traction will complete the 
delivery. When all these maneuvers have failed, 
embryotomy should be performed in such a manner as 
the operator deems most advantageous. At the best it 
will be a difficult, tedious and laborious task, seldom 
attended with satisfactory results. The mother gener- 
ally perishes, either during the operation or shortly 
afterward. 


BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION. 


This presentation is quite common in both mares and 
cows, but more frequently occurs in the former. Gen- 
erally the foetus is lying on its side with its legs flexed, 
or extended, or presented at the inlet, or engaged in the 
passage. There is no difficulty in discovering and rec- 
ognizing this position. As the op2rator passes the hand 
to explore the parts, it first enc: un‘ers the feet—usually 


BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION. 458 


all four of them. They may be within the womb, or one 
or more of them engaged in the passage. In the major- 
ity of cases, either the hind parts or fore quarters are 
near the passage, a condition recognized by the legs of 
that part being further advanced than those of the 
other. The position must now be ascertained, which 
ean be done readily if the head can be felt. But this, 
generally, is beyond reach and the position can be 


BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION. 


determined only by a careful examination of the limbs. 
In this we must distinguish between the hind legs and 
forelegs, as these alone can show the direction of the 
head. To do this, the operator should remember that 
the hind leg flexes in the direction of the wall of 
the foot, whereas the knee flexes in the direction 
of the sole of the foot. The hock can also be 
recognized by its flatness. It must be remembered 
that, in this presentation, the forelegs and hind legs 
are across each other, when engaged in the genital 
passage. The hind legs, crossing the forelegs, are 
pointing towards the anterior part of the body of the 


454 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


foetus; while the forelegs, crossing the hind legs, point 
toward the posterior part of the fetus. This is not a 
very serious presentation, asa rule. The gravity of the 
case depends somewhat upon the length of time labor 
has continued. As it is impossible for birth to occur 
spontaneously, while the foetus is in this position, if the 
mother has not received the necessary aid for some 


<LI 4) ap ijt 
SSS 


Bi 
BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION. 

time after the commencement of labor, her continued 
straining may not only cause the death of the colt, but 
the mother’s death, from prostration. When the legs 
have been distinguished, fasten ropes around the ones 
you wish to extract first. Generally the operator will 
find it most advantageous to convert the position into a 
posterior presentation and deliver the hind feet first. 
If only one hind foot and one forefoot are engaged in 
the passage, fasten a rope around the one hind foot and 


BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION. 455 


search for the other one; secure it and bring it into the 
passage. Then return the foreleg to the womb, as far in 
as possible, apply traction and deliver. But if all four 
legs are engaged in the passage, fasten ropes to the hind 
feet; then return the forefeet as far as possible within 
the womb. Sometimes this is more easily and more 
advantageously accomplished by flexing the forelegs at 
the knee, until the foot rests against the elbow; then 
force it within the womb in a downward direction, 
while the assistant draws upon the hind feet. The 
foetus will straighten out generally and birth will be 
completed. Even if the head be engaged along with 
all four legs in the passage, I would recommend return- 
ing it to the womb in a downward direction along with 
the forelegs, and that delivery be made with the hind 
feet first. When the foetus is partially delivered, say 
the hind legs, croup and hips are without or beyond the 
outlet, the operator should pass his hand between the 
belly of the foetus and the floor of the genital canal, to 
ascertain whether the forelegs have become cramped or 
fastened within the inlet too soon. If so, straighten 
them by pushing them inward, for if not straightened, 
serious results might follow. In delivering the fcetus 
with a posterior presentation—that is the hind feet 
first—the back of the fceetus should be against the back 
of the mother. 

But in a breast and abdominal presentation, if it is 
found impossible to force the foetus back into the womb 
and the fetus is dead, there should be no hesitation 
about resorting toembryotomy. The best way to com- 
mence, is to cut off the forelegs at the knees or elbows 
and remove them; the lower part of the legs being 
removed, the remainder of the foetus can be readily 
pushed back into the womb, and by applying traction to 
the hind legs, delivery can be effected. 


456 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 


TWIN FOETUS—IN DIFFERENT PRESENTATIONS. 


With mares and cows it is not an uncommon occur- 
rence for them to bring forth twins, though it is rarely, 
indeed, that assistance is needed to complete delivery. 
Usually, when the mother is carrying twins, either they 
are expelled before the full period of gestation is com- 
pleted, or each is much smaller than if she jvere carry- 
ing only one. Indeed, birth usually is much easier with 


Ze 
Hifi \ 
H/ \\\\ino 35 


TWINS IN DIFFERENT POSITION. 


a twin pregnancy than with only one. When the most 
advanced foetus is expelled, a variable period elapses 
before the second birth. During the interval the mother 
generally is uneasy and pays little or no attention te 
the one already bern, but manifests a peculiar anxiety, 
which is a good indication that delivery is not complete. 
But when the second foetus is born, the mother generally 
turns her attention to her offspring. This is the general 


ie 


TWIN F@TUS, ETC. 457 


order of twin births. But it is not always so fortunate. 
In some cases, after the first one is born, a long interva! 
occurs before the birth of the second one, which is 
usually fatal to its existence. This suspension of labor 
in twin birth is generally due to a mal-position of the 
foetus. Difficult paturition from this cause also happens 
when the twins are about equally distant from the 
mouth of the womb, and are presented at the inlet 
together. Of course, they cannot pass through the 
canal together, hence the difficulty. Upon examination, 
the operator will experience great difficulty in deter- 
inining the positions of the two feetuses. This can be 
done only by careful examination, and then the operator 
will find himself somewhat embarrassed. For example, 
the forefeet of one foetus may be presented with the 
head of the other; or the head and one forefoot may 
present with one forefoot of the other; or one hind foot 
of each fetus may present together; or a forefoot of one 
with the hind foot of the other, ete. In some instances 
the legs of the twins are so interlaced, that they are 
separated only with the greatest difficulty. One thing 
is certain, only one can be delivered at atime. There- 
fore, they must be separated and one pushed back into 
the womb, while the other is being delivered. Whenthe 
one is born, the other, if in a wrong position, must be 
straightened and removed. This is quite easily written 
but not so easily performed. If assistance is not afforded 
before both foetuses become wedged into the pelvic inlet, 
the operator will experience great trouble in adjusting 
them. But if distinguished before entering the inlet, 
but little trouble need be anticipated. Select the one 
most favorably situated, fasten ropes to the head and 
forelegs or to the hind legs, as the case may be, and 
arrange them in a direction proper for delivery. Then 
let an assistant draw the foetus toward the outlet while 


458 DISEASES UF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


the operator pushes the other back within the womb. 
After delivering the first one, search for the other, 
which probably will be in a mal-position, requiring 
adjustment before it can be born. 


DOUBLE-HEADED MONSTROSITIES. 


Very seldom, indeed, do we witness double-headed 
monstrosities with mares or cows. In the former I have 
neither seen nor read of any; but in the cow I have seen 


DOURLE-EHEADED MONSTROSITY. 


one and read of others. But they are very rare, indeed. 
Sometimes these monstrosities are born alive and live a 
considerable time. The one that I saw, was living at 
three years of age, to all appearance healthy and a good 
feeder. It was placed on exhibition. She only used 
one mouth while feeding. The other mouth was well 
formed and had a full set of teeth, but she had little 


HYDROCEPHALUS, OR WATER ON THE BRAIN, 459 


control of the lower jaw. Though, if the mouth was 
opened with a little assistance, it would close sponta- 
neously. Both heads were well-formed, uniting at the 
neck, both mouths emptying into the one cesophagus. 
The existence of this mal-formation renders birth 
more or less difficult and sometimes impossible, accord- 
ing to the size of the heads. But sometimes birth 
occurs without assistance and with lttle difficulty. 
An examination will reveal the condition, when 
the operator will adopt the measure necessary to 
complete the delivery. If the mother is large and 
the genital canal well formed, forcible traction may 
complete the delivery. But if, in the judgment of the 
operator, this wiil not do, embryotomy must be resorted 
to. Cutting off one or both of the heads may be neces- 
sary before delivery can be completed. If the heads 
are united closely, spht them with a chisel and then 
remove them; or, in such cases, bone forceps may be 
used. If it be a double head and neck, cut off the neck, 
as low down as possible, and remove it first; then 
remove the balance. There are several other forms of 
monstrosities but, as they so seldom occur, a description 
here is quite unnecessary. Suffice it to say, that if it be 
impossible to deliver them by moderate traction, ampu- 
tate such parts as cause the obstruction and deliver. 


HYDROCEPHALUS, OR WATER ON THE BRAIN. 


This anomaly is found in colts and calves, both. The 
enormous size of the head, is the obstacle to a natural 
celivery. If with an anterior presentation, birth will 
be delayed, and, on making an examination, the opera- 
tor will soon discover the deformity. But, if with pos- 
terior presentation the operator discovers this deformity, 
he should endeavor to change the position to an anterior 
presentation, and, after bringing the nose into the inlet, 


460 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 


he should plunge a knife through the head, making a 
free incision to allow the water to escape. After 
which, on applying traction, the tissues gradually 
flatten down and birth is completed. But if it be 
presented hind feet first and birth is complete with the 


HYDROCEPHALUS, OR WATER ON THE BRAIN. 


exception of the head, which is too large to pass through 
the genital canal and prevents delivery, the operator 
should pass the hand along the neck and examine the 
head. If hydrocephalus is recognized he should open 
the head with a Knife or trocar and canula, and allow 
the fluid to escape, after which the tissues will flatten 
down and traction will complete the delivery 


. 
“ 


ASCITES, OR ABDOMINAL DROPSY. 


With this disease, the abdomen of the faetus will be 
swollen to such an extent that if cannot enter the geni- 
tal passage, though the head and forefeet may he pre- 


a a 


ASCITUS, OR ABPOMINAL DROPSY. 461 


sented in a natural position and well advanced in the 
canal. On examination, if the operator cannot pass the 
hand between the head and the walls of the passage to 
ascertain the cause of obstruction, he should first secure 
the head and forefeet with ropes, then force them back 
into the womb. After that he will have no difficulty in 
ascertaining the trouble, if dropsv is the cause. He 
should then plunge a knife into the abdomen of the 


» 


ACITES, OR ABDOMINAL DROPSY. 


foetus, making a large incision to allow the fluid to 
escape into the womb, after which delivery can be com- 
pleted. But if he cannot return the head to the womb, 
or does not think best to do so, he must either plunge a 
knife into the abdomen of the feetus and allow the fluid 
to escape into the womb, or use a trocar and canula, 
plunging it into the abdomen and allowing the fluid to 
escape externally. Afterwards, moderate traction will 
complete the delivery. 


NGS HO seks leks meh ey ole abc esd 


THEIR 


CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT. 


CATARRH, OR COLD. 


Catarrh, or cold is quite a common complaint among 
sheep, during the fall, winter and spring. Indeed it is 
rarely absent in any flock where any great number is 
kept. 

Causes :—It is most often caused by being confined in 
close, damp yards or by housing in stables or sheds, too 
closely together, without sufficient ventilation. The 
heat arising from the sheep causes a high temperature, 
thus over-heating the animals and when turned out into 
the bleak winds they catch cold very easily; in fact the 
liability to take cold is greater, than when allowed to 
roam in the open fields, exposed to the weather. It is 
well to have dry, open sheds where sheep can lie down 
at night or to protect them from storms, but close hous- 
ing is detrimental rather than beneficial. When 
allowed plenty of fresh air, good ventilation, dry yards 
and clean, dry bedding, catarrh will seldom be seen. A 
wet or damp cold or a close, moist atmosphere is very 
productive of this trouble. 


Symptoms :—More or less fever is present; the sheep 
snuffles considerably and mucous is discharged from the 
nostrils. There will be very little coughing but if the 
lungs become involved, the cough will become dry and 

(465) 


156 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


deep-seated. The appetite is partially suspended, and 
the animal appears weak and stupid. 

Treatment:—Remove the cause as quickly as possible, 
to protect the balance of the flock, then remove the 
affected ones to warm, dry, well-ventilated quarters. 
If the bowels are constipated, give 


Bipsoma walls isu. seule: three ounces. 

Eh culo ee ea A Sa E U e two drachms. 

IAEA fe ag pl ARID NAA Meg CARS ot one quart. Mix. 
Give at one dose, to be followed with 

Qlime |G se ese eile ON, two drachms. 

Dover Powder.......... two drachms. 

Cayenne Pepper...... . two drachms. Mix. 


Make twelve powders. Give three powders each 
day, or 


OTC Sneha ayers sate talcns two ounces. 
6749 1 9 0 Lae two ounces. 
Salumeter a0 Vea. Geile two ounces. Mix. 


Place in a quart of water and simmer over a slow fire 
for twenty minutes, then add half pint of good whisky 
and bottle. Give half wineglassful four times a day. 
Give good, nourishing food and occasional draughts of 
flaxseed tea. Good nursing is very important. Without 
this, medicines are useless. Keep the animal dry and 
comfortable, with plenty of fresh air. 


PNEUMONIA—LUNG FEVER, OR INFLAMMATION OF 
THE LUNGS. 


This disease is an inflammation of the lung substance 
and often follows catarrh. It is a very serious affection 
and is more frequent than is generally supposed, many 
sheep dying from this trouble and the owner imagining 
some other malady the cause of death, on account of its 


PNEUMONIA—LUNG FEVER, ETC. 467 


course being so rapid and fatal. It is generally caused 
by exposure of sone sort, as washing in cold spring 
water on araw. “old day, or exposure to cold rains in 
the fall and spring; by shearing too early or exposure 
to cold storms after shearing; becoming over-heated 
while driving or by being too closely confined without 
sufficient ventilation, etc. 


Symptoms :—The first symptoms observed by the 
owner or keeper is loss of appetite and suspended rumi- 
nation, closely followed by grinding of the teeth, witha 
high fever and an inordinate desire for drinking water, 
or if in the winter, the eating of snow. The pulse is 
hard and quick, the breathing labored and rapid, 
accompanied by a heaving at the flanks and a painful 
cough, with a flow of thick, yellow mucous from the 
nostrils. 

Treatment :—While bleeding is strongly condemned 
by some and as thoroughly upheld by others, I believe 
that both extremes are attended with baneful results. 
If blood-letting is resorted to, it should be done early 
and only in young, strong, plethoric animals, when the 
best of results are often obtained; but in aged and 
weakly animals this manner of treatment should not be 
attempted. Whether the patient is bled or not, give 
three ounces of epsom saltsina quart of water. If this 
does not operate freely in four or five hours, repeat the 
dose, as a good, free physic is demanded and is not 
attended with any evil results. Immediately following 
the physic, administer— 

Quinine Sulphate...... three drachms. 
Salipekrete ssetamase ie: 2 ie one ounce. Mix. 

Make nine powders. Give one powder every three 

or four hours. Or, 
Liquor Ammonia Acetatis....one pint. 
Bluid Hxt. Aconite....... half drachm. Mix. 


468 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


Give two tablespoonfuls every three hours. As the 
sheep begin to improve, a pint of gruel or flaxseed tea 
may be given three times a day, to which may be added 
a drachm of powdered gentian or ginger. Keep the 
sheep in a comfortable, airy place, as good nursing is 
of as great importance as effective medicines. 


COSTIVENESS—STRETCHES—CONSTIPATION. 


Costiveness is most often seen where sheep are 
changed from pasture to dry food. The regular exercise 
afforded while grazing, together with the succulent 
grasses eaten, will tend to keep the bowels in a moist 
condition, but when changed to dry food, they are usu- 
ally kept in yards where they eat from racks, which 
requires no exercise. Then the dung becomes scanty, 
dry and hard and is passed at irregular intervals. The 
sheep grunts or moans from pain while passing manure, 
and the exposed part of the last bowel looks red and 
inflamed. If the constipation continues for any length 
of time, from neglect or otherwise, the sheep will be 
observed standing with forefeet extended and the hind 
feet set back, as if stretching itself; the head will be 
elevated and the back curved downward. The condi- 
tion is now somewhat grave and a physic should be 
given immediately, as 

Epsom Salts...... ...... three ounces. 
Gentian, or Ginger.......one drachm. Mix. 

Give at one dose in a pint of water as a drench. But 
if, when changing sheep from pasture to dry food, they 
are allowed salt at will, costiveness will seldom be 
observed, Constipation in lambs is often noticed, espe- 
cially in such as are not nursing the mother and are fed 
upon cows’ milk or the milk of other ewes.. As soon as 
the bowels fail to act, the belly becomes distended, the 


DIARRH@A, OR SCOURS IN LAMBS. 4€9 


lamb lies down most of the time and appears as though 
in a stupor, the urine is suppressed or is very scanty and 
if the animal is not speedily relieved death will ensue. 
The best mode of treatment is to give frequent injections 
of castile soap and water, or inject a few ounces of 
melted lard into the last bowel. Also give a physic, as 
a spoonful of castor oil, or two or three spoonfuls of 
melted lard. After the bowels have responded, should 
the lamb appear stupid and dull, give a few spoonfuls 
of hot whisky three times a day. 


DIARRHOEA, OR SCOURS IN LAMBS. 


When sheep are first turned out to grass in the 
spring of the year, after having been wintered on dry 
food, they are liable to have a looseness of the bowels 
or diarrhoea, which is seldom attended with any dan- 


SCOURS IN LAMBS. 


gerous results as regards the whole flock. Now and then 
a single individual will scour so badly, that the process 
of nutrition is seriously affected and dysentery is the 
result. In sucking lambs diarrhoea is very fatal, if it 
does not receive the closest attention. 


. 

Causes :—It usually arises from exposure to cold, 
sudden changes of temperature, hot stabling in winter 
with the bad air evolved, the result of improper venti- 
lation; a fat, full-blooded or plethoric condition of the 
mother, nursing milk from caked bags, cold drinks, ete. 


470 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


Symptoms :—The lamb is not at all playful, but shuns 
its playmates and appears languid and sad; it either 
lies down a considerable portion of the time or stands 
with its back arched. The dung, which is frequently 
passed, is thin and whitish in color, later on becoming 
mixed with mucous and finally bloody. It now ceases 
to nurse and eat and will bleat frequently. The belly 
becomes tucked up and if pressure is applied thereto, 
the animal evinces pain. It loses flesh very rapidly and 
if not relieved, will die in a few days. 

Treatment :—First of all remove the cause if it can 
be clearly ascertained. Change the food immediately, 
have good ventilation, and as pure air as possible. 
Then take the white of an egg and beat it up thor- 
oughly with a half cup of milk-warm water. Give three 
times a day. If this does not check the malady, take 


Prepared Chalki2) i. 0) one ounce. 
Powdered Catechu...... four drachms. 
Powdered Ginger........ two drachms. 
Powd: Opium.....2'- .-s..3 halt drachm: 
Peppermint. Water. ~. ).d208. half pint. Mux. 


Shake well before using. Give tablespoonful to a 
lamb, and two tablespoonfuls to a grown sheep. Great 
benefit is sometimes derived by giving two or three 
grains of quinine, four or five timesa day. In cases of 
white scours arising from non-digestion of the ewe’s 
milk, a tablespoonful of raw linseed oil should be given 
to clear the bowels of the irritant, and should the pros- 
tration be very great, the following will be of excellent 
service: 


SB se ns oo los one eis eee) o.8) 6 wee o |e Jo wil two 
Wihigkey.) (nev een 20! bwo ounces 
Essence of Ginger........ one drachm. 


Beat up with a pint of flaxseed tea or milk and give 
three tablespoonfuls every three hours. 


HOVEN, OR BLOATING. 471 


HOVEN, OR BLOATING. 


This disorder is a distension of the first stomach with 
gas, to an alarming extent, causing a bulging on the 
left side. 

Causes :—The most common cause is feeding greedily 
upon green, succulent food and more especially, green 
clover that is wet with rain or dew. <A rapid fermenta- 
tion takes. place and gas is quite liberally generated. 
Eating musty hay or blighted corn, sometimes produces 
a disordered condition of the stomach and bloating; or 
it may be asympton of some constitutional disturbance, 
whereby it causes a chemical change in the alkaline 
secretions of the stomach. 

Symptoms :—Swelling of the belly on the left side, to 
a greater or less extent. Sometimes the skin is drawn 
so tightly over the swelling, that if pounded with the 
end of the fingers, it will sound like adrum. These 
swellings appear shortly after the animal has been feed- 
ing. The breathing is seriously affected, being short, 
quick and accompanied witha grunt. The bowels are 
constipated and symptoms of pain are manifested by 
the anxious expression of the eyes and countenance. 

Treatment:—The animal must receive immediate 


attention. If the swelling is great, there must be no 
time lost. Take 


Ammonia Water (Hartshorn)...... ; 
eine asheneices soe One, LEASpOontrl. 
Witte ater Saha e se Poe e a half pint. Mix. 
Give at one dose. Or, 
Bakmep Sodar- sie... -one teaspoonful. 
Ginger. 70% halft teaspoontul: 
Waters. aint aye iets Zh half pint. Mix. 


Give at one dose. If this does not give relief, do 
not wait too long but use a trocar and canula if you 


4752 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


have one, if not, use a penknife. Either cut off or 
separate the wool on the left side over the most promi- 
nent part of the swelling, between the last rib and hip 
bone, and plunge the knife blade into the stomach. A 
goose-quill or hollow elder may be inserted, to assist the 
escape of gas. Often the gas escapes sufficiently 
through the wound, without placing a hollow tube into 
it. After the immediate symptoms are relieved, the 
following should be given: 


Epsom Salts..............two ounces. 
GM BOr Saoirse ty ekiale ta one drachm. 
WV ALOT ica S ee ere oie eee etn one pint. Mix. 


Give at one dose, or give two or three ounces of raw 
linseed oil. If the sheep is somewhat prostrated, give 
one ounce of hot whiskey, to which may be added a 
drachm of ginger, after which feed on bran mash for a 
few days, and in a gradual manner, return to pasture. 
Sometimes mechanical means will aid materially in 
relieving of the gas. Manipulate the stomach with the 
hands, pressing it quite severely and the gas will escape 
by the mouth. Or by placing a stick as large as a man’s 
wrist, cross-wise in the mouth and fastening it there, 
the gas will frequently belch up, quite heavily. Ora 
rubber hose may be passed down the throat into the 
stomach, and the gas allowed to escape in this manner. 


BRAXY—CHARBON—SPLENIC APOPLEXY. 


Causes :—This is a disease of the blood and is caused 
from over-feeding on very rich or unhealthy food, and 
exposure to changeable weather, consequently it is most 
frequently seen in the spring and fall of the year when 
the grass is either luxuriant, succulent and sappy, or 
covered with mildew and rust, as the season may be. It 


BRAXY—CHARBON—SPLENIC APOPLEXY. 478 


is also caused from high feeding with grain and hay and 
being confined in warm stables, without sufficient exer- 
cise. Also from feeding on bottom lands, where good 
water is not obtainable or easy of access. 

Symptoms :—W hen the termination is rapid and fatal, 
it might properly be called Splenic Apoplexy, as after 
death the spleen will be found enlarged and gorged with 
blood and not infrequently ruptured, softened and 


CHARBON. 


ulcerated. When this state of affairs is observed the 
attack will be sudden, the sheep refusing food and 
shivering as if affected with a chill. Weakness is now 
manifested by staggering or reeling movements, in its 
attempt to walk. The breathing is very rapid, the eyes 
bloodshot and the mouth injected with blood of a dull, 
red color; the urine is passed freely and is tinged with 
blood; a bloody froth emanates from the mouth and 
nostrils, the head and neck is bent backward during the 
convulsive struggles, a gurgling or rattling is heard in 
the throat and death ends the scene. The slower 
form is properly called Charbon and while it is called 
s'ower, it seldom lasts to exceed three days. The symp- 
toms are pains in the bowels, the animal lying down 
and rising up frequently; later, it will stand with its 
lead down and ears drooping and its back humped up. 


474 DISEASES OF SHEKP. 


The eyes are bloodshot and the belly somewhat swollen ; 
red or purple spots appear on the skin, presenting an 
angry appearance. These spots swell and blisters form, 
filled with a watery or bloody fluid. A very offensive 
odor permeates the atmosphere around the sick animal, 
and a bloody fluid appears around the mouth, eyes, 
nose and anus. Convulsions now quickly claim the 
patient, or it passes into a stupor and dies. 
Treatment:—Notwithstanding a large percentage 
perish, yet we are justified in trying to save what we 
possibly can. Immediately give a good physic as 


MH ps Sallhsves » cares ae ee two ounces. 
Wiatersaccnew as Le ald cea one pint. Mix. 
Or, : 
Castor, or Raw Linseed Oil......... 
EAN re Menor P NE oH Wes Aes Far bilatia three ounces. 
Gingeriaun hd pee ...one drachm. Mix. 


Give at one dose. This should be followed imme- 
diately with drachm doses of chlorate of potash, every 
four hours; change pasture or mode of feeding and give 
light diet with good, fresh clean water. Avoid pastur- 
ing on low ground or where they have access to stag- 
nant water. 


CONCRETIONS OF FOREIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE 
STOMACH. 


Foreign substances often find their way into the 
stomach, and in such a simple manner as to escape de- 
tection. There is no animal that grazes closer than the 
sheep, and in nipping the pasture so closely during dry 
seasons, they eat a certain amount of dirt and some 
times small stones are picked up and find their way into 
the stomach, as well as small pieces of glass,” ete. 
Through the winter and spring months prior to shear- 


CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. 475 


ing, when sheep are infested with ticks or any small, 
itching sores, they bite the parts and the wool becomes 
entangled into the teeth, and later, is swallowed with the 
food. After it gains access to the stomach, it may pass 
off with the excrement or it may form the nucleus of a 
ball which continues to increase daily and monthly, 
until it assumes immense proportions, sometimes the 
size of asugar bowl. These accumulations are seldom 
detected.until after death. 


Symptoms:—When any of these substances cause 
derangement of the bowels, there will be violent purg- 
ing, the animal will grind its teeth, the nose will be 
stretched out, and the ears hang pendulous. The appe- 
tite and rumination are suspended and the sheep will 
stand aloof from the balance of the flock, and possibly 
remain in one place, refraining from moving for a long 
period at a time. By pressing upon the stomach and 
bowels at the flanks, pain will be evinced and the 
animal will grunt or groan. 

Treatment :—The only treatment that will avail, con- 
sists in feeding soft food, as bran mash, oatmeal or 
flaxseed gruel, corn mush, etc., together with ounce 
doses daily of epsom or glauber salts administered with 
apint of water. If the sheep will not eat the soft food, 
it may be drenched quite liberally with the provender. 


CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. 


During the fall and winter season, when sheep are 
penned up without exercise and fed upon highly nutri- 
tious.and stimulating food, preparing them either for 
exhibition or for sale, there is an excessive, amount of 
blood formed and as the liver is one of the purifying 
glands, it is liable to become gorged with blood, or con- 


A476 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


vested. It is caused by deranged digestion and if it 
partakes of a serious character, it will produce consti- 
pation, dullness and a yellowness of the mouth and 
eyes. When the symptoms are observed no time should 
be lost. Give immediately, 


Hp SOrr Selig se sy tiiaie aieiste .. two ounces. 
Oalomelnay eaves. “Three era ins uM Exe 


Give at one dose in a pint of warm water, to be fol- 
lowed every morning until the yellowish condition dis- 
appears, with two ounces of glauber salts in a pint of 
warm water. Allow plenty of water, slightly warmed, 
to drink. ~ 


INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. 


As congestion precedes inflammation, neglect of the 
former is liable to result in the latter. Thesame symp- 
toms are also observed, but there is greater pain in the 
right side and if pressed upon heavily over the region of 
the liver, the animal will moan with pain. The nose 
and mouth are dry and hot, demonstrating a fevered 
condition. The breathing is slow and emits an offensive 
odor; the pulse is slow and the ears and limbs cold; the 
manure is dry, hard and black and covered with a yel- 
lowish slime; the urine is scanty, high-colored and has 
an offensive smell. 


Treatment:—The bowels should be unloaded as 
quickly as possible. Give 
Epsom Salts. asin ... two ounces. 
ME OMMe Mew year seme ak ae two grains. Mix. 
Give at one dose ina pint of warm water. Frequent 
injections of warm water and castile soap are beneficial 
until the bowels act freely. Also give the following; 
Glauber Salter ssi ccne piven one pound. 
Powdered Saltpeter........ one ounce. Mix. 


INFLUENZA—EPIZOOTIC—DISTEMPER. 407 


Make eight powders. Give one powder morning and 
evening ina pint of warm water. Should the bowels 
become too loose, divide the powders again. When 
convalescence takes place, with returning appetite, 
nothing but the most easily digested food should be 
given, as boiled bran mash, flaxseed meal, turnips, 
carrots, malt, etc., with good, pure water and rooni 
should be allowed for plenty of exercise. Carefully 
avoid too high, rich, stimulating food. 


INFLUENZA—EPIZOOTIC—DISTEMPER. 


This disease, though somewhat peculiar, is yet quite 
common in this country. It is not confined to any par- 
ticular locality and the flocks over an extended area, 
may become affected at the same time. It is most pre- 
valent during continued cold, damp, changeable weather 
and the most fatal where the land is low and marshy or 
along river bottoms where heavy fogs prevail in the 
morning and evening. It is always seen in the mildest 
form, where the herd is kept on high, dry elevations 
with good shelter for the night. It is neither contag- 
ious nor infectious, but is produced through atmospheric 
influences and consists of an irritated and inflamed con- 
dition of the air passages, causing a general disturbance 
of the system, with more or less prostration. 


Symptoms :—The eyes look red, with a profusion of 
tears running down over the cheeks. There is a dis- 
charge of mucous from the nostrils, coughing and sneez-. 
ine to clear the nostrils, loss of appetite, suspended 
rumination, with emaciation and general weakness. 
The bowels are usually constipated and sometimes 
slight bloating is present. 


478 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


Treatment :—When first noticed, if on low ground, 
change to high, dry pasture with good shelter for the 
nights, and allow a liberal supply of chlorate of potas- 
sium in the drinking water, say one drachm three times 
aday. If the bowels are constipated, give 

Epsom Sallitisiias seus ack aeeney. one ounce. 
Gane rates ie eee ieee ieee one drachm. Mix. 

Give at one dose in half pint of water. When there 
is considerable fever and much prostration, stimulants 
are indicated, as half ounce of whiskey or brandy and 
two ounces of hot water, to which should be added a 
teaspoonful of sugar. Give every four or five hours, or 
better still, give the following: 

Liquor ammonia acetatis, one ounce, every four 
hours. If the eyes are badly inflamed and mattering, 
bathe occasionally with warm water and salt. When 
the appetite is returning and recovery is indicated, give 
a soft, nutritious diet, as bran mash, flaxseed meal, 
boiled oats, etc., to which a little gentian may be added 
to tone up the system and assist digestion; or the fol- 
lowing formula may be used: 


Geniami: -- sso see oe ee One Ounces 
Gincer selec cu tisn aca} one ounce, 
Copperag ss a2 u sions «alte ea. 5 one ounce. 
Saltpetres) 2 ica A shactslans mates one ounce. Mix. 


Make sixteen powders. Give one powder morning 
and evening. Good nursing and shelter should always 
be provided for sick animals. 


DYSENTERY. 


This disease is caused in a similar manner to 
diarrhoea, and quite frequently results from neglected 
or a prolonged case of diarrhea, as well as turning out 
on rich pasture after feeding on dry food. It may also 


DYSENTERY. 479 


be caused by drinking impure water, fe-ding on poor, 
indigestible fodder. Exceedingly hot and damp weather 
without shade or shelter, is a prolific cause. 

Symptoms :—It differs from diarrhcea in the severity 
of its symptoms. In diarrhea there is little or no fever 
present, while in dysentery there is a high fever. The 
dung is passed in small, hard lumps and is covered with 
blood and slime, and possesses a disagreeable smell. It 
is discharged often and is accompanied by heavy strain- 
ing. The sheep humps up its back and moans or grunts 
during the act. The wool feels harsh and loosens its 
hold, and in the course of a few days is easily pulled 
out. There is more or less grinding of the teeth, a 
tucked-up appearance at the flank and the animal pre- 
sents a discouraged and dejected appearance. 


Treatment:—When a large number in a flock is 
affected, remove to a high and dry ground where there 
is different pasture, and pure water to drink, as there 
is more or less thirst. Such as do not recover quickly 
after the change, should be given a mild physic, as 

Castor, or Raw Linseed Oil.two ounces. 
Landanume 2 fh. cece ne one drachm. Mix. 

Give at one dose in half pint of flaxseed tea. They 
should now be separated from the balance of the flock 
and kept in a cool, shady place, as the hot sun is very 
aggravating and fatal in this disease. The physic 
should be followed with frequent doses of flaxseed or 
slippery elm tea, to which should be added twice daily, 
a teaspoonful of laudanum. Give one ounce of castor 
or raw linseed oil, every other day; it will do no harm 
and is often productive of much good. The pastures 
occupied by the flock while affected with dysentery, 
should not be used again, until after a couple of heavy 
rains, to destroy and wash away the poison from the 
manure, which would otherwise remain on the grasses 
and produce the disease. 


480 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 
BLACK-LEG—QUARTER-ILL—MURRAIN. 


This disease is not often observed in the Eastern or 
‘Middle States, from the fact that farmers depend upon 
wintering their flocks on stored provisions; but in the 
Western States, where large flocks are kept upon the 
prairies, many depend upon pasturing or lay in only a 
small supply of food for winter use; consequently, when 
a severe winter is passed through, the sheep being 
sparsely fed, are in a very thin condition. The spring 
opens up with rains and hot sun, the grass grows lux- 
uriantly and the half-starved sheep gorge themselves 
and take on flesh so rapidly that the blood becomes dis- 
organized, so that while the owner or herder thinks the 
sheep are thriving finely, they commence to die very 
suddenly. It generally takes the young and _ thrifty 
sheep; the old ones are seldom attacked. 

Symptoms :—When one or two die so suddenly, the 
herder generally looks over the flock, when he will 
observe some lame and limping. The sides or quarters 
will be found swollen, the wool comes off easily, and by 
pressing the hand down over the swollen spots, a crack- 
ling sound is heard under the skin, as though filled with 
air or gas. The eyes look red and the mouth and 
tongue are inflamed and blistered. The urine is high 
colored, the bowels constipated, and if any dung is 
passed, it is covered with blood. In a short time the 
sheep can no longer maintain the standing position. It 
falls down upon its side, the tongue is protruded, and 
bloating is observed. The limbs become outstretched 
and death claims the victim in a very few hours. 


Treatment:—As prevention is the best cure, it is only 
necessary to remove the cause, and this is best done by 
carefully avoiding sudden changes from poor food to 
rich nutritious food or pastures. But when any of the 


SHEEP SMALL-POX. 481 


afore mentioned symptoms are observed, the whole 
flock should be placed in a yard where there is no food 
to be obtained. Then take out to pasture for a couple 
of hours, morning and evening, until the stomach and 
entire system adapt themselves to the change, and the 
animal takes on flesh more moderately. Such as are 
sick, should have a physic immediately. 


Glauber Salts:2) 2055 2422. four ounces. 
Sulphur+.: <../+: set x Fics ...-half ounce. 
GRmienty ana Oem eters eat one drachm. Mix. 


Give at one dose in a pint of flaxseed tea or oatmeal 
gruel, or a little syrup and water. In the course of a 
few hours, a half teaspoonful of turpentine in an ounce 
of raw linseed oil or flaxseed tea may be given at 
intervals of five hours; or a teaspoonful of sweet spirits 
of nitre may be given every five hours, in a little water, 
asadrench. As before stated, this disease is very rapid 
and fatal; consequently treatment is not very satis- 
factory. 


SHEEP SMALL-POX. 


Small-pox is a contagious, eruptive fever, very much 
resembling small-pox in the human family. It is not 
jdentical with the human-pox or cow-pox, but yet it is 
of the same type. It is not communicable to man or 
other animals, even by inoculation, and belongs exclu- 
sively to the sheep. Originally, it is produced by sheep 
inhaling impure air, or air contaminated with a virus, 
thus poisoning the blood, and the eruptions formed is 
‘nature’s effort to rid the system of the imprisoned 
verms. It is most often contracted by coming in con- 
tact with sheep affected with the disease, as it is 
equally as contagious and infectious with sheep, as 
synall-pox is with the human family. 


482 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


Symptoms :—Sheep-pox assumes two forms, one 
malignant or dangerous, the other mild. But in either 
form there is a period of incubation, of from nine to 
eleven days, during which time no symptoms of the dis- 
ease appear. At the termination of the period of incu- 
bation, fever is observed, the eyes look red and blood- 
shot, the breathing is quickened, the skin is dry and 
hot, there is loss of appetite, excessive thirst, and the 
animal will be noticed to lick at dirt. The eruption 
now makes its appearance in the form of small pim- 
ples on the skin, between the forelegs, which space is 
least covered with wool. These pimples soon run 
together, and in a few days a small blister appears, con- 
taining a fluid like water, which soon develops into 
matter and looks white. It is now at the stage when 
the matter should be collected and preserved for inocu- 
lation purposes. In a few days it dries up, the scabs 
scale off and leave a mark from which no wool will ever 
grow. The sheep now begins to improve and unless it 
receives some backset, a rapid recovery may be antici- 
pated. When the malignant form is observed, there 
are no pustules found, but scarlet or purple spots are 
noticed. The skin cracks in various shapes, the wool 
falls off and a foul-smelling discharge comes from the 
nostrils; otherwise, the symptoms are the same as in 
the mild form. Death usually takes place within three 
weeks from the outset. 


Treatment :—After the disease has once established 
itself, medicinal interference will avail but little, and 
instead of relying upon the use of medicines, greater 
attention should be given toward its prevention, which 
is done in two ways—first, by isolating the affected 
sheep from the healthy ones, as soon as noticed, and 
secondly, by vaccination, which is performed by taking 
some of the white matter from the pustules of an 


SHEEP SMALL-POX. 483 


affected sheep, and inserting a small portion of it 
beneath the skin of a healthy sheep, either at the ear or 
the end of the tail, care being taken that the matter is 
obtained from a sheep that is not affected with the 
scab or rot. Vaccination is the safest preventative, as 
all reports from France, Germany, Austria and Russia, 
where it has been thoroughly practiced, tends to prove. 
It has greatly lessened the mortality. It is needless to 
vaccinate sheep at the present time in this country, for 
as yet small-pox has not made its appearance, but 
owing to the rapid transit between Europe and this 
country, sheep might be imported and landed while the 
disease is in the incubative stage, and the malady would 
scatter very rapidly, then vaccination would be advisa- 
ble, and when commenced, it should be continued until 
it has thoroughly taken on all. From the time small- 
pox is observed, there should be good nursing with 
plenty of fresh air, carefully avoiding draughts; there 
should be given a liberal amount of flaxseed or oatmeal 
gruel, in pure water, slightly warmed, into which may 
be placed a few drops of aromatic sulphuric acid. Give 
asa drink. If the sheep appear very weak, give the 
following: 


Liquor Acetate of Ammonia........ 
LN cet eee oO ERS seven ounces. 
Sweet Spirits Niter ....... two ounces. Mix. 


Give tablespoonful three times a day. When an 
animal dies of small-pox, it should be buried very 
deeply and have plenty of lime thrown on the carcass, 
or else it should be burned up, as every portion of the 
dead animal will convey infection, if not completely 
destroyed. { 


484 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


APHTHA—FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. 


Aphtha has been observed in various parts of this 
country, but not to any great extent; only a few scat- 
tered cases have been seen. It has never affected 
whole districts, as it has in Europe. Seemingly, our 
climate is not suitable for its ravages, but rather tends 
to eradicate the disease than to encourage its develop- 


ULCERS BETWEEN THE TOES. 
ment. Yet, some form of the disorder may develop in 
this climate and prove very troublesome. In those cli- 
mates which are favorable to its propagation, it is very 
contagious, and belongs to a class of eruptive fevers. 
It emanates from a ferment or poison in the blood. 


Symptoms :—The ailment is usually ushered in with 
a chill, which is not always observed; a high fever fol- 
lows accompanied with a cough. The appetite now 
becomes whimsical and the animal ceases to chew its 
cud. There is slight tenderness over the loins, and a 
grinding of the teeth with saliva drivelling from the 
mouth. Blisters containing a watery fluid, are now 
observed on the tongue, lips and mouth as also around 
and between the feet. These blisters eventually break 


APHTHA—FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. 485 


and sometimes run together, leaving a raw sore, which 
is quite painful. The feet become so swollen and full 
of pain, that the animal lies down most of the time ana 
when attempting to walk, does so in a lame, unsteady 
manner. Like all other eruptive fevers, it runs _ its 
course, which is usually from ten to fifteen days, and if 
it terminates favorably, the animal is proof against the 
same disease, should it again be exposed thereto. But 
if unfavorable, the disease increases in force until the 
feet drop off, and the animal dies in great misery. 

Treatment:—When not of a malignant type, the 
treatment is very simple and effective. Give one good 
physic but do not repeat it, as 


Epsom Salts ..............two ounces. 
Jamaica Gangee jis) .2 4 3." one drachm. 
TAH OS) ema tl aol Neg ES OR a half pint. Mix. 


Give at one dose. Wash the mouth twice daily, with 
the following lotion: 


Rowe Alanis soos s 2s se CONGIOUNICE: 
Chlorate of Potassium......one ounce. 
Witthete. sca tiscnl ewes tbat ty -one quart. Mix. 


Wash the feet well, every other day with a mixture 
of bluestone and soft water, say an ounce of bluestone 
to two gallons of water. After bathing, use 

Vaseline sci sofa tyc id v5 seo four ounces. 
Oarbolic Acid: ..)5.... 37. two drachms. Mix. 


Apply well, then wrap the feet in a cloth to protect 
them from dirt. Isolate all diseased animals from the 
healthy, and after the disorder has abated, fumigate the 
buildings thoroughly, by burning sulphur or scattering 
chlorinated lime. If the malady appears in the malig- 
nant form, the cheapest and most effective treatment 
is to kill and bury or burn all those affected, and remove 
such as have not taken the disease, to other quarters. 


486 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


FOUL IN THE FOOT—SORE FEET—FOOT LAMENBSS— 
( GRAVEL. 


Causes:—Sheep that are kept in yards that have 
accumulations of manure, ‘so arranged that it is very 
wet, causing a liquor to be formed by the manure and 
water, are liable to be afflicted with sore feet, as also 
such as are kept on low, boggy, marsh pasture. Diseases 
of this character are also observed during wet seasons, 
when pasturing where the grass is very tall and 
growthy; the cleft between the toes being irritated 
while walking through the grass. It is sometimes pro- 
duced by a-gravel or other substance becoming so firmly 
lodged between the toes, that the animal is unable to 
remove it, and it will produce a foul sore. 


Symptoms :—It is seldom noticed until the sheep 
begin to show lameness, when upon examination, the 
cleft of the foot and the surrounding skin, will present 
a whitish appearance with some inflammation and 
swelling. These swellings soon develop into sores, 
greatly resembling ulcers, or ulcers may be present, and 
this condition should not be mistaken for foot-rot. 


Treatment :—If attention is given to the trouble, it 
will soon disappear. If caused by filthy yards, remove 
to a dry, clean place, with plenty of dry straw to walk 
upon; or the flock may be turned upon hilly ground 
where the pasture is short. If they do not improve 
rapidly, take two pounds of copperas and dissolve it in 
ten gallons of soft water; put it in a tub and place the 
patient’s feet in the solution; keep them there from two 
to three minutes, then turn on a dry place; it may be 
necessary to repeat this in three days, but one applica- 
tion will generally suffice. Or take, 

Bime AV Wenig) ko areets Recetas one ounce, 
Vaseline, or Tar..........- six ounces. Mix. 


HOOF-ROT—FOOT-ROOT. 487 

Apply all around the sores. If gravel or some other 
substance causes the trouble, remove it, then trim off 
the diseased parts and apply the latter prescription. 


HOOF-ROT--FOOT-ROT. 


This disease is frequently observed in this country 
and the American shepherd who has charge of any great 
number of sheep, sooner or later becomes familiar 
with one of the greatest disturbing elements that befalls 
a flock. 

Causes :—While there is no question about it being 
contagious, and in many instances contracted through 


BANDAGE FOR FOOT-ROT. 


the source of contagion, yet it will break out in a flock 
that has never been in contact with sheep affected with 
the disease, thus well demonstrating that it can arise 
spontaneously. These cases are usually found in sheep 
that pasture on wet, low ground; the feet become dis- 


488 DISEASES OF SHEEP, 


eased and foul, the horn separates from the sensitive 
sole, and filth accumulating there, exerts its influ- 
ence on the vascular tissues and softens the whole 
sole: if neglected at this period, germs are developed 
which destroy the whole structure of the foot very rap- 
idly, and are highly contagious in character, as is 
observed in other sheep contracting the disease from 
the affected ones, although changed to higher and dryer 
pastures. 


Symptoms :--The disease is usually observed in the 
forefeet, although the hind feet are not exempt and may 
become affected first. When attacking the forefeet 
first, the sheep will be very lame, possibly walking 
upon its knees while feeding, and when through feeding, 
it is almost constantly lying down. Upon examination, 
the feet will at first be found highly inflamed, looking 
red and moist, or rough and chafed. Then blisters will 
form around the heels and between the toes, which soon 
break and discharge. Ulcers are now formed, which 
suppurate and discharge a foul-smelling matter. The 
bottom of the foot soon separates from the sensitive 
parts, and a foul-smelling matter oozes out. Soon 
afterward the horny sole comes off, leaving the sensitive 
parts exposed, which look swollen, black, and spongy, 
forming a good nest for maggots, which are frequently 
found. The constitutional symptoms are fever, to a 
greater or less degree, and loss of appetite; the sheep 
failing to chew its cud and lying around in a stupid 
condition. 

Treatment :—This should be prompt, from the fact 
that as the disease advances, the whole system becomes 
involved, and recovery is slow and tedious. The malady 
is dangerous and painful, but if immediate attention is 
given, with proper treatment and care it is always 
curable. As soon as lameness is observed, an examina- 


HOOF-ROT—FOOT-ROT. 489 


tion should be made, when all of the diseased parts 
must be removed with the knife, as a failure to do this, 
will prolong the disease and resist the action of all med- 
icines that may be applied; but if the diseased parts are 
thoroughly removed, treatment is effective and certain. 
If there is an extra growth of horn at the toes, it should 
be cut down, and if matter is found, remove it and well 
expose the parts. If any portion of the horn looks 
whiter or softer than the balance of the foot, open it, as 
matter is likely concealed within. Should it bleed some, 
have no fear as there is no special danger. Clean the 
knife quite often, so that the matter from the affected 
parts will not come in contact with and adhere to the 
healthy tissues, carrying infection. After all diseased 
portions are removed, you are ready to apply medicines, 
and any caustic that will destroy germs, is beneficial. 
A cheap and easy method and one that is very effective, 
is to take a large tub or vat and put in it a strong solu- 
tion of blue vitriol, say a pound to four gallons of water, 
and keep it as hot as can be borne by the hand. Have 
it about four inches deep, then put the feet of the sheep 
into the solution, holding them there about ten min- 
utes, until thoroughly penetrating every crevice, then 
turn the animal on a dry, short pasture. One good 
application is generally all that is required. Or 
chloride of lime may be used. After paring the foot, 
cover it with the chloride and bandage. Inspect the 
foot in a couple of days, and if necessary apply again, 
repeating until a cure is completed. Or take, 


Finely Powdered Blue Vitriol...... 

AEE Ee Beat a De gai eae one pound. 
Vierdierign i talc aeic neal half pound. 
PimseedeOml ye ter 3 Wei ad besa one pint. 

Pinte “Parsee ..... one quart. Mix. 


Apply well at oud fis foot and allow it to dry, 
before turning out to pasture. Give internally, 


A9U DISBASES Of SHEEP. 


Epsom Salts....... Sha Pile two ounces. 
Baking (Soda. ata. a tier two drachms. 
IW ea Ger) eeu Reais 2 half pint. Mix. 


Give at one dose. Drachm doses of saltpetre given 
night and morning, will prove very beneficial, if there 
is much fever present. But it is seldom necessary to 
give medicines internally, the local applications being 
sufficient. 


SCAB—THE MANGE OR ITCH IN SHEEP. 


Causes :—Scab is a highly contagious disease, pro- 
duced by an insect in or upon the skin. There are dif- 
ferent forms of parasites that produce scab, concerning 
which it is here unnecessary to go into detail, as the 
treatment for all is the same. It has been asserted that. 


scab originates spontaneously, from neglect, exposure, 
etc. Such assertions are without foundation. It is 
now thoroughly understood that all animal life, owes 
its existence to a fecundated egg, and the scab 
insect is produced in the same manner. There is 
both a male and a female insect, the female being con- 
siderably the largest, and also exceeding the male in 
numbers, but living a shorter length of time. She dies 
very shortly after laying her eggs, which she deposits 


ScAB—THE MANGE OR ITCH IN SHEEP. 491 


in the pores of the skin or around the scabs, and as they 
are very numerous and hatch in three days, there is a 
rapid increase. It has been truthfully asserted, that 
from one female, a million and a half of her progeny 
will be produced, in three months. This accounts for 


DIPPING SHEEP. 

the rapidity with which the disease spreads, and also 
gives warning of the necessity for prompt and energetic 
treatment. That it sometimes appears in a flock under 
peculiar circumstances, none will deny, but flocks have 
been known to become affected by pasturing upon 
lands that had not been used for three years, after hav- 
ing grazed a flock of scabby sheep, thus showing that 
it has great tenacity of life even when not in its tote 
tion, the sheep. 


Symptoms :—The first symptom observed is Hottises: 
ness accompanied by itching. The sheep will be noticed 
rubbing itself against a fence-post, stump, or stone, or 
any object to which it can get; the wool loosens and is 


492 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


rubbed off, leaving bare patches. They also frequently 
bite and nibble at their skin, thus pulling out the wool. 
The skin, upon examination, will appear somewhat 
thickened and whitish in coler, and soon becomes 
covered with a yellowish liquid; later on, the scab is 
formed, which if left unattended, will so annoy the 
animal that it will rub the scabs off, causing them to 
bleed, and large sores or scabs are formed, from which 
the wool drops off, leaving the poor sheep an unsightly 
looking object. The sheep now rapidly falls off in 
flesh; the appetite is gone, the fleece is lost, and the 
animal dies from exhaustion and torment. 

Treatment :—This can be acconplished in two ways— 
first, by dipping the sheep into some solution that will 
kill parasites; second, rub ointment into the skin that 
will destroy the insect. But ointments are expensive 
and require more care, time and labor, as well as being 
a detriment to the sale of the wool for that season; for 
these reasons, it is seldom used. The first method, 
dipping, is both the cheapest and most effectual manner 
of disposing of the parasites. There are several 
formulas for making a solution; I will give the best, 
cheapest and safest for the shepherd or farmer to use. 
Take 

Tobacco Leaves or Stems. . five pounds. 

Flower of Sulphur 2) cr tio. ean. ce 
Spee aes one and one-half pounds. 

Wither vctmetin tye mneee twenty gallons. 

Mix the tobacco and water and bring it to a boiling 
heat (but do not boil) until the strength is taken from 
the tobacco. Then into this liquid, put the sulphur 
and stir thoroughly. Allow the mixture to cool off, to 
about 118 or 120 degrees, then commence to dip the 
sheep. If there are any old, hard scabs, break them 
up and remove them, then dip the sheep and hold it 


MAGGOTS. 493 


under the water until it is well soaked, after which ele- 
vate it and let the water drip off, or place it on a rack 
where the liquid will drain back into the tub again. 
Continue in this manner until all have deen dipped. 
that are affected. Stir the liquid frequently, to keep 
the sulphur floating, also add a little hot liquor ocea- 
sionally, to keep up the temperature. The animals 
should be kept in a yard for a time, so that none of the 
liquid will drip upon the pasture. Repeat this process 
in about ten days, so as to destroy any new parasites 
that may have hatched out. Or take 


MGBAGROR Atel pnaracnt Seeker ten pounds, 
Bear Asiieh sa avay. othe three pounds, 
Sul Pubes worsianaieina aisles ¢ three pounds. 
SOE OORP esi re dt oe sis three pounds. 


Mix in ten gallons of water at boiling heat, (but do 
not boil) until the strength is extracted, then add water 
enough to make one hundred gallons. Use according 
to the foregoing instructions. It is usually estimated 
at one gallon to each sheep. Repeat in about ten days. 
Either of these recipes, if followed closely, will exterm- 
inate the scab insect, and result in a complete cure. 


MAGGOTS. 


Maggots are the product of the common flesh fly, the 
blow, or blue-bottle fly, and the meat fly, any of which 
deposit their eggs on a wound or injury; or the tag- 
locks which accumulate around the tail of the sheep, 
will develop maggots so rapidly that within twenty-four 
hours they may be counted by the thousands.’ These 
maggots soon become live agents, which not only exist 
and subsist upon the sore or injured parts, but attack 
the skin, which becomes irritated and a serous fluid 
oozes out. In a little while the skin is pierced, or gives 


494 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


way, and these little pests keep on devouring the sheep 
until it is a living mass of corruption, and if not given 
prompt attention, it very soonsuccumbs. There is more 
trouble from this source during warm, wet weather, 
than during dry seasons. Prevention is always better 
than cure, so keep the tag-locks well trimmed, and the 
flies cannot then, deposit their eggs upon them,for they 
lay their eggs only upon a filthy spot. If the sheep gets 
bruised or cut badly enough to form a sore, attend to it 
and keep it clean, until thoroughly healed. 

Sometimes at weaning time, sheep will suffer from 
caked bags, which break, causing ugly sores which the 
flies soon attack, resulting in the formation of maggots. 
Therefore, at weaning-time the ewes should receive 
extra attention, to prevent this trouble. Sheep that 
are affected with maggots, will stroll off by themselves, 
lie around considerably, and remain separate from the 
flock. When maggots are discovered, take turpentine, 
crude petroleum, or whale oil, any one of the three, and 
pour it freely upon them. This will kill the maggots, 
and prevent the flies from depositing more eggs. It 
will also assist in healing the wounds. These are the 
best remedies for this trouble. 


SHEEP TICK. 


The sheep tick has been observed by every farmer 
that owns or controls sheep. It is a dark red, tough- 
skinned, plump-bodied insect, which developes from an 
egg, laid by the female tick. As the female deposits 
but one egg at a time, they do not multiply very rap- 
idly, and if some attention is given to the sheep, it is 
easy to keep the flock comparatively free from them. 
When the sheep are shorn, in the spring of the year, 
the ticks emigrate to the lambs, for better shelter and 


SHEEP TICK. 495 


foraging grounds, and if the sheep and lambs are dipped 
into a solution of tobacco and sulphur, it will rid them 
of these pests. Take 

Tobacco (cheap leaves or stems).... 


Uesdly sates) wha Wa ineeta a a‘aliaiaean diol four pounds. 
Sulphur..................-one pound. 
Waitin aa elaoe tee ace twenty gallons. Mix. 


Steep in hot water, a sufficient length of time to 
take the strength from the tobacco; then dip the sheep 


SHEEP TICK. 


and lambs while the liquid is as hot as they can bear it. 
Hold the body in the liquid up to the head, for two 
or three minutes, then allow them to drain off. Repeat 
the same operation in September and you will free your 
flock from this pest. The sheep will thrive better and 
on less food, and the wool will not be rubbed off, thus 
insuring a profit that will more than repay the cost of 
dipping, beside the comfort to the sheep. 


THE SHEEP LOUSE. 


Lice are seldom seen on sheep whose wool is very 
yolky. They are more often found on dry-fleeced sheep, 
that have very little yolk in the wool. The louse is a 
very small insect, with a red head and a pale yellow 
body, marked with dark bands, running cross-wise. It 
is generally seen along the sides of the neck, between 


496 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


the forelegs, also around the groin, on the inner side of 
the hind legs.* It is the cause of considerable annoy- 
ance to the sheep, and when the animals are observed 
rubbing their necks between bars or gates, or rubbing, 


SHEEP LOUSE. 


scratching and biting their legs on the inner surface, they 
should be examined, and if lice are found, use the 


following: 
Oinve Oils a'e Saie< esis fein lace 6. one pint. 
SUL RE steers atone shoves toese three ounces. 
Oreosotés.. 4:42 ann on One .drachm:,. UMax 


Rub the parts infested with the lice; or take blue 
ointment and rub the parts sparingly. If the blue oint- 
ment is used, protect the sheep from storms for ten 
days. Sheep that are regularly dipped for scab or ticks 
are seldom troubled with lice. 


INTESTINAL WORMS—TAPE WORMS. 


The bowels of sheep are often the home of a great 
variety of worms, as round worms, pin worms, tape 
worms, thread worms, ete. 

Causes :—Sheep that are running on pasture, may 
swallow some eggs that have been deposited there, by 


INTESTINAL WORMS—TAPE WORMS. 497 


‘ 
any animal that they may inhabit. The tape worm, for 
instance, may be dropped by man, dog, skunk, hog, 
rabbit, ete. But the most frequent source from which 
they get them, is through the dog. Dogs are verv 


THREAD STRONGLE ENLARGED. 
prone to worms, and when their excrement is left upon 
the pastures, these eggs from worms are liable to be 
picked up by sheep, in whose intestines they soon 


TAPE WORM. 


develop, and sometimes cause great havoc among the 
flock. 

Symptoms :—The stomach and bowels are sometimes 
alive with worms, without any observable signs, until 
the animal is slaughtered, when myriads of them are 
found, and the sheep previously, to all appearances 
enjoyed excellent health. In general, the symptoms 
noticed are a ravenous appetite, alternating with a 
refusal of food; or there may be loss of appetite, with 
constipation alternating with diarrhcea, with a desire 


498 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


to eat dirt, sand, ashes, old mortar on walls, etc. There 
is also irritation around the hinder parts, as will be 
noticed by the animal rubbing its rump against fences, 
posts, or other objects. Sometimes worms or parts of 
worms are seen in the excrement that has recently 
passed. A short, dry cough is frequently a symptom of 
worms in the bowels. When there is a falling off in 
condition, from worms, it occurs very gradually, and 
when death claims the animal, it is greatly emaciated. 


Treatment:—Old sheep are seldom troubled with 
worms. They generally find lodgment in young sheep 
and lambs. The medicinal doses should be varied 
somewhat, giving lambs one-half as much as required 
for a young sheep. For round, and thread worms, 
take 

Raw Linseed Oil.......... two ounces. 
Spirits of Turpentine....... one ounce. Mix. 

Give at one dose, to be repeated every four days 
until four doses are given. For the expulsion of tape 
worm, take 

Powd)AreéaJNut, © jee sico one drachm. 
Oil Male Kern e272. 20a, fifteen drops. Mix. 
Give at one dose in half pint of water, to be sO ed 
in twelve hours, with 
Epsom Salts AAs lala el three ounces. 
Gime esis Mee okie aisle ele lela one drachm. Mix. 
Give at one dose in a pint of water. Another remedy 
which is just as effective is to deprive the animal of 
food for three or four days, and during that time give a 
handful of hulled pumpkin seeds, ground, three times a 
day. At the end of the fourth oe give a physic, as 
Epsom Salts............. three ounces. 
Ginger: Moy heute eon ate one drachm. Mix. 

Give at one nee in a ok of water. When the 

worms are passed they should be destroyed by burning. 


THE ROT—LIVER ROT, ETC. 499 


THE ROT—LIVER ROT—FLUKES IN THE LIVER. 


This disease is produced by-a flat worm, of a whitish 
color, varying in size from a half inch to an inch in 
leneth and one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch in 
breadth, which seeks the internal organs for develop- 
ment, and more especially the liver. It is propagated 


by means of eggs, which are deposited in the bowels 
and pass away with the manure, and through various 
sources it is conveyed into pools of stagnant water, 
where they pass one stage of their existence, possibly 
in the bodies of snails, water insects and shell-fish. As 
it is most prevalent during rainy seasons it is reusonable 
to presume that the meadows become inundated, and as 


FLUKES. 


the waters from these pools become scattered over con- 
siderable surface, these flukes are left upon the grasses, 
where they again enter the animal for final develop- 
ment. As they are taken into the stomach they pass 
on until they enter the gall duct, passing from that into 
the gall sack, then to the liver, where they complete 


500 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


their development. The disorder is rarely seen where 
sheep are grazed upon upland pastures, but is quite 
prevalant on lowland pasturage, especially during rainy 
seasons, when there is frequent inundation. 

Symptoms :—When sheep are first affected with flukes 
they are inclined to take on flesh very rapidly for a 
short time; when this ceases, emaciation or failing in 
flesh, commences. An examination of the eye ball 
should now be made. In the healthy animal the mem- 
branes covering the eye-ball and eye-lids are a pink or 
reddish color, in fact, so much so that an amateur 
would suppose there was inflammation of the eyes; but 
when affected with flukes this membrane is of a pale or 
yellowish color. This is a symptom that never fails 
when the sheep is affected with flukes. As the disease 
progresses the appetite becomes irregular, but the 
demand for water increases. Dropsical swellings now 
appear; a large, watery tumor is noticed under the 
lower jaws, the back becomes prominently arched, the 
skin looks pale and bloodless and is tightly drawn to 
the frame. The wool is dry and harsh and separates 
very readily from the skin, leaving bare spots. A 
diarrhoea now sets in, caused by disorganization of the 
liver. The flanks look hollow and there is a weakness 
or tenderness across the loins. The eyes are very 
yellow, or jaundiced. The whole system is now 
deranged. The breath imparts an offensive odor and 
the poor animal lies with its head outstretched, wear- 
ing a solitary and forlorn look, until death claims it as 
a victim. When the animal commences to run down 
the course of the disorder is very rapid and fatal. 


Treatment :—The treatment should depend more upon 
prevention than upon a cure by medicinal agents, for 
when rot has reached the stage of thorough development 
and great emaciation, with a jaundiced appearance, 


oe Wat i 


THE ROT—LIVER ROT, ETC. 501 


niedicines will avail but little. As. flukes cannot 
develop at certain stages of their existence upon dry, 
upland pastures, it is well to graze the flock upon hilly 
pastures, fencing off all ponds of stagnant water, or 
draining them and watering the sheep from wells. 
Should a flock become affected with flukes, but not to 
the extent of injuring them materialy, it is best to 
fatten and dispose of them. It is a well established 
fact that sheep affected with flukes will live and thrive, 
but as to the amount their system can tolerate without 
serious injury cannot be definitely ascertained. That 
flukes are an established destructive factor in this 
country cannot now be denied as over one hundred of 
them were found in the liver of a single rabbit, in Minne- 
sota, and they have also been found in deer and other 
animals, saying nothing of the number of sheep that 
have perished, the owners at a loss to know the cause. 
Common salt is known to be a preventative and 
destroyer of the flukes, at certain stages, and it should 
be given quite liberally; and as turpentine is very 
penetrating to the system, entering every crevice, and 
is a great destroyer of worms, it should enter into every 
combination in the treatment of this disease. The sheep 
should not be allowed any food for three or four hours 
either before or after giving the medicine. The follow- 
ig formula has been used in England, with remarkable 
SUCCESS : 
Mellows esi un stele eee 
Be SSN paren one and one-half drachms. 
Spire urpenvmes cyt. kh ook 
a. Weep yet ee one and one-half ounces. 


Calomel ..............eighteen grains. 
Tincture Todine .3 .{ 5. -'. thirty drops. Mix. 


Give at three doses, one every morning, for three 
consecutive mornings, ina little gruel. Or you may give 


502 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


Raw Linseed Oil.......... two ounces. 
Spte, Lurpemtime a. .3000) 20: half ounce. Mix. 
Give at one dose, and repeat every four days, until 
four doses are given. Or 


Sal EpPeLne® Gi-ccle ues e wale tO) OUMGES: 
Bonds Gre Sr Mens hale esse ais one ounce. 
eb uA e a RM ANE LUE ANRC ta one pound. 
Bouin CW aber ys sa) ee three quarts. Mix. 


Dissolve thoroughly, then add spts. turpentine, ten 
ounces. Shake well before using. Give a_wine- 
glassful every fourth morning, until four doses are 
given. When sheep are known to have become affected 
with flukes from certain pastures, it is best to plow up 
those meadows and raise other crops for two or three 
years, to destroy the parasite, and where it is at all 
possible, it is best to graze sheep upon dry, upland 
pastures, with a provision of pure, fresh drinking water. 


LOCKJAW. 


[t is seldom that lockjaw, or tetanus, is found among 
sheep, but as it is a nervous affection, it may be pro- 
duced by fright from being chased with dogs, or by 
injuries or wounds from any source, when nearly or 
wholly healed upon the surface; or it may be caused in 
lambs, from cutting off the tail, or it may result from 
castration. 


Symptoms:—The head is elevated and the eye- 
washers will protrude over the eye-ball to a greater or 
lesser extent. The animal will appear very nervous, 
and walk with a stiff, stilty gait. The jaws are closed 
but can be moved sidewise and sometimes opened a 
little; there is also some grinding of the teeth and more 
or less desire for drinking water, of which httle can be 


a 


FRACTURES. 508 


swallowed, as the throat is affected. In some instances 
the head is drawn around to the side, while in others it 
is drawn upwards. 

Treatment :—Remove to a dark, quiet place and first 
give a physic, as 


Hpsom/’ Salts icc dc la.) bwo Ounees. 

Wreater. icanias son a htat ya 2. half pint. Mix. 
Give at one dose, to be followed with 

Bromide of Potassium .... two ounces. 

ChioraltHy dratel: sey nsf. ‘. one ounce. 

Wiaberiy aie fcc tee tee a tie. one quart. Mix. 


Give a wineglassful three times a day. If you can- 
not drench the sheep without too much excitement, take 
a syringe and squirt the preparation well back into the 
mouth. Use extra precautions not to excite the animal, 
and allow no one to go near it but yourself. If it can 
eat or suck any soft food, give all it desires, and also 
allow plenty of drinking water. If the disease results 
from a wound or from castration, grease the injured 
parts once daily with solid extract of belladonna. Quiet 
and warmth are very essential to effect a cure, as some 
will recover with good nursing, without the use of 
medicines. 


FRACTURES. 


Broken limbs sometimes occur where a flock of sheep 
is going over a fence; an animal may become fastened 
between the bars and thus be crowded on by the balance 
of the flock, or injuries of this character may result from 
being kicked or trampled upon by horses and cattle, 
and in various other ways, too numerous ’ to 
mention. The bones will readily grow together, 
‘if fastened with splints and bandages, first getting 
the bones in proper position, the ends directly 


504 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


opposite each other. The splints should be wrapped in 
cloth or cotton batting, to prevent chating and the 
bandages should not be so tight as to prevent free cireu- 
lation of the blood; they should be examined frequently 
to see that they are in position and not too tightly 
drawn, and they should be worn for three or four weeks. 
It is not always necessary to confine the sheep, as they 
often doas well at pasture, but if confined, feed soft food. 


CONSTIPATION IN LAMBS. 


Constipation in lambs is generally brought about by 
feeding on cows’ milk, or the milk of another ewe. 
When the disease occurs, the bowels cease to act, or 
that which does pass, is hard and lumpy, and there are 
long intervals between each passage, with considerable 
pain, the back arched, and heavy straining, when the 
discharge does take place. The lamb lies down most of 
the time. The urine is scanty and the belly distended. 

Treatment :—This consists of injections of warm milk 
or water into the rectum or last bowel; three or four 
ounces should be injected at a time, and this should be 
repeated every hour or two, until the bowels move 
freely. To do this properly, seize the lamb by the hind 
legs and elevate it so that it barely stands on its front 
toes; hold it in this position while giving the injection, 
and also for a few minutes afterwards. Give internally 
every six hours, until the bowels are relieved, a dessert- 
spoonful of castor or raw linseed oil. If the lamb seems 
dull and inactive after the bowels have responded, give 
small doses of sweetened hot brandy or whisky. 


DIARRHOEA, OR WHITE SCOURS IN LAMBS. 


Diarrhoea in the suckling lamb, is often called 
‘¢ White Scours.”’ 


DIARRH@®A, OR WHITE SCOURS IN LAMBS. 505 


Causes :—It may result from lying on cold, damp 
ground, exposure to storms, sudden changes of tempera. 
ture, cold drinks, etc.; but the most frequent source, is 


WHITE SCOURS IN LAMBS. 


the altered condition of the mother’s milk, when fed 
upon thrifty succulent grasses, or upon roots, as turnips, 
carrots and mangels. When not arising from these 
causes, there is a disordered condition of the Jamb’s 
stomach. 


Symptoms :—There will be a watery discharge from 
the bowels, of a whitish color, which is the indigested 
milk passing straight through the intestines. Some- 
times the discharge is of a pale, greenish color, very 
much resembling whey. This is produced by indigestion, 
the food becoming coagulated in the stomach, where it 
may accumulate in quite large quantities. The 
lamb now appears stupid and ceases to play with 
other lambs. It lies around considerably, and 
when standing, it is doubled up and the back 
is arched. It ceases to nurse or eat, but ap- 
pears thirsty, and makes frequent efforts to pass 
dung. While lying around, it will bleat frequently, 
and upon pressing on the belly, it evinces pain. The 
belly has a shrunken or tucked-up appearance; the 
animal loses flesh rapidly, and if not relieved, dies 
within a few days. Worms in the bowels will some- 
times cause diarrhoea, but when this is the case, the 
dung will be mixed with shme or mucous. 


506 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


Treatment:—When caused by the ewe’s milk, change 
her diet immediately. Place her upon dryer food or 
poorer pasture and give the lamb, two or three times a 
day, the white of an egg beaten up with five times the 
amount of warm water, to which may be added a few 
drops of laudanum. Or, 


Raw-binseed:- Oil se). 8 two ounces. 
Essence of Ginger........ one drachm. Mix. 
Give a teaspoonful once or twice daily; or take 
Rrepared Chalkis cn peas one ounce. 
Rowd. Catechin. uae uuc four drachms. 
Rowd. Gingebe coe ssn. two drachms. 
Powds Opium’: ssh. ee half drachm. 
Peppermint Water .......... one pint. Mix. 


Shake well before using and.give two teaspoonfuls 
morning and evening. When resulting from worms, 
give 


Raw Linseed Onl... 02 one ounce. 
Spts. Turpentine :......... half ounce. 
PiapuGaeUT Aes ais heifer ten drops. Mix. 


Give at one dose. If at any time there is great 
weakness, give 
The Whites of four Eggs. 


Whisky tee iiie wala oe. DI OVON Mees: 
Tincture’ of Ganger.)..)) 2-2! half ounce. 
Linseed! Meay.e «vais Mihai on half pint. Mix. 


Give a tablespoonful every three or four hours. 


LUNG WORMS—HOOSE IN LAMBS—PALE DISEASE— 
HUSK. 


Causes :—There is no question but that these worms 
gain access to the wind-pipe and lungs of lambs, but the 
manner in which they gain entrance to these organs of 
young animals, is not yet solved. The disorder usually 


a 


———e 


DIARRH@®A, OR WHITE SCOURS IN LAMBS. 507 


makes its appearance during the fall months and is by 
far the most prevalent among lambs that graze upon 
lowland pastures which are subject to inundation from 
the rise of waters during the fall rains and which are 
covered with rich, succulent, rank grass. 


Symptoms:—The presence of these worms in the 
wind-pipe causes much irritation and coughing. While 
they do not always inconvenience grown sheep, they are 
a frequent source of death among lambs. These worms 
often accumulate in such quantities in young lambs as 
to prevent proper aeration of the blood in the lungs, 
which causes a general disturbance of the whole system 
and produces a pale, bloodless condition. The appetite 
is partially or wholly lost, the lamb loses flesh rapidly 
and if not relieved, quickly succumbs. When these 
worms affect the bowels, as they sometimes do, 
dysentery will be observed, with bad-smelling passages, 
which are effected with much straining, and blood-clots 
will sometimes pass. The worms vary somewhat in 
size, being from one to three inches in length, thread- 
like and slender, and of a whitish color. When any 
number of lambs are affected, an examination of the 
passages of dung as well as the mucous from the 
nostrils, should be made, in order to detect the worms 
if possible; or if one of the animals should die, inspect 
the windpipe carefully and if worms are observed, com- 
mence treatment at once. 


Treatment:—As preventative measures are always 
the best, the lambs should not be allowed to graze upon 
pastures that have received a top-dressing of sheep 
manure, nor allowed to graze upon pastures which have 
recently been trodden upon by old sheep. Fresh 
pastures only should be used and in damp, rainy seasons 
such as are hilly or well drained should be chosen. An 
abundance of salt should be given, or better still, have 


508 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


rock salt in the field continuously. Medicinally, these 
worms must be attacked from two sources, viz., by the 
administration of remedies internally and by inhala- 
tions. Give internally, 

Raw Linseed Oil........seven ounces. 

Spts. Turpentine..... + sen - OMELOUNCE..), Mix. 


Give two tablespoonfuls every morning on an empty 
stomach, until four doses have been given. Or, 


Spts. Turpentine..........- one ounce. 
Whhislaytec) Gc wtinte .... fifteen ounces. Mix. 


Shake well and give a tablespoonful every morning, 
for a week or ten days. Inhalations of sulphurous acid 
gas, should be given as follows: Place the lambs in a 
room where the ventilation is not too great, then take 
half pound of flour of sulphur and a quart of pine tar, 
mix it with tow or waste and set it to burning. If the 
gas becomes too strong for you to endure, step out and 
remove the fire with you. Repeat this twice daily for 
a few days. The food should now be the best that can. 
be procured, and if the appetite has completely failed, 
give linseed meal, oat meal, or corn meal gruel, as a 
drench, until the appearance of returning appetite and. 
strength. 


SEDIMENT IN THE URINE—SAND IN THE URINE. 


Causes :—Formations and accumulations of a sandy 
deposit in the urine, are brought about by high feeding, 
or being grazed upon dry pastures without a sufficient 
supply of water. Resulting also from being fed upon 
grain quite freely during the winter season, without a 
necessary amount of water, or from a changed condi- 
tion of the system, when recovering from lingering 
fevers, etc. 


a 


CLAP, OR GONORRH@A. 509 


Symptoms ;—It seldom causes any inconvenience with: 
ewes, as their opening for the passage of urine, is large 
and free, but among rams and wethers, on account of 
the smallness of the urinary passage, it often causes 
considerable annoyance, by becoming deposited and 
adhering to the sides of the canal. Sandy or muddy 
deposits are observed in front of and around the sheath, 
clinging to the wool or hairs where the water has passed 
through, sometimes to the extent of forming small 
stones. Symptoms of retention of urine now appear. 
The sheep exhibits great uneasiness and pain, while 
trying to pass urine, and the passage will be a very 
small stream, or possibly only drop by drop. 

Treatment :—When first noticed, allow plenty of fresh 
water to drink, to which may be added a teaspoonful of 
acetate of potash, once or twice daily, for a week, to 
increase the flow of urine and wash out the material. 
But if the urine passes only by drops, lay the sheep on 
its rump and draw out the penis, press the fingers along 
this organ and try to force out the accumulation. This 
should be repeated daily, until the passage of water is 
free. Give internally, 

Raw Linseed Oil........ three ounces. 
Gaia mania shen ihn) eas. twenty drops. Mix. 

Give at one dose. If this treatment fails in removal, 
the deposit may be cut out, the incision being made 
lengthwise along the penis; but unless the ram _ is 
valuable, it had best be slaughtered and used for 
mutton. In case of a wether being affected, use for 
mutton at once. 


CLAP, OR GONORRHOEA. 


This disease is brought about in sheep from want of 
cleanliness, with an excessive amount of ewes to attend 
to, or by serving a ewe that is affected with the whites. 


510 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


Symptoms :—The sheath and penis of the ram become 
swollen and sore, and intense pain is exhibited while 
passing the urine, which may pass by only a few drops 
at atime. Soona whitish discharge comes from the penis, 
which, if left undisturbed, will cause ulcerous sores. 
There will be more or less stamping of the feet while 
passing water and more or less uneasiness is observed. 


Treatment :—Remove the ram to a quiet place and do 
not allow him to serve any ewes, as the disease is very 
contagious and will be imparted to the ewes. Admin- 
ister internally, 


Balsam Copabia..... ......two ounces. 
Dr. abe bsie ss) oat <2 4,26 tO OUNCES. 
AB rs RATIO Seeeikid aeiita dhe cio ete ONCKOUMCE’ 
Spts. Sweet Nitre..........one ounce. 
Acari aurrunrins Hee he ee dime ce ae half ounce. 
SVFUDe Hae one and one-half ounces. Mix. 


Give a teaspoonful three times a day. Withdraw 
the penis and bathe with the following lotion, after 
bathing with hot water: 

Sugar OL Lead eee one Ounee: 
Sulphate of Zinc...........one ounce. 
Wea ber: VOC a Aes .one quart. Mix. 

Use once daily. In addition to the bathing, part of 
the solution may be injected into the penis once daily, 
until convalescence is established, when every third or 
fourth day will suffice. If any of the ewes become 
affected syringe them once daily with the above solu- 
tion, or use the following: 

Permanganate of Potash....one ounce. 
AVG cnetit te Cera hae saat AN rg one quart. Mix. 

Inject either into rams or ewes, once daily. The 
food should be soft and easily digested, as bran mash, 
grass, etc. Stimulating diet should be avoided. 
Further, give ounce doses of raw linseed oil daily. 


—— Stee 


LAMBING IN THE EWE. 51 


LAMBING IN THE EWE. 


Farmers residing in the Northern States, usually cal- 
culate to have their lambs yeaned in April and the fore- 
part of May, as there is less danger from loss, than if 
yeaned earlier in the season.’ But the percentage of loss 
during the lambing season, is greater than there is any 
necessity for, through negligence or carelessness, and 


TWIN LAMBS. 


the want of places of protection for the ewe and lamb. 
Many lambs are lost each year by the ewe not being in 
a proper condition. There is much less danger from 
the ewe being in a good condition, even fat, than 
from being too poor. Dogs are also a source of 
great loss among lambs, and should not be allowed 
near a flock, at this season of the year. The flock should 
have a good, dry yard, so that they can move about in 
the sunlight, and a good shelter with plenty of ventila- 


D1? DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


tion, for the night. The owner or shepherd should be 
familiar and well acquainted with his sheep, thus insur- 
ing confidence and not fear, among them. Patience is 
required on the part of the shepherd. Do not be too 
meddlesome, but see to those that are in labor, and if the 
lamb is coming right, with forefeet and head first, leave 
her alone for a considerable time, then if you deem the 
lamb too large, render some assistance, but do not 
become rash and use too much force; gentle traction, 
with the parts well-oiled or greased, is much better. 
When the hind parts swell up and look red, and the bag 
swells and looks full, you may rely upon it, the ewe 
will drop her lambs within thirty-six hours. It is then 
the shepherd should be on the alert, to see that nothing 
goes wrong. Ewes as a rule, deliver their young 
without any serious difficulty, but occasionally a lamb 
is presented wrong, when it would be impossible for the 
ewe to deliver her young without assistance. Under 
these circumstances, the lamb should be pushed back 
i to the womb and straightened. If you can raise the 
hind feet first, do so, and deliver in that position. The 
various methods of delivery as laid down for mares and 
cows in another part of this work, will greatly aid the 
shepherd, and should be followed; the only exception 
being that in the attendance of a ewe, a small hand is 
required, and for this reason, a woman can do more 
effective work thana man. The hand should be well 
oiled before entering, and the movements should be 
slow and careful; hasty and rough help, is worse than 
none at all. Always raise the feet first. If the forefeet 
are raised, see that the head lies between them and is 
not doubled back. Ifthe afterbirth does not come away 
voluntarily after the lamb is delivered, pull upon it 
gently, and it will usually be expelled in a short space of 
time. Should the ewe appear weak and exhausted, 


AFTER-PAINS IN EWES, ETC. 5138 
make and administer a ginger tea, of the same strength 


as you yourself would require. 


AFTER-PAINS IN EWES—PARTURIENT APOPLEXY. 


Parturient apoplexy occurs within four days after 
lambing and is most frequently seen in fat, thrifty 


AFTER-PAINS IN EWES. 
animals that are also heavy milkers. It is the result of 
a fevered condition at the time of lambing. 


Symptoms :—The ewe is first noticed to be panting as 
if hot and feverish. Heavy straining follows, with a 


PARTURIENT APOPLEXY. 


heaving at the flanks. The eyes look staring and glassy, 
the bowels are constipated, the urine is high colored 
and smells strong. The external hinder parts are 
swollen and red and later on become purple or black. 
After death the womb is noticed to contain pus or 
matter; sufficient of this has been absorbed or taken 
into the system to poison the blood and cause death. 
Treatment :—Prevention in these cases is always the 
best and safest. As it is most always found in very fat 
ewes, the safeguard les in reducing their condition 
prior to lambing, but not to the extent of weakening 


514 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


them. Their food should be gradually reduced and a 
light bran mash should be given daily. After the dis- 
ease has developed and pains are noticed, prepare the 


following: 
Ooimine Suilp bie cs berheke one drachm. 
AGTH Nook ca Me Mele ena vm rTP cl one ounce. 
Walt Kaye onie a Siren aire three ounces. 
Wrather cient ta sortase HOMPYOUNGeS. a Vines 


Give one ounce three or four times a day. Ifa bad- 
smelling ‘discharge comes from the hinder parts, they 
should be cleansed with 

Permanganate of Potassiun......... 

at aT at Oh sahg Oc an one drachm. 
Wiebe rey sei iee caus metee ie aie aa a eae Naa one quart. Mix. 
Syringe the vagina and womb with this mixture 

twice daily, until the discharge stops. Give one ounce 
of glauber salts daily to loosen the bowels, but do not 
physic. Apply warm cloths to the belly for a day, then 
in their stead apply a mustard plaster. The food should 
be light and easily digested, as bran mash, linseed meal 
or oat meal gruel. 


INVERSION OF THE WOMB. 


This is not a common affliction among sheep, but 
sometimes results from difficult labor, more especially 
in a weak ewe. The womb is turned inside out and 
hangs behind as a large, red sack, to which the after- 
birth is sometimes attached. When the after-birth 
still clings to it, it should be gently removed and the 
womb washed in milk-warm water, to which may be 
added a little alum. Then elevate the hind parts and 
gradually work the womb back into its place, but first 
cut off the finger nails and oil or grease the hand thor- 
oughly so as not to injure the delicate structure. After 


GARGET—INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. 515 


the organ has been replaced fasten a bandage around 
the hinder parts to prevent a recurrence, or as is some- 
times practiced, put a deep stitch through the vulva or 
lips of the outer parts and allow it to stay so for twenty- 
four hours; when it may be removed, as the womb will 
by this time have settled into its natural position and 
will there remain. Should the ewe exhibit signs of 


pain or attempt to strain, give thirty drops of laudanum 


every hour until the pain ceases. If she appears weak 
give ginger tea or half-ounce doses of hot brandy. 
While she is lying down see that she is well bedded and 
that her hind parts are elevated higher than her head, 
for a few days. For illustration, see inversion of the 
womb in cow. 


GARGET—INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. 


This consists of inflammation of the milk glands, and 
is caused from ewes lying on the cold, damp ground; 
resulting also in such as have lost their young and have 
not adopted an orphan or been supplied with a foster- 
lamb. It is also produced by a teat not being opened 
by a new-born lamb, or in ewes that give a greater flow 
of milk than the lamb will consume. The bag may also 
become gargeted at weaning time, when the ewe is 
giving a strong flow of milk, and if neglected it becomes 
festered and is soon a tumbling, rolling mass of maggots. 

Treatment :—When the disorder is first noticed give 
a mild physic, as 

Epsom Salte:...:.2.6......two ounces, 
Cnet: eee es ah Nee one drachm. Mix. 

Give at one dose in half pint of water, to be followed 
with drachm doses of saltpetre, morning and evening. 
Bathe the bag for thirty minutes with hot water, then 
apply camphor and lard twice daily, or take 


516 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


COPDEEAS Wise cen aae Cle yee four ounces. 

Wialteic tiene ae chiek SR else two quarts. Mix. 
Apply frequently. Or, 

Witehthazel ce tik aes five ounces. 

MAGICA he ea Sie tersg een one ounce. 

Dirbelladonnianyjfs 2% Sees ss one ounce. 

Spts. Cam pmoran crocus tee one ounce. Mix. 


Apply twice daily, after bathing with hot water. 
Injecting the teats with a solution of carbonate of soda, 
then milking out, will be productive of good. If the 
bag has festered, open it and allow the matter to escape, 
then wash the sore with 


Campo lie sA Gide e cesar: ace or one ounce. 

Soft Water te ie aces one quart. Mix. 
Or; 

Permanganate of Potassium .one ounce. 

Soto Waters sive ae eaenct one quart. Mix. 


Apply twice daily. If maggots have gained access 
to the sore, apply some spirits of turpentine to rout 
them, after which, keep clean, and use the carbolic 
acid solution. If the disease has resulted in the perma- 
nent loss of one or both teats, the animal should be dis- 
carded as a breeder, and either kept for her wool or sold 
to be slaughtered. 


ABORTION—SLIPPING OF LAMBS. 


Abortion is not of frequent occurrence among sheep, 
and when it does happen, it is generally traceable. It 
may result from being chased by dogs, or from injuries 
received while in the yard with other stock; from 
drinking an abundance of ice-cold water, also from 
eating large amounts of cold carrots, turnips and 
mangels. ~The stomach becoming distended with the 
cold food, lowers the temperature of the internal 


PARTURIENT FEVER, ETO. 517 


organs to such an extent that it causes the death of the 
young animal, and it is thus expelled from the womb. 
Feeding upon blasted or smutty rye, as well as slipping 
upon icy roads, will produce abortion. 


Treatment :—In this case, also, prevention is the only 
safeguard against loss. Great care should be exercised 
when feeding roots; they should be moderately warm, 
or fed in limited quantities. See that the ewes are not 
chased, worried, or excited by dogs or any other sheep- 
destroying animal. Avoid feeding smutty rye, and 
driving over slippery roads. Allow them to drink 
regularly, to avoid engorgement with ice-cold water. 
When abortion does take place, see that the membranes 
all come away and if the sheep seems stupid and sluggish, 
vive a mild physic, as 

aay Linseed Oneness. sos: two ounces. 
Pandan ity 4e.0 forty, drops:, Mix 

Give at one dose, to be followed twice daily with 

drachm doses of saltpetre. 


PARTURIENT FEVER—PUERPURAL FEVER—MILK 
FEVER. 


This fever rarely attacks our common ewes, but is 
seen among imported sheep, that are highly fed and in 
a fat condition, and are middle-aged, usually carrying 
twin lambs. It generally occurs a few days prior to 
Jambing. The earliest symptoms, are loss of appetite, 
twitching of the hind legs, and of the ears. The ewe 
appears dull and stupid, with weakness, and staggering 
gait while walking. The eyes are drowsy, the head is 
carried low down; a dark, offensive, coffee-colored 
discharge comes from the vagina or hinder parts.’ If 
the lamb is now dropped, it is dead, and possibly in a 


518 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


semi-putrid condition, but if the lamb is not passed, the 
patient grows steadily worse, the fever rises higher, the 
animal moans with pain and the discharge becoines 
more offensive. When the lamb does eventually come, 
it is almost rotten. 

Treatment :—Remove the ewe from the balance of the 
herd to comfortable quarters, as soon as noticed. Then 
give a laxative to open the bowels, as 

Bpsomn Salbsler. ey va/s/eeiae wie = two ounces. 
Salle me terete a ue avsyae tens one drachm. 
Warm Water, or Linseed Gruel..... 

DEERE Oe ree Vay MMO ERY one pint. Mix. 

Give at one dose. Should she feel disposed to eat 
anything, give nothing but warm gruels or mashes. 
When the discharge is dark colored and offensive, the 
lamb is certainly dead, and should be removed as 
quickly as possible. Wash out the vagina with warm 
water, then place some solid extract of belladonna on 
the end of the finger, and smear it on the mouth of the 
womb, making an application in this manner every two 
hours. This will cause the mouth of the womb to dilate, 
when the putrid lamb will be expelled. The womb should 
then be washed out with, 

Permanganate of Potash... one ounce. 


Warm Waterece cesta. one quart. Mix. 
Or, 

Carbolic Acid ............ - one ounce. 

Warm Water............-- one quart. Mix. 
Use with a syringe. Also give internally, 

Quinine Sulphate...... three drachms. 

Sulphate of Soda..........two ounces. 

Sailtpebre so ciyee wince elses = one ounce. Mix. 


Make eighteen powders. Give one powder every 
three hours. Should the physic not operate in fifteen 
hours, repeat the dose. Mustard drafts along the beily 


CASTRATION. 519 


are very beneficial. Should collapse seem imminent, 
give ounce doses of hot whisky. See that the position of 
the patient is as comfortable as possible; supply with a 
elean bed, at least twice a day. 


CASTRATION. 


This is a very necessary operation among lambs and 
should be performed as early as possible after lambing, 
as there ig less danger following than when the lambs 
are older. When the lamb is a week or ten days old 
the whole sack, seeds and all, may be cut off with one 
stroke of the knife or shears, without being attended 
with any danger, and only a few drops of blood will be 
observed to follow. But when the lamb has passed a 
few months the seeds develop very rapidly, the blood 
vessels and nerves are large, and the operation is 
attended with more danger. The seeds are to be drawn 
well down, then one bold incision, cutting into the seed 
and down to the point or bottom of the sack, should be 
made. The seed should then be withdrawn and pulled 
away forcibly, or the cord should be scraped with a 
knife until it separates; otherwise, the clamp should be 
used. If the latter method is chosen, fasten the clamp 
very tightly, then cut off the seed half an inch below it 
and allow it to remain for three days, when it may be 
removed. The clamps may be hollowed out a little in 
the center and a small quantity of corrosive sublimate 
and lard placed in the groove. In castrating aged rams, 
scraping is not always safe, as the seeds are very large 
and the blood vessels correspondingly so and there is 
therefore danger of bleeding in this manner of, opera- 
tion. Neither is ligating or tying them with a string 
advisable, as it is sometimes impossible to tie tightly 
enough to prevent bleeding. But when the clamps are 


520 DISEASES OF SHEEP. 


pressed on firmly bleeding seldom follows and for this 
reason this method is considered the safest and best 
mode of operation. Always see that the opening is 
clean down to the bottom so that all matter can escape. 
To prevent too rapid healing, place a block of wool in 
the wound. 


DOCKING, OR CUTTING OFF THE TAIL. 


This operation is performed in order to keep the 
hind parts of the sheep in a clean condition, as those 
sheep which are allowed to carry a full tail become very 
dirty from accumulation of urine and manure, which 
adhere to the wool around these parts and form a nest 
for the blow-fly and maggot. The operation should be 
performed while the lambs are very young—within two 
weeks after birth. The parts are not then very sensi- 
tive and consequently the operation is not very painfal. 
The method is quite simple, vet mistakes are often 
made. When the lamb is caught the skin should be 
drawn up on the tail, toward the rump, so that after 
the tail is severed it will cover the bone, then with a 
sharp knife make a quick cut, about two inches from 
the rump, and the operation is complete. A little pine 
tar placed on the stump of the tail will keep off flies 
and assist in healing. 


~ DISEASES UT THE HOG, 


THEIR 


CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT. 


HOG CHOLERA. 


There are so many diseases of the swine which have 
never been any too thoroughly understood, that have 
been, for the want of a better term, called hog cholera. 
The loss to the farmers in this country alone, has been 
estimated at fifty millions ina single year, and all have 


HOG CHOLERA. 


been grouped under the one head—-cholera. Let us for 
a few moments, briefly consider the manner in which 
swine have been treated, when deemed in health, and 
see what our own condition would be, under like 
circumstances. In the first place, the creature is 
considered—a hog—and that means, literally speaking, 
anything that is filthy and dirty. ” History tells us that 
the hog, in the natural or wild state, is, one of the 
cleanliest of animals, so if the appellation, as applied to 
the hog, means filth and dirt, it must be an unnatural 
condition or innovation, brought about or inflicted upon 
(521) 


522 DISEASES OF THE HOG. 


the animal, through domestication. Itis perfectly true, 
that hogs will wallow about in dirty water, in order to 
cool off the fevered or heated body, in summer, but if 
allowed to select for itself, it will not only drink of 
pure, clean water, but will lie in it also. Again, pen 
up a hog and give it good shelter and a bedding of clean 
straw to lie upon, and see if it will litter up its own bed ; 
on the contrary, if a place is provided outside of its stall, 
it will go there to comply with the demands of nature, 
and deposit both manure and water. There are many 
other habits of the hog, that tend to cleanliness which 
might be mentioned, but space forbids, in a work of 
this kind. I believe that many of the diseases which 
swine are heir to, have been brought about through 
domestication, and the manner in which they are cared 
for and fed, the so-called cholera included. The average 
hog is fed on sour swill, sour grain or corn, distillery 
slop, corn that has already been eaten and passed by 
cattle, that which has been trampled through dirt and 
dung, in fact anything that is of a dirty, sour nature, 
has been considered good enough to feed to the hog. 
Now the essence of sourness is vinegar, which is formed 
in the food after the alcoholic fermentation has run its 
course. The first effect from feeding this sour food, is 
constipation, followed by looseness or diarrhoea, super- 
induced by the paralyzing effects of the alcohol, vine- 
gar, carbonic acid gas, etc., upon the bowels. After a 
time, the blood becomes affected through this vinegar 
yeast and various diseases are produced. Just so long 
as hogs are fed upon dirty, sour, indigestible food, 
trouble with the bowels must be expected, of a more or 
less severe nature, according to circumstances. When 
the hogs are penned up, clean the pens daily, the same 
as you would your horse stables; feed them upon clean, 
sweet food,”and disease will become less frequent. If 


SS ee 


CHARBON, OR ANTHRAX. 523 


+he food is cooked thoroughly, the heat will destroy the 
alcohol and vinegar plants, and the danger of disease 
will be greatly lessened. To say that hogs fed upon 
sweet, sound food could not contract diseases, would be 
mis-stating facts, but hogs that are fed on sound, sweet 
corn, well steamed, are not so liable to become diseased 
as those which are fed upon sour materials, and if those 
who are interested doubt these statements, they can 
easily prove or disprove them, by trials accurately con- 
ducted. The various formulas that have been tried 
with good results, all have a tendency to tone up and 
correct the bowels; to prevent the formation of germs, 
and to destroy any that are already existing. I will 
now dwell somewhat upon the various forms of cholera, 
although the treatment tends to the same purpose—that 
of correcting the bowels, and destroying and preventing 
the formation of germs. 


CHARBON, OR ANTHRAX. 


This disease, which effects both cattle and sheep, 
also finds a co-partner in the hog. It is brought about 
in a similar manner—by taking very thin hogs and 
fattening them too rapidly, but more frequently in the 
hog, by feeding upon sour material, or by being kept in 
filthy places. It is one of the various types of blood- 
poisoning, caused by a bacilli or other germ finding 
ingress into and developing in the circulating fluids of 
the body. The malady is contagious, the contagion 
being given off by the blood, flesh and dung. 

Symptoms:—The symptoms develop very rapidly. 
At first there will be loss of appetite and great prostra- 
tion, with red and bluish spots appearing on various 
parts of the body. The ears and nose have a bluish 
cast, the breathing is quickened and painful and a 


524 DISEASES OF THE HOG. 

pleading cry, or squealing, is often heard. Just as the 
hog breaths its last, a passage from the bowels, coming 
involuntarily, is always observed. These symptoms, it 
will be noticed, last from one to forty-eight hours. 
Others 1n the apoplectic form, have been seen to step 
back from the feeding trough, utter a squeal, turn 
around, tumble over and die in less than a minute. As 
this disease has often been mistaken for contagious. 
pneumo-enteritis, I will give the distinguishing char- 
acteristics between the two, as laid down by Dr. Klein, 
of London; then with the following table before him, the 
ordinary careful observer can scarcely make a mistake: 


CHARBON. CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTER-. 
ITIS. 
Period of development 


from two to five days and 


Period of development 
or latency from a few hours 


to three days. 
Easily transmissible to 
other species of animals. 


Spleen always enlarged 
and often broken down. 

Blood after death, dark 
and fiuid. 

Pacillus anthricus in the 
blood. 


Lungs and bowels fre- 
quently not implicated. 
Cough may be absent. 

The discoloration local 
and of a true carbuncular 
appearance. 


more. 

Rarely and with diffi- 
culty transmitted to other 
species. 

Spleen rarely enlarged 
or otherwise changed. 

Blood after death of 
ordinary appearance. 

No bacillus anthricus in 
the blool, but numberless 
bacilli in the serum of 
thorax and abdomen. 

Lungs and bowels always. 
both inflamed; cough al- 
ways present. 

The red or purple color 
diffused over the surface 
and of an erysipelatous ap- 


| pearance. 


CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERITIS. 525: 


Treatment:—As there is no specific remedy for this 
disease, the necessity for preventative measures becomes 
apparent. The healthy should be separated from the 
sick at once and turned into a fresh pasture where 
there is an abundance of fresh water. The food given 
should be sweet and steamed or cooked, and limited in 
quantity and the person attending them should not go 
near nor have anything to do with the affected ones. 

As has been remarked before, it is very contagious, 
being taken from the blood, flesh and manure. It is 
therefore necessary to bury all dead animals, very 
deeply ; also throw lime upon the carcass prior to cover- 
ing; or burn them up, manure and all, then thoroughly 
disinfect the place with carbolic acid or chloride of 
lime, and do not allow any other hogs near the locality 
that season. 


CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERITIS. 


This form of cholera consists of an inflammation of 
the lungs and bowels, causing red or purple spots on the 
skin and it is very contagious. 

Causes:—There are many causes assigned to this 
disease, among which are feeding in close, filthy, foul- 
smelling pens and compelling the animals to drink 
water that is highly impregnated with decaying animal 
or vegetable matter; also feeding and keeping in low, 
damp, swampy, malarial places, feeding upon sour 
food, as swill from a sour barrel, distillery slop, sour or 
musty corn, or corn that has passed through cattle, or 
dirty food of any description. It may also result from 
feeding too highly on rich, concentrated, heating, 
nutritious food, producing a sudden fattening of the 
animal, whereby the blood becomes surcharged with 
incompletely transformed material. Whether these are 


« 


526 DISEASES OF THE HOG. 


the real causes or not they are certainly conditions that 
should be remedied or avoided, as animals kept in such 
a state will have more or less bowel trouble, which 
renders them very susceptible to any contagious diseases, 
whether brought about by contact or through atmos- 
pheric causes. As the poison which produces this dis_ 
ease is a vegetable germ, so small as not to be observed 
with the naked eye, it may be produced or developed 
in the filthy material, as administered to the hog, or 
carried for a considerable distance through the air and 
locating itself with those animals that are in a condi- 
tion to receive it. After it has once gained a foothold 
ina herd, its contagious character is soon developed and 
none need doubt the nature of the disease, as all hogs 
in the herd, regardless of age, size, sex or condition, 
fall a prey to the malady. 


Symptoms:—The symptoms vary, according to the 
part of the animal affected, whether it is of a severe 
type or not. To this fact especially I would refer the 
reader’s attention so that the varying forms will not 
confuse him. 


The Erysipelatous Form. 


This is the most common of the different forms of 
the disease. The animal appears dull, with loss of 
appetite. If standing, the head hangs low down and it 
scarcely moves unless pushed by other hogs, and some- 
times efforts at vomiting are observed. It generally 
hes down and when in that position can scarcely be 
moved. Cough is sometimes present, the urine is high 
colored and passed with great difficulty; the bowels are 
somewhat constipated and what dung is passed is very 
hard and dark colored. In afew hours or possibly the 
next day, the symptoms peculiar to this form develop 
themselves in the shape of dark red or purple blotches, 


CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERITIS. 527 


gradually passing into a bluish black color. When 
once seen they are not readily forgotten. ‘These spots 
usually appear on the ears, throat, neck, breast and 
inside the forelegs. On white hogs the spots are readily 
observed. A discharge of dark purple fluid oozes from 
the notrils, the breathing becomes more difficult and 
labored, the hind parts become paralyzed and if the 
animal is forced to move it reels along with its head 
and hind legs drooping to the ground. At this stage a 
bad smelling diarrhcea sets in and the animal dies in 
from one to three days. 


Form of Malignant Sore Throat. 


This form occurs when the poison attacks the tissues 
beneath the lining membrane of the throat, instead of 
the tissues beneath the skin. The general symptoms at 
first, are the same as appear in the erysipelatous form. 
The dark red spots are seen upon the throat, gradually 
changing to a dark purple. But the affection attacking 
the throat, causes great difficulty in breathing and swal- 
lowing and gives rise to another lot of symptoms 
peculiar to this form, which are not seen in the erysi- 
pelatous condition. From the very commencement, the 
animal makes frequent attempts to vomit and there is 
difficulty inswallowing; there is such effort in breathing, 
that one would naturally suppose the animal was chok- 
ing; in fact, it becomes so distressing, that the animal 
sometimes sits upon its haunches and gasps for breath, 
while the swollen and vid tongue protrudes from the 
mouth. Sometimes the swelling in the throat is so great 
and sudden, and the animal is choked to death in sucha 
short space of time, that the other symptoms remain 
unobserved, or have hardly had time to develop them- 
selves. 

Treatment :—While the treatment of cholera has not 
been just as successful as we would desire it to be, yet 


528 DISEASES OF THE HOG. 


many farmers allow their hogs to go unattended, and 
let them die, when a little time and the expenditure of 
a small amount of money, might save them hundreds of 
dollars. When the symptoms are very pronounced, 
with a loss of appetite, there is but little hope for 
recovery, and owing to the contagiousness of the trouble, 
they had better be knocked in the head, and burned or 
buried; but those that will eat, should be treated by 
some of the remedies which have proved successful in 
the hands of some of the greatest hog raisers in the 
country. First and above all things, separate the 
healthy from the sick, and place them upon fresh, green 
pasture where there is an abundance of pure, fresh 
water. Feed them upon clean, sweet food, well steamed 
or cooked, and the party attending the sick, should not 
feed nor go near those in health. The sick animals should 
also be kept at a respectable distance. As the causes 
which favor development of this disease have already 
been mentioned, repetition is not necessary. The ani- 
mals should be carefully removed, after which the atten- 
tion should be turned to the procuring of medicines for 
relief, and the destruction of the germs and _ their 
further development. There are two agents which 
possess great influence in this direction, and of which 
we have positive testimony in regard to their value, by 
their entering into all the various combinations which 
have proved successful in the treatment of this disease. 
They are copperas and chlorate of potassium. The cop- 
peras is much the cheaper of the two, and just as 
effective as the chlorate. It has been more abundantly 
used, as it hastens chemical changes in the blood, and 
increases the firmness of the spleen. It has proven 
itself a valuable agent, and can almost be considered a 
specific. A remedy much praised and extensively used 
by western farmers, is the following: 


oe nsf teas i ia 


ae el 


2x 


sme ne 


Oe te 


er a eet ee 


CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERITIS. 529 


OEE. 2c cie sg Fon pe ress one pound. 
ate oawh 3 ns OFS 3 se one gallon. Mix. 
Boil with four gallons of water. This should be well 
stirred with the food, and is considered one dose for 
twenty-five hogs. When the hogs are eating add a 
| solution of two pounds of baking soda to make the food 
foam while it is being consumed. Repeat the dose 
every third day, until three doses have been given. See 
that every hog eats a share of the remedy. If one fails 
| to eat remove it to a place by itself and drench it, but 
| if too far gone, kill it and put it out of the way. 
Another method of treatment much used in Kentucky, 
and called an infallible remedy, is composed of 
OTIIBEAR : F ia0eo oe date. iis o ou one pound. 
Warm Water ...........three gallons. Mix. 
Stir until thoroughly dissolved. When the skin be- 
gins to look rough, or a dark red color, commence iinme- 
diately and apply every day, by using it warm—spong- 
ing or wetting the skin thoroughly, until it looks smooth 
and the discoloration disappears. If this bathing or 
wetting of the skin be used in connection with the ad- 
ministration of the former remedy, better results will 
undoubtedly be obtained. Professor Turner, of Illinois, 
gives two recipes, either of which, he says, positively 
prevents the disease, and, if given freely in the first 
stages of the malady, will also cure it. They are, 


Flower of Sulphur....-... two pounds. 
CONDPTAG 8 ol he oid Be be two pounds. 
Waddle ten 6e 3.55 gs two pounds. 
Black Antimony.......... half pound. 
Salineise ook. 5-325 ..- half pound. 
MOE el hae Fa sg ae two ounces. 


Mix with twelve gallons of slop. This quantity is 
sufficient for one hundred hogs, and when given sepa- 


530 DISEASES OF THE HOG. 


rately, the dose is one pint for each hog. The other 


recipe is 
Common Salty ean seis. four pounds. 
Black: AmtimOny *)<).! 2/40 one pound. 
COPPERAS sje ck mele isieie dus cele l> one pound. 
SLOG OER CAPPS UR SRR PoE UME RR one pound. 
Saltpetee stein cans coal four ounces. 
Wood Ashes (unleached)....one peck. 


Mix thoroughly and place in a dry trough, where the 
hogs have free access toit. Moisten it a little to keep 
from wasting. It has been reliably stated that where 
this has been used, prior to the breaking out of cholera 
in a herd, with a strict observance of cleanliness, it is a 
specific for the prevention of the disease. The other 
remedy which has been previously spoken of, is chlorate 
of potassium, but owing to the cost of the drug, it has 
not been so liberally used. However, I will give a 
recipe, which if made use of, and more especially when 
the throat is effected, will bring about remarkable and 
astonishing results. 

Chlorate of Potassium..... one pound. 
Water.. ei ate -six gallons. Mix. 

The dose is a » half pine fbr ahoh hog, given three or 
four times a day. The local treatment consists in 
bathing the swollen parts with hot water, which should 
have a liberal amount of copperas mixed with it. If 
sore spots break out, use 

Sweet OUsein cee aus: four ounces. 
Spirits Turpentine....... four ounces. Mix. 


Apply twice daily to the sores. Common smart weed 
has been highly spoken of as a preventative of cholera. 
This plant has been used to a considerable extent by 
physicians for many years, for its curative properties in 
sore mouth, salivation, ulcers, etc., and I believe if it is 
used judiciously among hogs, it would not only act as a 


MALIGNANT EPIZOOTIC CATARRH. 581 


preventative of cholera, but would be beneficial in 
warding off many diseases known by that name. When 
the appetite is not what it should be, feed them enough 
of the weed to make them cough and sneeze liberally, 
and the beneficial results will be observed to follow. 
The way to use the weed, is to make a tea of it and mix 
it with the swill, in such quantities as they will eat. If 
it is desired to keep the weed for use at any season of 
the year, it should be gathered when in bloom, tied up 
into small bundles, and hung ina dry, sheltered place. 
Charcoal, salt, and wood ashes are also efficient in ward- 
ing off disease in hogs. They can be mixed and put in 
a special box or trough, where the hogs have free access, 
whenever they have a desire for it. 


MALIGNANT EPIZOOTIC CATARRH. 


Causes :—This disease, like all others that are pro- 
duced by floating germs, is brought about by having 
the animals in a condition to receive it. It has often 
been observed that good sanitary conditions greatly as- 
sist in warding off all such diseases. Consequently, 
hogs that are kept clean, well housed and fed, and al- 
lowed an abundance of fresh water to drink and to 
bathe in, seldom contract this disease, and if they do, it 
is only ina very mild form. But where hogs are kept 
in filthy pens, and their skins are unhealthy and cov- 
ered with a mass of foul dirt, the act of perspiration is 
checked and extra work is thrown upon the lungs, ~ So 
also, when hogs are exposed to sudden changes of tem- 
perature, as cold rains, sleet or hail storms; the process 
of perspiration is checked, and by this means the other 
membranes of the body have a surplus of work to per- 
form, when they become over-taxed and weak, thus fur- 
nishing the proper soil for these floating germs to take 


582 DISEASES OF THE HOG. 


hold upon and develop themselves, which they do with 
extreme rapidity. 

Symptoms:—The symptoms vary, according to the 
part of the animal which is the worst affected. That 
form wherein the nostrils, windpipe, and lungs are the 
portions most affected, will develop a short, hoarse, 
hacking cough, with difficult breathing and a panting 
motion of the flanks. The head is held in a peculiarly 
stretched and somewhat drooping position. The animal 
moves along with a slow, stiff, or tottering gait, and if 
it squeals, a hoarseness of the throat is noticeable. 
Signs of fever are present all the time. Usually, the 
bowels are constipated, but some have a diarrhoea and 
make frequent attempts at vomiting. When the bowels, 
spleen, liver and kidneys are the most affected, the 
cough is greatly lessened and may be absent; the 
breathing is not nearly so difficult, while the weakness 
and staggering gait of the hind parts, is greatly increased. 
The fever in the one form is equally as high as in the 
other. There is usually at first, constipation of the 
bowels, but as the disease advances toward a fatal issue, 
there is a change to a profuse and badly smelling 
diarrhcea. In some cases, and more especially when the 
kidneys are greatly affected, the hog arches its back at 
the loins, to a very high degree. Sometimes the brain 
becomes affected, as is demonstrated by the animal 
staggering about in a wondering manner and running 
against objects as though wholly or partially blind.© Or 
there may be ulcerating sores on different parts of the 
body, indicating an affection of the lymphatic system. 
The duration of the disease, is from five to fifteen days. 

- Treatment:—This implies good care as well as the 
judicious use of medicines. The sick animal should be 
separated from the balance of the herd and provided 
with a clean, dry bed. The apartments should be well 


MALIGNANT EPIZOOTIC CATARRH. 583 


ventilated, avoiding drafts, guarding against undue 
heat and cold, wet and moisture. The sick always need 
pure air in abundance, with clear, fresh water to drink, 
and easily digested, nutritious food to eat. If these 
directions are carefully followed, many will be cured 
which under reverse circumstances, die. The patient 
should be given, as soon as these symptoms make their 


appearance— 
Powdered White Hellebore......... 
Re en eres kere Psr, 2 twenty grains. 
MiNi tees cias' 3. Sanacce skal’ COIN b. ) ee 


This is a dose for a full-grown hog. For younger 
animals, give a little less hellebore. This will make 
the hog desperately sick for a time, and it will sneak 
away and hide in a dark place. In the course of two or 
three hours, it will come out again and_ possibly receive 
a little food; it should then be given three times a day 
for several days, or until a change for the better is 
observed, three grains of tartar emetic, if the trouble is 
located in the nose, windpipe and lungs, and three 
grains of calomel if the disease is mostly in the bowels. 
The medicine can easily be given in a boiled potato, a 
little milk or gruel. Externally apply to both sides, if 
in the lungs, and along the belly, if in the bowels, the 
following blister: 

Powdered Cantharides..... one ounce. 
MONG ON adits osale ws Bens hse 27 four ounces. Mix. 

Boil together very slowly, for half an hour. If the 
one application does not blister thoroughly, apply again 
the following day, with good friction. When cenval- 
escence has been established, give from ten to thirty 
grains of copperas daily, to which may be added thirty 
grains of carbonate of potash, when the lungs have been 
greatly disturbed. In all cases where the bowels remain 
constipated, give ; 


534 DISEASES OF THE HOG. 


POET ouoiht O11 RP Acs ea prar a SS one ounce. 
Spirits of Turpentine..... one drachm. Mix. 
Give in half pint of milk or gruel. The reader should 

distinctly bear in mind that this disease attacks the 
delicate membranes and glands of the body, and it may 
localize itself in various places, while the symptoms just 
described, are seldom all found in a single hog. Even 
the two forms just spoken of, may be so closely blended 
as to make it hard to distinguish which form predomi- 
nates. However, the treatment is so similar, that no 
fatal mistake can occur. 


APOPLEXY. 


This disease occurs only in hogs that have been 
highly fed and are very fat. Hogs that are cared for in 
this manner, are, very liable to congestion of the brain, 
which may pass rapidly on to effusion or apoplexy. 
During the congestive stage, which may last a few hours, 
the hog acts very stupid and moves around in a drowsy 
condition, but when it merges into effusion, and the 
apoplectic stroke occurs, the animal drops as suddenly 
as if knocked on the head with a sledge; the limbs 
straighten out and stiffen, the breathing is hard and 
stentorian, and there is a frothing and foaming at the 
mouth. . 


Treatment :—This should be very prompt. Dash cold. 


water on the hog, and also hold a can six or eight feet 
above it and let the cold water splash and strike the 
head for some time. Hasten the movements of the 
howels. by giving injections of warm water and castile 
soap, or if at hand, the following injection may be 
used: 

Giincerine (gre Gs hae am one drachm. 

AWARE To 2M Seats tie aka san lap Rasa half pint. Mix. 

Inject up the last bowel; or 


EPILEPSY, OR STAGGERS. 535 


Epsom Salts............ three ounces, 
Spirits of Turpentine....two drachms. 
SOAPSOOR ss eisai se clnan 2 Bales half pint. Mix. 


Bleeding and blistering do no special good, and 
should not be practiced. When the animal shows signs 
of recovery, give 

AW psOMl OBlEs. 2.6. 0/642 glee’ three ounces. 
WV ALOE aah iis di Actas ahd ate ate & half pint. Mix. 

Repeat every three or four hours, until a good physic 
is produced, then change the diet te a lighter quality, 
to reduce the flesh. If fattening for slaughter, after 
recovery takes place, butcher it immediately. 


EPILEPSY, OR STAGGERS. 


This disease is often confounded with apeplexy, to 
which it bears a striking resemblance, but as the treat- 
ment is about the same, it makes but little difference 
to the amateur practitioner. 

Symptoms :—The disorder is caused by congestion of 
the brain, and during the stage of congestion, the ani- 
mal is both stupid and restless. The eyes present an 
inflamed appearance, looking quite red. The pulse is 
hard and quick, and the bowels are usually constipated. 
These symptoms may gradually pass away, or they may 
increase in force, which latter phase will surely result, 
if the blood pressure increases on the brain. A period 
of excitement is then brought on; the animal walks 
about or runs to and fro, sometimes moving around in a 
circle, frequently stepping very high, and running 
against various objects as though it were blind; or, it 
may fall over in an unconscious condition, The breath- 
ing is somewhat affected, being hard and laborious. ‘* 

Treatment :—Dash cold water quite freely all over the 
body, splashing it upon the head with considerable 
force. Give an injection immediately, composed of 


536 DISEASES OF THE HOG. 


Glycerine: is... 00) two: drachms; 

Wieaiberen ciate ve sen canter nue. half pint. Mix. 
Inject this into the last bowel. Or, 

SOMA Meier eel oie sil uel eaet ls four ounces. 

Spirits Turpentine.-..... two drachms. 

DB) oes ai Cee eae Ais DTA Naa ee one pint. Mix. 


Inject up the last bowel. Blisters applied to the 
back of the neck, are frequently attended with bene- 
ficial results. The following will suffice: ; 


Spts. Turpentine.......... two ounces. 
Ilartahl@nimtee ese ae eae et) cece one ounce. 
Cantharides............-.two drachms. Mix. 


When applied, rub thoroughly. Hogs affected with 
epilepsy, should be fattened and slaughtered as early 
as possibly. 


CATARRH, OR SNUFFLES. 


This consists of an inflamed condition of the lining 
membranes of the nose and head, brought about by 
exposure. It requires but little attention further than 
good care by keeping in clean, dry, warm, well ven- 
tilated pens, carefully avoiding further exposure for the 
time. Open the bowels with a warm bran mash, to 
which may be added three or four ounces of epsom or 
glauber salts. There is, however, a chronic form of 
catarrh which affects hogs, called nasal gleet, in which 
there is a continuous discharge from one or both 
nostrils. It is not contagious and causes but little 
harm outside of the annoyance to the animal. If it has 
been running for a continued length of time, the nose 
may swell some and from the efforts to clean the 
nostrils by sneezing, streaks of blood will sometimes be 
observed. This is called by some, blue-nose,’ and is 
thought to be contagious and incurable, resembling 
glanders in the horse, which is a very erroneous and 


COUGHS AND COLDS. oe, 


mistaken idea; but when the ailment advances to a con- 
dition where there is bleeding from the nostrils, such 
animals so affected do not thrive well and had better be 
destroyed. 


COUGHS AND COLDS. 


An ordinary cold is in some localities called a 
“rising of the lights,’’? and is brought about by any of 
the ordinary measures, as sudden changes of tempera- 
ture, exposure, ete. 


Symptoms :—The appetite is somewhat impaired— 
sometimes wholly suspended. There is more or less 
coughing and often the cough becomes quick and severe. 
Fever is usually present, accompanied with panting or 
heaving at the flanks. 


Treatment:—It is quite unnecessary to bleed and 
purge, or administer calomel and tartar emetic, which 
is commonly advised and frequently followed. The 
animal should be housed in comfortable quarters and 
cleanliness should be strictly observed. The throat and 
ehest should be rubbed with mustard thinned with 
water to the consistency of thick cream. Feed the 
animal upon light, warm, easily digested food, into 
which should be mixed thirty grains of copperas, three 
times a day. Also administer 


Chlorate of Potassium......one ounce. 


Witten acpi. ue. > uate. -----one quart. Mix. 
Give a wine glassful three times a day. Or, 

Pinee Pars so... Goctiateei sete one pint. 

NVA Ere ats Foye wicca pate) oie Soe one gallon. 


Mix thoroughly, and give a pint morning and 
evening. 


538 DISEASES OF THE HOG. 
QUINSY—STRANGLES—TONSILITIS. 


This is an inflammation of the glands in the upper 
part of the throat, known as the tonsils. It is quite a 
common complaint among hogs, and very often fatal, 
death being caused by the rapidity with which the 
swellings increase, thus completely closing the upper air 
passages, causing suffocation. 

Symptoms :—The symptoms are well pronounced, dis- 
tressing and rapid. Breathing and swallowing are 
performed with the greatest difficulty. Swellings appear 
under the neck and lower jaw, and as these swellings 
enlarge, the breathing is performed with increased 
labor, the tongue protrudes, and there is more or less 
slavering from the mouth. 


Treatment :—As the disease progresses very rapidly, 
the treatment must be correspondingly so, otherwise a 
fatal termination may be looked for. A number of 
incisions should be made into the skin with a sharp- 
pointed knife, immediately over the swellings, deep 
enough to draw the blood quite freely. These should be 
well bathed with hot water, or cloths wrung out of hot 
water should be applied. Internally administer, 

Epsome Saltese oe aieee four ounces. 
NViaIbe RE Web eit sea CAME an Ea, half pint. Mix. 

Give at one dose, if the hog can swallow, to be fol- 
lowed with two-drachm doses of spirits of turpentine, 
every three hours, in a little milk or gruel, and if it 
cannot swallow this, take 

Turpentine 2 sean owe: two ounces. 
Sweet Ome Oi einan ul: two ounces. Mix. 

Fasten a cloth on the end of a limber whip-stalk or 
green bough, dip it into the mixture, and force it well 
back, around the upper part of the throat. Repeat this 
two or three times a day. 


a 


DIARRH@®A, OR SCOURS. 589 


CONSTIPATION. 


This affection is most frequently observed in young 
pigs that are too highly fed, and more especially upon 
dry grain food. Sows are sometimes constipated after 
the delivery of a lot of young pigs. In this case it is 
brought about by the change of condition in the system, 
the animal being more or less feverish. When hogs are 
constipated, they exhibit a great desire for drink, and 
the appetite is partially suspended. 


Treatment :—This consists of a complete change of 
diet. Feed hot bran mashes, to which may be added 
some flaxseed meal. Give some green food, as green 
clover; or turnips, carrots, apples, sweet beets, ete. 
Also allow a liberal amount of charcoal; it will greatly 
assist digestion, which is an auxiliary to the relief of 
constipation. If these fail to bring about the desired 
result, give two or three ounces of epsom or glauber 
salts, and repeat if necessary, until the bowels are 
relieved. 


DIARRHOEA, OR SCOURS. 


Hogs are very seldom troubled with this complaint, 
but young pigs are quite liable to attacks of diarrhea, 
which often terminate fatally. It is usually brought 
on by a changed condition or bad quality of the mother’s 
milk. 


Treatment:—The efforts should be directed toward 
effecting a change in the condition of the milk. Change 
the sow’s food immediately. Ifshe has been kept upon 
dry, sour, or musty diet, give her green food; or if from 
too much green food, give her clean, sweet, dry food, to 


which should be added 


540 DISEASES OF THE HOG. 
FAGHIBEEMEECL YS» treme nels sale etes one pound. 
Gehan wee Rete lade half pound. 
Baking Soda ey 3) s.la kee half pound. 
Powdered Chalk.......... one pound. 
Sulla eas etn ie tie .. half pound. Mix. 


Give a tablespoonful in her slop, three times a day. 
Great care should be taken to keep the youngsters 
warm. It is very important that the pen be cleaned 
every day, and scattered over with slacked lime or dry 
earth, to absorb and destroy the smell arising from their 
passages, as it has a tendency to aggravate the com- 
plaint. 


AGUE CAKE—SPLEEN ENLARGEMENT—SPLENITIS. 


Hogs which are raised and kept in low, swampy, 
malarial districts, are subject to the same complaints as 
human beings and from continued attacks of ague are 
quite hable to have enlargement of the spleen or milt. 
While in this condition it is almost impossible to fatten 
them. Or again, the continuous fattened condition of 
hogs which are kept for exhibition purposes, in connec- 
tion with high feeding and little or no exercise, event- 
ually brings about enlargement of the spleen, where- 
upon the animals commence to lose flesh and it: will be 
found impossible to hold them in the condition the 
keeper or owner desires. 


Symptoms: —There is a gradual and preceptible loss 
of flesh, apparently unaccountable. The hog eats fairly 
well, but fails to take on flesh and appears somewhat 
dull and languid. As the spleen enlarges, it is observed 
to le always on the one side, or should it lie down on 
the opposite side it very quickly changes its position, 
and when walking it leans or doubles to one side as if 
the natural position caused internal pain. 


- 
eb ai 
je 2. 


DIPHTHERIA. 541 


Treatment :—The object in treatment is the reduction 
of the size of the spleen. This can be accomplished by 
a change of climate, which is not a profitable proceeding 
in hog raising. The medicinal treatment calls for a 
brisk physic, as 

DAP ete aia a coe ne niet slam ten grains. 
CalOMBE iene Dates gs tue COD SPAIN LD, 

Give in a boiled potato, on an empty stomach, to be 
followed with ten grain doses of quinine, three times a 
day for a week or ten days. Change the hogs to dry, 
upland pasture, also feed grains sparingly. Some 
veterinarians recommend very strongly in cases wherein 
the fattening process is interfered with, the use of 


Wormwood Leaves......... one pound. 
Liverwort Leaves.......... one pound. Mix. 


Boil slowly in two gallons of water for an hour, and 
give half pint to a pint daily, in soft food. Feed the 
hogs at regular intervals and be careful not to give too 
much atatime. If, after feeding, any food remains in 
the trough, remove it. 


DIPHTHERIA. 


This disease, like many others which affect hogs, has 
been classed under the head of cholera, presumably on 
account of the suddenness of its symptoms and its 
extreme fatality. It is more frequently caused by filth 
than any other source and once breaking out in a herd, 
owing to its contagiousness, it spreads very rapidly and 
is very destructive. 

Symptoms :—These appear very suddenly. The animal 
ceases eating, the throat appears very sore, accompanied 
with extreme weakness and stiffness across the back. 
The eyes appear dull and sunken, the hog moves around 
very slowly, with the head elevated and the mouth 


542 DISEASES OF THE HOG, 


open. The tongue is dry and livid and the throat red 
and swollen, with grayish white spots scattered over the 
upper part of the throat. These increase very rapidly 
until the whole air passage is involved, threatgning 
strangulation. There is more or less coughing and 
during a paroxysm of coughing, shreds of false mem- 
branes are expelled. 


Treatment:—This must be prompt if attended with 
success, Separate the sick to a respectable distance 
from those unaffected, and see that the whole herd is 
put in a clean, dry place. Give those hogs that have 
been exposed, 

Chlorate of Potash......... one pound. 
Water ayant lec hs, 6 ia. oallons WIN iiess 

This will make one dose for seventy-five hogs and 
should be given once daily for a week, in milk, slop or 
water. The sick hogs should have sulphur applied to 
their throats three times a day. This can be accom- 
plished by tying a cloth or sheepskin with the woolly 
side out, upon a stick, filling it full of sulphur and 
forcing it back around the upper part of the mouth. Or 
use a spray for throwing powders. For those that still 
continue to eat a little, place drachm doses of chlorate 
of potash in their food, and give to such as do not eat, 


Gisuber Sal tess ce ence six ounces. 
Carholice Acid)... 502). two drachms. 
Chlorate of Potash........ two ounces. 
Wieltein iets te Se Riad eet, one quart. Mix. 


Give one ounce, three times a day. Feed upon warm, 
thin, sloppy food and keep in a dry, airy comfortable 
place. 


TRICHINOSIS—TRICHINA. 


As no remedy has yet been discovered which is capa. 
ble of destroying this parasite, it is only. necessary to 


TRICHINOSIS—TRICHNA. 543 


speak of it, to warn people against eating pork that has 
not been thoroughly cooked or fried. The hog does not 
appear to suffer materially when affected with this 
parasite, hence its presence can only be determined by 
* microscopical examinations of the flesh. They are so 


TRICHINA AND CYST GREATLY ENLARGED. 


small as not to be observed with the naked eye, yet 
they increase with wonderful rapidity, developing 
alike in all animals, man included, upon gaining access 
to the stomach; here thesworm becomes freed from the 
cyst that it has oceupied, through the process of diges- 


— lt SA! 
Se rast ets SMA b ae 
yt es 
eee agate Stas aT 


MUSCLE WITH ENCYSTED TRICHINA. 


tion; the male and female pair and each female then 
lays a vast number of eggs, which develop into little 
worms that burrow around through the flesh until they 
become encysted. There they remain until they are 
eaten again and find their way back into the stomach, 
where they again reproduce. It has been estimated 


= 


544 DISEASES OF THE HOG. 


that from one million to five million have been dis- 
covered in a single pound of flesh. When man becomes 
affected with trichina, it produces symptoms very sim- 
ilar to typhoid fever. 


MEASLES. 


There have been several causes assigned to this dis- 
ease, such as feeding upon certain articles of diet, as 
nuts, fruits, etc., as well as hereditary tenden- 
cies and contagion. It has been called measles, from 
the striking resemblance of the flesh of the hog, to the 
eruption of measles on the human skin. The real cause 


MEASLES IN PORK. 


is tapeworm, which the hog possibly eats while feeding 
on human excrement, or pasturing upon ground which 
has been fertilized with this kind of manure. After the 
eggs are taken into the stomach, they develop into a 
worm aid find their way into the muscles, where they 
become encysted. These cysts are about the size ofa 
grain of wheat, and they are scattered throughout the 
entire system. When pork that has measles, is eaten 
without being thoroughly cooked, so as to destroy this 
parasite, tapeworm will develop in the human bowel, 
and grow to various lengths, from ten to sixty feet. 
The symptoms of measles, are general debility, cough, 
running from the eyes; discharge from the nose, and 
weakness of the hind legs. Small, watery pustules ofa 


ee 


PILES. 545 


reddish color, will be observed on various parts of the 
skin. The treatment consists in giving drachm doses of 
sulphur and saltpetre, every. day for several weeks, 
together with good, nutritious and easily digested food. 


TAPE WORM.- 


But prevention is always better than medicinal treat- 
ment, therefore, keep hogs off from such pastures and 
away from human excrement, especially if any one of 
the household is known to have been affected with tape- 
worm recently. 


PILES. 
This complaint is of more frequent occurrence than 
is usually supposed, but is rarely discovered until blood 
is seen passing away with the dung. It is caused by 


M PILES. 
indigestion, constipation, ete., and is generally consid- 
ered incurable. But to relieve the animal as much as 
is possible, in order to fatten it for slaughter, an entire 


546 DISEASES OF THE HOG. 


change of food should be given, such as light, easily 
digested food, with some sour milk. Grease the parts 
frequently with benzoated vaseline, or 


Wiaselimetneciatt sce ie ae two ounces. 
PanniceAcidssiicwse ee .four drachms. Mix. 
Apply twice daily. Or inject the bowels with 
Chlorate of Potassium....six drachms. 
Laudananiice. voce See ein two ounces. 
Waters. gones ec cEOUr OUNCES aiMiExe 


Apply twice daily; or simply greasing the parts 
with vaseline or common lard, is beneficial. Such hogs 
should not be kept for any length of time. 


KIDNEY WORMS, OR LARD WORMS. 


The kidneys and the lard surrounding them, are 
liable to become affected with parasites, many of which 
are found in the fat in other parts of the body. These do 
not cause any serious harm, but sometimes a large worm 
called the Eustrongylus Gigas, makes its nest in the 
pelvis or center of the kidney from which the secreted 
urine flows. 


Symptoms :—The animal is inclined to he down most 
of the time, and on attempting to rise, experiences 
difficulty in using its hind parts, which seem in a par- 
tially or wholly paralyzed condition. If it regains its 
feet, it moves about with an awkward, straddling gait. 

Treatment :—That which has generally been practiced, 
is the application of turpentine across the loins, daily’ 
for several days; but as turpentine is good for the 
destruction of worms, it is better to give it internally, 
as a spoonful twice daily, mixed with oil or milk. 
Another remedy highly recommended, is 

Copperas............... two drachms. 
Slip hue ica eee two drachms. Mix. 


LICE. 547 


Give in the feed, every night for ten days. How- 
ever, the turpentine will reach them quicker and be 
more effectual than anything else. 


LICE, 


There is no earthly reason why hogs should be infested 
with this most disgusting parasite, when a little care 
and attention will free them from the terrible annoy- 
ance resulting. Asa usual thing, they are not found 
upon hogs that are healthy and thriving, but may be 


HOG LOUSE. 


found somewhat abundantly upon hogs that are half 
starved, or are badly out of condition. Their presence 
causes excessive irritation and itching, and prevents 
hogs from thriving that would otherwise do well on the 
same amount of food. 


Treatment :—As lice belong to a low order of life, it 
is not only necessary to destroy them with medines, but 
if a permanent cure is to be expected, the whole pen 
will have to be renovated. The bedding must be taken 
out and burned, and the walls well white-washed. The 
floor should be covered with air-slacked lime, or wood 


548 DISEASES OF THE HOG. 


ashes, and the animal kept clean and well fed. Also, 
to place the hogs in a better condition, give drachm 
doses of copperas and sulphur, once daily in their food. 
Externally use the following wash: 


Stavesacre Seeds.......... half pound... 
White Hellebore..........two ounces. 
Water. .t4.0a.5.. sv. sett wonmallons: JM 


Break up the seeds and place over a fire, slowly 
simmering down to one gallon. Bathe the hogs with 
this solution every third day, until three applications 
have been made, barely wetting the skin. As the nits 
hatch out every five days, you will effectually destroy 
them all, before there is time for a reproduction of more 
nits. Or use 

OC OTS oe pag sen an ot obs two quarts. 
Lard Oil, or Whale Oil .... one quart. Mix. 

Apply every three days, until three applications 
have been made. In some parts of the country, hogs 
are bathed in buttermilk, to exterminato lice. But the 
first recipe here given, will be found more effectual 
than anything else. 


THE MANGE—ITCH, OR SCAB. 


This disease is caused by the presence of a parasite 
called the Sarcoptes Suis, and is transmissible to man. 
These small parasites burrow down into the skin, 
causing such annoyance that the animal keeps rubbing 
itself until scabs are formed. The insects have a great 
tenacity of life, and are communicated to other hogs by 
rubbing against posts where mangy hogs have rubbed 
and left some scabs. 

Treatment :—This consists of external applications 
mainly, as there is no possibility of effecting a cure, 
until the insect is destroyed in its entirety. First, 
cover the whole body with soft soap, which has been 


THE MANGE—ITCH, OR SCAB. 540 


made from lye of wood ashes, and let it remain on for 
two hours, then wash off and immediately apply, 


Flower of Sulphur........ four ounces. 
Spirits of Turpentine..... two ounces. 
Chilvat drains seven. < ses ... two ounces. 
Dard ier ts. shoes, ves eat eight ounces. Mix. 


Or the following wash may be used: 


Flower of Sulphur........ two pounds. 
Qaneklimie /\4.i':)..0).- wdis oo one pound. 
WEEE Ro 9h near ces, ett occa two gallons. Mix. 


Boil together, continuously stirring it until it is well 
mixed. Mr. Richardson gives the following remedy 
which he says has never failed. He first washes the 
animal with soft soap and warm water, then dries it off 
and applies this ointment: 


SPR AMOI 2 aay shyly thee of Beer bh one pint. 
Gilat Eats eee aera: two drachms. 
Oil Turpentines «065... two drachms. 
Petroleum 2... 2 dneson One drachme 


Mix with flower of sulphur, sufficient to form a thick 
paste, then thoroughly rub the animal with this mix- 
ture, and allow it to remain on the skin for three days. 
On the fourth day wash off with soft soap and water, 
and give in the food once daily for two weeks, 


Flower of Sulphur...... four drachms. 
Sali wetnes ys Aidan. cet ctucie « one drachm. Mix. 


Give at one dose. The pens should be washed with 
coal oil, and afterwards white-wash also those posts or 
rocks where the hogs have been in the habit of rubbing. 
The bedding should be burned, and a thorough renovat- 
ing system adcopted. 


550 DISEASES OF THE HOG. 


DELIVERY AND CARE OF YOUNG—PIGGING. 


The uterus, or womb, of the sow differs but little in 
shape from that of other animals, that bear one or more 
off-spring at each time of delivery. . But in all mul- 
tiparous animals or animals that produce a number of 
young at each birth, conception does not take place in 
the body of the womb itself, but in various places 
along the channels which lead to the ovaries or female 
testicles. After conception has taken place these 
channels commence to enlarge, as also does the womb, 


A.— Vagina, or Entrance, 
B.—Body of Womb, 

C.—Feetus, or young pig exposea. 
D. —Feetus, or young pig covered. 


to allow sufficient room for the perfect development of 
the young pigs, as well as to insure their safe delivery. 
They are covered with placental membranes or after- 
birth, and are nourished through these and the umbil- 
ical cord, from the blood of the mother, the same as all 
other young animals, prior to birth. The period of 
pregnancy usually lasts about four months, but perfect 
development and a safe delivery may take place at a 
much shorter period, as instances have been recorded 
where sows have delivered living and healthy young at 


DELIVERY AND CARE OF YOUNG—PIGGING. 551 


one hundred and four days after service. When the 
time has about arrived for the delivery of her young, 
the sow should be placed in a separate pen or sty and a 
liberal amount of short straw or chaff allowed for bed- 
ding, as in a large bedding of long straw the youngsters 
may become entangled and not have the strength and 
activity to get out of the way of the mother, while 
changing her position; thus she might accidentally lie 
upon some of them and crush or kill them. It is a good 
plan to place a scantling or plank about five or six 
inches high, all around the pen, projecting outward 
from four to six inches, then should the sow lie too close 
to the wall and some of the young pigs should happen 
to be in that vicinity, instead of being crushed they 
would slip into the space under the projection and thus 
escape injury. The sow should be kept in a place 
that is moderately warm, yet it should have good venti- 
lation. When the day of delivery has arrived, if every- 
thing is normal she should not be disturbed, but given 
a good allowance of nourishing and easily digested food, 
as they generally suffer from weakness and prostration 
immediately after delivery. If this is allowed them 
and they are not irritated by the presence of people, 
they are less likely to devour their young. If, how- 
ever, they cannot effect delivery alone, manual assist- 
ance becomes necessary and this should be rendered 
very cautiously and carefully. An examination should 
be made with the fingers, which have previously been 
well oiled or greased with clean lard. If one of the 
young pigs lies crosswise it must be straightened, which 
can sometimes be accomplished by pressure along the 
belly and by assisting with the fingers in the vagina; 
or enlist some assistance from a person that has a small 
hand, as a boy or a woman. Haye the person oil or 
grease their hands well, then carefully pass it up the 


552 DISEASES OF THE HOG. 


channel until the little creature is felt, then straighten 
it and also fasten a cord around its neck or hind feet, 
whichever is the most convenient, then apply gentle 
force or traction until it is delivered. Do not be rough 
or use too great force, but if need be, pass the hand at 
frequent intervals to be certain that it is straight. 
After it is delivered, no matter whether it be living or 
dead, allow sufficient time to elapse (say an hour or 
more) when she may proceed and deliver the remainder 
without assistance. If not, proceed in the manner as 
before described, until all are delivered. There are 
various instruments or forceps invented to assist in the 
performance of this act, but in the hands of an amateur 
they are somewhat unsafe as he might fasten onto the 
womb along with the young pig and tear it, thus 
endangering the life of the sow to a degree uncalled for. 
But if manipulated by a small hand and cord, there is 
much less danger. If there is much prostration in the 
sow following delivery, give half ounce doses of hot 
whisky every hour for a few hours, as well as the best 
nourishing, easily digested, warm food, to which may 
be added half ounce doses of glauber salts, three times 
aday. Keep her comfortable and warm and if consti- 
pation follows, give her a few injections of warm water 
and castile soap. Ifthe womb is badly irritated, you 
may inject the following into the womb: Take one 
drachm of powdered opium and steep it thoroughly in 
a quart of hot water, then add one drachm of per- 
manganate of potassium and inject four ounces every 
five or six hours. This will allay irritation and destroy 
any foul smell that may be present. At all times allow 
her what cool drinking water she may desire. 


DISEASES OF THE DOG, 


THEIR 


CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT. 


DISTEMPER. 


Causes :—This is the most fatal of the common dis- 
eases which affect young dogs. There is no doubt but 
that it is contagious, no matter as to the cause of its 
origin. It may be brought on by sudden changes of tem- 
perature, or exposure to cold and wet, and as it usually 
occurs about the time the animal is cutting its perma- 
nent teeth, the irritation produced from this source, 
may greatly assist in its development. Feeding upon 
raw meat, with close confinement, not being allowed 
the liberty of exercise at will, is also an auxiliary to 
the development of distemper. But as it usually attacks 
young dogs, and as they are seldom free from worms, I 
am greatly inclined to the opinion that they are one of 
the principal causes of this malady. 


Symptoms :—The first symptoms observable, will be 
a slight dullness, the animal not appearing in its usual 
lively mood; the appetite begins to waver. Vomiting 
or attempts at vomiting, with light purging from the 
bowels, are among the earlier symptoms. The eyes now 
begin to look red and tears commence flowing down the 
cheeks. A light, short cough is now noticed, the pulse 
has quickened to possibly one hundred and twenty beats 
per minute, and as the disease advances, mattery 

(553) 


554 DISEASES OF THE DOG. 


accumulations are seen about the eyes and nose, increas- 
ing to a flow of mucous from one or both nostrils. The 
cough now becomes more severe, the hair begins to look 
rough and staring, and the nose is quite hot. If a change 
for the better does not take place at this period, the 
symptoms continue to increase in force; the eyes 
will become almost glued together with matter, the 
nostrils become closed up with a thick, mattery dis- 
charge, and the breath has an offensive smell. The dog 
now loses flesh very rapidly; blood streaks will be 
observed around the nose, and partial paralysis of the 
hind legs occurs, which gradually increases until it affects 
the whole body. The poor animal now lies prostrate 
and continues in this condition, until death relieves its 
sufferings. In those cases where favorable recoveries 
are looked for, the symptoms may appear very encour- 
aging for three or four weeks, when a relapse occurs in 
a violent form, and it dies very suddenly; but when the 
acute symptoms subside and the dog appears to be doing 
well and gains somewhat in flesh, a speedy recovery 
may be looked for. If it fails to gain in flesh and the 
eyelids still present a red appearance, it is not free from 
dangerous consequences. After recovery has become 
complete, it is very seldom they take the disease again. 
There are cases known where distemper has occurred 
the second time, but this is the exception and not the 
rule. 


Treatment :—Place the anima! in comfortable quar- 
ters, where it will be clean and dry. Have the place 
moderately warm, carefully avoiding excessive heat and 
cold. Change the bedding frequently and allow plenty 
of pure, fresh air. As regards diet, refrain from giving 
meat altogether; give soft food, as bread and milk, 
crackers and milk, boiled rice, or broth, and clean, 
fresh water to drink. If the lungs are affected, apply 


i 


— 


DIARRH@A AND DYSENTERY. 555 


a mustard plaster to the chest, over which place a 
blanket. Keep it on for an hour, when it should be 
washed off and greased with a little sweet oil, but if 
considered necessary apply the mustard again; the dog 
should have a physic, for which the following will 
suffice : 

WaAShGnCOnb aileve Wie eit esos one ounce. 

Dam LOIS s)s -o}<0%iccunadey ss twelve grains. Mix. 

Give half and repeat in four hours, if the first dose 

does not operate. This should be followed with 


COAT aghs0' aos Vi oe ees one drachm. 
OT PON ABs sie ass ew tintees one drachm. 
Ba MURS roves sith twee oie ake one drachm. 
GO b Vali a ..ssm aa ates blocs two drachms. Mix. 


Make twenty powders or pills and give one three 
times a day. Should the bowels become costive, give a 
tablespoonful of syrup of buckthorn every three or four 
hours until the bowels operate nicely. Sometimes, 
during the course of the disease, the brain becomes 
affected, as is demonstrated by delirium and fits. Pro- 
cure the following as quickly as possible: 

Bromide of Potassiun....two drachms. 
Chloral Hydrate.........two scruples. 
WWALCE Ure ve atte. tks tales four ounces. Mix. 

Give teaspoonful every two hours until the acute 
symptoms pass away, then give three times a day for 
a few days. 


DIARRHOEA AND DYSENTERY. 


This affection is generally brought on from over- 
feeding or the use of improper food. Severe work ona 
very hot day or sudden change from hot to cold, 
frequently affects the bowels, causing diarrhea. . 

Symptems :—The first symptom noticeable is the soft 
- fluid condition of the passage of the bowels, instead of 


556 DISEASES OF THE DOG. 


being solid, as in health. There is more or less sick- 
ness at the stomach, with an unusual desire for drinking _ 
water. The breath becomes somewhat offensive, as 
well as the passages from the bowels. The dog appears 
weak, the eyes presenting a sunken appearance, and if 
the animal is left alone it will go away to some cool 
place and lie down most of the time. If dysentery 
appears it will be observed by the heavy straining, 
while passing a thin, liquid substance, which is some- 
what tinged with blood, the last bowel appearing con- 
siderably inflamed. 


Treatment :—First give a mild physic, asa dessert- 
spoonful of castor oil, to carry away any irritant that 
may be causing the diarrhoea, after which allow the 
patient twenty-four hours rest without medicines, as 
it is always desirable to allow the bowels to resume 
their natural functions, which they will often do, with- 
out medical aid. If, after that time has elapsed and 
the disease continues, the following will suffice. 


Panag amis sc esis bee ole eek two drachms. 
Dr? Catechunsd: . sess four drachms. 
Pr Ginger avis h act, four drachms. 
Pre Cardamons) cases e. two drachms. 
Br anGiyees.. wera a eer four drachms. Mix. 


Give teaspoonful every two hours. If it nauseates 
the dog, mix it with a little syrup, or take 


Bowd: Catechurs =.) 5.15)... one drachm. 
Rowds Opinii pecs mie aah ene scruple. 
Prepared Chalk .........two drachms. 
Bowd.-Gineer.. 5-74. sues: one drachm. Mix. 


Make twelve powders. Give one powder in a little 
syrup every four hours. Should the bowels become too 
greatly constipated from the effects of the medicine, 
give a dessertspoonful of castor oil. 


CONSTIPATION—COSTIVENESS. 557 


CONSTIPATION—COSTIVENESS. 


Causes :—Dogs are frequently troubled with consti- 
pation, without any good, assignable cause. Feeding 
rich food as meats, etc., without sufficient exercise will 
produce it. Occasionally dogs swallow bones that have 
not been crushed thoroughly and they become lodged in 
the last bowel, thus preventing the passage. The dung 
then dries out and becomes almost as hard as a stone. 

Symptoms :—The dog will be noticed to make fre- 
quent efforts to stool, without anything passing. Wher 
making the attempts at passage, they will often pant. 
At other times, the pain will be so severe as to cause it 
to yelp quite loudly. It will sometimes lie around con- 
siderably, often panting, and if taken out for a run, it 
will often stop, and strain violently to make its passage. 

Treatment :—I) ‘ections into the last bowel, will often 
remove the trouble. These may consist of castile soap. 
and warm water, or use some raw linseed oil, or 

Glycerine........-+..+-- half drachm. 
Raw Linseed Oil..........-.one ounce. Mix. 

Or in the absence of the oil, use warm water and 
glycerine. Give internally, half an ounce of castor 
oil, or 


Powdered Jalap.........two drachms. 
Tincture Gentian........ two drachms. 
Simple Syrup.............two ounces. Mix. 


Give half, and repeat the dose if necessary, in six 
hours. Lay the dog upon its side and feel along the 
belly towards the hind parts, and you can frequently 
locate the hard lump. By using continuous pressure, it 
can sometimes be forced along the channel to the exit. 
Grease the finger and insert it up the last bowel. If 
you can feel the hardened matter, gradually break it to 
pieces. Oraspoon handle may be used for this purpose. 


£58 DISEASES OF THE DOG. 


If you feel a piece of bone, work around it carefully - 
until it is loosened, then work it away. If you have 
tried for some time and have failed to remove all, give 
an injection of oil or grease, and allow the animal rest, 
for two or three hours, then try again. Continue in . 
this manner, and you will eventually accomplish your 
object. After you have removed the obstruction, give 
a tablespoonful of castor oil, after which change its 
food, giving soft material for a few days, with plenty of 
exercise. 


COLIC—BELLY-ACHE. 


Causes :—It is usually brought about through some- 
thing the animal has eaten, or exposure to cold and wet; 
from fatigue and fasting or being fed a heavy meal, 
after a hard day’s run. Owing to the ease with which 
dogs can vomit, the overloaded stomach is emptied in 
this manner, thus avoiding many attacks of colic. 

Symptoms :—The dog appears very uneasy and rest- 
less. It will draw its body all up in a heap and roll 
around. It will yelp or cry, without any assignable 
cause, also moan considerably and refuse to eat any- 
thing. The bowels are usually costive and bloating is 
sometimes observed. 

Treatment :—If there is costiveness or bloating, injec- 
tions will be beneficial, as 

Glycerimes iy. oper cial: half drachm. 
Neher: tory Ol oie jes etearee two ounces. Mix. 

Throw this up the last bowel, or in the absence of 
glycerine, use castile soap and hot water, frequently. 
Bathe the bowels with heavy cloths wrung out of hot 
water, and give twenty drops of laudanum or a tea- 
spoonful of paregoric in some warm milk or some ginger 
tea, to which may be added a little red pepper. Also 
give a physic, as 


INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 559 


Oastor Oilt or sags: secures half ounce. 

Or, 
Powdered Jalap.......+-- one drachm. 
Simple Syrup....-.-------: one ounce. Mix. 


Give at one dose and repeat if necessary in five 
hours. 


INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 


This occurs from eating irritating substances in the 
food, also from exposure to cold, or sudden chilling 
when in a heated condition; from certain poisons, and 
from colic when not given proper attention. 


Symptoms :—These very much resemble colic, but the 
pain is more continuous. There will be great uneasi- 
ness and whining, or brief disconnected cries. Pressure 
applied upon the belly, produces pain. The breathing 
is fast and the pulse is rapid, with a high fever. 

Treatment :—Give twenty drops of laudanum every 
two or three hours, or half a grain of morphine will 
answer the same purpose. Apply mustard to the belly, 
and after it has acted, which will take an hour or more, 
apply hot cloths or a poultice made of hot bran, all 
along the belly. Aconite is good in this disease, there- 
fore give the following: 

Fluid Extract Aconite Root......--. 
MR See Ge hE acd ares AhaPe one drachm. 
Wiratemonts ccm canes Meet twek eight ounces. Mix. 

Give tablespoonful every hour. Allow ice-cold 
water to drink, in limited quantities. Do not be in too 
great haste to effect a movement of the bowels, but 
give slippery-elm tea or linseed jelly, and after recovery 
has taken place, you may give a tablespoonful of castor 
oil. If the bowels are still costive, give a few injec- 
tions of warm water. 


560 DISEASES OF THE DOG. 


FITS—EPILEPSY. 


Fits are very often seen in the dog, on account of the 
high state of development of the nervous system, it 
being very tense andacute. Anything th»t will produce 
an irritation of the intestinal canal, is liable to produce 
fits, as indigestion, worms, etc., or it may be caused 
from some brain affection, as blood pressure, tumors, or 
injuries causing pressure upon the brain, ete. 

Symptoms :—These, when once seen, are not readily 
forgotten. The dog will fall over and move its legs 
violently. There is champing of the jaws and frothing at 
the mouth. This may last for only a minute or possibly 
several minutes, when suddenly the animal rises, looks 
rather bewildered for a short time, then appears all right 
again, until another fit comes on. If the fits occur very 
frequently, the animal will likely die from exhaustion. 

Treatment :—When fits are observed in young dogs, 
it is well to treat for intestinal worms. If tape-worm 
is suspected, give a wineglassful of pumpkin seed tea, 
on an empty stomach, every four hours until three doses 
have been given, then give half ounce of castor oil, 
or give a drachm of powdered areca nut, and follow it 
up with a physic. Or give two doses daily of finely 
powdered glass, for two or three days, then physic. If 
the fits are caused from some brain affection, use 

Bromide of Potassium ...two drachms. 
Chloral uaiais BRE Aaya one drachm. 
Water.. Tiga duaihers os SEDATE A OUNCES. ales 

Give a feaincontals every two hours until the patient 
is quieted, then give a teaspoonful twice daily for a 
week or ten days. Sometimes they will disappear and 
not return, but if there is structural change in the 
brain, they will likely terminate fatally. In all cases 
of fits the food should be of such a character as will be 
easily digested and keep the bowels soft. 


COUGHS—CATARRH—COLDS. 561 


GOITRE. 


This consists of a gradual enlargement of the thyroid 
glands, situated on the sides of the neck a short dis- 
tance behind the jaws. These glands in their natural 
condition are small, but when they begin to enlarge, 
which they frequently do, no inflammatory action is 
noticeable, but they gradually increase in size until 
they acquire the proportions of a large goose egg. They 
do not always produce harm, but sometimes they press 
upon the windpipe to such an extent that they interfere 
with the preathing. The treatment consists of painting 
the parts once daily with tincture of iodine, for a con- 
tinued length of time. Also give internally 

Iodide of Potassium ..... two drachms. 
Water 2. 3%<' otancinantess:. Lour ounces; -Viix, 

Give a teaspoonful twice daily, and the enlargement 

will usually disappear in the course of two months. 


COUGH—CATARRH—COLDS. 


Dogs that are subjected to exposures of wet and 
cold, more especially in the spring and fall of the year, 
are very lable to catch cold, when they will cough, 
sneeze and run at the nose, and sometimes considerable 
fever will rise, which, if neglected, may develop into 
more serious complications, as lung fever, etc. 

Treatment :—This is very simple and if attended to 
early, no bad results follow. Give two grains of quinine 
three times a day, ina piece of fried or boiled meat, 
and rub the throat well with mustard. Or use 


Raw Linseed Oil..........two ounces. 
la ebshOriy.< sac. hea ec 2 ..two ounces. 
Turpentine .. Ue a .two ounces. Mix. 


Apply to the pees iiee daily. If it appears a 


562 DISEASES OF THE DOG. 


little too strong, which it may be for some dogs, add a 
little more oil. Should a bad cough be present, use 


PSV eG Ne ioucleueiseieyeates.« two drachms. 
Vee Olds vele ee rsleterayaeueelar four drachms. 
Syzr: ‘Ipecac::.)..'.!.).'....+.|..twodrachme, 
GHIOFOLOLMIY apc te ee ie wee ten drops. 


Honey, or Simple Syrup...two ounces. Mix. 
Give a teaspoonful three times a day. 


LUNG FEVER—PNEUMONIA—INFLAMMATION OF 
THE LUNGS. 


This disease is generally brought on from exposure 
to cold and wet, changes of temperature, change of 
climate, sudden chilling when heated, neglected catarrh 
or colds, etc. 


Symptoms:—The dog will appear somewhat stupid 
and not inclined to move about very much. The head 
will be held in an extended manner. There is an 
anxious look of countenance and a red or bloodshot 
appearance of the eyes. The breath is hot and the 
breathing painful and accompanied with a slight grunt 
at each expiration. The cough is short and somewhat 
distressing. The animal will frequently sit up for 
hours until through exhaustion, the forefeet slide for- 
ward and it falls down. By applying the ear to its 
sides the various sounds differing from the a 
lungs, will be readily observed. 


Treatment :—First place the dog in a good, comfortable 
place, where it is not too cold, and without draughts, 
Bandage the legs and body to keep it moderately warm, 
Allow it all the pure, cool, fresh water it will drink, 
Keep the bowels open and loose, feeding only such food 
as is soft and nourishing, as milk, broth, boiled rice, 
etc. Apply mustard drafts to the sides, rubbing well 


» 


MANGE. 5638 


into the hair, and blanket immediately, to retain the 
fumes. Wash off in an hour and repeat again, as often 
as you deem it necessary. Internally, give 
GUM ING 70h. nao tey Paws One Grachm. 
Dover Powder..........-.one drachm. Mix. 
Make thirty powders. Give one powder every four 
to six hours. Also get six ounces of mindererus spirits, 


and give a teaspoonful every two hours. Change the 


Ledding frequently and keep the surroundings sweet 
and clean. 


RABIES—HYDROPHOBIA—MADNESS. 


As this disease is incurable nothing remains but to 
destroy the animal. For further particulars see treatise 
on this disease, among horses. 


MANGE. 


Causes:—This is quite a common complaint among 
dogs and is caused by a mite or parasite, of which there 
are different varieties, that burrows into the skin, some 


toa greater depth than others. Persistent treatment 


is called for, and then sometimes the disorder baffles all 
treatment applied. Again the parasites are more 
superficial, even working around among the scabs, in 
which case they are more easily reached and destroyed. 
They are usually transferred from one dog to another 
by the animals running together, or by sleeping in a 
kennel where a mangy dog has been kept, as they 
remain in a dirty kennel for an indefinte length of time. 

Symptoms :—The dog appears out of condition and is 
not active and bright. The skin is itchy, the animal 
frequently and persistently scratching itself; or it sits 
down and rubs or scratches until sore spots are formed. 
The parasite usually makes its appearance in the form 


564 DISEASES OF THE DOG. 


of red pimples or eruptions, around the inside of the 
hind legs, along the belly on the under side, around the 
elbows, about the eyes, and eventually spreading all 
over the whole body, when the hair either falls off or is 
scratched or rubbed off in patches, and scabs or scales 
are formed. The skin looks dry, harsh and sealy and‘ 
emits a disagreeable smell, more especially on a damp 
day or if wetted a little. 


Treatment:—As the disease is due to a parasite which 
affects the skin only, internal remedies are not required 
any further than to open the bowels nicely and keep 
them in that condition. For this purpose give half an 
ounce of castor oil, or 


Powdered Jalap.......... one drachm. 
Syrups iva Po aie ome rae ie oe one ounce. Mix. 


Give at one dose, then wash the dog thoroughly with 
soft soap and water, to remove all dirt and scabs. Dry 
off well and apply 


Onliot Bara. eee Bie aioe one pint. 
Klower of Sulphuric. .> 6 half pound. 


Mix thoroughly and rub it well into the skin, every 
day until four or five applications have been made. 
Wash the dog with soft soap and warm water every 
other day, to allow the medicine to get well into the 
skin. Or use 


Wiles Oa eee m clie irs teres ometntes one pint. 
Sun bpyark eres eet es oats apse. es eight ounces. Mix. 


Apply in the same manner. Clean the kennel 
thoroughly and burn up all straw, old rags, etc., and 
wash the walls with 


Corrosive Sublimate........ one ounce. 
Wittering eric tiene auc one gallon. Mix. 


CANKER OF THE EAR. 565 


RED MANGE—ERYTHEMA—INFLAMMATION OF THE SKIN. 


This affection usually breaks out on dogs that are 
pampered and highly fed, without sufficient exercise, 
and consists of a breaking out or irritation of the skin, 
causing considerable itching. The scurf or material 
which oozes out, has a reddish cast, eausing the skin and 
hair to assume that color. It is not contagious and 
yields readily to simple treatment, which consists in 
reducing the dog somewhat in flesh. Give a physic, as 
castor oil, half an ounce; or epsom salts, a dessert- 
spoonful; or 

Powdered Jalap......... two drachms. 
PIMIple SyrAp Fete. l ss: ¢ -two ounces. Mix. 
Give half and repeat the dose if necessary. Exter- 
nally, wash the skin with tar soap and water, then dry 
it thoroughly, and apply sparingly Friar’s Balsam once 
daily for a few days, and a cure will result. Or use 


USAT OLMGCRM 26s iexawl-7 5. half ounce. 
Sulphate of Zinc........ four drachms. 
yr bere ees ieee or a Ms ta eight ounces. Mix. 


Apply twice daily for a few days. 


CANKER OF THE EAR. 


This is generally caused from injuries to the ear, 
either by cufling it or by hitting it against some object. 
Or it may be caused by getting something in the ear, 
or by being in the water too much. 

” Symptoms :—The dog will be observed to shake its 
head frequently and violently, making the ears flap 
and snap around its head. It will also dig and scratch 
in and around the ears with its paws, and sometimes it 
will carry its head to one side while walking. A fou! 
smell emanates from the ear, and the surrounding parts 
look red, swollen and inflamed. 


566 DISEASES OF THE DOG. 


Treatment:—If the disease has not been too long 
neglected, it yields readily to treatment. First, refrain 
from giving any meats to eat. Use only soft food, and 
that principally vegetables. Wash out the ear well, 
flaps and all, with either castile or tar soap, and warm 
water, dry it nicely then blow some iodoform into it, 
twice daily. Makea hood to go over the head, to con- 
fine the ears, so that the animal cannot flap or scratch 
them, and they will be well in a few days. Or you may 
pour the following into the ears, twice daily: 

Lead Weiter. orga ey, three ounces. 
Pure Soft ‘Waters... ./. 5: three ounces. Mix. 

Use just enough to fill the ears, then apply to the 
flaps of the ears, 


Galomelinicenig. ite eile one drachm. 
Powdered Camphor ..... two drachms. 
Oxide of Zinc Ointment....one ounce. Mix. 


Then fasten on the hood to prevent scratching. 


INLFAMMATION OF THE EYES. 


The eyes of dogs often become inflamed from injuries 
of various kinds, one of the most common being caused 
by the spanish needle, a species of burr. Hunting dogs 
frequently get these into their eyes, at the inner corner 
beneath the membrane that shoots out to cleanse the 
eye. They may also become inflamed from getting 
dust into them, or many other various ways. 

Treatment:—Make strict search for anything that 
may possibly become lodged in these organs, and if 
found, remove it. The following lotion will assist 
greatly in the examination: 


COCAINE srl Gal iat nsee ee ten grains. 
8 ie ote st eae eR MD TE Bn half ounce. Mix. 


Apply a few drops every thirty seconds, until the eye 


WARTS AND TUMORS ABOUT THE EYES. 567 


can be handled with ease. To reduce the inflamma- 
tion, use 


Sulphate of Zinc.......... four grains. 

AE TOMTNGs hae Shans e da eee one grain. 

Water opr sit lcuy «woe tic has one ounce. Mix. 
Apply a few drops three times a day; or, 

Brie Veer Ma dre gee eats tere: sacs two grains. 

WA GERIION Is aia 'elebakgintets « atn-e one grain. 

WaT e yoctie de eta whale wore ws one ounce. Mix. 


Apply a few drops twice a day. 


WARTS AND TUMORS ABOUT THE EYES. 


Small tumors sometimes appear at the inner corners 
of the eyes. They are generally fastened to the mem- 
brane which shoots out over the eye to cleanse it. They 
sometimes grow so large that they nearly or completely 
cover the eyeballs and they bleed quite easily and pre- 
sent an ugly appearance. 


Treatment :—Apply to the eye 


WRCAD Is Asabord sleet -+ts att ten grains. 
aE Oe irs ea ide cc cales Sepa, OUNCE.  MITX, 


Put a few drops into the eye every half minute until 
it can be handled at will, then fasten a hook or pair of 
forceps into the tumor, or in the absence of these, run 
a needle and thread through it, then raise it up gently 
until you can see the whole of it. Take a pair of sharp 
scissors and clip it off, and if it is then left alone, the 
wound will quickly heal. If it does not, however, use. 


DMBaB WARS Geers ey ofeis, 0s <8 one grain. 
WOT Pig ays sta rs eases fis) eh erbt atch t one ounce. Mix, 


Apply a few drops daily for a few days. 


568 DISEASES OF THE DOG. 


WOUNDS AND FRACTURES. 


The feet of dogs often become sore, especially hunt- 
ing dogs that run through long, wet and coarse grasses; 
also thorns and stubbles, and injury likewise results 
from continued exposures to cold water. Not infre- 
quently the toe nails are torn off. These troubles 
should be attended to as quickly as possible. 

Treatment :—Remove any foreign substances imme- 
diately, then poultice the foot with flaxseed or slippery- 
elm until the inflammation has subsided, after which 
apply Friar’s Balsam, twice daily, or 


CarbolewAcid to yo. nes kk two drachms. 

Wa GEE: Goch. bahay tle eeresataiensts one pint. Mix. 
Apply twice daily. Or, 

DW ar Oh Mean. ncrre amir one ounce. 

WE IGe mV GETO i chphic esses et ness half ounce. 

WAT cite tec dictate duersieis Stee one pint. Mix. 


Apply twice or thrice daily. If the skin is torn 
much it should be sewed up, and any of the foregoing 
solutions applied. When medicines are applied to dogs 
the parts should be bandaged loosely, to prevent the 
animal from licking at the wounds. But if the injury 
is not serious it is just as well to let the dog lick it and 
not apply medicines, as they keep it clean and it heals 
quite rapidly. If any bones are broken, set them 
straight and apply splints and bandage. Use light, 
flexible splints and steep the bandage in thick starch 
water before applying. Allow the dog its liberty and 
they will heal in about a month. 


CHOREA. 


This consists of a derangement of the nervous 
system, and, so far, has proven incurable, when exist- 
ing to any great extent. It quite often follows debili- 


WORMS IN THE INTESTINES. 5¢ 


tating diseases, as distemper, etc. The symptoms 
observed are a twitching or quick jerking of a certain 
part or set of muscles, more frequently around the face, 
neck and forelimbs. Sometimes only one limb is 
affected and again the whole body. Occasionally it 
unfits a dog for any kind of work. After this disease 
becomes chronic it is apparently painless, but when 
developing, it is somewhat painful, as demonstrated by 
uneasiness and whining, 


WORMS IN THE INTESTINES. 


The intestines of the dog are more or less troubled 
with worms. The two principal varieties that affect 
them, are the tape worm and the round worm. The 
latter are mostly observed, as about fifty per cent. of 


LORDERED OUND WORM. 
the dogs examined after death, are found to be infested 
with them. These worms do not always remain in the 
bowels but often find their way into the stomach, where 


ars 


MALE BODKIN-TAILED ROUND WORM. 
they produce great irritation. Nor do they stop when 
they find access to the stomach, but occasionally wend 
their way into the lungs, throat, windpipe and nostrils, 
creating so much disturbance that they are frequently 


BYLO) ViswASES OF THE DOG. 


attended with fits or spasms. The tapeworm is the 
most injurious of all the intestinal worms. They find 
their way into the intestines of the dog, through eating 
the brains of sheep, also from eating rabbits, and through 
many other sources. The tapeworm is in appearance, 
flat, and made up of joints, each joint ranging from one- 
eigth to a half inch in length. The entire length of the 
worm varies from a few inches to several feet. As fast 
as these joints mature, they pass away from the bowels, 


TAPEWORM. 


when they deposit their eggs. These are in turn con- 
sumed by hogs, sheep, rabbits, or some other animal, in 
the intestinal organs of which they hatch, setting free a 
small worm which burrows through the bowels and 
locates itself in some part of the tlesh or brain, and there 
becomes encysted, until eaten by some other animal, or 
by some person, when it developes into another tape- 
worm. There are two leading species of tapeworm, 
which infest dogs, but as the treatment is the same, a 
description here is quite unnecessary. 

Symptoms :—Sometimes dogs will have an abundance 
of worms within them, without any symptoms to indi- 
cate their presence, but when you observe a dry, short 
cough, a starimg coat, a hot and bad smelling breath, 
a craving appetite with a failure to take on flesh in 
proportion to the amount eaten, the bowels irregular, 


WORMS IN THE INTESTINES. 571 


alternately with constipation and diarrhcea, with a 
desire to vomit, and sometimes vomiting worms followed 
by spasms, or frequent fits, the animal presenting a 
woe-begone appearance, rely upon it, it is troubled 
with worms. If the worms have gained access to the 
nose or throat, .the eyes will look red and the counte- 
nance depressed, a frothy spume coming from the throat 
and mouth. The animal may sneeze, or bark and howl 
violently, or snap and bite at anything within reach. 

Treatment:—When tapeworm is present, the best 
mode to rid the patient of it, is not to allow anything to 
eat for twenty-four to forty-eight hours, then give a 
drachm of powdered areca nut with a little syrup. If 
it vomits this, give another drachm and tie the mouth 
shut to prevent vomiting. In the course of five or six 
hours, give a physic. as 

Powdered, Jalap i435... two drachms. 
RSW. g -Le sweets dw arereys fs 208 two ounces. Mix. 

Give half, and if the bowels do not move freely in 

four hours give the remainder. Or give 
Castor: Oils isu two tablespoonfuls. 

If this fails to remove it entirely, repeat the treat- 
ment in ten days, or the following will answer equally as 
well: Take a quarter of a pound of hulled pumpkin 
seed and add a quart of water. Simmer down to a pint, 
and after fasting for a day or two, give a wineglassful 
every two hours, until four doses have been given. 
Immediately after giving the last dose, give a physic. 
Either of the above will suffice. For the round worm, 
take 

SAVOUR as acre seksi ses half drachm. 
CEO PERE cis eee Sestose aaeier plates half drachm. Mix. 

Make into seven powders. Give one powder every 
morning in a little milk or small piece of meat, on an 
empty stomach, until they are all given, then give a 
physic, as 


572 DISEASES OF THE DOG. 


Castors Oilers oie OMe: OUNCE: 

Repeat the treatment in two weeks, if necessary. 
When the worms are lodged in the throat or nose, 
inhalations of the fumes of burning sulphur, repeated 
every day for a few days, may dislodge them. Or forc- 
ing some powdered sulphur up into the parts, will 
greatly assist in removing them. 


WORMS IN THE KIDNEY. 


This worm, which is called the giant strongle, locates. 
itself in various parts of the body, but more especially 
in the kidneys. It measures from one to three feet in 
length, and from a quarter toa half inch in diameter, 


GIANT STRONGLE. 


and is of a reddish pink color. Wherever it locates 
itself, it literally destroys that part. It destroys the 
kidneys completely, then drops into the abdominal cav- 
ity and causes the death of the animal. As yet all 
treatment has failed, although ten drop doses of turpen- 
tine given twice daily, if persisted in, might give the 
necessary relief desired. 


GONORRHOEA—CLAP. 


This disease is sometimes observed in the dog, but 
as a rule it causes very little inconvenience. It is often 
produced without any assignable cause, and since the 
ways in which it may originate are so various, I will 


PARTURITION—PUPPING. 510 


not here designate any of them. The symptoms are 
observed by the discharge of matter coming from the 
penis or accumulating around the end of the sheath, the 
dog often licking at it to keep the parts clean. 

Treatment :—Bathe and syringe the parts with warm 
water, once or twice daily, then wash with 


White Vitriolvd.. 540.2%. one drachm., 
Sugar of Lead............ one drachm. 
NN eae Seco land ct ark Sata tok oa one pint. Mix. 


Apply twice daily, injecting a little at the same 
time. Use internally, 


Balsam -Copabia™....-0.. 4. half ounce. 
Pe Cee sc f+ g Hens. © #saea% ORSON, 
Spts. Sweet Nitre..........half ounce. 
Pinietare WANG: se oes Sis «re two drachms. 
Sulphate Morphine .......-. five grains. 
BSMPUPos 7 ido aas. sata oe two ounces. Mix. 


Give a teaspoonful twice daily. 


PARTURITION—PUPPING. 


This generally takes place between the sixty-second 
and sixty-fourth day, and after it has commenced, from 
a quarter of an hour to an hour generally elapses 
between the birth of each puppy. Many bitches are lost 
every year from this cause. There seems to,be a 
natural propensity for bitches to co-habit with dogs 
much larger than themselves, and their lives are for- 
feited for so doing. Bitches should have considerable 
exercise when pregnant, as delivery is much safer and 
easier than when they are penned up and exercise 
denied them. But when the time has arrived and the 
delivery is a little prolonged, do not meddle too much; 
give a little time. If, however, she cannot deliver an] 
the puppy is either too large or is dead, oil the fingeis 


574 DISEASES OF THE DOG. 


and go at the work of delivery gently. Use slight pres- 
sure along the belly until you can feel the head from 
bedind, then fasten a string over it or a pair of forceps 
and use gentle traction until it is delivered. After one 
is delivered, she may dc’iver the balance herself, so 
allow her a little time and see, but 1f it is absolutely 
necessary, continue until you have gotten them all. 
The bitch should be kept in a warm, comfortable place 
and fed on soft, nutritious food. While giving milk 
and sucking her young, she should be well fed, allowing 
her some cooked meat every day. If, however, she 
should commence to fail rapidly in flesh and have a 
poor appetite, the puppies should be weaned at once 
and fed on boiled milk. When the time arrives to 
wean the puppies, care should be exercised to keep the 
teats from swelling and becoming hard and inflamed, 
or should the pups all die, the same trouble is to be 
expected. The bitch should be milked frequeitly and 
bathed with hot water, after which use 


Camp hor Gring Hines oicoreratese one ounce. 
1 Eat 6 oa aT pA ia es cr RM A three ounces. Mix. 


Apply twice daily. Sometimes, but fortunately not 
often, the bitch has after-pains after pupping, and 
forces the womb out. This organ should be washed in 
warm water, to which should be added a little alum, 
after which it should be returned with gentle pressure 
and the parts bandaged to prevent its coming out again. 
Give five drops of laudanum every half hour until four 
or five doses are given, to prevent the pains. If, how- 
ever, the womb has been out very jong and go‘ten into 
such a condition that it cannot possibly be returned, tie 
a strong silk cord around it, close up to the body, and 
in the course of a few hours cut the parts off about an 


inch back of the cord. Many hitches may be saved by 


FLEAS. 019 


this operation. After the parts are cut off cover the 
wound with iodoform, and some iodoform and vaseline 
may be used as a dressing, for a few days afterwards. 


FLEAS. 


These are very lively insects, which infest dogs, and 
cause considerable annoyance and worry. The irrita- 


TKK DOG FLEA, OR CHIGGER. 
tion produced by them causes the animal to scratch and 
dig at the parts attacked, considerably. They are very 


CAT FLEA. 


easily gotten rid of by rubbing Persian insect powder 
down into the roots of the hair, then wrapping the dog 
in a sheet for a few minutes. Or by taking tar soap 


>a 


576 DISEASES OF THE DOG. 


and applying it to the wetted hair until a very heavy 
lather is produced. Allow it remain on for twenty 
minutes, then wash off thoroughly. Coal oil or oil sassa- 
fras rubbed through the hair will also dispose of them. 
Catsare also troubled with fleas and they may be gotten 
rid of in the same manner. 


LICE. 


There are two kinds of lice which infest dogs; the 
blood-sucker and bird-louse. They are best destroyed 
by using a strong solution of tobacco juice, or by sifting 
wood ashes into the hair. Whale oil will also kill them, 


BIRD LOUSE. 


Or better still, take a quarter pound of stavesacre seeds, 
make a strong tea of them, and bathe the skin well 
every fourth day, for three or four applications. You 
will completely destroy the lice, and in that time the 
nits will all be hatched out. 


USEFUL DRUGS AND MEDICINES 


PRESCRIBED IN THE 


TREATMENT OF LIVE STOCK, WITH DOSES, ETC. 


Acetate of Lead, Sugar of Lead—Checks bleeding, 
especially from the stomach and lungs. When com- 
bined with opium it is used to check diarrhoea and 
dysentery. Externally, it heals burns, scalds, bruises 
and moist ulcers or sores, as well as itching skin com- 
plaints and cracked heels. When applied externally, 
mix half ounce in a pint of soft water. 

Dosrs :—Horses4ind cattle, one drachm; calves and 
sheep, fifteen grains; pigs, two grains; dogs, one grain. 
To be given twice daily. Price per pound, 25 cts. 


Aconite, Tincture of—Relieves pain and inflammation, 
lowers temperature and produces sweating. 

Doses :—Horses and cattle, twenty to thirty drops; 
sheep and pigs, five to ten drops; dogs, one to four 
drops. Price per pint, 60 cts. 


Aloes, Barbadoes—Used as a physic, but should not 
be given to mares with foal. It is not much used for 
cattle. 

Dosrs :—Horses, four to ten drachms; cattle, one to 
two ounces; sheep, half ounce to an ounce; hogs, two to 
five drachms; dogs, one drachm; colts, about five grains 
to every week of its age. Tincture, per pint, 50 cts.; 
powder, per pound, 35 cts. 


(577) 


B78 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 


Alum—Alum is procured in either lump or powdered 
form and is seldom given internally. It is used prin- 
cipally in sores and in ulcerated condition of the mouth. 
Also when mixed with wheat flour to arrest bleeding 
and the flow of joint oil from open joints. It is quite 
extensively used as a healing powder, when mixed with 
iodoform. It is a convenient gargle for sore throat. 
Occasionally it is given internally along with opium in 
diarrhoea and dysentery. 

Doses :—Horses and cattle, two to four drachms; 
sheep and pigs, one drachm; dogs ten to twenty grains. 
Price per pound, 8 cts. 


Ammonia, Aqua or Liquid—It is used as a stimulant, 
relieves spasms of the bowels and bloating and also acts 
upon the kidneys, causing flow of urine. When given 
internally it should be well diluted with water. It is 
principally used in making linaments. 

Dosses:—Horses, half ounce; cattle, one ounce; 
sheep and pigs, two drachms; dogs, ten drops. Price 
per pint, 10 cts. 


Ammonia, Carbonate—This comes in the solid form 
and has the same action as the liquid ammonia, varying 
only in strength. 

Doses :—Horses, two to four drachms; cattle, three 
co six drachms; sheep and pigs, twenty grains; dogs, 
five grains. It is given either in pills with linseed 
meal or dissolved in cold gruel. Price per pound, 


17 cis. : 


Anise Seed—Soothes an irritable stomach, relieves 
indigestion and bloating, and acts as a mild stimulent. 

Dosrs :—Horses, one ounce; cattle, one to two 
ounces; sheep and swine, two drachms; dogs, thirty 
grains. ‘Can be repeated several times a day. Price 
per pound, 22 cts. 


MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 579 


Antimony, Tartrate, Tartar Emetic—Causes a discharge 
from the nostrils, lowers the heart’s action, and pro- 
duces sweating. Externally it is used to cause sraall 
pustules or blisters, and acts as an irritant. 

Doses :—Horses and cattle, one to four drachms, 
given three or four times daily. Causes vomiting, when 
given in doses of from four to ten grains, in hogs and 
dogs. Price per pound, 55 cts. 

Antimony, Butter of—Is used as a caustic tor thrush 
and canker, and unhealthy granulations; for fuulin the 
feet of cattle, and foot-rot in sheep. It should be used 
with great caution, as it is very powerful, and cannot 
be diluted with water. Price per pint, 85 cts. 

Animal Charcoal—-Is prepared from bones. It is used 
to destroy foul smells, arrests putrefacticn, purifies 
water when passed through it, and is an antidote in 
poisoning by arsenic, aconite and strychnine. 

Dosrs :—Horses, half ounce to an ounce: eee; one 
ounce; sheep and pigs, two drachms; dogs, twenty 
grains. It is usually given mixed with Bleak Price 
per pound, 10 cts. 

Areca Nut—Is principally used to expel worms from 
dogs, proving distructive alike to tape and round 
worms. 

Doses :—For dogs, from twenty grains iv two 
drachms. Prior to giving, the dog should fast for two 
days. Price per pound, 40 cts. 


Arnica, Tincture—It is principally used externally, in 
cases of strains, bruises and wounds, and especially in 
broken knees and sore shoulders. It is usually mixed 
in the proportion of one ounce of arnica to ten of water, 
to which is frequently added four drachms of sulphate 
of zinc. For painful wounds or bruises, it is often 
mixed with chloroform or laudanum, and diluted with 
water according to circumstances. Price per pint, 50 cts. 


580 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 


Arsenic—Is used to alter the condition of the system, 
by toning up the nerves. It is useful in dyspepsia and 
indigestion, and in promoting recoveries from prolonged 
attacks of influenza or distemper. Externally, it is 
used to take off warts, and slough out fistula. In such 
cases, it is generally mixed one ounce of arsenic to four 
of lard or vaseline. It is much used in sheep dips. 

Doses :—Horses and cattle, one to six grains; sheep, 
one to two grains; hogs, two to four grains; dogs, one- 
fifteenth to one-tenth grain. It may be given once 
daily, and continued for a week or ten days. Price per 
pound, 10 cts. 


Asafoetida—This is a mild stimulent, and relieves 
spasms and pain, as well as irritation of the stomach 
and bloating. It also causes the expulsion of worms. 

Dosrs :—Horses, two to four drachms; cattle, one 
ounce; sheep and hogs, one drachm; dogs, fifteen 
erains. It may be given several times a day. Price 
per pound, 35 cts. 

Atropine—This allays pain, soothes spasms of the 
bowels, and if given in large doses, causes paralysis. It 
is most generally used in eye washes. It is seldom 
used internally, being too powerful. Price per drachm, 
50 cts. 

Belladonna—Soothes spasms of the bowels, allays 


pain, and is frequently given in spasmodic colic, in half 
drachm doses of the extract, or ounce doses of the 


tincture. Itis very useful in tetanus, or lockjaw. It 
also causes dilatation of the mouth of the womb, when 
applied. The doses of the extract are, for horses, one 
drachm; cattle, two drachms; sheep, ten grains; dogs, 
.wo grains. Solid extract per ounce, 40 cts. ; tincture 
per pint, 90 cts. 


Benzoin—Used as a mild stimulant, expectorant and 
arrests putrefaction. The compound tincture of ben- 


MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 581 


zoin, which is usually known as Fryer’s Balsam, is 
quite extensively used as a stimulant and healing rem- 
edy for wounds, ulcers, and various skin complaints, 
in all classes of patients. Fryer’s Balsam per pint, 70 
cts. ; gum per pound, 60 cts. 


Bluestone, Blue Vitriol—See copper Sulphate. Price 
per pound, 20 cents. 


Buchu—Is a mild stimulant and tonic. It also has 
a soothing action upon the kidneys, causing an increased 
flow of urine. The doses of the tincture are, for horses 
and cattle, one ounce; sheep and hogs, four drachms; 
dogs, one drachm. Tincture, price per pint, 50 cts. 


Calomel—When conjoined with aloes, it acts as a 
physic. It has a direct action upon the liver, causing an 
increased flow of bile, which it expels from the duo- 
denum, or first bowel. Externally, when applied to old 
sores or indolent ulcers, it assists greatly in the healing 
process. It also destroys the parasite of scab or mange, 
kills lice and is useful in cracked heels. It is one of 
the best remedies for thrush in the horse’s frog. 

Dosrs:—Horses and cattle, one drachm; sheep and 
pigs, ten grains, dogs, two grains. It is not used alone 
as a physic, but is combined with other drugs, as aloes, 
epsom salts or oil. Price per pound, $1. 


Camphor—Camphor is a nerve stimulant and assists 
in controlling spasms of the bowels. Externally, it is 
applied in the form of spirituous solution, to allay itch- 
ing, and is soothing to bruises and sprains. 

Dosrs:—Horses and cattle, one to two drachms; 
sheep and pigs, twenty grains; dogs, five grains. Gum, 
per pound, 70 ets.; tincture, per pint, 60 cts. 

Cantharides—Cantharides is a stimulant and acts 


upon the kidneys, causing an increased flow of urine. 
It also causes an increased desire for sexual intercourse, 


582 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 


when given in small doses. Applied externally, it acts 
as a counter-irritant and causes blisters to form in from 
one to twelve hours. 

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, from four to twenty 
yrains; sheep and swine, two to seven grains: dogs, 
half grain to two grains. To be given once or twice 
daily, usually in the form of a pill, or in flaxseed gruel. 
Tincture, per pint, 60 cts. ; powder, per pound, #4. 


Capsicum, Cayenne Pepper, Red Pepper—This is used ag 
a stimulant and tonic, promoting digestion and improv- 
ing the appetite. 

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, three to four draciins; 
sheep and hogs, one to two drachms; dogs, half draclim, 
Tincture, per pint, 50 cts.; powder, per pound, 80 cts. 


Carbolic Acid—It arrests putrefaction and destroys 
parasites and germs, when applied locally. It is also a 
stimulant and caustic. It is emploved mostly in heal- 
ing lotions, when it should be diluted with water, oil, or 
glycerine in the proportions of one to twenty or thirty. 

Doses :—Horses and cattle, fifteen to thirty drops; 
sheep and pigs, six drops; dogs, one drop. It is best 
given in a pill, mixed with linseed meal. Price per 
pint, 40 cts. 


Cardamons—Has the same actions as anise seed, and 
is given in the same doses. See anise seed. Price per 
pound, $1. 

Castor Oil—This is principally used asa physic. As 
it causes no irritation or griping, it is frequently pre- 
scribed in diseases of the digestive organs and can be 
safely administered in advanced pregnancy. It. is the 
best physic for foals and calves. 

Doses :—Horses .and cattle, one pint; sheep and 
pigs, two to four ounces; dogs, one to two ounces. 
Price per pint, 30 cts. 


MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 583 


Catechu—This is an astringent, and causes a binding 
up of the bowels when administered, and is given when 
there is bloody discharge from the bowels, in cases of 
diarrhcea and dysentery. 

Dosxs :—(Powder. )—Horses, one to three drachms} 
cattle, one to five drachms; sheep and swine, one to two 
drachms; dogs, four to twenty grains. To be given 
three or four times a day, with gruel. Tincture, per 
pint, 60 cts. ; powder, per pound, 20 cts. 

Chloral Hydrate—This drug is quite extensively used 
in the treatment of live stock, to allay pain, quiet irri- 
tability and cause sleep. It is used in cases of flatulent 
and spasmodic colic, brain troubles and nervous disor- 
ders, as tetanus, hysteria, etc. 

Dosrs :—For horses, two to eight drachms; for cattle, 
four drachms to one ounce; sheep and pigs, one drachm ; 
dogs, ten grains. Can be repeated ever two or three 
hours, and should be well diluted. Price per pound, 
$1.10. 

Chloroform—By whatever channel it enters the sys- 
tem, it slightly stimulates at first; excitement follows, 
then sleep. It allays pain, whether taken internally or 
applied locally, and is a valuable remedy when given 
for spasmodic colic. 

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, one to two drachms; 
sheep and swine, twenty to forty drops; dogs, five to 
ten drops. It should be given mixed with syrup, muci- 
lage, whisked egg, or weak spirits, and may be repeated 
at intervals of from one to three hours. Price per 
pound, 75 cts. 

Cocaine—When administered internally, small doses 
are stimulant and tonic. When applied externally, it 
diminishes sensibility to pain, and is most frequently 
used in making examinations of the eye. By mixing 
ten grains with an ounce of water and applying a few 


584 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 


drops to the eye every thirty seconds, it deadens the 
pain so that an examination can be made without diffi- 
culty, when chaff and other foreign substances can be 
easily removed. Price per grain, 2 cts. 


Cod-Liver 0il—This is prepared from the liver of the 
codfish and is a very nourishing tonic, changing the 
system in such a manner that it lays on flesh quite rap- 
idly. Itis very useful for weak and sickly colts and 
calves, and for animals convalescing from a lingering 
attack of distemper and influenza. 

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, two to three ounces; 
sheep and pigs, one ounce; dogs, one to four drachms. 
It may be given twice daily and continued for weeks, 
if required. Price per gallon, $1.25 

Copaiba Balsam—This medicine is not much used in 
practice, save in diseases of the urinary organs, and in 
the treatment of gonorrhea. Price per pound, 65 cts. 

Copper Sulphate—Given in large doses, it is an irri- 
tant, but in medicinal doses, it is a valuable tonic and 
astringent. Externally it is used as a stimulant, 
astringent and caustic. It is used in eye washes, as a 
dressing for sluggish wounds, for the removal of warts, 
to cut off unhealthy granulations and to arrest 
bleeding. 

Doses :—As a tonic and astringent, horses take one to 
two drachms; cattle, one to four drachms; sheep, twenty 
to thirty grains; pigs, five to ten grains; dogs, one 
grain. It should be given while eating or eS a 
thereafter. Price per pound, 20 cts. 


Copperas—See Iron Sulphate. Price per pound, 4 cts. 
Corrosive Sublimate—This is a preparation of mercury 
and is an irritant poison. It should not be given inter- 


nally, except when prescribed by anexpert. Externally 
it is used to arrest putrefaction, promote healthy granu- 


MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 585 


lations, to destroy indolent ulcers, for the destruction 
of parasites and as a caustic. It is used also, in many 
itching skin diseases. When used externally, it should 
be diluted according to circumstances. Price per 
pound, 90 cts. 


Cotton Seed Oil— This is obtained from the seeds of 
the cotton. It is a dark, brownish red, fixed oil, and is 
principally used in making liniment. Price per gallon, 
(5 cts. 

Croton Oil—This is obtained from the croton seeds, 
and is a drastic physic, producing griping. It is seldom 
given alone but is usually mixed with other purgatives, 
when a quick action of the bowels is required. It is 
sometimes used externally, as a blister, but is more 
frequently mixed with other medicines, in the forma- 
tion of liniments. It is used quite often to physic 
cattle. 

Dosrs :—Horses, fifteen to twenty drops; cattle, half 
drachm to two drachms; sheep and swine, five to ten 
drops; dogs, one to three drops. Price per pint, $1.25. 


Cubebs, Tincture—The chief use of cubebs is for the 
relief of inflammation of the urinary passages, and like 
copaiba, it has long been used for the cure of gonorrhea. 

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, one ounce; sheep and 
swine, half ounce; dogs, two drachms. To be given 
twice daily. Price per pint, 50 cts. 


Digitalis—Digitalis grows wild in this country on 
gravelly, sandy soil, more especially hilly pastures. It 
has a direct action upon the heart and kidneys, giving 
force and strength to the former and causes an increased 
flow of urine from the latter. 

Dosrs :—Of the powdered leaves horses take ten to 
thirty grains; cattle, half drachm to a drachm; sheep 
and swine, eight to ten grains; dogs, one to four grains. 


586 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 


Of the tincture, horses and cattle take two to four 
drachms; sheep and swine, one drachm; dogs, two to 
five drops. Tincture, price per pint, 50 cts. 

Emetic Tartar—See Antimony Tartrate. Price per 
pound, 55 cts. 

Epsom Salts, Magnesium Sulphate—This salt is used as 
a physic, to reduce fever and to alter the condition of 
the system. It is more extensively used for cattle and 
sheep, as its action upon the bowels gives better results 
than any other physic. 

Dosrs :— As a physic for grown cattle, a pound to a 
pound and a half; calves, two to three months old, 
three to four ounces; sheep and pigs, four to six ounces; 
dogs, two to four drachms. For other purposes, as to 
lower fever and regulate the bowels, give one-fifth to 
one-eighth of the above doses. It should be well 
diluted with water. Price per pound, 7 cts. | 


Ergot of Rye—This is obtained from blasted rye, and 
is given to assist in difficult parturition, when the labor 
pains occur at long intervals. It is also of great benefit 
after parturition, to cause contraction of the womb and 
arrest bleeding from this organ. 

DosrEs :—Mare and cow, half an ounce to an ounce; 
sheep, swine and bitches, one drachm. Repeat at 
intervals of half an hour or an hour. Tincture, price 
per pint, 60 cts. | 

Ether Nitrous, Spirits of (Sweet Spirits of Nitre)—This 
drug is an excellent stimulant, produces sweating and 
also acts upon the kidneys, causing an increased flow 
of urine. It is very useful in the various forms of 
colic, acting as a stimulant and controlling the pain 
produced byspasms. It is also useful in lowering fever. 

Doses :—Horses and cattle, one to three ounces; 
sheep, two to four drachms: pigs, one to two drachms; 
dogs, one drachm. It should be well diluted with cold 


MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. OST 


water, and should be given as quickly as possible atler 
it is diluted. Price per pint, 40 cts. 


Ether, Sulphuric Ether—This is quite a valuable rem- 
edy and is used as a stimulant and to relieve spasms of 
the bowels. It is a useful remedy in flatulent colic, to 
relieve bloating. It is also used to produce sleep, the 
same as chloroform. It is also very useful where there 
is pain or cramping of the bowels. 

Dosrs:—Horses and cattle, one to two ounces; 
sheep and pigs, two to four drachms; dogs, one drachm. 
{t should be well diluted with cold water before giving, 
but should not be diluted until ready for use. Price 
per pint, 75 cents. 


Foenugreek—This has the same action and uses :s 
anise seed, and is given in similar doses. See Anise 
Seed. Price per pound, 10 cts. 


Gentian—This is a pure bitter, and is used to tone up 
the stomach and promote digestion. It improves the 
appetite and general tone. It is an excellent stimulat- 
ing tonic in influenza and other epizootic diseases. It 
is also beneficial for horses jaded and over-worked, or 
suffering from slight cold. 

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, half cunce to an ounce; 
sheep, one to two drachms; pigs, one drachm; dogs, ten 
to fifteen grains. To be given twice or thrice daily. 
Price per pound, 15 cts. 

Gentian, Tincture of—Has the same action as the 
powder, and is given for the same purposes. Doses 
about the same. Price per pint, 50 cts. 

Ginger— Ginger is used as a stimulant, tones up the 
stomach and relieves bloating, and cramps of the 
bowels. It promotes digestion and increases the appe- 
tite. ‘When mixed with physic, it diminishes the ten- 
dency to nauseate and gripe. 


588 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 


Doses :—Horses and cattle, half ounce to one ounce; 
sheep, one to two drachms; pigs, half drachm, dogs, 
ten to twenty grains. Tincture, per pint, 60 cts. ; pow- 
der, per pound, 30 cts. 


Glauber Salts (Sulphate of Soda)—This is given as a 
physic; also to reduce fever; increases the secretion of 
bile in the liver, and has a slight action upon the 
kidneys. 

Dosss :—As a physic, cattle take a pound to a pound 
and a half; horses, one pound; sheep, two to four 
ounces; dogs, one ounce. It is usually combined with 
a little ginger, and should be well diluted with water. 
Price per pound, 5 cts. 


Glycyrrhiza (Licorice Root)—This resembles sugar in 
its medicinal uses, and is occasionally used in irritation 
of the mucous membrane of the windpipe. Also to 
cover the disagreeable taste and odor of various drugs. 
Price per pound, 20 cts. 


Goulard’s Extract—This is used externally as an 
astringent. Also as a cooling or soothing application, 
to reduce inflammation of the testicles, when it is 
usually mixed with laudanum, in the proportions of one 
ounce of each to a pint of water. Price per pint, 20 cts. 


Hellebore—Hellebore is used to expel worms from 
the bowels. When given as a physic it produces grip- 
ing and in large doses produces vomiting. It is some- 
times used externally and is a dangerous remedy when 
not used with great care. Price per pound, 30 cts. 

Hemlock, Oil of—This is used in the formation of 
various liniments and is very fatal if given internally. 
Price per pint, 40 cts. 

Hofiman’s Anodyne—Oonsists of oil of wine, three 
parts; ether, sixty-four parts; rectified spirits, one 
hundred and twenty-eight parts. It is used to allay 


ic Seas mappa sicincade 


MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 589 


restlessness, sleeplessness and nervous disturbances, 
especially in the absence of fever, and is a convenient 
remedy for flatulentcy or bloating. It may be used in 
all cases in which sulphuric ether is given internally. 

Dosrs :—Horses, one ounce; cattle, two ounces ; sheep 
and pigs, two drachms; dogs, half a drachm. Price per 
pint, 65 cts. 


Hypo-Sulphate of Soda—This remedy is used to destroy 
odors, arrest putrefaction and for the destruction of 
insects. It is beneficial in attacks of fever, and relieves 
acidity of the stomach and bloating in badly fed young 
zalves. It is also used to diminish the offensive secre- 
tion and to abate the low fever occurring in distemper 
in dogs. 

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, two to four drachms; 
sheep and pigs, twenty to thirty grains; dogs, two to 
five grains. It may be given several times daily. Price 
per pound, 7 cts. 


Iodoform—This is used to prevent putrefaction and 
destroy foul smells. It is beneficial in healing wounds 
and sores, by being dusted upon the wound, but it is 
usually mixed with powdered alum for this purpose, in 
the proportion of one ounce of iodoferm to four or six 
of the alum. Price per ounce, 40 cts. 


Iodine—Iodine is prepared from the semi-vitrified 
ashes of sea-weed. Medicinal doses arrest putrefaction, 
alter the condition of the system and act as a mild 
stimulant. It exerts its effects especially on mucous 
membranes, skin and lymphatic glands. Externally it 
is applied to arrest putrefaction and as a counter- 
irritant or blister. It is used in chronic inflammation 
of the joints, wind-galls, bog spavin, strains of tendons 
and enlargement of the udder, and other glands. 

Dosrs :—For horses and cattle, twenty grains to a 


590 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 


drachm; sheep and pigs, ten to twenty grains; dogs, 
three to eight grains. To be repeated once or twice 
daily, and to be given a couple of hours after eating. 
When applied externally it is used in the form of a 
tincture. Powdered, per ounce, 85 cts.; tincture, per 
pint, 85 cts. 

Iron Sulphate, Copperas—This is a good blood tonic 
and astringent, when given internally. Applied extern- 
ally, it is an astringent and arrests bleeding and pre- 
vents putrefaction. It improves the appetite, dimin- 
ishes exhausting discharges and abates glandular 
enlargements. It is especially beneficial when given to 
young horses, cattle or sheep which have been poorly 
kept, and whose blood is in a bad condition. It is also 
used to expel intestinal worms. Used externally, when 
dissolved in water, it is an excellent remedy for cracked 
heels and scratches. 

Dosrs:—Horses and cattle, one to two drachms; 
sheep and hogs, ten to twenty grains; dogs, two to ten 
grains. May be given twice or thrice daily, and is 
usually combined with gentian or ginger. Price per 
pound, 4 cts. 

Jalap—Jalap is principally used as a physic for dogs. 
It increases the flow of the bile from the liver, and 
assists in the expulsion of worms. 

Doses :—Dogs, one to two drachms. It is best given 
combined with calomel, in the form of one drachm of 
jalap to three grains of calomel. Price, per pound, 
60 cts. ? 

Kino—Kino is an astringent and causes a binding up 
of the bowels. It is used principally in the treatment 
of diarrheea. 

Dosrs :—Horses, half ounce; cattle, one ounce; 
sheep and pigs, two drachms; dogs, one drachm. 
Tincture, per pint, 60 cts. 


tas a Ra a a nn 


SS AP 


MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 591 


Lanolin -This is prepared by steeping and boiling 
sheep’s wool in water. It is principally used as a basis 
for ointments and liniments, and mixes readily with 
fats and oils. Price per pound, $1.00. 


Laudanum—See Opium Tincture. Price per pint, 
$1.00. 


Liquor Ammonia Acetatis (Lig. Ammonia Acet.—Minde- 
rerus Spirits.)—This is prepared by taking one ounce of 
acetic acid and seven ounces of water. Mix together 
and add carbonate of ammonia until it ceases efferves- 
cing. It should only be prepared shortly prior to use. 
It is a valuable remedy to produce sweating, increase 
the flow of urine, reduce fevers and cause expectoration. 
It is useful in lung fever, influenza, strangles or dis- 
temper, scarletina, erysipelas, colds and it bronchitis. It 
is often combined with other remedies, as epsom salts, 
chlorate and nitrate of potassium, gentian, ginger, 
quinine, etc. Where patients are weak and exhausted, 
it is usually combined with alcohol or sweet spirits of 
nitre. 

Dosrs:—Horses and cattle, two to four ounces; 
sheep, one to two ounces: hogs, half an ounce to an. 
ounce; dogs, two to four drachms. Price per pint 
20 cts. 

Listerine—This isa proprietary medicine, and has 
about the same actions as carbolic acid. It is used in 
many healing lotions; also as a gargle for the mouth 
and throat. Price per bottle, 85 cts. 

Liverwort—This herb grows wild in the shady woods, 
of North America, and is very seldom used in the treat- 
ment of disease. Price per pound, 40 cts. 


Lime, Chloride of—This preparation of lime is some- 
times known as bleaching powder, and is seldom given 
internally. Externally, it is used asa stimulant, and 


592 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 


to destroy the offensive smell from unhealthy wounds. 
It is more frequently used as a disinfectant, around 
stables where contagious or epizootic diseases prevail. 
Price per pound, 8 cts. 


Lobelia—The chief use of lobelia, is in the treatment 
of asthma, by relieving the bronchial spasm. It is 
quite frequently administered to check or relieve 
heaves. 

Dosrs oF THE TinctuRE—For Horses and cattle, half 
ounce to an ounce; sheep and hogs, one to three drachms; 
dogs, half drachm to a drachm. Tincture, price per 
pint, 50 cts. 

Lunar Caustic—See Nitrate of Silver. Price per 
ounce, 70 cts. 

Magnesia, Sulphate—See Epsom Salts. Price per 
pound, 5 cts. 

Male Shield Fern, Oil of—This oil is principally used to 
expel worms. It is a very effectual remedy for tape- 
worm in dogs, sometimes dislodging them within three 
hours. 

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, two to four drachms; 
sheep and hogs, one drachm; dogs, half drachm to one 
drachm. It is sometimes given with either turpentine 
or linseed oil, and may be repeated within three days. 
Price per ounce, 380 cts. 

Mercury, Red or Biniodide—This form of mercury is 
seldom given internally, but externally it is used to 
produce superficial inflammation or blisters, and is 
generally mixed with one part of the mercury to eight 
of vaseline or lard. It is valuable in the treatment of 
spavin and ringbone, sprains or enlarged tendons, and 
when applied around the throat, it sometimes relieves a 
chronic cough and roaring, where other remedies have 
failed. It should be used with care, or blemishes may 


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MEDICINES AND TIH#ZIR USES. 593 


de the result, as it may destroy the hair roots, if used 
ioo freely. Price per ounce, 80 cts. 

Morphia, Sulphate and Muriate (Morphine. )—This is the 
active principle of opium, from which it is obtained. It 
may be used in all cases where opium is required. See 
Opium. 

Dosrs:—Horses and cattle, ten to thirty grains; 
sheep and pigs, one to two grains; dogs, one-eighth to 
one-half a grain. Price per ounce, $2.50. 

Nitrate of Potassium—-Sec Potassium Nitrate. Price 
per pound, 12 cts. 

Nitrate of Silver (Lunar Caustic)—It is sometimes used 
as a tonic in chorea and epilepsy among dogs. It is 
seldom used internally, but externally, it is used as a 
c.ustic to promote healthy granulations in indolent 
ulcers. Sticks of it are sometimes forced to the bottom 
of pipes, in fistulous withers and poll evil. It is an 
excellent dressing for obstinately sore teats in cows, as 
well as for foot-rot in sheep. It is useful in removing 
warts and other enlargements of the skin. A solution 
containing two to five grains in an ounce of water, 
abates pain and congestion of the eyes. Itis, therefore, 
used in several eye lotions. Price per ounce, 70 cts. 


Nitric Acid—This is an irritant and corrosive and 
leaves a yellow or brown stain on the skin. It is used 
internally as a stimulant and tonic to the liver, and can 
be given to horses convalescing from influenza, jaundice 
and other debilitating disorders. Externally, it is used 
to remove warts or other malignant growths, such as 
zometime appear in a bad case of grease-heel. When 
applied for these purposes, the surrounding parts should 
be protected by being well oiled. 

Doses :—Of the diluted medicinal acid, horses and 
cattle take one to two drachms; sheep and pigs, ten to 


594 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 


twenty drops; dogs, two to ten drops. It should always 
be well diluted with water. Price per pint, 9 cts. 


Nitro-Muriatic Acid—This very much resembles nitric 
acid, and is given for the same diseases and in the same 
doses as nitric acid. Price per pint, 15 ets. 


Nux Vomica—Nux Vomica is the best nerve stimulant 
and tonic that is prescribed in veterinary practice. It 
is useful in dyspepsia and any stomach or nervous 
derangement, and may be used with great benefit when 
convalescing from any exhausting or nervous diseases. 

Doses :—Horses and cattle, half a drachm to two 
drachms; sheep, ten to forty grains; pigs, ten to twenty 
grains; dogs, half grain to two grains. Of the tincture, 
horses and cattle take half ounce to an ounce; sheep 
and pigs, one to two drachms; dogs, five to ten drops. 
When twitching of the muscles is produced, cease 
giving. Tincture, per pint, 50 cts.; powder, price per 
pound, 25 cts. 

Olive Oil (Sweet Oi!) —Olive oil given in small doses, 
resembles cod-liver oil, becoming assimilated and assist- 
ing in the production of heat and fat. In large doses it 
acts as a physic, for which it is seldom used. It is more 
frequently used in the formation of liniments, but is 
usually superseded by cheaper oil, as cottonseed oil, 
lard, linseed oil or vaseline. Price per gallon, 75 cts. 


Opium, Powdered—No one remedy is more frequently 
prescribed than opium in its various forms. It can be 
given as a stimulant. Small and frequent doses pro- 
duce sweating; larger doses relieve pain and spasms of 
the bowels, depress the activity of the brain and pro- 
duce sleep. It also relieves congestion and inflamma- 
tion and controls pain. It is useful in inflammation of 
the lungs, bowels, kidneys, bladder, or any internal or- 
gan. “It is useful in diarrhoea and dysentery and relieves 


MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 595 


cough, whether acute or chronic. It is very effectual in 
arresting premature labor pains. Externally it is used 
to relieve painful wounds, bruises, boils, or blistered 
surfaces, as well as inflammation of the eyes, skin or 
joints. For such purposes, ten drops each of laudanum 
and Goulard’s Extract, may be mixed with an ounce of 
water and freely applied. 

Doses :—( Powdered or gum opium.) Horses, one to 
two drachms; cattle, two to four drachms; sheep, ten to 
forty grains: dogs, one to five grains. Price per ounce, 
88 cts. 


Opium, Tincture of (Laudanum)—Tincture of opium 
and laudanum are one and the same thing, and are pre- 
pared from the gum of powdered opium. They may be 
used for all complaints where opium is indicated, such 
as colic, cramps, ete. See Opium. 

Doses :—Horses and cattle, one to two ounces; 
sheep, two to four drachms; hogs, one to two drachms; 
dogs, five to twenty drops. Price per pint, $1. 


Origanum, Oil of—This oil is sometimes used to relieve 
the pain of carious teeth and neuralgia, but is more 
frequently used in liniments. Price per pint, 40 cts. 

Oxide of Zinc—See Zinc Oxide. Price per pound, 
15 cts. 


Podophyllin—This resin is taken from the mayapple 
or mandrake, and is used as a physic, but is very uncer- 
tain, unless combined with aloes, jalap or calomel; it 
then relieves congestion of the liver. It is sometimes 
used to lower the heart’s action, in acute rheumatism 
and other inflammatory disorders in robust patients. 

»* Dosks :—To cause an increased flow of bile from the 
liver, horses and cattle take one to two drachms, mixed 
with aloes, calomel or epsom salts. Dogs require one 
to two grains, with calomel one to two grains, which 


596 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 


may be mixed with an ounce of oil. Price per ounce, 
40 cts. 


Potassium, Bicarbonate—Given before meals, it in- 
creases the secretion of the juices of the stomach, and 
is sometimes given for rheumatism. The action upon 
the kidneys is not so certain as the acetate or nitrate. 

Doses :—Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce; 
sheep and pigs, half a drachm to a drachm; dogs, ten to 
forty grains. May be repeated several times a day, 
well diluted with water. Price per pound, 20 cts. 


Potassium, Sulphuret—Large doses are irritant. Small 
doses stimulate the secretions of the skin and alter the 
condition of the system. Externally, it is sometimes 
used as a substitute for sulphur, in skin diseases. It 
has been used in chronic cough and rheumatism. 

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, one to three drachms; 
dogs, two to ten grains. Price per pound, 380 cts. 


Potassium, Iodide of—This closely resembles iodine, 
but is less powerful. It promotes absorption of deposits, 
reduces enlarged glands and lung consolidation. It is 
useful in rheumatism and skin diseases. Externally 
used, it is usually conjoined with soap liniment and 
laudanum, and is applied to swollen, rheumatie joints 
and to inflamed udders in cows and ewes. 

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, two to five drachms; 
sheep and pigs, twenty to forty grains; dogs, five to 
fifteen grains. May be given two or three times a day. 
Price per ounce, 25 cts. 


Potassium, Bromide of—This form of potassium con- 
trols irritability or excitement, whether exhibited in 
restlessness or convulsions. It is often given mixed 
with alcohol, chloral or opium. It quiets irritability 
from tetanus or lockjaw, in horses, and wards off 
epileptic convulsions in dogs. 


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MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 5@T 


Doses :—Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce; 
dogs, five to twenty grains. May be given every twoor 
three hours. Price per pound, 40 cts. 


Potassium, Nitrate of (Saltpetre)—This drug is quite 
extensively used in veterinary practice. Large doses 
are irritant and slightly laxative. Medicinal doses 
arrest putrefaction, alter the condition of the system, 
reduce fever and act upon the kidneys by causing an 
increased flow of urine. It is used quite largely in the 
treatment of febrile and inflammatory complaints, both 
‘in horses and cattle, and lessens the pain in fever and 
founder. Externally, when dissolved in water, it is an 
excellent application for bruises by dispersing the 
inereased flow of blood to the parts, thus exerting its 
cooling effects. 

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce; 
sheep, one to two drachms; pigs half a drachm; dogs, 
ten to thirty grains. May be given three or four times 
daily. Price per pound, 12 cts. 


Potassium, Chlorate of—This drug is quite extensively 
used in veterinary practice. It arrests putrefaction, 
alters the condition of the system, increases the tlow 
from secreting glands and also the action of the kid- 
neys. It soothes and heals eruptions and ulcerations of 
the mouth and throat, while in catarrh, sore throat and 
distemper, it thins the secretions and promotes the dis- 
charge from the nostrils.. It lowers the pulse and fevers, 
cleans the tongue, improves the appetite; gently stimu- 
lates the bowels and renders their evacuations more 
natural and less coated with mucous. It is useful in 
distemper, epizootic and the various forms of influenza, 
coughs and colds, as well as in the treatment of purpura. 


Dosres :—Horses and cattle, two to four drachms; 
sheep and pigs, twenty to forty grains; dogs, five to 


598 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 


fifteen grains. May be given three or four times daily. 
Price per pound, 380 cts. 


Potassium, Permanganate of—This remedy is seldom 
given internally, but is used externally as a mild stimu- 
lant, and to destroy the odors of foul and unhealthy 
sores. It is used frequently as an injection into the 
vagina and womb, to destroy offensive odors, and in the 
treatment of leucorrhcea or whites, mixed in the pro- 
portion of one drachm of the permanganate to a quart 
of water. Price per pound, 40 cts. 

Potassium, Acetate of—Is used the same as the nitrate 
potassium, which it closely resembles in its actions, and 
is given in the same doses. Price per pound, 40 cts. 


Potash, Caustic—Caustic potash is attained from ashes 
and is used to cauterize snake bites and to remove 
warts and fungus growths. It is seldom used intern- 
ally. It is now used quite extensively in preventing 
the growth of horns on calves. This result is obtained 
by taking the stick potash and applying it over the 
parts where the horns grow, when the calf is two or 
three weeks old. First cut off the hair over the parts, 
then moisten them a little, then apply the potash spar- 
ingly, and no horns will grow afterwards. Price per 
pound, 60 cts. 

Prussic Acid—This drug is such a deadly poison that 
it is unsafe in the hands of an amateur and should only 
be given where it has been prescribed by a professional 
man. Dilute, price per pint, 50 cts. 


Quassia—Quassia is a bitter, which increases the — 


appetite, tones up the system and expels worms. It is 
prescribed for dyspepsia, loss of appetite and in con- 
valescence from debilitating diseases. 
Doses :—It is usually given in the form of an infu- 
sion, which is made by soaking for an hour, one part of 


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MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. , 599 


the chips to eighty parts of cold water. Of the infu- 
sion, horses and cattle take two to four ounces; sheep 
and pigs, four drachms; dogs, one drachm. Price per 
pound, 15 cts. 

Quinine, Sulphate—Quinine is obtained from the bark 
of cinchona, of which there are different varieties, 
yielding various amounts. It is used for the same dis- 
eases as cinchona bark, but being the extract is much 
stronger, it is given in smaller doses. It is given to 
tone up the system, improve the appetite and check 
fermentation within the bowels. It reduces fevers and 
hastens convalescence from debilitating diseases. Large 
doses sometimes check congestion of the lungs, thus 
cutting short an attack of lung fever. It is useful in 
influenza, protracted cases of strangles, and purpura, 
-and other feverish attacks in horses; also in fevered 
conditions in cows and ewes after delivering their 
young, and in bad cases of distemper in dogs; or any 
disease which is caused from malaria. 

Dosss :—Horses and cattle, half drachm to a drachm ; 
sheep and pigs, five to twenty grains; dogs, one to eight 
grains. May be given two or three times daily. Price 
per ounce, 40 cts. 


Rectified Spirits—Rectified spirits very much resembles 
alcohol and is used for making all the spirits and a 
large number of the tinctures and extracts now in use. 
It is quite extensively used in its various forms. It 
stimulates the secretions of the stomach and improves 
the appetite in indigestion; it relieves bloating and 
controls the spasms of bowels, colic or intestinal colic; 
also checks persistent diarrhoea, equalizes irregular cir- 
culation in chills and strengthens the heart’s action; it 
is used in epizootic catarrh, sore throat, congestion of 
‘the lungs, bronchitis and pneumonia, and in all patients 
during lingering or debilitating disorders, or in any 


600 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 


case where stimulants are indicated. Used externally, 
it causes redness of the skin and acts as a mild irritant, 
entering, also, into the formation of various liniments. 

Dosrs :—Of the rectified spirits, horses take about 
one ounce; cattle, one to three ounces; sheep, half an 
ounce; pigs, two drachms; dogs, one drachm. Whisky, 
gin and brandy, which are made from rectified spirits, 
are not nearly so strong and may be given in much, 
jarger doses, as often as occasion demands. Price per| 
pint, 35 cts. | 

Resin—This is obtained as a residue, in the prepara-| 
tion of turpentine. Itisa mild stimulant and acts upon: 
the kidneys, causing an increased flow of urine. Ex- 
ternally, it is used in the formation of various plasters. 

Doses :—Horses and cattle, one to two ounces; sheep 
and pigs, half an ounce; dogs, two drachms. Price per 
pound, 5 cts. 

Rhubarb—Rhubarb increases the tone of the stomach, 
causes an increased flow of bile from the liver and 
acts as a mild physic. Small and repeated doses, 
improve the appetite. It is usually given combined 
with aloes, epsom salts or some other cathartic, as it 
scarcely produces any purging effect upon the bowels of 
norses or cattle, when given alone. 

Dosrs :—To increase the tone of the stomach, horses 
take one ounce; cattle two ounces; sheep, one drachm; 
dogs, ten to twenty grains. Price per pound, $1.00. 

Salicylate of Soda—This is prepared from salicylic acid 
and soda. It is a whitish powder and is used consid- 
erably in the treatment of all kinds of rheumatism. 

Dosrs :— Horses and cattle take two to four drachms; 
sheep and dogs, ten to fifteen grains. Price per ounce, 
18 cts. 

Salicylic Acid—Salicylic acid is a soft, light, white 
powder. It is odorless, but when inhaled, irritates the 


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MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. GOL 


nostrils and has an action upon the liver which renders 
the bile more watery. It is used in dyspepsia where 
bloating occurs, and in diarrhoea in young animals to 
arrest fermentation. It is used in all classes of patients 
for rheumatism, whether acute or chronic. Externally, 
it is used conjoined with alcohol, in the treatment of 
skin diseases, where itching is a predominant symptom. 

Doses :—Horses and cattle, one to two drachms; 
sheep, hogs and dogs, ten to fifteen grains. May be 
given every one to two hours, but should always be 
mixed with either baking soda or borax. Price per 
ounce, 15 cts. 

Santonine—Santonine is used almost exclusively for 
the destruction of worms and is one of the best remedies 
for their extermination. When given at night, it should 
be followed by a brisk physic in the morning, or it may 
be mixed with the physic and given at the same time, 
upon an empty stomach. 

Dosrs:—Horses and eattle, one to two drachms; 
sheep and hogs, two to ten grains; dogs, one to three 
grains. Price per ounce, 30 cts. 


Soda, Bi-Carbenate of, and Carbonate (Baking Soda)— 
These two preparations of soda counteract acidity and 
alter the condition of the system. When given a half 
hour before meals, they increase the secretion of the 
gastric juice. They are very serviceable in relieving 
indigestion and bloating, hence are given to relieve 
flatulent colic. 

Dosses :—Horses and cattle, one to three drachms; 
sheep and pigs, twenty to forty grains; dogs, five to fif- 
teen grains. The bi-carbonate may be given in double 
the amount above mentioned. Bi-Carbonate, per pound, 
7 cts; Carbonate, per pound, 5 cis. 


Sodium, Chioride—Common ‘fable Salt. 


602 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 


Sodium, Sulphate—See Glauber Salts. Price, per 
pound, 5 cts. 

Spanish Brown—This is used in various mixtures and 
contains a light percentage of sesquioxide of iron, 
Price, per pound, 5 cts. 

Spirits Frumenti— Whiskey. 

Squills, Syrup oi—When given in large doses, squills 
causes vomiting and purging; in small doses, it lowers 
the pulse rate and raises the blood pressure. It also 
causes expectoration, and increases the action of the 
kidneys. It is chiefly given in diseases of the air pas- 
sages and lungs, in the form of syrup. 

Dossrs :—Horses and cattle, two to rour drachms; 
sheep, hog and dog, ten to twenty drops. Price, per 
pint, 45 cts. 

Stavesacre Seeds—This seed is used for the destruc- 
tion of lice, and is the best remedy known for this pur- 
pose. It is prepared by taking one pound of the seeds, 
adding two gallons of water. Simmer over a slow fire, 
for two hours, then add water sufficient to make two 
gallons. It is then ready for use. Price, per pound, 
25 cts. 


Strychnia, Strychnine—This is prepared from nux 
yomica and is given in all diseases where nux vomica is 
useful. See Nux Vomica. 

Doses :—Horses, one to two grains; cattle, two to 
four grains; sheep, one-fifth to one grain; hog and dog, 
one-fiftieth to one-twentieth of a grain. May be given 
twice daily.. Price, per ounce, $1.50. 


Sulphuric Acid—This acid is a corrosive, irritant 
poison, but is used to arrest putrefaction, to tone up 
and cool off the system. It is also used as an astringent, 
and is given in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. It is 
also useful in influenza tending to purpura. It is used 


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MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 0038 


externally in various liniments and asa blistering oint- 
ment, when combined with other remedies. 

Doses :—Of the medicinal acid, horses take one to 
twe drachms; cattle, two to four drachms; sheep, half 
a drachm toa drachm; pigs, ten to twenty drops; dogs, 
two to five drops. May be given several times a day, 
freely diluted with water. Price, per pint, 5 cts. 


Sulphur—Flower of sulphur is quite extensively used. 
It acts as a mild physic, when given internally. Exter- 
nally, it is used in various skin diseases, being very 
effectual in the cure of mange and scab, and is usually 
combined with tar oils. 

Dosrs :—To loosen the bowels, horses take one to 
four ounces; cattle, three to six ounces; sheep and pigs, 
one ounce; dogs, two drachms. Ointments used exter- 
nally usually consist of one part of sulphur to four of 
vaseline or lard. Price, per pound, 8 cts. 

Sugar of Lead—See Acetate of Lead. Price per 
pound, 20 cts. 


Sweet Oil—See Olive Oil. Price per gallon, 75 cts. 


Tannin, Tannic Acid—This is used principally as an 
astringent in chronic diarrhcea and dysentery. It is 
useful in preventing bleeding in the stomach, bowels or 
womb, also from the lungs. Externally it is used on 
ulcers of the mouth, sore teats, and piles. It is some- 
times used as an injection, in gleet and whites. 

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, one to two drachms; 
sheep, hog and dog, three to ten grains. Price, per 
pound, $1.50. 


Tansy, Oil of—This is used principally in the forma- 
tion of liniments. It is a useful application for 
bruises, sprains, muscular rheumatism and _ chronic 
ulcers. Internally it is sometimes used to relieve flatu- 
lent colic. It is also employed to produce abortion. 


604. MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 


Dosrs:—Horses and cattle, half a drachm to a 
drachm; sheep, hog and dog, one to four drops. Price, 
per ounce, 28 cts. 


Taraxacum—This remedy is taken from the dande- 
lion, and is a good blood purifier, stimulates the liver, 
and is an excellent remedy for jaundice. Price, per 
pound, $1.86. 

Tartar Emetic—See Antimony Tartrate. Price, per 
pound, 55 cts. 

Tincture Opii Camph., Paregoric—This is a preparation 
of camphor and opium, benzoic acid, oil of anise, clari- 
fied honey and diluted alcohol. It is used to relive ab- 
dominal pains, or irritability of the stomach or bowels; 
also for allaying cough. 

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce; 
sheep, hog and dog, one to three drachms. Price, per 
pint, 60 cts. 

Tolu, Syrup of—This is principally used for coughs. 
colds, sore throat, or any chronic disease of the throat 
and lungs. 

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce; 
sheep, hog and dog, two to four drachms. Price, per 
pint, 50 cts. 


Verdigris, Copper Subacetate—This is an irritant poison 
and is seldom used internally. Externally it is used as 
a caustic stimu. cnt, astringent and antiseptic. It is ap- 
plied in the form of a powder, solution or ointment, 
and is made of one part of verdigris to eight or ten of 
lard, vaseline or water. Price, per pound, 50 cts. 

Vitriol, Oil of—See Sulphuric Acid. Price, per pint, 
5 cts. 

Vitriol, White—See Zinc Sulphate. Price, per pound, 
10 cts. 

Whiskey—See Rectified Spirits. 


MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 605 


Witchhazel, Hamamelis—This is quite a valuable rem- 
edy, for sprains, bruises, wounds, inflammations, con- 
gestions, or injuries from any source, in soothing and 
controlling the inflammation. It also enters into the 
formation of many liniments. It is used also as a 
soothing application for piles. Price, per gallon, 75 cts. 


Wormwood, Oil of—This oil is used in the form. tion 
of various liniments. Price, per ounce, 40 cts. 

Zinc, Chloride—This remedy is scarcely ever given in- 
ternally. Externally, it is used as a stimulant, 
astringent, caustic, and for the destruction of parasites, 
and is a valuable remedy in the treatment of canker of 
the foot. Price, per pound, 50 cents. 


Zinc, Oxide—Zinc oxide is mostly used externally, in 
the treatment of skin diseases. It is useful in relieving 
tenderness and itching, and assists in healing excoria- 
tions of the skin, being also frequently mixed with 
vaseline or glycerine, in the form of an ointment. 
Price, per pound, 15 cts. 

Zinc, Sulphate—This is seldom used internally, but 
externally it is used as a stimulant and astringent, to 
promote the healing of wounds and foul ulcers, and 
when combined with sugar of lead and water, makes 
the famous white lotion, a healing preparation. It is 
sometimes used in the treatment of diseases of the eyes. 
Price, per pound, 10 cts. 


INDEX, 


HORSE DEPARTMENT. 


PAGE. 
IMURCORBOSS coatoace inc cotnine cat cemwccblad cb epennceaccoclancussltune cose wales 
ADSCONS OGIO. colewtasaeel seccinstsscvciesacane Bodcnieabbiauewiccwalrapecl io 
ACIUGH oot okeaaiele snieitanieie ap aincth ales arises a/csiam eis Rite eave vane cies & Ws 
PATDUININGTID os seine es ce csigesaccs si sneecanvcevsusechrclecetence tll ¢ 
Amaurosis.. fs wad aba tahis sgleiees ose cies cela seinlen a wh'a cme sdajenayaeilss4 
Amputation of Penis.. Sea e Re Soe Ae cathodes terme Celvaisclees tone LO 
Aneurism..... Rear USERS enn AP aR Gs sts F 
ANIASAT CO ie Sth alan os sae cticeeica as deemed scan actese Car ti@teawiedeinacciae keh 
Anwmia. Lefetigis Wie ca uaatachiodecs comeisascheceeiclsabitstv,caeiee actor 
Ankles, Cocked.. BAe aes caedts Baer SelaNe He oselelh na aldow shaterdonieweee 
pouleny bn ee. We etalvete bees’ seth goa beualecee ea count eeee 
IAP UUTE ULM cja'aade dea calaeasisaicim steven acwlcciaelee del sales celeste Sisianui sive 281 
Asthma ........ BS MGa seh ce asec on aa Oe eas) Ran es ee 
Atrophy of the Muscles. . Rawat ¥ a cin aioe sal Wnmolatala'a[sietna emails «\s'ols 271 
AZ OUUTIS dias see ae eee eee Tele o Be auto dan ok citate ae tewdcelee sete stom 


Barbeusw ire, WOUNGSTLOM ans cyeoe. 22 cocecoceaacaecebsesecsmsn-e)¢ 
BACK SDLAING ©; ican vie aniek caitote vs om aneplectic.e sie aitaetememiscoe cna: 275 
APH iess eos cua cieichs aecebien meee cake atk cic ses dase ee eetrereiee sles Le 
ERMA ls | oh cted ciscectentcecuiet cae conicmee case wee Mesaele acres weleats, AG 
BOGE NV AIIN ooo cise at yeine sowie canaiy cic basa Walnke sUsiavealn tte clleit cial’ siseeis,2 19 


Bladder, Paralysis te SAGs caren es ome eno ishitecios opctiemesiiet Loe 
os Inflammation BRO Pm Cu aye ta sth eaee 
wu WVELSIONCOL suck cece sa anicat shave Wesekatsieceresearctecesicsleo 
O SGONGAN WHE re ances ease shou ea cieee dembie nals Oe cebewas <eee sion 
Fe ye the nostril, Unset c eet Gn elven tecentisw@eusbres siefalhaatcacs 53 
s ALLEL CASEPATIONL cc SareocielenoelSeslall cs cttrcsbe bec vewes fesse LON 

BHI SGOPIN EA vacecelcs jcldstente's cnecidd stienaeccisecieidcedh ced sees seine eane OD 

BOOUNSDAVAN cocticcladsaieniccem soins cue biiciteddeseotnatteacd enc desame cays 

PBIGOUYAUTING test eects ects eae ent ae eS see see, ae LEG 

BORSPAVAN se ccdabotass camcicsccieses caceleeeeincice fs iiesstbee ow amin eeeiee ace 

IB OINSGRL sooner cece ice entice esvecueccelectaliese’anetebcasmaaetcm cet cctiasc, Let 

BORGIS PAVIA asic cisco Sacelstnc esc sc Seiebiane awe, Seismiasada ec wsaelsee e288 

Bots.. Bis eaeeidalencistec Sales ano clase a siamioeie aces emaetcanieclscLle 

Brain, Inflammation Oiincdccioen tohivattde scwtlveseardaempcnscciesaes Lit 


(607) 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

BRT ATN ae wierors ee cieicta ates ais (owe sveleie si ctatase /ereierelelnicielecietctelnctolslcasronemseee cae e 
Bright's: Disease a) vsnjockesericcigsrc dele sels crassa tein ate tiaecietoe etna Ly 
Bronchitis........ aiataloveloioreveisleleicieie/s a'ale elcialceinets slewie civeete Daeinlaciiiectee OS 
BLONCHOCEIE accesses cet Bisaletictlenisictisneiiesaclessmitcn aeisecReeeeee coe 
Broken‘ or, Bruised Knees. aie. csacineccicc ce ess uies vckosenivsnicetseiee LOU: 
Bruises.. Rea Riatierelaattaratatettulsrcisievetetere cinielcmioteleinielclereieteiec octane ets eeiLics 
Of of the Frog.. Lraieislata e’asteralare einielaete ce uisicisleinn Se mee cco mel oS 
Burns or Scalds.... Pile POR SeRU Nae an pn EN CTU Bay Ute 


Calk Wounds...... Adauebo coogasca Boon oboonoe ssaondooe Goabaosoasacsl 
CalenlussCysticuccaniewamtocccitecimcbiets cache oeoatetan camile tec oe see eeren ol 
CamMmkenrs estas icsraictccwbrectswvahiners we mieaateriee eases caeed ieemacciel oS 
CappedsHOelks 5 ess Sivewssteme sess co octsese ao bterescistecee sete sae trecauneel 
Carpitis.. Ralafetaciia aisn aisha atatase'alelavsialercvoisiereiare are rcarercseistele cists siesieeiae eae 
Carrots. Bose aisvalslolalanisiatersinistelaiaisieletaielelorelaialetsiietelerstatoteitearevete stan o) 
Caries of aneectn els/alalatetelelcioteisiaiastsiatelercsiactaieteislslelsteleiasinreenicisiciers 234 
Castration.. eshte eretafelsiaielnials/alaaietole(aiata n cleisicleisievennicicicllen a aeLiee 
ee Bleeding eter! bBOOO DONS oS DOO? adS.OO Oded ONC oo oolkels: 
Catarrh, Chronic... yg Reais CUE I tc, Mecha cr ae A Sa oe 
ne INGSalec Suse ceatac cee caarcleg horeaen beeen as bie meen aauiee ren aaDO 
Chaff.. 5 BOPOADICAOO. 500 Done Dose: Subaooas Hecelaasa cad, 
Chafing by the Hens slapaleidieleje eleisis¥sjeic erersiaiefetclejersicieajareteret slau mala 
Choking... Sibi atets iat foveieraile/e'e sin teicueis elorevala eters levers ela tonvere ie dale Seteete ene 166 
Cece Roaring... Secale de rSuic heen ers lee eiteats rode mameerhs cata 
Cocked Denice Lear ete STON eee sa VME edie 
Coffin Joint TLaiiGheserc Lacie Momeni as SHAM pilot 
Colle EIAtuTent 76 ec srcicvseiieis sane me eeueic duels we ceteincrsicmee eoormt cee 40) 
PO DASIMOGIC sdac koa saan ieat eiects ale homed memento secs oe eee aD 
Coldin ther Head .axF sais cee ese eee Se eee niece eee en DS 
‘* Abscess . - So Haas adb ac omanecocoss sous msunaeonadodos! it 


se BMS GIVER: dectentanstioe cccien Waustorsiehelsed eine relesanealste eaaale 99 

sf SONS TASTELESS cola antent cle states es cemia cae ome eee 4 
Constipatiomissacc sos ys pacince ne eters cee re ee eal eons maioeaton sto sbicreste neo 
Contracted Heels sexo jan eee ded pone ae ee ae eee ents 202 
ContusediandUncisedy wounds seen cece heccoeereeseecee ee 
OTD aera wersetelae late cick seio wee atalore cratemiataveln ovals ate re nee ei cable a sice ee een ED 
CORDS Sade orton eaten tel voa ace es be Be wale ale ee ease aiaiak Mis eae nae LO 
COLONItIS sen cicstnieeein ested ein ce ae ordecin eae cle Bae crane on ae 2.9 
Cough) Chronle gatas nsec eiwarcuaaalss Hele ee suleire Tee e eee eae ase GS 
GATS sae -ssoierataretevere ease Geet alele wietate alot cto rostaniclas oon ete e eet we nae eAD 
Cxrl=DICELS seach se sass cecaias esolem ate ale Unlae cao otto Sais Noa Poe eel OB: 
Cub) sence Walmintn sie aiatelorateteisieieicteieiereielsicteinate oclnieisisihetaiacisisinice sche aaticetaae 


Decay-or/Cariesiof ithe) Teethys co isciyscectscine sc eclecee osbneaicel se emeos 
Diaphragm, Spasmiofincctdusnac toes ace snes ese eae ae econ 75 
Diarrhea. Be Badd OCS So da aed aAido.daduoo add coarbebiceereddoer tel. 
Diabetes, Insipidus. ioishelsiclsVelalslelieisicisiclalalelalatstaleeisicieisialciow siaivemeisicsetere lO 
Dislocation) of the "Patella 2. )..cc.-55-nnsjs soe esame meee calecsosiceslee00 
Disinfectioniss2.sasssscee Hoceacs tsleteinainialesinaienienieeelstesinetcescisdeisieOu! 
Distemper Or Stranglesscs,sciccoaeisieacine doves Wolcisi cw cemsonine ceeecel 


PAGB. 
DORON CHEB coe occas ork catalan c's nyo clelnejajeie'ec.occnfoveenccecsioseaieecia\n® 28 
TACO Bay eee ee ees Rees esas acenacrGhnsk adap wcominae sl Oe 

4 of the Scrotum UA UR i Shee a TSN LE cate e oyess wale aeieye AOL 
Dropsical Swelliug.......c0ssceecececcee cece cece cece cesses sees oo ALT 
WIVRONGCEY. ook cock oe kc ccce + tah poneaasiss cates pe cos sipn ewes ee seen’ 91 


TIA aTe Nese rostes od Ritu mertomaied aa asm ann sh pe eemonterlons S00 


ElbOW LAMENESS. .ccce cece ccc ccccccvccscecnscsces essere Orsi JeniceeebD 
Pinteritisisccesdes «sae a= es Me colce didaicvieie a ciemele cle uantsle sen a\¥ss6's 82 
FinteritissMco cc ccs caw Velo ons ule sep iclenviacjes ss anise ajsisiniassecevssn sleiee 84 
cose elle Be Sas ean ens css db desde ianuc> sive wekcaininn ese risles 53 
Epizootic.. Re ek eae ae neiae Cad ea ocimecmetiensr ce -i9% Ba ctalee were 43 
RGysipelas ye Dae REY ts 31 aegicg cine artdanaae. oe COL 
Eversion of fia Bl ere IMIR: PES SESS cra, ht wieinre ae nee siecle acesedee 

4 G6 MG Parl Pec cals waa Wesicwtelvicweqelbieips sated neicwras eest clO3 
Eyes, Inflimmation Of.....2.2.csseeee coo ceceecseceennceoeann cesedBa 
Eyelids, Turn........ iad dultalasee savage yas Me teeteettatneent nee 
Bye, Watering ....00sce-eeeee ae eet a, cap eciniae sinte: ie sate oaeteses loo 


Facial Paralysis ..... Bact hee Merah Saas es nase dees aeons Metnjees lciss 
Farcy.. : BOF a Ate ar tite NL Sates ein Benn OO 
Feet, Infiatimatiod “of Be Eels e iceinaleia,piets Beh Acweneitna ney ds ives wees 163 
Fetlock Joint, Sprain of..........++ wr eepek aes et aceesse 261 
19e hme ene ween oce Bie eas ice ale alaie’e wtb dievejuiowweimaieisine Pere rcivsen enka 
Fistulous Wi Bers aa tant eees +. SB oe Cpe eo Ger SL aaa pane 182 
Fits, Falling .. ee ae ES Ley Oech shen uaemaeme nena alae 
Flatulent Colic. Sea srate oteiy nod ee Saws saat wae emmee™ tame se Sup)< 49 
Flexor Tendons, Sprain ne ia She bee ae so area <a ane Rar isis" 262 
OMG NAO DS ics nee cide g downs «ce dudcwre,svleedccuciasiae eelnsianisines se'ee.s 20 
FOOGS ANd Feeding :  ---. cece ccecccsecccccnccsenccessccccoscrs 11 
MOOEAGEAVE! ils. cc ctoe | soancessaclsevene'-visnnesawiepsccrcsiense ices 197 

© PUMICE... cece recceccers Kee tet Vie ccacsmcsaasa cena peeeeess 198 
OMS HEAUD? ce tacccceeen s orise casas Jenni) bv sinew erejesiein'e se virineieeielei*.” 125 
WUGUTCEES coe nw cdstoet Usielc ates eniemadesees Bp Ree aaa TOe 163 
Frog, Bruises Of .....--.-2s+sees eee De hee ME aa arcinyeinie afete e'siafe Jenn) 


Galls, Saddle or Collir.......-.-++ee+- ERI Ae ars OE). oe Oe cists ini ALO 

CET POW ARTIC ute a'eis a anie ce erste s seaaele PRON Cera teres oc ofo,hgsin LO 
ERS GLUT Se cea cre ioreie eset ero eae ata elsfayc alc thlaraleters'ose'=\n\eistaie'eis a/e\eiossin vie # cle, asic 92 
GIT re Oe ee eee c nicinle els Sed bine stein sicple wieteiejals sie ciacclesgerrz.selald 5) 
GOSSITISE aoe eepee cceccu= so ncriname monte da Seocndede Wie Tape tate Gdieiieeie) se 105 
Goitre...... en cfow aioe ctosisiae re aig the a ne pha Sea rich npr ok 
GOMNOLTN OR cece 6c vi denceccicscesiviccesicncn emacs cans EAE ecwlesinentes 128 
Gorged StoMmachb....... ceceecccceecereecccrcencencccs cesses otis Oo 
AyavelaniBOOk: ccs cece sclssst alsin sic.000 sietsis) ~~ SPR Srl Romaine tassel Od 
Grains... s<- Se ee ee aac lsiala da clelaiesineie /efeisintslaisins.e\=mieie mina, 5s 14 
GTASS oe cisco wieslents Ba aIN = ce calc seit sic.si alas seine sem Lb Rh oraicaiiete sie 16 
Grease Heel...... eee cre eidaiaie fate Dene acto ieainsjevs ePoesiatsreree® sie ste 151 
GUUBEAD LO che ee era tele esticna toe piatlcisiniets cee ni nine pert Wipe Steshe 8 eo TUL 


C09 


610 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 
Hemorrhagia Purpura....... stajuitantslslsiajelniuleteleaia(eiais'siateleisieinioisiaisiatsle essen CO 
ELESINAGUTC divers) sicieinjeiniereaces cist eisis'siuia sie le's aeleleiisies  aiaicieinyale Gis s/salefelniaiais a SL 
ELPIIMOTE NOLS a ciisiccaisacclscie Waneciaciselatnty ecicleisnieiieneislelels Riaieielwle ore isoAe. 
TALNESS a claelclwoies se'eselere Slercalelsins bracicsisinsaee cwsicealetoaemaciicesicsgios 17 
IEE Wocdcde cagsononapna cong caseue Sodencsock. ees ochobocdaspsecoacoseue, 1s 
TG AV OB a ceienlerec aierecie alate crsteiec cossactace cuaiaialoietescleeateicac coon ae oie in elec nelenicee mio 
EiGels CONTLACDEC as vewicisisecwisiciesiaiian's selena istics ccvetinietaine deleleoncem nace 
HF ETHNTPLO LR ctalejaisielojslelsicroteisniaiers ets BOM OOd 4 3 do eapeceecedecceedeco cag danosa, Lt 
ELEY) AUDI eo lciswenencoanes=cancicninic eisisisiaislaisioivaerslalieietacrauisisvaineialeaistis einstein Ol 


Ge PB OMNGy-Pesieiiis nies cictcinesislacnaieios «leis Sieatath se sisi siaisieve cintalaleisimiaictcha 158 
Hind Limbs, Paralysis of......... Aelaasistolncivisiarcioctets cienicias ailatcwe el Ox 
EVA AGATA CVESStercistate fel cieis ie lalcior sd eh vsve anys costenaberstelenee tc ovavatere ware late talelmetets 244 
Ely drOCOlGiericisswrelceswielenisieseieleisics vieleiecle erisiacisrenicsiss cic’ ehatcloteeta mint ces 121 
ERY GT OD NGI Ais ae alae steldiaeiain’clasialets n=iete aialsintalnlsieiniatatnisielaiia’ersialatsnineiaic ail 
ERY Ste acces acsceeistcsiasscleisisainn satecice cisicw coi cianaleiiacicimactcaassisiserne ee 


Icterus..... edaloialefoictoredal ctolenstciste? teas ntctotnieiniaiateteisteicioeinis Aeidcoognaaoaoosan Sie 
Incised and Contused Wounds........ qdbsacosods so seodSdaco sabes 
ATIC SF ESHLOTM sale taietcleins eciselaiciscraain onnbdtocds scomscttandantoossaace RE 
In AAMT a tOMy OL TAGG rejects aisiois slate! ainlclelsinlelulersioiels lols islets niaieieiajaisietmia’s 127 
oF se SOW OL Sa pisresistcistaiot is/are /aeialen iatateialate winhsla(eleteisislatele minatell Gee 
ss Wy eigratal peng agandadage wisleleyeia slaia/eleteistetnicle Sn doosdinea click § 
ss ¢ Coronet........ a yale a alla Jovetorateon es lnvatet a ieinye at trai inter len svar 209 
a Jao Baye seacpuGodaciopadonauocadbeae uated Hsee Hace acon 133 
“S CSCC Oba aeictcleleieiisiainiciciain! elae'= aNatelo stain sioreisiois icislaratersreteterstale 163 
ss OP DP OIDTSY sy icleels se ns lseleninere asi sis fave Nee eyetets setdieet 277-281 
e P SESICLTT OVS Fointsteraistslerateleietaleleieisiotelcien! sidieicietelsists Ssdoo once! 
Bh EOIN ESS einiels sini sieitoininctseleleicie/= @ ciatsievatn ele) atnjelowers etste slays 266 


ve “ Lining Membrune of the Abdominal Cavity.,111 
ce $e WEN 2S) ares saonscosace BeiGdbodbosnoce aaddusacd, is! 
ee “2 Gy aor) HEN HKES=, (ha Ga58 Hoon anooucc ods ogoanocauale Lt 
Me ‘© Mammary Glands...........0. eiotaieiefotaiaras Bias 132 
ee “© Membrane and Spinal Cord... . oc. occ. cecwlace 145 
re SoM MOULD esis aiscniaeocsiccies atelpclatsictaieleieielciaters eerste sie at Me 
ss ESE SUOMIACH Weis sotalm ciavelataisvacielore atciste aieieinie cic hiacieteiestar ieee 
Ee EP MOS TICLES cca ciauecisale omnia clactels cs ciseieieisiel esta spersiaereey Akar) 
“ & TOREUC 2.0.6 Shsiaiataniniolatsie) sie (alate vie eisieisletetael = foteia sate /cteke 105 
ef SS RCCL GI n aipls'ntaleteisielereiaia SO ORS A GOOEIGTU CUS Bera bom aoe 132 
PITA TOWZ7A, UZ OOHIC cr leies mlerem oie aa win tein einlel cveisiciastere) nie aiaialelois tateistaie meceks 43 
Injections ......... poUpobin sve mbondnddadad daa sohoeanousad Sinn ieisioteintat ere 
Intestinal Obstructions........ aiainiaelalslee bvosesuaenecacsiaaio nes cictataieleisieve noi 
TENT OCICLOLYaclad we cele sreisjentce seieia clea stelsioileipe’ela cieisiermein eieiveinisrsivesle Benatar 
TNGUSSUSCCPLLON < c-sesncecaiclemcesie vice e Sqdennsocmooonsas wehisieteieis Serie LLU, 
Irregularities of the Teeth..................0. piee ys aihiaiee als ete eoo 
Arrita tion Ofte skim cr te) leleisieleiesisacnieclesiesisnjeniselesise/eclcttes lesan eae 


SAUD GICO NHS: ete hae est aeasadeleeioce ce Aeicoiee claateit lenin wie clea ates oe tae be ee 
DOMES NO pers 2 i 07 Me ewe a dsarate teers cla leial oie mse netsletatesSicisimteia etctete ioe essen ane 


Fe ee 


INDEX. 


HENIOS) SPE UNG ee ve us colee verre sel stelaiate siete vetete Me td ln Saag sae st gia isi an cl 
Eeneeags Tn fannie nloMOte see sens ete ponies evict cue tas ae ah os atele gateihgtOO 
o Brolcen Or WRMISEs dass case dere ea ck Reet ena vei eelac cama eeceeOk 


TTT CAIN ON apace aretha ee teins a ian atoe ht covet a heats aides eslay vd ato sia’ ale les eo 


Lachrymal Ducts OUStrachom OL. sj shea aajhe)- oi pclae <n anion njewiecine ee LOO 
Diam Pasi wana col seran ce aac ol tect te mela ncaa oe Sees civ atamageiedss (OL 


Tu arya ne aeeayehs cece ec taal ere arse tah re eae aaa ee le AAS Bb ae OD 
MUAMENGSEMOOMMD ONG. oe ood ois kee cap vibts; da kn lasyle cieiegtets sacle e Zaid sie LU 
s SUTSOUY cae icr eects tre totter aates aise eit) njseta es on ot we, aa cavaatemt seo” 
Ue SNOWIGGE sate wuhnia cece hrafec aN Ebya aha cals acrse acrebpale 2a caerd 
ss SHH ROM ort. ote caters catchers saat aves deaaceas sod 


Baryneo s Daryn Mita ses pes alec a. seivclespaaledee de cr ts de Gas ineadnee OD 
BU CORTIOS ee ES A eccveait telat s aovce ait opie cy Waser’ eapeerena oe,» a0 Meee 


THALYS PE ALALV SIS Of GRE S dee sc ces ise eiga ete sn ate m= a ao IO ol bse’ elwlatel sofa 237 
DBaliver, CONGESTION OL ci c5 lclqars on wicnntee Fes wien Meno ae aie a Glared > wisraieus 99 

Rote iat LRIRAET NDNA A CONE OLS: see are oe den attend sie elclben Ae ne tanapeor aides ee 101 
NAO CRA AW varia atette ete eis me x dose eRe piesa omatine «cuit Meh ey emashin gan eunsacke 141 
AOLPGUS Sl aldol doh Aveeciolatein wha > Mumia clevised teeta we edna, we he med aidortercihanale 23 
PAINS; Meee ATTN ALOM: OP. ys Maielare so en aw a en Ware als, doin ale led tiatul tienes s 63 

Seiten COT ORCI Ola" crocie ite stele SE oie datwin tect blay de, Setnic lone Ualetasl = aistoens 70 


GV TYP ANS LOLS 6 on a wigs teiboteesle. «els, nad swe o's ola te Aone ee RE oro) 17 


Mammary Glands, Inflammation’ Of. iio cee ee cece cee elecs 132 
MIAN Eta eee acina gta de dnween vies ota ied Saree emo ll ctenotonde ca eaetia Chee ob 155 
MOO BINOHESS. akan shine sikninctoemtatuch aichiaurktoe sNica sedate tiga we toe 138 
MOG: MTA ATION OT. stele esis saat Sol es Weeetn ie etme tae ee 79 
MT OO-TMGCLIGIS). seve Mere diiay dicate fst cee et canikiontes fab Licule a ie fate sleiona 84 
MRS CLSS) PEG HUPFE OL .c-e sieyara be cantatas wis kide ee rau low Stamos sae 5 245 
re PXOIADTOLU NOL cami sseAe Pix aaah rece alasleper or tpsee fee wie wee idities 271 
MataAtions.:.. oi cee sisine « PRA eee eee at eonineaiae arittin acento 17 
INSTR err Gs. TrOrMiays yemieiace de ae crats Wyler ris arc ehiaya sialshidiel se aicrcla wise 195 
TS QS UCP RBI rca re sercts a elem ale obeys M OA Saltratan cipieheettelyeiclne Mu cdlers 56 
PAM LOC noma e alccoctsser Pest atats) ameeiate CWIE ¢jeakcutestaere semanas 246 

brah HET OER LA nacal saat ders eka. clsletty/n Saleen ea Aram asa einre Case a eh wine tage V7 
RMMLITEOAD St Nomar cinnin SE e aise athe k cimireis cleat aise seielinea aha Mr eeaers 177 
INAVACTIATTNBO ASO te sft una Se Sitrel Sum ete coc Mlo las ual datas singaet 210 
INGDRPIUIB sa 55 cise r= 2s - ARAN S Boba CHO OB OL Sc Pea: EO SOO eAAeSe 124 
VE GL OE WASH crate rots ate Stalin Pa diate, diane cent Wiese Merete ersin ocibe cic a ee beans ete eae 180 
NOSTLHUS sSlceqing trom tHE... 7s tecmasee ae eens Lee oie aie Seeds 53 
se WiOolnGs ADOUE Je iced ona sk haere ede aela eaten Seen ae 179 
INOSEU HM aISGs) MUMIOI IN. claccisscines ¢ ead phe ated Hasan deaaeeene s 177 
Obstructions, Intestin all.6 ose .6) cha cea Sane Pode eee eis 87 
Obstruction of the: Wachryaal Duct. 2:2 4) ss.18-eose eee eee 135 
CO} cr AT Ub res yoy: cl ae eM A aERO Acta aac ASE ERGY IniCly Sei anpmeien Wena E ena ir on 254 


612 


Is 


INDEX. 

PAGE 

Open WOlnbiserreccices de sovciege were sieiateretarn showers sree Weieie ciesleheta eee en, 
Ophthalmia, Berloaie seco ieee oct e cicieis ave koe see seco bius wees 138 
Over-heaeln go rajeciavs cee ctacinaise ae ascitemee ie Mobiclan siiatie teeicishtsiers ce nines 147 
OYE Nac go550 nD 80H wos cane coud sdbgDoCusa ONS dndd doa doeDNeBoSdhe 246 
Partial PPAaraly Sis) yy cpay<stisleece ae slercy oreo tacaeeote elelac nis sista teletete a ts eleieteeeeelere 54 
Paralysis ery Mew cpeucamtcwis be bist silastic sale wits Sai Matleeeaicersots Sp aau tts 
sf Of the BIA Mers ie se se liato inte ais cle cloais oie ehotetetloneieiemictients 120 

“s BCT aL re os alae eo saca lots vial aucraeta]aeialiote cieieareievwle wate nanela' eleiod 3 153 

fs Of therein d Wail Ds races sie ehatoesaetewioisieteeisodcen reeks 102 

ss bE B3l) ois auoodo oc aanear ceded aon esaaloenscn sae HAnS AlnDodtn 6 237 

as SPINEL VOLOL SIL G caiiiee.cselaenedeniclren terion cele tes certain 184 
PAT Ob MOU bE ese siete awys nrsreie sysgate ele saters tone isles ip bole msl n ntaa als eral caine ator slalele 235 
Patella MMDislOcatlOmon srt eiscjeiolectbeiersye weiss ctsysles ic severe cletele lerstersde Pay 23.5) 
Ponis PAM Puta tlonsOfen. concious ce eee cieelete oy nee mtoveisioe ole einieveieleterine 187 
J ETES ELIOT OUTS team At Bette set ce sd See Rae Cee LSC o ois SUE eo CERO E REE EN Uren ill 
Perrodie!@prrtrvea lays g oo 7 wrest ove)-isieve me elaie/eicieinia viele Oe wictiate n eeucieaisee 138 
iPharyngealPolyPUs s'i a ijare stele cjcicrs: iste ail craters oeieuaiersielqesebielairers ais elas dusts 178 
MPT V ULL Os arsetere atece = ster scot tees etches Sia earclara ausaternvanuieceia Toe ul uleerera ere staiei orton ie 144 
IPhymosisiand Para piyaWOSuis preteeraarectmerareled-ci=iistereelelcieleisiaie ieee 186 
Pilest ye cueee ade ee BRE Scine aay e TN ng too SL ARE TED A Oa 240 
APTAS BOT See ichetotee sive. 5 bse eve Sleroces ns elchetes ere cai Mae teats fe ievel alera at Geta imrcuateeinrsten iets 23 
TOURIST 5 Se aes ronan a heretic siohevortoraintesalom: Smciatah me taiercrale eam Gaeta raennite 65 
PnNewmMonil aes aeasy eee ABS ROD ADOT S COD CEOL OCS ORBOR BODO Sno oe tc 63 
AE OLEH WLM ahora ascioelisra ese eretere ate Stato ove va eieoe cieie eve aie elo etaveroytead ey alisiete e veiole eels 169 
POLY PUS NASA. Hs Me «sisio ncelos lage syeissetielclerd eseBianslecistoreis auc teelustelee 177 
TPOCAEO CSE eee eee Sree Cane elas acted se merp ag eae 15 
(PO ULHTCOS =o ccieuelecieveisisyarevetcaintsl sales le cove Sie clove wis eee eel witaisiseceuioeee 21 
TOWELS sasaiace Bisisltuw a sts arcs Ne loleuee noice aloo) evalotaleuerevelaleig lets sieieet sinjemte 22 
PP PICKS TP OMAN GLISY, cori sees coccrster cle ne eisoe oleate ete eevee anes ee ie eerie 195 
ELOLAPS SPAM ate eye) oe cree otcte itse aictolseate ete clouatemionste ea welehimaene eee 108 
APT PF Oa EMPIUUS aicreaiste vos eae al actesre ae ie noises e einstein ee ees 149 
LUMI CODON OOL A Naaywtass os aici neisle sea aoe eeaed We eeu aieinleid Sato Sisiieeiwlela ale 198 
Purpura peice OLEH apd a sanasce ct caciccsensece sere clecaice see cemienetcee 106 
QUITS oS iateiey ati sic as Seats ote Sera alec etotoi a cious io eVeasigielaiceialey cveyats dtrsmerincita 74 
(Aysh i itay pyperenenreess mun ner oy a AUER ai Sn F a aA TE aoe ame sae i Ae 196 
RE DIGS gece dere x ste Dc [crei sol Dcieae soak taikte Bee marca SLA ae NG cle esoin aloe alors ma aie 241 
RECHUM ME VELSLOLNO La ees a a ac a er ee ae Sacer 108 
Retentionvol Urine scaides ones eso te sic wales Deeb escalate tabete aisles 3 126 
UD SUB OLSTIN sei de ate tyevaiece te niet cove! Sraia fia Stele aieh aac motnlaisomralenicme ecieoeyes 278 
PUL COGS i yatcere rere ushers Pe hats sia ator sratuaaiane feist taie'e fare Levelt pareraton areata Bataan Sa 282 
FUT BeWVOLIMY Svea ate Napoiee wiekcte: seal coe. s ah aitiere| s eaiay eo omnes sere ole stale erate eed 181 
RUIN FDONE vod MeN sata cules Sew Ween eee a cine Seale eumtacdue mae alammedl 257 
MO ATID CHLONIC Siais sects oe cols taste ae oeiae ee asa alle levis enamine’ (oy 
PEL UPD DULG tele latescteioserent cate Gee ote eONe oT te vovselevelenieleiom slic sleeve cists ceseia 188 
ff OTMMUIS CLOSE e/chiensistie etaeteroie erestonetarn a Coles oreitic sini ts crate tees ste ache ea eRe) 
Saddle'or/ Collar (Gals crisis scarce c esos celeelessiereciecueesllesaw 26 154 
SaliViAtlOn Meee eos his seed seisce cote (ape suceeate ee Hosta eda etaloueioiae cas eabe 104 
SANGIOLACKS he icca des sietisiinscsttievsis sho lecareatetae ore ce wletste ete le oe «s. .208 
Scalds ang Burns evi Fe icic asics wis nis esis wae evotelalele.cecieie sisiclene sti ie oid ddieys 163 


SOTA UCIOS)«io7s/slislssreh sos <iciavecs clnsathingnlcnainte winiolale oaielavemte aioe e preteen en ASLO 


ROCA Vora pase Sie hye VAL. 8 


Soa MASE Beste Sorte sats thin dents) 


SN ota Res aon tas abene aT ee 


Spasm of the Diaphragm *>.<\5 5.5.7 
Suavile Boney seeses eas yo hist 


oF BOW A fae co rena gars ee 
. BBEDOG Soe weet Nosy. ty AOR 
a ae UE aS ae a ee 


SUG. Foner enges ome yaan Mh LL 


“ ree We lexor Tandons.s.0 4)... 


s “ “Suspensory Ligaments 


ss Inflammation of 
ss a Us ely ae ae Poa eG 
Stomatitis........., 


ae acy i SE ene Pn Te 
Strangles or Distemper.................. SO COREE Se F 


. 41 

MOEA Wencchdtonte coca e eae ele 
baa! Ea ne nO oe eR Td » 279 
Stricture of the Urethra.................... 123 
SHAH ile poi OE OS CREE de 
PRUSERORGAG  sniac tterciet usc Gel, Wee ute o/stelleial slaves ctte LA 7: 
Superpurgation.....00.. 0, ance . 
Suppositories................ Wels viniw claiaicieie’ieisieceian ened SL 
SUDO Fie Aenv's 0 csn shod shade bie hs ae Wisielsaiabeernie vac ae a 180 
Swelled rT ISP a eae a a snls soles eee Aiscncca aus: 
‘Legs, SOeKINg Es icc ee ee Sipsac sister creel 


Swelling, Lie ca act ER Ee A Be a RS aac “17 
Swinney...... PCRUnG Tapa ates saa tacweincidaion warwo.c'samaiied nay 1% 269-271 
iebabridnirystic cee tras re ney aha ae mC AS alelsia eset «e281 


614 


< 


PAGE. 

POON soa: aise een es cleee GemeIT ARM ae Bee aE Ratna stares 283-292 
ToL MEPPEUTATIBIOS OL: pei oue Cameleon sere ca a kedlei tae sle ce eeete eR ees 
Wrolt/or,/Supernumeraryonssscsicsscas veces senile ceccweccinee 00 
Desticles, Inflammation (of ss. e cones assess cele dat eates cntsese ee LOO 
MMSE Veh Tt PAR Sa saa ea MOn a ALAN Ty Oa Us RIM are LoMU Ture ean asa 
THOLrOugh Pim ss eNO Mele NU mes NA aule LA aaa a ee 
Thrush..... wibieis amiaeee es iGIe Seles Walkie fom eiaiera ua cheers ura Grou ieliie auc MLE 
AB ch bb art -V- Hy ear UNE ATE SRRI TAG CY Uae ee HANG ROMO HaHAM UIE NES Mea AT hfe Hr 
DOO} BOO yea NNN ky len NASH NN aL OMe ce RUIN alloys whe ee OD 
TonguenindarmniatonOl ane wae mua aera ae len meena ewie sta LOD 
OS EN JURIGS We cieee eicsue ens : 
Moothache saeco ee LO Acid par hier el ave ME DO 
POrN Eyelids wey ew Nu 4 
TOIMNONS eee a PSU arate kalemtataterate 
Rihiacpend 321 E  SeEHa Oy at Nc Yay Page IAL SI A RESIS Alan Sa Re Lf 

ae dal Ma S@RNOSUPH Misr UNE CRM ARI ay a ete EERIE ea igi 
se SONS ENTOAD! je ceaes Maeve ee tic auc eine eee ee eee ee 


oe 


Udder inilammatlonvon see secon elses ne ersaieee seme atte 
WrethraStricture/oiis ease ce oee kee eee a eieeaccedeoe ee een ea 
Urine, Bioody........ Sia eralsiaterevane etal ms etve lalate Mele a chose wee Tebele role satetaare 119 
Urine Retentionvot sue See ea eaten 


MADOLS.cceuce 


SWAT ES role ee ieM ee NALA A RRA UA MLU A ba i OMANI Ry Oak rae eee aaa 
DOV C OD ee eA cea edad a Le Ns Bal TEA OAR MALL UK oN LS UES Sb ated ean) 
WY abelian RVs ci UN AA ase RRO I Ne pelea an OL Oe 
AWYp eV ctsy regen ays Wal th 4; We pentane A HIS ou UR a Tea Ra Re ase asl 
VV GOR Aas ie cla, RL ESE STN ei A PO IRs RCRA NL EA SOL La 120 
SV SU Le aD Ss ek Ne8)2 Eh Us Manin ee) A at Ue Dy PO glee ee ah 219 
NUNES of V6 fe AeA Papp ys IN Ors le NL 
Aierbiote Ceca t Xe hd) gs PRU BRE MN WX HA Rio edn Tu SIRT GR ICAI POA MR a LA 
Withers; Histulomsi eels Lee Ae A Melly Romie ILL wea 182 
IWVOIRD Reb os a ee etn a Re no: Dagan e 236 
iy (Co od 00 WS PR UTA IED HpaI IE RyTL GPL YOR n UNA oad eg Ite eyt ge es TELE 
Wounds)from Barbed Wire sevaseo. cess cenenece sensiwaciernesele 

re rare Sais erate ache gin ta oate hate i omaa terete Shc ale Sp elede oe eee reetetee 201 

ee Incised and) Contwsed sis ses eka Mosse tee aes iene 231 

We ab the Wontar eee eee eee A Ce ey Mee 27 

se About the INOStrIIS, 20) sce Mepe c lelesenlewen ek rere moeweie enka 


VOLO WiSissinisisielsla esis nce alt Sele sisereeualseisistacieccontie 


CATTLE DEPARTMENT. 


Affections of the Second Stomach..... 2... 2... cece ec eens eens eee O20 
Al Dum n ura eee kel ctels TN Reet UE Ue A thee etarelaelreratohs a balate HCO 
ADOPLEXY"SPlaniIS 5 evel clelolacaevea se ois ale cielate ciate leereiasg aici= ciate ene OOS 


ADU cic oe cc teaa le hia k oce crease oaclegmelveis cle cwaipsieuls sicciveae/ap salem een 


BIRCHIOS os erase cacti ladtacs see thoeaecanasd ae berasvese besa ccjiese DOO 
Bladder, Eversion of...........s. ee eTnal este oe ns Whig oleislas Wetataalovers SeOnaee 

ty Tehri Atl OM! OF os ae cine, taselnstes eb thinsa UG clas ee eee ath lees hOeL 
Bloating.. Fe Ne Teh cee Re TEE blade wal o acialabrs = eyes Sitlcams enous 
Bloody Urine. He Se eee Ha MOe a Lt eee NG ots cicteic a cldagsareesaoLe 
Bowels, Tara tion ‘of. Bie chit se elas SMR Selolert be ectctee ise sop eats e 
Brain, Inflammation of..... eae aeataciieioake ct she ceslaaes cote sola 
Bright’s Disease... . cea se crete cess aesiapisce Maesesies sBUS 
Buckeyes, Fits*from eHatne. LEOCLR A MRT perstve etter dase pa clack enim aiene src 331 


OBlyess White SCOULS IN sos terete parses aiced a\nsmcie None oes v'e neuen OUD 
CRRCOTOURNOICETS lian coe ck ses bats eles ncn nideles seme neds exes mee metie 311 
GA GANV OTRO lO eye loc ctarcte cet Seis alots te niatelelolo ete Ey Sakaieajcie wie Cave mere a ORO 
Choking... - Peer Cokie Sa Fee des ahem omekBbieciaes arene VOLS 
Chronic Indigestion. EN ater t ete Wats MIRE ainlain a J alae s'eaiele'w diay e HOE 
Colle... Nurse Rake SOM Sb Fe cary Voie Cth Bra Ciaran) het Cys ARAN ale oll Maret nigiels ean neD 
Conjunetivitia, Ree a Ae ae aR oe aan’ sa /aainatobtadleaten achweamioeet 326 
Contagious Pleuro- Pneumonia . Baton oleh eee we edie meee AUN 
SAIS CoRR Ec aaa ana SIRT HERD UI CU CARE 
OV ACLUIS 2 dey se ee eo nicie Paes iad ae Malye cena cleres cnet cis gin ciae bomurquenOen 


VIGOR gies a cteeieis Ua ta tee esl femis cydaactas anieeo aise abetinat nine katara ie 369 
Diarrhea.. Dots Bed eterna teuptet aleiatevon Bene eiaie cee 
Dislocation of tie Patelia or ‘Stifle do ae cae abil h wa va edanteaoee 
DrOpsy Of the CIterUs: OL) WOUND eso cows cc amie oecwwiwanelninss jan Oe0. 
WY SENtSY ACTING Ut itas cataracts ale bere os'ewicmat wlelat o'r fis\slarosp\oi nareie SOU 


MM COTLGIS saci. e's sates ecee ns oat weladl dais vic sla s'aicle aie falers abe lole oetdem (oldiafa ond 
TO PIZOOGMCUA DEN At sn csi ales ecw eteeela tink waa'alsis,acleMm ie ciers fel aateiene asia > 309 
VOL SLOT Ot VIEL Ay oni) stated, Cate nve minut pialslais ald tiapsit co 2 Le Sheer ald i der niy 344 
Hes Vintamma ton Olgas rsks cesslanie ess aynee/s baste eates seins suet OeO 


Fardel-bound.. avmaistbe ath sd abdasideadaeis sheet aoe aad cisenOoe 
First Stomach, ‘Tmpaction of Be AACE ae FSO Stee Bt Sot OEE rnc 336 
BGs trons Malini DUCKOVER tse cscicsaclease Gace secs evochkwesrteve + sOOL 
Moot and MOULD: DISGASOces ties pesecg ce hess se ctomcise aslem caceeeRaud 


TOSS UES scr a os aoe els tetera aid oid Semen awe ee Sas cGlcin ods aes ofa seen 
Genouiinin: Baie Sse a eR Yatais sie ee Raa teerale theo eee een Niel setpatwiate see OND 
Grubs Under the Sas seee caithic tel wale taisianleaiseie s\Gelcie/sepestooo, 


ISS MAUUNSA Muar seee oucmiscealod Mechs a dapitteda cuca cess ae ticesd wamelveiobe 
VORA A UL Sens s neers saentemia cia clatela niets ettinsyetsisial <lstatstayv)sisict sors e\sieseimai se 4 
MTG O DOMME Ase eho las so se Go Sela ciclo) Hesistind a teleatoels secidiseie tO) 
PTO VET sare eee cctae eccaladeclece sy sincacsisidee sie caja telensata wana sssOUe 


Impaction of the Omasum....... BAR SEES CSAC AAP SPAR SRO oni 
SoU SORATMIOM se sec ce aod ce clet scien onaeaawaweenetae Lise tien Ooo 
Indigestion, Chronic..... Wicca dai kien ce Gainelats sutnc tintaaepe men eerenesaGek 


615 


616 INDEX. 


Inflammation of the Bladder... 2.5. ccc ccc cece cece ccccitece cect OSL 
Wo 66 SEBO WEIS eos tied eae wide bole peisicn onto s Reise caine eee 
a See START aS ai ajaiais actoleacine ao tate oie ate ee CO 
Ud BOs SE VOSS cic ic iss samin elas deere wlersleten alate stan aaa eRT OO 
ac SPCC MRT AMO YS sia, sta cateceiete cre cleraulole oceieraelaterene ster eS 


ety vce. laden: Seu! ae. Vig ge nll ey ah gil 
Intestines, Strangulation Of.............c.esesccccerceuesecscces Ot 
4 fryrhaVol ols \aappnocooD ano nsdoqucodarmcodcooposodducostiae Fioguoosoodssr 3849) | 


Kadneys, Inflammation OLee se ccecscs) sc cels ol elsviisieielscelsi(istslseteeeiGOS 


rFRec 


LeUCOrrhoea....- ...0 ccc cece cvcvee mfefeleieinleixialelelalwialeretelel'einlalciaiaiatsiersiastee nacre 
IUsS4n6 B605 Sadun co do ondbeDH doac oun nna seoetanoGJanCdODOSD cake odd co 359 
MAVeEr a IN MAMIMATLON Of cicivicniclesicao aie sivialelaicle sipisinlslvie'slslelaicisielclaieletsiviaivete ff 
MOCKIAWiaciee wicieewle)esickleeaii<« slefeteils clsibietelatocsferelerdic\ojufetescesacctetcioistelsh irate atae 363 
Lump-jaw.......-+. ouladedonogadovlocodpabtasosC sisle sielvisieleeeeccncisilesieo lik 
Lungs, InflamMmMation Of ......ccsecccceccscsccccccsecccccesscovcecs 339 


1” eharbent to eae aedo codosaddanodudbaaqudcosb0 Gant slofetnisieretelaetate ecccecs dR 
Mouth, Sore.........+ oid Soootoodnoo wooo cu ddcouccesnbndancto.recnosos des 


P Patella Dislocatiomsotendycicstcnctciatessses ciccinastectcrs Soanonosoag es) 
Phrenitis..... njaintela: nratetelninia otatslslateval sisal overs siecle nreleve/sieke ciatete cisisteis eietereteire -314 
PICUPISYj- cris cleliakicl = = BH SUOCOUSU OD EEC Dagon oD oc do NQbORULLD, .cLknacos 347 
Pleura-Pneumonia, Contagious..........sesseeseee Sroleisieiel neste coo a 
PATO TINVONL A vie celctac esteieisineio s/cleisrsicisieietece: cicisieielerss ncisicleraicicielsieteinta cee eeeae 


Q Quarter-ill........... Sogonodansos spanudoboandgantiooadonuaonaoobasc eis 


D 


UNS UIMA CSM ciccicicieleietie clatersleleinicinvalefate slo \eletelnielayeratatervals ciated ciatatatee actieverate 367 
TRY baYEN, KO) BOM Gonoo oun ION Doac SoGonosogesadanbase aleveineloeie <ineicleiseleee ere ot 
RUMEN, LMUPACTION Ofte miere(aleicinw ele wintein vleib/alelalelolaisialeislisie\elcis/einiayaie insect 336 


S Second Stomach, Affections of........... Boast seen Aseiemees cageD 
prabey (es ables) (Bir (ola eae céGosun JoooudeoH oc oo.cdoeKdK0 Hadcogsaca medal Se 358 

Soro lout hecesaeccecinieiccisetee site cs car sisee ABA SAOuA Miste[alaielae setae eae 

SEM MIT GSS cletsinc cases a/cicrevpisia olotsyoinrevcrasi Sisisielehstaistolslomerteles Socdaoncgous, tt) 

Splenic Apoplexy.......... els lalate le\s/olein)a\eleis\ejaletellelatsheloeleisisieinieteiaiasette SOC 
Stifle-Joint, Dislocation Of .... 2.0006... 2... ceececnvec ns de ees ene dl0 
Strangulation of the Intestines................ nondodriasennarsosoe ar 


T Teats, Injuries and Obstructions in,...............cceee cece cece «B50 
CIRM: Uo ch peas oak Ue UE Senn He ae a VRP AR eee miner tS 3 349 
Tetanus or Lockjaw.......-....-+++0. Bie ela) seid sadlelsiele conesneesee ee OOS 

- Tongue, Inflammation Of.................. aieetnoersieele pagddoadao: 295 
Tongue, Ulcerated.......ceecesseeseceeeccen cece caee Sjelsinielotes tier o es 
TyMpanitis.........secee seer ecrceecerrereceeee cscs cere ccereees -. ..304 


U Udder, Inflammation Of........s006e. esse cece ccerececee wo eecsonsess B88 
Ulcerated Tongue...... aitaralsiatelpietetotnte la Stakes tavebera oe SO GononO sud asabe 207 
Uloer®, CANCETOUE..... 2... eeeee sees cece eee saleleteisisielaleleteiciststalesatain wkd 
Urine, Bloody ......cccecccccscccsccsccccs cscs ccsccecccscecsesccess BK} 


=< 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 
RIT ESVOLSLON, Of fcic cise taes’ c-scieceielaiciniels eeclsiuis beislaloeidseiviavane'sc Gee 


SVVELP DIOS furs aicerateisie isola she sicemlelg ek tameltcass) Wwisduseislesececesnebis «5008 


WAU ee aaae's’aers 2 aie olotasa'e bahcimlolsieais i tia. ctsiele ew seil Nistsia's Salta eaicle wateeeles COL 
WWHHiLe SCOULPS in CAlVos. cas cccdeecadis de cuts avise iectteebisccaeesee-dUG 
ROUUEELCC SS atoia’e aie) snisis. s/ o;Sloletalcicartenre seit incitaia el laiersleisinwacles’s'eisaimdclaeieiniela's 346 
WOMD; DIOPSy- Offices co-cesnde wal oo cacaice weceeccevecesavcecnccsassie 345 
SUMO RSETIIN cf «int cin'aratsie a esi pinlaiate pl inte’ stetsieraic leat’ s/'eie'e tis WAPSSO elec oidcinaeiaioin'slcteia citer 


OBSTETRICAL DEPARTMENT. 


Abdominal and Breast PreSentation.... ..cccseecccecevseeesesee. 408 


AOL tLOI sacar siviatidalsejesiom solr « nin'b\Wie=\s'a Bisieta wins aa/ei See eile wieteiatale Seonsee eit! 
Acites or Abdominal DrOpsy.. ooo... ccc. ccs cece cc cc cccsccscnsss oes 5400 
After-birth, Retention of...... S bietalc lets Wisin slaieix Ralel cece saele sidsieeteieaiee Doo 
I NAL y et 0:5 MV Ferg ReICe IE OO OOO SE OCUCOCCICOO ICG wesaueycovesinces esac OOD 
ATIFETION PYCKONTAGION : «025s cede weccesevee, csovacceinis Shr CL SOeCUES 417 
Apoplexy, Parburient,. .... 22-2 ccccsnccwcccersessccccccccccses 0000388 
Barren Horses and Cattle: <;<.iccccc reese seccwses wobn sstkseanacreenen 
Bleeding from the Navel..............++. SeaCg Rc A tecneo: Copper sh 
LAIN VV ACOIVON « dic ccccih eu aacade cuwsldeys bdnlemawoiidaamateseiaaere - 461 
Breast and Abdominal Presentation ...............+. aeuacleenwan toe 
Care and Feeding of Pregnant Animals..........sseessecee sees O00 
Colter Piarrhosa in icsscscesscsscuue Ao eRe eb eles Se Siar damie owes -..418 
Constipation Shortly After Birth... ............ ccs sence eeeeee eres 411 
Group and Thigh Presentation.............cssecsseccesses Soaawis 445 
Deviation of Head Upward and Backward |... ..........00 00. 433 
MI MER OBM AM COlUG is; --1 <isi0e v cleeedws coincide suainvnes  asduse'ye'cee si cis tices 413 
PION DIG MEROOG, MIORSEVOSIOY ss sicie:sic:. vsls v's. ce vinjvinceioa emcees scisebiens 458 
Downward Deviation of the Head .............ceececeeeece sictente 427 
LGPSY,) ADGOMING. coiccncccce secs secu vickswehse pene aviomsls(sisis sata aOu 
Eversion of the Womb............ Maaevich aeivie/sclesiee's scecwaaantestedoe 
Feeding and Care of Pregnant Animals........ SE ASHOUCEC SieceenisOe0 
MIGOGINE ecicetteaateic ces cen coins eceat tear orlatacieis EN eth cdaeane 398 
Foetus, Twin, in Different Presentations ......... 0... ceeee ceceeeee 4568 
= Presentation and Position Of...........csccccsee cesses 416 
Forelimbs Completely Retained ............0.cceeccccssceee swpvee shee: 
se WMlexed At tHe KNEES. =: cece «caste cecentucceusvccec4Sl 
Forelimb Crossed Over the Neck................. Sa0b0 Soodosaode 418 
Head, Downward Deviation Of.....0....5.... ccesccescccsece 00 427 
“Deviation of, Upward and Backward............. snes 483 

“ Lateral Deviation of, to the Right or Left.......... ooee..429 
Hernia Of Gne Uterus OF WWiOM Ds cocks sricispis:ccae visiccie's vies sclcjncicierss 401 


Hind-leg Deviation, Anterior Presentation..........00...:0..-++ 434 
Hind-legs, Deviation of, Into Genital Canal, Anterior Part of 
The Hedy Presenting dcccciaviecvisiscseciisce detcecs cinacsucscenctess4O0 
IOC PTONCHUALION: ws cicicic s(clsine u cieisivic's'siv suave aiviaslee aieeslsiosc vevietieeimas toe 
Hydrocephalus, Water on the Wraln tho Leann hata 


617 


618 


INDEX. 
PAGE 
Inflammation of the Peritone@ ums: . sees ac cciacincecieine eiciee cleeuioeee 406 
by 69 ES NW OMIM szaaen arse leverale ro: cbolovst Sate wjere fetes’ Bees Sate ate - 406 
Labor Pains, Premature............ Mat trachoyelevera ib ae ata favath celine eatata 3897 
Lateral Deviation of the Head to the Right or Left............ 429 
Doin andiShouldersPresen tation cv/cicwc seciedeeccensieiee sigteine a pele 449 


MOEtrO=RELitOMLbLS can wcta tices: elects c/aoistenie sta einisalelsyactsicepineitinisel ate ea OG 


VETO VST lease bles mic: ereisisiete asinicteioe setae alattclcietheetale sclera avajaps Miele ctelin urtie siabor 388 
Monstrosity, Double-headed........... Nain tcteteletarclaleptetvsteteia Aloaaeesict 458 
Navel, BICCdINe OMNI TNE ce) leslcisat lial) lelne)aials st aieyeltoierelsinlela aiaid oistele 408 
Sai Men W ULD CLUE UO tae wlstet ete atatere ierale ter simiaita/atetefelsreta stoislaleinlaeierevels eiciclars orasereya 410 
SMELT CAS SLN ST HOUM CIO s esses sields leis ne ieielosiate Sane ae rice teers 409 
Normal ‘Parturition, Necessary Aid TUT stevaialeisicioas lero ature ais olsisloleks coe 37 
OTN ee eeetaelet tate elciueve tail tacos sal eratat elas e yan” ie isda etter eralisle'Sietwieieiesiaiely 392 
Parturibions Lusi Sy PtOMS, GbCie-o<cnieccccate.n\sja\ewiclesinje'clelwin(s:sialiaine 882 
7 Necessary Aidin........... alfalevasaih Sistemas siete Chacala avavatatallels 377 
Parturient Apoplexy, Milk Fever............. 2... .2ce cece seen es 808 
PELINGUMU PR PUOUUBE OL cacti aieien atte stolateiutaiaie latelaleteie tuhelarslelelete slates ...405 
POTrSISTENCEHOT ATM EWE PACS i sti clacisietele cers) cves(alele a Glacial sleiereleiacctolioteic 409 
IPO LA DOL PE AIS sata e tats) care lefaeioie elsleiere ie et edete |x rete areteyeinle steieparels yoke 395 
POSU-PAP ULM SELOMVOTE MAL Ol els cte nissatolclsitaisieleis oereietsichsletelayatelsle aiets etelatsrs 398 
IPOSTCTIOLAELOSEIMDABLOD sis ae cote elee Reel ao eH Rae eR eSe Eee Se 
Pregnancy, Swelling in.. as okt NLS nicola ets [jer re yee boos 
Pregnant Animals, Care Na Pesan OT Na et afaie Whearer uate ratay aime 385 
Premature Labor Pains.. Nes SRS ERE ERM aaa RE SUF 
Presentation and Postion of the ihe tus. Sete ieie eastaltcieye sitar oe ERO. 


Retention of the MeconiUmayee sssieceis ve wiisetrcnesactes onic ree vie ae abl 


ne peu CMA PEC OULU EUR abe meretctats chats ctalah calacalais rig eieiAs clean elo Gay ata lato mea Oo 
EV UP UUNG OL: BH OUN A Velie aeternicle sloth ciehetele akeleuelevels)eisiola lta evel efatzin/e sim Gefeieee LO 

Mi Hane aii eters lasibaelyaneiniag: HConocicDnec Ag odnaackinSsadG= mislteiieee 405 
Shoulder and Loin Presentation,...............04- mis sisiataleielatets . 449 
Sterility Barren m gs aces vem cine testable cs s syelsieis ieleisieleisialeheisnererwis eicleles Oak 
Swelling in Pregnancy.............. Pialalal cose ololeicterten cate taiersiaia tate (cnic 8392 
Thigh and Croup Presentation..........0....000s cunaadsued eevee 445 
Transverse PLeSCHUATLOM le [> ois s\0,\slesoie) uiciceieieie'n)|«|-jseinidieleleiave eisiaaie aE aae 


Twin Foetus in Different Presentations. ..... 2... cece cece cecces -456 


Gaile) FemOrrh amelie ic .cst-caclaicoeivicta/s/c\e'sicisialc\n aide .olnixisisio'sis|e srslnie s 405 


vi HL OUIU Asian nateisiaieawialatel gia miatasistatenieicieis <teraisier Selina shield ieiolels eek O 
Urine Passing from the Navel...............s.-.se0. spislasisieileeen Son 
Water) On the Brain. ic. ccuceelsieviewalee'sisieeis SOS AOA ASAE Sic orce eat) 
Womb, Eversion of..........sse0 sleletevsplerlaseta aeikis ate folsalutetarb iowa eekeie eee 

ts FHOEMTR Of He iclelanicinteisialars eles Siatsiclecldniclaiwioinclelsilsie/ieivieata siaiaeire see 


ee Inflamm atloniOt siccac\cee s cWacelclivencarisesieiccdasicinevesaa Mew 


INDEX. 


SHEEP DEPARTMENT. 


Abortion.......-- Bee eee Sopaitale de uiu tale ivveyaiaie’alsialerpre(siel brielgicfe (eyaelnrs ate 516 
After-pains in the Bwe....-.---..-. seers sseeee cee eee tere ee cs 518 
APthae.sccceccccsccecercccccecccten sect ccneresevsssscageseneces oe 484 


BlACK-lEg.ocsscoccevececcceesccreerncs cane creranesccsssrscseawasencs 480 
Bloating Or HOVeN....cseeeeeeee teen reer ecereeeeeneereees Shiara. vil! 
BYAXY svcvececesencccceesceree cece BR ease ni aleieiclaterdetaies eases alpine ala mer 


Castration. ..vecrreeeees Seehsoletive etamns cea ackiais ltin's tee tien a eaeuteeehs 519 
Charpon).s.. sec. 20s0 BAe S ey ey Sy ciate aie lata s tice nis Gin ad inioin aie iete sete bie's aims 472 
Clap or Gonorrhoit...-- SU SRE Seki atercaied -uetnae eu omaninni sis cidste +. 509 
TOI OF Catarrh. 0.0 cece cece ecccee eres cess cccrssemrrecescccens eves 465 
Concretions in the Stomach ..-.......6 + cece ee eee een eee eee tenes 47 
Constipation ........++- Noe tsah sak ea tease wolplaieale tistiveine'a ale mine Cvsent00 
Ue APPT ATL DBs caein aa ee masie =i ane! peivipiciclaseie wfblew'n'n'u a oi siete oip's 504 
Congestion of the Liver........+.seeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Boer tere (eit 
Costiveness........ is re eM RE Ae oR Siig vind otae ki te siealales's Stars pao 


Diarrhoea or Scours in LAaMDS......+-esee eee eeees eave tieleenaweeaoe 

a % White Scours in LAMDS.......... -eeecserecrerecseee O04 
VISTEMPEL 2... eee eeeeeecereeeeeee Bache sninclea seiiay seals aaise'els pies 477 
Docking or Cutting Off the Tail....-.--....-e 5 eros ee eeee scenes ..520 
Dysentery ...se0+--- ee Ed SUR erae iis Sle ota © ot asta srataplewsions (ae sielsiniee ele 478 


Epizootic...... eed cmatecia «lap net ew atare ivkeia.a/s ste oI¥imis)e\ bile de eles visls)s'<\ $77 
Ewe, Lambing in, ....0.....scesee cece cese cece ce cone ecenrececeees 511 


Plukes in the Liver. ...c..ccccccescce cece cece cece wceeeesnnesacee ces 499 
Foot Lameness......e+ eee eeeeee SE a ee see sc. -er erty eit 
CONTRI TT Hc ae ee Pearse IONE Nes ob al sige pte soln, oleae sia aalw ofS en) le 
se AIT OU h PISOASOM Laue. de caee +s tel-c ote seen sincete arent eee 
MPR TOT ARE MNS Sa tone Decne) acc cab et wasn cies Cees ccelsphinaOe 
AUF ACUUIDS coocis cone ary btacisml aalvid qais stivien's >) leece ns’ anom nine Lee ee OUS: 


Gonorrhea OF Clap. ..6 2.5. oe neem cece cone vows sees cece ccen cocees 
Gravel in UO eee aE CAELTIEL lca eeiacee air ecm aeekitelssne ayer e's AOD 
TIGOTOS Bek corcivec cients ales Utica cialee cbibidin cis wom sans Rips aislaeisive sels) 5 8)s\6 487 
FELOGSE Ta WBITUD Seis netey ois ctsisis sales oe owpelneie's sass saeisiveen se 


Hoven or Bloating... 02. ccc ence cece ccc cceneces cncccence Sadelgents Sok 
TERT reese tte Be snl BAe 


Tafarmmation ofthe Lkyersssades ca cschasosecoaseceecsasscces/sces S00 
ss BONS MURS teen ceibns srceiadacasetacabenstn40u 
as ROOT ASIN wie Satine soe ake aba wo Subtract ciawse > sOLO 

FAUNA Nee aa eons Foote decks oli be aaron chteBaisedelesla sys 000 

TRteatiNalAuOLENe eee ee ee soca cle rokiccloa tals de sciactisels s eestelea\° 400 

Inversion Of the WOmMD: <2: cscs. ss seccicccs coee toe secs cecnesesies,-OlE 

Itoh or Mange....... evoccceees 


INDEX. 


Bam bing Ani ther weke otro ccs steciusten sole sretonesrceteloce cts achienmctne dll 
ramibs; Constipation meeac wee ccnen ccc aeceee tenet eee coecstec doe 
AGO Ate seioaar ae emt conan LR ca ee ea oe eee 
Elven; Con restlonlotinn ciscdcseuceiinns ae nee een eisecae Sele ene 475 

Se LNA INIT Ab OM OLA vaste «acute srs eatne Seine ene cece anaes a AO. 
1 1A 1H Hae ae echt Bam ah BoA ape aHOSS Bae ISAO veiee ae Soeestettoe) 


MOCK aWiccs evens ssc See earaee ote 


TUN es MOVere. ince anenmee 


Se PVVI@EING ys cae nein ate hes tierce oe 


pacnonosadal™ 
Se epusne cele 


Lungs, Inflammation Of...... ....-.-.se... 


Mae POtsiercsiiaccsis ccs 


WAP WOES OV) HUG ros sao Hoscosed boda rods oopdononaGeanas ctiEo.oC 
MBE VOTE ee UMAR a emis bial temee olde clears cate 
MUTT BIT are jascarevals, sepele to se teloinietera slot sieipete stoic sie elotecieiaies eines 


Pale Disease.......... 
Pnewmoniayss.sa eee 


ParturigntrApoplexy sen cea shen see cceecnacte nce 
syoteratavers elaiciealeretevere sAeoObEo 000 LUMI 


cf Fever 


QwarteraUlse sh ee acaciaus ae opewenateeancieciectiada ctaleieets 


Ce in i 


Puerperal WeVer decuisciecen ste derek ocnncoeocs 


Hopaosnabo nes} 
cece pees e: weeees 517 


dodootondadooudse)) 


SANG HM MUI S yok copeisarrecte sce ale ticks leere ne oleae eared Riieione lene oUs 
ScoursinwWambs ior Miarihocdes. eeesiseeeececateeeiicee: 
Sedimoentunithe Wrrimers oy Soe snr klonee cs hc oe elleeoeee ae canes meres 

SHECD-LICK Mess shale siasitncas Mateo dio tw ac lula cick ab ce astee ce oeecakiecee ee tae 
Slipping Of Wa mus heh RosieMaccts sa cenens cesses cartes se ae) eben eOLO 
SEMA LEW OK Cats eeicie Ch sia alate eee alee ong Seance ies leis oe eR eee 481 
SOTO MO Ob ei. ie Baha eae arene ate ynlcns oveloias a acetal orstc hel acc meee ere 486 
SplenmicrApople yy. -wcoseiutrs ae Hi acd adele Sea e eee eRe Canes sese  ANe 
Stomach Horelenssubstancessnus. -aucscaskuet ee ceeeenececeeee 474 
SSEFETCHES WahMi yee cee ete eves yo aetoet anette elton te eee eae ..468 


Tail, Cutting Off the 
PAD S=WOLIN. che lees isleicrt imctoial sels clete busts aisrerobte oleae alae eae nese ctenlesse toe 


Madders inslammatiomrofeacrees clasactoecate se clcelemes niece ctw ccisecheice 513 
WTIN eH SAN Gin sys. 24. sastelevas en vosnie wee sek csolecelon cma conieswematee 508 
Urine, Sedinven tia eet, Sue leiteencaissrels sila coiticle caitins cites See OUS 


Wihite SCours nam Ds a antes nce ocaciekis se toeiore cccisiomeloes slates OU 
Womb Anverslonrotosas jicstcceciccetens oe cs nbeeieseauieoe eecateevacn 514 


0 


a lm 


INDEX. 


HOG DEPARTMENT. 


AGule Cake. ......ce cece cece cece cece eres cees 
ATED VERS oe asic soe N i ca cnidesem me sle 4 cries) ve 
:49)0) 9) (>>. ¢ Ae eo 


Catarrh or Snuffies.. Mer aaselee icc newied slaiealebiceiceins'eevwelasre 
ee Malignant Epizootic. Basten ts Racehicteiese eusnins owisietea.vie: seb 


GHSEVOM so5. ctor co dcarcciccs cParuncc svcsiesmelsess. 


CROIELA: .avicelseas Seance cum ee ta ca! Gini AW.o tie iinle Niateyoaleete «88 


Constipation.. ais d Sci taiettetais ce sjoeeaieen oa=[s 


Contagious Pneumo- ‘Enteritis... Ace 


Coughs and Colds.. Eee oiatea ealgaisatonmtaleisioe’s 2571 aivaeiasine 


Delivery and Care of Young—Pigging.........+++++++- 


Diarrhoea or Scours.... ....-. 


PAGE 
. 140 
. 523 


Pencimooe 


30 


531 


t. .523 
oe 100k 
oe. 009 


«»- 520 
. 087 


aia o)ats OU 
.oe- 539 
. 041 


Diphtheria.... 2... 222 cece cece cere ceee Siete ats cals : 
Epilepsy Or Staggers.......secees ceeeceeececsccee rescence ceescer: 


HOg Cholera. .... 22.022 cence cece cece cece ccce senses ceensccs sees secs cs 


Itch—Scab—Mange.. 


Kidney Worms......c.ceee cece ceccccee cress © teeeeree 


535 


521 


eo pugte 


DAT WOME. ccc ccc s ccc conc ccccaconccscccccces vescnccensetecnece 
. D447 


PAC bete lene aaah tne cincenicmdlecicas veace ¢ 


Malignant Epizootic Catarrh ..........++ e+. sees eee 


..546 


546 


...d81 


Mange —Itch Or Scab... ...... cece cece es cece cece teen reeser cree reses 
Measles........ scOdeaddaaaettese SS os 55 Cee sipiareias aiciwis'® 0 ded 


Pneumo-Enteritis Contagious........ 2.6. cece eeeeees 


QWINSY 22 once coc ccc eens coe cece sscccc cece cesses 


Scab—Itch Or MaAngZe..... 2... cee cece cece cscs cece cece secs ceccceees 
Scours or Diarrhoea...........-+. elie nisieniacpelaints 


Snuffles or Catarrh........ 2.06 wcccsccnsceee 


Spleen Enlargement... .... 2... ceee cere -eee cece cere cece cece ceees 
Splenitis.. He ate a ejalato) <le'stoyctele «/e/slatalacleio'e's'e'site's/ete Tele 


Staggers or r Epilepsy BSAC Oh SE toes ork Rae thee 


Strangles.... 2... .cce cece cece cece ccccvcceccccces 


TPONSUTEIS se cresiciisee« ce'e< ena done doasisw celts cercsmatee 


Trichina—Trichinosis........ 


wren eee wwen eens 


se eeeeeeees 


548 
544 


550 
545 


«..020 


.. 008 


548 


22.039 
. 0386 


510 


.. 540 
. 535 


...538 


.538 


542 


Worma, Kidney or Lard......scscescscnnncnnenncanscncccces see B46 


621 


622 


s4ou%2D 


INDEX. 


(fey 
DOG DEPARTMENT. 

PAGE. 
IB OUIYRATC Gee teiteanse uae ee laluts siete alelly dataiebiaya teres eonate fe aye Savors celts veto tee 558 
Bowels: inhlamimatronrOiascsente ceoe see aes ees woesleneecen 559 
Casliersot ther bam wisn cme se shoe a Mime Lick prep oLtentava nan Ns cara er ately 565 
(OPH EEN hd aR SRE Soe CY Ara ee NA Ot NTH AS EO 561 
COTO se eeeteie ee ne arora seks a alate levobeteeshoinss de rents stars oleteuale Kiara bre Deicke tenet uieecets 568 
Cla proryGonorrhoo nth. Soy piceavas ister acrasian eon eteiaatelelisvaletelete’ eletatetrie 572 
GOV ke Oat ciejere peiatate simavailan slate re el ie crematevstu detpa ae atnate a ses LMMea Bl ae eyetetster 561 
OMCs say eek DAU P Maal ed uh Mts eemrahetree ALM RIEU Vid EIN Cas aI ade ng 558 
COnstipacrom series geste vernse essai telalsvo leg ates siete insta tolavenis elopets leteyaie ekereieaers 557 
(Oloishahi(s} Keisisie 2 haa 5 SrdudoPosaieos bois oob crouaaraRs cco acu anpanipdnsooue 557 
COUR ey ak sean nee ene ts atest aera Ae PAN oie ARMac Iane Mh Bat Cia Hareb 561 
DIALEROSA/AN ADV SENGER Maa. cite ele sic cig cls ieiele/epetoreie arotste te cmloliets ial eters ¢ 555 
TOTS HOT OTe oki n ks tie aia re A ecaaiais SySie Ghesd ar e\eeees te ede SE ecco ahete eieiciaiersts 553 
Mal CANE Of ENG gr lant wissen mate unl attLnen Ratna, Rast LANs Me cana 565 
LPM TS Vicisletesatenecete iets cloieeibrse vate y Sickest) ololevauat ec Ma taitale elatararst sictabe kala madalstys 560 
IAA UOCANIEY Wantin Deon ogo aaah oaodido cee ieoncdelnao oO sDeD Haba ccpaGondoL, 565 
AU pidetce w bouakzhoovonten mop oNCOva sare pa ne ae tate msi ts SAA eee a ey Reel 566 
1 SVD CHS HCO rey AES PR SV Yo a ee a en RUA By RE 560 
IO RSE eS is ces OR INES al Ree Magu Ue el a dee cue ie eee Ae te, AEA IO aa 575 
PACTS eect oie isis elerotiates ce ieieruisotaaieuaicisisrere vee vehel ee poreia Sameer 568 
GOlEn Os eaiadh iseate eis Aue al deltenaeiacs Mania ale eleats Slee vole alse wis mee dasiseiod SOOM 
GOROETH OIA GLAD ee escapee ctelsictotelate/sicuains ietalelaale velate aresicle rolerste setts 572 
ENV CLINO TON Melee maepetweedeieton sah facha\icte ein iatalcieticle’- pee lciony alatsielacinie: sie siaiele|oitle’s 563 
IMA aM a hTON) OL LAS sOWMEIS sere ewe iersicdee staealeelsins cugisieta ble ets calcite s DODO 
OL GATVE LEAVES cient aaetats teers cinta tices ie ata velinss coseley brat cre ettatavars 566 
sé pele Nee HUT Gye rel OLA ty abete eet tw eer oi Teal ars pire vlMs 562 
XY Pa CEM oS Ear ay 2) AR AN Le ep I EP US 565 
Bo Ce 5) a AE EAN SE By a UG Re te Chet ieee gee PU SE Ua 576 
A Dy bh a¥2ed ENS) O SARABANDE iti] Se aI SP IIe TSI OLS Tt ie crus i agiaerg aa tal Re fond 562 
IMAI TIOSB ee ees) a heed el eicio he esoielaiejololiovs| ais Mralatonticnaye efejag MIAMI ot Aaa saben Ste ate SEs OG 
PTR TT Citas altar aiioleiate)eletatoicate late ke is ells pfeataeyte mle atiaisto1< Dslayatartat lye ister | atarslsslsy a falar 563 
GAC tg ao. 2(0 Hn Pa DAS Du SOR URE ir Sap ON Oa ates A wane eS Seed NAT 565 
PAM UNL OL aiasysye clot og sieteneratorsi als eraie cee altsistera eles Larabie Acie laters lta siecle 573 
ATO UMMLOMTAL cs vetetssievesiieveicele aimee len aetaiste oles alscae aaa eis Cian costae ie arth n (aad 562 
EAU ITI ersehere hints stots evehe eth iin erate wee ohne Nie fateieyelie eteidlole teehee ererie ue are atedaietales 573 
TUE DL SBE score ic sate wileln wie lo olen ieisiereds Miele alovels ctelters reticloleiavoleelatere cies oie wie steheisetals 563 
Skin, Inflammation of........ sig eiainla folotstafolalsteiaialalstmintare natete Giletemtet ersterers 565 
TUMOLS TA DOUG THE LVS i c\.ccss civic wiseaie,cPiaieisisleidie cis we sfelciers evelevehsisia eyes 567 
WiAPtScCADOUb Eh OrBiVes icles siciob celsisie'sciniclesielssisieinicmisiete eleeiniasiastar 567 
Worms in the Intestines,...... Mialerciplevvalc nicuMtsiniagbleisie sree ele eeISenU eee 569 
as SSRN AS ERT CLEA OVCHME Ll sl ertia ceil We siete teitatttsteiclelay stasis eochatetalch tte elciaict 572 


W OWNS: ana Pra chunes ese cs veils ice coislecere ects sisi teulee caine 


ae 


<s h 


ase,