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HE     HORSE. 


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/h^.  ^ .  <^^--^ 


THE     HORSE. 


LOIDOlE     PmilTID     Br 
AMO  FAMMtUMEFT  mWtMVT 


ef  VttftA  XnovUii/t. 


THE     HOESE. 


■T 


WILLIAM    YOUATT. 


.amkp  or  m  oah   mmuwi 


WITH    A   TREATISE    ON    DRAUGHT. 


BEVSBBD    AKD    BKLAROED    BV    WALKER    WATSON.    1ULC.T.& 


LONDON: 

LONGMANS.    GIUCKN.    AND    CO. 
1874- 


PREFACE 

TO 

THE    FOURTH    EDITION. 


I 


TnB  AcTvon'e  first  Mition  of  Ibis  work  wus  [tubliElied  in  the  year 
1831,atthe  reciuest  of  the 'Srwiety  forth*  Diffusion  of  Useful  Know- 
Iwlgr,'  with  n  vitnt  of  supplyiog  a  work  of  refcrcnoo  in  connection 
with  the  natural  history,  g«D«ral  iniinagomcnt,  and  treatment  of  the 
borae,  in  health  and  diaease.  Since  then  it  hns  jummed  Mirnngh  two 
ottier  edttioua,  the  Wt  of  vhivlt,  by  the  late  Mr.  Gabriel,  appeared 
in  the  yew  1861. 

Ib  nndertaking  the  preparation  of  n  fonrlh  edition,  tim  Editor  baa 
eodearoured  as  much  as  possible  to  carry  out  the  original  intentions 
of  the  autlior  in  accordance  with  the  rapid  advanct^ment  which 
wlimnary  science  has  of  late  years  made.  In  doin^;  thitt,  conndcr- 
«ble  alterations  have  been  mado.  The  remarks  on  the  '  eariv  hialory 
attd  the  diSTerent  breeilsof  horses,'  au<)thv  'trtntixoon  draiiglit,' ara 
Dearly  iinaU«ri:^.  The  illiutratioiis  of  Uio  age  of  the  horae,  and  some ' 
remarks  on  Mr.  Rarey's  meUiod  of  'breaking  in  the  honw'  from 
Captain  Ridxardson's  work,  also  remain  as  in  (be  Last  edition.  lu 
otlter  respects  the  present  edition  will  be  found  to  liAve  iindergono 
a  thorough  roviuon  nnd  arrange mtuit^  innny  fresh  dise:i6es  Iiavu 
be«n  introduced,  and  the  nature  and  treatment  of  others  cnnsidnred 
in  nrcon)ati«e  with  the  pn'iiciplMi  of  rHerinarv  science  at  the  present 
day. 


Vl  PBEFACB. 

The  great  object  of  the  Kditor  has  been  to  make  the  work  as  prac- 
tical as  possible  for  all  classes  of  readers,  by  avoiding  as  iiiuch  as 
circumstoDca  would  permit  those  techoical  details  which  none  but 
the  Bcieutific  reader  would  comprehend.  It  will  therefore  necessaril; 
follow  that  any  lengthened  anatomical  details  must  be  omitted, 
although  it  is  believed  sufiBcient  have  been  retained  to  enable  the 
general  reader  to  understand  the  more  important  parts  of  the  frame. 
The  same  remark  applies  to  the  chapters  on  medicines  and  poisons. 

In  conclusion,  the  Editor  trusts  that  the  alterations  and  additions 
which  have  beou  made  will  tend  to  enhance  the  value  of  the  work, 
and  render  this  the  fourth  edition  equally  worthy  of  the  publie 
esteem  and  patronage  which  have  been  accorded  to  ita  predecessors. 


KuoBv:  October  17.  18RB. 


CONTENTS. 


I 


cur. 

I. 

ir. 

tlL 
IT. 
». 

TIL 

Tilt. 

IX. 

X. 
Zl. 

zn. 
xm. 

XIT. 

XT. 

XTL 

xni. 

XTIII. 

TIX. 

XX. 

XXL 

XXtL 

XXIIU 

XXIT. 
XXT. 


xxn. 


Tire    EAHLT    tltl<TUlty    OF   THK    llUU^It         ....  I 

THE   KinRlOX   BREEDS   OF    H(III9E9              ....  IT 

TUB   HISTORT    OF   IHK    KSOhUSa    HORSE  .                         ,            .  M 

TOE    DIFrEltE>T   DRE8US  OP   KNOLI.SM    UOUSKS              .  Sn 

BBESPINfl  AND  BREAXIKQ  I<a  .  .  .  .  lOT 
THE   GENERAL   UANAOUIlu.\r  OT  TUE   HOKSK    .             .             .193 

THE  ZOOLOGICAL  CLASSIFICATION   OC  TRE  HORSE     .  130 

TBK  SENSORIAL    FrNCTION 144 

tKJOXIES    ASI>    DliiEAHES  Or  T1!K  SKULL  —  TIIK   BRAIS  — 

tUE    EAl:S  —  AJ<U   TUE    EYES         ....  h:? 

TBK  ANATOHT  AND  DISEASES  OT  THE  NOSS  AND  HODTU  IH 
TRE  A^UTOUT  AH»  DI»BA)!1»    OF  TUE  KKCK  AKI)  NEIQII- 

KDKINO  PAITRi                                           ...  236 

TRX  CBE8T SIH 

TUR     AMATOHT    AHB     blSEAl^ES     OF     Till     RESI'IRATORT 

onoA.'as am 

THB   A!f ATOMT  AND  DI9KASEH  OV   THE    MGBn'lVB   OR0A?i3  31 1 

IHE   SKIN    AXD    ITS   DISEAHEfi 34! 

TUB   FURB    LEGS SSH 

TBE   niND    LEGS             .......  3HI 

THB   FOOT .356 

TUB   DlaRASES   OF   THE    FOOT 403 

ON    SnOKl^O .             .  419 

FRACrCBES 4J1 

OrXRATION^ AM 

A   Ltsr  OP  THB  UBI)1CI»B8    USED    IN   XKB   TRKATUENT   OF 

THE    DISEASES  OF   THS    nOR«K               .                          .            .  474 

rOIM)NS 4»S 

THB    TICB8    AND    DISAGItll:BAilI.B    Olt   DANORBOtia    HABITS 

OF   TUB    HORSE iOt 

ON  MiL'MiNKSf',  ADD  TUB  PUBCBAHE  AND  «AlJt  OF  HOBUBt).  »ir 

A  TUBATI68  OH   DBACOHT UT 

iNinu »^ 


LIST 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 


TXOK 

tAOK 

Frieie  from  Ih«  Temple  of  Minerrii  .        4 

Saal  Cavitj    . 

.     107 

The  Oodolphin  Anbiu    ...      10 

UilKlea.  NerTra,  ud    Blood-TcswU 

.       23 

of  the  HeKd  and   Upper   Part  of 

Bej  Anluui 

.    *!< 

Neck     .... 

199,237 

Coiwek    Soldier   occontn 

a     tu 

r  Ilia 

ThePulute 

.    21S 

Jooniej 

60 

QleDOtd  Cavity 

.     22(1 

Ths  Cotond 

67 

The  Teeth 

221—220 

fljiag  OiMtn 

C8 

Spine  and  Itilm 

.     241 

Eeb'pu     . 

69 

CEeophagua 

.     312 

Flenr-de-Iii 

78 

Stomach   .... 

.     313 

The  Hontei 

82 

lateetinea 

3 IS,  S17 

TheHacknej'   . 

RO 

Bota 

.      322 

Tb«  Couh  Hone 

OS 

Wonni 

.      331 

Tba  SuBulk  PuQuli 

00 

Catheter  . 

.      311 

The  Dnj  Hone 

.     102 

pHatcmi  . 

.     378 

The  Slicilvid  PoDj 

.      100 

Uock 

.     386 

Oag-blt     . 

.     119 

Foot 

895,  337 

Spring  Backla  . 

.     121 

Shoe         ... 

434,  436 

SkaleloD  of  the  Hone 

140,  36(1 

Sandal      .... 

410,  441 

Huelea  of  the  Hone 

.     149 

Siiiiga,  mode  of  fixing 

.    413 

Bead  of  ili^  Hone  . 

.     14S 

firing,  method  <d 

.    46:: 

S^iial  Con! 

.      ISi 

Hobble«i  method  of  fiibg 

.     4G3 

Tba  Bjt  . 

.      100 

Nerve  on  the  loaide  of  the  Leg 

.     470 

Koaele*  of  Ihe  Eje  . 

.    loe 

DiagRuna   iUtutiating  (he  Pri 

Dciple 

Tetuiui  or  Lodu4  J 

iw 

.     179 

of  Dral^t  . 

634— S71 

TbaT  Uii*  nninud  existed  before  the  Flood,  the  reseaicbea  of  geologists 
afiord  ■bondant  proof.  There  is  not  n  portion  of  Europe,  nor  sc&rcoly  any 
tmi  of  ttie  globe,  from  tho  tropical  f>luinji  of  Imlin  to  the  firozon  regions  of 
Sibena — from  Out  natihtra  uxtremitira  of  Uio  New  World  to  tlio  very 
■ontbem  point  of  America,  iu  mIiicIi  Uie  foAsil  remiuiis  of  tlio  horso  have 
not  be«D  foond  mingled  with  the  bones  of  the  liippopotamoii,  Uie  ctcjihitnt, 
the  riunoeero^  the  beef,  the  tigtr,  the  doer,  and  varions  other  oijiiuals, 
■me  of  which,  like  the  niMtodon,  hnvo  passed  nwav. 

Tbero  IB  scnrccly  b  district  in  Oreut  Bribiiu  in  wEiich  the  fossil  remnins 
of  thii  tr"™'^  hare  oot  been  discovored.  In  the  majonty  of  cn^ea  the 
booM  ara  of  nearly  the  same  aLeewilh  those  of  the  conunon  breed  of  horses 
at  tbe  pnsent  day  ■,  bat  in  Soath  America  the  bones  of  horses  of  a  gigantia 
aiae  have  b«cn  dug  up. 

Wbetlur  tbo  horitc  had  thon  beeome  llio  wrvaot  of  nuui,  or  for  whitt 
pv(|KWO  ho  WBK  a»cd,  we  know  nut.  Every  record  of  hint  was  swiipt  away 
by  the  geoenl  LB&ndation,  except  ihat  the  ark  of  Koali  preserved  a  rem- 
■■■t  of  tfae  nee  Ibr  tho  nitoro  ano  of  man. 

An  iaterestiDg  aitd  Taloablo  account  of  tho  hictonr  of  the  horse  from  the 
nriieat  period  ia  siTcn  W  tliat  learned  aud  indelktigahle  natmTili»t,  Col. 
namihon  Snulh,  m  tlio  l2t}i  volume  of  the  '  NatnruUst's  Librarr-'  TbiH 
woA,  from  tho  extent  of  ite  invoetisations,  the  largeness  of  its  views,  and 
tta  carv'fal  series  of  iadactions,  roDaOT  it  one  of  the  most  compreheuaiTo 
and  anthoritatiTo  that  hn«  been  prodnccd.  In  allnsion  to  theso  moro 
NBOto  data,  he  lutya, '  Wu  know  ao  litU«  of  the  primitive  seat  of  civiliHu 
tion,  the  origtaal  centre,  perhaps  in  Baotria,  in  tbe  higher  valleya  of  llie 
Oxoa,  or  in  uaafamere,  whence  knowledge  radiated  to  China,  India,  and 
^Kjpi,  thai  H  mBj  bo  sormiscd  that  the  tirst  domestication  of  tho  j^od- 
iSim  I'mi  bofw>  wbm  achimrod  in  Centml  Aain,  or  eonuaenced  nearly  mtniil- 
taaaonalf  in  aerenl  regiona  where  the  wild  animals  of  the  horse  form 
diatod.'^ 

In  tKe  sacred  rohime,  which,  be«idr«  ite  higher  claims  to  stand  at  ttia 
head  of  '  Tbo  Fanner's  Lihiary,'  contajtm  Uio  oldcBt  a-nthentic  history  of 
past  trvnactionta,  an  enomeration  is  made  of  certain  valuable  giftJ<  that 
were  pmented  to  Abrafaam  by  Pharaoh,  the  monarch  of  E^ypt.  They 
nnsatted  ef  tboep.  oxen,  aese«  male  and  fcmatc,  camels,  men-sfrvantsaad 
maid-acmnla  i  bat  the  horso  is  not  mvntioncd.      Thin  can  scarcel/  bo 

^   • 


S  BAIttT  niSTODY  OF  THE  llOSSB.  ^^^F 

aoooaii(«d  for,  except  on  the  anpposition  tbat  Ihui  Doblo  animal  w*s  not 
tbea  fonad  ui  Ii^}l>(i  or,  nt  Icut,  hiid  not  been  domcsticatoil  thero. 

The  first  nllnnon  Ui  iho  bane,  nftor  tbo  period  of  lite  Flood,  is  a  por> 
fe^y  iDcidcntal  one.  It  is  cuid,  in  OcnenM  xxxvi.  2-1,  of  Anuh,  iho  eon  of 
^bmo,  R  contempomrj  of  baao,  wlut  was  bum  about  tliu  year  boforo 
Cluut,  llillO,  tlial  he  fonnd  theuulMin  tlie  wildemesa — theprosenyof 
Um  00  and  the  horec  —  ns  ho  fed  the  uses  of  hia  father.  The  wildemeai 
refarred  to  wm  that  of  Manim.  or  Scir.  Wlietlior  thom  were  wild  Loraaa 
that  tnlialHted  the  deaertn  of  Idumna,  or  End  been  iinljjugnW  hy  innn,  wo 
know  not.  History  is  altof^ther  silent  as  to  tlxe  period  wltcn  th«  con- 
nexion commenced  or  wm  renewed  between  the  huuuui  being  and  thia  hia 
most  Taloablc  servant. 

'  Foecil  remuns,'  snjra  the  Colonol,  '  of  the  horse  have  been  found  in  nearly 
omj  port  of  the  world.  His  teeth  lie  in  Uin  polnr  ioe  along  with  tbo 
bonee  of  the  Siberian  uiammolh ;  iti  the  Himahiya  Minintains  with  lout, 
and  but  recently  ascerlaineJ,  (genera ;  ia  the  caverns  of  Tortiuiiv,  IruUiid, 
and,  in  one  instance,  from  Uarbary,  completely  fossilised,  llis  bonus, 
accompanied  by  thoM  of  the  elophiuit,  rhinoceros,  tiger,  and  hj-ama,  rest 
by  tbonoands  in  the  cares  in  Conatadt, — in  Sovron,  nt  Argcnteoil. — with 
thoee  of  the  maatodou,  in  ViU  d'Aruo,  and  on  the  bnnlcn  of  tlio  Rhino, 
with  colossal  otiis.  All  the  remains  hitherto  discavi-ruif  npjifar  no  pcr- 
feetly  similar  in  thwr  conformation  to  the  domescicated  horse,  that  they 
cae  scarcely  be  Mcribed  to  other  Bpectes  of  the  genns.  From  the  commix- 
ture of  Ibeir  rcmnini,  there  cannot  bo  a  douDt  that  tluty  hnvr.  existed 
together  witli  ■nreml  great  padiydennata ;  but  what  is  most  deserving 
of  BUontion  i»,  that  while  all  the  other  genera  and  specdes,  found  ondcr 
the  Mine  eonditiona,  have  ceased  to  exut,  or  have  renioTcd  to  higher 
lemperatnree,  the  hone  olooo  bos  remoisod  lotJiejprr*cnttiniointhofi«mo 
regions  witLoot,  it  woold  appear,  any  protnotccl  intrrmption,  since  from 
the  circumstances  which  manifest  d^Msits  to  bo  of  Ibo  earliest  era,  fmg- 
meiita  of  its  skeleton  oontinnc  to  be  traced  upwards  In  snccesiive  fotm^ 
lion*  to  the  present  soperficial  mould.' 

BTeorly  aoealuiy  after  this,  wbmi  Jacob  domrtod  from  Loban,  a  iiingnlnr 
•ooonnt  is  given,  ia  Ocn.  xxxii.,  of  the  number  of  goata  and  iihcep,  and 
CAmcl.i,  and  oxen,  and  awes  which  he  peesessed ;  but  no  mention  is  made 
of  the  horw.  This  also  would  lead  to  the  oonclusion  that  the  horse  was 
eitlier  not  known  or  woe  not  used  in  Ciuiaaii  at  that  early  period. 

Another  centsiy  or  more  poaaed  on,  and  woegonN — conToyaaoeB  drawn 
^  Stunats— wont  sent  to  Canaan  to  bring  Juwiph's  fntluir  into  P^gypt. 
lio  DMotian  ia  made  of  the  kind  of  animals  b}'  whii^li  tliese  rtihicti'e  were 
drawn ;  but  there  are  many  fragnienta  of  the  atrhiteclore  of  the  early 
ogee,  and  particularly  of  the  Kgrjitinn  nrchitcctore,  in  which  the  chariots, 
even  on  state  occMiow,  were  dj«wn  by  oxnn.  Wo  cannot,  however, 
come  to  any  certain  oonolnMOP  from  Uiis ;  but,  nt  no  distant  period,  while 
Joseph  and  his  bttier  were  stilt  lirtng,  a  famine,  preocdird  by  scTural 
years  of  plenty,  occurred  in  Egypt.  Joseph,  who  hud  arriv<sd  at  the  chief 
oflSoe  in  tbi!  slate  nnder  I'haraoh,  hod  arnilcd  himBctf  of  the  cheapness  of 
tbo  eom  during  tlw  plantifol  ytar*,  and  hnd  accnmnloted  great  qnontitioa 
of  it  in  the  royal  granaries,  which  he  aflcrwarda  sold  to  tbo  starring 
psonle  for  money,  as  loiw  as  it  lasted,  and  then  for  their  cattle  and  konut, 

lliis  is  Ibi!  Grat  ovrlaiD  mention  of  the  horse  in  sacred  or  profane  his- 
tory :  but  it  aflTords  no  clue  as  to  the  pnrpo^ea  to  which  this  animal  was 
then  devoted.  In  a  few  years,  however,  nflir  the  ocMation  of  this  fhmine, 
•Dmo  oincidatioa  of  this  intercating  point  is  obtained.  When  Jaoob  lay  on 
hil  deothhed,  h»  called  his  sons  around  him,  and,  under  tlie  influence  of 
that  inapuation  which  has  been  withheld  in  later  times,  propbesiod  what 


BARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  UOBSB.  » 

wonld  be  tho  cbarocUn*  and  fato  of  their  descendants.  Of  Dan  he  saya, 
'  Dan  shatt  be  a  serpent  by  the  way,  an  adder  in  the  path  that  biteth  the 
horso'u  heels,  so  that  hie  rider  shall  fall  backward.'  We  have  nothing  here 
to  do  with  the  fnlfilment  of  this  prediction.  That  which  principally  con- 
cerns the  reader  is  the  office  which  is,  for  the  first  time,  assigned  to  the 
horse.     He  is  ridden. 

We  hear  no  more  of  the  horse  nntO  the  time  of  iTob,  who  lived  abont 
twenty  years  before  the  laraelitea  were  brought  ont  of  Egypt  by  Uoses. 
He  was  well  acquainted  with  the  horse,  and  admired  him  on  account  of 
his  nnrivatled  beauty  and  the  purposes  ta  which  he  was  devoted.  Job's 
description  of  the  horse  is  quoted  in  almost  every  work  on  the  subject, 
and  Dr.  Blair  cites  it  as  an  instance  of  the  sublimity  of  the  inspired 
writers.  '  Hast  thon ' — the  Divine  Being  is  snpposed  to  inquire  of  Job — 
*  given  the  horse  his  strength  ?  Hast  thou  clothed  his  neck  with  his 
beautiiol  mane  ?  The  glory  of  his  nostrils  is  terrible.  He  paweth  in  the 
valley,  and  rejoiceth  in  his  strength.  He  hnrriea  on  to  meet  the  armed 
men — he  mocketh  at  fear — he  turneth  not  his  back  from  the  sword.  The 
quiver  rattleth  against  tiim — the  glittering  spear  and  the  shield — he 
swallowetb  the  ground  with  fierceness  and  rage  ;  neither  bolieveth  he  that 
it  ia  the  sound  of  the  trumpet  (ordering  a  retreat).  He  saith  among  the 
trompeta.  Ha !  ha !— «nd  be  smelleth  the  battle  afar  off,  and  heareth  the 
thunder  of  the  captains  and  the  shouting.'  The  Hebrew  word,  which  is 
translated  '  thunder '  in  the  19th  verse,  also  signifies  the  mane  of  a  horse. 
Whoever  has  observed  how  much  the  mane  of  a  thorongh-bred  perfect 
horse,  and  under  some  momentary  excitement,  eontribntea  to  the  noble- 
ness of  hia  appearance,  will  enter  into  the  sublimity  of  the  question,  '  Hast 
thou  clothed  his  neck  with  his  beautiful  mane  P  '  To  '  clothing  the  neck 
with  thunder '  no  meaning  can  be  attached. 

It  appears  from  this  that  the  horse,  nearly  1500  ycairs  before  the  birth 
of  Chriat,  was  naed  for  the  purposes  of  war.  The  noble  animal  which  Job 
described  belonged  to  the  cavalry  service  of  that  time. 

The  same  author  assigns  to  him  another  task.  Job  had  been  previously 
•peaking  of  the  ostrich  and  of  tho  hunting  of  that  bird,  and  he  says,  '  What 
tune  she  lifteth  herself  on  high,' — springs  from  the  ground  as  ahe  runs, — 
'she  BCometh  the  horse  and  his  rider.' 

In  less  than  twenty  yeara  a^r  this,  we  are  told  that  Pharaoh  '  took  GOO 
chosen  chariots  and  all  tho  horses  and  cbsriota  of  Egypt,  and  all  the  horse- 
men, and  pursued  the  Israelites  to  the  Bed  Sea.'  Here  we  seem  to  liavo 
three  distinct  classes  of  horses,  the  «hoBon  chariot  horse,  the  more  ordinary 
chariots,  and  the  cavalry.  In  fact,  tho  power  and  value  of  the  horse  were 
now  ftilly  appreciated.  Bnxtorff  says  tiat  the  word  'parash,'  or  'horse- 
man,' is  derived  from  the  Hebrew  root  to  prick  or  spur,  and  that  the  rithr 
derived  hia  name  from  the  nae  of  the  spur.  It  would  seem  from  Bcreugur 
that  riding  was  at  this  period  not  only  a  familiar  exercise,  but  had  attained 
a  d^reo  of  perfection  not  generally  imagined. 

In  what  countiy  the  horse  was  first  domesticated  there  are  no  records 
certainly  to  determine.  The  most  ancient  of  all  histories  is  sileut  as  to  hia 
existence  in  the  time  of  Abraham ;  although  it  can  hardly  be  im^ned 
that  this  noble  tt-nimal  was  not  used  when  Nimrod  founded  the  Babylonish 
monarchy,  full  200  years  before  the  birth  of  Abraham — or  Semi  ram  is,  150 
years  afterwards,  reigned  over  the  same  country — or  the  Shepherd  Kingsj 
a  little  while  before  that  period,  conquered  Egypt.  It  is  natural  to 
imagine  that  the  domestication  of  the  horse  was  coeval  with  the  establish- 
ment of  civiliaation. 

The  author  was  disposed,  in  a  former  edition  of  this  work,  to  trace  the 
first  domesticaiion  of  the  horse  to  Egypt ;  but  &rther  oousideration  has 

M  it 


4  KARLT  BISTOSr  OF  THE   IIORSB. 

indncvM]  htm  In  nilopl  tW  opininn  of  Cotonpl  Hnmilton  Sinitli,  tlinl  it  toob 
pliirt'  in  Ci-iilral  Asiii,  and  iM>Tlui|ia  wnrlv  (HinultiiiK'tmslj'  in  Ihc  wvtrat 
n^innH  wlit-n*  Ibe  wild  ouiiuiils  uf  tliu  fmniL-  fiinn  (-^islpii.  From  tho 
biglicr  valleys  of  Ibe  Oxua  aud  from  Ca-shitu-'re  ihe  knowledge  of  his 
OJiefuliicwt  seems  to  have  radinu'd  to  Cliiua,  India,  and  E[{y]>t. 

The  original  horeo  of  tho  soalhcm  and  iTeetem  counlrica  cwne  ftom  the 
north-eavtem  part  of  Asi*,  tho  domicile  of  those  wito  escaped  from  the 
nragM  of  the  Flood.  Indent,  witboat  the  tud  of  the  horse,  tho  advance- 
ment  of  colonisation  would  hnrc  hem  cxwWingly  bIow. 

Colonel  Smith  is  pcrfcetJy  (Torrect  when  he  lays  lliot  'to  ancient  Egypt 
we  appear  to  be  indebted  for  tlw-  fimt  Hjstemulic  at.lention  to  n-viving  and 
improTing  iho  hrccds  of  horses;  nunirriiun  curved  i>r  outlined  pictum 
n-prwent  utec^lH  whow  symmetry,  beauly.  and  eolour,  altvat  that  tlnty  are 
di-signcd  from  hig!i-bred  tjiJcs.'  Grooms  also  are  i«proHeiili<d  ua  '  rubbing 
their  jointu,  and  snlulouHly  altiinding  lo  their  comfort  on  e^cry  proper 
ocoaaiou.'  The  borsufl,  in  all  tho!«!  tiisleful  works  of  arl^,  aro  repre&cntod 
■a  ntber  being  loose  or  haruesBi-d  to  ehariota ;  no  nuMitilfl  cavalry  arc  to 
be  seen  nutil  a  comparatively  late  period.  It  is  ihe  tame  with  tho  bns> 
nUeCl  of  PenepoUa.  On  the  frieic,  however,  of  tho  temple  of  Mincrra, 
in  tbe  Aoropolia  of  Athens,  boitt  many  years  before  the  dostroction  of 
Penepolis,  there  were  nomcroos  figures  of  men  on  horseback,  but  not  ono 
of  a  hone  haraessed  to  a  charioL    The  following  cut  was  latthfhlly  copied 


:  the  ftieie  of  that  Icmple.  Tliis  is  a  sivgtilar  fac-t,  tliat  might  Inad  to 
^'  wrong  oonoliunon— namely,  that  the  chariot  waa  in  common  um  in 
PwMa,  and  not  koown  in  Greece ;  whereas  the  Fenians  were  &r  mom 
decidsdlj  a  nation  of  horsemen  than  the  Oreeks,  hni  chariote  were 
occasionaUy  naed  by  ihem  in  their  solemn  f(«li^-ala  in  hononr  of  their 
dirinitiaa,  and  therefore  nalumlly  found  on  Ihe  frieze  of  their  temples. 
Among  the  Orwiks,  however,  chariots  were  never  used  for  the  pnrpoees  of 
war,  mit  only  in  tbuir  pnbhc  game*^  It  may  not  be  useless  to  pause  for 
a  moment,  and  Mudj  the  form  anil  chanMrlcr  of  them:  horKcs  and  their 
tiders. 
There  is  con^dermble  diBTereoov  in  the  fonn  and  act  Jon  of  the  two  hones. 


J 


EULT  lUSTOnX  OV  TtlE   IIORSIL  S 

the  righ^hand  on«,  and  titt>  foremost  of  tho  two,  u>  snidiy  defective  in  th» 
portions  of  the  forc-nTms  nhich  wo  ar«  pormittcd  to  8e«.  Tho  near  ouo  w 
|>oorly  (applied  witli  muxil*!. 

Tm  ofi^tioRte  is  out  of  ftll  kccpiuft'  Tbe  liirgu  earn  pliiccd  so  low  ;  the 
ehuaay  nreUiog  of  tliu  lower  part  of  the  neck  ;  tlio  bad  union  of  it  ivitli 
the  breut;  the  length  and  tliinncss  of  tLe  barrel  compared  with  tb«  hulk 
of  the  foro  part«,  notwiUwtwwling  the  nntural  liiid  (friicoAil  pofiitioa  of  tho 
kind  lags,  vunf  no  tittla  wont  of  •kill  in  the  siiitunry. 

Tho  more  iuitniBl«d  lioad  of  the  left  und  tiindor  bono,  thi;  in  flbtinl  nostril, 
the  openina  of  the  inoolh,  the  form  and  promiutmru  of  iho  fxc,  aad  tliv 
laying  of  the  ears,  flufficimtlj  ooniina  the  acconuta  wliich  we  hav-o  of  tho 
Bpirit — coiDotimcs  nntanw-nblo— of  tlio  primitivo  hor§08.  Thu  nock,  liow< 
«Tcr,  ic  too  short  cvvd  for  oiie  with  tlittiie  tmrncnso  forclituids ;  it  »j)ring^ 
badlj  oat  of  Out  oluMt ;  the  shoulder  i*  vury  dvfi-dive ;  but  Uto  foiv-urinn, 
their  ezpreesiou  &nd  their  position,  are  exoecdtugly  good ;  the  loo^  lan>- 
arau  Knid  short  leg  are  cxc«ll«Dt,  and  so  are  the  off-fetloclc  and  foot,  but 
tba  tien«l  is  dehcioDt,  the  carcneo  is  tongthjr,  and  tho  hlnd-qtiiu^rB  are 
weak  conpand  with  the  (br»'«Tinii. 

^Hv  boHitiflil  execBttou  of  th«  riding  cannot  escajie  ohservntion.  Tho 
perfect  Oneian  laoe,  tho  admirable  exprctiaiou  ol'  the  counU-nunec,  tho 
raaadinff  and  pericdion  ofoveiy  limb,  are  sufBcieut  proofd  Ihut  thu  ridcrn 
wen  portntit«,  as  prohubly  the  horwes  were  to  a  very  uonstdeifihlo  exl«nt. 

Thmo  aaimala  reniitid  us  of  Homo  of  tlin  hc^avy  ones  of  the  present  day 
narticnlariy ;  they  liavu  ihu  be»uticui  aud  Uie  d<.-t'cct«  of  many  of  tho  modern 
Holiiiirin  borses ;  tliey  are  high,  but  pcrbapu  heavy  aotiiiued ;  courageous, 
■pinuid,  |<usiiibly  fi«rce.  They  exhibit  tire  germs  of  mauy  future  improve- 
■jfia^r,  and,  taken  all  tognthr.r,  mny  bo  cxiimind  with  conaiderablu  plxusure, 
nmamberiiig  that  tbcy  art;  homes  of  acurW  'i'-it'O  years  ago.  Art  hn«  done 
mocfa  for  tho  lionto  ninee  lliut  period,  but  the  euuutouaneo  and  figure  of  tliu 
fcaman  beii^  were  at  that  time  perfect.  Theae  horsemen  liave  not  even 
Iha  twilob  to  guide  tlie  animal :  but  they  are  holding  by  the  mane  with 
the  Ml  hand,  and  ara  evidently  directing  tlic  hon^o  by  pulling  tho  nano^ 
orvnuing  the  nock  with  the  right  hitnd  a  little  higher  up. 

The  bfacding  of  tho  honN.-,  and  hia  (.-mploymeut  fur  pleaeturu  and  In  war, 
were  fbriiiddcn  to  the  Israelites.  They  were  comm&ndod  to  hvagh  or 
kamdruty  those  that  were  token  in  War.  The  sheep  yielded  them  their 
wool,  and  the  cntilo  their  milk,  and  l>oth  of  them  titdr  flosh.  iJy  the 
latter  of  these animntx,  tho  land  waa  tilled  and  theuoru  trodden  out;  whilo 
tho  rulerrsand  the  judf^,  and  even  the  kiu^  of  Inrael,  are  caiTied  by  n-isieti. 

The  horao  is  uoeasionally  mentioned  in  the  early  period  of  tho  Israehtiah 
eonuiMUi wealth,  No  definite  dntv,  linwcvor,  is  OKxignc^  to  him ;  and  it  \i* 
■aid  of  tho  then  monarch  tliut  '  lie  xhull  not  multiply  hoivos  to  huDsi'lf.' 
There  wero  two  rcBMonH  for  this:  thoy  were  destined  to  bo  a  puculiar  p[M>p!e, 
jmeei  ulim  in  the  narrow  cotiftneo  of  their  country  the,  knowledge  and 
wonhip  of  the  Irtie  God :  thereforo  they  were  forbidden  the  means  of 
wandering  to  other  Iamb.  Tlio  natnT-e  of  tlioir  country  likewJKu  liiriiado 
the  exteanve  breeding  of  tho  honM>.  It  con.<cint4:d,  in  n  grertt  nivaaure.  of 
moontuBS,  and  wn«  bouiKled  uu  the  west  by  Iho  st-a,  and  on  throe  other 
sides  by  desert*.  It  was  uul  uulil  ihe  time  of  Solomon,  r^W  yeiirs  aftor  tho 
Waditica  had  left  KgypI,  that  the  horse  was  domosticuted  Dmong  them; 
and  then  ao  rapidlv  did  he  increase,  that  HoUimon  had  1,-100  ehanotn  and 
12,000  oavalry.  and  otablinff  for  -lOiOUU  horsett.  The  (greater  pari  of  these 
borsaa  ware  importrd  from  Etrypt. 

The  Mill  il  historiiui  gives  the  price  both  of  the  chariots  and  tho  hotiictt. 
It  !•  the  oldot  doenment  of  tho  kind  on  recoi-d.  Tbo  bono,  including 
favfaably  the  expense  of  the  journey,  cost  loO  »livkel«  of  Hilver,  or  rather 


I  E.U1LT  niSTOHT   OF  THE  nOBSE.  ^ 

mora  than  \7l.  TbD  chiuiot  co«L  600  shekels,  or  littto  mom  thnn  GSJ.  Of 
tlie  oomjpftTutiTo  vnluc  of  monej  at  thnt  period  it  is  inipo«mblo  to  Kpoak ; 
bat  it  waa  probably  many  time«  greater  UMa  at  prcAcnt. 

It  is  a  qtitntion  vft  dimntod,  vhetber  the  uae  of  chariota  or  ttie  art  of 
riiiing  was  fityt  cnltiratcia.  According  to  Colonel  Uamiltoa  Smilh,  tli« 
northern  nations  were  eicluxircly  riijcr*.  At  Nineveh,  in  Aiiin  Minor, 
and  India,  they  were  both  clmrioti*™  and  rider*.  In  Ort-ocf,  Ful«ttinc, 
and  E^ypt,  th^  w«re  originally  cliarIot«en  only.  The  prabnbility,  how- 
ever, if,  thai  although  one  nugbt  prevail  in  partical&r  eras  and  coontrles, 
the  otltnr  would  not  loos  remain  nnpmctifiod. 

Cdfuro  a  sketch  of  tho  liistory  of  llio  European  home  m  attempted,  it  may 
bo  inlori'stiiig  to  collect  tho  ncconnte  givm  by  histoi-iaiia  of  the  ohanotar 
and  maDwvment  of  the  borse  in  earlier  poriodB. 

Upper  Mypt  and  Bthio^a  wem  inhabited  by  horaomcn,  of  wild  and 
DRdaoioiu  liaiMtA :  plunderuig'tboee  who  fell  intc  Uieir  jiowcr,  or  hiring 
ibemaelTea  to  increase  the  army  of  any  foreign  polenlale.  Many  troopa 
of  them  attended  Xerxes  in  his  expedition  into  Grec^ce. 

In  Iiibym,  Kamidin,  Itlnnnlnnin,  nnd  the  Hettlemcnttt  on  the  northern 
CMUl  of  Airiai,  compriiiin)^  Slunxvo,  Barbarv,  Tunin,  and  Tripoli  of  the 
pretunt  day,  antl  iho  uorihera  part  of  the  Sahara,  or  Great  Decert,  the 
uones  were  nomeroas  and  tieot.  ^filial)  desoribes  them  aa  being  aomowliat 
ruleodcTly  mn<)e,  and  seldom  carrying  mnoh  flesh ;  requiring  little  core  and 
attendance  from  their  owners:  content  with  tlio  common  pasture  which 
the  country  nJTordiHl,  and  on  whitli  they  were  tunieil,  without  further  care 
or  notice,  aa  »iX)u  aa  their  work  was  done.  Their  present  treatment  is  not 
a  great  deal  better. 

They  were  at  first  ridden,  lis  they  arc  reprwonted  on  the  fre«eo  of  the 
Parthenon,  without  citlier  bridle  or  Muldle ;  and  the  rider  hnd  notliing  but 
a  switch  or  atick  by  which  to  guide  them..  Tliis  is  said  to  luire  given 
them  UD  ni^meefiu  and  awlnntd  appoarancv ;  their  necka  being  sti^ht 
and  extondiHl,  and  their  noaea  pontiag  soniewfaat  upwards.  '  It  may,  in 
some  decree,'  says  Uerengar.  *b«  dincnit  to  conceive  how  a  wand  or 
■tick  could  be  raSictcnt  (o  guide  or  control  a  snirited  nr  obstinate  bom 
in  the  violctice  of  his  oonne,  or  the  tumult  of  buttle ;  but  tlie  attention, 
docdiity,  and  memoty  of  this  animal  an  mch,  that  it  is  liard  tosay  towliat 
a  deignio  of  obedienco  bo  may  not  bo  reduced.  There  is  no  mtson  why 
ttiMO  horses  should  not  be  brought  to  nndenrtand  the  intention  and  obey 
tits  will  of  their  riders  with  as  much  certainty  and  readiness  as  our  cnrt- 
korws  in  our  crowded  streets  attend  to  the  voice  of  their  driver,  by  which 
they  are  almost  soleljr  go?emcd.'  The  older  wriicM  say  iliat  the  horse 
was  (oQched  on  tin  nghl  of  the  face  to  moke  him  go  forwvd- — on  the  left, 
to  direct  him  to  the  right— oo  the  muxalo,  when  he  was  nqoired  (o  stop : 
while  ths  bcel  was  usm  to  urge  him  forward.  The  gnidaaee  of  the  bona 
br  the  gentle  touch  of  the  fingers  ia  well  repreaenled  in  the  engranag 
gtrm  at  page  -k 

Pfessiug  the  ls(hinn<  of  Suez,  ancient  writers  say  not  a  word  of  the  horses 
of  Ajalwft.  These  deserts  upro  not  then  inhabited  by  this  Doblo  anmiaJ, 
or  then  wss  no^hinc  nli^nl  liiin  worthy  of  record. 

PalcstiDei  dnrinc  <!"'  later  [*riiid»  of  the  JowisLli  nwniareliy,  eontatoed 

nerons  fanntcs.     Meolion  has  been  made  of  the  forty  lltoaMiid  stalls  lor 

horem  built  by  Sokitoon ;  but  they  wcio  all  hron^ht  from  Kgypi,  and  a 

^Tcry  Utile  portion  of  tlie  Holy  l^nd  was  ever  di!Votett  to  the  bre<>ding  of 

bones  after  the  ■•lllement  nf  tin'  Isnvlitra  iti  it. 

Syria  aef|niied  little  ri-|Hit»lwiTi,  tm  this  aconunt,  imr  did  AhI^  Sttnnr 
flOnerally,  with  the  exceuljon  of  the  oonntry  around  Colophon,  Ifetween 
Smyrxa  aod  Ephectu^  whose  cavalry  was  so  namctoos  and  welt  tnuncl 


BABLY  UISTORY  OF  THE  nOHSE.  f 

ib&t  tbey  were  Srlways  in  request  as  mercenaries,  and  deemed  to  bo  iiiTin- 
cible.  In  all  Ian?  and  tedious  wars  the  assistance  of  the  Colophonian 
troops  iras  courted,  and  the  party  that  obtained  supplies  &Dm  ihem  were 
BO  certain  of  success,  t)is,t  KoXo^>^  TiOiyeu,  and  afterwards  among  the 
Bomans,  '  Colophonem  impsnere,'  were  used  proverbially  for  putting  a 
conclusion  to  any  affair.     Strabo,  lib.  siv. 

We  must  now  travel  to  Akmekia,  on  the  west  of  Kedia,  before  we  meet 
with  anything  to  arrest  our  steps.  A  beautiful  breed  of  horses  was  culti- 
vated in  this  district.  The  chariot  of  Xerxes  was  drawn  by  Armenian 
horses,  being  the  stateliest  and  the  noblest  which  his  extensive  empire 
could  produce. 

Some  writers,  describing  the  horse  at  a  later  period,  mention  the  great 
care  that  was  taken  of  the  dressing  and  adorning  of  the  mane.  Vegetiua 
gives  a  long  account  of  this.  It  was  cut  into  the  form  of  an  arch  or  bow ; 
or  it  was  parted  in  the  middle,  thattheliairmigbt  fall  down  on  either  side; 
or,  more  generally,  it  was  left  long  and  flowing  on  the  right  side— a  custom 
which  has  been  retained  to  the  present  day. 

Many  old  sculptures  prove  that  the  horsemen  of  almost  every  country 
mounted  on  the  right  side  of  the  animal.  There  are  a  few  exceptions  to 
this.  The  mane  hanging  on  that  side  would  assist  the  rider  in  getting 
on  the  horse.  There  were  not  any  stirrups  in  those  days.  The  modem 
horseman  always  mounts  on  the  left  side,  yet  the  mane  is  turned  to  the 
right. 

Media  produced  numerous  horses  of  the  same  character  as  those  from 
Armenia. 

Cappadocu  stood  highest  of  all  the  eastern  countries  for  its  breed  of 
horses  ;  not  perhaps  so  speedy  as  those  from  some  other  districts,  but  dis-- 
ttngnished  for  their  stately  appearance  and  lofty  action.  Old  Blundeville, 
jrom  the  inspection  of  many  of  the  ancient  scnlpturea,  st^  that  those  were 
more  heavy-headed  than  the  heroes  of  the  Parthians.  Perhaps  they  were 
so  ;  but  no  one  can  dispute  the  stateliness  of  their  figure,  and  their  proud 
and  high  and  equal  step.  Although  often  ridden,  they  were  better  cal- 
culated for  tlie  chariot.  This  kind  of  horse  seems  to  have  pleased  the 
ancients ;  and  their  painters  and  statoorira  are  fond  of  exhibiting  them 
in  their  most  striking  attitudes.  The  horses  in  the  cat  at  the  commence- 
ment of  this  chapter  are  iUustrative  of  the  remark.  Oppiau  says  of  them, 
what  is  true  at  the  present  day  of  many  horses  of  this  character,  '  when 
young,  they  are  delicate  and  we^  ;  but  strength  comes  with  years,  and, 
contrary  to  other  horses,  they  are  better  and  more  powerful  when  advanced 
in  age.' 

The  PAETHIAN8  fought  on  foot  in  the  army  of  Xerxes.  Either  they  had 
not  begun  to  be  celebrated  as  horsemen,  or  there  were  reasons  which  no 
author  states  for  their  being  dismounted  at  that  time.  No  very  long  period, 
however,  passed  before  they  became  some  of  the  most  expert  riders  that 
the  world  could  produce,  and  were  reckoned,  and  justly  so,  almost  in- 
vincible. They  are  described  as  being  exceedingly  active  and  dexterous 
in  the  management  of  their  horses.  They  wore  as  formidable  in  flight  aa 
in  attack,  and  would  often  turn  on  the  back  of  the  animal,  and  pour  on 
their  pursuers  acloudof  arrows  that  at  once  changed  the  fortune  of  the  day. 

Vegetius  gives  a  sLngular  account  of  the  manner  of  their  breaking  in 
their  horses,  and  rendering  them  sure-footed  when  galloping  over  the  most 
irregular,  and  dangerous  grounds;  for  they  were  lighter  and  hardier 
horses  than  those  of  the  Cappadocians  or  Modes,  and  better  for  their 
peculiar  pace  and  manner  of  lighting.  A  spot  of  dry  and  level  ground  was 
selected,  on  which  various  trouglis  or  boxes,  filled  with  chalk  or  clay, 
were  placed  at  irr^ular  distances,  and  with  much  irregularity  of  surface 


•  EABLT  niSTOBV  OF  TUE  nOKSB.  ^^^^^ 

^d  of  liciglit.  Here  diu  lionmt  wcro  Ijikm  for  rxcrci.ic  ;  nnd  tlicjr  luu] 
manj'  n  »Uiin1>1e  an<I  nuuiy  a  &U  as  ibej  Rallopod  over  Uiix  Ktriuijiflj-  un- 
even coune ;  but  Uiey  gTadu&ll;  learned  to  lift  their  feet  liit;bi-r.  and  to  bund 
their  ktlMS  bettofi  and  to  deal  their  steps  samct'inics  sbortcr  And  sometime* 
loogor,  w  tho  ground  roqnirciii,  until  they  maid  cnrry  their  ridprs  vrith 
roKi:  and  KnfolT  ori-r  the  most  inrgiilar  and  dangnrouji  plnri'H.  Then  it 
was  tlia.t  tlic  farlliians  euulJ  fully  put  into  ]>racticfl  tlieir  favouriU;  ma- 
noeuvre, aud  turn  npon  and  destroy  their  nnsiupectingf  foes.  Thoy  coutd 
also  travel  au  almost  iucrvdiblc  distanrc  without  food  or  rest. 

To  tlio  Scythianii,  tho  Mcde«,  Bad  the  Portliiiuui,  in  after  times,  and  in 
npid  racoMwicin  (if,  indeed,  tliov  were  not  diflcnvnt  naracn  for  honlra  of 
one  coinroon  ortffin),  succeeded  the  Ostraces,  tho  Urals,  the  Mont-uis,  tho 
Calmnoks,  the  Nogays,  the  Visigoths,  the  Ustragollis,  and  the  Uuub — all 
people  of  tlio  vast  plains  of  Central  Asia,  whiph  has  been  well  ilenoniinated 
tho  nnnicry  of  nationii.  Thcito  wem  uU  boracmon.  Some  of  their  loaders 
oonld  bring  from  two  to  three  hunilred  iliouHand  luintoroRn  into  tho  field. 
The  speed  of  their  ui&rches  ;  their  atta4;ks  and  tJieir  rotroat^  ;  the  bardiliood 
to  which  they  inured  themselves  nnd  the  nnimals  by  which  Ihcy  were 
carriod  ;  tho  incnrsion,  uid  oflon  settlement,  of  horde  itfl«r  horde,  each  as 
snntcrouK  ux  that  to  which  it  mcccwdcd ; — thoDo  arc  circniostancos  that 
Biuit  not  bu  foFKOtten  in  unr  rapid  skelcli  of  tlie  liorttc. 

At  the  end  (rf  Ihe  eighth  century,  when  the  Saracrus  overran  a  great 
pari  of  Europe,  tbey  brought  with  them  a  force  of  200,000  cavalry,  in  a 
nnch  higher  st*t«  of  disoiplino  than  tho  Goths  and  Hans  of  fonocr  afios. 

Of  tho  hontcs  in  llic  south  of  Axia  and  the  cnst  of  the  Indus  littlo 
mention  oocnnt,  except  tliat  botb  chariots  and  cavalry  were  summoned 
from  this  dii^lant  rvgion  to  swell  tbe  army  of  Xerxes. 

Celebrated  as  the  borsea  of  Persia  afterwards  became,  they  were  few, 
and  of  an  inforior  Jdnd,  until  tho  wrign  of  Cyms.  That  monarch,  whoso 
life  was  ilevotcd  to  tho  amelioration  and  hapnini:s!>  of  his  people,  saw  how 
admirably  Prmia  was  adapted  for  tho  brecdiug  of  horaeii,  and  how  n«- 
oeiiary  was  their  introdootioii  to  the  m^tenauce  of  Oio  iiidepeudeuou  of 
Ilia  country,  lie  tbcreforo  derotod  himself  to  tbe  enoonn^eneat  and 
imjirovomcnt  of  the  breed  of  hone*.  H«  granted  peculiar  prinlegcs  to 
tliMe  who  ponoxed  a  certain  nnmbi-r  of  thmn  animals ;  so  that  at  length 
it  waa  deemed  ignominioos  in  a  Persian  to  be  seen  in  publie,  except  nn 
Iwneback.  At  lirst  the  I'ereians  vi><d  with  each  other  in  the  beauty  of 
(heir  homos, and  the  spleiwlonrof  Ihcir  clothing  ;  and  incurred  the  censnre 
of  the  liiatorian  Athctwus  tliat  they  were  moiv  desirons  of  intting  at  Ihpir 
eaao  than  of  approTiog  thcinHi-lveii  dexterous  and  bold  IiorrH-tiicn  ;  Imt 
Wider  swh  •  monarch  as  Cyms  they  wett>  soon  inspired  with  a  nobler 
amhitioii,  and  became  the  I>c8t  cai-alry  of  ihe  East.  Tlie  native  Persian 
honii  was  sn  highly  tniied,  that  Alexander  eonHidercd  one  of  tlicm  tho 
nobWt  gift  bo  coold  bestow ;  and  when  the  Icings  of  Pkrthia  wontd 
propEtsalo  their  divinitica  by  tlie  mont  costly  aacrifioe,  a  Pcr«ian  tiorac  was 
oOned  on  tho  altar. 

Venetiu  has  presorrcd  a  domription  of  the  Persian  horse,  which  proros 
linn  to  faaTO  bc«ii  a  valuable  animal,  according  to  the  notions  of  Ihoso 
time* ;  bnt  capable  of  much  improvement,  aeeoiding  to  tho  KtaDdard  of  a 
man  modem  period.  He  says  that  '  tbey  surpassed  other  horses  in  Ihe 
prido  and  graeefuhiess  of  their  pn<'ps,  which  were  ho  soft  and  easy  as  to 
|ilrnao  and  tolievc,  nitlier  than  fatigue  the  rioter,  an'l  that  the  poco  wan  OS 
aaA  as  il  was  pItnKant ;  and  iJinl,  wlwn  thi-y  wem  bml  on  a  larije  Brulr. 
tbey  oonstitnlod  a  coiiKiiIorable  ]iart  of  llicir  iwiiern'  r(>veiiii>-.'  He  ndds. 
a*  a  oomraendation.  'Iha  gracelU  archinc  of  Iheir  iiock»,  ko  Ihut  IhHr 
cliins  Itwied  upon  thnr  bnrasts,  while  thnr  pare  was  something  between 


EABLT  UISTOBY  OF  TUU  UOBSE.  • 

a  gtiJIop  and  au  amble.'  The  horsemen  of  the  preaent  day  would  decidedly 
object  to  both  of  these  things,  and  that  which  follows  would  be  a  still 
more  serious  cause  of  objection : — '  They  were  subject  to  tire  upon  a  long 
march  or  journey,  and  then  were  of  a  temper  which,  unleas  awed  and 
subdued  by  discipline  and  exercise,  inclined  them  to  obatinacy  and  rebellion; 
yet,  with  all  their  heat  and  imger,  they  were  not  diScnlt  to  be  pacified.' 

Botli  the  soldier  and  the  horse  were  oilen  covered  with  armour  &om 
head  to  foot.  They  adopted  mnch  of  the  tactics  of  the  Parthians  in  their 
pretended  Sight.  Even  when  retreating  in  eameat,  they  annoyed  their 
puTsners  by  the  coutinnal  disch^ge  of  their  arrows.  Arrian  girea  a 
curious  account  of  their  manner  of  riding.  They  had  no  bridles,  like  the 
Greeks ;  but  they  governed  their  ho^s  by  means  of  a  thoug  or  strap,  cut 
from  the  raw  hide  of  a  boll,  and  which  they  bound  across  their  noses.  On 
the  inside  of  this  noseband  were  little  pointed  pieces  of  iron,  or  brass,  or 
ivory,  moderately  sharp.  In  the  mouth  was  a  small  piece  of  iron,  in  the 
form  of  a  small  bar,  to  whioh  the  reins  were  tied,  and  with  which  the 
noseband  was  connected.  When  the  reins  were  pnlled,  the  small  t«ethon 
the  noseband  pinched  the  horse,  and  compelled  him  to  obey  the  will  of  the 
rider.     The  modern  caveson  was  probably  derived  from  this  invention. 

It  is  time  to  proceed  to  the  early  history  of  the  horse  in  Europe.  Kany 
colonies  of  Egyptians  emigrated  to  Greece.  They  carried  with  them  the 
love  of  the  horse,  and  as  many  of  these  noble  animals  as  their  ships  would 
contain.  It  would  appear  that  the  first  colony,  about  the  time  of  the 
birth  of  Hoses,  landed  in  Thessaly,  in  the  north  of  Greece.  Their  ap- 
pearance, ntonnted  on  horseback,  according  to  the  old  fable,  terrified  the 
native  inhabitants,  and  they  fled  in  all  directions,  imagining  that  their 
country  was  attacked  by  a  set  of  monsters,  half  horse  and  hajf  man,  and 
they  called  them  Centaurs.  Saoh  was  the  origin  of  the  figures  which 
^e  not  unfrequent  among  the  remains  of  ancient  sculpture. 

Another  and  a  more  natural  interpretation  offers  itself  to  the  mind  of 
the  horseman.  The  Thessalians  were  the  pride  of  the  Grecian  cavalry. 
Before  the  other  provinces  of  Greece  were  scarcely  acquainted  with  the 
name  of  the  horse  their  subjugation  of  him  was  so  complete,  that,  in  the 
language  of  another  poet  of  tar  later  days,  but  not  inferior  to  any  that 
Greece  ever  knew,  (Shakspeare,  in  his  exquisite  tragedy  of  '  Hamlet,') 

Th(«r  gallants 
Had  witchCTHil:  in  't— tLey  greir  unto  their  seat. 
And  to  Bach  wocdroua  doing  brought  llieir  horse 
As  thej  faod  been  incorpBod,  and  d('n)i-iinturi.-tl 
With  ihu  bralB  IwuhL 

Hence  the  origin  of  the  fable  and  of  all  the  expressive  sculptures.  Bu 
cephalus,  the  fevourite  war-horse  of  Alexander,  was  probably  of  this  breed. 
We  are  told  by  Plutarch  that  he  would  permit  no  one  to  mount  him  bnt  hia 
master,  and  he  always  knelt  down  to  receive  him  on  his  back,  Alexander 
rode  him  at  the  battle  of  the  HydaspM,  in  which  the  noble  steed  received 
hia  death-wound.  For  once  he  was  ilieiibodicnt  to  the  commands  of  hia 
master :  he  hastened  &om  the  heat  of  the  fight ;  he  brought  Alexander  to 
a  place  where  he  was  secure  from  danger ;  he  kncU  for  him  to  alight^  and 
then  dropped  down  and  died. 

Sixty  years  afterwards,  another  colony  of  Egyptians  landed  in  the 
t&uth^n  part  of  Greece,  and  they  introduced  the  knowledge  of  the  horse 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Athens.  Their  leader  was  called  Erichthonius, 
or  the  horse-brBaker ;  and  after  his  death,  like  the  first  Centaur,  he  found 
a  place  in  the  Zodiac  under  the  name  of  '  The  Archer.'  Erichthonius 
likewise  occnpicd  a  situation  among  the  constellations,  and  was  termed 
Auriga^  or  &a  Charioteer. 


10 


BAftLT  iiummr  op  tub  uorsb. 


Tho  Tlimiiliiiifi  ftlwaja  mointainod  their  c)iamc[«r  tw  the  fint  uid  tlio 
ehedoMt  of  the  Urpciao  caviUr}'.  In  point  of  foot,  it  wm  the  only  part  ot 
tLe  eoontij  in  irhicb  horxcM  could  with  doeidvd  udrantoge  bo  broil.  It 
abooitded  in  rich  pruturv!!,  vheraaa  tbe  reit  of  Orccco  <*ra«  compuntirely 
diy  nd  bftrrcn.  BlutiileviUe,  who  WM  an  oxcellent  classic  ta  well  m 
hormnui,  b&js  : — '  The  boraM  of  Greece  have  good  le^gi's,  ^--iv&t  iHHlym, 
comely  bmdB,aDdiira(rfahigliBtatiu<o,aad  voiy  woll  made  fornardc,  bntt 
not  backwarde,  bpcatisp  tlwj-  nro  pt/n-lullcxktd.  Nothwitlistcindinp,  thoy 
are  TOi^e  swiA,  and  of  a  Ixiltlc  (.'ourage.  But  uf  till  tbn  mc<M  in  Orwce, 
both  tluB  honwii  uud  marus  of  Tlit^salv  tar  their  beiviii.',  biji^noaso,  bonntie 
and  courage,  uf  all  authors  arc  moec  cetebratod.  Tor  which  cauM  Xonet^ 
OD  his  coining  into  Greece,  innAv-  a  ranning  of  horses  in  ch&riots  to  be  pro 
clajmed  only  in  Thossalin,  bccmiuo  ho  wonldo  have  his  owne  horsfls  to 
nume  wytho  the  beet  boras*  in  Oiveci'.  Juliwi  Cawar,  aUo,  boyingUicla- 
tor  ot  'Oomc,  knowjng  Ihe  conragv  of  these  liorsea,  was  tho  lirat  that 
ordejmcd  thtuu  as  a  spectacle  before  the  people  to  fyghle  wvthe  wyldo 
ball^  and  to  kyll  thrm.' 

From  v»ri<«i»  of  tho  Orcftk  antbors  wo  can  vprjr  EatisfactorDy  trace  the 
T^d  inpmremcnt  which  abuut  tbta  time  tiiuk  pliico  in  the  character  and 
nianagement  of  the  liorse.  It  has  been  stated  tlutt  tbu  soil  and  produce  of 
Qrtece  were  not  favootabie  for  the  brwditip  of  horses,  and  that  it  conld 
be  a  matter  of  profit  011I7  id  Tbcuwiy.  I'iioy  soon,  hoirm'er,  Iwciudl' 
neocssary  in  almost  every  part  of  tho  countrj-,  both  fur  ofleDce  and  defence  : 
thercToro,  in  motit  of  tlic  cilii-ti,  and  purticnlarly  in  Athens  and  in  Sparta, 
ID  order  to  indnoa  the  iuhabilauls  to  keef>  tho  requisite  nninber,  a 
new  order  of  dliiens  was  instituted,  denied  the  SMond  in  rank  in 
the  OOmmooimlUli,  and  distintrDiabod  by  certain  honours  and  pririlegOM. 
Vbe  equitea,  or  IcnightB  in  the  l{i>nian  n-puhiic,  were  formed  on  the  same 
modoL 

II  ia  in  some  of  tho  iirst  Grecian  acitlpliires  that  we  first  see  tho  bit  in 
the  hoswi'i  moulli,  but  it  is  not  always  that  we  do  see  it ;  on  the  ooutiary 
there  is  frei[uently  neither  bridle,  saddle,  nor  stirmp.  It  however  was 
frequently  necessary  to  niako  qko  of  cordu  or  thongs,  in  ord«r  to  confine 
(ho  bono  to  tho  placu  at  whidi  it  anited  tho  rtder  for  a  while  to  leave  him. 
Tbeae  ooirds  were  batoned  roii&d  the  animal's  neck,  and  may  bo  scr^  in 
aavera)  of  the  ancient  flgnree.  According  to  some  wHtora,  the  occaaionat 
BtrngglMcf  thciuiimnl  to  oscapo  fran  them  tramoteie,  aad  Uw  strength 
vhicn  ha  excrlc^t  in  order  to  aooo(D|ilish  fats  purpose,  6rst  aoggmtod  the 
idc*  of  hamttMuag  him  to  certain  maohinee  for  the  pnrnoM  of  drawing 
than ;  and  it  is  very  oridcnl  that  soon  after  this  it  must  havo  occnrrod  to 
the  boTWman,  that  if  this  rope  were  put  over  the  bead,  and  over  the 
nnnle  m  perbnps  into  tho  moath  of  tho  animal,  ho  wonld  be  more  easUy 
b«tenod  and  Inl  from  place  to  pbwe,  and  more  accnrcly  gnidcd  and  maoBged 
whether  tbu  man  bo  off  or  on  his  back.  Henco  aroMi  tbo  tn-idlc.  It  pro- 
bably wiL-t  at  Ant  Dothing  moie  than  a  haltor  or  cord  by  which  the  horse 
was  usually  oonBned.  An  improrenont  on  this  was  a  deiaohed  cord  or 
rope,  wiih  prolongaUoQs  ooming  dp  on  both  lidM  of  the  mouth,  and 
giviDB  the  rider  arach  gnatnr  powto*  over  tho  animal ;  and  aftor  that,  for 
the  •ake  of  ctoantinces,  and  to  prevont  tho  wear  and  tear  of  the  rope,  and 
alao  giving  yet  more  command  over  the  animal,  an  iron  bit  was  fitted  to 
the  month,  and  reslt'd  ou  the  tongue,  and  the  bridle  was  allaclied  to  each 
end  of  it.  It  mu  lk«  ecmmtm  nt^fU  bridle  <^  Ike  pnnnt  dav,  tiie  iron 
being  jointod  and  fiasible,  or  often  oonpwed  of  a  chain.  Tfaero  were, 
liowever,  no  crow  pin^M  to  thene  b«bi  at  nto  month,  but  simple  knobs  or 
balbs.  la  Ibo  inside  uf  wliioh  tbo  bita  were  atluebciL 

flita  and  bridles  of  this  Itiw)  uecnr  IJT<incqitly  in  the  Athenian  icniptarfw 


EARLT  UiSTO&T  OF  THE  H0B3E.  ]i 

of  the  time  of  Pericles,  about  430  years  before  the  CHrietiaQ  era ;  but  tba 
bead-gear  of  tbe  bridle  bad  not  been  long  mtroduced ,  tbe  bit  being  anp. 
ported,  in  some  figures,  bj  the  backling  or  tying  of  tbe  bridle  about  tbe 
DOse,  a  little  above  the  musizle.  These,  however,  Hoon  disappear,  and  wo 
have  the  present  snaSe,  with  very  bttle  alteration  except  a  straight  leather 
or  cord  &oni  tbe  bead  to  the  uoBeband,  and  that  not  always  found.  The 
obain  under  the  chin  ia  occasionally  observed,  probably  for  tbe  sake  of 
keeping  tbe  bit  steady  in  the  mouth. 

hi  no  period  of  Grecian  history,  so  far  as  tbe  author  is  aware,  was  tbe 
severe  and  often  cruel  curbed-bit  known.  This  was  an  invention  of  after- 
times.  The  only  instmment  of  poiuBlunent  which  was  then  attached  to 
ttie  bit  was  found  in  the  knobs  at  ibe  corners  of  tbe  mouth ;  they  had 
sbarp  or  roogh  points  on  their  inner  snr&ce,  which  by  a  turn  or  twist  of 
tbe  bridle  might  easily  be  brought  to  bear  pain&Ily  on  the  cheeks  and 
wiglea  of  the  month.  A  bit  bo  conatmoted  was  termed  a  htpatum,  from 
&e  supposed  resemblance  of  these  sharp  projectdons  to  the  teeth  of  a  wolf. 
It  would  seem  that  this  was,  among  the  Romans,  tdmost  coeval  with  the 
introductiou  of  the  bit,  for  tbe  poet  attributes  it  to  Il'eptune,  tbe  fabnious 
parent  of  the  horse. 

Kaptnnna  eqno,  si  certa  priornm, 

Fuaa  patft,  primus  teneris  Lesissc  Inpatia 

Oro,  et  littoreo  domiiisiie  ia  pulvcre  fertur. 

Neptune,  if  we  may  credit  give  lo  fame, 

Firat  taught  villi  bits  tbe  geiiM«us  horse  to  tame. 

No  mention  is  made  of  saddles,  such  as  are  nsed  in  modem  timra ;  but 
by  way  of  ornament,  and  partly  of  convenience  too,  the  horses  are  often 
covered  with  beautiful  cloths,  or  with  akina  of  wild  beasts,  secured  by  a 
girth  or  surcingle.  Thus  the  horse  of  Partbenopius  was  covered  with  the 
skin  of  a  lynx,  and  that  of  .^neos  with  a  lion's  skin.  In  their  religious 
or  triumphal  processions  tbe  housings  of  the  horse  were  particularly 
magnificent,  being  frequently  adorned  with  gold  and  silver  and  diamonds. 
BiiSi  collars  were  also  bung  round  their  necks,  and  bells  adorned  their 
crests.  The  trappings  of  the  young  knight  in  the  days  of  chivalry  did  not 
exceed  those  of  the  Gtreciaq  warrior  on  days  of  ceremony. 

The  stirrup  was  likewise  unknown.  The  adoption  of  that  convenient 
assistance  in  mounting  the  horse  was  of  singularly  late  date.  The  first 
mention  of  it  occurs  in  the  works  of  Eustathina,  about  the  1158th  year  of 
the  Christian  era ;  but  it  was  used  in  tbe  time  of  William  the  Conqueror, 
nearly  a  centtuy  before  that.  Berenger  gives  the  figure  of  a  horse  saddled, 
bridled,  and  with  stirmps,  copied  from  the  Bayeux  tapestry,  which  was 
embroidered  in  the  time  of  tite  Conqueror  by  bis  wife,  and  describes  tlio 
circuuiBtancea  preceding  and  attending  his  descent  into  England.  Tba 
heroes  of  ancient  times  trusted  chiefly  to  their  own  agility  in  leaping  on 
flieir  boises'  backs,  and  that  whether  standing  on  tho  right  side  or  the  left. 

They  who  fought  on  horseback  with  the  spear  or  lance  had  a  projection 
on  tbe  spear,  or  sometimes  a  loop  of  cord,  about  two  feet  &om  the  bottom 
of  it,  wJuch  served  at  once  for  a  fij-mer  grasp  of  tho  weapon,  and  a  step  on 
which  tbe  right  or  the  left  foot  might  be  placed,  according  to  the  side  on 
which  the  warrior  intended  to  mount,  and  from  which  he  could  easily  vault 
on  his  courser's  back.  The  horse  was  sometimes  taught  to  assist  the  rider 
in  mountinf;  by  bending  his  neck  or  kneeling  down.  Tho  magnates  always 
had  their  bIiitcs  by  their  horse's  side  to  assist  them  in  mounting  and  dis- 
mounting. Sonic  made  nse  of  a  short  ladder ;  and  it  was  the  duty  of  llie 
local  magistraiy,  both  in  Rome  and  Ori'i'cc,  to  see  that  convenient  stepping- 
rtones  were  placed  at  ulioi-t  distflnci's  iiVm^  iill  Ihe  ronfls. 

Tho  boot  fijT  tho  defence  of  llic  leg  from  the  dangers  to  witicli  it  wus 


IX 


EABLT   UlSTUKl'  Ut'  TriG  UORSIS. 


Kcp-iacd  was  rory  tmrlj'  (tdoptcd,  ad*]  tho  Ii««l  of  it  vma,  ooc&Kinnatlj  at 
IciMt,  arniiKl  with  %  itjinr. 

Tlie  Iiowuh"  Tti-l  vrure  niuJiod,  llie  paved  or  Diuty  roads,  which  ttne  now 
80  diMtnictiTe  b)  Iho  feety  beinf{  in  »  manner  unknoiro.  Occnsioiinl!}', 
liowoTira-,  from  Datontl  w^aknres  of  tho  foot,  or  from  tmrelling  tno  far  or 
too  fiurt-  over  thn  cuuncwnjrit,  liimfncM  then,  m  now,  occnmHl.  In  order 
to  provfrut  lliiti,  l]t<!  Orci-kti  uid  tliu  BoroiuK  wvrc  ftcciuttomed  to  faiitcn  a 
sort  of  ssndal  or  stoekinif,  made  of  sedges  twistod  together  tik«  ft  mat,  or 
ols«  of  loothor,  and  whore  the  ownor  coald  nfford  it,  etreo^enod  with 
pUte*  of  iron,  and  notnrlimos  iKlomcd  with  silrrr  and  even  with  gold,  m 
was  thff  OMO  with  the  hnnwM  of  Poppna  and  Nero. 

^Mm  was  a  peeuliarily  iu  the  Orsek  mode  of  riding,  at  l<>asl  witit 
r«<gudtothe«aralr7horae«,aDd,  BcmotimMithoMnsodforplcasaro.  Two 
or  thrco  of  therm  were  tied  together  by  thnir  bridl<i«,  nnd  tho  horRen]An,at 
fn]t  xpccd,  leaped  from  ono  to  another  at  hia  yilniuum.  This  might  ooca- 
BioTudJy  bo  (ueful ;  when  ime  horaf  waa  tiptd  or  woanded,  the  warrior 
might  leap  npon  another;  bat  he  would  be  so  hampered  h;  tho  manage, 
mont  of  oil  of  tbotn,  and  the  attsntion  which  he  wm  compelled  to  p»y  to 
them  nil,  tluit  it  norcr  bocnmc  the?  gpnerol  way  of  riding  or  fighting ;  nor 
was  it  pnu.'tiiu>d  in  any  other  country.  Burner,  in  liis  15tli  Hiad,  olludoii 
to  it  as  a  feat  of  skill  attemp(<<d  in  sport.  The  following  is  a  translatioa 
of  tho  paesage: — 'Jost  as  a  skilful  horsomnn  riding  four  choecn  homes 
along  a  pubbo  rood  t*>  nomc  grpufc  city,  wlion;  h!«  conmo  in  to  tirminato, 
llie  wholo  town  asiicmblcs  to  ticliuld  him,  and  gase  njian  hini  with  wonder 
and  applauBO ;  whilu  he  leaps  with  eaae  from  the  bade  of  one  horM  to 
anotJ)«r.  and  flies  along  with  them.,' 

Tho  CirwVs  mnrt  have  carried  thpir  raanagrmont  of  iho  hor«o  to  a  TBiy 
high  »tnto  of  pcHV^ion  ;  nnd  ihc  Orfrian  hnwe  mnst  liavc  btxin  exceod- 
inffly  dooili^  wh<ia  exltilntionii  of  this  kind  ooold  take  plac«. 

It  waa,  however,  to  the  drunglit  of  the  chariot  that  tliis  atiiiiia]  was 
priaeJpaUy  devoted  in  some  other  coanlries,  and  among  the  (rr<y-ks  in  the 
tufy  panod  of  their  history.  No  mention  i*  miide  of  n  xinglc  homnann 
OD  dthrr  side,  during  tho  trn  y(«n'  negc  of  Troy  ;  bat  U10  warrioni  all 
foDght  on  Tout  or  iu  eliariola. 

Tbiii  charioU  wore  simjde  in  their  stmoture,  open  at  the  back,  and  partly 
DD  tiw  sides ;  nnd  cootaining  tho  drirer  in  the  IVont,  and  the  warrior 
Ktnnding  on  a  platfonn,  ntiunlly  aomcwhat  olerutivl.  Theiw  rehiclea  aeom 
ta  have  "been  tarely  broaghl  into  culliaion  with  each  other ;  but  they  warn 
driven  rapidly  over  (he  flild,  tho  wsurrior  hurling  his  lances  on  eitherside, 
or  alighting  vhtoa  he  ntct  witli  n  foo  worthy  of  hiH  attack.  The»o  cliariota 
wen>  not  only  contrived  for  nervier,  but  were  ofton  mont  xplendidlv  and 
cxponaivdy  ORiamcntcd.  They  won.'  the  piiie  of  tho  euni(ucror.  Sout«- 
times  tbey  were  drawn  by  IfarK'  horaea ;  bnt  the  third  wna  a  spore  one,  in 
eaas  ritber  of  the  others  should  be  tired  or  woanded.  Some  had  Ibw 
boiraea  yoked  abroost ;  each  was  the  charioi  of  Hector. 

Tho  charioteer,  ahhongh  at  tho  ttine  inferior  to,  or  nnder  Ibo  eoramond 
of  tho  wmrrior,  was  iteldom  or  never  a  meniat.  He  was  ofWo  the  intunate 
friend-  of  tho  warrior ;  thiu  Nestor,  and  even  Hector,  are  found  acting  as 
charioteem.  When  not  the  per>oi»l  friend  of  the  warrior,  ho  was  nsnally 
a  charioteer  by  profession ;  nnd  drove  when;  ho  wm  diivirtcd. 

OccaaioosJ  mantioin  ia  made  of  the  ettrrut  fitteali,  e)uu-iots  with  ornml 
JnirtnimfntatBthi'frrmef  r-'y'h"',  projediug  rn>m  theailes  of  ilie  wheels, 
by  nuana  of  iritkth  whole  ranks  miglit  bo  mown  down  at  onoo.  They 
ware  oonfined,  bowover,  to  tho  more  bnrlmi>iiii  nations,  am)  were  ascd 
nrithDT  in-  the  Or«*ka  nor  tlm  ItnmuDH.  They  were  ndrnntagcons  only 
on  loletaUy  open  or  level  grouml ;   and  il  not  uufre(|ueiitly  happened 


KABLY  HISTOKT  OF  TDE  HORSE.  IS 

«tfnglil«d  by  iho  cbuiumr  or  tliu  ImtUi),  or  hy  wonnilft,  tJio  liomcs 
bmuiM  tuigovc rouble,  and,  lumiiiy  OB  tlie  nuikn  uf  tlicir  frinndo,  Uirow 
tlirm  into  ootoplele  disorder.  Vb«y  were  oa  Uiis  accouut  kul  utiJc^  cvon 
by  Uie  b«H»riuia  Uiemselrm. 

In  process  of  time,  wKr-chariob  of  pvctt  Irind  r«ll  into  disuse,  and  tlto 
higber  danes  of  wiuriora  were  coiitvtit  to  fight  on  bomcbuck,  whpr«  their 
IMnonBl  stra^tb  and  courage  mi^jbt  be  as  well  ditipluyed,  ajid  di«ciplino 
conld  be  betwr  pr««ervied. 

SlUl,  almost  to  th»  period  of  Uu>  ChristiaD  era,  and  Ion;;  afl«r  that  in 
HttDf  conntriM,  tli«  hm!  of  the  hone  na  confined  to  wnr,  to  the  chase, 
aad  to  poblic  pa^foantn.  Tbl^  first  era  ploy  niejit  of  tbu  ]i)gy{>tiun  colonists, 
vben  tlioj  landed  in  Tbeasaly,  vas  to  rid  the  forests  ol  tlm  wild  cjittic, 
asd  other  dangerous  animals,  with  which  tlioy  were  tJien  peopled.  In  th» 
cmlial  and  sotttfacrn  part*  of  Grooco,  tho  cottntr;  iras  more  open  and  Llie 
wilder  nsimals  wero  •cur<M>Ij'  known ;  Init  in  Anryria  and  Pontin,  nnd 
evtrj  country  in  which  tbu  IcKitimalc-  prey  of  the  huntwr  wiia  fimnii,  tho 
bono  wiM  employed  in  ils  pursuit. 

In  prooMB  oftimo,  in  oraer  to  docido  the  comparative  ralne  of  diflV-TCiit 
bonea^  or  to  gratify  tho  vanity  of  Uuiir  owners,  and  also  to  give  mora 
aBbot  to  certain  religion*  rilca  and  pubUo  spectnt^IcB,  hnrne-rnecs  wore  in- 
trodnoed.  The  most  celebrated  of  Uivee  ouiibitionH  «»«  tliut  at  Olj-mpin, 
in  Peloponneeus,  held  every  fourth  year,  in  huntiur  of  Jupiter.  The 
yoaafg  mea  flocked  thither  ftwm  every  district  of  Gi'occe,  to  couU-nd  in 
litmr  maol;  oxcrciiw — hurling  the  jiivclin,  looping,  rnnnini;,  wrestling 
an)  Donog.  The  candidates  wt-rc  piirKmH  of  unlilomiiihrd  rcpntatiou — 
tha  oocttcat  Ikirly  and  honourably  couducltd,  and  tlm  cunijuoror,  n-owned 
with  a  laorel,  or  with  gold,  was  received  in  his  native  tuwu  witli  u<^cla• 
MOtknia  of  joy.  A  brcadi  was  made  in  the  vmll  of  tho  town  for  one  who 
had  ao  diabngnishcd  hlimH-'lf  to  [hum.  Ho  watt,  for  tiff,  cnlitli-d  to  preco- 
ianer  at  erery  public  eihibition;  he  was  ciempted  from  all  tAxf&  and 
inlenoreiTQ  offleeai  his  name  was  enrollGd  in  the  archives  of  his  country, 
asd  stataea  were  crootnJ  to  his  memory.  This  wiw  (he  Bonrw  of  the  noblo 
piiit  cf  vnrolatiaa  and  Uxo  ardent  low  of  country  by  which  tho  Orvck  wm 


Xeariy  a  ocnturr.  however,  p&»9ed  before  the  attraction  of  the  exliibi- 
tkm  was  increased  bv  the  labours  of  the  liorse.  The  lirst  colonists  oonld 
bring  with  thttn  only  a  few  of  these  noble  tuumntx.  In  scTcml  of  tho 
wan  in  which  tbcy  were  engu^c^,  their  deficiency  in  cavalry  was 
lamoitably  apparent.  It  was  not  nutil  the  23rd  Olympiad  that  the  bono 
mii^[lcd  in  the  contest. 

DiniDg  tho  first  two  Olympiiuln  after  this,  hflrsemen  niono  appeared. 
Of  ifaaasncca  tho  aocounta  are  exceedingly  impcrfi^ut.  Fitu-h  liorse  wns 
tiddcD  hj  his  own«r,  who  waa  obliged  to  nndergo  preparatory  ti-ials  for 
Iho  space  of  thirty  days.  The  horses  were  divided  into  full  and  undor> 
^ed;  but  no  explanation  is  given  by  any  writf<r  of  the  precise  menning  of 
(base  tsnnt,  nor  is  anything  said  of  tho  weight  of  tho  ridrmi.  Wc  only 
ksew  Iha  ipaoe  to  be  ran  over,  which  somewhat  exceeded  four  miles. 
Till  HI  waa  one  race  called  CoUie,  in  which  marcs  aloue  wero  p(imiitt«d  to 
mn.  Towards  tho  cod  of  tho  eonwe  tho  riders  were  compelled  to  l«ap 
fron  their  backs,  and,  keeping  the  bridle  in  their  hands,  to  nin  alongsido 
of  Asm  to  the  winning-ptwt. 

In  the  S^th  OlympiM,  chariot-races  w«r«  introduced.  Tho  chanots 
wvn  amngvd  abreast  of  each  other  at  th«  atarting-post ;  tho  places — for 
it  wiQ  appear  that  theso  gavo  Komc  imjriortant  advantage* — having  been 
preriooauT  decided  bv  lot  An  altar  was  erected  on  one  dde,  Upon  which 
•lood  a  bmnai  cagw,   dcd!eat«d  to   Jupiter,  and  a  dolphin,  sacred  to 


A 


14 


BARLY  HlSTOHr  OF  THE  nOESE. 


s* 


V 


Nsptono.  At  a  tiffnal  (Vom  the  |iroHi<liii(*  ofllocr.  the  «af;1«,  by  Mm» 
meclunKBi,  wpntng  into  Ihr  air,  th  o  Holphin  Hank  nnd^tr  ci-onnd  ;  nni)  itway 
tbe  Itorsea  started.  Tim  bijipoilrciinii,  or  oounc,  wait  ubout  anivthiitl  of  a 
railo  in  length ;  and  at  the  fiwLlier  oud  iras  a  pillar,  round  nhiL-h  Uio 
cluriota  wcro  tc  bo  itrivcn  and  back  again  to  the  starting- place  six  tiiuea, 
mukiui;  ratbLT  more  than  (oar  milcH. 

Tbu  rounding  of  tliU  pillar  vhxk  Uiq  fint  tost  of  tho  xlcill  of  the  driver 
and  tlie  docility  of  tlie  koraea,  and  muny  an  accident  hnppuued  thure. 

This  dan^rous  qwt  ms  no  soonor  passed,  than  the  competitors  camft 
at  onoe  npon  a  atrango  fignro  placed  to  try  tho  courage  und  nnri-o  of  tb» 
iMraea.  It  vraa  an  enoimouii  wtutuo,  catuHl  Turiixippu-i,  tlui  torrilior  of 
hontt ;  and,  ai^mrditig  to  old  wnlera,  well  vfortUy  of  the  iiaaio.  None 
of  tham  describe  this  strangt)  doitj,  but  all  acroo  that  ho  used  sadly  to 
(nf[ht«a  tba  itnodN,  and  onon  lo  diduignr  Uwir  Uvm,  atid  that  of  tha 
driTera. 

A  litllc  furilicr  on  was  a  lofty  rocW,  in  the  very  walre  of  the  course, 
loaring  only  a  Tery  narrow  dcGlo,  in  the  passing  iJmDgh  which  the  skill 
of  tho  chariotCOT  was  WTCnvlv  tried  ;  vhilc  Hiroral  men,  placed  ou  tho  rock, 
lacraaaed  thv  oonfnaion  anil  tlio  terror  of  tho  horaea,  by  tho  continual 
braying  of  Ibeir  Irempeta. 

Aa  nay  bo  well  sappoaed,  the  number  of  the  oompetilon  was  much 
diminiahod  «ra  tho  conclusion  of  th«  nco.  Some  rao  againat  the  pillar, 
othcn  wore  frightimed  out  of  tho  conrae  by  the  horrihlo  atatne,  and  not  a 
few  were  wrecked  on  that  fearful  rock.  Some  wen;  duntroyed  on  the  spot ; 
oUiers,  who  escaped  withoat  aerions  iiyniy,  ware  derided  %  the  spectaton^ 
ooacooontoftiioir  want  of  skill;  and  the  6«gmenta  with  which  tao  ooone 
waa  oovend  rendered  nlmiut  cvcir  atop  porilon*'  'The  conqueror  in 
aadi  a  t«c^'  itaj-»  Pautaiiius, '  well  deaorred  die  crown  wlucb  lie  roc^ved, 
aitd  the  bonosn  that  were  bestowed  on  him.' 

What  were  tlte  opinions  which  p'ravulod  at  this  early  period  respecting 
the  proper  form — tho  noinU  of  tuo  hone  ?  Lot  Uiat  maaler  honieman, 
XeDopbmi,  declare: — ' Tho  Srst  thing  tiiat  onght  to  be  looked  to  is  tlio 
foot ;  for  as  a  housu  would  he  of  iko  use,  thouf^h  all  tho  upper  parts  of  it 
wore  bennUfuI,  if  the  lower  parta  of  it  had  not  a  propor  foandation,  ao  a 
hone  wouki  not  bo  of  any  nao  in  war  if  he  bad  tender  feet,  even  though 
be  abouU  bare  all  other  good  onalities ;  for  hia  f^ood  qualiliea  could  nut 
be  made  any  valuable  use  of.'  lliis  maxim,  more  than  3,200  years  old, 
beapeaks  at  onco  tho  honeman. 

'Thick  liooEi  make  a  faoiac's  Ie«t  better  than  Uiin  onoa.'  Thin  must  he 
aelf-eridcnt,  where  there  was  no  artificial  protection  of  the  fuot~  The 
force  with  which  the  foot  will  come  in  oontaci  with  the  ground  at  ev«rj 
step  will  prodnoo  anlfieiont  cxpanKion  of  the  boel ;  bat  it  is  only  a  atroog 
loot  that  can  long  endure  the  eom^aiUMn,  without  being  worn  away. 

'  It  likewise  musi  not  be  forgotten  to  see  whether  toe  hoo&  are  liigh  or 
low ;  and  near  tiw  RoasdL  botii  belbre  and  behind.'  Few  thing*  are  of 
great^^  importanoo  uaa  this.  If  the  tneli'siilion  of  tlw  foot  in  front  in  tcea 
than  its  usual  angle  (ferty-fire  degrees),  it  indicates  a  eontraetcd  foot,  and 
a  morbidly  hoUow  sole^  and  inflammation  of  the  laming,  and  speedy  and 
incoiableniDeaenL  If  the  inclination  is  greater,  and  tbo  angle  acnlcr 
than  it  should  bo,  there  is  Batness  of  tho  sole,  and  Uabili^  to  serioos 
bruiiKj  of  it,  or,  pcrhauH,  pumioed  feet. 

*  The  pastemii,  or  winM  immediately  above  tlte  boo&  and  below  tho 
(cUooks,  ought  not  to  be  straight  like  tlutso  of  a  goal,  for  this  won  Id  sbako 
the  rider,  and  such  Ick"  arc  more  subject  to  inflammatKin ;  nor  ought  these 
bones  to  be  too  low,  for  the  fetlock  would  be  cbaied  and  nloemlcd  if  tb*  ] 
borse  was  ridden  over  pUw^wd  grounds,  or  aawng  stonea.'  If  be  had  added 


BJtBLY  niSTOET  OP  THE  IIOESR-  15 

tfaU  the  oUtqae  pastem  wu  mlly  liablo  to  sprain,  ntiil  there  woalil  artcti 
be  injarT*  thmagti  the  wholu  cnarM)  of  tlto  floxor  Iviidon,  uotiiiug  could 
h^xv  been  naldctl  U>  iJic  force  itflin  Abierv&tioD. 

*  "nw  biuMMi  of  UiB  leg*  ou^ltt  to  Iw  liu^e,  tunce  they  am  mpparf^rs  of 
the  hodfi  not,  howeTer,  tliiok  with  v&ioB  or  cellular  mutter.'  Ho  ia 
gjiaiit  iii]^  of  tlic  ivar-lior«e  And  tbo  Luotcr  ;  aiid  wliat  can  be  moru  Curri^ct  ? 

*If  tM  oak  in  walking  boikU  his  kneea  trcoly,  yoa  innj  jad^i^o,  wbi'n  bo 
vomai  to  b«  riddco,  thut  hi*  Ic^  will  bo  saptje;  and  f^nppto  joiutit  ai« 
jmUy  coaaoanitni,  ■»  tbcy  make  »  luirao  len  Hable  to  Ginmblo,  and  not 
tin  no  MMm  B>  n'lw'n  liis  juiula  an-  sttiT.' 

'  The  tli^ha  ouJct  the  aLouldLTs  (ilie  ror«>amH),  when  they  are  large, 
arr  both  powerful  and  graceful ;  and  the  cheat  bouig  Inrjio,  contrilnitea  not 
only  to  bvanty  and  stnmgth,  bat  to  a  borse'e  being  abh  to  continue  a  long 
ttrac  in  one  pace. 

'  The  neck  gbonld  proceed  frooi  tbo  nhcmt,  rising  npwtrdSt  and  it  ehonld 
I  be  looee  abont  the  bend  of  tlie  heai) ;  thu  head  too,  being  bony,  shonid  havo 
•  anall  ehwlc.  The  eye  shonid  be  ataudiu(r  ont,  and  not  Hank  in  thu 
fhimt-  The  noatnls  Uuit  nro  wido,  are  not  only  l>ett«r  adapted  for  breath- 
ing tfcaa  (lioae  that  an  ooinpre«»ed,  bat  likewise  caoae  the  horse  to  appear 
iiMM«  terrible  in  battle.  The  top  of  tbo  hoad  being  largi?,  and  the  oara 
mall,  laakee  the  head  appear  moru  el^ant.  The  point  of  the  Khoaldor 
Skewiwt  Ivbiff  bigb,  rendera  that  part  of  the  hodv  more  conipaot.'  Tha 
xaAar  wae  evMlenlly  awsra  of  the  advantage  of  tnut  form,  hut  lie  did  not 
know  the  principloa  on  which  it  was  foandod. 

•  The  noes,  bung  di-cp  and  dwelling  towards  the  holly,  make  a  horse  in 
I      Maetal  more  ootnmodioDs  to  bu  M«t«i)  on,  and  bettor  able  to  digest  his 

tood.  The  broader  and  shorti.>T  his  loino  art;,  the  moro  readily  will  ha 
tbraw  tna  fine  feet  oui ;  and  the  bdly  that  appears  sniaU,  K-iiiK  l»ri;'e,  not 
eoly  da^iirea  a  horee,  but  makea  him  weaker  and  less  able  to  carry  his 
rider.*  '&m  btwitifiitly  again  ho  snistcs  tlto  point,  altliough  wo  ol'  tbo 
[■tiwijl  day  noile  a  tittle  at  hiit  illnatration  ! 

<  The  haonchM  should  be  large  and  full  oT  flesh,  Uiat  they  may  corro- 
spood  wHh  the  sides  and  the  cJwst ;  and  when  all  these  are  firm,  they  make 
a  liaree  tighter  for  tbo  (y>Drso  and  (iiller  of  animation.* 
I  AaodMT  wnrk  of  Xcnopbon,  tltfii  'Wru^t, — on  tbo  manogemont  of  tha 

I  kotM,— exlubita  <M]uul  proof  of  a  knowli'dgo  of  the  point*  and  propor  trcat- 
imil  of  tkt*  eaimal,  mixed  with  the  ahma  iguomiic-e  of  the  prtncipleii  on 
whieh  these  things  are  foaude<L  He  was  on  acute  observer,  and  the  facta 
vm^  their  doe  impreBBJon,  but  do  one  bad  yet  taught  the  ajiatoniy  and 
fbrnoiogj  of  the  bor»e. 

The  Romans,  from  tbo  very  building  of  their  cities,  paid  inudi  att^inlion 
to  the  breeding  and  inanagetoent  of  the  liorsc ;  hut  tlus  vins  mora  tluui 
700  yean  after  Ihts  miimtl  had  been  imported  iiito  Greece,  and  his  value 
and  unpoetaiice  had  begun  to  bo  almost  iinivorBally  acknowJcdcied. 

Borae  aad  dioHot  mcce  were  early  introdnccd  at  Itomc,  The  chariot 
T*cca  fell  gradaaUv  into  disrepute,  hut  the  bonw  races  were  continued  to 
the  linMS  of  the  (JKaaiw,  and  the  young  men  of  the  equestrian  onlor  wrro 
tBtbaci^rtically  devoted  to  this  eien^iso.  There  were  not,  bowerer,  any 
of  the  difficoltiee  or  dangers  that  attcudctl  the  Grecian  rooes.  They  were 
cUefly  triala  of  speed  or  of  dexterity  in  the  performance  of  certain  circles, 
■0V  |iroperly  confined  to  our  theatrical  exhibitions.  The  rider  would 
•toed  vpright  on  hi«  «tcv^  lie  along  his  back,  pick  up  things  from  tbo 
gnnnd  at  liiU  s^w^d,  and  leap'from  horse  to  horse  in  the  swiftest  gallop. 

A  nngnlar  circumstance  in  tho  mnnagcin(>Tit  of  this  animnl  br  the 
Rotuasa  mt  the  superior  Talno  which  tbtty  attributed  t«  tho  marc.  Their 
BAtsral  Ualorian*,  ogricnlturisfai,  and  pieta  unite  in  thia  opinion.  Pcrhnpa  1 

i J 


IR 


oni-r  HisroBT  of  the  horse. 


thio  mtglit  in  pari  oriw  ftom  the  cti«l»m  of  tlic  Romana  to  oaalratc  all  ths 
liontM  llial  were  employed  iu  mercanlile  aiid  agi-iculturat  purauiU.  Tho 
hone,  Iwwever,  was  not  d«>fi;mdpd  hy  tlio  opcratioo  or  the  labour,  bnt 
ralli«r  Inn  was  made  to  occupy  iho  sitaution  fur  which  n&tnrc  dougiied  him  ; 
nitd  from  tbi£  time,  and  gnutunttr  n%'or  evcrj'  port  of  Europe,  he  haa 
bcontno  ono  of  tho  moMt  nitcful  of  we  tiervaiiitt  of  man. 

To  the  Ronuuia  roa^  he  atlributed  the  iDveiiliou  of  tlie  curb  hit.  Tbo 
Emperor  Theodoaiua  la  represented  in  one  of  tho  aonent  sculptures  ns 
naiii;;  a  Lit  with  a  tremeodously  long  lover,  and  which  could  uiiliet 
drvadfol  punishment  if  the  rider  were  ho  inclined. 

It  m»y  rckdilj:  he  Kuppnm.'d  lliitt  a  kiiuwludfcu  of  tliu  horse  now  became 
more  pvtbot  and  inore  diiTuHed.  Terreulius  Varro,  who  Sourialicd  aboat 
tb«  7«ar  70  bafore  ChrUl.  aud  during  the  exist«oce  of  iJie  commonwealth, 
baa  givonadOACription  oftbo  horse,  wlticb  hsK  liearccly  been  eicellcKl  iu 
modent  timos.  *  Wo  inny-  prognosticate  ^reat  thingM  of  a  colt,'  aays  he, 
'if,  when  running  in  the  jioxtmrw,  he  i^  ambiliuua  lo  gel  bcforo  hia  com- 
uuiionx,  and  if,  in  coming  Lo  a  river,  he  strives  to  he  the  lirat  (o  pliinga 
into  it^  Hit  kittd  •iouU  be  rmall,  his  lintha  clean  and  compact,  bia  eye* 
bright  and  aparUiDg,  his  nostrila  open  and  large,  his  c&rs  plooed  near  L-aeh 
oilier,  hie  Eaano  strong  and  fall,  hia  chest  brood,  his  shoulders  flat  and 
alopii^;  backward,  hix  barrel  round  and  compact,  hia  loins  brond  and 
atroog,  fait  tail  full  oud  buahy,  his  legs  straight  aud  even,  bin  kncca  broad 
Mid  well  knit,  hia  hoofs  hard  aud  tough,  and  his  veius  large  and  swelling 
over  all  hia  body.' 

Vir^l,  eighty  or  niuciyyoais  afterwards,  gives  somo  interesting  accounts 
of  tlie  horse,  and  partjcularly  when  taken  Irom  tlio  pursuitB  of  war  aud 
tmploycd  in  tho  pcamrfal  »crvic«  of  ugricullore. 

A  fen-  yean  ahor  him  followed  Columella,  who,  in  a  vrork  dctvotod 
emhtnvely  to  agrioaltoK',  treats  at  length  of  the  management  of  tbo  horsa 
and  of  many  of  his  diseases. 

To  him  Boccoedod  Palladiiu  od  agricaliiire,  thonsnagcmcntofthevino- 
yard,  and  tbo  apiary,  &o. ;  luid  he  also  doacribea  at  oonaidcrubte  length 
the  tTcatuent  and  uut  diseases  of  the  horve. 

About  the  same  time,  or  somewhat  before,  the  Bona&D  emperan  being 
continually  engaged  ia  fbreign  wars,  and  in  many  of  Uuee  exiwditions  the 
cskvaliy  forming  a  most  elective  diridon  of  the  army,  'ntmiuxj  sniigeoiM 
Wore  appoiutva  to  each  of  the  legions.  The  horse  and  his  mamwomoii 
and  dioMsea  were  then  for  the  finit  time  syatematically  studied.  The 
works,  or  extracts  from  the  works,  of  a  few  of  them  are  preeorTod,  There 
(s,  bowDTor,  httio  in  them  that  is  raluahle. 

About  the  middle  of  the  foarthc«ntary  a  volume  of  a  diUcrcnt  character 
on  the  ri!t<:riuai7  art  was  written  by  Vegctias,  who  appears  to  haro  been 
attached  lo  the  army,  Imt  in  wha,t  ritnaboa  is  unknown.  His  work,  with 
all  its  errors,  is  truly  valoahle  as  a  collection  of  the  best  remarks  that  had 
been  written  on  relerisaiy  mattors,  from  the  earliest  ace  to  his  day  and 
inclading  axtrocts  from  tho  works  of  Chiron  and  £G|>pooratcs,  which 
wontd  otnerwtie  haro  been  lost.  Thn  history  of  the  symptoms  of  varioiu 
iliwaMns  is  nn^uladj  poiR«et>  hut  tlie  mode  of  treatment  refleda  hUle 
credit  OB  tha  veterinaiy  aoqnirctnents  of  the  author  or  the  age  iu  which 
he  Lived. 

Ahnost  in  his  time  the  irmptians  of  the  Ooths  commcnc«d,  and  shortly 
ftfter  evBtj  reeord  of  scioncv  was  swept  away  in  both  tho  cestera  and  the 
WMtotn  empirH. 


TQB  OOKGOLA  OB  NUBIAN  Uflfl^^^^V  17 

CHAPTER  11. 
THE  FOBEICX  BREEDS  OP  II0K8E& 

[  Vk  eonnuneo  a^ftiu  with  that  oomidy  conneotcd  with  which  wchaTQtba 
I  ttrSeab  hlatiuj  of  Qui  hone. 

TB£  ESTPTIAV  K0EEE8. 

^otwittialaadii^  tho  Aftttering  rvports  of  tnivi-Ufrs,  aixl  ilmoitwrtionof 
Dr.  Slaw  Uwi  Uw  EffTptiiui  bonus  an.-  pii.'fi.T!i1)l<-  tu  l\w  BiiibtLry  oqch  in 
lite,  beantT,  aad  goooneea,  tho  modem  Iioi'so  of  this  country  had  Utllu  fii 
wooBuncnd  him.  Tho  dcBpoiiMn  ntidcr  which  tho  inhabitants  gixMuiod 
wMogtAher  diacouraocd  Uio  rearing  of  u  v&limbkt  bn-i-d,  for  their  possosiiion 
was  oompIetcJj  »t  Uto  mexcy  of  tSoir  Turkish  ufiprL'tiHom,  und  thn  uhoiccKt 
of  Uwil*  snimftls  were  often  taken  fWm  tliem  without  tho  itlit^'ht^tit  n'lnu- 
nnatian  (nr  tba  wrong.  It  wwt  t.licrofaro  il  connnon  practico  n-ith  tho 
trwiHtr*  of  mpnrior  or  good  hor.im  to  btonuKfa  or  to  latixi  them,  in  order 
tbal  lh«7  mi;;ht  noi  be  robbed  uT  (bum  bf  ordi-r  of  thu  Ik'y. 

Of  ttie  slate  to  nhich  Uw  native  horsos  were  reduced,  mid  uvcn  nmtiy 
in  Uic  oirps  of  the  MunolnVoft— the  body-cunrd  of  tlio  Hoy — tho  follow, 
ini;  cvidrocn  from  B  compctimt  nhscrvor  wilt  determine..  Wihoii,  in  his 
'^puditton  to  Egypt,'  tirlitt  mi — '  AllbouRh  thu  horHUH  thi?n>  m-lctom  pne« 
oat  of  a  foot  p««i*  eieejit  for  a  (jallop  of  IlH)  yards,  moat  of  thorn  aro  foun- 
dered, and  DODO,  if  qaickly  trotted  tea  miloR,  would  be  ahio,  {mm  irtatl  of 
wind  Ukd  KtiuninA,  to  go  rnHhrr/ 

The  testimony  of  Ilarckhardt  w  to  tho  aamo  effect : — *  Tho  Egyptian 
boTK  b  nj;lj,  of  ooureo  Hhape,  aud  hiokJiif;  more  like  a  carUhone  tluui  a 
llm  h'f^  and    knees  and  short  and  think  nic^ks  am  fWi(]ueiit 


dtActs  aoioag  them.  Tho  howl  is  somctinu^  tino,  but  I  iifvcr  miw  good 
lrg«  ta  aa  E^ptian  honw.  Tliuy  uro  uot  able  to  bear  atiy  jfreat  futigoe, 
bat  when  well  fnd.  tliitir  action  ociiMioually  is  more  briUJaiit  than  diat  of 
tke  Aialnaii.  Their  iinpetaosily,  however,  rondors  them  peculiarly  do* 
■raUe  for  beavj*  cavaliy,  and  it  is  upon  thia  quality  alono  thitt  th«dr 
Mlebritf  haa  ervr  been  foundrd.' 

Stnoe  tho  ocCMrion  of  MehiauTl  Ali  to  tlie  eovornmoDt  of  Enypt,  a 
faencficial  change  haii  hei^u  efrt-ct<.-d  in  tho  intornnl  mnnngomcnt  and  pros* 
pes^jr  of  the  oonntry,  and  the  improTomcnt  of  tho  hrond  »f  horses  has 
oqwcially  engaged  his  atfcntinn.  Ho  bus  even  guim  so  Ihr  as  to  CMtablixh 
a  veteinaij  achoo)  at  Abou-^Viel,  and,  as  should  bo  tho  case  with  every 
laetitttLion  of  tfain  kind,  he  baa  not  only  idcntitied  it  with  tho  cavalry 
■OTiee,  bat  with  tho  agricnllorsd  inti<r<!«t<t  of  tlio  country.  Tho  happy 
iMHianqiKtnrrii  of  thia  are  neither  doublful  nor  dititatit. 

TImtc  i>  a  kma  bat  narrow  tra^t  of  desert  between  tho  Nile  and  the 
Bed  Sea,  on  which  nmo  Arabian  horses  of  the  choicest  breed  ore  roarvd. 


b 


THE   DOXOOU   OR   HirBUN    BOKSX. 

The  kiocdom  of  Dongola,  the  miMlfrn.  Nubin,  lying  botwcpn  Kgypt  and 
Abgwina,  contains  a  breed  of  ho^8t^3  different  from  any  ether  tluit  citlirr 
Arafaw  or  Africa  proditcw*.  Mr.  liruco  iipeiiks  of  it  in  the  foUciwing 
■tnm  taritut  ot  apprubation : — '  What  figure  tlio  Nubinn  breed  of  horses 
-wonld  make  in  point  of  nwiftneiw  in  very  doubtfnl,  their  form  being  n> 
cntifdiy  diS^mnt  fmm  that  ef  tho  Arabian  \  but  if  tx-jintifid  and  aym- 
■tatrivl  t^tris,  gnal  »iw  and  stmiigth,  the  molt  a^ilo,  nervous,  and  ola.stio 

o 


w 


WBBIGN   BReeitS  OP  nORSRS. 


muvoiDontA,  ifrcat  eiiduraucv  of  fatigac,  doeilily  uf  Unniier,  mid,  Iwjronil 
any  otlii^r  doDio«tic  animnl,  eocming  att«clini«Dt  lo  man,  can  pronuso  wiy- 
thing  Tor  a,  ^lullioii,  the  Nnbinn  ia,  ftboro  nil  compnrifton,  the  most  elj^ble 
iti  Uio  wiirM.      Few  of  them  ntv  EmH  thnn  nixtrcn  ImTiil);  high.' 

Buamiin.  wlioso  Joscriplionji  provu  Iiim  (<>  bi^  no  liiul  honifiniui,  IhtiB 
epeaka  of  ilium :— '  Tho  Dongola  hones  are  tbo  looftt  pei-ffct  iii  tin;  woiM, 
being  beaotifiil,  svmm^tricftl  in  tlieir  parts,  ncrroaa  and  clnstio  iii  tlicir 
movcmnntit,  and  docile  nnd  ntTfTtinnnto  in  thvir  nuknnors.  One  of  tbceo 
hnrscH  wiift  sold  in  1810,  ut  Gram]  Ciiiixi,  for  n  imin  aanivntcnt  lo  1,0001.' 
Tliu  DoogoU  bonce  an  nati&Uy  uf  a  bkick  colonr,  liut  tbero  am  korio 
bright  bays  uid  sorrela,  Wlien  Uicir  exercise  is  over,  tlio  luiul  bridlo  is 
tnken  »way,  and  a  lighter  one  put  npon  lh«tn ;  fin-  the  inlisbitante  tell  of 
nuui}-  biittl<!H  thnt  wrro  lout,  ftum  l^cir  being  attacked  wlion  their  hui«i.-!i 
WLTD  unbridled. 

The  lender  yet  fiiifly  set  ou  nftck,  the  uoblo  crest,  Iho  elemt«d  witlimi, 
tb«  beautifnl  action  ftnd  bearing  of  the  animnl  were  admirable  i  but  tito 
long  and  Hlondvr  lcg«,  tho  woaknpM  of  the  forr-nmi,  the  namirncfls  mid 
«nuit  of  de]>lh  of  tlie  chnt,  and  even  a  deficii-nry  of  iiti1»iiut(!0  abont  the 
flank  and  quartrni.  cuuld  nut  iiteaiKt  obaerratioi].  Sacli  au  nuinul  might 
lUTv  qwod,  bat  bia  endurance  must  be  doubtful,  and  it  ia  difficult  to 
mppOM  thitt  any  breed  of  English  horacA  could  bo  mal«rially  impruvud 
by  It. 

Som«  of  IbcMo  horatw  liave  lately  reached  England ;  and  (xu)  of  thorn 
was  recently  iu  Luadon,  and  belonged  to  an  officer  of  t]i«  Life  Quardii. 

TBE   HOBSE   OF    ETRIOFU  OE   ABYSSINIA. 

Ludolpb,  in  bia  history  of  l>liiii  poontry.  Bays  l.hut  Ibc  horses  nv  strong, 
rimblc,  Duittlt«oine,  and  mosl'ty  block.  Tlii<y  on:  umxI  only  fur  war  luicl 
in  tJie  eliaoe ;  they  tntfcl  no  long  ond  fiitigmng  joumoya,  and  all  th« 
drudgi'iT  of  cveiy  kind  is  performwl  by  tliL'  mole. 

An  Abyiiiiuiun  who  aivompanied  Ludoljih  to  Knropo  oxpuMsed  a  great 
deal  of  pity  for  the  horse*  when  lie  saw  tbcni  drawing  hravy  carts,  and 
londly  oxcfaimcd  at  the  crui-lty  o>* potting  *o  nobtc  a  crrc«turo  to  siK'h  Ixoiit 
and  iierriUi  cmploynirait.  Ho  hiUI  tlwt  lie  wondt-rtd  at  the  patience  i>f 
the  animals,  aiul  wua  eTury  uiomout  fai  ex|>cctalJon  that  tbt^  would  rebel 
against  snob  nnbeard-of  tyranny. 

The  number  of  lionirs  in  Klh!n|na  must  haw  Mauddtimbly  deervMied. 
tor  Cyrtaens,  a  former  king  uf  thut  coantry,  entered  Egypt  at  the  bead  of 
100,000  cawilrr. 

The  art  of  flhocine  had  not  in  Ladolpfa's  time  (the  tni<t<ltc  of  the  Mven- 
tocnlh  rvn(nrj)  rrachod  Abjnsinia ;  and  oonMxiuMitty,  when  tlio  nntirea 
had  to  tmrrl  over  rough  dim  sbmy  ground,  they  ttiamounted  and  got  upon 
molM,  and  led  their  Hnrse*  in  hand,  that  by  luving  do  burden  lo  carry, 
tb»jr  DUKht  ln.-ad  the  lif(Llcr. 

once  saya  littie  of  the  EUuopian  honw«:  but  Mr.  Suit,  an  enterpriainff 
tntrdler,  >an  tliat  tlw  horsca  axo  gmcmlly  slii'tig,  well. made,  and  k^i 
in^Dod  conoition ;  that  tlirir  accantrenivntB  are  alao  good,  and  the  men 
ihanwlTM  are  excellent  li»r>cincn. 

THE  BAU. 
li^  the  term  Barbaij  la  understood  the  northern  part  of  Afric-n,  ex- 
tcnatng  along  the  coast,  and  as  far  inbind  aa  the  Grtat  IX'sert,  fixini  Um> 
frontieni  of  Bf/jyt  lo  tbo  Mf^itemuiean.  The  Aralis  that  arc  fonwl  in 
this  eitensire  dwtrict  arv  montly  the  dcscmdanta  of  tbooo  who  emtgnitMl 
or  it«rc  dnTeo  from  eastern  Arabta.  The  hor«cs  are  likewLiHi  all  of 
Arab  stock,  eonsideraUy  modified  by  change  of  climate^  food,  and  manago- 


Tiie   BARB. 


19 


Mr.  Bmco  related,  tUat '  the  l>t«t  Afriotui  hnnics  ftre  said  to  bu 

JwryntH  from  one  at  the  fiv«  od  wUicli  &Iatiomi-l  and  liU  four  inimcdiato 


TKK  UCKKunil]!    UtJLSatX. 


fled  from  Mi-ctui  to  Itrditia,  nii  ttic  night  of  Uio  Hefcira.'  I'Iiin 
miul  be  t«oeived  with  vcrjr  comoilonihlc  all<ivraiia<.  Tlie  in)iabitaiittt  of 
almuM  the  wbolc  of  Uieav  coiintri<yi  arw  iis  crutlly  opjtreBsed  m  tho  Fellahs 
of  Kgyplf  Bud  the  oonaeqiiLiM.'v  uT  Uiat  opprOiMioii  is  thi>  same.  I'hc  Arnhs 
win  Mknely  bo  indacixl  to  cultivntv  a  bre^  of  bontcs  of  much  vulno, 
wbrn,  withont  scmpk'  or  coinpeiuatiou,  lliey  ntaj  Im>  dciMnvod  of  wttrr 
<vt|i  by  th«  firKt  man  in  power  that  ifaooses  to  take  n  Cnii-v  tn  it.  It  in 
only  Maong  Ihr  trihcu  of  the  Desci't,  who  an?  hcynnd  tin;  i-roch  of  tlin 
tynuil*  of  tbHr  muiiliy,  tliat  the  It.irh  of  snjic^rior  l)n^(-<l,  fumt,  am) 
pDirer,  ti  to  be  funnd. 

The  coauuun  huntft  »f  Rarhiirjr  ui  ft  vury  inferior  miiiiiial — jiuit  such  a 
one  aa  inanj  yean  of  Knpiiumm  ami  ticjfliiL'i  wotiM  |>niduce  -,  but  tho 
Ulowinif  are  th«  dkamcl«riHtii-  puinlH  nf  a  trni!  Barb,  and  cftpociaJlf  from 
Morocco,  ¥vx,  and  (Jw  interior  of  Trijwli,  as  described  by  Bcrengwr  r— 
'  Thr  forrhnnij  in  loii^,  slcivdcr,  and  ill* furnished  with  raain,  Intt  riiniig 
distinctly  and  bntdlT  oat  of  Ihdr  withers  ;  thi>  head  is  i>niall  and  luui  -, 
thci  ntr*  nrll-fortni^l  and  wcll-placvd;  the  sltonldcra  light,  Hlopinjf  back- 
vanl.  and  Kbit;  the  withcn  line  and  high  ;  ihr  loiiui  Ktraiglit  and  short ; 
the  Bafdu  and  ribw  nmnd  lutd  full,  and  with  not  too  much  band;  the 
haanchea  atmo^;  the  eroa{>,  |>erliaiw,  a  littltr  too  lon^l  t^c  quarters 
atncmlar  and  well  developed ;  ihi!  It-gH  <;lean,  with  the  tcndoiiH  boldly 
dclaobed  from  Ibe  bone  -,  the  paaU'rii  Hunitiwhat  too  lo&ff  and  nbli<|UL' ;  and 
the  GMt  sound  and  good.  They  are  rather  lowtir  than  Hmi  Aminan, 
wUon  moecding  fimrt^o'n  hands  and  an  inch,  antt  have  not  biH  Kpirit,  or 
^wed.  or  Gontinnancic,  aJtlrangfa  in  geDcral  form  tliej-  arc  probably  hiB 
■Bwrior.' 

Tho  Barh  ha»  chidly  rnntrilmfod  to  tho  excetlfnco  of  the  SjianiKh 
bonvi ;  and.  whm  Ibt-  improvejiicnt.  of  the  hroc-d  of  hontetn  bfgan  to  Iw 
ftyatcmaticnlly  por-uiil  in  (imit  Ilriluin,  Ibo  Barb  wu«  very  parly  in- 
trndnii^il-     The  IJo-lolpUin  Arubiiui,  aa  Iw  La  caJIcd,  and  who  waa  IW 

e  i 


90 


PriRKIOX  BBERbS  OF  HORSKS. 


(irigin  of  touip  of  onr  btrst  racing  blnod.  wm  n  Ilarb;  and  otiiffra  of  onr 
moft  criobratvd  tnrf-horars  trace  their  dnonnt  from  Africnn  ii>ni\«. 
Thi^y  nro  gcncrallr  Bntt  motintcd  ut  Lwu  yean  old.  Tbi-y  nro  ncvor 
caMtratod,  for  a  '  Mus^ulniui  would  not  mutilate  or  sell  tlw  akin  uf  thu 
beaat  of  Uie  Prt>|ilict.*  Th«  horses  nlone  are  lued  for  Uie  saddlo,  aud 
th«  niarca  are  kept  for  brrcding.  No  Amb  ever  monnto  »  Htnllion ;  on 
tlio  cnnlmty,  io  Africn  tboj  nercr  rido  miirc«.  Ttin  nuuion  iit  ninin. 
Tbo  Arubii  arc  mnstantlir  Ht  wur  witb  tliL'ir  ni-igbbuure,  and  alnrajra 
endeavour  to  lake  tbi-ir  eiioniifa  by  surprlae  in  the  j-n«y  of  tlie  evenuijt 
or  Ibo  dawn  of  Any.  A  slsllion  no  eoon«T  Binella  Ibe  etaio  of  tbo  mare  iu 
Uie  encioj-'s  qanrtom.  tbnn  lio  brginn  to  nHgli,  and  that  woald  give  Uio 
nlarm  to  tbn  [Hirty  inltitidcil  to  bu  curprUcd.  Nu  audi  tliiDK  <*-&«  rvcr 
buppen  when  tlier  ridu  marea  only.  On  tlio  contrary,  tliLi  Africiui  trusts 
only  to  Boperior  farc«.  Tboy  arc  in  an  open  plain  couutry,  must  be  dis> 
conircd  at  maay  miles' di«t4uiico,aacl  all  sudi  siirprisc*  and  Btrntngoms are 
nmleaa  to  Uioni.  Tim  caralnr  couirciM  to  w1ii<-h  thnir  hoiwMi  arc  vxpond 
b  axooedinitly  MTcre.  Tb«  Mixiriidi  nictliod  uf  bj^btln^  prini--ipullr  con- 
mtta  in  gallopioK  <^t  tbo  rcry  liej^^bt  of  ibeir  burses'  speed  for  tLu  distanoa 
of  a  qoArter  of  a  milo  or  mon-,  then  suddenly  stopping  while  tbo  rider 
throws  hid  Kpcar  or  disrlmrgoH  his  ranidcct.  By  wity  of  cxctvine,  they  will 
onmctimiw  ouutiuue  to  do  tluH  without  a  momciit'ii  iiit«rmiiuuoii  to  i-liaoge 
or  to  brvtttbe  Itivir  burse.  All  that  is  rcqiUKd  of  the  bcst-tangbl  oud 
most  valuable  Uarbary  horso  is  thus  to  gallop  nnd  to  stop,  and  to  stand 
ictill,  all  tbo  dft^  if  it  is  nocMnnry,  when  his  rider  quit*  him.  As  for 
ttMing,  cnntennd,  or  araliling,  it  would  bo  an  unpardonable  lanit  wuro 
bo  ever  to  be  guilty  of  it.  A  Barbarj-  hor^  in  KenenUy  broken  in  iu  a 
br  Bareror  way,  and  much  earlier  tlian  bo  ought  to  be,  and  thcroToro  bo 
nanaUj  becantm  nnfit  for  scrvicn  loDg  boforo  the  Ambinn.  Tbo  ooiinl 
food  for  the  IWb  is  horlcy  and  chopped  atrmw,  and  Ei*"*  while  it  is  to  bo 
found,  but  of  till*  prorisiDn  for  winter  food  in  tlto  form  of  bay  tlicy  an 
altage4faGr  upturont. 

(£p(aiB  Btdwd,  in  bis  '  Biographical  Sketches  of  Horacs,'  gin*  tbo 
following  intcTCTling  noeoiinl  of  ■  IJnrb  «nd  bis  rider,  at  the  C^pe  of  Good 
Hope  : — '  In  one  nf  the  violmt  iitornui  whirh  often  ocrur  tlicrc,  a  Tcasct  in 
tbo  roud  dni;-|fivl  her  ancbont.  oiul  waa  forced  on  tbu  rocks,  and  bMtnn  to 
pieces.  The  gre*itir  i-artofthe  crew  pembed  Irancdiately,  bot  wme  few 
were  seem  fmm  the  abora  clinging  to  diflemit  pieces  of  tbo  wreclc.  No 
boat  ooutd  vi-nliiro  to  tlicar  oMistanco.  Monnwhilo  a  pbtnter  c«me  from 
his  Cum  to  ace  tlie  shipwreek,  and  pen^civin^  no  otber  cbaDce  of  cscapo 
Ibr  Ibe  tarrivors,  and  Icnowiiijt  the  spirit  of  bis  bom  and  bis  excvlloDco 
a«  a  Kwimmer,  bo  detenaiuM  to  Biake  one  desperate  effort  for  their 
dcbverancic,  and  imabcd  into  the  midst  of  the  bradcerx.  At  Smt  bn4h 
diaopDMnd,  b«t  t)i«T  were  s-^n  seen  on  the  mirfscR.  NoArin^'  the  wrock, 
ha  tMnced  two  of  the  poor  fcUowx  to  quit  their  hold  and  to  eling  to  bis 
boola.  and  to  be  broo^t  them  saA  ouiorv.  lie  repeated  this  porilons 
expeditioa  aoren  timn,  and  eared  fonrteen  lires  ;  but  on  bis  rdum,  the 
ctgfatbtimc,  bis  bonu!  bring  much  fattgnod,  and  meitting  with  a  formidable 
wavf^  the  rider  lu6t  bis  balance  and  waaovLTwlu-'lmcd  m  a  nuimenl.  Tbo 
hone  fwam  Mlb^  to  land,  Imt  bis  gallant  rider  was  seen  no  more.  Tbo 
Cape  woe  then  a  colony  of  the  I>ntch.  The  direetors  christ<.-nMt  one  of 
tJieir  new  vcaoela  bIVt  bim,  luu)  ordered  a  pillar  to  htt  erected  to  his 
memory,  but  the  local  authorities  refused  to  the  eou  a  IrifliuK  pbioo  whieh 
bixtbtherfiUcd.* 

Tbo  Barb  improvca  towai<ds  ibe  Wcetcni  const  of  Afriea,  both  im  hia 
ibmi  and  gnui-ful  action. 

Beep  iu  the  Sahara  Deeoii  is  a  noUe  breed  of  Barbs,  known  by  the 


niE   CATE   OF   GOOD    (lOlT.   HORSE. 


SI 


samp  of  the  '  Wiiiil.itu»-ki>r  or  Uio  DcBMH-liorsc.'  JucVboii  kiivs  of  him 
tlat  thv  Dcm-rt-liontt!  ja  lo  tlie  (Ximmoii  Barbury  licmi-  wlmt  tlin  Dcnrrt- 
emmrl  u  to  ibi?  lUtuU  caiucl  of  bordeD ;  but  iLal  bi.-  ciui  only  he  inilui^n]  to 
c*t  bu'lcT'  or  wliMt — onta  &ro  novor  g^vco  to  horoi^a  in  Africa;  hni  tbiit, 
inppticd  with  a  litUo  ounol's  milk,  ho  will  travel  almost  iocredible  dt8- 
tMMM«  afcnaa  the  DmoH.  He  is  principnlljr  cRi|)lojrcd  in  hontiiig  the 
■aUtopa  «iid  the  oKtricli. 

Thm  i>  NODM  little  engK^nticMi,  however,  About  tliiti,  for  whmi  ho  is 
lisaaslit  towards  tho  ooast,  lind  can  no  lon;^  get  his  canid'a  milk,  lie  will 
est  Me  harlt-j  and  tb«  stmw  which  aro  givon  to  him,  and  will  thriTo  and 
get  Git  upon  thviD.  If  ht!  chimcot  to  din,  it  is  from  bcin^  BoOVtrvd  to  goi-ge 
too  much  ot  hi«  oew  toad ;  or  if  he  luites  a  portion  of  hui  irniiod  and  wind, 
it  >•  bocatuo  ho  lind  1n.i-o  taken  ont  of  nia  oxcrolse,  and  jiimiittcd  to 
aoeaixuilate  flesh  aud  ful  too  &stt 

Uore  in  th«  opntrc  of  Africa,  in  iho  kingdom  of  Bonmou,  ia  a  broed, 
which  3Ir.  Tolly,  io  his  olioost  romsntio  history  of  Tripoli,  reckons  soperior 
ana  to  thoan  of  Arabia  or  Barbary ;  it  [>ossc5sui>,  oct.'urding  to  him,  tlio 
bast  qoalitic*  of  butli  those  bivods,  being  aa  servioeablu  oa  tliat  of  Arutiiu, 
and  »•  beautifol  as  Ihnt  of  Uarbaiy. 

On  the  south  of  the  GrcAt  Sanm  Desert  we  find  again  the  Ambinn  or 
the  BarhatT  horso  in  the  poKH(«mon  of  aomo  of  the?  chirfii  of  tho  Foulnhs 
»nd  tho  Janb ;  bat  the  giniaral  chamctor  of  Uic  tiuimal  \a  in  f  hosp  tr>rri<I 
tvffion*  much  deteriocatod.  These  hcirace  are  small,  weak,  umafr-,  luid 
antiaetable.  The  Fonlahs,  howovor,  oaii  bring  into  the  field  ii<i  fc-ivitr 
than  16,000  cavalry.  Some  writitii  tinro  anscvtod,  that  in  tho  luiigdom  of 
B«mB  a  much  larger  nnrobcr  ooald  be  colbrU'd. 

la  tho  eoantij  lying  between  tliat  of  Uil-  FouIuIih  and  the  kin^om  of 
Bwftin,  there  an  few  horses  immediately  on  the  cocuft,  but  tliey  are  inoro 
tmimmnia  in  tho  inland  districts.  Uosoun,  however,  enyx  of  tbrni  lli.tt 
Ihiry  aro  verr  ill-sbancd ;  Uiat  thm"  curry  their  heads  anil  iifi-lcn  mnrf  pm- 
Jeeting  and  auprvsacu  tlian  orcn  tiic  naa ;  thiit  iluy  are  nhiw  and  ohiitiiukto, 
and  only  to  he  foroed  ou  by  diet  of  blows  ;  and  that  they  are  so  low,  that 
a  tall  man  sitting  on  their  biioVs  con  Id  toach  tho  ground  nith  his  fi-et. 
He  Mlds  thai  at  Fida.  on  tho  Slavo-coiuit,  whence  he  jonmcved  iiilan<l  to 
Klmina,  he  boaght  five  or  six  of  tliero,  each  of  wliicb  coot  him  Nonicwlint 
Imm  than  -if.,  but  tlier  did  him  no  maimer  of  aerviee,aiid  he  wus  compi^ltcd 
to  leave  them  behind.  Neither  horses,  nor  any  other  prodnce  of  valtic,  can 
be  looked  for  in  these  unhappy  countries,  so  long  as  thoy  are  doaolated  by 
the  abominnbh;  slavD-trndc,  nnd<:r  tlui  sunctiou  of  tho  moro  civUisod  but 
truly  nochrisliaii  natiom  of  Europe. 

THE  CAPE  0?  GOOD  HOPE  HORSE. 

Kotliins  ia  certainly  known  of  the  western  coast  of  Africa,  deseending 
tuwuxla  l£«  sonth :  but  arriiing  at  tho  Cape  of  Good  Uope.  we  find  that 
Ibe  borse^  if  a  native  of  that  <mnntry,  is  omy  occaaionftlly  seen  in  itic  wild 
slate,  llie  honte*  that  wi^rc  inlroduiW  hy  tlic  firvt  eolocistn,  the  l>nt«li, 
««!•  nocUy  procured  from  Batavia,  Java,  and  S>tuth  Auierica.  At  tlie 
ntyooiianeiicement  of  tlie  colony,  many  horses  were  imj>ort«d  from  Persia. 
Tbeae  were  mingled  together,  and  crossed  in  everj-  possible  way,  except 
that  not  one  notion  of  seicntifio  imptxivcmnnt  Hirrtnii  Us  have  entered  tAO 
head  of  the  Dntdi  boor.  They  woro  a  amall  hardy  race,  capable  of  cndur* 
ncagnatdudof  EBtigue.battneret^'  way  sadly  neglected ;  never  dressed, 
BM  oOeB  in-fed. 

WbcB  the  Cape  was  ceded  to  the  Knglish.  both  tho  cnlonisia  and  tho 
gDveranunl  set  4«mcstly  to  work  to  imnrovo  then'  undersized  animalii,  and 
with  very  conrid((nih!o  sncttiss.     The  British  light  regiments  of  dn^g'ooiis, 


'«  FOREIGN    BREEDS   OP   IIOKSCS. 

in  their  pAWUtgo  to  tiio  ICUt,  cui  aovr  trvqacMiy  draw  congidorable  eapplica 
of  bonm  from  thin  laiUiiiy,  iind  itonm  ivgiincnU  liiivc  bitcn  itntin-lj  mounU'd 
hwv,  Tliia  ia  tiufliuiuiit  proof  of  tliv  deftiwi  of  improvmncnl  wliich  tliuy 
have  reaclMiI.  It  is,  hon-cTcr,  said,  by  Perciral,  iii  his  '  Cape  of  Goud 
Hopc'tlintthoriiling-nuuitnnt  Imve  ocouionnlly  mncli  trouble  in  brcnkiup 
in  Liui  CitiN)  bontM,  wliicli  urw  uutaniUy  vioioux,  luid  ivtiisniJIy  wfaiin  put 
bfyoud  the  pace  to  wUicL  tliey  Lad  b«*u  uccnatuiuwl.  Thi-y  mrt-ly  nUmd 
above  fourteon  bonds  high ;  thi>y  are  hardy,  and  when  tlioron^-hly  broken 
in,  arc  cmable  of  cndnring  sicnt  privations  imd  futi^ic.  1'liry  nrc  mmly 
mIkkI  wktb  tiuff  renmin  iu  ihu  i-oluny,  or  if  they  aro,  it  ia  only  on  tbo  foro 
ttvU  Their  principal  fuotl  is  carrata,  with  a  auiall  quauUty  of  com.  No 
hay  is  grown  nonr  Capo  Town,  nor  aro  Ihoro  any  pastoros  on  which  the 
lii>nm(  c*n  he  tnmis). 

The  wild  Iionieti  liarc  long  disappeared  near  to  the  ouluny,  and  wo  haro 
DO  suthoutic  rocord  that  any  of  Iheon  wero  ever  token  and  atl«oipt«d  lo  be 
diO]BQsticnl«d. 

Tho  lionw  ii  mrelT  scon  in  any  part  of  the  owttTn  coojit  of  Afrion.  It 
ia  not  ft  native  of  Hadafcaacar,  but  is  again  found  in  Ajan  and  Adul,  on 
the  toBtbera  IWnitiora  of  Abyssinia. 

TBE   XRLBJAa    UOKSE. 

Although  modem  Europe  owes  so  ranch  to  Arabia  for  the  improveinml 
in  her  bned  of  borwtii,  it  mny  bo  donbtod  wbotlier  thcvo  aiiimnla  were 
found  in  that  conntry  a.i  a  nuitttir  t>f  uii.'n.'liandi>ii>,  or  )iid(H<d  rxiiitnl  thcmi 
■t  all  in  liirffi'  nnniera  in  wiry  early  tiiai-«.  The  author  of  tbo  Uwik  of 
Job,  in  dt-Hcribing  the  wc«dth  of  that  patriarch,  who  wns  «  native  of 
Arabia,  nnd  tbo  richritt  tnmn  of  his  time,  makra  no  mention  of  borsM, 
althnngli  the  writur  sliowH  himadf  wry  vonTenont  witli  that  auimiil. 
five  hundred  rean  aft«r  that.  Solomon  imported  Rpioes,  Kold,  and  sUvor, 
fnim  Arabia;  but  we  are  tol<l  in  Cbronicles,  all  tbo  honws  for  his  own 
cavalry  aad  cliariota,  and  thtnw  with  which  Iw  aupptiod  tho  Pbnmirian 
mnnaraha,  lie  proourt.'d  fi'i>m  Egypt. 

There  ia  a  carious  record  of  Hue  oomnterci>  of  dilft'rent  countries  at  tlie 
closn  of  the  »ocond  ccntnry.  Among  tho  articles  exjuirtcd  from  Eiupt  to 
Antbijt,  and  pa.rti<nil»HT  iia  pniicnls  tn  reigning  m»nikrch>,  wero  faoraM. 

In  the  fi>urth  criilurT.  two  huudn-il  Caji|xkiluuiaii  hurus  were  aent  br 
tho  iloman  rmpi-mr  as  tlio  mo»t  nooeptable  present  be  oonid  offer  a  pow«r» 
fnl  prinot!  of  Anibia. 

So  lato  na  the  aerentb  mntnrj  the  Arabs  lutd  f<TW  lionM,  and  tliiMP  of 
liUle  valne;  for  wben  Mahomet  attacked  the  Korvisli  near  Mt<(M.-a,  he  had 
bat  two  horses  in  bis  whole  army  i  and  at  Uie  chne  of  his  mnrderoaa 
campaign,  although  he  drovo  off  tw^nty-fonr  tb^iuwnd  eamots  and  forty 
thonmnil  sheep,  and  oarried  away  twentv-luar  llioumnil  oanoui  of  ailver, 
not  one  horse  appears  in  tike  list  of  pliiniler. 

Tbmo  circuraiitancni  unfEcicntly  )>rovo  that,  bownrrr  onprrior  mnr  be 
tbo  present  breed,  it  ia  comparulividy  Utt^ly  that  tbe  lionw  wiui  nntumlUrd 
in  Ambia.  Indeed  the  Arabs  do  not  deny  this ;  for  until  within  the  last 
oentury.  when  their  hones  began  to  be  so  dcserrcdly  vnlacd.  they  wen 
nnttont  to  limit  their  pedigrac  to  ono  of  the  live  on  which  Mahomet  and 
his  fimr  immediate  sneccssuni  fted  from  Meoea  to  Mmlina  on  the  night  of 
tlieHegin. 

Altbontrh  in  the  snvntth  cenlnry  the  Arabs  had  no  liorws  of  value,  yet 
those  which  tlivy  lud  dt-rivc.-d  from  Ibi-ir  ncightiim™  bi't^n  then  to  lie  iire- 
•CTved  with  so  mnch  carv.  and  propagated  so  uniformly  and  crtnctly  from 
Ibo  finest  of  the  breed,  thnt  in  the  ihirlrenth  centnty  tlw  Arabian  borso 
bcfiaB  to  aasunic  a  jiut  and  nnrivaUcd  cebTbrity. 

There  are  now  said  to  bo  three  breeds  nr  varieties  of  Arabian  borvsa  : 


TfIR  ARABIAN    HORSE. 


sa 


P 


tlw  Jfffc-it,  or  inferior  breed,  on  which  the  naUvos  sci  liltle  value,  nnj 
wliitrh  luv  foDiM)  «'i1<l  no  sonx'  |iart«  of  the  ilviscrte  ;  the  A'l'/iVfAi'.  lilerultj 
iRiroM  of  on  ankiMiwii  rwp,  unswcrin^  w  our  lu^lf-bred  hor8e§— a  mixm 
Inveili  and  the  Kf/cblaai,  harM>»  whiuH-gnnrslogjr.Hccordineto  themod^^i-n 
eiMCgvnt«<t  nccoimbi,  hiu<  brm  ciilliviitcil  iliinnif  two  tnotiMind  years. 
tiaay  writim  nnil  alU-sltil  |ittli;rni-s  •■xtj'nJ,  with  trui;  KiLilcni  rxaggcni- 
ilum,  to  liwr  vtiiil  of  Stilitniori.  The  Kt/Mani  uru  [irmi-i]«il!_v  rL-ari.il  by  the 
'Bedouin  AnJiH  in  Uit?  ivmolv  deMi-rlft.  A  stalliuu  maj  ht-  pruoart-d  wilhnut 
tm>cb  diffit-nlly,  allbuu^h  at  ■  pr-at  |>ric«.  Thti  Arab^  imaj-ioe  that  Uio 
fcnuili:  is  inorv  cuui-tmi'd  IbftU  lh«  male  in  the  exccllunco  and  value  of 
liui  produce,  auul  the  guanlogiea  of  their  lioracA  areiUways  traced  tiLrougli 
the  dam. 

The  Amb  horm  wonid  not  be  acknoirledpxl  by  «roTy  jndg«  to  poMoes  a 
perfcrt  form.  Thu  hrtid,  however  (Uke  that  wliicb  ia  ddincAtnd  in  tho 
titUvpn^),  i*  inimitable  The  brn-'uloess  and  B(|narettcs«  of  tho  forehpnd  ; 
tbc  nnaltnrsM  of  the  i-um ;  the  ]itviniiiicn<70  and  brilliancy  of  tho  eye ;  the 
■bortnaB  nod  liiicoi!sit  of  tin'  mn/xh* ;  tho  width  of  the  noKtril ;  tlie  thin- 
■ma  of  iht-  hiwerjaw,  and  the  biimtifiiltr  dcvdopnd  eonrsi'  of  the  veinH, 
— wiU  olwkys  characli-rise  Un^  lirail  <i('  tilt;  Arabian  horsL-.  The  ent  in 
tbt  tttlfopH^  is  the  l>ortr:ii)  of  (Jit;  liciid  of  a  blat-k  Arabian  [irfsciited  to 
Williua  IV.  by  the  tuiaiuu  of  Muacat.  It  in  n  cIom'  aiid  honest  liki-ueaa. 
The  mnxtle,  tbo  nostrils,  and  tho  eye.  are  iutraitAbJi'.  In  tho  sale  of  the 
Hampton  Conri  Rtnd,  in  1807,  this  aniuial  reuliaed  o^i)  guineas ;  it  was 
bcPBpit  for  tbo  King  of  Wiirtcinboi-L;.  aiid  was  hi((hly  priiied  in  Germany. 

Ttbc  body  of  tbp  Arab  may.  perhai*,  be  considered  as  too  b'ght,  and  his 
chtrt  too  Mtrron- ;  bub  bvliind  the  arms  tho  barrel  goncri-nlly  ewells  oat. 


mm)  lean*  raffinent  room  for  the  play  of  the  longs.    Thin  is  well  wcbi- 
fattad  ui  the  «!ut  of  Ui«  grey  Arabian  tnam,  who§e  portrait  ia  hvro  pvea. 


M 


FOREIOX   BREEDS  OF  HORSES. 


Shfi  a  fKr  inferior  to  Uio  black  i>nt!  m  ihn  p<!i'ulirLr  drTnlopment  of  Ui« 
hew)  and  nock,  ))iit  in  other  nwpvcHji  nfTonhi  a  moiv  rultlifnl  8]irc'im<rn  of 
tho  tmo  form  of  ttio  ArKbi&n  bonu.  Sh»  ut  of  tin-  imri-Ht  ['lUiU-,  unit  wm 
•  prCMdt  from  lUt*  name  poU-nbitf  by  wlioni  tlii'  bliu.-k  Ar.ibiua  wa«  givrn, 
Tna  fu>]  ftt  her  foot  was  by  AcU-on.  Sho  was  aold  fur  I'Xi  guiucaa  ddIv. 
Perhftfa  her  ooloor  waa  af^^&inst  bcr.  Uor  floa-bitk'n  tippcunLU(.-i!  would 
not  pUue  trrvry  one.  Tho  fnn),  which  bad  more  ttutn  ihL>  usiml  cluiuBiiioas 
bcdonging  to  tlic  yoimfnter,  sold  for  hS  gninc-nA. 

Tho  neck  of  tlio  Awnu)  in  long  nnil  nir-hcil,  nnd  bmntifally  joined  to 
tlio  cbptit.  The  blitck  honii;  in  th*-  front  iniiiiw!  iiH'ordcd  a  pcrfoct  apeci-  | 
men  of  thin.  In  tho  furmution  uf  thi-  sbuuldir,  nniit  t<i  tbnt  of  tho  h(«d, 
tho  Amb  is  npwrtur  to  any  otbiT  brev<L  Tht-  witburx  nro  high,  and  the 
shouldor-blAde  baa  iU  proper  iucUnation  baukwnnbt.  It  in  nliio  thiekljr 
clothn)  wilb  muaclH,  but  without  tbi«  sli);hti?itt  uppivimnco  of  hwiviiuiisn. 

Thu  fiueiwttB  of  his  logs  and  tho  oblique  {juaitioii  of  the  ptwt;<Tmii  mijchl 
bo  BOppoaed  by  the  uninitiatod  to  toBson  hb  appan-ut  vtrcnftth,  bat  th«  * 
Iw,  uuioagh  snLill  ix  deep,  and  composed  of  bone  of  the  deDi«.-Ht  ohanurti-r, 
^e  lendkma  uv  «Rfli<;iciitly  distuict  from  tho  bon»,  aiid  the  ttturtiiiK 
mnadM  of  the  farc-ami  nnd  the  thigh  indicate  that  be  is  lUUy  capable  of 
fteoomplishinc  numy  of  the  font*  that  uw  recordod  of  him. 

As  a  faithliil  npccimiin  of  tho  gnncral  form  of  theso  horses,  with  per* 
hap«  a  bttlo  driicicni.'y  in  tiic  hi-iut  tuul  neck,  wo  rof«r  once  more  to  Uie 
following  [Kirtntit  of  u  bay  Arahiun — an  B:iimat  of  tho  jmrost  cast,  Ne- 
sentcd  itlno  by  the  Imauni  of  Muiti^it.  It  was  w>ld  for  41()  goineM.  Tlio 
highor  price  that  waa  prou  for  the  b1ui.'k  Ambian  proves  that  ho  wtw  iho 
g«n««l  &TOurite;  bat  the  bay  one,  blthou^'h  nut  no  striking  in  hut  liguro 
WM  a  Btion^r,  a  qiecdier,  and  a  belter  horse. 


o'-r 


n4t  A&UUX 


Tlie  Barb  alone  ezoe1>  llie  Anbian  in  n^vhlr  and  tcpiritKl  action ;  bat  if 
thprv  !!•  a  di.-fi.-ct  about  tbo  hilU'r,  bo  i»  jxirft-ct  lor  that  which  be  Maa 
designed.      He  lutoenla  the    true  oomUnatioD  of  »jKx-d   and   boUomi 


^^^^^^^  THE  AR.^IA.V  UOBSB.         ^^^T  k 

■I I  miilITi  oooo^li  to  carry  more  than  a  )%)il  weiglit,  and  conrago  tbat 
wonld  cum  lura  to  die  raUuer  than  yield. 

Mr.  Bnrcbhardt.  in  a  letter  to  I'l-orcssor  Sowctl.  saj-s  tiiat  '  tbu  Iribm 
lic^irat  in  bor»<»  nrp  thcoc  who  dwell,  iliiriiig  tlw  eprin^;  of  tlie  ytiar  at 
laaet,  in  the  fertile  pUinn  of  IIIrM>potn.niiii ;  for,  noln-ithabuidinff  sill  that  is 
•aid  of  UiB  deacrt  himu.',  jiluclj  of  nutnLiomi  Ax^d  is  nbsulat4^ly  mquiHito 
for  ila  mcbin^  iu  full  rif^or  aud  grunili.  Tbu  numi^rDus  trib»i  on  the 
Bed  Sea,  between  Akaba  and  Mecca,  &ud  especially  tliosci  to  tho  south  at 
Ueoea,  nd  aa  fiur  aa  Teinon,  bavo  Tory  fow  boraos  ;  but  tlio  Curdes  and 
Bedouiiu  in  tbo  «a«t,  and  especially  in  ItlMopotaiain,  possi-ss  mort!  hcirnrx. 
Had  noie  Tahiable  vmoa,  than  ^  of  tho  Arabian  Bcvdoutiis  ;  for  tbo  ricL. 
nrM  of  tbeir  paatares  eosl;  nourishea  the  cutte,  and  filla  tht-Ir  atuclH.' 
Tbeae  obeemdiona  ai«  rery  important,  and  aro  evidently  fonnded  on  truth. 
He  adds,  that  '  the  nombrr  of  boraoa  in  Arabin  is  not  more  tlian  bOfitM) ; 
a  Bumber  &r  inferior  to  tbat  found  in  any  part  of  Europe,  or  Asia,  on  nn 
cqnal  extent  of  ground.' 

'DnriuKtbo  Wahabee  goTemmont,  horsce  became  ecareer  evwy  year 
aw«wg  the  Arabs.  They  were  sold  by  thvir  mftstera  to  foreign  purchasurs, 
who  carried  tbt^m  lo  Ynmnn,  Syria,  and  Einmora  ;  which  htttcr  place  xnp* 
plies  India  witb  .Antbiiin  huntvii,  bwuusc  they  wer«  afraid  of  having  Uiem 
Mimd  upon  by  tJieir  chie& — it  having  become  tho  castora,  npun  every 
atiglit  pRitext  of  dtsobedieoco  or  crime,  to  declare  the  moHt  valuuble 
BMouin  mare  forfeit  to  tho  pnblic  trenenry.' 

Syria  is  th^  \>rKt  pbtcc  to  porchfisn  true  Arabian  hloiKt-horeee ;  and  no 
district  ia  anperior  to  the  Naurau,  where  tho  horse  nuiy  be  pnri-hased  fi'om 
Uw  finct  baud,  and  chosen  in  the  rery  cncainpiuenld  of  the  Ar^bs  themsulvea, 
who  fill  tlveae  plains  in  tho  spring.  The  horses  bought  al  Bas&ora  for  the 
Indian  markoti  are  p&rchikKed  MTond-hfrnd  I'mm  Dednnin  donlei-s.  These 
proeni*  thctn  from  the  MontifcU  Ai%bK,  who  lire  not  curufid  in  mitintiun. 
ing  a  pars  breed.  Damusciu)  would  be  the  bee.t  ri^sidenuu  fur  a  pi^non 
oooatently  employed  iu  lliia  trade. 

While  the  number  of  borsoa  generally  is  much  entailer  than  hnd  bci'n 
ni|ipaBt<d,  there  are  compamtiTcTy  fon-cr  of  Uuinc  of  perfect  quality  aud 
Imaiilj. — pcrhApH  not  more  tJisn  five  of  six  in  n  whole  triltn;  probably  not 
two  hnodnd  in  the  whole  draterl.  Eitch  of  thuHe  in  tlie  dcwort  itself  may 
be  worth  (htm  oiw  hundred  and  filly  to  two  hundred  pounds ;  but  very 
few,  if  any,  of  thme  have  ever  found  tlieir  wny  to  Knrope. 

There  nn«,  howerrr,  been  mnrh  exa^gemtiim  witli  regnrd  to  tJiese  }iedi> 
grcca.  Burckluudt  xny*,  that  in  iho  iutvriur  of  the  diwrrt,  tho  lledoutns 
nsnr  taake  use  of  any,  because,  among  tht^mselveo,  thcv  know  tho 
yewealegy  of  their  horac  almost  as  well  tu  iJiat  of  their  own  InTnilics  ;  but 
if  they  carry  their  horses  to  nnr  distjiner,  iw  to  Itaasora,  Dagdat,  or 
Daawacnii,  tliey  take  care  to  hnvr  a  wi-ittirn  jK-digrne  made  out.  in  oi-der  to 
pmmt  it  to  iiu:  pnrcbaaer.  In  Unit  I'tiau  only  would  a  Bi^donin  be  I'miud 
poaOMd  of  his  horvc'ti  i>i.-digree.     lie  would  laugh  at  it  in  the  dt'Hi-rt. 

Tbe  Kochlani  are  principally  renml  by  the  Itodoutn  Ai-ahs  in  tho 
mnoter  dwerts.  One  of  txicra  was  nold  at  Acre  for  the  sum  of  fifU'en 
thoosand  piaKtmu 

It  ia  an  error  into  which  almost  every  writor  on  tho  history  of  the  horso 
baa  hUcu,  lliat  tbe  Ambiau  is  bred  in  the  arid  deserts,  and  owns  the  power 
«f  endnnnce  wlueb  be  possesses  in  bin  ndult  Htido  to  the  hnrdihins  which 
he  endtttfd  while  he  was  a  colt.  The  n-ul  fact  iA,  that  Uio  AruiiH  Kclect 
tor  Unit  broeding-plnecs  some  of  those  delightful  spots,  known  only  in 
conntnea  like  thrso,  where,  UiuukIi  all  may  be  dry  and  barren  around, 
Uura  ia  {nstiire  nnrinlled  for  ita  succnlencv  and  ite  nutritions  or  aroniatia 
properties.    The  powers  of  the  young  animal  are  afterwards  dovelojied,  as 


» 


POBBION  BBGEUS  OP  llOSSES. 


ihoy  alone  couM  be,  by  tho  mingled  influence  nf  plptitirol  anil  brallliy 
food,  tiiA  Bulllcirnt,  bnt  nnt,  rxcnpt  in  ono  dny  of  Iriitl,  itiirl  rxnruiiw. 

Tho  most  oKtmonliiuiry  oKru  iit  t4ikra  io  invhctvo  \he  piinty  of  tha 
1>r<T<l.  Unrokliimlt  «lttt(-s  Uiat  tbo  favourite  mare  of  Samd  the  Wnluibcii', 
whit^h  be  oottstauUj'  ^o(l(^  io  all  his  ripoditicms,  and  was  knowii  iu  cveiy 
niart  of  Arabia,  jirodnccd  b  colt  of  very  niiiK-riur  licauty  njid  proniiso,  and  it 
grew  to  ho  tJi*  linrst  utollioii  of  bin  d»y.  Suvuil,  Imwcvcr,  wontd  npver 
permit  liim  to  bti  owd  for  tlicpoiTKiai^of  bn't-tiinir,  bot-itiai^liin  nmtluirwnt 
not  nf  puTu  blood  ;  fuid  not  knowing  what  to  do  with  liini,  aa  tlie  Bvdotuiui 
nCTLT  ride  Btalliuus,  ht-  Rent  him  n»  n  jirowiit  to  tho  w.hcriff. 

The  parentngn  wid  hirtli  of  the  foul  ore  (^an-fiilly  nwnrdcd  bjr  rompetmit 
witnewMfli  whom  ccrlifiuutu  iuoludea  tlic  marks  of  tliu  eolt,  niid  tbo  nuncx 
of  tlie  nre  moA  dam. 

The  colt  is  n«ror  ollowc)  to  fall  on  tho  ground  nt  the  jxrioil  of  birtJi, 
bat  ia  cnngbt  in  tho  arms  of  thonc  nbo  xtiind  bjr,  and  wiuihrd  nii<l  cniVBSod 
AS  though  it  wiu  nn  infuiit.  The  oian-  and  bc-r  fold  uibaint  tlic  Kiunc  trnl 
wiUi  tJie  Baloniu  and  his  childn>a.  The  neck  of  tJie  man)  ia  ot>«n  th(> 
pillow  of  the  rider,  and  more  fi'oqucntly,  of  the  childrm,  who  are  rulliux 
I  about  upon  bcr  luid  tlio  foal.  No  ncviih-nt  ovor  occur*,  and  the  aniiunl 
LkcqairrH  tliat  frirti(bdiij>  and  love  for  ni:ui  whiob  oocuiotia.1  ill-tnwtmmt 
wili  not  i-ansu  hi-r  fur  a  uionieot  to  forjfet. 

Al  the  end  of  a  month  the  foal  is  wmned,  and  is  fed  on  cornel's  milk  foi 

one  hundred  daj".     Al  tho  expiration  of  tlint  period,  a,  litWo  wh«tnt  is 

oJlowod ;  and  by  ilcfcrcm  tliat  iiuiuitity  is  incrnutiii'd,  the  milk  irontinuing  to 

L  bo  tbc  priscipaJ  food.    This  mode  of  frcdiiiK  eonlinai's  imuthcr  hundred 

Idajra^  wlien  tne  foal  is  pcmutted  to  gmze  in  lIieii('i^'lil>oui-hoo<l  of  the  tent. 

iBiuleyifl  alaogive-n;  nnd  l<>  tliiKiioniecamers  milk  in  added  in  the  rvening, 

Kf  tbo  Anb  can  ulforil  it.     Itv  thoM  mean*  tlio  Arab  bnm>  hivomcii  na 

dcHdMIy  cfaanuTtcriiH^l  for  his  docility  and  good  temper,  nti  for  h)K  tipeed 

Mill  i-oiirugc.     Tlie  kiudnms  with  wliich  he  ia  treated  from  tho  time  of  lus 

being  foalvd,  gives  him  an  affection  for  bis  master,  a  wish  to  plMse,  a 

pride  in  exerting  atct;  energy  in  obr^dicnco  to  hU  commands,  anu,  oonao- 

Suentty,  on  npjiurcnl  ugneity  whii'h  ia  ■(■ldi>m  found  in  otlinr  breeds.     In 
mt  di-lii-hirul  book.  Bishop  Ileber'a  'Nurrativo  of  a  Juunicy  lhraut;li  tlii> 
Upper  Provinces  of  India,"  the  following  interesting  character  is  given  of 
him  : — *  S(y  moniing  ridm  arc  rcty  plcaannt.     ifv  homo  is  n  nioc,  quiet, 
|jgoad-t(.-mpeivd  little  Arab,  who  is  su  IchtIi'mm,  ttiat  ncgoc«  without  trtnrlin^ 
fuoae  to  an  elephant,  and  so  gentle  and  docile  that  lie  ««la  bread  out  of  my 
h.tnd,  and  has  alnuwt  m  much  attedunent  and  coaxing  ways  as  a  dog. 
This  sfcma  tbogenetal  dwriKtcr  of  the  Arab  homes,  to  jadgo  fttim  what  I 
afaave  aeea  in  tJiis  eouuti^*.     It  U  not  tho  fiery  dniihiu);  animal  1  liad  mxp- 
rpoBcd,  hot  wit]i  inore  rationality  about  him,  and  loorw  apparent  oonlidi-noo 
111  his  riilor  than  the  m.ijority  of  Kng^lisfa  hones.' 

Wlien  tiic  Arab  IiiIIh  from  his  nutro,  and  ia  nnablo  to  ris«,  sImi  will  im- 
intediatcly  stuiul  still,  and  m-igh  until  aimiiitniKW  arrirco.  If  he  lit*  down 
^to  sleep,  as  fatigue  aouiolimea  cuuipula  him  in  the  intdst  of  tbo  ilmcrt,  alio 
Lslauda  watchfal  over  him,  and  nei^'lis  and  arouaes  him  if  either  man  or 
Dcast  approacbcs.  The  Arab  horses  are  taught  to  rcet  occasionally  in  a 
atnnding  position ;  and  a  gri«t  many  of  them  norer  lie  down. 
I  The  Arab  Iotcm  hia  borae  aa  truly  and  as  much  us  t}ic  honiv  love*  him  ; 
iMnd  no  little  jiortiun  of  liia  time  ta  ofVn  fl|)eul  in  talking  t»  bin  and 
-  oairasing  him. 

An  old  Arab  bad  a  valuable  maro  tliat  had  carried  him  for  lifloen  ynara 
in  tnaoy  a  rapid  weary  march,  and  many  a  hat^l.fought  Imttlc ;  nt  tenffth, 
nghty yearn  old,  and  unable  lengerto  ride  her,  ho  gave  her,  and  a  auunilar 
tbat  luid  been  hi»fitlhcr'ii,  tn  hiseldcstsoi),  and  told  him  to  appreciate  their 


1 


4 


i 


TirK    AE.UllAK    HORSE.  27 

vuluc,  &nd  never  lie  down  to  rest  tmtil  he  bad  rubbed  them  both  ms  bi-ijclit 
as  a  mirror.  In  the  first  ftdrmiBh  in  which  the  young  man  was  ongagod, 
ho  waa  killed,  and  tibo  mare  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  When  the 
news  reached  the  old  man,  ho  eiclaimed,  that  '  life  woa  no  longer  worth 
preserving,  fo'r  he  had  loKt  both  his  sou  and  his  mare,  and  he  grieved  for 
one  as  mnch  aa  tlie  other.'  He  immcdiatcl;  sickened  and  soon  afterwards 
died. 

The  following  anecdote  of  the  attachment  of  an  Amb  to  his  mare  has 
often  been  told  : — 'The  whole  stock  of  an  Arab  of  the  desert  consisted  of 
a  mare.  The  French  consnl  ofiered  to  purchase  her  in  order  to  send  her 
to  his  sovereign,  Louis  XIV.  The  Arab  wonid  have  i-ejected  the  pro- 
posal, but  he  was  miserably  poor ;  he  had  scarcely  a  r^  to  cover  him,  and 
his  wife  and  his  children  were  starving.  The  sum  offered  was  grcat,^it 
wonld  provide  him  and  his  family  with  food  for  life.  At  length,  and  reluc- 
tantly, bo  yielded.  He  bronght  the  mare  to  the  dwelling  of  the  consul,  dis- 
mounted and  stood  leaning  upon  her ;  he  looked  now  at  the  gold,  and  then 
at  his  favonrite.  "  To  whom  is  it,"  said  he,  "  I  am  going  to  yield  theo 
np  ?  To  Europeans,  who  will  tie  thoe  close, — who  will  beat  thee, — who 
will  render  thee  miserable.  Return  with  me,  my  beauty,  my  jewel,  and 
rejoice  the  hearts  of  my  children."  As  ho  pronounced  the  last  words,  be 
sprung  upon  her  back,  and  was  presently  out  of  sight,' 

One  of  OUT  own  countrymen,  tho  enterprising  traveller,  Major  Dcnham, 
affords  UB  a  pleasing  instance  of  the  attachment  with  which  the  docilii; 
and  sagacity  of  this  animal  may  inspire  the  owner.  He  thus  relates  the 
death  of  his  favourite  Arabian,  iu  one  of  the  most  desert  spots  of  Central 
Africa.  His  feebngH  needed  no  apology ;  we  naturally  honour  the  man 
in  whom  true  sensibility  and  undaunted  courage,  exerted  for  nsefnl  pur- 
poses, were  thus  united  : — 

'  There  are  a  few  sitnations  in  a  man's  life  in  which  losses  of  this  nature 
are  felt  most  keenly ;  and  this  was  one  of  them.  It  was  not  grief,  but  it 
was  something  very  nearly  approaching  to  it ;  and  though  I  felt  ashamed 
of  the  degree  of  derangement  I  suffered  from  it,  yet  it  was  several  days 
before  I  conld  get  over  the  loss.  Let  it,  however,  bo  remembered,  that 
the  poor  animal  had  been  my  support  and  comfort,— nay,  I  may  say,  com- 
panion, through  many  a  dreary  day  and  night; — had  endured  botii  hunger 
and  thirst  in  my  service ;  and  was  so  docile,  tjiat  he  would  stand  still  for 
hours  in  the  desert  while  I  slept  between  his  legs,  his  body  affording  mo 
the  only  shelter  that  conld  be  obtained  from  the  powerful  influence  of  a 
noon-day  sun  :  he  was  yet  the  fleetest  of  the  fleet,  and  ever  foremost  in 
the  chase.' 

Man,  however,  is  an  inconsistent  being.  The  Arab  who  thus  lives  with 
and  loves  his  horses,  regarding  them  as  his  most  valuable  treasure,  some- 
times treata  them  with  a  cruelty  scarcely  to  be  credited.  The  severest 
treatment  which  the  English  race-horse  endures  is  gentleness  compared 
with  t1i«  trial  of  the  young  Arabian.  Probably  tho  filly  has  never  before 
been  mounted.  Her  owner  springs  on  her  back,-  and  goads  her  over  the 
sands  and  rocks  of  the  desert  for  fifty  or  sixty  miles  without  one  moment's 
respite.  She  is  then  forced,  steaming  and  panting,  into  water  deep 
enough  for  her  to  swim.  If,  immediately  after  this,  she  will  eat  as  if 
nothing  had  occurred,  her  character  is  established,  and  she  is  acknowledged 
to  be  a  genuino  descendant  of  the  Kocklam  breed.  The  Arab  docs  not 
think  of  tho  cruelty  T^hich  he  thus  inflicts ;  he  only  follows  an  invariable 
custom. 

We  may  not  perhaps  believe  all  that  is  told  us  of  tho  speed  and  endurance; 
of  the  Arabian.  It  has  been  remarked,  that  there  are  on  the  deserlH 
which  this  horse  ti-avcrscs  no  mile-stones  to  mark  the  distance,  or  wat4;1i(.'S 


I 

a 


518  FOREIGS    BREEDS  OP   HORSES.  ^^ 

to  cnlonlalo  (h«  tiioc  ;  and  that  tho  Bcdoiiin  is  nfttumllj  given  to  eilfilCB^^^ 
ration,  nod  mrart  of  nil,  when  rclnting  the  prowrss  of  thr  iLninin)  that  he 
lovoi  Ml  drArljr  us  bit)  cltiJdrmi :  yet  it  CAimot  Imi  itciiifiJ  tbnt,  ul  the  intro*.  | 
dnotimi  of  tli«  Arvbiiui  iulu  Ihu  Eurupoun  atubUti,  there  wok  no  bom 
«omparabl«  to  him,  Th«  mare  m  her  native  d«serte,  will  twrcl  fiAy  miles 
without  Btopping ;  sbo  haa  baen  urged  to  tho  nlmoet  incrvdible  distance  of 
one  hnndrcd  and  twoo^  milaa^  imd,  oocasionnlly,  neither  she  dot  her  rider 
hna  tuMird  tood  for  tbreo  whole  dAjR. 

Our  Uanu-d  woold  fare  badly  on  the  scanty  uounBlimcnt  alTonli'd  tho 
AraMft",  The  mare  Tisaally  has  but  two  moala  in  twculy-fuur  huum. 
thaiag  the  day  sbo  is  tied  to  the  door  of  the  tent,  ready  for  Lko  Itodouin 
to  Hpnng,  tit  a  moment's  wuminp,  into  the  saddle ;  or  nhn  in  tnrned  oat 
bc-furu  tlic  t4?nt  ready  Huddled,  tbu  bridle  buin^  men-'ly  talcon  off,  aad  cho  is 
so  trained  that  she  munediately  ^llops  np  at  ber  tufuiter's  calL  At  itigbt 
abe  receives  a  little  water ;  and  with  hor  GCant^  provender  of  five  or  aix 
poutMb  of  borlay  or  b<?«n)i,  tuid  tomctimex  a  little  atraw,  she  lies  dowa 
com  tent,  if  nbo  in  occostomed  to  lie  down  at  all,  in  tbo  midst  of  her 
niMter'a  bmily. 

Unreklianlt  relates  a  slory  of  tie  Speed  and  cndurtunce  of  one  of  tliem, 
and  shows  with  what  feelings  an  Arab  regnrds  his  qiiadrapcd  ftieud: — 
*  A  bvop  of  Dmscs  on  horiirliuck  attnckod,  in  the  Rommer  of  1815,  a  p&rt^ 
of  Bedouins,  and  pnmLil  thi-ra  to  their  encampment ;  Qio  Dcdoains  wers 
then  avisted  by  a  superior  foroe,  and  becoming  the  aaaailants  in  tlieir 
tnnt,  IdDed  all  the  Dmaea  exoe^tine  one  who  oad.  He  waa  piusuiKl  by 
•ome  of  tbo  best  moonted  Bodonins,  oat  his  mar*,  although  fntigncd,  oould 
not  be  orertBi'cn.  Bcfori:  his  nunmrrt  f[nvo  nn  tlie  i^iMc,  tliey  cnllcd  to 
1'''",  and  U^ggrd  to  be  permitted  to  kins  liU  cxeelli-nt  mare,  promising  him 
nfe  conduct  for  her  aaSte,  Ue  might  have  taken  tliem  at  llieir  word,  for 
the  pledgu  of  an  Arab,  in  such  circoinatanoes,  might  have  been  i«licd  on : 
he  however  refused.  Titer  iminadiatsly  left  tbo  pumuit,  and  blessing  the 
noble  bmst,  criod  out  to  tno  fngilaro,  "  Qo  and  iraah  the  feet  of  your  m»rti 
and  drink  of)'  the  water."  This  expraanon  ifl  often  uaed  by  tliv  Bi-duuina 
(o  show  ihe  rt-gard  tliey  hnve  for  their  mares.' 

A  periodieul  writer  in  the '  Sportsman,'  on  what  aothor^hr  is  not  stated, 
bot  Iu>  is  right  in  mimrt  of  the  particniars  if  nut  in  idl  of  tbom,  sayn,  that 
'talcing  tbo  coinparativn  exceltenoe  of  the  diiTerent  moeM,  XejcJ,  iHrtwocn 
the  deaurt  of  Syria  and  Yemen,  and  now  in  the  posseasion  of  uut  Wahabi^, 
ia  generally  reolEOned  to  orodnco  tho  grandest,  nobWt  hones.  J7«^m 
(extending  alone  the  Bed  S«*|fiKrm  Monnt  Sinai  (o  Tcmen,  and  inclnding 
in  it  Medina  and  Uocca)  the  handnomcst ;  Yemen  (on  tlu;  const  of  the  Red 
Sea  and  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  Uie  most  fertile  pnrt  of  Arabia)  Uie  moot 
durable;  Byri»tberid»et  incoloor;  Uesopotamm the  moat qniel ;  Em>t 
the  swifb^t ;  Boiborj  tbo  most  prolific ;  and  Persia  and  Koordiston  the 
moet  warlike.' 

The  introdnction  of  the  Ambi^n  into  Knglund,  and  the  conceit  whirh 
ha  has  hail  in  tho  improvement  of  tlie  Engliidi  horw,  will  be  trcul^Hl  of  in 
the  nt-xt  chapter. 

THE   PEKSIAH    HOKSE. 

Kelt  in  the  route  which  haa  l>i:cn  pnrsned  along  tiie  aonth  of  Asia,  to- 
wards the  enet,  uid  yielding  only  to  the  Andnan  in  beanly  and  value, 
Btaads  (he  Persian  borae.  lie  is  of  lai^ger  growth  than  tho  Arabian, — 
pu^Msely  bred  so, — and  on  that  account  some  foreign— etill  oset  oonntey, 
Dnt  not  pnra  Arabian  blood,  br^ng  intnvlaeed.  A  hrger  animnl,  ono  more 
adopted  for  modern  wnr,  is  tlie  n-Kult.  hat  with  some  diminntiim  of  K)ioed 
■nd  endonuwe.  The  Persian  is  a  nobler- looking  animal  at  Uio  Grst  glance^ 


TUB  TEBSIAK   HORSE.  29 

but  he  will  not  bear  t}ie  accurate  examination  that  only  increases  oni'  ad' 
luiratioa  of  the  other.  Berenger  thus  describes  their  principal  points  : — 
'  They  are  in  general  small  headed ;  they  have  long  and  somewhat  loo 
fine  foreheads,  and  they  are  rather  too  narroir  chested ;  their  legs  are  a 
little  small,  bnt  their  cronps  are  well  fashioned,  and  their  hoofe  good  find 
firm.  They  are  docile,  qnick,  light,  bold,  fnll  of  spirit,  capable  of  enduring 
much  fatigue,  Bwifl,  sure-footed,  hardy  in  constitution,  and  contented  wil£ 
almost  any  provender.'  They  hare,  since  his  time,  lost  somewhat  of  the 
beauty,  elasticity,  docility,  speed,  and  almost  never- failing  ondnranco. 

The  Persian  Horses  constitnted  in  ancient  times  the  best  cavalry  of  the 
East.  The  improved,  incomparable  Arabian  breed  was  not  then  in 
existence. 

An  entertaining  traveller  (Sir  B.  Kerr  Porter)  gives  the  following  account 
of  them  :■ — '  The  Persian  horses  seldom  exceed  fourteen  or  fourteen  and  a 
half  hands  high,  yet  certainly,  in  the  whole,  are  taller  than  the  Arabs. 
Those  of  the  desert  and  countiy  about  Hillah  run  very  small,  but  are  full 
of  bone  and  of  good  speed.  General  custom  feeds  and  waters  them  only 
at  Bonrise  and  ennset,  when  they  are  cleaned.  Their  usual  provender  is 
barley  and  chopped  straw,  which,  if  the  animals  are  picketed,  is  pat  into 
a  nose-bag  and  hang  from  their  heads  ;  but  if  stabled  it  is  thrown  into  a 
small  lozenge-shaped  hole  left  in  the  thickness  of  the  mnd-wall  for  that 
purpose,  bat  mnch  higher  npthan  the  line  of  our  mangers,  and  there  the 
ftnimal  eats  at  his  leisure.  Hay  is  a  kind  of  food  not  known  here.  The 
bedding  of  the  horse  consists  of  his  dung.  After  being  exposed  to  the 
drying  inP.uence  of  the  sun  during  the  day,  it  becomes  palverised,  and,  in 
that  state,  is  nightly  spread  under  him.  It  is  the  usual  flooring  of  the 
stable  and  the  tent.  The  united  inflncnce  of  the  son  and  air  deprives  it 
of  all  unpleasant  odour,  and  when  from  use  it  becomes  a  second  time 
oflensive,  it  is  again  exposed  to  the  sun,  and  all  unpleasant  smell  once 
more  taken  away.  Little  of  it  tenches  his  body,  that  being  covered  by  his 
clothing,  a  large  muymmid  from  the  ears  to  the  tuil,  and  bound  firmly 
ronnd  his  body  by  a  very  long  surcingle.  But  this  apparel  is  oiJy  for 
cold  weather  ;  in  the  warmer  season  the  nighl>-clothes  are  of  a  lighter 
substance,  and  dnring  the  heat  of  the  day  tiie  animal  is  kept  entirely 
under  shade. 

'  At  night  he  is  tied  in  the  court- yard.  The  horses'  heads  are  attached 
to  the  place  of  security  by  doable  ropes  &om  their  halters,  and  the  heels 
of  (heir  hinder  legs  are  confined  by  cords  of  twisted  hair,  festened  to  iron 
tings  and  pegs  driven  into  the  earth.  The  same  custom  prevailed  in  the 
time  of  Xenophon,  and  for  the  same  reason :  te  secure  them  from  being 
able  to  attack  and  maim  each  other,  the  whole  stud  generally  consisting 
of  stallions.  Their  keepers,  however,  always  sleep  on  their  rugs  amongst 
them  to  prevent  accident ;  and  sometimes,  notwithstanding  all  this  care, 
tbcy  man^o  to  break  loose,  and  then  the  combat  ensues.  A  general 
neighing,  screaming,  kicking,  and  snorting,  soon  ronses  the  grooms,  and 
the  scene  for  a  while  is  terrible.  Indeed  no  one  can  conceive  the  sudden 
nproaj-  of  such  a  moment  who  has  not  been  in  Kastem  countries  to  hear 
i^  and  then  all  who  have,  must  bear  me  witness  that  the  noise  is  tremen- 
doos.  They  seize,  bite,  and  kick  each  other  with  the  most  determined 
fiiry,  and  fiiqnently  cannot  be  separated  before  their  heads  and  haunches 
stream  with  blood.  Even  in  skirmishes  with  the  natives,  the  horses  take 
part  in  the  fray,  tearing  each  other  with  their  teeth,  while  their  mastei-s 
are  in  similar  close  qnsjiers  on  their  backs.' 

His  description  of  a  Persian  race  docs  not  altogether  remind  us  of 
Ifevrmarkot  or  Doncastor. 

'  My  coriosity  was  fiiEy  on  the  spur  to  see  the  racers,  which  I  could 


30 


KIRKIOK    DIIEEDS   OF   HORSES. 


not  doalit  miutl  liAvn  bun)  v^ioacn  frum  tlu:  UmI  iu  tlio  iintJon  to  cxhiliil 
the  perfection  of  itH  bn'ed  U'r»n>  lbi>  «ovcriii.Ti.  The  rival  borae«  wcm 
dinoed  into  thr««  wU,  in  onlcr  to  Idngthcn  tli«  MBnsement.  Tbey  bad 
been  in  tnining  Tor  eorrml  wttcka,  going  otot  thn  ^iDund  vcr^  ofWn 
dnring  thai  timo  ;  and  vrlicn  I  ilid  meo  tbcin,  I  found  no  muc-h  pnins  had 
been  tiilcen  to  swi-ut  und  reduce  tlurir  w«igkt,  tbat  Ib^u"  bon«3  n-i-rc  nnnrl; 
ratting  Uiv  akin.  Tb«  diaianc«  marked  for  the  race  wan  a  strotob  of  a  four- 
aud-lwentjr  niilMi  and,  th»t  bis  inajoxty  might  not.  hnvc  to  wait  when 
ho  had  reached  tho  ficUl,  tbo  bontc*  hud  tct  forwuni  long  Iioforo,  1^  three 
dirisioiM,  fVotn  tho  «t»rtiitf;  jKunt,  (a  abort  interval  of  linii--p>uiHmgb«tw«en 
each  ■et,}aotli^thefmigbl  begin  to  come  in  a  f«w  minutvH  ailvrtboking 
had  taken  hia  seat-  The  dilTcrcint  divigions  smvixl  in  rc^'ular  order  nt  tho 
eoal,  but  all  m  Tati^od  a»d  nxhaiMtcd  thnt  tlicir  fomrr  bnAHtMl  fliM)t4iess 
hnnlly  exceeded  n  tnodente  otuitiir  wbL-ii  thu}*  jnuuhhI  boforo  the  rcgral 

Tbo  jibuiia  of  Persepolis,  Mnlia,  Ardcbil  and  I>erbaiM>,  niar  auniudlj'  a 
great  Damber  of  valunblo  borws,  but  those  hrod  in  Kardislan  are  oooounted 
the  beat  both  in  bcjinty  and  Htrr'n^b. 

THE   CiaCASSIAS   BOSSE. 

Tho  Circnantut  homn,  ntthoiigh  infrrior  to  tbo  Pondan,  do(«  not  often 
find  hia  equal  an»»iitc  thi>  jitvdutorj  bvnlcs  with  which  this  port  of  Aaia 
aboonda.  Vaat  noiulwrx  of  bones  and  shoc)>  are  rauvd  in  the  jUmbm  of 
(^rcaoaia,  and  thej  and  liic  alavea  which  are  made  in  the  eicvnriona 
fixnn  tbo  principal  afticlca  of  the  commercr  of  tbo  native*.  Almoct  ov^ty 
bouhr  of  diriint.'tion  aims  at  ponwHing  a  peculiar  brcnl  of  liomm,  ckvU* 
iiw.  in  tlu-'ir  cHtiiiialioti,  thnt  of  any  other  tribe.  Each  brved  ia  diatin- 
tfuiahed  by  iu  |M.-cTuliar  mark,  to  fbrge  or  bo  ptaoo  which  ou  an  tnfe«4or 
breed  woold  be  puniabed  with  death.  The  most  valnablo  breed  of  all  is 
in  the  poaBeaaion  of  the  reigning  family,  and  it«  diHtingiiishing  mark  is  a 
full  horse-shoe.     Those  horses  possMS  oonaidvrablo  aUvngtb  and  upend. 

TRK   SISI   VDUa   HOBSS. 

We  will  now  travel  furthvr  isLatnunl,  and  fuuniuo  the  btveds  of  boniae' 
in  our  Indtaa  poneanons.  They  aie  small,  smkI,  ntiltongh  aome  have 
ooaaidnnbln  enilamnee  and  «onrac^  Uu^  wcnr  the  gonend  rbarart4>r  of 
degeneracy  from  a  nobler  stock.  I'irat  in  valuD  is  the  Tiyirk-if,  originally 
(ran  a  Toorkotnau  and  a  Persian,  bmutiful  in  hia  form,  ffraccful  in  his 
action,  and  docile  in  hia  temper.  When  skilAdly  managed  hia  carriiwaj 
n  Ktntdy  and  gnuid.  Ilia  spirit  rising  as  his  oxortjons  nre  required,  be 
exliilnta  to  bin  boliutdora  an  anpearaaoe  of  lury  in  the  iicrTormanco  of  bis 
laak,  yet  preaurving  (o  his  lider  the  vtmusi  playfUncM  awl  gtmtlcnpM. 
They  are  usoally  from  fimrteen  to  Bfleen  hands  high,  and  have  the  ci>mmon 
defect  of  the  East  India  horse — snallness  and  length  of  bone  below  tho 
knera  and  abont  the  hocks. 

Next  oomea  the  /maee,  well  Umbcd,  and  bis  jninte  cloaely  knit,  and 
particularly  powerAd  in  the  qnarten,  bnl  with  hirgo  bcaMi,  and  hanging 
Mn,  and  aeficiency  of  apiril. 

The  gentle  and  docile  C^naJtM  is  deep  in  the  girth,  powerfhl  in  the 
foro-ann,  hot  with  Ui^ge  head  and  ral-hnnuncd ;  hardy,  and  calcnlated  for 
long  jt^arncys  and  severe  aervice. 

The  U'jinmitt  have  spirit,  beanty,  speed,  and  iwracvenmoc. 

The  ToEMs  is  slight,  hollow-hncked,  and,  for  (hat  rcaaon  pcrham,  de- 
ficient in  strength.  Hi*  hinddrga  atv  ill  iilTK-ed,  and  dnwged  sa  it  wen. 
behind  him,  and  he  is  itnbboru  and  irrilflblo;  yet  this  horse  ia  sqjight 
after  on  aoooimt  of  the  peculiar  oaaincaa  of  his  yaeet,  a  matter  of  »« 


I  eauadcntion  wliere  Uie  li«al  u  ao  gmt  nitil  Iho  )iliglit««t  exettion 

A  »to  of  haraw  OMt  tfae  Compuij's  etnd,  at  Hiasor,  ts  tboa  tk-ecribvil 
brui  cxccUont  judge : — *  Not  )c^»  iKad  oixt  tltonsaind  borera  were  sbowu. 
Inugr  weTe  all  nlxrvD  fonrtvcn  hiinils  *n(l  n  Lnlf  in  hfigtit,  tiigh-cresled, 
moA  «bo«3r<lDo1cing'  animaLt.  The  graat  <l(!rcct  nx-nMid  a  waat  of  bono 
below  lb«  Ichm,  wlucli  la  jjtimem]  to  all  tlie  nuUvo  borvo  thmnglioat 
ladia ;  Nkd  also  so  great  a  1«ndeaey  U>  hilnem  in  tlie  books,  tliat,  tn  Bag- 
hml,  it  wookl  bo  thoogbt  Italf  of  ihcm  faad  blood  spavins.* 

Tbcvtt  an  other  mUuLi  in  diRVrrnt  pcirts  of  Uit  cnantry,  in  wlii<-h  aonu) 
Tslaable  •btUioos  ore  kvpi  for  tlio  |nir]ia«c  of  improving  thci  rnrioas 
Indian  breeds.  Almoel  all  i>r  Uiem  have  &  greater  or  lontr  portion  o( 
AisbiMi  blood  in  thetn,  which  gtrea  Ibotu  the  appeuonce  of  ffooi  cavaliy 
honm,  Int  mulcrs  thnn  inf^Tior  to  the  Arabians  gMMmll.v  in  swiftueas 
and  iilwajv  in  endamore.      For  thin  rcnwm  tbo  native  cavalry  arc  princi- 

CUj  awintwi  on  Arabtau  horaos,  wbkfa  ura  brongbt  in  gruit  numljcra, 
I  of  ao  considcro]>)«  Taloe,  fK«n  Arabia  aud  Syna. 

It  may  ho  rtadilT  roppcMcd  that  it  was  not  long  bufore  races  weni 
carta bli«bed  in  (ho  Eut  Indie*,  and  that  tboy  won>  pnqiorly  pntronifod  bj 
the  guTemmeot.  Tliej  ware,  however,  c»iilincd  almuort  nitiriTtr  to  tlui 
Aiahtaii  bonee,  for  tbooe  of  half-blood  wero  uuuufuKlljr  inlvrior  Ui 
tbem. 

1b  1838.  Rccmit,  by  Wltalchonc,  a  bono  of  some  celebrity  at  th«  time, 
«u  crnt  out  to  Colcntta.  Tbt»  niu  ib-vmod  a  pni|>nr  opportunity  to  docido 
tbo  ^aartion  of  SDpertorily  belneon  tfao  |Kim  Anib  and  the  trao  Engluib 
■adng  blood,  and  hi;  was  uatcliod  a^^aiunt  Pyi^mua,  tlie  1x?il  Arabian  lu 
TtiTwril  The  distance  mu  two  milir«s  iHtb  girc  ami  txko  ni'iglthi,  foartc«n 
haaat  to  carry  ninn  stonc^  nod  tbc  Aralii^ui  to  lie  idlowKd  forca  ixiniuU ; 
Becniit  carried  ten  alanca  twvlro  poaudfs  and  Pyramua  only  i-it;bt  stouea 
tbive  pDOndi.  Tbey  elarUxl  well  t(>.i;«4hor,  aod  ran  tho  fii^t  part  of  the 
■*^-**"'»  oedc  and  neck,  but  At  almnt  half  the  distanoo  Rocruit  took  lliu 
lead,  and  the  Arabian  was  bontcn  riunly  by  MivcnU  lenglbN.  Tho  distaiM.'o 
waa  rnn  in  thrrr  tninutc*  and  finy-.-wvcn  MNXinda.  Anulbcr  Uial  took 
ptM»  between  Chauipioo,  a  first-nto Antlttan.an<LConatanM',aniodt'rat«ly 
g«ad  thumoghbrcd  English  borso.  The  Arabian  won  in  a  canter ;  tlie 
HiMatiiiii.  tbnvforc,  is  thonght  by  nomo  nnnnnii  to  bo  yet  andccidcd. 

Tbna  n  nn  Emit  Indian  pimy,  callfd  llic  Tatl'To,  nryuia  from  ten  Ut 
twalfv  handa  iu  hL-ij^Li.  TIiih  is  a  u-rvic>>ablv  and  liardy  aiiiinnl  for 
tmiryiag  bBtfg^gc  or  any  light  weight.  Tavcmier  descrilies  ono  wliirb  lii> 
•aw  ridden  hy  a  younn  Mogul  prince,  of  rptmi  or  eight  years  of  agp,  and 
which  was  not  mnch  tK^vr  than  a  grayliuund. 

In  17t'<3  one,  nut  muru  than  sevvu  hands,  or  twenty-eiglit  inches  in 
brigbt,  wa«  aenl  from  India  aa  a  present  to  the  queen  of  Gcorec  HI.  It 
w«i  taken  trum  llio  ship  to  tbo  polnce  in  a  backncy-cofurh.  It  wna  of  a 
dm  oeAoar ;  and  ita  hair  rcKcmbk-il  ihat  of  a  young  fawn.  It  wan  four 
nata  old,  well  prapnrtioned,  bad  fine  ears,  a  <|ulck  eyc^  with  a  liatxlsoine 
liMV  tail,  and  waa  tboroai{ldy  good  natond  and  managenblc. 

tWt  Mabrattas  were  two  poworfnl  tribca  or  nations,  inhabiting  the 
coUial  part  of  IIindoo«tnn,  and  their  tcnitory  extending  from  sea  lo  s«a, 
fr^t^  tAa  aontb  of  the  Dct^can.  Their  wars  among  themselves,  or  in  aaioo 
vitb  the  Britiih  against  Tippoo  Saib,  and  nncrwnrda  against  their  former 
CTotectota  and  aOica,  arcpiominont  ebjrcln  in  Ibo  modem  history  of  India. 
Their  troops  consisted  almost  entinaly  of  cavalry,  eomiirud-d  of  om-  of  llie 
laal  nrirtin  of  the  half.Uood  Arabian  and  n.ttivu  boriv.  Tbc  MabraUa. 
wbca  aol  on  boraelnck,  may  be  said  to  hp.  alimiMt  cuuat&ntiy  employed  in 
shainvotn^  his  borao.      It  is  properly  so  called,  fur  bo  rubs  biin  violiintljr 


FOB£[G.\   BREEDS  OP  IIOESES. 


«iUi  bu  wrixhi  luid  olbovrs,  utf  ynJtt  as  liia  liaiida,  anil  mould-n  and  licnilK 
hu  lirabtt  in  vri>ry  dirvetion.  Tlio  Mahrattan  way  of  ridinjf  ia  a  ainifular 
aiid,  acoonliii;;  to  Buropcian  notions,  »  very  nnCTttceful  one.  [lis  kncca  aro 
aa  bigb  as  Iiis  hone's  hack ;  bo  holdit  on  with  his  Iiprln,  ftn<l  cltn)^  with 
his  hftnds  oil.hcr  to  the  maop  or  the  peak  of  the  aoddle.  With  iineh  niibi, 
hi*  aoat  in  moro  sccnra  tlinn  at  Brut  xight  it  would  appear  to  bo.  The  ni-nlc 
of  ihe  Baddio  risei  in  the  fonn  of  a  crane's  nock,  and  is  said  t»  huvv  t>nrn 
borravod  from  tho  Uo;*n]s,  A  cropper  and  a  mnrtingtvio  are  almost  indiH. 
ponsablo  &rcompaiumcnt«  of  tho  Manrsttn  hnrKr-fiimitiirc.  It  is  a  sin^^lar 
kind  nf  cninptT,  hownvcr,  not  projecting  from  tho  ccnttri  of  Ihn  sniidlo, 
but  atbuihnl  to  tioth  nidnM.  Tho  tohta,  or  Ifatheni  vusiMil  out  of  whii-h  tho 
hone  eals  his  ooni,  is  kino  sUaehed  to  Llio  cropper,  and  tliia  ]mrt  uf  tho 
trappiB)^  is  genoially  omameoitod  witli  silver  knobs,  or  with  silk  t4iaaels 
or  cmbroidciy, 

Thtrir  horno,  liko  moot  of  thoxo  in  tho  Eact,  arc  picltcfod,  not  onljr 
during  tlte  day,  hnt  vury  frmiuently  in  tho  night.  A  rope  in  earricd  from 
tlw  hwkd-staU  on  ouch  nidv  to  a  peg  drivou  into  the  grannd.  A  rope,  or 
titons,  ia  also  tied  ronnd  tho  fetlocka  behind,  and  carried  liackwarda  twen^ 
or  thirbr  fM,  and  fastened  to  a  poff.  This  pnJIs  tho  horse  back,  and  ke«^ 
him,  irhon  atonding,  on  the  stretch,  bnt  docM  not  pitiTcnt  him  from  lying 
down.  When  they  ara  thiis  lethen^  thdr  eyos  are  covcrei],  that  thny 
ma,r  not  l«  ulamit<d  by  any  object  lliat  paaoca.  They  aru  liliio  clothed,  in 
orwr  that  the  boantiAii,  gloBay  appearance  of  tlioir  coat  may  be  uiveorvcd. 

I^r  DM  tlia  snaffle-bridte,  bat  it  is  so  jnggcd  and  pointed  that  tli« 
animal  may  be  punished  to  tho  full  content  of  any  liarborian  that  may  rido 
him.  The  headstall  ia  umntly  onuunented,  and  from  tliu  rein  a  Uinng 
dean-uda  by  which  tlie  hono  may  be  ocea^nally  reminded  of  luH  duty. 
The  horseman  has  neither  whip,  switch,  nor  spar,  but  the  horse  ia  oon- 
trotled,  if  ho  ia  disposed  to  rebel,  by  tho  cmcl  argument  of  th«  bit. 

Th«  braut  of  tho  Mahratta  hormi  in  more  NptendidJy  ornamented  than 
any  other  ]>art.  NamoTOua  coins,  of  lUITonnt  nie  aud  valoo — rupee*  ami 
double  ru|<(«9 — are  formed  into  pliLteH  more  or  leas  highly  onuunented,  and 
which  in  lime  of  war  form  a  rioh  booty  for  the  conqneror.  Tho  mane,  too, 
is  genrTally  plaiu>d  with  silk-braida,  and  silver  knoba  attached  to  them, 
with  A  beuntifnl  lop-knot  lH^twee1l  the  conk  If  tlie  rider  has  diatingai.ihcd 
himaelf  in  war,  some  curiuiu  tails,  eaii  to  be  taken  from  Uio  wild  cow, 
d*tigl«  <m  ohber  aide. 

IHB   BIBKAK   AJTD   CBIITSSE   RORSC. 

Tltu  Birman  horMs  ara  rnnall,  biit  Kpiritf^l  imd  strong.  There  was  one 
in  1*42  in  tlio  mcnagcrio  belonging  to  the  Zoological  Society  of  FondoD. 
lie  did  not  stand  more  tliau  twelve  hands  high,  bnt  was  a  buaotiful  Littlo 
fellow,  and  a  piclore  of  strength. 

In  SiAU  the  horsea  are  few,  and  inferior  to  thom  of  tbo  Binoaa  empire. 

In  Cocji IX. China,  on  the  eustcm  oooat  of  tlio  peninmis,  tho  horaoa  are 
■till  anuill,  but  thej-  are  better  fortnod,  and  more  active  and  strong,  than 
tfae;y  am  at  Siam.  In  Si'vtTU  and  Java  t}ie  horses  have  not  iucruvsul 
in  aite^  bat  in  form  and  nsefnlims  thoy  ecarooly  yield  to  any  in  the  aontli. 
wert  of  Asia.  In  Bobxio  they  are  few,  md  acercely  deserving  of  notice. 
The  horxe  of  Crixa  are,  genemlly  speaking,  amall,  ill-forrned,  weak,  and 
without  spirit ;  indeed  they  have  tittle  occasion  fbr  the  horae  in  the  greator 
paK  of  that  immense  empire. 

THE   AUSTUXUK   HOBSE. 
The  new  colonies  of  tho  llrilish  in  Anstmlin  and  its  dependencim  will 
pr^^ut  soractliing  more  satisfactory.     Tlte  grralcr  part  of  ibo  hor««a  in 


^ 


TOE   AUSTltALlAN    HORSE.  38 

New  Sontli  Wales,  the  eastern  coast  of  Australia,  were  derived  from  tiio 
Ciipe  of  Good  Hope  and  from  India.  Very  little  jndgracnt  was  employed 
in  the  selectioD,  and  indeed  very  few  horses  of  good  qn&tity  could  have 
been  procured  from  either  place.  The  consequence  was,  that  a  writ«r  bo 
late  as  1824  says  of  them,  that '  they  are  principally  of  Ote  nag  kind,  and 
bred  without  much  care.  They  are. not  veiy  sightly  in  appearance,  being 
narrow-cheated  and  sbarp-backod,  and  sadly  deficient  in  the  quarters. 
They  have  am  incurable  habit  of  shying,  and  they  are  not  very  sure- 
footed.' The  New  South  Wales  horses  are  seldom  stabled,  but  are  sup- 
posed to  be  healthier,  and  better  able  to  endure  fatigue,  when  kept  in  the 
open  air.     This,  however,  is  probably  only  an  excuse  for  neglect. 

The  sheep,  however,  prospering  so  well,  and  Uie  cattle  mpidly  increaa- 
iug  and  improving,  the  colonist  began  to  be  a  tittle  ashamed  of  his  horses. 
Several  of  a  better  kind,  cart  and  blood,  wore  consequently  imported  horn 
the  mother-country — an  Arabian  was  procured  from  India — -and  tha 
Australian  horse  soon  began  to  be  a  very  differentsort  of  animal.  A  writer 
of  a  few  years'  later  date  aaya :  '  We  have  few  thorough-bred  cart-horses, 
almost  all  of  them  havin?  a  spice  of  blood  about  them,  which  makes  them 
unsteady  at  draught,  restive,  and  given  to  jibbing  when  put  to  a  hard  pull.' 
This  was  a  very  erroneous  cbargo,  and  the  writer  seems  to  be  aware  of  it, 
for  he  adds,  '  this  may  arise  in  a  great  measure  from  their  being  badly 
broken  in.'  It  was  the  faulty  mAnagoment  and  education  of  the  horse,  and 
not  the  portion  of  pure  blood  which  he  had  acquired,  that  produced  vices 
like  these.  The  wiiiter  proceeds  :  '  We  have  many  fine  gig,  carriage,  and 
saddle  horses,  and  even  some  that  have  pretensions  to  rank  in  the  list  of 
racers.'  In  &ct,  races  were  instituted  at  Sydney.  A  turf-club  was  formed, 
and  horses  of  no  despicable  qualities  entered  the  lisia. 

An  excellent  stallion,  named  Bay  Cameron,  was  imported  from  England, 
and  the  owner  netted  by  him,  for  the  first  season  or  two,  more  than  6001. 
per  an-niTTn  Horses  generally  rose  more  than  fiileen  per  cent,  in  value. 
Even  at  Sydney,  2001.  and  more  were  given  for  a  horse  of  extraordinary 
figure  and  powers ;  and  no  good  saddle,  gig,  or  cart  horse  could  bo  pur- 
chased for  less  than  401. 

These  horses  were  found  to  be  remarkably  hardy,  and  could  undergo 
considerable  fatigue.  The  greatest  fault  was  a  heaviness  of  the  head,  with 
a  considerable  degree  of  obstinacy  and  sulkiness — as  much,  however,  tha 
fault  of  education  as  of  natural  disposition. 

A  still  later  writer  says :  '  that  Uie  breed  is  n^idly  improving,  and  par- 
ticularly the  dia^tt  horeea,  from  the  importation  of  some  of  the  Cleve- 
land breed  from  England.'  The  true  dray-horse,  however,  was  yet  to  be 
found,  and  could  not  be  procured  from  any  of  the  native  horses,  not  even 
with  the  assistance  of  the  Cleveland.  The  mixture  of  English  blood  has 
not  lessened  the  endurance  of  the  native  breed ;  for  at  the  hottest  time 
of  the  year,  with  the  thermometer  at  times  as  high  as  ninety-sLx  degrees 
iu  the  shade,  the  writer  says  that  he  has  ridden  the  same  animal  fiAy  miles 
a  day  for  three  successive  days.  They  wiU  all  go  Ihroiigh  a  vast  deal  of 
work,  but  they  would  have  more  endurance,  if  they  were  not  broken  in 
for  the  saddle  and  for  harness  bo  young.  It  is  no  unusual  thing  to  ride 
them  sixty  miles  in  less  than  seven  hours,  and  immediately  turn  them  out, 
to  pick  up  what  scanty  herbage  they  can  Bad.  The  number  of  good 
horses  was  so  rapidly  increased,  that  their  price  had  materially  diminished, 
and  scarcely  more  than  35i.  could  be  got  for  the  best  of  them. 

The  traveller  adds,  that  there  are  some  diseases  to  which  the  horse  is 
subject  in  England,  which  are  as  yet  unknown  in  New  South  Wales, 
Glanders  has  never  made  its  appearance  there.  Grea^  heels,  the  almost 
peculiar  disease  of  Britain,  have  not  been  seen  there.    Strangles,  however, 

D 


M 


FOREIQ.V  BKEEDS  OP  UORSES. 


arc  preralent,  imd,  tbo  aatbor  of  the  pNsent  work  Icams  from  another 
aonive,  nniiHunlly  vcrer*. 

In  Viui  Dicmim'*  IaoiI  tlio  breed  of  hortM,  originnlly  derived  from 
Isdift,  u  very  good.  A  Yftloable  brood  of  carUhorMS  id  betpwing  to  bo 
fbimed.  Tbo  ridtns-hones  aj«  smull,  Imt  they  are  hardy.  Humus  of 
«very  kind  «ro  taxtj  por  cent,  deorcrr  in  Vui  Di«iiion*s  Land  ihaa  in  Ifew 
Bonui  WiUm;  bccunao  th«  00I0D7  is  smaUor,  uid  the  tinmbor  of  honea 
that  ore  brad  is  nimpsrativi'ly  sumll.  Tbcir  treatment  is  not  so  good  m  in 
tbo  larger  oc^ooj.  Jlanj  of  theoi  know  not  tlio  taste  of  eom,  and,  whes 
it  is  giTOtl  to  tliem,  it  is  usoally  in  tli«  Btraw.  . 

THE   TASTUtUir   HOKSB. 

'hrloTT  oompreheuds  &  vast  extvnt  of  couuLq',  readiing  from  tli« 
Biutcru  Ocean,  to  the  Eoropean  dominions  of  KnssiA,  through  ibu  cx.-utnJ 
ntt  of  Asia  and  Europe.  F^ut^Tii  IVrt^ry  belongs  chiuHy  to  Hi  in  11 
tin  Wwtom  has  been  irabjoctnl  by  Bnssia,  1>at  n  miudl  portion  of  it  about 
tlifl  Caspian  Sea  claim  it  (o  bu  indepeudeut.  The  tribca  which  inhabit 
this  immense  space  are  dissimilar  in  their  appearanoe,  manners,  and  cus- 
toms ;  bst,  wito  a  few  exoepttoDS,  the  charactor  of  the  horM  is  nearly  thu 
some. 

The  WILD  noBSi  is  found  in  rarioos  parta  of  Tartary ;  bat  nowhere 
can  it  bo  oooiadered  as  a  remnant  of  an  original  raoo  thnt  has  norer 
been  domesticated.  The  horses  of  the  Ukraine,  aud  thooo  of  Smith 
America,  are  eqaaUr  tbo  deacendiuitB  of  those  that  had  escaped  &om  the 
slarenr  of  man.  I'ho  origin  of  the  horses  of  Tartary  has  bpcu  cloarly 
traood  to  those  that  werv  employed  in  the  sit^  of  Axof  in  lt>t>7.  Beine 
■oAmd,  from  want  of  forage,  to  penetrate  into  the  desert  iu  order  to  find 
snWiittgnce,  they  strayed  to  too  gr«at  a  distance  to  be  porsaedortwodled, 
and  became  wild  and  created  m  now  brvnd.  They  ara  gtmerally  of  a  re 
oolour,  with  a  block  stripe  akms  the  back.  They  are  diridetl  into  niunQi<> 
ooa  herds,  at  the  hcadofeaehofwliidi  is  an  old  stalliou,  who  but  frnight 
his  way  to  llie  ciowB,  and  wboee  pre^mioeBoe  ia  acknuwledgo  by  iLo 
rest.  On  the  approach  of  apparent  oan^r,  the  maroa  and  their  foals  aro 
driron  into  a  cloeo  body,  iu  Irtmt  of  which  tbe  maica  are  lansod.  Thero 
are  Imtiient  oontesta  between  tlio  diObienb  herds.  ^le  ^miesticated 
herae,  if  be  blla  in  their  way  unprotected  by  his  master,  is  instauttr 
attacked  and  ^MedHy  destroyed ;  bat  at  tbo  sinit  of  a  haman  being,  and 
espedsJly  raouried,  they  all  take  to  flight,  and  gallop  into  the  reccasoe  of 
the  desert.  The  young  stalliom  as  Iboy  ffrow  up  are  driren  from  tho 
beid,  and  are  seen  atiaffgUDg  aboat  at  a  distance,  until  they  are  strong 
enough  to  form  barda  ofwild  marcs  for  themselves. 

The  Cossacks  are  aecostomod  to  hnnt  the  wild  horacs,  partly  to  koc}>  up 
their  own  stock,  and  partly  fiir  food.  A  species  of  mltura  is  somctuaca 
matle  use  of  in  this  aJbir.  The  Inrd  ponnccs  npov  the  DOor  *«!'«■'';  and 
ftstana  itself  on  hia  head  or  neck,  fluttering  his  wings,  and  penleidiig,  and 
hftlf-btiftdiRg  him,  bo  that  ho  becomes  an  cany  pn^y  to  the  iWtor.  Tbo 
yonnt;  homm  arc  ^nasllT  tam«d  without  much  iHDictJty ;  they  luv,  after 
a  little  while,  oounUid  with  a  tame  horae,  and  f^Tow  gcatle  and  olxMlienU 
The  wild  botsea  tau  rf^tsinHx!  nro  nsu-tlly  foand  to  bo  stronger  and  mora 
aerriceable  than  any  which  t«n  bo  brvd  at  home. 

In  tbagrMtdesrrUorTartory,  tbebeHsof  wild  borvcs  aro  mnch  larger. 
Uany  thousands,  as  on  the  Pampas  of  South  Aiuerica,  are  on«u  collected 
tofietlier.  The  Kirghise  Tartan  either  cajitun  them  for  use,  or  spear 
them  for  food. 

The  fiesh  of  the  borse  is  a  beqaent  article  of  fbod  among  the  Tarten ; 
and  allhougb  tbeydo  not,  like  the  Indians  of  the  Pampas,  cat  it  mw,  their 


THE  TARTARUS   HORSE.  85 

modo  of  cookery  would  not  be  voiy  inviting  to  tlic  European  epicure. 
Thejcnt  Uie  moBcnlar  part  into  elices,  and  place  tlieifi  ouder  their  aoddlea, 
and  after  they  have  galloped  thirty  or  forty  miles,  the  lanat  becomes  tender 
and  sodden,  and  fit  for  tiieir  table.  At  all  their  fc(Lata,'.ihe  first  and  last 
and  most  favoarite  dish  is  a  horse's  liead,-tLnleeB  they  luvo  a  roasted  foal, 
which  is  the  greatest  delicacy  that  can  be  procnrod. 

When  water  was  not  at  hand,  the  Scythians  nsed  to  draw  blood  from 
their  horses,  and  drink  it ;  and  the  Dokes  of  Mnscovy,  for  nearly  two 
hnndred  and  sixty  fea^n,  presented  the  Tartar  ambassadors  with  the  milk 
of  mares.  Uost  of  the  Tartars  mannfactnre  a  Hqnor  Sailed  koamiss,  from 
the  milk  of  the  marc.  It  has  a  very  pleasant  taste  of  mingled  sweet  and 
sour,  and  is  considerably  nntritious.  The  Tartars  say  that  it  is  an 
excellent  medicine,  and  olmosta  specific  in  consumption  and  some  diseases 
of  debility.  It  is  thna  made : — To  a  certain  qnantity  of  fresh  mare'e  milk, 
a  sixth  part  of  water,  and  an  eighth  part  of  Tery  boot  milk,  or  of  old 
ktnttnut,  is  added.  The  vessel  is  covered  with  a  thick  cloth,  and  set  in  a 
place  of  moderate  warmth.  It  is  thna  left  at  rest  twenty-four  hours,  when 
the  whole  of  it  wiU  have  become  aonr,  and  a  thick  snbetance  will  have 
gathered  oik  the  top.  The  whole  is  then  beaten  with  a  stick  in  the  form 
of  a  chom-staff,  nntil  it  becomes  blended  into  one  homogeneons  mass. 
Twenty-four  hoars  after  this  the  beating  is  repeated,  or  the  Uquor  is 
agitated  in  a  chnrn,  nntil  the  whole  is  again  mingled  together.  The 
process  is  now  complete  and  the  hownUe  is  formed,  but  it  must  be  always 
well  shaken  before  it  is  used. 

The  Tartars  hare  discovered  a  method  of  obtaining  an  ardent  spirit 
from  thia  hntmisi,  which  they  call  rack,  or  rocky,  from  the  nane  given  to 
the  spirit  manufactured  in  the  East  Indies. 

Some  of  the  Tartar  and  Kalmuck  women  ride  fully  aa  well  aa  the  men. 
When  a  courtship  is  taking  place  between  two  of  the  young  ones,  the  answer 
of  the  lady  is  thna  obtained.  She  ia  mounted  on  one  of  the  best  horaea, 
and  off  she  gallops  at  full  speed.  Her  lover  pnrauea,  and  if  he  overtakes 
her,  she  becomes  hia  wife ;  but  it  is  seldom  or  never  that  a  Kalmuck  girl 
once  on  horseback  is  caught,  unless  she  has  a  partialify  for  her  pursuer. 

The  donieaticated  horses  belonging  to  the  Tartars  that  wander  over  the 
immense  plains  of  Central  Aaia  are  httle  removed  from  a  wild  state.  They 
are  small  and  badly  made,  but  capable  of  supporting  the  longest  and  most 
rapid  journeys  on  the  scantiest  fare. 

One  well-known  circumstance  wiU  go  &r  to  account  for  their  general 
hardiness.  The  Tartars  live  mnch  on  the  flesh  of  horses  ;  and  the  animals 
that  are  unable  to  support  the  labour  of  their  frequent  and  rapid  cnugra- 
tiona  are  first  destroyed ;  the  most  vigorona  ai«  alone  preserved. 

Berenger  gives  the  following  account  of  the  Tartar  horses ; — '  Although 
but  of  a  moderate  size,  they  are  strong,  nervous,  proud,  fall  of  spirit,  bold, 
and  active.  Th^  have  good  feet,  but  somewhat  nairow ;  their  heads  are 
well-shaped  and  lean,  but  too  small ;  the  forehead  long  and  stifiT;  and  the 
legs  over  long ;  yet  with  aU  these  imperfections  they  are  good  and  service- 
able horses,  being  nnconqnerableby  la,bonr,  and  endowed  with  considerable 
speed.  The  Tartars  live  with  them  aimost  in  the  same  manner  that  the 
Araba  do  with  their  horses.  When  they  are  six  or  eight  months  old,  they 
make  their  children  ride  them,  who  eiorciso  them  in  small  excnrsiona, 
dreaaing  and  forming  them  by  degrees,  and  bringing  them  into  gentle  and 
early  discipline,  and  after  a  while,  making  them  nndergo  hunger  and 
thirat,  and  many  other  hardships.  The  men,  however,  do  not  ride  them 
until  they  are  five  or  six  years  old,  when  they  exact  from  them  the 
aevereat  service,  and  inure  them  to  almost  incredible  fatigue,  travelling 
(wo  or  three  days  almost  without  resting,  and  passing  four  or  five  days 

D  2 


3S 


ronniGN  BRi^tirDs  or  nocses. 


witli  no  more  or  lidtirr  ni>nris1inu'nt  tban  n  tmndrul  of  ((nas  ani]  witli 
notliiriK  to  quench  tlieir  tliirat..'  This  dbcijiliuo  as  maok  eKfioeda  Quit  of 
tlio  Arabs  m  Mverity  and  liomblo  boibarity,  as  the  Anibs  oxoel  tbo 
I'artnn  in  dvilintion. 

Tbo  lH>niM  of  tbo  EfngniR  Tm-tAni  nr«  •onto  of  the  bc*t  of  tlio  roTing 
tribi-A.  Tbej  are  stronger  and  billcr  tbun  tbo  othcni ;  ruiil  tmino  of  tbom 
aw  trained  to  draw  carria;;««.  It  ia  from  tbem  tliat  Uie  Khan  of  Tariaiy 
doriTDS  tiu)  priacipal  part  of  his  Bapi)ti«B.  It  is  said  thM  in  case  of 
Doocwiilj  thicy  coiud  fnrtiisb  *  hundred  tbonnand  num.  Knch  of  the 
Nogttis  oommunly  faaA  wilJi  liim  fotir  li<inw«  ;  ano  in  fur  bin  own  ridii^ ;  a 
BOMnd  to  moont  if  the  first  abuuld  bu  tired ;  and  the  other  two  to  oanj 
tuB  proriaoofl,  his  sIatw,  and  his  boot;. 


THB  TOOKSOUiK  H4&8S. 


Tarid«taii  ia  that  part  of  South  Tartary  north-cast  of  the  Caspian  aea, 
and  biu  bcv^  or-lrbnibod  from  very  cnrlv  timcfl  for  prodncinf^  a  pure  and 
T&lDBblu  brood  of  borws.  They  are  ouUed  Ihorkomajn.  Thty  tav  anid  to 
be  preftntbla  eren  to  the  pure  Persians  for  actual  serrice.  Ttinj  aro 
bvpe,  from  flfloen  to  aixteon  hands  high,  awtft,  and  ineibanstiblo  under 
fttwoo.  8oino  of  them  have  travoUod  nino  hnndrod  miles  in  eleven  mo* 
etMxn  daja.  Thoj  arc,  however,  eomewbat  too  amall  in  tho  borrol,  too 
hng  on  us  Ism,  oeCMMnally  ewo-nccked,  and  always  liaving  n  linul  out 
of  proportion  lareo;  yet  SDch  are  tbo  food  qnalttios  of  the  horse,  tliat  onu 
of  the  pnro  blood  ia  worth  two  or  thrvo  Lnmlrecl  pounds  cTcn  in  that 
ooustrjr. 

Caplaui  leaser,  who  ia  OTidmlly  a  nooA  jndge  of  the  horac.thna  n^lfttc* 
the  impRMSion  which  they  made  on  hSo,  in  his  '  Jonmey  to  Khorasau":— 
*  They  are  deficient  in  compactness.  Thdr  bodies  are  long  id  proportion 
to  their  bulk.  They  are  not  well-ribbed  np.  They  arc  long  on  tlio  legs, 
defident  in  nin»elc,  falling  off  bulow  the  knee ;  narrow-chested  ;  ]oDg> 
necked;  head  large,  nucouth,  and  seldom  well  put  on.  Such  was  the  im> 
preamon  I  reeeivra  from  the  (tret  tight  of  th^in.  and  it  wm  not  for  soma 
time  tiiat  titeir  snpcrior  vnlnablo  iiuahtiea  wcro  appariTnt  to  mc' 

The  Tooricoman*  tmco  their  bn^d  of  borsos  to  Arfibiaii  sirw ;  and,  most 
anziou  tliat  a  anAcieat  proportioa  of  the  poro  blood  shall  be  retained, 
Umt  hare  flnqncot  reoonrao  to  ttie  b«et  Aiabians  they  can  procnre. 

Bcfor«  a  Toorkomnn  starts  on  an  expedition,  hoprorideshinuH'lf  with  a 
few  hard  balls  of  bariuy-nual,  wEuoh  are  to  serve  both  him  and  bis  Iiuma 
for  sobeist«noe  ontil  hia  ntara  ;  bat  aoilMtiraeH  when,  crosnng  the  dcaert, 
he  is  onnsnallr  fiint  and  wgaiy,  ba  opens  the  ja^lw  vein  of  hia  horaOt 
and  drinkn  n  little  of  the  blood,  by  which  hn  in  uudoubbKlty  refrvshod, 
and,  ho  thinks,  his  bona  is  rebered.  Aceordtug  to  Sir  John  Malcolm,  the 
ToorkonutD  will  think  bttla  oTiFiidiiig  the  same  hor»o  ono  handrcd  milea 
a  day  fer  some  aacoeanTe  days ;  and  be  adds,  tiiat  a  honiL-nian  niountod  on 
a  Toorkomnn  horao  brooght  a  pocket  of  lott«;ni  from  Sliiraa  to  Tebemn,  a 
distance  of  lire  faandrod  nulee,  in  six  days. 

TH£   TmZISH   HOBU. 

Th«  Turkish  bonica  are  dcaeended  pffaiopally  rn>m  the  Arab, 
l^  the  Percian  and  other  kindred  vaneties.     They  possess  all  the  mnt . 
ncM  and  traotability  of  the  parent  rnor,  but  th<!y  Iiaro  loot  some  of  tbeif 
vigour  and  need.     The?  bare  contributed  materiAlly  to  th«  improverounin 
of  the  English  breed.     The  Byeritnr  and  the  Uelmsley  Turk  are  nanwa 
familiar  to  eretr  one  oonvenant  with  borate,  and  ooonectod  with  oar  beat 
blood. 

Tbo  lonmod  and  beneroleat  Bojtbcqnioi^  who  was  amfaeasador  at  i 


I 


THE  WILD   noESB  OP  SOUTH  AMERICA.  3J 

stantdnople  in  the  Beventeentli  century,  gives  the  followiug  accoimt  of  the 
Turldsh  horaea.  Onr  grooms,  and  their  masters  too,  may  leom  a  lesson  of 
wisdom  and  hnmanity  &om  his  words. 

'  There  is  no  creature  so  gentle  as  a  Tnrkish  horse,  nor  more  respectftil 
to  his  master,  or  the  groom  that  dreaf^s  him.  The  reason  is,  because 
they  treat  their  horses  with  great  lenity.  I  myself  saw,  when  I  was  in 
Ponta^  passing  through  a  part  of  Bithynia  cfdled  Axilos,  towards  Cap- 
padocia,  Low  mdnlgent  the  conntrymen  were  to  yonng  colts,  and  how 
kbdly  they  nsed  them  soon  after  they  were  foaled.  They  would  stroke 
them,  bring  them  into  their  honses,  and  almost  to  their  tables,  and  use 
them  even  like  children.  They  hnng  something  like  a  jewel  abont  tlieir 
necks,  and  a  garter  which  was  full  of  amnlets  against  poison,  which  they 
are  most  ^«id  of.  The  grooms  that  dress  them  are  as  indulgent  as  their 
maatera ;  they  frequently  sleek  them  down  with  their  hands,  and  never 
use  a  cadgel  to  bang  their  sides,  but  in  cases  of  necessity.  This  Toakea 
their  horses  great  lovers  of  mankind  ;  and  they  are  so  &r  from  kicking, 
wincing,  or  growing  nntractable  by  tiiis  gentle  usage,  that  you  will  hard^ 
find  an  ill-tempered  horse  amongst  them. 

*  Sut,  alas  1  our  Christian  grooms'  horses  go  on  at  another  rate.  They 
never  think  them  rightly  curried  till  they  thunder  at  theni  with  their 
voices,  and  let  their  clubs  or  horse-whips,  as  it  were,  dwell  on  their  sides. 
This  makes  some  horses  even  tremhlo  when  their  keepers  come  into  Uieir 
stable  ;  so  that  they  hate  and  fear  them  too.  Bnt  the  Turks  love  to  hare 
their  horses  so  gentle,  that  at  the  word  of  command  they  may  &11  on  their 
knees,  and  in  tMs  position  receive  their  riders. 

'  They  will  take  up  a  staff  or  club  upon  the  road  with  their  teeth,  which 
their  rider  has  let  fall,  and  hold  it  up  to  him  again  ;  and  when  they  aro 
peHect  in  this  lesson,  then,  as  a  re^trd,  they  have  rings  of  silver  hung 
on  their  nostrils  as  a  badge  of  honour  and  good  discipline.  I  saw  some 
horses,  when  their  master  was  faUen  &om  the  saddle,  stand  stock  still 
without  wagging  a  foot  tiU  ho  got  np  again.  Another  time  I  saw  a 
groom  standing  at  a  distance  in  the  midst  of  a  whole  ring  of  horses,  and 
at  the  word  of  command  they  would  either  go  round  or  stand  still.  Once 
I  saw  some  horses,  when  their  master  waa  at  dinner  with  mo  in  an  upper 
room,  prick  op  their  ears  to  hear  his  voice,  and  when  they  did  so  they 
neighed  for  joy.' 

TEX   AH£BICAV   H0B8E8. 

Before  we  can  advance  eastward  into  Europe,  it  will  be  convenient  to 
dinK»e  of  the  horses  of  the  American  continents.  In  South  America, 
although  constant  warfare  is  carried  on  against  them,  there  are  innu- 
merab&  herds  of  wild  horses ;  and  in  the  back  settlements  of  the  south- 
western States  of  Korth  America  there  is  a  horse  resembling  the  wild 
horse  of  the  Pampas ;  bnt  both  are  evidently  the  descendants  of  those  who 
have  escaped  from  the  slavery  of  man. 

THZ   TIU)   HOaSE   OF   BODTH   AMEBICA.. 

All  traTeQers  who  have  crossed  the  plains  extending  &om  the  shores 
of  Ia  Plata  to  Patagonia  have  spoken  of  numerous  droves  of  wild  horses. 
Some  affirm  that  they  have  seen  t«n  thousand  in  one  troop.  They  appear 
to  be  under  the  command  of  a  leader,  the  strong^t  and  boldest  of  the 
herd,  and  whom  they  imphcitly  obey.  A  secret  instinct  teaches  them 
that  their  safety  consists  in  their  nnion,  and  in  a  principle  of  subordina- 
tion. The  lion,  the  tiger,  and  the  leopard  are  their  principal  enemies. 
At  some  signal,  intelligible  to  them  all,  they  either  dose  into  a  dense 
i  and  trample  their  enemy  to  death,  or  placing  the  mares  and  foab  in 


m 


FORBlQIf  BRBEPS  OF  nORSBS. 


tko  centre,  they  form  thcmwiTM  into  a  oii'cle  aud  welcome  liim  with  their 
bwh.  In  thio  Dttitc):,  MiiHr  leader  is  the  first  to  fHco  the  danger,  audwluni 
prndence  donumd*  u  n-tnut^  tliny  follow  hi*  rapid  flight. 

In  the  tliiulv  iuhahit«<l  (tartit  uf  Suutii  Anuinoa  it  ■■  dangorona  to  foil 
in  wilJi  any  of  these  troops.  The  wild  hones  apptOBoh  u  new  iw  tbey 
dare ;  thej-  call  to  the  UxKlod  hoiw>  with  the  gteateat  ea(;enieaa,  and  if  thft 
ridor  is  not  on  the  akrt,  and  ha*  not  considerahl*  itreofftli  ot  arm  and 
aharpDCM  of  Npnr,  luH  Ixast  will  divcat  ^'■■"V'Jf  of  Us  bnrncn,  take  to  hia 
lioel«,  and  be  gone  Cat  ever.    Bjrron  beaatifolljr  desoribca  this  in  his 

A  trampEng  lM<m:  1  ■«•  th«m  eomt : 

In  OD*  ta*t  aiaitdion  lli*>  •ilisncnl 

I  •UoTO  lo  C17 — m;  lip*  ir«ra  damb. 

Tlie  rtccik  itmIi  on  id  {donging  pnd», 

Jtal  KJicrf  ans  tbry  the  ttiiu  wtio  gutda  t 

^^  A  iLoassad  bono  uiil  noa«  to  nd«l 

^H  Vkh  Aowisa  uil  *nd  djing  maat^ 

^H  Wlda  aoatrfu— soTcT  Mnteh'd  bjr  psia— 

^H  M'j'Ufrt  bloodloi  to  Ih*  \»t  or  rem, 

^H  And  (Mt  Uwt  iioB  UHnv  thod, 

^H  And  flaoka  unMSlrd  bj  miirur  rod— 

^B  A  lliuiuuid  buiw.  tb«  villi,  tha  free, 

'  Like  mimi  thst  foUo*  o'ortbe  mm. 

On  oamo Uii>  trvop  . ,. , 
Bh  ThcT  (lop— Ukij-  sun — they  laoff  iht  >Ir, 

^H  Qtllop  amainent  htm  and  ihrrr, 

^^B  Approoefa,  ntirn  vh**!  round  Hiid  round, 

^K  Tbui  plonslBg  badt  wiili  luddta  tioutid ; 

^H  Tbn  fnort,  tbfj  loam,  dn^Ii.  Ewmv  w^i^ 

^B  AaAbuttwarAloOtfttitrBtttj. 

Onrfain  Head  give*  the  following  acconnt  of  a  tnttnting  with  a  troop 
of  wild  hurSL-s,  where  tlte  eonntij  in  moiv  thickly'  inliahitt^l.  Some  poor 
oaptiin-d  animals  are  supposed  to  be  ftiiced  along  bj  tbi-ir  ridi'n  nt  their 
very  utmost  qwed : — 'A^  tbov  are  tlnu  (fallopinf;  olouff,  urged  by  thu 
■par,  it  is  int«nsting  lo  epr  thi?  prnips  of  wiM  homes  on«  puMS.  The 
naros,  wliii^ara  never  riJdi'n  iii  South  Amcrio*,  ttpvia  not  to  nnd«rsland 
what  BMlna  the  poor  horae  carry  Itin  )i««d  so  low  and  look  so  wiitry. 
The  little  innocent  colla  oome  nuuucg  to  meci  him,  and  then  start  away 
frightmn!  ;  whiln  the  old  bones,  wnoM  white  mnrka  on  the  flanks  and 
baon  butmy  thoir  acquaintanow  with  the  spur  and  saddle,  walk  slowly 
mway  for  some  distomie,  then  bruakiug  into  a  trot  natbL'ytiM'k  their  safety, 
■nort  and  look  behind  them,  first  wrilh  one  eye  and  then  with  the  otlicr, 
timing  Ihoir  nosM  bum  right  to  letX,  and  carrying  their  long  tails  high 
in  tlio  air.' 

The  samn  pteaaing  writer  doscribra  the  avatcm  of  borao-managvmcnt 
anunnff  the  rude  inhMntanIa  of  the  plains  of  South  America.  TIh-v  hnra 
BO  stables,  no  fenced  paatnros.  One  horse'  ia  umally  kept  tied  at  tbe  door 
of  the  hn^  fed  sntntily  at  ni^ht  on  main ;  or  at  otlier  timoa  aerend  mnr 
bo  cnckwrd  in  the  eorralt  whtoh  ia  a  circnlnr  apnea  sarronniiK'd  W  rongn 
posts,  dnrm  firmly  into  the  ground.  Tbe  miinui  are  never  ridden,  or 
attempted  lo  be  tamed,  but  wrandor  with  their  foals  wherever  they  please. 

Wbeo  the  OatieKo,  tlia  native  inhabitant  of  tho  plains,  wants  boraos  for 
luBHslf  or  fiiT  the  anpplv  of  a  tm-velloiv  ^  eitlur  goes  ^th  his  losto  to 
the  eorrai,  and  sdoets  tboaa  possibly  who  OB  ti»  ptvfie<hni;  day  had  hr 
tlie  first  lima  been  bodtod,  «r  be  wampem  acroa  the  plain,  and  prescniiy 
nlums  with  an  onwilliR?,  Ktrag^ing,  or  subdnod  captive.  Wltcn  tlio 
aw  I  ices  of  the  animals  luvo  boon  ended,  ho  cillier  takes  tlirm  to  tho 
Oiimi/  and  leeda  thcni  with  a  xmnll  qnaiitlty  of  maixe,  if  Iw  thinkii  bo 


THE  WILD  nORSE  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA.  39 

ftball  presently  need  iliem  again,  or  lie  once  more  turns  them  loose  on  the 
plains. 

Travellers  giro  some  emnsing  accotmta  of  the  maimer  in  which  all  this 
is  effected.  Miera  thus  describes  the  lasso,  simple  in  itfl  constraction,  bnt 
all-powerfnl  in  the  hands  of  the  Gancho  : — 

'The  lasBo  ia  a  missile  weapon  ased  by  eveiT  native  of  the  United 
Provinces  aod  Chili,  It  is  a  very  strong  plaited  thong  of  equal  thickness, 
half  an  inch  in  diamater  and  forty  feet  long,  made  of  many  strips  of  green 
bide  plaited  like  a  whipttiong,  and  rendered  sapple  by  grease.  It  has  at 
one  end  an  iron  ring,  above  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  through 
which  the  thong  is  passed,  and  this  forms  a  running-noose.  The  Qaneho, 
or  native  Peon,  is  generaHy  monnted  on  horseback  when  he  uses  the  lasso. 
One  end  of  the  thong  is  affixed  to  his  saddle  girth  :  the  remainder  be  coils 
carefully  in  his  leil  hand,  leaving  about  twelve  feet  belonging  to  the 
noose-end  in  a  coil,  and  a  half  of  which  he  holds  in  his  right  lumd.  He 
then  swings  this  long  noose  horizontally  round  his  head,  the  weight  of 
the  iron  ring  at  the  end  of  the  noose  assisting  in  giving  to  it,  by  a  con- 
tinued circular  motion,  a  sufQcient  force  to  project  it  the  whole  length  of 
the  line.' 

When  the  Ganchos  wish  to  have  a  grand  breating-in,  they  drive  a 
whole  herd  of  wild  horses  into  the  corral: — 'The  corral  was  quite  fiill 
of  horses,  moat  of  which  were  young  ones  about  two  or  three  years  old. 
The  capUar  (chief  Giancho),  monnted  on  a  strong  steady  horse,  rode  into 
the  corral,  and  threw  his  laaso  over  the  neckof  a  young  horse,  and  dragged 
him  to  the  gate.  For  some  time  he  was  very  nnwillmg  to  lose  his  com- 
rades ;  but  the  moment  he  was  forced  out  of  the  corral,  his  first  idea  was 
to  gallop  away  :  however,  a  timely  jerk  of  the  losBo  checked  him  in  the 
moat  effectual  way.  The  peons  now  ran  after  him  on  foot,  and  threw  a 
lasso  over  his  fore-legs  jnat  above  the  fetlock,  and  twitching  it,  they  palled 
his  legs  &om  under  him  so  suddenly,  that  I  really  thought  the  faU  he  got 
had  killed  him,  In  an  instant  a  Gancho  was  seated  on  his  head,  and  with 
his  long  knife,  in  a  few  seconds,  cat  off  the  whole  of  the  horse's  mono, 
while  another  cut  the  hair  from  the  end  of  his  tail :  this,  they  told  me,  was 
a  mark  that  the  horse  had  been  once  mounted.  They  then  put  a  piece  of 
hide  into  hia  month  to  serve  for  a  Irit,  and  a  strong  hide  halter  on  his 
head.  The  Gaucho  who  was  fo  mount  arranged  his  ajpnrs,  which  were 
DnaSDBlly  long  and  sharp,  and  while  two  men  held  ihe  horse  by  the  eara, 
he  put  on  the  saddle,  which  he  girthed  extremely  tight.  He  then  caught 
hold  of  the  horse's  ear,  and  in  an  instant  vaulted  into  the  saddle  ;  upon 
which  the  man  who  held  the  horse  by  the  halter  threw  the  end  to  the 
rider,  and  &om  that  moment  no  one  seemed  to  take  any  fiirther  notice 
of  him.  , 

'  The  horse  instantly  began  to  jnmp  in  a  manner  which  made  it  very 
difficult  for  the  rider  to  keep  bis  seat,  and  quit«  different  from  the  kick  or 
plunge  of  an  English  horse :  however,  the  Gancho's  spurs  soon  set  him 
going,  and  off  he  galloped,  doing  everything  in  his  power  to  throw  his 
rider. 

'  Another  horse  was  immediately  brought  from  the  corral ;  and  ao  quick 
was  the  operation,  that  twelve  Gaucbos  were  mounted  in  a  spaoo  which  I 
think  haiiily  exceeded  an  hoar.  It  was  wonderfol  to  see  the  different 
manner  in  which  different  horses  behaved.  Some  would  actually  scream 
while  the  Ganchos  were  girding  the  saddle  upon  their  backs ;  some  would 
instantly  lie  down  and  roll  npou  it ;  while  some  would  stand  without 
being  held,  their  legs  stiff  and  in  unuatural  positions,  their  necks  half 
bent  towards  their'  tails,  and  looking  vicious  and  obstinate :  and  I  could 
not  help  ihiwlrtng  that  I  would  not  have  mounted  one  of  those  for  any 


40 


FOBEIGS  BREEDS  OF  HORSES. 


reward  Hint  could  be  olTcred  mc,  for  thoy  vrcro  invanably  tlio  most  itidi* 
colt  to  subdae. 

'  It  wns  now  cariotui  t»  look  ftnynnd  and  nee  the  G»iiL'bo«  on  tho 
horUou  iu  difl«rent  dueotiona,  tiying  to  brin^  tKoir  liurees  back  to  tbn 
coml.  wliicb  is  tbe  ino»t  diffi^l-  part  of  dit-ii'  wark,  for  tlio  poor  crostarca 
had  hooD  so  scarod  tboro  that  tbey  iroro  nnwilling  to  rctarn  to  tho  plnro. 
It  vriui  otnnidBff  to  >m>  tlio  anticM  of  Uic  honci ;  thoy  wl-to  jumping;  nnd 
dancing  in  dlflentiit  wuj^h,  while  tlie  rigbt  aim  of  tAe  OaucDOS  waa  irn-n 
flograng  tluim.  At  last  tliej  brouKfat  tliio  horses  back,  apparwtlj  Babduod 
ua  DTokcn  in.  Tli«  saddles  and  bridles  wen  takan  on*,  and  tho  jonng 
homcw  tpottMl  off  toworda  the  corml,  nd^hing  to  one  anotlmr.' 

Tl«'  munufiicturc  of  Um  Ouucho's  koota  in  sorat'wliat  Kin^W : — '  Tho 
booU  of  ihe  Gauclioa  are  fonued  of  the  ham  and  part  of  tbe  lei--ski>i  of  a 
oolt  takon  rM>kin(;  from  tho  mother,  which  is  said  to  be  Fncnticod  for  the 
Bolc  pnrpoKc,  JDst  at  tht>  timo  of  boaring,  when  tlu!  hair  hnit  not  Ix-gan  to 
ffroir.  At  tlua  atagc,  tho  skin  atripN  off  oanity,  aod  in  very  whitv  and 
Dcantiful  in  Iczlnre  and  aj>]Kiarauc«.  The  liam  furma  the  calf  of  tka 
boot;  tba  bode  Maily  ada[>ts  itself  to  tho  heol,  and  tbe  lep  above  tho 
Ibtlodc  coDStitntaa  w  foot;  tho  whole  making  a  nrntand  clt^gnnt  half- 
bont,  wilb  an  mipmtan  mtBatmt  for  tbe  grtut  too  to  pmjcct  tliruugh.' 

Whm  tbe  Ganeho  wtabca  to  lake  a  wild  borse,  liu  mounts  oiie  tbat  liaa 
beim  used  to  the  sport,  and  hiallops  over  the  plain.  As  soon  as  bo  cornea 
■Dffioi«ntly  Dcnr  his  pr«j,  *  Uio  Laaso  is  titrown  roniid  the  two  hind  legs, 
and  a«  tho  (lancbo  ndoa  a  littJo  on  ooo  xidc,  tho  Jerk  nullx  thi-  cntnngl(!d 
Itorae'a  f««t  lutfrolly,  ko  aa  to  tbmw  him  on  hia  aidt,  without  enclaii)^'riTi|f 
bis  knees  or  his  fiu».  Before  tho  horse  cau  recover  tlie  shock,  the  rider 
dixmoanta,  and  snatching  his  ptmeha  or  cloak  fVom  his  abooldcn,  wraps  it 
round  the  pnudmtn  animnl'a  head.  Ha  then  force*  into  bin  mrmth  onn  of 
tlie  powerful  bridlca  of  tlie  cfmntiy,  stiupH  a.  saddle  on  kia  back,  and 
btctridiDR  liitu,  ramoTca  tbe  [wncbo ;  upuu  whiL-b  the  astooiabed  hant 
■finnga  on  bis  lei^,  and  ondeavoura  bj  a  thousand  v»ia  efforts  io  dis- 
mcnjnbor  himaelf  of  his  new  master,  who  sita  quit*  oompoiKdly  on  bis 
back,  and,  br  a  diaciplino  which  narcr  &ils,  redncca  tka  luirae  to  saoh 
completQ  obedience,  that  he  is  aoon  trained  to  lead  his  whole  spe«d  and 
strength  to  the  capton  of  his  companions.' 

Tluuae  animals  posccw  much  of  the  form  of  tho  Spanish  honc^  from 
wliicb  tbe7  q>raDe}  Ibaj  arc  (amnd,  as  him  bocn  mtnt,  with  far  Icat  difli- 
colly  thanooold  Mthonght possible;  and  although  tbi-irs  is  (be  obedience 
of  foar,  and  anforocd  at  nrst  by  tho  whip  and  spur,  there  aro  no  borer* 
who  BO  aoon  and  ao  perfectly  cirrt  their  8ngiu<itj  und  their  power  in  Iho 
sernooofman.  Thcjnrt!  jmsscaiurd  of  no  I'xlraordiiiary  npfwl,  but  tbi'v 
an  capable  of  eoduTLug  imuieuse  fatigue.  They  are  frequcutly  ridden 
tixty  or  sorcnty  milea  without  drawing  bit,  nnd  have  been  urged  on  by 
Ilia  cniol  ^itir  of  tba  Oanc^  moro  than  a  humlrt'd  milcn,  and  at  Ibc  mt^ 
of  twelrv  roilea  in  the  hour. 

liike  the  Arab  horaea,  tliej  know  no  intermi'diate  pace  belve«D  tbe 
walk  and  the  gallop.  Allboogb  at  the  eiid  of  a  day  su  bard,  Ibcir  stdra 
are  horribly  mangled,  and  tbey  (^mplctely  rxbaastcd,  thcro  is  this  oon- 
aulstion  for  them, — tbrr  aiv  immcdiatoly  tamed  kioae  on  tho  plaina,  aod 
it  will  be  (lieir  uwd  fault  if  Ihcy  ar«  s|)Midily  canght  again.  t1m>  nutro  it 
oocaaonnlly  killed  fur  food,  and  cvpccialiy  on  ooCMiansof  nnusual  ft'stivity. 
Ocneral  San  Martin,  daring  the  war  for  indopebdancc^  gare  a  front  to  tba 
Indian  allies  attiielicd  U>  bin  army  in  whiL-li  mama'  Ib'Hb,  and  tbe  blood 
mixed  with  gin,  fonoed  the  wholo  of  tli«  entertain  men  t. 

On  snch  £7  and  mltiy  plaina  the  aapniy  of  water  is  often  sranty,  and 
then  a  iipccitf  of  nuwlncMi  (vixc*  on  the  iiunx-K,  ami  their  4rm''rotis  and 


THE  WILD   HORSE  OF  SOUTH  AMEBICA.  41 

docile  qaalitieB  are  no  longer  recogmscd.  Tlicj  msli  violently  into  ever; 
pond  and  lake,  aavagely  mangling  and  trampling  upon  one  fLnother ;  and 
the  carcases  of  many  thousands  of  them,  destroyed  by  their  fellows,  have 
occaaionaDj  been  seen  in  and  aronnd  a  considerable  pool.  That  ia  one 
of  the  means  by  which  the  too  rapid  increase  of -this  quadraped  ia,  by  tbs 
ordinance  of  nature,  there  prevented.  Humboldt  says  ihai  during  the 
periodical  swellings  of  the  large  rivera,  immense  numbers  of  wild  horEes 
are  drowned,  particularly  when  the  river  Apure  is  swollen,  and  tiieee 
ani-nmli;  are  attempting  to  reach  the  rising  grounda  of  the  Llaaos.  The 
mares  may  be  seen,  during  the  aeaeon  of  high  water,  swimming  about 
followed  by  Uieir  colts,  and  feeding  on  the  tall  grasa,  of  which  the  topa 
alone  wave  above  the  waters.  In  this  state  Uiey  are  pursued  by  croco- 
diles, and  tlieir  thighs  frequently  bear  the  printa  of  the  teeUi  of  these 
camivoTOna  reptilea.  Tbey  lead  for  a  time  an  amphibious  life,  smroonded 
by  crocodiles,  irater-seipeBts,  and  marsetees.  When  the  rivera  return 
again  into  their  beds,  they  roam  in  the  savannah,  which  is  then  spread 
ovee  with  a  fine  odoriferous  giuas,  and  seem  to  enjoy  the  renewed  vegeta- 
tion of  spring, 

Numerous  herds  of  wild  horaea  abound  in  the  west  of  Louisiana,  and  of 
all  colooTB.  They  are  like  thoae  on  the  Pampas,  the  remains  of  the 
SpaiiiBli  hoisca,  and  are  hunted,  caught,  and  sometimes  destroyed  for  food 
by  the  savage  inhabitants  of  the  back  settJements. 

Mr.  Low,  in  his  beautiini  delineations  of  the  Briti^  qoadropeds,  gives 
QiB  following  account  of  the  horaes  of  North  America ; — 

'  North  America  seems  as  well  adapted  to  the  temperament  of  the  horse 
as  any  similar  countries  in  the  old  continent.  The  Mexican  horses  are 
derived  from,  but  somewhat  deteriorated  by,  a  lesscarefol  management. 
Mexican  horses  have  likewise  escaped  into  Uie  woodB'vnii  savannahs,  and 
although  they  have  not  multiplied,  as  in  the  plains  of  the  Pbdt^  thence 
they  have  descended  northward  to  the  Boctcy  Mountains,  and  the  sources 
of  the  Coluiiibia.  The  Indiana  of  the  country  have  learned  to  pnrane  and 
capture  them,  employing  them  in  hunting  and  transporting  their  famihca 
from  place  to  place — the  first  great  change  that  has  taken  place  for  ages 
in  the  condition  of  the  Bed  Mfi.Ti  of  the  North  Americim  woods.  The 
highest  ambition  of  the  young  Indian  of  these  northern  tribes,  is  to 

Cess  a  good  horee  for  the  chase  of  the  buffalo.  The  Osages  form  large 
bing-jMjties  for  the  chase  of  horses  in  the  country  of  the  Bed  Canadian 
Biver,  using  relays  of  fi«ali  horses,  until  they  have  run  down  the  wild 
herds.  To  st«al  the  horse  of  an  adverse  tribe  is  considered  aa  an  exploit 
almost  as  heroic  as  the  killing  of  an  enemy,  and  tho  distances  that  tbey 
will  travel  and  the  privations  they  will  undergo  in  these  preilatoiy  eicur- 
sions  are  scarcely  to  be  believed.' 

The  Anglo-Americans,  the  Canadians,  and  the  colonisla  of  the  West 
India  Islands,  have  all  acquired  the  domesticated  horse.  The  Canadian 
is  found  principally  in  Canada  and  the  Northern  States.  He  is  snpposed 
to  be  of  French  descent,  and  many  of  the  celebrated  trotters  are  of  this 
breed.  Mention  will  be  made  of  some  of  these  when  the  paces  of  the 
horse  aro  described. 

These  horses  are  much  used  for  winter  travelling  in  Canada  and  in  the 
NorUiem  States.  One  of  them  has  drawn  a  light  cabriolet  over  the  ice 
ninety  miles  in  twelve  hours.  Their  shoes  are  roughened  by  the  insertion 
of  two  or  three  steel  screws,  instead  of  the  common  European  method. 
The  cnny-comb  ia  never  used  upon  them  in  the  winter,  lor  a  thick  fiir 
has  grown  over  them  to  protect  them  from  the  inclemency  of  the  ecnson, 
Th^  are  animals  never  refusing  the  collar,  yet  they  are  acrnstonifd  to 
bod  usage.     Those  of  tho  United  States  are  of  every  variety,  but  croasid 


4» 


FOBKKi.V   RBKEDS  OP  HORSES, 


bj  Okb  modOTQ  EnKliiih  rmco  or  tbo  Arab.  The  improvonumt  of  tbo  horao, 
at  this  tune,  occnpiu  macfa  of  their  attenlioD.  Uorae-nicoB  axe  vetaiAisHicd 
in  m«iiT  jAaxx*,  and  paiticakrly  in  tim  Sootkoni  StaUrn ;  and  Ibcy  bAvo 
■doptea,  to  a  \eiy  ctmmienbit  degrao,  tlia  uMewuf  Uid  Knc>liii}i  ttirf. 
Ttiev  b»Ti>  diffftriTiit  TViietie*  of  oseful  horaea  for  riding,  nnd  for  tlinir 
public  anil  ptinte  ouriagM.  Habit,  arisilig  from  boido  cause  or  whim 
DOW  not  known,  bu  mado  tbem  Mi<i«l  to  tbo  trottbig<horeo :  and  Uui 
filstost  troUing-bonos  in  tho  world  am  to  be  foond  in  tbo  United  Stati^a. 
The  bn)cd«  oT  tbe  Wot  India  lalandti  arc  tliosc  of  tbo  giaivnt  ntnkit.  Tlio 
boraw  of  Oobn  are  derired  from  S]iain,  and  rufaun  the  diattoctivc  cbn- 
racten  of  tbe  pannt  atocfc ;  and  tboso  of  tbo  Engbsh  oolonios  bare  boon 
iraprored  b;  continaed  intorcoBtso  witb  tbn  motbor  cimnliy. 

A  mncfa-Talocd  ixnTrspondiHit,  Mr.  Rotoh,  of  IxnuKvillu,  in  th«  State 
of  Now  York,  thiui  ad<]n«ac«theatitbor: — 'From  ray  own  [)onoiul  expo- 
ricnoc^  1  iiboiikl  aar  Ibat  all  oar  etock  in  Amcrioa  socm  to  pfviVB  a 
harder  constitntton  and  ara  mncb  \ra  liable  to  disoaso  than  in  Sofihuid ; 
and  that  animaU,  Wt  a  fow  gvDcmtionjt  mmovoil  from  tboee  actually  ira- 
ported,  acqnircd  mncb  ictnmgGr  coiutitationa  tliao  their  anooiton ;  and  it 
hna  been  a  question  with  me,  and  aoocdcd  to  br  the  late  Jtav.  H.  Borrr, 
whether  importationa  of  >omo  of  oor  pnro-brod  animals  laigbt  not  aorao- 
tinea  be  made  into  your  conntiy  with  adrantogo.  I  am  anre  that  our 
hacks  and  nadxtcrs  will  endure  a  ffrcot  deal  ntoro  faticno  and  bardabip 
than  the  nmo  dcacription  of  hone  in  EnglaDd.  I  speuc  witb  confidence 
in  these  nulU-n,  beatoM  I  have  been  a  bneder  in  both  ooantriea.* 

Tbat  ibc  greater  hardsUp  and  labour  to  which  tbo  American  horso  of 
ttiia  dascn-iptioo  is  exposed  would  prodn<!c  »  (greater  dordopmont  of  animal 
powsT,  there  can  bo  no  doabt,  and  a  croas  from  the  best  of  such  a  brc^d 
eoold  not  fail  of  beini;  adrantagmras ;  bat  wo  must  adopt  and  perputnato 
(be  circuuutancca  ibat  prodnood  thin  raperior  power,  or  we  ahoud  not 
long  rotain  tbe  adranlogc  of  tlic  eroM. 

In  the  ostensire  territory  and  varied  cUmato  of  the  United  8iaic» 
serent  breeds  of  hotsee  are  found. 

The  OoMMb^  horso  ia  fonnd  in  Pennfiylraiua  and  Uio  middle  Stales ; 
iaag  ia  tho  le^  and  lisht  in  tbo  caroMii;  aoniethnes  ricing  sorenloon 
ha^s ;  used  pnnalpallyfor  tbo  carriap.>  -,  but,  when  not  too  hi^^b,  and  with 
sD&oient  sabstance^  usflil  for  bunting  and  the  saddle. 

The  Ettylith  borce,  witb  a  good  dcoJ  of  blood,  prornils  in  Virfpnia  and 
Kentucky,  and  is  found  to  a  grvator  or  less  dCj^rM  in  all  the  States.  Ilie 
Amerieans  bare  at  diflercnC  times  imporln-d  some  of  tbe  iH^t  Kn^litb 
blood.  It  has  been  most  dilieemtly  and  i>nr«ly  pre'sorvod  in  titu  Soiilli(.-m 
States.  Tbo  eolcbnted  Shark,  tho  host  liornn  of  liix  day,  imd  oqaalltd  by 
lew  at  any  time,  was  the  sini  of  the  best  Virgimut  bonM^s ;  and  Tnlly-l>o, 
a  son  of  Highflrer,  peopled  tbe  Jersey*;. 

THE  MODERN  EUROPEAN  HORSES. 

Tie  limits  of  oar  work  cnmpol  ns  to  bo  oxooodingty  Iiriof  in  our  nooonnt 
of  the  broods  of  tbe  diflcrvut  couiilriLii  of  Borope.  We  Start  from  the 
sooth- west  of  this  quartet  of  tho  world. 

THE  SPUnSa  H0E8X. 

Tbo  Spanish  horwos  for  many  a  ocntnry  ranked  next  to  tlioac  of  Barbnij 
and  Arabia.     Tbt^y  dMocndod  from  tli«  Rarbs,  or  rnlber  they  were  thfl^ 
Barbs  InuiiplnntiM  to  a  Eanipcwi  aoil,  and  soiDowbat  altend,  hot  i»fc 
n»attTiallj^  injured,  by  the  rliv^pi.     Soneyacl,  the  parfaU  mitn-jvittt,  girva 
en  eloqu>-nt  ilfscription  of  litem: — *I  hare  ann  many  8|inmsfa  bones; 


THE  rOBTUGUESE   HORSE.  4i 

&.ef  are  oztremely  beantiiol,  and  the  most  proper  of  all  to  be  drawn  hj  a 
cnnona  pencil  or  to  be  moonted  hy  a  king,  when  he  intendB  to  show  himaelf 
in.  his  majestic  glory  to  the  people.' 

The  common  breed  of  Spani^  horseB  have  nothing  extraordinaiy  about 
them.  The  legs  and  feet  are  good,  bat  the  head  is  mther  large,  the  fore- 
hand heavy,  and  yet  the  posterior  part  of  the  chest  deficient,  ihe  cmpper 
also  having  too  much  the  appearance  of  a  mule.  The  horses  of  Estre- 
madnra  and  Granada,  and  particularly  of  Andalusia,  are  most  valued. 
Berenger,  whoso  judgment  can  be  fully  depended  on,  thoB  enumerates  their 
excellences  and  their  defects  : — '  The  neck  is  long  and  arched,  perhaps 
Bomewhat  thick,  bat  clothed  with  a  loll  and  flowing  mane ;  the  head  may 
be  a  little  too  coarse  ;  the  ears  long,  but  well  placed;  the  eyes  large,  bold, 
and  fhll  of  fire.  Their  carriage  tofly,  proud,  and  noble.  The  breast 
lai^  ;  the  shoulders  sometimes  thick ;  tiie  belly  frequently  too  full,  and 
swelling ;  and  the  loin  a  little  too  low ;  but  the  ribs  round,  and  the  croup 
round  and  foil,  and  the  legs  well  formed  and  clear  of  hair,  and  the  sinews 
at  a  distance  from  the  bone — activB  and  ready  in  their  paces — of  quick 
apprehension ;  a  memoiy  singiilarly  faithful ;  obedient  to  the  utmost 
proof;  docile  and  affectionate  to  roan,  yet  full  of  spirit  and  coun^.'  The 
Par&it  Uareschal  shall  take  up  the  story  again  :  —  'There  will  not  be 
found  any  kind  of  horses  more  noble  than  they,  and  of  their  courage !  why  I 
have  seen  their  entraila  hanging  from  them,  through  the  number  of  wounda 
that  thOT  have  received  ;  yet  they  have  carried  off  their  rider  safe  and 
sound  with  the  same  pride  with  which  they  brought  him  to  the  field,  and 
after  that  they  have  died,  having  less  life  than  courage.'  It  is  delightful 
to  read  accoonte  like  these,  and  we  know  not  which  to  admire  most,  the 
noble  horse  or  the  man  who  could  so  well  appreciate  his  excellence. 

The  modem  Spaniah  horses  are  fed  upon  chopped  straw  and  a  little 
barley.  When  Uie  French  and  English  cavalry  were  there,  during  the 
Peninsular  war,  and  were  without  preparation  put  upon  this  mode  of 
living,  so  different  from  tiiat  to  which  they  had  been  accustomed,  they 
began  to  be  much  debilitated,  and  a  considerable  mortality  broke  out 
among  them;  but,  after  a  while,  they  who  were  left  regained  their  strength 
and  spirits,  and  the  mortali^  entirely  ceased. 

THE   POBTira0XSE   E0E3E. 

There  waa  a  time  when  the  Lusitanian  or  Portuguese  hoi^es  wcro 
highly  celebratod.  The  Roman  historian  Justin  compares  their  swiflucss 
to  that  of  the  winds,  and  adds,  that  many  of  them  might  be  said  to  be 
bom  of  tile  winds ;  while,  on  lie  other  hand,  Berenger,  who  lived  at  a 
time  when  the  glory  of  the  Spanish  horse  had  not  quit«  faded  away,  says, 
that '  the  Portugal  horses  are  in  no  repute,  and  differ  as  much  from  their 
neighboors,  the  Spaniards,  as  crabs  from  apples,  or  sloes  from  grapes.' 
He  thus  accounts  for  it.  When  Portugal  was  annexed  to  Spain,  the 
latter  conntiy  was  preferred  for  the  establishment  of  the  studs  for 
breeding,  and  the  few  districts  in  Portugal  which  were  aafficientJy  sup- 
plied with  herbage  and  water  to  fit  them  for  a  breeding  country  were 
devoted  to  the  rearing  of  homed  cattle  for  the  shambles  and  the  plongh, 
and  mules  and  asses  for  draught.  Hence,  the  natives  regarded  the  horse 
aa  connected  more  with  pomp  and  pleasure  than  with  utility,  and  drew 
the  comporativcly  few  horses  that  they  wanted  from  Spain.  The  present 
government,  however,  seems  disposed  to  effect  a  reform  in  this,  and  there 
are  still  a  sufficient  number  of  Andalnsian  horses  in  Portugal,  and  Biirlw 
in  Africa,  fnlly  to  accomplish  the  purpose. 


4« 


FOnKIGN  BBEEOS  OF  UORSBS. 


TEB   7KSVCH   HOBSB 

Acconlingto  tbc  sarvcjrof  l^'29,  Fnuico  nontoinrd  3,400,000  bonet 
incloding  t£ow>  of  emiy  dcsu^ription.     Thennmborof  Qiarc8wuI,S27,78Li 
Tho  grtiiitcr  part  of  theao  wDm  einploj -ed  in  the  breeding  of  mnlos,  andj 
perhaps  not  more  than  »  fourth  [aiI  wcto  nood  for  keeping  up  the  nnmbcrl 
of  horaos.      B(«id«  those,  nrorlj  27,000  horses  arc  aonoallr  imported 
into  Vnaix,  riUif r  on  npfcnhition  of  immediAto  snlo,  or  for  tno  expreat 
purpose  of  imiirovinjr  the  breed. 

Two-thmlfl  of  the  iVcnch  liorses  u«  devoted  to  pniposea  of  Ught  wort, 
and  pomen  a  ocrtAin  dogroc,  nnd  tbstt  gntdoalljr  increasing,  of  Eauiera 
blood.  Tbrre  U  room,  howcrcr,  for  k  gmtt  deal  more  thnn  tho  Frvnch 
hor*B  nfaallr  posMSK*.  OmsUiird  of  the  honee  are  emploj'ed  in  br«ry 
work ;  TO.oOO  in  post  work ;  and  aboot  tho  same  number  are  tegtBtirrod  u 
fit  for  miiilAiy  nae,  nlthoagfa  not  more  thnn  lintf  of  them  are  ou  actual 
nprrico.  The  ii«c^lainod  nnmber  of  deut1i>  in  tvboat  ono  in  12  or  13,  or 
tearing  the  avcmge  age  of  tho  horae  at  12.  T)u«  Hpviiks  strongly  in 
Ihtoor  of  the  bnmauity  of  tho  French,  or  the  hardihood  of  thi^  horera,  for 
it  exceeds  the  arerago  dorniion  of  tho  lifo  of  tho  boree  in  England  by 
mors  than  tiro  jroom.  Calcnliiting  tho  aromgn  value  of  the  Fivncb  hoiM^ 
at  400  francs,  or  lOf.  I3J.  4^.,  tbera  resnllfl  a  sum  of  !>(>0,000,000  &niic&  J 
or  40,000,000  ponnda  sterling,  as  the  gross  valao  of  thia  spocica  of  national| 
property. 

It  most  be  snnposed  that  so  cxtonsirp  a  country  as  Fnmoe  ^ 
Tariou  brc«d)i  of  horacn.  AnrtrrjinL-  and  Poiton  prodnco  good  ponica  t 
gallowan;  Init  tho  beat  French  "horses  are  bred  in  Limoiisin  and  No 
raamdj.  From  the  former  district  come  excetlent  saddlc<horsM  antti 
Imstars,  and  from  the  Inttca-  a  strongor  species  for  tho  road,  the  otvalt^rJ 
■srrioe,  sod  the  carriage. 

U.  Hoiiol  boa  recently  pabUahcd  an  intcnxtting  work  on  tho  varieties  < 
the  horae  in  Fianoe.     He  states  that  in  the  time  of  th<>  IlomanK  there  i 
bat  two  kinds  of  horses, — the  irar-horso,  and  the  snniptcr  or  pack-horee.1 
The  carrisigr',  or  draught- homc^  ma   coropAratirely  or  (jnito  unknown ; 
and  oven  men  of  tlu!  htgliL-Ht  station  suflbred  thcmac^lves  (o  be  indolootly^ 
drawn  by  oieo.      Grvat  caro  wns  taken  to  preserve  or  to  renew   tho 
strongth  and  speed  of  the  wiir-hone,  and  African  or  Arab  blood  was 
diligently  songfat.     An  animid,  tho  ^po  of  the  Rnfrlish  Cloveluid  faraed, 
liialiaauoinMt  and  st9ronK<^at  dL-ecrijptaon  of  thoooai.-h-boTiio,  wnathiupro- 
ciued.     By  degrees,  this  horso  was  lonnd  too  valuable  for  a  hacknry,  andj 
too  high-trotting  for  a  long  joamov,  and  a  moro  smoothly- moving  animaU 
wwt  gnkdnally  intix>daced.     Still  tiio  charger  did  not  grow  qnile  ont 
liwhiun,  and  in  Nommndy  thu  rearing  of  this  animal  Iiecame  nn  object 
mneh  aUentioo  to  the  Euuwr.    At  first  they  wera  bred  too  aJow  and  pon- 
derona,  bnt  by  degree*  a  horse  was  obtainixl  of  aomowlwt  lighter  action 
ud  oonaidtraMo  speed  wHbont  mncJi  ncrifion  of  strength,  and  thcj  now  j 
eonstituto  a  most  valnable  breed.     *  I  have  not  ebewbcrp,'  aays  31.  iloiicl. 
'seen  Much  horses  at  the  collar,  andarlbedili^genMi  or  tlie  poM-oaniogo,  or 
the  CuTu-cort  They  are  endnring  and  snargsbc  beyond  description.  At  tho 
voice  of  the  bratal  driver,  or  at  the  dreaded  sonnd  of  his  novor-ceaaing  whip^ 
Ihoy  not  Ibrtli  all  Ihdr  atrcngth,  and  thej  keep  tbeir  condition  wheat 
other  hones  would  dio  of  negleot  and  hard  treatSMDt.'  The  little  Nomina 
caii-horae  is  pevhsps  the  best  for  fiimi-worlc.    The  Norman  boraes  — and 
the  same  observation  applira  to  all  the  northern  provincM  of  Ptaaco— ar9 
very  gentle  and  docile.      A  kicking  or  viciona  one  ia  almost  naknows 
Ihcm;  bflt    tiny  are.    with  Tr^    cicpptions,    trvotod    wi(h   tyranny  and 
cruelty  from  linrt  to  last.     The  reign  of  terror  may  lo  a  ctrrtain  degree  be 


TOE  FREXCn   HORSE.  45 

necessaiy  where  there  aro  many  perfect  torecs ;  but  the  principle  of 
cruelty  should  not  extend,  as  it  too  often  doea,  to  the  treatment  of  every 
kind  of  horse. 

Something  mnst  bo  attributed  to  both  canaeB.  There  is  more  humanity 
among  the  French  thaji  the  English  peasantry ;  but,  on  the  other  hand, 
tiiere  are  horrible  scenes  of  cruelty  fo  the  horse  hourly  taking  place  in  the 
streets  of  Paria,  that  would  not  be  tolerated  for  a  moment  m  ihe  British 
metropolis. 

The  breeding  of  horses  has  more  decidedly  become  a  branch  of  agricul- 
toral  attention  and  speculation  than  it  used  to  be ;  for  it  has  b-^en  proved 
to  the  fermer  that,  with  the  proper  kind  of  paatnre,  and  within  a  fair 
distance  of  a  proper  market,  inatead  of  being  one  of  the  most  uncertain 
and  unprofitable  modes  of  using  the  land,  it  yields  more  than  an  average 
return. 

The  establishment  of  races  in  almoat  every  part  of  France  has  given  a 
spirit  to  the  breeding  and  improvement  of  tie  horae  which  cannot  fail  of 
being  exceedingly  bwieficial  tnronghont  the  whole  of  the  French  empire. 
In  (act,  it  may  be  atated  without  exaggeration,  that  the  rapid  improve- 
ment which  is  taking  place  ia  attributable  principally  to  this  cause.  In 
order  to  effect  the  desired  improvement,  the  French,  and  with  much  judg- 
ment, have  had  recourse  to  the  English  thorongh-bred  horse  far  more 
than  to  the  native  Arabian.  A  great  many  of  the  best  English  atallionB 
have  been  pnrchaaed  for  the  French  atnds,  and  have  been  beneficially 
employed  in  improving,  and  often  creating,  the  hnnt«r,  the  racer,  aiut 
ahnoet  all  of  the  better  claaa  of  horses  used  for  pnrposee  of  tnxury. 

It  has  been  stated  that  the  most  valuable  native  horses  are  those  of 
Normandy ;  perhaps  they  have  been  improved  by  the  English  hunter,  and 
occasionally  by  the  English  thoroagh-bred  horse ;  and,  on  the  other  hcmd, 
the  English  rt^dster  and  the  hght  draught-horse  have  derived  considerable 
advantage  from  a  mixture  with  the  Norman,  cot  only  in  early  times  .when 
William  the  Conqueror  was  so  eager  to  improve  the  horses  of  his  new 
Bubjecte  by  means  of  those  of  Norman  blood,  but  at  many  succeeding 
periods. 

A  certain  number  of  Normandy  horsea  used  to  be  parchaeed  every  year 
by  the  French  Qoveinment  for  the  use  of  the  other  departments.  This 
led  occasionally  to  considerable  trickery  and  evil.  None  of  the  Norman 
horses  were  castrated  nntil  they  were  three,  or  sometimes  four  years  old ; 
and  then  it  frequently  happened  that  horaes  of  superior  appearance,  but 
with  no  pure  blood  in  them,  were  sold  as  belonging  to  the  improved  breed, 
and  it  was  only  in  their  offspring  that  the  cheat  could  be  diacovered.  The 
government  now  purchases  the  greater  part  of  the  Normandy  horses  in 
their  first  year,  and  bringa  them  up  in  the  public  stads.  They  cost  more 
money,  it  is  true;  but  they  are  better  br&d,  and  become  finer  animals. 
There  is  no  deception  with  regard  to  these  horses,  and  the  amelioration  of 
the  other  breeds  is  secured. 

Every  country  that  has  occupied  itself  with  the  amelioration  of  its  breed 
of  horses,  has  deemed  it  necessary  to  have  a  pnhhc  register  of  the  names 
and  progeny  of  those  of  an  acknowleged  race.  England  has  had  its  stud- 
book  nearly  half  a  century,  containing  a  list  of  all  the  horses  of  pure  blood 
that  have  existed  in  the  country.  France,  in  the  year  1837,  had  her  first 
stud-book,  in  which  are  inscribed  the  names  of  215  stalliona,  of  puro 
English  blood,  imported  into  France  or  bom  there ;  266  Aralra,  Barbs, 
Persian,  or  Turkisn  horses ;  274  English  mares  of  true  blood,  and  41 
Eastern  mares.  Their  progeny  is  also  traced,  so  far  as  it  waa  practicably 
ThiB  work  will  fixrm  an  epoch  in  the  equestrian  ajuials  of  that  couutiy. 


46 


FOREIOX   BBEEOS   or  UOBSES. 


TRS  usmvuR  un>  wuicjur  houbs. 

Tli<'7  are  nnnU,  woll-mado,  nad  capable  of  otKltiriug  mach  fadgiio ;  aH 
Tor  tln'ir  otlicr  (|iislitie»  (stid  tlicj  arc  not  much  chuigod  At  the  prc«oDt 
i1iit4oiii  what  IBl-v  foruiL-rly  irurv),  Blaiulci'ilte  Khali  Niwak  of  tbcm: — 
*  Tlui  hones  that  come  out  of  the  I^o  of  Sardy^iiia  aui]  (ionic*  have  tliort 
bodjcfl  and  be  vott'd  botilo  ftnd  counigcoiu,  luid  nnqaipt  in  tlieir  pace,  for 
Ibov  bo  K>  RvTKC  and  hot«  cbokriekB  oomphuaOD,  and  thnmwith  »o  mach 
D>M  to  rruuuD^;  to  Uieir  oaantrM  aa  thej  wQl  Btuid  utiU  <m  du  groundo. 
Aud,  therofoiw,  this  kjDdo  of  horao  Tcqnireui  a  diaereeto  and  pocieat  ryd«r, 
who  mniit  not  bo  over  hutic  u  correcting  Um  for  fcnro  of  marring  him 
aHogothcr.' 

TEX  ITllXUr  HOaSE 

Wa»  oaco  oelobratad  for  the  bcant}'  of  hhi  form  and  his  pacta ;  bat,  lik« 
DVL-n'thiDf;  ebe  In  that  degraded  cooDtiy,  be  baa  sadly  desencntcd.  Hm 
Neapolitan  horsei  were  patticalaj-ij'  reraarksbto  for  tliieir  sue  and  miycatia 
aotioa ;  th«n)  wim,  howorw,  a  degroo  of  chimsincss  aboat  the  heada,  and 
Cbrehaad,  and  guooral  s[^)earafic«,  irhicli  tlie  srwrning  grandeiir  of  (heir 
action  wonUd  not  always  conctal,  and  ihiej  ware  CocasJonally  ontractuble 
and  Ticions  to  nn  idiLnniiig  dogroo.  They  &re  now  much  dctenomtcd,  and, 
in  bet,  with  bat  fuw  ourcptioos,  acaioety  of  any  valno. 

Some  of  the  Italiaa  raoee  a»  a  disi^ruoefnl  ImrloMiiio  on  those  of  other 
eovBtriea.  At  Borne  they  have  become  a  Deeeasair  Mipeuda^  to  tho 
annnal  carnival,  aod  there  ti  no  other  of  the  pastimea  oi  that  guy  avaaon 
in  nliich  thi!  people  tako  an  oqonJ  dultf^ht^  Some  of  tho  horsc-raoos  re. 
semUe  tltoeo  in  oilier  oounbies,  and  arc  talrly  coutvatod;  but  tnnch 
efteoer  U»6  BoauB  contae  preaente  nothing  but  tho  horso  ruuninj;  vritbont 
mty  rider,  and  not  from  his  own  spirit  and  nmnti>tii>n,  but  stanUKt  by  Doisu 
aiM  goiuldd  on  by  ridicoloos  and  barbarotu  ountrivancea. 

Tbi  faotses  IstudkI  Buheri— because  the  race  was  at  first  eoutMtcd  liy 
BartM — an  brought  to  the  startin^^posti  their  heads  and  their  necVit 
gtuly  ornamented :  while  to  a  ^rth  which  Rooa  round  the  bodr  of  each 
are  attached  scruml  loose  straps,  liavinfT  at  their  cuds  sniall  bolu  of  luoU 
thickly  set  with  sharp  steel  poiBta.  At  orar  motioD  theae  an  brought 
in  contact  with  the  fisoks  and  bellie-a  of  Ibe  bones,  and  tba  nMre  Tioleot 
tlie  motion,  the  more  dreadful  the  incoKint  tortnro.  On  their  bark*  nro 
placed  sheets  of  this  tin,  or  stiff  paper,  which,  when  agitated,  will  taake  a 
matlin;.  tattling  BOise. 

It  is  difficult  to  coacvivo  of  tho  roaring,  kicking,  pawing,  and  snorting 
which  occun  at  tho  Ktnrting-plaoo.  A  ropn  [>!iunh]  acrosa  the  street  pro* 
Tcuta  them  from  K^ttinR  away,  aud  a  aUmt  jHsuuuit  is  employed  wiUi  eaeh 
bone  ia  a  strugrie  of  downn^ii  stivi^th,  and.  at  tho  hazard  of  limb  and 
of  tift,  to  restrain  him.  Occastonally  eoino  of  them  do  break  away  and 
pass  liiB  rope  before  the  atrcet— the  noo-ooune— is  cleared,  and  then 
amy  serious  aocident^  are  aura  to  happen. 

mien  all  ia  ready  fur  starting,  a  troop  of  dragoons  gnllop  through  tho 
stiaet  ia  order  to  clear  tho  way.  A  trumpet  Bounds — tho  rope  drop* — • 
the  grooBis  tot  go  their  hoU,  and.  the  horeee  start  away  like  arrows  b-om 
a  bow.  ^le  lurdcr  thev  run,  tlie  more  they  are  pricked  i  the  cause  of 
tliia  thoy  aeon  acanely  ablo  to  oompreheod,  for  tlwy  bite  and  plangit  at 
each  other,  and  a  tnrriUe  fight  is  souMtimca  commenced.  Othvra,  (rum 
mere  fright  or  salkineas,  stand  stock-stiU,  aod  it  is  by  brute  force  alone 
that  they  can  again  bo  inducad  to  move. 

A  strong  canras  acrvcn  is  paaaed  along  the  bottom  of  the  atrcot.  Thia 
is  Ihe  goaf    It  baa  the  appcamnoe  of  a  waQ ;  but  some  of  the  horsiw,  in 


THE   ALSTBIAS    UORSE.  41 

the  excess  of  their  agony  and  terror,  dart  full  against  it,  tear  through  it^ 
or  carry  it  away. 

After  alL  the  prize  is  nothing  more  than  an  ornamental  flag ;  but  it  is 
presented  by  the  goyemor  of  Rome,  and  it  is  supposed  to  be  a  pledge  of 
llie  speed  and  value  of  the  horse  which  will  descend  as  an  heir-loom  Croni 
generation  to  generation  among  the  peasantry,  to  whom  many  of  these 
horses  belong.  The  decision  of  such  a  race,  however,  con  have  Uttlo  to  do 
with  the  speed  or  strength  or  value  of  the  horses  in  any  respect.  The 
Italians,  however,  enter  into  the  affair  with  all  their  characteristic  eager- 
ness of  feeling,  and  are  guilty  of  every  kind  of  eitmvagance.  Daring  the 
first  six  days  of  the  carnival,  the  horses  are  fairly  classed  according  to  the 
age,  height,  degree  of  breeding,  &c.;  bat  on  the  last  two  days — the 
choice  days — they  run  altogether,  and  some  in  the  manner  that  I  have 
described,  and  thus  increase  the  cou&sion,  the  riot,  and  the  danger  of  the 
exhibition. 

The  Corso  is  very  nearly  a  mile,  and  it  has  occasionally  been  ran  in  two 
minutes  and  twenty-one  seconds :  a  very  qnick  pace  for  small  horses, 
many  of  them  not  more  than  foorteen  hands  high.  Baces  of  a  similar 
character  take  place  at  Florence,  of  which  Mrs.  PioKzi  gives  the  following 
description:  —  'The  street  is  covered  with  saw-dost,  and  made  fast  at 
both  ends.  Near  the  starting-post  are  elegant  booths,  lined  with  red 
velvet,  for  the  court  and  first  nobility.  At  the  other  end  a  piece  of  tapeatiy 
b  hong,  to  prevent  the  creatures  from  daahing  their  brains  ont  when  they 
reach  the  goal.  Thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of  people  on  foot  fill  the 
course,  so  that  it  is  a  great  wonder  to  me  still  that  numbers  are  not  killed. 
The  prizes  are  exhibited  to  view  iu  quite  the  old  classical  style  —  a  piece 
of  crimson  damask  for  the  winner ;  a  small  silver  basin  and  ewer  for  the 
second ;  and  so  on,  leaving  no  performer  unrewarded. 

'  At  last  come  ont  the  horses,  without  riders,  but  with  a  narrow  leathern 
strap  hnng  across  their  bodies,  which  has  o  lump  of  ivory  fixed  to  the  end 
of  it,  alt  set  full  of  sharp  spikes  like  a  hedgehog,  and  this  goads  them 
along  while  galloping,  worse  than  any  spur  could  do,  because  the  faster 
they  run  the  more  this  old  machine  keeps  jumping  up  and  down,  and 
prickiiig  their  sides  ridicolonsly  enough ;  and  it  makes  one  laugh  to  see 
that  sonie  of  them  are  so  tickled  by  it  as  not  to  run  at  all,  but  set  aboat 
plunging  in  order  to  rid  themselves  of  the  inconvenience,  instead  of  driving 
forward  to  divert  the  mob,  who  leap,  and  caper,  and  shont  with  delight, 
and  lash  the  laggers  along  with  great  indignation  indeed,  and  with  the 
most  comical  gesture.' 

Before  we  quit  the  neighbourhood  of  Italy,  we  may  perhaps  notice 
another  curious  mode  of  horse-iacing,  practised  in  Malta.  The  horses 
here  are  indeed  mounted,  hat  they  have  neither  saddle  nor  bridle.  The 
riders  ait  on  the  bare  back,  and  have  nothing  to  guide  or  to  spur  on  their 
hones,  but  a  small  pointed  instrument,  not  unlike  a  cobbler's  awl.  These 
horses  are  small  barbs,  well  tempered,  or  they  would  resist  this  mode  of 
management,  and  they  certainly  are  not  swift.  By  pricking  the  horse  on 
one  side  or  the  other  of  the  neck,  the  rider  can  guide  him  a  little  in  the 
way  be  should  go,  and  certainly  he  may  urge  him  to  his  fullest  speed  ;  but 
stiU,  although  it  affords  a  novel  and  amusing  sight  to  the  stranger,  the 
horse  and  the  spectators  are  degraded  by  such  an  exhibition, 

THE  aiistkia:^  HOSSE. 

The  following  account  is  given  by  tho  Dute  of  Ragusa  of  the  imperial 
establishment  for  the  breeding  of  horaea  at  Mcaohagyes,  near  Carlsburg, 
ill  Anatria : — '  This  is  the  finest  establishment  in  the  Austrian  monarchy 
for  the  breeding  and  improvement  of  horses.     It  stands  on  ^,000  acres  of 


40 


1\)RE1G>>    Dr.  BEDS  or  HORSES. 


Iftnd  of  tii«  bout  qnnlitj,  and  ix  mrronnilcd  in  iU  wbolv  extant,  which  i« 
Ifi  Icoenm,  i'y  a  brood  luid  duop  ditch,  aud  hy  *  hroad  phuiUiLicm  dt} 
teet  irulo.  It  vras  form(>rlf  dosignod  to  sapply  Loraca  to  meruit  tbo 
ckvafay ;  ti,  pnaont  ita  object  a  to  obtain  iitalliong  of  n  good  brood,  which 
•n  sont  to  ooFtoin  dAp6ta  for  the  tapply  of  tlio  tmiohr  prorinccn.  To 
prodnco  thew,  1,000  brood  m&rM  and  48  staUiouaarakept;  200  ndditionnl 
in&rea,  aod  600  oxon  ar»  omployod  in  cnltJTating  the  ground.  The  plain 
ia  divided  into  four  etroMl  parta,  ntid  nn«h  of  thoKo  Hnbdiridcd  into  porbona, 
roHORihling  ao  many  (anna.  At  tliu  tfce  of  four  ymin  tlic  yonn^  hnracs  An 
nil  coIl«ct<id  in  the  oentro  of  the  oatablialitnent.  A  aeivctiun  ia  fintt  nude 
of  tlie  boat  aninisla  to  supply  the  drificimoiea  in  l^p  oRtabliahuienl,  in  order  ^j 
alwan  to  keep  it  on  the  mmo  footing.  A  aooond  selection  is  then  madtt^^l 
fur  tho  n»o  of  the  ether :  none  of  thesis,  howercr,  ft»  sent  away  until  thoy^^f 
■19  Biro  yuara  old;  bat  tbe  horses  tltot  are  not  of  autVicieut  value  to  lio 
Mtectcd  are  Bold  by  aaction,  or  sent  to  the  army  to  rcmonnt  the  cavalry, 
aa  circumstancca  mny  n-rrniro. 

'The  irhol<!  nnmber  or  lioraea  at  prMunt  hnre,  including  the  atallionn, 
btnod-inurca,  colta,  and  filliea,  ia  S.OQO.  Tlio  i>er«oua  oinployed  in  tbo 
cnltivstion  of  Ibc  ground,  the  ntro  of  tho  animala,  and  the  manacemeut  of 
the  establiahment  gcncmlly,  ore  a  innjor-di rector,  IS  anbattom  offiocra,  and 
1,170  aoldiers. 

'The  TmperinltreaaatTadvunoeatothecatabliahmenteroryycAr  116,000 
florin!  (the  half  riz-doUar  or  florin  ia  in  Tsloe  about  it.  li.  Gugliiili 
money),  and  ia  reimbnracd  by  the  ante  of  150  stallions,  vhich  ar«  sont 
tmry  yeor  to  the  proTincm  at  tltc  price  of  1,000  florina  each,  and  by  the 
Toine  of  tbe  honiC!i  aoiiplicd  to  lb«  cavalry,  Tlie  other  cspenaoi  ofi-vMr 
deacription  arv  paid  for  by  tho  prodnoe  of  the  eatablishuent,  which  m 
reqnirvd  to  defray,  uid  doc^i  defray  all.  This  is,  theroforo,  an  immonso 
valuta— a  Cumt  on  a  coloanl  acalc — witlt  a  slud  in  preportion  managed  on 
scoonat  of  tho  HOrcrvign,  and  which  proiluc<.«  a  cuiuiderable  roTenno, 
indopcnduntly  of  the  principal  object  which  ia  attained,  tho  propaf^ion 
and  moltipli^ion  of  toe  best  braMX  of  hon*ns.  He  can  always  supply  Iha 
wants  of  bis  army  at  a  price  nlmoxt  inervdibly  amall.  For  a  bone  of  tbo 
tight  cavalry  he  pays  only  110  Qorina,  for  the  diagoona  120,  for  tbo 
cnifuners  140,  for  tho  train  160,  and  for  the  artillery  180.  It  is  a  i^Teat 
liliwmiiil  of  power  to  poariRtii  at  homo  mch  an  immcnAo  reaonroo  n^initt  a 
time  of  war,  at  an  expense  so  far  below  that  which  the  powera  of  tno  weat 
and  aouth  of  Boiopo  are  compelled  to  inoor.' 

So  early  aa  1790,  a  very  aapcrior  Arabian,  named  Torinnainath,  was 
iiBport«d  into  Qmnany,  and  bin  atock  became  ceMnvM,  not  only  in 
nun^rnrr,  but  tlironghout  moat  of  the  Ocmum  provinc««.  In  181d  th*. 
Arehdufcc  Maximilian,  brother  to  the  emperor,  pnrohaaed  aomo  valiutbl* 
racera  and  honten  in  Encland,  and  sent  them  to  Anatria.  Some  of  then 
went  to  tbo  Imperial  c«tablij>hment  of  which  mention  has  just  been  midek 
and  the  others  oontribntcd  miiterially  to  tlie  improvement  of  the  hones 
whcrerer  they  were  distribalcd.  Raoee  have  been  established  fa)  various 
puts  of  the  Anatrion  dominions,  and  Mtticnbrly  nt  Buda  and  at  Peat,  in 
Hungary.  Of  the  good  effect  which  tats  wilt  bare  on  the  l^rccd  of  hfrnm, 
thert  COB  be  no  dispute,  provided  tbo  nee  do  not  di']^ni'Titl«  into  a  mero 
contest  of  snporianty  of  speed,  and  exhibited  in  an  animal  that  bom  his 
yvntli  must  inevilably  be  injured  or  mined  in  tbo  atninlB. 

The  gipaie*  need  to  be  the  principal  horse-dealcn  in  Hnngnrr,  bat  they 
linvQ  been  getting  into  eompamtivo  disrepute  aincc  tliv  i.-atubliahmrnt  ot 
tbe  noble  stads  scattered  through  this  district.  Ho  who  wants  a  hone^ 
or  to  spocolate  in  borwa,  may  now  go  to  head-quarters  aod  ohoon  br 
faiiBttu. 


THE  BCSSIAIf  aOBSE.  40 

THE   BirraiAV   HOaSB. 

It  may  be  'n^lt  8nppH>se(i  that  this  animal  will  be  of  a  vary  different 
diameter  in  varions  parts  of  this  immenae  empire.  The  heavy  cavalry 
and  the  greater  part  of  the  horaeB  for  pleasure  are  descended  originallT 
from  Coaeack  blood,  bat  imprbved  by  stallions  from  Poland,  Prnssia, 
Holstein,  and  England ;  and  the  stads  are  now  fonnd  on  an  immense 
scale  in  variona  puts  of  Russia.  The  lighter  cavalry,  and  the  commoner 
horses,  are,  as  these  have  ever  been,  Cossacka,  without  any  attempted 
improvement,  and  are  hardy  and  bett«r  suited  to  the  duties  required 
from  them. 

It  has  been  snpposed  that  no  horse,  except  the  Arab,  conH  endnre 
privation  like  the  CoBsack,  or  had  combined  speed  and  endurance  equal 
tohim.  The  Cossack,  however,  was  heat«n,  and  that  not  by  horses  of  the 
first-rate  English  blood,  in  a  race  which  fairly  put  to  the  test  both  quali- 
ties. It  was  a  cruel  affair ;  yet  nothing  short  of  such  a  contest  would  have 
settled  the  qneation. 

On  the  4tn  of  August,  1825,  a  race  of  forty-seven  miles  w%s  run  between 
two  Cossack  and  two  English  horses.  The  English  horses  were  Shu^r 
and  Hina,  well  known,  yet  not  ranking  with  the  first  of  their  class.  The 
Cossacks  were  selected  &om  the  best  horses  of  the  Don,  the  Black  Sea,  and 
fheUral. 

On  starting,  the  Cossacks  took  the  lead  at  a  moderate  pace ;  but  before 
they  had  gone  half  a  mile,  the  stirmp-leather  of  Sharper  broke,  and  he 
Tan  away  with  his  rider,  followed  by  Mina,  and  they  went  more  than  a 
mile,  and  up  a  steep  hill,  before  thev  could  be  held  in. 

Half  the  distance  was  run  in  an  hour  and  fourteen  minutes.  Both  the 
English  horees  were  then  fresh,  and  one  of  the  Cossacka.  On  their  return, 
Uina  fell  lame,  and  was  taken  away,  and  Sharper  began  to  show  the 
effects  of  the  pace  at  which  he  had  gone  in  muniug  away,  and  was  much 
distressed.  The  Calmuck  was  completely  knocked  np,  his  rider  was  dis- 
mounted, a  mere  child  was  put  <hi  his  back,  and  a  Cossack  on  horseback 
on  either  side  dragged  bi'm  on  by  ropes  attached  to  his  bridle,  while 
others  at  the  side  supported  him  from  faUing.  Ultimately  Sharper  per- 
formed the  whole  distance  in  two  hours  and  forty-eight  mtnntes^ — sixteen 
milee  an  hour  for  three  successive  hours — and  the  Cossack  horse  was 
brought  in  eight  minutes  after  him.  At  starting,  the  English  horses 
carried  tiiU  three  stone  more  than  the  Cossacks ;  and  during  the  latter 
part  of  the  race  a  mere  child  had  ridden  the  Cossack. 

The  Emperor  Nicholas  established  races  in  different  parts  of  his  vast 
empire,  for  the  iropTOTement  of  the  Cossack  and  other  horses.  On  the 
20Uk  of  September,  18S6,  the  races  at  Ouralsk  took  place.  The  dis- 
tance to  be  run  WB8  18  wersts,  or  about  +i  French  leagues — rather  more 
than  10  miles.  Twenty-one  horses  of  the  military  stud  of  the  Cossacka 
of  Onral  started  for  the  firet  beat,  and  which  was  won  in  25  minutes  and 
19  seconds  by  a  horse  belonging  to  the  Cossack  Bourtche-Tchoumnief. 
The  second  race  was  dispnt^i  by  twenty-three  horses  of  the  Eergheese 
Cossacks,  and  which  was  won  in  25  minutes  and  5  seconds  by  the  horse 
of  the  Cossack  Siboka-IsterWe.  On  the  following  day  the  winners  of  the 
two  first  heats  strove  for  Uie  point  of  honour.  The  conrae  was  now  12 
wersts — 3  French  leaguea,  or  about  6j  miles.  It  was  won  in  15  minutes 
by  the  horse  of  the  Cossack  Bourtche-Tchoumnief  The  Russian  noble- 
men who  were  present,  admiring  the  speed  and  stoutness  of  the  horse, 
irere  uixious  to  purchase  hiT ;  but  the  Cosaack  replied  that  '  All  the 
gold  in  the  world  should  not  separate  him  from  his  mend,  his  brother.' 

fo  Southern  and  Western  Bassia,  and  also  in  Poland,  tiie  breeding  of 

B 


FOREIGN   BREEDS  OP  noRSES. 


1 


faanea  and  cattio  bfts   lAtclj  occupii-d  tho   uLU-ntion   of  the   ^fTPat  Innd 
pra^iriotora,  ftnd  hae  constitotod  a  vary  coiisiderable  put  of  their  anuiuil 


SlipMMtt  »  Ciaaiil  •nlilitr.  AMOBlnd  fsT hit  ii]iimi7.  uid  turing  all  ihkt  I* 
MM^fcr  him  iir  fur  Iiii  hiin>'.     It  ffitm  a  Uttifnl  l>u(  Kinicwhat  SatUriag 
nfNMntMbii  Uitb  of  (he  (oldipr  and  bU  ftMd.] 

tDcnnw.  There  is  •carccly  now  m  ngnnriiil  RTnidcnoo  to  which  there  is  not 
attnch^d  n  v«st  court,  in  four  largi-  diviiii<inii,  and  furround<^I  by  fital>le«. 
In  e*ch  of  tho  iuif*les  of  thi*  omrt  is  a  ]icuiaa;:o  leading  tn  hcnutifnl  aim] 
cixt«n)iiro  ptuttirv'^^rooiida,  diridvd  uito  Mjual  comportmi-Rtx,  uid  all  of 
Uieni  having  convenient  aheds,  onder  wluch  Uw  bonirs  nun'  ^bcltor  thtm- 
a«lvM  from  the  nin  or  the  ann.  From  iiusm  atnda  a  hu^er  kind  of  boras 
than  that  of  the  Co«N>clni  k  |>r!n(;ipnll;  rappliod,  and  more  fit  for  tho 
ngalar  cavalry  troops,  and  also  f»r  pMuinre  and  parade,  than  commoa 
iwe.  The  romounta  of  the  prinvifKl  ItonMa  in  0«nnany  aro  dorivwl  benoe; 
and  froni  the  bame  source  ibu  k"-**^  (hits  in  the  dilTercnt  i>tnt««  of  tlia 
GoTtaan  cmpiro  are  supplied.  Tlte  brPedinp  of  cattle  is  also  maIouhIj- and 
profitnbljr  pumtMl.  "rii*  oow-hoowH  form  tW  greater  portion  of  thi-  other 
Duitdi]^  attn«hed  lo  th«  mannoo.  The  lai^wt  of  ttirae  in  duaiinetl  for 
the  milefa  cows,  and  anollier  •qoare  Inuldinir  Bcrvea  for  a  miUciog  bouNo. 
Tbeae  dairiv*  an  disposed  and  utt«d  up  like  (hose  in  Switaerland.    In  the 


THE   SWEDISH   HOBSB.  SI 

middle  is  a  jet  of  water.  Slabs  or  tables  of  nutrbte  occnp;  every  sid% 
and  a  slight  Lnclioatioii  of  the  floor  permits  the  obBerrance  of  the  greatest 
possible  cleanlineas.  An  npper  story  serves  for  the  mano&ctare  of  diffe- 
rent kindfi  of  cheese,  which  are  made  in  imitatioQ  of,  and  sometimea  equal 
those  which  ore  most  esteemed  in  other  parts  of  Europe. 

There  is  another  apace  or  court  inclosed  with  walls,  and  with  little 
bnildiDKB  closed  with  iron  bars.  This  is  destined  to  be  a  menagerie  for 
bean  of  the  rarest  and  most  beantifnl  colours,  and  yielding  the  choicest 
fnrs.  This  specnlation  is  a  very  profitable  one.  A  cnb  of  six  months 
old,  with  black  hair  pointed  with  silver  white,  yields  a  very  light  skin  and 
far,  and  which  will  obtain  a  considerable  price,  especially  if  there  are 
others  of  the  same  fineness  and  variegated  colonr  sufficient  to  make  a  pe* 
lisse.  A  garment  of  this  kind  will  sometimea  be  sold  for  6001.  or  lOOOI. 
The  skins  of  the  old  bears  are  employed  for  carpets,  or  linings  of  carriages, 
and  the  most  supple  of  them  form  the  clothing  of  the  coachmec 

The  stnd  of  the  Russian  Countess  Orloff  Tshesmensky  in  the  province 
of  Walonese  contains  1320  horses,  Arabs,  English,  natives  and  others. 
The  ground  attached  to  it  amoante  to  nearly  1100  acres  ;  and  the  number 
of  grooms,  labourers,  and  others  is  more  than  4000.  The  sum  realised  by 
the  eale  of  horses  is  of  considerable  annual  amount ;  and  they  are  dis- 
posed of  not  only  on  the  spot  itself,  but  in  the  regular  markets,  both  of 
St.  Petersbnrgh  and  Moscow. 

TEX  ICELA5S  EOBSE. 
There  are  numerous  troops  of  horses  in  this  cold  and  inhospitable  conn- 
try,  descended,  according  to  Mr.  Anderson,  from  tho  Norwegian  horse, 
bul^  according  to  Mr,  Borrebow,  being  of  Scottish  origin.  They  are  very 
small,  strong,  ^id  swift.  There  are  thousands  of  them  in  the  mountains 
which  never  enter  a  stable :  but  instinct  or  habit  has  tanght  them  to 
scrape  away  the  snow,  or  break  the  ice,  in  search  of  their  scanty  food.  A 
few  are  usually  kept  in  the  stable  ;  but  when  tho  peasant  wants  more  he 
cstehes  as  many  as  he  needs,  and  shoes  them  himself,  and  that  sometimea 
with  a  sheep's  horn. 

THE  LIPLABS  HORSE. 
This  animal,  according  to  Berenger,  is  small,  but  active  and  willing — 
somewhat  eager  and  impatient,  but  free  irom  vice.  He  is  used  only  in 
the  winter  season,  when  he  is  employed  in  drawing  sledges  over  the  snow, 
and  transporting  wood,  forage,  and  other  necessaries,  which  in  the  enmmer 
are  all  conveyed  in  boats.  During  the  sununer  these  horses  are  turned 
into  the  forests,  where  they  form  themselves  into  distinct  troops,  and 
select  certain  districta  from  which  they  rarely  wander.  They  return  of 
their  own  accord  when  the  season  begins  to  change,  and  the  forests  no 
longer  supply  them  with  food. 

THE  SWEDISH  HOSSE 
Is  small,  but  nimble  and  willing.  He  is  almost  entirely  fed  on  bread, 
composed  of  equal  ports  of  rye  and  oatmeal.  To  this  is  added  a  consider- 
able quantity  of  salt,  and,  if  he  is  about  to  start  on  a  long  journey,  a  Uttle 
brandy.  'While  changing  horses,'  writes  Sir  A  Brooke  in  his  TtovbU 
in  Stneden,  *  we  were  not  a  httle  entertained  at  the  curious  group  formed 
by  the  peasants  and  their  steeds  breakfasting  together ;  both  cordiaUy 
partaking  of  a  large  hard  rye  cake.  The  horses  sometimes  belong  to 
three  or  even  more  proprietors ;  it  is  then  highly  amusing  to  observe  the 
frequent  altercations  between  them,  each  endeavouring  to  spare  his  own 
horse.  Their  affection  for  their  horses  is  so  great  that  I  have  seen  them 
■bed  tears  when  they  have    been  driven    beyond   their  strength. 

».» 


a 


FOREIGN  BREEDS  OP  HORSES. 


AKpeditioD,  boworpr,  with  whicli  those  little  nnimnU  pnxMwd  is  mirpriaing, 
wncn  WC  connidi-r  the  MraallnoBUi  of  thnir  n»*,  wl]i<:li  hiirdl)'  rioocdfl  thitt 
of  %  ponT.  Tliu  road  be'mg  iimverauUy  ROod  tliruiij;hout  Sweden,  thoj 
frDquonttj  do  not  relax  fivm  a  gallop  trom  <mi>  post-hooso  lo  auothcr.' 

TBS  nHLlVD  HOBSKS 
Arn  jct  KnuiUcr  than  tlie  Swedvii,  uad  not  mare  tlum  tnolvo  liands  bi^L 
They  are  beautifully  formed  and  very  fleet.  Tlit-y,  lilco  tbo  Swrdo*.  ar« 
turoed  into  tlic  forests  in  tho  anmnior,  and  roust  lie  ftitclied  tlionec  wluta 
tlipv  nro  w»nt<!d  by  the  tmvcltpr.  Although  apjini-cntly  wild,  they  aro 
nndnr  pitrfiwt  coiilrul,  and  con  trot  alou)j  wilJi  euBc  nt  Uic  mtc  of  twfelvo 
miles  ill  the  hour. 

Ki«h  is  roach  tuod,  both  in  Finland  and  Lnplnnd,  for  tho  niuter  fuod  of 
bawM  and  cattK 

THE  KOKWEOllB  HOSSE 
ts  larger  tbftn  tho  Swcdisli  or  Finland,  bat  U  eqaully  hardy  anit  mnnag0>  ; 
able,  and  attadiMl  to  ita  un  nur,  and  it8  owner  to  it.  T]i«  timkLi  in  Norway 
are  the  rvvortHi  of  what  they  are  in  Sweden :  tlioy  are  rouffli  and  aliunxt 
irapossablo  for  cniringcti,  bnt  the  snre-footrd  Nnrwt^an  ecTdom  Btniublea 
upon  them.  Pontoppidaa  a|)eaks  of  their  oct-niiional  oont«iite  with  l>oarfl 
and  wolvcH,  and  chiefly  Iho  latter.  These  occmrenceH  arc  now  moro 
matter  of  titory  than  of  actual  fnct,  but  they  do  Bometimtja  ooi^ur  at  tho 
present  day.  When  tho  bono  pcrc^eivcx  any  of  tlie«o  animala,  and  hati  a 
ronn;  or  fonl  with  him,  he  put<  them  behind  him,  and  then  Airionsly  attacks 
bin  enemy  with  hia  for»de^  which  be  UKa  »u  cxnert]y  as  gencraliy  to 
tinivD  the  conqueror ;  bat  if  be  tnrnB  round  in  ortW  to  strike  with  liia 
bind-leg;B,  the  bear  cloeett  npiin  him  im mediate v,  and  ho  in  lo«t. 

Of  the  horora  of  the  iilundii  of  Fr.BOE,  Still  belonging  to  tho  Danish 
erown,  Burcngcr  speuk:!  in  teruia  uf  tnoch  pnuse.  Ue  aays  that '  they  aro 
email  of  growth,  hut  atroug,  swift,  and  sore  of  foot^  going  over  Ike 
rougbeat  places  with  such  oortainty  that  a  man  may  more  mraly  rely 
upon  Uism  diaa  tmvt  to  hi«  own  feet.  In  Suderoe,  one  of  thoM  wtandit, 
ther  hiivo  a  lighter  and  nwiftiT  breed  than  in  any  of  the  re«t.  On  tlieir 
backs  the  inliabitanU  pnrmo  tho  shE«p,  which  ni«  wild  in  this  iaiand  ;  lite 
pony  Fnrriee  the  man  OTcr  placet  that  would  bo  othprwino  inacceiuiblo  to 
tiim — follows  his  rider  over  other* — en  tern  into  thf  full  npiril  of  thevbiuie, 
and  vveii  Icaocln  down  and  halda  tho  prey  under  bia  feet  until  Umi  rider 
can  take  poaMMon  of  it.' 

TEZ   aOLSTEIH    AXD   BECKLEKBCaQ   HORSES. 

B«taming  to  tka  -Oaatinan^  and  bavinc  eroMed  the  Baltio,  we  moet 
■ritii  a  bom  aa  diSbnat  fron  tiiom  wMdt  MTe  just  boon  dr-ncrihed  a*  it 
m  poMible  to  imagine,  Tho  boiSM  of  Holetoia  and  MockhTnlmrg.  and 
aoow  of  the  ueigbboming  distriet^  aro  on  the  largest  scale.  Their  usual 
hciffbt  Is  sutoeb,  or  saventeeD,  or  oighteen  lianda.  They  are  heavily 
ntada ;  8w  neck  is  too  thick ;  the  shoulders  are  h«*vy  ;  the  biu-kii  nra  too 
kxi^,  and  the  cronps  are  narroir  compared  with  their  fore-parta:  bvt 
tlunr  appfrance  ia  so  noble  and  eomnundisg,  tbeir  notion  so  high  and 
briniuttf  SOkd  their  strength  and  spirit  ara  so  evident  iu  every  motion,  that 
tliffir  buta  am  jMidonod  and  forgotbm,  and  they  arc  eelcctcd  for  every 
ocouimi  of  poonliar  Btate  and  ccrtnnony. 

Before,  howerer,  wo  arrire  at  the  native  connlry  of  tiiese  ma^ificent 
bones,  wc  mnEt  gla&es  at  the  altempi  of  one  noble  indiridital  to  unprore 
the  geocn^  breed  of  koraos.  In  tho  island  of  Alsen,  separated  froiD  Uie 
dacliy  of  Slesmdc  by  a  narrow  channel,  \»  the  nobbi  habitation  of  tha 
Dnko  of  Aogutai^boaig.    His  stud  is  attached  to  it,  and  suder  tbo  in- 


THE  PBUSSIAN  HOBSE.  CI 

mediate  manBgement  of  the  noble  ovner.  It  containa  thirty  mares  of 
pore  bloo4l,  and  fifteen  or  sixteen  stallions  of  tlie  same  grade ;  and  all  of 
them  selected  witli  care  from  the  beat  thorongh-bred  studs  in  England. 
WotwithBtaTi  ding  this  selection  of  pnre  blood,  or  rather  in  its  peculiar 
selection,  it  has  oeen  the  object  of  tiie  dnke  to  prodnce  a  horse  Uiat  shall 
be  nsefal  for  the  purpose  of  pleasore,  cMtimerce,  and  agricnltDre.  Some 
of  the  stallions  are  reserved  for  his  own  stud ;  but  witb  regard  to  iixa 
others,  such  ib  the  spirit  with  which  this  noble  establishment  is  conducted, 
and  his  desire  to  improve  the  race  of  horses  in  Sleswick,  that  he  allows 
more  than  600  mares  every  year,  belonging  to  the  peasants  of  the  isle  of 
Alsen,  to  be  covered  gratuitooaly.  He  keeps  a  register  of  them,  and  in 
the  majority  of  cases  he  examines  the  mares  himself,  and  chooses  tike  horse 
which  will  beat  suit  her  form,  her  beanties,  her  defecte,  or  the  purpose  for 
which  the  progeny  is  intended.  It  is  not  therefore  sniprising  that  there 
should  be  so  many  good  boreee  in  thiB  part  of  Denmark,  and  ^at  the  im- 

C'vement  in  Sleswick,  and  in  Eolstein,  and  also  in  Mecklenburg,  should 
BO  rapid,  and  so  universally  acknowledged. 

There  is  another  circumstance  which  should  not  be  forgotten — it  is 
t^t  by  which  alone  the  preservation  of  a  valuable  breed  can  be  secured 
— ib  is  that  to  the  neglect  of  which  the  deterioration  of  every  breed  must 
be  partly,  at  least,  and,  in  many  cases,  chieSy  traced.  The  duke  in  his 
stud,  and  the  peasants  in  the  surrounding  country,  preserve  the  good 
breeding  mares,  and  will  not  part  with  one  that  has  not  some  evident  or 
secret  fault  about  her. 

How  mach  have  the  breeders  of  Great  Britain  to  answer  for  in  tbo 
deterioration  of  some  of  our  best  breeds  frota  this  cause  alone  ! 

There  is,  however,  nothing  perfect  under  the  snn.  This  determination 
to  breed  only  &om  horses  of  pnre  blood,  although  care  is  taken  that  these 
horses  shall  be  tbe  stonteat  of  their  kind,  has  lessened  the  sfae  and  some- 
what altered  the  peculiar  character  of  tbe  horse  in  the  immediate  districts ; 
and  we  must  go  somewhat  more  southward  for  the  large  and  stately 
animal  of  which  frequent  mention  has  been  made.  The  practice  of  the 
country  is  likewise  to  a  certain  degree  unfriendly  to  the  full  development 
of  theAngnstenboui^  horse.  The  pasturage  is  sufficiently  good  todevelop 
the  powers  of  the  colt,  and  few  things  contribute  more  to  his  subsequent 
hardihood  than  his  hving  on  these  pastures,  and  becoming  accustomed  to 
the  vicissitudes  of  the  seasons :  yet  this  may  be  carried  too  far.  The 
Sleswick  colt  is  left  out  of  doors  all  the  year  round,  and,  except  when  the 
snow  renders  it  impossible  for  him  to  graze,  he  is,  day  and  night,  exposed 
to  the  cold,  and  tiie  wind,  and  the  rain.  We  are  no  advocates  for  a 
^stem  of  nursing  laborious  to  the  owner  and  injurious  to  the  animal,  bat 
a  full  development  of  form  and  of  power  can  never  be  acquired  amidst 
outrageous  neglect  and  privation. 

THE  PS1KSLUT  HOaSB. 
Prussia  has  not  been  backward  in  the  race  of  improvement — or  rather, 
with  her  characteristic  policy,  she  has  taken  the  lead,  where  ber  influence 
and  her  power  were  concerned.  The  government  has  established  some 
extensive  and  well-regulated  studs  in  various  parts  of  the  kingdom  ;  and 
tataij  of  the  Prussian  noblemen  have  establisbmenti  of  their  own.  In 
some  of  the  marshy  districts,  and  about  the  mouth  of  the  Tistula,  there  is 
a  breed  of  lai^  and  strong  horses  snited  ia  agricultural  purposes.  The 
■tuds  produce  others  for  pleasure  or  for  war.  In  the  royal  studs  particular 
attention  has  been  paid  to  the  improvement  of  the  PrusaiBn  cavaliy-horse. 
He  has  acquired  considerably  more  fire  and  spirit,  and  strength  aod  endnr< 
•ace,  without  any  sacrifice  either  of  form  or  action. 


« 


niSrORT  OF  THE   ESGUSn   HORSE. 


XSE    rLEXISB    UD    DUTCH    HOKSE. 


Ttie  Flt!n*iih  and  Ihtlek  lioraes  aru  l«ixe,  auJ  arc  fttrongly  fornuM]. 
Wo  orr  iiidi-lited  to  them  for  some  of  the  best  blood  of  our  (Inu^^lit-harsM, 
luiil  we  BtJU  Iwvo  froancnt  rocottrae  to  tli«in  for  kocpinff  up  and  tm* 
proTing  tbo  brood.  Thcj  will  bo  more  particalurlj  deaonl>oa  when  tlw 
out-bone  k  spoken  of. 


CHAPTEK  III. 


ntSTORT   OF   THK   EN01.18I1   HORSE. 

Tr  earlieol  record  of  tbe  faorm  in  Great  Britain  is  contained  in  tha 
hhbarj  fgma  hj  Juliui  (^Mur  of  hU  invasion  of  our  isWd.  The  Urittali 
wmrvnu  nooompanicd  iij  uumcrooit  wiir-<:hAriot«,  diawn  bv  honic*.  Short 
acruic*  were  faMvaed  to  the  enda  of  the  axle-troee,  swwping  down  overj- 
tluog  before  them,  and  cttrrjing  terror  ftnd  deTaetation  into  tbe  ntuka  of 
the  eut^mj.  Tho  coDi]aerorgircs  an  animnbxt  (lc»cHptioD  of  the  dexteritj 
with  which  tlic«e  bonea  were  mananed. 

niiat  kiiMl  of  horee  tho  itritona  then  posMSBCd,  it  would  be  nadoai  to 
inquire ;  bnt,  from  tho  cnmbrooa  stroctoro  of  the  car,  and  the  tttry  with 
which  it  wax  drirtm,  biuI  the  badncM  of  the  roada,  and  the  almost  nod- 
«x>aUinc«  of  thoao  that  were  paaiable,  it  miisl  have  been  both  actiro  aivil 
pownAil  in  an  eztraordinai;  d»grw~  It  ia  abeord  to  anppoM,  aa  aamo 
natnraKsta  hava  done,  that  the  poniea  of  Cornwall  and  of  Deron,  or  of 
Walca,  or  of  ShcUnnd,  ore  ty|x«  of  what  tbo  Brilixh  liarao  waa  in  eartT 
ttmea.  He  waa  tlien  aa  erer  the  er«atara  of  the  001U1U7  in  which  he  lircd. 
With  BhoH  &re  and  cipoonl  to  tho  rigour  of  th»  aaaaona,  he  was  pmlxikly 
the  little  I^h^  tbing  which  we  yd  mrti  him  ;  bot  in  the  manhrK  of  tho 
Ken  and  tbe  Withum,  and  on  the  boidtira  of  the  Tous  and  tbe  Clyde-,  tlioro 
wootd  be  as  mncb  proportionata  dorelopmcnt  of  ftamo  and  of  slfvn^fth  u« 
we  find  at  thoprcacnt  day. 

Qvear  deemed  theae  bonee  ao  TBlnablei,  that  be  carried  many  of  them  to 
Bome;  aedtli«f  mnhfiH- a  oonadenble  period  afterwards,  in  ^nsit  rrqucHt 
in  varioiu  parta  of  tlie  Roman  empire. 

HoraM  mnat  at  that  tune  have  been  oiceodtrurly  unmcrona  in  BritaiB. 
for  we  are  totd  that  when  the  Britiah  king,  CBsaircllannuH,  dinniiMea 
the  main  body  of  his  anny,  ho  retained  foor  thousand  Of  bia  war- 
ohnriota  for  tho  pnrpoMc  of  haraasing  the  Bomana,  when  thejr  attempted  to 
fbrtwe. 

Tbe  Briliali  bone  now  racoirDd  ita  fint  croxx ;  bot  whothcr  tho  bned 
waa  Iborcfay  improrod  cannot  be  niic«rta)uod.  Tim  Romnns  bavinff  Mtal^ 
liahed  thomaelvta  in  Britain,  found  it  ncctaaary  lo  aund  orrr  a  nnatcrtma 
lioily  of  cavalry,  in  order  effcvtanlly  to  chack  tAe  fV«queul  insurrcctiana  of 
llie  iiati\-c«.  rb«  Romaa  honoa  wonld  breed  with  thoae  of  tbe  conntry 
and,  h>  a  greater  or  leaa  eztentt  olnniie  thenr  ebancter ;  and  fmm  thia 
time,  tbe  Knf^U\  hone  woald  consist  of  a  compcnnd  of  the  naliro  animal 
aixl  those  from  Oanl,  Italy,  Spain,  and  every  proviaco  from  wiikh  tha 
Koman  eavalry  waa  anpplivd. 

Uany  oontoriea  afWrwards  passed  by  witbont  tearing  any  record  of  tha 
chaiaeter  or  Tmloc,  imprarrmi'nt  or  deterioration,  of  the  bone.  Aboat  tlia 
year  630,  however,  aoounling  to  Bede,  Ibo  English  wora  accofltooMd  to 


d 


BISTOBT  OF  THE  ENGLISH  HOBSB.  SS 

nse  Uie  saddle-  He  aajs,  th&t '  the  bialiopB  and  otlierB  rode  on  horeeback, 
wlio  until  then  were  wont  to  go  on  foot ;  and  that  even  then  it  was  onlj  on 
urgent  occasions  that  they  thus  rode.  They  used  mares  only,  as  a  mark  of 
hnmility,  the  mare  generaUy  not  being  so  handsome  of  bo  much  valaed  as 
the  horae.' 

Abont  920  years  after  the  first  landing  of  Ceesar,  we  find  the  varions 
British  kingdoms  united,  and  Alfred  on  tiae  throne.  Nothing  that  con- 
comed  the  welfitre  of  his  kingdom  was  neglected  by  this  patriotio  monarch, 
and  some  of  the  chronicles  relate  the  attention  which  he  paid  to  the  breed- 
ing and  improvement  of  the  horae.  An  ofBcer  was  appointed  for  this 
especial  purpose^  who  was  entitled  the  Hcm-Than  or  MartB-Thane,  or,  as 
the  historian  renders  it,  Equorum  Magiater,  Master  of  the  Horse.  In 
every  succeeding  reign,  this  officer  was  always  near  the  royal  person, 
espc^aally  on  every  state  occasion, 

Atbelstan,  the  natural  son  of  Alfred,  having  subdued  the  rebellions  por- 
tions of  the  Hepfarchy,  was  congratolated  on  his  snccess  by  some  of  the 
Continental  princes,  and  received  from  Hugh  Capet  of  France,  who 
solicited  his  sister  in  marriage,  several  Qennan  running  horaea.  Hence 
our  breed  received  another  cross,  and  probably  an  improvement.  We  are 
not,  however,  certain  of  the  precise  breed  of  these  horses,  or  how  fei  th^ 
resembled  the  besutifiil  state  horses,  whether  black  or  cream-coloored, 
which  we  obtain  from  Germany  at  the  present  day.  Atbelstan  seems  to 
have  placed  peculiar  value  on  these  horses  or  their  descendants,  or  the 
result  of  their  intercourse  with  the  native  breed  ;  for  ho  soon  afterwards 
(l  D.  930)  decreed,  that  no  borses  should  be  sent  abroad  for  sale,  or  on  any 
account,  except  as  royal  presents.  This  provea  his  anxiety  to  preserve 
the  breed,  and  likewise  renders  it  probable  that  that  breed  was  begiiming 
to  be  esteemed  l^  our  neighbours. 

It  is  not  unlikely  that,  even  at  this  early  period,  the  beautiful  effect  of 
the  English  soil  and  cllmat«,  and  care  in  the  improvement  of  the  horse, 
began  to  bo  evident.  This  will  bo  a  subject  for  pleasing  inquiry  by  and 
by ;  but  the  experience  of  every  age  has  proved  that  there  are  few 
conntri^  in  which  the  native  breed  baa  been  rendered  so  much  more 
valuable  by  the  importation  of  a  foreign  stock,  and  every  good  quality  of 
a  foreign  race  bo  certainly  retained,  as  in  England. 

In  a  document  bearing  dat«  i.o.  1000,  we  have  an  interesting  account 
of  the  relative  value  of  the  horse.  If  a  horse  was  destroyed,  or  negligently 
lost,  the  compensation  to  be  demanded  was  thirty  shillings ;  for  a  mare  or 
colt,  twenty  shillings  ;  a  mule  or  young  ass,  twelve  shillings ;  an  os,  thirty 
pence ;  a  cow,  twenty-four  pence  ;  a  pig,  eight  pence ;  and,  it  strangely 
follows,  a  man,  one  pound.  According  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  computatian, 
forty-eight  shillings  made  a  pound,  eqnal  in  silver  .to  about  three  pounds 
of  oar  present  money.  Five  pence  made  one  shilling :  the  actual  value 
of  these  coins,  however,  strangely  varied  in  different  times  and  circum- 
stances. 

In  the  laws  of  Howell  Dha,  Howell  the  Good,  Prince  of  Wales,  enacted 
a  little  before  this  time,  there  arc  some  curious  particulars  respecting  the 
valne  and  sale  of  horses.  The  r^ae  of  a  foal  not  fourteen  days  old  is  fixed 
at  four  pence ;  at  one  year  and  a  day  it  is  estimated  at  forty-eight  pence ; 
and  at  Uiree  years,  sixty  pence.  It  was  then  to  be  tamed  with  the  bridle, 
and  brought  up  either  as  a  palfrey  or  a  serving  horie,  when  its  value  became 
one  hun£ed  and  twenty  pence.  That  of  a  vtild  or  unbroken  mare  was 
si^r  pence. 

Even  in  those  early  days,  the  frauds  of  dealers  were  too  notorious,  and 
the  following  singular  regolations  were  established.  The  buyer  was  allowed 
time  to  ascertain  whether  the  horse  was  free  from  three  diseasea.     He  had 


■R^^^  UUroBV  OP  TUE  EXGLLSU   1I0R£R.  ^^|H 

tfaroa  nigliU  to  nmv«  him  for  Uio  lAn^giw ;  tbroc  months  to  priJW'ttff 
nouiuIdumi  of  fait  luiiga  ;  antl  oue  yuir  (o  uaoi'riuiii  wliizlborhcn-iui  infcTtivl 
wilfa  gUmdenL  I'or  civer^  bleoiisbdiscuvi'ivi]  tLniL'rthi-purciiu&e.oiiH-tliirtl 
of  tbo  moiKV  wM  to  bo  rvtnmpd,  iMcnpt  it  slionlil  boa  blemish  of  the  oan 
or  tali],  whicl)  it  wtm  KunptHiwl  to  he  bin  own  fniilt  if  the  pnrchiuMir  did  not 
di*covcr.  The  seller  also  wurruuted  lliat  tlio  liorsu  would  not  lin.-  whi-n 
on  a  journey  with  othtrrs,  or  n?rfii«(>  his  food  teom  hnrd  work,  ood  that  he 
wonM  c»ny  a  load  or  draw  n  cnrringn  np  or  down  hill,  nod  not  bo  rfjfi/, 

Tht-  (inictice  of  letting  boraoi  for  liiir!  tlitn  cxisft'd  ;  aiid  llirii,  na  now, 
tbo  M-rviciM  of  tho  poor  h»cik  wore  too  bmlnll}'  exactt-d.  The  beaevoUmt 
Huwvlt  di8d»iDsiiotto  legislsto  for  tlir  proU'ction  of  tliin  nbiiscd  Mid  vnluAbU 
aorvant.  '  Whnorcr  khnll  borrow  a  boric,  und  mb  tbo  htiir  «>  us  to  gnll 
tho  back,  Bhftll  pKy  foor  pvoce ;  if  tUu  iJciii  n  forc«d  iuto  tbt-  fliwL,  eight 
li^oe;  if  tbedwi  be  fon^ed  to  tho  bono,  eixtoon  pcmco.*  If  a  person  tuned 
a  horse,  bo  was  to  forfeit  tho  ntluo  of  tbo  bniimil ;  und  if  ho  wna  KRppoMd 
to  b»VD  kilL-d  a  hunto,  be  waa  to  porge  himself  by  the  oatbn  of  twcuty- 
four  coinpurgKUirs. 

Then,  as  now,  it  would  appear  that  some  youn;*  mon  were  a  little  (oo 
food  of  Dnw>rmnti>bln  mischiof,  or  porhara  there  wcro  tlueras  in  tbo 
otnintcy,  even  no  mon  ulWr  Alfml'ii  duy«,  nfiowing  kIro  tho  ontimution  in 
which  this  portiou  of  tliv  aulmal  wxa  bt-ld,  and  tUu  nuuiiMrr  iu  wliioh  the 
hair  was  mflered  to  grow,  for  it  was  dcci-eod  that  ho  who  cut  off  the  hair 
from  a  horso's  tail  wa*  to  nmintain  him  uittil  it  was  grown  again,  and  in 
tfao  mean  tima  to  fumisb  tlie  owner  with  another  horau.  If  liie  t«il  wajt 
eut  off  witli  tli«  hair,  the  miscreant  who  inflioled  the  outrage  was  mulrtul 
in  thoTaluoof  thoaninul,  and  tbehorso  wAsdoeiDoduuStfbrftitaroserTioc. 

AtbolstiUt  aoeoM  to  have  ptaced  considcrttblo  vuluo  on  noroc  of  hia  lionic* ; 
fur  he  bequeatlia,  in  Itia  wil^  the  boraea  giruu  hlni  by  Tliurbrand,  and  the 
wbito  bonea  preeentod  to  him  by  LlitbrsAd.  Those  aro  appareatly  Saxon 
natiiM,  bnt  Hio  mcmoTy  of  tbcm  is  now  lost. 

With  William  lite  Criinijurmr  canut  n  marked  improromont  in  the  Brilivh 
horwe.  To  his  suporiority  in  cavalry  tJuii  ]irinoo  waa  chiefly  indebted  for 
the  victoij  of  Uastinga.  TbefaToorito  charger  of  William  was  a  Spaniard. 
His  foUowen,  both  uba  barona  and  tho  common  aoldicrs,  principally  came 
ttota  a  oountiy  in  which  affricultimt  had  mado  more  mpid  prof^reas  than 
in  Bnglaod.  A  rory  considerable  portion  of  tho  kin^^um  was  divided 
•mong  llieae  nuni ;  and  it  cannot  bo  doubtod  that,  howorer  nnjast  was  the 
uaorpatioo  of  thu  Nunuau,  Knifland  licm^fitiHl  in  its  hoshaodn-,  and  par- 
licunriy  in  its  horacs,  by  tli«  i.'hiui(,'e  of  utasten.  Some  of  the  barons,  aiul 
Mrticdlarly  Roger  do  Boulo^e,  oarl  of  ShrewiiburT,  introduced  th« 
Spaninfa  ]iiono  on  their  nowly-aoqaired  estates.  Tbo  niHtoriiuia  of  thaao 
time»,  howevvr — principally  moraka,  and  knowing  nothing  about  horaoa— 
give  IU  VDI7  tittle  iafonnatioD  ou  the  subiect. 

Vbm  SfMBiah  honM  was  thrn  lii|;hly  and  deservedly  valued  for  hia  Kta(«ly 
figure  anil  noble  action,  and  wiu  ui  mu(-li  riHiiieiit  in  tho  tilts  and  lonma- 
nMnta  that  were  Ibuu  in  (kahion.  Thi-  Sjianish  borae  was  tlie  war-liorae 
of  every  000  who  could  afford  to  pnrcLnno  and  pro])crly  acoontre  so  nobia 
an  animal.  The  ooar^^  and  tlio  akill  of  tbo  ndrr  wtiru  mont  perfectly 
diipUytd  when  nnitt.'d  with  the  strcagth  aud  activity,  and  Mpirit  aid 
beauty,  of  the  steed. 

One  ci/etunatanoo  dcMTTrn  to  bo  niniarkrd,  namciv,  that  in  nono  nf  the 
earlieal  faiatorieal  roconbi  of  tliv  Anglo-Saxons  or  tbo  Welab  ia  tboro  any 
nlhUMw  to  the  Bse  of  the  bone  for  the  pkwgh.  Until  a  L-ompamtively 
reoMtt  prri<Hl,  oioo  akoe  ««n>  employed  in  England,  as  iiiother countries, 
for  this  purpdttc;  hot  about  Ihua  pvriod — tbo  laltvr  part  of  the  tenth 
oo&taiT — eomo  inuOTation  on  thta  point  was  oomnMincing,  asd  a  Wdali 


^ 


IBT  OP  THE  EKULISil  UOBSE.  St 

Liir  furbode  ib*  tuiaet  lo  plough  with  komcN,  nuuvs,  or  cows,  bat  with 
os«B  alone.  <>n  o»o  of  tlie  pivcta  of  th«  Buvi-iu  tapfstnr  woven  in  tliu 
tiiBa  of  Willium  th<'  Conqnomr  (i.i>.  1(><!<!),  uien  'u  Urn  n^ns  of  »  man 
driitcg  K  horn  attached  lo  a  hnrrow.  This  is  tbo  earliest  notice  tlutt  vro 
bai-c  uf  tho  OM  of  this  uiunal  in  fidd-Ubtmr. 

In  the  reiga  of  lUnry  1.  (ad.  11.11},  the  luwt  Ambinn  horse,  or  atleut 
thfi  first  oo  rocord,  wm  introdncod.  Aleuuud«r  I.,  kin);  of  Sootlnnd, 
prcsctttvd  lo  tho  church  of  St.  Andrew's  an  Arabian  horsf>,  with  voilJjr 
famiUiTe,  "Dukish  armoor,  many  vulunhlo  trinkets,  and  r  oonsidentblo 


There  hMxo  Uxm  some  pretensions  to  tlie  ezistoacw  of  a  brovd  tl«rir«d 
(rcta  or  imprntixl  by  thi«  bonw,  bat  no  certain  proof  of  it  can  be  addut^ud. 

In  the  Tvign  of  Hi-nry  U.  acTcnd  foreign  horses  wcro  iin))arted,  bat  of 
wbM  kind  is  not  mentjonod.  Haddox  spettks  of '  thu  incruwod  nllowuiico 
that  was  made  for  tho  enbastODCe  of  tbe  Song's  horses  that  wcr«  lately 
broo^hl  fmm  beyond  S(«.' 

SmithEdd  is  also  now  first  spoken  of  as  a  hon^-markot,  n  field  for 
tonnmaente,  aiMla»ce-ooutw.  Fitzstephen,  who  lived  atthat  time,  git-ca 
the  following  animated  accoont  of  the  scene : — '  Without  one  of  the  galvH 
of  ihe  city  is  a  ccrtaio  field,  plain  or  tntooth,  both  in  luit/id  and  »Hii<itiim. 
Krery  Friday,  rxccpt  some  festival  intervene,  thorc  is  a  fine  ^aht  of  horses 
bcooght  to  be  sold.  Uauy  came  out  of  the  city  to  buy  or  look  on^ — to  wit, 
saib,  bsuuns,  kui(;ht8,  and  dtiiens.  It  is  a  pleastittt  tUiug  to  behold  the 
hninn  ther«,  nil  gny  and  sleek,  moving  np  nnd  down,  some  on  the  ambU 
aad  some  on  the  trol,  which  latter  pa<«.  altliough  rooghcr  to  the  rider,  is 
belter  suited  to  nwD  who  bear  arms.  Here  idso  are  oolts,  yet  ignonuit  of 
the  bridle,  who  pnnce  and  bonnd,  and  givu  early  signs  of  spirit  and 
eenrage.  Hero  aUo  are  mummmI  or  wn.r-hori>ci(,  of  tilcgunt  shniH!,  fnll  of 
fire,  and  giving  creij  proof  of  a  gencrons  and  noble  temper.  Horses  aim 
for  Uwcaft,  dray,  and  ploogb,  are  to  bo  found  hw9i  maree^  big  with  foal, 
and  others  with  their  oolts  wantonly  rnnning  by  thoir  sidM. 

'Kvery  Sunday  in  (jcnt,  after  dinnirr,  (t  cotupuuy  of  young  men  ridcont 
into  the  fidds,  on  boms  that  are  fit  for  war,  and  exoeUent  for  their  apt^i). 
Erecj  one  among  them  b  taught  to  nm  the  rounds  with  his  )io»«.  TIjo 
caliaens'  sons  issue  out  throngh  tho  gntcn  by  troops,  foroishod  with  lances 
■od  duelds.  Tboyoangor  sort  huTetbuir  pikes  not  headed  with  iron;  nnd 
tfaar  nake  representntion  of  battle,  and  exercido  a  skirmiah.  To  this  uer- 
fciSMnoe  many  oour1ie»  resort,  when  the  court  is  near;  and  yoau;; 
alri|dinga,  yet  nnlnitiaicd  in  arms,  from  the  fiuoilios  of  borons  and  great 
pcraoDS  to  train  and  pmctiHc. 

'  They  b^n  by  dividing  Uivmselves  into  troops.  Some  labour  to  oaU 
atrip  their  leaders,  wtUioot  being  able  to  r«acb  them ;  others  onhorec  their 
lilagnniiUn.  jet  are  not  able  to  got  beyond  thnm.  A  nco  is  to  be  run  by 
this  sort  of  bones,  and  porhaps  by  others,  which  also  in  their  kind  aro 
dtoog  and  Beet,  a  shont  U  inunediatoly  raided,  and  tho  common  horse*  are 
osd««d  to  withdraw  out  of  tho  way.  Three  joelcrys,  or  aomotimes  only 
twtt,  as  the  match  is  made,  rrrpiirc  Ihi'iiiNi'lves  for  the  contoft.  The 
liornaao  tlieir  p*rt  arc  not  witli»iil  eiuulutiun  :  they  tremble  and  are  iiu- 
[■tiiml.  and  are  couUnuaUy  in  mutiuu.  At  liict,  the  sdgiutl  once  given,  they 
start,  devour  the  coorso,  and  hurry  alont;  nilJi  uiireoiitting  svriftncss. 
ThejOckejB,  inspired  with  the  Ihonghtofupi'Umse  and  the  ImjHi  of  victory, 
dap  spurs  to  their  willing  horsta,  brandish  thtir  whips,  and  chcur  tlii-m 
with  their  eries.'  This  animated  d«scripiiou  reminds  us  of  the  moro 
le^tbened  noes  of  tho  present  day,  oud  proves  tho  blood  of  the  English 
bone,  eren  before  the  Kiutrm  breed  wn«  tried. 

Close  on  this  fdlowcd  the  Crosadcs.      Tho  ohunpiona  of  tha  Crow 


n 


niSTOBT  OF  TUB   EXOUSU   HOESE. 


ct<rbun]^  hod  il  in  tlieir  power  to  enrich Ihmr  native  country  with  someoF 
the  cliuiocst  vpecimciia  of  the  Bwtem  hone,  but  thi>}-  wora  oomplatcljr 
uuder  the  inHnencii  of  snporatitioa  and  fannticiiaio,  mad  cenunon  leaM  anxl 
(uefUDCM  wcro  forgotten. 

An  old  molrioal  ronunoe,  lieirorer,  reooi^  tlie  excellence  of  tvo  horece 
boloogiiig  to  Ricli&rd  Ccenr  ilo  Lion,  which  bo  pnrchuod  nt  Cjrpnu,  unit 
were,  tboeforo,  probably  of  BiiAlem  origin :— > 

Yn  llu*  vnrldo  tb«]r  hnlde  no  ptrg^ 
Pramedan  nor  d«tnnr, 
S(i>dr,  Rabjio,  Ha  Qiiaini'lc, 
GocUi  none  u  ■wifto,  nithout  (kfle: 
For  a  tbomnnid  pomi  at  soUiv 
H«  ihoiUd  tba  ons  Iw  Mid*. 

Tlie  bmd  of  tlie  war-Btocd  was  omamentf^  with  »  creat,  and  tofipeihra 
with  his  choet  nnd  flnnka,  wua  wholly  or  pordtilly  protocsted.  SomotimM 
bo  wna  clsd  in  complot«  steel,  with  tbo  arms  oT  hia  moater  engmviKl  or 
emboMed  uu  his  liarJinyi.  lite  bridle  of  the  horse  was  always  M  spluudid 
aa  tiie  circDDwtssoos  m  tJio  kniiffbt  allowed,  anil  thtis  a  horvo  wae  ofleii 
caUed  bngtiadoru,  from  briylia  aroro,  t.  bridle  of  gold.  BcU«  wnro  a  voiy 
bvonritu  addition  to  the  equipment  of  the  horw.  The  old  trunbttdonr, 
Arnold  of  Uarston.  f»y9  that  'nothing  is  so  proper  to  inspire  Coiifid«DC« 
ia  ■  knight  and  lerror  in  an  enemy.' 

The  price  of  lionea  at  this  period  was  ainfrol&rly  nnocrtnin.  In  1185, 
fifteen  breeding  maree  sold  for  two  pounds  twclro  ahOliagS  aod  aixpenoo, 
Thef  were  parchnaod  bj-  the  moniirch,  and  distribatod  unong  his  tenants ; 
and  in  onlcr  to  K«t  something  by  the  bargain,  ha  charged  them  the  gtnA 
nun  of  fuor  ahillinga  eadi.  Twenty  years  aflerwards,  ton  oapilal  horsce 
brotiKht  no  IcM  tiian  twenty  pountls  ench ;  and  twelve  years  later,  a  pair 
of  horses  wen  imported  from  Ijomlmrdy,  for  which  the  oxtmragiutt  price 
of  thirlj-eight  pounUft  thirtiwu  sliiUiii;^  aud  fuurpcnoe  was  given.  The 
nsnal  price  of  good  liaud^omt'  liora<-s  was  ton  pounds,  and  the  nire  of  acar 
or  eari  with  two  horses  wns  t^mpcnco  a-day. 

To  Kine  John,  hntittul  an  lin  wna  in  all  other  reancota,  we  are  mnch 
indcbtc<l  fur  Ihu  atlcutiou  which  }w  paid  to  agriculture  gcncruUy,  and 
particaUrly  to  the  improvoniont  of  th«  breed  of  horoes.  Ho  import<.-il  one 
linii<lr<Ml  chonen  NtaUiona  of  the  Fliindcr*  brrcd,  and  thus  miunly  contributMl 
to  prv-purv  our  noble  spvcics  of  dranght-honiea,  as  nnriralled  in  tboir  way 
as  ibc  horses  of  the  turf. 

John  ooconatilutrd  a  rtiry  nnmorous  sad  valuable  stnd.  He  was  eager 
to  poascss  himself  of  every  bonw  of  more  than  nsual  power;  and  at  all 
tuoofl  gbdf  reeeired  from  the  tenants  of  tha  crown,  himKn  of  a  imperior 
ffluU^  tnrtoad  of  mooor  for  the  rooowal  of  grants,  or  the  payment  of  for^ 
fcitum  belonging  lo  tne  orown.  It  wna  hu  pride  (o  render  his  cavalry, 
and  the  botaea  for  the  loumameul  auil  fur  pli-uaart>,  a*  perfect  as  heoonld. 
ll  waa  not  to  bo  expected  that  so  haoghly  and  OTcrbennnff  a  ^rant  would 
ooBoem  hinnwlfmach  with  tba  inftrior  kinds;  yet  while  tlie  superior  kinds 
wcro  rapidly  Iwwnning  more  valuable,  the  oUiers  wonld,  in  an  indirect 
manner,  partake  of  the  imptOTaoent. 

One  handred  jrmrs  afterwards,  Edwunl  II,  purchaacfl  thirty  lombordy 
tear-Jteraer,andtwelTo  heavy  dmngbl-hontcs.  Ijomlwnly,  Iluly.aiul  Spain 
were  the  oonntriea  wbenoc  the  ^freater  port  of  Enrope  was  ttum  snppbad 
wtdi  the  moat  valnablo  cavalry  or  parade  horses.  'Thoaa  for  agrictutaral 
{■nnioSM  were  chiefly  nrocn ml  fmm  tliuulcr*. 

Bdward  III.  devolwi  one  thuDiuuidiuiirks  to  thopttrrlutsoof  fifty  Spanish 
horses  ;  and  of  meh  impi^rtance  did  ho  oonaider  this  addition  to  the  EagU^ 
or  rather,  mingled  bluod  thou  canatmg,  that  lormal  application  waa  made 


^^^^^V  UISTOBY   OF   THE   ENGLISU    H0B5B.  IS 

*ia  tbm  kino  of  Tnoix  and  SpAin  to  gntit  mfo  ooiulDct  to  the  troa{>. 
m^  Umr  ud  nfelj  anived  at  tJio  n^iu  atod,  it  wu  cutntiated  tiiftt  tbey 
had  ooat  tbe  monaKih  no  ten  than  ttuiieeii  ponoda  dx  aliiUtngs  and  cight- 
pmee  per  faonm,  cijnal  in  ralnc  to  ono  bnndrcd  and  sixty  ponods  of  our 
iwwnit  moDOy. 

TImmo  bonea  w«to  boaght  in  order  to  onaUo  hun  eurccesfaily  to  prose* 
cata  a  war  agaiagt  Scotland,  and  to  prepare  for  a  apk-udid  toununnont 
which  be  waa  about  to  hold. 

lintire  boraea  mra  alone  tued  for  thia  mimio  ooateet,  and  gcnorally  so 
in  tbe  dntica  and  danger*  of  the  field.  It  was  nnHy  tlio  custom  to  caatnfa 
the  oolta;  and  the  iDtroductioD  of  tbo  fomalo  aooag  «>  many  perfect 
boraca  nttsht  oocaainmallT  bo  prodnctivii  of  ooaAudon.  Tbo  ouu«  ma  at 
tbia  paii3  oompatatirely  de^iaed.  It  iraa  deemed  disgraoefnl  for  any 
eaa  Aon  the  common  rank  to  rido  ber,  and  ebe  waa  employed  only  iu 
thm  Hoat  aerrile  officaa.  Tbia  fooliiig  and  pntctico  was  tbon  prerident  in 
aw^  part  of  tbo  world.  Wbcn,  Iiowuvlt,  it  began  (o  bo  tho  oaiitom  to 
oattnOe  tbo  yoooK  koraea,  ibe  xrorlh  and  value  of  tbe  marc  wun  aoon 
mppreciaiied ;  and  it  is  now  acknowlnlged  that  nfoally  she  is  not  niucli,  if 
ai  aQ,  ioEmor  to  thn  pcrfmt  bono  ia  many  rospi^tii,  whilo  rho  has  far 
nore  atrtn^tb,  pni}iort*oi)ate  coniago,  and  ondnianm  thaii  tlin  E^r-lding. 

Una  monucb  had  many  nmnrnj^AoraM.  TBu  preduu!  mt^aiung  of  tlio 
torn  ia  DO^  howerer,  clear.  Thoy  might  be  light  and  apeoAj  animals  in 
Vppoaiium  to  thoao  daatisod  for  tbo  cavalry  en-vico,  or  iiorflC«  that  woro 
titmrnOy  naed  fbr  tbo  porpoao  of  lacia^.  The  avorago  price  of  thoMi 
mnttajr-horMe  wsa  twenty  noarka,  or  ttertceu  pounda  six  ahJIlinga  aud 
ei^tpenoe. 

Edward  waa  derotod  to  tbe  aport*  of  the  turf  and  thff  field,  or  ho  bogun 
to  lae  tbe  propriety  of  croaaang  oar  statirly  aud  )icqivy  brood  with  those  of 
a  Iqrbter  atmctnie  and  greater  epeed.  Thoru  was,  Itowcvtir,  ono  impcdi- 
nC  to  this,  whi<^h  was  not  for  a  rery  lon^  prriml  n'rnovcil.  Tbo  soldier 
I  ouod  in  houTT  armour,  and  the  kniglit,  with  all  liia  aoooutrcmeota, 
rode  moiv  tbuo  twtrDty-liTe  atones.  No  httle  bulk  and  slrcqigili 
I  mnired  in  Ute  nniTuftl  destined  to  carry  this  hnok- breaking  weight. 
Wmo  tM  imaket  waa  mbstilatoil  for  tbo  cixiu-bnw  and  battlo-axo,  and 
iUa  iron  deleneo,  combroa*  to  the  wotkrcr  and  doiitrucUvv  to  the  bono, 
beeame  vaeleaa,  and  waa  laid  aatde,  the  iinjirovemeut  of  the  Bntiah  borso 
in  leality  commeuccd. 

Wbile  Kdwnrd  wm  tJina  rager  to  avail  hinuielf  of  foreign  blood,  be^ 
witb  tbe  too  &«<]nent  wctttHhiwiM  of  tliu  ^urtBriiiui,  would  let  no  neighbour 
abaiv  in  (be  adrantage.  The  ciportat4ou  of  liorsea  was  forbidden  under 
b^*y  poDaltit>s.  Ono  cam  in  which  bo  rclaxtKl  from  hi*  imvnrity  is 
reeonled-  Ho  pomtittoi!  a  Gorman  merehaut  to  ro^xport  soiuo  Flauders 
hnw  wfaicb  be  had  bronglil  on  H^ieculatioD ;  but  he  strictly  forbade  lum 
la  aend  IImoi  to  Scotland.  Nay,  so  jealona  were  tbeso  siatT-kingdnma  of 
ItIi  other's  praspnrity,  that  nn  lafn  aa  t)io  timo  of  Elixubftli,  it  was 
daasaed  felony  to  export  horara  from  Eu^^lnud  to  Scotland. 

The  Ifan^iirii  bone  wae  adranciog,  nllbongh  slowly,  to  nn  oqnnlily  with, 

"  "an  anporiority  over,  tboM>  of  nrighbonring  countrit-s.  Hi*  vtdmi 
I  lo  bo  more  gencntUy  ami  highly  dtjiniiti-d,  and  his  price  i-apidly 
aed  eo  much  ao^  that  Uie  brordora  find  tho  dmlcra,  then,  ns  now, 
tin  imponagon  tbeinexTOrieneod,  obbiim-'d  fminmany  of  the  young 
^.  _  _aaa  raomoas  price*  for  tSwir  cnttlo.  This  evil  iooreoacd  to  Buoh  an 
oirnt,  tbat  Ricbard  TI-  (138r>)  inttnfered  to  m^^lato  and  determine  tbe 
prise.  The  proclantation  which  ho  iesntxl  ia  lutereatiDg,  not  only  u 
■iTOTUig  tibe  mcTcascd  valae  of  tbo  hnrae,  but  showing  what  wen-,  fciur 
bvMlnd  and  aeranty  ycara  agn,  tbo  obief  breeding  districts,  ua  tlM'y  still 


1 


60 


HISTORY  OF  THE   ENGLISH   HORSE. 


caDimav  U>  be.     It  wua  onlervd  lo  bo  publitJied  in  Ibe  conuticn  of  Linmln 
and  Cambridge,  and  tll*  Sut  and  North  Ridings  of  Yorkaliiro ;  uid  tlio 

S'rico  of  tbo  bono  trw  Twtr^otcd  to  tbnt  which  hnd  bocn  ilctormiDed  by 
OTtaor  monfLTolia.     A  mare  enlighbenunl  policy  bus  at  tvogth  baaishcd  mil 
such  ftbeord  int«ri*«reDcea  •nritli  afp-tculturc  and  contmcrce. 

Wo  c*n  now  collect  bat  littlo  of  the  history  of  the  horse  until  the  reipi 
of  Hcury  VII.,  n.t  Ibo  clooo  of  tlio  fificcnth  ccntnry.  Mo  ooatinaed  to 
prohibit  the  cxpurtutioD  of  HtuUion*,  hnt  uUowvd  that  of  nutroa  when  mors 
tiian  t(vo  jeant  old ;  and  under  the  value  of  six  ihiUin;,-^  and  eiffhlpencv. 
This  rrguljition  was,  however,  eiwily  evaded  ;  for  if  a  niaro  could  bo  foaud 
worth  more  thnn  nit  iliiUingt  and  aghtponco,  nho  might  bo  frccljr  cxportod 
ou  thu  [Kiymcnt  of  tliut  num. 

The  intention  of  this  was  to  p^t  au  end  to  the  exporffttion  of  perfeot 
horaes ;  for  it  is  recited  in  th«  prmmblo  *  th»t  not  only  a  smaller  unmber 
of  good  honw«  wero  IcA  within  tiie  railm  fur  the  defences  thereof,  biit  also 
that  greut  and  good  plenty  of  Uto  aame  were  in  [HirU  beyoud  the  nuu,  which 
iti  limee  past  were  wont  to  be  wiUiin  this  land,  whereby  the  prico  of  hotsea 
wu  greatly  cnhanccil,'  Jtc.  The  exception  of  thn  mare,  and  the  small  sum 
for  which  Nho  might  bn  exported,  shows  the  unJoHt  i:oDt«iiipt  in  which  Hho 
was  held.  Another  act  of  the  same  monarch,  howuver  unwillinglj-  on  hia 
parti  restored  her  (o  her  proper  mnk  among  her  kind. 

It  had  beian  th«  costom  to  keep  likrgc  hcras  of  horses  in  the  Tiostorra  and 
coramon  fietdo,  and  wlten  thu  harvcnt  waa  gathi-n-d  in,  Uie  catuo  of  a  gr«at 
many  owners  ftd  prouuscnouBty  together.  The  oousequcuce  of  tlua  was 
that  the  progeny  presented  a  sbwige  admixture,  and  there  vras  often  a 
great  dctcrionitioD  of  the  ftvonrito  and  best  hrcc<].  On  this  ncconnt 
an  act  wiis  paiBrrd  nrohilntitig  stiilUons  from  bcwg  turned  out  into  any 
couimuu  paaturo.  This,  al  no  givat  distance  of  time,  ucceasarily  led  to 
the  casbatiiig  of  all  but  a  veiy  few  of  tlio  best  Btnllions,  and  then,  on 
comparing  ths  powers  and  work  of  tho  tuar«  with  that  of  tlio  gelding, 
nho  noon  tM^an  to  bu  n4HTOutit4Hl  Euoru  valuable— more  service  was  exacted 
from  her — ^e  was  Ukeii  mure  care  of,  and  the  general  breed  of  horses 
was  materiaUv  impioTed. 

Polrdora  Viiyi),  who  llouridicd  in  Uiia  rdgn,  confirms  tho  Ntatrments 
atreaay  made,  t£at  '  the  Bngliah  horses  were  ecldora  acctutomed  to  trot, 
bnt  exoelUid  in  the  softer  pace  of  the  amhU.' 

H«nry  Yll.  wan  an  arbitrary  monarch,  and  an^mcd  to  be  too  fond  of 
prohibitory  acta  of  [larliujnent ;  but  wo  far  lui  the  honie  was  ooncemcd  tbcj 
wen  most  of  them  pohtic,  althou^b  ^rannical. 

Stuoeoding  nionarchs  acted  on  tbo  some  principle,  and  by  prohibiting 
oxportation,  and  encoBraging  a  n  umcniiui  and  good  brtt-d  of  honKis,  by 
poolio  rewards  and  reoompuuHw,  tivery  uecMsary  iucitvmcut  was  afforded 
rapidly  to  imnrove  the  biMd. 

Uoory  VIll.,  a  tynmnical  and  orns)  prince,  but  fond  of  show  and 
aniDndour,  rta»  very  anxiotis  to  produce  a  valuable  btt!«x]  of  bones  ;  and 
tlie  nuNuui  which  bu  adopted  were  perfectly  tu  unison  with  lus  arbitrary 
disposition,  altluKwb  oertsinlv  calculated  to  effect  his  object.  He  affixed 
a  certain  staadara,  bdow  which  no  homo  shoald  bo  kept.  The  lowcat 
bcigtit  for  tho  rtalKfm  was  fifteen  hands,  and  for  tlie  mare  thirteen  hands. 
Thuoo  whose  looal  intereeAs  were  injured  loudly  cotnplaiaed  of  this 
sriritraiy  prooeeding.  The  small  breed  of  Cornish  boraes  was  in  a  manner 
eatingnisbcd.  Tho  dwarfii>h  hot  activo  and  uxcfbl  inbabitanU  of  Uio 
Welsh  tBOant&ins  mpidly  dimiuialicd,  Uie  Exmoors  and  the  Dartmoois 
were  eompetled  to  add  an  inch  to  ibeir  stature,  and  a  more  onifonnlj 
•tool  and  uaefnl  breed  of  horscs'waa  prodnccd. 

The  monarch  was  detonnincd  to  cffevt  and  to  accnre  bis  object.     At 


niSTORT   OF   TnE    EXGLISll    IIORSB.  8| 

*  tli«  ne^libooHnit  majriatraUii  vnm-  onji-ivil  to  '  iJrir«)' 
mad  cominoM,  tad  not  cmlr  destroy  such  stallions,  but  kII 
tit*,'  wbotbcr  BUTM,  or  midineii,  or  foals,  which  tticy  might 
not  caJpnUted  to  produce  n  Tvluable  Droud. 
He  next  had  recourse  to  »  muapiaarj  law  in  order  more  fully  to  aocom- 
plisb  bis  otiQcct ;  and,  appcnling  tt>  tbe  prido  of  thow  wlio  were  concemed, 
aa  hod  so  dtfGcidtj  in  tliia  msttor.  Eruty  urabbiKbop  and  daico  wm 
""""JT'"*^'  ""^'^  oerl&in  penalties,  to  k«ep  aeven  trutiiuf;  iitaUitnui  for  tbe 
nddM.  eacb  oT  vbicb  was  to  b«  fonrtera.  butda  high  at  the  age  of  tbrce 
ywr*. 

Tba«  were  rvry  minute  direoticmi  with  rC((ard  to  tbc  number  of  tbo 
Mina  kind  of  hotsw  to  be  keiil  by  lb«  otlicr  ruiks  of  the  clergy  and  uobi- 
litj,  and  the  statnts  oonclad«s  1^  cnHct.iug,  thnt  oroiy  poreon  baring 
b<sefio«to  the  lunonnt  of  onebiindm<l  ponnilH ycitrly, and  'every  Iftjmui, 
whoM  wife  shell  wear  any  French  hcx>d  or  boDuel  of  velvety'  shall  keep 
1M*  aaA  trotting  stallioD  ior  the  saddla. 

TWm  onactnienta,  ^rruintcal  w  they  appear  to  ns.  were  onictly  snb- 
"i**i«^  to  in  thoso  days,  and  producod  the  kiud  of  bnmo  whicii  vsna  tbon 
akoe  eonpststirdy  osefal,  and  wlioao  alrengtb  aud  noble  bwrbg  and 
good  Sfction  were  the  fcnmdfttion  of  somethiog  belter  lu  aAer  days. 

The  cS^i)  dJOTffneioiin  were  at  an  end,  thoro  wn«  no  fwir  of  foreign 
iona — n>  muDerons  cavalry  were  needed — tbe  labourM  of  ufrriciillore 
performed  ohiefly  by  oxen,  or  by  tbe  smaller  and  inferior  lireudn  of 
tmcM  w«re  not  established — the  chaae  had  not  begun  to  be 
with  the  ardour  and  uporA  of  modern  dnjra — nothing,  in  fnol,  wim 
wmnted  or  Bought  fur,  but  an  animu.1  more  for  oecaaional  cxbibitiim 
for  Sterling  use,  or  if  nsefid.  prittcipally  or  solely  with  refcrenco  to 
tt*  I1MV7  cam^es  and  bad  rcrnds  and  todioua  trnvelting  through  tbo 
cuuiibj.  If  thin  u  rwhtly  ooiuddonxl,  it  will  be  acknowledged  Ibat,  witJi 
all  Ut  ftolts,  and  with  the  coufeaston  that  be  waa  ever  more  actnatod  by 
the  detenninfttions  of  his  own  nngovorrnblr  piuisionE  than  the  ndvitntogo 
of  hia  peopio  or  of  postority,  wo  still  owe  biin  tbanks  for  tlie  prcservutiun 
rftlnt  bleed  of  bonm  &om  which  in  after  tiities  sprang  Lhoae  that  were 
therion'  of  otJT  oonntry  and  tbe  enry  of  every  otLer. 

niB  foUowioff  extract  from  a  manuscript  dated  I'lVi,  in  the  third  year 
of  Aa  nJKD  ofllenry  VIII.,  and  ontitkd  iho  Knjrulntianx  and  ISntniiliKh- 
of  Uie  HooaelM^d  of  Aluemon  Percy,  the  tifth  Ewl  of  Ni>rtliuinber- 
■■aj  give  the  reader  a  sufficient  knowledge  of  tbe  dilTcrent  kinds  of 
then  in  om. 

^Tbig  is  the  ordro  of  tbo  obcqnirroul  of  the  nombre  of  all  tbo  honiys  of 
wj  lonlia  and  my  ladya  that  are  apoyutcd  to  be  In  the  obarKV  of  the  iious 
venij,  MB  to  say,  gentil  hors  [<mo  of  the  superior  breed,  in  distinction 
DOB  Uie  ordinaiy  race— the  same  term  i*  at  prrxent  applied  to  Ituliau 
hosata  et  the  boat  breeds] ;  jsaUieyN  [anmtler  homu*  of  an  inferior  brev<d, 
— the  beet  of  them,  distiugnisheid  for  theirgeotleueea,  and  pleasant  pncoa, 
woe  set  apart  for  the  females  of  tho  fotnily ; — "  The  bard  that  tells  of 
pttfriad  dttncs-"  Otliera  of  inferior  value  wore  ridden  by  the  domcstioi 
of  every  kind.    Thus  Diyden  says, 


^^pHTTBIlla 

nokjafsti^ 


n*  (Bhlis  and  araoam*  on  pdrrtj*  rjda.] 


._  rstn>i>S  >n<t  Active  homee  of  rather  smatl  Ni«i,  and  said  to  have 

oei^nally  of  Irish  extraction.   Tho*  Daviert,  in  his  account  of  Ireland, 

my*:~-''Vor  twenty  hobblcr*  armed  —  Irish  horso-aoldiers — to  called 
Iher  sen-nl  on  hobbtes ;  they  bnd  Gd.  per  diem"] ;  nnggiv,  [or 

,  ao  catted  from  their  aapposed  propensity  to  neigb,  ineyya.     They 


m^ 


G9 


UtBTORT  OF  TUe  BX0LI3I1   nOBSE. 


wen  BnttU,  aad  not  mnch  vbIdcmI,  but  hcUto  Itoraos  : — "Thjr  nags,"  >aj> 
Prior, 

Tk*  Imwmi  lUngii  tilm, 
&  rtij  bud  tiua  loVn  lo  driia,] 

Cloth-aok  bora,  [ihftt  c*meA  tho  clonk-bof;.]  i  lanlo-faora,  [or  mitil,  viaa 
eqaivalont  to  portnik&tciin.  Thou,  in  Chuui-cr,  "  I  bnro  rdiot  Mid  pardous 
ID  toy  male."]  Firal.  (^ntil-hors,  to  BUiid  in  mj  lunlis  ctaUe,  Htx.  Itfm. 
FkUkVfs  of  mj  ladj''«,  to  wit,  one  for  my  lodj,  and  two  for  lior  niaitiU 
womsn,  and  oono  for  her  clunibomr.  Fonr  hobrs  uui  ntups  for  tnj 
lordi*  ooDO  Mulilill,  vix.  oonu  fur  m}'  tontu  to  ridu,  »otii3  to  Irdc  for  jny 
lotde,  and  oodl'  to  Htay  at  home  for  my  lorde.  lUm,  Cbaiiot  Imn  t»»liinil 
in  atj  lorde'a  alablv  jemXy.  tiovon  great  trottTUge  hon  (o  draw  in  tho 
cliariott  [or  car;  wae  the  Tchiclo  in  varioaa  fonna,  bat  for  inferior  to  tlie 
vliariotor  coach  in  oomnKMi  lUd,  in  whioli  tlie  ftimitura  or  niovc«MiM  wrto 
conreyed,  or,  pero)iaooe,  the  inlerior  famaln  of  tbo  family.  Tti»  lord  and 
tho  lady  n^ially  rodo  on  boraaback.  Thcr  wore  «1ow-pnoi>d,  hc«vy 
horaca,  perhapa  not  much  nnUko  tbu  oamaoc-luintRii  a  catitury  ago,  which 
ploogbed  all  tine  w«ek,  and  took  the  fiunily  to  i^liurch  on  Ssnday.  It 
Biiiat  not  bo  forffott^n,  a«  marking  the  charact«r  of  the  vehicle  and  ita 
ooDlaota,  that  tlie  chariot-man,  or  ooachmnn,  rode  by  tho  side  of  tbo 
bonMa,  and  w  condaot«d  them  and  tlie  com^-e],  and  a  nags  for  tbo 
cbarioU-mon  to  ride;  eight.  Again,  bora  for  lonlo  Percy,  bin  lonlHliip'a 
•on  and  bcir.  A  grot«  doblo  trottrnge  bonKi  [a  liuwc  and  broad-backed 
boiae^  the  doproaaian  alonswboaB  book  give*  almoat  theappcanuico  of  two 
boraea  joined  tofcetber.  Thaa  the  EV«mch  speak  of  U  dmibte  bidet ;  and 
Virgil,  rcft'irin^  to  the  horse,  savs,  "At  duplex  ngitorper  InmtHH  npina"] 
for  my  lonlo  Percy  to  tmTcl  on  in  winltrr.  lUm.  A  ((rcUi  doblo  trottjiiKa 
bon,  called  a  curtal,  [otui  with  a  docked  tail.  Thua.  Ben  Joitton : — "  Hnld 
my  fltitnp,  my  ooo  lacqney,  and  look  to  my  eurtal  the  otber,"]  for  bis 
lordship  to  ride  on  oat  of  townm.     Another  trottyngn  gnmbaldjBe« 

Sgamhald  waa  the  old  word  for  gambol,  and  it  nwduis  a  bonw  that  waa 
bnd  of  pbying  and  piandng  about]  hors,  for  bia  lonUilp  to  ride  upon 
when  lie  comos  into  townea.  An  ambling  faora  for  his  lordahip  to  joomev 
on  dayly.  A  proper  amblyng  littlo  nngg  for  hia  lordnhip  when  1k!  goetn 
on  banting  or  hawking.  A  grct  umblynge  gelding  or  tiottynge  gelding  to 
carry  hia  male.' — Semper  on  llur»emaitthij>. 

Hit  Thomaa  Ohalonor,  who  wroln  in  tlie  early  part  of  the  reign  of 
Eliutbvtli,  and  wboce  praiMt  of  the  departt-d  monartih  may  l>o  KUppnsul  to 
he  sincere,  spmka  in  the  hi|;hc!it  terms  of  hia  labonr  lo  introdace  tmto  his 
kingdom  every  variety  of  breed,  aod  fail  aeleotion  of  tlia  flaeat  fit-^W 
which  Turkey,  or  Kaploa,  or  SpatOi  or  Flnndura  oould  prodneo.     Sir 

Thomaa  waa  now  Iw^iilni  at  tbo  court  of  Spain,  and  had  an  oppor- 

twti^of  Bci-iii^-thi.- ralnabkhonofl  which  that  ooantiy  could  prodaoo;  and 
banjsUiat  'KD|,'land  ooold  AiraiA  morobaantifnl  aodawfal  btooda  than 
anjr  whidi  Cbrvign  kingdotno  roold  supply.'  Tho  Euit  waa,  that  cxoept  &r 
pagoaatiy  or  war,  and  the  xluw  travelliii^t  of  those  times,  there  waa  no 
motire  lo  caltivato  any  new  or  valuable  bmxX.  Hie  most  powerfU  atimn* 
Ins  bad  not  yet  been  applied. 

Boroager,  who  would  be  good  anlhorit<r  iu  ttich  a  case,  provided  axp^ 
rienoed  koA  tkilfnl  penons  to  preside  in  his  stahlos.  and  to  spread  by  tiieae 
mrana  the  rults  and  elements  of  hon>vmaii>Lliip  throngh  the  nntion.  lie 
invitnl  two  llAlinnK,  pnnils  of  Piirnalolli  the  nding  mitler  of  Niipli'ii,  and 
placed  tJiem  in  hia  si-rvice ;  and  ke  likowiae  bad  an  Italian  fiurier  named 
Hannibain,  who,  IterooKcr  quaintly  remarks,  'did  not  discover  ajiy  tmmt 
tnysterica  lo  hi«  Englijui  brethren,  but  yet  taught  tbem  more  than  th«y 
knew  befoiv.' 


HISTOBT    OP   TIfR    ESGLISD    DOBSf.  H 

nere  is  noUuitg  wortlij  of  nnnkrk  tn  the  abort  rc^n  of  E-lvard  VL, 
l«aMpt  tlw  WMWliiuUug  tbo  vtaalbg  of  Iuwsm  a  felon/  wiUiout  benefit  of 


1b  the  twenfy-MOdad  j«Kr  of  Elunbeth,  tlw  tuo  of  coaches  «u  intto- 
daoed.  It  baa  been  atrasd;  temariud  Ifa&t  tlie  hoids  of  nobtc  faoiue« 
lasfvllsd  almort  from  oim  and  of  the  kinKdom  to  Ui«  othtr  om  konefawk, 
aaliB  oocariowfly  timj  took  rafngo  in  tao  c«»  that  wtra  geseraUr  a|k 
|aap»Iahd  to  lluir  houehold.  Erai  the  Qncen  rode  behiiid  bcr  naxtrr  of 
ibe  none  «4Mt  aho  went  in  slate  to  Si.  Paal's.  Tbe  oonvenicnoc  of  tbis 
mw  mod*  of  caniaga  cmwd  it  to  ba  immgdiaM;  adopted  bj  all  wbo  bad 
tha  maaas ;  and  tbo  hotata  ware  ao  ia|Nillj  boaght  up  fop  thi*  jmrpoaei  and 
beoaine  so  exocbilantif  dear,  Ibat  h  was  ajptaliBd  in  Pu-liamaBt  wbetbor 
the  Bse  of  caniaeee  abouU  not  be  confined  to  tbe  higber  cfawsM. 

Tbis  bafcion  woold  baT«  prodnccd  ata  tnjnrioiu  dlbet  on  tbe  cbaracter 
of  tbe  EngtUi  bone.  It  ironld  bare  too  macb  enoon^ed  tbe  braad  of 
tbe  keavj  and  sfarw  boraa,  to  tbe  oompandve  or  alraoot  total  aegleet  of 
Ow  B^ttar  fiamad  and  a|»ndy  one :  bat,  gnopotrdcr  bam^  been  iuventod, 
asd  htm/rj  annonr  bmaiuag  to  bo  (timxeo,  or,  at  tbis  period,  haTing 
Ubn  into  ahnoat  panel  neglect,  a  li{[btcr  kind  of  bone  vaa  neoosaarjr 
in  Older  to  givv  tiSiei  to  manj  of  tbe  naaaenrrcs  of  tLe  oafabj.  Henoa 
aioai  tbe  bgfat  canlir — bgbt  oonmrad  with  tbe  liOTsenaeo  of  fiwmer 
dsy*— beavT  oompareJ  witb  tboso  afmodeni  times ;  and  henca,  too,  an«« 
tta  ligbler  Lone,  wbkb,  except  Ibr  a  few  partieBlar  pnrposos,  gnidnailjr 
—|iei  sailed  tbe  old  beavy  war  and  draught  bovBe. 

A»  aoeoaiii  bas  almidy  bc«n  ^von  of  tbo  oocaskmal  noes  at  SmitbSeU. 

*  mj  woe  most!/  accidental  tnab  of  stnngtb  and  speed,  and  tbcre  vrmro 

I  aaaisj'-fcortn*,  propcrljr  spealdntf — none  Ibat  wt^ie  kept  for  tbe  pniw 

■a  of  dj^lajing  tbeir  ^-eed,  aad  dedicated  to  tbie  [«rticnbr  paipoae 

Rsgnlar  ntcc«,  bowcTrr,  ir«m  now  artablinlicd  in  varion*  parla  of 

' ,  first  at  Oartcrty  tn  Torkshirn,  Iben  at  Crordoo,  at  Tbeobald'a 

aM«rl»ae,  and  at  Stamford.     Boncb«r,  in  his  History  of  Stamford, 

_,  tbat  tbe  first  vahiable  pnbbc  priio  was  ran  for  at  tbat  place  in  the 

lof  Cbarles  I.     It  was  a  nlnr^t  cop  and  cover,  of  tbe  ralneoi*  SL, 

~  bf  the  oorpotation.     Tbete  was  no  aeknowledged  system  as  now 

I  breed  of  ncing-borsea ;  bat  backnoj^  and  bontevs  mingled  tcgetber, 

1  no  deaciiptioB  of  hone  wae  esclndrd. 

waa  at  first  no  ooentc  marked  out  for  tbe  laoe,  bnt  tbo  contest 
ooaritted  in  tbe  rrmninf^  of  /ram  scswf  across  tb«  country,  and 
Itbemoeti^fficiiltanddaiigeroaspari  of  tbe  country  was  selected 
Aa  aibibatioD.     Oocaaionall}'  our  prtxtrnt  iteeple-cliaiic  wna  ndoplod 
~  I  aD  its  danger*,  and  more  tbsn  iln  present  barbarity ;  for  perMtia  wre 
'■led  cnicDy  to  ftu^  along  tbe  jaded   and  exhausted  bone.     This 
leqoiree  a  tit^  axplaaatioii.     A  match  wan  fomed   called  tbo 
r  Chase,'  between  two  borsca,  niwl  a  tolerably  anre  trial  it  was 
^eed  and   banting  properties  of  Uw  botte.     Whicberer   borae 
>i  the  lead  at  twdre  score  yards  &oni  tbe  starting  poet,  tbe  other 
fWiptlliH  to  follow  him  wbarerer  be  went,  and  to  keep  witlun  a  oor> 
Pt'*-"-  of  bbn,  M  twice  or  Ibriee  bis  Icngtb,  or  else  to  be 'beaten 
^whlpyed  ap  to  tbe  raaHc  by  (be  jud;ree  wbo  rode  to  sea  fiiir  play.     If 
I  got  before  tbe  other  twelve  score  yards,  or  any  certatn  dtstanoot 
J  sa  tbe  natch  was  made^  be  was  aoooimted  to  be  tbo  winner ; 
tiflbebosaewfaidi  at  tbo  beginning  was  behind,  could  get  beloie  him 
i  ftnl  led.  then  tbe  other  was  bound  to  folktw,  nd  so  on,  nntil  one  got 
Uie  eigfalb  part  of  a  mite,  b>cfope  tbe  other,  or  reibasd  aomo 
:  lean  i^iidi  Uw  other  bad  takeu. 
Bf  degrees^  nowerer,  certain  borsea  were  dcTotcd  to  tbeao  exhibitions. 


G4 


niSTORT  OF  TUE  KKOUSU   OOItSB. 


Mid  vrpro  pnrpnrrd  for  the  race,  &«  ftu*  as  the  myBt^iy  of  the  tr&iiiiiig  Btnble 
ooald  thea  be  explored,  Komonhnt  in  the  nnmo  wny  ni  nt  pr««<ii)t.  Tlie 
W«iffbt  of  the  rider,  liowi-ver,  wua  not  tilmvH  itdinst*^!  to  the  agp  or 
perronoaiices  of  the  horse ;  but  do  rider  could  stAii  who  weiglied  less  thftn 
10  »t. 

The  raccn  of  thut  period  nerr  not  ditignusKl  bj  tho  nyi-tcin  of  gambUng 
oud  Iraad  Mhich  iQ  lat«r  tiiul'S  scL-nia  (o  huvu  bct'onip  utmost  inftcpKr^ble 
ittaa  tbe  uniiMa&MitB  of  the  turf.  No  heavy  st&kM  wurc  run  for,  and  no 
iMUine  tjvtem  hod  been  mtiiblixlKHl.  Tbo  pHxe  was  Dsoallj  &  wooden 
btl!  ndtinied  with  flowera.  Thia  wo«  aitcryriirTlii  <!Xrliiiiigr<l  for  (v  gilvtr 
bell,  and  '  K'vea  to  him  who  should  niii  the  best  and  furthmt  on  banwtifUTlc, 
and  e6p«cialiy  on  Shrovo  l'i)C«day.'  Hence  the  common  phrase  of  *  btwriiig 
nm^  tbo  boU.' 

Hcirse-ncing  bfoame  gndoallj  more  cattirut«d ;  but  it  wiw  not  anlQ 
the  last  year  of  the  reipn  of  J&mefl  I,  that  rules  wens  promulgatod  and 
Moandly  nhscribod  to  for  their  rcKoUtioo.  That  pnuce  was  fouil  of 
Seld-cportM.  He  btul  cnconTiif{i.-(I,  if  be  did  not  txtnbliHh,  hnrso-nkcic^  in 
Scotlaud,  and  he  bronf^lit  with  him  to  England  hia  prciiili'ction  for  it; 
but  bis  races  wvre  oR«ai  matches  against  time,  or  (rials  of  sliced  and 
bottom  for  abHurdly  and  oruelly  long  distance*.  His  fnTOnrite  cooisea 
wtre  nt  Croyduu  and  od  GnBeld-obaso. 

Altbuai;h  the  Turkish  and  Bnrbarv  horsos  had  been  froely  uiii-d  to 
produce  with  the  EnghMb  mam  the  brrrd  that  was  best  suited  to  this 
•XL-rciw-,  little  improvement  bad  been  eS'e<.'t«d.  Jamca,  with  gn^at  judgruent, 
ilettrrmiued  to  try  the  Arab  breed.  Probably  he  luid  not  forRolUii  the 
ttOTj  of  the  Arabian  that  had  brrn  presented  to  one  of  bis  Scottish 
charehni,  fire  centories  liefort'.  He  purchased  from  a  merchant,  named 
Uarkbaro,  a  celt-'brated  Arabian  Lorse,  for  which  be  gave  the  extraTagant 
Rim  of  fire  hundred  pounds-  Kings,  bowerer,  like  their  snbjcets,  are 
olb^n  thwarted  andfovenkod  by  their  servant*,  and  (he  l>nke  of  Newcnslle 
took  a  dislike  to  this  foroion  aaJnaJ.  Ho  wroto  a  book,  and  a  rery  good 
on^  on  horMimansliip ;  but  be  deocribed  Ou»  Arabian  as  a  little  bony  hone, 
of  ordinaiT  shape ;  setting  him  down  as  almost  worthless,  bepnnse,  after 
brnnf^  ntgruarly  trained,  he  MTmcd  to  bo  deficient  in  ^loed.  The  opinion 
ortbo  dnke,  probably  altogollicr  vrronooua,  had  for  nearly  a  ocntuiT'  (crrnt 
weight ;  and  the  Arabian  horse  lost  its  repctation  among  the  English 
breeders. 

A  Knith-cttstem  horae  was  aJlerwards  brought  into  Ebwiand,  and 
porofaaaed  1^  Jaux-s,  ef  Ur.  Place,  who  afterwards  became  stud-master  or 
noom  to  Olirer  Cromwell.  This  bentilifal  animal  was  called  the  White 
Tnrk  ;  and  his  name  and  that  of  his  kecprrr  will  long  bo  ramembered. 
Shortly  lifter  this  appeared  the  HelmsJcy  Turk,  introdnoed  by  TOlien, 
the  Gi«t  dnke  of  Bookingfaain.  He  was  followed  by  Fairfhx's  Uorocco 
bart>.  These  howoe  apecoilj  effected  a  oonnderable  change  in  the  cha- 
raeterof  OBrbre«d,  aotnalljord  Hartcieb.oneof  tbeoldnchoiit,  comploini-d 
that  tbo  grcKt  bono  was  fast  disappvaring,  and  tUut  borses  were  now  bn?l 
light  and  fine  iat  the  aake  of  speed  only. 

Charles  1^  bowerer,  ardently  pumod  tin's  favonrite  object  of  Engllidi 
gentlemen ;  and,  a  little  befnre  but  mptnrc  with  tlio  parliament,  Mtablisbod 
lacee  in  Hyde  I'ark  and  at  Kcwniarket. 

We  owe  to  Charlca  I.  the  introduction  of  the  bit  into  uniTersal  Dse  in 
the  eandiy  terrioe,  and  genetally  out  of  it  The  invention  of  th«  bit  bae 
bean  ttaced  to  as  early  as  tlie  time  of  the  Roman  (Tmperura,  bat  Ibr  Mtne 
iBexplicahle  reason  it  bad  nut  been  adoptc-d  by  the  English.  Charlea  L, 
liowcver,  in  the  third  year  of  his  reign,  i^siieil  a  proclamation  stating  that 
mch  homett  as  are  employed  in  the  •erricc,  being  more  easily  managed 


ntsTom  or  ths  exgusq  uora.^ 

citttf^nl  and ' 
hnalii^— flo  peraoa  I 
Bi^  WMtffw,  bat  Ml  oo^. 
tiwHittwy  and  noBK  ras  nAlciwE 
■Otiwhat  too  twd  progw;  Jbr  there  is  on  ntori  »  —orM  ikmbbjiS 
toQiMl— ,  'tondiin^tbestBtaof  tlwkingdaai,  sod  tkedrfaeBf^of  good 
■mt  alont  hor<w  Cor  ila  ildcnoe^  «  ■^"''""■*  of  the  «tngng  Htdiction  inieb 
Itemtiea  had  to  ncing  and  lunting  hotwa,  wlikfc,  tar  Ute  mke  t£  *wit^ 
aiM^  wac*  of  a  lightsr  mkI  WMksr  bokIcL' 

Tbn  ctrQ  wan  MOMrarhat  wyinJcd  tlw  cnqab^  iato  tbii,  aad  aho  tte 
iftiiBaent  of  tlie  breed ;  jtt  the  advantai^  wlnofa  waa  derived  hj  botk 
yarliw  frm  *  liglit  and  actiT*  eavaby  mUBcienll;  ptond  tbe  napiKlanoa 
of  tba  ckaag9  uat  had  beva  cdcctcd.  CranwcU,  ptreeiiii^  witti  hk 
wmtad  igarity  liow  mncJ)  tfae«  pnrmiu  wcra  coaatciad  with  tka 
pnwyrily  of  lie  eonsby,  had  his  siaj  of  nK»Jiane>. 

At  the  BcatontioD  a  new  impulse  waa  given  to  the  cnJllvallea  of  tha 
hnn*  b;  the  inclinatioa  of  tho  covrt  to  patnmiM  gue^  and  dlMipatkm, 
Tbe  nec«  at  Xcmnarki^,  whii^h  had  been  Ibr  a  wfaQa  mmpumAtn,  wnv 
iwtond ;  bimI,  u  iia  adilitMiud  «{mr  to  emutaiioa,  rajal  phlea  were  Kivcn 
at  cttch  of  the  irindpal  oonraea.  Charles  II.  seat  hu  muter  of  the  iione 
to  tbe  t«va&t.  to  parefcaac  brood  tnir««  and  rtalliioas.  Tliese  were  prto- 
d{mUr  rtarlB  and  Tork*. 

3itam»  U-  litnl  in  too  atujaUi  a  jictkjiI  to  bo  cnnbiod  to  bMtow  latich 
tia«ai  Ilia  Bporte  of  the  turf  or  the  fit-Id.  He  haa,  hgweyer,  been  repre- 
fmtod  as  bdtagr  txet/tdmeijF  fowl  of  hmitiDg,  and  ahomag  §a  decided  a 
paCeeence  for  tbe  EngUiih  faorcc  an,  afln-  hui  abdieatioB.  to  have  aereral 
of  thatn  to  his  bULIm  in  Pnnoe.  Bervnger  ^leaka  of  Una  with  nuKfa 
feafia^: — '  He  ezpreaHal  a  pecaliar  aatiabcAioa  in  having  thetn,  and  that 
•i  a  tmc,  and  in  a  sitoatioii  in  aihich  it  i*  nataraJ  to  think  that  they  wn« 
rather  lilcelj  to  fanre  given  him  nncaiinvaa  aiMi-tnurlificalioii  than  lo  hare 
aflindedhim  pleaaore. 

WBfiam  III.,  and  Anne,  principally  at  the  instigatian  at  her  consort, 
Geoagi;  Pnarv  of  Dnunark,  wct«  ecalom  patrona  of  the  tarf,  and  tha 
sralKn  of  tmpramm-nt  »»«  tadanjij  punned ;  eveir  varie^  of  Fnitmi 
Uaod  wv>  occaaiouiUy  rnKnlled  on  onr  own,  and  the  anperioritf  of  the 
»ffwtjr>introdii«d  breed  abora  the  bc«t  of  the  original  stodc  began  to  be 
rvidoitk 

Sana  prwvmK  imagined  thai  tluji  ■jkvvI  aud  slontneM  might  poMdUjr  be 
farther  mcwaaed ;  and  Ur.  Oarhry,  in  the  latter  part  M  the  reign  of 
Qnaon  Aane,  hnd  reoooiw  to  tbo  diccardcd  and  deijiaad  Arabian.  Ho 
Ind  nnch  pnjndice  to  contaaid  with,  and  itwaaaomettmebefbrathehorae 
wlieh  hfl  aclectcd,  and  which  wia  anerwarda  known  by  the  name  of  the 
Cacin  Anfaian.  attnctcd  tnoch  notice.  At  length  the  value  of  his  pro- 
dace  uegao  to  be  recognised,  and  to  him  wo  are  mainly  indebted  for  a 
faned  of  bur  Ma  of  nncijonllrd  bcuaty.  speed,  and  itrviigth. 

Tbe  Wt  imprarvment  farruHLnl  dl  iliat  oootd  badenred  :  nor  waa  thia 
trae  only  of  ue  thanmgh-bred  or  tarf-honxy — it  wua  to  a  rer^  nMtnru] 
degnv  the  eaao  with  tm^j  deacription  of  horse.  By  a  jtnIi(Tou»  admix- 
tan  attd  pruportion  of  blond,  we  have  rendered  onr  hnntcnt,  oorhaofcneja, 
i — nay,  eren  our  cart-horaea,  abran^,  mons  active,  and  Bum 
,  than  they  were  before  thn  introduction  of  the  ntcc-borae. 

r  of  the  honw  in  EngUmi  is  a  very  inttrreating  one,    Tha 

1 — that  of  which  mmtiofi  in  fint  niad^'  in  history — seema  to 

,  valoaUe  oim.-.     The  Conqt»?ror  fairifii  awny  many  specimens 

r  werv  loni;  held  in  rvpuU-  in  fvcry  oountry  snbjngatml  by 

The  iuHtUr  situation  of  Itritnin,  and  iU  comparatively  Uttlo 

r 


THE  OirFERBNT  BBEEDS  OF  EXGLtSIl    HOBSES. 


nend  of  Ibe  w»r-Uor»c,  led  uuderacvenU  looD&rchs  to  a  culpable  defjirce  of 
ne^liftence;  and  althoagti,  perhaps,  on  iha  whole  the  English  were  nut 
&r  bolund  thoir  Cootiaontnl  ncigilibonrn,  yot  »t  no  pcriixl,  until  withui  tiie 
last  ccDtnry  and  a  half,  has  Ontat  Bribun  bmin  at  all  (li»tin^iabod  on 
thin  acconnt:  but  from  that  tiinu,  aad  vajKKiUll^r  during  the  latter  part 
of  it,  tha  Briliith  liorsf  has  bean  longbt  atW  in  CTery  port  of  thu  worliL 
There  ia  nothing  in  our  eliiMto  that  can  acooanl  for  this — Dothin;;  in  our 
Boil,  or  this  ffapcrior  cuccllcnoo  wonid  harn  l»mi  aclmowlcdgod  long  »gtK 
'The  grand  firel  muiu^,'  iaj'k  Mt.  Wkl  PerviviUI,  in  bin  intnxlniHory  loctare 
at  Univonntjr  Colk^i',  iu  183+,  *  — lli»l,  by  tbo  xtciuly  proms; ution  and 
xcicntiGu  nianaf^eraeul  of  wUiob  this  anoccas  has  been  brought  abuut, 
KjtpeftTs  to  me  to  be  breeding ;  hy  which  1  do  not  only  meaa  t^  procura- 
tion of  original  stock  of  a  good  description,  bat  the  oontinnal  progres* 
Bive  coItivAtion  of  that  ntnck  in  the  progwny  bjr  th«  greatMt  caro  in 
rearing  and  IcLsling,  and  by  tbe  moat  oarefnl  seleotion.  On  tlwHU)  two 
drcnnutafloea^  and  rartjcularly  on  the  latter,  a  groat  dwt  more  depend* 
than  on  tine  original  characters  or  attritral^M  nf  the  pnrenta.  By  tbe«e 
raeiukd  we  liavo  pragrcescd  from  good  to  bntter,  loniiig  niKht  of  no  subsidiaiy 
help,  ontil  wo  lutvc  attaittL-d  a  perfection  in  horau<fU«h  nnknown  in  the 
wbolt  world  bcitidii.' 

Tlio  lore  of  the  turf,  and  the  Anxiona  dotire  to  posaees  horsoa  of  nn- 
rivalled  cscelleuc«,  have  within  tbo  laat  twenty  years  eprcod  over  the 
Kuropeaa  coutinaat.  KvoiTwhcro  Ktnd-hoaars  hare  been  bailt  and 
periodioal  non  oetabtudicd,  and  uporting  wocictie*  formed  of  porcons  of 
the  greatest  weight  in  tlie  cominniiily,  and,  ewiywherc,  hmiIodk  ult(^mpI« 
have  been  made  to  improve  the  native  Btodt.  The  rouraen  of  thi'  Kiuit 
might  have  been  eaaily  procured — a  now  vnpply  of  Arabian  blood  might 
have  been  obtained  mnn  the  native  oountry  of  tlio  Bari):  bat  FreBOh, 
and  Italiann,  Cbmnan*,  Rnaxianji,  and  Flcmins;*,  barr  (locked  Ui  Iho  Hriliuh 
litlrs).  Thu  pnn:  blood  of  the  prwenl  Barb  and  Ambian  has  bi^n  post- 
poned, and  aU  hare  deeply  diawn  ttoai  that  of  the  tliorouKb-bred  Engbiih 
lionie.  This  is  a  circiunataiioe  with  ivgard  to  which  thcrri  is  no  dispute. 
It  is  a  matter  of  hi«tory— and  it  la  highly  crrditablo  to  oar  sporting 
and  brvndvts.  Mr.  Pcrmvall  has  riflliUv  statisl  the  canae,  bnt  there 
■omo  oiraimsianoes  conuecied  with  tJiis  jire-i-minence  that  may  gira 
oocaaion  for  aerions  roHoction,  and  which  will  bo  be&t  considuml  «»  the 
rcnpectiro  breed*  of  bones  pose  in  review. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

TBB   DtrPERP-KT   BRERnS  OF   EKGL18U   noit8£&. 
THE    KACE-HOSSE. 

Thbib  waa  much  dispute  with  rc^rard  to  the  origin  of  the  t\onniah  hmS 
iomr.  By  eomo  he  was  traced  tbrouKb  both  stm  and  dnm  to  Bastem 
parentage ;  while  others  bclievc<l  him  to  be  the  native  horx.',  impnived  and 
perfected  hy  jndicioua  croMing  with  the  Barb,  the  Talk,  or  the  Arabiao. 
'  The  Stnd.Book.'  whii-h  is  an  authority  adcnowledged  by  ereiy  Bnghah 
brwdor,  tntros  all  the  old  racers  to  some  Eastern  origin,  or  at  least  until 
tbo  pedigree  is  lost  in  the  nnccrtainty  of  an  wirly  prricMl  of  breeding. 
If  die  poligrec  of  a  racer  of  the  pment  day  is  reciniivd,  it  i»  traced 
back  to  a  oottain  extent,  and  ends  with  a  well-known  raoor ;    or  if  an 


TOB  KAce-HOBSR. 

cwljfr  dmrmliaa  m  nqund,  llart  CMk  dtber  witli  an  EMtern  bone  or  in 

It  b  now  mIimUwI  t&at  tbe  preseot  Ei^lisb  Ututvogli-bTed  bone  u  of 


r.i^-' 


mi  ooccvkt" 


(brcign  ezt>*ct*on,  intprond  acd  perfected  far  the  infliutDM  of  'flnny^^  mai 
Hiligjinl  caltintion.  'ni«n  ai«  tome  excvpUoiw,  a*  in  the  mm»  of  Snap- 
•oa  and  Bajr  lUbm,  in  e«oh  of  which,  klthontrh  the  hest  horaea  of  their 
dkj,  there  WMneriMB  of  vulgar  bVwd:  but  tb^  ve  onljr  derationa  from  s 
gcnanl  relc  In  ottr  bort  ncing-sUblee  this  is  an  acknowledged  pmciplc ; 
■ad  it  n  not,  wbm  pmpcrifoonsidertd,  in  tbv  slightest  dem*  derogatoT; 
lo  the  endit  oT  onr  oooDtrr-  The  Brituh  climate  and  British  bIoII  made 
tfae  thnoqgh-bml  hone  what  he  in. 

ne  bcnntifbl  tnlca  of  Eacteni  coontriea  and  Kimcwhnt  n.tnn>tc  daya  oiajr 
lead  B8  lo  imagine  that  the  Anhian  horse jmnHi-wirs  ntan-t^Uuiia  powers: 
bat  il  casDOt  adimt  of  a  doubt  thai  tbi?  Rn(;1i>b-t  mined  Iiom  ta  moro 
■tifU  and  fiu*  awifVr  and  stont«r  thns  the  jtullj-faiixd  coanen  of  tbo 
In  the  baming  plains  of  the  Bast  and  the  froacn  climate  of 
,  he  hna  inrariabljr  bentm  even  antai^oniirt  on  hb  native  mmnd. 
It  hna  bBm  itlMdjr  stated  that,  a  Unr  yemn  nga,  RMrnit,  ati  Knglinb 
bonn  of  modnats  rcpntntion,  wurily  beat  Pjrnunus,  tbc  bent  Arabian  on 
the  Bengal  aide  of  India.  . 

It  moat  not  be  objected  that  the  number  of  EajitCTti  horsee  imported  la 
Ikr  too  amall  to  prodoci:  bo  nnmerxnis  a  proifcny.  It  will  he  recollected 
that  tha  ihoaaaadaur  wild  lior«<«  on  tbc  plat»s  of  Bonth  Amrricado- 
a-andfd  ftmn  only  twi>  .Ttulliuua  and  fonr  miuva,  which  tliv  carijr  Spanish 
ardrentama  Wl  beliUul  thi-in.  ^ 

Whatever  mar  be  tl»  truth  a»  to  thi."  origin  of  the  raoe-horae,  VM 


fi8 


THE   DIKt-ERGNT  BIEEEDS  OP   EXOLIRII    llOBSSS. 


"1 


KtricteotaUenlion  has  for  tlie  Iwit  hutxlrvd  jean  boon  paid  Va  hiK  podigrro. 
In  tlie  descent  of  almost  orcnr  niodf^ni  rnn-r,  not  tW  slif^hteiiit  flaw  enn  bo 
discoTei«l :  or  whm,  with  tnc  Mplcndut  cxn^ptions  of  Sanipsi>n  and  Rav 
MshoD,  OBQ  drop  nf  oommon  bltHul  Iion  ininglctil  vritb  the  purv  ■Imtm,  it 
liM  beta  immodintcliF'  iletu-'U'd  in  ulie  iiiftrriority  of  form  and  deficit-acj*  of 
staBuna,  and  if  has  rttjuirvd  two  or  tluw  gi-iUTrations  to  wipe  awajr  tbo 
stain  and  gt-t  rid  of  itii  cuDHi-queiice^ 

Th<!  lUCPr  iH  ((viwmlly  diatiugiiialit-d  by  hi«  bcautifnl  Arafaiftn  besd  i 
tapcnim  and  6neljr-M-t-ou  ULfk  ;  obli<(ui:  lengthened  shouMors  ;  wett-bont 
luud«r  legs;  aiuple.  luuticuUr  (iiuu-U.-r!t;  flat  legs,  rather  iihnrt  from  tho 
knee  downward,  allhuuj^U  wit  al  waj-h  hi  dvup  an  tliry  Khniild  he ;  and  his 
long  and  elastic  pattern.  Tlies«  will  be  Mipanal«:ly  Vtinxidcrvd  wlivn  the 
etnuttore  of  the  borso  ia  treated  of. 

The  Darley  Arabian  wan  the  t^atvat  of  our  beat  racing  uttK-k,  He  waa 
porchased  by  Mr.  Darley'a  brotlier  at  Aleppo,  and  waa  hn-d  in  the  uvigb- 
boarin^  desi-rt  of  I'almjTa.  llis  iigaro  trontained  every  point,  without 
inneb  fihow,  that  could  be  desired  in  it  tarf-horsc 

The  immediate  descoDdnnts  of  thin  invaluable  horee  wore  the  Devon- 
shiroor  Vlyiag  Childora;  tbo  BWding  ur  Barttott's  Childers,  who  was 
iMiTvr  tinned  i  Altaamtor,  and  olhort. 


Hf- 


i" 


-:^t 


n.vim  cKnnuu. 

The  two  Cbildera  wero  the  mranit  ihroiigh  wliich  tlie  blood  and  fiuneof 
their  aire  were  widely  cirrnlnUil ;  and  fnim  tliem  deacended  aitolher  C'hil- 
derv,  ntaif.  Snap,  Sanp«nn.  F^-lipue,  and  a  lioat  of  exooUcnt  tiorsea. 

The  Drviniidiire  or  Mying  Cliildera,  ao  called  (kim  tlte  name  of  hi« 
bimlor,  Mr.  Childera.  of  Curr  House,  and  the  sale  of  him  to  the  Dakv  of 
D^rouifain.  was  tbn  flnrtext  horac  of  his  day.  lie  wan  at  Rrst  tnuncd  a*  a 
hnnl«r,  but  the  fiuperior  BfH.i'd  and  coninge  which  he  discoTerad  caniwd 
biin  lo  be  sunn  irniwATTwl  to  the  torf.  Common  rrport  affirms  tltat  ha 
ooald  run  a  milu  in  a  nunnt«;  hut  thero  in  no  authentic  nicord  of  this. 
ChDders  nn  over  the  round  conrwt  at  Newmarket  (tlirve  milns  idx  fnr- 
\aofC»  and  nini-tylhiw  yartts)  in  aix  nitnntea  and  forty  wconda,  aud  tlia 


BACE-nOBSB.  fB 

I  (fear  miles,  one  farUm^,  and  ono  bnndivd  &di)  thirty^dfthl 
wdi)  ia  ttmm  numtee  and  liiirtv  «ct-»nd».  In  177:2,  »  miJo  wu  nui  by 
rtwfcil  in  one  nmmfe  and  fonr  seconds. 

In  17^  Bay  lEaJton.  the  propertj  of  the  ]LlBr(|iiis  of  Rockiogluut),  nm 
Ibe  (bar-mile  coarse  at  York  m  seven  mmutiai  iind  ror^-threo  aetModu,  this 
liSn^  iCTea  Meoods  le»  tiato  than  it  had  ev«r  lM«n  aocompliahcd  in  Ikefon:. 
Sene  of  thceo  old  odm  couI>I  ran  last  as  well  aa  rioiiilT.  Twcntj  je^n 
■AerwmHs  tliera  ma  ft  WnnUfal  hotw.  the  son  <>f  Eolt)iHc,  and  inheriting 
ft  gwl  poftioii  of  faia  Epxd  without  his  stoutuMs.  Hh  wun  almoutt  m»y 
wlin  r»nr  fiirirfaich  ho  ran,  bat  ho  noror  could  accomplish  a  fanr-mth;  an*. 
Be  hvoke  down,  in  1779,  ranning  orcr  the  BeftOOn  cooree. 

One  of  the  moat  reallg  m-vvto  racM  that  ever  me  ran  took  pUea  nt 
Cbriiilein  1761.    Tbcro  was  do  le»  than  six  heats,  and  two  of  them  driul 
Htcb  of  the  six  was  honestly  contested  bjr  the  winning  homo : 
be  Tan  in  good  earocst  twenty-four  miles:   nt  Ihcro  was  no 
;  down,  dot  any  scoootit  of  Um>  slightest  injnry  tvrcivcd. 

are  aorae  additional  instances  of  the  min^^lnl  gpoed  and 
I  of  t£en  honea,  and  dcserrc  to  bo  placed  on  rconrd : — 
1ft  October,  l~4l,  at  theCnnagb  meetingin Inland,  Mr.  WiJde  sngased 
to  lido  ooe  fanndml  awl  twt-uty-aeren  milca  in  nine  lioun.  He  porfbrmed 
it  in  Bx  hoim  and  twenty-one  miuutrs.  He  rmployis]  t^n  horsos,  and, 
allowing  for  monntini;  and  diamoouuug,  tauX  ii  moment  for  refrndimcnt,  ho 
nda  dimng  «x  hours  at  the  rate  of  twi-uty  uiilca  an  liour. 
"     Thocidiill,  in  174o,  eacceded  this;  for  h«  rude  from  Stilton  to 


Ut^oa  and  back,  and  afi^ain  to  Txmdnn,  beinp  two  hundred  and  tliirtccn 
iBil«,ni  elenn  hoora  aiwi  Ihirty-four  minulee.  Thssamounte,  after  allow- 
tu  the  l»»t  pawiblp  time  for  ehanifmjf  howca,  to  Iweiity  mitea  an  boor 


m^ 


rvn  bnan,  ami  nn  the  tnmpike-road  and  nnoven  grofiod. 

Bhift^.^  io  1762,  with  leu  hotws,  and  lire  of  tLem  ridden  twwft. 


I 


70 


THK    DIPrKRBST   BRBEDS  OF  KSOLISH   IIOESES. 


ftooompUshed  fifty  milea  and  n  qnjirtor  m  one  hour  nnd  forty-nine  mmiilo*. 
Inl?^,  howonftBliUiaoreMtnionlmftryinntch.  Bsenmiged  to  prociini 
a  porson  to  rido  one  hnndml  mUca  a  day  for  twenty-nine  d«y».hiiving  any 
iniBiborof  horaw  not  cxcccdiug  twcaity-nim-  from  which  lt>  nuik«  hia  hl'Uk- 
lion.  H«  uocompliiihcd  it  on  fonrtwn  horwas;  but  on  oiio  day  he  waa 
«Mni«]kil  to  ride  a  huudtwd  and  iiixty  miles,  on  ncconnt  of  the  tiring  of 

his  ftret  horeo- 

Mr.  UuU'b  Quibblor,  howcvi-r,  iiflbrdcd  the  roost  uitraoniiniiiT  miiUtion 
on  rccwd,  "f  the  itoatuciw  lu  wt-U  as  spcod  of  the  moo-hontc.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1788,  bo  ran  twpnty-tlirew  mi  loaronndtbo  flat  at  Nownu»Tk«t,ia  filly. 

aoTcn  nunutea  and  ten  necoodfl. 

EuUpM  WM  got  by  U&Tsk,  a  gmndaun  of  IhirtlcU  »  Chililcre,  nna  hia 
pedigree  affonU  a  aiiif^lar  illnBtmUon  of  tho  dcsrewit  of  our  thorongh-bn-d 
BDtsea  from  pure  Kaelcni  bltnid  : — 


'  •lilMfa  (klUm 


IwnW 


ihni»>  naa  !•■• 


Lp(i«tw*'  < 


[Oki^ftHrar 


OhiIim-' 


fBifalw. 


{llid«r*Ul  MMiB. 
!»(■»•  at     J  ■>■•>•  fl.Uut  T>rt. 

lou  VUkM.  b*  Uulbrt 

'Hin  pedignw  of  Ecltpiu  will  lilcewiao  aBbfd  tmoliier  corioOB  illuiitratian 
of  thu  uncwrUiiiity  which  att^nda  thorongh-bred  horsee.  Hank  wm  sold 
at  tho  sale  of  tho  Uiike  of  Oiimlwrland'a  Btad  for  a  niero  trifle,  nnil  iriw 
rafTcrcd  to  run  alnuwt  wild  on  tJio  New  KoreKt.  Ilo  wm  aTb-rwarda 
panshoaed  for  one  tbomaud  KnitiiiM,  atid  bt'fom  Iiih  donth  raveriHl  for  <in« 
Dundred  (foiuoaa.  Squirt,  when  the  proju-rty  of  Sir  Uniry  Harpnr,  vtaa 
ordered  to  be  sliot ;  and  while  he  irM  actaally  boiii);  Ii-U  tu  tlie  dog-keunel, 
he  was  spared  nt  tho  inttrocnioD.  oTono  of  Sir  Harry's  f^roum^.  Noitli«r 
Bartlctt'a  Cliildcra,  nor  Snake,  were  tmo!  tnined.  On  tho  side  of  Ihe  dnm, 
SpiloUa  never  started  but  oiu'o  and  was  bmtoD;  and  tho  Oodnlphin 
Arahinn  was  pnrckased  from  a  water  cart  in  Puriit 

Eclipae  was  bred  by  tho  Onku  of  Cumberland,  aiul  Hold  at  bis  death  to 
Mr.  ^\  ildman,  a  sheep  salMuan,  for  serenty-five  gutueaa.  Colonel  O'Kelly 
piarcha««d  a  share  of  him  from  Wildman.  In  the  spring  of  the  following 
year,  when  tho  ropntation  of  tlii«  wonderful  animal  waa  at  ita  height, 
O'Kellr  wished  to  bFcocno  nolo  owner  of  him,  and  bought  tho  remaining 
sham  lor  dcnm  huuilrfd  ^incaa. 

Eolipae  was  whai  was  termed  a  tluck- winded  hone,  and  poffed  and 
Kwnd  so  M  to  be  heard  at  a  oonndonble  distance.  For  thia  or  aome  oth«r 
caa»e,  he  was  not  brought  on  tho  tarf  ontil  ho  was  Bre  years  old. 

O'Kclhr,  awnro  of  hia  borae'a  pownni,  had  backed  bim  froety  on  his  first 
raee^  in  M^y  I7C9.  This  exctt4.-<l  onriiuity,  or,  pt^rhapa,  ronaod  Knji]iicioii, 
■od  aomo  peraoiia  attempted  to  watch  one  of  bin  trial*.  Mr.  Juhn  Iaw> 
ranca  says,  that, '  tliey  wcro  a  liitJo  too  late  i  bat  Ihoy  found  an  old  woman 
vho  gavo  tlicm  all  tho  infin-mation  thoy  wanted.  On  inquiring  whether 
aho  bad  seen  a  ntoe,  aha  n-pljixl  aho  could  not  toll  whetlier  it  waa  a  ra«o  or 


J 


TUB    R-VCE-HORSK. 


tl 


» 


k 


^^  but  that  ilia  bad  just  inva  a  htirm!,  with  a  whit«  le^,  ranniiig  away  at 
•  BMHUAnms  nto,  and  another  hono  a  urcut  wuy  behind,  ir>'iu;;  to  run 
after  him ;  but  she  was  Bora  ho  would  never  aitvli  liiu  whito-loggcd  horse 
if  b»  nm  to  the  world's  end.' 

The  first  heat  vms  casitjr  iron,  whon  O'Ki^lly,  obeeTviug  tlmt  thu  rid«F 
hikd  bt«fi  pnlKoK  at  Bolipno  duriag  thu  wholp  of  tlio  race,  oifered  a  wager 
that  he  ulaccd  (Le  honea  in  the  ucxt  limt.  l^U  imunuid  a  thing  so  highly 
improbable,  that  he  immediatelj  had  b«HA  to  a  large  amotint,  lloirif? 
caUad  onto  daclan,  be  replied, 'ficlipee  first,  and  thereat  nowluoxi!'  TW 
«nnt  jnatified  his  invdiction,  for  all  tho  others  were  distonoed  by  Ectipan 
vitb  taa  greatest  caao,  and  thus,  in  tho  longttagv  of  tho  tnrf^  they  had 
no  place. 

In  the  spring  of  tho  followinpr  year,  ho  butt  Mr.  Wtiitwortli'»  Bnix^ 
phalos,  who  had  ney«r  bcforo  met  with  his  eqoal.  Two  tbiyn  iifUirwitrdis 
Be  dislancod  Mr.  Stmdo's  Pensioner,  avcry  f^d  boree  ;  and  tn  tlio  Auj^ibI 
of  tlw  Huno  fear,  bo  won  tho  great snbacnption  nt  York.  No  hone  daring 
lo  mlor  againat  him,  be  doeed  fain  short  career,  of  gorcniveii  tnontlix,  by 
■•Ikinff  ov«r  tbe  Hevmatket  course  for  the  Kiiis's  plate,  on  Ookibvr  tho 
18th,  1770.  Ha  was  nerer  beaten,  nor  eror  paid  forfeit,  and  won  for  hia 
owner  man  than  twvntr-fivo  tho'iisand  pounds. 

Bdipao  was  aftorwnrds  employed  na  n  Htnllinn,  niid  prodncod  tho  cxim- 
ordinary  nomber  of  three  hondred  and  tlitrty.fuur  winnrrH,  and  thcAO 
iirlt«<l  to  their  owners  nion;  than  I60,O00J.  uioluaivi-  «f  jilutca  and  t;u|Ki. 
The  prodace  of  King  Ucrod,  a  dceceudant  of  Flyiii;;  Cliildent.  was  uvi-ii 
auttv  nanMirons,  Ho  got  n"  Ipsa  than  four  hiindrod  and  niiiety>sevon 
winoers,  who  gninrd  for  thi-ir  proprirt/irn  npw-nrds  of  two  handrod  Ihoo- 
aand  poondB.     Highflyer  was  »  Hon  of  King  llei\<i.t. 

The  pitofit  bruusbt  to  the  owuvr  of  Ki'lipHo  by  litis  services  as  a  stallion 
anat  have  been  iDunense,  It  is  said  Ihat  ton  ynm  attc^r  ]it\  wns  with- 
drawn from  tha  tnrf,  O'Kelly  w»s  aekcul  »t  wliut  prii'i;  ho  would  null  liim. 
At  first  ho  peremptorily  romscd  to  i>cil  him  at  auj  price,  but  after  some 
reSection,  He  said  that  ho  would  take  2^,0001.,  with  an  annnity  cf  5001.  a 
nar  on  bis  own  life,  and  the  aimunl  prtvile;^  of  sending  six  mares  to 
aim-  The  seeming  cxlravaf^ouco  of  the  snm  eieit'od  oonxidernble  reniArk ; 
bat  O'KellT  decbuvd  that  bo  bad  alroodv  clcttrrd  muri'  than  2.^,000^  by 
him,  and  uiat  he  woa  yonng  cnongh  still  to  oaru  doublo  Umt  mm.  In 
bet,  bo  did  live  nearly  ton  juara  afterwards,  covering  at  50  guineas  a 
man!,  for  some  part  of  iho  lime ;  bnt  his  foot  having  ht-cn  carelessly  and 
CTuelly  neftl«l«l,  ho  became  firandrmd.  Hiw  iWt  rapidiv  grew  wiirao 
and  worae  until  bo  was  a  very  unccrtjiin  foul- get tCT ;  and  tlio  viilno  of  his 
pngua  waa  more  than  snspucted.  He  died  in  Febmiu-y  1789,  at  tho 
Bcs  of  twenty-five  years.  Of  tho  beauty  and  yet  the  peculiarity  of 
hia  form  thvcv  lias  been  mach  dispnto.  His  lownoas  boforo  wns  evident 
enODj^  and  was  a  matter  of  objection  and  reproach  among  those 
iriko  oould  not  SCO  how  abundantly  this  was  redeemed  by  tho  extent 
and  obliqoity  of  tho  shoulder,  the  hroadness  of  tho  loins,  tho  ample 
and  fincly.pioportioned  quarters,  and  tho  swelling  and  Uie  eiteot — 
the  sloping  and  the  power  of  tho  mumbles  of  the  fore-arm,  and  of 
(he  Ihiglia. 

A  little  before  tho  death  of  Eclipse,  M.  St.  Bel,  the  founder  of  tho 
retarinarr  CoUego  in  St.  Pancrwa.  had  arrived  from  France.  In  teaching 
tb*  ymeD  pupils  tho  general  conformation  of  the  horse,  and  the  just  pn>- 
portiona  of  his  Tai-ioim  parts,  it  hiul  been  nvctesary  that  refcrcnco  should 
MinBido  toso«ne  horse  of  aclcn<iwloiiE«l  tacollenco.  It  octmrrcd  to  St.  Bel 
tint  this  extraordinary  and  nnhcati-n  horse  would  ho  the  propi-r  atoutlard 
to  which  the  Eogliah  Rtudcnt  might  be  referred  fore  timiuir  purpose,  and. 


n  THB  DIFFEBENT  BUEEDS  OF  ENQUSU   HORSEa 

with  conBiilerable  trouble,  he  formed  an  accnrato  scale  of  the  proportJoiu 
of  this  noble  ftnitnal.     It  is  oa  follows : — 

raotoanom  or  Bcurn. 
Although  it  ii  perfsetl;  trua,  uitawd  bj  Mr.  Blains,  in  hii  'OutlinM  of  the  Viterinnrj 
Alt,'  that  '  for  racing,  we  reqaire  that  tha  amUsat  poaaiblo  quiuitil^  of  boDC,  sod  muaelv, 
and  aintrw,  ahonJd  b«  eot  into  the  nnaUeat  bulk,  and  that,  in  adJitiun  to  ETcat  flexibility 
and  aoma  length,  the  limbs  must  be  strongly  nailed,  the  chait  deap  aaiTcaiVLcioua,  and 
the  hinder  eitremitiea  fitmislied  vith  powerful  masclei ;  for  hunting,  we  must  hnre  a 
aimilar  yet  lomewhat  bnlkier  hone,  with  powerful  loins,  and  more  powerAil  qnaitan,  and 
tixi  (he  iaetna/,  while  ve  nndarralua  not  the  etreDgth  of  the  loins  and  the  quaiten,  we 
look  mora  to  the  aleratcd  withen,  aod  the  deep  and  miuiCDtar  shoulders,  and  the  stnu^t 
and  well-fonned  leg ;'  yet  then  is  a  nearer  and  a  truer  proportion  between  the  eererul 
puts  of  these  kiodnd  animals  than  many  parsons  are  disposed  to  allow;  and  this  sketch 
of  them  in  Eclipse,  will  not  only  be  interesting,  bat  nsefnl,  to  the  general  horseman. 
The  length  of  the  head  of  the  horse  [s  supposed  to  be  diTidad  into  twcaty-two  equal 

parts,  which  ore  the  common  mensure  for  erery  piut  of  the  body. 
Three  heads  and  thirteen  parts  will  give  the  height  of  the  horse  from  the  foretop  to  tha 

gnmnd. 
Three  beads  Crom  the  wither*  to  the  ground- 
Three  heads  from  the  rump  to  the  groand. 
Tbma  heads  and  three   parts  the  whole  length  of  the  body,  trma  the  most  prominanl 

paJt  of  (ha  cheat  to  tna  eitn-mity  of  the  buttocks. 
Two  nends  and  twenty  parts  the  height  of  the  body,  tlirough  the  middle  of  the  centre 

of  gravity. 
Two  heude  snd  peTrn  pnrts.  the  htigbt  of  Ibc  highest  pnrt  of  the  chest  fmm  the  proand. 
Two  hends  sad   Hva  parts,  the  height  of  tha  perpPodicuUr  line  which  fnlU  fnim  the 

articulation  of  the  arm  with  the  shoulder,  directly  to  the  hoof 
Om  bead  and  twenty  parts,  the  height  of  the  perpaudirular  line  which  falls  from  the 

top  of  tha  fore-leg,  diriding  equally  aU  its  parts  to  tha  fetlook. 
One  head  and  nineteen  parts,  the  heiglit  of  the  perpendicular  line  from  the  elbow  to  the 

Kronnd. 
One  head  and  nineteen  pnits,  the  distance  from  the  top  of  the  wither*  to  thp  stifle. 

The  Sana  meaanre  aUo  gives  the  distance  from  the  top  of  the  rump  to  the  elbow. 
One  and  a  half  head,  (he  leu^h  of  the  neek  from  the  withers  to  the  top  of  the  head- 

The  same  measure  also  gives  the  length  of  the  neck  from  the  top  of  (he  bead  to 

its  insciiioD  into  the  cbeat. 
Olo  head,  the  width  of  the  neck  at  its  anion  with  the  cheaL 
Twelre  parts  of  a  h<«d,  the  width  uf  the  neck  in  its  narrowest  part. 
The  same  mMSare  gives  the  breadth  of  the  head  taken  below  the  eyes. 
One  head  and  four  ports,  the  thickness  of  the  body  fmm  the  middle  of  the  back  to  thr 

middle  of  tha  belly. 
The  same  measure  give*  the  breadth  cS  the  body. 
Also  the  runup  from  its  summit  to  the  eitrcmitj  of  the  buttocks. 
Also  the  distnncii  from  the  root  of  lh>'  tail  10  the  stifle. 
Also  the  length  from  tha  stifle  to  the  hock. 
Also  tha  beight  from  the  extremity  of  the  tioof  to  the  horic. 

TwentT  parts  of  a  bead,  the  distance  frum  the  extremity  uf  the  buttocks  10  tha  stifle. 
Also  the  breadth  of  the  rump  or  croop. 

Ten  parts  of  a  head,  iha  breadth  of  the  forc-lcgs  from  their  anterior  part  to  the  elbow. 
Ten  parts  of  a  head,  tlie  breadth  of  one  of  the  hind-legs  taken  beneath  tho  fold  uf  th' 

buttocks. 
Eight  partt  of  a  hukd,  the  breadth  uf  the  ham  taken  from  the  bend. 
Alao  tha  brandth  of  the  head  above  the  uustrils. 

Seven  parts  of  a  bead,  the  distance  of  the  eyes  from  one  great  sngla  tv  the  uther. 
Also  the  distance  between  the  fore.legs. 
Five  parts  of  a  head,  the  thickness  of  the  kner*s. 
Also  the  breadth  of  the  fore-legs  above  the  knees. 
Also  the  thickness  of  the  hams. 

Foot  saits  of  a  head,  the  breadth  of  the  pastern,  or  fetlock  juiut. 
Also  the  thickness  of  the  eomni't, 

Fonrand  a  half  pans  of  the  heud,  the  breadth  of  the  rumnet, 
Thre«  parts  of  a  head,  tho  thiekiiims  of  ibv  legs  at  Ilii'ii  narruweat  part. 
Also  the  breadth  of  tho  hinder  legs  or  slianks. 

Two  and  threeHiaarlpr  parts  of  a  head,  tha  thicknca*  of  the  liind-pasteniB. 
Also  tho  breadth  of  Iha  shanks  of  the  fore-legs. 

Two  and  a  qnarler  part*  uf  a  head,  the  thickneas  of  the  fure-pastcms. 
Abo  the  breadth  of  the  liind-pasterns. 
Om  Md  lIuM^aaHra'  parts  of  a  head,  the  tltiAim*  of  (k  Ion  and  bind  ahank*. 


THE   BACB-HORSE.  73 

Uote  than  twentj  years  after  tJie  Darloy  Arabian,  and  when  the  valae 
of  the  Arabian  blood  was  fully  eatablished.  Lord  Godolphin  poflses§cd  a 
beantifiil  but  aingnlarly-shaped  horse,  wluch  he  called  an  Anbian,  bat 
which  waa  really  a  Barb.  His  crest,  lofty  and  arched  almoBt  to  a  &nlt, 
will  fjiatingoiah  him  from  every  other  horse. 

It  will  likewise  be  seen  from  the  cnt  (p.  19),  that  he  had  a  sinking 
behind  his  shooldors,  almost  as  pecoliar,  and  a  corresponding  elevation  of 
the  spine  towards  the  kiins.  His  mozzle  waa  nncommonly  fine,  his  head 
beantiiiilly  set  on,  his  shonlden  capacious,  and  his  quarters  well  spread 
oat.  He  was  boaght  in  France,  where  he  was  actually  einployed  in 
drawing  a  c&rt ;  and  when  he  was  afterwards  presented'  to  Lord  Godolphin, 
he  was  in  that  nobleman's  stad  a  considerable  time  before  his  valoe  was 
discovered.  It  was  not  antil  the  birth  of  Lath,  one  of  the  first  horses  of 
that  period,  that  his  excellence  began  to  be  appreciated.  He  was  then 
styled  an  Arabian,  and  became,  in  even  a  greater  degree  than  the  Darley, 
the  foonder  of  the  modem  thorongh-bred  horses.  He  died  in  1753,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-nine. 

An  {ntimate  friendship  sabeisted  between  ^'m  and  a  cat,  which  either 
sat  on  his  back  when  he  was  in  the  stable,  or  nestled  as  closely  to  him  as 
she  conld.  At  his  death,  she  began  to  refiise  her  food,  and  pined  away, 
and  died. — Mr.  Holcroft  gives  a  similar  relation  of  the  attachment  between 
a  race-horse  and  a  cat,  which  the  courser  would  take  in  his  month  and 
place  in  his  manger  and  upon  his  back  without  hurting  her.  Chillaby, 
called  from  his  great  ferocity  the  Mad  Arabian,  whom  one  only  of  the 
grooms  dared  to  approach,  and  who  savt^ly  tore  to  pieces  the  image  of 
»  man  that  was  purposely  placed  iu  his  way,  had  his  peculiar  attachment 
to  a  lamb,  who  ased  to  employ  himself  for  many  an  hoar  in  butting  away 
the  flies  from  his  friend. 

Another  foreign  horse,  waa  the  Welleslcy  Arabian ;  the  very  picture  of 
a  beaatiinl  wild  horse  of  the  desert.  His  precise  country  waa  never 
determined.  He  ifl  evidently  neither  a  perfect  Barb,  nor  a  perfect  Arabian, 
but  from  some  neighbouring  province,  where  both  the  Barb  and  Arabian 
wonld  expand  to  a  more  perfect  liibiesB  of  form.  This  horse  has  been 
erroneously  selected  as  the  pattern  of  a  superior  Arabian,  and  therefore 
we  have  introduced  him  :  few,  however,  of  his  produce  were  trained  who 
can  add  much  to  his  repntation. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  last  century,  when  public  rac^  had  been 
established  in  the  neighbourhood  of  almost  every  lai^  town,  and  when 
many  of  them  were  especially  patronised  by  royalty,  tJthoagh  there  waa 
sufficient  opportonily  given  for  the  value  of  the  young  stock  to  be  ei- 
hibited,  or  at  least  guessed  at,  the  contest  principaDy  lay  among  the  ndultd. 
— The  kind  of  contest  which  was  best  calculated  to  try  the  worth  of  the 
horse,  and  to  promote  the  actual  improvement  of  the  breed,  was  one  of 
mingled  speed  and  endurance.  They  were  mostly  heats  for  distances  of 
three  or  four  miles.  Occasionally  they  were  for  greater  lengths,  even  ox- 
tending  to  six  or  eight  miles  ;  and  in  one  case,  when  the  Puke  of  Qaecns- 
berry's  Dash  beat  Lord  Barrymore's  Highlander,  twelve  miles.  This, 
however,  was  cruel  and  absurd,  and  never  established  itself  among  the 
best  supporters  of  the  turf. 

Four  miles  constituted  the  avenge  distance,  not  only  for  king's  plates, 
hut  for  simple  matches;  and  the  horses  did  not  sleep  on  their  way. 
There  were  04:casionally  as  extraordinary  bursts  of  speed  as  are  now  wit- 
nessed in  our  mile  and  a  half  races. 

Did  the  horses  of  those  days  come  to  any  extraordinary  harm  ?  Did 
they  ruin  themselves  by  the  exertion  of  one  day  and  appear  no  more  ? 
The  ancmymooa  writer  of  a  most  interesting  and  valuable  work — '  A 


74 


TUB   DIFPBnE.VT  BBKBDS  OF  EKGMSII   noRSES. 


ComiiumtiTA  Tieir  of  tka  Engluih  Rmict  nnd  Suldla  Honw  daring  tho 
laiA  mid  Prf«i-ut  Ooturtea ' — mentioDs  a  horse  <^iiU«d  Esolii!,  tli*t  wiw 
OD  Iho  turf  «l«Teu  yoara.  '  We  do  not  know,'  aaya  our  author,  '  how 
nugr  times  ho  stnrtcd  during  this  period,  but  in  tho  oonrse  of  it  h«  won 
UgbitMti  titnrx.  In  hi*  Mvcnth  jrcnr  on  thp  turf  h«  won  »  mce  ftt  P«t«r- 
borpugfa  ooDHLCtwg  of  four  htsits  of  four  miloi  inch.' 

'Foot  borves  wene  hmidicaopcd  hy  Dr.  B«lly«o  nt  Neirrnntln-undcr- 
Ljme— Sir  John  Egertoo's  Ast«uiy,  lAr.  Mitlou'a  Hiuidt.-!,  Sir  W.  Wyiitni'ii 
TwmgoD,  and  Sir  Thomas  Stanlor'a  Cedrio.  The  followin}^  tfoa  tlic 
result: — Of  tiu>  fimt  tJiroo  hf-ntA  thrro  wne  no  winner.  Tarragon  and 
Kuidvl  being  nnch  time  none  and  lUMte,  and,  although  Axtbarf  wiw  slnt^d 
to  have  bc«n  thirtl  in  tho  first  hmt,  yet  he  was  so  nenrly  on  a  level  with 
tho  othora,  that  ther«  was  a  difflcnltj  of  pbcing  him  an  ciieh.  Atlnr  tho 
aeooad  beat,  the  steward  requested  two  OHMV  gentlemen  to  took  with  liiin 
steadily  as  thoy  caro«,  to  trjr  to  decide  in  taroai  of  one  of  tJiem,  but  it 
was  impoisihlc  to  do  so.  In  thu  third  dead  heat  Tarragon  and  Handel 
had  strng^tcd  with  en^^h  otlittr  until  tluTV  reeled  abont  as  if  tliey  woro 
dmok,  and  could  Kitrceljr  carry  tJieir  riiU-rs  to  the  t>cal('!i.  Anthury,  who 
had  laid  by  aflvr  tlie  first  heat.,  theu  uuuo  out  aud  won.  The  anriab  of 
the  turf  canoot  produce  another  such  contest,  founded  on  a  thorongfa 
kDowle<lt,>e  of  tJte  borsos,  their  aces,  and  their  preriouB  running.' 

'in  17:37,  Blaelc  ChancKs  >t  tivo  ycara  old,  won  a  nlnto  at  Dvrham, 
cairring  10  hL  With  the  same  weight  he  won  the  I^idiifi'  plalu  at  Tovk, 
in  that  year.  lu  1738,  he  won  the  kind's  plute  at  Guildfun),  beatuti^ 
BovenJ  horses.  He  woo  the  plate  alao  at  SoUsbory,  at  Winchester,  at 
Lewes,  and  at  Lincoln — fire  king's  plates  in  one  season,  and  every  mce 
four  pules  and  contcstotl.  The  same  hoi-»n  was  in  tho  field  in  1 7-i-l^  and 
he  walked  orer  for  tho  annual  pl»t«  at  FnmiUn.' 

What  aro  oar  neon  now  ?  Thoj  are  apevdier.  That  it  would  bo  foUy 
to  deny. 

They  are  louger,  lighter,  but  still  mnscnlar,  although  shorn  of  much  of 
their  pridein  this  respect.  They  tire  as  boantifiil  citMtureji  tui  thoeyowonhl 
wish  to  gase  on,  hnt  tlif^  gn-iitcr  [nrt  of  them  give  in  liefuri!  Imlf  tho  nca 
is  nui ;  and  out  ot  a  Huld  of  tiflw-'n,  or  even  twenty,  not  more  than  two  or 
three  of  them  live,  iu  the  exertion  of  their  best  eoergiei^  &r  within  the 
lupesL 

And  what  bocomes  of  them  when  ths  simple  ts  orcrP  Aftar  tlis 
SMSre  ncing,  a«  it  is  now  called,  of  fnnnor  tames,  tbo  horse  came  s^n  to 
the  >tartins-|)ost  with  not  a  singlo  power  impaired ;  aud  year  sAer  year 
he  was  ready  to  meet  any  and  every  rival.  A  single  race,  however,  Uke 
that  of  tlie  Derby,  now  occasion&lly  disables  (be  winner  from  ever  runniug 
again ;  yet  the  dislAnoo  is  only  a.  mile  and  a  half.  "Fho  St.  Lrgor  is  tooro 
deslnictive  to  tho  winner,  altJiOQgh  the  distance  is  Ims  than  two  mil««. 
He  noe  of  the  day  has  been  run  ;  some  hn«vy  vUkos  have  been  won  by 
the  owner ;  the  ammal  by  whoiMi  exertions  they  were  giuiiw)  ia  led  away, 
and  it  is  sonietiincs  an  vvi-n  ehaoce  whether  he  is  ever  heard  of^  or, 
perhapn,  thought  of  again,  lie  has  answered  tbo  purpose  for  which  he 
was  bred,  and  he  tins  [mssed  aw«y. 

Aud  by  what  witohcrj  has  all  thiN  bera  aeconipliahed  ?  How  cuds  it 
that  skilfnl  and  honourable  men  dionld  have  connpired  togi-thi-r  to  doto- 
Tiorate  the  character  of  the  noer,  ud  with  him  that  of  tlie  En|;llsh  horse 
gCDsnlly  P  ^^/<  l^t^  ^"^  °o  OOnqnrMy  in  the  matter.  It  was  the 
natnnl  oonne  of  things.  The  rAC«-faorsM  of  the  beginning,  and  evw)  of 
themiddll^  of  the  hist  oentoiywetv  fine  powcrfnlanimnlH;  they  had  almost 
iw  much  fleetacM  H  could  be  desirtxl,  and  they  hiwl  KtrviiKth  that  woald 
nerrr  tjre.     He  who  bred  (or  tbu  turf  might  iii  hiii  uioiucuta  of  reflection 


Ji 


THE    H.\CE-HOBSg. 


75 


1w  fJwtit  hj  tim  corariction  that,  while  ho  was  sccomplishinK  his  own 
pttryoae,  be  wm  Imeding  kh  Miiimil  ralnnbla  to  hi*  oountiy.  lie  might 
I M  gntified  b;  this  reflection,  ji-t  il  vronld  not  inflii>cnoo  tho  xjrutaa  which 
I  ha  Huaueil.  JI»  vould  In^  tt  K-t'n  ;  and  he  would  nUnmlly  tir  to  uld 
» Ittd*  Btoftt  speed  to  Iho  Bcknowlcyjpred  power.  Thence  came  tb«  H^m- 
fariaoMwl  tlM  SwMt  Brinr,  *n<l  otbcre  vrbo  had  lost  bnt  little  of  their  com* 
fmrJMiMt  ct  tarm — who  had  gat  rid  of  a  portion  of  UuU  which  ao  eaetay 
aa^UaH  eoanenos,  bat  nane  of  tlu:  tapouify  of  the  chest,  or  the  snbetsjice 
or  tke  power  of  the  mnsnil&r  system — whose  speed  was  certMidv  incmaed, 
and  WBOM  vigour  wm  not  impaired. 

It  is  noi  IB  hnmiui  natnra  to  bo  sntiafied  evm  with  perfectioB ;  uid 
it  was  tried  whether  »  httio  mora  floofaMMS  eoald  not  bo  obtainocl.  It 
WIS  ao—moA,  some  thought,  with  %  slight  iniptunnmt  of  slontiiMs. 
Thee*  WIS*  tboM,  and  thej  were  not  altageuer  wrvn^,  who  mm  in  Sharic 
and  Otsacrack  aa  evidaitt  increoae  of  speed,  and  little  dinunstion  of 
■tna«th. 

It  was  easy  to  tnMgine  wli*t  wonid  now  ho  tho  rosolt.  Tho  praod  prin- 
J  ajia  was  speed.  It  «as  (akL-n  for  gmnlfd  that  stoatncM  woald  follow^ 
I  or  tathsr,  m  the  MlectioB  of  the  stock,  etontneai  woa  a  minor  coosHlentwR. 
\  twnlt  of  this  was  a  horse  with  an  elougated  fnune — aa  beantifnl  as 
,or  inoroso,  bat  tolhocj-pof  theacuntifisiiiaBdisplajiBg 
[  maaclca  and  tnn  prominent  sinews,  and  ahatparand  lees  power- 
withen.  The  fleetnosa  was  all  that  heart  onnid  de)un\  bat  tho  endor- 
I  fearftdlj  diminished.  Irreaistible  proof  wu  soon  siren  of  this. 
Thef  ooald  not  nm  the  distaoMS  that  their  predeeesaon  did  with  etun. 
Hssia  becaiDo  an&shionablo— the^  were  eateeoned,  aod  with  too  tiiuch 
tntth.  asrere  and  emd.  We  might  refer  to  tho  diagracafnl  exUbitiona  of 
Chalean  Uargaox,  and  Uortgnoe,  and  LAmplightor.  The  neocooaiy  ooo- 
stqasnoe  was  that  the  grotuid  run  01,-er  in  the  ordinary  mafaAea  was 
Itwned  a  (bll  half. 

And  was  not  this  saffirient  to  conrince  tho  man  of  tho  turf — the  breeder 
of  bones  for  his  own  use — was  not  this  safiicivni  to  convinoo  him  of  the 
(tmr  which  be  had  committiid  ?  Perhaps  it  wnii,  with  regnrd  to  thosn 
who  wocdd  give  themsolva  tho  troalilo  to  think.  But  the  cnur  had  hern 
eommilted.  Tbu  aU-important  <{iu:«t*oa  was,  buw  could  it  be  nepaired  ? 
Wei*  they  to  breed  haci  again  to  their  former  stoutness  ?  There  were 
iaJindvaU  stout  and  speedy,  but  tit  breed  was  goito.  Ueade,  the  short 
laoe  had  bcootne  fashionable.  It  wns  drtcrmined  in  two  or  thjTo  minnl**. 
Thar*  was  not  tho  lengthened  mxpcnie  of  vftcd  or  eight  rotations  of  the 
■eond-hand  of  the  watch ;  and  who  coutd  resist  (Jie  omnipotence  of 
^-*'i'—  ?  some  harsh  exprcanons  hare  been  used  with  regard  to  tho 
Ifting  sporting  characters  of  (hat  time :  but  what  power  Iwd  they  of 
I  MiiilBii  r  n  f  They  bsd  bred  for  sprtHl.  Thoy  bad  obteined  it.  They  had 
obtsBDod  that  kind  of  rnoo  that  would  b«  popular,  for  it  waa  short.  They 
Ind  ao  alternative,  except  with  regard  to  the  king's  plate*.  Th«ra  they 
sboaM  have  made  a  Htiknd.  The  intereeta  and  honour  of  the  country 
aboald  not  have  been  sacrifioed  bccaaae  tlM^  had  erml.  There  should 
Isar*  boss  aooething  left  10  roeoiint^ce  tho  oontinuance  of  tho  old  and  nn* 
mailed  bhx>d-'-«i>mothins  to  fall  Ixtck  np<m  wlivn  the  fiixhionaUe  Ictulers 
«ftiw  sportins;  world  had  discovered  their  error.  This  battle,  however, 
■taat  jet  bo  fought.  Additional  reaaons  fur  it  will  nupew  when  the  pre- 
[Sastatalvof  the  hunter  and  the  road-horee  arc  considered. 

Thei*   Es  one  circunulAoc*  connected   with   theae  short  lacea  which 
sAapa  has  not  been  sufficiently  appn:(.-iat«^.     On  tho  oM   Kyvtem,  the 
_nWBeaa  and  tho  stoutness  of  the  horse  would  (pmcTnlly  ininire  the  |>rise  to 
I  lum  UuU  best  dcvcrrcd  it ;  hot  with  the  prracnt  you^  horsee  and  abort 


M 


» 


TUP.   DIPPKRCNT  BREEDS  OF   CVGUSQ   nORSBS. 


eonnvM,  tltc  nctn*]  imoe  being  itniiHTtinicfi  liltlo  moro  tium  two  or  tliroo 
hoiulred  j:inU,  a  Rmt  dot!  dcpciuLi  on  thu  riik'r.  If  iht-  liiUIq  arc 
tolenbtj  birlj  matched,  ttU  i1«peni)a  njton  liim.  If  Le  has  cotifid<.-DC«  in 
tlM  atoabiaM  of  his  boreo,  he  may  diBtaooe  all  his  competitor ;  or  be  may 
mum  tbo  flwrt  bnt  tnwdy  thing  to  almoct  Um  Iiwt  stride,  and  dart  by  tti« 
wnmuig  pout  bofora  kU  rival  ha«  b(«n  able  to  gather  himielf  np  for  th* 
laateOort. 

One  dung  cannot  be  demud,  that  the  cic<nacioutiuea§  iu  the  jock«jii  of 
(heir  powar,  and  the  aooonni  whic^  tiu>j  Till  pmbably  bo  called  upon  to 
Tvodar  of  tba  manner  in  which  the;  hava  vm^A  it.  haa  led  to  far  more 
erncl^  in  tba  manngcmcRt  of  tbcao  rnooa  than  ever  diagmonl  tho  rvoorda 
of  former  timea.  Habit  lutd  given  to  the  older  lioraea  of  thoM  day*  a 
prinoipla  of  emulation  and  uf  obedience.  WIiod  the  race  iu  reality  be^ian, 
tlio  hoiao  nndentood  the  moaning  nf  his  rider,  and  it  seldom  rvqnmd 
any  craol  application  of  the  whip  or  tbo  spar  to  bring  Iiim  through  if  bo 
eoold  win. 

Fomator  mil  afibrd  nillicicnt  illustnt*on  of  tbix.  He  had  won  many 
baidly-«ont««tod  races ;  bnt  on  an  aufortnnato  day  h«  was  matvliod  against 
an  extraordinary  horee,  Klopliant,  liolongiiig  lo  Sir  Jcnnison  Sliaftoe. 
It  WM  a  foiir-milc  hrat  over  tfao  straight  oonrao.  They  passed  the  flab 
— (bey  fMoenilcd  tlie  hill  u  br  aa  the  diatiuim  pout — thrgr  wcrv  nOBS 
to  DOM.  Between  this  ami  the  chair,  Bli-pliaut  got  a  tittle  ahead. 
Fovnaler  in*de  07017  po—ihle  effort  tn  rvcovor  this  lost  grcmiul,  until, 
finding  aD  his  eSbrta  mafbc(aal.  he  mndo  one,  desperate  plnngi? — lie 
Mixed  his  antngonixt  by  tho  jaw  to  hold  him  battle,  and  Ronld  scarcely  ba 
lorccd  lo  qait  Ids  liold.  In  like  nuuinfir,  a  honw  belonging  to  Mr.  Qain, 
in  1 753,  finiUng  his  adrenair  gradmvUy  poiuitng  him,  aeii«d  him  by  tho 
k^;  and  both  nden  wm  OMige<t  to  dismount^  in  order  to  separate  the 
animal* 

nie  youngsters  may  not  hnvo  icit  all  this  emulation,  nor  be  disposed 
painAilIy  to  oxert  their  enetgiee  to  tint  TCry  utmost;  and  it  may  be 
necessary — nccosaarr,  in  otder  to  aocompliah  the  paqMMe  of  the  owner  by 
winning  the  race — that  the  poor  animal  shnutd  tie  brut&Uy  nrgul  on, 
nntil  the  powan  of  nature  fail,  and  ho  rctirvs  from  the  coarse  a  cripple 
for  life. 

This  is  a  ncoeasaiy  part  of  the  syalvm.  It  i>  nccounted  tho  duty  of  the 
rider — it  is  a  duty  on  ih«  skilful  diiK.-harp>  of  which  a  few  of  them  planto 
Ibemsehes ;  but  it  is  that  which  sltould  not  bo  tolerated,  and  the  sysli^m  al 
which  it  is  a  nocewBry  part  shonld  undetgo  RspeeHy  and  efToctual  reforma. 
tion.  We  entirely  agree  with  thw  remarks  of  Nimrod  on  this  subject. 
'There  are  many  jockeys  employed  by  the  inferior  l)lnck-leg  spocaeaoC 

Ertsmen,  and  oven  some  of  a  hi(;hor  cbas,  who  will  not  be  conrinofd 
t  a  rider  has  acted  houeeily,  onlees  hia  borse  is  nearly  diaiected  idivo ; 
bnt,  iu  the  stiuugsst  pfobability,  every  drop  of  blood  drawn  is  otteriy 
■niiiiiiiisssij.  as  it  is  barbarous  anil  oontmry  to  the  very  idea  of  spoH,  in 
which  oven  the  horse  himself  ought  to  share.  Such  an  opinion  was  givftt 
from  the  heart,  as  well  as  fWim  thematuraJBdgment  of  the  late  Sir  Thomas 
Charles  Bunbury,  within  a  few  month*  of  his  deoeSM,  after  five-aod.fifty 
yean  of  experience  on  tlic  mmt  rxlcniiivn  scale.  AHhiNigh  the  stont  and 
game  horse  will  mn  to  the  whip,  tlio  excess  of  it  ronst  necrsmrilr  f  Aorfea 
Xm  ttriitr,  and,  in  oonm-,  detract  from  hia  speed.  Many  a  race  nas  been 
loHt  by  a  foul  cut.  or  a  brutal  nsa  of  the  spur— either  liy  damping  tha 
spirit  and  enfeebling  the  nerve  of  the  horse,  or  inducing  a  sullen  dtsgiut 
and  df^Kration.  An  example,  much  talked  of  nt  the  time,  and  through 
which  a  rttai  sum  of  moiMry  wan  lust,  oeeurnxl  iti  tbe  owe  of  aliorsoof  old 
Duke  William,  which  was  nenrly  home  ami  winnii^.     He  raoeived  a  foul 


J 


THB  BACE-nORSE. 


n 


I 


I 


mt  vilh  iHe  wfaip  on  a  tender  |«H,  nnil  iitstAnllj-  huni;  Lock  aod  lost  ttia 
mod.  With  respeci  to  Uie  tioUsjnntnl  nn<l  wiuhy  llor8^-a.  if  thty  mDnot 
■in  iritlMiut  the  aid  of  the  whip,  tbey  will  wililomVin  ivith  it.' 

We  hkTe  boom  cnsUed  lo  pla«e  at  tlu<  hiiwl  of  our  chnptor  a  pnrtmit  of 
'  The  Cobuwl,'  lalcon  for  this  work  by  Mr.  Harvey ;  ami  Mr.  Goodwin, 
ntaiataj  mir^icon  lo  the  QneoD,  bns  kmdlj  ftimialied  ua  irith  n  vontuder- 
Abl*  pMt  or  the  following  aooonot  of  him  and  of  Vlour-de^Lis : — 

Ha  VMS  chttDst  ho»i.',  fiOci-n  hiuidx  thrra  ini^s  hi^h,  with  good  sah- 
Ktonc*.  capitail  lagi  and  f<>et,  aud  tru«  &ctioI^  bred  by  Mr.  I'ctn',  in  \i^5. 
Be  -wnm  «t  bj  Whoakor  onl  of  a  Delphini  maiv — her  diun,  Ti|>)>Ii-  Ctdnr, 
byKingFcr^fiis — thngrwuLunwns  Sylvia,  by  Young  Mnrak,  out  of  (Vrret, 
by  a  brother  to  SylTio-Ri-frultus  Ac 

Ue  came  ont  in  1837,  wLtin  lie  won  thi-  two-yuum  itiikrx,  healing  Kitty, 
a  colt  by  Tnunp,  and  a  black  oolt  by  Wliisktr.' 

In  the  MiDo  yc«r  ho  carriod  off  tbo  two<yeare  old  stakM  at  Ponlefmct, 
hcfttjiifi  Vanuh ;  and  Una  Champogno  stAkcs  at  UoDca^tflr,  beating  a  Glly 
by  Blackleg. 

In  1828^  nui  a  dead  luwl  with  Cadlaud  fir  tlie  Di^rliy,  Imating  Zin- 
puieo  and  tvdve  othcre,  bat  ho  lost  tha  second  hoat.  He  won,  liowcrcr, 
the  St.  Lcenr  at  Doncaater,  botiiis  ilelinda,  Velocipede,  aud  seTeutMit 
uthen ;  and  walked  orcr  for  the  200  •ovcratgna  stakes  at  the  same  place. 
At  the  latbT  i^od  of  1 828  he  yn.*  aoltl  W  Mr.  Pctni  lo  Gwrgn  TV.  for  4,000 
guineas.     Ho  continued,  how«ver.  on  Ihu  turf,  and  won  ninny  ncrji. 

In  lifi9  he  wiu  heat'^n  at  the  York  Sprau;  Uee^h'.  ^y  Btisaie  Bedlam, 
is  a  match  for  300  fovormgns  ooch — tho  St.  Lcg«r  course,  lie  started,  but 
W1M  not  placed,  for  the  goht  enp  nt  Ancot,  bt^ing  bcat«n  by  Zingnncc  an<l 
Ibunelohe. 

In  1890  be  won  the  Cmven  stakes  often  sovereigns  cacli,  healing  Harold, 
CBi\  and  right  othere-  He  ran  acoond  fnr  tho  gold  cap  at  Ascot,  being 
btatan  by  Lneatto,  but  boating  GroenmnntJc;  and  ZingaiiMi.  In  the  Rune 
Tear  he  won  a  *wcopatake  at  Stockbridge  ;  and  ran  tlurd  for  tho  gold  cup 
■t  Goodwooil,  bnt  wM  beaten  by  Fleur^do-Us  and  Zinganee. 

In  1831  he  won  the  Craren  stake*  at  K]MDm ;  and  ran  a  dead  heat  with 
Ifonch  for  the  Oallanda  at  Ascot ;  but  running  the  second  boat  with  her. 
ha  broke  down — the  snsponsory  lifrtiiients  Iniling  in  Ixith  lund  I<^gs.  Ho 
did  not  continue  Inme ;  Imt  tlici  i;n!ur;(i'iii<''»t  uf  the  fetlock,  and  the  truces 
of  the  iron,  plainly  indicated  thai  lie  could  no  longer  be  depended  upon  as 
a  racer. 

The  Colonel  wa«  not  sdccmsAiI  m  n  etallinn;  he  wan  iirnt  to  Germany 
by  the  Umsts.  Tattonall,  whoro  he  met  witli  no  Iiettcr  Kuecvajt,  and  was 
broogfat  back  lo  this  country  to  fmUh  a  carver  that  scarcely  left  an  animal 
behind  him  of  the  anmllROt  notoriety. 

We  are  also  gratified  in  being  enabled  to  present  our  rcadora  with  a 
portrait  of  that  beautifol  and  almost  nnrivalti-d  mare,  Flcur-de-Iis,  by  the 
SHM  artist 

Sba  was  bred  by  Sir  M.  W.  Ridky,  Ju  1822,  and  was  got  by  Bourbon, 
the  Km  of  Sorcerer,  ont  of  T^ly  Itachel,  by  Stamrord— iwr  dam.  Young 
Bachel,  by  VolonU-er,  out  of  Ratbi'l,  sialor  to  Maid  of  All  Work,  and  by 
both  the  ail*  and  ibe  dam  was  desconded  fit.m  HiRliflyer,  Jfcurbou  started 
tweo^.thrre  time*,  ont  of  which  ho  was  nucix-wfiii  Bcv«nU-eu  timw ;  and 
«med  off  two  rlftssMof  the  Newmarket  October  Oatland  stokes,  the  Claret, 
tbe  CraTcn,  and  the  Trial,  beaidi^  4.130  guineas  in  specie. 

She  was  the  finest  mare  in  form  and  size  fver  prodnccd  in  England.  She 
•toad  foDy  aisleen  hands,  and  had  extraortlinary  good  leg*,  and  G^et  that 
nerer&iled.  H.t  speed  was  good,  bnt  Iwr  forto  was  distance.  Inde. 
pendsBt  of  her  being  so  fiiW  n  tnarv  iu  every  oilier  rcapect,  her  chest  -nm 


n 


TUB   DIFFEREST  BREBDS  OF   ENGLISH    HORSES. 


one  oT  •xtrMnlinarj  capacity  in  an  animnl  of  tmch  nuasnal  (l<']>th  in  tlw 
0irthiTi<;  plwv. 

SIic  fint  iippoftWd  on  tbe  tarf  rt  throe  yc«a  old,  at  Nowciwtle-npon-Tyno, 


''*^*-    9 


nscn-ns  Lti: 


fbr  the  twcnty-five  goioeaa  swe«p8takc«— oiui  tnile — aud  ixrnt  bor  four 
compclitora. 

On  Sqrtcnibcr  B,  fibe  won  a  sweepstake  of  tn-i^Dty  guineaa,  and  twon^ 
added— ais  inib«crilKim — at  rnntefnurt. 

On  UiL'  20tli  ((f  tho  luunc  month,  iibe  Hlart«d  for  the  Great  St.  Log«r, 
and  would  prulinblj  liave  won  it  hod  slie  not  txwii  throwu  down  in  tha 
nnuuBg  in-  AaUemi,  at  H)ie  htat  Mmnnou  afUnvardfl,  and  all  tiia  beat 
honea  of  mat  deacHption.  On  Ibo  23rd  of  September,  however,  nhe  won 
a  cwncjiatalce  of  twootj  Boverai^ns  tmoh,  with  twenty  added — nineteen 
aabecritwn. 

On  May  £0, 1826,  tbe  vaa  in  the  aweemtakm  of  tnranty  aoTcraisna  each 
— two  mite«— aonm  asbaorfbera,  at  the  York  Spring  UaatiDg.  Lottery, 
Acta^u,  and  Oatterick  were  among  her  opponcnte.  After  the  firet  100 
yunU,  Ijottoty  got  in  front,  cloaelv  followed  by  tho  others  nt  Htron^  run. 
ning.  He  kept  ahead  until  nfarfy  tho  dixtanoe  pout,  wlurn  FIcnr-do-Ua 
abot  ahead,  Actvnn  and  Catlerick  Ivtting  loox*  iit  the  nunc  time.  Tbe 
fillr,  however,  kept  in  front,  and  won  in  galUnt  Hlylr  by  lutlfa  length. 

On  the  next  dny,  nbe  won  the  gold  mj>,  opiHineJ  aK>un  by  Aotiron,  and 
abto  by  tho  Alderman  and  aix  others.     The  IJeKiiiK  wan  neren  bi  fonr  on 
tlie  Aldeman,  and  four  to  one  ugatuat  tiu.-  wtiiuer.     Tlie  Alilemuin  took 
tlte  lead,  and  madaall  tlu»  mnniug  npto  tbe  diBtanoe-poat.    They  were  inn  ^ 
elnsler  at  the  Htand,  when  Aotamn  and  Fleur-de-Us  cane  ouL     A  aereiw^ 
stni^f^le  took  pUce,  the  uiare  winuing  by  a  length. 

Joly  G,  ahewon  the  gold  cup  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne— ten  sabacribcra. 
Tbe  bettiog  vaa  fifteen  to  eight  in  favour  of  the  winner. 

On  the  next  day  abo  won  the  first  heat  for  the  town*plate,  and  walked 
over  the  coarK  for  the  accond  h(«t. 


TllE   RAtX-nOBSB. 


n 


Od  Srplrmber  19,  *lic  woo  Uii>  Doacaaiet  atake*  of  t«n  soTerel^^ns  tacb, 
with  twenty  kddcd  by  Oa  oaq)or>tion — twei)tv-niae<  sobscrib^rav  She 
wi«  opooaed  Inr  Actwon,  LoUerj,  Jeny,  nnd  otiwrg ;  biit  tbo  beta  wen 
file  Id  four  on  FleiuvdeJtlL 

Oa  (lie  ilBt  she  WOD  tbe  fgoiA  cup,  bcatii^  ilolatlo,  HvlcauK,  iumI 
otlMn.     Tha  battiiig  was  Ero  to  four  o&  li«r. 

Ob  Um  S9th  iho  imn  the  gold  rap  nt  Uncolo,  wolldng  over  the  conrae. 

Ifi^  tha  12th,  1H27,  «hc  won  th«  CoMtttttUon  ati^ca  nt  Uw  York 
Sorii^  Ifeelui^— lifUva  Bulucriben^  at  twenty  ^nineas  each,  among 
nkli  wera  Jerry,  Bomphivj  Clinker,  And  SiriuA;  the  bplUng  six  to  Iivd 
agMUrt  Fla«r-d»-Id8.  Daring  most  of  tbo  waj'  t*Ieur-d»-lis  was  in  front, 
Jmnj  wixtinA,  Hamnhn^  Clinker  thinl.  stnd  SiHns  fourth.  When  bctwe«D 
th*  laihi,  Jerry  looktil  ua  if  bo  wouM  win,  but  mulclciily  awcrving,  Flear- 
dr.Lis  wua  CMJly  by  two  luu^cUia. 

On  the  27lh  she  ran  at  Uanchestcr,  for  a  turcco,  value  100  guineaa, 
«ilJh  tWBOty-foor  sabacnbors  of  ton  eoveroigna  «Aeh :  bcttuig,  five  to  foor 
oo  her.  0^  making  the  hut  tarn  nhn  sUppod,  nn<l  noarly  caino  on  her 
ndo.     SkK,  howBTCr,  recOTcred ;  bat,  after  a  sovorcly-contentccl  mcc,  lost 

On  July  til*  IStii,  she  won  th«  gold  cup,  and  awMpetakes  of  t«n  gmsMsaa 
tmth,  Kk  PrwfciB ;  tweo^  mtwcribcrs.  The  course  waa  Uiree  nulea  sod  a 
di»UJic«.  It  was  dottbtod  whether  any  hcirse  coald  he  fottn<)  to  oompelft 
with  neor^lc-Lix ;  but  at  length  Mr.  Milton's  otilt^y  Iioivo  EaphratM, 
«nd  Sir  W.  Wynn's  Signonna,  entered  the  Uata.  The  old  honw  Innk<i<l  tm 
well  aitd  appMred  aa  gay  as  erer,  and  Signariua  was  erer  a  well-known 
g«od  tnaro ;  bat  the  odda  were  throe  to  one  on  Flenr-d&-Lia.  AfUir  the 
naoMl  prcpantjoiui  tho  compciitont  were  hmtight  to  the  Dost,  and  away 
tfaey  wt^t.  EnphmteN  mndi!  ntny,  daMhin^  oil'  at  >(Mre,  and  at  abont  half  a 
mile  bad  ^^  to  fiu-  ahead,  tbut  Fleur>de-Uii,  who  evidently  waa  waiting 
CM  8if(noniia.  foDad  it  neceaiauy  to  creep  raltier  aoarer,  Icet  the  old  geldii^ 
^MMild  ttcal  tha  race.  EnphraUr^  kept  the  lend,  and  •oomed  delerniined  bo 
to  do  »o  aa  long  aa  he  conid  ;  and  ho  was  nllowcxl  to  do  this  niitti  withm 
a  dictance  from  liome,  when  botli  the  ninrea  Hhot  ahead,  and  the 
:  old  hotae  garo  it  up.     Tbe  oont4.-st  mivr  become  liighly  interesting. 

in  well  in,  and  waa  beaten  only  by  a  ueok. 
tlikewiBe  won  a  Goodwood  cop,  beating  Um  Colonel  and  SUng&u<<e, 
I  oat  of  the  same  stable*  with  hetselTf  and  nearly  distancing  a  field  of 
otbam 

Thtx  i*  a  oontinnanee  of  Bnoceaa  that  ia  acftrecly  eqanlted  in  tho  annals 
of  the  tart  Tbe  loea  of  the  UaiuibeBter  onp  waa  Boldy  attributable  to 
(be  accident  that  occurred  while  she  wns  mnning.  She  likewise  failed 
in  tbe  St.  Loser;  bat  then>  she  wan  thrown  down  ^another  horse  during 
Iba  T^n!.  She  was  never  beaten  in  a  fiiir  stragifrlo.  Hor  owner,  howover, 
waa  perbapn  justified  in  adling  her,  as  hu  did,  fur  1,W0  gniiuwi,  when  he 
Insw  Ibat  be  was  eonaigning  her  to  the  roval  stud  ;  for  ne  thns  rendered 
it  iaiHiMiUe  that  the  laurels  thnt  she  bad  won  could  ever  be  torn  from  her. 
81m  Boesoessd  Um>  point*  and  forrn  nf  a  nicer  to  a  degree  of  nerfeotion 
Ma  been  ixrcly'  met  with.  It  is  true  that  she  stood  neany  rixteon 
but  the  deptii  of  her  cheat,  her  length,  hor  quartcn,  her  pasitams, 
—**— *  ber  aa  eqaalty  &am«d  for  motion  and  fi)r  endvanee.  Her  colonr 
bay,  with  black  legs  and  fi-et^  tuid  a  small  stroke  on  her  forehead. 
I  elotiched  enr  has  been  found  fault  with  by  some ;  othoni,  and  perhaps 
I  won  truth,  have  considered  it  aa  an  indicntion  of  pore  blood.  It  ha* 
faeicditary  in  samn  of  our  stables,  n*  in  the  Urvillu  family. 
She  WM  bought  of  Sir  M.  W.  Udley,  for  George  IV.,  for  1,600  guinea*. 
Her  ptodeoe,  after  ha\-ing  been  put  into  tho  stud,  waa  eagerly  son^t 


80 


TOE  DIFFERENT  BREEDS  OF  KNOLISIl   noBSES. 


for  by  fomignfm,  nad  noit  out  of  tlie  country.  Fleoivd^-ljiH  wud  in  1942 
in  tku  [KWiuiHiiun  of  MouBii.-ur  Lupin,  in  France,  who  bou)>tit  h>>r  kt  thn 
Haiai>toii  Court  nlu  fur  the  inadoqnnto  Rum  of  MO  gainnu.  Her  «nd 
was  aiagnkceful :  sbc  is  Hiid  t<i  hnvc  Iiui9>)ied  her  dii,j*  in  n  iitt<oct  c»b  ia 
Pkriii,  wknm  Komn  chnriteblu  BtiKluiUiiiiin,  sJiooked  ftt  Beeiutt  hor  in  Ruch  b 
minrttblu  plight,  bou^bt  Uit  fur  a  few  pounds,  and  had  n«r  alioL  Sbo 
was  the  dau)  of  SovitlIj^,  an  American  BtoUion  of  oelobrit^,  who  iM  tho 
rire  of  Charleston,  now  oJlvcrliitiHl  to  covtir  at  20  gainca*  a  mixro  in  tixtM 
ooontiy  M  Uhi  property  of  Mr.  Tucbrock. 

Tbu  raJtiJiblo  maru  Wiupt,  the  dam  of  Carantn,  was  sold  to  tbo  luuna 
penou  fur  tiOO  guineas;  and  Young  MoosOi  tho  dam  of  RU  Trap,  for  34X> 
guineas. 

Sinco  tha  daji  of  tho  anitnala  vro  bare  bixin  i^muribing,  importAut 
n]t«.tstionN  ham  tAken  plitoc  upon  the  tutf ;  lit'flta  have  bit'u  ■-•iitiref;  iJooa 
ftway  with,  except  in  a  few  counti^  phices,  tuid  this  alouo,  it  is  nippo«ml, 
has  tended  much  to  diminiah  tho  nto  and  strength  of  tho  ntc«-hotse  ;  auit 
th«ro  oro  thoM  who,  if  tboy  coulil,  would  taku  uwny  tho  5000  gniiMna 
gnntiMl  by  act  of  parliunont  as  Qu<.>«u's  Plates  auuii&lly,  and  uppty  tho 
money  to  tli«  purcharc  of  what  they  doom  more  likely  stAllious.  But  tf 
tbpse  more  likely  t^lionn  arc  to  bo  (elected  noldy  for  their  appearance 
anil  tho  opiniona  formed  thereon,  iiurttwd  of  their  merits,  as  prored  by 
fiuibi,  who  u  there  amoo^  ^^  *^"  j>t^g*-'>  <^iLh«r  of  speed  or  codnnmou,  by 
looking  to  iho  siio  of  animals,  whitther  it  bo  horso  or  grcyhoaDd  ?  Take, 
Aw  uutoncip.  the  best  horve  Umt  luia  \xva  ou  thn  tu:^  for  the  last  JoMy 
rears — Bay  Middleton,  by  Sultsu  out  of  Cobwub,  thf  ]iru[)erty  of  tho 
Eui  of  Jersey.  This  boraft  never  was  beattm :  he  won  thu  2000  Koinut^ 
buutinj^  Elis,  the  nme  Tear  that  Ulis  won  tho  St.  lA-g<ir ;  and  tlien  won 
tlie  Derby,  beating  Gladiator,  VmiHon,  Slaiw.,  and  a  fiftd  of  good  horses. 
Tet,  sncli  WM  the  ahapv  of  this  honH.',  that  Iho  Iat«  Mr.  Thamhill,  who 
was  a  greet  brooder  and  antbority  iu  those  days,  promised,  if  such  a  rail 
M  thia  hone  was,  should  win  tbo  Derby,  he  would  cat  him  and  bia  shots 
afterwanU.  Yet  Bay  liiddlcton  was  not  only  a  long  way  tho  beat  bone 
of  bis  year,  but  he  was  the  host  of  nfjilliooM  ahio;  he  wan  thn  sirv  of  the 
Kkri  of  Bgtiuton's  Flying  Dutehinan.  wiiuier  of  both  tli«  Derby  and 
St.  LFffer.  and  other  noes  of  ffreat  ralne,  who  bas  n>cciitly  hocn  sold  to 
tlu!  Frvucb  Oovenunent  for  4000  gnineoo,  which  snvs  but  little  for  tbo 
kind  ftx-ling  of  his  owner,  who  pmfit^^l  *o  much  by  hiii  pcrfownanw,  imt 
for  the  patriotio  fit-ling  of  thu  tarfmen  of  thia  country,  to  let  aoeh  a  hone 
go  out  of  it. 

There  ara  more  raoo-borses  now  than  were  kqtt  in  fonucr  years,  and 
Umto  alwaya  will  be,  among  th«  1,400  marra  and  400  stalboiu  which  are 
koept  to  supply  the  bnt-d,  suflicient  to  kiH-]t  up  thu  iniMriority  of  the 
Ei^lkh  thoroughbreil  hone.  Raciu^,  like  otlier  paatimea,  may  have  ita 
aboMs;  still  the  race  tolls  as  which  is  the  best  btwse,  and  the  stud  cut^ 
CmM  or  oantndiota  tho  opinion  which  has  boon  fortned  upon  shapo  and 
qaalificatioiui  only. 

In  former  duvs  a  flaw  lu  a  pedigree  waa  a  serious  affiur,  but  now  tbera 
aiv  uumeraas  lostanceB  wWre  faorees  whli  (h.  h.),  half  bred,  attacliHl  to 
tlii-ir  p«ligre««.  arc  found  beating  liclda  of  our  heat-bred  liorsra,  and  tlie 
definition  of  thonmghhrcd  is  more  dilllGalt  than  erertodvfinn;  for  in- 
stance, IIot.i[mr  and  MKrlboi<ou|{h  Duck,  h.  b.,  Tutuung  acoand  for  tho 
Deihv ;  Iddy  Superior,  h.  b,,  second  in  the  Osks ;  Oawrooch,  )tni.  Taft, 
and  Mr.  Sykea  wmning  the  (^nrewitoh ;  Sfongrel  winning  the  NunetT 
Stakes,  and  boating  la^  ficlda  of  the  beat  tbunmglibred  honee:  so  that 
there  will  soon  be  a  neeeaaity  for  phuHtig  Iheae  and  their  nnmeroaa 
pragan;  is  Ibo  atad  book. 


THE    HUKTER.  81 

Tho  facility  of  sending  horses  from  one  part  of  the  kingdom,  by  railroad, 
to  anptUer  in  the  present  day,  has  not  improved  the  condition  of  onr  raee- 
hursea,  and  their  strength  and  chances  of  keeping  sound  are  hazarded  more 
than  ever,  and  it  ia  nothing  uncommon  now  to  find  two-year-olda  running 
fitleen  races,  more  or  less,  in  a  year,  three-year-olds  some  twenty  or  thirty 
races,  and  old  horses  rmuung  aji  nnconscionahlo  number.  As  an  instance 
of  the  number  of  races  a  horae  may  mn  for,  I^iaherman,  five  years  old  in 
1858,  ran  in  thirty-two  races,  and  won  twenty-one  of  the  number ;  he  ran 
at  York,  in  1857,  one  day,  and  was  beaten  by  Warlock  for  the  Queen's 
Plate ;  and  the  day  after,  alier  having  travelled  in  his  own  van  on  a  rail- 
way ail  night  and  day,  he  beat  a  field  of  horses  at  Abingdon,  in  Oxford- 
shire. Now  it  is  quite  impossible  for  horses  to  be  in  condition  so  many 
times  in  the  year ;  it  tries  the  strength  and  ruins  many  young  horses 
before  they  arrive  at  maturity,  and  it  is  almost  impossible  to  find  a  sound 
old  race-horse  in  the  kingdom. 

The  breed  of  race-horses  has  kept  up  its  superiority  in  this  country  to 
ft  surprising  extent,  considering  that  in  all  others  ihe  govommenta  spend 
lai^  sums  towards  thoroughbred  stock,  while  in  this  nothing  but  indi- 
vidual enterprise  has  sustained  it  and  made  it  flourish  above  all  othera. 
There  is  no  doubt,  however,  but  that  more  might  be  done  by  breeding  on 
a  large  scale,  with  experience  and  judicioos  management ;  and  although 
it  must  be  admitted  that  our  best  horses  have  descended,  as  shown  by 
Mr.  Goodwin,  in  his  valuable  table  of  the  pedigree  of  the  thoroughbred 
horaa,  from  the  Dariey  Arabian,  the  Godolphin  Arabian,  and  the  Byerly 
Turk,  it  would  be  a  great  mistake  to  think  of  going  bock  to  Arabian  or 
other  blood,  to  improve  that  whioh  is  in  every  way  ao  much  ita  superior, 

TEE   HiniT£B. 

There  are  few  agriculturists  who  have  not  a  little  liking  for  the  sports 
of  the  field,  and  who  do  not  fancy  rich  music  in  tlie  cry  of  the  hounda. 
To  what  ext«nt  it  may  be  prudent  for  them  to  indulge  in  these  sporta 
circumstances  must  decide,  and  they  deserve  the  moat  aerious  consider- 
ation. Few  can,  or,  if  they  could,  ought  to  keep  a  hunter.  There  are 
temptations  to  expense  in  Uie  field,  and  to  expense  after  the  diase,  which 
it  may  be  difficult  to  withstand.  The  hunter,  however,  or  the  hunting 
horse, — i.e.  the  horse  on  which  a  former,  if  he  is  not  a  professed  sports- 
man, may  occasionally  with  pleasure,  and  without  disgrace,  follow  the 
hounds, — is  in  value  and  beauty  next  to  the  racer. 

Faahion  and  an  improved  state  of  the  agricolture  of  the  countiy  have 
materially  increased  tie  apeed  of  the  chase.  The  altered  characl«r  of  the 
fox-hounds,  and  the  additional  speed  which  they  have  lately  acquired, 
compel  the  farmer  to  ride  a  better  horse,  or  he  will  not  hve  among  his 
companions  after  the  first  burst.  Stoutness  is  still  required,  but  blood 
has  become  an  essential  quality. 

In  strong,  thickly-inclosed  countries,  the  half-bred  horse  may  got 
tolerably  well  along ;  but  for  general  use  the  hunter  should  be  at  least 
three-quarters,  or  perhaps  seven-eighths  bred.  When  he  can  be  obtained 
■with  bone  enough,  a  tkoroughhred  horse  will  form  the  best  of  all  hunters  j 
especially  if  he  baa  been  taught  to  carry  himself  sufficiently  high  to  be 
aware  of  and  to  clear  his  fences. 

He  should  seldom  be  under  fifteen  or  more  than  sixteen  hands  high  j 
below  this  standard  he  cannot  always  measure  the  object  before  him,  and 
above  it  he  is  apt  to  be  leggy  and  awkward  at  his  work. 

The  first  property  of  a  good  hunter  is,  that  he  should  be  light  in  hand. 
For  this  purpose  his  bead  must  be  small ;  his  neck  thin  and  especially  thin 
beneath ;  hta  orafit  firm  and  arched,  and  his  jaws  wide.     The  head  will 


ts 


THE  DIKFEREST  RREEDS  OP  ENQLISU    HOI 


tlien  b«  well  wt  on.     It  will  foim  thai  anglo  with  the  neck  which  givn  a 
light  tmA  pleasant  tmmtli. 

Tho  forehand  shouUt  he  loftier  tban  that  of  ttio  mncr.  A  tnrf  lionw  maj 
bo  for^vMi  if  bin  liiiwi  i|uarter8  rise  nn  inoh  or  cvim  two  nb»vc  hU  for© 
ones.  His  principal  pow«r  is  wmnt^^l  fmni  bi-liinit,  wul  Uie  wry  luvmnw 
of  tho  forrhnnd  m&y  throw  morv  wrtgfat  in  ftont,  and  cfluso  tbo  wbolo 
machine  lu  Iw  aiuru  Muilyanil  iip<»(Uly  rnored,  A  lofty  Torohand,  bowevcr, 
is  tndiKpaunble  in  the  hnntor ;  and  n  alioalder  as  rxtcnxivc  ax  in  the  racer 
and  aa  oUiqnv,  and  somewhat  tliickor.  The  eaddlo  will  then  bo  in  its 
proper  phioe,  uid  will  continiiu  ao,  however  long  miijr  bo  tliv  run. 


The  han«]  dIkkiM  bo  roondm-,  in  order  to  f^ire  eroaterroom  for  the  h<«rt 
and  InngH  to  play,  and  to  send  more  and  pnr«r  blood  to  tbc  brgttr  frnmo 
of  tbi*  bom,  c«pm:ially  when  tho  ran  oontinnos  nnchcckod  for  a  timo  thai 
begitui  (o  be  dittivsnng.  A  broad  cb4«t  iit  alwajrn  an  e-X(H-ltence  in  a 
hunt«r.  ta  the  rtolcitt  and  long-continncd  L-zrruoit  of  tbu  ubue  Uio 
reeinrntimi  is  i-^oecdinf^j  i{nioken^  and  abuDdiuitly  more  blood  is  faorrted 
thionf>h  the  1011^8  in  a  ^ven  lime  than  whi-ii  tlie  auinia]  is  at  rest.  Tbcra 
mast  bo  eafficient  room  for  this,  or  Iw  will  not  only  be  distressed,  but 
(wanUjr  dtsttrnjiA  Tba  m^jori^  of  tho  boraea  that  perish  in  tho  fivlcl 
am  narrow-chiMtad. 

Tbe  ana  ahoald  be  m»  mojtcular  a.«  Ihnt  of  tho  racer,  or  oren  more  ao, 
for  both  etraigtb  and  endurance  am  wanted. 

Tbe  leg  ahoold  be  deeper  ibaa  U>at  of  tbe  mo»-bonH'  —  Imuuler  as  we 
stand  at  the  aide  of  the  boree — and  ecpeoialty  beneath  the  knee.  In  pn>- 
|iortioD  to  tbn  dixtanco  of  tho  tendon  from  the  cannon  or  abunk-buue,  and 


THE  JIUKTEH. 


M 


I 


mnre  partioaUrljr  a  litUe  below  the  knee,  ia  the  mccliauicut  ulvnntngtt 
with  which  it  adfl. 

The  leig  should  be  shoricr.  Higher  lUTtinn  is  tvqnirod  tkajn  iu  tlie  racer, 
ta  onkr  Uut  the  Im  maj  be  (ikiarly  aiul  tuMy  lifled  over  laany  an 
pbrtada,  and,  pttiticoWtjr,  that  tiiay  may  Ik>  wril  dutihlecl  np  in  the  IcHp. 

The  p«»1<rti  sbonhi  be  ahortor,  and  less  alaiitiu^,  y<i  rrtnining  ooiiitiddP- 
abfe  ooliqaitf .  Tho  long  pHKt«rn  is  awful,  by  the  yii-ldiiiF,'  rttit&tunoo 
whidi  ite  elHtid^  affbrda  to  break  tho  conaansion  TCilh  which  tho  racis 
bone  from  fai*  """■"■■"  atrido  and  *|>(!ei]  inust  oomt^  on  tho  groiuid  :  mid 
the  obU<|i>0  diieotivD  of  the  different  bom«  ht-aittiTuIly  contri^tca  to  effbot 
the  aame  poipoae.  With  this  elasticity,  however,  a  coutiideruble  deffree  of 
imaVneni  is  neoMarilv  cnnni^ti'il,  and  tho  ntco-horso  occasionally  breaks 
dowB  is  the  middle  ut  ht«  cuurBo.  Tho  buntur,  from  his  diir<ircmt  action, 
talcM  BDt  thia  kngth  of  stride,  and  tberefbro  waiita  not  all  tliis  durtin 
mrr!i«iiltiin  He  more  neoda  stron^'th  to  sapport  his  own  heavier  uaruant!, 
and  tho  grctttcr  weight  of  hia  rider,  and  to  undiirgo  the  btigae  of  a  long 
day.  Sonw  oblianity,  bowuvi-r,  hn  n^qiiiurs,  otlicrwiao  tho  concnsslon  oven 
at  his  afaorter  ipulop,  and  more  poiiiculiu'ly  uf  bia  fre^nontly  troroandoiia 
leans,  woold  ineritably  lame  him. 

The  foot  of  the  hnntcT  is  n  must  nuit^Trinl  point.   The  narrow  contmctcd 
foot  is  tho  canw  nf  munb  of  the  rsw.itig  blund.      Tho  work  of  thr  mccr,' 
however,  is  sU    periurnied  ou  Uie  turf:    but  the  foot  of  tho   huntrr  in 
laUtervd  aver  many  a  flinty  road  and  stony  field,  aud,  if  not  partii^ularly 
good,  will  soon  Im  diimbiod  and  mined. 

The  poaition  of  iixc  fuet  in  tho  hnntur  rcquiroa  Komo  attontinn.  I^licnr 
■boold  if  poaaible  Htand  slnuf;hl.  If  tbcy  turn  a  litUe  outward,  tht-ro  m 
■Tto  serions  objoclion  ;  biit  if  tboy  tom  inward,  his  actJon  c&unut  be  safe, 
MTtic&laHy  whnn  ho  is  fnti^od  or  ovrr-wnighti^. 

Th«  body  ahoutd  bo  sJiort  and  cani|iiK-t,  compared  witli  that  of  the  noe* 
bom^  thai  he  may  not  in  his  )^llop  tako  too  extt.'^ndcd  a  sli'idu.  Tins 
-wootd  he  a  serioos  disadvBut^^  in  a  long  day  and  with  a  heavy  ridirr, 
rrara  th«  strttss  on  the  postmris ;  and  mom  scrions  whrn  going  ovor  oinyoy 
fHM)li«leroiuid  dnring  the  winter  niontlu.  Tlio  compuiH  iihort-»trid<Hl 
Mine  win  ah»o«t  Hkim  the  anrfacv,  while  the  feet  of  tliu  lonjter- reach t-d 
will  nnk  deep,  and  he  will  wear  himself  out  by  efforts  to  disengage 

/  nporting  man  knows  how  mach  more  ondaring  is  a  slinrt-bodiiNl 
I  in  cumbing  bilk,  atthuugh  perhaps  not  quito  so  much  in  dcscL-nditig 
tfefB.  This  is  the  secret  of  sniting  the  raee-hiTte  to  his  course  :  and 
"■t^i-i*  the  apparent  mystery  of  a  horse  decidedly  Riiprrior  on  a  flat  and 
ttiMghl  cosno^  being  ofltm  tieaten  by  a  little  hunte  with  fnJ*  short«r  stride 
ea  uaaiwi  gronnd  and  with  several  turniiiKB. 

The  loins  should  be  broad  ; — the  quarters  long ; — the  thighs  muscnlnr ; 
—the  hoeka  well  bcuts  and  woll  nndor  tho  horse. 

Tbe  reader  needs  not  to  be  told  how  lassantial  temper  and  oourage  are. 
A  hot  irritable  bnitc  is  a  perfect  naisanoe,  and  the  coward  that  will 
rvatody  Cioe  the  slightest  fence  oxpoees  his  owner  to  ridicule. 

The  prnuiple  of  proparing  both  tho  mcc-horso  and  the  hunt«r  for  their 
week  is  the  aamo,  and  can  have  no  myiitory  about  it.  It  consiatein  gutting 
nl  of  all  vuperflnnns  Beali  and  fat,  by  physio  and  exercise,  yet  williout  too 
■acb  loworing  the  aiiimal ;  and,  jiarticularly  in  bringing  hiui  by  dint  of 
fscmae  into  k*^  wind,  and  accnstoming  him  to  tho  full  trial  of  his 
ymseii  vithoBt  ovRrstiaining  nr  injuring  him.  Two  or  three  doaes  of 
iJiyait  as  tho  season  appivaohi^H,  and  these  not  too  strong ;  plenty  of  good 
tinl  Beat ;  and  a  daily  gallop  of  a  eonjile  of  miles  - —  at  a  paeo  not  too 
k— will  be  neariy  all  that  can  he  repaired.     Phyaic  must  not  indeed  i 

oS 


M 


Tlie   DltTEBKVT  BMBBD6  OP  ESGUSII    IIDRSEB. 


be  omitf«d ;  bnt  Uio  thrm  word*,  atft  crat/auro,  food,  conloin  the  grand 
■uciH  anil  art  of  train  iuif. 

Thi*  old  Luut«r  may  be  fairly  ridilen  tirioe,  OT,  if  not  with  »ny  Tery  luud 
days,  thrro  timM  in  tbe  wmk ;  bnt,  an«r  o  thoronghly  tiyini;  dny,  and 
•ndsot  diatroaa,  tfami  nr  foar  dnya'  n^et  shnnld  bo  nlTowcd.  They  nho  am 
maroifdl  to  thoir  borauH,  alloir  about  thirty  duy«'  work  in  tho  oonrw  of  tbo 
■finnn.  with  gentle  exercise  on  ea«h  of  the  intonnediftte  days,  and  ))ar< 
ticularlr  »  sweat  on  tho  dnv  hnforo  buniing.  ThoTO  i»  an  acponnt,  how- 
vnr,  of  ooc  home  who  fitltoncil  tbu  fox-hoands  aovonty-fire  tiiuM  in  ooo 
•OMim.     This  fual  has  nevti-  been  exceeded. 

Wo  recollect  to  have  scon  the  Inst  Dtiko  of  Riehmoiid  bat  one,  although 
an  old  man,  and  whnn  ho  had  thn  gnnt  in  hia  handa  bo  Berernly  tbnt  bo 
wft«  obliged  to  he  liAiid  ou  borncbiick,  and  both  amis  buing  {KL-'Ocd  through 
the  rcinit,  wvm  eroaaM  ou  his  broasl,  f^allopinfi;  down  the  ateepcst  part  of 
Bow  Hill,  in  the  noighbonrhood  of  Goodwood,  nlinoxt  ns  nbmpt  &»  lli« 
ridgo  of  an  oriUnary  houM,  and  duxiring  on  the  honuda  with  oil  the  ardonr 
of  iL  yonth. 

Sir  John  Uuloohu  (iii  his  SkelcLes  of  P«nia)  sivee  ao  annuii^  aaoonni 
of  tho  impreuiun  which  »  fox-hnot  in  tlie  BngliBh  i^le  made  on  an  Anfa. 

'  1  wna  entertained  by  lirtimiiig  to  nn  Arab  peoaant,  who,  with  animated 
'fCtaAunut,  waa  narmtin^  to  a  gruuii  of  liis  cunntryineD  all  be  hod  ticen  of 
this  uoble  haut>  "  There  came  tho  fox."  sud  he,  ]K)intin;>  with  a  crooked 
stick  to  a  elump  of  dato-treo»,  "  there  ho  came  at  a  great  rale.  1  hallooed, 
bnt  nobody  heurd  me,  and  I  Uunight  he  mast  t^t  uwav ;  bnt  when  ho  got 
<]uilo  out  of  si][ht,  up  eame  a  Wp*  spottul  duK,  anu  tJien  another  and 
another.  Tbo]r>II)tftdtheirtiosrst')thegroimd,  and g»TO tonf^^ — wfaow, 
whow,  whow,  so  lond,  I  wn»  frightened.  Away  went  theec  devils,  who 
soon  foond  the  nonr  animal.  After  them  gallojied  the  Poringoos  (a  Gor> 
rnj>tion  of  EVunic,  tho  luune  given  to  a  Buropeau  over  all  Attin),  tthoatinff 
and  trying  to  make  a  noiae  louder  than  the  dogs.  Ho  wonder  ihey  lolled 
tho  fux  auiuD(>  them." ' 

The  Trcaimrer  Bnrlitigh,  llio  u^  councillor  of  Qu('<m  Elizabeth,  oonld 
not  enter  into  the  pli-usures  of  tlie  chaso.  Old  Ajidruw  Fnller  iclatca  a 
quaint  Ot/ary  of  him : — 

•When  sorao  noblemen  hiid  gotten  William  Cecil,  Lord  Burleigh,  U> 
rido  with  tlmm  a  hunliug,  and  tlic  Hport  began  to  be  col<l,  "  What  calt  jov 
this?"  said  tho  treasurer.  "Ob!  now  the  do)<:8are  at  &ult,"  waethercplj. 
'*  Yea,"  quoth  tlie  lrra«nror,  "  take  me  again  in  anch  a  foult^  and  1*11  giro 
yon  leavtt  to  ]>nui«h  me." 

In  (brraer  times  it  was  the  gabion  for  women  to  bant  almost  as  often 
and  aa  keonlj  aa  the  men.  Qaecn  Elizabeth  was  extremely  fonil  of  tho 
chase.  Rowland  Wbyte,  in  n  Iott«r  to  Sir  Kobort  Sidney,  aaya,  '  Hot 
M^iMty  ia  well,  and  oxeollcntly  diapoecd  to  hnnting ;  forerory  acoeud  day 
■he  !a  on  honebaek,  and  continuLii  the  sjiort  long.' 

Tliia  outem  bood  afterwaida  began  to  decUno,  and  the  joke*  and 
mntmUM  of  tk»  witty  oonrt  of  Charles  II.  coutriboted  to  diaoounU-naneo  it. 

It  is  a  cnrioa*  circnmitanoe,  that  tho  lirat  work  on  hnntins  that  pro. 
oeoded  from  tho  yrvaa  wua  from  the  ]icn  of  a'  female,  Juliana  Bamee,  or 
Bemcn,  the  aiiter  of  Lord  Beraers,  and  prioresa  of  Uie  nnnnory  of  S^te- 
well,  abont  the  year  14)jl. 

The  diffrn-ncn  in  the  paoc,  and  tho  ronneqnrnt  difference  in  the  br«od 
of  the  home,  hnri)  t^octed  a  oonaiderabli;  alteration  in  tlie  uHago  of  the 
huator.  It  ia  the  almost  iuTariablo  piaoUoe  for  each  sporlaman  to  have 
two,  or  •ometimcs  three  boiw  in  the  liold,  and  after  a  moderate  ibty'a 
Sport  the  boras  ho*  hia  tliree  or  fonr  days'  rwt,  and  no  fewer  than  Gve  or 
MX  allar  •  aevera  mn.     When  a  httlo  numi  apecd  was  introdooed  into  tits 


turf  boTM!,  the  bnlf-brod  or  tbrccs-ptirU-bnxl  horn,  which  constituted  tha 
racer  of  thirtj-ye«ra  a>KO,  soon  arqnjrcd  n  portion  or  th<^  incrnwKr'  of  speed, 
MDil  in  conseqDODoe  of  this  bot^an  to  Iw  incuovi'iiM-iitly  or  unnojinglv  <!lni>o 
to  the  hoanaa. — A  cbiitigc>  then  took  placo  in  the  broeJ  of  thu  tiouiid. 
Thin,  bowoTtr,  a»  might  Imi  iixiicvtcd,  irnn  carried  a  litlUj  too  far,  aud 
thej  aoott  befiati  to  run  »t  a  rate  to  which  thu  liir  greuiev  proportion  of 
Urn  hilf-brvda  wore  Altogether  unequnl.  The  tlioroughbrvd  honw  then 
bcgaa  to  find  his  wajr  into  tlio  fiiM.  Tho  prcjudioo  waa  stiun};  against 
him  at  fini.  It  warn  aaid  that  lie  coald  not  take  hi»  k-Aps  liko  tbe  old 
hunter :  bat^  after  a  liUle  training,  ha  became  canal  in  this  resprct  to  tho 
verf  best  of  his  predecessors,  and  superior  to  tho  greater  part  of  thum. 
This  is  well  trntod  of  by  Nimrofl  in  bin  work  on  '  The  Chase.' 

Tho  honn  IhUj  aharca  in  tbt'  ontlmsiosm  of  his  rider.  It  is  bcMitifVil  to 
watch  tho  old  hunter  who.  uSXvr  many  \  winter's  hard  work,  in  turned  into 
the  park  to  eigoy  himself  for  lifo.  His  attitude  and  bis  eouutouonoa  when, 
nerAanoo,  he  heart  tbc  distant  cry  of  tho  do^rs,  are  a  study.  If  he  can, 
ho  will  broak  hi*  fence,  and,  oror  hod^,  and  liinL-,  and  brook,  follow  tbn 
chaae,  and  ootoe  in  first  at  the  dtAth. 

A  bone  that  had,  a  short  time  before,  been  severely  fired  on  three  legs, 
and  was  pbcod  in  a  loose  box,  with  tbo  door,  fonr  feet  high,  closed,  and 
BO  aiiOTtan  over  it  little  more  tlian  three  feet  sqnaiv,  and  stnndlTig  himself 
nearly  nxtoen  hands,  aud  luaster  of  fifteen  stone,  hearing  the  cheering  of 
Ihe  bttntsmao,  and  the  ciy  of  the  dogs  at  no  groat  distance,  sprung  through 
the  aperture  wiUioot  tearing  a  single  mark  on  the  hotlom,  the  top,  or  the 

Then,  if  tho  bono  ia  thos  randy  to  oxort  himself  for  onr  phmanro — and 
plaasttra  alotie  ia  here  the  object — it  is  indefensible  luid  brutal  to  urge  hiui 
Deyoad  his  own  natural  srdour  so  BC>verely  tis  wo  sometimes  do,  and  even 
notil  natsro  is  qnito  cxhn.nstGd.  Wo  do  not  oftim  hour  of  a  'hard  <biy,' 
without  being  likewito  informed,  that  ono  or  more  horses  either  died  iu 
the  fidd,  or  ecareoly  reached  homo  before  they  expired.  Some  riders  Imvo 
fac«n  Ibmgfatleas  and  craet  enough  to  kiU  two  horses  in  ono  day.  One  of 
tke  lewiiest  causes  on  record  was  by  tbo  king's  sti^-hoands.  Tlic-n^  u.-iui 
■a  saintermptcd  barst  of  four  bnurH  and  twiinty  niumtes.  One  Jjorso 
drappod  dead  in  the  Eeht ;  another  died  before  ho  could  reach  the  stable, 
aaa  asTea  more  within  the  week  ensuing. 

It  is  very  concoivablo,  find  do::«  oc™isiona!Iy  hajnion,  thati  onfcrinc  iw 
fiiUr  a«  hi*  iniwtcr  into  tho  oports  of  the  day,  the  horse  disdains  to  yield 
to  bttgne.  aud  vdmitJirily  pniasea  on,  iiulil.  niitura  being  cibaualcd,  ho 
&Us  and  die* :  bat  lunch  oflencr,  tho  poor  aiiimni  lias,  intoUigihly  <:<iiough, 
hinted  his  distress  ;  nnivilling  to  givo  in,  y<^t  niunfnlly  and  faltcringly 
bohling  on,  whilo  tho  mereilctts  rider  occaaionully,  riLtlier  limn  give  up 
oott  bear's  enjoyment,  tortures  him  with  whip  aud  spur,  until  he  drops 
and  did; — that  man  is  a  brute. 

AUhoBsh  tbc  hunter  may  not  willingly  relinqnish  the  chaae,  he  who 
*  ia  BMitiila]  to  liia  beast,'  will  soon  rvcogniso  the  symptoms  of  exeemivo 
a^  daageroua  distnas.  To  tho  drooping  pace  and  BtaggeHog  gnit,  and 
hfTJnc  flank,  and  beary  bearing  on  tho  banH.  will  Im  added  a  very 
peculiar  soand,  Tho  inezperioncml  person  will  faney  it  Iu  bo  tho  beating 
of  tba  heart ;  bat  that  has  almost  ceased  to  pulaato,  and  the  lungs  aro 
faoooming  goreed  with  blood.  It  is  the  oonTulsiYO  motion  of  tho  diaphragm, 
called  into  TtMent  action  to  assist  in  tho  now  lalxirions  oflloo  of  hKAlliitif  . 
The  laaa  wbo  ptT>oeeds  a  ringle  stop  after  this,  ought  to  suffer  the  pa&in- 
mmt  h«  IB  infliotinfr- 

l«fc  the  rider  insliintly  dismount.  If  lie  has  a  laneet  nnd  skill  to  use  it, 
let  him  aBbtnct  live  or  six  quarts  of  blood  ;  or,  if  ho  hiis  no  lauoot,  lot 


M  THB   UIKKKRENT   BKEF.PS   OV   ENGMKll    HORSES. 

him  docpljr  cat  tho  Inre  of  tlui  palnto  with  »  Imift:.  Tho  lang*  will  ho  tlins 
rcKcred,  nad  the  hoTM  maj  be  tMo  to  cmrl  liome.  Then,  or  iKTon^ 
if  poesible,  let  aotne  powvrflil  oordiiJ  be  Bdminuterod.  Conltab  wn, 
geoenUj  ipMldiig,  tbe  diagnee  tuwl  hone  of  Um  etablv ;  but  here,  and 
■inoBt  banaloiMtthiiTu*  trnljrTnlaBliU!.  Thoj  maj  toiuo  th*  oxhuuihMl 
powim  of  nstaro.  Taaj  mMy  prcront  wluU  the  meoical  man  wooM  cult 
tho  re«cUi>u  cS  iiithmnMlion,  althoiifth  tboj  aro  the  T«rieat  poison  when 
itiflftDLmation  bns  oonumnood- 

A  (aronrito  bimter  l«U  oftar  k  long  Wnit,  Mid  Inj  KtretctMN)  ont,  oon- 
vuIiK'd,  nnd  apjNUCDtly  dj^i^-  ^^  miudfr  pruinin.-d  »  luttlu  of  ptoA 
itlivrrT'  fruni  Uiu  liooae  of »  neii^boaHuK  frien<l,  uiid  poutvd  it  down  Lli« 
aaiaMt)'*  tliroat^  The  pAtient  imnwdktely  b>'g»n  to  reriTo  :  bood  albtBt- 
wafda^  b*  got  op,  wnlkod  homc^  and  gradmdty  rcx^ivnivd.  The  KportxRua 
nuj  not  nlwajrs  be  nUe  to  get  tbia,  mit  he  aay  obUun  a  corduJ-b«ll  from 
the  noamt  vcleriiutij  BSTf;;ooo ;  or,  snch  aid  iiot  boiii);  at  haiMl,  ho  may 
beg  a  little  ginger  from  somo  good  honwiwirc,  nnil  mix  it  with  waim  ale ; 
or  ho  tiMV  giro  tho  alo  alone,  or  rrnn  iitmigllicni-d  with  n  littlo  anient 
■tiiril.  When  ho  gets  lionie,  or  if  be  stops  at  tho  lint  stable  he  finda,  let 
tlie  bone  be  put  iiito  Ike  oooUM  yloff,  and  then  vdl  dotbed.  and  diligeatlj 
labbed  aboat  tbo  lege  aod  bollj-.  Thn  pmcti<«  of  pattinc  tlw  aninwJ,  tbni 
Jirtrcaaud,  into  '  a  oomfortabk'  warm  stalili>,'  and  excbiding  cvtrrj  brcatli 
of  air,  hua  defllrured  many  valuable  liorsee. 

We  are  now  dmcribing  tbe  vei^  csrlicet  treatment  to  be  adopted,  and 
before  it  mxy  ho  poMiblo  to  call  in  an  rxp(>ri<inro(l  pnwtitiooar.  Thia 
atimnlating  jdan  wonld  be  fiilal  iwclvo  houra  afU-rwanU.  It  will,  bow. 
erer,  be  tbe  wieeat  conrse  to  ooEomit  the  animal,  the  first  moraernt  it  is 
practicable^  to  the  caro  of  the  votorinArr  snrgeon,  if  each  a  one  rcaidea  in 
tfaa  noi^bonrhood,  and  in  wbom  cy>nlidi?noe  can  be  nlaotid. 

The  bboun  mmI  ^i-oauros  of  tho  bunting  aeaaon  beu^  [MiaBcd,  tbe  bnner 
inakee  litde  or  no  differenoe  in  tlie  managoDWnt  of  hia  untrained  home ; 
bnb  tbe  wealthier  Bporismao  is  somewhat  i^  a  toes  what  to  do  with  hia.  It 
need  to  bo  thoogb^  that  when  tho  animal  had  aa  long  oontrilmlcd,  oomo- 
tinue  Tolontarily,  and  aomelimea  wilb  a  little  oomimlsion,  to  the  cinojmeni 
of  his  owner,  he  ought  for  n  few  nionllis  to  be  permitted  to  sook  nia  own 
■aanaenMmt,  in  liia  own  way ;  and  hr  wan  tnmni  ont  for  a  tnmmer's  mn 
at  gtaas.  Fasbion,  wbL-b  govL-rus  ercrrthing,  and  now  and  tben  most 
craelljr  and  absordlj,  has  ciorvised  her  tyranny  in  the  case  of  tho  hnnter. 
His  fioUl,  whm;  ho  oonid  wtui'Irr  nnd  gunbol  as  he  likod,  is  changnl  to  a 
looae  box ;  and  tbe  liberty  in  wliieb  he  ■□  irvidontly  oxal(<>il,  to  an  hour's 
mOdn^  esSRiw  dailf .  He  is  allowed  vcU-li««,  or  graas  oosssioually ;  bat 
from  his  box  ho  stira  not,  esoept  for  hia  doll  morning's  round,  nntU  he  is 
taki-n  into  training  for  tbe  msxt  winter's  basinesa. 

In  this,  however,  aa  in  most  other  things,  tbero  is  a  owidinm.  There  am 
few  hones  wbo  hare  not  matenallir  SBlIbred  in  their  h>gs  and  foot,  bolbre 
tbe  doe*  of  tbe  'ffl"*™g  ststson.  There  ta  nothing  so  nfreabng  to  their 
fbet  as  tho  damp  ooolneat  of  the  gntss  into  which  th^  an  tonMa  in  April 
or  Iby ;  and  ootbing  so  calculated  to  mnoro  overj  cnlanfFment  and 
quain,  as  the  gentle  eicfcise  which  the  animal  voluutaiily  takes  white  bis 
Irs*  BFi*  eipiuol  to  the  moling  proccM  of  ovapotatiOD  that  is  taking  t>lac«| 
IV«ui  tlie  licrbace  on  which  he  irMMls.  The  exporisDOS  of  agos  baa  shown  J 
that  it  is  sapeTMr  to  all  the  embrocatMO*  and  bandages  i>f  tbe  moat  sk' 
Teteriuaiwi.  It  is  tho  rcnotatin^  process  of  itttare,  where  the  art  of  i 
&fls ;  let  him  ibercfore  bare  Iii*  |)Badock  as  well  as  his  looao  box. 

Tbe  spring  grass  is  tlw  bi-Bt  [ihyaic  that  ean  poniMy  be  admtnistcTod  to 
the  Iiunto.     To  a  di'gnx%  which  no  artificial  aiwHcnt  or  dinrrtic  oan  reach,  i 
it  earrica  off  cTctj  bumovr  thatmajrbo  Inridng  aboat  tbe  animal.     It  fine*  I 


TUB   HACKXEV.  ^ 

down  the  ranndncA  of  tiie  k-gs ;  naS,  «scppt  tUcra  is  mme  hany  mluge. 
■kmt,  r—tnw  tli«m  aJmoet  to  Uivir  oriKinnI  form  and  KtirniffUi.     Wluin, 

how«Ter,  llie  nuBOwr  liM  thorouglily  M- 1  III,  the  gntas  ceows  to  m  saccdcnt, 
■pmeot,  or  medicniAl.  Thin  gronnd  is  no  longer  cool  ftnd  moist,  nt  least 
dnrug  Um  dsj ;  uid  »  ho«t  of  tonnniitora,  in  the  tioifo  of  flies,  are,  froia 
wmriio  to  annacl,  penecnlinic  tbo  poor  luiimal.  Kutinuif;'  and  stunpiiiB  to 
rid  luBUelf  of  bi*  plagnM,  liu  reptaiu  battcml  hythv  bnnl  Ktonoil.uid  ho 
newlr.  and  jwrhapa  morp  wrrroly,  iojurea  bia  legii.  Kept  in  a  eoui'tftnt 
slai«  of  irritiition  nnd  fever,  he  npidljr  Iosm  his  condition,  and  soini-tinK^s 
cotaw  np  in  AngnM  liUl«  bettor  than  n.  sksloloo. 

Let  Hoe  hdisi-  b«  tunned  out  as  soon  as  potdbla  kftor  the  hunting  eonsaii 
is  <rrer.  I^et  him  hnro  tho  wholo  of  Ma.f,  and  the  gnmber  part,  or  piMiibl^ 
tb»  wholp  of  Jimo ;  bat  wbra  tho  gnu  fails,  and  tho  gronnd  get*  hard, 
and  tbv  flirx  tomeot,  Let  him  be  Uikcn  up.  All  tbe  benoGta  of  turning 
ovt,  and  that  which  a  loose  box  and  artilicial  phynio  can  never  gire,  will 
batre  be«a  obtolDeda  without  tho  inconvenieum  uiid  injury  that  att«nd  uti 
iujadiaaody  pratnctol  ron  at  gnuw,  nnd  which,  arguing  ngninst  tUo 
OD  of  a  tbing  from  the  abuM.'  of  it,  havo  boon  improperly  urged  against 
taming  oat  at  alL 

Tbo  Steele  Chan  »  a  relic  of  aocaant  foolhardincs*  aoil  craellj.  It 
waa  Uw  fbrm  nnder  which  Ui«  honw  nico,  at  its  first  catabltjdinKtnl,  was 
fivqiuntl;^  decided.  It  i*  a  laoe  ocrou  tho  ooontiy,  of  tiro,  or  fotir,  or 
era  a  greater  number  of  miles,  and  it  is  generally  contrived  that  tlieixi 
ihaD  be  KMne  deep  lane,  or  wide  brook,  and  inaDy  a  stilT  and  dangeroua 
Isoee  betweeo.  It  is  ridden  at  tho  imminent  hazard  of  tbo  lifo  of  ib» 
mntaaan ;  and  it  Ukenise  endangen  tbo  lifo  or  enjnyiiient  of  tbe  hone. 
IIbi^  Mrieiu  accidents  hare  happened  both  to  ttii:  horso  and  his  rider, 
and  the  practice  most  ero  long  grt  into  disuse ;  for,  wliilu  it  can  have 
BO  poaaine  reconunendatian  bat  its  foollinnlitiois  it  has  on  many  ocnu 
aiona  bean  diieneed  bj  bandkced  diF<hua>.-«ty.  It  ha*  all  the  Mvereat 
pvaialnDcnt  of  Um  aefweat  cbaae,  without  any  of  tho  pl«Mraro  and  ex- 
atemeBl  which  enables  this  Doblo  noimol  so  Qnflinchingly  to  stru^lv 
thn^agh  it> 

THE   BACKHEY. 

Tbe  perfect  Hackidit  is  more  difficult  to  find  than  even  the  hnoter  er 
the  cppnier.  TLen  an  aereral  fnnlts  tlmt  may  be  overlooked  in  the  hunter, 
but  which  tiie  road-borao  mnsi  not  have.  The  former  maj  guirt ;  may  bo 
awfcward  in  bis  walk,  or  even  his  trot ;  be  inay  hare  thrualioa  or  cams ; 
bat  if  he  can  go  a  good  slapping  pace,  and  has  wind  and  bottom,  wo  onn  pnt 
up  with  him  aud  prise  him :  bat  tho  hackney,  if  he  is  worth  havinj*,  mti«t 
hava  good  foro-legs,  and  good  binder  ones  too;  bo  muitt  he  eound  on  his 
Ibat;  «iVB-tstnpBRd;  no  alerter;  quiet,  in  whatercr  situatioD  bo  may  bo 
fdaeed ;  not  heavy  in  band ;  and  never  diRposed  to  fall  on  his  Imees. 

If  tbsre  ia  one  thing  more  than  any  other,  in  wliieh  the  poaeoaaor,  and, 
in  Iris  own  eetunation  at  least,  thu  tulnruble  jndjri!  of  tbo  horse,  ia  in  error, 
it  is  tbe  ej4i'<n  of  the  road-horse :  '  Let  him  lift  his  legs  wet),'  it  is  aud, 
'and  be  wil)  never  come  down.' 

Ib  proportion,  however,  n*  he  lilbi  hi*  logs  well,  will  he  the  force  with 
wbicb  be  pola  tbcm  down  again  ;  tho  jar  ana  oooenssioD  to  tbo  rider ;  and 
the  fcaUermg  and  wear  and  leer  of  the  feol^  A  Itomo  with  too  great 
'  knee  action  '  will  not  always  be  sprcdy  ;  ho  will  rarely  bepleaaaut  to 
ridei,  aid  he  will  not,  in  tho  kHig-mn,  be  aufer  than  others.  The  careless 
ilei'fy  ratffT.  however  pleasant  on  the  lorf,  should  indeed  be  avoiilcd ;  bat 
it  is  a  rab^  not  eften  nnderstood,  and  sometimea  dispatod,  bat  whiob 
I  will  fUJy  oonHmi — that  the  aafely  of  the  borao  depends  a  great 


TUB  DIFKKKK.VT  BKEElKi  OF  P.yOUSlI    HORSES. 


denl  more  on  tine  mnnnpr  in  wbicb  he  put»  liia  fwt  down,  Uimi  on  tbitt  in 
wbich  ka  lifts  tiwm  Dp: — tnorc  on  tiio  foot  being  pincvd  nt  nnccfUlun  tbg 
nouni],  or  pcrhnpa  too  b«cl  coming  finrt  in  oonl»ct  witli  it,  tiiau  on  Uxt ' 
nifffacal  luxl  most  Hjilundid  action. 

\VlieD  tli«  toe  fint  toaohes  the  gronni],  it  maj  be  rcadDj'  supposed  lluit 
tfae  boTM  will  occuionall;  be  in  diuigcr.  An  cmcxTHT^i'd  ohiilncio  will 
tfcraw  tha  CMitro  of  gmviljr  forwatd.  If  lli«  too  iiigM  into  th«  groajid 
boforo  tltu  foot  is  firailj'  pWi-d,  u  little  tiling  will  e*a»e  »  trip  and  k  (nil. 

For  pU-'ASAut  riding'  and  Tur  Kiifti'ly  also,  ft  biMrkue}'  fhoiihl  not  rany  hi* 
Itgt  too  Ki'jh.  Ilin  ^iing  a  litilc  f'»  ncnr  to  the  ground  is  not  alniij'ft  lo 
bsconaidoivd  m  nn  innatmnibk  nlijcctiun.  Tbu  t|Uciition  in,  docs  b«  dig 
hi«  ton  into  tlio  Kn>itnd  t 

Hu  idioald  be  muunttsi  and  put  to  tlio  tMt.  Let  his  fed  be  titkm  up 
uid  examined.  If  (he  shoe,  after  hsving  been  on  a  w««lc,  or  a  fortuiKbt, 
M  not  nnnooos«inl7  worn  nt  the  tno,  and  he  is  folt  to  put  his  foot  flat  on 
the  groond,  he  miijr  l>n  bonghl  without  Ncraplo,  iJthongh  he  may  not  haTO 
the  toffy  action  which  mime  have  ononeonHly  ihinight  w>  important. 

£verj  honM.',  however,  is  liable  to  fall ;  and  hence  cumi-a  the  guUlvn  mk 
of  ridinf;,  '  AViwr  lni«(  (o  yi^ur  hont,'  but  alwajs  feci  hja  monlb  liKbtlj'. 
Ho  dnea  wrong  who  constantly  palla  might  and  main  ;  bo  will  noon  spoil 
the  BDimaVs  month.  He  does  worac  who  cnreleaKly  throws  tbo  reinA  nn 
the  nedt  of  tlie  horso.  AlKfti/tUfl  iha  mouth  lighlli/,  wiUi  n  nininltaneuna 
gentle  prvarare  uf  both  legs.  Bj  t1ie*e  meacB  the  rider  wiU  iiunue  a  n^u- 
larltjr  of  |iace,  and  command  the  safety  ftDd  meed  of  his  hoTM.  If  he 
depends  entirely  npon  the  feeling  of  Ihe  hand,  the  month  nu^  boootno  too 
aonsitiTo,  and  rofiiH}  to  Iuito  the  jn-oper  bearing  npon  the  bit.  The  action 
of  the  horiHi  may  aUo  b<:  DncollMrt4!d,  so  that  tbo  hind  foot  may  strike 
against  or  orerreaoh  Out  tore  foot.  Agnin,  if  the  horeoman  nwgitwta  the 
elaatidty  ami  fine  feeling  of  the  hand,  and  makus  too  mnoh  uae  of  his  Icf^ 
alone,  a  calk>iia  month  and  boring  upon  the  hit  will  most  likely  rasalt  from 
the  practice.  By  this  nnifonnity  of  feoting,  the  horeo  may  thns  have 
occaaiunal  and  immediate  nssistAnoo  before  ho  ia  too  much  im  the  centra 
of  ytarity,  and  wbim  a  little  check  will  save  him.  By  thia  <«natanl 
gentle /rMtx^  ho  will  likovrise  be  indnoed  to  carry  his  head  well,  than 
which  few  things  are  more  ramdndve  to  the  easy,  bonntifui,  and  safe  going 
of  tlie  horse.  There  ia  one  nntrrring  criterion  by  which  a  good  hack  may 
bo  known :  if  be  can  walk  well  he  can  do  no  othi-r  puce  ilL 

The  roftd-lMno  may,  and  shonld,  like  the  hunter,  poaauaa  diffennt  de- 
grco*  of  breeding,  aceording  to  the  nntora  of  the  country,  and  the  work 
rsnnin.ll  of  him.  When  approaching  to  thorough  bred,  b«  mar  ho  a  splen< 
dhi  animal,  bat  be  will  be  ocarovly  tilti'd  fur  his  <ln(y.  His  log*  will  Im 
loo  slender:  his  feet  too  suatl  i  hia  stride  too  long;  and  h«  will  rarely  bo 
able  to  trot.  Thrve  parte  of  blood,  or  oven  half,  for  the  horse  of  all-work, 
will  make  a  gon<l  and  nnnfoJ  animal. 

Tho  bat'kmiy  iiluHild  be  a  hunter  in  miniatnro,  with  these  exocptioits. 
His  livight  sliould  raroly  exceed  fifteen  hands  and  an  inch.  He  will  be 
coffioieDUy  *t*aag  and  more  plMsant  for  general  woric  below  that  standmtd. 
Some  will  imagino,  and  pcrrhaps  with  jnstiiw,  that  tlic  portrait  which  we 
give  of  the  roswl-horKe  n-|in-«enta  him  na  sonMiwhat  too  tall.  He  rrrtuinly 
UMold  be  of  a  more  tMHnpact  forni  than  the  hunter,  and  have  nwre  bulk 
aoooedini;  to  hia  height ;  for  he  has  not  u>orely  to  aland  an  oooaatoual  and 
perhapa  Mretn  borat  in  the  field,  bat  a  great  deal  of  ovary-day  work. 

It  ia  of  casentinl  onnaeqneiKe  tbnt  the  bonca  boDcati)  the  kneo  sboald  be 
di^  and  flat,  and  the  tendon  not  Uefi  tn. 

The  pcwirm  abonki  be  short,  and  although  obliiiue  or  slanting,  yet  far 
leM  to  than  tliat  at  the  raoo-hgrsQ  or  the  hunter.  There  shonld  bo  oblir]nitj 


Tie  HACKNEY. 


-89 


I 


mnnirh  to  fpn  pl«ai«nt  nctinn,  but  not  to  render  the  borse  incApnblo  of 
IliB  wv&r  Mid  UroT  of  consitant,  und,  KomctinirH,  hard  'ir:>rk. 

Til*  fooC  i»  n  tnalti-r  ol"  tlic  ({rt'uUist  t!oiiwiiiM;ncir  in  n  fiackn^y.  It  Hhould 
bp  of  *  nte  canvcponding  with  the  bulk  vt  uio  iininuil,  nritboi'  too  hollow 
nor  too  Oat ;  open  ut  iJtti  Ih-l-U  ;  and  tmc  IVom  «i)rii.-<  mid  thmthcs, 

Yba  Ibt^tngB  should  bi-  [jt-rfeoily  straiKhi.  Tlii'i-e  iiritHlii  not  n  moini-nfs 
ecMwidontioD  witli  thi>  public  to  bv  couviiii.f'd  that  a  honu!  with  hi«  LiitfTti 
fatnt,  will,  from  a  alijfhl  cnaee,  and  especially  if  he  is  ovir-wL-igljtcd,  coin« 
dovn.  The  fm-t  howofcr  is.  that  a  borso  with  bent  foro-lega  has  rtui^ly 
btokiTD  knevH. 

The  back  ahonld  ho  straight  nnd  xliort,  ynt  iinlBcicntly  lonj^  to  Ioavo 
oimfbrtmUo  room  for  the  xnildli?  Iietwt^cm  thu  Hhinildi-m  and  itiu  hnnnch 
wTthoat  pmsing  on  Htbirr.  S(>niu  [lereonH  prt-fi-r  it  hulhiw-biicked  borso. 
Hn  is  gvticmlly  tm  eaa.j  one  to  so.  He  will  caiit(.-i'  wtll  with  il  lady  ;  lio 
nikj-  not  otrry  m>  litAvj  a  wuight,  uur  staud  such  very  bard  work,  but  it 
is  ■  great  luxarj  to  ride  him. 


Tbe  road-horse  ahonld  bo  hish  in  Ihi3  forehand  ;  ronnd  in  tfao  bamd  | 
ud  <Uwp  in  the  ehcsi  :  the  e«ddl«  will  not  then  prcis  too  forward,  but  Uie 
tprtktwill  rpraaifi  lirmly  filed  in  their  proper  plaoe. 

A  harknry  is  fnr  moro  viilniihld  for  Iho  p]<-nMintne!M  of  hi*  paires,  and 
bi«  Wrty,  good  tcnipi.'r.  niid  i'«durwncp,  fchiin  for  his  npiird.  Wo  mr<'ty 
w«nt  to  go  roon?  limii  t-i^ht  or  li'ti  inih-H  in  mi  hour  ;  iiiid,  on  n  jonniey, 
not  more  than  nx  or  wv«n,  Tlw  liuit  Iiomc-h,  and  <^s|)feinlly  tho  fiwt  trot- 
tmr»,  atv  not  oftwi  eaay  in  their  pows,  and  aUhooKb  t.hny  mfty  perform 
voy  extraordin&iy  toaU,  ato  dissbledaiid  wortlilcw)  h-Iil'ii  UiOHlowerhorso 
is  in  his  primp. 

Tbo  sbovo  is  ibo  portrait  of  one  tliat  belon^d  Ui  an  old  friend  of  tho 
■■thor.  lie  wiwi  no  briiuty,  and  yet  ho  wiui  full  of  ff<^<l  poinU.  Ho  wiu 
twwr  out  of  t«>mp(rr — he  never  Ktumblcd — he  tiever  showed  that  he  was 
ttred — nKwt  tvrlainly  wa«  never  off  his  feed— but,  hcinff  a  stnuigo  fclhn* 
I  to  f*t,   hn  MM.-  <hiy.    altliouKh    tbo  (^rooni  hn<l  a  thousand    tinu-B  bccu 


90 


THE    DIFFERKST   URKEDS   OF    KXOIJSfl    EIORSB^ 


cftntiiraed.  gorged  hinuwlf,  and  was  i[iim(^lint«ij'  tak^n  ont  by  his  0WD<>r, 
itfnnmnt  of  tliia,  in  order  lo  bo  ridden  noinoirhiit  fiu-  iu)d  fiurt.  At  nboot 
tine  middle  of  tlie  totended  jonniej  be  ftbnoitt  Ktopp^l ; — bo  wunld  Mftvr 
tiiin  bATO  t^na  on  at  his  obq&I  [)acc,  but  it  waa  evident  that  somelliJUK 
onnmuJ  nu  tho  nwttcr  with  hiro,  and  his  roaster  etoppod  at  tho  first 
connaieiit  plaoa.  The  Btomncb  wu  raptnrod,  hikL,  two  days  ftllorwitrd, 
bs  died. 

Moat  of  oar  rcodora  probably  nn>  horsomcn.  Tlioir  memories  will  sappl; 
thom  with  nianj  inittAnncs  of  intelligence  and  liilnlily  in  tlio  honm,  kiii 
portimilurly  in  the  haoknaj' — the  ovBry-d»y  companion  of  man.     A  friend 
rode  hiA  borso  thirty  milea  from  homo  into  a  oountry  that  was  perfectly 
juw  to  bim.     The  rood  was  diflicnlt  to  find,  but  by  dint  of  inqniiy  ho  at 
lonsth  mK;he<l  tJio  ploco  ht.-  Houglit.      Two  yuant  paiiM>d  away,  nnd 
BiRun  had  occasion  to  lakv  Ui«  same  journey.     No  odo  rode  this  horse 
hUDSel^  and  he  was  perfectly  acsorod  that  tbe  animal  ha<l  not,  since 
fint  oxcareion,  hot^n  in  that  direction.     Tlin«  or  four  milca  befon 
rcncboil  his  jonmoy'B  end  lie  was  bonighlM.      Ho  liad  to  trareno 
and  common,  and  ho  could  scarcely  sec  his  horse's  head.     The  rain 

to  pelt.     '  Well,'  thonglit  ho,  '  hnro  I  wn,  apparontlr  far  from  any 

and  I  know  not  nor  cnui  I  him  an  inch  of  my  nuul.     I  bav«  bran!  rancb 
the  roomory  of  the  horse,— ^t  ia  my  ouiy  ho|>e  now,— so  there,'  Utrowt: 
the  reins  on  hia  hone's  neck,  'go  on.'     In  half  an  hour  ho  was  safe  at 
IH«^Qd*ii  gate. 

The  followiujr  anecdote,  given  on  the  authority  of  Profeasor  Kruger  of 
Hatlu,  proves  both  the  saj^ncity  and  fidelity  of  tbe  horse  :■ — A  frioud  of  hit, 
riding  homo  through  a  wood  in  a  dark  night,  struck  bis  head  against  tJie 
branob  of  a  tree  and  fell  from  his  home  stunned.  The  KtctHt  immnliatalv 
robunwd  to  t>ie  boose  that  tbcy  hod  lately  lell,  and  nliich  wu  now  ctoac^ 
and  the  Btmily  iu  bed,  and  ho  pawed  at  the  door  until  some  one  roae  and 
Opened  it.  lie  tnmcd  about,  an<t  the  man,  wondering  nt  tho  alTair,  fbU 
lowed  him.  The  faitliful  and  intelligent  aoiuia]  led  him  to  the  pUeo 
where  hiit  master  tay  nenseless. 

A  few  iastanccs  arc  selcctud  of  the  s]>rcil  and  cndnranee  of  tho  hackn^. 

On  May  13,  179S,  a  h>ckm>y  nitmiMl  Sloven,  waltcj  twentj-twomiloaui 
tluve  hours  and  fifty-two  minutva.  In  Nowmber,  ]7'jl,  she  Lad  beaten  tba 
tfWD  oelebnied  poacstrian,  James  Coturel,  by  walking  twenty  milea  in 
throe  honn  and  forty-one  minut(«.  It  had  hccn  provionsly  imaffined  thak 
no  honw!  could,  in  fair  walking,  r^ntend  with  a  man  who  bad  aceactomed 
himMlf  to  ibat  kind  of  exercise. 

Afl  for  (ha  troOiny  performances  of  the  backnoj,  they  are  so  Bumeraai^ 
anil  yet  apparently  ae  extraordinaij,  that  some  difficolty  attends  tiie 
aclortiod. 

In  1822.  tti«n«Mftlliatohor  siae  miW  between  Mr.  Bernard's  man) 
and  Captain  Ooliton's  borse,  near  Oemud's  Cross,  for  AOO  k^>cml  It 
was  won  ciuuly  by  the  mare,  who  perfimncd  the  diiitaaco  in  twenty-ai 
minvtca  and  forty-six  neconds.  Tbe  horae  went  the  iame  distnace  la 
twenty^aereB  minates,  furty-nino  nocanda— which  is  n«ariy  at  the  imte  of 
iiinsteeD  and  a  half  miks  an  hour. 

Tbm,  howoTor,  had  biwn  eqnalled  or  exoclh-d  some  ycani  beforo.  Sir 
Kdwanl  Astlojr's  PheDuwouou  inare.  wlien  twelve  yeskni  old,  tititted 
stfreuteeB  nulas  in  fifty-six  raiDulce.  There  being  some  diffeionce  about 
the  taimtm  of  tho  trotting,  she  performod  the  same  distance  a  month  after- 
wards is  leas  tban  tiftr-tbree  mmnt«!s,  which  was  ntfaer  more  than  n  *  ' 
leen  miles  an  bmir.  Her  owner  then  (rffered  to  trot  her  nineteen  and  a 
milra  an  hoar;  but,  it  being  proved  that  in  the  last  matoh  abo  did  oni 
(oar  miles  in  eleven  uiantos,  or  at  the  rate  of  more  tlian  tMp^-oue  am 


TUB  lUCtSET. 


11 


•  }aU  duIm  KB  boor,  llio  betting  mea  would  lutvo  nothing  moro  to  do 
with  lier. 

AAcr  this,  witli  kImido  bo  it  xpakcn,  tine  tivod  u  lifo  of  dradK«>7  anil 
■iMiiliiiit,  and,  eooamoaailj,  of  oraitl  excrtioD,  until,  at  twcutf-throa 
fmn  old.  At  becaaw  W  changed  u  to  bo  ofTcnd  tor  nUo  at  71.  Kvon  in 
tfau  tteW  she  tnitt«d  nine  milea  in  twenty-i^iifhl  iiucuU«  and  tt  bnir — 
bcan^,  M  dcktI^  tia  powiblfi,  ninrhxm  tnilos  nn  hour.  Within  six  wouUm 
■Aennutis,  it  ts  aaiil  that  kht-  won  four  ritnvordinnry  Tniit<-hc8  in  one  d&y, 
the  pulktUara  of  which  are  not  nwonliKl.  In  her  twimly-iiiij:th  jrJir  sho 
bucMM  tba  prv>pi^rlr  of  tho  la(«  Sir  R.  C.  Dauii^l,  by  whom  nbn  wiu  well 
ted,  wad  had  no  diKgriMjcAil  tukB  iinnoB«d  upon  her ;  and  in  a  fuw  iuuhUih 
Ac  looked  AS  tmii  and  dean  u|ion  Den-  U^  no  in  bcr  bent  days.  So  far 
as  ip«ed  wM  oouoeracd,  ther«  was  nothing  iu  the  nuaala  of  trotting  com- 
ponblv  to  bcr  pcrforraftnccfl. 

Of  ctoatneu,  whrthcr  ooofinod  to  this  pooc,  or  the  acoompliahmcnt  of 
great  diatancea  with  littlit  or  no  rest,  thrro  arc  loo  many  inHtanccs ;  and 
ilia  greater  Bombcr  of  them  irerv  ucconipKniud  b^  circunmliuiccB  of  dis- 
gracsAil  bariMkritjr. 

Kr.  0>baldcatone  had  a  cclebratod  American  trottinf;-horse,  called  Tom 
TbnmK  He  nuUvbcd  him  to  trot  100  miles  in  Um  hoim  and  a  half.  It 
aaonad  to  bo  an  am*  ring  di«taiKe,and  tmnotaihlu  to  bo  aocompliiihcd :  bnt 
tha  bona  had  done  wonders  as  a  trott«r :  he  waa  in  Uie  highe»t  oonditioa  ; 
lb«  Tchiclc  did  not  weigh  more  than  100  lbs.,  nor  tho  driver  more  than 
lOaL  SIba.  He aooompliiihed  hia  ta«k  tn  t«n  honn  and  sovon  Diinotcfi;  his  . 
alopfagea  to  bait,  Ac,  ocoapicd  tJurty-Hcrrcn  minnten — to  that,  in  fact,  Lliv 
100  HUM  were  done  in  nine  hours  anil  a  liulf.  Ho  was  not  at  any  ticriu 
tfabaaaod  ;  and  waa  so  fresh  at  Iho  end  of  thi^nint'tiolh  mile,  that  his  owner 
alfanl  to  take  ax  tofonr  that  ho  did  fonrti^i'n  miles  in  tlio  nttxt  hour. 

An  BniiJiih-bred  man  waa  nfterwarda  rautch*^!  to  iicirninpUith  the  tama 
(aak.  Sm  «*8  one  of  Ihoao  aiumala  rare  to  bo  met  wilii,  that  oonld  do 
abaoat  anjrtliing  aa  a  hack,  a  hunter,  or  in  harness.  On  one  occD«ion, 
afl^  having  in  foUowing  the  houndit,  »nd  travrlling  to  and  from  cover, 
goiK  throDgb  at  Inul  uxtjr  milea  of  oonntij,  nho  Ihirly  run  away  with  her 
lidar  otar  aerenl  ploughed  fieJda.  She  acctinipUshed  tht-  match  tn  ten 
Imin  and  fonrteen  minntca — or,  dodocting  thirteen  minutes  for  stop- 
fagti^  in  ten  hoora  and  a  minate'x  actnol  work ;  and  thus  gnined  the 
netarj.  She  waa  a  tittli'  tinsl,  and,  V-ing  turned  into  a  looiie  box,  lust 
BO  tiBM  in  taking  her  nrst.  Ou  the  following  day  alio  waa  aa  full  of  IJfo 
and  apirit  aa  ttct.  'l'h«ao  are  matclioa  which  it  is  pleasant  to  record — 
and  psrticBlarly  the  latter ;  for  tlie  ownei  had  given  poaitive  etdera  to  tho 
dnrer  to  atop  at  once,  on  her  showing  dtcidi^  Bymptoma  of  diiitn-H.H,  aa  ha 
T^ued  her  more  than  anything  he  could  gain  by  her  endnritig  aetnal 
aaSmng. 

OtWia,  bowcrcr,  are  of  a  dtRercnt  diaractcr,  and  excite  indignation 
••d  diagnst.  Battler,  an  Amerioan  hone,  waa,  in  lS2i),  mntvlit^  to  trot 
tarn  MtQea  with  a  Welsh  mare,  giving  her  a  nunnte'a  start.  He  comjiMiH) 
the  distanee  in  thirty  minntm  and  forty  MConda— bcinc  at  tbe  rali'  of 
rather  moiv  than  nincrteen  mila  an  hnnr — and  beating  the  mare  by  eixty 
yvida.  AH  this  ia  fairi  but  when  the  same  horn  waajBoaietiinoalV-rward, 
matobed  to  trot  thirt^-fonr  milM  against  another,  and  ia  distressed,  and 
Jmm  in  thalbUewiug  night — when  two  bncknrys  arc  matehed  against  each 
oUmt,  inm  tiomlnn  to  York,  IlXi  miles,  and  one  of  them  rans  IBS  of  these 
milea  and  dica,  and  the  other  accompliidiCB  the  drcwlful  feat  in  forty  honra 
asd  thirty- five  niinntea,  being  kept  for  more  than  half  Uiedintimre  niidrr  tho 
mSaawv  of  win^— when  two  brutes  in  Imman  sha|iu  niatoh  their  horses, 
the  oaa  a  tall  apd  bony  animal,  and  the  olhur  a  mere  pony,  ugiunsl  au^ 


THK   DIFFERE.VT  BSeBDS  OP   B-VOUStl  UORSES. 


a;  or 


lAhvr  for  a  distance  of  sixlir-lwo  miles,  aad  Imtli  are  run  to  a  compli-ta 
maadstill,  tho  odo  at  thirt;^  and  tlic  other  nt  eij^ht^  pirda  froiu  tlio 
wtDiuiig  point,  and,  both  heme  vtiU  argcd  on,  tlH?^  drop  down  and  Ho— 
wlien  we  pcmae  n-canlM  likoMue,  WBenrr  not  tlui  feelings  of  tli«  owner*, 
if  indeed  tliifrf  are  not  delnaed  Mow  all  f«eling.  We  akouU  not  liava 
fi^I  satisttpd  in  riding  an  animal,  tLat  had  done  mnch  and  good  Borriocv 
•OTcnl^  miles  wben  he  was  thirty-six  yrnni  old  ;  nor  can  wti  unfiiriontly 
rG|)ronUc  tbc  man,  who,  in  18^7,  ooold  ridu  a  iimiUt  n>ldtni;  fmm  Dahlin 
to  Nenagb,  uiuety-firo  mil««,  iu  oompanj'  with  tlie  Limt-riL-lc  oouuh;  or 
that  greater  delinquent  who  st&rt»d  with  the  Kxotor  mail,  on  n  gallowaj, 
nndor  foartooa  hands  hieh,  nnd  rmchrd  that  citf  a  (]nart4:rr  of  an 
bcfen  the  mail,  being  17^  milrx,  nnd  [icrronuL'd  at  tliu  nito  of  rather 
Ibau  men  mika  an  hour.  The  aathor  eaw  thia  pouy,  a  fe<w  month* 
allenmda^  stnined,  rin^Mned,  and  foundered — a  lanienlahle  picture  of  the 
mgratitadeof  aoBUt  hnman  bmtrs  towards  a  willing  and  faithful  tcrvant. 

THE   FABHEE's   R0i32. 

The  Pjuures's  Hokse  is  an  animal  of  ail  wori :  to  be  ridden  occa«onalI]r 
to  Dwricet  or  for  ploksare,  bat  to  bo  principalljr  miplo]r«d  for  diaaght, 
Bb  should  bo  higlif^r  than  thn  road-horse,  abont  fimot  hands  nod  two 
indioa  majr  be  taktai  a«  Ibo  btM  sbuulard-  A  hono  with  a  sboitlder 
thicker,  luwvr,  and  len  alantiiij;  than  would  be  <ifaoaon  iii  a  backncy,  will 
better  suit  the  oollar ;  and  collar  work  wiU  be  chiefij  rvqnircd  of  hun.  A. 
stout  compnct  animal  should  be  solcctcd,  jrct  not  a  hcAxj  cloddy  one. 
Some  blood  will  bo  dcsonble ;  bat  tlin  half-wed  honio  will  gcnnntlty  beat 
suit  the  &nacr'8  purpose^  H«  Hbould  have  weight  enough  to  throw  into 
Ibe  collar,  and  snmoient  actirity  to  gel  over  the  ground. 

Farmers  aro  now  beginning  to  bo  awaro  of  tlie  superiority  of  the  moder- 
at«ly-si(cd,  strontr,  active  horse,  over  the  balkier  and  jitower  animal  of 
former  daysL  It  im  not  only  in  harveat,  and  wlien  a  frosty  morning  most 
be  setud  to  curt  manure,  that  tlua  la  petoeived,  bnt  in  the  erery-day  work 
of  the  Bum  the  sanng  of  lime,  and  Uie  saving  of  proTondt'r  too,  will  bo 
Terr  oonsidetnhlv  in  tno  course  of  a  year. 

ft  has  often  born  said,  that  a  honw  nard  much  for  dritnght,  is  neither 
pleasant  nor  safe  for  the  saddle.  The  litlti-  farmer  dors  not  want  n  Hhnirr, 
oonplete  hackney.  Bo  afaoald  be  content  if  he  is  tolL-mbly  well  ntrri<vi ; 
and — if  ho  liaK  taken  a  little  care  in  tho  choioo  of  his  horso — if  ho  baa 
srlectnl  one  vritb  sound  fed,  shouldrni  not  too  thii-i:,  and  legs  not  too  much 
nndiT  him ;  and  if  he  kmps  hiia  in  good  condition,  anil  dors  not  scandul- 
ousty  overweight  him.  the  five  days'  carting  or  barrow-work  will  not,  to 
any  matgrial  oiogrrr,  nnlit  him  for  the  saddle;  especially  if  the  rider  bears 
in  mind  what  wo  hnrir  tcrmnl  tho  Koldcn  rtilo  of  hotscmanship,  always  a 
Ulll'-  lii/ttl  the  mouth  of  the  aniniiil  hu  in  upon. 

A  fimuer,  and  more  |)articalarly  a  small  larmiT,  will  prefer  a  maro  to  a 
mlding,  both  for  rijling  or  driving.  She  will  not  cost  him  so  much  at 
firat;  and  he  will  get  a  gniit  doal  more  work  oat  of  her.  There  out  be 
no  doubt  that,  taking  hoik  fur  bulk,  a  num  in  ntrongcr  and  more  laatiDg 
than  a  gelding ;  and  in  addition  to  this,  the  farmer  hits  hor  to  bnwd  from. 
'Blia,  and  the  (irofll  wliifh  is  nttnched  to  it,  ia  well  known  in  the  breeding 
oondios;  bni  why  tho  bn'eding  of  hnrsrs  for  sale  should  be  almost  ex> 
dnair^  ooofined  to  a  low  nortbem  districts,  it  is  not  easy  to  explain. 
Wherever  tlwrv  are  good  horses,  with  oonvt!Dienm  for  rearing  the  colts, 
the  farmrr  may  start  as  a  breeder  with  a  fair  obanec  of  stK^^css. 

If  he  hna  a  ft-w  nseful  C4irt  maros,  and  crosses  tlieui  witli  a  well-knit 
half-bred  horse,  he  will  nrrtainly  hare  cnlta  useful  for  eroiy  purpose  of 
^rknlture.  and  some  of  them  sniBdently  light  for  tlio  van,  post-daiae. 


TUB   FABIIEBS   UORSB. 


» 


or  eoHch.  If  ho  Iim  ■  «B[MTior  maro,  one  of  th^  old  Clfi-ehnd  hnwd,  uid 
tnrta  bcr  fa>  k  I*odj,  UimsfoartJw-brvd  honr,  or,  if  Iw  csn  find  ont)  stoat 
Mid  eonpoict  moogb,  &  HTCD-rifjIitlis  or  »  UioroogbbrMl  otut,  be  «^  have 
a  &ir  «buioe  to  rwr  »  colt  lluil  wtU  amplj  repajr  kirn  m  a  hunter  or 

OUnagt-boTMk 

The  nuuv  noed<  not  to  be  idle  while  *ho  is  biwiding.  She  maj  be 
woricnl  modcrsteljr  almost  to  the  period  of  her  folding,  and  with  benefit 
mlher  tliaa  otfaerwiae ;  nor  ia  tiiere  occasioii  that  mnch  of  her  tioM  dbould 
bo  lostt  even  irhilo  sfav  ia  fockliag.  If  she  ia  pat  to  boras  in  Jiuus  tfao 
fcnliiig  tino  will  Gdl,  and  the  k>«  of  biboor  will  occur,  in  the  moet  leinre 
time  of  the  jear. 

Tben  are  two  rocks  on  which  the  bnner  often  strikes— hn  pay*  Uttlo 
attratjon  to  tho  kind  of  nure.  Mid  lew  to  the  proper  nourialiinunt  of  Iha 
tamL  It  nay  bo  hud  down  oa  a  maxim  in  bnwding,  boworer  genenl  nutj 
be  the  pRJodioe  agaiiuit  it,  that  the  ntlae  of  the  loal  dopoods  m  much  od 
Ifao  dna  M  on  the  sire.  The  Aiabe  go  brtber  than  tlu*,  for  do  price  will 
bajr  bom  tbem  a  likelr  cure  of  th«  higfaMt  blood ;  and  thej-  tr»oe  bock 
tbo  pedigrM  of  their  bonoa,  not  tbrongfa  the  nro,  bat  the  dam.  The 
QwA  afurtuif;  nun  bold  the  nine  opinion,  k>n2  bcfora  the  Arab  bono 
was  Imonni.  '  Vflmi  chanoe  of  winain^  bavo  I  ?  inqnlred  a  yootb  whoeo 
borSB  <na  aboBt  to  Btart  od  the  Olympic  oooroe.  '  Ask  the  dam  of  joar 
hom^*  waa  tho  rcplT,  founded  <m  eipcrioDoe.  Biabop  Hall,  who  mole  in 
tbe  tue  of  Jameo  L,  intimatai  that  cncb  waa  the  optDioa  of  boneoun  at 
Uui  period.    Hs  aaks  in  one  of  bis  sUiiea  (lib.  ir.), 

<)os»  itrja  prixB 

Thjhrml*  bcwu'  «gnh  b;  ihfiriLiEtf'  qaaliticet 
6n~>«  tboetilHeolltlMUfMTe  mrfiH-fntrdtttri, 
Oadr  Umom  a  JoMt  did  Un  brnd  f 
Or  mf^  tbM  tlw  HUB  ban*  ^uU  win  the  piiF. 


nw  ttnoar,  howoror,  too  froqacntly  thinks  that  anj  mare  wQI  do  to 
bn«d  IronL  If  be  tma  find  agnttt  pranciug  slaUion,  wiui  a  hif^li  souadine 
—IIM.  and  loedul  with  fitt,  be  reclcona  on  having  a  vatoablo  colt;  aiid 
iboold  be  bH  he  attnbaleo  the  &alt  to  tho  horse,  nnd  not  to  his  own  want 
of  ndgntBt,  Far  mora  dr'pcnds  on  the  maro  than  ta  dmuncd  of  in  hie 
|ihihiqil>y. 

If  be  faM  aa  ondeniaed,  or  a  blemished,  or  unsound  mare,  let  him  con- 
liwi  lo  nae  ber  on  his  farm.  She  probsblr  did  not  cost  him  mndt,  and 
A*  will  best  snv  svMine ;  bnt  let  him  not  think  of  breeding  from  her.  A 
wend  mm,  witli  aome  blood  in  bt'r,  and  trilli  mo«t  of  tbe  good  potnta,  will 
!  anawer  hi*  piutioee.  She  may  bear  ab>~>at  her  the  marks  of  huni'st 
(the  bwcr  of  thoee,  bowercr,  tl>r  IWtcr),  bat  she  most  not  ham  anj 
"niere  is  •caroc)}'  a  malady  to  which  the  home  is  sabiect  that  ia  wrl 
brrrftaTT  Contracted  feet,  coib,  apavin,  roaring,  thick  wind,  blindness, 
■etotioaJj  dvawnd  from  the  sire  or  dam  to  tho  fbaL  Ur.  Roberts,  in 
'  n«  Vtttri»atian,'  sbts  : — '  Lost  somrnvrr  I  was  askod  my  ojiiiuoD  of  a 
bonik  1  ^ifwovod  of  hi*  (brmatton  with  iho  exception  of  tbe  hocks,  whcm 
tbors  bsppencd  to  he  two  curbs.  I  waa  then  told  his  sister  wan  in  tbe 
■BOW  staUo :  she  also  had  two  cnAa,  Knowing  tlw  nro  to  be  fret-  from 
tfatae  ilirfrr<<t  I  euiaired  aboat  tho  dam  :  she  likrwiiw  hud  two  conflrmod 
esrbs.  Sha  was  at  this  time  mnning  with  a  foul  of  hers,  two  yc;irs  old. 
hj  anotbar  hotvs^  and  be  alu  iLnd  iwu  iiirlis.' 

Tho  feal  abmiM  be  well  taki-o  care  of  for  the  fimt  two  yean.  It  ia  bad 
policy  to  stiat  or  half-atarvo  tbe  growing  oiilt. 

The  oolt,   wbotbn-  iniendod  lor  a  hiuiU>r  or  carriage-borse,  may  be 


M 


TIIK   DIFFEBI^NT  BREEDS  OF   KNOLBII   1I0R8R8. 


cnrljr  hnndlcd,  bnt  Khoald  not  bo  broken  in  nntil  Uirw  jmn  old 
tki-u,  thu  wry  Iwst  bnuking-is  for  Itie  CMringishonw  m  to  mkki!  hiii 
ft  little  of  liis  Urinj|[.  Ix-t  liini  bo  put  (o  Imirow  or  li^lit  ploujfh.  I 
orer  tbo  rousk  gmind  will  t^acb  hiui  to  lifV  bta  fevt  wl'II,  and  f(iv 
that  high  uur showy  action,  cicusnblo  in  tt  carri^a-horge^  bat  doc  i 
otlivr.  In  tlwf  mcocoding  winter  he  will  bo  pcrlocUjr  rotdy  for  tb< 
or  coontiy  market. 

TBS   CAVUBT   HOKSB. 

Thut  i»  the  proper  plnoo  to  itpcnlc  of  Wut  Cavalry  TTorta-  Th*t 
iiDimal  whotic  vurii^tica  wtt  uro  drULTibing,  und  who  !■  no  ndminibt}-  u, 
to  oikiitributo  to  our  ploaaure  nud  our  oae,  waa,  in  the  <jarliesi  po 
which  we  bare  any  account  of  him,  devoted  to  the  deetractivo  pai-p 
wnr ;  and  the  rjivitlrj  in.  At  th«  |n«Mnt  duj,  an  iQdiiq>«<nMblc  and  f 
cfl'(?ctir«!  bnincli  iif  tlin  niTrricit 

Tlui  carali^  borsea  contain  a  different  proportion  of  blood,  aci?ord 
tho  natiuD  of  the  Bt-rvico  niiuirod,  or  tbo  caprice  of  thii  comin' 
offioor,  Tho«  of  thn  honsonold  troops  arc  fmrn  liiilf  to  thrwi- 
brcd.  Somo  of  tho  ligbbir  mgin)i.-nt«  hitvn  mcirv  blond  in  thma 
ok-niry  horactf  yivm  formerly  lary  and  bt-avy.  To  llieir  imposij 
was  added  action  as  imposing;.  The  horse  was  trained  to  a  pecult 
gmnd,  f  ci  beantafol  mouiod  of  gt>ing  ;  hut  he  was  often  foand  dcfi- 
ml  Kirvioe,  for  thia  voiy  action  ditainiubcd  liis  spood,  and  ttddcd 
labour  sod  liitifciieL 

A  oonsidierable  ofaaoffe  has  token  place  in  the  Gbaracter  of  oa 
hones.  This  neceasaj-ily  followed  from  tho  change  that  bnjt  oocu 
the  thorongfabred  honic.  If  ho  has  toat  much  of  hia  muacuUr  foi 
a<;tual  [lower  Ot  endnnmi'c,  u  Himilur  alteration  will  take  plact<  iti 
aprin);;  li^htneaa  and  activity  will  succeed  to  bulk  and  strength,  i 
akimusbiniif  and  sudden  attack  the  change  will  be  fi.n  impraroaHB 
if  the  borso  be  improved,  there  still  mquirea  to  be  a  great  eh&ngaj 
in  tfas  bulk  of  tbo  aceoutivmciits  which  is  curried  by  ttio  light  i 
When  the  men  are  of  oqunl  weights,  the  aceoutrrments  of 
Horamnan  are,  when  on  active  service,  quite  as  pondcmna  m  tbo 
lleavy  Dragoon.  Uonoo  tho  WAot  of  jadgnMoat  ahowu  in  IhoHc  i 
hig  offioen  of  HuMan  who  coatinna  to  mounl  their  nt^enta  with 
tbon>a{;hbred  horses  of  litllu  power,  to  oany  weights  of  IS,  16,  or  17 
stones.  It  was  proved  that  in  the  onsagsmenls  previous  to  and  at  the 
buttle  of  WntirrliKi,  our  hravy  hon«ehold  tro<»ps  alotui  were  able  to  nrpalso 
the  fonnidable  cLurK"  of  the  French  ffuard. 

There  are  few  thuif(a  (hat  more  tnipcrionaly  demand  the  atlention  of 
gorvronMnt.  If  Arom  tbe  habit  of  runnins  short  distanosa,  aad  at  the 
nry  early  ages  of  one  and  two  yMini,  with  light  wcighta,  there  i*  n  dcto- 
riontion  in  thn  strength  and  NtontneiB  of  our  thoruug^bbml  honH<«,  tbcy 
will  become  emy  yeur  leas  and  l«fls  fitted  tor  gettins  stock  saffiedantly 
hardy  and  powerful  to  do  credit  to  tho  ooimga  ana  diaoiplnM  of  oar 
cavalry. 

The  fi^lowing  anecdote  of  the  memory  and  discipline  of  tho  troop-horse 
is  ralatin]  on  s^od  aatfaority.  The  Tyroleae,  iu  one  of  their  inaarrecttooa 
In  1800.  took  fifteen  Bavarian  horsM,  and  mounted  them  with  so  many  of 
their  own  men  ;  but  in  n  Rkirmiidi  with  a  xqundron  of  the  nuno  rogiaMit. 
no  aooBsr  did  the*c  boracs  hcur  tho  trumjiot  and  r«cognitic  the  nninnD  a 
their  old  maaleia,  than  thejr  set  olT  at  flill  gaUop,  and  curried  their  lidsrs^ 
in  spita  of  all  thtur  efltHrts,  tolo  tbe  BavariaB  ranks,  where  they  wen  mads 
pnaonerSi. 

The  wounds  of  «  soldier  are  hunounhlo.     The  old  war-horao  can  aonte. 


J 


TUB  COaCH-HO 

ttmt^  ^iliibit  liis  sh&rv  of  bcus.  One  of  tbi^m,  twenty-seven  yesra  old, 
birly  dttxl  at  Stwoglctaii  Lodge,  new  Uodfoiil,  tluU  hiid  bcloni^eil  to  one 
of  the  mfpaoite  of  laacera,  uid  wu  in  tbo  h$Mv  of  Wnterloo.  and  the 
ciig«f;micnt>  of  tjic  two  dunt  that  prccoilt'd  it.  No  tcvrvr  thnn  eight  mua- 
k*t-Mlb  wen  diaoorered  in  him  aiU-r  hut  dtaith,  und  the  K3kn  of  several 
woand*  by  the  abre  unil  tht-  Uuiue. 

A  hone  dieil  al  SuowrhUl,  nev  Gainsford,  ld  17o3,  tliat  h»d  been  hi 
Geeeml  Carpeuter'a  regiment  ftt  the  battle  of  Shirreff-Muir.  iii  1716, 1>einf; 
•1.  that  time  ecrcn  yc*i«  old.  lie  wae  wounded  by  a  bullet  in  liia  neek  m 
iiat  wagagaaieat,  and  this  balli-t  van  uxtntc-tt^l  kftvr  his  death. 

THE  COACH-BORSE. 

This  animal  in  external  apfiewnsco  ia  a»  diffeivnt  from  whu  he  was 
Utf  n^n  ago  a>  it  U  poeaible  to  conceiiw.  The  i-luinAy-lMknelled,  cloddy* 
ahoMend,  ronnd- legged,  Mack  family  hone — i>eitber  a  coach  nor  n  dray- 
bone,  bat  something  beiween  both— -es  &I  as  an  oz — but,  with  all  liis 
pride  and  imuciog  when  bo  first  starts,  not  equal  to  mora  than  nx  diUl-a 
aa  hour,  ukI  ksocking-op  with  one  hard  day's  work,  is  no  more  seen 


Bt  in^ed  was  qnito  in  keeping  with  the  vebiele  h«  hud  to  draw  in  oldaa 
tmm.  Wh«l  carriageji,  brarmg  any  resemblance  to  ehariotA.  (iret  enmo 
ate  main  the  reign  of  Richard  11.,  about  the  year  IS88  ;  th<-y  wore  wiled 
vhirKnUw,  and  were  little  birtter  than  litters  or  e„le»  (roli,)  j-huHid  on 
wlieeU.  We  nro  told  by  5li«U-p  John  Stow.?,  that  '  Ric:Lar<!  II.  being 
Ikrealraed  l>y  the  nA^Ax  of  Kent,  rodo  from  the  Tower  of  London  to  the 
Mib«  End.  and  with  him  his  mother,  boOMM  she  was  sick  and  wt-ak,  in  a 
whirlieote ;'  and  this  is  deacribod  u  an,  ogly  vehicle  of  four  boards  put 
toinUirr  in  a  clumsy  manner. 

Otaciw  were  not  used  nntil  the  time  of  Kiiabeth.  wli.m  we  wm-  toM 
(Stowe'a  Surrey  of  London  and  We«tinii»l«r,  book  i.)  '  divw*  grvat  ladies 


•IG 


TUe   DirKt^KK^T   BREEDS  OP  BN'GLlini    HORSES. 


tiuulv  thrm  coachra,  ftnd  roAv  in  them  up  nnd  down  tho  oountriai,  to  thn 
giv«t  lulnurnHnn  of  nil  the  bchuldnra.'  Thi!  fWiioQ  toon  tpmud  ;  niu\  lu> 
iwlila,  wliMt  ia  ofkn  too  truo  iu  tlii-  pn!»i'iil  Jay,  '  the  tvorld  rona  on  vflwi-la 
witti  many  whose  paniiU  w«re  i;lad  t»  p?  on  foct.' 

Tlii?8e  coBiclies  wero  h^a^-y  nid  unwieldy,  and  probably  boro  kiria  roagli 
KSfinblniica  to  tlic  Btabo-conchcii  now  uwd   Dc<:a«iotiuly  in  court  pro- 

OViHlOIIS. 

Now  wo  li&re,  tiiste«d  of  liim.  an  aittiaal  tftll,  iloop-chcsted,  rising  in  the 
wilhpra.  sloDting  in  the  8hoTild«re.  flat  in  the  legs,  witit  far  more  ilnogUi, 
and  with  treble  tlip  «pn('d. 

Tlicri-  iM  a,  great  d(^  of  cliicvption,  liowervr,  eren  in  tku  beat  of  Uutiu 
impruvi-d  coach -horacs.  They  prance  it  nobly  through  the  BtreetA.  and  thuy 
hafo  more  work  in  therm  than  the  old,  clumsy,  alDf^sh  breed  ;  bnt  th«y 
faaVD  not  the  ondnranco  that  oonld  bo  triiihrd,  and  a  piiir  of  |>oorr  port- 
haiMN)  would,  at  thu  cnil  of  the  feeeond  day,  bent  thi-m  hollow. 

The  lciiee*M>tian  and  liigh  liftin;*  of  the  feet  in  thi>  c&rriage*hor«e  is 
deemed  an  ozocUeno«,  bocaaso  it  adds  to  the  gmndour  of  his  appcAranco : 
bnt,  AS  hiM  alrcadv  txfm  Ktatvd,  it  i.t  mniiiiiMiilj  ncconipAni<!d  by  moch 
wc«r  and  tcttr  of  tiiu  hjp  aiid  fi-vt,  aiid  this  is  very  tioon  apparcut. 

The  priutripal  points  iu  the  coach-horse  are,  ntbetance  well>pLaoed,  a 
Atts^  and  woll-proportionod  body,  bone  under  th«  knoc,  and  eoond,  open, 
toat;l<  f''t*- 

The  Cletruso  Bat  i»  tht^  oriiria  of  tlie  better  kind  of  coaoh-Itonto,  nad 
is  confined  pmici[)ally  to  Yorksliiro  and  Durham,  with,  perhaps,  Liocoln- 
filuro  on  ODD  side,  and  NorihiiTnlKrland  on  the  other,  bnt  dimcnlt  to  find 
para  in  cither  oonnty.  Tho  Cleveland  maro  is  crossed  by  a  throe-foorth 
or  thoron{{hbrod  hoixe,  of  itulScieut  aubsiaiioe  and  hd^ht^  and  the  prodiioo 
is  the  ooodt-horau  most  in  repatc,  with  liia  arched  ct-m  AaA  hi^h  action. 
FW>m  the  thoronghbred  of  snfficiont  height,  bat  not  of  so  much  subetanoe, 
we  oblain  the  foar-in-hnnd  and  stiporior  curriolo  Iiorse. 

frofossor  Low,  in  his  miporb  work  '  Illoatrationa  of  the  Breeds  of  the 
Domostio  Animals  of  tJie  Britoah  lalanda,'  which  abould  adorn  the  library 
of  eray  itportsman  and  agricultnrist,  ^Tee  the  following  account  of  th« 
Clerelaud  Bay : — 

'  It  is  the  pro^rnsidvc  mixtnro  of  the  blood  of  horses  of  hitrber  breeding 
with  tboK  of  thv  eummon  raoe,  that  baa  prodnocd  the  rurinty  of  coach* 
horw  osuallf  termed  the  Cleveland  Bay ;  so  called  from  ila  colour  and  the 
AM'tile  diatncl  of  that  itamo  in  the  North  Riding  of  Yorksliire,  ou  the 
bonks  of  tho  Tcos.  About  tho  middlu  of  llui  last  ccotuir  this  district 
became  known  for  the  breeding  of  a  superior  cIhm  of  noworinl  horses, 
which,  with  the  gradual  disiiso  of  the  heavy  old  coucli-lionte,  h>vamc  in 
re^ncst  for  coaches,  chariots,  nnd  similar  can-]af,'ps.  The  breed,  however, 
is  not  OML&Dod  to  (^evoland.  Imt  is  caltirnted  through  all  the  great  bratd- 
'lie  district  of  this  poit  of  Ku),'1iiud.  It  hoa  b<.i?i]  formnl  by  the  progreonts 
mixtnra  of  tho  blood  of  the  raco-horso  with  the  original  breeds  of  the 
ooontiy.  To  rear  this  class  of  horsos,  tlie  same  principles  of  breeding 
sbonld  be  applied  m  to  thn  rearing  of  tlie  mc^c-hone  himself,  A  class  « 
mares,  as  well  as  stallionit,  should  ulso  he  uwd  having  the  properties  sought 
for.  Tbo  distnot  of  Clereland  owes  its  superiority  in  the  ppodai^ion  of 
this  bcontiJU  noe  of  bones  to  the  poMession  of  a  deSnite  brwd,  furmod 
not  hy  accidental  mixture,  hut  by  continued  cnltivatioD.' 

'Although  tho  Cleveland  B*y  nppi-uni  to  unite  the  blood  of  the  Bner 
with  that  of  tho  largiir  horses  of  the  coutilrr.  to  oomhino  iu:tion  with 
■trangtb.  yet  many  bare  aought «  fiuihcr  infusion  <J  blood  neann-  to  the 
nco-hone.  Thoy  ar«  according'ly  orawod  by  hunters  or  tfaoroushbred 
horses,  and  thus  another  nuiety  of  coach-horse  is  prodnood,  ot  lii^tar 


THE  COACH-HORSE. 


*« 


Hbrni  and  \ieka  braediu^ ;  and  many  of  the  Bnpnrior  Clcreland  imrriclti 
ffeful  roor^iii'haiid  bonee  are  now  nearly  tliorotiKblired.  Tlie  bny  colour 
in  in  Um  moat  i^neral  Mtinatioo,  but  the  ^ev  are  not  unfreqnentlv- maed.' 

From  lem  height  nnil  mora  mbetance  we  have  the  hunter  and  h«tt«r 
•ort  of  hackiM-y  ;  and,  from  the  hn]f-br««],  wo  derive  the  machimwr,  thw 
pOBtte,  and  the  comnKin  mrni>^--bonic  ;  iodntid,  CIcTelaod,  and  the  viilo 
of  Picketing  in  t}ie  East  Riding;  of  TorkKhirc,  muy  be  considered  as  the 
moctdecided  bi«cdiiig  ooontrics  in  England  for  coach-horses,  hnnt^-i-H,  and 
backaejB.  Tbe  coacn-horsc  is  nothing  moix)  than  a  tall,  strong,  over-sixed 
hvnUT. 

Wbrthw  wc  are  nnjing  aoppoHod  iiaprorpmont  too  far,  and  sa^rificitig 
■tmgth  and  uavralnieaa  to  speed,  ia  a  quention  not  diffictilt  to  r(<solve. 
Tlia  nge  for  npid  travelling  wa»  introduced  by  the  improvement  in  tho 

rd  of  the  rac«r,  and  for  a  while  it  became  the  bane  of  the  poslmajitcir, 
deatraction  of  llie  horstr,  and  a  ditigmcc  to  the  English  character. 

Tbe  stagva  w«rt!  then  twelre,  aUtern,  or  oven  twenty  miles  ;  the  horses 
■tout  and  tme,  bal  formed  for,  and  habituated  to,  a  ninch  slower  pwc  ; 
and  Uie  incRase  of  two,  and  even  four,  miles  au  hour,  rendered  vvery 
■l^e  %  acww  t^  oOBtintioas  barbarity,  and  speedily  thinned  the  stables  of 
thf  |MMt  and  atagv  nuwt«<r.  The  pn.-it-honie  hns  not  U>  tho  present  moment 
alloMBtln'rcacapcdfromthettyMtcmof  barbarity  to  whieh  lie  wiis  sahjected. 
lie  u  not  exprveslr  br*d  for  his  work — that  work  is  irrogular— thu  paco 
ia  izTVfralar — the  leediDg  and  the  time  of  rest  nuccrtAiu — and  tbe  hursu 
hiMMifi  deslinnl  to  be  the  victim  iif  all  these  means  of  aunovaDce  and 
■dhnng  and  impaimieat  [>f  natural  power,  is  not  always  or  often  either 
Wfmdy  or  tUtat.  Tho  ooacluuast'^r,  on  a  large  scale,  has,  however,  leamrd, 
mad,  geaentUj  speaking,  follow*  np,  a  system  at  ouoe  conducing  to  his  own 
pr«£l,  and  th«  health  and  oonoibrt  and  prolonged  Inhmir  of  his  horxe.  lie 
Mjs  a  Rood  liOTse,  sayii  Kimrod,  '  one  thiit  lian,'  in  liia  laii^ago  uf  tho 
hi^wat  Butharity  in  tlwau  mattcra,  *  actiun,  sound  feet  and  legs,  power  and 
iMWuTiiijt  equal  to  the  nature  and  len^'tk  of  tite  ground  bo  will  have  tu 
wotfc  ttpon,  and  good  wind,  without  which  no  other  qnnlili^'ntion  will  long 
avaH  in  &at  work.'  lie  feeds  him  well  —  he  wiirlui  hini  but  little  mom 
ihau  two  or  tfarc«  hoow  ont  of  tlio  foiir-and-lwcnty  —  hir  rvsta  him  one 
dar  out  of  rrcTj  fire  —he  has  ererytliing  comfortable  about  him  in  liia 

■lalilii     1  by  thuae  means,  that  which  waa  OOM  a  life  of  lortare  is  one 

■f  eompaiative  cnjo^ent.  This  ia  now  the  case  in  large  and  wcl]-con- 
daftfil  eotUMnui,  odcI  where  the  oye  of  the  master  or  the  oonfidential 
laaaagCT  ovariooka  and  dircotn  alL 

In  other  eatablisbmenta,  and  iu  too  many  of  them,  there  is  yet  mnoh 
■>,;n.«l  mfiering.  The  public  has  to  a  rcry  consideiable  extent  the  power 
lo  diatuifpuah  between  the  two,  and  tn  nphold  the  cansc  of  hnmanity. 

Reference  has  been  mode  to  tho  dn-ndfiil  opemtionit  which  the  uev 
irfrinn  of  honie  management  haa  intrixlueed.  Tlie  cautery  lesions  are 
mora  mimonms  and  aevere  than  they  usnl  to  be,  iu  too  many  of  i>nr  entab- 
(iiliiniintii  The  iujoriea  of  tbe  feet  and  logs  are  severe  in  pro[N>rtion  to 
Iha  iaetvaaed  pace  and  Isboor ;  for  where  the  animal  maehiue  i*  nrgcd 
iM^posd  its  power,  and  tlio  tortnra  continues  ontil  the  limb  or  tliu  whole 
ooSMtifaatioii  nttarly  ftilc,  tbe  tesiona  must  be  deep,  and  tho  torturo  must 
be  MTore^  hj  Dxana  of  which  the  poor  slave  is  rendered  capable  of  return- 
iaf;  Id  ivnewed  ezertJon. 

Tbcm  k  BO  truth  so  easily  proved,  or  so  painfully  felt  by  tie  postmaster, 
at  leMi  in  his  poekct,  an  that  il  U  ihr  face  that  kilU.  A  horse  at  a  dead 
pan,  or  at  the  be^nning  of  his  eieriioii.  is  enabled,  by  the  force  of  hia 

taclsa,  lo  throw  a  certain  weight  into  the  collar.     If  he  walk*  foor  railca 

tba  boor,  uine  part  of  that  mnscniar  energy  mnst  bo  expended  in  the 

~  u 


THE  DIFFEKEST  BREEDS  OP  EKOLISU    U0RSE3. 


»ct  of  walkiDK ;  and,  conseqa^ntly,  tho  power  of  draw  tag  must  bo  iiKipor. 
ttonAblf  iliminiiiliffd-  )f  hu  trotn  i4-ti  milcH  iti  Hw  hour,  ntorc  uiin^iu  power 
ia  expeDd«d  in  the  trot,  imi)  leut  remains  fur  Uio  <]niui;lit ;  but  tin-  ilmiiglit 
oontumca  the  Mime,  and,  U>  enable  bitn  lo  accuuipliab  bin  work,  ho  must 
tiu  his  ener^ea  (O  a  Berious  dogroe ;  and  this  taxing,  thia  exhaustiDU,  this 
suflerinff,  mnBt  bd  inCTCaaod  to  a  tno«t  murdli'M  nxtoat  in  tho  poor  b<?asl 
that,  with  all  bis  powcn  required  to  druw  Uiu  load  buhiiid  hini,  liu  to 
carry  the  rxUu  weightof  the  puat-boy.  Skilful  broediug,  aud  high  bi-aUfa, 
and  itiniulatiiiK  toua,  and  a  vciy  linut«d  tim«  of  work,  can  aluu«  cuabla 
liim  to  eudiir«  tbo  liiUinr  long,  on  tho  snppoHitipii  thnt  tho  eyst«m  which 
has  jost  been  deacribcd  i*  naorted  to.  Bol  tho  coach  proprietor  is  not 
alwiiy*  Hiiliiciuiitly  tinlighUtned,  or  good-bearted,  to  sco  ou  which  ludo  his 
iuti.'i«>t  lit^^ ;  and  then  tho  work  is  acconpUahed  b;  tho  oventntned  ax- 
eriioa  —  tho  iojurr  —  Uic  t^Mturo  —  tho  dostmctioD  of  lite  t«am.  That 
which  is  tmo  of  Uio  ootu;)i-borae  ia  uqoally  no  of  every  othrr.  liot  the 
rciulur  apply  it  to  his  ovra  auiiual,  and  act  aa  buuiauity  &nd  interest  dictaUk 

Uaay  a  liorao  osod  on  tbo  pablio  roads  is  uaablo  to  throw  all  his  natniml 
power  or  weight  into  tho  collar.  Ho  iH  tcndcr-foot^id  —  lame ;  but  be  la 
boDgbt  at  litUe  prioo,  and  he  is  worked  ou  tJiu  brutal  and  abominable 
princi|tli-,  thnt  he  may  be  '  whipped  Knmd.'  And  so,  appanrntlj,  ha  is. 
At  fir«t  he  aodly  halts ;  bat  nrgod  by  the  tortnre  of  the  uui,  he  aeqatroa 
a  pccoljar  habit  of  going.  The  faulty  limb  nppoars  to  keep  pace  wiui  tlie 
oukors,  but  DO  Ntrewi  or  ubaur  ia  thrown  njion  it,  and  ho  gradually  con- 
trivet  to  make  Ui«  sound  limbs  perfotm  among  tlicm  all  the  dutira  of  the 
nnaonad  one  ;  and  thus  ho  is  bu-baroDsly  '  whipped  eoiuid,'  and  cmivlty  ia 
utdaMTvedly  rawardod. 

After  all,  nowQver,  what  baa  bucn  done  f  Three  legs  are  made  to  do 
that  whiiih  v&a  almcet  too  bard  a  ta^k  fur  four.  Then  ther  mnst  be  most 
injoriouiily  strakined,  and  soon  worn  out,  and  the  general  jMwin-  of  tbo 
tumal  uiut  be  rapidly  cxhuu*ted,  and.  at  do  great  distance  of  time 
disean  and  death  rolcMKi  him  from  liiu  morcilcM  persecutora,  Fortuiiatt<ly, 
for  the  sake  of  bomiuiity,  this  ixnxii  and  painful  era  has  pnesod  away,  nnd 
even  oonld  the  inoalcnlablo  ndrantafm  of  tho  toil  to  mankind  alone  be 
orerlooked  or  undorralned,  it«  introanction  and  uao  must  be  hailed  with 
doligbt  M  suporsoding  the  aufloriiig  und  tortuiv  inorilablv  acoentpaaytnff 
tho  Later  vuuii  uf  poetiii^  atago  cuacliiiif;.  wd  tlw  oonT-xying  of  the  utaila. 

It  ia  said,  that  bt-tWMO  Glasgow  and  Bdiuburgb,  a  ciirricr  in  a  single* 
hoTM  cart,  wooding  abontsavoQ  hnndnxlwcight,  will  take  a  load  of  a  ton, 
and  at  the  rata  of  twen^-two  mi  Irs  in  »  day.  Tho  Normanily  carriera 
tvuvel  witli  a  team  of  four  honu-a,  and  from  foortoon  to  twenty-two  milca 
in  a  day,  with  a  load  of  ninety  hundrul  wrigliL 

An  nnparatlelcd  instance  of  tbo  powvr  of  »  borao  whon  assisted  by  art, 
was  shown  near  Croydon.  Tlui  Sarroy  iron  nilway  bpins  eompleted,  a 
wager  was  laid  between  two  gentleBun,  that  a  modonle-sizt^l  Ik>t*s 
oonld  draw  thirty-six  tons  six  tnilea  along  tbo  road  —  that  be  should 
draw  the  weight  {eom  a  doad  pull,  as  wt^ll  as  turn  it  round  theoccaotonal 
windiags  of  the  road.  A  nomcrous  party  of  gcullumen  aaserabled  near 
ICeratliaiii  to  aoo  this  extraordinary  triutniili  of  art.  Twelve  waggeoB 
laden  with  stonea,  each  wofi^oa  weighing  u>ore  three  tons,  were  cluutMl 
together,  and  a  hat«e,  takon  promiscuously  from  llie  timber  carta  of  Ur. 
Hanrood,  was  yoked  to  tbo  train.  He  sUuled  from  Umi  Fox  pnfalio-booae^ 
oaar  Uerstham,  and  dmw  the  immense  chain  of  wagifous,  with  amiaiviit 
eeec^  afanost  to  the  tumpiko  at  Croydon,  a  dintanoo  of  six  milea,  ui  oos 
hoar  and  fWty>one  minute:*,  which  ia  n««rly  at  the  mtj>  of  four  milee  an 
boor.  In  the  cooree  of  the  jourDey  ho  was  slopped  (bur  tinue,  to  ahow 
tiiat  it  waa  nut  by  nny  edvanlagn  of  tlrMent  that  this  power  waa  aoqwred ; 


1 


BEAVT  DRAUGHT  UOitSES. 


M 


■ad  &Aer  Mtch  stnpfnge  he  t^nin  ilrev  olT  Iho  chain  of  wa;n(ons  with  aer- 
tect  eaae.  Mr.  BaiikH,  wlio  biul  wugL-mil  »n  tho  jmwor  of  the  lion^,  then 
ilMu«d  ihnt  four  otlier  hMdcil  vnggitaa  should  br^  iiddcd  to  tJie  cavalcade, 
WTlh  which  the  mum  horee  aK^iii  Blart«<)  nnd  with  nndiminished  paoe. 
Still  farther  to  show  the  effect  of  tbo  railway  in  fiunlitating  motion,  he 
davctod  the  nttmidiiig  workoMn.  to  tlie  ncunber  of  fill}-,  to  tnovnt  on  the 
wgyM"'.  lud  tli«  horse  proc«oded  without  the  leattt  diNtreaii;  nnd,  in 
truth,  thi^Tv  appeared  to  be  swroel;  any  liniitntion  lo  the  poww  of  hiit 
drau^hi.  After  the  trial  the  iraggon«  wcrr>  tAkon  lo  the  weighing  machinL*, 
■nil  it  BfifKArvd  that  the  wholo  weight  wa«  lu  follows: — 


Tw«l**  •agnn*  IM  Uokml  tugalfaar 
Foot  ditto  >n«miia  attaAfil    . 


ton.  OUT,  qs. 

38        4  2 

13        3  0 

«        0  0 


U 


8 


BUTT   DKADOHT    BOKSES. 

The  Clc'velaiid  horses  have  bt«u  known  to  curry  more  than  saren  hun- 
drad  pouiuht  sistj  miles  in  tweutj'-fuiLr  hours,  aud  tu  (ivrfortn  duB  joarney 
bar  t»DC»  in  a  wcok ;  and  milUhorsea  have  carried  nine  hondrcd  and  ten 
poanib  two  or  tbnw  nuloa. 


vtM  •mwut  rcMca. 

Bonn  for  slower  dmuifht,  and  sometimw  ercn  for  tht-  carringe,  tuw 
pfffifm^  from  tlM  Scffolk  Punch,  eo  i-alii-d  on  accoutit  of  his  round 
Cnf*T  form.  He  is  dMeeiidud  from  Iho  Nonnaii  stallion  and  the  Suffolk 
artmare.  Tbo  tnii-  Snffulk.  like  tlic  (JIuveland,  i«  now  nearly  extinct.  It 
stood  from  fiftwtn  to  witeen  linndn  bixh,  of  n  wirrel  colour;  was  largts 
bMdad;  low  Bhonldered.  and  thick  on  tbo  withers;  deep  and  loond 
ciMMied;  kwiK  backed;  high  in  Uio  croup;  lante  and  strong  in  the 
qnarton;  fblf  in  the  flaiJcs;  round  in  thu  k-gs  ;  and  short  in  Uwj  V*»*«'™- 


IW 


TfTE  DIFPKSENT  BRRP.DS  OP  EKOUSIl   nORSRS. 


It  ma  tbe  very  hone  to  thrcrur  bia  wkcio  weiglil  mto  tLe  collar,  iritk 
snffici«at  aotiTil;  to  do  it  eflectualt;  and  hardiliood  to  stand  a  loug  day'm 
work. 

The  prceont  breed  poMMMamuijr  of  tho  pccoliaritiM  and  good  qualitios 
of  iU  ancvfltors.  It  in  more  or  lew  inoUned  (o  a  surrvl  coUmr ;  it  U  n  tnllnr 
hnniv  ;  bigli«r  and  finer  in  tUo  ebouldura ;  and  is  a  crosa  with  tito  Yorlc- 
nliirv  luUf  or  iLree-fourtlia  bred. 

Tbe  eicoIioDo*,  and  a  rnrw  on*,  of  tba  old  SnfTolk — tho  new  breed  hu 
not  quiie  loKt  it — i!onBist<Hl  in  Dirabtcmwi  of  nctioa,  nnd  the  bonoatf  Mid 
con^nonce  wiiii  wliid)  be  would  exert  binmulf  «1  a  dead  [inll.  Mtmr  a 
good  dinnRbt  borsc  knows  well  what  bo  can  efft-ct ;  and.  alW  hi.-  niu 
ftttampted  it  and  failod,  no  tortorc  of  the  whip  will  indaco  bim  to  stiuin  Ui« 
pomn  beyond  their  tuitund  extent.  Tbct  SuHblk,  bowcTcr,  would  to);  at  a 
dand  pnll  until  he;  druppwL  It  was  beautiful  to  iuk;  a  tc«m  of  tmn  SnBbUtSi 
at  a  Hignul  from  the  drlvec,  and  witliout  tbe  whip,  down  on  tbuir  know 
in  a  muineut,  and  dnig  svwftbiti^  before  tbom.     Brutal  wii^-«rs  wvr» 

fVvqnoutly  laid  M  to  thoir  power  in  tbia  rcupcot,  and  nuuiy  a  good  t 

was  injured  and  raJnMl.  Tbe  inMnCTutu  power  of  tbo  Suffolk  is  accouled. 
for  by  tbo  low  jioHition  of  tbe  sbonlder,  which  enabloa  him  to  thror  m 
much  of  bia  weight  into  the  oollar. 

Altboui,'b  tbe  Punch  is  not  what  be  was,  and  tho  Suffolk  and  Norfolk 
fanner  can  no  longor  boaat  nf  plrmghin^  moTv  land  in  a  day  than  any  ode 
else,  this  ifl  nndniiotodlj  a  vulunbli!  bn'i'd. 

The  Dako  ttf  Riolimond  obtninc-U  many  exwlk-nt  carnage  hortco,  with 
Ktrcngtli,  activity,  and  fignre,  by  croaaixvg  the  Suffolk  with  one  of  liia  Ixmt 
hunters. 

Tlie  Saflblk  breed  is  in  rreat  ivqaeet  in  tiio  neighboiirin)^  countien  of 
Korfolk  and  E°«ex.  >[r.  AVakptioM,  of  Dambam  in  Esses,  had  a  stallion 
for  which  bo  was  oSvrod  four  bandml  guim-iui. 

The  CtTiicsiukLK  ia  a  good  kind  of  draught  hanv,  and  particulaHy  for 
fiuming  busineaa  and  in  a  billy  country.  It  derivva  itn  name  from  tlio 
diatrit't  ou  tbo  Clyde,  in  Scotland,  where  it  is  principaltr  bred.  Hie 
Clydeadalo  horse  owes  it*  origin  to  ono  of  thu  Dnkoi  of  Jlamillon,  who 
cronod  Mme  of  tbo  bvHt  I^inurk  nuuvs  with  sUdliona  Ibat  bn  had  brought 
from  Flaaden.  Tbe  ClydMdale  ia  larger  than  tliu  Suffolk,  and  baa  % 
betti-r  fa«wl,  a  longer  neck,  a  li^btor  carcase,  and  dee{>er  Lt^;  be  is 
ttnag,  hardy,  pulling  true,  and  rorely  rvntiro.  The  loalbem  parta  of 
Seotiaiid  are  principiilly  lupplied  from  thin  tlintrict ;  and  many  Clydeodaka, 
not  only  Sir  affricuttQrBl  puqiuac^,  but  for  tbe  coaeb  am!  the  naddld.  Sod 
their  way  to  l£e  central,  and  ewu  AouthL-m  oonntiea  ofEnghuul.  DaaJen 
from  almoat  every  pait  of  the  Unitiid  Kingdom  atl«ud  the  mariccta  of 
Oiaigow  an)  lluthergkn, 

Mr.  TjOW  eayii  that  'the  Clydesdalo  horao  as  it  is  now  bred  ta  nsnally 
mxtcvn  hand*  bi^.  Tha  provailin^  eolour  in  black,  but  tho  brown  or  hay 
i»  common,  and  la  continuully  gaining  upon  the  other,  and  tho  grejr  {■  not 
nnfreqnentJj  pruduced.  They  are  longer  in  tbe  body  than  the  English 
black  uorsie,  aid  IcM  weighty,  compact  and  musciJar,  but  tliey  atepoat 
q>are  frvelv,  aad  hftTo  a  morv  useful  action  for  ordinary  labour.  Tltey 
draw  irti<ndily.  and  an)  nmalty  frM)  from  Tine.  Tbo  Inng  utrido,  cli»> 
nuTU-riBtic  of  the  breed,  is  partly  tbe  remit  of  oanfoTroation,  and  partly  of 
habit  and  ti«ining ;  but,  howerer  prodoood,  it  adda  gnatij  to  the  naefal- 
tipwi  of  lbs  bone,  both  on  tho  mad  and  in  the  Bdda.  If  o  audi  loada  aitt 
known  to  be  drawn,  at  the  «anM^  piu-p,  by  nnr  hnr*cs  in  the  kingdom,  as 
in  the  nngLe-horae  oarta  of  earncra  and  otlien  in  the  wont  of  Scotland,' 

In  the  ofrinJOD  of  this  gentleman,  'the  ClydL-adule  boraea,  although 
jn&rior  in  woght  sad  phymol  atwngtb  to  the  black  hotee,  and  in  fignn 


I 


THE   UEAVr    DRACGUT   HORSE.  luj 

mnd  iliowj  action  to  tb«  belter  cUaa  oftbe  draagbt  horera  of  XortJiambcrL 
knd  kad  Durham,  jei  powwa  propertiM  which  rcDdcr  thorn  exce«(Iiii|tlj 
nfauUe  fiir  all  onli&ar7  uea.  On  the  road  thej  perform  task*  that  can 
soumlj  be  BarpMBcd,  and  is  tho  Iwlda  tiuj  are  footid  aUwlj,  docile,  and 


Tib  Hutt  Buck  Horu  is  th«  Urt  vmnety  it  may  be  neceMu;  lo 
Botiee.  It  in  bred  chiefly  in  the  midlnad  oonntics  from  Uneohuhif«  lo 
Staflbodshira.  Uanf  are  bon^ht  up  by  the  8aTTV3r  and  BcrUiira  ftrmm 
•t  two  yean  old,— and,  being  worked  moderately  nntll  they  am  taar, 
canung  tfaair  Imp  all  the  whilr,  thoy  aro  sent  to  the  London  market,  and 
wldakai)vo6t  of  tenor  twclvi;  percent. 

It  woold  not  answer  the  hveJer't  porpoac  to  keep  tliem  nntil  they  ar« 
lit  for  (own  work.  He  haa  plc^oty  of  fiUie«  and  marp8  on  hia  farm  for 
«TCfy  pnrpOM  that  bo  can  roqnir«:  he  ihervfon?  miIU  tbcm  ia  a  prrwtn 
neanr  Ibo  meferopotic,  by  whcoa  thcv  are  gradually  trainnl  and  prepaml. 
The  traToIlor  haa  prahah^  wowlercd  to  sm  fbvr  of  these  enomioua  aui- 
mala  in  a  line  befbre  a  plongh,  on  no  TCry  hcavr  toil,  and  wbero  two 
l^ter  bonea  would  hare  been  quite  sufficivnt.  Obo  farmer  i*  tnunin)^ 
them  tor  ihtat  futnre  destiny,  and  be  does  riffht  in  not  requiring  tb^  vx- 
ntioii  of  all  tbeir  etrmgth,  for  their  boocn  are  not  yet  perfocilr  fominl, 
nor  tbmr  joints  knit;  and  were  ho  to  nrgo  them  too  aererely,  he  would 
[ht>bably  injure  and  deEbrm  them.  By  tho  gcntlo  and  constaiit  eseiviw  of 
the  iiloogh,  he  a  preparing  them  for  that  eontitmoi  and  •gva^I*  poll  at 
tbe  collar,  which  is  afterwards  so  neceaaair.  Theae  boraea  are  adapted 
man  fbr  parade  and  rimw,  and  to  gratify  the  desire  which  one  brewer  has 
to  outvie  his  nd^hbonr,  than  for  any  pcenKar  stiK^.  They  are  certainly 
nobla-lookiny  *iiiifi*t«,  with  their  round  fiit  oaroaais,  and  their  sleek  ouulu, 
and  the  evident  pride  which  they  take  in  tfaeaiMlvec ;  but  they  eat  a  K^i»t 
doU  of  hay  and  com,  and,  at  hard  and  los^f-ooDtinnod  work,  thrv  would 
be  complctdy  beaten  by  a  tram  of  active  mnaonlar  honws  an  inch  luul  a 
half  lower. 

The  only  ptea  which  can  bo  nfgod  iu  their  bvoor,  beside  their  noUe 
*IT*"**"**-  '^  '^*  ^  abaftJiOtsee,  over  the  badly-paved  streets  of  the 
netropob^  and  with  the  jmiM^"*  loads  they  often  have  behind  thrm, 
gfeat  pnlfc  sad  weight  are  necBSsniy  to  stand  the  nnavotdnUe  battering  and 
Siakii^.  Weight  mmt  be  ofnwaud  to  weight,  or  the  hone  would  sonM- 
liiiiia  he  onite  thrown  off  bis  legii.  A  larm  heavy  boise  tunst  be  in  the 
shafts^  ana  then  little  ones  before  him  wobIo  not  look  welL 

Certunly  no  one  has  walked  the  strvets  of  Ixmdon  withoot  pitying  tho 
poer  thilLoonD.  ^tod  from  side  to  aide,  and  vx|io«od  to  manv  a  bruiu.-, 
ndsH^  with  odmimblo  devomMS,  he  aocommodatea  himself  to  every 
notioo;  bnt,  at  the  aaine  time,  it  most  bo  evident;  that  bulk  and  fat  do 
not  always  oooatitate  etrenf^.  and  thnt  ft  compRCt  nnumlnr  hunw, 
a|niirn%^^in(t  to  nztecn  hands  high,  would  noqait  himself  fur  better  iu 
aoch  a  situation.  The  dray-hontc,  in  the  mere  act  of  ascending  from  tho 
wfaarC  may  display  a  powerful  effort,  but  he  aflerwards  maki-ii  Ultlo 
•xsrtion,  mnch  of  bis  time  hting  expended  in  transporting  hia  own  ovei^ 
cnjBu  carcase.  .^ 

ms  hotsa  (see  engraving  in  next  page)  was  selected  from  tho  noblu 
aloek  of  dray>borsM  belonging  to  itewra.  BarcUy,  PerkirLB,  and  Co., 
iMudan.  by  the  author'*  friend,  Ur.  B.  Braby.  Whili>  he  is  a  fioecpedBMB 
at  this  breed,  ha  affordit  a  siiuruUr  illnstration  of  the  modo  of  br««diBig 
oflen  pmctiaed  with  rett[>ect  to  thcso  fcorscs  and  the  edscatioD  irfaidt  they 
nndsega  He  was  brt^  in  I^r™t*Tiihire, — his  grand-cirs  wsa  a  Flandem- 
bfsd  bon»,  and  his  gntncl.dsm  a  Wiltiihiro  raarR, — ^Itis  siro  wns  a  Witl^tiire 
boat,  "d  bi*  dam  a  Bcrkahire  uiaro.     At  two  and  a  half  yean  old  he 


« 


m 


TUG  DIK'KERB.VT   BREEDS  OF   EKGUSII   HOECSSS. 

nU  to  a  bnner  and  di3fi)cr  in  Berkshire,  on  whoso  groundii  1i«  wm 
worked  unlil  ho  vna  four  and  n  linlf  rcnni  old.  He  was  Uum  aold  bB 
AbinifdoQ  fair  to  the  dealer  fVom  wliom  Mcwir>.  Barclnjr  pambftaBd  htm. 

These  IwMivy  horncs,  hon-pvcr,  arp  bred  in  Uic  hi^bntt  perfection,  a*  In 
*ix«,  in  Ifao  rcnH  of  tiinfolntihirF,  unil  (cvt  of  Uictm  iirv  ti'wi  tlinn  si-veutn!n 
hands  hie-U  nt  twn  nm)  »  Imlf  yviira  old.  Ni-iUti-r  tlui  »oil,  nor  lh«  produi-u 
of  tko  MOil.  U  Ix-'ttcr  Uiun  in  other  counties;  ou  lb«  cuntmry,  iniicu  of  tbo 
lowor  part  of  UiieolnHliirc.-  i»  a  eold,  buDgry  clajr.  The  triio  cxphnfttiaa 
of  ths  matter  is,  that  ilwre  aro  oertain  ratnations  better  anitod  than  vOtiert 
to  different  kinds  of  farmiof;,  and  the  bceediuft  of  iiSantO,  aniniAls ;  and, 
th*t  not  altoj^other  dcpendiii);  on  richncoe  of  soil  or  paatntft.  The  principal 
art  of  the  fnrmcr  i^  iJi  tiiid  out  what  will  best  suit  liJa  soil,  and  ntake  tbo 
produce  of  it  most  valuitblc. 


The  Liucoliulu're  colts  tat  also  sold  to  the  Willahtre  and  Bcrlcshire 
dcalon,  aa  an  tJiosu  that  are  bred  in  Warwickshire  and  Derksfaire.  at  two 
j-cara,  or  sonKtimea  only  one  year  old,  and  worked  until  the  age  of  four  or 
five  jeors. 

A  dray-hone  sITould  hare  a  brond  brciuit,  and  thick  and  nprieht  oboTiIdcra, 
(the  more  u[irit{ht  tbc  rollnr  KtjitxlH  tin  liiin  the  better.)  a  low  fnrFhotid, 
deep  and  round  barrel,  loins  broad  and  high,  ampk  qnartrra,  thick  fun-- 
amu  and  thigfaa,  short  legs,  round  boob  brooil  ot  the  nrcls.  iinil  oolt-s  nut 
too  Bat.  Tbo  gnjat  &ult  of  tbo  larjit;  druy-horM!  in  hin  kIowuvhl  Tbia  ta 
•o  gnicli  in  tlui  bread,  that  eroti  the  diacipliuo  of  tiie  ph>ughnian,  wbo 
woold  be  butler  pleased  to  >,f'l  llieoaf;h  an  additional  rood  in  the  day,  Cl 
panaaaently  quicken  him.  Surely  the  breeder  mifflit  obriato  this, 
a  dray-Riiim  be  aelMtod,  aa  perfect  as  can  be  obtained.  Let  her  he  put  to 
the  Ntruii^Ht,  krgest,  most  mmpact,  thorongh-bred  horse.  If  the  prodaoe 
is  a  filly,  let  her  bo  coToreil  by  a  xupcrior  dmr-hone,  and  tlie  RVUlt  of 
this  croR*.  if  a  eoli,  will  be  precisely  the  aiiinud  reqntreii  to  breed  bpta 

The  tar^pst  of  this  heavy  breed  of  bhck  horwa  are  used  aa  dray'-kanca. 


OALLOWATS   AKD   POXIKS. 


103 


Thr  next  in  urn;  »iv  aold  a»  iropgon-honet  ,*  and  a  anuiDer  vaiiviir,  anil  with 
■on  Uood,  ooiMtibiUM  n  (MMuii^cnblo  part  of  onr  eacalry,  an<l  U  likewtM 
d«nMed  to  naderteken'  vruric. 

AU  ear  li««vy  dra«i;ht  liorws,  %dA  0ome  even  of  t)i«  lighter  kind,  havo 
bssD  lately  nracti  evwfsi  hy  tho  Flanden  breed,  and  irilli  (tricWt  impmrc- 
nwnt.  LiUlc  hu  been  Innt  in  ^tyth  nnd  hulk  of  carrasc ;  but  the  forvhiind 
1mm  been  raised,  (Iht  Ictrs  liavc  bcra  llntt^nril  nnd  il<ttpcncil,  and  vcrj  uncb 
liH  tie«fi  K^lDcd  in  aoUritr.  TI10  slow  Iicatt  1lllw^k,  with  hi«  two  miles 
aad  a  half  ui  boar,  bM  been  changed  into  a  ligbtvr,  but  ,vc^  tixcKnUnelf 
pewTfiil  horM*.  thht  will  ficp  fonr  nilr-H  in  the  eanio  tiuM.',  witli  porfeot 
«B«n,  and  )uui  coDHidcmbly  mon!  cndiimiirv. 

This  ia  the  verr  Hjiitvin,  as  aln-ady  iliTNoribRd,  which  boa  been  ado])t4.'c], 
and  witlt  80  Biuch  suoeK-ss,  in  tbo  blouj  liursp,  and  bad  mado  tho  Kni^'lish 
rawr  and  bonier,  and  the  English  horae  generally,  wh^t  tln-y  un^.  As  rhe 
nwvr  is  principally  or  piaroly  of  Kiuifom  origin,  bo  bas  tlie  EnjcliHh  dntnght 
bans  ^nin^  chicBj  firam  Fkmtiiih  blood,  iind  ta  that  bloml  the  agncul- 
terist  haa  reeoone  for  the  perfvdton  of  lliu  brvi-d.  ('or  Ihi>  tlrn}',  the  spirit 
wsfntoo,  and  not  too  heavy  loads,  and  for  road  work  stmunilly,  a  ctom  with 
titf  HP^^I^  ''^'  ^  adfnntagtviaB ;  bnt<  if  tbo  enormous  hmvy  horse  mnst 
b^  ^k  thocoal-wvegon,  orthcdray,  womnstleavo  our  midland  black, 
«        il^his  nnwicMy  ImDc  nntouclicd. 

A»  an  ordinary  beast  of  li^ht^r  dnught,  and  particnhirly  in  tho  nnigh- 
booritood  of  London,  the  wom^ont  hackney,  and  the  refase  of  tbo  wwcli, 
and  «Tea  of  tlvn  hsckney-coaeb,  is  nsod.  In  Ibo  hny-marketa  of  ^Vlijti.-. 
chspnl  and  CiundCTi  Town  ara  canttnnally  seen  wntclii^  t^omit  that  would 
diagmoe  (b«  poorest  dialriot  of  Ibe  poorctt  country.  Tht^y  who  are  nniu;- 
qaauit«d  with  this  part  of  the  country,  would  sc&rcely  think  it  poHsible, 
that  on  the  fbrmts  and  commons  within  n  frw  mili-o  of  Ijondon,  m  many 
ra««d,  wild,  mongtvl  horses  aj«  to  bo  found  ua  iu  any  dialriiTt  of  tho 
Called  Kingdom,  and  u  good  bone  is  acarcely  by  any  chance  bred  there. 


0ULOWAT8   AHD  FOHIES. 

A  korsG  bntwcts)  thirt4.'RU  and  fonrl^^^eii  hands  iu  liei(;hl  is  called  n 
OuxowiT,  &om  a  boautifhl  breed  of  little  hones  once  found  in  the  south 
of  Scotland,  on  tho  shore  of  the  Solwny  Pirth,  but  now  widly  dcpencratcd, 
and  aliiiost  lost,  throDgb  the  sttcmpts  of  the  farmL-r  to  obtain  n  larger 
kind,  and  bctt<Tr  adap<4Hl  for  the  imr[>osee  of  aKrit^olture.  Tbcro  is  a 
tsMUtion  in  that  eoontry,  that  the  nriied  is  of  Spanish  extraction,  soma 
boraea  baring;  eac^wd  trma  one  of  tho  r^'wicU  of  tho  Grand  Armada, 
Ifaak  was  wrecked  on  the  nHghbonrin^  <v>u.it^  This  district,  bownvnr,  no 
cariy  as  Uw  time  of  Edward  I.,HuppliL-d  thut  inonarch  with  a  great  unmber 
Of  nonca, 

Tba  pan  ({alloway  was  said  to  be  noiu-ly  foari«rn  bands  hiffh,  and 

stiaua  more  ;  of  a  bright  bay,  or  brown,  witli  blnck   logs,  Bnioll   head 

aaefc,  and  pc«!nli»irlr  d«cp  and  cl€:iin  li-gs.     Its  qualitii-s  were  speed, 

jtaMM^aadsuro-fboteaocsaovoraTtry  nigged  and  mountniTious  country. 

Sane  rcnnuna  of  the  old  gallowayin  nrc  xUli  to  I10  nn't  with  in  Uic  Isle 
of  Unll ;  bnt  tJiey  are  altogotbor  linglecttN),  and  fast  dcgoncruting  from 
■diaistan  with  inlimor  breeds. 

Dr.  Andetson  thns  di-scribes  the  galtowny  :— '  Tlii-re  was  once  a  breod 
of  siaaD  sJogant  hones  in  Scotland,  nimiinr  to  thoRO  of  Iceland  and 
Owiilaa.  and  which  werr-  known  hy  the  name  of  gullownys  ;  the  bcjt  of 
widelt  sometimes  naichcd  the  hi-ight  of  foortiM^n  bands  and  n  ludf.  Ono 
of  lUs  dascriptign  I  nossessed,  it  havin  g  breu  bought  for  my  use  when  a 
boy.     In  point  of  elegance  of  shape  it  wns  a  lu-rfoct  picture  1   and  in 


104 


THE   D1FFEBE.\T  Utt^EUS  Or  ENULISU   U0B88S. 


dilfpoiiilion  WOK  gcntlr  nnd  mmpliMit.  It  mortMl  almoiiL  with  ft  viinh,  nni 
nernr  tlrad.  I  rode  thin  lilllt-  crtaituru  for  twi-uly-five  yean,  wad  twice  in 
tltat  tine  I  txtdo  &  Imudre^  uid  fitly  uuIm  at  a  stretcK  withont  stoppong, 
eicvpt  to  bait,  auil  that  not  for  above  an  honr  at  a  time.  It  came  m  at 
ilio  lost  stoge  wiih  n«  miich  caiic  And  aUcrity  Mi  it  trarcllcd  the  finit.  I 
raald  have  ond<Trtaki'n  to  hnvn  pcrfonnod.  on  tbiH  l>nuiU  whirn  it  vras  in 
iu  priniL-,  sixty  miltw  a  day  fur  a  twdremooth  miming,  williout  aiiy  extra- 
onlinarv  t-itrtioo.* 

Id  ir/rl',  Mr.  Corker's  gallowa.y  went  one  hoodrDd  Diilcsaday,  fnr  thrm 
sacoc«nva  dnys,  oror  the  Ncwinarkot  Coorw,  and  withont  thii  adtghtott 
dintreMi. 

A  gnlluwiiy,  belonging  to  ICr.  SLnchur,  of  Eirby-LanBdale^  perfurnied  itt 
CarlJHlu  th«  L'ltraotdiDwy  feat  of  a  thousand  wileB  in  a  tiunuand  hoars. 

Many  of  tho  gallowavs  now  iu  use  are  procured  eith«r  fVotn  Wales  or 
the  N*-w  Poreat;  but  thry  hnvc  mntmnlly  (liminishcd  ia  nnmbt^r. 

Olil  Mariik,  hofnri!  hi*  valnc  wiw  kniiwn,  contributed  to  tbc  imgirunuiuuit 
of  tho  Ham[Hhin!  bmxl ;  aod  lliu  WuLdi  puiiijea  are  aaid  to  be  iuit«bt«d  to 
the  oelebmtf-vl  Afurlin  for  much  of  their  form  and  qualities. 

The  modern  Smn-for^Un,  notwithstanding  thoir  Mnreic  blood,  aro 
loimerally  ill-mnde,  Iju-gr-hradod,  ehort-QOoko£  and  ra^iir(l-hi]>pod ;  but 
nardy,  stfv,  and  n«;ful,  with  mnch  of  their  anctcnt  S]itnt  and  Npncd,  and 
all  Iht'ir  old  patfS.  The  catohin(t  of  tlmsu  pODii-s  is  as  firtttt  a  trial  of  skill 
as  the  hontiug  of  tho  wild  boree  on  tho  Pani]:as  of  Sooth  America,  and  a 
greater  one  of  pntjenoe. 

Tho  W^hprmy  i»  ono  of  tho  moA  beantifnl  little  animals  that  can  bo 
tmagiui^.  Hi;  ba-i  a  iinmll  head,  high  witbon,  divn  yvt  round  bamJ, 
abort  joiut«,  Bat  legs,  and  good  round  feet.  He  will  live  on  any  (tn,  and 
«-ill  noTcr  tire, 

Fony'huntisg  used  to  be  ono  of  the  fnvoarite  amnscniinit«  of  tbe  WcJah 
GuTOora  and  mamati?,  a  contnry  and  a  half  ago,  and  it  has  not,  «rcn  now, 
ttUoa  altogvUior  into  dinuiu.'.  TbL-  fulluwiug  Htory  of  unu  of  tliuH!  expcdt- 
tionx,  narntod  in  t)i«  Cambrian  <Juart«rty  Magauu«,  is  foundt^d  on  Gkot : — 

'  A  EuToer.  naniM  Uu^ni  Uaronwr.  lived  in  ttio  neighbourhood  of 
Idwcyn  Oeoric.  Although  ho  handled  the  small  tilt  ploa^  and  other 
fiirraing  tonU  in  thrir  daa  Kaiwn,  yet  the  flatohing  uf  tho  mcrlyn,  tbn  fos, 
and  tbe  bare,  wen.-  more  ouu^tiiiial  poraniia ;  and  the  tninbles  and  Iburope 
which  he  received,  and  from  wliicli  do  pony>huntcr  was  exempty  aerred 
but  to  attach  him  to  the  Rport.  Rnggrd,  however,  a«  the  KferiotMiddshire 
ooajit  and  its  (.-nrirona  vrcrtr,  and  alioiinding  witli  priM-ipin-n  and  munuM>«, 
wone  mijdiapa  vrurv  aouietimcs  L-xix-'rivocLil^ — and  so  it  ba|t{>i-ui.-d  with 
Owonwy. 

'Be  set  oat  one  uonung  with  Iua  la^ao  coiled  round  his  waist,  and 
attended  by  two  hardy  dqiendents  and  their  greyhounds.  Tbe  lasso  waa 
tJion  familiar  to  the  Wclaliman,  and  as  adroitly  managed  by  him  as  by 
any  gan^n  mi  tlic  plainii  of  South  America.  As  tliu  bnut«ni  climbed  tbu 
monntain'ii  bruw,  tbe  distant  burd  of  ponii^a  tuok  alarm — sometimes  cal> 
loping  onwards,  and  tlieu  suddenly  balling  and  wheoting  ronnd,  BBOrtingi 
as  if  in  defiance  of  the  intmden^  and  fnrionalv  pawing  tha  grooM. 
QaroDWT,  with  tlie  annistonoo  of  his  survanta  anJ  tJie  greyfaounus,  con- 
tri(«d  tu  cuup  them  up  in  a  oonier  of  the  hills,  wbera  perpeodionlar  rocks 
pr«v«ntod  tbi-ir  escape. 

'Already  bad  he  captorod  thtfw  of  Um  mo«t  bcaatifnl  little  fallows  ia 
tlie  world,  wliich  he  c()M.-ctiHl  to  lu'll  fur  4^.  or  &J.  each  at  tho  noxt  Bala 
Eur — tJ*  him  a  <x>iiiiidcndile  sum,  and  amounting  to  a  fourth  of  tbe  wnniml 
rmt  whicli  iiri  |did  for  his  sboep-watk.  Theni  mnainod.  however,  otto 
iDuat  nnlamvaUe  crtaton^  whovc  created  uanr,  and  Sowing  tail,  and  wild 


GALLOWAYS  AXD  TO-VtES. 


IW 


CTV,  and  diatondcd  nactri),  showed  that  Ii«  was  a  perfect  Bitct-plisliu  of  tlio 
Inik ;  nor,  mdoed,  ms  H  wfe  to  att»ck  him  io  tae  onliiuuy  w»y.  Maii/ 
of  ill*  thiwe-ycT-olds  liad  been  known  to  bm^  Ibo  lego  of  their  porauen, 
aod  aane  had  b(«a  dumountM  and  tmnpkil  to  di^uth. 

*  GwoDW7  was  determuwd  to  pvi-  tho  uubl«  Il-Uuw  a  cbntfc  over  tho 
UUi^  Bad  ao  overcome  him  bj  fatigno  boforo  tho  laeso  was  Buuji.  Thn 
dogi  were  uiuilippod.  Bad  olf  Uh-t  nrnt,  swift  as  the  win<lfs  Gnronwjr  laU 
fcming,  and  the  two  iiiiiiilniid  peetcd  oa  u.  nvi^hhaaring  eminence.  Vain 
«■«  tbe  effini  to  tin;  (be  meHjm.  Hugo,  natunJlj  iiup»tt«nt,  And  irittiont 
■■■111%'  to  incBrtBin  that  the  ooils  vera  all  clear,  fluop  the  laaso  over  Uio 
fcMd  of  the  trild  horse.  The  extremity  of  the  cord  vm  twisted  round 
Ub  own  bod jT,  and  tigfalcning  lu  tho  luiininl  vtmgglcd,  the  corn prcssiou 
Inmmiim  uuiappoftabk',  and,  at  iL-ngth,  in  afdte  of  vtltj  effort  to  disengage 
"— ^^l  Gatonwy  waa  dia^gted  froin  hia  hone. 

*  The  aflH^ted  merlyn  finding  himself  manacled  hy  tlie  rope,  dart«d 
«ff  witb  all  the  speed  of  wliich  ho  n-iu  capable,  dramng  poor  (laronwy 
o««r  Um  nxdcj  ground  and  ittuntcd  bmnhwitnd.  TEin  occurred  at  Home 
^■t*"***"  &om  the  men.  Tbey  eallcd  in  thL-ir  ioga  Uiat  tho  apocd  of  tho 
nerijn  mi^rht  not  bo  increased,  but,  ere  they  could  arrive  at  the  Hpot 
U  whii'h  the  accident  bapMiwd,  the  horse  and  the  man  had  vaulted. 
Whadwr  the  mSeringt  of  tno  hnntor  wxiro  protratited,  or  he  was  dashed 
■^"T*  MBia  friendlr  nick  at  the  com mrnoement  of  tliia  horrible  race,  wm 
Denr  knows ;  but  loc  wild  auiinal,  fn-iizii*d  and  hlindi'd  by  terror,  miihcd 
vnr  a  beetling  chlf,  at  a  cousidorable  distance,  overhanging  the  soa-shun.', 
nd  (be  hunter  and  the  horse  wore  found  at  tho  bottom,  a  mis-ahapcu 
■■ihhiii  II  of  what  tbey  bad  been  wWo  Irring.* 

A  gnat  many  iionita  of  Itttbi  value  lunfX  to  be  ri'ared  ou  tlie  Wildmoor 
(eu,  in  the  neti^boorhood  of  Boalou,  in  Lincolnshire.  Tboy  seldom 
iMclMd  thirf^ffi  bands ;  the  head  wa«  large,  luid  the  fomhimd  low,  tho 
Wdc  Hndght,  the  loff  Bat  oad  good ;  bnt  iha  fuut,  t-vou  for  li  Lineulnnhiro 
|0^,  vnnatorally  large  Thry  wurc  aiiplii-d  Io  very  inferior  purpoaos 
<na  on  the  fctui,  and  were  tuuKinal  to  bard  and  flinty  and  hilly  ri»)ds. 
^htwd  beoamfl  geaenUj  Doglocled,  and,  at  no  very  distant  time,  will 
kiaobaUy  extinct. 

Us  Hmoor  poniet,  although  gcoenUly  utfly  enongh,  are  hardv  and 
)aAL  A  well-Known  sportsman  says,  that  he  rode  one  of  them  talf-a- 
faai  miks,  and  never  ielt  such  power  and  action  in  so  small  a  couipaM 
'An.  To  show  his  aooomplishments,  bo  was  turned  over  a  gate  at  least 
^0A  incbce  bi^ier  than  his  Ixvck ;  and  hiii  owner,  who  rid(«  fourteen 
"fU,  tnntlled  on  him  from  Itriitol  to  South  UoUon,  eighty>six  mili-s, 
^UJM  the  coach  which  ruiui  the  itaiii«  rood. 

IWboTsca  which  were  once  usi'd  in  Devonshire,  and  particularly  in  the 
■Mem  and  aouUiera  districts,  nndi^r  tho  doaonunation  of  Pack-RObabs, 
^alu][er  variety  of  the  Kstnnnror  Dartmoor  breed.  The  wuIdliNborsee 
•f  OtniMhire  ars  mostly  procured  &um  the  more  eastern  counties. 

IWaant  stfll  aome  fanns  in  the  scclnded  districts  in  tlint  bvnutiful  g^art 
rftbe  Idngdom  ou  which  then*  is  not  a  pair  of  whcck.  Huy,  cora,  straw, 
^  Ibiaics,  daog.  lime,  are  carried  on  honichuck ;  and  in  haricst,  rth-dgv* 
dnwb  hr  oxen  and  horses  are  cmt  Joyed.  This  was  probably,  in  early  times, 
ft*  BOW  of  conroyanco  throughout  the  kingdom  j  but  it  is  now  rapidly 
gMting  into  dimtsc  ervn  in  Devonshire. 

niss*  is  on  Dartmoor  a  raco  of  ponim  nineh  in  reqn«*t  in  that  riuinity, 
fc^iy  sn^footed  and  hardy,  and  oduiirably  culculuted  to  acramble  over 
lbs  roach  roads  and  dreary  wilds  of  ilmt  niotuitaiuoua  district.  Tho 
OarUiioor  pony  is  larger  than  ibo  Kxtnuor,  and,  if  possible,  n(-Her.  IIo 
then  almost  in  a  state  of  Dalore.     The  lato  Coplain  Cotgmre, 


106 


TIIK   DIFFEKEXT  rREKDS  Of  EKOUSn    HORSES. 


gowroor  of  tUc  prixon,  W)  a  jrtvat  dariro  to  |kkumuu  ono  of  Uiom  of  miio> 
whit  sufK-riur  ui^ru  U>  itu  It'llon-d  :  uuil  hariR^  sowral  iniMI  Ui  uxraai 
htm,  thej  st-panitvd  it  Troru  tLe  U<--rO.  They  dnire  it  on  Kiini;  n)cka  br  tbo 
ndfi  of  a  tor  (aa  abrnpt  poiat«l  liiU).  A  man  followed  on  )ic>nH.--lni'k, 
while  the  Cftplain  stood  below  watching;  the  clutfic.  The  liillu  aoinuO 
beini;  driTOn  into  ft  comor,  leaped  completely  over  the  man  ai>d  liurae,  au<l 
escaped.. 

'I'hc  Ui-jhiand  pinig  in  far  inf<!rior  to  tlio  gnllomijr.  Tho  he*d  is  large  ; 
ho  lit  Low  boToiv,  ton;;  in  tliu  baak,  almrt  in  the  logn,  upright  in  tho 
pnatemit,  mtlwr  nluw  in  hiH  paoos,  and  not  plcuaanl  to  H<l<-,  rxtvpt  in  tfao 
cunter.  Hia  Ualiiu  luako  liim  iardy ;  for  he  ia  nrvXy  houM-d  in  tho 
Humrnvr  or  the  winter.  The  Ilev.  Mr.  Hall,  in  liia  '  Tmrelii  in  Scotland,* 
imys,  '  that  whcm  these  animals  como  to  any  hojtiiy  piece  of  gjound,  Ihey 
Bret  put  their  nou  to  it,  nnil  then  pat  on  it  in  a  peculiar  way  with  one  of 
their  fore-foot ;  and  from  thi>  imanil  nnd  feel  of  the  ground,  they  kiMw 
whether  it  will  Ix^ir  them.  T)i<-y  do  tho  tamo  with  ice,  and  determine  in 
a  miiinto  whritln-r  Ihcy  will  proceed.' 

The  Skritatid  pony,  called  in  Sootbuul  tltellU;  an  inhabitant  of  tli« 
vxtrenMUit  norttiorn  Scottish  isles;  ia  a  very  diininutivn  luiimal— *oinctimes 
not  mofv  than  seven  hands  and  a  half  in  height,  and  nirety  i;xc«odiu{;  tutut 
and  a  half. 


Tin  •OTTTjufti  rmn. 

TTc  ts  often  rxre<v1ing1y  btantiful.  wilh  a  small  hrnd,  gc»od>t 
connleimnco.  a  xlmrt  m-ck,  fine  towards  the  Ihrottle,  ohonldcrrs  low  and 
thick, — in  Mf  litil<>  a  cn-atnre  far  from  bi-itii;  a  lili-miiih, — back  ibarti 
qnartnra  cxitanilci)  and  powerOiI.  legs  flat  niid  tln<'.  ami  prvt^  roond  ftaL 
TbeM  poniea  poMeas  iinmeiue  ulrrngth  for  their  sixe:  will  &tt«n  npon 
abnoat  anything  ;  and  are  perfectly  dorile.  Ono  of  tliem.  nine  handa  (or 
thiT*'  frer)  in  hrii;hl,  carried  a  man  of  twelve  Ktono  forty  miles  in  one  day, 

A  frii-nil  i>r  the  nnthnr  wac,  itot  l<mg  nifo,  nrraenti'<l  with  one  of  iheae 
vlc^nt  little  aniuiala.    He  waa  scTurul  milca  from  homo,  and  pozxlod  bow 


I<<T 

to  eaa*C7  bU  Dewlj-aeqairod  pmpertj.  Thn  Sbctbrnlcr  warn  BCtuvclj 
man  Uwa  mna  huub  hi^  sad  m  docile  u  be  ww  bcoatifnl.  ■  0am  we 
not  taawj  loin  n  jour  ebuae  ? '  vid  his  fncnd.  The  Mnagc  expcrinwot 
mm  trim.  The  uidtw  na  placed  in  ttw  bottont  or  the  fii^.  and  rarured 
■p  ■«  wcO  aa  ooold  be  maiUKed  «ritb  the  uproti ;  n  few  bite  of  brvad  kept 
km  qMalj  and  thus  be  ma  aafalj  conveyed  awaj,  and  exhibiwd  the 
oariaas  ipwfack  of  »  hone  riding  in  a  gig. 

Is  tfa«  aontbrra  [arts  of  the  kingdoca  the  SheUaaden  bftro  a  Tery 
ploHne  appeernnce  lutmcmnl  to  a  bght  fierden-dtur,  or  cerrjiof;  an 
alnoat  babr-nder.  There  are  eeteral  of  thccn  bow  nmniiiir  in  Windaor 
Fkifc. 

THS    IStSH    aO&SE. 

la  aonw  oftfaendi  gracing  ooootiea,  aa  Menth  nnd  RoMcomtnon,  alaive, 
long  bleod*lMtt«e  la  rauvd,  of  oonadcmtblo  value.  He  M-ldotn  Iiu  the 
degBBM  ef  tike  Wnetiah  bone;  he  ia  larger-beaded,  morn  lefniy.  nt^gcd- 
fci|irt^t  BBgalar,  yet  with  great  powrr  in  tho  quarters,  much  d<^pUi 
b«Ha*h  the  knee,  elont  awl  hardr,  fall  of  6rc  and  cmincf,  an<l  an  ex- 
lalliiil  k«per.  It  is  not,  howereT,  the  hiaping  of  tlie  Knehth  borate 
alridii^  aa  it  were  over  a  low  fence,  and  atretebcd  at  hi*  full  length  orrr 
a  ki|^Hr  one :  it  u  the  ptvp*r  i<tnp  of  the  deer,  beautilU  to  look  at,  diS- 
att  Ib  ait,  and,  both  m  lici^t  and  extent,  onequallcd  by  the  E^gii«& 


1b  the  hat  forty  years,  immense  imprevetnuuta  have  been  made  in 
iMtand  in  all  Unda  of  ^griceltDral  stock.  The  Iriah  banter  ia  sow  one 
<f  (ka  noat  valnable  of  but  c)***,  with  abandaiioo  of  bone  and  breeding. 
Iielaed  ia  the  mireerr  Ibr  re-monnting  our  cavalry,  and  iiboalil  a  r«gitncnt 
hkve  the  eotmby  witb  inferior  horaee,  it  only  proree  tlic  great  want  of 
jlrti  lai  ■!  in  Ike  oScer  who  faaa  had  the  selection  of  them. 

4en  «n  tot  tew  bonm  in  the  ngricnhnml  diatrictit  of  Ireland  ex- 

dannly  itrtetoi  to  drought.     The  minntc  diviaiao  of  tho  (arain  ix^ti'lcra 

it  infaaable  (or  thtrin  to  be  kept.     Thu  occupier  even  of  u  gcxxl  Ii-iiih 

km  wMrta  a  hone  thai  shall  cany  him  to  maricct,  and  drnw  hid  small 

<v,ad  perform  evciy  kind  of  drndgny^a  horse  of  all.work-,  tberefore 

<ls  tboToegh  drangbt-hoier,  wbetbsr  Leicester  or  Solfolfc,  is  tairiy  fbond. 

If  n  look  to  tbe  commerce  of  Inland,  there  are  few  stage-waggons,  or 

kij«  wilk  large  caltk)  belonging  to  them,  but  almost  everything  in  done 

^  ilbiMaB  carta.     In  the  north  of  Ireland  some  stont  noreea  am  cm- 

P<9td  in  tho  caniage  of  Uacti ;  but  the  majority  of  tbe  garreau  used  in 

■tenllnra  or  oomneRial  pnnraita  are  misrralrfc  and  half-starred  nnimnia. 

I*  IW  north,  it  ia  somewhat  bett4.T.     There  ia  a  native  brocd  in  Itiitcr, 

J,  and  aBi«-foo(ed,  bat  with  liule  pretension  to  bom^  or  »fixtL 


CHAPTER  V. 


BEF.F.niKO   AKD    niKLlKIKG   IK. 


A  igun  of  itadf  wontd  bo  reqnircd  to  do  justice  to  a  sabjeet  pOBseBBing 
*  inBT  ftetarte  of  tnttni^  and  importanoe  as  tho  rffecta  of  breeding 
*«Brdi8cRait  claaKS  of  tho  horee.  Oar  olMcrvationK,  then-fore,  on  it 
*9  Bcanasriljr  In:  brief  and  of  a  gonomi  nattme.     That  breeding  lias  a 


IW 


BRBBIKira. 


eoninder&tilo  influcnc«  od  the  Tikln«  of  oar  diffonMit  class  of  horses  will  bo 
Kttdilj  admittod,  tuid  tho  ^rrnt  nttrntion  which  liiwt  bcvn  girrn  to  this 
•at^ect  hj  brocdrrs  during  Uin  Ituit  twcntjr  yi-iirH,  biu<  hrt-a  niwunUKl  with 
*he  mo«t  imccctwfal  naults.  Hovtctit  mncli  may  liavi-  btwu  «aid  or  writti'ti 
of  Intc  nsipi-otuig  Uie  di<t«ribrattott  of  our  brt-cd  of  Lorsos,  tto  arv  iiicUtiiyJ 
to  believe  th&t  this  connby  never  possessed  such  numbers  of  Taln&bla 
wiimalB  in  orctry  clnm.  ns  at  the  present.  Tho  gmcml  wdom  laid  down 
is  that  *  like  will  producv  like,'  and  tbn.t  tliv  progeny  irill  inherit  the 
gooeml  or  miugli-d  qualitiM  of  thu  paruuta.  Tluii  fact  sbontd  vot  only  bo 
takeai  iuto  couaidcnitioD  with  regard  to  tiie  general  confonnation,  temper, 
Ac^  of  the  aDimal.  bat  also  ia  regard  to  tho  tntastnission  of  disease.  That 
disMae  is  tnuismimiblo  frant  thc^  jian-nta  to  tho  ofREtiring,  there  eantiot  bo 
adonbt;aDdmich!aibeberedibiry  naturooft^-TtaiDuiauuioH,  tlutt, althongh 
they  maj  not  show  themselves  in  tlie  immediate  pi-OK^''^'  they  freqaeiitly 
do  ao  in  the  next  andovon  more  distant  rnnoration.  There  ia  abandant 
proof  that  blindsMs,  roariiig,  broken  wind^  sidcbonaai  aparina,  jnaAotam, 
nnuDitis  and  naricnlar  diseiuie,  liari)  been  buqneathod  to  their  ompring 
both  by  Hiro  and  dam.  Xor  is  tliia  all,  for  altJiouf;)i  the  fniedom  trota 
diotiuae  of  some  particular  or^^an  on  the  part  of  one  of  the  parcnta  may 
counteract,  and  to  a  certain  extent  ohlitemlo  a  palpable  defect  in  that 
organ  in  tho  other,  thnw  will  still  remain  a  peoaliar  weakness,  or  ten- 
dency in  tiiejiart,  which  rv<{iiir<a  but  some  alight  exuiting  rnuse  t«  brin^ 
about  ita  fall  deretopment.  To  illustrate  this,  we  will  anp|Kwo  a  marw 
pcrieollr  sound  in  her  wind  is  sent  to  a  horse  afflictcU  with  roaring : 
althoagn  tho  prodace  may  bo  (rvo  from  rairing,  and  nmy  continue  so  fur 
wma  timo  without  giving  any  cridenoe  of  the  dinenNe,  nevertheless,  how 
oftoD  doeji  it  liapnen  that  an  atlai^  of  influenza  in  anceeoded  by  llu;  aDimol 
becoming  a  coonrmed  roarer  ?  Ag^o,  send  a  man.'  with  carbs  on  her 
hocka,  to  a  horse  with  perfecUy  soond  onos,  and  what  is  IVequvntly  the 
losult  on  the  prodnco  f  The  young  animal  mav  not  possess  the  groat  de- 
focta  obaorvablc  in  the  dam — ^iu  short,  may  not  hnvecnrtis  at  all;  be  irill, 
novertWcas,  in  all  ]irububtltty  liavo  weak  and  iMully-aiiAncd  hocks,  what 
ai«  oomiDO&ly  cidled  curbj  hocks,  wliich  will  rfquiro  tint  ^Isit  Htress 
npOB  the  part  to  dovcloo  the  diaeaso  inheritod  from  the  dam.  Ucurv  the 
nocMri^of  a  thorough  Knowledge  of  both  siro  and  dam.  One  of  the  fintt 
prinoiplefl  we  would  tlienifoR)  impms  upon  the  brccidtrrs  of  all  animals, 
and  the  horso  in  particular,  ia  tbat  both  parents  should  be  froo  from  dia- 
oase.  This  has  been  too  mach  lostsight  of,  especially  in  countiy  distrifrU, 
whore  stad-horses  aro  kept  for  getting  hunters,  many  of  whieh  ore  mrtbing 
better  than  caat-oHs  from  tho  rocing  stable,  in  eonseqaenoe  of  some  dtsi»se 
(uut  uiifrH|uctitly  of  tli«  raopimlory  orgiuui),  which  makes  tbem  valaeluH 
for  tho  ininMsea  for  whieh  titey  have  been  reared.  Tho  nwiilt  in  tbo 
OMtne  01  a  low  yean  will  be  manifest  in  U>e  yoon^  produce  exhibiting  ia 
a  jtraalnr  or  ma  Aegrec  the  infirmitin  of  the  sii«.  There  cannot  bo  a 
dooht  that  the  eniplayioent  of  xuch  animalx  for  braoding  imrpoaea  ia  cal- 
culated to  prtidueL-  tlie  t^Ttak-at  evil  atuuiigxl  all  cJOMca  of  borses  i  and  tbo 
bcai  ooone  that  cooM  bo  adopted  would  be  to  ooningn  tWn  to  an  oponk 
tioa,  which,  while  it  wouUI  allow  of  their  being  loado  oacflil  for  soma 
pfirpoaea,  would  prevent  the  upreml  of  their  dt'tclcrious  inllui-iice.  Pent- 
lianty  of  Ibrm  and  coustitutiun  will  also  be  inherited.  This  is  a  moat 
important  but  neglected  conaidoratian,  for  however  dmirablc  or  o^en  per^ 
fcot  may  liavo  boon  tbo  oonfortnatioa  of  tlie  aire,  e%'ery  good  point  may 
bo  mntraliwxl,  or  loat,  bv  tho  drfcctivo  stractnre  of  tbe  man;.  "Vh^  naoa- 
lial  points  should  be  good  in  botii  porvnta,  or  some  minor  defect  in  eiUior, 
be  ra<!t  and  got  rid  of  by  e3C(rU(.>uoe  in  that  toirticular  point  in  the  other. 
The  unsldlfnl  ur  careless  breeder  tocoften  so  oadly  paint  tbc  ar,ini)>lii  that 


BSEEDLVG. 


109 


r  good  poinia  of  Mch  >n  ■Imost  lost,  the  dejecta  or  botli  increased,  nnd 
hojmdaoa  tu  tnTenor  to  both  sire  Mid  clnni. 

Toat  the  oonatihitioD  Mui  eniliuaiiue  of  the  faorae  «ro  inheritfid,  no 
an  enr  doabtod.     The  qualities  oT  the  eim  or  the  d*ta  drscrnd 
firan  geitentiOB  to  gencratJOD,  ud  the  excelknoes  or  defvcU  of  ccrtnin 
I  an  oftoB  ttand,  and  jiutlf  to,  to  motac  pocoltarit;  in  &  Eu--dist«nt 


It  wmf,  perhapa,  be  jostljr  ■ffiraoed,  tli&t  Oiere  is  m»n.-  difficulty  in  &»• 
lectiiig  ft  8(>od  man  to  breed  from  than  a  good  horse,  becaaw  nbc  should 
poaMM  nowwhat  oppoaite  qoalitiea.  Her  carcase  ahoold  be  long,  in 
oadar  to  gin  i«om  for  the  eroWtb  of  the  ftstae ;  and  yci  with  this  there 
JwwiH  bo  eompaetaMa  of  Ibrm  and  shnrtni'-ra  of  Ivg,  What  can  thejr 
ncpaet  whoae  waetioe  it  is  lo  uurcLasc  uroru-out,  sparined,  fensdercd 
BB«a,  aboQl  wbom  tbef  boc;  there  have  b««n  somo  f^txxl  poicla,  uul 
meaA  tbera  far  in  the  ooontiT  to  brmNl  from,  and,  with  all  their  varietj 
«f  du^fti  to  bo  ooTvrod  bj  the  mmo  bans  f  In  a  lottoy  like  this  there 
WBf  b*  now  and  tbon  a  priie,  tnt  there  mnst  be  niany  blanka.  If  hor«o- 
liimtiii.  ynMCMed  of  giood  Jadgment,  wonld  paj  th«  same  attention  to 
hue  J  aaid  abl^n  as  Ur.  BakewvU  did  with  his  sheep,  th«7  would  pro. 
faiUjr  attaiBtMirwiabea  in  as  oqaald^Tce,  and  graaUf  to  their  advantage, 
wfaetbw  tat  ncnig  or  bnntiiv,  for  the  collar,  or  the  road. 

Aa  to  the  ahape  of  the  utaUion,  little  mtMrfaciorj  can  be  said.  It  miuit 
iaptuA  ao  that  of  the  mare,  and  the  land  of  botae  wished  to  be  bred;  bnt 
if  tbetw  is  one  point  absoluletv  tasontiil.  it  iB  'compactneeB ' — as  ninch 
laodaeM  and  strength  as  paHoblo  oondonsod  into  a  Uttlo  space. 

On  tlia  aalnect  of  bntdmg  in  and  m,  tbnt  is,  pcreerering  in  the  snmo 

tnad,  and  aMceting  the  bwt  on  eilhvr  side,  mach  has  been  said.     The 

•jstant  ot  oressinffreqnir^  more  judgment  and  experience  than  bivedere 

HBslhr  iimmm      Th«  bnd  qonlitics  of  tho  cmss  are  too  soon  ongraftcd  on 

IhaongoAl  stock,  and, once mgmnDd  there,  are  iLol,  for nianf  generations, 

nadicatod.     The  good  qnalities  of  both  are  occasiooallr  nentrelisvd  to  a 

soit  norti^inK  degree.     On  the  other  hand,  it  is  tbs  net,  liovrcvor  some 

nmf  Aaty  it,  Uiut  strict  confinement  to  one  breed,  bowerer  valnabte  or 

pMct,  ptt>dDcee  ^radnal  deterioration.   C  rousing  should  be  attempted,  bat 

>ilh  great  caation.     The  vnloablo  points  of  the  old  Irwtd  shoald  be  ro- 

linsa,  bnt  Tnrind   or  improved  b<r  the  introduction  of  some  new  and 

sabafale  qnalitj,  with  reference  to  beauty,  stireu;^,  orspeed.     Tliis  Is  the 

mati  of  the  turf.      Tbo  mure  south -oiwicm  blood  is  never  left,  bnt  the 

MoA  is  oAen  changed  wiui  manife-st  iwlviuitnge. 

Coosdetable  discnanon  has  reeciitir  taken  jvlooe  with  regard  to  the 
■fcsBOS  of  weight  and  the  di^aiice  reqtilrt^  to  be  no,  upon  the  breed 
rfonrme^honM.  It  has  be<en  said  that  the  preeent  system  of  placing 
i|to  waghta  on  animals,  and  allowing  them  to  run  bnt  short  lUstnBCCS, 
M  sljwin  mach  diminished  the  capabilitit-ji  and  enduranco  of  our  reoa* 
Tbt  fallowing,  amongst  otiier  reinurks  upon  the  subject,  con- 
is  a  letter  to  the  3V«m»  newspaper.  June  29lh,  1864,  by  one  so 
AoN^Jj  acquainted  with  it  as  Admiral  Rons,  will  saiRcinitly  indieat« 
■r  rirwa  on  the  point  He  uyn,  '  Thero  can  bo  bnt  one  opinion  among 
<l  fanoaa  who  are  interested  in  the  tnif,  that  the  f^ioud  object  in  breed- 
^  is  to  eombme  good  siie,  great  stiengdi,  and  power  of  ondumoee  with 
■  need.  This  has  never  bMn  lost  stghtm.  Our  motto  is  "  Fortes 
r  tortibns  ct  bonis."  We  have  sueoceded  in  establxsking  a  bm>d 
■tt «MsUll  more  spcod  and  rtrenplli  than  the  ori^nal  KtocK — an  in- 
avent^  statnrt'  from  fourltvu  hands  to  fifteen  nnd  a  half — in 
liakai  MMTotions,  from  the  first  imported  stallions,  Darlev  Arvbitui, 
fTork,  withOBt  a  drop  of  mixed  mood,  and  we  have  a  firm  convic- 


no 


BBKBUIKO. 


tioii,  with  ready  proof,  thai  no  lioreea  in  tho  world  can  be  compared  t<r- 
Uium.  On  (he  authority  of  Abd-<<l-Knder  fuid  my  Indian  friondB,  the  noo 
of  Zad-ol-Hnkob,  tho  gift  of  Sotomao  to  thn  tritKi  of  Axod,  hns  not  dis 
gaoumtod  Kinoi)  1720,  wht.<n  thu  cotibtv  uf  tbo  Entfli^l)  rnott-honw  wm 
probftUy  on  a  ptix  with  tliu  BttrW  wliioh  now  aduru  tho  Qihrultar  nuwtiiig. 
Admit  bhta  fact,  and  it  is  patent  to  every  racing  man  tliat  tho  b««t  of 
tiien  "  diriBO  borws"  which,  nccordini^  to  Kn«t«ni  history,  dcsc«Dded  ob  a 
hewranly  gift  Iram  Adam  to  Ishmiwl,  IftliniAol  to  Soloman,  from  Solomon 
to  Ui^oinot,  and  from  Mithomvt  (o  our  own  tiiDC«,  oannol  oompotu  with 
thd  An^lo- Arahiau  at  a  diOciwnoe  of  Sve  stone ;  a  thoniiigbbred  butobin-'H 
hade  mil  b^iit  the  Flower  of  the  Desert  sw  dittanoe  imdn-  100  milcit. 
If  there  is  a  dcprociation,  why  oscriho  it  iothoftboKt4onof  honvy  weoghta, 
or  to  tlin  nalMititutdon  of  shurti-r  coiintcit  P  Tlio  natural  iotiition  WODM  Iw 
tliat  it  in  ovrmx  to  tliv  nutu  of  oar  most  valoable  atook  to  ovt-ry  country  in 
Europe,  to  China,  to  Ausijuha,  Ntnr  Zealand.  But  we  have  i^iiough  lufl 
to  challoQ^  all  tho  world.  In  1843,  tho  total  amonnt  of  alakea,  plate*, 
and  uiatcli<-«,  ma  190,000^  ;  in  1863,  it  wm  above  £60,000/.,  without  in. 
eluding  the  royal  nlatvit.  The  deterioration  of  horaea  ia  a  pnre  fictioa, 
Btockwvll,  Kiufc  Tom,  Touug  Uelbottme  (Nabob,  sold  to  nance),  and 
many  other  ataOiona  are  framed,  to  gallop  nnder  twenty  stone  :  the  first 
chai^EM  1001.,  Kins  Tom  75^,  next  ru?tuu>n  for  tlw  chnsce  of  a  foal  Toa 
may  aoe  tn  Lord  Olatgow'H  and  Darun  RoUiaohild'a  ■tabten,  twan^boata 
up  to  «ii{fateen  tAotuf;  Misty  yuunt  ago  you  could  not  huvo  foand  Sva 
tnoioogbbred  horaea  of  this  dL-»«ription  in  the  Uuited  Kiii(;diun.  P!no 
yearling  oolts  fetch  at  auotiou  from  4^0  to  800  guineas,  if  they  appear 
likely  to  slny  a  distanco  and  to  carry  heavy  weights.  That  ought  to  M  a 
siiffidont  anawDT  to  thoM  persons  who  imagine  that  light  wd^ta  and 
abort  couracs  are  dutrimentiil  to  the  breed,  uiul  enoouiago  "  leny  woeda." 
Tbo  foUowtug  table  of  the  length  of  the  different  oonraea  at  Newmariiai 
will  give  aome  geaenl  idea  of  the  distanoo  asually  required  to  be  run 

NBWMAKKRT. 

The  Biaeui  Oovne  .  .  .  •  . 

SoaDdOoimo  .... 

Snmnar  Oeone  (twit  3  milta  of  It.  C)      . 

laM  Ihm  mnM  of  a  C  . 

Dildi  in  (ftorn  th«  nintiia^^Hu  le  Uw  tod  of  B,  C) 

The  luit  miln  and  a  £*bnm  laV-C        ,  , 

Ancaalrv  Hilv  (lut  mila  •trai  At) 

Critwian,  Butland,  aail  Onabjr  OrnnM  (trom  thp  Itim  of  ih« 

Land*  in)        .  .  .... 

AodU;  EndOaoiM  (tern  ih*  aurtjug-pot  <rf  Ibr  T.  Y.  C  m 

«iodorB.a)    . 
AcRM  tb*  Flu    . 
Rowlry  Hi)*  (iMt  mitr  of  A.  P.) 
Ditdi]lil*(flntjDifeof  A  F.) 
Alinodoa  Bfile  (oo  dw  Flal) 
PlMhalf  otAb.  U. 
L«M  half  of  All.  U. 

T»  Biudi*  tnikfl  «f  a  a 

Lut  ^b  a>d  ■  hair  of  T.  M.  M. 

Tn  Year  Obi  Coqim  (co  th*  FlU) 

M<»  Two  Yw  OM  CooM  (w  the  a  M.) 

iMtUfmii*orN>*T.y.  a   .... 

TMiBng  Ovum  (on  tie  Flat)      .... 
Teailiw  Omim  Ifnm  tbutinm-pMi  of  U«i  half  Ab.  M.  to 

«iufi»£M  of  Di  M.)  .... 

Banfau*  Hila  (a  )tn*|)il  mllr,  fliuihingal  ih*  ciulaf  It,C) 
ChaM«aUC«un*(la>«bair<-raU.)    . 
Bertb;  8t^n  Ouun*  (ba  lix  Air  «f  R.  H.) 


DSBKDINO. 


Ill 


Ciifwilch  Cean*  (fmn  tli«  ttaiUue  coM  of  T.  IL  M.  to  tlie 

«rfafib»Fbl) 2 

ICiatfUnAiM  0»ane(lM(  mb  anda  dtsluin,  MmsIu)  1 

f8iA>lkei>kn0iMfM(luladUuidahairiL&)  1 

f^nUbtdSukraCcanorlMtilnr.  orA.F.>  4 
I  Tnm  gMituw-FM  of  Imi  lull  it  Ab.  U.  ta  T.  Y.  a  wbiiiiiiK- 

'      po* 0 

'  Vna  Old  B«niacFMl  od  Crttnica  Coone  to  thai  rad  of  K  C  0 


nd.  tr.  tM. 


M 

3 
» 

HSf 
« 


Vrooi  Um  aboiTB  it  will  be  mxn  that  ^jvt  raricif  of  dutUMX*  >■  aHopUxi 
nngiw  from  I  (brlong  143  y*rda  to  4  eiuIm  1  fiutong  178  yaH«.  woll  I'nl- 
caUMtotMttbogoDemBpeod  andcDdnraDccof «v«i7olM8  0f  ra«i*-ltor«i;. 
A  nwra  u  cajmblo  of  brtsntling  nt  two  yiMt*  olcC  but  Nhoald  not  be 
allowed  to  do  so  beforo  tlirw  or  fuur  ytMTt  old.  Somi;  faitro  itijndi- 
Gu«al7  ooBUDeBoed  at  two  y«ara  old,  belbn  her  form  and  atrvn^tli  aro 
BafloanUjr  dorclopcxl,  and  with  tho  dffrelopmeot  of  which  Diia  nrljr 
'  wiD  mntorial);  intcrfitiT!.  If  a  murv  docs  litllo  mnro  thnn  Ihrnv- 
nr  Gontinuu  to  bn  bml  fium  until  aha  is  Duorly  twvoty ;  but  if 
been  oardlj  worked  aud  benrs  th«  marks  of  it,  lot  hur  lutvo  been 
»y  in  hor  f»Qlb.  sbowill  decpJTetho  expectation  of  the  breeder 
'  old  age.  Til R  mure  luninllr  cHimrs  into  hrnt  in  iW  cnrif  pait  of 
I  Mpriag.  Slio  is  said  to  ft°  n-iui  ftml  elvvcu  monthit,  but  there  ia  norao- 
a»  a  •tnn^  iiregularity  about  thisL  Some  have  been  known  to  foal 
I  werts  «aini0r,  wnile  the  time  of  oihon  haa  been  extendt-d  aix  weeka 
.  the  olonen  months.  Wo  may,  howercr,  take  oIoTcn  months  as  the 
*  ttmOb 

L  the  tinaof  oorarin^,  to  witliiu  a  fuw  dkj-s  of  the  expected  period 
Soaliiig.  the  carUmara  majr  ^  ^^  ^t  >uodent«  labonr,  not  only  witli* 
oni injmjr,  bnt  with  docidod  adraotai^.  It  will  thon  Iw  pmdnnttoreloam 
her  (rani  work,  and  keep  her  near  home,  and  under  the  rrv<iut.-ut  utnpi'otion 
of  aome  eaiefnl  petson. 

When  nevlj  half  the  time  of  proGmancy  has  elapsod,  the  man  should 

Ian  a  little  better  food,     i^ho^honld  bo  allowed  one  or  two  (beds  of  com 

in  Iha  d^-     Thi*  is  about  tho  period  when  thcT  aro  aocuatonicd  to  slink 

iMr  touiu,  or  wlum  aburlion  oceuni :  the  cyti  of  the  owner  should,  Utere- 

fcn.  be  ftcqtieDUy  upon  tbem.    Good  fivoding  and  moderate  exercise  wQl 

k  Ihe  beM  prO¥eDtiTta  of  this  mishap.     The  mare  that  has  once  aborted 

a  iiUs  to  a  rrpotition  of  tho  aiccidcnt,  and  Uiercfoni  nhonld  never  lio 

■fctd  to  be  witlt  other  nutn-N  bctwucn  Uie  fourth  and  HfUi  months )  for 

■cb  ia  tike  power  of  imuf^inalion  or  of  sympathy  in  the  mare,  that  if  one 

*fai libonMiit,  others  in  the  samo  piulnr^  will  too  often  sbara  the  samo 

W    Fhrmen  wash,  and  pttint,  and  tor  thrir  stables,  to  prevent  some 

%PuM,d  infection  ; — 4he  infectaon  Ues  in  tho  imagination. 

ne  tlionm^i-bccd  mte— the  stock  bnng  intended  for  sporting  fnr- 

ei—AooM  be  keptgiiiet  and  apart  fiom  other  horsrs,  alter  tho  firrt 
or  five  months.  MThen  tho  period  of  pRrturitlon  is  divwin([  uear, 
*>  ihcmkl  be  watched,  and  shut  up  during  Uio  night  in  a  aufi*  yard  or 
"oMboz. 

If  the  Bwrc,  whether  of  the  pnre  or  common  breed,  bo  thns  taken  care 
■find  be  in  cood  h««ltii  while  in  fool,  Httlo  diuiger  will  attend  tho  act  of 
Muition.  If  tfacro  ia  fiilse  pnaontation  of  the  fuTtus,  or  diSicnlty  in 
Mkibk  '^  it  will  be  beitw  to  hare  recourse  to  a  wcU-iniormed  pta«- 
'*i«ni,  Uian  to  injure  Urn  mother  by  the  riolont  and  injurious  attempts 
*lt  an  often  made  to  reliere  her. 

Iht  partmriticit)  bring  over,  the  maro  iilioald  be  tnrntJ  into  some  wdl- 

itHwed  MstntT-.  with  a  hand  or  sbwl  to  mn  info  when  she  pleasea ;  and 

bMppowng  that  akc  luta  foalvd  in  April,  tlw  grass  is  Bcanly,  she  shoiihl 


IIU 

('■■tl,  1 

lln'jri. 

"f  7,a  '■          -  ■ .  ■  ;.  T 

K'"iT  -     -~   ■■;■  ::. 

ln-c.ljo 

i\ilmi  -—■ 

iiii'so  -.:.■-:. 

lufivi  -         -   "    •  .>r  i 

t»  Mi  -■--■-,  . .,. 

rlif^l  ~    '-       -~  •■•■     :  -;;:.j 

iiru-fc  ~  ■  ■-      ■■-■  ■-.y 

If  til  "...-■         '       -~    ■    -   f,.ll 

"I-  til  --""■■;   ■■      •:.<» 

Hiiil  ■■■   "-    "■-      ;  >  :   .:  ;  .'l.^it 

Kiiiti  -    -       -       .-  ■        .  -;  ■  :,...  ;  ,p 

'"  i-li  '  '       \          Zl    '   '     '    '  ■'     "" ■  '  ■  ■  ■'■■■' 

II  mi  I  '   ■-■"..--:   -._  ■          ::  ■:    ,:,.,„. 

<-liuii  -                           ■    ■■                  ■■".":■        ■"■  ::   -;.  ■'.iij 

fSlod  -                ~    -               -         ',"      ".       ','■"-■■  r.    :  ;i;.  ■;(;,. p 

Dmin  —  -_■   ■      :_  -■■  -  '  ■   -■ ■"■    . 'i;::!!  j.iir. 

olian  ~  ■                ■    "-      ■    ■  -   -  --  •-'  '■-'•:  >:.■•.!  -.u  lii,. 

Illay  •                    ■                                "■-.■-•--_    ,r  :•.._.-->■'  .■.:;:!ii-i..r,t 

Up*t.  -~    -                               :.    ---     —---■.       ..-■-■.-..:- ;!:*;,«- ii-,.rk. 

Ilion  ■-■  '-"      ■■-  ■  — ■   ■  ,.' ■■■.■■■■^,  ';■  t":,'.-:l,.r, 

vwtr'  ■      ■                    "■'■""."":  ■-■■  ~  ■■'*■-■  '■'"  ■  '■'"  "-ii  i."."It 

liitJ  r-     .            -•        "■           --    — -  :— -'.■■-"i-.-,  j::i  ulI  U-  haTiiv  uihI 

Muflii  r-.  ■             -""           " -'-  -■"-';"-■---  ■'.■•■■;':--.■;..' itiiicL  ii  h 

hIioi-  ;.:;  ■■■-..- .                      -  ■  '-■  -■  '■-•■'■  -■  ^-  "  '  ■■  '---^  ii".irkv.|.  r.li.>  nml 

The  ;!::  ri.  ■    -  -    -  "■    "-■:'-;  ■'■ '  '^'  ■'  ■■■'■  <'  "■■  "f  i™^'.  ^'i>  '^I'l  U- 

will  .,;.;.  .  ■    ■      -  -L  -..   L  ^1:.1:U;  .\:  wL-.t.  t-r:,t,lpjut  ;il>Tiliiirii.i.-k, 


ITi'.i:.-  - 

fi:,iT   :--■ 
-.h'-'V". 
•  nu  ■■■  " 


r.;  ::.  •-...'.  \^  rli^z  :■:  :;.c  jr  win  i-.f  i}n'  i'«i!.  ir  ri.:.v  i,-. 
.:-..!  :'.j:'-  --  J.-^i  :':."  -'-■TKi-  wivks  •■?  ;i  ni.^Mli,  r,r  l;;ri,"I 
■..:•  r  i._--ir:.  Tlvrr  ■.■'i::  K-  i:<>  U-::it  c^iv-  Ch'  f|„.  j;.;,l 
-  .-.f  ..L-.'r:;::_-.  i^i  :':■■'-  -^i:'-. '-it  i.-.'^l-iV.  l-'tii  t'--l  :,!,.l 
:,  -..■'  !■'..  -'.:  >-■  '^'.  '■  !.'•''■■-''  "i-rk,  im-i  l:,-iic  iJnVr  t:»;it. 
.!•;     r,;  '.':.■<'•::-' -.'.l  '"'■'■  'i'  i;.-.;uli("i.':<'  milk  >.l:.';iM 

'*Vr~   "  ^-   ■-':''■  ■:'  :^^v'-i^r;4^  r  .:.■:  :L.;.  r?.>.  liU'.:.!  fi-nj;,,^  ,.f 
-■■    ■  .  .'  ■■     -i   —a:;...::..:  ::-^t;T;:i    in  i-ani-ii^ir. 

"'■  '■'". -       ■  _  .   ,    ■-  -■  •■  -     -,  .  r.-. ;  -.:  :■  :-.n  -.■(  liis  il^iiiv  f..,^ 

itru!*^-  J  •  ::[/      ...y  :  ,  :..:^.■:^   .■■-:-.■.■.;.  iiU-n.l  mii.^,!.- .,:■ 
vi'Ji-i!'*-'— ■       "J  '^*.    .  /..-,  ■■  ■_  :■:  ;,■  ,  :,.  ?: .  \T-.i'..rrliiian- iviij.T. 
nf"""--'""    'J','   i.-"-.    ■.,■  V    :..■:■>  :•  -   ■■  :..i '^-t  wliij,  ;,  ,1. 
The  -|^^--_-     ."V"-      -..-.■•■        -;>   --"■.."    ■  ■'; :  7-1  wliilf  1 1- :.s 
jU'LJi-i  :■'-■   ■-■   -  ■^-  ~_  ■    '_  .      ^       _      ■■■::;  '.,■■  ^-  ■ :  i':!"!'. 

TTeli  iW.  -:  '- '.■.,"..  ■    ■-:■.:>■.'  ^ri;.--  r  ■  !«■  a  1  -.■■ii  - 

A  T«^ -'-"-'  "■_■;  "!  .1'   .   ^'  ,     ■.     .    -   ,f.-;..r,r;,k.  ;;]■:■  r!  -> 

,  hacfciWT;  ".'^.'^■."  .'  ,    V     -  ■  .     -         -  ;.  :  ::.:■-«!...■:.  I  .- 

^hemrdsJ-ii-^'y-j"  ;■..■■■    ."  _  .    '-  -...-■-  ^r.  r'..,: .,;'.? 

^^yy  nm>"_^^""  ^■,_"  ■■.•>■!. 

^aP'nf  y  -'i^ " '  '^".~"  .     ■        ■  ■-     -       -•■....■.,.■.    't 

.jtKt^^'rK^','        ."       ■.    ■•     ■■ -■■    •    ■■■-■'  ■-• -i- 

iverim:.  *=-T""""  "  ...    -  .•-■•;.,.■:■    -n. 

.aHj.W=-ii»--"--^~-  ._    ..     -  ■,■.:.   --,■ 

^htwj"^:"  ::-■■_        .      ....-,-■■■,.■.-    :;;- 

^wiov------  ■•"-■      ■--■■..  :■-■■     ■       ■  -    ■■■■   ■•     '■- 

*«  i-!*'-*^ '■-  ,-,-   :-:■  ■■    ■        ;■■■-    ■"'«-- 


BttEAKDIG    LV. 


lis 


Q&S  fbal  dtonlcl  bo  daOy  bandlMl,  nccuKtonuxl  (o  tlic  Iialtor,  led  about,  and 
•no  tied  opL  The  Craclabilitjr,  ^j^ood  teiti|)er,  nod  vnlno  of  the  faorae  df- 
pcnd  B  grwt  ifekl  man  apon  this  Uiau  breeders  an  avnm ;  tliis  shoald  bo 
dooo  ■«  mncli  u  poaaiblo  br  tbo  titan  bv  irhom  the;  are  Tnl,  sod  wfaoM 

wmnii r  nf  llii  iii  tbonld  bu  blwnyK  kiiitl  und  gcntlo.     Tber«  IB  no  limit 

''tat  wUob  &  bned«r  sfaculd  so  inrwmbty  ducluirgo  bis  smTxat  as  cniellf , 
or  CTTCB  hnrghnw,  lowards  the  minff  stock ;  for  the  principle  ou  n-Jikh 
llMtr  Rfier  tuofeluon  is  foandcd  ia  atUKshment  t«,  and  confidence  in  mnn, 
and  ofaodicDCV,  implicit  obcdicDce,  rvsaltiiig  principAlI;  from  these.  With 
tba  bone  aaed  6tr  agrindtiuid  puqxKtea,  aAvr  the  sooond  vrintor,  the  irork 
Af  bwfclng'in  maj  rouuecce  lu  pjod  oanteet.  He  mtty  fint  bo  bittod* 
■Dd  •  tnt  centaUy  selected  that  will  not  hurt  bis  mouth,  and  much  mudlor 
than  Aoee  ia  cotninoa  uw  ;  irith  this  ho  may  bo  EnfTcred  la  amnse  himself^ 
SDd  to  plaji  and  to  cbamp  &r  an  hoar,  on  a  few  kuccvuito  ihja.  Itxviag 
m  IHile  tikdable,  porttous  of  tli«  kuvraa  aoty  be  pat  npon  him, 
of  all,  the  blind  winkers;  aod  a  few  days  anor  he  uuiy  go  into 
It  wcnld  be  bettor  if  tbeni  could  be  one  bcforo  and  oiie  bchiud 
beaiilo  th«  kImA  borfc.  Lot  thrro  be  finit  tbo  mcro  cinpt}-  waggon. 
T— ♦^'■pfl  be  done  to  Lua  except  (h«t  be  vaay  bare  an  otciuoonal  pat  or 
1  wonL  The  other  hones  will  kot)]]  him  moTin^  and  iu  bia  placo : 
BO  preat  timo  will  pass,  Eomotinica  not  cTcn  the  first  day,  bef<>re  he 
begin  to  pnll  with  thf  iv»t ;  thi^  tbo  lo«d  may  bo  gradually  incn-aet-d. 
ha  Bgricnltnrul  horac  is  wanted  to  ride  as  well  as  to  draw,  liri  Ibis 
leaaon  be  giren  when  lie  is  ia  tbo  team.  Let  liis  fcviler,  if  pi»»il>l(!, 
fiisl  pint  upon  hiin ;  be  will  be  too  much  hmupcred  by  liia  hai-u<-s!i,  and 
\f  the  otlMT  horses,  to  auke  nracb  renflt-.uco ;  and,  in  the  mnjon'ty  of 
CMSS,  will  qaietJy  and  nt  onoe  mbmit.  Wo  bmd  not  rt:[icat  that  no  whip 
or  •pa'  rfioud  be  nsed  in  ginng  the  Hnrt  lessons  in  ridiuf;.  When  he  bis 
«m  >  little  to  Budcntond  his  business,  backing,  the  most  difllcalt  part  of 
£■•  work,  may  be  luught  him ;  first,  to  back  well  niihont  anything  behind 
fcim,  then  with  a  light  carl>  and  aft^mnrds  witJi  some  serioas  load ;  and 
leldfqc  tlM  pMleet  care  not  to  hurt  his  tooutb.  If  the  first  lesson  cnnsee 
BPifilt  MnoMS  of  tbo  gnnu,  tbo  colt  will  not  readily  sulnnit  to  a  eocond. 
If  be  bM  been  roDdenyl  tnetable  before  by  Idltd  nsagc,  timo  and  patienco 
win  do  all  that  can  be  wubed  here.  Sonto  csirtenareintfacbubitof  blind- 
the  oolt  when  teaching  lum  to  bock;  it  may  be  neocasat;  with  the  festive 
_  obetinate  one,  and  ^omld  be  nsed  only  as  a  Ias6  roeort.  The  colt 
>TUig  bc«n  tliuK  jartially  br«keu-in,  tlio  necessitv  of  implicit  obedience 
nr  be  langbt  him,  and  that  not  by  scvrrity,  bat  liy  Gmuicss  luid  steadi> 
m  i  Ibe  Tmee  will  go  a  great  war,  bat  tbo  whip  or  the  aptir  is  &ometimcs 
fajntiitBWi' — not  so  cradly  npplted  aa  to  excilo  the  auimal  to  resistance, 
toeoOTtBOO  bim  that  wv  Imvo  the  po\icr  to  enforce  mbmigsion.  Few, 
w«  woold  atmost  aay,  no  honws,  aro  natnraJI^  viciona.  It  in  cruel  usngo 
which  haa  fintt  pcvvoked  reststance ;  thn.t  r«istanoe  has  been  followrd  by 
gi^ita  severity,  and  tbo  stabbontness  of  the  animal  has  increased  ;  open 
var&re  baa  enaacd,  in  wliicb  the  man  seldom  gwinrd  nn  adrantngr,  imd 
IbabotaawaafrrqucntiT  rendered  nnsorvioeablc.  Correction  may  or  mtist 
ba  naad  to  mfoT"-  impticit  obedionco  afUr  the  education  hiut  proc^^did  to 
carteb  axteiit,  but  tho  early  lessons  iboald  bo  incolcatcd  with  kinduesa 
Touts  colts  a™  aometimea  very  perrcrsc  ;  many  days  will  occa- 
iT  pase  before  thor  wiU  permit  the  bridle  to  be  pot  on,  or  tbo  saddle  to 
n;  one  act  of  harsfaaesa  wiU  donblo  or  troble  this  timo.  P»[jcDCe 
fciadiMM  wfll,  after  a  while,  prevail.  On  some  morning,  of  better 
than  tiaoal,  tbo  bridle  will  hit  put  on,  and  the  saddle  wiU  bo  worn  ; 
oamnttance  being  follow.-d  by  kindness  and  soothing  on  the  part 
-,  and  ou  iDcuuvijiitnec  or  piin  being  Kuflbrcd  by  I  he  animal,  all 
( 


RRKAKIN'G    IK. 


114 

rc*iHtauco  will  bv  at  an  oaiL  Tbc  nine  princiitloi  will  t\\i\t\y  to  tlic  bit«k- 
ing-in  of  tka  borae  for  the  road  or  the  cbstao.  Tbo  ti&inlling  uid  uiue 
portion  of  instmctun  alioald  commeitce  from  the  time  of  wMmiiig.  Too 
futur«  tra«t«bili^  of  tli«  horse  will  mnch  depend  on  this.  At  two  ymi» 
ftad  ft  hulf,  or  thrve  touv,  tho  ragolu  pn>c<rM  of  brciikiii>;-in  itboald  ootna 
OD.  If  it  bi»  dclajrol  until  tlio  uumal  is  four  yvars  old,  Iiia  6tn.-uj<lh  and 
obsUucj  will  be  inoru  diffictUt  to  orercomo.  We  caimot  much  improve 
OD  the  plan  osnall;  panned  by  tbe  br«alcer,  except  thut  thoro  abotud  be 
moeb  mom  IdndiicM  luid  patdpnoo,  »ad  ftr  lew  hwwhiww  and  cmeltjr,  ttum 
theao  pervDiia  nro  nccantoniod  to  exhibit,  and  a  grvat  deal  morv  attenlicm 
to  tiie  form  and  uatund  action  of  llie  horec.  A  Lcadslall  is  put  on  tbo 
oolt.  and  a  carcsson  (or  appat&tus  to  oanfine  aod  pinch  the  nose)  sfEiril 
to  it,  with  lon^  reins.  lie  i»  &nt  eccoatomed  to  tbo  ruin,  then  led  round 
a  ring  i>n  «olV  eronnd,  and  at  length  mount<.'d  and  biii;;bt  hid  puoua.  Kcxt 
to  prwicrviujc  the  iempur  »itd  docility  of  thu  horse,  tiiore  is  uoUiiuK  of  ito 
mnch  importance  as  to  teach  hiui  evety  pAoc,  and  every  port  of  hia  du^, 
distinctly  and  thoroughly.  Eoch  must  constitute  a  ncpAmte  and  som»- 
tixnoe  ktig-oontuiiied  lesson,  and  that  taught  by  a  man  who  vrill 
■nftr  his  pajsion  to  ^  the  better  of  hia  diravtaon. 

AAer  the  carcesoo  has  been  attached  to  the  beadatall,  and  the  lonjf  rt>ia 
pit  on,  tho  tirst  Ic«»>ii  is,  to  be  quietly  lod  about  hy  the  brtiaker.  a  steady 
Doy  following  behind,  by  occsnannl  threatening  with  tho  whin,  hot  norur 
by  an  actual  Mow,  to  keep  tbo  colt  af.  Whim  the  animal  follows  mtdily 
and  quietly,  he  may  be  taken  to  tlie  nng,  and  walked  ronnd,  right  sud  left, 
in  a  very  small  circle.  Care  should  be  t«k«it  to  teoeh  him  this  pace  tho> 
roughly,  never  snlTering  liim  to  bn;ak  into  a  trot.  Tho  boy  with  hix  whip 
may  here  af[aia  be  necustary,  but  not  a  single  blow  should  actually  (all. 

Beooani;  toknUr  perfect  m  the  walk,  he  should  bo  c|uick^M>d  to  a 
trot,  and  kept  aiaadify  at  it :  the  whip  of  the  boy,  if  needful,  urging  him 
on,  and  tho  CBTeMoo  restnuntng  him.  Thcw  Iciwons  should  Iw  alunt. 
The  pace  ahoutd  be  kept  perfect  and  dialinct  in  cAeh ;  and  docility  and 
improremeDt  rewarded  with  froqaiut  caresses,  and  h&udfula  of  ooni.  The 
leiu^  of  the  rein  may  now  bo  gradually  increased,  and  the  [noo  qnidcenod. 
and  the  time  extended,  until  tho  animal  becomes  tmctnblo  in  this  his  fir»t 
leaeonn,  towards  the  conolusion  of  which,  cmpper-ntnip*,  or  aoroetfaing 
■miiar,  may  bo  attached  (o  the  oJotliing.  These,  playing  about  the  sides 
and  flanks,  noennUim  him  to  tho  flftpping  of  the  coal  of  tlto  rider.  Ttto 
annoyanoe  which  they  occasion  will  pass  orer  in  a  dny  or  two ;  for  wheo 
the  animal  Units  that  no  harm  comes  (o  htm  on  acconnt  of  theee  atraps,  be 
will  onoso  to  rrganl  them. 

Xi-xtoomi-'iitiio  bitting.  The- fait  should  bo  large  and  Bmooth,ud  the  ivins 
■huuldbp  buckled  to  a  ring  on  dthtir  tide  of  tbo  pad.  There  are  many  cnriooa 
and  expenaire  machines  wr  thu  purpose,  but  the  stm{Jo  rein  will  be  qnitn 
sufficient  The  reins  shonld  at  first  be  slack,  and  rerr  gradually  tightened. 
Tliia  will  povpare  for  tbo  morn  prrfoct  tnannrr  in  which  tbo  bend  will  bo 
aAcETwanls  got  into  it.t  ihdim't  poitition,  when  the  oi>It  is  acenatomoil  to  the 
saddle.  OcCTMinnaHy  tJie  oroaker  should  Ht.-kiii)  in  &unt  uf  the  oolt,  and 
take  held  of  ea<A  ndo  rein  noor  to  the  mouth,  and  press  upon  it,  and 
Ihns  hrtfin  to  tench  him  (o  *lop  and  to  bark  at  the  prSMVe  of  tha  nia. 
rewiinbng  cvoryact  of  docility,  nndnotlx-iDg  tooeogortopnotsh  iiiiaiiniial 
caralessness  or  waywardneaa. 

The  oolt  may  now  ba  taken  into  the  road  orstrect  to  bo  grodiiany  aoen*- 
(oumnI  to  the  objects  among  which  his  nrrricca  will  be  reqiurol.  Ber«, 
ftom  Gnu-  or  playfulncas,  a  eo«uidtTnd>|p  dcgrro  of  idarting  anil  sliring  may 
he  exiiibitnl.  As  little  notice  oit  possible  should  bn  btlcen  of  it.  Tbt 
•ome  or  ■  tiiniibr  object  should  be  soon  pasaed  again,  but  at  a  greater  £»> 


BREAKING   tS. 


lis 


1ftliemnat31dtu«,)ctthodwtaDC«ba&rf]Mrincrf-aficd,tmtiI  he 
UcM  no  notice  of  the  obJMTt ;  tlien  he  msj  bo  gimiaaJij  bronght  nciuvr  to  it, 
tuul  this  will  be  Dsaall;  cfToctod  witLoat  tlio  sliglttMtt  difficollr  ;  wlierona, 
had  tbm  been  ui  Bttcmpttororce  tfaeuiimal  close  fcoitinUie&^iastaiieo, 
tha  retnonbnuico  of  the  ccnttist  vroold  hkvo  bcmi  aesociated  witli  tlio 
otnect,  ftnd  tbe  b&bit  of  ahjing^  woold  hnro  bmrn  cstablislicd. 

mtterto,  wilii  a  cool  and  patieut  bi«aker,  the  wliip  mxy  haro  btxra 
■bovB,  bot  will  ecnrocly  bars  been  used ;  the  colt  must  now,  howeror,  bo 
aeeostotaed  fa  ffaa  aeccmry  instnuncnt  of  aathoritf.  Let  the  bretJter 
«alk  hj  the  ntle  of  (ha  anuu],  ukI  throw  hU  ri?ht  arm  nrer  hU  back, 
liilliliHI  the  raiw  in  hie  leA ;  and  ocakxunuilly  qwdccn  his  pace,  and,  at  the 
noBWnt  of  doing  this,  tap  the  bone  with  the  whip  in  his  right  hand,  and 
at  6iit  TSff  geotlf .  Tho  tap  of  tJi«  whip  and  the  qnickoning  of  the  paoa 
■wis  toon  become  aMOcialcd  totfvthor  in  thp  mind  of  the  nminal.  If  Dcce«- 
nty,  the  lApe  maj  gndiuUl/  fall  a  little  hcaricr,  and  (he  feeling  of  pain  be  the 
mOfutor  of  the  neoeesi^  of  increaaed  exertjon.  The  lecsona  of  reimng  in 
aad  atomiag,  and  baclmig  on  the  preoenre  of  the  bit  may  omttBoe  to  be 
nractiacd  at  the  mtat  time.  He  irttty  now  bo  (iuigli(  (o  bear  the  saddle, 
bome  little  caDtionirill  bo  nooeauiT' at  the  first  patting  of  it  on.  The  breaker 
dtoold  Bland  at  the  head  of  the  oolt,  patting  hun,  ai^  engaging  his  atten- 
tion, vliito  one  aoistant,  on  the  off-nde,  sbwij  tightens  ux  girthit.  If  he 
wabimia  quietly  to  thl«,  m  ho  gcnpmlly  will  when  the  prerioits  pro^wM  of 
twiafcing-in  hu  bn^  pmpcrljr  condnctcd,  the  oeremmj  of  motmtiiif;  may 
W  attamptod  on  the  following  or  on  the  third  day.  llie  breaker  will  n<y^ 
twosMMacta  to  acoomplisb  thta  Opemtion.  Iln  will  remain  at  the  bu:ul 
ef  the  oolt,  patting  and  making  ranch  of  him.  The  rid<rr  nill  put  his  fuut 
into  tho  ftirmp,  and  bear  a  littlo  wot(;lit  apon  it,  while  tho  miai  on  tho 
off-mda  prijw  equally  on  the  othirr  ulirrnp-li-athc-r,  and  acconlicg  to  the 
doeiliQr  of  tho  animal  be  will  grwlutilly  incrcow  tho  weight,  tuitil  he 
*—'*——  Itiwi—lf  on  tho  atirrap.  If  tlio  colt  be  uneasy  or  fcarfnl,  ho 
•boald  be  noken  kind^  to  and  pattod,  or  a  moathfal  of  com  bo  girca 
him;  bat  tf  be  o(r<-ni  wrinns  rrsintnnoo,  tlin  IrxKniu;  miuit  ti'miicntc  for  ihub 
day ;  be  mav  pmlmbly  In-  in  licttcr  hiinioiir  on  tlin  morrow.  liVhi;ii  tlio 
rider  hoa  bahmn^l  Limaclf  for  a  miuutv  or  (wo,  he  may  geiitly  throw  hia 
le^  oter,  and  quietly  seat  himself  in  the  saiidle.  Tho  breaker  nill  then 
bad  ttw  animal  rvnnd  tho  ring,  tlic  rider  sittini;  perfectly  Btill.  Aflcr  a 
fr«r  ■itrotee  ho  will  take  the  rcina,  and  handle  tliem  ns  gently  as  poseilik*, 
end  guide  the  hotae  by  the  preaeuro  of  (hem ;  patting  him  frei^nently,  and 
wTTrnallr  when  he  tbuuks  oiT  diamonnting — and  afUT  having  dismounted, 
Maring  him  a  little  com  or  CToen  mcnt.  The  nsc  of  the  rein  in  checking 
(tnn,  and  of  the  pixaeuro  of  the  hig  and  tho  (onch  of  (he  hocl  in  qnickeninff 
im  pace,  will  aoon  be  taoght,  and  the  edaoation  will  bo  nearly  completed. 
TIm  bocee  baring  (baa  braubmittod  himsolf  to  tho  breaker,  these  patting* 
and  rewards  moHt  bo  gradually  dimininhcd,  and  implicit  obedience  mildly 
bat  fimly  enforced.  Scrcrity  will  not  oflon  be  neoesearj :  in  the  great 
najori^  of  autca  it  will  be  allogelher  nucalled  for  i  but  ahoold  tho  anima), 
ia  a  moment  of  waywardneea,  dispute  the  command  of  tho  breake*",  he 
nmX  at  oooe  be  taught  that  he  is  tho  tAnro  of  man,  and  iViat  we  havo  ttie 
pOTrer.by  other  nwiana  tlian  that  of  Icindnctn,  to  bond  him  to  our  will. 
Tht  emcation  of  the  honte  t>  that  of  tho  child.  Pleasure  is  as  much  ad 
Ifftiln  aaMciatcd  with  the  early  Icsboob  i  but  firmncm,  or  if  need  bo 
cowreian,  raost  confirm  the  haWt  of  obedience.  Tvruuny  BJid  emelty  will, 
uera  speedily  in  the  horn  than  eron  in  tho  child,  prorelce  tho  wish  to 
dinbej,  and  on  crery  pmcticAble  occsnion,  tbe  nsistaiice  to  comnintid. 
Vhe  rMtiTC  and  vici<iaK  horo;  in,  in  ninety-nine  casos  ont  of  a  handred, 
I  ao  by  ill-naage,  and  not  bj  nature.     None  but  thoM  who  will  take 

1  z 


im 


BREAEIXO   tS. 


tbft  trooblo  to  tty  Uio  experimeDt,  w  nwitro  how  nbsolato  a  comtami 
tits  diu>  ndmixturo  of  fimuiMS  aad  kindnects  will  soon  givo  tu  OTer  any 
boiw. 

A  •amewliftt  now  svgtcan  of  bro&kin^'-in  horwe  was  inbodaced  into  thii 
ooimti7  by  Mr.  lUrpy,  of  Oliio,  in  1S58,  which  at  the  timo  attractvii 
ooiuiidornblo  attvutiiiti,  tvnti  waa  Lhoaglit  would  Biipcracde  tbo  old  sja^om 
of  horK-brGaluDj;.  But  the  coiaplicatjuus  aud  other  dlffiouUica  aLt«Ddaiit 
npoD  it»  beiaf;  fully  earned  out  harA  preT«Dt«d  ita  genonl  adoption,  ^id 
^  above  syvlctn  ia  that  now  generally  otoployod.  The  following  is  % 
descriptioi)  of  Mr.  Raruy'a  method. 

Mr.  Rwy  oommetioea  liia  acquauiitanco  with  thn  coU  when  at  pastora ; 
and  by  the  ({entlest  awaoSi  and  almoet  without  ;,-VHUi.-iiIutioD,  he  wUl  ontic*  , 
or  urge  tJie  colt  to  cDtor  into  th»  prodncta  of  a  bam,  stable,  or  outlionjA-l 
in  the  imtnodtatu  nd^hbourhuod.     Tlit-  colt  in  very  qnictJy  surromklod,  OFi 
an  old  horse  vt  first  led  in.     ^Slieii  the  colt  has  Liitvti;d  he  ix  1^  alonsl 
with  ihu  operator,  every  one  and  every  thiog  having  lifo  Ixdjijf  i.-xclndedj 
ao  that  the  attontion  of  tlie  coh  rany  bn  ontiraly  ab§orbod  in  th«  pcnoit  < 
the  man  wlio  htut  to  train  and  subdou  him.     AiUr  a  short  pana0,tlw  mi 
advancMi  very  slowly,  holdiajf  out  either  baud  and  BjM^king  to  tfao  colt 
with  the  gontlest  toao  of  voice.     HvcntuiLlly  the  cult  will  abo  approach, 
aioell  the  hand,  when  occasion  mart  bo  token  to  Btroko  the  newt,  then  the 
front  of  tho  fiwe,  cbeuka,  and  neck.     So  aooo  na  the  colt  remains  |_ 
poiwvo  and  content  with  this  treatment,  then  a  touthem  halt«r  is  yvrjr^ 
(ipantljr  passed  up  and  od  to  his  he«d.   Ilope  halters,  from  their  eoanencM, 
are  highly  ohjoctiooablo,  and  should  only  bo  employed  Upon  Koemm. 
Wh«o  the  halter  is  suourod,  a  plain  smooth  soa£9e  bndJe  with  a  nuiaafHa 
sizod  snaffle  bit  is  passed  into  the  mouth  and  fitted  to  tho  head.     8ho<nM 
the  oolt  lesist  the  iniroduction  of  the  snaffle,  thou  the  k-fl  hand  having 
the  iron  bit  in  it  is  placed  immodiatoly  behind  the  lowi>r  lip,  and  tho 
fiof^er  and  tlinmb  focling  Uio  bora  of  the  mouth  within  the  lips,  instantly 
inthiOM  the  oolt  to  move  the  tongne  and  open  the  mouth.   At  that  mnmnnt 
the  snaffle  ■■  inaarted  within  tho  front  teeth,  and  is  drawn  well  into  the 
mouth  by  the  headstall  in  tho  right  liand.     This  must  bo  ofiiwted  without 
hurry  or  in  any  mnnner  to  distnri)  tin!  fwiitigs  of  the  animal.     ^Thon  the 
hridio  is  scx-inrcd  with  tho  retni  in  tho  led  hand,  tho  pciaon  proceeds  withJ 
his  training  by  handling  with  the  utmost  ({cntienesa,  the  ncdc,  diotdder,r 
and  near  toro-leg.    This  operation  may  ni^aiie  some  time  to  alEMt  t  ~' 
eomtiDaedaadolt-repcatsd  pattings  and  ooaxinga,  nnoe tlw  nemaaMH 4 
nemrwnam  of  some  leads  Uiem  to  strike  with  tho  n«ar  hind-foot,  and 
fiillow  Willi  rapidity  ^e  band  of  the  operator.     liVhen  tho  oolt  permlla  the 
handling  of  tho  log  and  fotiodc,  tbe  froat  of  the  sbaak  IB  takcDmthepalmJ 
of  (he  hand,  and  tho  foot  raised  from  the  grooad.    Soraetiines  ft  pnwmrfrl 
of  tltn  bacV  sinow  with  the  (ingcr  and  thumb  will  oondiico  to  lift  the  hgii 
at  other*,  tumitiij  tho  Cult's  litttd  aud  neck  well  to  the  left  will  aMut  tiie 
moveoncnU     When  tho  foot  has  been  onoo  stirred,  the  operation  mBBt  ha 
repeated  ontil  tho  cult  will  alJow  the  foot  to  bo  bent  near  to  the  dbow 
joint,  and  to  bo  retained  for  a  time  in  that  position.    The  gcoAo  Ctiiiitg 
of  tho  hand  then  prooeeds  along  the  body  near  the  hind  quuler  aad  Isjg. 
The  htndJeg  shomld  bo  Ufled  ia  the  quiebtet  manner  and  raised  ae  hlgfa  am 
poanUe.    Too  tail  is  then  wdl  handled,  and  the  off-indo  of  the  colt  fl«MiT»i«i 
the  pimiaw  ef  handling  or  gentling.     Should  the  colt  eviiioe  any  nncvnn- 
■Mn  of  temper,  the  BpM>dter  method  of  tiraining  oonasta  ia  strapping  m 
both  of  the  fore-legs,  and  bringing  the  colt  to  the  ground  upon   kia 
I(n>T*. 

Wh(4i  this  prows  ia  drtrrroined  ngion,  Qw.  shibln,  loom  Im,  or  bam 
ihouM  bo  corned  with  straw  or  Utter  to  the  depth  of  a  foot;  awl  if  the 


JJHEAKING    l.V 


117 


fcaadalien  be  of  stone  or  brick,  tbo  knees  of  tho  colt  iDnat  be  prot^olcd  hf 

Tbe  (tnp  tor  tivo  nrsr  fnru-log  mu^it  bo  about  thr^e  fret  in  Icngf  1i,  iind 
ui  inch  in  bruKltb.  It  lias  ft  bniiklo  at  tbo  end  with  a  mHal  d  or  u  loop 
on  Um  incide,  sbont  two 
indm  from  the  backlc. 
Tba  ttnp  i*  fiorforminl 
witb  holo*  {pom  tbo  point 
to  the  balf  of  ita  tcuf^th. 
Tbe  point  of  tbe  stisp  ia 
painil  batwecp  tbo  Tna 
cloae  to  Ibe  <^uwt,  ftuil  run 
tiironrii  the  n.  Tbo  strap  is  then  nllovred  to  slide  down  tbo  near  fore-jeg 
Kad  cup  thia  postern.  tl>o  opomtor  tf-anding  upright,  Bnd  holdini;  on  b; 
the  point  of  tbo  dnp.  Strain  is  Uien  roado  on  tlii.'  i)iuli.Tn  to  lift  the  foot, 
aad  %  moTOZiait  to  tlie  left  will  eQectually  do  so.  iVbi-n  tbe  colt  reiuaina 
qtOMOent  with  the  foot  woll  ap,  ths  point  of  the  strap  is  carried  over  tbo 
mrm  Of  mdiu*  Ihronnh  the  bnckli! ;  nnd  tbn  limb  is  thTis  fnetcnixl  up 
■nd  benl  togetber.  Tbe  colt  i*  tben  inciti-il  to  move  bbont  on  three  legx, 
eitlier  bybendiuR  him  round  bj  aid  of  the  bridle  to  tbo  nurtr  or  to  tlie  off. 
aide,  or  b^  mining  him  backwards — the  latter  procoea  is  objcctioiiabid,  na 
in  the  connUivo  npring,  ho  may  roar  and  fall  liackiriLrde.  When  the 
animal  ta  in  a  great  mossore  reconciled  to  bin  cripjited  state,  the  handling' 
of  the  body  and  hind-legs  mast  be  again  proceedi-d  with.  Except  in  very 
TioioBB  dif^oeitMna,  ih»  confinement  of  the  near  foro-le^  will  bo  a  soUicieut 
HHinif  to  enable  the  moHt  nurvous  ojiui-utor  to  carrir  tlin)ii)>b  tho  jiTnrcm 
of  tiMi^tiW  tbo  eolt.  Some  horses  will  attempt  to*kick  when  npoo  throa 
)rf%  and  tbe  lebra  will  kick  and  bit«  in  ai>y  position,  even  whtn  lying 
npoD  hia  back ;  bat  such  inxtanr^s  of  vioo  in  general  are  tare.  As  soon 
•a  tho  ooK  will  permit  bis  body  to  be  handled,  let  a  suroinglo  or  roller  be 
fMliiuiil  loond  it. 

Sboald  the  oott  not  remain  qniet  with  tho  bonding  up  of  tbe  near  forth 
la^  alone^  then  proceed  with  strapping  up  tbo  off  fore-li^e  also.  The  strap 
for  this  pnrpoee  must  be  about  tux  feet  in  lenL;th,  ou  iueli  or  an  iach  and  n 
«nn«r  ut  width,  and  of  Ibe 
Uttcknoas  of  strong  rciD  or 
Sriit  etinup  lattber.  It  hu« 
k  loop  of  three  tnobca,  or  a 
■BOtaf  n  at  one  end.  Tbe 
loop  or  D  in  jNuacd  mnnd 
the  pastcra  of  tho  off  foro- 
W,  tbe  point  of  tbo  strap 
laSea  Ihroagh  it,  and  tho 
■limp  diuwn  tight  to  the 
I— Itrriu  Tho  point  of  the  strap  is  tlien  cjirricil  vritbin  the  surcini^lo  or 
nflv  Bad  bald  tightly  in  tho  right  band.  Wbi-ii  the  operator  is  desiroas  to 
niae  the  off  fore-Vg,  ho  inclines  tbe  head  of  tbe  colt  by  tho  aid  of  the 
bridle  to  the  right  or  left  hand ;  and  tho  instant  tbo  foot  is  removed,  it 
ia  dnmi  np  to  the  sureingle  with  force,  and  retained  in  that  position, 
U  piMaiMn  Oencrally  speakiug,  a  succession  of  violent  plunges  will 
aarosed  the  lall,  during  tbo  whole  of  which  tlie  person  must  retain 
Us  liold  npon  the  leg,  and  by  placing  his  shoulder  lo  tho  near  fora- 
faand  of  the  hone  with  a  strong  DMring  upon  the  off  teln  to  bend  tlw 
ItMd  and  neck  oatwards,  ko  that  tba  animiii  cuonot  collect  with  advan- 
tage bia  muBonlar  force,  ho  aoon  cor)i>cIii  tbo  eolt  lo  yield  up  tito  con- 
m*  part  of  tbe  proccflfl  most,  on  uo  account,  bo  homed  orcr  or 


BRCVKIXU 


niitipipnUTl.     The  plnnpM  may  coutinno  fiir  livi>,  ten,  or  fiflcvn  ininnUts 
■eldom  loDj^T.    liut  tbo  colt  must  bt'  allowvd  liis  own  linio  lo  lie  down 


and  sDCcnmb.    fivcntnftlly  he  fiillK  to  Hthcr  side,  g«>npral)r  on  the  near 
sido.    Wlieo  down,  vxtvad  Uic  bc«d  and  neck  to  the  flUl  extent  bori> 


lontallj.  H«Bdl«  the  bnd,  neck,  body.  Kmlio,  and  tail  in  mfloe^on  aatat 
tJto  colt  romaiiui  oomiilrtely  piasivo  under  llio  trMitment,  taktiiR  aenrmX 
tppportonitw*  lo  lit  down  npou  tlio  fonliAnd,  the  body,  imd  th«  hind 


BltEAKI\G   IN. 


US 


qnarters.  Ai  this  period,  the  Baddle  without  girths  or  stirmps  may  be 
temporarily  placed  apon  the  Ixdy,  or  the  hameBs  may  be  laid  apoa 
the  hind  quarters.  The  hobble  and  strap  represented  as  attached  to  the 
bind-le^  of  the  zebra  are  only  nHed  when  an  animal  is  a  violent,  savage, 
and  confirmed  kicker,  and  in  ^iibduing  horaea  that  will  not  allow  their 
feet  to  be  touched  or  shod.  When  you  have  to  deal  with  a  horse  as 
Bavaee  and  wicked  as  '  Cniizer,'  of  the  zebm,  a  horse  that  con  kick  from 
one  Teg  as  fiercely  as  others  can  from  two  ;  in  that  case,  to  subdue  and 
compel  him  to  lie  down,  have  a 
leather  surcingte  with  a  ring 
&stened  on  the  belly  part,  buckle 
the  hobbles  on  the  hind-legs,  and 
pass  the  ropes  through  the  ring  '■ 
when  the  horse  is  thrown  down 
by  the  strapping  up  of  the  fore- 
legs, the  hind-legs  must  he  drawa 
close  up  to  the  ring  in  the  sur- 
cingle. 

a  the  horse  has  any  pr»- 
pensity  to  indulge  in  the  vice  of 
biting,  the  head  must  be  drawn 
up  forcibly  to  the  operator,  bs  he 
eilB  upon  the  forehand,  and  taking 
the  front  and  back  part  of  the 
month  in  both  hands,  the  jaws 
are  opened  and  shut  with  &e- 
qnency  so  that  the  teeth  are  made 
to  chtsh  a^iainst  each  oth»-  very 
palpably.  But  for  conquering  a 
vidouB,  biting  horse,  there  is 
nothing  equal  to  the  large  wooden 
g^-bit  which  Mr.  Baney  first 
exhibited  in  public  on  the  zebra, 
A  muzzle  only  prevents  a  horse 
from  biting,  a  gi^  properly  used, 
cures:  for,  when  he  finds  he 
cannot  bite,  he  by  degrees  aban- 
dons this  most  dangerous  vice. 
Colts  inclined  to  crib-bite,  should 
be  dressed  with    one  on.     Thia 

will  prove  io  the  horse  his  utter  impotoncy,  and  may  he  considered  by  fre- 
qnent  repetition  to  be  the  most  perfect  specific  for  a  vice  otherwise  and 
hitherto  deemed  to  be  incuraUe^  When  the  oolt  is  perfectly  quiet,  the 
foro-legs  are  freed  from  the  straps  which  are  then  drawn  out  to  tiieir 
fhll  extent,  and  the  surcingle  removed  from  the  body. 

Thus  the  horse  lies  in  the  horizontal  position  thoroughly  subdned,  and 
for  the  moment  may  be  said  to  be  quite  tamed.  He  has  now  to  be  raised 
by  gentle  means,  and  without  disturbing  the  equanimity  of  his  feelings  by 
the  use  of  stick  or  whip. 

Take  hold  of  the  mane  with  both  hands,  and  nuse  the  head  and  neck  to 
tiie  upright  praition.  In  the  course  of  this  movement  the  colt  will  double 
np  the  fore-legs,  and  remain  in  the  natural  position  of  lying  at  ease.  The 
fore-legs  are  then  drawn  out  straight  to  the  front,  as  the  first  natural 
movement  to  rise,  and  by  inciting  the  colt  by  means  of  the  bridle  and  the 
voice,  he  will  instantly  rise  to  his  feet.  If  the  saddle  has  not  been  removed 
at  the  Kane  time  with  the  straps,  it  must  now  be  girthed,  and  t)ie  itumpa 


1^ 


DRBAKING   IX. 


ftdded  also.     Bal  uliontil  it  hare  bocti  rcmwred,  i(  must  now  bo  ofl(>T«()  to  ' 
tlic  ativntion  of  tlit'  bunM-,  who  an  soou  as  he  lias  smell  nt  and  touchod  it 
nilh  bis  noac,  will  iinuic-diatol^r  permit  it  (o  l>e  qoioUjr  put  Qpon  his  back. 
Tilt-  saddle  most  bo  placed  n  (nil  bnnd's  braadth  fixnn  tho  abouUcr  blada^  , 
and  tbe  gtrlhs  Taotciicd  witltntit  tigbtnen  or  eansinK  diitnrbuiee.     TI19  ' 
trainer  tkon  attemntii  to  inouut  b;^-  putting  tlie  ball  of  the  left  foot  in  tbo 
iitirmpi,  preuiiiK  tue  kiioe  wfll  a^inst  Iho  saddle  to  pHrvcnt  tli«  point  uf 
tbe  toe  irum  irritAting  tbo  eide  of  tii«  colt ;  taking  linld  of  tbo  ofr-side  of  | 
tho  ponim«l  with  the  right  hand,  or  thu  nuitlo  of  the  Kuddl«  a*  nuMib  con- 
Tpnieml,  a  lock  of  Uic  nuuio  in  tho  Icfl  baud,  oud  spriuguiff  very  gently 
and  offectiullf  into  tbe  avtA. 

If  ihe  liorse  will  not  remain  completely  at  rest  during  tbo  aboro  opera- 
tion, 8tr)4>  np  tho  near  t'oro-lrg,  ojid  pr(K;rcd  to  mount  him  m  ho  stnnda 
upon  three  IcRs,  or  begin  tbo  whole  proccnH  of  tbmwin){  down,  hnndlin^  ' 
tmd  iMning  throughout  ulreali.  Evety  colt  should  be  thrawu  and  tonud  j 
two,  Ihnw,  four  or  five  tinuM  in  snoccflsion,  and  withoot  int«niU8sion,  ^ 
according  to  the  nataro  of  it*  disposition,  l>d<iro  tho  trainer  commonoos 
npon  aqy  Myntfimof  movnnaatteBnmcqneut  to  the  ect  of  mounting,  bccmao 
by  inicli  proofMM  the  horae  wiU  become  tliorongildy  famJliariaed,  and 
olmdioDt  to  the  Bound  of  tho  human  voice,  and  trsetablo  to  every  part  of 
t<«ching  that  may  follow.  Miirporor,  by  repeating  the  operatJona  oon> 
•eoatircly,  the  mind  of  the  nuiraaJ  will  become  imptMKd  witli  Out  mom 
of  tliat  wliioh  will  be  rvqoired  &om  him,  and  by  anticipatian  and  a  oon- 
nctum  of  the  nselessness  of  re«ifitanc>\  readily  yiold  to  Ihe  direotioBB  of 
the  traiBor.  Thus  every  fall  will  be  attended  by  fewer  and  leeaor  atragglM^ 
and  OTontnally,  or  in  the  eonmu  of  two  or  throe  dnya'  clo»o  schooling,  the 
Bioct  refractOTy  oott  will  knoel  ami  Uo  down  at  the  word  of  cotnmMd. 

Bat  the  opemtioo  of  tbrowing;  down,  though  oxoeodtngly  Bimi)le  in 
ilacU^  requires  a  certeia  amotuit  of  dGiterity,  fearlcMness,  and  pbyaioal 
energy  only  pOMO—sd  bf  a  tut  limited  nnmbcr  of  indlvidnala.     The  tatr 
ertion  ncceanry  to  tiro  the  ammnl  will,  in  warm  weather,  and  in  a  T017 
Confined  Htnu)a)>herc,  also  exhaust  tho  ener^'iea  of  artiong  man.  Thenrfinv, 
in  order  to  render  tho  procom  more  simple  and  attainable  by  the  moak 
timid  practitioner,  a  w^-acting  or  iqiriiig  barkle  Iws  been  tnveDted,  wUcli 
haa  the  power  of  retainlof^  Ihe  off  ure-ug  in  its  bent  np  position  witlioiit 
nirther  asmstonco  or  interference  on  toe  part  of  thi!  emjiloycr.     The 
bncklo  ia  attached  to  tho  end  of  the  strop,  which  in  thii  case  u  an  inch 
and  a  quarier  wide,  aeven  fret  nix  inches  long,  and  porfonted  with  bolcM  - 
throstpioat.    Another  spnng  bnokle  of  maUer  mxe  is  fixed  on  the  iasida ' 
of  tbe  strap,  at  thm  inches'  distance  fl-om  the  larger  one.     TW  einp  ia 
fa«lrn<xl  round  the  poetera  of  tbo  off  foro-ltv  by  drawing  tlie  strap  rooad 
it  and  tlirungb  tho  BnMller  bnckln.     The  pomt  of  the  strap  ia  then  (alcen 
within  tbe  onreiiwle,  and  drawn  through  thr  larger  Imckle^  and  the  iuatent 
tho  foot  is  raised  mnn  the  frronnd.  it  i^  rapidly  dmwa  npto  the  nrdngk^ 
and  fined  in  position  by  the  power  of  the  spring.     Tbu  sar|ilns  end  of  the 
atmo  is  then  hitched  within  tho  «nrciiigla,  and  tho  operator  loolu  quietlj 
on  durins  tho  itmogles  of  the  hone,  or  leisnnly  goidoe  his  ht-ad  to  the 
Drar  or  off.aide,  ae  the  fiukOj  may  direct.    Tbna,  tbe  whole  of  tbe  physical , 
[•owcr  requisite  to  cany  throo^ntlieoiwration  to  asueoesxful  taane,  will  be  . 
jnst  so  much  as  will  cBaMo  the  pratctitiocier  to  poll  np  the  off  fiire-lt^,  and 
to  niiao  Um)  licad  and  neck  from  tno  lunionlal  position  when  on  the  ^ronnd. ' 
If*  large  metal  n  be  placed  npon  the  saroinglc,  and  the  end  of  the  strwp' 
be  paMed  within  the  roller  of  it,  then  a  stablo  boy  may  bo  enabled  (o  raim 
the  Ibre-lrg  with  facility,  einoo  with  one  hand  an  adult  can  raise  to  the 
snretngle  » itJiont  spvnt  rffort  a  M  lb,  weight,  wid  the  power  of  Ihe  spring 
bncklo  will  rftnin  it  at  any  given  height.     The  strop  is  relcas.d  by  drew- 


BBEAKIN'G    l.V. 


1X1 


iaif  it  tn  tatlxY  ndc  ot  tlio  interior  of  lIid  biidtlo.  80  eooii  na  tJi«  tonguo 
of  ibe  Ira^e  ia  ivitlulmwn  Irnm  Uio  liolc,  uitt  prrmes  upon  tk?  Mlid 
Iwlhw,  tbe  slrap  is  madt?  to  ididc  awiiy  with  the  ntnioct  cum. 


Sp^'^g  bocklus  eon  bu  roudily  mada  hy  any  wUtctimitli,  guiunnitli,  or 
•««n  Micketnitlt,  who  profcasua  to  lie  tut  ingeuioas  lui-cliamo.  The  oi)en- 
it^  of  Uui  fVune  mut  be  ths  exact  width  of  the  stntp  ;  odo  inch  and  a. 
qtwrfaT.  The  doplb  of  tho  bnt;klc  from  the  roller  k>  ttio  cTom  bar,  upon 
irlucb  ftt«  &8(«iU!d  the  ton^u  and  tl)e  Btrap,  about  onn  inch  and  tlirco 
quart«ra.  having  Wut  cheeks  to  admit  tbe  jiointa  of  tho  Gng«r  aud  tbtunb, 
•nd  tbe  distAuce  &om  the  baae  to  tbo  oroM  bar  ie  entirely  optional,  nay 
ImIT  SB  inch.  Th«  Rprisg  mnsi  bo  sprang  trcaa  tbe  undor  sido  of  the 
h— I!,  beotoM  expericsoo  hM  provnl  uiat  tf  it  he  fastened  to  tho  upper 
aiila,  it  cannot  be  made  to  rvaial  i!frL'i.'tually  tliu  violent  coucnssions  in  the 
ptonging  of  the  horae.  The  point  of  tho  epritj;;  most  cUp  with  eiactuess 
1^  tos^iui,  Bad  bo  made  to  rouoh  within  hnlf  oninoh  from  il«  point.  The 
nring  lUclf  must  be  ttroag,  and  of  Itic  linuNt  toiupnr,  utbnrwuto  it  will  be 
tkitiwu  out  of  gett-  ia  a  very  abort  ttuie.  It  ta  madu  to  screw  on  to  the 
bM0|  80  that  ii  can  be  raodilj  remoTed  to  bo  repaired  or  exchanged.  The 
itnngth  of  the  fmnw  mftv  bo  aboat  n  qnnrtor  of  an  inch,  or  oven  irjs  in 
th^i*"'  m  Tbe  amallcr  bunklo  maxt  jumI  admit  tho  strap  to  bo  sboutcd 
lo  eitlier  skb)  when  nxiuLrud  t^i  bu  rek-nsed. 

By  tluM  ne&us,  wo  wilt  oondude  tho  operator  to  bo  qnietlj  »nd  eecurely 
AxM  in  tbe  saddle,  llo  is  now  placed  npon  a  timid  creature,  that  has  felt 
Tm1*'rr  whip  nor  spur,  and  in  whose  mouUi  tho  muconn  membrane  ia  aa 
fine  in  tho  filxr^  uid  as  suoaitiro  to  the  toaoli,  aa  is  the  interior  oovning 
of  his  own  orf^aiiisBtion.  Moreorer,  ho  now  has  attained  a  moral  sway 
OWtr  the  animal,  hithorto  nnknowo  to  the  horse  himself,  and  perfectly 
auapprociatcd  hy  tbe  man  also.  Tlicrcforo  thu  ridi^r  iwiat  feci  his  own 
way  with  gunlk-ncss,  and  not  duetray  that  fine  feeling,  which  ia  thus 
qsdun  to  rwolt,  by  the  exhibition  of  brute  foroo,  guidsd  by  the  spirit  of 
wwward  tyranny. 

iB  ottempttng  to  nrgo  the  cnlt  inlu  ciotion,  llio  readiest  mutJiod  is  to 
b^id  the  head  and  neck  to  oitlier  Kidu,  aud  tlius  iiidact-  biin  to  move  in  a 
euooilooa  eourae.  So  soon  as  be  does  bo  with  facility,  tbe  process  of 
BKrring  in  any  direction  will  bo  rendtired  extremely  einipio.  The  walk 
moMt  DO  the  only  pace  of  exorciso  fur  tbe  oolt,  until  bis  bouee,  stnews,  and 
eonsdtntion  arc  thcnmshly  accustomed  to  tho  weight  of  tho  rider,  and 
lb*  petiods  of  tioio  required  for  exertion.  Tbe  qniot  prcasore  of  the  leg^ 
umltaoeoos  with  geotle  feelings  on  the  mouth,  must  gradually  tend  to 
ooOcet  Um  colt  in  his  walk,  nnd  luuiitt  to  perfect  his  metliod  of  cam'nge 
and  oofiect  n^xdority  of  pmw.  Tlwrc  are  voty  few  of  the  presunt  race  of 
huise-biBskcTW  who  pr»cticully  know  tho  difl'iireiioe  between  tbe  amble 
sad  tbe  true  walk,  aud  if  bad  habitfl  arc  taught  lu  tho  ilrst  instance,  tho 
sbuff'f'g  gait  may  continue  through  life 

Sbcnild  the  udt  be  required  excluai  vcly  and  immediately  for  (he  pniposee 


k 


123 


TDK   ORKBIL^L  MATfAQBURNT 


u(  bameas,  thca  tho  liiflirrent  parU  of  Ute  ham<«B  mtiBt  bo  qnicHlj  [in>- 
BPDtcd  Ui  ita  notioc  and  sense  of  hiuoII,  befim  they  am  ifiplied  to  tli*  bodj 
of  th«  nnimal.  If  it  bo  inclined  io  be  raatiT*,  Him  the  dcht  jbtv-lcg  tmast 
bo  immodkf«lj  iitreppcid  up,  or  tlio  colt  mnst  bo  thraira  down,  temcd,  and 
poriullj  harDMoed  in  the  lionioutat  jjOHiliou.  If  upon  rising  tben  still 
CondnnM  a  dispoaitiva  (o  kick,  tbe  near  fore-1^  tniLBt  bo  aeuD  strapped 
npt  and  tho  oolt  fesiooed  ap  in  Uic  brcnk  upon  uaw  )c^  OdIj.  The  coH 
is  tlua  mowd  to  tlw  risht  or  left,  to  induou  bun  to  bear  Wdl  upon  tbo 
collar,  and  thns  take  a  ciroutar  direction.  Wben  he  boa  |pooe  quitt]^  r<ir 
MOW  dutanoe  npon  (hrve  legs,  the  ne«r  fore-le^  maj  bo  rolaaoed  troai  ita 
conbumsnt.  In  a  vory  inveu^ratc  kickor,  it  will  be  fbllj  nocessnr;  to  r^ 
tain  a  purcbaac  npon  tlio  pust^im  of  tli<!  wiar  fortvk-ir  hj  a  Ntrap  which 
shall  be  made  to  paas  from  the  jta^ern  through  the  riu^  of  Ibu  haracm 
into  the  hand  itf  um  drirer,  so  that  up<:iu  tbe  tint  intimntinn  of  r«stiranM^ 
tho  Ice  may  bo  instantly  dmwn  np  iui<l  rrtaiued  in  poHition  for  a  poDiidaN 
able  tune.  If  the  oolt  do  iutitmlca  for  alow  and  hcarj  dnnght,  tho  wry 
hwt  educati^m  it  can  ivc«ivo  will  be  to  be  placed  as  Ui«  oentru  of  a  tcwn 
of  three,  so  that  it  cannot  recede  or  progi««a  without  the  ooncurrenoe  of 
tiie  remaining  two. 


CHAPTER  Vr. 


rmS  GENERAL    lUyAQEHEttT  OP   THE   nOBSK. 

Tna  ia  a  most  important  part  of  our  sabjeot,  and  deaerrtng  tbe  oarefal 
attentioD  of^  parties  interatod  in  tho  health  and  condition  of  tJ»  horse. 
Wo  will  arrange  tba  most  important  pointa  of  gonvnU  maongemcnt  nni 
the  following  Reads  :— 

AIB. 

^Hiere  cannot  bo  a  donbt  that  the  proper  rentHation  of  ear  ataUea 
vety  gnat  iniiuenoe  iu  di-ltiraiiuiog  the  Mahb  Bod  rigonr  of  the  anii 
eonSned  in  thorn.  Bat  altbongh  attention  boa  of  Ifttv  years  been  i 
to  this  snliject,  and  oonddcrablc  improvcmcnln  curried  ont  in  the  manage- 
ment of  some  of  our  beat  iital>li'>,  aa  u  general  rale  the  vrolilatian  of  Uw 
raiyori^  of  atablos,  and  eepeciuUy  tboa«  in  which  agrieultumi  b<irKes  are 
oonfinoa,  will  bo  foond  very  deficient,  and  in  many  ioBtaacos  ntterly 
devoid  of  any  wpadal  azrangmnent  by  which  tliis  rcry  importent  proccM 
can  be  earned  on. 

Mr.  Clarke,  of  EdinboTRh,  was  tbe  first  who  adi-ooated  the  nae  of  well- 
nntilated  stables.  After  him  Pro&MOr  Ooloman  ntnblishrd  tbem  in  tbe 
(nuvton  of  tho  cnvaby  tr>30f»,  and  tltere  eannot  Iw  a  donbt  that  lie  aared 
tiie  OoTCnuncnt  many  thooaand  ponnils  every  year.  His  system  of  venti- 
lation, bowercr,  like  many  other  (uUotAr}-  iuuovationa,  w  as  at  fiist  strongly 
tHislad.  Mneh  cril  waa  predicted ;  bat  after  a  time,  diwaaee  that  nsed  to 
fsDOUDt  whole  troops  afaaost  entiTely  disappeared  flNnn  the  anny. 

It  should  always  be  borne  in  mind  tliat  tlio  brmthing  of  pare  atr  ii 
Mccnsaiy  tn  Um  exiatenc«  and  thv  beallb  of  man  and  beoal,  and  in  pro- 
poriiOD  to  the  pnri^  of  the  air  in  which  an  animal  is  kept,  will  be  found 
Us  greater  or  less  ngour  and  bmlth  with  which  all  the  AinctionB  of  the 
tiody  will  he  tM-HVrmed.  T^ro  are  two  cbicf  loaroes  from  which  tha 
im|iaritia«  of  the  itable  are  derii-od,  via. :  the  chaagea  prodnoed  in  tlie  air 
by  tlw  process  of  re«pint«on,  and  the  gasoons  matters  which  are  fctnud 
l^  *li*  iWftmii^fi^ym  fff  fFinmiM^ititioM  Bod  Btlur  nuttMsfroB  the 


rffe 


OF  TUB  HORSE. 


183 


^^^^^t  diuiiftgs  OF  ntvlcci.     To  innk«  tlio  en))j««t  clcttrly  uiidi-nitooi], 

H^K^nriedr  deM-nbe  tbo  comnodtion  of  tlw(  atmosjilicri'  and  tlic  cbauj^a 

r  which  are  brouKtil  about  in  it,  dj  tlie  fnnction  of  n-npimtion.     Tbo  air 

I  which  RBrronudB  ns,  iu  iia  ardinary  stat«,  cuoaista  of  two  priucipul  gams 

I  skiDrd  oxj-gmi  and  tutrogcn,  in  the  propoi-tions  of  about  a  tiflli  hy  fanilc  of 

I  the  formar  to  tMBrlj  four^fifUiB  of  tho  latter ;  besides  then  there  are  also 

I  feijr  amall  nnantitiM  of  oorbooic  add  and  some  watoiT  Tsposr.      Kitlior 

^oxj^eii  or  nitrogen  gaa,  in  a  aeparata  state,  or  combined  in  any  otiicr  pro- 

iBtRtuva,  would  proTo  destmctire  or  olhurwisc  iajtmoos  to  Ul'u,  Imt  bv  a 

JBMftifal  Brraogcmoiit,  thc^  are  blended  lo^^etber  id  each  propordooa  tuat 

UpBaatevBtirtt  properties  of  mch  aro  ncatraliscd  uid  made  one  of  the 

■Bf  anas  bj  wbieh  lh«  life  of  tana  and  animala  is  Bustaioud.     Tho  fonc- 

fttOB  flf  wptratioa  conssla  of  two  distinot    parts,  viz.  ioepiration  and 

njnatuiiL     At  each  inspiration   niado   by  the  animal  a  cootndetabla 

'  r  of  air  paaRCS  into  the  longs,  and  baring  ponotTatcd  to  the  nmoteet 

rllio  fanmchial  tabes,  entcn  what  are  callod  the  air-cells.     Around 

oalls  raiaiiy  great  muDbers  of  veiy  ciinnte  blood^Tt^ssuls  called 

cajOlarwi^  coataiiUDg  the  blood  which  has  boen  rendtrod  impora  in  ita 

pBMHetliroagh  tho  system  of  tho  animal.     Apccnliar  change  here  takes 

plaoe  uetwceti  the  air  and  tho  blood.     The  oxygen  of  tlii^  air  cambiacs 

with  tha  Mood,  and  uniting  with  the  cikrhoii  cuutAined  in  it,  and  which 

iSBdwa  it  impore^  finmaearbouic  acid,  thus  rendi-ring  it  again  £t  to  pass 

aaaad  ■ipptj'tbowaateof  the  ^^em,wki]D  the  carbonic  atrid  and  nitrogen 

(botliiB  tfieir  present  Btaia  dcHtmctivo  poisons)  are  expelled  from  the  longs 

Ilbe  proocas  of  ezpiratioD  into  thu  sorroiindiiig  atmosphere.  From  the 
nitvillbeseen  thatanabnnd&uieuprily  of  pure  air  is  noccssary  fur 
AanMintsnaacaof  tho  health  and  b'fo  of  tne  animal.  Tho  effect  of  several 
hsneabeingshntapinthosamvKlAhlBisaomplGtely  toempoisoa  thenir;Mid 
ri^ereti  in  the  present  day,  there  are  too  nianj  who  cai-efall^  cluae  every 
VBtars  hf  which  a  breath  of  &eah  air  can  by  possibility  gam  admission. 
u«8cciiog  this,  evon  tho  key-hole  and  tho  threshold  ore  not  forgotten. 
Wlai,  of  DcoeMotj,  most  bo  tlio  conBc<i<ii.-ncc' of  this  ?  The  breathing  of 
vmyaniinal  eoutamiuatM  the  air,  and  when  in  tho  course  of  the  night, 
*tt«rw7  aperture  stopped,  it  posses  again  and  again  through  the  Inngs, 
ttiUood  cannot  andorm  its  proper  and  henlthy  change',  digestion  will 
H(  be  10  perfectly  pctlonncd,  tho  binin  and  nervous  system  will  suffer, 
*iill  the  fanations  of  liiia  be  more  or  lues  injured,  and  one  need  not  fuel 
mfami  at  finding  son  throat,  inflamed  tua^fi^  diseaeed  ey«s,  greaao, 
■MlC  and  glondon,  at  times  making  their  atppuKwaw  in  such  stables, 
w  other  chief  saareo  of  imparity  to  tho  air  in  stablea,  is  tho  presence  of 
Mtita  ddetertous  gases  resolting  from  tlie  dccompositiou  of  the  urino 
*^  img  of  the  ftriiMft.1,  and  also  of  other  vegetable  substances,  caust-d 
'^trbf  daCbctiTQ  dioinago  ornegloct.  The  principal  gnsce  evolved  aro 
n>  sauiuuujuds  of  eolphnr  and  carbon  with  hydrogen  and  ammonia,  all 
*(M  or  10H  injnriofis  to  health.     ^Vhcn  n  person  nnt  enten  on  ill-man- 

tlitaUe,  and  eepecialty  early  in  thu  morning,  ha  ia  annoyed,  not  only  by 
kcatof  thaoottflned  air,  bat  by  a  pungt^nt  smell,  resembling  hartshorn. 
"  W  boon  aaoBrtaiood  hy  cbomical  cxpcrimcnis  that  the  urine  of  tbo 
Wat  f™«>»!i*i  IB  it  iionedingly  lar^  quantities  of  ooiupoands  riuily  oon- 
'^'ttd  br  dooompositiou  into  mnitnimn  ;  and  not  only  so,  bat  that  iiiflu< 
^tti  \)f  the  b«at  of  a  crowded  stable,  and  poemblybgr  other  decompositions 
^M»  going  fijTward  at  tti«  same  linuiy  this  wnmouiocal  rapcnr  begins 
|b  he  iifndly  given  onf  almott  iminediftt«ly  after  the  urine  in  voidod. 
"^n  diirssn  begins  to  appvar  un^g  ttie  {nhabitnnts  of  these  ill-r<!nti- 
^M  piaoea^  ia  it  wondernd  that  it  should  rapidly  spr^ead  among  them,  au<l 
Ihl  tM  pbgna^fot  shooM  be,  as  it  were,  pkcud  on  the  door  of  suoh  a 


Ii4 


VEST11.ATI0S. 


slablo?  VThm  inflnmun  nppcun)  in  npring  or  in  kutomi),  it  itt,  in  my 
many  cuiWi  to  br  tmn-sl  to  siuilt  a  pcKt-houM!.  It  in  pot-uliu-l}'  Tulal  tbfi«. 
The  hones  belongintt  lu  m  small  MUUiskmcnt.  tuid  nliuiujly  trt^Unl,  Imvo 
ii  compMntavcly  aeldoco,  or  liave  it  li^litlv  ;  but  among  tin  inmalca  of  a 
crowded  eUble  it  is  mre  to  display  itself,  and  tlwra  it  is  mart  Intot.  Tbe 
experience  of  every  nrtorinuy  wnrgtxm,  and  of  mry  liirgc  proj>rii>tor  of 
Ivonice,  will  corroDanitv  t3n»  statement.  A^<^)turicts  shutild  bring  to 
their  ktablcfl  tlia  oommoii  Bcnae  wMcli  dir«cta  tliem  in  the  unt&l  ouuouma 
of  UGa,  and  sboiUd  bcj^in,  vh«n  their  pleasims  and  their  property  are  so 
mnob  at  Make,  to  uxnnic  tbn.t  sutbuHty,  and  to  enforce  that  obodienoe,  to 
tfae  Is^  of  which  iji  to  ho  nttributod  thcgTcaUtrpartofbadHtabto-inAniico- 
mont  and  horse-dtseaae.  Of  iiotluiif;  arv  wo  more  eortain  than  that  Um 
majority  of  the  m&ladiea  of  the  borse.  and  those  of  the  worst  and  most  Ikfail 
character,  are  directly  or  indiroctly  to  bo  attribnted  to  a  deficient  suiiply  of 
air,  craol  exaction  of  worlc,  and  iniiafKcicnt  or  bad  faro.  Each  of  these 
evils  is  to  bs  dreaded— cttoh  is,  in  a  mnnnur,  watcliin;^  for  its  ptoy ;  and 
when  they  are  combined,  more  t^bau  half  of  the  tnnuitvii  of  the  stable  an 
oftvn  swept  away. 

rbetemperAtore  of  the  stable  is  also  another  important  oonaidcwatioti. 
This  shoola  seldom  oxoood  70°  in  the  sninmer.  or  fall  below  40*  or  50*  io 
the  winter.  It  may  'w  readily  ascertained  by  a  thcrroomirtcr,  whicli  no 
stabliilunent  where  lai}^  nnnuiOTS  of  lior«ca  are  kept  sbuuU  be  witbont. 
A  hot  clable  baa,  in  the  mind  of  tiio  eroom,  been  Umg  oonncotcd  with  a 
glossy  coat  Tho  latter,  it  is  thoogbt,  cannot  bo  obtained,  without  tlia 
former. 

To  this  we  shonld  rq>]y  that,  in  winter,  n  thin,  glossj:  coat  is  not  desir* 
able.  XaLnra  gives  to  crcry  ■"'"'■'  a  warmer  clothing  when  tlw  coll 
weather  aiiuroachee.  Tbs  hone — tbe  agrienlttual  liorae  eopeeiaUy— 
aoqnires  a  tiiioker  and  a  lengthened  ooat,  in  order  to  delinid  him  ftrom  the 
so  rroon  ding  cold.  Man  pvts  on  an  additional  and  a  warmer  coveringtMid 
bis  comfort  is  incn«sod  sod  his  facklth  pnwcrvod  by  it.  He  who  biowa 
onytlitng  of  the  fanner's  hone,  or  caree  about  his  enjoyment,  will  not 
object  to  a  ooat  a  little  longer  and  a  Ultle  ronghened  wbeu  the  wintry  wind 
blows  bleak.  The  ooat,  howoTcr,  ooe>ds  not  to  be  so  long  as  to  be 
nuBghtlj ;  and  warm  clothing,  even  in  a  cool  stable,  will,  with  plenty  of 
honest  grooming,  keep  the  hair  sulBdently  smooth  and  gluany  to  satisTir  tha 
most  fastidious.  TIm  orer^healed  ur  of  a  close  stable  saTea  mnch  of  this 
grooming,  and  ihcntan  (he  idle  attendant  anscnipalotulj  aoorificea  the 
hoalth  aad  Bafigi^  of  the  horse. 

Lot  this  be  oonsiderod  in  another  point  of  viow.  Tho  horse  stands 
twenty  or  two-and -twenty  hirnra  in  thin  unuitural  raponr  bath,  and  Ihon 
he  is  soddenir  stripped  of  all  his  clothing,  he  is  led  into  tbe  open  air,  and 
there  he  is  Lopt  a  couple  of  honn  or  more  in  a  temporotore  fifteen  or 
twen^  degrees  bolow  that  of  the  stable.  Puttbg  tho  inhiunanity  of  this 
oat  of  tho  qoewtion,  must  not  the  animal,  thus  lumataially  and  abesrdlj 
treated,  be  mbjecled  to  rhenmaliwJn,  catarrh,  and  ToHons  other  oomptaiata  ? 

It  is  not  so  generally  known  oa  it  onght  to  be,  that  tho  return  to  a  hot 
stable  is  qnito  as  dangerous  as  ttio  change  from  a  heated  otmospfaoe  to  ft 
oold  and  biting  air.  Many  a  boree  that  uaM  travellMl  withont  hormorwa 
blcdk  poontiy,  has  boon  suddenly  seixed  with  inflainmatlop  and  Cercr  when 
ho  han,  imraodtately  at  tbe  end  of  his  jonniey,  been  surrounded  with  healed 
and  fool  air.  It  is  the  sudden  change  of  temperntaro,  whether  &o«n  heat 
to  oold,  or  from  cold  to  boat,  that  docs  the  mischief,  and  yceriy  deatroji 
thonsands  of  horsM. 

The  stablu  shoold  be  lai^go  in  fMoporliun  to  the  niunber  of  horses  which 
It  is  destined  lo  oontaiu.    It  nnialty  consists  of  loose  boxes,  each  to  bold 


LITTEB. 


US 


OfMHK 


pBe  bocM,  or  diiided  into  eUUa  in  wbich  a  munbrr  of  horscB  can  bo  kept 

■Mimd  bj  tiw  head.    Boxes  are  preferable  to  tUiUs,  innsmach  an  tlicty 

pDoir  eouidarablo  spocc  for  tbo  animal  to  move  in  aiul  oicrcise  lunucel^ 

rmd  alao  '«ii*Ue  bim  to  lio  duini  uad  rot  ailcr  a  hard  day's  work,  with 

loH  eittnoa  of  bein^  diMurbud.     Boxm  rue  nl*o  cmentinlly  neccs^iy  for 

nek  liotsci^  And  Mpecudly  wlieo  euffurm;;  from  any  contac^otis  (liKoiiio. 

Eatb  box  sbonld  be  about  fiftoen  foot  in  t«ngtfa  by  ton  in  wiiltli,  viiih  tbo 

«d*  mils  front  nino  to  twolvo  foot  high,  and  whore  epaco  will  admit,  th« 

ofMniag  «boTo«lM>iiM  extend  to  tlto  roof.  A  adAblo  fornix  liorsosdiridcd  into 

"  I  sbonld  not  be  lesa  than  forty  feet  in  length,  and  Bltvcn  or  sixteen 

.  wide.     If  tbore  be  do  IoH  above,  the  inside  of  tJic  roof  sliontd  always 

I  pbstond,  to  proTent  diroct  corrcntfl  of  air,  and  occasional  di-oppio)^ 

ftvim  broken  tilm ;  tuid  tho  brafcd  and  fonl  air  iihonid  escape,  and  cool  and 

Pm  air  be  admitttvd  by  (.-k-rulion  uf  the  central  tile*,  or  other  opening  in 
■oof  sulEoientl^  pt«tceted  toprovent  the  beatioz  in  of  the  ruin;  or  by 
Htip  [dwed  higb  np  in  tiie  walla.  Tbeee  latter  aperturoa  alionld  bo 
&r  MOT*  the  mraes  m  tboy  cmi  oonreiiiontly  bo  placed,  by  which 
roirant  *11  injnrioiudnnght  wilt  be  prerontcd. 

If  thero  b  a  loJV  aborc  tlw  alablv,  tho  oviiing  ulionld  be  plaston^,  in 

^  to  prerent  tlie  fool  air  from  peootratiug  to  the  bay  abuvu,  (uiil  in- 

:  bolb  ita  taato  and  ita  wbolosomcnoss ;  and  no  opoiiiii^^  aliotild  be 

1  above  the  ntcka,  through  which  tbo  hay  may  bo  thrown  into  thorn ; 

'  will  pennit  tbo  foni  air  to  iMccnd  to  the  pnivender,  and  also  in  tUo 

'  tilling  tlie  rack,  and  whilu  tho  bono  ■•  cogcriy  gncing  upward  for 

(uod,  a  graas  awd  may  &U  into  tbu  eye^  uid  produce  eonsidi-mbin 

i  JntMninatiiin      At  otlier  timos.  when  tho  careless  {^loom  has  lotl  open  tlie 

b»-door,  a  atnani  of  cold  air  beats  dnwn  on  tho  heiul  of  tho  horso. 

Tho  stable  with  a  loft  over  it  ihontd  never  bo  leas  than  twelve  feet  bigb, 
Ml  DTOper  ventilation  sboiild  bu  secnred,  t-illier  bv  lubes  carried  tbrongh 
ttauft  to  the  roof,  or  by  gratings  closo  to  tho  ceiling.  ThcBc  gratings  or 
•MiDga  abontd  be  enlarged  or  contracted  by  moans  of  a  covering  or 
wHv.ao  that  daring  siwiiig,  nuanier,iind  antamn  tho  stable  maypoasesa 
Mttlf  tha  mn«  tcmpeiatiini  with  tbo  open  air,  nnd  iu  winter  a  teiDpei&- 
tmof  not  more  thou  ten  or  fifreeu  degrees  above  that  of  the  extomal 

UTTEB. 

HiTiBg  spoken  of  tho  vaponr  of  oounonia,  wliioh  Is  ao  raj>!Jly  and  so 

f^ati^if  givro  oot  frton  the  urine  of  a  hoi-se  in  a  boated  stable,  wo  next 

t"^  into  conMdeiaUon  Ibe  subject  of  litter.    The  first  eantion  is  fi'crjiiently 

to  naaoTe  it.     Tlio  early  ovolutioo  of  ga*  »liows  tho  rapid  juntir^fuetioa  of 

taurine;  and  the  oonseqncnoo  of  whioh  will  bo  tlio  lautd  pntrufuctiun 

filia  titter  that  has  boen  moistened  by  it.     Everything  hastening  to  do- 

naporition  shonUI  bi-  carrfully  removed  where  life  and  health  nnt  li>  b« 

pnstrrcd.     Thv  liUvr  thai  lias  boon  much  wottod  or  at  all  aofU^nod  by  thu 

nriBs,  and  is  beginning  to  docny,  shiinhi  bo  swont  away  cveiy  morning; 

tfce  greater  part  of  tbo  romaindor  may  tlim  be  piled  onder  the  monger,  a 

tittia  bebf  W  on  tho  hard  pavcnu^iit  duriiiK  the  day.     The  soiled  and 

■aomtad  portion  of  that  which  was  left  eboold  be  removed  at  night.    Id 

tka  better  kind  ofsUUea,  bowover,  tho  stall  shouhl  bo  oomqxletalr  emptied 

'  jnonung. 

•  heap  of  fermenting  dnng  dioold  bo  safFored  to  romiun  during  the 

I  the  eororr  or  in  any  part  of  the  stable.     With  rogard  to  this  the 

aooa  of  tbo  mnrirr  should  bo  peremplnry. 

..jiltabl(!>iliimld  bi- so  contrived   IIihi  tbu  urine  shall  (jiiickly  mn  off, 

1  ilia  offeoMive  and  injurioas  vapour  from  tbo  docoiupoein^  fluid  nini  tbu 


12H 


UOIiT. 


Utter  ynS  thus  Ite  nmtvi'iAllj  ksaoned :  if,  howcrpr,  (lie  unite  is  carrii'i] 
away  b;  means  of  &  gutter  running  along  the  stablo,  the  floor  of  the  stalls 
ranst  sUnt  towards  that  gntler,  anil  the  declivity  ma»t  not  he  no  great  as 
to  strtiin  till!  hack  sinow*,  and  bocomo  on  occaHounl,  olthongh  unKimprot'Cd, 
ckTun  of  huai-iu^sa.  Mr.  R.  Lkwronoti  well  ohourvi'S,  that,  '  if  IIiq  n-uder 
will  slimd  fur  a  few  minates  witli  his  toca  higher  than  his  hotels,  the  piun 
he  will  tM  in  tho  caJree  of  his  logs  will  soon  convince  him  of  the  truth 
of  this  rciuarlc.  Hcnco,  whpn  »  home  in  not  outing,  he  ftlways  endeaTonra 
to  Snd  hij  Irvot,  either  bjr  Klauiling  across  the  atall  or  viae  as  for  back  u 
hid  hnltn-  will  permit,  bo  th&t  his  liiad-lcga  may  inetit  ike  uoent  of  tho 
other  sido  of  the  dutonoL' 

This  inclination  of  tho  stnll  is  rIm  at  times  the  caose  of  contraction 
of  tho  heels  of  tho  fnot,  by  throwing  too  grcnt  a  proportion  of  tJio  weight 
upon  tho  toe,  and  n'uoviug  that  pmessiue  on  thu  heels  wbioh  tend«  moai 
to  ki>epihem«p«aL.  Care,  tiaerefoMi,  iDBBt  be  taken  that  the  BUntlng:  of  tlia 
floor  of  tho  stalls  xhall  be  no  more  tbaa  is  sufficient  to  drain  off  the  nrme 
with  tolrniblo  mpidity.  Stall*  of  tliis  kind  certainly  do  best  for  marcs;  bat 
for  honws  wo  mnch  prefer  thoM  with  a  grating  in  iho  ncntiv,  and  a  alight 
inclination  of  the  floor  on  every  edde  towards  the  middle.  A  abort  bmnch 
nay  MnUBnnicate  with  a  loivsr  dntin,  bf  means  of  which  the  urine  may  he 
carried  off  to  arpscrroirontrndatiiA  stable.  l>nps  aro  now  contrivod,  and 
may  be  prornred  at  little  expense,  by  means  of  which  neither  any  offcniiivo 
sini-ll  nor  cnrrect  of  air  eau  pass  through  (lie  gmting. 

Thu  fkrmer  should  not  lose  any  of  the  urine.  It  ta  from  the  dang  of  the 
horeethat  be  derives  a  princapal  and  tho  most TalaaUo  part  of  his  manoro. 
It  is  that  which  carlie«t  takes  on  the  process  of  pntn&ction,  and  fomui 
one  of  tlu)  Ntrongntt  and  most  dniablo  dressian.  That  whti:h  i*  moat  of 
all  eoncomed  with  the  nptdity  and  the  perfection  of  the  decomposition  is 
the  urine. 

Huiutuiity  and  inlorcst,  lut  wrH  as  tho  appearance  of  tho  stabls^  should 
induce  the  proprietor  of  tho  home  to  plaee  a  modfirato  qnanti^  of  litt«r 
nnder  him  dnring  the  day,  Thi"  fanner  who  waitta  to  convert  every 
othcrwioo  useless  substance  into  manure,  will  hare  adtlitional  reason  for 
adopting  this  practice:  espocially  as  ho  does  not  conlino  himself  to  that 
to  which  in  towns  and  in  gentlctrtoD's  ttablea  cuxtom  noemii  to  haro  limitvid 
the  bed  of  the  hone,  vix.  wheat  and  oat  stniw,  and  Homctimes,  daring 
the  Bommer  months,  tan  or  sawdust.  Pea  and  betin  haulm,  and  heath, 
occupy  in  tho  stable  of  tb«  fanner,  during  a  pnrt  of  tho  year,  the  place  of 
wheatvn  and  oaten  stmw.  It  should,  however,  bi<  remembered  that  those 
Hubiitanees  are  disposed  more  easily  to  ferment  and  putrefy  than  stimw, 
and  Ibervforo  should  be  more  cantft^ly  examined  and  ullouor  remoTed.  It 
is  tiio  fanlty  custom  of  some  formers  to  lot  tho  bed  accumulate  nnlil  it 
rcschn  altwnt  to  tho  horse's  boll  v,  and  tho  bottom  of  it  is  a  mass  of  dmig. 
If  tliora  wero'nat  ofton  many  a  bole  and  nanny  through  which  the  wind 
can  enter  and  dispcrao  the  foul  air)  the  health  of  the  animal  wonld  mattN 
rially  sulTer. 

UOBT. 

This  neglected  bnadi  of  stable  management  is  of  Ihr  mote  oonaeqiicBoa 
than  is  generally  imagined ;  and  it  is  patticalarly  neglected  bjr  those  for 
whom  these  treetisee  are  princinally  designod.  The  farmers  stable  is 
frsqnontly  destitnta  of  any  gUxcd  wiiidow,  and  has  only  a  nhnttcr,  iriiieh 
]■  nusrd  in  warm  weather,  and  closed  when  the  wcntlier  Ixvonira  cold. 
Wlieu  the  hoTTO  L»  tn  the  stable  only  during  a  few  hours  in  tlie  day,  this 
is  not  nf  ■■-!  ntnoli  conse"]i>i-iwe.  n»r  of  •o  itiiieh.  jirrilidl'ly,  with  regard  lo 
horses  of  slow  work  ;  but  to  carriage  horses  and  hackneys,  m  fkr,  at  least. 


UGHT. 


l-'7 


I  Kc  coaccmed,  m  dvk  ttable  u  little  lesa  injuimiB  ftko  a  fun) 

d  one.     Comlbrt,  doonloKM,  and  Hrolth,  are  all  ooiUHct«d  witb 

ttii  ^BCttiop ;  Mul  why  Btoibles  an  not  aa  iri-ll  ligbtvil  ua  uij  of  the  rooms 

»  dwattbg-bonaea,  it  ia  not  eaaj  to  nj— Uu.  idea  of  too  much  l^ht 

~  ~    ;  in  tmr  wa^  injurious  is  ndicolooa ;  horses,  as  well  aa  toeo,  m  a 

(if  natare,  lire  in  cl«aro|icn  daf tight;  and  thm  is  no  renaon  why, 

>  atata  of  domeatict^,  one  ahonU  not  do  *o  aa  nvU  a«  tli«  other.     A 

proportkm  of  stablas  are  dark,  (bnl,  and  anbealthj ;  the  two  latter 

often  drpcnding,  to  »  considerable  ettenl.  OB  tbe  fonner;  for,  waa 

agBrient  light  adinitti.'d,  the  causes  of  tho  latter  would  be  more  «Tident 

and  their  accomolatioa  would  be  pmrentod  ;  bat,  as  it  is,  both  in  town 

and  the  eonntiy,  darifiw»w  ooreni  a  multitode  of  sins,  mm,  in  many 

napocta,  in  otherwise  well«7rdf>r«d  eatablishmcnta.     In  order  to  illnstnito 

thi^  referenoe  nwy  be  mado  to  tho  unpleasant  fooling,  and  the  utter 

iminTtiilrttifT  of  seviug  distinctly,  when  n  man  aoddonly  aBwrges  from  a 

dant  place  into  tbe  full  blase  of  day.    The  sensation  of  mii^od  pain  and 

gMdina— ia  not  soon  forgotten;  and  BOme  minutca  pass  before  tbe  eye  ean 

aoearamodate  itself  to  the  increased  light.     If  this  were  to  happen  every 

da^,  or  aerenl  times  in  tho  dny,  the  Fight  would  be  irrepnrnbly  injnrod, 

nbly  bliudtieas  wtmld  cnsne.     Can  we  wonder,  then,  that  the  faorac, 

frcoa  a  dark  stable  into  a  glare  of  lights  filing,  probably,  as  we 

do  under  similar  circomBtances,  and  nnable  for  a  considerable 

I  tp  sea  anything  aroiund  him  distincth-,  shoold  bocome  a  starter,  or 

;  tlio  frequently  npealed  nolent  effiect  of  sadden  light  sbouU  indnoe 

■wnMrinrii  of  tlie  tjo  SO  int«ii8a  aa  to  t«nninate  in  UindnesaP    Theno 

Ih,  mdnTnl.  no  doabi  that  hones  lu<pt  in  dark  stables  are  freqaonlly 

'  MrtniooB  atartoTs,  and  that  abominablo  hubit  hna  been  pmperly  traced  to 

ttiseaaae. 

Ytenara  know,  and  shoold  proBt  by  tfae  knowledgo,  that  the  darkness 
rfiha  stable  is  not  unfrei^ently  a  cover  for  great  niMihuinlincRi.  A  gloxrd 
'ritdow,  with  leaden  divu>on>  between  tho  small  panes,  would  not  coot 
nch,  ud  WDold  admit  a  degree  of  liriib  somewhat  more  approa«hiiig  to 
Ikrt  of  day,  and  at  the  same  time  wo^  render  tfae  conoMlatent  of  gross 
faiUnition  and  want  of  dcanlincM  imposudhte. 

ff  plco^  of  light  is  admitted,  the  wuUa  of  tlic  stable,  and  Mpncially  that 
pMicn  of  tfaem  which  is  before  the  horse's  lioad.  mnut  not  be  of  too 
^'■vg  a  colour.  The  const&Dt  reflection  from  n  white  wall,  and  especially 
a  tht  tun  slunes  into  the  stable,  will  bo  as  injarioim  t«  the  ej'e  as  the 
hUh  changes  (rom  darkness  to  light.  The  pt-Tpi-liial  flight  excess 
(f  itiaialiu  will  do  aa  much  "imfcinf  as  the  oceofiional  but  more  violent 
me  when  the  animal  is  taken  from  a  kinil  of  twilight  to  Ihc  blase  of  day. 
Asoolourof  the  stable,  therefare,  Hhould  drp^nd  an  tho  qanntitj  ofligbt. 
Where  mneh  oan  be  odmiltrd,  tbe  walla  uhould  bf  of  a  fijey  hue.  Where 
diiluasa  would  otherwise  preratl,  &eqaent  whitowashing  may  in  sonto 
iVgnss  dissipate  the  gkram. 

For  another  reajum,  it  will  be  evidt^nt  that  tho  Btnlilo  »lionld  not  poH««« 
loo  glaring  alight:  it  ia  tli*-  n-sting-plnce  of  tin-  burse.  In  the  quieUwsa 
ef  •  dimly-ligbted  stable  ho  obtains  repoao,  and  a<«umnlatea  ficsh  and  fat. 
"■  '  •%  are  perfoctly  aware  nf  tWs,  Tbey  Iiave  their  darkened  siablos,  ia 
tbe  young  horae,  witli  little  or  no  cxereiso,  and  fed  upon  masluis 
;  ground  coni,  b  made  np  for  sale.  The  round  and  plump  appcarauoo, 
WTer,  which  may  delade  the  unwary,  soon  vanishes  with  altered  trest- 
^mit,  and  the  animal  is  found  to  be  unfit  for  hard  woi-k,  and  predisposed 
to  many  an  inflnminatory  dlwajie.  Tho  circunictnncrs,  then,  nnder  which 
.  ctable  somrwhat  dajkcDol  may  ^^e  Allowed,  will  \v,  eiuHly  dHiTmined  1>y 
!  owner  of  the  bom ;  bat,  aa  a  general  rule,  dark  stablt!*  are  utifrieDdly 


IBS 


OBOOUIN'O. 


to  clconliacas,  and  tlio  fiwqnent  oaoM  of  the  vioe  of  sttfUng,  and  of  Has 
mcvt  wrioiu  disoaaoB  of  the  eye. 

GXOOaiBS. 

Of  Om  much  nood  not  bo  said  to  the  asricultnrUt,  sinoo  ciuloni,  itad 
Bppaivntljr  withoat  ill  uRoot,  liiui  atlott«d  to  1ittl«  of  tho  conil)  &iid  bnuli  to 
the  fafiDcr'a  hono.  Thu  auiiiia.!  Uiat  U  wurkcid  kU  dkjr,  And  ttirued  oat  at 
iwh^  reqoins  little  more  to  bo  done  to  him  thau  to  havo  the  dirt  brash«d 
off  hu  limbs.  ItoguUr  groomine.  br  nmdemig  Iiia  dkiu  raoro  icnsible  to 
the  altemtion  of  IcmpaTiitim,  luul  the  iaclcmcnc-^  of  the  wmtlidr,  wonkl 
bo  pi^qndicial.  Thu  bone  (hat  in  altogether  tiim(,tl  ont  nc^ods  ao  groonung. 
Till)  dapdriffof  tcurf  which  aocTUimlateB  *t  the  roots  of  the  hair,  isApro- 
Tiaion  of  ualuro  to  defund  him  &om  the  wind  and  the  oold. 

It  ia  to  the  stnhlod  hone,  highly  fvd,  and  little  or  iiregnlarlf  worked, 
that  grooming  i«  of  so  mnofa  coiuoqucncc:.  Oood  rubbing  with  the  bnuih 
or  the  cunjoomb  opens  the  pores  of  tiie  slcin,  circulates  the  blood  to  the 
•xtranitiea  of  the  bodj,  produces  ft-ee  and  healthy  pcnpimtioii,  and  stands 
La  the  room  of  exorciso.  No  horso  will  conr  a  nne  coat  withont  oithor 
unnatural  heat  or  dn-Ming.  They  both  cffoct  tlie  same  ptupose ;  they  both 
incTPiLN)  tho  insenaible  punijiniliuu :  but  the  Grst  dooa  it  nt  the  ezpenso 
of  iKstth  and  strength,  wliilu  the  BL-cond,  at  the  same  timo  that  it  prodncee 
a  glow  on  the  sldn,  and  a  dci«rminatioD  of  blood  to  it,  rouiwH  all  the 
energiofl  of  tho  &uno.  It  would  l>n  well  for  tho  proprietor  of  the  honM 
if  ho  worn  to  inxixt— and  to  »vc  lluit  his  orders  are  really  obcyed^lhat 
Ihn  fine  coat  in  wbidi  he  and  bin  t^room  so  much  diJight,  ia  produced 
by  honest  rubbiug,  and  not  hy  a  bmtod  stable  aud  thick  clothing,  nnd 
■oost  of  all,  not  by  stiinnlnting  or  injnrioas  spioce.  The  horse  aliould  bo 
ref^olarly  dressed  cTciy  d*y,  in  uddition  to  tho  grooming  that  is  neceesMy 
after  work. 

Tliurv  is  no  ncoussity,  however,  for  half  thu  pmuHbnient  whtL'h  many  > 
groom  inflicts  npon  (lie  horse  in  tiio  act  of  dres&ing;  nnd  particularly  on  unu 
whoso  skin  is  thin  and  Bonaitlvo.  llio  cnrry-cnmb  ehonld  nt  rII  times  bo 
tightly  applied.  With  many  hontra  its  uac  may  be  almost  di^cuBcd  with ; 
aivd  even  the  1>niih  needs  not  tu  be  ao  hard,  uor  the  points  of  the  bristloa 
HO  imgnUr  us  they  often  are.  A  soil  brush,  with  a  little  more  wei^t  of 
tlie  baod,  wUl  be  equally  elToetiial,  and  a  gixat  drnl  more  pleasant  (o  the 
borae.  A  hair-cloth,  while  it  will  seldom  irritate  and  tca«e,  will  bo  aluMb 
suBicient  with  horse*  that  barn  a  thtn  akin,  and  tlial  have  not  boon  ufl^| 
leoled ;  the  Lay  wliixp  and  the  linen  rubber  are  thu  moans  by  whii^  W^ 
ooat  is  kept  in  tho  most  pejfcet  order,  and  tliey  cannot  too  genenJly  bo 
had  reooune  to,  for  their  effect  on  tlie  skin  is  movt  soothing,  and  to  do 
jnrt  of  his  draaaiflg  does  the  horse,  parlienlarly  t^  well-bred  onc^  so  wiU- 
logly  snbmii  himself  ss  to  this.  After  all,  it  is  no  slidbt  task  to  droM  k 
borsu  as  it  onght  to  lio  dune.  It  occupies  no  little  time,  and  dnoands 
oonaidcfuble  palk-nce,  as  well  as  dexterity.  It  will  be  rcmlily  asoertaine«l 
whether  a  horae  has  been  wall  dresaed  by  nibbing  him  with  one  of  the 
fingers.  A  greasy  stein  will  detect  tho  idleness  of  the  groom.  When, 
bowwer,  the  hone  b  changing  hia  coat,  both  the  curT}--oomb  and  the 
brn^  should  be  used  as  lightly  as  poeaible. 

Whoever  wonU  bo  oonvinoeil  of  the  benefit  of  fnctton  to  the  borse'l 
akis,  and  to  the  bono  aenenUT,  needs  only  to  obserre  the  effeeta  pro- 
duced by  well  hand-riKifatng  the  legs  of  a  tired  hotM.  While  etvty 
•ahugemeBt  mbddes,  sod  tlio  nninfui  stiffaaaa  dissfipoBrs,  and  the  legs 
attain  thmr  nUnnl  wnnolh.  and  Im-uroo  fine,  tho  animal  ia  eridenUr  and 
ngiidly  rei-iving;  benttncks  bis  food  with  a(ipelit(v  <uid  tbcs  qnietiy  be* 
down  to  rest. 


uxesciSE. 


129 


^■^   ^  MEBCISB. 

Oar  otMerrntiona  on  this  importAut  bn^Doli  of  Htublc-manngnnciit  tnnet 
bnvotOyk  slight  rvfermoe  to  the  ngrimltDrsI  Lorai'.  lIis  workis  mmtilljr 
rtgnlar  and  not  cxbiutiiUng.  He  is  n<!ithcr  pr^iiispniuiii  lo  ilisense  hy  iil]i>. 
new,  aor  worn  out  by  eseenive  exertion.  lie.  tiko  his  mnstor,  hne  cnongfa 
lo  do  b>  kMp  him  in  health,  «aA  uol  eiuough  to  ilistrviiH  »r  injiim  )uni :  an 
tlw  oontnnj,  the  rnfrnloritT  of  Iiin  work  prolongs  life  to  an  «xtoiil  mroly 
witoeMed  in  the  stable  of  txie  ifviitk'mnn.  Our  ivmftrkH  on  rxc^rcJHc,  then, 
■DU4  b*re  *  general  bearinjif,  or  b&ve  pHucijiiil  refoiviicn  to  thom-  persons 
wbo  am  in  tfa*  mHdIo  RtntionH  of  life,  and  who  oontrivu  to  kci-p  a  hone 
for  bnnDeM  or  plnasure,  bnt  cwinot  KiTord  to  tnnintnin  a  servniit  for  thw 
espn«*  panxMC  of  lookinfc  alWr  il.  Th«  first  rule  we  wonld  lay  dowii  id, 
U»t  erery  norBo  shoiiU  hnvo  daily  exercise.  The  auimiLt  ttmt,  with  the 
osokl  ctoblo  feeding,  (tanda  idle  for  thnx:  or  four  days,  as  is  tho  caeo  in 
ma^y  wlaliluhnw.-nla,  nitut  aulTur.  Ho  ii  pmUMpomid  to  forcr,  or  to 
pwwe.  or,  moat  of  all.  lo  diseases  of  the  foot ;  aud  if,  dftt-r  three  or  fonr 
days  of  inactivity,  he  i«  ridden  far  nnd  fnet',  h«  is  liable  to  have  inflamua- 
tioD  of  tbo  Inngs  or  of  tbu  foot. 

A  eentleiniui  or  tnulcaman's  horse  sulTi-ra  a  fncai  deal  more  fmm  idln- 
I  Uab  ho  does  fh»n  work.  A  at&ble-fed  horse  should  buve  two  hours' 
t  CTCTT  day,  if  he  in  to  bo  kopt  fVv«  from  disoase.  Nothing  of  ex* 
mxj  or  even  of  ordinary  lubnar  can  bo  oSoctod  on  the  road  or  in 
.  willioat  snffidcDt  and  rv^ilar  excrciau.  It  is  this  tdnnc  which 
Fftire  enersj  to  the  systtqn,  or  develop  the  powi^rs  of  any  aiiiinal. 
How  then  »  this  esor«i«ti  to  bo  givoo  ?  As  mnrh  ns  poHBihlo  by,  or 
vaixr  ttio  snnrrintcndcooc)  of,  the  owni-r.  Thn  cxtTreiKu  ^von  by  thr 
tnom  ia  mnJy  to  be  depended  upon.  It  is  inolheii^nt  or  it  is  extreme, 
(t  is  in  many  cases  both  irre^olar  and  injurioun.  It  in  lit-'itntdimt  apon 
fte  caprioe  of  him  who  i«  performing  a  tojik,  aiid  nho  witl  ruudrr  thiit 
Ink  mhnn-ricnt  to  his  own  pleSAun.'  or  purjWBe. 

In  tr&imiiK  tiie  hnnter  and  tlie  raoe-hori«o.  rcgnlar  ejcorciiw  ia  tbo  most 
■npntint  of  all  oonsidcrationa,  howevrr  it  may  he  forgotten  iii  the  nanat 
■MigHMint  of  the  stable.  The  eien-isc-d  horse  will  discharge  his  task, 
■IseBetiiDC*  a  seme  one,  with  ease  nud  pleasoro ;  whih  l.hn  idle  nnd 
wiUeled  one  will  b*  fttigaod  ere  half  his  labour  is  acuompliBhi-d,  unci,  if 
k  ia  jnabed  a  EittJc  too  far,  dnngL-rous  inflammation  will  cnsn«.  How 
■A^  affveKhelMs,  does  it  happni,  tliat  the  horse  which  baa  stood  inactive 
■  4*  stable  thne  or  fonr  days,  in  riddnn  or  drivm  thirb^  or  forty  milns 
■ftswane  of  a  singlo  day  I  Thin  rcjit  i«  (>fl<:n  purpoeely  giveu  to  pre- 
fn  fin*  sxtta-eiertion  :— to  lay  in  a  stock  of  strvuffth  for  the  perfomifvnce 
^the  task  reqniivd  of  him :  and  then  the  owner  u  snrprisea,  and  diua- 
^^ai  if  tbe  Miimitl  ia  Rurly  knockr<l  up,  or  poHnility  liccnmrs  sl^^iously  til. 
VoiUag  ts  BO  common  and  so  prvpoitLTOiis.  aa  for  u  percou  to  buy  n  horse 
&Wi  a^saW's  stahld,  where  ho  has  been  idly  fattening  for  nnlo  for  many 
ftdfty,  and  immediately  lo  grn  him  a  lone  run  nncr  the  houmlB,  ami  then 
Is eoDplatn bitterly,  and  think  that  he  hiuilwon  imposed  npoD,  if  the  animal 

it  asbaustcd  bafiiva  tlia  end  of  the  chaso,  or  is  compelU^  to  ho  led  home 
mSniag  from  riolt'Dt  iufiammation.  R«gular  and  gradually  incronaing 
mfijr-ifit  woiiU  have  made  the  same  borsn  apwar  a  treasam  to  bis  owner. 
bcnise  sliovld  bo  somewhat  proportionptl  to  thn  b««  of  the  hone.  A 
fouigliatao  reqnirea  more  than  an  old  one.  Katnre  lias  given  to  young 
fiifat»i»  of  Bttrj  kind  a  disposition  t/i  nct.ivity  ;  bnt  the  eicrriwi  mart  not 
ba  noknt^  A  grMi  deal  doponds  upon  tht'  manner  in  which  it  is  gi^-en. 
To  {ircaerre  the  tcmprr,  and  to  promote  bmiith,  it  idioald  be  moderato,  at 


IM 


toon. 


Itnst  at  tlic  boginnmg  lUitl  tlio  (nrminxtioii.    The  mpiJ  trot,  or  eron  lli« 

Sllon,  Riny  be  rctwrtwJ  to  in  the  middio  of  the  pjcrci*o,  but  the  borae 
onld  lx>  brou^lil  in  cooT.  If  tbo  owiicr  woold  acldom  intraiit  biR  bono 
U>  bojs,  and  would  insist  ob  tho  cxorcisia  bcin^  tukeu  within  stj^tit,  or  in 
tbe  neigbboarliood  of  bin  roBidL-iice,  tu&ar  &□  acctdmt  amd  iircparablo  in* 
inij  vonld  be  avoided.  It  gbould  l>o  l)ic  owner'*  plrtLciiro,  and  it  i«  hia 
interost.  persoBally  to  aftonrt  to  nil  thmc  thingn.  He  tniuiogcit  cvtrr  otlmr 
port  of  bis  connrrn^  nntt  be  may  deptrod  oo  it  tliat  he  uaSvn  Wticu  lio 
ncglcicta,  or  ia  in  a  nuiuiiur  vsc)u<]i>d  from,  bia  atabloe. 

IDOD. 

Tbe  ^jBtMB  of  mangcT-foediDi;  is  becoming  general  among  fanoore. 
71i«re  ««  tsw  hoTBM  that  do  not  bnbitnatly  wMto  a  pnrtion  of  their  h*y ; 
Knd  br  somo  the  grcBter  part  £■  polled  down  and  tnmipUsI  undc;r  foot,  in 
order  firat  to  call  we  s«reet<at  ana  best  locks,  and  wbioh  could  not  be  dona 
while  the  bay  was  inclosed  in  tbo  rack.  A  good  feeder  will  afterwards 
pick  up  much  of  that  wbicli  wiu  thrown  down;  but  aomo  of  it  must  ho 
eoitod  and  raukred  disgnoting,  and,  in  manjr  coam,  ooiythird  of  this  divi- 
rion  of  tbeir  food  is  waslvd.  Some  of  tho  oats  and  beans  are  imperfectly 
chowvd  by  all  borso*,  and  scaivrly  at  all  by  bnngrr  and  greedy  ones.  Tbo 
^pcanmoe  of  Um  dang  will  suflli'icntly  crinco  this. 

The  obwrvXioD  of  tliis  iuJuoed  tbe  aduplioo  of  mangold feodtng,  or  of 
nixing  »  portion  of  chaff  with  the  com.     Dy  this  means  the  soiouuM  com- 

EUed  to  chew  bis  food ;  he  cannot,  to  any  great  dcgrm,  waste  the  stow  or 
y  ;  tlie  chaff  ia  too  bard  and  too  almr]!  to  be  swallowed  without  oou- 
adorable  mastication,  and,  while  be  is  fum-U  to  grind  that  down,  the  oata 
and  bMtna  an>  ground  with  it,  and  yield  more  nourish uieiit ;  the  Btonukch 
is  more  slowly  filled,  and  tlierolbre  eofa  bettor  on  il«  oontenfa,  and  i>  not 
so  likely  to  he  overloaded ;  and  the  inereuAed  quantity  of  aaliTB  thrown 
ont  iu  the  letigtheued  mastication  of  the  food,  sonons  tt,  and  nakee  il 
moro  fit  for  iligostioD. 

As  Professor  Stowart  very  properly  rennarks,  '  Uany  hones  swallow 
ihelr  corn  iu  gnat  haste,  and  when  much  is  taten,  that  habit  is  exceedingly 
dangerous.  Tho  atoBiadi  is  filled— 4t  is  overloaded  before  it  faaa  time  to 
make  prepaiBtion  for  Ktiag  on  its  contrnt« — tbe  food  fermmla,  and  pein* 
All  or  dangerou  eolie  enonea.  By  lulding  chuff  to  his  com,  the  horee  mast 
tnko  more  timo  to  eat  it,  and  time  is  given  for  the  ooDunenoeinent  of  di- 
gestion, bofon  fermentation  con  oconr.  In  this  way  ohnff  ia  Tory  nsefid, 
especially  after  long  fasta.' 

1£,  wb«n  oouiderablo  prorender  was  waclMl,  the  hone  maintained  hta 
eondition,  and  w«a  able  to  do  his  work,  it  wae  evident  that  much  might  be 
saved  to  the  fhrmer,  when  he  adopted  a  Byvicm  bj  which  the  horw  ate  all 
that  mw  set  before  him ;  and  by-  degrOM  it  was  found  oat,  that  even  Ibod 
Bomewbat  Ims  nntritioos,  bat  a.  great  deal  cheaper,  and  which  the  ba«aa 
dthcT  would  not  cat,  or  would  not  properly  grind  down  in  its  natontl  state, 
might  be  sdded,  wliilo  tho  animal  would  Ixi  in  (|nit«  as  good  plight,  and 
always  ready  for  work. 

Chaff  may  bo  composed  of  oqitnl  qtumtitios  of  clover  or  meadow  hay, 
and  whcatcn,  oaten,  or  bikrl<'y  Ntmw,  cat  into  piooM  of  a  quarter  or  balf  an 
inch  in  htugth,  and  mingled  well  to(,*<:tber ;  tno  allowance  of  oats  or  bcane 
is  afterwards  added,  aiM  nixeil  with  the  chalT  Uauy  fiinnerH  very  mo- 
[inrljhrniii  thii  niitn  nrtieini  Tbo  whole  oat  is  apt  (o  slip  out  of  tlie  chaff 
and  be  lost;  bnt  when  it  is  bniiaod,  and  ciqKx-ially  if  tho  chaff  is  a  littla 
wetted,  it  will  not  readily  separate ;  or,  should  a  portion  of  it  i-scapa  the 
gtinden^  it  will  be  partly  prepared  for  digestion  oy  tbe  act  of  bmiaing. 
Tbe  pr^indioe  against  brniting  tho  oats  is,  so  far  as  the  Gumer's  bocea, 


FOOD. 


I» 


I 


swl  tke  waggrm  bone,  and  cmy  homo  of  clow  tlrau^Lt^  are  coiicwnied,  | 
allogellier  Boluanded.  Tlio  r|uaiitily  uf  stmw  in  tha  chftS'will  always 
connlcnet  any  mppowd  pargatitu  ([lutlily  in  the  bruLtiKl  onU.  HnmrH  of 
qoickvr  dnaght.  oxoept  ihcv  aro  aatnrally  disposed  to  scour,  will  UirivD 
hnUBT  with  bmtaed  tlum  wiUt  whole  ontii ;  for  a  gre«l«r  qaantity  of  nutri- 
meat  will  be  extmctcd  from  tha  food,  and  it  will  alwavn  ho  onsy  to  apportiou 
ihe  qnautity  of  slnw  or  tK^iift  to  the  c^Tect  of  Uiu  mijttaiv  on  thn  bowcU 
of  tho  bono.  Tfaff  prinripnl  alteration  that  should  Ixi  madu  iu  tlie  horao 
of  iMtrdar  aad  moiv  mpid  work,  mr.h  im  l.hc  jtnst-horso.  is  to  incn.'ose  tlio 
qnanlitr  of  liar,  and  dim  in  UK  ihitt  of  Ktraw.  Two  triiwoB  of  bay  may  bo 
cut  witli  one  of  stiaw. 

Seme  genUem«q),  in  dpRnnco  of  the  prejudice  and  opposition  of  Iho 
'«»^"'"*  or  tbo  groom,  hnvo  introilac;^^  this  inodo  of  feeding  into  the 
atablca  of  tlieir  carria^  huraro  and  hnokncyv,  and  wiUi  manifcit  ndnuitngv. 
TlieK  has  been  no  losa  of  couJititiu  or  puwiT,  and  (^uiiiudi)riJ.bl(!  nvtng  of 
pn>v«nder.  This  system  is  not,  howovor,  calcnlated  fur  the  hunter  or  thu 
tMXkliorae.  Tlirir  food  mnst  lid  in  smnJW  bnllt,  in  order  that  tho  acdon 
of  flu:  Ini^iH  mar  nut  hn  impudod  by  the  distennoD  of  tJio  stomncb  ;  yet 
■May  hunten  huvv  KOue  well  over  Iba  fidd  who  liave  bera  munger-fiHl, 
lite  pnoortion  of  com.  however,  being  inateriaUy  incremswL 

tvr  u*  agricnltaral  and  cart  hone,  oieht  pounds  of  oats  and  two  of  beans 
diould  bo  addr<l  (n  c-vcrv  tweiitr  potutds  of  ohaff-  'I'hirty-fonr  or  thirty- 
nx  pounds  of  tlte  miituri)  will  ne  saOIciiiMit  for  any  modcnto-Hiind  horm, 
with  Cur,  or  even  hard  work.  Tfao  dray  and  wukKO"  hoi'Ke  may  riH^nirc 
hrtf  pounds.  Hay  in  tlui  nick  at  nigbt  is,  in  this  ease,  suiiposcd  to  lie 
«nutlnl  alloeethcT.  Thnnu-k,  however,  maynTnain,  nsoi^cAHionailyuiuifbl 
br  the  dick  norM,  or  to  cuntaiu  t«n-e  or  other  ktvcu  meat. 

Hcnaea  mn  nry  Caxui  of  this  provender.  Tlie  majority  of  tbem,  aft«r 
hMing  been  aocastomod  to  it,  will  leave  the  bent  ont«  ifiven  to  thrm  iil(iiii\ 
far  Um  flake  of  thn  mingled  chnH'  and  euro.  Wo  would,  bowui'irr,  euutiim 
the  bfinpr  not  to  Hrl  ujiart  diunu;(ed  hay  for  the  manuracture  of  the  chalT. 
He  bnrvL-  may  be  thus  induced  to  eat  that  which  he  would  othorwiso 
R&«e :  bol  if  the  nourishing  property  of  the  hay  hut  been  impairml,  or  it 
tiM  acquired  an  iiijnrions  principliN  tJic  animal  will  cither  Ifise  condition, 
w  bcoomo  ili*ca«rd.  Mnch  more  iujury  is  done  by  eating  damaj^'d  hay 
or  mn«ty  oata  thtn  is  generally  imngincid.  There  wilt  bo  stifGeient  wiviug 
a  the  dtmiiualked  cost  of  the  nrovr^der  by  the  introdnction  of  thn  hi  nivr, 
a^  ti>e  iinprored  condition  ol  the  hunm,  without  poisoning  him  with  the 
rrfUB  of  tne  &mi.  Por  old  hurse-i.  aud  for  tlicsti  with  deroctivo  t«eth, 
chaff  is  piiTiliariy  uKeful,  and  for  tbem  the  gnun  should  be  broken  down 
M  well  vi  t1>l^  foddar. 

WliiU-  the  miitui«  of  chaff  with  thn  com  praventd  it  from  being  loo  mpidiv 
doTonrcd  and  a  portion  of  it  swallowed  whole,  and  therefore  thu  stomucn 
isaottoofeeded  with  that  on  whioh,  as  containing  the  most  nutriment,  its 
chiaf  digestive  power  shoold  bo  es«riod,  yet,  on  the  whole,  n  groat  deal  of 
time  ie  gained  Vf  this  mode  of  feeding,  and  more  in  left  for  rcatt.  When  a 
liene  ooraee  in  wearied  at  tlio  close  of  the  day,  it  oeeupiett,  atler  he  hns 
eaun  his  coro,  two  or  tluv«  liouni  lo  dear  bin  rack.  On  iho  system  or 
Miaagw-feediag,  the  obalT  being  already  cat  into  *ma11  pioco*,  and  the 
faewM  ^"^  oata  bruised,  ho  is  able  fiilly  to  mtiKtV  bin  iippetil«  in  tu3  hour 
and  a  half.  Two  additional  honm  are  tbercfuro  ilevoted  to  rost^  Thii  is 
a  ctmntstanoo  deonrviog  of  much  consideration  even  in  tho  fiirmcr'a 
•tabfe^  aad  of  immenHo  eoiuie({ueiice  lo  the  postmaster,  and  the  owner  of 
trtrj  hard- worked  horae. 


Ifai^er  food  will  bo  the  nsoal  support  of  the  farmer's  horse  during  tlie 
rtatar,  aitd  wbilo  at  coniitunt  or  owasioiiaJ  hard  work  j  but  from  tho 


s  3 


IS3 


FOOD. 


niddlo  of  Apnt  lo  the  end  of  Juljr,  he  nukf  be  fed  witb  Uiia  mixtnra  in 
thd  dhy  Biul  tnmtid  ont  at  mf,'lit,  or  be  maj  remain  out  dnrioft  every  net- 
day.  A.  team  in  constant  omploj  shoold  not,  however,  bo  Boffercd  to  bo 
cnl  at  night  after  tbe  ond  of  AagnM. 

The  htngr  ihonld  tuko  core  thut  the  puturc  ia  thiclc  and  good ;  and  that 
the  dulanoo  tram  Hm  jard  is  not  too  K^«t,  or  tho  fields  too  laixe,  otlnTwiao 
■  veiy  coDsidetable  pMiion  of  time  will  bo  occupied  in  cntcUii^g  the  Ikonea 
in  the  momin)*.  He  will  likpwi»o  have  to  take  into  consid<-iation  the 
he  woold  have  for  hin  har,  and  tlio  neci^ty  &>t  *vrrvt  and  nntmddm  »•• 
tare  for  hi«  cattle.  On  thu  wliole,  however,  turniag  out  in  tJii»  way,  wimn 
uirannutaDCea  wilt  adniit  of  it,  will  be  Ibnnd  to  bo  niuro  bencra'ial  fur  the 
horae,  and  cheaper  than  roiling  in  tht!  yard. 

The  hoiso  of  thn  inferior  &nni.-r  ia  iHuiictiinefl  fed  on  hay  or  p-Mg  alone, 
and  the  animal,  aHlimiKli  be  rarely  geta  a  fi-ed  of  coni,  niaitituiiiK  hinuu'lf 
in  tol«ntl>lc  ooiulition,  and  doca  the  work  that  is  re(]uired  of  hiiii :  but 
and  grMBSlrae;  however  ^od  in  quality,  or  in  whatever  qoaniilyallowi 
will  not  mpport  a  horso  nndpr  hard  work.     Otli«r  mbstanccs  oon 
a  larger  proportion  of  nntrimcDt  in  a  "wallw  compaM,  hare  been 
Thi^  aliaJl  be  briefly  enumerated,  and  an  eetjmate  formed  of  their  oom- 
paratira  i»la«. 

In  alnwMt  «rery  part  of  Great  Britain,  Oats  Iiavo  been  oclected  as 
portion  of  the  food  which  ia  to  afford  tho  principAl  nouriidimcnt.  Tl 
contain  seven  hondred  and  forty-three  pArta  oat  of  a  thonaand  of  nntritiva 
matter.  Thej  shonld  be  about  or  w>inuwhat  lem  (hxa  a  yeur  old,  heavy, 
dry,  and  §we«t,  pinmp,  lmf;^ht  in  colour,  and  free  from  tinpleaaant  luate  or 
anull.  Now  oot«  will  weigh  ten  or  fifWen  per  cent,  more  than  old  ones ; 
bnt  tho  diffcrronco  conaiata  priiwipally  in  wati^  mntlvr,  which  iagradnally 
araporuted.  Xew  oata  an  not  ao  readily  jj^uud  down  liy  tho  teolli  sa 
old  onea.  Tbey  torm  a  more  xlutinoua  mat»,  diOlcult  to  digxat,  and,  when 
oaten  in  considerable  qoautiliM,  are  aot  to  occasion  colic  and  even  ata<^ 
gvrs.  If  they  arc  to  be  nsod  before  tJicr  arc  from  tJirro  to  five  montJia 
olil,  they  would  bo  nial<<ri»lly  impmred  uy  a  little  kiln-drying.  There  is 
no  fisar  for  liie  hortca  frani  nmpio  dnring,  if  the  coru  wun  good  wbon  it 
ma  pat  in  the  kiln.  Tlie  old  oat  wrma,  wbra  chewed,  a  smooth  and 
aniforiD  taaaa,  which  readily  disaolvea  in  the  stotnnch,  and  yields  tlw 
nonrinfainent  which  it  contains.  Porhap*  some  chemical  change  may  have 
been  ilowly  vflectcd  in  tho  old  nat,  digpomng  it  ta  ho  more  readily  aanmi- 
lated.  The  musty  aciuU  of  wcttol  or  damaged  com  ia  prMiuced  br 
Aingaa  which  grows  upon  the  MOd,  and  th«  deep  rod  (foi^)  colour  which 
soma  eata  poaaoM,  is  produced  by  CKOOMSTa  ftrmentatioa  m  the  rick,  and 
ia  both  tbew:  conditions  they  will  have  an  injurious  eRect  on  tho  nrinaiy 
orgMU^  and  often  on  the  intotinm,  proiIaciuK  prufuae  staling,  inflanunaliaii 
of  the  Iddueya,  colic,  and  iDflammaliou  of  the  bowels. 

This  masty  smell  is  removed  by-  kiln-drpng  the  ont ;  bat  care  ta  bora 
rcqnisHa  that  too  great  a  degree  of  heat  is  not  omplnyrd.  It  ohnuld  he 
sufficient  to  destroy  tho  fnn)rna  wttiiont  injariug  the  life  of  the  wnl. 
Uany  peraons.  but  witliout  Just  cause,  ha*«  eoMJiurable  &»r  of  the  kiln- 
bomt  oat.     It  is  said  to  pnxhice  inHnRimatHn  of  the  bladder,  ami  of  tho 

rn,  and  miuigy  affections  of  the  skin.  The  foct  is,  that  many  of  (be  kiln. 
•d  oabt  that  are  given  to  horaca  were  damaged  bcfijn  they  wrm  dried, 
aiMl  thus  became  onlMalthy.  A  CMiisidi'mblo  improvetnent  would  be  v(- 
laetad,  by  cultinff  (ho  untLresfaed  oal-strnw  into  Gbair,and  the  expense  of 
Utfcabing  wonldlto  saved.  Oat-straw  is  better  tluin  that  of  barley,  but 
doM  not  nmtain  no  much  nntrimeut  us  that  of  wlicat. 

When  tho  horse  is  fed  on  hay  and  oat«i,  tho  (guantity  of  the  oala  moat  W7 
whh  hii  >iao  and  tho  worlc  to  bo  porfbrmod.    In  wint«r,  four  feeds,  or  froni 


1 


FOOD.  1^3 


ten  to  AvrtecD  ponnda  of  oats  in  the  dmy,  wiU  be  a  fair  kllownnco  for  a 
borw  of  fiftMH  tuuul*  one  or  two  idcImw  high,  and  tli»t  hiui  modcmto 
woric.  In  HLBunBT,  half  thu  aiuntdt^,  with  grcco  food,  will  bo  anOiotinit. 
ThoM  who  woric  on  Uie  form  nave  Srom  ten  to  foartooa  poonds,  and  the 
hoBler  bom  twelve  to  nxteoi.  There  aro  no  efficient  ttad  lafo  snbstitntes 
ibr  good  wis;  bntt  on  th«  contruy,  wo  are  much  icclini-d  to  bclievo  that 
thav  posMM  as  tnr^uniting  prvjicrtj  which  in  not  found  in  olhcir  food. 

OskDCal,  in  thu  form  of  groel,  cousUtnlcfl  one  of  tbo  most  importaut 
artidca  of  diet  for  the  nek  norao — not,  indeed,  forced  apon  him,  bat  a 
pail  Gootainiag  it  being  tlnng  in  hi*  box,  and  of  which  he  wU!  aoon  Wipn 
to  dnok  when  watvr  ia  dvoMsl.  Few  groom*  tnako  good  gmcl ',  it  in 
eitlier  noi  boiled  long  eaongb,  or  a  sufBoiuit  quantity  of  oatmeal  has  mi't 
been  oaed.  The  proportioos  should  bi\  a  poond  of  miial  tlirawn  into  a 
ipdlm  of  wator,  luid  kept  conatantl}'  etiirod  nntil  it  boils,  and  fire  iniuuU^ii 
aflvwaris. 

Wbita-wat«r,  niadu  by  etirrii^  a  pint  of  oatmuol  in  a  pail  of  wator,  tho 
dnll  being  taken  front  it,  ia  an  exceUent  beverage  for  liio  thirstgr  and  tirod 


Bailbt  ta  a  common  Ibod  of  tlic  horse  on  Tarious  ports  of  the  Continent, 
and,  mntil  the  intivdncUou  of  tlio  oat,  seems  to  bare  constitntod  almost  his 
only  fiiod.  It  is  more  nutritioaa  than  oaU,  oontaining  nino  hundrad  and 
twnitf  parta  of  nntritire  nialtor  in  every  thousand.  There  ae«ma,  how- 
ever, to  DO  •omething  noocmaiy  besides  a  great  proportion  of  natritive 
matbo*,  in  ordur  (o  render  any  snbstanco  whotcMEnc,  strengthening,  or 
fctmiing ;  thcreforo  it  ia  tliat,  in  many  livnu-a  that  ara  hanllv  workod, 
aad,  indeed,  in  hones  gpn«r*]Ir,  barley  does  not  agroe  with  tLein  so  w<!ll 
a*  oata.  Thojr  arc  orourionaUy  so^joct  to  inSiunmatorjr  complalnta,  and 
narticnlariT  to  snHiMt  and  maxum. 

Wben  Mrley  ia  given,  the  qoaotJly  should  not  exceed  a  pcuk  daily.  It 
dKmId  alway*  b»  Ivwised,  and  the  cboff  should  consist  of  equal  quantities 
of  ha^  and  barlcj-stnw,  and  not  cut  too  idiort.  If  tho  fnnnor  has  a 
■jaaatity  of  spotti.'d  or  nnsaloible  barloy  that  ku  wishes  thns  to  get  nd  of, 
ho  maat  reij  gndutOj  acoostom  bis  hones  to  it,  or  be  will  probably pro- 
doee  Mtms  Qnoaa  wmoag  tham.  For  horsos  that  are  recort-ring  Irom 
ilfauM^  bariay,  in  th«  form  of  mnit,  is  often  ncrviccable,  as  tompttag  Ibe 
■|ipotHa  and  recmitin;;  thL-  ntrcn^'lh.  It  is  best  given  in  mnaliits — water, 
QonsidenUr  b^w  the  boiling  bi-at,  beiug  poured  upon  it,  and  tho  vom.-I 
or  pail  kepi  covered  for  half  an  hour. 

Onins  frosh  from  the  miuih-tab,  either  atone,  or  mixed  with  oata  or 
chaS^  Or  bolli,  may  be  occauonaOy  given  to  horses  of  slow  dranght ;  thoy 
woold,  bowever,  afford  very  iusamciecit  noorishuicnt  for  horses  of  quicker 
or  barier  work. 

Waur  is,  in  Qrcat  Dntain,  more  nkrely  given  than  bnrli>y.  It  contwns 
BIBB  hnndred  and  fifty  •five  parte  of  nutritive  idBttcr.  When  fiLrmors  haro 
It  dMnag^ed  or  nninarketable  aaniple  of  wht-at,  tlu-y  sometime*  give  it  to 
llMir  boneSt  and,  bouig  at  fint  nsod  in  small  quantities,  they  beoomo  ae- 
enatoinod  to  it,  and  thrim  and  work  well ;  it  must,  howovar,  always  be 
bniaed  and  given  in  cliitlT.  WIi(.-at  cuutniits  a  greater  portion  of  gtutertf 
or  ttidgr  adbeaiTC  maltL>r,  than  any  otiier  kind  of  grain.  It  is  difficult  of 
i]%ili)inii,  and  apt  to  cake  and  form  obstmctions  in  the  bowels.  This  will 
oftVHr  bo  tho  caso  if  the  honte  is  suffered  to  drink  uin^  water  soon  aft«iF 
fcolinp  apon  wheat. 

Ti.WawiM»ti«ii  of  the  bowola  and  feet,  colic,  and  death,  aixi  occAaJonally 
the  eoBM<qnenc«  of  eating  any  great  quantity  of  wbcaL  A  borso  that  is 
tei  on  whoai  sbonld  have  very  little  bay.  The  pruportion  should  not  bo 
DWfV  than  one  tmas  of  hay  to  two  of  Btntw.      Wbcalen  flour,  boiled  ia 


lu 


FOOP 


waXvt  io  tli«  tliiclcims  oT  starch,  is  ^vcn  witli  good  cScol  in  orcr-irarging, 
aad  •qmdAUy  if  eombinod  witb  cshMk  ntul  u|itani. 

BuXi  or  too  groniid  bnsk  of  the  wlu-al,  useil  U>  bo  freqaMkUf  fp\na  to 
Kick  faorsM  on  Koowit  of  tli«  mppoaedadTantagedcnvnirromitoiebuns 
tho  bowel*.  Then  ia  no  doubt  that  it  dnt«  opoi^  )r'''*''7  ^i  '^  tntaatuid 
ca^wl,  and  unsU  in  qnickcnini^  tlic  |Ki«uL;ti!  of  iu  contenta,  vhen  it  is  oo- 
easionjJ^  gircn  ;  but  it  mont  uot  bv  a  (xniatiuit,  or  oven  tivqnent  food. 
Mr.  Kmcji  utU-Dclcd  Ibree  milli  at  wfaieb  manj  hcnes  were  )c«i>t,  aud  tlicm 
were  atirftj-H  two  or  three  CMOS  of  indif^cstian  firam  tho  aocuninlaUon  of 
bran  or  poUstd  in  Ut«  large  intj^tinm.  Ilntn  tnity,  howCTCr,  b«  UMAi)  as 
■a  oocauona]  aperient  in  tbc  form  of  a  nuuiti,  but  nnvr  ilumld  become  » 
ngnlar  nrtiflk-  of  food. 

Bkaxb.— Tbuse  fonn  a  etHking  illustration  of  tlw  principle,  tint  tlw . 
DuuriahtBf;  or  Btrau;tii«iiing  offmrt^  of  tho  difroroniariiclps  of  fooddopvnd 
mon>  on  some  pocnliar  property  it  hiob  thoT  (kuhi'sn,  or  eome  combuiBtion 
which  tbcj"  form,  (lian  on  tho  eolual  qtuuidlr  of  [mtriUvw  matter.  Bcsns 
contain  Imt  five  handrod  and  mronty  porU  of  uutrilire  niatt«r,  yet  thojr 
add  tuatfriftlly  to  the  Tigoor  of  the  horse.  There  are  tnanj  hor*(«  that 
will  not  stand  haid  weak  withoai  beans  being  minf^nd  with  Uieir  food,  and 
these  not  horses  whose  tcndoney  to  pnrg«  it  may  bo  aeontigiuty  to  rostnun 
by  the  astringmoT  of  the  bean.  There  ia  do  trardlur  who  in  not  awnre  of 
tJi«  differaaw  in  UM  spirit  and  eontinnaiioe  of  his  horao  wli«tli«r  h^  allow* 
or  dvnios  him  boons  on  his  joarncy.  1'bcy  aflbirl  not  manly  a  temporary 
BtiinnJnH,  but  they  maybe  daily  used  withont  losing  iJiAtr  power,  or  pn> 
dnoinfi  exhaiutioo.  Th«y  are  indispouaable  to  the  hard-worked  tXMu-h 
hone.  Waahy  horara  oould  never  got  through  their  work  wilhoot  them ; 
and  old  horses  woold  ofl«n  sink  under  tho  task  imposed  npon  du'm.  They 
sbovld  not  be  given  to  the  honws  whohi  or  split,  bnt  cmsbcd.  This  will 
Ruiko  a  material  difference  in  the  quantity  or  notHnuiat  tlint  will  bo  ex- 
tracted. They  are  satnelimca  given  to  tnrf  lioraea,  but  only  as  an  occa- 
■iottal  stimolant.  Two  poomls  of  beans  may,  with  advaniaf{L>.  Im  mixed 
with  the  chaff  of  the  aKrii-ultntwl  home,  daring  the  winter.  Iu  snmnivr 
tb<^  ^Buntity  of  beans  should  be  leaseaed,  or  they  slwald  bo  altocirther  dis- 
euutinned.  Beans  are  gMMnlly  givsn  whole.  This  ia  vny  abmtd  ;  fiir 
the  TOang  horve,  whose  teeth  am  strong,  iieldom  reqnires  th«-ui ;  while  the 
old  honie,  to  whom  they  ai«  in  a  manner  netHauuuy,  is  scarmly  able  Lo 
wisstiinUi-  (h«n,  swallows  many  of  theon  whole  wliioh  he  is  nnahle  to  liniak,  i 
aad  drops  mneh  iHirn  from  liis  mouth  in  the  ineSbotoal  attempt  to  cnidi ' 
them.  Ikxnit  iiluiald  not  bo  m<T(dy  iiplil,  Imt  crushed;  they  wiUev'^lheal 
give  snSBoiout  uinplormeat  to  tbu  Bnndcra  of  tho  aninuu.  Some  post-  ' 
aaslem  ue  obaff  wita  beau  instead  of  oats.  With  hardly-worked  horves , 
they  nay  possiUy  be  allowed ;  ba*,  ta  goooinl  cases,  bettna,  wiUioat  oats, 
woud  be  too  binding  and  sttmnlating,  and  would  produce  fnnliif  iirsi.siid 
probahly  mofrrims  or  staggers 

BwtivH  iliould  be  at  least  a  twcl wmuolb  old  larfom  they  nn>  given  to  tha  ] 
horse,  and   should   be  plomp,  and   carefully   preserved   from  damp  and 
mooldiiiess,  whiHi  at  Inwt  di^>gnst  the  Itorse  if  lhi<y  do  no  other  narni, 
and  buboer  an  imtect  that  dostrors  tlie  inner  part  of  the  bean. 

The  straw  of  the  bcaa  ik  nntritave  and  whotr-eome,  and  is  usually  giveni 
to  the  horses.     Its  nntritivo  propaiiies  ara  snppotwd  to  be  little  inienor  U> 
those  of  oats. 

Pus  MO  occasionally  ghm-  Thov  appear  lo  be  in  a  slwht  degree 

aoniMluiig  than  beaoa,  and  not  so  neating.     They  oootatn  five  ban 

mni  soventy-fbar  parts  of  nnlritive  maUi<r.     For  horees  of  slow  weak  th^^ 
may  be  nsed ;  but  tho  quantity  of  chaff  iluiold  bo  increased,  and  a  few 
«als  added.     They  hare  not  boon  found  lo  au»wvr  with  hoises  of  qviek 


rooD. 


ta« 


dmq^A.  It  ia  MMntial  Ifaat  they  ofaoold  bo  cnuhod ;  utlicrwiee,  on  ach 
eoaBtoTtlwirirlotiQlw  ronn,  th^j  ara  mpt  totHKApc  from  tbo  U-cth,  und 
amaj  an  twiiUawed  wbotc.  Kxpoacd  to  vrarmth  luid  uiuiHtuiti  in  tho 
itapf  li,  tbej  Kwell  coiuudi-Tulilv,  iind  mnir  pninfnllv  nad  iuorioualj  <lix- 
tnd  Ik  The  peaa  that  are  given  to  boi-ai^H  nboald  bn  aonita,  and  al  least 
ft  twidrtraoath  old. 

Ib  kibm)  nortbem  oonntrics  pca-mcal  is  frequently  nmx),  not  only  aa  an 
^wjmIUw*  tood  Cor  tlw  bone^  Iml  aa  a  remody  for  diabetcg. 

^*»— "  ia  aoo>e4imea  ciren  to  uctc  bonns — ran',  groDtid,  and  bmled. 
It  ia  aiippoaed  to  be  nsenal  in  cases  of  catarrh.  Mr.  Black,  vrtnrinnr/ 
MiMOUof  the  14th  Dnwoona,  mya,  that  aagar  was  tried  aa  an  nriietc  of 
food  daring  iho  PcninanSir  War.  Ton  hnrscv  were  sclwlcd,  nacli  of  whiok 
got  8  Iba.  a  day  at  IbiimtionB.  Tb^  took  it  very  irndiiy.  and  their  coata 
became  fliw,  Braootb,  and  gloasy.  They  gut  no  corn,  lind  only  7  iba.  of 
hay,  nutood  of  the  ofdinaijr  allowance,  which  is  12  Ibii.  The  sugn^r  W!L-roi.'d 
to  anpplj  the  pbicr  of  the  oom  m  well,  that  it  would  have  been  probably 
giren  abroad  :  bot  [kscu  came,  and  the  rirctunstaooos  that  rondored  the 
■ae  of  Mnr  for  oom  dcdmble  ocoecd,  and  tliu  Iiotma  rotnmcil  to  Ibpir 
vsoal  dJM.  TLat  the  sn^ir  might  ool  be  apprui>riatcd  to  other  purpospit 
ii  waa  rivhily  ficcntiil  with  aasafaitids,  wtuch  did  not  produce  any  ap* 
|«f«itt  eScct  upon  thmi. 

Herbage,  K^tvn  aod  dry,  coofititotea  a  princiraJjpart  of  the  food  of  the 
hone.  Then*  are  few  Ihinga  with  rofrord  to  which  the  farmer  is  so  cure* 
}tw»  u  the  ndnare  cf  gntitt  on  both  his  upland  and  meadow  pasture. 
Haaea  wa  find,  in  the  Manu  field,  lh«  ray-fn'aaa,  coming  to  perfection  only 
in  a  loainr  soil,  not  fit  to  cnt  until  thn  tniddin  nr  tnttiT  nurt  of  July,  and 
yielding  little  aftennath ;  the  meadow  foi-tsul,  Ktrt  euttivatcid  in  a  clayey 
atnl,  fit  for  the  scythe  in  the  beginniu;,'  of  June,  iwd  yielding  a  plentiful 
aflermath ;  the  glaucoas  feecae-KraM;,  rondy  at  tbn  iniddte  i^  June,  and 
rmpidly  detcnovuting  in  mine  an  ila  scwla  ripen  |  and  the  fertile  uii-oiiovr- 
miM,  larreesing  iu  valne  until  the  end  of  July.  Tliese  are  cirenni  stances 
U»e  inmortaDce  of  winch  will,  at  uo  distant  period,  bo  ns^ngnincd.  In  the 
mnaiitinw.  Sinclair's  account  of  Iho  diflVrrnt  gnuvci',  or  tho  condensation 
of  the  moat  important  pait  of  his  work  in  Sir  Humphry  Davy'M  Agrioul- 
twal  Chomuitry,  or  Low's  Elements  of  Practical  Ajj^culture,  are  well 
ili'eeiiiim  of  the  diligent  perusal  of  the  farmer. 

H^  ie  most  in  neriVccion  wbon  it  is  aliout  a  twelv«month  old.  The 
boasa  perfai^is  would  prefer  it  vorliLT,  but  it  is  neither  no  wboluiome  nor 
ao  oatrilire,  and  oHen  has  a  purgative  quality.  When  it  ia  about  a  year 
old,  it  rctaina,  or  dMmld  retain.  soniowbatofit«  green  colour,  itaagreeabla 
sauU|  and  ila  pleasant  IojiIcl  It  hna  undergone  the  slow  prooon  of  fei^ 
■wntetMn,  br  which  the  sqr^  wliicli  it  ountaius  is  dm-cloped,  and  ita 
DDtHtire  qusJity  is  fully  cxerrised.  Old  hay  beoomea  dry  and  tastdeM, 
and  ioantritivB  and  uuRholrHomc.  After  tno  gnaa  is  cut,  and  the  hay 
■(■dud,  a  alight  di-grec  of  funaentatiun  takes  pUce  in  it.  This  is  noces- 
aaij  far  the  dirrrlupiniMit  of  the  Bacch»riuo  principle  ;  but  oncosionolly  it 
pavoBodt  too  £u-  and  the  hay  becomm  movifrum',  in  which  idate  it  is  injuri. 
oBM,  flr  CTVo  poisODona.  The  horee  soon  showa  the  eF»et  wliioh  it  has  npon 
him.  He  hae  dinbatcK  to  a  conniderable  degroO — he  bevonie*  hidebtmnd-- 
his  etmgth  is  wasted— hi*  thirat  ia  exoesamvend  ho  is  almost  worthlnu). 

Vlisretheityttcmof  mati;;er-foeding  is  not  adupU-d,  or  where  hay  is  still 
■Uvwcd  at  night,  and  choiT  and  mm  in  the  day.  tliero  m  no  error  into 
whdd  the  farrarris  so  apt  t')faU  as  to  give  an  nndue  ([uantity  oflwy,  and 
that  gmcrnilly  vf  the  wont  kind.  If  the  mnngcr-iiyittem  is  good,  tliero  can 
tat  BO  iwownty  fur  hay.  or  only  for  a  amoll  quantity  of  it ;  but  if  the  rack 
ia  Offerlosdod,  tbo  greedy  horto  will  be  eating  all  night,  instead  of  taking 


VJ9 


FOOD. 


his  rest — irhca  tbe  time  for  th«  morDm?  f>^  arrivM,  bin  atoinacb  will  Ixt 
■Ireadj  fiUexl,  and  he  will  bo  1m«  oapabb  of  work  from  tfae  vraiit  of  alii.-})^ 
nnd  from  the  long-oontiniMxl  diitensioii  of  the  stomach  rcndcnng  it  iiuims. 
iiihln  for  tho  food  to  bo  properly  digested. 

or  tliu  voluo  of  Tares,  as  forming  a  portion  of  lh«  lutv  Kpring  (md  iiniii- 
BUr  food  of  tho  stsbled  and  aericnltnrHl  liorae,  there  cau  be  uo  donbt. 
iniOT  are  cut  aftw  the  pods  arc  formed,  but  a  connderablo  time  before  ilia 
tcrja  arc  ripe.  Thi-_v  supply  a  l&rjifpr  qnnntity  of  food  for  »  limitod  tinw 
tliaii  aliiioet  any  otlior  forago-crop.  TIir  Vida  milivii  in  the  most  profitkbta 
Tariff  of  tho  tJirr.  It  in  TDry  nutriiive,  aod  acta  a^  a  j^utlu  apiri-i<Ttit. 
When  unrfeit-lamiu  »j>pRU'  on  tho  akin,  and  Iho  borne  begins  to  rub  him- 
self BRkiiul  the  divisiuufl  of  tlie  stall,  and  ttici  Icgn  nwcll,  nnd  Ibo  beeli 
threaten  to  crsck,  %  few  tares,  cnt  itii  with  tho  fhuff,  or  given  iniitond  of) 
portion  of  the  hnv,  will  afford  wiiiiiiucmblo  reUet  Ten  or  twelve  pooinrfs 
tn»y  be  allowed  cli^Iy,  and  half  that  wi-i(,'ht  of  hay  sobtracted.  It  is  ft 
erroneous  notion,  that,  g-Iven  in  inodei'»t<'  (jnantitice,  they  oithor 
tli«  coat  or  lessen  tho  CApnbilitf  for  hard  work. 

Bn  OuiUi  nffordii  &  valnnblc  article  of  food,  htit  i»  inferior  to  the  Iatci. 
It  is  not  Mu  nutritive.  It  it)  apt  to  scour  and,  oeoasiou&Uy,  and  late  in  tbtt 
Bprinff,  it  has  appeared  to  be  ii^orioas  to  the  horse. 

CLOTEit,  for  Fading  tho  bono,  is  infcnor  to  the  tim)  and  the  tjx>  gnus, 
bat  DoTcrthclciui  ut  ucAil  when  th^  cannot  be  obtained.  CIotlt  hay  in, 
p«rhapa,  pr«feruhlt>  to  meadow  hay  kr  chaff.  It  will  aometimee  tempt  tba 
sick  horse,  and  may  be  given  with  adntDtsge  to  thoio  of  »Iow  and  oM^ 
work  ;  bot  ciulom  sootna  properly  (o  havo  forbidden  it  to  tho  faaDt«r  and 
the  haokney. 

LccERU,  where  it  mn  be  obtiuned,  in  preferable  even  to  t&res,  and  SjiiK- 
roix  is  superior  to  lucem.  Although  (hoy  contain  but  a  sinnll  quantity 
of  nutritive  matter,  it  is  easily  digi-Htod,  and  perfectly  aiwimiUtcd.  Th^j 
•pMilily  put  both  moMite  and  fat  <m  the  hurtie  that  is  worn  down  by  labotuy| 
and  they  are  abnoit  a  Bpeeifio  for  bide-boond.  Somefanncis  have  thuughfi 
BO  highly  of  Inoem  as  to  mbstitiita  it  for  ont«.  This  nay  bo  allowablo  for 
Ihn  agriciiltntal  honw  of  itow  ai;d  not  acvfro  work,  bnt  ho  from  whom 
s{)WHlicr  action  iii  somrlimc-s  re<inired,  and  the  horee  of  all  work,  must  haro 
a  OTOportion  of  hftrd  moat  within  him. 

Tit  SwKDisn  TcBJiiF  in  an  article  of  food  Iho  vnlne  of  which  ha«  not 
been  anffidently  appreciated,  and  particnlarly  for  ngricnltural  borsoa.  A 
tfaoDgfa  it  is  far  trma  oontainioK  the  qnantlty  of  nntritire  malt«r  wluc 
has  been  supposed,  that  which  it  haAxccmn  to  be  capable  of  easy  and  con^' 
nlets  digealioo.  It  ■Iwnld  he  kUi;'!^  with  r.hopped  straw,  and  witboitt  hay. 
It  qiucl3yfkUeD8thehor«e.  and  producM  a  smooth  gloaity  coat  iind  alooao 
skin.  It  will  bo  good  pimctico  to  give  it  once  in  tho  day,  and  that  at  n^it 
when  the  work  in  done 

Carbots. — The  rirtoM  of  this  mot  arc  not  cnfficivntly  known,  whether 
as  oonlHbuting  to  the  strength  and  inidunuicc  of  the  wonnd  horxc,  or  lh*J 
rapid  reooveiy  of  the  sick  one.  To  tlie  healtliy  horse  they  should  ho  girmf 
sliced  in  his  chaff.  Haifa  bnfihcl  will  he  »  large  daily  allowance.  Then 
is  littlo  prorcndiTr  of  which  the  honw  is  fundt-r.  1'nc  following  account 
of  the  value  of  the  carrot  is  not  exaggerated  in  Stowart  in  hut  Stafala 
Koonomj.  'This  root  is  held  in  much  esteem.  There  is  noae  better,  nor 
perh^aao  good.  When  first  givMi  it  is  iiiighily  dinretic  and  fauatrrc) 
Dul  as  the  norao  bcannes  acoustomed  to  it  tlicMi  effRots  ctaao  to  be  pn>> 
duMd.  They  also  improve  tho  state  ofthe  skin.  They  fonn  a  good  sub. 
fltit(it«  for  (rnuu^  and  ao  cxcellont  idteralive  for  horse*  out  of  cODditioa.., 
To  siok  and  idtc  lionm  they  n-udiT  com  unnivnunry.  They  are  bcoefic 
is  all  chraojo  dJaeaiiL-a  Mmnoctod   with  breathing,  and  bare  a  BMrite 


rooD. 


117 


I 


Mocace  apon  dirouic  coagh  ftod  bfokt-D  mnd.  TVr  orv  E^rviotsble  in 
lliBt— M  of  lb*  aidn.  And  in  combination  with  otda  Uioy  restore  &  work 
hone  nacb  sooiwr  tluui  oats  iklonc.' 

PoTftion  han  been  givm,  »od  «!tJi  ndruitM;o,  in  thfitr  nw  etat«,  iili«nl 
wilh  tbo  ch*ff ;  bot,  wluitv  it  baa  bvL-u  eonvenicBt  to  boil  or  Bt«*ui  ihtm, 
fbc  boooAt  bas  beeo  &r  mora  evideuL  PorKuifc  Ium  tbcn  nmiy  cavned. 
SoDM  h&v*  gmo  boiled  potatom  ftkmc.  and  homos,  iaNt««d  of  r^octing 
tfacm,  hftvo  •oon  preferrvd  thorn  even  to  tfa*  o*t ;  bnt  it  ia  belter  to  r»^ix 
tbetn  witli  tlw  Banal  nungor  feed,  in  tlic  [iropartion  of  one  poBnd  of  potatoes, 
to  two  and  a  half  poonda  of  lbs  other  in^indieDtti.  Tbo  lutc  of  Iho  potatoe 
noat  depend  on  ila  chnpiMas,  and  the  wciliir  for  boiling  it.  Half  adoasn 
bona*  would  aooD  repa^  the  cxpnuc  of  a  atMninr  botier  in  the  aaving  of 
pgoTcaider,  witbotit  taking;  tnto  the  acooant  their  nupvoTed  cooditton  aiul 
BMfMhij  for  wotk.  Prdiusaar  Loir  saj-s  that  15  Iba.  of  pototors  pold  as 
much  aoiuiahDMiit  aa  four  poonda  and  a  half  of  oota.  Von  Thayer  mworts 
that  three  bushels  ai«  aqtwl  to  Hi  lbs.  of  hay,  and  Carurcn,*  who  tried 
pofatoca  fatcnuiTiJj  in  the  feeding  of  borsea,  aan  that  an  acre  f;Qix  tm  &ir 
■a  foor  ncmt  of  Lay.  A  faorae  fed  on  potatoes  b1i«i1H  havo  hia  qoanti^  of 
wster  materially  cortailed. 

Ftra  ba«  aomotifnM  been  giron  during  the  winter  montha.  There  is 
eoaaUUnblo  troable  attending  the  pnrpantdon  of  it,  althoa^ih  it«  ploi- 
tifUnaae  and  little  raloo  for  other  purposes  would,  on  a  large  Cnna,  wdl 
r^i^  that  trouble.  The  tone  b  oat  down  at  ubiiiit  tliree  or  fear  years* 
growtb ;  tbe  greeu  branches  of  that  and  the  pn-ovding  yi<ar  are  bruiMd  In 
a  mU,  and  then  given  to  tbo  horeea  in  the  state  in  which  they  oomo  &oni 
a*  Bdn,  or  cot  np  with  the  ohalf,  Horsca  arc  vrry  fond  of  it.  If  tweot  j 
p'imdf  of  the  funio  are  given,  fire  ponnda  of  atnw,  the  beana,  and  threo 
ponnda  oC  the  <Ma,  may  be  withdrawn. 

It  mt^  not  be  uninteresting  to  oonclade  thin  catiOogiie  of  the  diifonat 

artklea  of  horse-food  with  a  ust  of  the  qnantttic*  of  nutritive  matter  onot- 

tarasd  is  each  of  theni;  for  atthonghthMu  quAutitii.ii  cannot  be  eonaidaicd 

■saxRvaai]^  the  aetnal  value  of  eat-b.  Umtsum.' other  circumstanoeabeeidea 

the  ample  ^joantity  of  nntrimoat  eocin  to  iiiilumoc  their  cA^  in  anppdrt* 

big  fte  abrsngth  wid  condition  of  the  hontc,  yi-t  tnanj^  a  osofnl  hint  naj 

ba  itaii^wl  wun  the  bnner  looks  over  the  prulucc  »f  bi>  noil,  and  inquires 

wba4  other  ri  seats  or  vegetables  nuKht  suit  liia  l&od.    Tbe  list  is  partly 

tafcea  Ikra  Sir  Humphry  Davy's  Agricaltnial  Chemistry : — 1,000  parim  of 

«hMt  contain  955  part*  of  natntirc  Rmtbrr ;  bsriey,  930 ;  oats,  743  ;  peu, 

Wi:  beans,  570 ;  potatoes,  230 ;  red  U-«t,  148 ;  paraiips,  99 ;  carrots,  98. 

OC  ike  greats,  l.OiX)  parts  of  tbe  meadow  cat'a-tail  contain,  at  the  time  of 

■tAi|^  98  parts  of  nntritire  matter ;  narrow-leaved  meadow  gnuts  in 

wd,  aptd  swest-aoeotdd  soft  giaaa  in  flower,  95  ;  narrow-leaved  and  fiat- 

<*dliid  maadow  grs<a  in  ilowcr,  fertile  meadow  gru«a  in  ih«H,  and  IaIJ 

(■(«•  in  Sower,  9S;  fertile  meadow  grass,  meadow  fobcue,  r««U-lii:vf<.'»cn(-, 

*>'  cneping  soA  gnwu  in  flowor,  78 ;  swect-eceoted  aoft  grass  in  Howor, 

1*4  lbs  aft«nnatb,  77;  fiorin,  cut  in  Llio  winter,  7(>;  talllrsctio,  in  tho 

■Aaaatb,  snd  mcaduw  soA  Rnw  in  fiower,  74 ;   cabbage,  73 ;   cresu^d 

^(.tsQ  and   brome   when  Sowering,   71;   yellow   oat,   in  Bower,  66; 

B*(dish  toruips,  64;  narrow- IcnTtnl  mrfwlow  t^nn,  crcpiiig  beet,  round- 

^Mded  eochafbot,  and  iqnknl  f(«(;ue^  :>9 ;  roughish  an  J  fertUe  meadow 

Bowrrinp,  ^0 ;  fiorin,  in  summer,   54 ;  common  turnips,  42  ;  aain- 

,  aad  broad-kaved  and  long-rooted  clover,  S9 ;  white  clover,  33 ;  and 

.S3. 

I  times  of  feeding  sbonid  be  aa  oqnally  divided  as  oonventcnee  will 

t;  and  when  it  i»  likely  that  the  hone  will  be  kept  longer  Ifaaansoal 

V^varisblj  be  takeo.    Tbe  amaU  i 


IM 


FOOD. 


of  tli«  liono  IN  amptiod  in  n  tuw  buurit ;  &tid  if  he  is  anffurod  (o  renaiit 
bnngiy  tnneli  bejond  his  aocvstomcd  time,  ho  irill  nnorimnlM  dcvonr  his 
food  SQ  TonciouUf  u  b>  distend  tha  stonmrh  und  dulMigur  un  uttaolc  of 
atagS'en.  Wbrn  thii>  tlinnuii!  A.iipc»r«  iu  tiut  fiumur's  stalile,  he  nuj 
littnbato  H  ta  vtmunit  cuuam  ;  iiw  true  one,  iu  Lli«  uu^ority  of  inslanns, 
in  imvidiuaijr  in  ftM^diiiK-  When  extra  work  is  rpqnirca  fram  tbo  Bniiunl, 
the  sjatcm  of  manaf^moot  is  oi\iMi  injndidoDO,  Inr  »  dmiblt*  fL<cd  i«  pst 
before  him,  wnd  b«  soon  u  hn  luis  GwiUlowcd  it  lie  ia  Hlart«d.  It  woulii  bn 
br  botlcr  to  give  bim  n  duubU-  feed  oii  Uic  pmriona  oToning,  wbicb  would 
be  diaiMtai  before  be  is  wanted,  and  then  he  might  sot  ont  in  the  mom- 
iDf;  aiWr  a  T«rj  small  portion  of  com  haa  bocn  eivm  to  him,  or  perhnps 
oiil;-  n  littlo  hay.  Odd  of  the  taost  snccc^sfut  mctuoda  of  enabling  n  horw: 
to  tfrt  well  throuEcb  n  lung  jounicy  ia  to  give  liiin  onlj'  a  lilUe  at  a  timu 
while  on  tlio  loud,  luid  ul  iii;;lit  lo  iiiilul(^  liirn  with  a  donble  food  of  ooru 
and  a  foil  allowance  of  beans. 

WiTM. — ThiN  lA  It  part  of  dnblo  moDagnncnt  littlo  rognnlnd  bj  tho 
bimcr.  He  U.-ta  hin  }ii)r>H.-n  Iooihi  muniing  mid  uight,  and  tbu}'  (,■«  tu  Ihn 
BcuMt  poud  or  bro(^  and  driuk  t)it-ir  fill,  aud  no  liann  results,  for  ihcj 
obttin  tliat  kind  of  wstor  whic-b  nnturo  dongned  them  to  bttTe,  in  » 
MWDSor  pnnMircd  for  thi'io  hy  Kome  unknown  iiiflu<iDce  of  the  almoepben^ 
aa  wdl  aa  far  the  dopa«ition  of  nuuij  wdine  ftdmuclarMi.  The  diArenoo 
between  htm  and  sofl  water  is  koowa  to  ercryone.  !□  liard  water  aoop 
will  curdle,  regetables  will  not  boil  aoft*  attd  tho  sacclinrine  matter  of  Uio 
mnlt  oannot  bi^  liill;  obtained  in  the  pTOCeH  of  brewing.  There  is  notliing 
in  irhicli  the  difiinvnt  eSiiCt  of  hard  and  soft  water  ia  ku  rvittrnt  iu>  in  tlto 
stomavh  and  di|{e>tive  o»acs  of  tho  hone.  Hard  water,  drawn  fn-^h 
from  tJie  well,  wUl  aAsmvdly  make  the  ccuil  of  a  horse  uiiaocustoiued  to  it 
atatD,  and  it  will  not  nnfrcqnrntlif  gripe  and  othrrwino  injure  him.  lu- 
stinct  or  cotporipnce  has  mnde  trt-cn  tho  borwo  himself  oonncioiui  of  ihif, 
for  he  will  nenr  drink  bard  water  if  he  ban  accoca  tu  nofl,  and  he  will 
leave  the  most  tnuDsparent  and  piire  water  of  tho  well  for  a  river,  alllioagh 
tha  stream  may  be  turbid,  nnil  ereo  for  tJie  muddiest  pool. 

Some  trainera  have  so  mnr.b  r<«r  of  hard  or  Ftrangc  wntds*,  that  tboj 
cany  with  them  to  the  diffcreet  courses  Uie  whIlt  tlu>t  tha  anioHd  haa 
brm  rwxmstnmrd  to  drink,  and  that  whic^  they  know  of^reee  with  iL 

He  in  injanxl,  howorcr,  not  so  much  by  tlto  hardness  of  the  well-water 
as  bj  ita  coldneoB — purticubirly  by  ila  ooldnnui  in  sommer,  and  when  it  is 
many  decrees  below  (he  tempetatore  of  the  atmospberv.  The  water  in 
the  brook  and  tlie  pond  being  warmod  by  long  exposure  to  the  air,  as  well 
as  luving  become  soA,  the  horm  tbinka  freely  of  it  without  danger. 

If  the  horse  were  watered  ihroo  timea  a  day,  and  ospoeially  in  tmrnmar, 
he  would  oftoD  be  Baved  from  the  sad  tortoie  ef  thirrt,  and  from  many  a 
diawso.  Whoever  has  obsorved  t-he  (•geniesa  willi  nliieh  Ibe  over-workMl 
bone^  hot  and  tited,  plnngca  his  tnnutu  into  tha  pail,  and  the  difficulty  of 
slopping  liiin  until  hv  )iaa  dnined  the  last  droj^  may  form  soum  idea  of 
wliat  he  had  prciioosly  suffered,  and  will  not  wonder  at  the  viokict 
cpiiKmi,  nnd  inflammntion,  and  Knildcn  death,  that  often  rMultd 

Then-  i»  a  prejudice  in  the  mindH  itf  mnnr  pentoos  against  the  bona 
bi-ing  fairly  ftopplii-d  with  wat^r.  Thi'y  thitiK  that  it  injures  his  wtad, 
sitd  disaUca  him  for  quick  and  hard  a-ork.  If  ho  is  galloped,  na  he  too 
oden  IS)  itmnedtately  after  drinking,  his  wind  may  be  irrepatably  injared  -, 
but  if  he  were  oRoneT  suflrrcd  to  satiate  hii  thirst  at  the  mter^ls  of  real, 
ha  would  he  buppjer  and  bettur.  It  is  a  furt  anKii,FpM-t4^  by  thoiw  who 
hare  not  rar^fully  observed  the  horse,  that  if  lie  hits  frnqooat  aonma  to 
water  be  vrill  not  drink  so  much  in  tho  ronne  of  the  day,  aa  aaothor  will 
do,  who,  to  oDol  hia  parched  month,  swalkiws  as  fast  aa  lie  can,  and  know* 
tiot  when  to  stofi^ 


M 


TIIR   ZOOLOGICAL   CLASS IPICATIOM   OF   TtlE   IIOKSG.  IS'J 

K  jonnu^,  B  bvne  «lioDld  be  Ubrrttlty  sopntird  vrilli  wnlpr.  Wheoi  lie 
~ti  a  bttie  ooojed,  two  or  three  cjnarbi  maj  be  givrii  Ui  him,  luul  after  ttuU, 
kU  find.  Before  he  baa  fiuioliM  hu  com  two  or  llirtw  quurtu  moro  mny 
b«  cAnd.  Ua  w31  tAko  no  barm  if  this  is  rapcated  three  or  four  ilnm 
ilin'ifg  ■  Ions  *od  hot  d*v. 

It  u  ft  jadtcioiu  rule  with  IrftvellerM,  that  wIkd  ft  lionic  Iw^iut  to  refuse 
hi*  food,  lie  ohoold  be  pnsLed  no  farther  that  dajr.  It  may,  lionc\-tr,  bo 
wortk  wiiila  to  try  wht^Jior  tJiis  doe*  not  prooeed  front  Uuret,  as  uiuch  an 
from  cxlmutioii,  for  in  many  inxtnnccs  his  appettto  and  his  spirits  will 
i«tain  BOOB  after  be  luta  partaken  of  the  ntfrvaliing  diftnght. 


CHAPTER  VIL 

THE  ZOOLOOICAL  CLASSIFICATION   OF   TIIK  HORSE. 

«ra  K>  many  thoiuand  itpccica  of  liring  bcrinea,  »onio  so  much 
ibling  eftch  other,  and  othen  ao  atranf^y  nud  altognthor  difTurvnt, 
thfti  H  vonld  hftre  been  impoasible  to  bave  arran^^d  iliem  in  any  unlcr, 
or  to  hava  g^vco  any  dwcripitton  tbnt  coaUl  bo  nnderstood,  had  not 
BatVftliata  a^n<rd  on  certain  p«cnliarittea  of  form  which  should  cha> 
ructtnaa  ecrfftin  claaaeti,  auil  otoer  leoaer  peculiariticH  again  aubdividii^ 
thmc  dwtn. 

Th«  first  dinsiod  of  animals  ia  into  wrUbnUd  and  mvertebrated, 
VmMfnlnd  aaimab  are  thoao  whii^  hftve  ft  enoniuiTi,  or  bonjr  cnritj 
omtfttBing  tha  fanin,  and  a  ancoeenon  of  bones  osllcd  the  tpinv,  and  tbtt 
divMoaa  ot  it  named  wiUbnr,  proceeding  from  the  cmnium ,  and  contamiiitj 
a  prolongation  of  tbp  Inain,  dt^ominntoa  tho  rpinal  marrmo. 
tmtvtgbraltd  BtiiiaBli>  are  lho!ti>  wUiob  bnvo  no  Tort«1)r». 
The  lioise,  thru,  hvl'iuga  to  tho  Jk-ixiim  ctrlebraUd,  because  he  has  a 
aanhun  or  aknll,  and  a  fjiioe  or  laoffo  of  vertcbna  procoadine  from  it. 

The  Tsrt«braiod  onimali  an!  cxocndingly  nnmoran*.  Tiuy  tncjndo  man, 
^oadrvpoda  of  all  kiniLt,  birdii,  &thei^  and  nutiiy  reptikii.  Wo  natarally 
took  lor  mmte  aubdiTiuon,  and  a  very  aimiile  line  of  dlatincUon  ia  souu 
priwated.  Certain  of  thexi  v«rtebrMed  animals  l>»vo  mamma  or  taata, 
with  whiob  the  female  anoklo  their  vanng.  Tlio  human  fomnlo  has  two. 
Ilia  Ban  has  two,  the  cow  four,  Ui«  bitch  t«u  or  twcJre,  aui!  the  aow  more 
thaatwelre. 

Tins  cUm  of  rcrtahratcd  unimala  baring  mammm  or  ti-Atti  in  called 
wi^walhs  ;  and  the  faorsa  behmgt  to  the  cliviiiiou  ivricbrala,  luid  the  claw 
aiiftalM. 

nadaa  mammalia  is  still  exceedingly  large,  and  we  most  again  sub- 
JHi^it.  It  in  KtatiHt  (r,dbraiy  of  Entcrtiiining  Knnwlrdg(\  vnl.  i.  p.  13) 
Ait '  this  cbuM  of  quadrupeds,  or  niammifuroiui  quadrupt-'dK,  admtta  of  a 
*nw>n  into  two  Tnitw. 

'I  TLoae  whoao  c-xln-mitics  an  divided  into  Gngoia  or  toen,  seifRti. 
'otf  called  an^uiftilalii,  from  the  Latiu  word  for  nail ;  and  EI.  Thoao 
*W  cxtrvmiti«s  are  hoofed,  edenlifically  called  wn^uIaCo,  from  the  I^ntin 
■art  fiw  biyif. 

'TLe  cxtrpmitics  of  iIm.'  first  are  amnjd  with  claws  or  naila,  which 
liUu  tbrm  to  grasp,  lu  cliinh,  or  to  burrow.  Tli«  oxtromitica  of  tbe 
''Rnd  tribe  an  emplojed  merely  lo  sapport  and  move  tlin  hudv.* 

The  MtPMHtMntt  c^  the  horao  ai-c  corrrrd  with  a  hoof  by  which  tho  body 
>■  (opparied.  and  with  whkh  hi?  cannot  grasp  anything,  and  tltcrvfbne  be 
Wm^  to  ti^  trii«  untftttaia  or  hooftd. 
Bat  Oun  is  a  great  rarioty  of  hoofod  animalN.    The  elephant,  tl\a 


140 


THK  SKKLCTOX   OP  THE  H0R8B. 


rbinoctiroH,  ti\f  hippiipotamux,  thv  sirino,  tko  liontc,  tUo  Nh<H']t,  tlio  dtcr, 
uul  many  otIicrN,  mv  ungtiinUil  or  hoo/ed;  Hv-y  iwlniit,  biin-i-vrrr,  of  an 
eeary  divUiou.  Somo  of  Uicui  tiuutioatc,  or  cbew  their  food,  ami  it  ia  im* 
llM>atat«ly  T«K>oivctl  into  tli«  stomach  and  dif^ted ;  hot  in  otla-r*  iho  food, 
pn<T>ouB  to  digratioti,  undergoes  a  very  Htognlar  process.  It  U  n-tnrnod 
to  the  mouth  to  bo  rcmiuilicatcd,  or  chewed  n^'ain.  Tlicae  arv  callixt 
ruminattia,  or  mini'rutnif,  froDi  tho  food  being  rctnrtiod  from  one  uf  tbo 
stomachs  (for  they  bare  foar).caJlod  thu  rutwn  nr  paunch,  for  the  puqioiw 
of  remasticntinn. 

The  ungulala  that  do  not  rurainat*!  an%  Homcwhat  immnpcrlv,  caUasl 
jpa^tudermaitt,  from  tbo  thickucKS  of  tbcir  Kkin*.  Tbr  bono  does  not 
rmmnato,  and  tborvfuru  b<?loug!J  to  the  vnler  jmchijdennala. 

Tbv  pnchyJiToialii  who  liave  only  one  toe  belouK  to  Ibc  famili/  >ioiip«da 
— ^inale./odftvf.  Tlierefore  tlie  horse  ranks  nnder  the  divinion  rortobiata — 
tlio  cfatsft  mammalia— 4be  tribe  un^lnt^— the  order  (lachydorinata — and 
the  Cunitj  solipeda. 

The  solipe«la  oonast  of  several  tpetuM,  as  the  liorae,  the  aau,  the  maiet 
and  theqnagga. 

Knt  Maiulo  the  Kqcijs  Cuiallvs,  or  Coxuo!!  lIuRse. 

Animala  are  likewiMt  diatJnguinbed  according  to  the  number,  deacri|^ 
tiou,  and  idtoation  of  their  teeth.  Th«  horse  has  aix  innnort  or  et^ima 
to«tb  in  the  front  of  each  jaw  )  and  ono  oxnine  tooth  or  iiuk. 

On  cnvb  jiide,  above  and  bulow- — at  sDmo  distance  from  tho  incisan, 
and  liobind  the  canines,  and  with  some  inUirvoning  spac«^~are  six  molor 
toctb,  or  grinders;  and  those  molar  t«eth  have  flat  crowns,  with  ridge*  <rf 
cnantitl,  and  ibnt  enamel  penetrating  into  the  anbiitanco  of  the  tooth. 

The  whole  is  tbtis  repnnent«d  by  natural  hiittorians: — 

Horee.^ — Incisora  -;.  caninu»  ,^|.  molar -^—,.     Total,  for^  t«etli. 


«    Tbrfe^wnr  nwaillsfy  er  aadN  jaw. 


THE  MUSCLES  OF  THE  HOBSE.  141 

i  Tlie  ■operior  mszilluy  or  npper  jaw.  A  little  Imrec  down  than  Ihe  lettar  i«  n  ftiramoi, 
Ihraogli  which  paai  the  Darvss  sod  blood-Tesseli  which  chiefly  luppl;  the  lovat 
put  ^  the  bee. 

t  Tba  raUt,  or  cavity  contaiiiiDg  ths  Kja. 

d  The  nanl  hones,  or  bones  of  the  aoan. 

t  Tb4  intnn  dividing  the  parietal  bones  below  frum  the  oodptal  bones  abon. 

/  The  infsrior  mojillary  bone,  contflining  the  upper  incisor  teeth. 

B  ^e  Serea  Cerrical  Tertebne,  or  bones  of  the  neck. 

C  The  Eighteen  Dorsal  Venebm.  or  bonea  of  the  back. 

D  The  Six  Lumbar  Vertebne,  or  bones  of  the  loins. 

£  The  Five  Sacral  Vertebne,  or  bones  of  the  hannch. 

F  The  Caudal  VertehrEc,  or  bones  of  the  tail,  geneisUy  about  flftsen. 

0  The  Scapula,  or  Bhonldei--blade. 

H   The  Steranm,  or  foropart  of  the  cbest 

1  The  Costs  or  ribs,  eight  ardculacing  vith  the  stemnm,  and  called  the  trvt  ribi,  and 

ten  onited  together  b;  cartilage,  called  Iha/aite  ribl. 
J     The  Humerus,  or  upper  bona  of  the  arm. 
K  The  Radius,  or  bone  of  the  fore-arm. 

L    The  tTloa,  or  elbow.    The  point  of  the  elbow  is  called  the  OleoonoD. 
M  The  Carpus  or  knee,  consisting  of  seceD  bones. 
N    The  metacarpal  boses.     The  larger  melacarpol  or  cannon  or  shank  in  front,  and  the 

smaller  metacarpal  or  apliot  bope  behind. 
y    The  paatem,  con  anting  of  the  O9  Suffrsgiuis,  or  the  upper  and  larger  psotem  bone, 

with  the  sesamoid  bones  behind,   articuladng  with  the  coddod  and   grsBter 

postern ;  A,  the  Os  Coronse,  or  lesser  pontern ;  t,  the  Os  Pedis  or  coffin  bone, 

and  the  Os  Navicular,  or  navii^Qlar,  or  ahuttle-boDe,  not  seen,   and  articulating 

with  the  gmalJer  pastern  and  coffin  bones. 
ff  Hi  The  corresponding  bones  of  the  hind-feet. 

0   The  Haunch,  ooosiBtiDg  of  three  portions,  the  Iliaio,  the  Ischiam,  sad  the  Pubis. 
V    The  Femur  or  thigh. 
Q   The  stiflejoint  with  the  Patella. 

R   The  Tibia  or  [ooper  leg-bone — behind  is  a  small  bone  called  the  fibula. 
B    The  Tsrsns  or  hock,  composed  of  ax  bones.      The  promineDt  part  is  the  Os  CaLas,  or 

point  of  the  hock. 
T   The  Metatarsals  of  the  hind  leg. 

THE  MUSCLES  OF  THS   HOSBK. 

Having  finished  the  deacriptioii  of  ihe  skeleton,  it  mar  now  be  desiiA- 
lle  to  give  the  more  important  of  the  mnscles  bj  which  they  are  acted 
<m ;  this  description,  however,  mnst  be  a  very  general  <me,  and  will  be 
limited  t«  the  first  hiyer  of  moBcles,  or  those  found  immediately  under  the 
sidn,  on  wbich,  however,  the  shape  and  power  of  the  SJiimal,  to  a  very 
considerable  degree,  depends ;  one  plate  will  be  sufficient  to  delineate 
these,  and  its  descriptiou  will  include  all  that  is  necessary  for  the  general 
reader  to  be  acqn^nted  with. 

1.  Levator  Angliosis,  is  a  portion  of  the  paniculus  camosoB  converpng 
towards  the  angle  of  the  month,  which  it  retracts  or  draws  back.  2. 
Retractor  Lahii  Saperunis,  arises  from  the  superior  portion  of  the  mazil- 
laiy  bone,  and  is  inserted  into  the  upper  part  of  the  angle  of  the  mouth, 
wluch  it  draws  on  one  side.  8.  Levator  Lahii  SitperiorU  alaqtte  Nan, 
arises  from  the  junction  of  the  lachiymal,  nasal,  and  superior  maxillary 
bones,  and  divides  into  two  parts,  one  inserted  in  the  lateral  part  of  the 
nostril,  and  the  other  into  the  upper  and  lateral  part  of  flie  lip  ;  its  actioa 
is  to  raise  the  lip  and  dilate  the  nostril. 

4.  Zygomatics,  arises  from  the  zygomatic  ridge,  and  is  also  inserted 
into  the  angle  of  the  month,  which  it  retracts.  5.  Oanimit  is  a  penniform 
muscle  r  the  superior  portion  arises  from  the  superior  maztUaiy  bone,  a 
littb  above  the  upper  canine  tooth ;  the  lower  from  the  posterior  maxil- 
lary, just  below  the  lower  canine  tooth ;  the  two  meet  .each  other  in  the 
space  between  the  upper  and  lower  jaw ;  it«  use  is  to  compress  the  cheeks. 
6.  BiKcinalor  arises  from  the  superior  and  inferior  maxillary  bones,  from 
just  above  and  below  the  edges  of  the  alveolar  sockets,  a  little  posterior  ta 


us  TUB  Ml'SCLES  OF  THE  UORSB. 

the  last  molar  tooth— ia  inBCrted  in  the  corner  of  the  month,  and  amistii 
tJio  tongue  in  moving  abont  the  pellet  of  food  in  the  act  of  mastication. 
7.  Retractor  Labii  hijerwria  &nsc8  from  the  lower  jaw,  aa  lar  back  u 


the  last  molar  tooth,  whcro  it  becomes  blended  n-ith  the  orbicataris  ons, 
and  is  inserted  into  the  inferior  part  of  the  lower  lip,  which  it  retracts. 
8.  6.  Punuieuiiu  Cnmo»n»,  a  portion  of  a  thin  niuKcle  xprcad  orer  the  head, 
neck,  and  body,  to  cormgatc  the  skin  whi'n  irritiitt-d,  as  a  compensation 
for  the  want  of  hands.  9.  Orbicularig  Falpehrani,  sniToniidB  tie  anrfitoe 
of  the  eyelids.  10.  Temparalia  arises  from  the  occiput,  frontal,  parietal, 
squamous,  temporal,  and  sphenoid  boms,  and  is  inttcrtcd  in  the  caracoid 
process  of  the  lower  jaw  ;  its  office  is  to  close  the  month.  1 1 .  Orhicmlarii 
Oris  surronnds  the  utouth,  is  more  developed  in  the  upper  than  in  tbo 
lower  lip  ;  its  action  is  to  close  the  lips. 

12.  12.  12.  Levator  Humeri,  arises  from  the  mastoid  process  of  tka 
petrous  temporal  bone,  tlio  wing  of  the  atlas,  from  the  second,  third,  and 
fooTtb  cervical  vertcbrtc,  and  from  the  lower  jwrtion  of  the  ligamentnm 
nuchie  ;  it  is  inserted  into  the  anterior  and  inferior  |>art  of  tlic  hnmem^ 
and  its  action,  when  the  head  is  fixed,  is  to  advance  the  foreleg,  or  when 
the  legs  are  fixed,  one  mnsclo  will  pull  the  head  on  one  side,  or  both  will 
curve  the  head  downwards.     13.  The  S/'h'nius  arises  from  the  maBiud 

SiroccM  of  the  petrous  tcmjtoral  bone,  the  spines  of  the  second,  third,  and 
burth  dorsal  vcrtebne,  and  is  inserted  into  the  five  first  ci'i-vical  vvrUAnm 
and  wing  of  the  atlas ;  it  curves  the  head  on  one  nidc  or,  Iwth  acting,  nise 
it.  14.  The  I'arulid  Olaud,  which  secretes  the  most  cunHiderable  portion 
of  the  saliva. 

A.  TrajK-ii'm  arisefl  from  the  M-<'ond  to  the  eleventh  dorsal,  and  frem 
the  ligamcnlum  nuchio,  as  far  furwuni  as  the  third  cervical  vertefarw  ;  it  ia 
inser1e<l  into  the  spine  of  the  scapula,  and  it«  action  is  to  draw  the  sfaouldw 
upwards  and  backwarda. 


The   UUSCLtS   OP   TDE   nORSB. 


143 


Caiumnw  Porti  sriMM  from  Uio  tutcia  of  tho  loins,  and  Um  snperior 
*  GgaoieBti  it  ia  itia«v1«d  into  ikv  itimr  oiilo  »f  the  biunrma;  it  nida 
'SCtng  tl)«  nnn  and  bracing  the  musck-a  uf  thu  liack. 

J.  l\aitiu  Bpituxhit  w  ikttncKcd  to  tbo  wholo  sarfocp  of  tlie  posterior  foami 
■f  tfc*  loapBla ;  it  u  inKcrtnl  into  tho  hmncrns  n  litllo  beliind  th«  ciut<.'r 
taberda^  and  abo  to  tli«  uiifior  part  of  tJiu  ridgu^on  tho  upper  and  outr^r 
part  of  this  boDO.     It  Bexea  the  um  ou  tLe  Baiaalder. 

D.  AtiUa  Spitaha  in  kttnchrd  suponorlf  to  the  rarfiun  of  th«  nnunior 
famm,  sod  two-tUinU  of  the  nnti'rior  «o*fa  of  tbo  Mcapaln,  infuriurljr  to  tho 
grmtBi  moA  l««acr  tubercle  of  the  humerus.  It  stniglitens  the  biunenu 
en  Um  flopnla  and  tbrona  the  ahonlder  outwards. 

B.  IVnw  RrUrmit  nriitM  fnua  n  tulnivJc  on  t.lio  pnictcriar  nnclo  of  tlio 
ff^p^W,  and  ia  inserted  into  the  uiiju-r  aiid  outer  Ktirfiii:o  of  tliu  litunoniK ; 
itaxla  in  flaxins  the  ahoalder  ou  llio  artu. 

P.  BcapvJo  ijlftant  arisos  from  tbo  upjicr  pitrt  of  tho  superior  ttnd  pos- 
toior  aani  of  tho  acapala,  insortpd  into  tho  inner  and  nppftr  pnrt  of  tho 
abw,  whi^  it  flexea  on  the  aaipula,  unil  ilmwH  the  elluw  inwanin. 

O  and  H.  OapMt  Mayrmm  and  Mtdium  of  the  Uicept  etletuor  brachil, 
win*  from  the  posterior  margin  of  tbc  soapala,  firom  a  ridge  on  ita  ut^ck  -, 
ftooi  tbttontor  nde,  and  from  tbo  body  of  tlio  linmoms,  and  is  initrrlcd  into 
Ihe  obomtMni  or  point  of  the  elbow.  It  is  of  (croat  nnu  in  drunght,  in 
pasbiag  the  body  against  the  collar,  or  in  forcing  the  for«l«ss  imdor  the 

L  PmekmiU  Mamtu  aritfca  from  ihe  &uicia  of  the  extomnl  oblique 
flie  enailorni  cartilsf^  and  fram  the  thruo  Inst  bones  of  tho 
,  and  is  inserted  into  tho  inferior  prtrt  of  the  inner  tubercle  of  the 
it  aid*  the  muicloii  of  tho  hnunch  in  tho  propnlaioD  of  the 
bmnk,  and  itstiirls  in  re^nrntioii. 

K  K  K.  Btnvbu  Ma^u*  arises  &om  tho  four  last  corvical  vertcbne, 
from  thA  whole  length  of  tho  first  four  Hhn,  and  from  portions  of  Uio  four 
BBzii  H  is  inaertcd  iutu  tho  concaritj  of  tbu  aoapulit.  It  raoviui  tbi! 
sboMldw  in  prOjpeaoiop,  and  when  at  rent  oalnr^^  the  cheet  aad  assitita 
•■  bboored  leapmtuia. 

I>  h.  OWiiftHU  £itenuis  Abdammat  ariao*  by  HiMihjr  (ligitulionn  fmrn  tlio 
famtsoi  postoricv  riha,  from  two-thaids  of  the  ercst  of  tlie  iliutn,  and  il« 
•■faricr  Wfoa/oaa  piooeas ;  it  pMM*  onr  the  tat«ral  and  inferior  portiuuH  of 
Aaballjr  lo  meet  its  fellow  frota  ^opposit«  niilc,  and  form  tho  liaettfilba, 
paihiriuily,  into  the  i^rmphysiit  pubia  ;  it  saNHl«  in  expelling  the  ficocs  and 
«^ 

)L  OltUmu  ifan'ma*  arises  from  tho  crista  nn<l  the  dorsiuo  of  tht-  iUum, 
wA  Epmb  the  sacro-sciatie  ligamifut ;  it  is  iwierled  into  the  ercnt  trocbaTitor 
Mdslaoakn^  the  body  of  the  femur,  aa  far  tui  Uii-  KmiUl  ext^nwl  tm. 
daatsr-,  tie  nae  when  tho  hindlogs  aro  fixed,  is  in  rnisiu)^  tlii-  anterior 
|art  (f  the  bodr ;  when  in  action,  it  abdueta  and  retracts  th>:<  fiminr,  and 
■  Mbidf  caigaged  in  kicking. 

S.  GlaUmt  BtUmtLt  arime  firom  the  spiDce  of  tLo  ilium  and  sfvcmm  nnd 
■itBBted  into  the  small  trochantor  of  tho  (omur  and  tho  fiwcia  of  the 
"^j  it  advanoea  the  Fumiir. 

00  O.  SVicepr  Ahdaetor  Fentorit  arises  froia  the  spines  and  trnnxrerKe 
pKoaea  of  the  Bscrunt — from  tho  Hu-To-gci»tio  lii^aoMnt,  from  tlie  great 
^hiiilei  of  tho  femur  and  the  tuboroiiitr  of  the  iiohiTun ;  it  i^  iiuerled 
■*>«  tbe  onter  side  of  tlie  patella  and  Uie  iiu[iLTior  [lurtion  of  the  tibia;  its 
*<taD  b  to  ateadjr  thf  body,  and  to  raiuu  it  kIior  the  foct  aro  fimly  filed, 
'  ^  in  leaping ;  it  is  a  most  important'  oi'gan  of  pnvgreaiuon,  and  is  not 
Bi4h«  is  Idddng. 
P-  Bit9f$  Salabr  TibiaU*  arittea  from  the  last  sacral  and  two  finrt 


H4  THE  8ENS0BI&.L  FUXCnON. 

coo^veal  bones,  ili«  poaterior  part  of  the  taberosify  of  tlie  iBchinm ;  in- 
Bcriei  into  the  inner,  upper,  and  anterior  part  of  the  tibia :  rotates  and 
abdncta  the  thigh. 

Q.  Tensor  Vagina  arisea  &om  the  anterior  spine  of  the  ilinm,  and  is 
inserted  into  the  trochanter  minor  extemna  of  the  femnr,  the  &0cia  of  Qta 
hannch  and  the  patella ;  it  adTances  the  leg  and  tightens  the  &»da  (^  tha 
baanch. 


CHAPTER  VIIL 

THE  8EN80EIAL   PDNCTION. 


Beautiful  as  is  the  horse,  and  identified  so  mnch  with  onr  plcaenre  and 
oar  profit,  he  has  been  the  object  of  abnost  nnivcrsal  regard  ;  and  there 
are  few  persons  who  do  not  pretend  to  be  somewhat  competent  jadges  of 
his  form,  qualities,  and  worth.  From  the  nobloman  witb  his  nnmerona 
and  v&Inabte  stnd,  to  the  meanest  helper  in  the  stable,  there  ia  scarcelj  a 
man  who  wonld  not  be  offended  if  he  were  thoaght  altogether  ignorant  of 
harBe-fleah.  There  ia  no  anbject  on  which  he  is  so  positive  ;  tnere  is  no 
sal^ect  on  which,  ^eneralljr  speaking,  he  is  so  deficient ;  and  there  are  few 
horses,  on  some  points  of  which  these  pretended  and  sclf-anfficient  jitdgM 
wonld  not  give  a  totally  opposite  opinion. 

The  truth  ia,  that  this  supposed  knowledge  is  rarely  founded  on  priiu 
ciple — or  is  the  result  of  the  slightest  acquaintance  with  the  actual  atmo- 
tnre  of  the  animal,  the  form  and  connection  of  parts  on  which  strength,  or 
fleetnesB,  or  stoutness  must  neceflsarilj  depend. 

In  speaking  of  the  structure  of  this  animal,  and  the  points  which  guide 
the  opinion  of  real  judgea  of  him,  we  shall,  as  briefly  and  as  simply  as  we 
are  able,  explain  those  fandmnental  principles  on  which  his  nsefulneM 
and  beanty  must  depend.  We  require  one  kind  of  horse  for  slow  and 
heavy  draught,  and  another  for  lighter  and  qnicker  work  ;  one  as  a  ^em- 
sant  and  safe  roadster — another,  with  ntore  speed  and  equal  oontinaaBoe^ 
as  a  hunter — and  another  still  is  wanted  for  the  race-conrve.  What  is 
the  peculiarity  of  structure— what  are  the  particular  points  that  will  fit 
each  for  his  proper  business,  and,  to  a  certain  degree,  unfit  him  for  sreiy- 
thing  else  ?  The  &nner  will  require  a  horse  of  aU-vxirle,  that  can  can^ 
him  to  market  and  take  him  round  his  farm— on  which  he  can  occaaioa- 
ally  ride  for  pleasure,  and  which  he  most  sometimes  degrade  to  the  dnng- 
cart  or  the  harrow.  What  combination  of  powers  will  enable  the  ■■"'tiJ 
to  discharge  most  of  these  duties  well,  and  all  of  them  to  a  certain  extmk 
profitably  r 

Much  time  apent  among  horses,  an  acquired  lore  of  them,  and  a  littl^ 
sometimes  possibly  too  dearly-bongbt,  experience,  may  give  the  agriont 
tnrist  some  insiKht  into  these  matters.  We  will  try  whether  we  caonot 
■wsist  him  in  this  afiair — whether  we  cannot  explain  to  him  the  re— on 
why  certain  points  must  be  good,  and  why  a  horse  without  them  mnat  of 
necessity  be  good  for  nothing.  Perhaps  some  nsefal  rules  mar  thna  b« 
more  deeply  impressed  upon  his  memory,  or  some  common  but  dangennu 
fin^judices  may  bo  discarded,  and  considerable  degree  of  error,  difl^>poinfc> 
ment,  and  expense  avoided. 

If  we  treat  of  thia  at  cotisidcnibte  length,  let  it  be  remembered  that  tlM 
horse  ia  onr  noblest  servant,  and  that^  in  describing  the  etmctore  and 
economy  of  bis  frame,  wo  are  in  a  great  mcaanre  describing  that  of  oUiar 
(lomMitic  quadmpcda,  and  nhall  hereafter  have  to  speak  only  of  pdnii  of 


THE  SBXSOBIAL  FU^XT[ON. 


US 


difTerence  reqntrod  hj  the  difTercnt  services  and  uses  for  'whicb  thoy  were 
deatinedi  And  further,  let  it  bo  remembered,  tbat  it  is  0017  bj  being  well 
■cqnunted  with,  the  atmcture  and  anatomy  of  the  horse  that  wo  can 
appnci^  his  shape  and  nses,  or  understand  the  different  diseaaes  to 
which  he  ia  liable.  It  is  from  the  want  of  this  that  much  of  the  mass  of 
ignoraaoe  and  projadico  which  eiiate  as  to  the  diseases  to  which  he  is 
■nbiect  is  to  be  referred. 

We  bt^gin  with  the  head,  containing  the  brun  and  the  moat  important 
ormns  of  sraise. 

The  following  cut  represents  the  head  of  the  horse  divided  into  the 
nomerona  bones  of  whidi  it  is  composed,  Etnd  the  boundaries  of  each  bona 
clearly  m&rked  by  the  sutures  whidi  connect  it  with  those  aronnd. 

The  upper  and  broadest  part  is  the  cranium  or  skull  in  which  the  brun 
is  contained  and  by  which  it  is  protected.  It  is  composed  of  twelve 
bones,  four  pairs  and  four  single  ones  :  the  four  pairs  are  the  two  &ontal, 
two  pariet^  two  aqnamoos  teniporal,  and  two  petrons  temporal ;  tho 
■ingle  are,  the  occipital  bone,  the  sphenoid,  the  eUunoid,  and  the  OS  triqao- 
trom  i  of  these,  the  ones  sketched  in  the  plate  are  :-^ 

»  «    The  frontal  boooa,  or  bones  of  tha  forehead. 

i  b     The   Bupra-orijital    Ibramiiia  or    holes    abow    tho    orbit 

tbrotif;)!  vhich  the  nerree  and  blood-reseelii  auppljing 

the  forehead  puB  out    The  small  hole  beneath  reeeives 

thi>  vessels  miich  dip  into  and  suppl;  the  bona, 
e  0    The  parietal  bones,  or  walk  of  the  bIeuII. 
1^  i^   The  temporal  booee,  or  bones  of  the  temples. 
4  t    Ths  ijgomatic,  01  joke-£bsped  acch. 
ff    The  temporal  fbssa,  or  pit  above  the  eje. 

STha  ocdtntal  bone,  or  booe  of  the  hinder  part  of  the  bead. 
h    The  orbits  eontumug  and  dpf^nding  the  eje. 

Tha  laehiymal  bonee  belonging  to  the  ooDveyaiiM  of  the 

Uaxt  from  the  eyes. 
The  BaBul  bones,  or  bones  of  the  noas. 
Tha  malar,  or  cheek-bonea. 
The  superior  maiillaiv,  or  that  portion  of  the  upper  jav 

Goutaiaine  the  molar  teeth  or  grinders. 
The  inbSHirbital  fornmen— a  hole  below  the  orbit,  through 
which  pa^  bmnchEs  of  oerres  sjid  blood-vesselfl  to 
rapiily  the  lower  part  of  the  iac^ 
'T\>»  lienor  mazillaiy,  the  lover  part  of  tha  upper  jaw- 
bone — s  separate  bone  in  qmulnipede.  containing  the 
indsor  or  cuttiiig  teeth,  and  the  upper  tuehes  at  the 
point  of  unioD  between  the  superior  and  inferior  maz- 
ularies. 
o       Tha  ippto'  iDelsor  or  cutting  teeth. 

fp   The  openbgs  into  the  DOSe,  with  the  bone*  forming  the 
palate. 

There  is  an  evident  intention  in  ^lis  division  of  the  head  into  so  many 
bonea.  When  the  fcetua — ^the  unborn  foal — first  begins  to  have  life,  that 
which  afterwards  becomes  bone,  is  a  mere  jelly-like  substance.  This  is 
eroduaUy  changed  into  a  harder  material — cartilage ;  and,  before  the 
birth  of  the  animal,  nmch  of  the  cartilage  is  taken  away  by  vessels  called 
absorbents,  and  bone  deposited  in  its  stead.  In  flat  bones,  like  those  of 
the  head,  this  deposit  takes  place  in  the  centre,  and  rays  or  radiations  of 
bone  extend  thenoe  in  every  direction.  Then,  by  having  so  many  bones, 
there  aro  so  many  centres  of  radiation ;  and,  consequently,  the  formation 
of  bone  is  carried  on  so  much  the  more  mpidly,  and  perfected  at  the  time 
when  the  necessitieB  of  the  animal  require  it.  At  the  period  of  birth, 
however,  this  process  is  not  completed,  but  the  ed^es  of  the  bones  remain 
Kunewhat  soft  and  pliant,  and  therefore,  in  parturition,  thqy  yield  a  little 

L 


ii 

II 

m  m 


kn 


u« 


TUB  SENSOaiAL  FCKCTIOS. 


knd  overlap  each  oUurr,  and  thns,  b^  rondcring  Uio  birtli  toon  oamr,  ttiff 
«ave  the  mottier  much  pain,  nnil  contribute  to  the  lafotr  of  tbc  foiu. 

The  Brat  of  thno  bono*,  or  tbv  tirot  mir  of  them,  ocoojiyitig  Uiu  brood 
exp&DM  of  tko  fiireheod,  are  culkil  Uifi  /rcmtal  brmet,  a  a.  Tluty  aro 
nutod  togelbn-  by  *  most  cunous  and  intrioate  dore-tailuig,  to  defend 
Um  bmn  wliich  lies  bmonth  tho  umtw  pud  of  thorn.  Lower  dcwn,  aod 
vthvre  tho  oaviiy  of  the  nose  is  to  M  dsfimdcd,  their  union  is  snf^ient, 
but  far  kiSS  compUoatmL  Tbns,  at  fint  atarting,  tlic-ro  is  an  uvidcnt  proof 
of  design,  au  iluialraliou  of  that  adaptation  (o  cimumstunciM  which  will 
aeain  and  again  present  itself  in  the  most  iutcM'slm^-  poiuts  of  vic^w. 
Peeuliar  strength  of  onion  is  given  where  n  most  important  or>,-ati  is  to  bo 
defe&d«d--tlM  satnrv  is  them  intricate  and  likhonrod.  Where  less  iia- 
portant  parts  arc  oiivurud,  it  i»  of  u  far  sioiplur  <;huntctcr.  I'hc  irii>er 
plate  of  the  froulal  bone  covers  a  coaKJdL'rable  portion  of  the  antirrior  part 
of  tbe  brain,  and  it  is  etnddod  witJi  deprenioiu  oonvspondiug  u-illi 
irregolarities  on  tho  snrfnoe  of  tbe  brain. 

Vov  things  moru  ctcurljr  indiuatc  tho  brood  or  blood  of  tho  horse  than 
the  form  of  tho  froulal  bcuee.  Who  )uu  not  mmiirkcd  the  broad  angular 
forehead  of  tbe  blood  horse,  giviug  him  a  bvautitiil  vxpiv^Hnii  of  int«U 
ligimcx)  and  fire,  and  the  &oe  gnkdoaUy  tapering  from  tlio  furcbced  to  the 
muzxle,  contrasted  with  the  lai^  laee  of  tlie  («rt  or  draj  hoive,  aad  tba 
forehead  scarcely  wider  than  thii  fiioc  ? 

At/,  iKitwdiu  the  froulal  houee,  is  the  pit  or  cavitjr  abore  tlie  tje,  uid 
bjr  the  d(!plh  of  which  we  form  some  idea  of  the  u^;  of  the  hoiMK  Then 
in  plaCL-d  at  the  back  of  the  eye  a  considerable  qnantity  of  fattj  snbsfaaoe, 
on  which  it  may  rerolvn  rtualy  and  without  friction.  In  SKed  bonKts,  and 
in  dis(«scs  attondi.'d  witli  grncral  Ionh  of  condition,  uinclt  of  this  dia- 
appearsi  llio  eve  bccomen  suukc-n,  aud  the  jiit  above  itdeepcois.  It  isaaid 
that  some  of  the  lowor  chtss  of  LoKe-diwIers  puootore  the  skin,  and,  with 
a  tohaooD  pipe  or  small  tube  blow  into  tho  orllice,  uutU  the  doprmsioa  !• 
almost  filled  up.  This,  with  tlio  aid  of  a  higliopped  tooth,  may  give  a  Uae 
appearanoo  of  youth,  that  will  remain  durin;;  somo  hours,  and  may  deoeiva 
tho  unwary,  but  tbc  trickery  may  uaaily  bo  detected  by  Prossini.' on  the  parta 

These  iHiniti,  honever,  are  not  solid,  but  a  connidiTnlilc  portion  of  uum 
is  compoHcd  of  two  plates  recedingfrom  «adi  other,  and  leaving  nnmerona 
and  largo  vacuitius  or  cells,     ^mm  vteuitiea  an  called  Oie  fmUoi 

The  sinus  ou  tlte  diSeront  sides  of  the  i(>PohcAd  do  not  oommunicato 
with  eiu^h  otlicr,  but  with  other  ainases  in  the  ethmoid,  and  spbonoid,  and 
upper  jaw-bones,  and  also  with  the  cavities  of  tbe  nuiu  on  tlietr  re^Mctive 
■UM.  ThMO  sinnsofi  afford  a  soRicwhnt  ineres«od  protection  to  the  brata 
beneath;  aad  by  llui  oontinuouN  and  ilightly  projecting  line  which  llm 
form,  MfTonl  Ughtuesa,  while  they  ^ve  btiantv  to  the  forehead ;  but  theur 
priucipul  use  probably  is,  like  the  wiudinga  of  the  French  horn,  to  iocrmss 
the  cleaniMS  and  loudness  of  the  nnghiug.  It  will  be  tenuuled  that  they 
are  very  irregular  in  depth,  which  at  one  place  is  an  inch  or  inorv. 

InuaodiatcTy  above  the  fremlal,  aad  extending  from  tho  fkrntal  to  the 
poll,  are  the  parietal  bonce^  o  o.  They  are  twoi  onitod  together  by  a  suture 
when  the  animal  is  young,  but  tliat  sutnre  soon  becoming  obliteratnL 
They  have  the  oeeipital.  g,  (p.  145)  abore,  Xh^franiaU,  a  a,  below,  and  the 
Umponia,  dd,oit  either  side.  Tkoy  ant  of  a  ch)ser  and  harder  textan 
than  tlie  frontaU,  bceanso  they  aiv  more  exposed  to  injury,  and  mon  oca- 
ciTDod  in  defending  the  btain. 

Jl  very  small  portJon  only  of  the  jtarielaU  U  naked,  and  that  is  com* 
pond  of  bone  even  harder  than  the  other  part,  and  with  an  sdditMMial 
layer  of  bone  rising  in  the  form  of  a  crest  or  ridge  externally.    Eivfj 


THE  SE:reORlAL   FI'XCTION'. 


UT 


o(fav|n>t  oT  tli«s(<  IioDi-s  is  rovt'ml  Uy  m  thick  mass  of  miutcio,  Uui  /«iii- 
/*nrf  UBMle,  which  is  priucipilljr  cuoonmod  in  cfaewiuK  llie  food,  hot 
■whatk  ^vnae,  by  {(«  ^dioff  roaiKtouoe,  mMwdilv  nnd  cSt-ctually  braakn 
tlw  ftroB  of  the  inort  vioUmt  blow.  A  woolpadc  bang  over  tho  wall  of  a 
Oirtni.  whra  tiir.  cnciay  i«  bnttcriDg  (o  el&ot  a  breach,  renders  t]i« 
tiMfiM*  aittUi-nr  Mlmottt  harmlnw.  80  tlie  yioldiufr  rcetHbuuw  vf  the  l/fm. 
f«nal  iubsoIm  uCi»da  asiuvdedcmoeto  the  brain,  however auddeu  or  viotciot 
naf  be  the  blow  which  falls  on  the  poriL'tal.  Thcso  bcueroltmt  proviaiona 
will  DM  be  disregarded  hj  tho  rvflcrctiiip;  miud. 

Ob  the  tide  of  the  hiuid,  and  under  ibo  parietak  (d  <I,  n.  145)  am  tho 
limparal  bonet,  oae  tm  each  yaAo,  ff.  Tbc«e  again  ar«  oiridcd  isto  two 
pfttfa,  or  eonaiet  of  two  duttnct  botneii ;  tho  jietrou*  portion,  §0  called  from 
Um  great  or  (tony  hardness,  and  conlaining  tho  wottdorfol  mechanism  of 
Uw  ev,  and  tho  sjiunnau*  portion  tVom  the  aiipeaiunco  of  itM  unioa  with 
the  paiietal,  ovcrhojuiiig  it  hko  n  great  kaU. 

Vmta  the  bUter  there  |inijc^t«  a  portion  of  bone,  s,  which  nnitcs  with 
(Le  frontal,  and  forms  a  Htrong  areh — tho  zygomatic — diHtinctlj'  to  bo 
tcH  at  the  aide  of  the  li«:id  !iiuui-Oisti>]^'  ubovn  tbo  tjjc,  Tliis  arch  is 
dcngned  to  prob-ci  the  upj-er  part  of  tlm  lower  jaw,  the  motion  of  which 
maj  yvj  plainly  be  sotd  beneath  it  wheo  the  horaa  is  feeding.  It  if  very 
itroag,  and  it  ought  to  b<-,  for  if  it  worn  depressed  or  forci-d  iuwurd,  tho 
kme  would  starre.  There  is  one  spccioe  of  I'iolcnce  which  cauHeii  tliiii 
arch  fa>  reqnira  no  common  ettength ;  and  thnl  is,  tho  brutal  maiuuir  in 
-whtch  the  i-ollar  is  on«n  forced  orer  the  bead. 

At  the  base  of  th«  arch  is  an  important  cavity  not  viaible  in  tho  cat, 
reeeinag  into  it,  and  forming  a  joint  witb,  the  head  of  the  lower  jnw — it 
win  b*  praMutl;  doecribed. 

Bkriag  reached  tho  base  of  the  tcmpnml  bone-,  it  i^  fonnd  nnitod  to  tho 

WHMlal,  not  by  a  simple  sntarc,  it*  l)ie  lower  part  of  (he  fivntnle,  or  tho 

knws  of  tho  noM!  (aec  fig.  a  and  J,  p.  liH),  nor  by  a  dove-tailed  suture,  ns 

tbe  upper  pari  of  the  Cr^tab  (see  the  eamo  cut],  bat  it  is  spread  over  thu 

|BrielM  ia  the  form  of  a  larRe  aeah),  and  hence,  as  before  obserred,  called 

Ute  t^iom«v  portioD  of  the  temporal  bone.    In  fact,  than  arc  two  plates 

<'f  lioa*  iiutead  of  one.    Was  tnore  dei>i^  in  this  ?     Y<^a,  cridontly  so. 

in  tbo  Crst  place,  to  incrooae  the  ■treo^'tU  of  the  huae  of  the  tj/aomalie 

arch.      This  extensire   tinion  bftwcen  the  leiuj>oral  and  purietAl  hones 

wsenihlea  the  buttress  or  msss  of  masonry  attjicbcd  to  the  base  of  erery 

arch,  iu  otAer  to  ononleract  its  IslomI  nrpvsore.     Tho  coticassion.  liliewise, 

wki<^  might  be  ccmmnnicntcd  by  a  blow  on  the  lop  of  tho  arch,  is  thus 

Unwl  cmr  a  lar^  sarfitoo,  and  oonsequi-utty  wciukcniK)  and  rendered 

esmpantiTcIr  harmleai :  and  Uiat  SDrfacct  is  composed  of  the  union  of  two 

haaes  of  diaatmilar  construction.     Tbo  hn.nl  flonij  structure  of  the  jiiiripUU 

isiery  dillerenl  fiom  tho  tooefaor  mal^-riitl  of  the  temporal;  and  t)ius  as 

>  Wer  acts  on  a  sounding  suss,  the  %-ibmlJon  cemintinicuted  to  the  tcni- 

pnl  is  at  onco  stopped,  km  the  bnin  roctrives  no  injury. 

Than  is  another  piT>of  of  adminble  dengu.  Where  ia  Uiis  tpiamotu 
pniaa  of  tiM  temporal  bone  eitaAl4>d  f  On  the  aide  of  the  head.  And 
*Wis  the  figure  of  the  cranium  or  eknll,  and  principally  that  port  of  it 
*bh  eontaina  the  corcbnun  or  brain  ?  It  is  an  elhptical  or  ornl  urch, 
"irniiiiKi  is  made  00  the  crown  of  that  arch — if  a  blow  is  reeeivcd  on 
^sttctre  between  tlie  porietaU  sufficient  l«  cttuso  the  clastic  materials  of 
'^Kh  tho  sknll  i>  cuiiipoMd  to  yi(<ld — tbi>  scut  of  dnnger  iknd  injury  is  at 
(buds.  If  a  man  receives  a  rtolent  blow  on  the  crown  or  bacit  port  of 
tWkead,  the  fracture,  if  there  is  any,  ia  generally  about  tbo  temple,  and 
Aantiavasation  of  blood  is  oftonetit  fouud  there.  The  following  (ignre 
■^■zpli^  this:— 


J 


148 


TUE  SEXSOBJAL  rVXCTlOS. 


tint  the  line  1  B  C  n>]>rei>eiil  au  vlHjilical  arch,  composed  of  elastic  Rmt«- 
rink.'    Soino  foree  BfauU  be  applied  at  u  aafflcient  tocwue  it  to  jiold.     Wo 

oasnot  oompiv3B  it  into  smallvr  cotnpa»  i 
but  jniit  in  nroportioii  aji  it  fields  nt  B  will 
it  rpur  or  uolgv  out  at  D,  and  give  irny 
■oioetimm  aa  ropnamtcd  at  E.  lu  a  domo 
Ota  weight  of  tne  materials  constiuilly  act- 
ing may  bo  (xmsidcrod  m  rcprraenting  the 
foroo  applied  at  n ;  and  $o  gmt  u  tM  la* 
tend  pruMnuv,  or  tendency  to  bnJgo  out 
(vitie  D  and  6),  tliat  it  is  neceuaty  eitfaiir 
to  dove-tail  the  materials  into  oneanotlier, 
or  lo  pam  tttrong  iroi.  chains  round  Lliom.  For  want  of  sufficient  attention 
to  this, '  tbe  dome  of  St.  Sophia,  in  Constantinople,  bailt  in  the  time  of 
tho  Kinperor  Jostiniao,  foU  tkno  timea  daring  itn  erection ;  end  the  dome 
of  tho  cathedral  of  Florenco  stood  uufirikbed  a  hundred  and  tircntj*  je*z%, 
tar  want  of  an  BTchi:ecL* 

Nature,  in  tho  coiiatniclioa  of  tbe  horso'a  head,  has  taken  avay  tho 
tmasure,  ot  temoTod  the  probability  of  injniy,  by  giving  an  additional 
layer  of  bono,  or  a  mas*  of  musc^In,  whoro  alono  there  wns  danger,  and  baa 
dOTO^ilod  all  the  taitlurinlw.  Further  than  this,  in  order  to  make 
assuranoe  doubly  sure,  Rhe  bae  placed  this  eOectual  girder  at  the  ba«o,  i& 
the  overlepinng  of  the  s<nuuD0iu  j>ortiou  of  the  teiapoial  bone. 

Above  ttie  jiaritlaU,  and  Mparoted  from  titcm  by  a  euturo  (fig.  <7.  p.  145), 
ia  tho  ot^i'Uat  bone.  Supenorif  it  coTor«  and  protects  tho  smaller  por- 
tion of  tho  brain,  tho  ccrebellnm ;  and  as  it  there  constitutM  tbe 
Bommit  or  crest  of  the  head,  aud  is  particularly  exposed  to  danger,  mmI 
not  protected  by  rauseles,  it  la  interesting  to  see  what  thieknieM  it 
aasumea.  The  head  of  the  horse  does  not,  like  that  of  the  humAnbeLup, 
ride  nprwht  on  tlie  neck,  nith  all  its  weight  nippnrtod  on  tbe  spinal 
oohunn,  tne  only  office  of  tlio  muscles  of  the  neck  being  to  more  tlis 
head  forward,  or  inrkward,  or  horixonially  on  itK  pirot ;  but  it  hanes  in  a 
slanting  position  fcuiu  tbe  eitrenutr  of  the  neck,  and  the  neck  ifjKlf  pro- 
jeeta  a  oousiderable  distance  IVom  the  chest,  and  thus  the  whole  winght  of 
the  bead  and  neck  are  suspended  from  tbe  oheet,  and  require  Tery  nvat 
powar  in  order  to  support  them.  In  addition  to  tho  siiitplo  weight  of  the 
neod  and  neek,  the  biHer  projeeting  from  the  cJiest>  and  tho  bead  hanging 
from  the  eztramity  of  the  neok,  act  with  enormoos  meohanioal  force, 
and  increase  more  than  a  hundredfold  the  power  neeessafy  to  support 
thorn. 

thn  head  and  nock  of  tho  honw,  and  particularly  of  some  boraea  of  a 
eeano  breed,  are  of  no  littlo  bulk  and  weight.  It  will  hereafterbe  shown 
in  what  breeds  and  for  what  purvoses  a  light  or  heavy  head  and  neck  are 
adTantageooa ;  bat  it  may  be  safely  affirmed  that,  projecting  so  fiv  from 
the  cheats  and  being  oonaeqnffiitW  at  eo  great  a.  distance  frtim  thefnlenua 
or  support^  &»  ligntoat  head  will  aci  or  bear  upon  the  joint  between  the 
last  bisno  oif  the  neck  and  the  first  rib  with  a  force  equal  to  many  thousand 
pounds. 

How  U  this  weight  to  be  supported  t  Is  muscular  power  equal  to  tlia 
(ask  7  Tho  mnsolM  of  the  animal  frame  can  act  for  a  oostaia  tirao  wi^ 
axtraofdinaiy  broe ;  but  aa  tho  exertion  of  thia  [lowvr  is  attended  with 
tiw  eooanmption  of  vital  eocrgy,  the  period  soon  arrivM  when  tWr  action 
ia  remitted  or  altogether  sospi-ndoi.  A  provisioD,  bowerer,  is  made  (or 
the  porpoee,  simple  and  complete. 

from  the  back  of  the  oeoi|Ktal  bone,  and  immediately  below  the  exeats 
proooodsRn>andoordofooasidenkUobaIk,andcompo»cd  of  a  ligamentooa 


TUB  SEXSOBTAL  Ft'.VCTlOS, 


14» 


nMnoe,  wbicli  rcftchc*  down  and  in  sccnroljr  itttAcLi'd  to  tli«  spines  of 
tlw  TgrtebT»,  or  boDcH  of  iho  hikck  ;  nnd  bj  tln>  ligHiuont — the  tiga. 
mtmimmt  eolii,  Iwununl  o{  the  aixk,  couuaoalj  calk-d  tlii;  jiiic/.u'a.i — the 
htmiiamtppotiM. 

l%«t«  atn,  bovorer,  •ome  admirable  contriT&nces  couucL-U'd  with  tL« 
■1  ■■ufpHnentt  of  tiie  lifamftlmm  colli.  As  it  procoedsfrom  the  Lend,  ttiii  ta 
tli*  Sma  of  a  ronod  oora.  It  in  contteet^d  witli  the  atUu,  or  tirst  bone  of  tho 
neck,  and  tlmi,  Httuctung  iti«cir  iitmii)(lj  to  tlia  aecond  honp,  pi-inn'pally 
■apporta  tfao  bead  t>)'  iU  union  with  tUTa  I)on«.  The  meohauiuit  disiulviui. 
te^  ta  inerGaMd ;  but  the  head  is  tuned  more  fVeely  on  the  fimt  nnd  eoaond 
beoe*.  Tbe  pniMipal  alxtm  it  on  th«  ttvntata^  or  eccond  hone,  ao  much  so, 
that,  in  poU-«ril,  tbia  lignmcnt  mnr  bo  divided  without  serious  inconvi;. 
nicDCa  to  the  bone.  It  tben  audik-nir  kihIcs  dw^por,  and  comrniinicateit 
wWi  an  lb«  (Ahn  veri«bm.  Bach  of  these  cu  mm  imitations  buoomcs  a 
•epante  point  of  snpport,  and  as  they  appraa«h  nearer  to  the  base,  Uie 
neohaiacal  diaadvoBtaga^  or  tiie  force  mth  which  tho  weigbt  of  the  head 
and  nook  prcasaa  and  aoto,  is  matcnail;  lessened. 

"nte  bead,  tJurn,  while  the  animal  is  in  u  stjite  of  rest,  Is  sapporled  bj 
tbts  Ugatnent,  without  any  aid  l>oiu  nmacnlitr  energy. 

nwn  tl^  bowever,  eometliing  jet  wanting.  The  bead  muat  not  ho 
alwns  do'ntod.  The  animal  Imb  his  food  to  seek.  In  a  state  of  ualora 
this  food  lies  prindpally  on  th«  nvnnd,  nnd  the  head  most  bo  lowered  to 
•noble  tbe  bone  to  get  at  it.  How  im  this  effected  ?  This  lignmcnt,  oa 
k  baa  been  caUed«  beeaoae  it  reaembles  in  appearance  the  other  liKiimentA 
at  (be  bod/,  pOMWia  a  property  wliich  they  have  not,  and  whieh  Uicy 
mnat  Dot  baTo,  or  they  would  he  useloss.  No  well-knit  joint  conld  cxiat 
if  it  bad  tbia  property.  It  i*  eLutie.  It  will  rield  to  n,  force  impressf'd 
Bpoo  tt,  and  wUl  Tvmmo  ila  uituml  dimensions  when  that  foree  is  removed. 
It  aaatoini  perfectly  the  weif^ht  of  tbe  bead.  That  portion  of  tenacity  or 
atmigtb  Is  ((Ifen  to  It  which  will  not  give  way  to  the  simple  weight  of  tbe 
baad,  bnt  which  will  yield  to  a  very  lit-tlo  additional  weight.  lU  resisting 
pewvr  i>  so  admimbly  adjnstod  to  that  wbieb  it  hae  to  saafiLin,  that  when 
oeft>in  miuwlcii,  whose  action  i«  to  depress  or  lowor  tbe  head,  begin  to  net, 
and  add  tbcir  power  lo  the  previous  weii^lil  it  had  to  bear,  the  liguinent 
atoddua,  and  wben  tbe  horso  is  bronsing,  it  la  fall  two  iucbos  longer  than 
wbctt  the  bead  is  erect. 

Wben  Uie  animal  faaa  satisfied  himvlf,  these  depressing  muscles  ccoee 
to  actt  and  other  noadoawbich  an;  designed  to  assist  in  mising  the  hcnd, 
begin  to  (sort  tbenuKlrua;  and  by  tht-ir  aid — but  more  bv  the  inhcix-nt 
ibStiritj-  of  tbo  bgomonb — Uie  head  ia  onee  more  ek-valed,  and  rentniiis 
ao  wiibout  tbe  slli^'litest  exertion  of  muscular  jiower.  I'his  is  oue  of  the 
naany  ^plications  of  the  principle  of  elasticity  which  will  be  discovered 
and  admirod  in  tbe  ponstmction  of  thn  nninint  frame. 

^w  lifRunmt  of  tbe  neck  is  insi^rtctl  iiilu  tin?  centre  of  tbe  book  part  of 
tbe  oceipila]  bone,  and  inuncdint^'ly  Im-Iow  tho  vertex  or  crest  of  the  bono ; 
and  tberdore  t]>e  bono  ia  so  thick  at  tbis  part. 

Mauj  iuge  and  poweribl  rooscles  iire  necessary  to  Inm  the  lic^id  iu 
VMMNU  ditectknU)  aa  well  as  lo  Aesint  in  rnising  it  when  depressed.  Tbe 
aeupilal  bona  picecid«  a  ^plne  running  down  tho  centre,  and  a  largo 
toncbanad  rarAce  for  tlic  uttnchnient  of  uiuietes. 

Ijowct  down,  and  still  at  the  back  of  the  occipital  lione,  are  two  ronnded 
pnAaberanceo,  b;  which  tbe  head  ia  conncef^t  with  the  alla»,  or  npper  or 
Biat  Teriebra,  or  bone  of  the  neck ;  and  tbcso  ore  calUsl  tbe  condjiMd 
laiirniiin  of  tbo  oocipital  bone.  All  tb«  ]>erpendiciilar  tuotiona  of  tb9 
Dead  ata  perforated  by  ibtH  jmnt. 

fiatwaen  tbcm  ia  a  large  bole,  the/orameH  tnafputn,  or  great  apcrtniei, 


m 


THE  StXSORlAL  rVXCTIOS. 


throDgli  wliicU  tbo  coDtiaafttioa  of  tbc  bmtn,  termed  tbo  s]>iiial  cord  or 
marrow,  pasMis  mil  of  the  skull. 

Aa  an  ndditioiiAl  contri;-nuiv  to  anpport  the  enormous  wei^bt  of  t]io 
hoad,  ore  two  oLlior  projuclioiis  of  ihc  occipital  bone,  peculiar  to  aniuiulH 
irhose  heiwlfl  are  set  on  in  a  slAntitig  direction,  and  to  which  poworful 
mnsolea  are  inaertod.  Tbey  arc  pnltcil  tho  {oratoid,  bcok-likn,  proccsiics 
or  proloDgatioas  of  the  nccipilul  Iwno. 

itnnning  forwnrd,  and  furiuinf;  outwardly  a  part  of  tho  baae^  and  in- 
wardly a  portion  of  llw  floor  of  the  aknll,  ia  what,  from  it«  wedji^likei 
■hape,  b  caU«d  the  baailar  procsM  of  tho  ocripitAl  bono.  It  is  thick, 
Btronif,  and  solid,  and  pUcod  at  tho  bottom  of  thi:  HknII,  not  only  to  bo  a 
proprr  fnandatioD  for,  and  Ui  nvr  additiunul  streuftth  to  the  arob  on  latbcr 
fide,  but  KjioedUT  to  ntop  ull  vibrj-tion  aiid  concussion. 

At  Uiu  bast!  or  the  skull,  and  anterior  to  or  below  tho  oect'pitat,  lioa  tho 
tjiluniuid,  wvdge-Uke  bono.  This  bone  branches  out  into  four  irrogubu* 
bodice  or  plnlM,  two  of  which  nro  otilli>d  tho  tcinjjt,  and  two  mnninff  to 
tll«  pnlnto,  tho  try*.  Tliciv  in  nothing  impurlant  beluuging  to  tbum,  ho  far 
M  tbi«  work  ia  conocmcd.  Iut«ruallj  the  sphenoid  foroA  a,  portion  of  iLo 
cavity  of  Iho  skull. 

Of  the  etkmoid — sievo-Iilto — bone,  little  can  be  se*n  outwardly.  A 
small  portion  ifi  found  in  tho  bmik  part  of  the  orbit  nnd  in  the  caritjoflho 
craninu :  bot  the  niont  imjwrtant  part  of  it  is  that  which  i»  compoxrd  of 
a  mat  nnmbcr  of  tlun  couvolut«u  plat«s,  funaiug  nnmci^iua  cnvitic*  or^^J 
oeUs  lined  witJi  tho  mucous  membrane  of  the  nose,  and  mlering  into  iU'^^f 
cavity.  The  upper  portion  is  called  the  cribriform  or  sicTc-shatiti  ivlale,  ^^ 
from  it*  being  perforated  W  a  multitude  of  little  holes,  through  which  llie 
nerve  connocti^  with  nnelling  pwssfa  and  :iprciid>i  over  tho  nogo. 

Altogethi-r  IbfBU  boiifiti  form  a  cavity  of  an  irrpgulnr  oval  lOinpc,  l>nt  the 
Icutorium  stretching  across  it,  gives  it  the  appearance  of  being  dinded 
into  two. 

Tho  cavity  of  the  elmtl  may  he  snid  to  bo  npchcd  alt  ronnd.  The 
builder  knows  the  stmiglli  which  is  conaertcd  with  the  foi-m  of  an  arch. 
If  projwrly  construefinl,  it  is  e<iaal  lo  u  suUd  mass  of  iniwonri'.  The  nreh 
of  the  borve'a  akull  htis  n<it  much  woi^ht  to  sapport,  hut  it  is  cx|>n9e<l  lo 
many  iignric«  (Wim  the  hmt«Uty  of  those  by  whom  lie  shonid  bo  prolceti.'d, 
■nd  from  ncoidonlal  ciiiues. 

The  roof  of  tho  skull  is  composed  of  two  plates  of  bono :  tho  outer  one 
bard  and  tongb,  and  the  dilTiTeut  paria  dore>tailed  togctlwr,  so  as  oot  to 
ho  easily  &»ctnn)d  ;  the  inner  plate  being  ekurtie.  By  the  union  of  iboM 
two  subftonoce  of  dtflbront  eonatmction,  the  vibration  is  lessened  or 
destroyod,  so  far  iw  safety  rrqiiirofl. 

Ou  laisiug  any  jiurt  of  tlie  skntl  of  tbo  homo,  the  denso  and  >tnx 
numbmie  nich  is  at  onee  llie  lining  of  Ibe  ennJom  and  tltu  eoveriag 
Oe  iwaia — the  dttm  maUr — pnaeots  itself.    Betwe«i  this  uenib« 
oommon  to  the  emniiim  and  tJio  limin,  and  tW  proper  inventing  tnnic 
Unit  or^^,  IK  f>iUTi<l  llint  di-licnte  ((iKHUincrx'  web  iip)>r<>priiili<ly  enlled  the 
AnuAnoii'^lhu  Hpidc-r's  UH-iubmuf — atid  which  in  set.'n  in  other  unimabs 
deaigned  cither  to  M«rct«  the  fluid  which  ia  uili^rposcd,  for  the  purpose  of 
obviating  iiyurious  ooncnssion.  or,  pcrhnps,  to  prevent  the  hnin  (mm,- 
readily  mupathising  with  any  inflammatory  action  prodnoed  by  iiyat;  of 

Beneath  is  the  proper  inreetiag  membrane  of  tho  bnin — the  pia  mater 
—it  is  indeed  the  vaaenlar  neubnne  of  the  brain,  being  that  throng 
tlie  mcdinin  of  which  tho  artenMt  oonvcy  the  blood  to  the  brain — wliii-fa 
not  only  covi-n  llic  rKlomal  snriiKV  of  iJie  brain,  hot  _peDotrat(4  ititurrcry 
depression,  and  elotbeseveryim'gnlanty  and  patit  ana  portion  of  the  bnin. 


Tim  SrXSORIAL    FL'.VCTIOX 


1S1 


I      W«  sow  arrire  at  the  bmtn  iUctf.     The  timin  of  tlio  liorse  oorrcupondn 

l-wilk  the  «&ntf  in  wliich  it  in  phced.    It  in  a  flnttonixt  ora,l.    It  Is  dividad 

linta  (wo  parts,  ono  mnch  Inr^r  th&n  tliu  otbor — the  c/^rrhnim  or  biuin, 

nnd  tbe  oarrielitiKi  or  little  bmin.     In  the  huumu  bcrin^  thi<  oftrcbrum  ia 

fatwre  the  oen^Mittam,  in  the  (^niwlnipcd  it  is  below  ;  auil  yut  ia  both  they 

TCtain  ifae  ■aim'  rcUtiv«  mtnution.     Tho  oorcbellam  is  ne&ror  to  tlw  Ibnu 

mcn  tlirou}-h  uliiih  (he  bmn  passu  onb  of  tho  Nkall,  thnn  the  cerebrum, 

tnt  portjofia  from  c»oh  unite  lo  form  tlia  nioduUa  oblongatii,  which  paasiniF 

ont  of  the  caritv  of  t.ho  crnninm  into  the  spinal  Canal,  become  tbotfpinal 

tori.   In  tliR  hiiitinn  hotul  tliix  fnnimcn  is  ntthebiueof  iJiosknll ;  butin  tlio 

qsadniped,  in  whom  tliL-  huiul  i»  plttcnl  nlnnting,  it  is  ncccss-irily  clovtitL-d. 

He  who  for  the  first  time  **■"■■""  tbu  bnus  of  the  Iiorse  vril'l  be  stniek 

vitb  its  oomparativediminnliTeaize.     Thu  humiLu  b«ng  is  not,  grn<Tn,l!y 

~   aff,  niotv  fhftn  one-sizth  of  tho  si«o  and  weight  of  the  horai.' ;  yet 

I  brMn  of  the  liiprd  in  twice  na  Int^  ntid  ae  heavy  ta  that  of  the  quad- 

aped.     If  it  had  bcwn  thr^  lirain  of  the  ox  that  hitd  hcon  heiv  exposed, 

,  woold  have  b(<(!u  hut  tn-o-thirdii  of  that  of  llic  home.  If  the  dog  hnil  been 

1  subject,  it  would  hare  been  rery  considcmblv  lai-Ki-r,  oumfiiiring  thn 

■Jiral  bnlfc  of  each  animal.     This  is  Bin"7iiar.     The  hunuui  brain  lar;^at 

I  comnantiro  fanlk ;  tlien  tho  bnun  of  the  dog,  tho  horae,  the  oz.     Tliut 

fmU  Mw  be  eUuttd  m  Ike  *eal«  nf  in/filtgciu:«. 

lithe  hnia  ia  more  ckutly  oxatuinnl,  it  will  be  obserycd  llmt  thcro 
I  not  Utat  rofindnesa  and  brooduutw  fiinnd  iu  the  hi:mtm  bring;  it  ia 
IVoninratiTety  level  and  flat.  There  ia,  faowerer,  ttafCcioiit  Iiroi^uliirity  of 
tlwro  am  projections  and  depressions  to  remind  iis  that,  the 
fbrenologual  derclopnicnt  of  the  brain  of  the  home  Rliould  not  ho  lost 
nghb  of — hja  pnde  and  love  of  oppn>lmtion,  hi"  oeuto  remianbranco  of 
yasona  and  plaoos,  hJa  peroe{)tion  of  muflic  and  time  are  extraordinary, 
JUW  tlM  dog.  tbero  is  no  animal  endowod  with  moro  intoiligencc  than  tho 
kma.  Wore  tho  brain  of  tho  bcnver,  of  thn  hare,  or  the  rubbit,  or  of  nimo.-it 
uy  bird,  Rnbatitntod  lor  it,  thero  won  Id  bo  no  oonvoladonH  or  irrcgnlarities 
KalL 

Tke  im^iakritiM  oothomrfitoeofUtebrwi  are  not  eo  bold  and  so  deep 
in  the  ox  ■«  ia  Ibt  horse,  nor  in  tlio  hone  aa  in  Uw  dog.  Wo  do  not  know 
VDM^Ii,  as  yet,  of  the  AinctioDB  of  the  pnrticnlar  portion*  of  the  bnin  to 
MMioato  thoM  convohitions,  accnm.t<>ly,  with  any  partieular  powera  of 
Bi>d,  or  good  or  bod  propeniriticii ;  thongb,  donbtloas,  such  knowledge  wiQ 
dliuldy  bo  obtained.  It  would  oooopy  two  ranch  space  fully  to  ent«r 
■Ha  theee  qocfltiona ;  bat  there  are  some  diseiises  to  which  the  horse  is 
•fcjwt,  for  which  a  voiy  nBel\il  operntion— tho  diriwon  of  nome  of  the 
*>nai — u  bad  rccoorao  to,  the  effect  of  wluch  operation  eonld  not  bo 
ttdmood  withont  a  provioux  itliglit  account  of  this  tinporlaut  or^n. 

VbcB  tbe  biaiD  is  cnt,  it  b  found  to  be  composed  of  two  Rabstaneca 
^  udflce  in  appearance  j  one,  principally  on  the  ontside,  pcj",  *•■  "l"- 
^^nrad,  and  therefore  c^lod  tho  ccrtical  (Imrimie)  from  ita  situAtion, 
^tnmUatu  (tuhw)  from  it«  colonr;  and  tho  other  Ij^t;  d«cptT  iu  tlio 
Jj»»,aiid  from  ita  pnlpv  nature  callod  themattullary  substniii-e.  Allhongh 
V^ti  in  appoMtiun  with  each  other,  and  aecmingly  minglinjf.  thev  never 
'tninto  the  same  maas,  or  change  liy  ficgrecs  into  one  another,  but  are 
y^tially  diBtinct  in  comitmction  iw  well  as  iu  function.  Wo  are  told  by 
"f-  ScJly,  in  bia  most  vmlnable  work  on  the  bmin.  that  tlio  caneritiona  or 
'•'kjortion  of  the  bndn  is  the  sonroe  of  mental  power— that  is,  it  is  tho 
}*'t>ODofth«  brain  by  meana  of  which  the  mind  or  instinct  developceitai'lf; 
"•*  >l  ii  col!*w1ed  in  masses  of  varinblc  form  and  elinpe,  both  within  aud 
•illoni  the  brain,  called  i^nglin,  and  tliat  these  ganglia  am  the  imroediat* 
*'«B»  of  menul  demountnitiwii,  while  the  mcdnllaty  or  wklto  portioo 


k 


IS2 


THE  8EKS0KIAL  PU.VtTIOS. 


of  tbo  brnin,  hu  (bo  W!oand»ry  ufliL-o  of  being  Uie  conductor  of  Uuit 
d<unODiitratioD  to  every  part  of  the  body,  it  is  not  dovolopiHl  iii  tliu  fornt 
of  irrf-guW  ma&sea  or  gangUft)  but  is  mooldod  into  the  more  eyoimetrioal 
form  of  noireB, 

1'ho  medullary  portion  iR  connMted  witli  tlu)  norrous  eystcm.  The 
aomw  ftru  jirolangbtions  of  it,  and  are  coDCeomed  iu  die  discliar^  of  «ll 
the  officios  of  lif(i.  They  gire  motioD  and  enor^  to  tho  linibe,  the  ht.-urt, 
the  longs,  the  Btomach,  ami  cvGry  part  oonncctcd  with  life,  'i'bcy  are  Uio 
tnodium  Ihrongh  whk'h  smMition  is  ccnvoynl ;  uttd  thi-y  sup]>ty  the  mind 
nitli  matcrinlii  to  think  and  work  npon. 

Tho  tineriUatu  part  has  a  difTerent  appoaranco,  and  is  differooUy  con- 
■tituU'd.  Some  have  anppoBod,  nnd  with  mudi  appoarance  of  tmth,  thai 
it  is  tho  residonco  of  thr  mind — rtwriviiig  thn  iinpr««ion«  that  are  oon  • 
ycycd  to  the  hrain  hr  thn  MnKiliro  ni.Ti*rikmid  dirL-cting  tbo  operation  and 
notion  of  thorie  whiuh  give  ruotion  to  tho  iiiiiljB.  In  aocordaiic«  with  thin, 
it  happens  that,  where  superior  iDt«lli(p:iico  is  found,  the  cineritioua  por- 
tion prontils,  nnd  whprv  little  beaido  bi-nlc  ntncatgth  and  animal  appetite 
osixlA,  tho  ciwhillurr  portion  iit  enlarged.  Tbi?ro  'vt,  comtAring  bulk  with 
bnlk,  hiu  of  the  uit>dullary  substance  in  the  horse  than  ui  tlio  ox,  and  in 
the  dr'}-  than  in  the  horse.  Tho  ndditionnl  bnlk  of  brain  is  coinpoaed  of 
cin<Tiliouamatt«r;  and  how  different  i*tJie  chnrnolcr  of  these  animals  P— 
tho  sliiggi«b,  stnpid  ox,and  the  iuteltigeut  hortio ;  the  silly  shocp,  and  tho 
intelliictaal  oompaoionaUe  doff  I 

111  a  work  like  this,  it  would  bo  somewhat  out  of  place  (o  enter  deeply 
into  any  metanhyvicnl  spmilntion;  but  the  conni-xion  betwe«n  the  cineTi- 
ti»nB  paii  of  tac  bmin  and  tbo  inlelluciuul  principle,  and  that  between  llio 
medulhuy  portitm  and  the  mere  auiinal  principle,  do  Hccra  faighty  proliabla. 
Ilw  Ifttter  is  the  medium  thrttugh  which  the  tmpreasion  in  (-ouveycd,  or 
lira  motion  is  offectod  -,  the  fomicr  is  tho  snb«lance  to  which  llist  luurea- 
sinn  is  referred — ^whero  it  is  rooedvcd,  re^iiti^rrd,  and  compared,  and  by 
which  tho  oprriLtion  of  the  motor  nen'M  is  iiitluirnced  and  govcrmNl. 

Tlio  coriUnl  HubsUueo  ia  small  in  the  quadruped ;  fur  in  Uieir  wild  aUto 
bra(«a  have  no  ooncevn  and  no  idm  borond  their  food  and  reptxMlne4ioo  { 
and  in  ihar  domcatacalod  vlatc  they  arc  destined  to  bo  the  ser\-ant«  of  nMa. 
The  aontonees  of  their  aenaea,  and  the  prepondentnoe  of  animal  power, 
qnalify  Ifacm  for  these  porposes ;  but  vera  proportionato  iatelleetoai  cagio- 
eity  added  to  thii; — wore  they  tnndeeon^iooB  of  tbmr  strength,  they  wonU 
bunit  their  boudH,  nnd  man  would,  in  litK  turn,  be  tho  victim  and  tlie  slave. 
The  coriioal  part  ts  found  in  eftch  in  tbo  pro|)ortion  in  which  it  wouhl 
sc^m  to  be  nced«d  for  onr  pnrpoMv  in  or^r  that  inU-lligenoe  xboald  l« 
milled  to  animal  power.  Almost  ercry  monlnl  facnl^,  and  almoat  ercn 
virtue,  too,  mUT  be  traced  in  the  bmte.  The  difTcrenco  is  in  doKToe,  and 
not  in  kind.  Yhe  one  being  impmred  by  drvumstanocs  and  the  otbor 
contaminnted,  tho  qufldmpcd  is  decidedly  the  snpcrior. 

Prom  tbo  mednllaiy  sabetnnce — an  nln-ndy  slated — pt»iee*d  certain 
cords  or  proJonntians,  termed  nam4,  by  which  the  nninui]  is  enabled  to 
receive  inuwesaMnM  ftem  Hanoonding  objeda,  and  to  connect  Iiimnclf  with 
them ;  maa  alao  to  powsw  Many  ptowaMle  or  painftil  aenaationa.  One  of 
them  is  spread  ovrr  the  membmne  of  tho  no«e,  and  dvrs  the  sense  of 
Bmell;  another  i-iixinds  on  the  Iiuek  of  the  eye,  nnd  the  fnenltyof  Bgbl 
ia  gained ;  and  a  tliinl  goee  lo  the  internal  utmolnro  of  tho  nu-,  nnd  the 
anitani  ia  conMHons  of  ftonnd.  Other  nerres,  proceeding  to  diflerent  parts, 
jlire  tbo  farolty  of  motion,  while  equally  important  ones  bestow  llie  power 
of  feeling. 

Ono  division  of  ncrvm  nyrinaing  fri)m  a  jimlons'sif'nn  of  the  bmin, 
irandctB  lo  diffcn>&l  jiarts  of  (be  frame,  for  important  |rarpo«cs  connected 


TllE  SEXSOBUL  FUSCTIOS. 


1S3 


Milh  rcvpintidii  or  Iveatliii 


The 


^  of  breathing  is  cesonlia]  to  lif«, 

Mad  woe  it  to  etmat,  the  uumnl  would  die.     Tltw*  xrc  oerves  of  I'ncofuu- 
Ury  Motion  ;     ao 

ttwt,  whfriber  bo  " 

it  kwake  or  asleep^ 
eoiwoioiis  of  it  or 
aot,  Uw  luDf^ 
1hm«  utd  life  is 
Mpfncted.  Lostlj, 
«rtcBding  from 
tbs  ncditlbi  ob. 
longBte  is  di« 
vinl      cord  —  a 

tion  uf  the  brain, 

nnni«[  tliroagh  «  cavity  in  tlie  bones  of  llie  neck,  back,  ami  loins,  iind 

olaw&ig  to  toe  Mcral  cmiaI — from  which  other  ner\'e§  are  yiviu  off  at 

titrtMim  utterrals.     This  cnt  delincntos  a  pair  of  them.     The  jiorlica  «f 

^Bfll  cord  represiaitcd,  is  sapposcd  to  be  placed  with  it*  inner  or  lower 

^uftee  tovards  na.     The  Kpinal  corcI,  a,  is   composed  of  six  diattnct 

fi'TBODa  or  rods,  ronning  thrcin^h  its  whole  Icnetli — three  on  either  sido. 

IW  two  npptrr  diviaioiMi  procewl  from  those  tmcts  of  the  bmin  devoted  to 

iMMitMii.     Namemns  dixtiuct  fibres  sprine almiptty  from  the  cotlimn,ntid 

wUeb  OoUect  tog^Uier,  and,  developiup  a  little  giuigliou  or  cnliirgpment, 

i—aa  cailargcfapnt  of  a  nervoua  cord  is  called  u  gwiKlioii— Iwromo  tt  ncrvo 

cf  nocation.      From  the  lower  or  inner  siJt^— a  proIuu^tHlioii  uf  tlii!  track 

diTotcid  to    motioi) — proceed  other  tibres,  nliich  also  eullect  k'^^'"^"^ 

lagsUwr,  and  form  S  dcttoiu  cord,  e.  piriatf  the  pKiwer  of  motion.    Ueyoiid 

ifci ganglion  the  two  unite,  and  form  a  pei-fect  spinal  nene,  6,  possessing 

the  power  both  of  sensation  and  motion  ;  iind  tho  filjn*  of  the  two  eohimns 

ynijuj  to  their  destination,  cnTcloped  in  tlic  siimv  shrath,  nnil  apparent  \y 

••  nerre.     Pich  portion,  however,  ronlinnrs  to  be  wnippcd  in  it*  own 

wnbiwne.     Tbcjr  arc  onilcd,  yet  diiitinet ;  t.hi'v  coiiKtitnio  ono  nerve,  ^ ct 

rtttf  their  sauHtance  nor  their  office  in  vcnfoumltth     Our  rut,  i-lnsety 

i^Mniiud,  will  girc  at  b  immc  idrti  of  thi?  muniirr  in  whic^h  these  dixtinct 

"Wilte  oontinocd ; — ««ch  iwivi-n.'J  by  itit  «wn  mimibmne  hut  (il!  (■nvclopiMl 

■  a  common  envelope.     Thi- (lifTeri'iK'e  i)f  at'tion  in  the  Hiiitient  lUid  motive 

}*tiuMof  the  ncri'wi  muNt  not  he  lost  Hi^,"hl  of:  in  thi-  si-nliitit,  the  ini- 

T'MUaR  oom)nei>ei.-!i  in  (he  minute  ram  ificnt  inns  of  the  nerve,  iind  if  itirriud 

^  throii{[b  the  trunk  to  the  sensorium:  while,  on  the  coiilmrv,  in  tbo 

^Mor.  the  volition  originates  in  the  brain  itself,  and  is  communicated  to 

Ai  tnifclM :  the  impression  in  the  sentient  nerves  traversing  from  the 

^«  to  ttie  brain,  and  in  ihe  motor  fmni  the  hmin  to  the  taasnc*. 

All  these  iwrvea  are  orj^ins  of  simmtion  anil  motinn  alone;  liut  tliere 
^MkcfS  wboee  origin  swnis  U>  be  (mt«iih'i>f  iind  Im'Iow  tlie  brain.  These 
*^^  tympathetif,  no  called  from  thirir  niiion  and  symputhy  with  all  ilia 
*^«i^  and  identifiod  with  life  ilwlf.  They  arise  fruin  n  nnall  eidargement, 
'W  the  anterior  cervicaJ  ganglia.  In  the  upper  tmrt  of  the  neeJc,  and  are 
***«■  IcM  dintribuled  t'ver  every  [>art  of  tlie  body.  They  go  to  the  heart, 
**'  iti  beala ;  and  to  the  atomach,  and  it  digests.  1'hev  form  a  network 
''^'■d  each  blood^veanl,  ftnd  the  cnrrent  flows  on.  They  surround  the 
^  ninaUsl  veeaela,  Uid  the  fVame  is  nnnrishfit  and  bnilt  up.  They  are 
^JJlal*  of  semaUion,  and  tliey  are  (Kirfeetly  lieynd  the  eontrol  of  the  will, 
■le rcailcr,  wo  tmal.  will  now  comprehtiuil  thtK  wnnderfnl  yet  simple 
?'™aiefy,  and  be  able,  by-and-by,  to  refer  lo  it.  the  esjilunation  of  wveml 
,  and  particularly  of  the  operation  to  winch  we  have  referred. 


r-««ier 


Li ^ 


IS* 


THE  SE.VSOBUL  niSCTIOS. 


They  wbo  know  uiytlune  of  tlio  horse  p»v  much  attention  to  the  ku^ 
Betting  ou,  and  motioo  of  t^e  enr.  Eiira  mther  smftU  tlum  large— ^Iftoed 
not  too  fur  npart — crnct  nii'l  qii  ick  in  motion,  indicAto  both  bredding  uaA 
npiHt;  And  if  a  honu  u  frvcjnnitly  iti  thebiibit  of  citnying  onv  mr  fonrtrd 
luid  tho  otlua-  back  ward,  aud  f.iueL-iallj'  if  he  does  ao  on  n  ionmejr,  ho  will 
^onumlly  poaseaa  both  Hoirit  and  continiuuice.  Tho  stietaui^  of  the  mra 
ID  contrary  dircctioDH  shows  that  ho  ta  »tt«Dtive  to  orwTtiiiiiK  i^'^t  is 
tAking  pinoc  nronnd  him,  iLiid,  while  bo  is  doing  thin,  ho  Cknnot  be  much 
fatigtii^d,  or  likely  noon  to  bccouio  so.  It  liiut  bctm  RmwrkcKl  that  few 
iKirNex  niw-p  without  jwinUng  one  ear  forward  and  iLe  other  btckward,  in 
onlvr  that  Du-y  may  r^ceivo  notico  of  the  approach  of  objeota  in  crcfy 
direction.  '  WTien  boracs  or  mnlcs,*  says  Dr.  Amott,  in  his  '  Ekaunbt  of 
Physic,'  '  march  in  company  at  ni^bt,  tnoMc  in  front  direct  their  Mra  lar^ 
wards  ;  thiKO  in  the  riMtr  diriict  thvm  backwards ;  mid  those  in  tbo  oeuin 
turn  them  bitonlly  or  acroM ;  the  wholo  troop  seeming  thiu  to  ba  aotnated 
by  oao  fiwliug,  wbiob  watches  tho  gonciml  snfety.* 

The  ear  of  tbo  horeo  is  one  of  the  most  benutifnl  parts  abont  him,  aaj 
by  few  things  is  tho  temper  mom  tiunrly  indioiitcd  than  tiy  its  motioo. 
Tiio  r-ar  is  more  ioteltigibte  uvei]  thau  the  «yc ;  and  a  pwrson  aocnsloioed 
to  tiu'.  bane,  aud  an  otmerver  of  him,  can  tell  b}'  ^«  oxpressiro  notioD  of 
that  organ  almost  ail  that  he  thinks  or  moans.  It  is  a  common  Mtying, 
that  when  a  boreo  lays  his  oara  Sat  back  upon  his  neck,  aud  keeps  thom 
so,  ho  most  n«sarotlly  is  meditMting  miachii^,  and  tho  slander  by  abonld 
beware  of  bin  ho^  or  Ms  tn^li.  In  phiy,  thu  cam  will  bo  laid  hack,  bot 
not  HO  decidedly  or  ao  long.  A  quick  chiuigu  in  their  position,  and  more 
particularly  tho  oxpresuon  of  tha  eyo  at  tliu  time,  will  tlistiiigninh  botwvcn 
pliiyfuluciia  aud  vice. 

i'he  external  cor  is  formod  hj  a  cartiln^  of  an  oral  or  cone-like  *bap(\ 
flexible,  yet  firm,  and  Icrminatino'  in  a  [loitit.  It  Iiax,  dirrctcd  towards  the 
side,  yot  somewhat  pointing  furward.  a  Urge  D|K.-iiitie  <'xtmding  fWtm  Iba 
top  to  tho  bottom.  Tbo  iutvuLion  of  this  is  to  collcol  the  sound,  and 
oonrcf  it  to  tlie  interior  part  of  tho  ear. 

The  bearing  of  the  horse  is  remarkably  acute.  A  thousand  vibrations 
of  the  air,  too  slight  to  make  any  impmsion  on  the  human  car,  aro  readily 
porcmvod  1^  him.  It  ia  well  known  to  every  huntine  man,  that  the  cry 
of  the  hounds  will  be  rocogiiiiti'il  by  the  horse,  and  his  ears  will  ho  erect, 
and  he  will  be  all  spirit  and  impatience  a  oonsJderablo  time  lidbro  the 
rider  is  conscious  of  tho  least  soond. 

Thinenntom  of  cutting  the  cars  of  the  horae  ori^natcd,  to  its  sluuno,  in 
Oirat  Dritaiu,  and  for  many  yean  was  a  nractioe  not  only  cmel  to  tlio 
animal,  hut  depriving  him  aLo  of  umeh  of  his  beauty ;  and  was  so  obatt- 
tialely  pnrsncd.  that  at  length  the  deformity  become  in  aomu  hereditary, 
and  a  brood  of  bones  bom  n-ithont  oars  was  prodnced.  Fortanalrhr  (or 
this  tooK)A«D  abusod  animal,  erupping  ia  not  now  the  (bahion.  Some 
Uuntghtlcm  or  nnfepling  yount;  men  endeavoarod,  a  1it4lc  while  a^,  *gata 
to  intnxlncc  it,  but  the  voice  of  i-eaaon  and  hnmanity  preraikd. 

This  cartilage,  tho  conek  or  shdl,  is  attached  to  the  head  by  ligaments, 
and  sustained  by  muscles,  on  which  its  action  depends.  Il  reslii  apon 
another  oartUwe,  roond  without  and  incgulnr  within,  called  Ibe  rtwaaliir, 
riog-liko,  cartimge,  and  conducting  to  the  interior  of  the  ear;  and  it  i* 
Uknriso  snpnortod  aud  moved  by  a  tliird  small  oartOage,  placed  at  tba 
fore  part  of  the  base  of  tho  conch,  and  into  which  aereral  mnsclea  an 
inserted. 

The  oar  is  oororad  by  skin  thinner  than  in  most  other  parts  of  the  Iwdj; 
and  ahogetlm-  dnrtitnte  of  tki,  in  ordrr  that  il  may  not  he  too  bnlky  and 
fcaavy,  and  may  be  more  easily  morcd.     Under  thu  >kin  lining  the  uunda 


THE  SENSORIAL  FUNCTION. 


Ii5 


carinago  arc  nnmcroos  glands  that  eccrrfc  or  tlirow  ont  a  scaly 
R*  grtatf  matter,  wlijch  nuiy  be  rabbi»l  off  by  tlie  lingor,  and  ia 
Uonl  (o  Bnppt«  tliia  pnrt  uf  the  iiir,  and  to  keen  it  soft  and  smootli. 
Dw  tliia  are  otli»  glaiula,  wiiicli  pour  out  a  peciiUaJ-,  sticky,  bttU-T  fluid 
I  wax — probnbly  displeasiDg  to  insects,  and  thorofoi'o  det^i-i'iii)-  tticin 
I  crawling  dovm  tlic  car  and  iumoying  tbo  nniinnl,  or  by  its  Btickiiiesa 
■lllliim  thoT  progn-nt. 

t  inlemal  part  of  Hat  condt  i*  covcrcsl  with  loug  hair,  whicli  iilands 
I  the  pwaage  in  ove^  direcliou.  This  likewnsi>  is  t«  proleot  Ibo  «tr 
[jawcta,  that  can  witfa  difficulty  penetrate  throogh  this  thick  dt^funcc. 
1  cold  air  i»  likowiso  prevented  hvm  rwiching  the  interior  of  the  ear, 
i  tlie  •ennd  i«  moderated,  not  arreat^'d— jtciic-tiutitig  rcflditjr  Imt  not 
Dlantlf — and  not  Ainhing  iujuriouBly  on  the  membrane  covering  tiio 
M  the  car.  C&n  theeo  purposes  be  accomplished  when  it  in  the 
,  of  BO  mftny  c(u-tcrs  and  grooms  to  cot  out  the  hair  of  the  ear  so 
'  (SoMly  and  indimtHoiuily  a*  Uirjr  do  F  The  groom  who  Hinges  it  to  tho 
foot  with  a  candle  niu.il  citlic-r  be  very  ignorant  or  very  bratal.  It  mil 
tXj  h*  aocomf^hod  without  siugi'iug;  the  car  aa  well  ah  the  huir. 
'  a  troablMome  aore  ia  occasioned  by  this;  and  many  a  horse  tliitt 
perfect]/  qoiet  boforo  rmidered  diSiciilt  to  handle  or  to  halter,  and 
'  disposed  to  be  otherwine  vii-iooH,  from  a  recollection  of  the  pain 
b  he  nflered  during  the  absurd  and  barbarous  operation. 
JSm  aottnd  collecled  by  the  oun^r  t-ar  paitsi's  tlirotiKb  tlm  lower  op 
ir,  rin^f-shapcd  earitla^,  and  through  irrcgularitloa  wliicit,  wbilo 
'  break  and  modify  it,  convoy  it  on  to  another  canal,  partly  cartilugi. 
I  and  partly  bony,  coadncting  immciiintoly  to  tho  intcmnl  mechauiem 
'if  tlw  car.  Tniii  canal  or  pa«m^  ik  called  the  extcniul  audiUiry  piu)f<nge, 
■id  at  ^10  base  of  it  ia  jilaoed,  strctebiug  across  it,  and  elotiiiig  it,  a  thick 
ud  elutie  memfanuie,  twrniirana  bjjiipani,  called  the  membrane  of  the 
dram.  TUanMBkbrme  ia  supplied  with  unmerous  itbrrx,  from  the  fll\h 
pair,  or  aenritiTe  norre  of  tho  hciul,  for  it  is  nccosBary  that  it  should  pos- 
nn  extmno  ocniiibitity. 

Between  this  membmoe  and  a  (mailer  one  abnost  opposite,  leading  lo 
the  (till  interior  part  of  tlie  ear,  and  on  which  the  nerve  of  bearing  is  ex- 
msdni.  are  four  little  bones,  united  to  these  membranes  and  lo  each  oilier. 
Ilwtr  office  is  to  convey,  more  perfectly  than  it  could  be  done  throufjh  the 
I  air  of  the  cavity,  tbo  vihrntionit  tlint  have  reactiod  tho  ntembrana 


tympwu. 

Tmh  boutfa  are  connected  together,  and  are  covored  by  a  cartihiginoua 
calataDM,  elastic  in  (he  great^vt  dcgroc,  by  means  of  wliicb  the  force 
of  the  Tilnation  is  niach  increased. 

It  is  convened  lo  a  strangely  irrcgnlar  cavity,  filled  with  an  n(|Ucou8 
laid,  and  the  mbatanco  or  pulp  of  the  partio  mollU  or  hoI\  portion  of  Ihn 
asvmth  pair  of  uerrea,  tho  aitditonj  nerv^,  expands  on  the  membrane  that 
fines  the  walls  of  this  cnvity. 

Somd  is  propngnted  far  more  intcnnply  tlirongh  water  tlian  Ihmngh 
■ir.  and  thercforo  it  i«  tliut  an  nqueouii  fluid  oi-ciijnoi  thono  chnuilM-rM 
of  the  ckr  on  the  walls  on  which  the  auditory  nerve  ia  eii>a&ilcd.  By 
this  contnranoe,  and  by  others,  which  wo  have  not  space  now  to  nar- 
rate, the  MStse  of  bearing  is  fntly  eqaal  to  every  possible  want  of  tbe 


The  Sy4  is  a  most  important  organ,  and  comes  next  under  ooniridcra- 
tioo,  sa  enclosed  in  the  U>ncs  of  Llit-  skuU.  The  eye  of  the  horse  should  l<o 
krge,  SMsewluit  but  not  too  prouincut,  and  (he  eyelid  line  and  thiu.  If 
the  ere  is  sunk  in  the  bead,  and  iijii»irenHii  little  --for  there  is  actually  a 
*»tfti"g  difiercnoe  in  the  ei«e  of  the  eye  in  animals  of  the  same  8^oui«:<t 


ISti 


THK  SE.VSOBUI.  KPSCTIO.V. 


Uid  bulk,  and  Uuit  (vvming  diflerence  arises  &oin  tli«  Iarp«r  or  smAlkr 
opeaiag  iMtwees  tlio  lids — and  the  lid  is  Ihirlc,  and  rapocinlly  if  thero  ia 
any  pttcfcerilUf  toTarda  the  inner  comer  of  Hui  lids,  Umt  rvc  cither  ia 
discaacd,  or  Ium  lately  been  nubjcct  to  diMAae;  and,  particolarlr,  if  ooa 
ej«  ia  smaller  than  tliu  otbcr,  it  liaa  at  no  gnat  dutaaoe  of  time  been 

Tbo  eye  of  the  hone  enablee  na  with  tolcmblo  accuracy  to  gnou  at  hta 
temper.  If  mach  of  tfae  irUito  is  bcto,  tbc  bujrr  ithoatd  panto  ere  bo  oom- 
plctaa  Ilia  bai^hi ;  b?cauiic',  nlthongb  it  may,  yut  very  niruly,  bappen  tliat 
tlie  eontea  or  tTuo>i|iarcQt  part  ia  mniataralfy  small,  anil  tlMvefora  Bo  nit- 
lunal  porUon  of  thu  wliite  of  tbe  eye  is  seen,  expcrienoo  boa  shown  that 
tiiia  duplay  of  white  is  dangerons.  llic  miscliic^ooa  hone  ii  slyly  on  tbe 
look  out  for  opportumUM  to  do  mischief,  and  tbo  tiv(|niciit  book  ward  direc- 
tion of  Uie  <grc,  wbem  tbo  white  is  mvai  perecptiUe,  la  only  to  give  mrer 
effect  to  (he  blow  which  he  ia  about  to  aim, 

A  citraoiy  deaeriptioo  of  tbe  eye,  and  tbo  oscs  of  ita  diSeront  part^ 
must  bo  given. 

The  tjt»  arc  placed  at  the  sido  of  the  Iniad,  bnt  tbo  direction  of  the 
conmd  cavity  wliich  tbcy  occnpy,  and  of  tbe  aheatb  1^  wluoh  they  am 
0ni7O>andcd  within  the  orbit,  fpvea  tbem  a  prorailini;  directioit  forWwdi^ 
m>  that  tbe  animal  has  a  veiy  extcnd(»i  field  of  iision.  Wo  most  not 
aiuiert  tliat  the  ore  of  tbo  horso  commondfi  a  whoW  iipbcre  of  vision ;  bat 
it  cannot  be  dtuuvd  tlint  bis  cyca  ore  pliuxxl  niurv  forward  than  tbow  of 
cuttle,  sheep,  or  swine.  Hu  nxiuirus  au  eiU-usivL-  field  of  vision  to  wan 
him  of  tbe  approach  of  his  enemies  in  his  wild  state,  and  a  dircctioD  of 
tlio  orbita  oonndenbly  forward,  in  order  to  ooablo  him  to  puvao  with 
safety  tbe  hoodlooR  conreo  to  wliicb  w«  somrtimm  urge  him. 

Tbe  eyeball  ia  [daocd  in  tbc  untcu-ior  and  niust  eajMcaoaa  part  of  tbe 
orlnt,  nsftrcr  to  the  fionlal  than  tbe  tempoTttl  aide,  with  a  degree  of  promi- 
Bonoe  ntying  with  diflbrent  individuals  and  tbo  will  of  the  aninioJ.  It 
is  prcitoctod  by  a  bony  soekel  booeath  and  on  tlie  inside,  bnt  ia  partially 
t^xpoKtHl  on  Ibo  roof  and  on  the  ontcidc.  It  in,  however,  coveted  and 
Bocaredfar  thick  and  powerfiil  mnsolca — by  a  nia.is  uf  ndipoae  matter 
which  iadistrihntedtOvarionaiMrta  of  tbe  orbit,  upon  which  tbe  eye  may 
be  rcodity  moved  withont  friction,  and  by  a  sheath  of  consiilerablo  deosily 
and  firmncM,  and  capecially  where  it  is  most  needed,  on  Uio  externa]  and 
mp«rior  porlions. 

The  adiposu  matter  existn  in  a  conHtdcrable  qnantily  in  the  orbit  of  the 
eye  ofthenone,  aud  enables  that  crgaanadily  to  rvrulve  by  tbe  slightest 
ooutniclion  of  Iho  muscles.  By  the  absorjitiou  of  this  faity  mattrr  ia 
Nckness  or  old  ago,  tbe  eye  is  not  only  to  a  cmrtoin  degree  sunk  in  tbc 
orbit)  bnt  the  roof  of  the  orbit  postorior  to  tlio  frontal  bone,  being  deprived 
of  ita  aapport,  it  oonsiderubly  dL-preiuwd. 

In  fiont  the  eye  is  covered  and  protected  by  tbe  lids,  whieh,  ch>«iiig 
Tspidly,  secure  it  from  many  an  injury  that  threatens — diflnso  over  it 
that  tnoistore  which  is  nocessary  to  preM>rvo  ils  (mnii|nivncy — in  Ike 
noaamtarj  act  of  closing  give  a  coftain  and  sufficient  rmpite  to  a  dcticaW 
organ,  which  would  otherwise  be  fktigned  and  worn  out  by  the  conataal 
riareofday — de&nd  it  when  the  eye  labours  nnder  indiunmation  ftom 
file  ttimBloa  of  light — and,  gradually  drooping,  pennit  the  animal  to  eajejr 
that  repose  wliicb  nature  reqaircs. 

Exlendin)j^  ronnd  both  lid*,  and,  it  may  bo  almost  nid,  barisg  luillMr 
oriifin  nor  initortion,  is  a  muscle  called  the  orhietJarit  pafytbrmmn,  tt 
rir<-uUr  mnsclr.  Its  olTiec  is  to  cloM  the  bds  in  the  act  of  winking  or 
otlirrwisr',  but  only  while  the  naimal  is  awatfi<.  niien  be  liWpa  this  it 
eOeded  by  another  and  very  ingeaioiia  mcebanism.     The  naUual  state  of 


THE  SEKSOltlAL  FUSCTIOy. 


■  (^'Adbf  ts  tluit  of  Ucini;  closed,  ftnd  iJii-y  oi-g  ki'pt  open  bj  iJic  ciifrgy 
\ho  taxacU»  vLost'  vIBce  it  is  U)  nuse  tin*  upper  UJ.  As  sleep  Ktcnls  ujioa 
,  MBinal.  theaa  muscles  ctaau  (o  net.  aiid  tlio  llik  clusei  Ijy  Uie  iahriront 
'  otiiiiO  merabnce  of  which  t'hi'j  nrs  composed, 
iin  of  tfac  lid  i«,  liko  that  of  thu  cor,  oxcc'cclinglv  fine,  in  oi-diT  to 
at  nimcctoaty  weight  and  protourr  on  iruoli  a  piut,  ncd  to  give  mora 
eWf  ud  exteiuiive  motiun.     The  lidu  cIom!  iiccarut*.'Iy  when  drik>m  over 
«7<V  and  Uiia  b  dTi-dcd  hy  a  litllu  strip  of  camluge  at  the  edge  of 
%  of  them,  which  toaj  be  eosilj  folt  u'ilti  the  linger,  and  prenurvea 
I  in  a  hoopKke  form,  and  itd»pt«  thctn  cloNoly  to  tbo  cyo  atid  to  I'Oich 
Tha  kiwcr  c*riala«s  howorcr,  dons  not  pmscnt,  townrds  ttio  inner 
'  of  the  tijL',  the  whole  of  its  flntHurfttcc  to  tiic  npper,  but  it  evidently 
I  inward,  aad  oidj-  the  oatw  edge  of  the  under  !id  tonches  tho  utippv, 
mcana  »  little  gutter  is  fonuei],  throogh  whioh  tlie  saperlluuun 
I  of  the  eye  Bows  to  the  inner  comer,  whcro  there  ia  a  eanttl  to 
,  awajr.     By  this  contrivBtifo  it  neither  accnmnktcs  in  the  eyo 
saa&ntlj  nuiit  down  tbo  <ihcek. 
J  tbeedsut^lhulids  are[>laced  nuineroos  littJo  bollowK,  which 
cut  be  plainly  dtstiDguiahed  even  in  tho  living  horse  by  slightly  turning 
dnra  too  IhL    These  are  the  openings  &aiD  the  meibomian  or  eiliiiry 
gkodi  oontaiQiiig  a  Uuck  and  nnctnons  fluid,  by  mctins  of  which  the 
ma  am  mora  accnnl«ly  doted,  and  the  edges  of  tho  lids  defended  from 
ibe  acrimoDy  of  the  tears. 

Tkt  bone  has  no  eyr&rmce,  and  the  ft/thiiJieg  are  very  peculiarly  nr- 
nnj^Ml  The  rows  of  hair  are  longest  and  most  uanieroas  on  the  upper 
lid,  aad  especially  towards  tlic  enter  or  tempoitil  coviKir,  iKcnnso  tlm  tJi^ht 
CGDiee  from  above;  and,  m  the  animal   etn-nds,  particularly   wlien  hc<  is 

^pu■a^  and  Irem  the  Iat4tml  Kitnatioit  of  his  <:jcfs,  the  greater  portion  of 
wliglrt,aiid  tbeattsdutof  inaecte,  and  the  rolling  down  of  moi.ilurf, 
vesUTchieBy  be  from  Ibe  ontslde  or  temples.  Towards  the  iriner  comer 
rfllie  upper  lid  there  is  little  or  no  eyelash,  because  there  is  no  probable 
ittgeror  sniaaDoe  in  that  direction.  Only  a  smult  qnautity  of  light  can 
iite  from  Wow,  and  therefore  the  lasbeB  are  thin  and  iihort ;  but  an,  in 
ibttttotgnBOg,  initeotsmay  more  readily  climb  np  and  bo  troublesome 
lettacrfe,  towards  the  inner  angle,  there  the  principal  or  only  bwr  is 
tad  «Q  tlte  lower  lid.  These  apparently  tritling  circumstances  will  not 
U  enrlookod  by  tho  carpfnl  ob!H!rver. 

Tb^  who  are  unBcquninted  with  tlii^  ubHurditJea  of  stuble  management, 
vrtoharenotoarelully  exuniinud  the  abuses  that  may  exist  iu  their  own 
tiiililiiliiiiiiitii,  can  scaroely  believe  the  foolish  nnd  craol  practices  of  sumn 
nrtMs  and  grooms.  When  the  groom  is  anxioim  thnt  his  horse  shoutd  be 
•■  tnm  and  seat  all  orer  as  art  can  make  him,  the  very  eyelashes  are 
casaOy  mcrificcd.  What  hiM  tJie  poor  auimul  suffen^d,  when,  troroliing 
■  &enoan  of  day,  the  full  tilaxu  of  tliu  sun  has  fallen  upon  his  eyes;  auu 
bov  Baay  aecidenta  have  probably  happened  from  his  being  dazzled  by 
fta  Brittf  which  have  been  attributed  to  other  caases  I 

ITwe  bone  has  no  eyebrow,  there  arc  eeverol  hairs  or  bristles  sc»tt«red 
oa  tW  Bpper  ejrtdid,  and  there  is  a  projecting  fold  of  Uie  lid  which  dis. 
dsi^w  Borty  the  naie  olEoc.  tt  is  moru  coiiB]>ii.-uauB  iu  old  horses  than 
jB  nnnv  onea.  Some  horvemcn  do  not  like  to  see  it,  and  nsaociate  the  idea 
flf  it  wiui  wedmesa  or  discaee  of  tlie  cyo.  This  is  perfectly  erronuous.  It 
is  a  fcoriaoD  of  nature  to  accomplish  a  cci-tAin  puqiose,  and  has  nothing 
lo  ds  «Aar  wftb  health  or  disease. 

On  Ae  lowvr  lid  is  •  mtvfnl  provimon  to  warn  the  horso  of  the  near 
Mpcpath  ^anj  objoct  that  mi^ht  incommode  or  injure  him,  in  the  form 
at  long  pnyocting  tain  or  bnstlcs,  which  aro  plontcously  imbued  with 


IM 


TItE  SE.V30RIAL  FVNCTIO.V. 


BCTvous  influonc«,  so  that  the  sL'^htont  toucli  aboultl  pnl  thi!  animal  on  his 
^lard,  Wo  would  ivquwit  onr  rcAdyi-s  lo  toQch  very  slixLtly  tlie  filn-mity 
of  ono  of  thcso  Imirx.  Tlicy  will  bo  surprised  to  olwcrvo  the  suddt^ii  ood- 
mUiv*  twitfluiig  of  tlio  Ud,  rendering  tim  nttnck  of  tho  iasect  absolutely 
iiii|)aasibli^  Tbo  grouuis,  liuwuvc-r,  wlio  cut  avmy  tlio  eylaahu,  do  not 
spare  Htvte  amful  (w\vra. 

The  eye  is  exposed  to  tho  action  of  the  atmosphuHo  air,  aud  the  procrw 
nf  ovaponitioD,  destructive  of  iti;  transparoDcy,  is  continoally  KOing  on. 
'i'ho  eyo  of  t,\xo  boreo,  or  tlto  risiblo  pnrt  of  the  ore,  is,  likewise,  mora 
piMininent  BJid  IftTger  than  in  tho  homnn  being.  And  tho  nnimal  is  oft«n 
Kubjcnt  to  extreme  nmtoyftuci!  from  duit  and  inac-ctx,  while  ho  bu  no 
bands  or  otbur  giuutl  lo  defend  hiinsclf  from  the  torture  wbicji  th«y  ooc^ 
siou.  What  ia  the  provision  of  nature  against  tbis  ?  Under,  and  a  littlo 
within,  tbe  outer  corner  of  tho  upper  lid,  is  an  irregular  body,  the  Itiehry- 
mai  gland,  compnrativi^ly  Inrgor  than  in  tho  hamiin  binnj;,  sroivting  ui 
lujncoiis  Ruid,  wtiich,  uliiwly  iwraing  from  tho  gbuid,  or  occiuii<miitly  prv«8^ 
out  of  it  in  the  act  of  winking'.  6owa  over  the  ev^,  HuiijilicH  it  witb  moutikro, 
ftnit  i--leiinw!!i  it  from  all  iinpunties.  Uitmau  uigi-nuily  couM  not  baro  ■•- 
tcL-luI  a  situation  from  which  the  fluid  could  bo  conveyed  over  Iba  i^' 
with  more  advantage  for  tJiiR  tmrponc. 

When  this  fluid  is  socratod  in  an  nndncqnnniitrand  flows  over  the  cm 
it »  callad  Uan.  An  incrcastrd  Bow  of  tcun  is  produced  by  •artliiii^  tnsit 
initotes  tho  tyo,  and,  therefore,  a  couHtaut  accompaniment  and  symptom 
of  inllunmation.  A  horee  with  any  deL-ree  of  iveeping  Bhoold  bo  rcffwded 
Mrith  mneb  ansmdon.  In  the  human  Wn^  tut  nniisua]  secretion  of  tean 
is  often  oansea  by  bodily  pain,  and  emotaoiu  of  tho  mind;  and  so  it  is 
oeeadonally  in  tho  horse.  Wo  bare  seen  it  repeatedly  under  acute  pain 
or  brutal  usage.  John  TjawrcnoR,  speaking  of  the  cmelty  eiemsod  by 
some  doalen  in  what  they  eull  *  firing '  a  horso  before  be  is  I<xl  ont  for 
sale,  ID  ordin-  to  rouao  eveir  spaxk  of  mettle,  says,  '  more  than  fifty  yean 
have  passed  away,  and  I  have  befom  my  evos  a  ]>oor  mare  stone  blind, 
ex(]nis[te3y  shaped,  and  showing  all  the  marKis  of  high  blood,  whom  I  saw 
nnmetvifully  out  with  the  whip  a  (lunrtiT  of  an  honr  before  tho  aale^  to 
bring  her  to  tlio  use  of  her  stifleued  lirabci,  w!iile  IKa  (tars  wn  trieUoM 
down  her  cltoek*.' 

Having  passed  over  the  eiye.  the  fluid  is  conveyed  by  the  Httle  canal  to 
vhidh  ws  have  alludeil.  formed  by  the  sloping  of  the  under  lid,  towards 
the  oomer  of  the  eye ;  and  thero  aro  two  littJo  orifices  that  conduct  it  to 
a  small  reservoir  within,  and  at  tlie  upper  part  of  the  lacbn-innl  I<obs 
(fig  i,  p.  145).  A  little  protubunmoo  oiablaek  or  pied  cotonr,' callnl  tbs 
rttnintie,  placed  in  the  roiy  comer  of  the  eye,  and  to  be  sera  withoat 
opening  tlie  lids,  is  8itn&t«d  between  Iheae  onfices,  and  gwdea  the  flaid 
into  them.  Vrom  thix  re-«erToir  the  teaiv  ara  conveyed  by  a  long  eaaa^ 
the  laehrymtU  duel,  partly  bony,  and  partly  membnnoait,  to  tbo  lower  part 
of  tbo  noso.  A  littlt-  within  the  niMtril,  and  on  the  dirimon  between  iha 
noattiK  is  sorn  the  lower  opening  of  thia  canal ;  tho  aitaatioti  oif  which 
abonld  lie  carefully  ohaen-cd,  and  its  real  use  home  in  mind,  for  not  onl^ 
borstmcii,  bat  even  some  careless  veterinary  surgeons,  have  mistakea  tt 
iw  a  glandetoas  nlecr.  and  have  oondcmned  a  nadiil  and  valoabla  aauwL 
It  is  tound  just  before  tbo  skin  of  the  mazxie  tomunatoi,  and  the  more 
delicate  membrane  of  the  nostril  oomimiices.  The  opening  <if  the  canal  is 
placed  thus  tow  because  the  membrane  of  the  nose  is  exceedingly  delioale, 
and  weald  be  irrilalvd  and  made  sore  by  the  frequent  or  conslaab  roaniag 
down  of  tho  tears. 

Tltere  is,  however,  something  yet  wantiag.  Wo  have  a  provinon  fir 
sngiplying  the  eye  with  requisite  moisture,  and  for  washing  from  off  tlM 


Tint  SBJreoRrAL  pi'scnot*.  iti 


,  pari  of  it  iuaecte  or  dust  Umt  mar  annoy  the  nniin.il.     What 

faMOiwM  of  tlik'sc  impurities  when  tbos  wwhea  olTP  Arf  tlioj-  curriifl  l:^ 
Um  !<■«  to  Umj  ccniw  of  tho  oyc,  and  go  poag  down  this  diwt,  mid  trritato 
And  abstract  it;  or  do  tlicjr  uoRumalutc  at  the  iirnDT  angle  of  tlio  vyo? 
TbcTC  is  ft  bcantiTul  ooutrivsncv  fur  dispcwmg  of  thom  as  (set  ns  they  accu- 
lBal»t«^  Coiice«fed  irithin  tli«  imicr  coruur  of  ibu  eye,  ur  just  at  tlia 
m»tpii  of  it,  black  or  pied,  is  visible  a  triangalar-«ba^ed  cartilu^i!,  tlir  kaw, 
wtik  ita  browl  part  tbnrords.  It  is  ooacave  within,  euctl;  Ui  atut  tJm 
^ob»  of  tho  Cfo ;  it  i*  convex  n-ithont,  itccDrnto);-  to  adnpt  it«eLf  to  the 
mnbrnaa  Umug  the  lid;  and  tltv  buac  at  it  is  rcilocod  to  n  thin  or  almost 
aliBip  ed^  At  the  will  of  tho  auiinal  this  is  anddcnly  protnidod  from 
its  faidiog-'place.  It  passes  isindlr  over  the  eye,  and  thoveb  np  oroy 
Bttltannt  uuied  with  tho  t«ara,  una  then  botng  speedily  drawn  bade,  the 
dast  or  insect  ia  wiped  away  u  tho  oartilagv  again  posses  nuder  the  conter 
flftb**^ 

How  t*  this  nuuiaK«d  ?  The  ouiilogo  ha«  no  mnitole  attnchod  to  it ; 
■ad  the  Umba  and  tho  different  parts  of  tho  body,  when  put  into  motion 
hj  the  inflnencc  of  the  trill,  are  mored  invariably  by  niusctca.  Tho 
^wrtwiiirn,  hovergr,  ijt  ximplo  and  oBcctual.  There  is  a  considerable 
•MM  of  &tty  matter  at  tho  h^k  of  the  eyp,  in  order  that  this  organ  may 
bs  imrfj  mored  ;  and  tlua  Ebt  m  [urtivuhu'ly  acoomnhitMl  about  tno  Inner 
fomcr  of  iho  eye,  and  beneath,  and  at  the  point  of  this  cortilngo.  Tho 
qv  of  the  hone  has  likewise  rery  stronj;  mosclua  attached  to  it,  and  anp, 
yewJiar  to  qnadropeds,  of  axtmonlinary  power,  by  whose  lud,  if  tJte  animal 
Im  ant  bands  to  ward  off  a  dansor  that  lhrcat«>na,  he  19  at  loaetenabkd  Ui 
draw  the  eyv  back  aknojit  out  of  the  rmch  of  that  danger. 

Dost,  or  gravel,  or  lUHects,  may  have  entered  tho  cyo,  and  annoy  the 
konfc  This  moselc  suddenly  acts:  Uic  oyc  is  forcibly  drawn  buck,  nnil 
preMOt  apoo  the  &itty  matter.  That  may  be  displaced,  bnt  cannot  bo 
ndaoed  into  Ims  compass.  It  i»  forced  fiolcntly  tiwards  the  inner  coruer 
(€  llw  ajv,  and  it  ilHvrs  before  it  Lhc  hnn-  ;  and  the  huw,  baring  Iikcwiso 
Bn#  &t  abinit  ita  point,  and  being  placed  butwocn  tho  eye  and  an  excood- 
in^  cmooUi  aud  polished  bono,  and  being  pressed  upon  by  the  cyo  as  it 
isTuknUy  drawn  bade,  shoot*  ont  with  the  rapidity  of  h^hLning,  an<l, 
{Bded  by  tbo  ^vlids,  pr^rjccte  ovor  tho  eye,  and  thus  carries  olf  the 
tAndi&g  matter. 

In  what  war  shall  wo  dr&w  the  haw  back  again  without  mnscular 
•dion  ?  Another  principle  is  called  into  phtr,  of  which  mention  has 
ibmdj  been  made,  and  of  which  wo  shall  hare  much  to  say — ehiednty. 
b  is  tbat  principle  by  which  a  body  yields  to  a  certain  furce  imprcsHi'd 
^on  it,  and  retams  to  its  former  state  ba  scon  as  that  force  is  n-niuvcd. 
It  is  tbat  by  which  tho  ligiimcnt  of  the  ttc'ck  (n.  15^),  while  it  supports 
lb*  baad,  enable*  the  horve  to  graze — by  whicli  tho  hnnrt  expands  nflcr 
**"^-y  en  and  propi^lling  fbrward  the  bloud  in  itx  ventricles  aud  tho 
Srtnj  ecmtracts  on  the  blood  that  has  distended  it,  and  many  of  the  niost 
iayortant  Ainctktna  of  life  arc  inflnenood  or  govcnicd.  Tliis  muscle  ceasea 
te  act,  and  the  oyo  rcsnmcK  its  natural  mtnation  in  the  orbit.  There  ia 
roon  (or  the  latty  matter  to  return  to  its  jplaoe,  and  it  imm(<ilint«!ly  rctnnia 
hr  IIm  daatjcity  of  the  tncrabraiie  by  which  it  is  eorercd,  and  draws  after 
It  this  eartila^  with  which  it  is  connected,  and  whose  return  is  as  rapid  as 
was  tbe  prctfectkm. 

n#  oU  arrivTB  strsngoly  misnndcnttond  the  nature  and  design  of  the 
law,  Bi>il  many  at  the  present  day  do  not  sct^m  to  he  mnch  betlcr  uiformod. 
Wban,  from  aympathy  with  other  iiarts  of  the  eye  Inboaring  under  in- 
Camaatien,  and  becoming  itself  itmamed  and  incrcaeed  in  bnlk,  and  the 
lM<n!ilsiiliiim  parts  likewise  thickened,  it  is  either  forood  oat  of  its  place, 


ir,o 


THE  SENSORIAL  rCXCTIOS. 


or  TuliintMrilj  protrndctl  to  defend  tho  vyc  fVom  lUc  iwtion  of  lighU  &nd 
ciiniiot  retam,  tlipy  mittlakc  it  for  nomo  injuriouit  cxcrpstccncc  or  Vtimoar, 
and  prococd  to  iiut  it  init.  The  '  hiui  in  thv  evL- '  in  n  difMiuic  wi'll  kndwn 
to  the  mnjoritv  of  grucimit,  and  tlii*  Mud  r«raeuy  for  it  iit  <1<.imii(.-<I  the  only 
cure.  It  w  u  Durbaroua  iiraotifi-,  and  if  they  were  coin|ifl!i^  to  walk  linlf 
B  doi«n  iml(\'(  ill  a  thick  duat,  without  buinjf  pcrmittod  lo  n  i[M-  or  to  vlemtiMi 
tbo  (^e,  they  would  feel  tho  torlare  to  which  they  doom  thia  uobk*  knima]. 
A  littl<;  patieuw  having  bcCTj  exorcised,  and  »  few  coohnf;  applications 
mnilo  to  thi--  cyi!  wliilo  the  infinrontatJOD  Iftstod,  and  afl«rwanls  sonve  mild 
nstringi-tit  oiicn,  atid  other  proper  mmns  Iwing  iiniptoy«d,  the  tnnunr 
wniild  biivu  dinELppoared,  thi>  haw  woald  hiivc  rctnmc-d  to  itfi  plntMi.  and 
t!ir  (iiiinml  would  have  dischnrgwl  the  duties  ntiuired  of  him  iritbout 
iiicouvfuience  to  himself,  ioKtonir  of  the  agoiiy  to  which  an  unguiLrdcd  and 
uiiprolcctwl  eyo  moat  now  (otposo  him. 

The  loss  of  blood  oocuioaed  l>3r  tho  cxdiuon  of  tlie  haw  m«y  frcqaenUy 
relievo  the  inflniiLrajttJOD  of  the  vy*  >  and  tho  cvidL-iit  aDumdiiK'nl  wliich 
follows  induces  tlic«o  wiso  men  ta  boIi«n)  thiit  thi^y  hu.i'u  performed  au 
excellent  operation  ;  hut  tho  samo  Ioh  of  blood  by  scjiririuution  of  tbo  ove<^ 
loEtdod  vcMoU  of  the  coujunotjvu,  would  be  (.■[[uuUy  bi'UL'ficifll,  aiid  tlui  animal 
would  not  bo  depnred  of  au  instruineut  of  admirable  use  to  hire. 

ITm)  oyo  ia  of  a  globular  fisutw,  yet  not  a  perfect  Kl'>bo.  It  i«  rathor 
compoiied  of  part«  of  two  globes  ;  the  half  of  one  of  ibem  smaller  and 
tranflporcRt  LQ  front,  and  of  tbo  other  larger,  and  tho  coat  of  it  opaqno^ 
Iwliiud.     Wo  shall  most  oouTcniently  bc^  with  tho  coats  of  ttio  oyo. 


A  B  a  inripo«e<l  obJMt  TJMrfJ  br  tlio  aninutl,  and  an  invrrl'd  jnug*  ot  vhich,  «,  1^ 

iVrown  oa  the  rriiQn  »l  ihn  b*<li  of  th"  rjr. 
d  t     The  rayi  pnMi>«dint(  from  ihi'  >itrr-inittr«  of  Ibe  olgpct  lo  the  'jm. 
c  e    The  point*  whrm  ilii>  mn^  bmriag  puupj  Uio  eonisa  and  Icni.  omnrga  hj  Iha 

(rftwliv*  povor  of  tbr  Inut. 
/       The  nirw«,  or  bomj  bp-1  trftnapar«ii(  |vt  of  the  tjr,  eoretvd  bj  Om  an^w^dm, 

aniens  dlSbronl  pan*  k«MDi^. 
TbKci7NAtna(«i7«ul  or  glwgrjlMii^  behind  the  pqpit,  and  iaft«Gt  of  Uw  ritiMW 

liUBoiir. 
Niucles  of  Ihie  eye 
Thr  optic  nrrvv^  or  um*  of  ngJtU 
Tbv  utrralica  (bard  flrtn  egat)  cortti^  the  whole  of  th*  <j«  ocMpI  tha  pottiM 

ocnipied  by  tbo  ootnia,  and  bMng  a  anaiiBg  proloiipuion  of  Ibe  eoncinf  <if  ite 

optieaMT«L 
The  eian^As  (netflscje  or  mveringX  nr  rh'rrii  nnt  rriTrnil  irjihilihit  tmititw 

or  paiat. 
The  irii  Off  Tainbow-coloBtvd  tiieaUt  mianhniiio  udiIpt  th>'  tomM.  tn  (raat  of  tha 

rjv,  aod  on  which  rb*  folnur  of  t^  ey*  Jepeoda.     Tbn  dupUmnre  brhiarf  la  A* 

oiro,  &D«  beiii£  <oloiiml  lih*  a  p^g*-    The  opening  in  tb*  tBuUn  ii  tha  f^fi- 
The  «tliuy  (luu>liRe)  fioctmi*. 
thf  rrtBM,  or  nct-llka  eapannoo  of  llie  c^itio  ttem,  (pn«d  oritr  ibe  whol*  of  tfa 

dlONddM  M  br  «a  Ihn  leoa. 
ThaTitn«M<glaM-Uk«)kBniourfItliu£  the  whole  cf  the  eatritj  <4  Urn  n* 

IhelfM, 
Tb*  aquraof  (vBtrT'£ke)  btunonr  flUiiig  ibo  iipa<«  brtwwu  tha  conira  and  the 


i 


9 


t 


rr 


THE  SE^SORtAL   R-.VCTiON-. 


ISl 


T^  eet^Tirti'ra,  f,  is  Outt  nicmlirJinc  vrliirli  linos  (Iio  lido,  and  ooTcre 

h*-  fore  part  of  tlm  oyp.  It  ■pr'cinU  over  all  tliat  wo  can  aeo  or  fpcl  of  tbo 
tnat  it*  ItiMiiintuviit  purt,  luitl  in  thm  rrHccfd  over  the  ink'fuiil 
I  of  tbe  liil.  1(  in  itaelf  tnuiaparunt,  und  ImDHinita  tli<^  colonr  of  tko 
larta  l)«ti«*tb.  It  ia  vcrj  gaaoeplible  of  Jnllaiiimation.  iluritig  which  tlic 
tiaiiig  of  the  lida  will  twcoins  intensely  red,  and  the  wTiitc  of  thu  pye  will 
be  fint  ^rtaked  witb  rrd  vruh-'Ih,  itnd  thra  covi-mtl  with  n  mmt'lclc  luuiih 
of  than,  >nd  Ihe  oomea  vrill  Wcomi-  i-luudj*  and  opHJiui-.  It  in  the  scuit  of 
Twiooj  diacMM,  and,  pftrticulai-ly.  it  fi»t  &anouncea  t\ial  aad  iailumimitioi) 
of  tbo  horae*s  nj^  wnicih  bids  dc>finncfi  to  iiiv  Yetcria&ry  sorgeou'd  skill 
ftnd  slmott  inrtiriubly  lcrmituitv«  in  blindness. 

The  exBiniastion  of  thu  coujoucLiva,  bjr  tnruing  Aowo  tb6  lid,  will  cn- 
■Ub  us  to  form  an  accurate  judgmeDt  of  tho  degree  of  infbuuniatioa  wbicli 
ezittH  m  the  oyo.  * 

CoTcriag  the  bade  pttrt  of  tlie  eyi',  and  indiHid  fuur-fiflba  of  Oie  gloho 
of  it,  is  the  KWvhVo,  it.  Il  is  an  exceedinglv  stronf;  momhninK,  <.-oiiii)oH(?d 
of  libra*  iuti-rwe«riDg  with  cftch  otlicr.nnd  nlmost  deifying  the  [tosaibilily 
of  Wpftretion.  An  orgua  so  d«Licnto  luicl  bo  importnnt  OS  tlio  cji',  requires 
mean  prattxition. 

Jt  t«  to  »  OL-rtiiiu  vitmt  coTDpnratiTolj-  iuohdtic.  It  ia  ncccasaiy  that  it 
■heald  be  so.  when  it  ia  consiilcrod  that  the  eye  is  sarrouiidod  by  several 
Teiy  pown-Ail  mnsclw,  which  muKt  tcnipomrily,  find  even  for  the  pnrposea 
nf  Tinoa,  alter  ila  form.  Thu  Hli^bt  clusticily  nf  the  sclerotica  is  usefully 
Awloped  in  tawaing  the  globe  of  ihe  eye  to  resomo  its  Ibnnar  and  natural 
Am,  M  soon  M  the  action  of  the  mosclo  ceases. 

Tb#  •cierotica  baa  scry  few  blood  vcmcIs — is  scarecly  sensible — and  its 
dta^UM,  cxoopt  when  it  jmrticijiuti^H  in  guuenil  diatarbanee  or  disorgunisa- 
tioB,  ara  tarttj  brought  uudi-r  our  notice. 

Tlia  earaea  ta,  or  we  should  wish  it  to  be,  the  only  visible  part  of  the 
honw's  eye,  for  tbe  exhibition  of  mncli  while  around  it  is  n  frpqtient 
mnptom  of  wickcdnciu.  The  comeii  tilhi  up  the  vacuity  which  \»  lell  by 
ih«  •derotica  in  the  fore  p»rt  of  the  eye,  ntid,  although  closely  united 
tu  tbesderalica,  maybe  separated  from  ir,  njid  will  drop  out  like  a  wntcb- 

K'  IK.  It  is  not  ronad,  but  wider  from  niile  to  side  than  irom  the  top  to 
bottom;  and  tbo  curve  nkther  broader  tuwurda  the  imier  tlian  thn 
outer  comer  of  thn  ere,  bo  that  the  near  eye  may  be  known  from  tbe  ofT 
one  afl«r  il  ia  lalteo  from  the  head. 

The  oonrexity  or  pn>jactio<n  of  the  cornea  in  a  point  of  considerable 
importaiiee.  Th«  prominence  of  thu  eye  ccrioinly  a^lds  nurb  to  tho 
baaty  of  tho  animal,  but  we  shall  sec  presently,  when  we  ooasider  tlie  rye 
^  Ihe  Of^aa  of  sight,  that  by  being  too  prominent,  the  rays  of  light  may 
\m  Kadered  too  oonvergODt,  and  tho  rixion  indistinct ;  or,  if  the  cornea  is 
satf  and  Rat,  the  rays  may  not  be  convergent  onougli,  and  perfect  vision 
dcatmed.  In  cither  case  the  horse  may  uuplensaully  start,  or  enddeitly 
a*d  dttBgeroosly  tora  ronnd.  An  eye  neither  too  prominent  nor  too  flat 
•  iD  be  neerest  to  perfecltou. 

It  ahontd  be  pnrfecUy  trnn«pnrent.  Any  cloudiness  or  opacity  is  the 
etHMoeaeBcr  of  diieuie.  It  is  an  eioeediugly  firm  aud  dense  membrane, 
acid  (an  acarvely  be  ]nerced  by  tbe  sharpest  inatrnment.  'llie  cornea  is 
(uo^oeed  of  many  dxtTorent  plnt^-s,  laid  over  one  another;  and  between 
-fiTTr.  •!  laaat  in  a  state  of  health,  is  a  fluUI  that  is  tbo  cause  of  its  trana- 
fMWHj',  and  the  erapontion  of  whicrh.  after  death,  prodnccx  the  Icadca 
or  ^naed  app«aranee  of  the  eye.  When  it  appears  to  be  opunnc,  it  is  not 
oAca,  and  nerer  at  Brst,  that  the  4^omca.  has  undergone  any  change. 

Within  tho  •clorotioi,  and  couneoted  witli  it  by  innnmembtn  minute 
■hm  and  tcsKcU,  is  tho  ehuruid  coat,  I.     It  is  a  rery  delicate  membnuW) 


iG-i 


TUE   SENSORIAL   FUNCTIOX. 


uul  oxUnids  over  ncwljr  tbo  wtolo  of  the  inlornal  piu-t  oT  the  eyo,  Trom 
tliQ  optic  nerve  to  tho  cornea.  It  tfocrctcs  >  <Urk-coloun)d  substaooe  or 
paint,  bf  which  it  is  covvred ;  the  iuluntioii  of  which,  liko  tho  inddo  of 
our  l^duttcopes  and  microacopes,  ia  proLttbl}-  to  abHUrb  luij  wundering  lajrs 
of  light  which  might  dszzlo  and  coafaae.  Tho  block  paint,  jnffantitmn 
nijrrwn,  eccins  parfccti;  bo  dinL-hnrgn  this  function  in  th«  bnmui  eyv.  It 
is  placed  immeaifttely  onlaido  the  rvtica  or  exponaion  of  tho  optjc  DCTTe. 
The  niya  of  light  fall  on  the  retina,  aJid  w-ueUnling  ita  dclicat*  nubstnncw^ 
Bro  imiucdiatily  absorbed  or  dcelrOTcd  by  the  black  coTcrin^  of  the  cho- 
lOidOB  ondcmcath.  For  the  pt-rfoction  of  mittiy  of  bis  boat  plc«aart«,  uitl 
partaonlart/  uf  hi.i  iat^Uvola^  jiom-ni,  man  wanta  tho  vi\-id  imprMaion 
which  will  be  caused  by  tho  aduiissJoii  of  the  nys  o(  light  into  a  pcrfbctlf 
d^rk  chamber ;  and  when  tho  light  of  tho  son  bcgiua  lo  fiiil,  his  raperior 
intolli^onco  hiia  rnnhlcd  him  to  disciiver  rariow  mothoda  of  rabBtitatinff 
Ml  nrtificikl  dny,  tSiw  the  natiiniJ  one  haa  doaed.  Other  antmaila,  withoas 
this  pow«r  of  Kindling  tuiothcr,  although  iiiTcriiur  light,  have  fur  more  to 
do  with  the  night  than  wo  have.  Uauy  of  them  aloep  through  the  glara 
of  day,  and  ar«  awnko  and  busy  daring  tho  period  of  darknoaa.  Tho  ax 
occupies  come  haum  of  the  night  in  gnixiog  ;  tltc  ahccp  doea  »o  when  not 
foldvd  in  his  pen ;  and  the  hone,  worked  daring  Uie  dAj  for  onr  oonT»- 
nieuoo  and  proAt,  haa  ofWn  httle  more  thau  tho  period  of  night  allotted  to 
him  for  noarishmcnt  and  ropoao.  tt  ia  ncceasatT'  then  that,  by  aouia 
peculiar  and  ndofiuiiic  oontrirancc^  those  hour*  of  comparatiro  or  total 
daricneaa  to  oa  xhuuld  bo  partially  yet  aoffioientJy  iUuninated  for  them ; 
and  therefore,  in  the  horso,  the  dark>broWD  or  black  coot  of  the  choroidM 
doca  not  extend  over  the  irliolc  of  the  iDtenial  part  of  the  eye,  or  T«lher 
it  ia  not  foand  on  any  part  on  whieh  the  rays  proceeding  from  tbo  obJMia 
oonld  fhlh  It  doca  not  occupy  the  amtilleat  [lortiun  of  what  may  bo  called 
tiie  field  of  riaion ;  but,  in  ita  pla<M,  a  bright  variegated  grc«n  ta  apreftd, 
called  the  lapefnm  IvciJunt,  and  more  over  the  nppor  part  than  Ifae  lower, 
beoanao  the  animal'a  food,  n.Dd  tbo  objocta  whtco  it  ia  of  conM>quonc!«  for 
him  to  nnticn,  tax  umially  bcilnw  tlio  level  of  hia  bend — thax,  by  «nlTering 
the  impromon  to  reniun  longer  ou  the  rvtin&,  or  by  aoiuu  portion  of  Ught 
reflated  from  this  Taiiegsted  bed  on  which  the  r<4iiia  n-noees,  or  in  aomo 
other  inexplicnblo  bnt  ofTictcnt  way,  enabling  tho  animal,  even  in  com|»- 
ntivo  darknvaa,  to  posaeaA  a  power  of  ri«inn  m^uaI  to  his  wants. 

Tbo  T«ader  may  aee  ia  the  dnsk,  or  even  when  daakinvBM  !a  fitat  yielding 
to  uttor  darkneaa,  tho  beantafal  acn-greeu  reflection  ttom  the  eye  of  the 
iMtw.     It  ia  that  hirid  mrirgntt^t  rnrppt  of  which  we  are  now  ^leaking. 

Who  is  nnawaitt  that  in  tbo  Ijtding  glimmering  of  tbo  oroaing,  and  eren 
in  the  darker  ahade«  of  night,  hia  horse  can  see  aurroanding  objeots  mne-h 
better  than  his  rider :  ana  who,  resigning  hiEaself  to  the  gntdanm  of  that 
■aoradoaa  aod  fiulhflll  animal,  has  not  bwn  carried  in  safety  to  his  jout^ 
nn's  end,  when  ho  wtnild  otberwiao  have  bocn  nttcrly  bewildered  f 

If  tho  Tvader  hna  not  cxamin<!d  tliia  beautiful  pi^Tnent  in  the  oyo  of  tlM 
faoreo,  ho  BhonlJ  take  the  carlieitt  opportunity  of  doing  no.  Ue  will  haw 
a  beautifnl  illuatntion  of  the  oare  wcJch  that  Being  who  gare  all  things 
lUb  baa  taken  that  each  shall  bs  fitted  for  hia  situation.  The  horso  baa  not 
tho  intelligonce  of  man,  and  maj  not  want  for  an^  pai^uee  of  ploasan  or 
improrciDcnt  the  rivid  picture  of  anrroundiiiK  objecU  which  tM  retina  of 
the  bnmon  being  presents.  A  thousand  minute  bat  exqniaite  beauties 
would  be  loat  npon  him.  If,  therefore,  hia  acnae  of  vision  may  not  bo 
BO  strong  daring  tho  day,  it  is  mado  np  to  him  by  the  increased  power  of 
visioa  in  the  night. 

pBrfedly  while  and  ervara-eoloured  horses  bsve  a  peenliar  appennuioe 
of  tha  eyes.    Tbo  pupil  is  red  instead  of  black.  There  ia  no  Uacic  paint  or 


TOE  SBSSOBIAL  R'XCTIOK. 


ie3 


i 


I 


^H^mt^^poi.  It  is  Die  cboruiJ  I'linL  iUolt'  n-liicU  wc  rcc  in  llirm,  »n(1 
^Bbtt  cotvHi^ ;  imd  the  ivd  ftppourauce  is  canxcd  by  tLc  iiunwruun  bluuil- 
VBmilI*  whicli  ore  t'oiind  oo  cruty  port  of  that  coat. 

Wluin  wc  huvi;  Ui  txttut,  of  oUuir  domestic  animals,  wo  Khali  eco  how  this 
cartel  ia  ruicd  in  coluiu-  lo  suit  tlit-  siliiutiuii  iiuti  nuL-uKuty  Drciu^li.  lu  tho 
dx  U  is  of  a  dark  gnxn.  Ho  liaa  uol  ni&uy  etiecuieH  tu  fi-ar,  or  umvli 
difficulty  in  scarcbit^  (br  noamhmcnt,  and  the  colour  of  iho  eye  is  ndapkd 
to  hia  food.  In  tho  cat  and  all  his  vuriclics  it  in  yellow.  We  have  hoard 
of  die  eyes  of  the  Uun  ^poaring  liku  two  fliLmitw  torches  in  the  nieht. 
There  we  few  of  our  teadere  v&t  Imve  uol  m«ji  Qi«  wuue  tiiu^ulur  gluru 
fron  tlM  oyca  of  tho  doiucfelic  cat.  lu  tbe  wolf,  aod  likewise  in  the  dog, 
vbo^  in  hit  wild  Ntntc,  prowls  chiefly  nt  iiight,  it  IB  grey.  In  tlie  poor 
vinnatly-penecal«d  bailgrr,  wlto  BaiTusly'  darcii  to  crawl  forlli  at  night, 
altbongh  alueltered  by  tlic  thickest  du-kui-iut,  it  ia  vrixiUi :  luid  thv  furret, 
who  is  deetinod  to  hunt  Lis  prey  tbrough  all  its  winding  rctrcate,  and 
it)  wliat  would  bo  141  lis  absolute  ilarknt«s,  hne  vo  nnint  on  tlio  dioroidcs. 

^^meii^  the  oboruidi^s  townrdii  the  furo  purt  of  Uie  vyu,  we  porcvivv  that 

u  nflectcd  from  the  side  to  ihu  cd^i^  of  tlu-  Itns,  n,  luid  has  the  ftppoar> 
*nce  of  oevcral  plaile  or  folds.  They  arc  actually  foldings  of  the  toetliDraiie. 
it  is  not  diniini)dM!il  in  nzc,  Init  it  hiw  Io«s  cpooo  to  cover,  nud  thcro  most 
bo  dnplicKtvreji  or  pluitx.  Tbcy  aic  UBufnlly  erapliiyed  in  tlic  place  in 
wlueh  wo  find  Ibeiu.  They  tireveut  the  pussa^  of  any  roys  of  l^ht  on  tho 
imimiifi  of  the  leas,  asd  wnicn,  proooeding  forward  in  various  aii'ectjons, 
■ad  QBCondmaml  by  tbe  powrr  of  the  lens,  would  render  vision  confascd 
or  imperfect.     Thme  foltU  of  the  cboroidcB  one  called  tlie  ciliary  procc-itci. 

Oceapying  tLe  fore  part  of  the  eye,  is  tbe  aqueoun  humour,  q,  so  terniei 
bcim  ila  TfTTBiWaaffiT  to  pore  water.  It  is  that  by  which  tbe  cornea  is  prc- 
Mt^eJ  ia  Us  pvotabcrant  and  ronndod  form.  It  cxtendn  to  the  ctytaUiuo 
\tBB,  jTi  and  therefore  a  portion  of  il,  although  a  very  muutl  une,  ia  bebind 
(Iw  iris.  Floating  in  Uiis  fluid  ia  a  membraLnie,  witii  aa  oblong  aperture, 
celled  the  Ini  (m,  y.  \&)).  It  is  iliat  which  givea  colour  to  tho  eye.  Tho 
fannuui  eye  ia  said  to  bo  blade,  or  hnxcl,  or  blue,  according  to  tlio  colour  of 
this  mcmbmao  or  curtain ;  and  it  is  dcnomiuat^id  the  iris,  or  rainbow, 
from  its  beenliful,  intfrtuingliug  hues.  Tbe  colour  varies  little  in  tlio 
honei  except  that  it  alwnys  bears  Bonw  analogy  to  thnt  of  tlic  skin.  Wo 
tarely  eec  it  lighter  than  a  huxel,  or  dnrlurr  ttinn  n  brown.  Horses  per- 
iioctly  white,  or  crean).co1oured,  liu\«  the  m<t  vlijtv  awl  the  pupil  red. 
When  horv.'fi  of  other  colours,  and  that  are  usually  pied,  have  a  white  iris 
•ad  a  black  pupil,  tbcv  arc  said  to  bo  waU-fj/ed.  Vulgar  opinion  Ima 
decided  that  a  wall.«yca  bono  ia  never  aubject  to  blindufsK,  but  Ibis  is 
altogether  erruncwuK.  There  \a  no  diffeTence  of  structure  that  can  produce 
tine  exemption  ;  but  tho  wall.cyed  borso,  fn>tn  tJiis  siugnltirond  uup1ea»int 
appMnnoe,  and  his  frequent  want  of  breeding,  miiy  not  bo  *»  much  uned 
and  expoead  to  many  of  the  uKual  cituseM  I'f  iuilajunialiun. 

The  apertnre  in  tne  iria  is  tvnued  the  ju'pil,  aud  through  it  light  pncms 
to  the  inner  chamber  of  the  eye.  The  pupil  is  oblong,  and  variable  in  size. 
It  diifen  with  tbe  intensity  or  d(«ree  of  light  thai  faUa  upon  the  eye.  In 
»  daric  ainhle  the  pnpil  in  i:x])iiude<l  to  uduiit  a  great  proportion  of  the 
y^t  that  &1U  upon  the  cornea ;  but  when  tho  horse  is  hronght  towarda 
tbe  door  of  the  viable  and  more  liglit  is  thmwn  u]>on  tlio  eye,  the  pnpil 
oontiacle  ia  order  to  keep  out  that  cxtru  qiuuitity  which  would  bo  minml 
fc>  IIm  wiT"*l,  *»^  isjvrions  to  vinion.  When  opiiosed  directly  to  tno  mm, 
the  •pertnre  will  almost  cIo.hc. 

Thia  altcmtion  of  fonu  in  the  pupil  is  ctTocfed  by  the  muscular  fibres 
that  enter  into  the  ocunpowtion  of  the  iria.  There  are  two  orders  of  these 
Sbree,  the  circular  and  tlw  atraightormdlating.     When  tho  circolsr  fibres 


i 


164 


TUB  SENSOBI.VI-  PlTtCTIOS. 


act,  tbo  popilUrr  opening  ix  cloiicl^  oontnictcd,  b&ring  Uic  apjiMnum^  nf 
R  ainglc  lino ;  when,  on  tlic  coutmry,  the  nujiating  Gbm  are  broogbt 
into  aotion,  Uio  pnpil  U  dilated  to  its  gnfttest  «xtent  A  strong  %hl 
induces  the  action  of  ihs  formor,  to  Iceara  it«  ftkct,  and  k  dim  light  Um 
latter,  to  admit  tb*  gmktMt  pooriblo  ([nncUtj  of  it.  Thv  Ii|;ht,  hon'trrn*, 
doM  sot  not  on  the  iris  itselT.  but  on  tlie  optio  ner1-l^,  and  it  U  from  » 
reflected  actioa  from  the  brain  titat  tbe  mnsculnr  power  of  the  iris  ia 
icfliMDoed.  The  motionfl  of  the  irig  nrc  tmtat  nil  nniler  Uin  oimtro!  of  tlie 
will,  BOT  ia  the  nnitnnl  scnidblo  of  them.  Tlicj'  arc  produced  by  apnimthj' 
wiUi  tlie  aliil*  of  tho  retina.  WTieo,  howcvw,  a  deficient  portJou  orlif^ht 
raaebee  tha  rvtina,  and  rision  ia  indistinct,  iro  arccnnscionKof  nn  appnreut 
effbrt  lo  brinp  Ibo  object  more  cIoatI^  into  view,  and  tho  fibt««  then  ooa- 
tract,  and  tbe  apt-rtiirc  cnbtrgct,  Rnd  more  light  is  admitted. 

This  dilatation  or  oontnutlJon  of  the  pu^  ^vcb  a  useM  method  ot 
uccrtaining  tbe  existence  of  blindneM  in  one  eye  or  in  both.  The 
ooreea  and  ciTvtalliiie  lens  remain  perfect^  tnnaparent,  but  the  nrtion  is 
palsied,  and  is  not  stfTootod  by  ligbt ;  and  man^  pcmns  havt!  liccn  dcM^rrd 
whan  blindni'ss  of  tJiis  daacnpUon  baa  been  confined  to  one  eye.  A  Itorae 
blind  in  both  ejea  will  luuaUj  hRve  his  cars  in  constentand  rapid  motion, 
dinctiag  tlwm  in  qniclc  gnnccuion  to  OTCry  qnarter.  He  will  tikewiae 
lumg  back  in  bis  baiter  in  a  peculiar  way,  and  will  till  bi«  (cvt  high  as  if 
lie  were  stepping  orar  some  obstacle,  when  there  is  actnallj-  ncShing  to 
obstraot  his  passage,  aikd  tliere  will  bo  an  cridont  nncertainly  in  the  pat- 
ting dowTi  of  his  loot.  In  blindnoss  of  one  eyo  little  or  nothing  of  this 
chnractfiristic  gait  and  nutnn<!r  can  be  pcrociTcd.  Altbongh  a  ODc-cycd 
liorac  may  not  be  a1»olutuly  condemned  for  the  common  bnnnojw  of  th* 
camaf^  or  the  road,  he  is  gcnentlly  deterioriated  as  a  bnnlur,  for  be  can- 
not measure  his  distaaoes,  and  will  nm  into  his  leaps.  Many  a  sporlmiaa, 
puzzled  and  nng^y  at  the  nuddm  blundering  of  bis  horac,  oriignrodbyooo 
or  mom  Klunning  tails,  Iuls  fonnd  a  tctj  natnrnl  altbon^  naoxpocted 
explanation  of  it  iu  the  blindness  of  one  eje,  and  (hat  pertiape  pTi>dnoMl 
Ihrovgfa  his  own  fknlt,  hy  over  riding  his  willing  and  excellent  servant  and 
i^Biihfg  a  dotorminntion  of  blood  to  tbo  cyo,  which  profed  fatal  to  the 
delloato  texture  of  the  retina.  Even  for  tbe  carriage  or  the  rood  be  is 
considerably  deteriorated,  for  his  field  of  obeerration  must  bo  matcEriallj 
Icasraed. 

Let  the  size  of  both  papils  So  carefhlly  noticed  before  the  horse  is  n- 
noTod  from  the  stable,  and,  as  ho  is  led  to  tint  door,  obnerrc  whothertliey 
both  contmct,  and  equally  so,  with  tbe  increase  of  Hgfat.  If  tlie  boraa 
should  he  first  seen  in  tbo  open  air,  tot  it  be  obeerred  whether  the  pnpib 
ore  precisely  of  the  same  size  ;  and  let  the  hand  be  placed  orer  each  eyo 
altematelT'  and  held  there  for  a  little  while,  and  l(<t  it  be  obwrred  whether 
thepnpil  dilates  with  the  abstraetion  of  bgbt,  and  eqniUly  in  each  ey«, 

fijuging  &am  the  npper  edge  of  the  pnpil  of  the  hone*  arvtwuorthiiM 
ronsd  black  snbatanoca,  as  lai^  ns  millet  loedii,  colled  the  eorpora  wiffru. 
When  the  horse  ia  saddJenly  broogbt  into  an  intenM  light,  aod  the  pttpD  ia 
r-loeed,  they  present  a  singtilar  appenranee,  as  they  ane  prcsaod  oat  mm 
between  the  edgim  of  the  iris.  An  equal  number,  bnt  much  smaller,  an 
attached  to  thi'  etljce  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  iris.  Their  g|eiunl  itae  ia 
probably  (d  intercept  rays  of  tight  which  wonM  bo  troahleaoKU  or  ti^Jiui- 
ono,  aad  their  principal  fiuctioin  is  accomplished  dnrmgthoactefgrMBiMf. 
They  are  largiTr  on  tlio  upper  edge  nf  the  iris,  and  are  placed  on  the  owler 
aid*  cf  the  pupil,  eridently  to  diRchurgn  the  same  flmction  which  we  h>n 
BttribBtod  to  the  ejeltahea,  vii.,  u>  obflimct  tbo  hgfat  in  those  direotioaa 
in  which  it  would  come  with  greatest  force,  both  ftom  aborc  and  evea  tnn 


H 


THE  SEXSOBIAL  FCXCTION'.  ]C$ 

twlow,  while,  at  the  sam«  time,  the  GcId  of  view  is  pcrfuutJy  open,  so  &ra8 
' .  Rtgaida  tha  pAstorc  on  wliich  tbe  horse  is  greaiug. 

In  OUT  cut  m  girc*  n  dnpliciiiiMo  of  tho  iris,  or  the  back  snrlkce  of  il. 
I  Thia  ia  okUed  the  Mreo,  uid  it  in  carercd  with  a  thick  coot  of  black  mtiouB, 
I  to  VT«sl  the  rays  of  liK^t,  and  to  prevent  them  &om  eatcriDg  the  cy o  in 
\*Btj  otbar  wa;  thaa  throogh  the  pupil.  The  colour  of  tht-  iris  is,  in  soniu 
I  iinkiitnni  w»y.  coitDcctmi  with  this  bliiofc  paint  behind.  Wall-ej'ed  horafs, 
f 'Wrlioia  ilia  ia  while,  bavo  no  avea. 

We  now  amre  »t  a  body  on  which  all  the  important  uaes  of  the  eye 

FlBMnljr  depend,  the  cfyatolltwa  lent,  g,  p.  160,  so  callod  from  lU  resemblonoe 

f  tos  ptaoa  of  orjatol,  ortrnnsparentglaiw.     Itisof  nj-ieldiug  j«lly-likecan- 

r^-^r-"'.  thic^r  u>d  finni'r  towards  tlie  centre,  and  conTex  on  eiK'h  sidt', 

but  mote  Codtcx  on  the  poat«rior  than  tho  anU-rior  side.     It  is  enclosed  in 

I  delicate-  traosparrat  bag  or  capsule,  n.nd  is  placed  between  the  aqaeous 

tho  Tiln<oa>;  hnmonra,  and  received  into  a  hoUow  in  tbe  vitreoua 

r,  with  whii^h  it  exat-tlj-  corresponds.     It  has,  from  its  denailry  and 

ble  convciiLv,  the  chief  concern  in  conrerging  tho  rays  of  light 

I  j«as  into  the  popiL 

BAaai  (lio  Iwta,  and  occnpying  fonr-fiAhs  of  the  cavil}*  of  the  eye,  is  the 

IctfemNu  hufiKur  (KlaaKT,  or  rowunbling  glass).     It  Becms,  when  find:  taken 

fbom  the  eye,  to  he  of  the  oonsistvace  of  a  jellj,  and  of  bcatitifiit  trans- 

fArODCy  ;  but  if  it  is  punctured  a  fliiid  escapes  IVom  it  as  limpid  and  as  tliin 

1  water,aad  whcnthishna  been  sufTcT^Ml  cnmplct<ilylo  noze  out,  a  tissue  of 

tmimaront  mombraneona  bag*  or  cells  rcmiiinG.  The  vitremu  hamnvr 

httmof  Ami 


■  watery  fluid  conUincd  iu  these  cells  ;  but  the  flttid  and  tlio 
I  cell*  form  a  body  of  considerably  greater  density  than  tho  aqueous  fluid 
in  the  front  of  tho  oyo. 

Last  of  all,  between  tho  vilreous  huniour  and  the  choroid  Cou(,  is  the 
rWtiut,  a,  p.  160,  or  nut-like  membrane.  It  is  an  expansion  of  the  Bubslancc, 
i,  of  lie  optic  nerve.  When  that  nerro  lias  readied  tlu'  b<u:k  of  the  eye,  and 
nenetiated  through  tho  sclerotic  and  choroid  coats,  it  firat  eulargi^B  into  » 
littJe  white  prrrtnincnM^  from  which  mdiationa  or  expan»ons  of  nervous 
matter  proceed,  which  spread  over  the  whole  of  tbe  choroid  cnal>  and  form 
the  third  tnveaiment  of  the  eye.  The  membrane  by  which  this  nervous 
pulp  ia  supported,  is  bo  oxeeedingly  thin  and  delicate,  that  it  will  tear  with 
the  alighteat  toach,  and  brvak  even  with  ita  own  weight.  The  memhrune 
aad  tho  pulp  arc  pcrftsctly  transparent  in  tho  living  animal,  The  pupil 
apprarc  to  be  black,  because  in  tho  dstvtinio  it  imperTcctty  rc&(s:t«  tho 
eolonr  of  tho  choroid  coat  beneath.  In  tbednskit  is  greeiiisli,  because,  the 
^Bi«  of  day  being  r«moTod,  (ho  actual  green  of  the  naiut  appeai-s. 

Ob  t*"'*  QxpanaioD  of  nervous  ptilp,  the  rays  of  lignt  from  surronndiug 
tj^M.(a^  eoodonaed  by  the  lens  and  tho  hnmonre,  fall,  and  prodncing  h 
certain  imifp  oorreeponding  with  these  objects,  tbe  *"'"'■'  is  conscions  of 
llieir  szjatenee  and  pmcDoe. 

It  may,  howrver,  so  happen  that  from  the  too  great  or  too  little  con- 
vcntj  of  the  eye  or  a  portion  of  it.  tho  placo  of  most  distinct  vision  may 
Dot  bo  immediately  on  tlio  retina,  but  a  little  before  or  behind  it.  In  pro- 
Mrtioa  aa  tfaia  ia  the  case,  the  sight  will  be  indistinct  and  imperfect ;  nor 
ahall  wo  be  aMo  to  ofler  any  remedy  for  thia  defect  of  sight.  There  i«  a 
tifima,  oflen  tho  rvault  of  cowardice  or  jilayfalnosa,  or  want  of  work,  but 
at  cmr  timm  prminp,  beyond  contradiction,  a  defect  of  sight  even  wore 
daagvona  than  blinduesa.  A  blind  herso  will  resign  himi;i>lf  to  Uie  guid- 
^..^.^i  of  hk  rider  or  driver ;  but  against  the  miacoDCOption  und  arlartiug  of 
a  aliTiii^lKRW  Uwn>  in  no  deftmce.  That  horsca  ^w  ahy  aa  they  k'ow 
oU  no  ofio  aocnatontcd  to  them  vrill  dnny  ;  and  no  inlelligent  person  will 
b«  alow  ia  attributing  it  to  the  right  cauM— a  decay  in  tlio  or^an  of  visioiit 


ICG 


TiiE  SEXsoRr.a  fuxctiow 


— »  k>8s  of  conrcsitf  in  tho  ejrv,  loMcnuig  thi;  convergcncy  of  Uii;  rnyc^ 
and  Ihroiring  the  pcriect  imaf^ bejoDi],  tmd  not  on  Ui« retina.  Thiiv  in  » 
■trikii^  difleivnce  in  tlio  coDTexitv  of  the  cornea  in  Uie  colt  and  tho  old 
borM  1  and  botli  of  tbom,  probablj,  ranj  Ay  Anjri  oppo«t«  oausea  —  tfae 
one  from  a  cornea  too  prominent,  and  tlio  ot£er  from  one  too  flat.  In  tbe 
nmul  cxiiininaliom  of  U10  hone  prerioosly  to  purchase,  aaffioientattcntioD 
ia  Dot  always  pud  to  the  coarerity  of  the  oomra. 

The  remedy  for  shying  nill  bo  coiMidcred  when  wo  spcnk  of  tbo  victt  of 
bones. 

There  is  a  proiidon  yet  wanting.  Tlio  horn  baa  a  rery  extended  field 
of  view,  bnt  many  peraons  are  not  perhnpg  aware  how  little  of  it  be  con 
command  at  a  time.  Thcro  ia  not  one  of  our  rMidnrs  who  nn  make  oota 
■inglo  line  of  our  trcatiao  withoat  chuugin)^  Ihe  direction  of  the  eye.  It  ia 
ennona  to  follow  tbe  motion  of  the  ejes  of  a  rapid  reader.  Nalnro  bna 
siTen  no  Ims  than  Boren  mnsclos  to  the  horse,  in  order  to  turn  ibii  littlo 
bnt  unportaot  organ ;  and  that  ibey  may  net  with  safEcicnl  power  and 
qnidnicu,  no  fewer  (ban  six  nerrcs  are  tltrcct«d  to  tho  mu«c1cs  of  the  eye 
nnendly.  Or  to  rrarticular  onc« — while  the  eye  rests  on  a  inflaa  of  (at,  tliat 
it  nay  be  tomea  wiUi  little  exertion  ot  power,  and  without  (rictien, 

KUSCLES    OP  TEE  ETC. 

There  are  foor  straight  mnsclow,  three  of  *which,  d,  e,  and  /,  are  repr9> 
aontcd  in  ear  cot,  rising  from  the  bac^  of  the  orbit,  anid  inMrtcd  into  the 

ball  of  the  eye,  opposite  to  and 
at  equal  distnnces  &om  eadi 
other.  One,  d,  mnx  to  the  upper 
part  of  the  eye,  just  behind  tbo 
tTOnRpnrent  and  risible  portion 
of  it,  and  il«  office  is  oWrly  to 
raise  tbcoye.  When  it  contracti^ 
the  eye  must  bo  drswn  upward. 
Another,  /,  is  insi-rtcd  rxactly 
ojiposile,  at  the  bottom  of  tbe 
eye ;  and  its  ofKco  ia  as  eUarly 
to  depnas  the  eye,  or  enable  the 
■aimal  to  look  downwards.  A  third,  e,  is  inserted  a(  tbe  oaler  oomor,  and 
llj  meens  of  it  the  eye  ia  tonied  ontwartl,  and  from  the  aatustiou  uf  the 
eye  of  tho  bono,  oonaiderably  backward  i  and  the  fosrtli  ta  inserted  at  the 
inner  oomes',  turning  tho  ejro  inward.  Tbm  can  thus  rotate  or  tarn  the 
eye  in  any  direotton  the  animal  wi'ahes,  and  by  the  aotien  of  ona,  or  tbe 
combined  power  of  any  two  of  them,  tho  eye  caa  be  imnediatalT  and 
accnratcly  diieotod  to  erery  point. 

These  mnsclaa,  knrerer,  have  another  duty  to  diecbarse.  They  aup. 
port  the  cyo  in  ita  plaeo.  In  the  nsna]  position  of  tbo  bend  of  the  borae^ 
IImj  must  be  to  a  cnrtnin  d■^gne  timplorrd  for  this  purpoae ;  but  when  ba 
ia  granng  or  feeding,  tbe  pnacipal  wn^bt  of  the  (Qre  rests  apon  tlHm. 
Another  naaole  is  tharefore  added,  pecaliar  to  qiiun>|ied«,  called  tba 
tsfroclor  (Amiotr-badi),  or  tbo  futpmtcntu  (MMpmspry)  mnscle,  g.  It 
afisca  Awns  the  edge  of  the  foramen  through  whieh  the  optjo  norra  enters 
the  orbit — sorroonda  the  none  as  it  proceeds  fiyrward,  and  then,  partially 
diridin^  into  foar  portMnia,  is  attncfaiM  to  the  back  part  of  (be  eye.  \tm 
offir*!  is  fridmtly  to  nippiirt  thn<7-p  (^Derally,  or,  wlw-n  niiJ>l«<ily  callnl 
into  pownrful  auttoii,  and  uiuiLiIrd  by  tJM)  straiKJit  iiia!iolm,itdr*WB  tbr  eya 
W^k  out  of  the  rc*eh  of  tlirenleuiii;;  dnoi^,  and  in  the  aot  of  drawing  ** 
back  cansM  Uw  haw  to  protrude,  as  an  BdiUtiflanl  defenoe^ 


^ 


ISJPRIES  AXD   DISEASES  OF  TUB  SKUIX,  ETC.  161f 

power  of  tUs  mnaclo  w  vcty  great     It  tviulitn  aome  operationa  on 

almost  uopoastblcL      It  Is  tui  sdmimlilc  snbvtituto  for  tbo  waat  of 

to  defcUMl  lh«  ejv  &om  nuny  UunKa  that  would  injnn  it;  and, 

pttrtuUf  scparatod  into  four  diriaitMis,  it  aaaisla  the  Mnight  muaclL-a 

them  wnaolw  diwliarKe  auoth«r  ut<3  a  mont  iraportaiit  offioe.  If  wo 
«f  ming  DMT  and  dutant  objecis  tlLrou^^h  a  t«t«HCCrpc,  w«  most  otter  tho 
Jvemt ;  LK.tn  most  iticrr-uo  or  dtmiiuBh  tbo  length  of  the  tube.  Wo  most 
ahorteatlalittlo  when  wcczumi&e  distant  object*,  bociiasotb«m]r8,ooiBiBg 
to  us  from  them  iu  a  Ivs*  dtTi>r^i'utdtr<.'ct4un,arBaooncr  lirooglitto  aniint 
bj-  tbo  power  of  the  lena.  Thua  the  straight  au^  n-tractor  musclM  ur&w> 
intt  back  tho  cj^r,  anil  forcing  it  Upon  the  sabrtasc*  behiod,  and  in  a  slight 
dt};nw  fla(t«iuiiK  it,  bna^  the  lens  ncamr  to  tho  nitinai,  kdo  adapt  tbo  e]r» 
to  the  observation  of  diiitant  objects. 

Still,  bowcrver,  being  constaotiT  employed  iii  snpporting  (be  weight  of 
the  tja,  them  mosclcs  may  not  tie  nhlo  to  turn  it  so  rapidly  and  so  exten- 
sirely  u  the  winhcs  or  wanla  of  tbo  imitnal  rcqniro ;  tncivforc  tno  othrrs 
•n  nfandded  which  are  oseil  auldy  in  tnining  the  eye.  They  are  eallf d 
oltfifo*  nawle^  because  their  oonrae  is  obliqaely  acroas  the  eye.  The 
Bpper  one  is  most  cnrioosly  constructed,  a,  b.  It  oomea  from  the  bock 
|nri  ot  the  orbit,  and  takes  a  direction  npwiutl*  and  towards  the  inner  side, 
•ad  tbon,  joH  nudi-r  the  ndge  of  the  orbit,  it  posses  through  a  pcrfi-ct 
■wiTiiiiiial  poUey,  and  turning  ronod,  prooeoda  iM:ru«d  thv  i-ye.  uiider  tlio 
tendon  of  the  a pgwr  straight  muscle,  and  is  inserted  ralL«r  beyond  the 
aaddle  uf  Lhv  eye,  towards  tho  outer  side.  Thus  tho  elolic  of  the  ryo  is 
itly  din-dfil  duw-nwards  and  oulwonls.  Something  more,  huwevL-r, 
iplisbrd  by  this  singular  mechaiiiain.  The  oyeis  nato rally  deep  in 
'ita  oilnt,  that  it  may  be  more  pcrfeclly  defcndpd  j  bnt  it  innjf  bo  iu-<:nsary 
cecMnuoally  to  bring  it  forwnnl,  and  cnlurgf  tbo  Held  of  vision.  The  eyo 
ii  MtaaUy  pmtrudcd  umlt^r  the  iuCai^nou  of  fi-ar.  Not  only  are  the  lids 
0|lil>wl  mora  widelr,  but  the  eye  is  bioDght  more  forward.  How  is  Ibis 
tconipKahed  ?  'tmen  m  no  muscles  anterior  to  or  befurc  the  G}-e — there 
■B  no  place  for  HuSt  insertion.  Tho  object  is  resdiiy  effected  by  tliia  sin- 
gmlarpolk^,  e.  By  the  power  of  this  musele.^the  (roeAtoaris,  or  pulley- 
mnadi  and  Uw  abaigbt  muscles  at  the  same  time  not  opposing  it,  or  only 
fwnlaling  tho  dir«ction  of  tbo  eye.  it  is  rtmUy  bnmgbt  somnnhitt  forward. 
Tm  lower  ohhqao  mnsclo  rise*  jost  within  tho  laohiynml  boiii.'  (t,  p.  1 GG), 
and,  proceeding  aorasa  the  oyo,  is  fixed  into  the  part  of  the  sclei-otica  op- 
ponte  to  the  other  obIi(|De  muscle,  and  it  turns  the  oyo  in  a  contrary 
diwction,  Mttsting,  however,  the  upper  oblique  in  bringing  Iho  oye  forward 
jnnB  !<•  socket. 


•IVJUBIBS 


CHAPTER  IX. 

AKT)   DI!I£ASE8    OF    TUB    aKCLL  —  THK 
EAEI — ASD  TUB   EYES. 


BBAin — 7BB 


yWt  hare  now  arrirod  at  a  convenient  realing-placa  in  our  somewhnt  Aty 
fjbat  Dcceasajy  dewcription  of  tbo  stmcluro  of  the  horse,  and  we  willingly 
l-titTTi  to  mora  praettcal  matter.  AVo  will  coninder  the  injuries  and  dlseoM 
r*f  the  parts  we  hATe  snrreyed.  In  entering,  however,  on  this  division  of 
fcmr  work  we  would  premise,  that  it  is  impoeaiblo  for  ns  to  pve  the  farmer 
•acb  an  aceoant  of  Iho  nature  and  treatment  of  the  diseases  of  horses 
I  will  anabie  him  with  safety  to  practise  for  himself,  except  in  tho  com- 


1CS 


rREssmE  OS  tue  eraix. 


monoEt  OUMW.  Tlie  cantuM  of  most  dlseascB  arc  bo  obscura,  thvir  §j-mptui»ii 
BO  rnriiible,  tiail  thisir  connection  with  other  tiiutiulicH  »o  complicntcd  aod 
inj:ttt«rioiLS,  lli&t  A  life  dpTotd  to  proftixidunul  ntuily  will  alone  quali^  k  nun 
to  bocome  a  judiciaas  nntl  gnraviutul  pracliLiuuer  oa  tlie  diaeaitcii  of  un-  horsa 
aod  other  daiuMtio  wiimalit.  Our  object  will  be  lo  commonicate  aulCdv'ul) 
instmution  to  Uiu  fa^rmer  to  enable  tiim  to  net  with  prom ptnrsH  and  jnd};- 
meut  when  he  cannot  obtnin  prafuHsionid  tutsistjuioc,  to  qoulity  him  to  form 
a  satisfactory  opinion  of  the  skill  of  t^e  TCt^nnuy  anrKL-un  whom  ho 
nwj-  (implo^,  and,  more  espeoiallj,  to  diveat  bim  of  those  atnage  Mid 
alwnnl  priTjudicus  which  in  a  mri«br  of  ca0D6  notonl}'producoaDdpro>lot>|f 
diiituiAe,  bat  bring  it  to  a  fatal  tcrnunatioR. 


C0SCD83I08    OP    TEE    BXAIS. 


This  oonsila  of  a  sudden  intvrraptioii  of  the  fun>i.ians  of  the  brMn, 
cnnscd  I7  ioma  meohanical  iiyniy  to  the  head,  such  as  a  fall  or  riobint 
blow,  not  Deceosarily  accomnnnioa  by  stractnnd  injuiT'  to  the  brain  it4wlf. 
It  is  fi-o(inpnt1y  pTMlncRd  by  the  horao  nraring  aiul  foiling  baolcwMrda, 
bringing  tho  huad  with  Kivnt  violunce  to  the  ji^und,  or  by  the  animal 
mnning  uwuy  and  ilie  hood  coming  in  contact  with  a  wait  or  aomo  bard 
substauce.  After  tho  injury,  tho  animat  gcnemlly  licfl  motionleaa  and  in- 
sensible, and  ntny  cuntinuo  no  from  a  few  minutes  to  half  an  hour.  When 
in  this  statu,  ho  should  be  allowed  to  remaiu  fur  a  time  withont  being  dis- 
turbed, and,  in  most  caeiie,  sennbility  will  qnickly  return.  The  aninud 
baring  risen,  should  be  rcmornd  into  a  well  wntilntod  bnt  somewhat  darlc 
stable.  Ho  slioiild  Iw  kitpt  fur  a  few  days  porfecti v  qnict;  a  doae  of  pur- 
gatiru  mcdidnt-  should  bo  given,  and  his  diet  consist  of  sod  fboda,  ncm  aa 
brau-madh — when,  if  do  other  Bymptdou  fHunr  tberaselrca,  ho  may  bo 
coBxidored  oODTalcacent.  Tho  tnort  Berioni  remtlta  ithich  sometimei  follow 
Uiis  injury  of  tbo  btiin,  are  fracture  of  thn  liones  of  tho  skull,  or  niptura 
of  some  largo  vowol  oomni-ctcd  with  Lhv  bruin. 


n 


PRESSURE    OK    THE  SEAIK. 


Tiydattda  are  oflen  fonnd  wilhiii  the  cranial  cavity,  and  lying  niion  or 
inibntdcd  in  tlio  bruin  of  oxen  and  ahccp.  Thdrexislonoo  ia  nsoalnr  &tal 
to  the  animal.  There  ia  uo  welKantheDticated  account  of  tk*  exutenoe 
of  an  hydatid  in  the  cranial  carily  of  the  faone ;  but  cyiita,  oattkaimn^ 
a  acrona  or  visoid  fluid,  arc  octssionally  obaarrad.  The  following  it  dw 
bi*tOT7  of  one:  —  A  bone  exbibiti^  iijrmptonia  of  vertigo,  or  sti^cgera, 
which  disappeared  afler  copiouu  bk<cding  and  purgntircs.  About  twelve 
months  afWwards  the  saiiie  complaint  was  evident.  Ho  carrtod  his  head 
low  and  inclined  to  tho  right  side.  lie  staggered  aa  he  walked,  and  tlia 
motion  of  bia  limbs  wiui  marketl  by  a  pconhar  action,  confined  to  the  fora 
cztremitiea.  He  movi>d  by  a  Hacoesaioa  of  epoamodic  bo<undinca.  Ha 
waa  completely  deaf;  and  rapidly  lost  flesh,  althoogh  bo  ate  and  drank 
TOfsdonaly.  He  ramainMl  in  this  state,  to  the  shame  of  tho  owner  and 
the  pmctitioniv.  aovinal  Timnti™,  utd  thm  be  had  n  fnrflh  nttafilr  rrf  Trrtign. 
and  died  sudduuly.  On  examination  of  the  bmin,  its  mombnnea  wan 
foond  to  bo  completely  roddoned ;  and  between  the  two  lobnt  of  the  braia 
was  a  mnnd  cyst  as  larm  aa  a  pullet's  rgg.  1*ho  preaeurv  of  this  waa  tha 
nuuiifrst  rnoiN.'  of  tlko  rouebtef. 

riii4  niity  also  be  prodnced  by  some  flnid  thrown  ont  between  the  mem- 
btaooa,  or  ocenpying  and  dikti-nding  tlio  veulriolea  uf  tbn  hntin.  In  the 
AUl-gTQwn  boras  it  mrely  ucL-ani ;  bat  it  is  well  known  to  brvrden  as  aa 
oovnaioaal  diioaeia  of  Uie  luol.  undur  the  luune  of  '  wat4>r  in  the  hoad  '— 
hydixMwjihahis,    Tbo  head  ia  either  maeh  enbrged,  orstnuij^t'Iy  defbraio^ 


n 


8I0HACU  STAGGERS. 


169 


■  lariL  -,  and  ttto  uima:  dies,  ritbor  in  tiie  birtb,  or  a  fow 

macb  moro  commini  otuc  of  presanrs  on  the  brain  ui-Uctt  1 

riili  dcpmuion  of  Uu-  bouu;  wbon  an  iti:cid<mt  occufb  cither  from  a&U  or 

1  blow,  and  it  is  followed  by  aa  tiiuiu!dui,t«  nbitu  of  Mtnpor  or  iiuuuKibilitjr, 

wiU  be  found  to  bo  tbe  case,  and  a  carvfnl  exuntnaliou  of  thu  craniuiii 

'"mtUI  at  ottoo  dctvct  it;  or  vor]r  iMoirlv  as  rapid  a  elate  of  stupor  luajr 

waperreae  wben,  bom  the  accideD^  a  bliiml-Tcsael  ismptorcd,  and  effusion 

■  of  Mood  on  the  vur&oe  of  tbe  bnun  folluwaL 

P  STAOOESB. 

Dader  Uus  head  thrM  varictifH  ar«  fkmiliarly  known  :  viz.,  Stomach 
flf  m.i "  1 1.  SWpy  Sta(7^n,  and  Mod  StaKj^ers.  Tbuy  all  mora  or  Irjis 
WCiiiMp  tinch  otb<>r,  Hifforing  only  in  their  de^roo  of  violence,  and  tlio 
CBUta  in  operation  to  produce  tliem. 

8T0KACS  STXG0ZK3, 

^  til*  aanw  tndicntMi,  n  gcncr«11;  prodtuwd  hj  some  deranffement  of 

the  digeattn  organ*,  conwcqucnt  npon  Kume  rainnanagBmont  oitner  in  th« 

bodiiiK  of  the  animal  or  in  tltu  uHturv  of  tlio  food  upon  whioh  he  has  been 

fid.  When  the  faorao  has  been  k(>pt  for  some  Laura  withont  eatin);,  atid  hix* 

t>MD  worked  hard,  and  bocomo  thnronghl^  hiingty,  he  feeds  ravenously  on 

vrvy  Idnd  of  food  ho  can  gnt  at,  nrallowingit  fustfirtbnn  hia  small  stomach 

^ui  d^Mt  it,  and  no  watvr  being  givon  lo  ttuRiii  iind  hii«t«Q  its  p^sal^^, 

tfae  Itomacb  beoomee  eramntied,  and  having  U'eii  pit^viouslj  exhausted  hy 

hmg  biting,  is  onaUe  to  contract  npon  ils  contonts.  The  food  soon  begins 

to  trmwint  and  to  avrell,  oaQKine  g>vat  distension  ;  the  brain  s^mpntbises 

with  tJiis  DTcrkwJcd  organ,  and  staggers  are  producpJ.     Wo  can  cueily 

"*tjpnr  this,  when  we  remeinber  the  sad  head-achea  occasionally  arising 

fnw  aa  overfilled  and  disordered  stomacTi. 

Una  diMOM  >■  Ibnnd  more  freqnnnlly  in  the  Ebible  of  the  poetmaster  and 
the  ftnncr  than  anvwhcTO  clac,  Tliirly  yestra  ago  it  was  tiio  very  pest  of 
'Hw  itaHfw.  and  the  I<ms  sastalned  by  some  persons  was  cnDrmous  ;  but, 
■iTrteniMlT  science  prograesed,  the  niU-oro  and  the  causia  nf  tliit  diiwaeo 
*■<  bcttflr  nndsrstood,  and  thcro  is  not  now  one  coso  of  Hfaggt^ra  whoro 
tmn^  nsod  la  oocnr. 

IWsfstem  ofhoree  inanugumuiit  is  now  essentially  changed.  Shorter 
■Mms,  a  dirinon  of  the  labour  of  the  day,  and  a  inifGcicnt  int«rvRl  for  resti, 
W  far  feeding,  havo,  mmparativcly  snmking,  hiaiinhed  tloToaeh  rfaggerw 
^mho  >tabj«s  of  tho  pdHtmuatLT.  Tliu  division  of  the  Bumiitiff  and 
'^'■■ooa  labour  of  the  farmer's  horse,  with  the  introduetion  of  that 
l'9'*hnt  invalnable  contrivnnco,  i!'e  Tions-bag,  having  rooderod  this  die* 
"■■  eonpaiativcly  mro  in  tho  extithliiihnicnt  of  the  aericnltnrist.  To  tho 
T^  VrobnoT  Coloman  wo  are  indebted  for  some  of  these  most  importuut 


.liiiK«ca  are  more  mbjectio  etnggera  than  yonngon<«,  for  the  stomaoh 
''kcome  weak  by  tbo  ri^pntition  of  the  abuses  jnst  dceoribed.  It  has 
"*  power  lo  digcut  and  nspcl  the  food,  and  thus  becomes  a  source  of 
P***!,  aad  p«rtiouIarly  of  cerebral,  disturljaiico. 
Baiius  al  gnas  are  occasionally  attnckcd  by  thtti  discaee ;  but  tboy  are 
"TiUy  poor,  haid-workMl,  bulf-vtarvcd  animals,  turned  on  riohor  pusture 
iheir  impiured  digmttvo  organs  are  equal  to.  I'crbupii  tho  weather  is 
",  the  sj-inpathy  of  the  brain  with  tho  undtiu  labour  of  tho  stomach 
ohOt  excited,  and  a  datonnimtion  of  blood  to  tho  brain  more 
"•tflf  effected. 

Mr,  Percivall  gives  a  very  satisfaotory  illustration  of  tlio  production  of 
■mm  in  this  way.     Ho  says  that  '  when  his  &ther  first  entered  tko 


170 


SLEETT  STAOGBftS. 


wn'ics  of  tt>o  OiilnAiice,  it  vrui  Uie  cnatom  to  tarn  bonMM  wlituli  IjaJ 
Imoodm  low  in  oonditJoa,  bat  wre  atill  well  upon  Ouar  lega,  into  llio 
BiMiihti^  in  order  (o  rMniit  their  etranglh.  During  the  months  of  Julj, 
Aagnst)  and  Soptembor,  aothinff  wm  moro  oonunon  thnn  »n  nttarl-  of 
fltaggcn  raKNig  Umw  korvct,  ana  wliiefa  yn»  nrntniaDj  attributed  to  tb« 
iQxnrinot  putai*  thqr  wen  turned  into,  combined  with  tLe  dependent 
pDilore  of  the  head,  and  tiio  saltrr  hMt  to  which  they  wers  fixpoaM.' 

Wlt«Q  the  boreo  ia  »t(nckM)  with  xtomach  Htiiggm,  he  grnrmlljr^ypMn 
dnll  Biid  nloopjr,  iU«ndiii^  with  bin  head  huiging  duirn,  uiid  iiumiotied  fagr 
the  nunger,  or  tioahed  forward  agsisBt  (ho  wall,  l>i>?a(hiug  ht-avilj-,  vrilh  n 
alow,  oppniBaed  palace  bowols  eonatipalod  and  sbdonM^n  fr^qnentlj  dis. 
tended.  He  alaeps  or  eci^nm  to  do  m,  aa  h«  stand*,  being  panlj*  nnccn- 
adona  of  RiTTonDaing  objects.  Wlicn  arooMd  he  wilt  look  vuf  anllj^  aroniM), 
pcrluip«Bnioaloekofha7,  and  dOM  again  with  ilin  liia  moalh.  He  nwj 
coutinuc  in  this  state  for  aev«r»l  dajrs,  and  will  cither  begin  alowlj  to 
teoover,  or  the  ajmiptoma  will  take  a  more  Ttolent  fi>rm  and  tenninate 
Filherio  apoptc^^  or  phienitia.  In  regard  to  the  taxatmcnl,  it  will  be 
Tuxcimiuy  for  the  owdBT  or  the  Vttornary  attendant  lo  iuMilulv  veir  care- 
ful iuquirj.  or  bo  will  not  detact  tba  n»l  caoBca  of  the  disease.  Does  it 
arise  from  improper  tnnna^nitcnt,  to  which  the  borMi  hiw  brm  in  a  manner 
habitoatod  P  Had  he  been  inbjectod  to  long  labour  itnd  ftuting,  and  bad 
then  the  opuortuuilT  of  gorging  to  excess  ?  Did  it  procued  from  accidental 
repletion — from  the  animal  havisg  got  loose  in  tbo  ui^'bt,  and  found  out 
the  com  or  tbo  cbaS'  bin,  and  lilted  himself  Almont  to  bursting  P  Theie 
ia  nothing  in  the  ^mcannce  of  the  animal  which  wilt  lead  to  a  discovesy 
of  the  csoae — no  y dloirDeaa  or  twitdUDgS  of  the  akin,  no  local  nwcllioga, 
aa  aonw  have  doecribod ;  bat  the  practitioiMT  or  the  owner  must  gc4  at  Uie 
tnth  of  tbo  matter  na  well  ae  ho  cnn,  and  tbao  proeoad  accordinglj. 

Our  first  olgtct,  thm,  Hhootd  be  to  remore  if  po)wil>)o  tho  cauaea  ia 
opention  producing  tlua  di^ase,  and  with  thin  ricw  Urge  doaaa  of 
eb^noua  tmrgatiTea  ahoold  be  adniii.ist«r«d,  and  repeated  erei^  mx 
hoBfa,  and  aoiiiig  the  mleml  a  Ftiinulant,  aucb  as  the  aromatM  siiirit  of 
aamonia,  givoa in bupgemantitMaof water;  clyiiti^niDliwof  aoopandwacm 
irstar  ahoold  be  freqoentlj  adminiaterod.  and  all  food  rcmorcd  from  the 
^mm*l  Bboold  this  trMtmmt  bare  the  deaired  efleet  and  the  bnrae 
iKgia  to  aadubit  sips  of  rvtnming  oonacMNWMaa,  ha  ahoald  be  kept  oaiot 
Ibr  a  time,  caro  beui^  taken  to  keep  the  b(iwoIs  frocly  opvo,  and  'm**'''^ 
bat  aoft  and  eeaOj  digcettUe  food  aOowod  liim.  If  but  itB^TK^tring  Tsnua^ 
a  blister  ehonU  be  applied  at  the  bac^  of  hie  head.  When  anflieMBtl; 
recoTwad  he  may  be  tnrDod  ont  with  advantage  on  rather  bore  pactam. 
One  circnmstance,  howcrrr,  iibonid  never  bo  forgotten,  that  the  hcffaa  whe 
has  onoe  been  attacked  with  stu^gora  is  liable  to  aretoniof  the  COOinlaM 
from  eaeaea  that  would  not  otherwise  affMt  him.  Let  no  fitmor  deladf 
huQMlf  with  the  idea  that  sloraMsh  staggers  is  conta^jfioiiia.  If  hia  harm 
have  occasionally  slight  filn  of  abiggera,  or  ifthodiKnuwrarrieeoffMireral 
of  than),  ha  ma/  be  mm  tbeie  ia  aomethiog  wrong  in  his  awnagenteati 
One  honM  majr  get  at  tlie  corn-Inn  and  crum  liimself  to  bnrvting,  bnt  if 
■evenl  are  atlwSted,  it  is  time  for  lh«  owner  to  look  about  him. 


Although  this  diaeaeo  mnoh  reaenhlea  atomaoh  staffgen  in  ita  genanl 
dianet«n,tt  cannot  be  Iraoad  to  the  aamecaaae,  Tia.,  donagement  oftta 
digMttre  organs,  bnt  is  geneiaUj  oooaidered  to  be  a  primaij  dJaoaM  of 
the  bnia.  The  symnioms  are  much  the  aanin  a*  in  fdomnch  ataggen,  Iha 
animal  appearing  dull  and  slcirpj,  pnshing  his  bead  forward  in  a  peonSar 
tnaiiner  agaiaat  tbo  wall  or  nun^r,  not  bowoTer  with  ao  mnch  Ibrce  aa  ii 


-1 

tbi 


APOPLErr. 


171 


Unt  ■^■r"—  Wbcn  aroosad  W  sonu;  sulden  roiao,  be  siArts  up  iu  a  stato 
of  aium,  Mptariiig  fngfaleneJ,  >ook»  np,  and  pcrhapa  recognises  those  near 
him,  aad  tMB  nimce  into  Ids  former  state  of  stupor.  Tbe  ddIm  is  slow 
aad  tmmtatA,  vitb  tbo  nMpiratioD  bboui^d.  Tbe  atontacti  frcqci-ntly 
frrwrtaiw  bot  litilo  Ibod,  and  do  dirtcnaion  of  (be  abdom<in  is  prvsentv  Bj* 
mj  of  tivatiitrat  a  taS  dose  of  aloe*,  in  oorofabuitioii  wilb  calomel,  shoold 
bo  giTCD.  and  a  blut«r  at  once  applied  to  the  upper  and  back  pMt  of  tbo 
1m^  The  animal  in  tbe  iDcantuno  ahonid  be  it«pt  perfectly  qniet,  and 
allowed  ootldog  bol  soft  food,  mcb  aa  bran-niMh,  Ae.  to  «at.  Sbould  tho 
tymptoaiM  Bot  pan  off  in  a  ttw  daja,  aa  attack  of  pfarenitia  will  gvncrally 
firfknr. 

^H  Altboogb  apoplozj  it  a  disoajte  Munuwhat  raiv  in  tho  horse  contrviivd 
^KrU)  man,  it  mooh  roMmfalea  it  in  ita  geotnUf  fiilid  t^irminatton.  It  dc- 
^^anda  npoD  Bomo  endue  prMsnre  on  the  snbsbuice  of  tUo  brain,  aoJ  nay 
iMult  flmn  seveial  causes,  sachastonioarsprossing'  on  tbe  brain,  fiactuna 
and  depTttsmoii  of  bone,  or  niptora  of  *oino  btood-rosMi,  and  cstraTBsatioin 
of  blood,  atther  tbo  leanlt  of  injury,  such  an  concnason,  or  as  n  t«rminntioii 
of  a  oongeded  atate  of  the  Teesela  of  the  brain.  Apople^  aa  reanlting 
£nMB  tlM  laat-auned  cans*  ia  tho  form  in  vrhich  we  most  eonuaonly  meet 
with  tbe  ftinitaiHr  in  tbe  born,  bving  gcnemlly  n  termination  of  stomach 
WtUfmat.  The  nmptoma  will  depend  a|H>n  tbe  cause  in  operation.  When 
apapioxj  ia  produced  by  fraeture  and  dupreastuu  of  bono  or  tbe  sudden 
of  aome  blood-Teas^  tho  result  of  violenco,  the  symptoms  will 
^jbate  taiUaw  the  injury,  but  wbon  it  is  nrodaced  by  the  giving  wa^ 
prmuusly  caogost^d  blood-veasela,  we  nave  nsaally  some  premoni- 
^mptoma.  Theao  will  be  found  di-^oribed  under  alonmcli  aluf-^^i'm, 
may  eoatinoe  for  eotne  days,  when  th«y  suddenly  assume  a  more 
aerieiia  character. 

Tlw  animal,  which  has  hitherto  been  only  in  a  partly  nnnoDiicioua  atato, 
will  iMnr  be  Ibnnd  perfectly  iMensible  ;  the  eye  opeua,  but  it  lia^  an  nn- 
mntag  glare ;  tbe  band  U  mored  before  hiju,  but  tbe  eye  closes  not ; 
W  ii  spoken  to,  bat  ho  beare  not. 

Bt  aow  begins  to  Ibem  it  tho  mouth.  Hin  bnathing  is  laborious  and 
Ind.  It  is  perfbmMid  by  the  influence  of  the  artfanic  nerviui,  und  thune  of 
niml  hfe  no  longer  knd  their  aid.  Tlio  pulite  is  alow  and  upjirtiiHcd — 
^Hnaulo  IN  cold,  and  Ibedischarge  of  tbe  fseoes  involuntary,  lie  pinds 
■■ttsth — twitrhings  Bt«a1  orer  his  face  and  attack  his  linihs  —they  soini^ 
**■■  proceed  to  oonvnisions,  ami  dmulful  ones  too,  in  wbinh  thi;  borsci 
Mil honBetf  about  in  a  tcrriblu  manner;  but  there  ia  rarely  disposition  to 
'^■oKlusf.  IntfaegroatcrnnniberorcasQstheaeoonvulBionalaBtuot  long, 
'It  lift  act  of  Toluntary  motion  which  ho  will  attempt  is  usually  to  drink : 
^ke  has  little  power  over  tbe  mnscW  of  dc^lntjtion,  and  the  llnid  ru- 
'"M  tfarongh  tho  noetrils.  All  tho  powers  of  life  arc  oppreiMud,  and  death 
"^jiily  doses  the  scene. 

litikoan  be  boned  &om  the  treatment  of  apoplexy,  as  in  ciont  coses  all 
°**ftirts  will  fail  in  affording  relief.  If  there  be  time  for  modiaJ  treat- 
*IM^  o<ir  first  effort  shoold  bo  to  prevent  inOammation.  and  procure 
'Wpiion  of  Qm  exbaTaeated  blood.  Copious  bleeding,  therefore,  from 
^jigalar  Tein,  to  the  extent  of  seven  or  eight  (joarls,  should  be  at  onoe 
MiSiOrt  to,  and  a  tbil  dose  of  porgative  mcdtctoo,  from  dg^  to  ten 
^^fiWnii  of  aloes,  adininiiiU>red ;  riyiitrnt  bIho  of  wann  water  and  Boap^ 
lUtUbefrrnumtly  thrown  np  the  refluiii.  The  animal  shouM  be  allowed 
of  Qool  air,  and  be  ke|>t  iierfectly  (juiot.  .ShonM  tlio  more  aetivn 
•bate^  wbieh lbe»  b  too  much  fear  will  rarrly  be  tho  cass^  care 


ITS  PUBENITIS. 

Bhoald  bo  takon  to  Iceicp  tho  bowols  freely  relaxed,  and  a  blister  may  now 
be  applied  totliebackof  the  bead,  ora  Beton  inserted.  For  some  time  tha 
horse  sbould  be  kept  on  a  restricted  diet ;  masbes  sboold  be  given  ;  ffroea 
meat  in  no  great  qnantitj' ;  a  moderate  allowance  of  bay,  and  very  little 
com  until  BnffidenUy  recovered,  wbeu  be  may  be  allowed  a  more  gen»- 
rona  diet. 

PHKEvma — nmjuauTiov  ot  thi  buix — kid  btaooxbs. 

Inflammation  of  tbe  brain  or  its  membranes,  or  both,  sometimes  occora, 
and  of  the  membranes  oltenest  when  both  are  not  involved.  It  may  be 
prodnced  by  several  canaea,  each  as  from  a  tnmonr  pressing  on  the  brain, 
or  &actnre  and  depression  of  bone,  inflammation  Bnpervcning  after  th» 
comatose  stage  has  passed  oS*.  It  may  also  be  prpdnced  by  metastasin, 
but  we  most  commonly  meet  with  pbrenitis  in  the  horse,  as  a  termination 
of  either  stomach  or  sleepy  staggers,  most  freqnently  the  latter.  Whaterer 
be  the  origin  of  phretutis,  its  early  symptoms  are  scarcely  different  from 
those  of  stomach  or  sleety  staggers.  The  horse  is  drowsy,  stnpid ;  his  ero 
closes ;  he  sleeps  while  be  is  in  the  act  of  eating,  and  doKS  nntit  he  ^He. 
The  poise  is  slow  and  creeping,  and  the  breathing  oppressed  and  laborions. 
The  symptoms  may  differ  a  little  in  intensity  and  continnanoe,  but  not 
mnch  in  kind. 

The  pbrenitic  horse,  however,  is  not  so  perfectly  comatose  aa  another 
that  labours  nnder  apoplexy.  The  eye  will  respond  a  littie  to  the  action 
of  light,  and  tbe  animal  is  somewhat  more  manageable,  or  at  least  more 
snsceptible,  for  he  will  shrink  when  he  is  stmck,  while  the  other  frequently 
cares  not  for  the  whip. 

If  remedial  measnrefl  have  not  become  effectual  in  the  early  stsige,  the 
scene  all  at  once  changes,  and  the  most  violent  reaction  snoceeds.  The 
eye  brightens — strangely  so  ;  the  membrane  of  the  eye  becomes  suddenly 
reddened,  and  forms  a  &igbtfol  contrast  with  the  traun)aren<7  of  the 
cornea ;  the  pupil  is  dilat^  to  the  utmost :  the  nostril,  before  scarcely 
moving,  expands,  and  quivers,  and  labonrs ;  the  respiration  becomes  short 
and  qnick ;  the  pulse  bard  and  &eqaont  i  the  ears  are  erect,  or  bent  for- 
ward to  catch  the  slightest  sound ;  and  tbe  horse  becoming  more  irritable 
every  instant,  trembles  at  the  slightest  motion.  The  irritability  of  the 
patient  increases — it  may  be  said  to  change  to  ferocity — but  the  animal 
has  no  aim  or  object  in  what  he  does.  He  dashes  himself  violentlr  abont^ 
plunges  in  overy  direction,  rears  on  his  hind  Ic^,  whirls  round  ana  round, 
and  then  falls  backward  with  dreadful  force.  He  Hes  for  a  while  ex- 
hanst«d — there  is  a  remission  of  the  symptoms,  but  perhaps  only  for  k 
minute  or  two,  or  possibly  for  a  quarter  of  an  hour. 

Now  is  the  surgeon's  time,  and  his  courage  and  adroibiess  will  be  pnt 
to  the  teat.  He  must  open,  if  he  can,  one  or  both  jaBulars :  bat  let  him 
be  on  bis  guard,  for  the  paroxysm  will  return  with  ita  fonner  violence  and 
without  the  slightest  warning.  This  is  a  cose,  and  tiie  only  cose,  in  iritich 
a  ligature  should  be  placed  round  the  neck  pravionsly  to  the  vain  being 
opened ;  for  this  beins  done,  however  soon  the  paroxysm  of  violenoo  may 
Tetam,  a  full  abstraction  of  blood  may  confidently  be  relied  on. 

The  second  attAck  is  more  dreadful  than  the  first.  Again  the  animal 
whirls  round  and  round,  and  plunges  and  foils.  He  seizes  bis  clothing 
and  rends  it  in  pieces ;  perhaps,  destitute  of  feeling  and  of  conscionanosa, 
he  bites  and  t^ra  himself.  He  darts  fnrionsly  at  eveiytbing  within  lua 
reach ;  but  no  mind,  no  design,  seems  to  mingle  with  or  govern  his  fbrr. 

Another  and  another  remission  and  a  return  of  tbe  exacerbation  follow, 
and  then,  wearied  out,  he  bttoomes  quint ;  but  it  is  not  the  quietneas  of 
rotoming  rmson — it  is  mere  Btnpor.    This  continnes  for  an  nnoortaia 


fKTiod,  and  tLcn  lie  ttPiftiiH  to  straggle  agnSa ;  Imt  Tie  is  now  pmbalily 
unuUe  to  rise.  He  pnut« — bo  iuoiiui — hL  Icuglh,  uuniplcklj-  oxhiiustud,  lio 
di«e. 

Thera  mre  but  two  diaMgcs  witb  wHicli  pbrcnitjs  crtn  bo  confonnded, 
Kid  tbey  ars  ooUo  and  nbies.  In  oolic,  tb«  borso  rises  and  foils;  ho 
n>Ik  ttfaoot  and  lacks  attua  belly;  bat  his  Btrn^gles  ans  tume  cotnjmriiJ. 
vilh  tboM  of  tho  ]>hrttmtic  horve.  There  is  no  involantAry  spaEm  ol  a:r 
of  the  Umbii ;  tbo  animal  ia  pcricctly  Kcnnblu,  and,  looking  pitcously  at  lus 
fiaak*,  *uems  dedgnedly  to  indJuitv  tbe  scat  of  pain.  The  bcantifal  yet 
lEeatfullj  excut«d  oonDtcuance  of  tlie  one,  and  tbe  pitwras,  anxions  gaxc  of 
Uie  otbor,  are  mflkicntly  distinct ;  and  if  it  cnn  bo  got  at,  tbe  rapid  bouud- 
tug  ptdM  of  tbo  oDo,  and  that  of  tho  oUicr  scarcely  losirg  it«  natural 
chancier  in  tiie  early  Kti^',  citniiot  bu  miatuki-n. 

In  nbiee,  when  it  docs  a^BiiiDe  tbe  ferocious  form,  Uiera  is  evtra  more 
vjolenoa  tJKii  in  pbmiiitiB  ;  bat  there  ia  method,  and  treacheiy  too,  in  tbat 
violoaoa.  Then  ia  tbu  Actire  of  miaobief  for  it«  own  ntko,  and  there  ia 
freqnantly  tha  art/nl  stmlagem  to  allnre  the  viutini  «-itbtn  tbe  rsncb  of  de- 
■ttaetioB.  Tbere  is  not  a  motion  of  which  tbe  rubid  horse  is  not  const^ions, 
mar  •  ftnaa  whom  ha  dow  not  recognise ;  but  he  bibours  nuder  one  alU 
afaaorfatng  ieelis^-— the  iotcnao  \oagitig  to  devnstoto  and  destroy. 

TIwpoat-nioriflDi  appeoianoea  are  alloKetber  nnoertuiii.  There  is  usually 
Vcvf  gnal  injection  and  ioflammaituu  of  the  membranca  of  the  brun,  And 
M«n  of  poitioua  of  the  mbatance  of  the  brain ;  but  in  other  casts  there  ia 
Haraaly  any  trace  of  infflamtnntion,  or  even  of  increased  Tascalarity. 

Th9  Imatinent  of  phmiitiji  biu  bei-n  very  ahortly  bint«d  at.     The  first — 

lk»  imdkpoiiMUe  pnoceedinji; — ia  to  bleed  ;  to  abatnu^t  aa  mach  blood  as 

can  ks  oMained ;  to  lot  tlie  anima,!  bleed  on  af^r  he  is  down ;  aud  indoud 

not  to  pin  optbOTinn  of  the  pbreoitic  h<~'rffp  nt  all.     The  patient  Trill  never 

W  loat  bj  this  dociairp  prooivding,  Imt  the  ittllummutton  mity  be  snbdticd, 

tod  here  the  fint  blow  la  the  wlule  of  tbe  battle.     Tho  phyaic  should  bu 

that  whidh  ia  most  readily  gtrea  and  will  most  speedily  act.     The  fariiia 

■  «f  the  eraton  will,  perhaps,  hare  the  preference.     Hull'  a  dmchm  or  two 

r  wnuilia  of  it  may  bo  ftarlcaaly'ndsiiuiatt.-r«d.     Tbe  int«tise  inlhimmutioii  of 

A*  Main  girea  sufficient  assurance  that  no  daogcrouH  inflammation  will 

k  MsOy  aet  ap  in  the  intestinal  canal.     This  Eoedjcino  can  be  formed  into 

tfoy  UUlo  ball  or  drink,  and  in  some  momeDtury  remission  of  tbe  nmp- 

tw^  ailministorod  by  means  of  the  probang,  or  a  stick,  or  the  horn. 

,     'HrttimT*  the  phrenttio  hone,  when  bo  will  take  nothing  elec,  and  ia 

Mwnadotts  of  eTerylbing  else,  will  drink  with  aridity  gruel  or  wutcr. 

Stpttled  doaes  of  purgatire  medicino  may  perhapn  be  tbns  given,  aud 

fti^  nut  be  eontinned  until  tbe  b»wo1a  resjiond.     Tbo  bleeding  and 

Htw  hkTing  been  enoi^ctically  had  recuurae  to,  these  must  be  followed 

y  bf  the  imnit«rraiite(I  a|iplioation  of  cold  in  any  aud  e\-ery  form  ;^ice, 

■  it  can  be  pro«tired,  the  OMdest  water  dashed  freely  against  the  head,  or 

f*<nd  OB  it  from  a  oonaderable  bdgbt,  and  for  a  oonaiderable  lenffth  of 

tvt,  ii  the  only  luljanct  that  offen  a  ehanco  of  rehef;— continue  it  unre- 

iMWdirir  '<"'  honrm; — bliaters  are  not  only  nselesa  but  alwplufcly  injurioua, 

tad  in  lUa  actire,  rapid,  and  fatal  disen«i>  should  never  be  bud  recourse  to. 

%  bow^  baring  be«n  well  opened,  emetic  tortnr,  with  calomel  or  nitre, 

4"tU  be  eiren.     Tho  animal  ^onld  bo  kept  aa  quiet  na  poanblo  in  a 

I     "iMSwhat  &A  bat  well-ventihited  stable. 

WUle  tlie  dismirn  continues,  no  attempt  must  be  made  to  indnco  the 
Wh  to  feed;  and  ona  when  appetite  rctuma  with  tbe  ubatetnont  of 
iifciiiiiiiniiii.  great  caotion  muxt  be  exercised  both  with  rogiml  to  tho 
fttatity  and  quality  of  the  food. 


174 


MEGROISl 


KEGRUU. 


Tlicra  lire  bat  few  diMnitcs  in  Uie  bone,  napcctinff  Ute  aatan  of  which 
•oowny  diflca«nl  riewa  Imro  iKen  ent«r(auied,uiidoiwlucli,  ni.'vaTtluilowi, 
oral  ai  the  present  day,  so  little  ia  uuderstood,  aa  meCTinu.  By  tamo  it 
bu  t)eei> considered  as*  miM  form  of  apopW}', dcprsding  nponon  uoduo 
supply  of  blood  to  Uh>  brain,  and  hj  ouivn  upon  junt  tJio  opponto  atal^ 
Tic  somo  obctraotion  to  the  notnnu  eopply  of  blJod  to  tbat  or^gnn,  Mr, 
Fercnall  tnatoofitu  n  8p(«iee  of  vertigo,  but  probably  the  more  genoni 
opinion  at  tiie  present  time  inclines  to  tbe  belief  ibat  it  is  a  diseue  analo- 
gooa  to  tliiit  t<Tmc<l  rpilppsy  in  tho  homnn  sahjrct.  It  ia  occuionallj 
RicC  with  in  all  c1ium»  of  hontiii  tuid  noder  a  variety  of  circamatwicce, 
n-bna  boUi  at  rent  and  at  work,  but  laudi  mora  &«<ia«iit1y  amongsd  borvu 
that  are  uaed  for  haraeea  parpasoa,  wpeciaily  when  uwd  for  tbat  purpo«c, 
on  the  bright,  sunny  dny"  of  apring  ud  ■ammcr. 

It  oomparatiroly  rmniy  bupncn*  wbm  the  bi>rK>  is  riddf^n ;  but  shoold 
ho  be  driven,  and  pvrliapa  ratlicr  quickly,  be  nwy  perform  a  part  of  liig 
joumOT  with  hia  onial  cheerfblneSB  and  ea«e ;  he  will  Ibon  cuddenly  sto|i^ 
flbake  Itia  bead,  and  exhibit  sridcmt  giddiness  and  half-nnoonsotoasnoM. 
In  a  Diinnto  or  two  thin  will  ptm  mvr,  and  ho  will  go  on  again  as  if 
Dol.liing  hml  bapiicuod. 

Oocnaionally,  lioworcr,  the  atlack  will  be  of  a  mon  aniona  satnre, 
Hu  will&Il  without  theah'^test  wanuug,or  auddimly  run  round  once  or 
twice,  and  then  fall.  He  will  oitber  lie  in  a  slate  of  complete  inseunbility, 
or  straggle  with  tbo  atmust  riolonoo.  In  6vo  or  too  niinotos  h«  will  begio 
grndniu^  to  oome  to  bimaelf ;  ko  Kill  got  np  and  ptooood  on  his  jonroey, 
Twt  somewhat  dull,  aad  enduutty  afFvotvd  and  exhaoatod  by  what  bad 
haiipened,  altboiwfa  not  serionsly'or  pennanently  iU. 

TloM  is  a  very  daogvrons  dinonse — danirarotta  to  the  horse,  wbiab  «riU 
occftsioniillydieonthciipot,  tuid  ]iarticuhirTy  dnngemnsio  those  wlio  dnvo 
him,  fur  tliero  will  be  no  waniiug  or  opportunity  to  escape.  When  the 
burse  in  atlAt-kod  with  negriins,  the  &nt  object  of  Ui«  driver  should  bo 
to  control  tho  Tiolence  of  the  animal  as  much  as  possible ;  he  should  luosesi 
tha  eiub-nin,  oaso  the  coUiir,  and,  if  at  hand,  daeh  some  cold  water  over 
the  animal's  head,  and  punoe  his  journey  as  slowly  u  oircoiastatioes  wiP 

rmit,  WLcn  the  horse  gvl^  liome  a  doee  of  porgativo  medicine  ihoald 
giroD  to  him,  and  be  kept  on  bran-mash  for  tluee  or  four  days,  giwl 
attention  being  aTtfrward*  pud  to  the  stato  of  tho  digeetive  orftans.  !■ 
all  this  ncecosary  bccaoao  a  hone  hns  happened  to  have  a  fit  of  the  ID» 
grinis  P  Yes,  and  mote  too.  lu  tho  mind  of  the  pntdont  nuui ;  for  it  is 
seldom  that  the  borae  has  the  megriuu  wilhout  the  predinposition  to  a 
second  attack  romaining.  The  testimony  of  experience  is  oniform  in  te> 
gnnl  to  thix,  and  ho  would  not  do  jnstico  to  himeelf  or  bis  fiunily  who 
truMlod  hiiiUL-lf  K-1iind  a  honao  that  hiul  a  second  attack  of  megrims.  TW 
anmbera  ofboreea  (Lai  in  Loudon  are  oonstuotly  being  sold  oi^  resoldl 
MOOant  of  this  ntftWy,  ix  perfectly  astonisliiii^-.  Tlicrc  are  a  set  of  a  ~ 
■bout  town,  knuwn  by  tho  name  of  'toutcrs,'  who  cither  panooaliy, 
throng  the  invilium  of  the  common  snlu  yards,  dispose  of  ao  fnJnwl  v 
this  aSlxti'm  at  price*  vaiyioff  from  IM.  to  301.  In  a  short  tims 
nnfortanate  pdTcfaaaer  diseovera  his  mistake,  and  ia  too  hnnpy  to  gsti 
of  him  for  a  fow  ponndi,  to  be  resold  to  a  fresh  victim.  Su  notoiii 
in  this  the  case,  that  some  horsos  aro so  wvll  known  to  bo  sukjcot  lo  I 
atiacVs,  that  a  roar  of  laegbter  announoea  their  urind  in  tbo  jvd. 


lUBlES,  OR  MAB.VESS. 


ITS 


■  BABUS,    OB    tUSNESS. 

Thia  is  aaotlicT  uiil  Trarfal  disoase  of  tlie  nervoua  Hjrdtfin.  It  results 
from  tbc  bit«  of  »  rvbiil  iiniiual,  n.nd  most  coihrkidIt  of  tho  companion 
and  fiieod  of  the  borea,  tbo  couch-dov-  The  occoant  now  giv^in  of  thiH 
iBklkd;  is  «zmct«d  from  leotures  vrlucb  Uic  author  of  tin;  jirot^nt  nurk 
'dolirtmd  to  hi»  claw,  'fbera  is  occasional  wanuiig  of  llic  approach  of  this 
ilinwnn  in  tbo  horse,  or  rethor  of  tha  0]dat«nce  of  some  nnosOAl  Eoaltidy, 
th»  real  nature  of  which  is  probabty  mistaken.  A  miire,  belonging  to  Mr. 
Kanblce,  had,  t«n  dajs  before  the  rccogiiitioa  of  Uie  disease,  been  droop- 
iug.  rsAuing  her  food,  hMTiog  at  the  Hanks,  and  pawing  occasionally. 
It  WM  plain  onoogh  that  sh»  was  indispoeed,  but  at  length  the  fnrions  fit 
caniA  upon  her,  aud  she  destrpjwd  almost  everji'liiiig  in  the  slnblo  in  tha 
cDtme  of  an  hour.  The  lat«  Ur.  lfoDc_\-iacnt  liad  a  two-jeikrs-uld  colt 
bronght  to  his  istabMshmant.  It  waa  taken  ill  in  tlie  nllenioou  of  tho 
preosdii^  daj,  when  it  fint  attracted  altention  by  reftiaing  its  food,  and 
ibrawinff  itself  down  and  getting  up  sgnin  inunodiat«ljr.  From  sni!!!  a 
dcNciutlon,  Ur,  Afooejment  oonvlmlcd  that  it  was  a  coao  of  diotic  ;  but, 
when  oo  went  into  tli«  j^rd,  and  taw  the  ponjr,  and  observt'il  his  wild  and 
anzMNH  conntcnancv,  and  his  ejccossive  uorvous  aensibilitv,  ho  was  con- 
Ttsoad  that  something  noncmmcn  wns  amiss  with  him,  a]tJioagh  ho  did 
ant  ni  first  mspeiA  i&  real  nature  of  the  case. 

The  earhf  symptons  of  rabies  in  the  borse  bare  not  bucn  carefully 
'.  or  well  racordod ;  bat,  in  the  majority  of  cast's,  so  far  as  our 
go,  then  will  not  aft«n  be  preiikonitoiy  symptoma  saiEdcntly 
cisiTe  to  he  noticed  by  tho  groom. 

The  hono  goea  oat  to  bis  osnal  work,  and,  for  a  certain  time  and  dijt- 
"  taoee^  performs  it  as  well  as  he  had  heun  accustomed  to  do :  then  he  stojis 
bU  at  once — trembles,  benv«s,  paws,  slA^>;^ra,  and  falls.  Almost  im- 
■adiataly  ho  risca,  drogH  his  load  a  little  forthcr,  and  ngnin  stops,  looks 
•lent  him,  books,  slagRcm,  and  faltw  onci:  marc.  This  is  not  a  lit  of  me* 
^iiBi — itia  Dotasnuaendoterminutiuuofbbod  lo  tho  brain,  for  the  horse 
■not  Aranngtemomcnt  inscnaibie.  Tlionoonerhe  is  l«d  homo  the  better, 
far  lbs  prM;rc«is  of  tlic  disease  is  as  rapid  as  the  lirst  attack  is  eaddcn ; 
■ad,  peHaUy,  he  will  fall  twice  or  tlinco  bol'oro  lit!  rcocht^s  his  etiiblc. 

In  Iba  great  majori^  of  cases — or,  mihcr,  with  very  fi^w  exceptions — 
titite  oT excitation  ensoee,  which  is  not  exceeded  iy  that  of  the  dog 
niv  tho  most  fcarfbl  form  of  the  malady  :  bat  there  arc  inf«rval8  when, 
if  he  had  boon  naturally  good-tempered  and  hnd  boon  attached  to  hie  rider 
^Ui  groom,  he  will  reowniso  ms  former  fri<md  and  srek  his  cwveses, 
■dbnid  on  him  one  oTthom  piteous,  aearchbg  looks,  which,  onco 
•wtuwl,  will  never  be  forgotten :  hot  there  is  danger  about  this.  Pro- 
*Mlir  snccords  another  paroiyeni,  without  warning  and  withoot  control ; 
^Hl  there  is  no  safety  for  him  who  had  prcnously  the  moat  complete 
^^HhiT  over  tlui  anifial. 

^^B*M  onoe  attending  a  rabid  horse.  The  owner  wonid  not  hare  him 
^Hm«d,  under  the  vain  hope  that  1  had  mistaken  a  case  of  pbrouitis  for 
^^^Hfinfawa,  and  that  tho  disease  might  licld  to  tlic  profuse  abstraction 
^^Bbodtliatlbadbeen  premiied  on  to  eflVct,  and  the  purgative  in  flu  cm  co 
^^Bbfaimof  the  crotOD-nut,  with  which  he  hnd  been  nhnndimtty  snp. 
P^Rfe  ID  aarly  stage  of  the  malady.  1  insisted  on  his  bi'ing  slung,  so 
F  ""Mira  wem  protected  from  injury  from  hin  kicking  or  phknging.  Ha 
I  *^  boid  &m  nxe  upon  mo  as  if  be  would  search  m«  throng  and 
I  '^'Vh,  and  would  prevail  ou  me,  if  I  could,  to  relievo  bhn  fivm  K>me 
I  *vdfal  oril  by  which  ho  was  ihreat«ned.  IIo  would  then  ])mih[ahead 
I  tiBA  ay  boaon,  aad  koop  it  there  n  minute  or  more.    All  at  onco, 


ITS 


TBTASUS,  OB  LOCKED   JAW. 


flomo  unlcnonm  cuum,  or  ut  tho  approncli  of  a  strutgcr.  Prom  time  to 
time  diflurcnt  porU  uf  tliv  fnunc — tbu  cri-a — Umi  jnws — purtiutdMr  limbt 
— will  be  ooniiilsoil.  Tlit-  t;ye  will  ocuuiiuuat]/  vnu)d«r  afW  aome  imagi- 
cat;  objoc^  and  tko  horse  will  snap  agtuQ  and  aj^uo  at  tJutt  wliich  baa 
no  real  ezistwncc.  Thon  will  come  va»  impmnble  desire  to  bite  tLo 
attcndnnttt  or  tho  luiimaU  witliin  iiJi  reach.  To  tliis  will  succeed  tbo  do- 
molitiou  of  tho  nok,  the  miui)cer,  uid  tbo  wholv  fumiturv  of  tbe  aUiblu, 
nceoiQiiauiod  b;  the  puouUttr  dread  of  water  wbicb  luui  been  alitwlj 
described. 

l^nnrds  the  clow  of  the  disease  there  is  gonorall^  poral^is,  asDallf 
oomfined  to  tbe  loins  and  tbe  binder  oxtromitic*,  or  iovoliring  tbon  orgsns 
wldoli  ilenTO  their  nerroiu  inflnenoe  from  this  portion  of  tbu  apinal  ooni ; 
— ^lenee  tbo  diatresaiu^  teueaums  wbiob  is  ooca^onaUy  seen. 

Tbe  disease  rar«>Iy  extends  bojoiid  tbe  third  day. 

After  death,  tboro  is  oniformly  found  intlnmmntion  at  tho  back  part  of 
(be  month,  and  at  tbe  top  of  ibu  windpipe,  niul  Lkcwiso  in  tbe  stomach, 
and  on  tbe  membrane  covering  tbo  luugs,  and  wlu^re  tbe  NpiiiBl  marrow 
first  iiiauea  &om  tbe  brain. 

When  the  disease  can  be  clearly  connected  with  a  previous  bite,  tbo 
sooner  tho  animal  is  destroyed  tbo  better, /or  there  it  no  e«re.  If  tbo 
gpnploma  bear  oonjddenblo  rcttunbliuico  to  rubii^*,  althonffb  no  bito  is 
•napvcted,  tbo  horoe  should  at  luaat  bo  bIuuXi  aud  tbe  medicine,  if  any 
is  administered,  f^na  in  the  fbrm  of  a  driuk,  and  witb  tbe  band  w^ 
pmitactod;  for  i£  it  shoold  be  sciatebod  in  balling  the  horeo,  or  tbe  sUu 
shoidd  hnvi!  boon  prcrionsly  broken,  tbe  saliva  of  Uio  animal  is  capable  of 
commuuieuUiig  the  diaeuse.  Several  furieni  hare  liwt  tluur  lirue  fiom 
being  bitluu  or  acratdied  in  Ihe  act  of  adnuuiatering  mt-didne  to  a  rabid 
horse. 

It  is  always  daogGcoiiB  to  encourage  any  dogs  about  the  ataUe,  and 
especially  if  ttuj^  become  fond  of  tho  honiM,  nod  aro  in  tlie  habit  of  jauiK 
iDg  np  and  Uokmg  thnm.  Tlio  comem  of  the  month  of  tho  bonM  are  oAoi 
■ore  mm  tiia  preesaro  of  the  bit ;  and  when  a  coaoh.dog  in  a  gentleman's 
■table — and  it  is  tilutly  to  happen  in  every  stable,  and  with  every  dog— 
heuornDS  rabid  and  dice,  tho  home  too  freqaenUy  ftllows  him  at  no  great 
distuioo  of  time. 

If  a  horse  is  bitten  by  a  dog  ondor  dUKpicioas  circnmafanoos,  he  sbonld 
be  caroMly  examined,  and  svny  wouud,  and  oron  tlio  abgbtest  acnOcb, 
wall  bomcd  with  the  Jiinar  caustic  (nitrate  of  nlrer).  The  aoah  shoaU 
bo  tvmorcil  and  tlii'  operation  repeated  on  the  third  day.  The  hot  tras 
diMM  uot  aiuwer  so  wcl^  and  otbur  caustics  aro  not  so  manageable.  U 
tbe  spring  of  1827,  fbor  horsea  were  bitten,  near  Hydn  Purk,  by  a  nod 
dog.  To  one  of  tbeu  tbe  lonar  oaostic  wa«  twice  severvlv  applied— he 
livM.  The  led-hoC  tnn  wu  onsparisg^  used  on  tbo  otners,  and  thef 
died.  Tin  caastio  most  raadisTary  part  of  the  wound.  At  tbe  ezphatioA 
of  tbe  feorth  moBth,  the  horse  may  bo  cossiderod  to  bo  safe. 

nTAvns,  OK  tocos  jaw. 

Tetaniu  it  ■7"^'"f  thr  r""f^^n^n^^^ll^nd  fntnl  diensnim  tift  irbif^h  llwliiiiiii  — 
W  sabjoct.  It  is  called  LOckid  jaw,  bncnaae  the  nmaelM  of  the  jaw  ar^* 
earliest  affected,  aod  tbe  month  is  obvti&atvly  and  imiooroably  closed.  £ 
is  a  pcnnaneot  spasm  of  all  tbe  TOluntar^-  uusolcs,  and  nartioDlarly  of  lhe«^* 
cJ  (be  nock,  tbe  ■pi>e>  ^"d  the  head.  It  is  sometlmn  slow  and  tnacbeioa.^ 
in  its  attack.  Tlie  horse,  for  a  day  or  two,  dovi  not  apjN.'ar  to  be  qoit^', 
well ;  be  docs  not  feed  as  osanl ;  be  partly  chews  bis  food,  and  drops  it  » 
and  bo  gulps  his  water.  The  owner  at  laogtli  Gods  that  tlie  motion  of  tb^ 
jaws  is  oonsidonbly  limited,  and  aoiae  saliTa  is  drircUing  &«m  tbo  moalb' 


bj  emj  mttieltT  qain-rin^;  from  tho  ili-Kive  of  ^-icitemcnt  under  w1ii<.-h 

PkUmirML     A  t^nMiii,  pnrtiuiiung  on  ibu  fonitor  obcdioncr  of  tlio  animal, 

tnlond  ia,  and  «Qd«aFO«red  to  put  »  liead^tell  anon  him.    Hritlicr  tlio 

imrim  nor  mjrmlf  oould  fwreoadc  hini  to  forbear.     I  waa  rare  of  mischief. 

lot  I  bad  obMTvnl  tbe  car  IjHne  flnt  upon  the  neok,  nod  I  could  aco  tlio 

■ad  slance  of  tho  njo;  I  tlicreforo  nrmod  tnj-wlf  with  a  Iiaary 

I  ttick  tluU.  w»a  ttt  luuiil,  and  climbed  into  tho  nmngrr  of  tlio  nsit 

Thft  mao  Lad  not  adv&ucud  two  «t«|>a  Into  tlie  box  bufuit:  I  coald 

!  Uw  akifting  po<sitiou  of  the  fore  feet,  and  ti\e  pn-par&tion  (o  ■pring 

■  \m  rictini  i  «nd  ho  «roald  hav«  sprung  upon  him,  bat  my  mapou 

1  with  all  th«  force  I  oonld  tirg«  upon  his  hoM.  nod  ho  dropped.     Thft 

' ,  bat  tJie  bnito  wui  up  u^iu  in  an  ins:&uit,  and  wo  trembled 

partition  of  liic  box  should  vit-ld  to  bia  violenci.-,  aud  Iw  would 

ilbe  gciMikic  description  of  Ur.  Itloino,  wben  be  suoaks  of  tiin  tniAd 

lU'lenBlline  worj'laing  before  liim,  bimsolf  awontug^  aod  snorting, 

I  mi  fbtndng  aoiioit  Otn  niitii>.' 

I  1  Wo  bnd  oocanioii  niorv  llian  oncn  bo  witnoM  tlie  evident  pain  of  tho 
telra  part,  and  tlio  maiuiiT  in  wbicli  Iho  lior«o  iu  Uiti  inlen'iiU  of  hi* 
pHiuftiua  emploj-s  Uiraselfin  licliing  and  jfiiawinjt  tht^i  [-ii'^iitris.  One 
vinat  had  bwn  bitteo  id  tliv  chest,  and  be,  not  in  the  iutervak  bvtwceu 
tW  naoarbationa.  hat  when  tho  pnroxyxm  waci  most  riolent,  noald  bite 
■idtMr  binuwlf  until  his  broaat  wua  ahockingljr  mangled,  and  the  blood 
WmI  Imai  it  in  a  Htrieain. 

tha  nwat  inttiiMting  aud  salia&ctory  symptom  in  llic  cv-ident  dnsid  of 
^livwhid)  exJBto  in  m  decidad  Dtajority  of  cuh's,  and  the  imposaibihty 
'4  nallowing  any  considcmhlo  qnantitv.  Professor  DnpiiT  gives  an 
Mnant  of  thia  cirmniiitaiioi-:'— '  A  rabid  bonw  wait  coDfiiicil  in  ono  of 
*h  mdc-haxcfi.  Hit  fuud  iriui  ^i\-vn  to  him  through  an  opening  o\-«r  the 
dnr.osd  a  bucket  was  suspuuded  from  the  door,  and  aapplwd  with  wat«r 
tff  ufoa  of  a  coppu*  tobe.  As  soon  ns  he  hmrd  thg  wntor  foiling  into 
w  pail,  ha  lall  into  riolont  canvnbdonii,  noised  tho  tal>n,  and  cmshoo  it  to 
^JeoB.  Whan  tbo  water  in  hia  baoket  wua  Agitated,  the  conx-alstons  wcra 
•ueved,  Ba  wuold  oeoaaioDally  appnuach  the  bueket  as  if  he  n-Lshid  lo 
4nak,  and  then,  after  agitating  the  vrnter  for  an  instant,  ho  would  fall  on 
Wi  fitter,  uttering  a  boarae  cry ;  bat  h<'  would  nxa  n^in  iJmont.  imme* 
4aldT.  T1m«o  nnnptotns  were  dmiidfully  inereuaed  if  waU-r  wiui  llirown 
^mIim  hvad.  Ho  would  tbeu  eud^uvoar  to  seize  it  as  it  fell,  and  bita 
•vk  fury  at  ereQ'tbing  within  hia  reach,  his  whole  frame  being  dreadfully 

•MTulluL' 

At  the  diaeatfo  pTogreaaeti.  not  only  is  tha  animal  rapidly  debilitated,  but 
^^  ia  the  pacidtar  staegering  gait  which  is  ohwrralilD  in  the  dog — 
'ifaaUa  to  evident  loaa  ta  power  in  tho  muMclcs  of  tho  Inmbar  region.  I 
4«  Hw  a  mare  sittinfi;  oa  her  bauucheu,  axul  oiiable  to  riae ;  yet  aaing 
WliiK  le«t  witli  tho  utiooat  fun',  and  anflbring  no  one  to  oome  within 
^nach.  She,  loo,  would  eomMimes  pinnae  bur  mnxxle  into  the  ofiervd 
M:  and  immediBloly  withdraw  it  in  oridont  terror,  while  every  limb 
kmbled.  At  other  times  the  lowering  of  tite  pail  would  affright  bcr,  and 
^veaU  fall  on  her  aide  and  atrug^e  furioualy.  Although  ihia  aymp- 
^  m  not  oAen  obaerred  tu  the  dog,  it  is  a  satisfactoiy  idnitifioatioa  of 
|W  diiaue,  when  it  ia  »o  freqneudy  seon  in  tho  home,  and  ao  inrariably 
>  tu  hamaa  being. 

Hw  aariieat,  and  pcrhspa  thomoat  deciaivo.aymptom  of  tho  DMtr  approach 
if  labjoa  in  the  hona,  ia  a  apoamodio  moveiDcnt  of  the  npper  lip,  porticn- 
WtroT  the  aivlca  of  the  lip.  Cloae  following  on  this,  or  oontnnpnmneoaa 
«itft  it,  an  t£e  deim'siiil  and  ansioua  connfcnanrc,  and  inquiring  gaao, 
addmly  huwewr  liifhtt-d  np  and  brcouung   tierce  and  invtuM.-iu(^  lion 


100  TETA.VIS,   OK   LOCKED  JAW.  ^H^H 

oontfnct  with  all  tho  power  they  poaaeas,  and  tboro  is  »  dt^groo  of '  bido- 
faosikd '  Appcontnoo  nnd  rigiditf ,  aod  of  tacking  up  of  tlut  belly,  whi<'h  is 
HOD  nndier  no  otliur  compliunt.  The  tail  beconuut  in  cotuttont  mutiun 
fVom  tlie  ohwokte  uid  noleot  action  of  tlie  museba  tiutt  eler»t«  and 
depreaa  it. 

ConatipfttMrn,  and  to  sn  almost  iaanniKniiitabta  degrao.  now  appcan. 
Tho  abdonuoal  moDclrit  nrp  so  powcrfnllj  contntctod,  tint  do  portion  of  tha 
iHintcntn  of  the  nbdonuv  can  pans  on  and  Iw  discliiu^'d. 

By  duffTM-'M  the  ii[kisiu  i-tUMids  and  beooioes  uvciywhwo  more  violent. 
Tlie  motjou  of  Uiewbolsftwne  is  lost,  and  tbo  bona  Manda  fixed  mtlieiui* 
vatstal  po^ure  which  be  hu  assnmed.  Tha  ootutteoance  beoonaa  wildBr 
and  mora  haggard — its  expnaaion  woi  ncvrr  br  rITiKX'd  from  tbo  mamofy 
of  him  who  caroa  abont  tbeholingKorabnito;  tiift&ilisnovpermanantlj 
railed,  and,  if  itrijiiiaanil  for  a  mmnant  by  the  luuuL,  iuntauUy  raauBea  ito 
elevation.  Tlie  Tioleot  cramp  of  a  naglu  mnsclo  or  set  of  mysolea  inakea 
tL«  BtODteet  heart  quail,  and  diawa  fiwtii  the  most  fHlMma  oriaa — wliat» 
then,  mast  it  bo  for  this  tortnra  to  peirade  the  wholo  fVapie,  and  to  con- 
ttnoe,  with  littlo  respite,  Irom  dsy  to  day,  and  from  wri^  to  week.  Wbao 
hi«  attcndimt  ajiproaobea  and  toaohes  him,  be  ecaroely  moves;  bnt  tbn 
dcapiurin^  gi^^,  and  the  sodden  acceleration  of  the  polw,  indicate  what  be 
feeU  aud  (etu^ 

TetanoB,  then,  is  evidently  au  aS^ction  of  tho  nervos.  A  small  fibre  of 
some  norre  has  been  ntjurM^and  the  effect  of  that  ininry  has  spread  to  the 
origin  of  tbe  dbtvo — the  bnua  llien  beoomea  aflocted — and  nnivoMl 
dincuaod  action  fbtbwa.  TeUnna  is  a  spasm  of  the  whole  frame^Dot 
merely  of  one  set  of  masolea,  but  of  their  antagonists  also.  The  fixidity  of 
the  animal  is  the  efibct  of  opposed  and  violent  mnxcnW  contraction.  It 
boloDBs  to  the  lower  column  of  tinnrcs  only.  Tliu  iK^ngiibilityis  nnimpaired 
• — perhaps  it  is  heightened.  Tbo  borse  would  (ukt  if  he  I'uuld ;  he  tries  to 
fade  np  some  moisture  from  his  masb ;  and  tho  avidity  with  which  he  lends 
bimaelf  to  assist  in  tfae  admiuistorin^  of  a  little  gruel,  shows  that  the  feel- 
ing of  hunger  and  thint  remain  nnimpnirrd. 

The  di8ea*<t  may  terminate  btolly  in  forty -i-iKbi  hoam,  liut  a«  a  nila 
death  takcx  tiliuie  from  the  third  to  tliv  sixth  ^y ;  if  the  borsc  shonid 
snrvive  till  the  sovonth  or  eighth  day.  a  favoonbliB  termtnatioD  may  be 
expected,  aHhongh  in  some  caaea  tbey  will  die  »  nontli  after  the  attack. 
If  from  strength  of  constitution  or  nM>dii^ul  braatmaot%  ha  ahoald  rsoorar, 
the  Amt  favourable  symptom  is  a  slight  and  short  nanisaion  of  the  apans; 
the  thna  of  tlis  naniBsioii  gradoally  (eogtbeaing,  and  the  jaws  a  little  ti^ 
laxiiig;bgttlwprograaa«'cnro  is  exowdtngly  alow,  and  the  borso  is  left 
Terr  weak. 

On  jMrf-merlem  oxomination  the  mnsculnr  fibre  will  axhibit  snAdent 
proof  of  the  labonr  which  has  been  exacted  from  it.  The  mnncirs  will 
H>pcar  as  if  they  had  been  maoeisted— their  texture  will  bo  aoflcned,  and 
thoy  will  be  torn  with  tha  graoteet  ease.  Ttt  hings  will,  la  the  minority 
of  caiwn,  be  highly  infltned,  fbr  tliey  have  been  labouring  Umg  and  painfc]^ 
to  fbreiah  artoial  blood  infiafliriciitqnnntify  to  support  Ihis  great  Bxpesd^ 
tore  of  anima]  power.  The  stomach  will  contain  patchrs  of  inflammatioa, 
but  tho  intcKtinoa,  in  most  eases,  will  not  exhibit  mnob  departure  fmta  ihs 
hue  of  bcaltli.  The  examination  of  tbo  brain  will  be  altogether  nnaatia- 
fadoty.  There  may  be  slight  iiyoction  of  some  of  the  meoabrwnes,  bu, 
in  the  majority  of  cases,  there  wilt  not  be  any  morbid  change  worthy  of 
wcord. 

Tctanoa  is  ntnally  tlie  result  of  the  injory  of  seme  nervooa  fibre,  and 
tlie  i-ff«>ct  of  that  lesion  propagated  to  the  brain.  It  oocora  at  aU  agw^ 
Ihjui  tbo  foal  a  fortnight  old,  and  amongst  all  claaaes  of  tha  bone;  Dvt 


rETAXUS,   OR    LOCKED   JAW. 


ISI 


^^Halnvd,  Inilable  mniinala  »tc  Uie  lanst  linbli>  to  it.  It  may  result  fmin 
HBactevvty  tviety  of  wound,  uo  uiatWr  wlial  iU  BiCuatiun.  It  would 
■ppcsr,  howcv«r.  that  wonnds  in  somep&rte  li»vc  »mnch  gi^aler  t«&ileiicy 
to  prodncv  Uiis  disease  tiiui  in  othcra.  Tbo  foot  in  &  very  trcqnont  source 
or  Ibcu  of  tetanic  inituy.  Tbi:  honu  bccoioiMi  liuiie — tlic-  injury  may  luive 
been  ckkAUI/  livated,  olrdmaly  trtated,  or  not  treutfd  at  all — Uie  liuuunma, 
bomrer,  disappears,  bat  the  wound  bas  not  li«a]od.  There  is  au  uii> 
Imhliintw  kbont  it.  Mid  at  the  cxpirstian  of  mght  or  Um  days,  totanns 
appeal*.  Smiib  nnTOBs  fibre  lioa  been  irritated  or  infliuned  bj  tbc  ncd- 
deut,  alight  a«  it  was. 

Docking,  rnddng,  orcmaeli,  sapporating  corns,  castration  and  injnriiiK, 
•tpedally  aboat  tho  orbit,  are  fro<^uent  cnasra  of  tctanos.  In  all  theae 
^Mea  tiMi  attack  ia  tenncd  Tnttunatio  TetJuiiM  u*  nriBiog  &om,  or  licpriid 
in^  OB,  Muao  injot^  nceived,  but  tmiiueittioniibly  it  may  be  set  u[>  wttbuut 
aoj  ozlanuki  11^1117  whatover.  The  rexwrds  of  veterinary  proceeding 
contain  nncoant^  of  tHanos  following  lalioiir,  brntnlly  emctcd  beyond  tbe 
amtnal'H  natural  ctit^ngth,  in  the  druag)it  of  lieavy  toads,  Horst'd  thftt 
kare  btea  matcli«<l  ugainst  timo  have  too  frequently  died  of  teljinnx  u 
little  while  ant.'rwards.  Sndden  exposui'e  to  cold  afler  being  liead-d  by 
•zarciBa  baa  produced  this  drctulfnl  «tAta  of  nerrous  actios,  aad  especially 
if  tlie  lunae  baa  atood  in  a  partiiU  dninebt,  or  cold  wntor  bas  been  dripping 
•a  th»  lodns.  TlicM  cases  are  called  iJiuputliio  TottmnA,  tliAt  in,  anning, 
Sk*  «liy  otteraeTcre  malady,  from  some  pi-i-uliar  Husce[itibiltly  to  donuijte- 
wat  of  tba  coogtitntion  iteol£ 

TiauaatM;  Tetanno  in  much  the  moet  dnng^rini;  kind,  ajid  will  general]/ 
pnra  &tal ;  on  tl>«  otber  biuid,  fi-om  IiiiofmtJiic  IVlnnm  tho  nnimnl  not 
Ulfrsi]1Wutly  recoveni.  Oilier  terms  uro  sIkd  applied  lo  dintiu^ulsli  when 
COTtein  parts  only  are  affected.  When  th«  e^itiNiiis  confined  to  the  muscles 
of  tkoiawa  it  is  nanuNl  Trifimns  ;  whim  tlic  miisulo*  of  tho  noi'k  and  hack 
•n  ebicAy  aficotMl,  it  w  aIIliI  Opistholouos :  the  reverse  of  thtK,  when 
Ika  inferiw  nnsetes  are  aflecied,  is  Eniprosthotonos;  whi>n  the  body  is 
dmwB  tooiMside,  tkatof  Fletuoalbotonos.  AltlumghthcnndilfrTvntKtntrs 

Buy  axiat  in  tliA  bnman  aolgect,  wc  nhitU  rurvly  meet  with  tlii-m  in  tho 

hens,  and  tlion  onh-  is  tbo  Ibna  of  TriKinita  or  Opisthotonos. 
Tbt  (natneDt  of  tetanuN  ia  aimple,  and  woald  be  oni-ner  successful  if 

tttriad  to  ita  fUl  exteut.     The  indication  of  can  ia  plain  enough — tfia 

yrfen  mmtt  b«  lnuquiUi»«d. 
Sght  or  t«n  dmchms  of  aloes,  with  Jt.  to  jij.  miomcl,  ttbonld  bo  ad- 

fttaistcred.     If  tiie  rvmiMnon  of  tha  kjiukiq  in  alight,  tliere  in  anotlior  pnr- 

Wi»» — not  so  certain  in  ila  action,  but  more  powerful  when  it  doeii  act — 

toa  &riiia  of  the  croton  nut>  Tbeia  is  Utile  or  no  danger  of  exciting 
summation  of  the  muooTis  membrane  of  the  intestinos  by  this  prompt 
iMUrgetie  ailmiuiatration  of  pargatire  mcdii-ino,  for  there  is  too  much 
•tion  of  vital  power  towarda  the  nervous  system — too  ronch 
:  tbara — to  Icatc  cause  for  dreading  the  possib^ty  of  metuiitiuiia 
■rbere.     It  would  be  desirable  if  a  certain  degree  of  inflammation  coold 

*  «uat«d,  bccauHc  to  Uiat  rxtnot  tbe  irritatiun  of  lie  nervons  nvBtcto 
^l^ght  b*  aUayed.  Tbens  in  auoliier  reason,  and  a  veiy  powerful  one — 
**«»a  is  i^dly  passing.  The  t«taDic  action  may  c«tcnd  to  the  intestinaa, 
^*d  tin  oo-opernlion  of  the  abdominal  moiiclca  in  keeping  up  the  pcrislaltio 
!'*'**io«  of  tht  Uiwrlii,  and  cutpclling  their  contents,  may  Iw  lost.  W«  hate, 
^yl««l,  more  faith  ia  the  eflcet  ot  physic,  as  a  remedy  for  this  dreadful 
^*aawi,  than  any  other ;  if  active  purgatioo  can  be  set  up— and  a  cbanca 
*^  wcaiery  i«  Ivfl — that  pnrcation  will  insure  ttv  Use  the  balling  prohang, 

Tl'Oni^  a  ■tick,  snytbing,  to  mtrtjduco  a  full  doso  of  phasic  into  his  throat  ; 

H  aotioto  bis  (brimt,  leave  it  on  llie  longuo  )  if  that  m  iin]>o>»ihlo,  insert 


i^l  TCTAjrCS,   OR   LOCKED  JAW. 

it  between  lli«  iiya  udA  the  nindcm — this  rraj  alwnys  be  done'— aiul  In  a 
OCErisintj  a  emter  portion  of  if  will  milaiUhr  bo  Firiillowcd.  This  ahoDlil 
be  followed  Df  tW  n^tniniiittvtioii  of  5ij.  at  pawArTnl  njntiin  froqacnity 
TvpMtML  Opiam  ■■  not  onlj^  n  Talnable  drug,  bat  it  is  that  on  which 
Kwne  denendcnoo  can  be  placed  in  Ibis  diaoue:.  C]\-st«n<  mar  ab»  bo 
unplojrca  to  a^dat  tn  promotin(;  the  action  of  the  bowelft.  Blc«din^, 
bliaterin)*,  lrii?4ion  to  Ino  baok,  aod  tbo  application  of  cold  water  aru 
caleiili)t<ld  to  do  do  good,  and  sncUtka  mnoriiM  should  not  bo  had  rosort 
to.  The  otm  great  object  in  the  treafanant  of  tetannjt  Hhonkl  bo  to  keep 
tbc  aniinid  mt  qmet  aa  poanblc^  and  frve  from  thoac  att^ntiumt  ■■nmning 
the  Mlinpi'  of  rvmedia)  meaMtlM  which  an>  too  apt  lo  incrcttiu?  t]iu  already 
excited  atate  of  Uis  Berroiu  qrstom.  Tho  horac  should  bo  pbccd  in  a  nnn, 
•omewhat  dai^  bat  w^ventilat«d  dnlilc,  RrlciTtod  as  free  aa  possible  flron  * 
nil  pxtornnl  iKMms,  Both  Uia  flooroflhe  ulablo  and  nhio  fnr  some  distunce 
ont«iilr  ahuuld  b«  oerored  with  abort  littvr.  Tbi-  «tablo  Hhonld  W  lorkcd, 
Dd  no  one  allowed  to  see  the  animal  bnt  the  atb^ndont  or  prufcsnonnl 
laii.  and  when  this  ia  rendered  neeeaeaT^  for  the  admiuialralion  of  fboal 
or  medicint^  ffvat  cantiori  should  bo  nsoa  in  praTDDtiDg  any  sodden  aotao 
or  movtmont  which  may  dinttirb  the  animal. 

One  thing  shootd  not  be  for^fut ten,  namely,  tliat  a  hnntc  with  locked  jaw 
u  aa  hnngry  aa  when  ia  lu-nlth.  and  every  posaahk'  conlrivanon  f^hnnUi  bo 
adopted  to  IVimish  him  with  that  nutriment  which  will  support  him  under 
hifl  torturo,  and  poiwibly  rniiblo  him  to  wonlhcr  the  storm.  If  a  |itul  of 
good  gruol  is  placed  within  bin  n-uch,  how  wilt  honuKzlo  in  it,  and  contrive 
lo  drink  Kucne  of  it  too  !  If  a  iliorouglily  wet  tnaah  is  placed  bofiire  him  in 
a  fMiil,  ho  will  bury  his  nose  in  it.,  and  manage  to  extract  no  smaU  poftion 
i>f  nutrinient.  Uy  mranx  of  a  sroall  horn,  or  a  bottle  with  a  very  narrow 
neck,  it  will  otiea  ho  pnmible  to  giro  him  a  nnnll  qnnntity  of  j^mt-l ;  but 
the  flexible  pine  that  ncornnpanica  Read'M  patent  puran  will  rendor  this  of 
euier  aocompliithment,  for  the  nutruneat  may  bo  aominirtowKl  without 
elevating  the  b«^  of  the  luirae,  or  inflictiii):;  on  him  the  extreme  tortnra 
which  used  to  accompany  the  act  of  drmichinf^.  If  the  jaw  iu  emr  *o 
closely  clenched,  the  pipe  mny  hv  intro<lncrd  between  tlio  tushas  aiul  the 
grinders,  and  carried  lolembty  far  buck  into  the  mouth,  and  anv  noanlilv 
ofgniol  or  raeilicine  introduced  into  the  aloiuach.  Xor  is  thia  Uw  only 
way  ia  which  this  nklnablo  iimtrnment  may  be  nuide  BTailable  in  this 
fearfUl  disonso ;  for  with  an  enema  pipe  attnehci)  to  the  end  of  the  tube, 
eonsidepablc  quantiti«e  of  tfood  beef  t(A,  Htrong  infnaiona  of  oala  or  malt, 
combined  with  thick  well^boilcd  ({niel,  may  be  injected  into  tlio  int4)Stinea, 
and  the  animal's  strcngllt  supported  to  a  cousidcrsble  extent. 

It  will  also  bo  good  practice  to  lel<  a  small  portion  of  food  be  in  the 
manger.  Tbo  horse  will  not  at  Rrst  bo  able  to  take  up  the  slighteal 
quantity,  bnt  Imi  will  attentpt  to  do  no.  Small  porlions  may  ))e  placed 
between  hiii  grinder*,  and  tliey  will  prmenlly  drop  from  hi*  nioulli  iicarccly 
er  at  all  inaxiicaled :  bnt  some  good  will  bo  done— there  is  the  attempt  tn 
pat  tbu  mtuolee  of  the  jaw  to  their  proper  new.  On  the  followinf^  day  he 
will  soiweed  a  Uttle  bettor,  and  make  some  trifling  advance  towards  In  m\  Jim 
tlu  ehsm  of  maamodio  action.  ExperienM  wul  leadi  tlio  caroAiI  giooia 
tbo  value  of  tnnw  miuutiw  of  practice ;  and  Ibe  Kuocesrftit  terminatum  i~" 
ti»m  a  eaMo  taay  he  traced  to  the  careful  nnr»ini*  uf  (In-  |>ul(enl. 

When  tlie  hoiM  isgettiD^dccidcdlybritor.aM  the  weather  will  ^ 
there  can  lie  no  bettsrrpractioe  tltnn  to  tnni  him  out  for  n  few  boon  in 
miilitte  of  the  day.      lus  toddling  uImmiL  will  regain  to  him  the  nse  uf  I 
limlm ;  tlie  attempt  to  stoop  in  order  to  gmne  will  dimininb  llw  tqwKm 
bis  neck  ;  the  aet  of  graslng  will  rehui  ibe  mnsclea  of  lli«  jawa  ;  and  Im 
eaa  have  no  better  Ibod  than  the  fresh  grass. 


^ 


CRAJrr.— STRING  HALT. 


IS3 


I  b  ft  sadden,  Invohintur,  aod  painful  roulractiou  oF  a  [iHiiii-tiliir 
90r  a«tof  mnacleB^  II  differs  fti>mte1«uuiiiuiUi>]iurtvrduratiuu,iuid 
inilaooCMODftll^  ftttaddng  the  miuclcs  of  organic  life.  It  nutybo  t«i-m(«la 
apecin  of  tevnaitmy  toUans,  lUTccUtig  mostij  tbc  liind  cstromitics.  It  ig 
gi3M3«Uy  olNcerved  wbeu  tlw  bono  ia  limt  lirvaglit  out  of  tlio  atAtilc,  mid 
eneeiftlij  if  lie  has  been  hardly  worlied.  Oiio  of  the  legs  it]ipoai«  stiflT, 
baiadbla,  ftnd  is,  to  a  slight  degree,  dra^^f^d  aflor  the  aiuiual.  After  he 
htM  liroccodcd  a  few  steps,  the  etifincss  iicarlj'  or  quite  dlsappciirs,  or  only 
%  ri^t  drgrco  of  liunpncss  rriniiiiui  iJnring  tho  greater  pan  of  Uio  day. 

Crwup  may  be  brought  oa  by  exponuru  lutlicr  to  *  higb  or  low  t^mpcni- 
taiv. 

If  ft  eerUin  degree  of  lameness  lemaina,  tlie  attendant  on  the  Iiono 
Aoold  codsftTOor  to  find  oat  tho  moscla  chiefly  affected,  irhich  he  may 
CMily  do  by  a  feeling  of  liMdncas,  orancxpreMnon  of  pnin,  when  he  prcsse* 
on  l£e  pari  aflvcted.  Frii'tion  with  thu  hand  will  vt^ry  frvqui^ntly  Ikt  all 
tlifti  >■  ueiwBsaiy  to  TWnore  cnmp,  but  should  this  not  be  effectual,  hot 
fawMilftlinna  to  tho  par^  attd  tto  aoininislration  of  laxative  medicines,  must 
In  Ind  rcaort  to. 

STBOtOHALT. 

This  is  ft  sadden  and  tpannodic  action  of  some  of  tlie  musclea  of  tho  thigli, 
lemble  when  the  hmm  IK  finrt  Icil  from  the  stable.  One  or  both  legs 
I  oangfit  np  at  ctuit  step  with  grciit  mptdity  and  violonci*,  ho  thnt  tlio 
'  fcUodc  aometimes  touches  llie  bcfly.  In  the  great  m^urity  of  onses  it 
docft  not  disappear  sfler  exercise,  but  the  horse  continues  to  bo  afflicted 
widi  this  peculiar  gsit.  In  n  fewcascH,  howrvrr,  after  the  horse  bag  been 
tmim  UUlo  while^  it  pnrlialty  goes  off,  and  the  nomml  notion  of  iJic  limb, 
to  ft  oertnin  extent,  rvtums. 

Stringbalt  is  not  a  perfectly  involuntary  action  of  a  ccrtnin  niueclo,  or  a 
entun  set  of  mnsdeft.  llio  limb  is  flexed  at  tho  comraand  of  the  n-ill, 
hat  it  acts  to  a  grantcr  extent  and  with  more  vii)Ieneo  thuD  tlic  will  Iind 
Tmmpted.  Then  n  an  accumulation  nf  i-xcitabilily  in  the  mu&olu,  and 
At  intnnbo  which  should  hare  called  it  Into  uatunil  and  modemto  action 
tuna  it  to  tako  on  a  spasmodic  one. 

Bat  ahhoagh  the  pc«atiar  nction  coni^rtitnting  stringhalt  is  developed 

llkiinigh  the  nosclc*,  it  muirt  not  hn  tnkm  for  granted  that  the  cnuso 

'^  the  affection  Uca  in  tlie  intuieleN  theniHi-tves.  bnt  rather  in  the  tiuon 

""TOagh  wbidi  the  muscular  action  is  exeKed.  namely,  the  nerroe ;  and, 

*■•  general  rule,  i(  may  bo  stated  that  disease  of  ihn  ncrroa  themsotros, 

^'*n  paHicalarly  of  tbo  great  Ischiatic!  ncrt*e,  or  of  tlie  cnnid  tlirongh 

*kach  tfacy  pacs  fmm  Ibo  Rpinal  oord,  will  ho  found  to  exist.     Either  the 

*^W«t  Ha  origin  is  soflcned  and  discoloured,  or  its  egress  from  the  ve^ 

^bnl  ttaal  is  through  a  ronghened  and  irritating  foramen  instead  of  a 

"^HMtb  ODd  polished  one. 

Abaj  iDgenions  but  eon fnMlii^ory  theories  have  lieen  advanced  in  order 
J?  socoont  for  thin  nernlinritT  of  ijaJt.  "Wliat  muscles  are  coDComcd  ? 
2**''/  thoeo  by  which  the  tlugh  is  broujjlit  under  the  belly,  and  tlio 
f^ok  u  flaxod,  and  tlie  pustems  are  firtit  Antrd  and  then  extended.  But 
■T  nibh  of  them  is  the  effect  principally  produced  ?  What  muscle,  or, 
***•  properly,  what  nerve  is  conciTmeil  ?  Instcnd  of  cntciing  into  any 
"*^llHl  oontrovrrsT  on  this  point,  a  case  shall  bo  rotated,  and  ono  of  tbo 
**V  interesting  theiv  is  on  record :  the  author  was  pononolly  cognisant 
•^amr  narticnlar. 

Od&lfrrd,  first  called  Roundhead,  and  then  T/indlord,  was  foak-d  in 


IKI 


eTBINOIIALT. 


162G.  Ui!  vraa  f^L  by  UuiniMlcii  out  of  a  Sir  IImtt  nimsdnlc  marc.  In 
1828,  aiul  beiii^  two  yean  old,  wid  the  prviprrty  of  Uw;  I>ukc  of  Itii^limond, 
he  won  »  jiOJ.  plats  at  Goodwood.  In  1^29,  knd  belottffing  to  IajtiI  W. 
Leimoi,  ho  u-on  >^5  guinetM  at  Hunpbon.  Bcuik  thea  tnuosferred  to  Mr. 
CDlemiui,  be  won  Mi  guiniMA  at  Guildibrd  ;  bsd  In  tlie  same  yt»r,  having 
been  pnrcbfteed  by  Mr.  Pefirce,  be  won  CO  giiiiicn»  at  Bnjnngf^oko. 

In  tfao  ooarae  of  this  y<«r  stringhnlt  U'giin  li>  »{>|iFar  iu  a  «tight  d4!ffror, 
and  it  evidently,  nitliungh  ilowLr,  incroaM.'d.  Tlierc  toon  bi^f^  tu  bo  it 
little  ditlicutty  lu  K"'^'"K  biiu  OS;  bat  when  he  bad  once  startled,  n«titber 
bia  ttpecd  uor  Iua  stoutness  appeared  to  be  in  the  sligbtrat  degree  im* 
paired.  Ue  cootinned  on  the  tnrf  until  1831?,  and  wod  for  hb  diffment 
owners  seventeen  nic(!«,  the  produce  of  which,  cxeltuivc  of  bot«,  amoantcd 
to  l.t3.V. 

Tbe  diiEcuUy  aud  Ions  of  udvaiilaKL-  in  stnHuift  bad  now  uwimiMd  to  a 
degree  which  rcudi-red  it  prudent  Iv  n  ithdrhw  biin  from  the  Inrf,  and  lio 
came  into  Uie  posseesion  of  Oockemy,  who  nscd  him  for  tbe  purpoee  of 
lending  tlie  young  bonres  that  bo  hnd  under  training.  This  is  well  known 
(o  bo  liiLrd  work,  and  bis  rider  wan  a  man  of  lome  woischt.  In  ndtlitinn  to 
this,  be  was  generally  hunt«d  twioe  in  the  «ivk.  Hi.-<  Grat  aUut'tng  into 
a  gallop  had  something  singular  abont  it.  It  was  n  bon-ible  land  oToon* 
vuliiire  action,  and  so  violent,  thnt  he  frcqnently  knocknl  olT  hut  sbixw  on 
thi:  very  ddiy  that  they  were  pnt  on ;  but  wlion  bo  got  a  liltio  wanned, 
all  this  diaaopoarad.  He  galloped  benutifully,  and  was  a  n-iy  aura  ftuoer. 
The  xnort,  Dowwer,  bnng  over,  and  he  returning  to  a  slow  pace;  tlM> 
stringnnlt  waa  aa  bad  aa  ever. 

At  length  the  old  horao  heciunp  artiiil,  and  it  wax  with  grcnt  difficulty 
that  be  oould  be  mode  to  lead.  Sum>?timfa  bo  ivfuHL-d  it  aJlogctlirr.  In 
conaeqaence  of  this,  lie  was  sent  to  St.  Mariin's  Lauo  to  be  sold.  The 
higbeet  bidding  fnr  him  wras  3'.  14«.,and  the  hero  of  tbe  turf  and  the  field 
waa  doom<Hl  to  the  omnibun.  There  hn  wna  craelly  nurd,  and  this  ^MMinodio 
eonrulnion  of  hiH  hind  legs  sadly  u^ravated  hu  turtnm.  The  iilcin  wmi 
presently  nihb«d  frum  Us  dioolders,  bia  hips  and  tiaaiich<^  vreru  bruiwd 
IT.  every  part,  and  his  sti^M  were  oontinaally  and  puiufuUy  coining  in 
contact  with  the  pole. 

In  this  aituatiuu  he  was  seen  by  tbe  veli^nnry  mrgeon  to  '  The  Society 
for  tbe  Preventieoof&ueltTtoAiiimalB.'  There  U  a  fund  at  tbe  diapoiMl 
of  that  nociety  for  thepurcnaso  of  wom-ont  horava,  who  mn  iminediately 
released  fnnn  their  misery  by  the  polivaie  of  the  knacker.  Tbe  hone 
was  bought  fV>r  this  parpose,  anotbiir  and  bmilaldo  motive  tnllucncing  the 
purchase  —  tint  winb  to  atcvrtaiu  what  light  thu  disKVclion  »f  an  nnnnat 
that  had  had  stringbalt  to  such  an  aggravated  extentt  and  tot  so  long  a 
period,  would  cast  on  the  nntare  of  tbis  disease. 

The  author  of  this  wurk  iinw  bima  little  whiln  before  he  was  slaoghtered. 
He  was  still  a  noble- looking  uniirial,  and  seemtil  to  poiuiNw  all  bis  fonner 
Strongtb  and  niirit  utiimpaired;  but  ho  whm  Mully  Hcarn-d  ull  over,  in  mm* 
aaqtUDee  of  his  being  put  to  a  kind  of  work  for  Mhich  bis  spajngodta 
iiomplnuit  so  antijaly  inr4kparitatc<l  bim.  So  aggravated  a  caae  of  Btiing- 
halt  Bad  rarely  been  scon.  Both  hind  legs  were  alhcted,  and  botb  in  an 
e(|ital  dnn«e ;  and  the  belly  was  fiwciblv  slnick  by  the  |in«tem  jotnta  ererv 
time  the  hind  feei  were  UCmI.  Tbehelly  and  tbe  paalt^m  joint  were  U-th 
denndud  of  hair  in  mnw-anfmrp  nf  tbin  ronKtant  h(ktt<^rins. 

He  <m»  dasln>ynl  l>y  the  iiijceliun  uf  pniKKic  lu-iil  into  tho  jngnlar  vrta, 
and  tho  diaaectioii  of  him  was  oondncled  by  Prufumor  Spoonnr,  of  tbe 
Rin-al  Vrtcrinary  Colle^ 

On  taking  off  tl>e  nkin,  nil  tho  roaadca  ptvfmtnl  thmr  iwrfivt  bmlthy 
clumctor.    ITiera  waa  not  the  slimiest  onlargi'mcnt  or  dtsoolofatiun 


STRrXGHALT. 


US 


BIm>  &sct)e>.     The  tniuclea  of  both  extreniificfl  v/cro  dissected  Irom  tlieir 

r'  '  I  to  tbnr  toDi^noafl  terminations.  And  tlipir  fibrons  stract^ire  care- 
examined.  TkcT  werp  bU  bcantiAilly  itovulupod,  pivncaiting  no 
^IneqaalitjT  or  irregnlftri^  of  struclurv,  nor  aoglit  tint  would  vrarmnt  the 
wmaaion  that  anj  one  of  them  poBE«&$ed  an  tutdue  power  or  iuflneiioe 
bojrbnd  the  otiicirs.  The  onl/  9U>noniuU  circnniBtaDco  aboui  Uwm  ma 
tfakt  Uwj  wm  of  »  mtlicr  diu-kcr  yellow  id  colour  Uuui  in  nnttlljr  fouDd. 
Una  rcCared  to  lliom  gcocrttUy,  and  not  to  any  [Hirllciilar  mnicui  or  strts 
of  muscles. 

Tlie  Inmbar,  crural,  and  sciatic  Dierrvs  irere  examined  li<om  tlic  spot  at 
vbicb  tliVT  emerge  from  tho  spiiwl  cord  to  their  ultimate  dislribationa, 
Tlic  emnu  and  lumbar  nt-rrnt  wen:  porr<^Rtlv  lumltby.  Th«  ndiiliu  n«rvi^ 
at  tltc  B(iDrtaiv  tliruuKb  whicb  it  csoupi^a  uwa  diu  «|>iii«,  was  lUrkcr  in 
ookntr  ihaa  ie  mual.  beiu)^  of  a  yi'Uo wish- lira wu  hoe.  its  texture  vas 
■BltM(id.Bad  its  fihrilli?  somewlnl  loosely  crmnacled  together.  TlionervA 
««•  of  il«  VMOa}  siu;  but,  on  tncing  it  in  it*  oouirn  Itironch  tlii.i  mnnclcs 
of  tlie  baimeh,  acreral  iipat»  of  eouhymnitin  prcHenlefl  Llii-m.irlvc^  and  wcro 
a>0*«  parttoa]arly  m&rki^d  on  tliat  port  of  the  nen-e  whidi  ih  <K>uDUcl<>d 
with  ttue  niDnMciatic  ligament.  Aa  tho  nerve  approacli«d  tlie  Lock,  it 
aasuiud  its  natanU  colour  and  tone;  and  the  fibres  given  ofT  from  it  to 
tb>  nnaclcs  titaiatcd  infnrior  to  Ifie  stiflo-joint  were  of  a  perfectly  houUiiy 

On  diaaectins  out  a  portion  of  tho  nerve  wboro  it  appcaml  to  be  in  a 
daeeawd  state,  it  waa  found  that  this  eechymosiH  wiia  oonfiuod  to  tlic  nitfin- 
brasoos  inTVstitnra  of  the  norre,  and  that  iu  aubalauoe,  when  prtiaaed  from 
tla  khmitii,  prc«r<nted  a  porfrcUy  natnral  cbai'tictcr. 

TW  caritv  of  tlie  cranium,  and  the  wholiT  extent  of  thi!  Hpinnl  cnniil, 
«««  next  bid  open.  Th«  bnuu  and  apinni  luarrow  were  UtrprivtHl  of  their 
mwabtanona  corerings,  and  both  the  thocio  and  their  conleuta  dihgeutly 
Piaminad.  Tlicra  wva  do  lesion  in  any  part  of  tliciu,  not  «T<m  at  the 
luobar  remaa. 

_  TIm  arttcnhttioDR  of  overy  joint  of  tlui  faind  cxfMmitica  th«n  underwent 
tBMetion,  and  no  diauaM  could  bo  detected  in  either  of  them. 

rntnaor  Spooner  was  of  opinion  that  ibis  pecitliar  affection  <ra8  not 
nfaaUo  to  any  duK«8od  state  of  the  bitiin  or  spinal  cord,  nor  t^o  anr  local 
•Acliua  of  tlie  mnsctrs  of  the  limbii,  lint  simply  to  a  ni<irbid  ollRCtioil 
*(  dm  actattv  nerre.  Hs  had  not  diiist;ct«d  a  stiigLe  ciuw  of  striu^flialt  in 
*^h  he  bad  not  found  dtaeaao  of  this  nerve,  which  mainly  cotitrihutea 
'"■apply  the  Kind  extremitiee  with  semation  and  tho  power  of  voluntary 
Men. 

Ai  a  proof  that  vtringhalt  may  come  on  Kuddunly  the  following  in  n  awo 

'■  point.    A  noo-lione  called  '  Warwick'  fell  out  of  a  horsf-l«>x,  wht-n 

"Vrdlimp  at  the  ntc  of  twenty  miles  per  hoar  by  rail  between  Holywell 

**^  FEbIi  and  when  he  got  np  he  was  nffec1<Hl  with  idringhnit ;  h«  won 

IJ^y  net»  aftorwnnls.     The  eaiiiin  of  the  atridpnt  was  Ihis:  the  hontc- 

^^  wan  standing  agininat  a  wall,  aod,  while  loading,  (he  porters  fi>rgot  to 

r*ten  the  door  ni^it  the  wall.     Shortly  aAer  the  train  wwi  in  molion,  the 

^^  or  door  of  the  box  fell  down,  letting  the  horec's  hind  jiarta  ool ;  bving 

^!*  iro  widi  a  smi^l  raoo-horso  bwuI-coTlar,  fcirtuuattly  it  broke,  and  the 

^'*^»l  fdl  ont  on  the  ntilii.      Being  a  roM  inoriiiug  he  was  wrapt  np  in 

^^***  TTig»,  whif^h  so  i-iiveloited  liiin  ns  to  prevent  tho  luiU  cutting  Sim. 

V"*  train  wan  iilO{i]>cd,  and  tbu  Iiithu  wss  f>mnil  Ijinff  (|uitc  unncfxed : 

~^  inslaBt  be  was  spoken  to  be  got  up,  and  thu  .itahle-lmy  led  him  away 

J**«.    The  only  iiynrj  ho  TCioc-ired  wnn  utriiiK'i'^'t  '"  ^^^  '"fps  "'"1  ''" 

•"^  acrw  shown  tho  leant  aymptomN  of  it  before:  ho  was  Are  yeara  old 


lU  PARALYSIS,  OK  PALST. 

Now  comcfl  a  Tciy  important  qnestion,  Wliat  coimectJoD  is  there  bo- 
twecn  stringhalt  uid  the  supposed  valae  or  dcteriorBtion  of  the  horse  f 
Some  experienced  practitioners  have  maintained  that  it  is  a  pledge  of  more 
than  nsnal  muscular  power.  It  is  a  common  saying  Uiat  *  there  nerer  waa 
a  boree  with  atringhalt  that  vaa  incapable  of  doing  the  work  required 
of  him.*  Host  c«rttun1y  wo  continually  meet  with  horses  having  stringhalt 
that  pleasantly  discha^  all  ordinary,  and  even  extntordioary,  serrioe ; 
and  althoDgh  stringhalt  is  excess  or  irregnlar  distribution  of  nerroua 
power,  it  at  least  shows  the  existence  of  that  power,  and  the  capabihty  in 
the  muscular  system  of  being  acted  upon  by  it.  Insular  distributions  of 
Tital  energy  are  not,  howerer,  things  bo  be  desired.  They  ai^e  disease 
Bud  denuigement  vf  the  system,  and  a  prenlispoeition  to  greater  derange- 
ment. They  materially  interfere  with  the  speed  of  the  horse.  This  was 
decidedly  the  case  with  regard  to  the  poor  fellow  whose  history  has  been 
related. 

Stringhalt  is  decided  nnsonBdncss.  It  ia  an  irregular  supply  of  the 
neiTOOS  influence,  or  a  diseased  state  of  the  nervous  or  muscular  system, 
or  both.  It  prevents  us  &xnn  suddenly  and  at  once  calling  upon  the  borso 
for  the  fiill  exercise  of  his  speed  and  power,  and  therefore  it  ia  ujuound- 
lieu ;  but,  generally  speaking,  it  so  httle  interferes  with  the  serviocs  of 
the  animal,  that,  althou^  an  unsoundness,  it  would  not  weigh  a  great  deal 
against  other  manifest  valuable  qualities. 

FASALTSLS,  OK   PALST. 

The  stream  of  nervous  influence  is  sometimes  stopped,  and  thence 
results  pal^.  In  the  human  being  general  palsy  sometimes  occnrs. 
The  whole  body — every  or^an  of  motion  and  of  sense — ia  pondysed.  The 
records  of  our  practice,  however,  do  not  aSbrd  os  a  single  instance  of  this ; 
but  of  partial  paralysis  there  are  several  cases,  Mid  most  nntractable  ones 
they  were.  The  cause  of  them  may  be  altogether  unknown.  In  the 
human  being  there  is  yet  another  distinction,  Hemiplegia  and  Paraplegia. 
In  the  former  the  aflbction  is  confined  to  one  side  of  the  patient;  in  the 
latter  tho  posterior  extremity  on  both  sides  is  afiected.  Few  cases  of 
hcmipteda  occnr  in  the  horse,  and  they  are  more  manageable  than  those 
of  paraplegia ;  but  if  the  affection  is  not  removed,  they  usually  degenerate 
into  paraplegia  before  the  death  of  the  animal.  It  would  appear  singular 
that  this  should  be  the  most  common  form  of  pal^  in  the  human  being, 
and  so  rarely  seen  in  the  quadruped.  There  are  some  oonsidorationH, 
however,  that  will  partly  account  for  this.  Palsy  in  the  hoTBO  usually 
proceeds  from  injury  of  the  spinal  cord ;  and  that  cord  is  more  developed 
and  far  larger  than  m  the  human  being.  It  is  more  exposed  (o  injuir,  and 
to  injury  that  will  affect  not  one  side  only,  but  the  whole  of  tho  cord. 

Palsy  in  the  horse,  although  sometimes  attacking  the  tore  extremitica, 
is  far  mora  frequently  mot  with  in  tho  hind  ones.  The  reason  of  this  is 
plain.  The  fore  hmlm  are  attached  io  the  trnnk  by  a  denso  mass  of  highly 
elastic  substance.  Thin  was  placed  between  tho  shouldoi'-blade  and  the 
ribs  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  that  concussion,  which  would  be  an- 
noying and  even  dangerous  to  tho  horse  or  his  rider.  Except  in  conse- 
Sience  of  a  fall,  there  is  scarcely  tho  possibility  of  any  serious  injury  to 
e  anterior  portion  of  tho  spine.  The  case  is  very  different  with  regard 
to  tho  bind  limbs  and  their  attachment  to  the  tmnk ;  they  arc  ncccsBarily 
liable  to  many  a  shock  nnd  spmtn  injurious  to  the  spine  and  its  coDteiit«. 
Tho  loins  and  the  back  oflenent  exhibit  the  li-sions  of  palsy,  because  there 
are  some  of  (he  most  violent  muxcnlar  efTtirt.H,  nnd  tliere  is  the  greiit«it 
movement  and  tho  least  support.     It  may,  consequently,  be  taken  as  an 


-  rAKALYSIS,  08   PAI^V.  IS? 

uom  to  gaide  ibc  judgment  of  the  pnictitiout-T,  that  [lalsy  in  the  homa 

\iuemt  ianuiiMf  prooeeda  fVom  diiiuasu  or  injury  of  the  b|)uic. 

We  most  ftvi|iicntly  nwwt  with  compli't«  paraplegia  in  the  horee,  m  the 

reeiUl  of  some  injnty  to  thn  npinc.      It  sometimps  cnmics  wlHTti  the  nnimnl 

haa  been  cast  for  iho  pt-rfovumiii-o  of  Komi;  opt^mtioii :  fao  Btrupglc-s  viti- 

Icntlrat  tiret,  bat  after  a  liun-  ci-anuit.     Tliu  ojwnitiou  being  ecufluilod  tho 

hobbM  nro  ramorcd,  nnd  ftttempta  are  made  to  cause  the  iuiimal  to  arise ; 

tmt  thMM  are  IrnitlcM,  and  to  the  ^reat  antiofiuice  of  tbe  operator,  his 

bind  sxtnmitiM  are  found  to  be  totaulf  pnmlyBod.     It  is  also  mot  with  iu 

the  huatiDg-field,  as  a  vumuiinence  of  the  animal  dropping  the  hind  cx- 

tnmatiea  ioto  a  fence,  or  when  Kallopiug  acroae  a  6ula,  suddenly  pladug 

ik»  hind  tm  into  a  dnua  or  hidden  trench  ;  when  this  happens  the  aniniul 

Dcnemlh- drags  hia  hind  cxtrcmitit^  n  short  di^nco  and  fttlls;  ho  will 

Ubea  make  frequiiit  ciri>rts  to  i^t  up  ngiiin,  but  vrill  onlr  sncceed  in  raising 

ha  (bra  eottremities ;  tliu  hind  oni^^  uro  paralysc^d :  in  sh(irt,  his  '  back  is 

\q«lun.'     It  may  aUo  be  produced  by  getting  co^t  iu  the  etahle,  and 

■tppiag  np,  Ac.     In  most  of  these  OOMS  Uie  postencr  dorsal  or  lumhtu- 

mtehv  will  bo  fonnd  to  bo  cither  dia^l»G«d  or  fraoiurpd.iird  the  nymptonis 

«8I  appear  immediately  after  the  injury.    Other  cuitisc"  ofpnnilysis  arc — 

tiMMre  to  cold  and  nioiHture,  and  aisroeo  aflV-cling  tlie  spinal  cord  itsi-lf, 

oritonanbTanra.     When  this  is  Hit  i-ujo,  we  soin<^imea  Ret  premonitory 

'jM^viiiH       The  first  eymptoma   ^roueiully  uotiei-d  will  be  a  peculiar 

nng  nsstcadinns  in  the  animal's  walk,  which  will  be  tiicrensed  when 

Wii  made  to  favt,  tho  hind  legs  being  to  n  certain  extent  dn^gcd  after 

fe     This  nuj  oonttnno  fur  un  nnccrlitin  Irngth  of  tiuiv,  Init  in  moat 

am,  the  animal  will  get  gradually  wurue  in  u  f«w  days,  until  be  falls 

nil*  unabtetori»e  again.    Paralysis  may  also  l:«  confined  to  ccrtnin  ]>iLrtA 


diM  on  one  Hide  of  Uio  laijiuc,  pro- 


W^iioeh  n»  the  fii^',  car,  nnd   lips;  nnnther   fiTtincint   instance  of' thia 
*>bt(boni]  in  pumlysU  of  the  muHcl 
'xng  roaring. 

1W  troatment  of  paralysis  will  not  generally  prov«  very  Knccessf^I. 

IfftRmilH  from  n  Tiolent  injoiy,  and  wo  haTo  rcncon  to  believe  from  tho 

'■Voutmcc*  conniK^ttid  with  it,  nnd  the  total  less  of  both  motive  and 

^<Mat  power  in  Hm  hind  estniuiLii's,  that  some  fraetnre  or  didlociiliou 

^  *•  Tert«bra  h^a  taken  place,  the  animal  shonld  be  at  once  destroyed. 

"■tluve  premonitory  symptoms  mfficiemt  to  indicate  the  approach  of  an 

■'Uck  ef  partilyvis,  a  strong  dose  of  fiaivatiTC  racilicine  should  be  nt  once 

'Wintered,  and  this  shonld  be  auurtod  by  frequent  injections  of  warm 

••*•.    The  kona  should  be  covered  with  a  muaUrd  poultice,  frequently 

••■wl.     The  patient  shoold  bo  placed  in  a  well- ventilated  iitablc,  kt-'pt 

^vly  clothed,  and  his  food  consist  for  the  first  few  days  of  nothing  hut 

*iA-naab.     If  the  horse  ho  down,  the  bettor  plan  to  adopt  will  Xo  to 

^bhim  aa  comforluhlu  na  possible,  taking  care  to  torn  him  on  Uie  otJier 

<M>  aooaaioQally,  so  that  the  muscles  may  not  become  cramped.     This 

*■!  W  better  than  placing  him  in  slings.    If  favourable  symptoms  app^ir, 

**Jtt»  animal  hegina  to  regain  the  n»c  of  his  hmb«,hc  mint  not  be  iu  tlio 

''fUatdrgrvo  m^gleotcd,  nor  medical  Irtatmcnt  suspended.     There  are 

^  iiaiaiii  in  which  the  animal  is  more  liable  to  a  relapse,  or  whore  a 

Mhpaa  would  be  so  btal.     The  bowels  sbnnid  bo  knpt  reliuccd,  cuunti:<r- 

"■hfioa  conlinaod  over  the  loins,  and  [froat  attention  [uud  to  the  aninmrs 

*1    Strychnine,  nod  many  other  nwJicines,  have  been  Htrongly  ntcom- 

^aded  in  attadca  of  iMtmlyiiis,  hut  thr:y  nro  dimbtful  und  jujwerfulty 

'■feniaa  remedies.       If  the   diyenne  nisuracH  a  soinuwhat  clironic  form, 

*a  nteDaire  and  stimnUting  cliiir^  over  t.hi^  loinn  shonld  be  applied.     It 

*iB  aeooniplish  threo  piirponi'H — tliei'e  will  be  the  principle  of  ooudIit- 

!__■._.•._        dtfenco  againitt  Iho  coM,  aad  a  mwful  support  of  the  limbH- 


t88 


DISBASICS  OP  TUE   EYE. 


Wti«n  paralysia  !b  cnnGnod  to  certain  partH  »lone,  Bnoh  M  tlie  <*r,  lifM), 
and  Inrvnx,  wiy  iippan-iit  cnune  Hliould  be  at  onoo  removod,  and  ikvn 
treated  })y  oountor-uTitauts,  aiii-h  as  blistcra  sod  Mtons. 

SIS£iSES  07   THE  ETZ. 

Tbo  diiioAM!*  of  Uui  e^«  coDHtitnl«  a  ver^  important,  but  a  most  uaaatin- 
tacUiry  division  ofuur  work,  for  the  maWlics  of  this  organ,  althoof^h  fuw 
in  uuuib«r,  ore  A-eqneiit  in  thotr  atppoarmnco.  Tbcjr  nrv  siully  obstinatCj 
and  ofien  bhfHo  all  slcill. 

OcOMinniiHy  a  wound  ia  infliut«d  bv  a  paAsionftt«  or  camleas  servMit, 
Tlie  <tyf  itHcIf  ia  ra-n-ly  iiyured.  It  ia  placed  on  a  itiaea  of  liit,  and  it  lunu 
moat  niulilj',  and  the  j>roi)g  of  iJie  fork  el»ncc«  otl';  bnt  tbo  eiibstano6 
ronnd  the  vvo  inny  bo  dei^ply  wntiiutiM),  and  very  oomndnsble  infLimnuition 
may  cnKur.  'I'liin  Hhould  be  nbutvd  by  poolUuea,  and  blMdin){,  aiid  pbvKic ; 
btitnuprubtrnbuuldbo  aacd  uud(>rllie foolish  ideaof  aeccrtatning  tbe  ilcptli 
of  lUe  wound  in  ihe  lid,  sapposing  that  ilicrc  shniilil  bo  one,  for,  from  Uia 
constant  motion  of  tlin  nyc,  it  in  almoHt  impn«Mbli>  U>  puu  tha  probe  into 
the  original  wound,  and  tJic  oflurt  to  acciompliEih  it  would  give  a  great  deal 
of  pHJn,  and  increase  the  iiiAauu nation. 

The  eyeli'la  are  sabject  to  occ-aaional  inflammatioil  from  blows  or  otber 
injnricH.     Fomentation  with  wiirm  water  will  bo  wrrtocablo  hOTC. 

The  hontu  luw  oouononnlly  a  scaly  (irn]>tion  on  th«  cdgca  of  tbo  Ayclids, 
attended  with  frre&t  itdiiuK,  in  the  vflbrt  to  alluy  wbicli,  by  rubbing  the 
part,  the  eye  may  be  bJemislif.'d.  Tbu  nilnitiid  ointment  of  mercury,  mixed 
with  an  eqiinl  quantity  of  lard,  tnar  bo  slightly  mblxKl  on  the  adf^  of  iha 
lidti  with  coDMuIorublo  good  oSbct. 

Tilt)  I'velidii  will  MMnetimM  become  a)deiuulous.  Homox  that  are  fed  tn 
low  and  buiuid  pastures  are  subject  to  this.  It  is  also  the  oonat(|nenc«  «i 
inflammation  badly  treated.  Tlio  eyelid*  arc  oompoivd  of  a  lax  atmoton^. 
and  tho  tiasiW!  is  somavrhnt  do&cirnt  in  vilulitr — betx-o  this  dispoeition  lo 
unliltmtion.  StHnetimes  the  coUeutJon  of  fluid  accuoiulatva  ao  tapMilT,  aad 
«o  uitenaively,  that  the  ey^s  are  ctosed.  They  should  be  well  h^cd  with 
warm  wator  iQinglod  with  an  uromatiQ  (inctnre.  Tbf  oeLlolar  subatonn! 
of  tlin  lidii  will  Lhua  be  diapOKod  to  uontnwt  on  thoir  oontcnl«  and  caaM 
Uifir  al>ii>>rplion. 

Old  earrings honies  aro  sabjoct  to  this  oodcma ;  and  it  frequently  aecom- 
paniiM  l)ot)i  clironio  aiid  common  ophtludmia. 

W«aknuas  and  dropping  of  the  upja-r  lid  ia  rauind  by  diminulioa  or  Ina 
of  power  in  ita  mnaotos.  Dry  fi-ictioiia  and  ftxtriugi-nt  lotiotta  will  b» 
qiiontly  restore  the  tone  of  the  p«rts. 

The  tnrelidii  are  auhji^  to  oi^cauiiona]  injary  from  their  BilBatMa  and 
oflioo.  In  KtnuJl  inuiwd  wounda  of  tbem  gnnt  cam  nboold  be  taken  tliai 
Ihe  divided  edges  unite  bv  the  first  iutt'nt^ou.  Thia  will  barton  lb«  care 
and  preToot  d^orroity.  If  any  of  the  muscles  we  divided,  it  is  nsnallr 
tho  ciliniy  or  orlncabiria  juilpcbraruni.  Ttds  loritm  nmst  be  hnUod,  tf 
pondblr,  by  tlie  Sntt  intcutwo,  and  either  by  mmnii  of  ndboaire  plastvr  or 
ihi!  Huture.    The  enCare  is  probably  the  prderable  agent. 

If  the  aooident  has  ocrnrred  many  hours  before  Deing  nottcod,  and  ft 
portion  of  the  upper  lid  hnngs  over  tho  oye,  it  sbonid  on  no  aoooont  b* 
raotovcd  without  atti-tTipt«  being  miulc  to  oauae  it  to  tiDiti'  by  taking  a 
sharp  scalpel,  and  rouioving  a  lunaU  portion  bom  the  laconttcd  odjjisi  and 
afterwards  bringing  them  togetlier  with  netaUic  sutures.  Great  catf 
sliuuM  be  aAcrwarda  taken  to  MKmre  the  animal's  head  iu  such  a  poaitKV 
that  he  eanuot  rub  tlie  wound  ■gaituit  the  loiu^^rr  or  wall  of  the  atable. 

^u|^nitBtiug  wounda  iu  the  ejrulida  may  be  ihc  oonan^nuntxi  of  the  at- 


SlUfLB  OPHTtl.^LHIA. 


18<j 


nouy  afcitnction  of  n  ci>nsiil<;m1i!c  siiiTni'i?  of  tho  skin  in  the  rpmoral  of 
wttrtB  or  tanoum.  Tlu:  {)rinci]Hil  thing  to  hv  iilkmtli--d  to  ia  the  tn-qncnt 
moDOTBl  of  thi'  pus  bv  meaiu  of  low  or  cotton  wool.  The  rest  maj 
gnwnlljr  be  leA  to  natar«, 

Inversion  oTtlie  lid  w  of  raiy  ntro  oocnrronco  in  ttio  horse. 

Wftrto  are  wrmetunai  nttoched  to  the  edgiw  of  tho  lids,  nnd  nre  n  aoarco 
ofgnmi  inilatioii.  When  mbbi-d  di<-y  bUiJ,  arid  the  tominon  opinion  ia 
tm*— that  tli«j  kfc  propagated  by  the  blood.  They  sboittil  be  tukon  off 
with  ft  sharp  ptur  of  scissors,  nnd  thrir  root«  tnnchcil  with  the  lunar  caiiBtio;. 

The  meiabnini;  whic-h  covm  tho  h»w  is  snbjt^t  to  infliimmiitjon.  It 
ia>  tndood,  a  conttniution  of  th«  conjunctiva,  tJie  inflamiuation  of  which 
enoatitnleii  ophthalmia.  An  account  of  this  inBanuuation  will  b<>  bctlnr 
poKtnoned  until  the  nataro  fuid  trcntirtput  of  ophthalmia  comes  oudur 
pKTticalar  nnticv. 

Th«  Haw,  or  Sfembrana  Ntflitaru,  is  aiibject  to  inniLramiition  pccniinr 
to  itaeU^  arining  from  the  introduction  of  foreign  bodit«,  or  from  blowK  or 
other  accidents.  The  entire  substance  of  the  naw  becomes  iuiliuiied.  It 
bwvUb  and  protrnde*  IVom  tlio  inner  iinele  of  the  ejrc.  The  heat  eitid  red* 
ii(«B  gmdaalljr  dimpncor,  but  the  membrane  ofl«n  oontinnre  to  proti-nde. 
Tho  taflammatiou  of  this  orgiui  assumes  a,  cbranio  cburut'tnr  in  a  rcry 
short  tfane^  on  aoconnt  of  the  stractaro  of  the  parts,  which  are  in  genunil 
littts  nuenttible  of  reaction. 

Hw  onunafT  caniav  of  tliis  dim-iMc  in  tho  horso  are  repented  and 
periodical  atlaoxa  of  uplithalmia,  and  blows  on  the  pirt.  Tonng  and  old 
hoewM  ara  nwst  mbjcet  ti>  it, 

EnoUient  applicationB,  bleeding,  and  restricted  diet  will  be  proper  at 
the  OOmnenceatSDt  nf  the  dinrnsr,  nnd,  the  inlliunmntlnn  being  nbntod, 
slight  aetringrota  will  be  useful  in  pnTrf-'ntiii^  ihe  engorgement  iif  the 

rl.  ttoa^.watvr  with  snbaoetal«  of  lead  will  form  a  proper  colljriam, 
the  protmding  body  does  not  diminish  nfVr  proper  means  have  been 
kried,  and  for  a  snfficifmt  (irriod,  it  must  Iki  ri'moved  witli  a  curved  pnir  of 
tdaaors.      No  ilungL-r  will  alt^rnd  this  operaliou  if  it  is  performed  in  time, 

UlocTfttiou  and  caries  of  the  cartilnge  will  sometiTnos  bo  accempuuied  hj 
■kontion  of  the  ooiyanctivs.  This  will  frequently  provo  a  very  serious 
Air. 

The  Carnncnla  ItfchrjTnalis,  or  Tubercle,  by  meftuB  of  which  the  teai^ 

Vv  directed  into  the  e&nul  throu);b  which  they  are  to  escape  from  thn 

■Mbil,  ■  aometimes  enlarged  in  consequence  of  inflnnimation,  and  the 

Pwta  lAchtymalia,  or  conduit*  into  which  tlie  team  pass  from  the  ey«^ 

■•putially  or  completely  clo«tJ.     The  applieuliou  of  warm  nnd  emoj. 

faifetians  will  Ki-nerally  remove  the  collected  mncua  ortlieinflammution 

'(titt  parla;  but  if  the  passage  of  a  stylet  or  other  more  complieatvd 

*Mh  are  roqnircd,  thn  nMistanco  of  &  vftcrinnry  surgeon   should  be 

I       ^Mdaately  obtained.      The  lachrymal  sac  into  which  the  teitm  pnM  from 

L    fc  p»etft  has  oooaaionally  participated  in  the  intlummatiou,  luid  been 

■    ^JMiaded  aad  mpfeored  by  the  tears  and  mucus.     This  lesion  is  termed 

W   A^de  Jjoikrymiuit.     It  hu  ocuunonikUy  exiated  is  coH«,  and  vriU  roqoin 

[     "^^rdiata  and  {leeuUar  treatment. 

nXPLE  OFHTSAIHU.  OS  COUMOV  IHTUIUUTIOV  OF  TBB  ZTZ. 
IW  indieattcns  of  common  inlhuumntion  of  tho  eye  are  so  clear,  that 
'  i  aner  oaght  to  be  oonfonndod  with  speolGe,  fbr  in  it  tho  external 
tm'mtgK  of  the  (70  ntoiui  an  implicjtteil ;  we  have  enfpif;«anent  of  the 
onajnctival  membinue,  aooora(>a>mi-'d  with  a  marked  cireumscribvd  opacity 
•f  iha  tranaianmt  oorueo,  and  that  is  nil ;  there  is  no  effusion  in  tho 
Mlerior  diamber,  giring  that  discoloured  muddy  uppuimnco  ao  ohartio- 


190 


8I-£CIF1C  orilTtl.VIJIIA, 


Lcriotio  in  Hi)ccifio  optitlutltiiiii ;  the  ilia  rvnuuuit  ck«r  knJ  Iniglit,  and  Um 
kma  ia  aiatmscted. 


tcriotio  I 

This  conmoa  ipflummiition  ia  ^tieraUy  sudden  in  its  atUck.  Il  hi 
occaeionftUy  conaectnl  with  an  attftck  of  mloirh  or  colil ;  but  it  is  ns  oft«n 
nnacoompwdcd  b^thin,  nnd  dop«nids  on  rxtirnal  imhition,  m  »  blow,  or 
tbo  praenoe  of  ft  bit  of  Itnr-Kucd  or  oat-liUNk  wiUiin  tko  liil,  and  towards 
Ibu  onter  oomer  wliere  the  liaw  cturnot  reach  il :  Uiervforv  the  lida  kbotild 
always  be  carefUliy  examiutnl  as  U>  this  possible  soiirc«  of  the  «>in)>laint. 
Tbe  lids  will  bo  found  swollen,  and  the  eyes  partially  closed,  with  more  or 
IcM  wmping,  th«  inner  sarihcc  of  the  cyrlidR  rod  luid  tnmid,  snd  the  comM 
will  entber  spjMMr  bright  or  oloady,  uucording  tu  the  cxtimt  of  the  injary. 
It  not  uiifn.-(|u(.-utl_v  huppuu  wh(.-a  the  ii^oty  has  n-aulu-d  from  llie  Ism 
of  a  whip,  or  a  thorn,  that  th^  coujunctinl  membraue  Ik-ooiuks  laoerated; 
and  eomotiiaes  the  injury  extends  to  th»  oomos. 

Onr  first  objoot  by  way  of  tnatmcnt  shonld  ho  to  osoortuD  the  oubo  of 
tbu  misofaief  by  osmnlly  yxamining  tbo  «y<i  luid  thti  rrmoval  of  any  of- 
feuding  object.  The  uutmal  sbotild  do  pk<;(;d  iu  a  cool  but  nomuwluit  duxk 
box,  th«  ey«  sboitld  be  bftUied  with  warm  wster,  laiativo  me<diotne  giTca, 
and  tfao  sniaul  kept  od  soft  ^t  If  the  inflaimnstion  be  vei7  scat«,  l>kiod 
may  bn  tnkini  from  thr;  facial  win.  In  a  frw  days  the  iufismnutioD  will 
)^.iiL>ni)ly  Hubiudc-,  and  then  u  weak  solution  of  salphatc  of  sum  suy  be 
applied.  Wht!u  Out  acuiti  iiifla-iiiniaiioii  haa  ]xuu»hi  uwuy,  tbo  eomoft  is 
sometimes  lett  very  tt-use  aud  cloudy  :  we  may  now  apply  stimtilaBto  to  ite 
surface  in  the  form  ofeolutionnicra(«  of  silver  (gr.  viii  to  ^jaqusdiBtiUala), 
lit  timt  injoct<nl  for  twenty-four  hoars,  and  then  ceasing  for  two  or  three 
duyn,  sad  again  imiployitig  it  if  noCMwnry.  Wbcm  uro  gvt  gnuralstions  on 
thi'  coniMt  us  tbo  icsult  of  Ivsiona,  nitroto  of  silTCr  must  Ite  appliod  is 
its  pure  state. 

SPKine  OrETBAUUA,  OE  MOOH-BLIirDBESS. 

In  tbis  we  hftve  a  far  morv  formidnblc  and  di'stnictivn  dinnuto  tban  llw 
one  jost  deaeribcd  ;  it  in,  indoud,  one  of  the  (.•ppmbisof  TeterintuyscieBoa^ 
Dttrrly  IwHUiig  all  its  neeourcos  aud  ruutiiug  its  course  emticaJly,  indeed. 
but  uioMl  Bur«ly  sod  destructively.  The  aqneons  humour  often  lost* 
its  transparency — oven  the  iris  cluuietw  its  colour,  uid  the  pupil  is  exceed- 
ingly  oontmcted.  Indeed  the  term  Iritis,  or  inSammalion  of  thn  iris,  will 
convey  a  mneh  morv  inteltifi^ble  idea  of  th«  disease  than  any  other,  for  it 
is  tiiis,  with  the  other  int«nial  tissues  of  the  eye,  that  cspeciuly  tatter  from 
its  devsetAtions.  The  oxt«rDal  parts  trf  the  eye  are  comparatively  bal 
little  implicated,  and  sulfei-  only  in  n  comoantjre  degree ;  bot  see  its  inflects 
ou  tbu  iris,  which  gives  tho  eoloiiringand  bonntv  to  the^e, — its  brilliaocj 
is  lost,  its  texture  is  broken  down,  il  ix  a  dark,  utscolonrra  cnrtoiu ;  look  at 
Uie  ^mtiiietrical  pupil  with  ita  fall  ruundMl  ed^^— b  ia  laeemted  and  torn, 
jagged  and  dis^^ired,  aa  if  meolianical  dMtractioD  had  torn  it ;  then  its 
conitre  otnaakoit,  Uie  beaatiM  leoa,  ttan^Mnnt  as  a  crystal,  Ble^r  oa  a 
djaraoiid,  is  become  disorgaaisod,  omshad,  ditoolourvd,  a  sbapdeas  opaqita 
lump,  inxt^uul  of  thn  bright  transparent  rondiictor,^th<)  ligiit  of  heavea 
■■an  no  lunger  peniieute  tt,  and  total  blindness  is  the  rmnlt. 

The  veteriuaiy  surgeon  has  now  an  obsliuate  disease  lo  combat,  and  od» 
that  will  generally  """'"*»"""  its  ground  in  spite  of  aU  his  efforts.  Fur  three, 
or  Cbur,  or  five  weeks,  the  inflainmation  will  rcmaio  ondimiuisbcd  ;  or  if  il 
appaars  to  yield  on  one  day,  il  will  nrtura  in  redoubled  vielenoe  oa  tba 
next.  At  IcAgth,  and  ofle-n  unconnected  with  any  of  tbo  oicnna  tbat  ha** 
been  aaed,  tbo  eye  heuins  to  btttr  the  light,  the  rednesa  of  the  iiiiiiiitiniia 
of  the  lid  disappean,  the  oomea  clears  up,  and  tho  only  veotige  of  '  ~ 
which  remains  ks  a  alight  ihicko&ing  gf  tbe  tide,  aud  apparent 
wbcn  ezpoecd  (o  a  my  atnog  light 


SPECmC  OPHTIIALMIA. 


191 


If  (Tic  OWTipT  imagines  Hint  lip  Ilaa  got  rid  of  llic  dinciisc,  he  will  bo 
Baailj  difB|>|>ainU^t,  for,  in  tlii^  <'<iiir»c  or  throe  wrfks  nr  u  montli,  citliL-r 
flic  aune  170  nndervoe*  a  stwonil  uiil  mmiliLr  utlnck,  »r  thn  other  ono 
tteoaroos  anecUd.  All  aftaio  seeiua  to  uutu  orcr.  t.-xi*i'|jt  lliut  tlir?  c-yc  in  not 
•o  petfectly  rastorv^,  and  a  slight,  decplj-HC<ati«l  cloudlncBs  U'l^iun  U> 
mffstri  tiA  ntier  ivponted  nttncks,  aod  altcmationa  of  di^^caae  iroui  cyo 
to  eye,  the  niBiir  trrmitintcfl  in  opwity  of  tlic  Icn«  or  its  caiMato,  attonded 
iritia  perfect  blindniiu  cither  of  one  era  or  both.  This  nBrction  tvns 
fjiBHiil;  known  br  the  name  of  moon^bliudiiese,  fram  iU  pvriodimt  ix^inrn, 
and  aomft  nppowa  inflnenoe  of  the  moou.  That  bod/,  huwever,  luia  not, 
and  annot  twro  aDything  to  do  trilh  it. 

What  is  (he  practitioner  doing  uU  this  while  ?  Ho  is  an  aiucioas  and 
borjr,  bntalmort  powcrlem  )tp«;tiit(ir.  Hr>  fonicnt-a  tLe  eyes  with  wiiiTn 
water,  or  sppUi-s  cold  lotiosn ;  hu  lilei'ds,  not  from  tlie  U'lnporal  artery, 
fcr  that  do**  uot  snpplj-  the  orbit  of  the  eye,  but  from  the  faeial  vein, 
or  be  scarifies  tbo  Uauig  of  tho  lid,  or  subtracts  a  considerable  qnanlily 
of  blood  from  the  jngnbir  vein.  Tbo  scarifying  of  the  conjunctiva,  which 
aaj  be  easily  »ccomptislie<l  without  a  twitch,  Iiy  exposing  the  inniile  of  tho 
lidH,  and  drawing  a  kecu  lancet  slightly  orcr  Ihcio,  in  tli<!  mnict  effectual  of 
all  ways  to  abate  InBaminntion,  fur  we  arc  tluro  inimcdialely  unloading 
the  dtateoded  imnniln  He  places  his  scions  in  tlit.-  ehet'k,  ei'  hia  rowels 
under  tbe  jaw;  and  he  luvpn  the  animal  low,  and  gives  physic  or  fever 
medicine.  Tho  di«ca«e,  howcTcr,  ehbH  and  Sows,  rotrcats  niid  attacks, 
■ntil  it  roachea  it*  natniiil  (vrminiiticm,  litindness  of  one  or  both  cyrs, 

Cart-boTM*  ere  tlie  must  subject  to  thisdiaea«c.  and  the  period  at  whiok 
H  gvaerelly  ap[>cars  ia  f^om  the  aj-e  of  three  to  61  e  yoara.  He  haa  llien 
eompleted  Uiii  ^-rowth.  Ho  is  ftiU  of  blood,  aiid  linhlo  to  inflnmnintoiy 
complaints,  and  tlie  Ojro  i«  tho  organ  nttnckcd  from  a  peculiar  predisposi- 
tion in  it  to  inflammation,  tlio  nature  atid  cause  of  which  catinot  always 
t»  «l^ilaiiiv<l.  Rvcry  aflevtion  of  the  cy«  ajipcariug  about  tlua  age  mint 
be  regarded  with  much  raapicioa. 

Aa  tliis  malady  eo  freqnontly  deatroya  the  night,  and  there  are  certain 
periods  when  the  inflammatioD  has  seentingly  subeiiled  and  the  incx- 
periOBOed  petaoo  wonJd  be  docrlred  into  the  belief  lliat  all  danger  is  at  an 
^id,  tbo  1^0  ahoald  be  most  carefully  observed  at  the  time  of  porchusc, 
aad  tlie  examiner  sbonld  be  tiitiy  aware  of  all  the  minate  indications  of 
pteriou  or  approacliuig  diseaee. 

Tbere  ia  uolDing  which  dc«crrcs  so  tnnch  attention  from  the  pnrchaacr 
of  B  borse,  aa  the  perfect  tranjiparcney  of  the  comca  over  the  whole  of  its 
WbAco.  Tho  ore  should  be  examined  for  tliis  pur(iosc,  both  in  front,  and 
■wHh  the  faca  ef  the  examiner  oloxe  to  Llic  clicck  of  the  horse,  under  and 
SAi*-*  the  i-ye.  The  latter  method  of  looking  tlirongh  the  cumea  is  tho 
■inet  Mtis&ctotj,  so  far  as  the  tranaparancy  of  that  part  of  th«  eye  ia  con- 
^— iiH.  During  thia  exanunatioo,  the  horse  should  not  lie  in  the  open  air, 
bat  in  the  stable,  standing  in  the  door-way  and  a  little  witliin  the  door.  Tf 
tlicte  be  tbickcping  of  the  lid«,  or  puckering  towards  the  inner  comer  of  tho 
cjroja  difircnoo  in  the  apparent  size  of  the  eyea;  a  cloudiness,  although  pcr- 
bs|M  ecarcely  perceptible,  of  tho  snrfaco  of  the  cornea  or  more  deeply  Heated, 
or  ft  iaxj  drcle  ronnd  ite  edge ;  a  gloominess  of  e^o  generally,  and  dnllnesa 
at  ft«  iria:  with  the  enrfaco  of  the  corpora  nigra  r^K"!  ^^d  hiuiging 
down,  or  a  mimt«,  (aint,  da«ky  spot  in  tho  eentre,  witli  or  without  minnto 
fibne  or  lin»  direrging  from  it,  we  may  feel  aBsared  that  inflammation 
bu  oocnrrH  at  no  venr  dialaut  period,  and  there  will  be  every  probability 
of  ite  itrtnm.  There  la  one  little  cautiori  to  be  added.  The  cornea  in  ita 
iMlunl  state  is  not  only  a  beautiful  transpamtt  body,  bnt  it  reflecta,  even 
to  its  tiaiiKpurcncy,  many  of  the  rays  which  tall  npon  it,  and 


I1I-1 


Sl'KCli'a;   Ol-HTHALMIA. 


if  there  bo  a  wliito  object  inimcdialvly  before  the  rye,  ns  a  vprj'  lij^bt 
wnistcoat,  or  mucb  dixplniy  of  n  nliitn  m-ckclntb,  the  n^tttiction  inny  ]iiizale 
nn  fiXpoHoncod  obiterver,  unci  luui  miiiltHl  Um  careless  one.  Tlio  ctiut  Nlionid 
bi!  butUmwl  up,  and  Oxe  wliito  cr&vat  carefully  conoealed.  Tbc'  ctnuno  of 
tbis  inflaiHiiiatiop  ia  tmdoubtedly  a  etroug  pi-edispouticiD  to  it  iu  tUe  ejo 
of  the  borse,  but  assigt^d  by  ovor  exertion  and  tUo  nealod  and  cnipoisoiwd 
air  of  tniuiy  vtnblos.  I'lic  heatod  nir  has  much  t«  do  with  th<t  prodacttun 
of  tho  dineiiM) ;  the  cinp(>iHun(»l  iiir  a  great  deal  more ;  for  eri^  ono  miut 
liiivti  obiurwil,  on  enluring  a  doiii-  Htnble  early  in  llie  morung,  iitron^ 
fuuiea  of  amiuouia,  which  vr«re  painful  to  his  eyes,  and  caosud  l)i(i  tuira  to 
flov.  What  nio^t  be  the  couslant  action  of  this  ou  lh«  eves  of  the  hone? 
I'he  dang  of  tho  horse,  and  the  titter  of  the  atabica,  whenbcoomingpatrid, 
emit  famoa  of  volatile  alkali  or  ammonia.  Often,  very  noon  uli«r  tlie 
ei-:icuati(m!t  arc  voided,  thny  brgiii  lo  yield  an  imineiicc  quantity  of  thia 
pungent  f^.  If  wu  are  ncurt-v-ly  able  to  bi-ar  tliiii  when  we  iitanil  in  llio 
Stable  tir  only  a  few  minntee,  we  ueed  not  wonder  at  tlie  provaluuoo  uf  in- 
6Miuiiation  in  the  eye  of  the  stabled  horse,  nor  at  the  difficulty  of  abating 
irflnmmatinn  whiln  this  organ  contiaacs  to  be  exposed  to  Kiich  pninfiu 
cxeitomi'nt.  Stablr«  are  now  mnch  better  vcntilitii^l  than  they  uiicd  to  he, 
and  ophthalmia  ia  far  from  buiag  so  pri.'valont  a*  it  waa  fifty  yuan  mo. 
This  disvaae  generally  comuiencea  durini;  tho  uiglit,  and  ia  oaa^TSa- 
teoted  in  the  morning,  as  soon  as  the  horse  ia  turned  In  his  stable  to  navs 
lus  head  and  nock  drt^ued.  In  many  cases  one  eye  only  sufTerc,  the  atteek 
lasting  Ion  days  or  a  fortnight,  tlii^n  nnln^ding.  and  rotnming  periodically 
erory  threa  weekii  or  a  montli.  Wlii-n  this  is  this  case,  tho  otacr  eye  en- 
tirely eaetities,  receiviu;-  additional  value  from  ita  OMni>arisoD  wiUi  it«  nji- 
furtnnate  Uillow.  ])ut  nnfoHunatcly  ihia  too  often  is  not  th«  case;  baton 
the  aubeidalion  of  tho  attack  in  one  ore,  the  mischief  is  browing  in  tho 
other;  it  hu  to  go  throngh  tho  sanio  donui luting  proomv,  and  the  result 
to  both  is  derangomont,  wor*o  almost  in  ita  diecU  tluui  eumjdi.'to  dia- 
ormnisation. 

Tlu!  proportion  of  vnriouH  dioeasoH,  and  this  more  than  any  other,  from 
tbu  sire  to  his  nro^^ny.  has  not  been  sufficiently  conwdered  by  breeden. 
lA<t  a  stalhon  that  is  blind,  or  whnsc  sight  is  defoctivo,  poaaoaa  avei7  oUur 
point  and  nnality  that  can  bo  wished,  yet  he  is  worse  than  nscleM  \  for  I 
reiy  oonaitlerable  jiroportion  of  Ids  offspring  will  moNt  aAiiiredly  inliirrit 
wciUC  eyes  or  become  lolally  blind.  Thuru  ia  no  Giet  bettor  estabUidiod 
(ban  tJus,  there  ia  do  more  positive  proof  of  the  existence  of  lieredttaiy 
disease  than  this:  in  m«ij  mstaoooa  the  entiro  progeny  of  the  blind  aba 
or  dam  have  been  implicatod  in  tlio  dcrtrucUvo  aisoaao. 

Tlie  most  ^■qtiont  conaequoDcea  of  this  discoao  are  oloodinOKa  of  the  eye^ 
and  oataraeU  The  eloadinesa  is  sin^lar  in  ita  uatnie.  It  will  change  in 
twenty-four  hoars  Erom  the  thinnest  film  to  the  thickest  opacity,  u^  m 
suddenly,  the  eye  will  nearly  regain  its  perfect  tnun^tanucyi  but  only  lo 
lose  it,  and  as  rapidly,  a  second  time. 

Tho  most  hnrbarons  mrtliods  hare  been  resorted  to  for  tho  purpoae  of 
remOTing  this  clondinew.     Chalk,  and  salt,  and  sngar,  and  eren  paoiKlsd 

?hM  have  bees  introduced  into  the  c^'e  meolianically  to  mb  olT  iba  film, 
b  waa  fbmttoi  that  the  olondiDOas  vraa  the  eSbct  of  inflammation )  tliafc 
niMU  M  bM>li  md  emol  vera  veiy  Vhely  to  recall  that  inflamnatiaii ; 
that  tbeee  roogh  and  sharp  mlMtAnccs  mniit  of  necessity  inflict  ezctw* 
ciating  pain ;  and  that,  aHcr  all,  it  generally  was  not  a  fibn  on  the  snrEue 
of  the  ooroutt,  but  a  dimaeaa  parradiDg  lU  anhatance,  and  oren  siBkin| 
deep  within  it,  and  theretbn  DOt  capable  of  being  removed.  Wbcrv  the 
ckmdinom  can  be  removed,  it  will  bo  be«i  eBoded  by  fint  a)>atintr  inflatr* 
jaatioOf  and  than  exciting  the  absorbenta  to  take  up  the  grey  deposit,  bj 


8PBC1F1C  OPUTUAUIIA.  183 

waghiiig  (lie  eje  with-  a  very  weak  solutiou  of  nitrate  of  silver  or  aalphate 
of  elnc. 

Opacity  of  the  leiiB  is  another  conseqnonce  of  specific  inflammatioii.  A 
trhito  epeck  appears  on  the  centre  of  the  lens,  which  gradually  spri'uila 
over  it,  and  completely  covers  it.  It  is  generally  bo  white  and  pearly  aa 
not  to  ho  misteken ;  at  other  tunea  it  is  more  hazy,  deceiving  the  inex- 
perieiiced,  and  occasioning  donht  in  the  mind  of  the  professional  mnxi.  We 
nave  seen  many  instances  in  which  the  sight  has  been  considerably  affected, 
or  almost  lost,  and  yet  the  horse  has  been  pronounced  sound  by  very  fair 
jadffea.  The  eye  most  be  exposed  to  the  light,  and  yet  under  the  kind  of 
Ambgr  which  has  been  already  described,  in  order  to  discover  the  defect. 
The  pupil  of  the  horse  ia  seldom  black,  like  that  of  the  homan  being,  and 
its  gr^ish  hne  conceals  the  recent  or  thin  film  that  may  be  spreading 
over  the  lens. 

Confirmed  cataract  in  tlie  eye  of  the  horse  admite  of  no  remedy,  for  two 
obvions  reasons  :  the  retractor  mnscle  draws  the  eye  hack  so  powerfully 
and  w  deeply  into  the  socket,  tliat  it  would  be  difGcnlt  to  perform  any 
operation ;  and  slionld  on  operation  bo  performed,  and  the  opaque  lens 
removed,  the  sight  wonld  be  so  imperfect,  from  the  rays  of  li^'ht  not  iH'in^ 
sufficiently  converged,  that  the  horse  would  be  worse  to  as  tlion  a  blind 
one.  The  man  who  has  undergone  the  operation  of  couching  may  put  a 
new  lens  before  his  eye,  in  the  form  of  a  convex  spectacle  ;  but  we  cannot 
adapt  spectacles  to  the  eye  of  the  horse,  or  fix  them  there. 

^noe  the  publication  of  the  first  edition  of  '  The  Horse,'  some  commn- 
nicotionB  have  been  made  in  the  seventh  volume  of  the  '  Veterinarian' 
with  regard  to  the  occasional  appearance  and  disappearance  of  cataract 
withont  any  connection  with  the  common  nioon-hhndness.  It  is  there 
stated,  that  cataracts  might  be  formed  in  a  furtnight  or  three  weeks  ;  that 
many  instances  had  been  known  in  which  they  had  been  completed  in  less 
time,  and  without  any  previous  apparent  disease  of  the  eyes  ;  and  tlint 
they  had  been  detected  on  examination,  when  the  owners  had  not  the 
slightest  suspicion  of  disease  in  the  eye.  These  cataracts,  however,  were 
very  minute,  and  occasionally  wci-e  found  after  a  time  to  have  disappeared. 
They  differ  entirely  from  the  catjiracts  produced  by  the  I'cpL-iited  attacks 
of  specihc  ophthalmia,  in  being  small  and  t(.'mj>orary,  and  in  the  otJier  tissues 
of  the  eye  remaining  intact. 

That  excellent  veterinarian,  Mr.  Percivall,  had  a  case  of  this  description. 
A  gentleman  brought  a  horse  one  morning  to  the  hospital,  in  consequenoo 
of  its  having  faUen  in  his  way  to  town,  and  grazed  his  eyebrow.  On 
examining  him  carefnily,  the  cornea  was  partially  nebnloas,  and  a  cataract 
was  plainly  visible.  Neither  of  these  defecte  was  sufficient  te  attract  the 
notice  of  any  unprofessional  observer,  and  both  were  unconnected  with  the 
slight  bruise  produced  by  the  fall.  The  owner  was  told  tliat  the  corneal 
opacity  might  possibly  bo  removed ;  but  as  for  the  cataract  ho  might 
regard  this  as  beyond  the  reach  of  medicine.  He  returned  with  his  horse 
on  the  fiflh  day,  saying  that  the  physic  had  operated  well,  and  that  he 
thought  the  eye  was  as  clear  as  ever.  Mr.  Porcivall  examined  the  eye, 
and  could  discover  no  rehc  either  of  the  corneal  opacity  or  of  the  cataract. 

The  opinion  respecting  cataract  is  therefore  essentially  modified.  It 
ina,f  not  of  necessity  be  the  resalt  of  previous  iufiammation,  althoagh  in 
the  great  majority  of  ctkses  it  is  so,  nor  does  it  always  lead  to  blindnees. 
Still  it  is  a  serious  thing  at  all  times,  and,  although  existing  in  the 
minutest  degree,  it  is  vruimitdnetn,  and  very  materially  lessens  the  value 
of  the  horse. 

'  Were  I  asked,'  says  Mr.  Percivall,  '  how  the  practitioner  could  best 
distinguish  a  cataract  of  tho  above  descrijition  from  that  which  is  of  ordi- 

o 


IM 


OOTTA  SEItSNA. — GLAUCOMA. 


nary  occorrvuco,  and  known  bj  us  all  to  conftiitato  Ui«  oommoD  termina- 
tion of  |Mriodical  nphthalmia,  I  should  my  that  th«  nna*aall;  Incid  and 
heftllhy  wpwit  which  owty  othv  part  of  tlio  tije  pratmta  ia  onr  best 
diagnoatie  sign ;  tho  slightesl  indieataon,  hoirerer,  er  tae  slighUat  mspicion 
of  prior  or  preaeot  inflaromatioa,  beinfc  a  r«ason  for  ooming  to  a  different 
oonclnsion.  As  to  tha  piriod  of  time  a  catArttd  of  ibis  snocics,  sappoaing 
it  to  bo  monbraaoiiB,  wauM  require  for  its  fonnittioii,  I  Rlu>nld  npprohtxid 
that  its  prodnction  mi^lit  bn,  tut  iln  di.iuppviiraiioi'  otVit  noald  iM-tu  to  bo^ 
tho  wort  of  a  ve:y  aliurtintcrvul,  {H.-i-liupH  uot  more  Uiiu  five  or  nijc  days.* 
As  to  tho  caoM  ud  treatmeut  of  it,  we  are  at  pr«seDt  coiiipIet«ly  tn  tha 
dark.  If  it  does  not  soon  disappear,  tho  hydriodate  of  potash  administorad 
internally  might  oRor  tho  bost  prospect  of  roccoM. 

AIUITB0SI8,    OS  OUTTA   SBKUTA. 

Another  species  of  blindnc-x*,  and  of  whioh  mention  was  made  irhon  da> 
scribiiig  tbu  retinu,  iH  Outta  Si-ntna,  miunuinly  calW  <;i>u«  eija.  Thn  panti 
is  more  than  usually  dilated:  it  is  iuunorabl^.  bright,  aud  gWay,  aud  tiia 
animal  is  totally  blind.  This  is  palsy  of  the  optic  nerve,  or  its  ez- 
punson,  tho  retina.  It  may  bo  [irodacod  by  severnl  causes,  snch  as 
trom  a  blow  ob  tho  head,  internal  hiDmorrbng;i',  nrrminn,  th<i  rcsnlt  of 
tuBOim,  or  i-Suaioo  npon  that  paiticnlar  jukrt  of  thi-  brain  from  whrnoo 
ttM  optic  ner\-M  arise,  temo  Bonft  disease  of  the  nrtiaa  itself,  or  as  ilx  r^ 
mlt  of  debilitating  diseases.  The  treatmant  of  Outta  Serena  is  OBite  ss 
dtSienIt  as  that  of  cataract.  Wo  hava  hoard  of  ancoeesflil  osbm,  bat  we 
mtrer  saw  odo;  nor  iihoald  wn  bn  diiipoiiod  to  in  en  r  much  rxpcnuo  in  endea- 
vouring to  aocompliab  tmpoii.iibiUtii.-a.  If  it  procwd  from  iujurit.'s  such  as 
blows,  Ac,  warm  foin«itatioua  shonld  be  employed  and  sutons  inserted, 
lazatiTe  medioinea  being  giren  ;  if  from  debility  we  should  allow  nutritioos 
food,  and  give  veg«table  aod  minprat  tonics.  If  wv  soc«cied  it  mnst  be  by 
conrtitntional  treatment.  As  to  local  trcatuuut,  the  seat  of  dlsoaao  is  oat 
of  our  renoh. 


QLACCOMA. 

This  is  a  disnso  oooutonally  suit  with  as  a  trrmmntion  of  ophtlialmia, 
and  known  by  the  name  of  |Raea  cafamct ;  bat  it  is  much  mors  frvqneotlT 
met  with  as  a  result  of  age  in  very  old  horaM.  On  cxaminatioD  tfa«  popU 
will  bo  fouod  dilated,  and  tho  interior  of  the  eye  prMcnting  a  peculiar 
sea-grcciD  appmrancr,  the  animal  being  blind.  It  is  a  diseased  oondition 
of  the  vitreous  humour,  and  admits  of  no  rdiot 

SISEABES   OP  THE   ElE. 

Wounds  of  tlie  ear  are  usually  tho  conBe<inence  of  careleas  or  brvtal 
tnatment.  Tfao  twitch  tna^  bo  applied  to  it,  when  absolnto  oeoeeail^  ra- 
quiM  lUa  dsgr«o  of  coercion ;  but  trooblcaome  ulccn  aod  brniaea  nava 
bean  Hia  ooaanui^noc  of  tho  abuse  of  Ibis  spvoioa  of  pnnishmcnt,  and  mom 
■apeeially  haa  vie  farrier  done  irreparable  misobief  when  hu  has  bmtally 
made  use  of  his  plyen. 

These  bmisc*  or  wonnds  will  gvnernlly — Ibrtnnatcly  for  the  *"'im>l.  and 
fortonattdy,  perhaps,  tor  the  brute  that  inilict«d  tho  injury — speedily  heal  j 
bat  occMtonaUy  amuses  aud  absoessee  will  result  that  bed  dofiaaoe  to  tha 
OMMt  akilfhl  tavatment.  A  simple  booration  of  tbe  oaxtilaea  is  eaailf 
nBMdied,  The  divided  odgni  arc  hrooght  into  apposition,  and  the  bead  is 
tied  np  closely  for  a  few  dnys,  and  kII  is  woll ;  but,  occaaiooally,  nloevatiaa 
of  the  integument  and  oellnlar  snbstanon,  and  carim  of  the  cartilsae,  will 
lake  plaoe — deep  sluuma  will  be  formed,  and  tho  wound  will  biddvfiaBca 


DISEASES    or    THE    EAR — DEAfXESS. 


IW 


I 


I 


b>  Qie  most  skitful  trcutmttot.  Tlii!  writer  of  thie  work  had  once  a  casu  of 
tliii  klni)  uailer  Uu  cure  mure  thu.ii  two  niunthii,  tiiicl  he  vraa  nt  length  com- 
p>>lled  K>  cut  off  tbe  ear,  tlie  other  ear  ri>l)ovru>g  it,  for  the  sake  of  ani- 
fbmu^  of  appearanoe.  The  lunar  canstio,  or  llie  muriate  of  antimonir,  or 
tba  heat«d  iron,  mitst  bo  oarly  oniplojod,  or  the  labour  uf  the  practitioner 
will  be  in  vain. 

It  liaa  be«n  the  tuisfortunc  of  the  aanui  poriion  bo  witnean  two  cases  in 
which  tbe  aoditoij  poaaage  waM  closed  and  the  facutt/  of  hnnrii^  de- 
fltrojed,  by  blowa  on  the  ear  violently  inflicted.  No  jiuuiahmuiit  can  be 
too  ■•¥«■-(■  for  thoM  bmtm  in  hamait  shape.  Whenever  there  ia  ooDEider- 
■bl«  Rwelling  abgut  thcnmtr  of  tJi«<;ar,  and  thoflnotnation  of  a  Raid  wilbiu 
can  be  detected,  it  should  be  immcdinteljr  opened  with  a  lancet,  end  the 
paralent  fluid  libcf%i«d. 

The  abeoeaa  usnaUj^  begins  to  form  about  the  middle  of  the  eonch,  or 
nUtor  nettnr  the  base  uan  the  poiut.  The  incision  should  be  of  con. 
micnble  lengtli^  or  Ihn  opening  will  close  again  in  foil r-and- twenty  houra. 
TW  pamlvnt nutter  hiiring  br«n  evacuated,  the  incifion  iihonid  not  be  por- 
miU<d  to  doae  until  tha  edgoe  of  the  nioer  have  adhered  to  each  other, 
and  Ilia  abaceM  is  obliteratM. 

^Maixeaud  tlteearriageof  theear  do  not  always  pleaee.  The  ears  may 
bs  larnr  and  more  dependent  than  fashion  ro^niree  tiiem  to  be,  aud  this  is 
reinadied  by  an  operation.  On  either  aide  of  the  projection  of  the  occipital 
bone,  and  id  a  ntniight  lino  forwanl  and  bacWiird,  a  fold  of  the  ekm  ie 
ir™**—^  np  and  eut  away.  Th«  divided  cdgra  on  either  side  are  th(<n 
Brought  together,  and  confined  by  two  or  three  atjtches  >- they  preeently 
■aite,  and  the  owner  has  a  l>ettor-tonkitig  hnrao,  and  noon  forgets  or  caret 
voi  ahovt  the  pnniibnient  which  hn  hnit  inllicti-d  on  him. 

Tha  can  of  other  hor»c«  mar  bo  noppuned  to  be  too  close  to  each  other. 
mua  &ali  b  oorrecttHl  by  anotber  pii.'ce  of  craelty.  Similar  slipx  of  akin 
are  cat  away  on  the  outaide  of  the  baao  of  the  f-nr,  ami  in  the  name  dime- 
lion.  Tbe  edges  of  the  wound  arc  then  bmtiKht  togi^hcr.  eonfincd  by 
autumn,  and  the  earw  am  drnvrn  farther  apart  from  (!fti-b  otlier,  and  have 
diSerent  itiructionii  fiiven  bi  thcro.  A  very  alight  axammation  of  either  of 
Iha  hones  irill  teadilj  detect  tbe  impositjon. 

DSAnrESS. 

Of  th«  octmaional  extatence  of  this  in  the  horse,  thrrc  is  no  donbt.  Tho 
lisnilliflll  play  of  the  eara  has  ceased,  and  tho  hnrsc  henm  not  thci  voice  of 
bis  uttrtar,  or  the  aoiind  of  the  whin,  Moi^h  of  the?  apjuirent  atiipidity  of 
m  Unr  bomw  ia  attribniablo  to  thirir  inipiTfL'Ct  hearing.  It  oiTDxiuniilly 
mvftmrm  to  follow  thn  d<s^ilue  of  various  di^t.-nst'a,  aud  eiipi-cially  uf  those 
t&at  aAct  the  head  and  the  reapiratoiy  paesnges.  It  Ima  been  the  conee- 
UnaiMH  nf  hrnluil  treatment  closing  the  condnit  of  the  ear,  or  ruptnnng  the 
tpopannm  -,  and  it  is  cr^rtoinly,  as  in  otlior  domesticated  animals,  the  ac- 
eoa^MoiineDt  of  old  age. 

In  tbe  pm«nl  state  of  veterinaty  know)L>d^  it  is  an  inenrablo  complaint ; 
tbe  tinly  thing  that  can  be  done  is  not  to  punish  tho  poor  slave  for  hia 
■I^Mreni  stopidity,  prodncpd  pcrbaps  by  nvcr-exertiou  in  our  service,  or,  at 
ths  natural' attendant  of  the  close  of  a  Uf«  devoted  to  ns. 


oa 


IM  THE  ANATOUT 

CHAPTER  X. 

THE  ANATOMT  AND   DISEABEB   OF   THE   NOSE   AND  HOUTH. 

Wl  now  proceed  to  B  desoription  of  the  face,  or  lower  part  of  the  head  of 
ths  Horee.  The  natal  bonet,  or  bones  of  the  nose  (j  j,  p.  146),  Kce  con- 
nected yriih  tiie  frontal  bones  above,  and  with  the  lachrymal,  i  i,  and 
the  bones  of  tiie  upper  jaw,  1 2,  on  either  side.  They  are  anited  together 
toy  a  plain  eatare,  which  is  a  continnation  of  the  frontal,  and  th^  ter- 
minate in  a  point  at  the  nOEtril  (p,  p.  145).  They  are  rounded  and  arched 
above,  becaase  they  are  exposed  to  occasional  riolence  and  injnry,  which 
the  arch-form  will  enable  them  beet  to  resist ;  and  at  the  base  of  the  arch, 
where  the  main  strength  should  be,  they  are  overlapped  hy  the  npper  jaw- 
,  bone,  as  the  temporal  bone  overlaps  the  base  of  the  pariedl.  These  bonM 
form  a  principal  part  of  the  face ;  and  the  length  or  shortness,  and  the 
oharaoter  of  the  face,  depend  npon  them.  Sometimes  there  iB  an  appear- 
ance of  two  little  arches,  with  a  depression  between  them  along  the 
sntnres.  This  is  often  found  in  the  blood-horse,  with  his  comparativelj 
broad  head  and  &oe.  The  singla  elevated  arch  is  found  in  the  long  and 
narrow  &oe  of  the  heavy  draaght-horse. 

The  nasal  bones  porsne  their  course  down  the  face,  in  some  hones  in  a 
■trught  line — in  others,  there  is  a  slight  prominence  towards  the  opper 
put,  while  in  a  considerable  nnmber,  a  depression  is  observed  a  EtUe 
lower  down.  Some  persona  have  ima^^ed  that  this  deviation  in  the  line 
of  the  face  affords  an  indication  of  the  temper  of  the  animal,  and  there 
may  be  a  htfJe  truth  in  this.  The  horse  with  a  straight  profile  may  be 
good  or  bad  tempered,  but  not  often  cither  to  any  great  excess.  The  one 
with  the  prominent  Boman  nose  will  generally  be  an  easy,  |i^xid-t«mpered 
land  of  beast — hardy — i«ady  enongh  to  feed,  not  always,  perhaps,  bo 
readv  to  work,  but  may  be  made  to  do  bis  duty  without  any  cruel  nrging, 
and  having  no  extraordinary  pretension  to  speed  or  blood.  On  the  other 
hand,  a  depression  across  the  oentre  of  the  nose  generally  indicates  some 
breeding,  especially  if  the  head  is  small,  bot  occasionally  accompanied  by 
a  viciouB,  uncontrollable  disposition. 

There  is  another  way,  however,  in  which  the  nasal  bones  do  mora 
eertainly  indicE^  the  breed,  viz.,  by  their  comparative  length  or  shortness. 
There  is  no  rarer  criterion  of  a  well-bred  horse,  than  a  broad  angular 
forehead,  prominent  features,  and  a  short  face  ;  nor  of  a  horse  with  little 
breeding,  than  a  narrow  forehead,  small  features,  and  lengthened  nose. 
The  comparative  development  of  the  head  and  face  indicates,  witli  little 
error,  the  preponderance  of  the  animal  or  intetloctofd  principle. 

These  bones  form  the  roof  of  an  important  cavity — the  nasal  cavity,  aa 
shown  in  the  cut  (a,  a,  p.  197).  The  sides  are  constituted  above  by  the 
nasal  bones,  and,  lower  down,  by  the  upper  jawbones  (^tuperuyr  maxUlarltt), 
while  plates  from  these  latter  bones  project  and  compose  the  palate,  whit^ 
is  both  the  floor  of  the  nose  and  the  roof  of  the  month  (i,  6).  Above  is 
a  bone  called  the  paiaHne  (e),  although  it  contributes  very  little  to  the 
formation  of  the  palate.  It  is  the  termination  of  the  palate,  or  the  border 
of  the  opening  where  the  cavities  of  the  month  and  nose  meet.  The 
frontal  sinuses  and  large  racnities  in  the  npper  jaw-bone,  and  in  the 
■thmoid  and  sphenoid  bones,  oonunnnickte  with  and  enlvgo  the  cavity 
of  the  now. 


OF  THE  NOSE  AND  MOITII. 


»y 


This  cavity  Is  diridcvl  intn  two  parts  by  n  L-arulngi'  ciUli^d  the  Sfpltl»\ 
I  ((/,  d).     It  u  of  cutuidcniblc  thickness  and  strtngUi,  luid  di\-id<«  tho 


<wty  of  the  nose  into  two  etiaal  partii.  H  ik  flkeod  in  th<i  centre  for  tho 
I*rpo(ir  of  dtrmglh.  and  it  is  roraux)  of  caTtilam,  m  ordiir  that,  by  ila 
nMnallj  yicliUng  resistance,  it  maj  neutraliso  abnotit  any  furcu  tlial  may 
W  applied  to  it. 

When  we  open  tho  nostril,  wo  sco  tho  membrane  by  which  tlie  cartiht)fe, 
■ad  the  wholp  of  tho  carity  of  thp  nose,  is  lined,  and  by  the  colour  of  vrbich, 
uarh  more  than  by  thnt  of  thr  Uning  of  the  CTelidn,  we  judge  of  tho  degree 
<f  Icrwr,  and  paFticalarly  of  infljunmntion  of  the  lungs,  or  nnv  «>f  the  nir- 
MMBgM.  The  above  cut  showK  tht;  niniifioiilidiiii  of  the  blood-veaseld, 
oDth  arterial  and  Tenona,  on  the  nwmhninu  of  the  nose.  Il  bL-aulifiilly 
acrrmnts  for  the  aecunite  connection  which  we  Imoe  between  the  colour 
of  thr  natal  tnembrane,  and  various  diseasea  or  sintee  of  the  circulation. 
By  the  nope  placea  or  nlcei^ttona  discovered  on  this  membrane,  we 
BkcwiMT  di-ti-miine  respectinf;  the  existence  of  glanders  ;  and  the  int.-r- 
poaition  of  tite  nrptiun  is  a  wise  and  benevolent  prorinon  lo  hinrtcr  tho 
^■iumI  of  tJir  miKebief,  by  cutting  off  all  comninni cation  with  the  nrigb- 
bonriag  piriA,  and  alto  ti)  ]>rcM>rT9  one  nostril  ptn-viouK,  when  the  other  is 
diteaaed  oroliHtnirtccI.  The  niiml  cavity  in,  on  either  side,  oiTapictl  by 
two  bonea,  which,  frum  their  brine  rollcid  np  M»n«what  in  the  furni  uf  a 
torban.  are  oaUcd  the  lurbinateJ  or  liirb'in.^hapeJ  bones.  They  are  iw 
thin  as  gani«,  and  perfoniteil  like  game,  with  a  thousand  holea.  IJctween 
tbrtn  are  left  sufficient  possat^-a  for  the  nir. 

If  they  were  nnroUed,  they  would  pi*8ent  a  very  considCTable  surface ; 
and  on  every  part  of  ttieni  is  spread  the  sobstance  or  pulp  of  the  ol/aetory 
or  finrt  pair  of  nerves.  These  bones,  lined  with  delicate  nienibranoB  and 
eorenpil  hy  the  olfactory  nerves,  are  the  geat  of  »m«U  ;  and  ihcy  are  thua 
txpanded,  benannc  the  sense  of  smell  in  tho  horse  must,  t«>  a  very  couwder- 
aUo  degree,  itnpply  the  place  of  the  aenne  of  toacb  and  the  iMSona  of  ex- 
teritmcff  in  the  Imtnikn  being.  By  thin  alone  he  is  enabled  to  aelect,  amongat 
ihe  nutritive  and  poiminoiui  herbnge  of  the  meadow,  that  which  woold 
■apport  and  not  de*troy  him.  Tlie  tvoupN  of  wild  hoi'seH  are  said  (o  smell 
Um  approach  of  an  enemy  at  ii  vrrt-  ceni^idenible  distance.  Tn  his  domestic 
Bate,  tho  horse  does  not  examine  the  diiferent  f<x>d  which  is  pluet^d  before 
lim  with  his  eye,  bat  with  hia  nose  ;  and  if  the  sm<-ll  displnittes  him  no 
nmxing  will  induce  him  to  eat.  lie  examines  a  Ntrangerby  the  smell,  and, 
l^  verv  inti'lligible  signs,  expresses  the  ^minion  which  he  fomix  of  him  by 
,  tRis  iTiiinisitioti,  The  horse  will  evidentnlly  reeiufnine  bia  favourite  gmom 
alvn  he  haa  nothingelsn  to  in[licitt<:-  hiu  upiiroucb  Init  tlie  M'Tuk!  uf  smell. 
t^HiMC  cavities  are  lilccwin;  organa  of  voice.      The  aound  rererborates 


196  THE    Ui;:%LeS,    XEBVB3,    AA'D    DLOOD-VESSKIS. 


J 


thmtgh  thcco,  moii  iDcrvaMs  in  loudncBa,  as  tkn>iij[b  tbo  wiudmga  of 
KrctKUi  htim. 

Tbu  eKt«nAioa  of  the  noatrQ  *t  Om  lower  part  of  tboae  cavities  ia 
iroporlant  part  of  lh«  boc.  and  intimately  connor1<^  with  bTMding,  cooragft, 
fend  spec<).  The  horse  ran  bnnfiio  onlr  through  tho  DOSft.  All  tho  air 
which  goita  t»  luid  r^iima  from  tbi!  luD^  most  poM  Ihroo^  the  nostrilii. 
In  t^  oumnHm  tu^t  of  brtaUtinif.  tliew  an  sufllciiiDUjr  bti^ ;  bat  when  tb« 
aaimal  k  pvt  od  hia  veed,  and  tbereapanUMO  b  qaidcened.  tlteaQ  pnBwgf 
uut  dilate,  or  he  will  be  mndi  distresMd.  The  expanded  nostril  u  a 
vfariking  feature  in  tho  blood ■  hontp,  (-tip<x-ialtj  when  ht^itaa  boon  excited  and 
not  oTor-blown.  The  oporttu);  mun  wilt  uot  fnr^Ttthosuddenoffoct  which 
ia  giTra  to  tho  oonnt«aanoe  of  tlit<  huut«r,  when  biii  fan  b(.-coini!  erect,  atul 
kis  DOelrib  dilate  as  he  flrat  tiatvns  to  the  ciy  of  tlit-  bounds,  and  tmortit, 
and  MttBto  tbam  alhr  off.  Tbo  painfU  and  vpumod  etr«t«liinfF  of  tlus  part, 
in  tfae  poor  orvrdrirsn  poMt-harao,  will  sfaonr  how  noowwii^  it  ia  tliat  tlw 
painago  to  thn  lan^  HbouM  be  free  and  open.  The  uuiitrila  alionld  not  odIj 
sa  laise,  bnt  the  mvmbrauoua  aabataaoe  wbicli  covum  the  onltance  into  the 
Boae  uoiild  be  Uub  lad  elaetic,  that  it  nwy  more  readily  yield  when  the 
•eeean^  of  the  animal  roqaimn  n  grrntCT  sapply  of  air,  and  aAerwatds 
retam  to  its  lutnrul  diml^nKio1>•.  TluirGfore,  natnre,  which  ■i^i^>te  the 
aitimal  to  faiii  Mtnation  and  uai;  hae  given  to  the  uart-lionie,  that  i«  seldom 
blown,  a  confined  nostril,  and  surronuded  by  mnck  c«Uular  anbatance, 
and  a  thick  eldn  ;  and  to  tbo  borao  of  more  breeding,  whose  use  oon*i«ta 
in  his  apood  and  bia  oontinnaace,  a  wider  nostril,  and  one  muck  more 
flndblr. 

Tbo  iiihabilanta  of  aome  oonntried  were  aociuitamitl  to  slit  the  Boabrila 
of  Ibeir  hontcH  that  Ihey  might  be  Ii-kh  diKtrMMd  in  the  anvrre  and  long- 
onn^ued  exertion  of  their  speod.  The  Icelanders  do  ho  to  the  pnwmt 
day.  Tlier«  is  no  neoeesity  for  this,  for  natnre  has  made  ample  proriaion 
for  all  the  ordinary  and  even  extraordinary  exertion  we  can  require  from 
the  hontn. 

Boiaa  very  nowcrfiil  mtucles  prooeed  from  difli-rent  parta  of  tho  &ce  to 
tlui  noigbbourliood  of  the  uoRtrils,  in  order  to  draw  them  baok  and  dilate 
them.  Fonr  of  tbcM.'  an-  ^von  in  the  next  cot,  which  i«  tnbodnoed  to  cxim- 
plete  onr  present  sabject,  and  which  will  bo  often  refemd  lo  in  tlie  course 
of  oar  work  ;  1,  in,  o,  and  p,  are  iudsc1i«  employed  fi)r  tbui  paq>o»c. 

There  nre  nlm  four  distinct  ca>tilage&  atteehed  lo  Uie  nostriU,  which, 
by  their  eltuilicity,  bring  bacJc  tho  nortnls  (O  their  former  dimtm-nicnui,  as 
aooB  M  the  moselea  eease  to  a«!L  Tho  bonce  of  the  nose  (  ;>,  p^  1-U)  an 
alto  dMffMDed  off  to  ajpoint,  to  give  wiilcr  range  for  the  action  of  the 
mnecles ;  while  tlie  ofertfltgea  art!  bo  contrived,  ua  not  only  to  djaehferge 
th<-  office  wc  hare  nealutaed,  bnt  to  protect  ihiit  projection  of  bone  finm 
injury. 

There  are  two  draimslanom,  which,  mom  than  any  othora,  will  enable 
not  only  llie  Tet<.-ri[iiu-y  5iiiv^<>n,  buttbuownerofahenc  also,  accurately  to 
judge  of  the  characlvr  and  dc^rM'  of  many  diaceeea,  and  to  which  veri-  few 
persona  pay  anfflcient  attention;  tlieee  an  the  pnlse^  of  which  wc  »hall  pm- 
acDtly  apsak,  and  the  ooloor  of  the  membraiw  of  the  nose.  It  in  the  ca«t(im 
of  moat  reterinary  auveoia  and  liorae-meu  to  lift  the  Bpper  evelid,  and  to 
form  their  opinion  by  tne  colour  which  its  lining  preaonta.  Ifitbvvfy  red, 
there  ia  ooitfidetaMo  forcr;  if  it  ie  of  a  pale  pinkich  hno,  thera  ia  littie 
dannr.  The  bos*,  howerur,  ia  more  caailygoit  at;— tbo  mrfnco  presented 
to  the  rlew  is  mora  cxtenaiTe; — ituHymimthy  with  almost  all  the  important 
ormna  ia  greater  i — and  thechangt-e  prodtioud  bydi»ease  are  more  striking 
aiM  mora  cDnolDnrr.  Let  the  reader  first  make  hiniarlf  well  aeqnaint«d 
witb  tba  anilbrm  pale  pink  appawnnoe  of  that  portion  of  the  meuhrmae 


or  THE  UEAD  AXD  CPPER    FAET  Or  THE  KECK. 


19a 


whifb  carets  the  lower  part  of  tbft  c&rUbtffinouit  partition  Vintvroon  Uie 
Dustfila.  when  ibe  bone  is  in  ii«alth  and  <iuivt;  tben  iIil-  inrrrumxl  Mash 
of  nd,  betokening  aome  etzcit«ment  of  ikt.*  b^sU-ui — the  straklMrd  »ppr*mnce 
of  inflftnunatioa  commeuoed,  and  ttuvatetuiig  to  increase- — tlte  intcDsa 
Bond  red,  of  acato  inflamnntiTn — the  pale  f;proun<t  with  patches  of  vivii] 
ncl,sbowiitg  tiie  b&If  sabdoed,  hot  still  cxistiug  fcrer — the  nnifomi  colour 
■Ithoiigb  aomewlutt  ndckr  thno  natural,  predicting  ft  rcttini  to  healthy 
circnlfttioo — the  pftloncn  approaching  to  white,  marking  tho  stage  of 
debibty,  and  sometuaea  iatenniDgled  witia  radintiona  of  orimson,  inducin|{ 
Ibo  Kupicioa  of  larking  miMibicri  nnil  tbo  dark  livid  colour  of  aiipronvliing 
Manation  of  tb<i  vital  cumiit.  Tliriio,  with  all  Uieir  Hbsuleii  of  (lifTdrcncv, 
wiU  be  guided  lo  his  opinioa  and  trratmcut,  wluch  every  one  who  has 
•tndied  them  will  hiKlUy  apprL-oialo. 


MCaCLZa,  VESTES,  AM)  BLOOD-TBSSRU  Or  TBS   BUD  AJCD   CTPRR  tAKt 
OF  Tne  KECK. 


*11i^p(r  paft  of  thft  liguumt  ofthnnMk. 

*  »•  lamtor  iimuH  ^»I*mar  «f  th«  abouMNX  ariaiog  from  tb«  tiit>«rr]«  of  th*  wcipll, 

^_  A*  witoid  (aipplr-diaped)  iiiiii  im  of  llir  ccirisf  iMnpural  boot,  the  Ctuibw** 

^k  HiXNMiB  (oiMB  ^iQMtioiM}  W  tlitt  fcoT  flr«  taoe*  cA  Ibo  nci-k.  n-nA  tbc  ligUDpQl  uf 

^r  lb*  a«dt,  and  cotng  to  the  mmelM  of  the  nhouldfri.  nnd  dtf  upper  bone  of  the 

MM :  to  dntir  forniA  tbo  *bouliVr  and  sim ;  or  tarn  thp  head  and  D*ck ;  ud, 

^  whw  thft  two  UvMon  Kt,  lo  dppnM  thf  haid. 

»n*  liadoa  OMDmon   to  tha    IrathtU  tnatMdtm,  uid  iptmiiu  (<pliiii-liko):  U  llta 
MMloid  paocEM  of  the  petrou  traipan]  bonv.  tt>  taito  tha  hoftd.  or  tho  miudiw  on 
^        «■•  mit  aimM  aeliiK  (o  ton  ii. 

7l>  jfmw  ■aitftoii  (britw^ltia  lo  th»  lamst-l-uDn  tnd  Iovit  j>w\  from  tlipmlilaM 
bl  (taat  of  lb*  diMI  lo  tb«  angls  of  the  lower  jaw :  lo  iu«i>t  in  opeoiog  Uu 

MMlb. 

Iht  (tfliMautfaiif,  ftnm  tbc  styloid  (pcnrildhapod)  or  ooraroid  (hMk-abaps^)  procoN 
^  of  the  ocdpot,  to  tb«  «n|tl''  of  thr  jaw :  lo  pull  tbn  jaw  bockwurd  uid  n|H>n  it 

'      Tk*  »»A«>M/iWa  tfoijnt,  from  tJii>  /ojria  uf  talmnptdttru  \o  thi;  builj  of  lhi<  ot  kuoidrt 
(tlM  boM  at  tha  toot  of  tbe  toagae  furmwl  lika  a  Oroek  n,  v)  r  lu  tlrsv  txick  thtl 

•'  Thfiiimrii  (ilmiiii^l .  n  moti  powerftil  mnscti-.  ronUliuiInn  the  cheek  of  the  bona: 
fraoi  tV  apprr  jiV'botiv  into  t)if>  rrriiffh  ■urface  roaod  th«  angl*  of  the  lower:  to 
.         aaan  in  rlwisg  III*  mouth  and  cbewini-  Ih*  fi»d. 

*  1^  tritttdttri*  falpthrarum  [oKvia*).  «iin«iiiidinK  iha  ejo  uid  eloaing  the  lida- 
'  TU  ngomaticiu.  Onm  ihe  momuie  aich  and  nuuwl^r  lo  the  conu-i  of  the  mouth,  to 
<nw  lack  lb*  aagUof  Ibo  mouth. 


MO 


yssAL  roLYprs. 


i  The  tmxinaiiir  (■rnnipMa'X  ^m  >!■•  iMid*  of  lli>  noult  uid  cbmk)^  to  iIk  nagi*  ot 

th»  BoMh,  lo  chn-  it  bad. 
/  Hb  immIw  ba^wt  Wn  jnvTT.vTU  (Wlon^iie  to  <hir  Dfeirf  lyytr  Up),  from  «dtp««- 

Moa  at  tfca  jtnttioe  «/  ihc  MDrrior  niniilluj.  Whijuwl,  IM  malnr  boiira  to  tlw 

uppir  lip :  to  nun  tb*  Up  and  dikta  tlw  noMrih. 
ai  M  tmtor  JiiM  npnorit  jh^ut  iiAHh  A^XB  <^  jaBCtion  ef  Ih*  laeb^mal,  aanl.  and 

tnwtor  i»*KiO*ty  bODM^  to  tb  "W^  ^  ™  1^*)**  MMril :  to  niaa  ifaa  lip  aad 

diialB  tie  QoMriL 
«  iZ«fnctor  ttCii  iif/ivwnu  (paDn  b«(i  of  the  iiiid«T  lip),  lo  tli»nd»ef  Ihe  infftHrttazlDa 

and  uiiilBr  hp:  lo  draw  it  bock. 
p  OrU«Waiu  oru  (cirFolBr  muKk  of  tin  nontli).  fOKoaiiding  tlw  moadi;  tucloMiba 

q  n*  uppar  portion  «f  llip  pATOtid  gka*]  (ijlniid  naw  tb*  au)  NT<n*d,  lo  ihev  llw  bfcmd* 

vMMUKod  n«rn«l>wraili  it. 
r  Til*  (Mmtid  duel  pianong  th*  <liMk.  lo  dMoliaisB  1^  tafin  into  tbe  BKnilli. 
<  Tb»  —— iii-TT  ^>nd  (^land  of  the  lonr  ja*)  silk  f  la  dart. 
(  Tberagnlar  {dmIe)  tro.  aiter  (he  t«o  bnscha  baw  united. 
m  At  laia  kttcr,  &e  (ubmnsillnrj  ■rtcfjr,  •  ImiMb  ct  Om  joffnlar,  and  tb*  parotid  dwt 

pnaa  n»drr  and  within  th«  uigle  of  the  lone  jaw ;  thaj  coma  out  acain  at  m,  ami 

diinb  ap  iLa  ebrck. 
•  Tb«  tinponJ  tbh  and  aituty.  pawitK  undar  tk*  lT|pniistiil  urh 
*g  liw  Butor  norfta  orUi"  fans  •mi-ncinR  &«M  Bnoarth*  porolid  gland. 
(  BnnebM  of  both  unrMi  with  anuLll  blw<l-Ttu»il». 


■ASAt.   POHTOS. 

By  a  polyjms  i&  mnont  an  oxcrescence  or  tnnioar,  x»rymg  in  mm 
strudDrv,  nuJ  cousisteiKH',  nn^I  attnc'licil  l>v  a  poilicic  to  n  mnoond  suHtMre. 
The  tmo  polvpas  is  fttlAcbod  to  tnacomi  mcrabnuioii,  nnd  in  njiiiallj-  foniid 
in  tho  nostnJj,  tfao  plwijiix,  the  oUima,  or  i\ie  vagintt.  Tamnars  luvo 
iNjcn  KOen  lifta^ng  lootH!  in  Uie  xiia*  and  v«utricled  of  the  lit«rt ;  nnil  in 
tlie  largL'rbloM-vesaeU  tli(>re  hare  been  accumulations  of  the  fil>nn«  of  tJio 
blooil,  with  pednncniar  attacbtneata. 

The  nasal  polt-piu  ssonll;  ndhftrm  to  samo  pordoD  of  the  rapctrior  torin- 
luted  bon(\  or  it  hM  coijio  fn>m  korio  of  the  nuiutM  cooium^IciI  with  tliat 
f-nvilj.  It  cwnpcd,  wliila  kmall,  thruuj^h  the  ntlvular  opcnini;  nndor  tho 
anpt^rior  turbinatvd  bone  into  the  cari^  of  the  noee,  and  tht-rv  attoinoil 
ilH  full  ^pvwth. 

No  b('tl4>r  n<v^oant,  hnnrrnr,  onji  Iw  n^vrn  of  tho  ouao  of  their  appMr- 
nnc«  Ihitn  tl>at  of  latoi>uni  in  oilier  [Kirbi  of  the  bodj.  TImij  evidoatlj 
liaro  a  coiiHtilotiunal  ori^ui:  tbej  we  froqiienUy  her«ditar<r,  and  tM 
animal  in  whieh  thcj  havo  once  appeared  is  sobject  lo  a  r^tiiru  of  Ibnni. 

Uj  sonut  mmnx,  probably  the  incrouing  weight  of  lh«  lumonr,  and  bans 
in  a  dependent  jiitnitlton,  the  polj'pH))  i*  gnuliuill];  dvtai-h<xl  front  iu  faaM^ 
and  foroea  with  it  tbo  aoft  and  eon];  dutonaible  nMmbrane  of  tjie  uwe. 
An  it  coBtiones  to  desoend,  this  portion  of  menibtwie  ia  Euther  dongatod, 
and  forms  the  pedtele  or  root  of  the  (lunonr ; — if  that  nay  he  tcrmod  a 
root  wliteh  ia  a  more  duplicate  of  its  investing  mombnuie, 

The  polj-pun.  when  it  ftanffn  few.  in  tJio  tiasikl  cjivity,  is  osnallr  of  a  pyri- 
tbm  or  pear-tikn  nhnpo  ;  and  it  Tani^u  in  wvi|j;hl,  from  a  fow  dntohms  to 
three  or  fimr  pouoOs, 

flnw  i*  the  Hiuveou  to  prot^ecd  P  Can  he  by  hold  of  Uw  polyrnu  br 
the  GiifTLT,  ortl)onrc«pa>  or  (fnr  these  la mnu re  do  no*  poaMeamuehitenn- 
bilitv)  tlie  tonacDlnmf  To  ucertain  thin,  he  will  cast  the  hone,  and  fix 
the  iiend  in  a  poaitiun  to  takftthe  ffrealeet  advantage  of  the  lieht.  If  ba 
nnnot  (aixXj  fpfl  at  thv  iiiui<.>ur  by  onj  of  thoflo  Bmaa,  be  will  lot  it  aloaa^ 
It  will  eontiiiue  to  grow  —  the  nwrnbrano  consritutiiig  the  pcdida  will 
be  lengthotMid  —  and  Um  )K)ljinaK  will  at  lengtli  (low«q>d,  and  be  vMn\j 
Time  and  jMtictioo  will  offect  wondcn  in  this  tuid  nutnf  wmilar 


got  at. 


ifZl^ 


J 


VASAL  GLEET. 


301 


—  pcdi 


^|iptMiing  it  to  Inve  grown,  Kiid  tlic  sargeon  U  cndonvoui-in^  to  Axtract 
it,  lie  tuoMt  not  tue  any  Rnat  forcv.  It  mtut  not  bu  torn  out  bv-  the  root ; 
tlie  tanwar  mnst  bo  ^-eutly  brooglit  dowu,  and  a  ligature  passM  rooiid  tlio 

'icie,  ifl  high  up  as  it  can  oonvotiirnilv  bo  placod.     If  the  polypus  cau 

on  bn  rrtnrnril  to  ikn  notxs  the  aninml  will  SRff<^r  very  tittio  incon- 
Tcaievce  ;  and  in  aft^wdayii  it  will  slough  oflT,  and  tbo  podiolv  will  oontroct, 
ftnil  irraduuUv  di.iftpjM.>ar. 

If  tli«  polypus  18  BO  large  tliat  it  cannot  be  wotl  illumed  oiler  it  ban 
bwB  broogfat  down,  -we  miut,  notwithstanding,  OEe  the  h'gnture,  pnAtiiig  it 
round  the  pedicle  mffidcntly  lii;htl}-  to  ctit  olT  thp  Kiipply  of  blood  to  tlie 
tamour.  W«  may  then  immddiatitly  pxdsn  it.  Ex(M!i>t  Uio  pttdiclo  >S  ex> 
eeedin^j  thiok.  Hum  will  bo  littlo  or  no  luvniorrlia^^.  Blu>ald  Komo 
bleeding  ocnir,  it  wUl  probably  eoon  atop,  or  may  be  stopped  by  thi> 
Cttatery,  whioh  should,  howrvor,  bn  arnidrd  if  possible,  for  oar  object  ia 
to  prodaco  aa  little  irritation  ua  muy  \n:  in  ih^  nidmbmnp,  and  the  actual 
cautery  will  be  Eftplivd  williconaidunkblu  difficulty  in  tbooavity  of  thonose, 

la  very  bad  ouett,  ivli«u  tUe  tomoar  caiuiol  be  drawn  out  at  tbo  nom,  it 
may  be  neoKsary  to  slit  npthealacr  side  of  tlie  nostril.  It  will  bti  belter, 
ikowerer,  nat  to  c^t  tbrongb  the  fnliw  nmtrit,  for  tliat  consists  of  a  dtiplica. 
taivof  Kucfa  tbin  inti-'gninent^  that  the  nt.itcbriicnti  bnrdly  be  retauned  in  it, 
when  the  honM  will  be  eontinually  nuorting  at  tlin  It^ii-it  inconvonicDoe.  It 
will  aUo  be  diAoolt  to  bring  the  edgva  of  thiH  tUin  mt'tnlirano  nocnratvly 
lfi}^tlber  agun,  or,  if  this  bo  effected,  there  is  scurocly  lifo  emingh  in  it  for 
the  parta  readily  to  nnito.  Tho  fiilno  nostril  should  be  avoided,  and  the 
incision  made  along  thv  Ut<-riti  nlge  of  th<t  nnj«l  bono,  boginning  at  its  apex 
orponit.  The  llup  will  llien  convvtm-nltj  lum  dnn'u,  no  ax  to  expose  the 
am^  benoatli :  and  tliero  will  be  suflioitut  luuscnlur  Hulmtance  to  Hccaro 
an  suBtimt  certain  nnion  by  the  Erst  intention.  The  nostril  boin^'  oinmed, 
lb*  pedicle  will  probably  be  displayod,  and  a  ligature  nutT  be  pnsscd  round 
it.  Ml  alrrady  rrwominended ;  or  if  it  in  not  actually  in  aigbt,  it  may 
pTDfaably  gradnnlly  be  brought  within  reach. 


HAUL    SLKET,    OR   DISCBARQE   TBOK   THE   KOBE. 

There  IN  a  eooslant  Hccrutiou  of  fluid  to  liibrinat« and  uouitcn  tbo  mcm- 
••iBe  that  Unee  the  cavity  of  the  nose,  and  which,  nuder  oatarrli  or  cold, 
*lBcnaBed  in  qoantity,  and  att«rcd  in  apprarancc  and  consistent.  Thin 
?*|«iperty  belong  to  the  lucnnnt  of  cntairh  or  cold  ;  but  tliat  which  ia 
^^diately  nndor  conttidoration  io  a  continncd  and  oflonb'roee  proAiM 
J*Wife  of  lliiclccned  mnoua,  when  ert-i'y  symufcom  of  cntarrb  and  fever 
•■•wmwl  away.  If  the  horse  is  at  grass,  the  (bscliarfte  is  alrauitl  an  green 
'^we  i>od  on  which  bo  lives ; —  or  if  he  is  stabled,  it  is  while,  or  simir* 
•■•Ufd.  or  brown,  or  even  bloody,  and  Romctiroos  pnrolent.  It  is  cither 
ywmlj  ranning,  or  snorted  out  in  auutnea  many  tiniCK  a  duy ;  tnwiing 
J^Wiwev  and  W-comiug  a  porfeL-l  unisauce  in  tJie  itoble,  and  to  the  rider. 
T^  hat  bcvn  known  to  continue  seycral  months,  and  eventually  to  deetroy 

^  discharge  i>  wmctirom  confined  to  one  noatril,  and  tliero  may  eunt 
•^■deiablo  t«mi-fiirfion  of  the  submajcillary  gh^uds,  which  has  caused 
~^  disease  to  be  luiiiiakcn  fur  glanders.  Shonld  any  donbt  nxiNl,  no  time 
^'^  be  lost  in  obtaining  the  opinion  of  a  wttorinary  tturgeon  rc«]>octing 
*»«we. 

«  the  dinchargc  i«  not  offpnjiive  to  the  smell,  nor  mi^cd  with  pnrulcnt 
^'Uo',  it  i»  probably  merely  an  increased  and  eomewhnt  ritirtled  secretion 
""•the  Cttviticaof  ihe  nose:  and  all  feviir  baring  liiimpjiriu'cd,  will  fre- 
fnHj  yield  to  small  doMB  of  blue  vilHot,  given  twice  lu  the  day.      If 


aoa 


OZENA. 


the  dischoive  is  coDsiderable  and  mingled  wilb  pna,  we  may  conclude,  Had 
tbe  ditwoo  naa  Mrtwi<tod  tothc  rinnaca  of  the  be*d.  aod  thwabpcewM  hava 
fomned,  mocb  likal;,  in  tlin  front*]  aaxu.  The  dlacWge  baisg  vttj 
oBriudTCi,  wQ]  indirato  lluit  tlw  duwu*  hw  oxtondcd  to  Uin  bonm  Mid 
cartilage.  Tlie  treatment  irbouM  conaut  of  Uw  inleni&l  mlniinitttrelion  of 
aolphate  of  copper,  eilltftr  mingled  with  the  antraarB  com,  or  in  combinft- 
tion  with  giitmr  and  gmlian,  mntinacd  for  a  cy>DsidorablD  time,  for  thia  ja 
a  di»r«M  whjch  will  not  vtarj  qnicklj'  vteld  to  trcatnent.  Tbo  aoimal 
Hhoukl  be  kept  on  the  moat  nalntioiu  diet,  sKftt  attentioii  being  paid  to 
ckttnliaeaa.  If  the  diachaige  doea  mat  yiala  to  tbia  tnatmeut,  iba  ncsi 
coorae  to  adopt  wiU  b»  to  cfm  tiw  mnis«a  of  the  bead  with  the  trefduiw 
(tbctnclhodofdougtluawUl  bo  drscribrd  nndcr  '  OfKirations'),  aod  after 
baring  wciU  iiyriiiMa  Ibo  nrta  with  narm  water,  injoct  autao  aatrintfent 
wlntion,  •ni;h'  aa  ue  antpbale  of  aino  or  oopjier.  The  injection  ahonld  ba 
at  fiiat  weak,  but  gradaaUj  increoaed  tu  strenij^h.  If  the  diackai^  ooo- 
tnao  tor  a  bo^th  of  time,  vritbout  yielding  to  treatment,  there  ia  dangfir 
of  il«  torminabag  io  glaudeia. 


OZEBA. 

USKSA  is  nlcei}ttioD  of  tbo  motnbnuio  of  tbo  ooso  not  alwaj's  or  ofteu 
visible,  but  racoeniaod  b^  tbo  diitdiarga  of  mnco-pamlont  matter,  of  a 
pocotiar  (intor,  from  which  the  diawic  derivea  ite  name.  It  reattmbloa 
glaodera  in  bein)^  oou&ned  in  muat  instaoces  to  one  noatri],  aitd  tbe  Kob- 
maxillary  f^Iand  on  the  same  eido  being  enlarged  ;  but  diflera  from  it,  in 
the  (,'land  not  bein?  adberont,  and  tbo  diecbni^,  Irom  il«  cnrliott  otagc^ 
being  puraleDt  ana  stinlciu^. 

Thvre  is  eomctimuct  a  ftutul  disebargu  Irom  ihu  notitril  in  oonseqnenoo  of 
inflammatjan  of  the  lun^  or  produiwd  hy  aome  of  Ifae  seqaeln  of  pnon- 
monia;  dictingnisfaed,  bowerer,  trom  o«-ua  bj  its  nsoallT  BowinA  imgu- 
lartj,  being  coughed  up  in  great  qnantiti(«,  more  domdealy  ponuent,  and 
the  gland  or  glanda  seldom  afiimted.  The  diacharge  from  oicdb  ia  ooa- 
ataoT,  muco-pnmlcnt,  and  attended  by  enlaigemmtt  of  tbu  gland*.  It  is 
of  immenae  coaaeqaence  that  wa  ahonld  be  enaUed  to  diiitingitiah  the  one 
from  the  other;  for  while  oaona  may,  aametunea  at  least,  bo  manageab 
tbe  other  is  fno  froqoentJ]'  tbo  pracnnor  of  doath. 

The  cnoac  of  ooena  cannot  always  bediaoororcd.  Chronic  mfiamti 
of  lbi>  luombvaoe  maj  aaamad  auothor  and  malignant  diaiactor.  In  i 
ealArrh  the  membrane  may  become  abraded,  and  the  abrasions  may  i 
gaoerate  into  fool  and  fcetid  oloars.  It  is  not  an  onCreqiient  oonaeqotinca 
of  opidemio  catarrh.  It  hiw  bwm  prmtuctKl  hv  caostio  applicationa  to  tba 
lining  membrane  of  tbe  noiu.'.  It  luui  fuiluncd  bmnorrbBgo,  apontMMOW^ 
or  the  oonaeq;wooe  of  injury. 

In  BOne  caaaa,  and  those  na  obetiualo  as  any,  it  cannot  jierluipa  bo  traoed 
to  any  probable  oaase,  and  the  health  of  the  animal  has  not  appeared  to 
bo  in  the  slifflttaat  doerao  affbotaxl. 

TW  mnmbraae  of  the  uotH>  ia  highly  auuBitiveand  irritable,  and  an  nicer, 
in  whnt4.'i-or  way  Canned  on  it,  does  not  readUy  heal.  It  oilan  rum  on  to 
gangrene,  and  deetntya  sot  oidjr  the  membrane,  but  the  bone  bvnealb  and 
eren  tbe  catiilacuiou  wptnni.  This  is  ^**^7  the  caao  in  glaadeiB ;  aad 
the  ravagea  of  uo  chnnCTOoa  nlcem  lire  niinaUy  confined  to  too  nMubmWk 
The  nkoiation  prooceda  to  a  certAin  point — itu  prognxia  is  then  arroated, 
nauall^  by  DOtore  akoe — the  discharge  gradually  lessens — it  loaes  its 
oflennve  chanotor,  aad  at  length  oeaMa, 

Local  applicationa  ai«  seldom  aroilsblo  in  tbo  trcfttmrnt  of  this  disease ; 
far  we  know  not  tha  ettnation  uf  tbo  uloer,  and  if  wv  did,  wo 


the  one 
agoabU 

nnaktia^H 
aeereiij^l 
may  dfr^ 


OUiSDSBS.  203 

could  not  mt  nt  it.  Some  haTs  recomnienilud  setona.  Where  are  they 
to  be  ftppUed  f  If  the  seat  of  niceratioa  is  unknown,  the  aeton  may  only 
give  luueas  p«in.  Several  pott-morlem  eiaminationa  have  Bhown  that 
the  frontal  siniLges  are  a  frequent  seat  of  the  diaeaac.  Yet  what  injectioa 
Goald  m  nse  P  An  emollient  one  wonld  be  thrown  away.  A  atim.alatmg 
injection  might  convert  ozena  into  glandi-re.  Other  eTaminationa  have 
shown  Uiat  the  anperior  portion  of  the  central  meatus  waa  dtaeased.  What 
instnunent  can  be  contrived  to  reach  that  P  Internal  medicinea  are  ahnoat 
thrown  away  in  thia  complaint :  yet  something,  perhaps,  may  be  dono 
vnder  tJu  form  of  a  local  apphcation.  The  diacardod  noae-bag  (nnder- 
fdhud  at  least  W  too  many  practitioners)  will  afford  the  meana  of  em- 
ploTing  an  emolhent  fomentation.  The  steam  fium  a  brtm-raash,  scalding 
aot,  will  probably  reach  eveiy  part  of  the  nasal  cavi^,  and  so  afford 
■ome  chance  of  being  beneficially  applied  to  the  alcor.  It  will,  at  least, 
thoroughly  cleanse  tne  part.  By  memia  of  the  noae-bag  and  the  warm 
mash,  me  chloride  of  lime  may  be  introduced  into  the  cavity,  not  only 
comlnning  with  the  extricated  gases,  and  removing  the  fixtor,  but  arroating 
the  tendenoy  to  decompoaitiou. 

Then  there  ia  a  digestive — a  gentio  stimulus  to  abraded  and  ulcerated 
gnr&cea,  rousing  th^  to  healthy  action,  and  without  too  much  irritating 
them — tunientine.  Thia  may  be  applied  in  the  form  of  vapour,  and  in 
the  best  of  all  waya,  by  using  the  best  yellow  deal  shavings  inatead  of 
bi^D.  Thia  digeative  may  be  brought  into  contact  with  every  port  of  the 
Schneiderian  membrane,  and  hoe  been  aeiriceablo. 

There  is  another  reaonrce,  and  one  that  bids  fairer  to  be  succesalnl  than 
my  other  with  which  we  are  acquainted  —  the  spring  grass.  It  is  the 
finest  alterative,  depurative,  and  restorative  in  our  whole  materia  medica ; 
and  if  it  is  accessible  in  the  form  of  a  salt  marsh,  there  ia  no  bett«r  chance 
of  doing  good. 

QLABDEBS. 

The  moat  formidable  of  all  the  diaeaaea  to  which  the  horse  is  sabject  ia 
GuKDSBS.  It  has  been  recognised  from  the  time  of  Hippocrates  of  Cos ; 
uid  few  modem  veterinaiy  writers  have  given  a  more  accurate  or  com- 
plete account  of  ite  ^mpfcoms  than  is  to  be  found  in  the  worka  of  the 
&ther  of  medicine.  Three-and- twenty  hundred  years  have  rolled  on  since 
then,  and  veterinary  practitionera  are  not  yet  agreed  as  to  the  tissue 
primarily  affected,  nor  the  actual  nature  of  the  diaease :  we  only  know 
that  it  ia  at  the  present  day,  what  it  waa  then,  a  loathsome  and  an  incu- 
rable malady. 

We  ahall  therefore,  in  treating  of  this  disease,  pursue  our  course  slowly 
utd  cautiously. 

The  earliest  symptom  of  Glanders  is  an  increased  discharge  frY)m  the 
nostril,  small  in  quantity,  constantly  flowing,  of  an  aqueous  character  and 
a  httle  macuB  mingling  with  it. 

Connected  with  this  is  iin  error  too  general,  and  highly  mischievous,  with 
regard  to  the  character  of  this  discharge  in  the  earliest  stage  of  the  disease, 
when,  if  ever,  a  cure  might  be  effected,  and  when,  too,  the  mischief  from 
contagion  is  most  frequently  produced.  The  discharge  of  glanders  ia  not 
sticky  when  it  may  be  firat  recognised.  It  ia  an  aqueous  or  mucous,  but 
small  and  constant  dischai^e,  and  is  thus  distingnisbod  from  catarrh,  or 
nasal  gleet,  or  any  other  deflusion  from  the  nostril.  It  ahould  be  im- 
preaa^  on  the  mind  of  every  horaeman  that  this  small  and  oonatant 
defluzion,  overlooked  by  the  groom  and  by  the  owner,  and  too  often  by 
the  veterinary  aui^eou,  is  a  niost  suspicious  circumstance. 

Ur.   James   Turner  deaervea  mnoh  credit  for  having  first  or  chiefly 


90* 


OLKSDtaa. 


dircuLod  Uici  attvntjun  of  borsemen  to  this  iinportant  but  diiBroganl<!>] 
syinptoiu.  If  a  horM  is  in  tlio  higltost  enndition,  yet  bftB  thia  bhuUI 
ft^nconB  constant  dischtu^,  anil  rfpcicinllf  from  om  luwtril,  nn  time  shoold 
bo  \ogt  in  soparatinff  liiin  from  hiN  camptinioD.-i.  No  harm  will  Im  doQO  by 
tliiji,  nlthougfa  thadcdaxion  Hhould  uut  nlttmatoly  betmj  larking  mi»ch>of 
of  11  ivurae  ^laneter. 

Mr.  Turaw  relates  &  case  veiy  mach  in  poinL  A  fannitr  A&kcd  hut 
Oi)iuion  reajipcling  a  mare  in  ezcollont  concliiicm,  vrith  a  nloolc  coat,  and  in 
foil  work.  Ho  bad  had  h<;r  hovki  or  eight  aiunlhtt,  and  during  Uio  whole 
of  that  time  tliDm  Iind  b«un  a  dixcharge  from  tho  right  nostril,  bat  in  ao 
aUght  a  degree  uu  acari^L-Iy  to  be  deemed  worthy  of  notice.  He  now 
wanted  to  sell  her,  bnt,  like  an  honefit  man,  he  wished  to  know  whtrther 
he  might  warrant  her.  Mr.  Tomer  very  properly  garo  it  a«  his  opinioiL, 
that  tbo  dischnr(r<'  hnving  <>xiiU-d  for  nu  Iuhk  a  time,  ho  would  not  be 
jnstiliod  in  aonding  hi-r  into  thi>  market,  A  fiu-ricr,  howev«r,  who«e  ideaa 
of  glandera  hftd  afwuv^i  been  ommi-ctid  witli  a  aticky  discharge  and  an 
adherent  gtaud,  bougnl  her,  and  led  hor  nirnj-. 

Three  months  passed  on,  when  Mr.  Tomer  rxamiiiing  tho  podt-horsce 
of  a  neighbonriiig  inn,  discorirtK)  that  two  of  tbnn  vrcre  glniKlrrvd,  and 
two  more  larded,  whihi,  afAndirig  iifxt  to  the  firal  that  was  attuckod,  and 
hia  partner  in  work,  waa  hia  oti]  acquaintance  the  fiirmor'a  lna^l^,  witli  the 
■ame  JiscJiarge  fVom  her  nostril,  and  who  hod,  beyond  ()Destion,  been  the 
canse  of  all  the  mischief 

The  pocnllar  vi^nidity  and  ghiincus  which  is  gcnirrnlly  supposed  to 
distinguish  t1ic  dinchurgu  of  gltuiden  from  all  othra*  mtinotis  and  provalrat 
■eorotiona  hclongii  to  the  second  stage  of  the  discoiH-,  and,  for  luany  months 
bRfore  Uiis,  glauilers  may havo  existed  inaninsidioaaand  highly  oontagiona 
form.  It  muat  bo  aoknowlcdgod,  however,  that,  in  tiic  majority  nf  raans. 
some  degree  of  Btickinves  do^'-s  chankotmiMthoduchargtiof  giandorabvra 
a  reiy  early  period. 

It  la  a  aingalar  eireiuuitance,  for  wbieh  no  Mtis&etory  aoconnt  has  n4 
been  given,  Uiat  when  one  nostrU  alone  is  attacked,  it  is,  in  a  gruat  majontj 
uf  caaM,  the  near,  or  led.  U.  Dapuy,  the  director  of  the  Teteriaaiyaclionl 
at  Toolomae,  pecs  a  rvry  Bingnlar  acxwnnt  of  thia.  Ha  says  thkt,  oat  of 
riglity  cnorit  of  gliuidom  that  came  luidcr  hia  nntiov,  only  oiui  wm  affected 
in  thi!  right  nustril.  Tlie  difTerenee  in  tlie  alTi-clcd  iiOHtrj]  doc*  not  «rirt 
tu  so  gnat  au  extent  in  Great  Britain ;  bat  in  two  hors««i  out  of  three,  or 
three  ont  of  four,  the  djsobargo  is  from  the  loll  nostril  alone.  Wu  might 
arcount  for  the  trft  leg  biting  ofteoor  than  the  right,  for  wo  ntouut  and 
dinmuunt  on  thu  left  HiiL- ;  the  homo  generally  leads  with  it,  and  them  b 
more  wear  and  testr  of  that  limb :  but  we  cannot  KatUraetorily  aoooiuit  6v 
thia  naual  aS^tion  of  the  left  nostril.  It  is  ti-ne  that  the  reins  am  held  in 
tbo  left  hand,  and  then?  may  bo  a  littlo  mnro  bnnring  and  praaBore  on  tha 
left  ddo  of  the  month ;  bnt  thin  anplin  nnly  to  si^dlc-horMa,  nod  even 
wfth  tbem  dooe  not  anfficientlj  explain  tht-  rt'ciilt. 

This  diwharge,  in  aaacs  of  contagion,  may  continue,  and  in  sa  alight  a 
dt^Tee  as  to  be  MMreely  perceptible,  for  many  mouths,  or  ereo  two  or  three 
yean,  nnattended  by  any  other  disnuio,  cvtm  tilcymtion  of  the  uiMtril,  atid 
yet  the  hone  bring  diHadodlr  glandt^red  from  tbo  beginning  and  capaUe 
of  propagating  the  malady.  In  pTOceesi  of  time,  however,  pns  minglea  wilta 
tbo  discharge,  and  then  another  and  a  charaeteHttic  symptom  amicaii 
Some  of  this  la  ahoorbrd,  and  the  Doiglibonring  glands  bocume  ailhclwL 
If  there  is  a  dij«harge  from  both  nostnlji,  tbo  gbnda  within  the  nndarjaw 
will  bo  on  both  sides  cnbrgeiL  If  the  diacharge  i*  Iram  one  nMtrO  onlr, 
the  Bwelled  glund  will  be  found  on  tliat  side  aUme.  Glandera,  however,  wUl 
ftvqncntly  exist  at  an  early  ago  witlkont  these  swelled  gland*,  and  acnne 


OLJ^^'DEBS 


•iOi 


oO»»  JiooowB, «  ealanli.  will  produce  tliem.  HdBnuMtpKbl^mMfar 
aatD»  paao&mtj  ibont  tiicw  sl&oda,  uid  wo  HhlLD''1ttiBffirnd'9l  TEb 
nvUhig  taaj  bo  at  fint  acrmewhat  }argc  und  diffo-iLvl,  but  ttui  mirruuiiditig 
cohrKVBWtit  soon  goes  off,  aud  oue  or  two  snuU  diBtiuct  glauds  rt-mam  ; 
■nd  UB7  ve  not  in  the  c«ntro  of  thi;  channel,  hot  adhere  closely  to  the  jaw 
tm  Ike  ^ffitUdtide. 

The  mcmbnuic  of  the  no*a  aboulil  now  ho  Rxamint^,  and  will  miitcriiilly 
gindie  onr  ofMiuon.  It  will  eitbor  bu  of  ii  dtu-k  iiurjiUNli  hue,  or  nlniust  uf  a 
fcaJeB  colonr.  or  of  any  shade  betweeo  lliv  two ;  or  tf  there  la  some  of  the 
redaMs  of  infiamiDation,  it  will  have  a  parple  tiuge :  but  tfioro  will  oevcT 
be  tho  Iwnt  pink  b!a»h  of  bmlth,  or  tbc  intcngp  and  virid  red  of  hbuhI 
■nflMnmatioti.  Spots  of  uk-vnition  will  probiilil)-  apjKAi-  on  thv  miintbrunfl 
cohering  the  cartiJu^  of  thu  iio«i — not  uiure  Kora  piMoet,  or  streoka  of 
abrwdoo,  aod  tjoite  BUperfioIal,  bat  tunall  ulcers,  nsnally  ftpproacMiip;  to  a 
duenlar  form,  d«op,  and  with  the  edgr§  abmpt  and  promiiieut.  When 
IboM  af>pc«nuu!c8  aro  obsnrtrod,  thcrt-  ciin  hv:  no  doubt  abnut  tho  niHtlcp, 
Chre  ahonld  bo  bdtrn,  Iiowittlt,  to  aaci^rtuin  thnt  thosr  nlcri'n  do  nctnnlly 
exial,  fin-  qwU  of  naeva  adhering  to  tb<?  mi'inbraui!  Imvo  lic^<m  mori'  thiiii 
onae  taken  for  them.  Th«  Soger  ahonid,  if  possibk-,  bu  pu^i-d  ovt^r  (lit- 
■ufitioaed  oJcer,  in  onler  to  detonaino  whothor  it  can  be  wiped  au  ny  ;  and 
H  u^d  be  rvcolleofaxl,  aa  waa  hinted  wlii'n  dencnbin^  tlie  dnct  thnt 
WTeja  tbo  tears  to  th■^  n»:<c,  tliut  tlui  oiificc^  of  thnt  dtict.  jnst  within  tb» 
malru,  and  on  the  inufr  Hiilt)  of  it,  baa  bcco  mixtiikm  for  it  chani-niutt 
■leer.  This  orifioe  is  on  the  contmuation  of  the  oommou  nkiu  uf  llio  uiuxkIo 
wbidt  nus  a  littlo  wtiynp  tho  nostril,  while  the  ulcer  of  gkndi^ra  is  on  the 
fraper  mambtmno  of  tho  noim  nbovo.  Tito  lino  of  sopanttion  liotwcoo  tbo 
two  is  aridont  on  tbe  aligfatoat  initpontion. 

Wbro  oloera  begin  to  appear  on  the  membrano  of  the  nn.-ii',  the  con* 
Hitatiou  of  tJM  horae  ia  soon  eridently  aB«ctod.  The  piLtiunt  loaea  Uoah — 
ba  bally  is  tacked  np — hia  coat  unthrifty,  and  raodily  coming  off—the 
^felita  ia  impaired— tho  fitrenfflh  bila — c<nigh.  mora  or  less  urgnnt,  may 
M  heard — the  diacluuvi.-  fi-om  tTiti  iiohc  will  increase  in  qiiiuitity ;  it  will  be 
dittoloond,  bloody,  olTi'iuive  to  tbo  smell — tbe  ulcunt  in  the  iioae  will 
bcooaie  larger  and  more  nnmeroua,  and  tlie  alr-puaagea  being  obstroctcd, 

■  pating,  choking  ooise  will  bo  heard  nt  every  act  of  breathing.     There 

■  lew  a  peculiar  umdcmcM  abont  the  forchwid,  Tho  membrane  lining 
tke  frontal  KiniutcH  in  iafianuxl  and  ntei^mti-'J,  and  tbe  intcgnmont  of  the 
imfaead  beoomes  tbiokened  and  Humewbat  Hwellei).  Farcv  is  now  super- 
■dded  to  glandera,  and  more  of  tbe  absorbeuta  are  involved. 

At  or  beforo  this  time  littlo  tnmonrti  appear  abont  the  mnseles,  and 

het,  and  sock,  following  tbe  conno  of  the  reins  and  tbe  absorbents,  for 

ikR*  ran  iddi!  hv  nido ;  and  tlioMo  tnmoura  noon  alcomte.     Tomours  or 

bui^  atill  pnmung  the  path  of  tbe  abaorbeuta,  noon  apptiar  on  tbo  imride 

of  the  thic^.    Tlwy  are  ooimeded  to^fetber  by  a  eurdel]  rabsianoc.  This 

ia  tha  mflamed  and  enlarged  lymphatic  ;  and  uloeration  qnickly  follows 

Uw  ifiMaraRco  of  thc«i>  buils.     Tho  decpor-seated  abBorbent«  aro  next 

aflectad ;  and  one  or  Iwth  of  tlio  bind-lt^  swell  lo  a  grrnt  xiu^  and 

tecBmi  ttifl*,  and  liot,  and  toader.     The  Ioks  of  flcjJi  and  atrungtU  is  more 

■larfcad  erety  day.     The  mem^brane  of  tliu  nose  becomes  of  a  dirty  livid 

ooloar.     Tbe  meoibrane  of  tbe  raooth  is  strangely  pallid.     The  oyo  ia 

tiiffHtttH  with  a  rollow  fluid ;  and  the  diechorgn  from  Ibo  noso  bocomos 

non  proftue.  and  insaflcrably  ofFensivo,     The  aninud  projienta  ono  maaa 

oTpBtnActioai,  and  at  last  dioa  exhrnintnl. 

Tba  anlarganent  of  tbe  anbmainlliiry  K'^ti<K  ^a  connected  with  tliia 
diaeaaa,  may,  perhaps,  require  a  little  fartlier  consideration.  A  jMrtion 
rf  the  fioid  aecnlcd  by  the  membituie  of  the  nose,  and  altered  in  obanicler 


MX 


GLAKnni{& 


hy  Iho  peculiar  infliunnuiiion  Uiere  exiating,  Uabaorbed;  xoi  aa  it  ia  ccm- 
TCjnrd  lUong  the  iTmphatica^  in  order  to  arrive  at  tito  place  of  tl«  d^wtiiia. 
tton,  it  iniuuaM  theni,  aad  eMi^««  them  to  enlarge  and  iiappTirate.  Tlm« 
i^  luiwenr,  »  pwmliaritj  aonrnpanying  thr  inilninniiitina  irhicb  ttiev  taka 
ftvn  tii0  abaorptaon  of  the  virtu  of  Klondcrw.  The;  ar«  nuvlj  Muvo, 
oxoept  at  Gnt,  or  hot,  or  teodur  ;  but  iht-y  are  cbar«ot«riacd  by  a  tingnlar 
hBrdneH,  &  proximilir  to  the  jaw-bone,  and,  freqaentlj,  actual  adhMiom  to 
It.  Tbs  MUMOB  ia  prodnood  by  th«  inftaBunator^  action  goins  forward 
in  the  gland,  aad  tho  efliu^ioD  of  coagulabla  Iftnnh.  Thin  hnnlnc^  anil 
adboBion  accompnimnK  diudiai^  from  tlie  nootrtl,  and  being'  on  the  Muno 
ddo  with  tbtt  noatrU  wlmMa  tlie  diadtarg«  prooeeda,  afford  proof  nut  to  bo 
nootnretted  that  tho  bone  ia  glandeivd.  Kotwithstsading  tLia,  howewr, 
tiinre  are  cnew  in  which  tfa*  glaiuU  arc  iMrithor  luihenint  nor  mach  en- 
largod,  and  j«t  thon  ui  constant  diaohnrvo  from  one  or  both  noiitnls.  The 
Tvf«rinarj  forgcon  woold  bare  little  hevilAtion  iu  prouuuneins  tbem  to  ho 
oaMS  of  ^loiRdprv.  He  will  tntst  to  the  adhcaion  of  the  plana,  bnt  be  will 
not  be  nualcd  by  its  looncncse,  nor  cron  by  it«  absence  altogstlMr. 

OlMfUn  has  often  bonn  oonfbnnded  witli  jfraiijrfOT,  and  1^  tboM  wfao 
owht  to  hare  known  better.  Stnnsles  are  peenliar  (o  yonnn  boraos.  The 
tarty  stage  rasemUeB  Mmmon  eold,  with  eome  degne  of  fcv-er  and  mm 
throat — generaHy  with  distressing  congfa.  or  at  least  fVoqnent  wheesing; 
and  when  tho  onlat^ommt  nppciuv  IxoHialh  tbn  jaw,  it  is  not  a  nngle  snaU 
gland,  bat  a  nrotluig  of  the  whole  of  tho  subttancc  brtwRrn  the  jaws^ 
growing  harder  towards  the  centre,  and,  after  a  while,  aii|ic«riiig  to 
contain  a  fliud,  and  bnaking.  Xa  strangles  the  membrane  of  Uie  noiio  will 
be  intensely  red,  and  the  diecbarge  from  the  noso  proAue  and  purulent,  or 
mixed  with  mact<^r  aInuMt  from  ino  first.  Whvu  the  tnmoar  has  bursty  the 
ftfer  will  abatv,  and  tlie  homci  n-ill  speedily  got  writ. 

Should  tbo  discharge  from  the  nose  continue,  tut  it  aoinetimn  doos,  for 
a  oonsideiafale  lime  after  the  ho>se  has  recovered  from  titnuiglea,  tfaore  is 
IU)  oaose  for  fmr.  Stinpla  strangles  need  never  degenerate  into  ghuidonL 
Good  k«ep,  and  small  wan  of  tooio  medicine,  will  gradually  pcofeot  the 
rare. 

Glanders  has  been  oonfonndod  witfa  catarrh  or  cold ;  but  the  distiao- 
tion  bdtweeD  them  is  plaia  odob^l  Fsver,  and  losa  of  appetite  atHl  sote 
throat,  accompai^iiip  ooH — the  qaiddiag  of  the  Ibod  and  gulping  of  the 
water  an>  snmoient  indications  of  tho  Utter  of  these ;  the  oiscna^e  from 
tho  nose  is  profowo,  and  perhaps  pamlcnt;  tho  glands  under  the  jaw,  if 
■wdled,  ate  moreable^  there  is  a  thiekcuing  around  (bent,  and  they  ate 
leader  and  hot.  With  prtwer  tnatnwnt  the  fever  abates ;  the  cough  dis- 
appears ;  tbe  swellinga  itniur  the  throat  sabside  ;  and  the  diachargo  firoos 
the  nose  gmduAlly  cceeos,  or,  if  it  remains,  it  is  usually  very  £fiiBr«ni 
from  that  which  chiuticleru>es  glnndeni.  In  glanders  there  is  seldom  eoogb 
i>f  any  consequence,  and  giTticmlly  do  euuftfa  at  all. 

A  mnning  frtntt  the  uoee,  sniaJl  iu  qoanti^,  and,  from  the  smallaHe  of 
its  qoantily,  drying  about  tbo  cdgvs  of  the  Bostril,  aad  preseating  kmm 
appoanaoe  of  i<tickin(>M,  will,  in  a  few  cna**,  ronuun  after  aevese  oatarrh, 
and  espeoatly  aAer  tho  iuilucnxa  of  spring;  and  tboao  han  gradoaUy 
aasumedlhatiMraotar  ofglaitden,  and  more  particularly  when  uiey  have 
be«B  MOOBpUMd  hj  eawged  glands  and  ulceration  in  tho  dum.  Here 
the  aid  of  a  jndicwns  TotefiasxT  snr^ooQ  is  _iiidi>|wuHUe ;  uad  be  will 
sometunM  oxperienco  considenkUe  difionlfy  in  deeidiag  tho  ease.  Oae 
oin^unulunci;  will  principally  guide  him.  No  disease  will  ran  on  le 
glanders  whleh  has  not,  to  a  considerable  and  palpable  degree,  impsuied 
and  brokiii  down  the  oonxtitntion ;  and  «v«ry  dtmuo  that  ^mw  Uw  miU 
rtm  cm  ti>  j/landert,     Uc  will  look  then  to  the  general  stalo  and  conditton 


of  the  bona,  as  well  ma  to  the  sifonliou  of  the  glands,  the  nature  of  tlw 
diachsTf^e,  and  the  cliAi«cter  of  Uiu  uloerbliou. 

If.  &n«r  all,  he  ia  in  dottbt,  an  oxperiment  la&y  be  roaort«d  to,  whiuh 
w«sr«  indeed  the  %mttnai»  of  crooHy,  an<l  whkb  on\j  the  Eafi<ty  ot  a 
ralnibltf  ■"■■"*'.  or  uf  a  whole  team,  con  juntifr.  He  will  iiiocnliit«  tin  twa, 
or  a  boras  alrMily  ootklomtMMl  to  the  houudH,  with  the  ouit.tcr  distihnrgpd 
trim  Uw  noas.  If  the  horse  is  slandered,  the  aympluma  of  Rhuidi-ra  or 
IkrCT  will  appear  in  the  inoculftt«d  tuunukl  in  the  coureo  of  a  ti-w  davs. 

ifu  jMvMiiortem  examtnatioD  of  the  horse  will  romnve  evPiy  doubt  as 
to  tbe  eharacter  of  thu  diMMWe.  Tite  nostril  is  gcn<!nill]:  more  or  less 
Wanrthni,  witli  apota  or  Unas  of  iufiainiuation  of  cousiderablu  intcmiiitj. 
OlMvation  is  almost  iovariably  fonnd,  and  of  a  i^hanorons  chanct«r,  on 
Um  wptnio,  and  also  on  the  K'thmoid  and  torbinaled  bones.  The  nlcers 
«ridcntljr  follow  thn  coorac  of  the  nhsorbcnts,  sometimoa  almost  confined 
to  tbe  track  of  the  main  veaad,  or,  if  scutt«red  owr  the  mambntno  gtme- 
rwUj,  thickeat  over  tha  patli  of  tbe  l,>-ui>)istio.  The  ntbnioid  and  turbinated 
bones  are  oftoo  filled  with  pus,  aud  Honietimea  eateu  throii{[h  and  carious ; 
hni,  ia  the  nwority  of  cases,  the  olcerat-ian  is  confined  to  the  external 
■Miiilinim.  althoa^  there  majr  bo  pns  within.  In  a^gnivat«d  casea  the 
diaeaae  Bxtendii  through  all  the  (wIIn  of  tho  Jnco  and  hoad. 

tba  path  uf  the  diseaso  down  the  larynx  and  windpipe  in  easily  trnow], 
aad  Ibe  nloera  ftdlow  one  line — that  of  tho  abiiorl>ent6.  In  aggravatoit 
etatB,  this  can  generally  be  tiSiced  on  to  Uio  Innj^s.  It  prodooes  inflam- 
aiBtkiB  to  th«eo  orgiuus  chanu-(«riMd  in  some  cases  by  conf^i^stion  ;  hut  tu 
otber  oaeea,  tlui  mjoecstinn  hivi  mmo  on  to  hc^tiwvtion,  in  which  tho 
eeOBlar  texture  of  tho  lutigs  is  ub]iti.>riitod.  Hcmt  frcqnentlr,  whan  tlio 
liugB  ara  affectod  at  all,  tuberelus  aru  found — miharj-  tubercles— minu to 
giwatlkted  spots  on  the  aarfaee,  or  in  the  substance  of  tit»  langSi  and  not 
aeoonpanied  br  ranch  inSnmmntion.  In  iv  few  caeoa  there  nre  lor^r 
tnbttrclcs,  which  nnfti-n  and  bnmt,  and  tcrminato  in  cavidei  of  mry\i\g 
•ne ;  they  uru  then  called  ruuiicie. 

In  some  CTtaee^  and  ehowiiif;  ihat  ^'IaIidl^nl  is  not  essentially  or  neces< 
•arily  a  dieetM  of  tbe  Innjip,  there  is  no  morbid  aObction  what«Ter  in 
tboMOv^aiu. 

The  hiatory  thne  giron  of  the  ttympt^tniti  of  glondora  will  clearly  point 
oat  ite  Datore.  It  ia  aa  aSbcticiu  of  tbu  uii^inbnme  of  tbe  nose.  Some  aay, 
md  ■!  tbeirbead  is  Profeeeor  Dupuy,  that  it  is  the  production  of  tubenlea, 
or  anonte  tamonra  in  tfae  upper  cells  of  tbe  uoso,  which  may  Iod);  exist 
niwletectad.  except  by  a  soanolT  perceptible  running  from  the  nostril, 
caaaed  by  tbn  imtntion  which  they  oc<^iuit>n.  TIicmi  tnbrrcIcK  grnilnntly 
becoone  tnore  numerous ;  they  vlust«r  tO||;«lh^r,  suppurate  oiid  break,  and 
^nall  oloentions  are  formed.  The  olcers  discharge  a  puisunous  luntter, 
which  ia  absorbed  and  tak4)D  up  by  the  neighbouring  glands,  and  this,  with 
greetof  or  Icae  rajptdi^,  vitiatos  tho  conKtitntion  of  tho  animal,  and  ia 
cayble  of  oommanicatJng  the  diiuoMolo  othcni.  Some  content  themselves 
with  aaying  thai  it  is  an  iuHamnialion  of  the  mcmhnuio  of  the  uohp,  which 
I  Bi»j  181111111  an  acute  or  chronic  form,  or  in  a  very  short  timo,  or  cx> 
I       ooedingly  slowly,  run  on  to  ulccratiim. 

^m  It  ia  inflamnwHon,  whetlicr  «pcdlic  or  common,  of  tho  lining  membrane 
^B|if  the  Doao— pOMiihly  for  mnntha,  and  ov«n  for  years,  conRncd  to  that 
^■BMnbraDe,  and  eren  to  a  portion  of  it — the  health  and  tho  uivfhlneMi  uf 
^^Wte  *"''"»i  not  being  in  the  slightest  degree  impaired.  Then,  from  aorae 
rakaown  eaose,  not  a  n«w  but  an  intcnsor  action  iti  net  up,  the  inffammo- 
lioo  mora  speedily  rans  it*  course  and  tho  menibraue  becomes  ulcerated. 
n*  taflaounntioo  ipmuls  on  either  ndi-  dovru  the  septum,  and  the  alcora< 
tka  ak  leagth  BMmnBw  that  pL-cuUar  cLuncrous  form  which  chonustoriffca 


W9 


OLAXDEItS. 


inlbunmaUon  <4H|Hh'^>o^-  Et'uu  tlten,  whc-n  ttio  ducliargD  bt^oomw 
([lue/,  and  eomefS^Smer  cli&norcs  bavi^  appeared,  Die  Iiuntu  is  a{i|>uxint]jr 
w«ll.  Tbcro  an>  hundroda  of  gtnnderod  horaefl  about  th(<  cuuutrj  with  not 
K  Ricic  one  nmoiig  them.  Por  months  or  yean  this  iliscaao  may  do  no 
mjoty  to  thrgdicnd  huulth.  Thn  infliimmAUon  i*  partly  local,  and  is  ouly 
recognised  l^  the  iuvKrikblL-  iu.-c()in))iiiiiniunt  of  inflammation  and  iu- 
croaaed  aecrewn.  Ita  uHighbourB  full  uruund,  bot  tbu  diatwu;  »f)oct«  not 
th9  animal  whcnco  it  came.  At  l«ti|^  a  consiilDltonal  inflamnmtion  an- 
jtt^n  i  fiircjr  in  c»tablisliod  in  iu  most  borriblo  form,  and  desUi  ip««diljr 
clonpK  tho  PCt-no. 

W}uit,  ihtm,  is  the  catuw  of  tluH  inicidiana  drowlfnl  dinMuic  P  AllhoOKh 
wo  may  be  in  »  maimer  puwerleaa  a«  to  Uie  removal  of  the  outliuly,  yet  if 
we  can  trace  ita  c-aneo  and  manner  of  actioD,  we  way  at  l(«uit  bo  able  to 
do  aometliine  in  Uio  way  of  prevention.  Mneh  bns  been  aocompliii]>cd  in 
thin  war.  Crinodeni  diH.-s  not  commit  onotrnth  [mrt  of  the  ravages  which 
it  did  thirty  or  forty  ytwra  a^o,  and,  gLixTiJly  vjiciJdng,  it  ia  now  oal|jr 
found  ta  ft  fretj^ueut  and  provalitut  diaeaac  where  ii«filect,  aiut  fiUh,  and 
WBDt  of  vmlQation  exist. 

Oloiutos  may  bo  citlior  brod  in  tho  borsff,  or  commanicated  by  oou- 
b^ion.  ^Vhiit  wr<  have  further  to  renuirk  on  this  malady  will  be  anaof^ 
nnuer  tbene  two  lu-uds. 

Iuiprii])Hr  Hiablu  uiau^mcDt  we  believe  to  be  a  &r  tnore  freqannt  ranae 
of  glaudcn  tliau  ceulatpoii.  Tbo  air  whieh  ia  oeoeeaaty  to  KVpiratiun  ix 
chniged  and  empoisoned  in  it«  passag«  throogb  the  lungs,  and  a  frenh 
mpi^  is  noeessary  for  tbc  support  of  hfo.  That  annpl^  may  bo  sufBoienI 
hanly  to  nrpport  life,  hut  not  to  prnTeiit  the  vitiatod  air  froni  again  and 
again  paning  to  tho  InngK,  and  producing  irritation  and  diacaao.  The 
mnnbmne  oftlio  noiu.',  [Kwntiiiied  of  extreme  setuibitity  for  the  pimioxos  of 
Bndl,  ia  <«iiily  irntat<<d  b>-  this  poison,  and  close  and  ill-ventilated  Btablea 
oAcDcetirittieas  the  raTai^of  (glanders.  Professor  Coleman  relates  a  caaa 
which  proves  to  deiuoiistration  the  rapid  and  btail  agency  of  this  oaoae;, 
'  In  the  expedition  to  QniVwron,  tho  hontcs  had  not  been  long  on  board 
the  transport*  before  it  bonamo  nuce»ary  to  tthnl  down  tho  hahJiwnya  tbt 
a  few  honnt ;  the  comtuioenco  of  this  was,  that  some  of  Ibera  wera  mA 
focalvd,  and  that  all  tlie  r««t  were  dismbarked  eiUter  pandered  or 
farcied,' 

In  II  close  stable,  the  sir  U  not  only  poicnned  by  living  rrprsfntty  broaUted, 
bnt  thrrc  an-  other  and  more  [""Wf-rlul  ncmrocs  of  miiiebicf.  The  dang  and 
the  oiine  urn  snlTcivd  to  remain  fi-rnientin);,  and  fri^*'"?  ""t  injurioos 
gana.  In  many  dark  and  in-manai(L-d  utabltn,  a  portion  uf  the  duuf;  nwy 
rie  swept  awaj,  but  the  urine  lies  for  days  at  the  bottom  of  l)i«  bed,  the 
difgnsting  and  putrcfyinff  nalore  of  which  is  ill-cottcoalod  by  a  little  frv«li 
straw  which  the  lasy  horsokeeper  scatter*  over  the  (np. 

The  stables  of  the  gvotleman  nro  gtncmlly  kept  hot  enongh,  and  Gv  too 
hot,  although,  in  many  of  them,  a  more  rational  mode  of  treatment  ia 
banning  to  be  ado]<t«d ;  hut  tbey  are  Jody  and  roomy,  and  the  horses 
am  uot  loo  much  crow  dcd  together,  and  a  most  snmpnlooa  rogard  is  paid 
to  oleanliness.  Glanders  seldom  iirevaib  there.  The  stables  of  the  faiiiiw 
are  ill>maoi^^  asd  filthy  enon^n,  and  the  ordure  and  urine  ■niiwtiiaes 
remain  6om  week  to  week,  until  the  home  lii«  or  a  peffeot  dnngUIL 
CHandots  seldom  preraib  there ;  for  the  siuue  cnmloMUoa*  which  ]>emiilB 
the  filth  to  aocumnlate  leaves  tniuiy  a  cranny  for  the  wind  to  enter  and 
Kwasp  away  the  deleterious  (umos  from  this  badly-roofed  and  aucciled 
phtes. 

I'he  Blabka  of  tho  horse-dealer  are  hot  enosffh ;  bat  a{irincipleafstnct 
cIcaBlioMs  is  enforced,  far  tborv  mtmt  be  nothing  to  offend  the  eye  ur  " 


1 


0[..V.\»EKS. 


2(W 


■ordtecnMnmi^,  niul  Iherc  eUmlcrs  UsptJom  Potindi  l>iit  if  tlie  sUtbleti 
of  maay  uf  uur  [Hut  uiiil  umiiibtu  lioritcs,  ttod  of  tlioM!  employed  on  our 
OMmIs,  ore  cxMniiied,  slttiost  too  low  for  a  tall  hona  to  uliuid  npriglit  iu 
tiMia,— ^oo  dork  for  the  Dccnninkitioii  of  iiUh  to  bo  [terc^ivcU, — too  fur 
fitm  tlw  Bj-o  of  the  mutor, — ill-ilnuiied  nnd  ill-pnvcJ, — and  eovnrned  by 
a  bite  principle  of  eoonoiny,  wliich  bt-grudgcs  tJio  laboar  of  t&c  man,  aud 
tli0  (Jeftnlineas  uxl  eoufort  of  the  aumal ;  these  vrill  ha  tlic  very  hotbeda 
<tf  the  dipoftco,  and  in  many  oftbeBeoetablisbniuute  it  Uaii  almost  conittatit 

Olaiidon  miky  bo  proitncod  by  ao^lhin  g  that  ugnrcs,  or  Ibr  ft  Icugtli  of 
fume  kctn  upoD  and  wuukmii,  tbn  \ntkl  onc-rgy  of  thia  membnuio.  It  baa 
been  known  to  follow  a  fravture  of  the  buiioa  of  the  now.  It  lui8  bct^n  tho 
flooaeqaence  of  violent  catarrh,  aud  partjculariy  tho  lott^-coutiDuciI  din- 
cbarga  fJrota  the  nostrils,  of  which  wo  have  spoken.  It  h&s  been  produced 
far  ms  injvctian  of  stimnlnting  and  acrid  cahstanrnn  tip  tlie  nostril. 
Bmythtng  thut  wcaknnti  tbu  conatilutton  generally  will  Icwl  tii  gliuidor*. 
It  ia  act  only  from  Itid  nlablc  luauuffeiueitt,  but  from  tho  Imntabips  which 
dwy  andnn^  and  tine  eihaustcd  state  of  titcir  const! ta lion,  that  post  and 
■ffliiftci  honM  are  so  subject  to  glnndcrg ;  and  there  is  scai'cely  an  iii- 
flsnUBBtory  dincane  to  which  thv  liorse  is  subject  that  IM  not  occiMionally 
t)«ad  np  and  temiiniitcd  by  the  ujipi^unuicu  of  glaadcrs. 

AniHig  Uie  oouMS  of  k''"")^''^  ^  want  of  rei^ular  exercise.  Thir  con. 
iwNiliiWi,  ahhoagh  not  eridpnt  at  first  glance,  is  too  certain.  W)i«ti  a  huma 
tm»  been  worked  with  pcralinr  ncvttrify,  and  is  become  ont  of  spiritfl, 
■ad  Ul«  away  in  Bvsh,  and  refoMw  to  e«t,  a  little  rest  and  a  ftw  mnAhoa 
wonld  rttak«  all  right  a^aiu ;  bat  the  ^room  ptitis  biui  with  cordiulii,  aud 
add*  fuel  to  fire,  and  ag^avates  the  state  of  fever  thfit  hua  commeueod. 
Wbai  >■  the  B«w8a»ry  conseooouco  of  Ihis  ?  The  weakest  goes  to  tlie 
wall,  and  eitber  tJie  lan^  or  the  foct,  or  tbts  miuubruue — thitt  of  the  ooBS 

Ihn  weakcvt  of  aU.eiposed  day  al\i-r  day  to  tbe  stiinuluting,  di:J)tlitatiug 
{■fliiiiiinia  tliat  harv  been  described,  becomes  the  priai:i[>al  S4:at  of  inOnin. 
inatioo  that  terminates  in  glnndem. 

It  i«  in  thin  w»y  thitt  glnndon  htuc  no  frvi^aently  been  koown  to  follow 
a  hard  day'a  cbmtie.  The  se«dj  of  thu  ilineaHe  may  have  previously  existed, 
b«t  it*  iiumwii  will  be  hastened  by  the  ^nersl  ttnd  fohrilo  action  excit«l 
— Ibe  aoenrd  neasnres  which  am  odopli^  not  being  calculated  to  Kubdno 
lfc»  bvar,  bat  to  tacrcoao  the  atimolun. 

Kreiy  exciting  riiiiin  rif  rlinmnn  nmrtn  ita  chief  aiid  ile  worst  influence 
aa  tins  laembraDe.  At  the  clou  of  a  sorore  cauijtaign  the  horses  are  mora 
tfcaa  dsdimatad  by  thia  pest.  At  the  fertnination  of  the  I'cniDsular  war 
t^  rmTBMS  of  tbia  diaeoao  were  dreadful.  Every  dimtuie  will  pr^^pcue 
tkm  ne^nane  of  tlia  aose  to  take  on  the  inflajmnation  of  jilaiiilem,  and 
witfa  taany,  as  stcanglea,  catarrb,  bronchitis,  and  pneumonia,  there  is  a 

alimi^   of   mambtanc,  no  nNtoeiution  of  funotioni    aud   a  thouHind 


la  not  a  diacnjsc  which  may  not  Iny  the  fonndntion  for  Klandera, 
Wcaki^  and  moothi,  andyvunt  may  totorvene  but  ween  the  predispoxing 
eaSM  Bad  the  actual  evil;  but  at  leuj^ili  the  whole  frame  may  become 
Mcoitcd  or  debilitated  in  many  a  wny,  ami  then  this  debilitated  poi-tion  of 
it  is  the  firrt  to  yieM  to  tho  uttAck.  Atmoephcrio  influence  has  somewhat 
to  do  witli  tlic  pret-altTUcc  of  tthuulura.  It  i*  not  so  fraquent  in  tho  summer 
aa  in  ibe  winler,  partly  attributable,  perhaps,  to  tho  diCTenint  iilAte  of  the 
atabl«  IB  tiie  anmiuer  months,  Doithar  tho  nir  so  clone  or  bo  foul,  nor  tha 
ahemaliona  tf  fjTmperntnro  ao  great. 

Thai*  ara  aooDc  remarkaMo  caaoK  of  the  connection  of  moistnre.or  moiAt 
fxbalationa,  tiiat  davrre  iVeard,    Wlitu  pew  stabling  wiw  buiU  for  the 

f 


VIO 


GLAXDEBS. 


troopii  nt  Hj-thc,  and  iuhaliitvd  K-rorc  tlic  wulls  wen  porfeotl;  dry,  maaj 
of  iLs  honas  that  had  been  t^uuri'd  from  tm  open,  dry,  and  healthy 
litastion,  becftmo  ai1oct«d  with  glaudi^rs  ;  but,  Bom«  time  bartDg  paMtd 
over,  the  horeoe  in  tht-uc  »tnt>Ic«  w«r«  as  hcaltiiv  lu  tlw  others,  mm  gha- 
dftrs  OMMcd  to  HiiiMnir.  An  innkncpcr  nt  Wakclii^ld  built  Koiiie  uxUmiuTs 
stabling  for  liin  bunH^s,  and  tuluibitttig  them  too  soon,  lost »  great  pn>> 
portiuu  of  Ilia  cattle  from  glaiidcn.  Tlioro  are  not  now  mor*  heallhf 
Stablaa  id  tho  place.  Tho  immcDee  ran^^  of  stsblcs  nndor  tJi«  Adelpbi, 
in  tho  Strftod.  where  light  never  ontcni,  and  the  sii]ip!y  of  rrcali  air  in  not  too 
nbiinitntit,  vnro  for  n  Long  time  notorionxly  unhntlthy,  and  many  Taliui)>!o 
horMiH  WM«  dcotroytsd  by  );liLiid«n ;  Imt  noir  tbi>y  are  fldhid  with  tbo 
GnMt  wagio^n  and  dray-hontea  tliat  tliu  mMro|K)li8  or  tbe  oonntTy  oon- 
toins,  Uld  thoy  aro  fully  as  healthy  aa  in  the  m^ority  of  atablM  above* 
gnmod. 

Thcro  ta  ono  more  oatiM  to  bo  slightly  montioned— Iiercditary  pr«di«po- 
aition.  Tliia  hita  not  bcwn  imfEcicntly  etttimated,  witli  regard  to  tbe  aiM»- 
tion  now  under  considenUoti,  as  well  aa  with  respect  to  overytlui^ 
connected  with  tho  breeding  of  the  horse.  Thsre  ia  soarooty  a  diMasa 
that  doos  not  run  in  tho  stock.  Tbero  is  that  in  tiko  itrnctDro  of  rarioaa 
piiru,  or  tlicir  dinpoxition  to  ho  aRi>ct4;d  l^  cm-tain  !nl]ni.-nci.>ei,  whioh  Mr- 
pulnatva  in  tho  ofTapring  tbu  diseaoiii  of  the  xiro  ;  and  thus  cootxaouon, 
ophthalmia,  roarintf,  are  decidedly  hereditary,  and  so  is  glanderB.  U. 
Diipny  relates  some  dManve  cases.  A  maiv,  on  dissection,  cxhibiUvd 
OTcry  appoarance  of  glaaden ;  her  filly,  who  n>sninh1i>d  her  in  form  and  in 
her  riciooa  propenxitios,  died  glandmtid  at  six  yean  old.  A  second  and 
a  third  mare  and  their  foaU  presented  tbe  same  fatal  proof  that  glandeia 
bboroditory. 

Glanders  is  highly  conioffioas.  Tho  farmer  cannot  bo  to  diwpty  ini- 
prvstwl  with  tbe  certainty  of  this.  Considering  tho  dt^rca  to  which  thia 
diwHuo,  ervn  at  tbu  prMont  iny,  otWn  prevails,  t^  lefn^latore  would  bo 
jnstifled  in  iiitcrferiuff  by  some  aerere  coactmenta,  as  it  haa  done  in  tba 
case  of  Uie  small-pox  in  tbo  human  subject. 

Tba  aarly  and  marked  xymptam  of  slanders  is  a  dischai^  from  tba 
nostrils  of  a  peculiar  obarncter;  and  if  that,  crcu  before  it  beoomsa  pom- 
lent,  is  nibbed  on  a  wound,  or  on  a  mncoua  auriiKC,  as  the  aostnls,  tt  will 
produce  a  similar  dis6a«e.  If  tho  division  between  two  horaos  wera  s<dB* 
dcntly  high  to  preront  all  smelling  and  snorting  at  aaohotlMr  and  oontwl 
of  every  kind,  and  they  dnudc  not  out  of  the  same  poil,  Ik  sonikl  bona 
might  lire  for  yeonii  aninfeoted,  br  Uus  sida  of  a  glaodered  one.  Tbe 
matter  of  glaaden  baa  been  loixed'up  into  a  hall,  ai^  given  to  a  healthy 
horsey  witooni  effect.  Some  hones  have  eaten  the  bar  loft  by  those  that 
worn  glaadered,  and  no  Imd  conaeqaanoo  has  followed ;  bat  othera  bare 
been  speedilr  infcelod.  The  glandDroni  tnatfar  rnnat  come  in  contact  with 
a  wooad,  or  nil  on  some  tnembrttncy  thin  and  deUoate  like  that  of  tbe  nosc^ 
and  through  which  it  may  be  absorbed.  It  is  easf ,  than,  aocoslaiDad  •■ 
hoTM*  are  to  be  crowded  together,  and  to  rocoffuso  eoob  other  bf  tte 
smell — eating  oat  of  tbe  Rame  manger,  and  dnnkuig  Iran  the  same  pai^ 
to  imogioe  that  the  diaeasp  may  be  vcnr  nmlily  cornmimioaled.  One  botsa 
haa  paased  anolher  when  he  waa  in  tlM  aot  of  saoHii^,  and  has  bocoa* 
glaaoeted.  Some  611iee  have  received  tbe  contagion  fr«m  tbe  matHr 
Elown  by  tho  wind  acroas  a  lano,  when  n  glaadorod  borao,  in  tbe  oppoaiis 
Geld,  has  claimcl  ooqaaintnnoo  by  neighing  or  snortiDg.  It  is  almost  i^ 
poaaibto  for  a  glondered  Ikmiw  to  roakain  long  in  a  stahlc  with  c4bn 
witboot  inepaiable  misoluef.  _ 

If  some  peraona  nndertato  the  danger,  it  is  becanse  the  ilitnaan  nf 
nnaia  nMeaognaed  in  the  iofiMtod  bono  for  snne  nuintfaa,  oc  eren  ytens 


QLASDHRS. 


-Jit 


I  it  ikppcnrs,  it  is  attrilinicd  to  other  causes  or  to  afU'r 

No  );''>'"^<'''<^'   lutrsi»  tliould   be  canplnycil  on  Huy  farm,  nor 

■boald  B  glBodcml  lionto  U-  ixM-initlird  to  work  on  nii^  rond,  or  even  to 
|]k«biiu  on  buj  field.  Mi»cliii5r  ni:iv  be  bo  eaaily  aitd  extiMimvct^r  t^fleclod, 
that  tlie  pubUc  interest  demaDila  (hat  ovety  infected  onitual  .■>houtd  be 
akmmarilr  de^lmTcd,  or  given  over  for  cjiperiiii«Dt  to  a  vet^iriaary  Hurg(M>iu 
or  rMqgnitcd  rcUirinuy  est«bli«hiDonlv 

Then  u«  a  few  iixlaiiOM  of  the  spontmDecinii  cnro  of  chronic  elandcrs. 
ThL-  dmiMrfft  lias  cxisUd  for  a  oonnderxblo  time.  At  Uingth  it  hns 
endasUy  diminished, and  has  ceased;  and  this  ban  ucuurrud  UTid«r  every 
nndof  trc*lineiil-,and  n-itbontanj  medical  treatment:  but  in  tlie  majority 
cttitom  Riippo«cd  c«i*ca,th*iniiitt<;rwiu!  only  pent  lip  for  a  vhil^.andtheu, 
bomting  from  itn  cunHntuiifnt,  it  flowi'd  oguiii  in  iloiiblu  qnantity :  or,  if 
plaoden  has  not  retippcared,  the  home,  in  ci){kt«en  or  Ivrenty-foiir 
imm^hf.  hai  become  farcied,  or  consnniptive,  and  died.  Tliesu  supjiuHud 
cnrmuefinratid  fiu"  betw-ceo,  and  ni-o  to  be  rogsrdcd  with  much  Hii^piciou. 

Aa  (or  nuiilMTinr,  theiv  is  wuuvely  a  drag  to  which  n  fair  trinl  hnx  not 
been  gircn,  and  manj  of  them  have  luul  a  t^mpomry  rcpiitntion  ;  but  tlioy 
have  passed  away,  one  afW  the  other,  aad  aiv  no  Uinf-vr  heuni  of.  Tlie 
Use  vitriol  and  the  Spanish-fly  have  hold  out  lon^et ;  and  in  a  few  cases, 
mtktr  Datore  or  those  mctliducs  have  done  wonHei's,  bnt  in  the  majority 
of  hudattcc*  they  have  pulpobly  failed.  Thcdiniodidcof  copper  has  lately 
aoqniied  some  n^latiun.  It  has  boeti  uf  great  servioe  in  ca.-icit  of  farcy, 
bnt  ia  not  to  be  depended  UDon  in  inlanders. 

Vhat*  the  life  of  a  ^nablo  animal  is  at  stake,  and  the  owner  adopts 
•vMy  pTOcantMn  fo  pntvent  inftiction,  he  may  enhjcct  thc>  horse  to  niodical 
bcatanent;  ba(  every  humane  man  will  iiidifrnatttly  obJL-ct  to  the  Hiittine 
of  (he  Boatril.  aod  Ifae  scraping  of  the  cartila>;e,  and  scaring  of  the  gland, 
aadfiringof  the  frontal  and  nMalboncn,  and  to  those  injections  of  mnstard 
and  c^aicom,  oorromro  snbliinat«  and  vitriol,  by  wliich  the  horse  has  bi;en 
tortsnd,  and  the  praetttJoner  dinirruced.  At  the  reterinary  school,  and  by 
Tctorinaty  snigeooa,  it  will  be  most  desirable  that  every  experiment  should 
be  tried  to  discover  a  remedy  for  this  post ;  bnt,  in  onlinory  instances,  ho 
ia  not  fiuthfol  to  his  own  inlorest  or  that  of  his  neighbours  who  does  not 
tnaartt  the  poMibilitv  of  <langcr  io  the  most  sumcutLry  way. 

If,  howeii-er,  remedial  measures  are  resorted  to,  a  pure  aljuosjiliere  U 
tLat  which  shoold  fint  be  tried.  CSlandere  is  the  peculiar  disease  of  the 
■tabled  borM^  and  the  preparation  for,  or  the  foundation  of,  a  cure  mnst 
eonsut  in  the  psffect  removal  of  evoiy  exciting  cause  of  the  malady.  The 
borae  miwt  brcntlte  a  cool  and  puru  atoioephere,  and  lie  must  be  turned 
Odt,  or  placed  iu  a  situation  equivalent  (o  it. 

A.  salt  marab  is,  above  all  otheni,  the  situation  for  tliix  cxperinient ;  but 
there  ia  mn^  caation  reqiiircil.  No  lotind  hur.io  inniii  be  in  the  Knmo 
paetttra,  or  a  Beighbouring  one.  The  j>itliiigs  or  thu  gales  may  rei.'t>ive  a 
portian  of  tbe  matter,  which  may  harden  upon  them,  and,  many  a  month 
■AerwatdSy  be  a  source  of  mischief — nay,  tbe  virus  may  cling  about  tho 
veiy  herbage  and  empoison  it  Cattle  and  ohccp  should  not  be  trusted 
■ritli  a  fflandcTTKl  horsD,  for  the  exnttrimcntji  aro  not  suOiciently  uumeroua 
or  decided  as  to  the  exemption  of  these  aiumuls  fVom  the  contagion  of 
ghaders. 

BappoaiDg  that  glandcn  has  made  il^  appcamnce  In  the  stablea  of  a 
hmar,  ia  tlMnt  any  danger  after  be  baa  removed  or  destroyed  the  infected 
bone  ?— Cvrtainly  there  in,  bnt  not  to  the  extent  that  is  commonly 
eoppoeod.  There  is  no-neceasity  lor  pulling  down  the  nutlca  and  man- 
gen,  or  enen  the  stable  itself,  as  some  Imvn  ilone.  Tlie  poi«on  resides 
fMjt  in  the  breatli  of  the  animal,  but  in  the  nuMil  discharge^  and  that  can 

rl 


212 


PARCT. 


Diit^  reii^li  (^■''VHBP*  o**  ^'^  stiiblo.  If  tlie  mangcni,  tnii  flH|H| 
lialod,  aud  partfffiBE^WB  firat  well  ncrapod.  iLud  scuun-d  witb  wi^^BP 
WAtor,  and  tlii^ii  tboronghlj  wsabeid  witli  a  solution  of  the  chloride  of  lime 
(onu  pint  of  tfao  ohlondo  to  k  pnilfiil  of  water),  nnd  tlic  wnlls  lav  limo- 
wBitiH,  ftnd  t^  iiead-gRar  bamnd,  nnd  tho  aUittin^  bakiKi  or  washed,  and 
the  p^la  nswlj  paiatod,  and  tho  iron-work  exp<M«<l  to  a  red  iMat,  all 
danj^er  will  ooaee. 

Iiittio  tlint  in  nitiflfaototy  con  be  said  of  the  prMwnfa'cni  of  glondflra. 

Thu  first  and  moct  oficotnat  loodo  of  prvvMition  vrill  bo  to  koop  tho 
atsblcH  cool  and  wuU  ventilntnil,  fur  the  hot  uid  poisoned  air  of  low  and 
OOallDed  stables  is  one  of  thv  luuat  preralemt  oanaes  of  glandeM. 

Kpit  (o  ventilation  oomcs  good  and  eSIoiMit  drainage.  The  nrine 
nhonld  ncvi!r  bo  allowcMl  to  lie  on  tbo  suiHaco,  biit  have  tvadj  menna  of 
o.fcupu  tUn>U|;h  ample  and  wcll-arrangitd  dninH ;  fur  thu  foul  air  front  tlio 
furuiontiiig  litter,  and  urinu,  and  dunff.  miiat  not  only  be  luf-lily  injurioiu 
to  health  geiMrallr,  bnt  irritate  and  predispose  to  inUammation  that  <teli- 
eat«  membraiie  whirh  is  the  priinarr  seat  of  tho  dinonso.  If  to  this  be 
added  ntgnliir  nxervim-j  nnd  upciuiionivl  grenn  mfut  daring  the  (Fummcr,  and 
eftrrot«  in  tlie  wiutur,  we  nball  liuve  etatvd  lUI  that  can  be  done  iu  tho  waj 
of  pFerentioii. 

OlanJ«n  in  the  human  being.— \t  cannot  bo  too  often  repeated,  that  a 
glandorvd  home  can  mrcly  rpmnin  among  Konnd  onca  withoiat  serious 
miKibiof  cnsuiuff ;  and,  wonw  than  all,  the  man  who  attvnda  om  that  bone 
is  iu  datjger.  -  The  eaooo  are  now  beoomiog  far  too  nusieroot  in  wbioh 
the  groom  or  the  Teterinar^sorgeen  attending  on  ))laudeTod  hoTMa  beeomec 
tnfeeted,  and  in  tho  majorit}-  of  ciwi<-s  dion.  It  is,  howoTcr,  aoouwlMb 
more  manogeablo  in  the  ntimnn  being  thiui  in  thu  (iiiitdnipvd.  Somacefles 
of  rocoTorr  from  {itrnj  and  Klandt-m  sitand  on  record  with  regard  to  th* 
hnman  being,  but  the;  are  fuw  and  (m  betivoen. 

Fare;  i«  intimately  connected  with  glanders ;  they  will  run  into  fwA 
other,  or  their  symptoms  will  mingle  together,  and  before  either  anivw 
at  its  blsl  tormination  the  otbor  will  grnrrally  appear.  An  ■"'™^j 
inoculated  with  the  matter  of  Gwcy  will  of^vn  bo  alBictod  with  etandera, 
while  the  matter  of  glanders  will  frequently  prodaoe  fitroy.  They  are 
diflorent  type*  of  the  same  dieeaoe.  There  is,  liowerer,  a  very  material 
difllBrenoe  in  their  tjmflbciam  and  progren,  and  this  moat  important  one 
of  all,  that  while  glanders  is  incnrablo,  farcy,  in  its  early  stage  and  mild 
form,  may  be  succesuifnlly  trcnti-d. 

While  the  oapilluiy  vecssls  of  the  ortcriea  are  evetrirlieTv  empk^vd  in 
building  up  the  frame,  the  ^isoriwnts  are  no  less  dtlig«ntly  at  work  in 
•electiiur  and  carrying  away  ereir  otdeai  or  worn-out  portion  or  part 
of  it.  There  is  no  sanaoo — there  la  no  aMignnble  npot  on  which  thov- 
aandx  of  thcuo  littlo  months  do  not  open.  In  the  diacliarg«  of  tbcir  dnty, 
tfaey  not  only  remove  that  which  is  become  osolces,  and  ofleu  lliat  which 
it  ualtlij,  bnt  that  which  is  potsonoos  and  dcxtructive.  They  a^tm  apeii 
tfao  SOT&ce  of  oroiy  glanderous  chancre.  Thoy  alwDrb  a  portion  of  lb* 
vims  which  ii  secreted  by  tlm  ulcer,  and  as  it  paHnea  aklog  theao  little 
tube*,  (hny  sulTer  frinii  its  acriiuouioua  quality ;  hence  the  eonhi  oeMw,  ■■ 
tbey  an  called  by  the  Ikrrier,  or,  more  properly,  the  thiokaned  and  in- 
flamed absoibento  fdlowing  tho  oonmo  of  tlxt  veins. 

At  ccrlikin  ditlaitccn  in  uie  coarse  of  the  abiorKtnte  are  loose  daplioa* 
lores  of  ibi!  lining  nirmbraoe,  fomiing  valvec,  which  are  praied  agaiut 
Iha  side  of  the  vraad  and  permit  tlie  finid  to  |>asa  iu  a  itirection  lowardt 
Uis  idtaat,  bat  belJy  oat  and  impede  or  aneat  ita  progresi  from  ifaa 


3 


PABcr. 


«ll 


The  rinta  *t  Oeas  pkCM,  and  Uw  lulililioiuil  inflamriiAticin  tlieru  cxoilciJ, 
»  to  II  greater  or  less  degree  erUknl  to  the  eje  and  to  the  foelius-  They 
are  nsudly  first  obwrvcd  aboat  the  Hpn,  tke  nose,  the  neck,  the  oxillai-y 
•paces  of  the  cliest,  and  Ibo  thighs.  Tliev  ara  rerj  hard — orcn  of  a 
acirrhoas  hardnwtt,  more  or  loiat  tvnder,  Acid  with  porccptiblo  beat  about 
tbvm. 

The  poisonoas  matter  b«4iig  thus  confiu«d  and  preaaiug  on  the  part,  mp> 
pantioD  and  nlcoration  onsac  Tho  nlccrs  have  the  same  characters  aa 
ihe  glaoderoiu  eatn  on  the  memhmno  of  tJin  noun.  Thoj'  are  roondod, 
vritfa  an  eletstod  edge  and  a  pula  inir&ce.  Thej  ttre  tme  ohancreo,  and 
ihcy  discbanra.  B  rims  as  iufoctiooa  and  as  dangerous  as  the  matter  of 
glnndenu  Wliihi  thej  ruinain  in  their  hard  prominent  Mate,  they  are 
called  iuttOBt  orfarey  budt;  and  the;  ivre  connected  together  Djr  the  in- 
flamed and  corded  auorbente. 

la  MOM  cases  the  horse  will  droop  for  manj'  a  day  before  the  appear- 
ance of  the  corded  veins  or  buds— his  appetite  will  bia  impaired — his  coat 
irill  stare — he  will  lo^o  fWh.  Tho  poison  ia  evidently  at  work,  bnt  has 
not  gained  saiEctcnt  poiri-r  to  cttiute  tSe  nbxorbenls  to  cnlsree.  In  a  few 
eMH  these  bads  do  not  nlcemte,  bnt  become  hard  and  difficult  to  disperse. 
1b»  procrem  of  ihe  disease  is  thi>n  suspended,  and  possibly  for  some 
nontna  ihe  hontc  will  i^ipcar  to  be  restored  to  health  ;  but  bo  boors  the 
seeds  of  the  maladv  about  him,  and  in  due  time  the  larcgr  aesomes  its 
▼inlent  form,  and  harries  him  off.  These  buds  h:ive  sometimes  been 
ooofinmded  with  tho  little  tumours  or  lumps  termed  mtrjeil.  They  are 
genanlly  higher  than  l^oeo  tniuonrs,  and  not  tK>  broad.  Thcj  have  a 
mora  knotty  character,  nuJ  an  principally  found  on  the  insiilo  of  the 
tinlM,  instead  of  the  outsidi.'. 

V0ir  things  an  more  unlike,  or  more  perplexing',  than  the  diSerent 
ionns  which  farcr  aBsnmcs  at  different  times.  Ono  of  the  logs,  and  par- 
ticnlarly  one  of  the  hinder  Irg^  will  n^uddi-nly  swoll  to  an  enormons  siso. 
At  night  the  honw  will  apio-or  to  Im  pt^rfoclly  well,  and  in  the  morning 
one  leg  wUl  be  three  times  ihv  size  of  the  other,  with  considerable  fever 
Hid  scarcely  the  power  of  moving  tho  limb. 

At  other  times  the  head  will  bn  Kuhjcct  U>  this  eiiIiirt;r:nont,  the  muzzle 
partieuhrty  will  swdl,  and  an  offunflivo  diacharge  will  proc'L>uil  from  tho 
Doee.  SooietiiDes  the  horae  will  gradually  lose  fl«sh  and  strength;  be 
win  be  hida-boand ;  mangy  eruptions  will  appear  in  difi'orcnt  parts  ;  tho 
legs  will  Kwcll ;  cracks  will  bo  seen  at  the  heels,  and  nii  inoxpcrirnocd 
pcrrmon  may  txraocivo  it  to  be  a  mere  want  of  condition,  combined  with 


By  de^rew  the  aflVction  becomes  general.  Tho  virus  has  readied  the 
termination  of  the  absorbents,  and  mingles  with  the  general  circulitting 
ttnid,  and  is  convoyed  with  tho  blood  to  every  part  of  the  firuno.  Thore 
are  no  bmgcr  ai^  valvtm  to  impede  its  progress,  nnd  consequently  no  knots 
or  Awb,  but  the  myriada  of  CKptlhu^-  absuilicnts  that  penetrate  every  nart 
'  *  )  inflamed,  and  thickened,  and  enlfirgc^d,  and  cmiso  to  dischsrKu  Ixicir 

UvBiBa  arises  enlsrgemoQt  of  tho  snbstunoo  of  various  parts, 
I  of  the  leg),  and  chest,  and  head — sudden,  painful,  enormous,  and 
'  by  a  heat  and  londemesH,  which  do  not  accompany  other 
,    ienl«. 

I  a  qoestion  considered  somewhat  difficult  to  nmrer,  whether  Ihroy 
CUI  mdat  wjtboot  prcriona  glandera.  Cortninly  it  can  ;  there  aro'iranto- 
nms  inirt«nc«)»  of  cimcs  of  far^y  ranning  their  courae  porelv  us  such,  and 
nltinial(--)y  arriving  at  a  compli.tf  rfcovery,  without  «  singV-  symptom  of 
^anden  iuteneniug.  Farcy  is  a  curable  form  of  tho  disfuji?,  jjlandeni 
litf  incurable ;  and  this  most  important  distinctiMi  bet<rvcu  lliciu  at  oitne 


214 


pahcy. 


proves  that  ttlthoogli  tiiej'  inav  bo,  knd  most  prolwblr  arc,  types  of  onn 
ftod  the  nnw  diiWMM.',  Ui«7  are  nol  id«uti(«I  irilh  each  otli«r.  Tiieru  i* 
tbtt  lopg-ooatinaBd  tnaiduma  progrw  of  glandprs — tho  tim«  which  may 
elapse,  aad  ofteo  docs,  before  tba  owner  is  atearo  or  the  vrtcrinarj-  sarg«oa 
Bnreofit  —  the  poxnhilitjr  that  minnla  ■Iceration  may  hnve  for  a  long 
-while  cxiiited  in  mame  of  the  reccewM  of  the  nose— ^ra-  lliat  th^u  «lig)it  tlU- 
eharge,  nndreaded  and  nureco^tiia^d,  jet  ritiatod,  poisoned,  and  cataU>Ui 
of  eommnnicatiDg  tlw  diwaee,  nuijr  hare  btxa  long  tmv«lliDg  throiif;n  tho 
{ramo,  and  aActang  di*  abeorbenta,  and  preparing  for  the  sadden  dJgplaj 
of  farcy. 

One  thing,  however,  is  undemable,  that  (broj  does  uot  long  <uid  ex- 
tAniiToIy  prevail  witboQt  being  acoompatued  1^  glanders,  and  that  it 
Dover  destroys  the  nnimnl  withiiDt  phuntj  SMmdating  itwelf  with  glanders. 
Tliry  arr,  in  fact,  ^pca  of  the  aumu  diMauic. 

Glandi-ni  is  inflammalioo  of  the  niuiubranc  of  the  nose,  nmlnRing  as 
altered  and  pcisODOna  aecretion,  and  when  sofficieut  of  this  vitiated  necro- 
Ijon  has  bean  taken  np  to  produce  inflaBunatioD  and  ulceration  of  the 
abeorbente,  fiircy  is  eatablislMML  Ila  program  is  occaaionallj  Xtaj  ca> 
pricionK,  continnin^  in  a  few  caaee  tor  months  and  jemn,  tne  rigotu*  of 
the  hone  remaining  unimpaired ;  and  at  other  Unua,  nuuung  oo  to  ita 
fatal  tenninatioii  witb  a  rapiditj  perfcctlj  ■wrtOMJahiiy. 

FarcT-  has  been  confooaded  with  other  disMaos;  but  he  mast  be  eardeaa 
or  ignorant  who  mictook  sprain  for  iL  The  inflammatioo  is  too  ciroun* 
scribed  and  too  pUinlj  coniKvtcd  with  the  joint  or  the  tondon. 

Il  loaj  be  raadily  iL(itiii};^iali(.<(l  from  grease  or  swcll«<l  k-gs.  In  gmuw 
there  iaiuaaU^aome  cmckor  scurfineM,a  peculiar  teDaeneaa  and  redness 
and  plonneas  of  the  sliin.  gr>mc  icboroos  dacharges  »ful  »  atngnlar  spaa- 
modio  catching  np  of  tbn  li^. 

In  farcy  llio  engorgement  tji  even  more  anddo)  than  that  of  grease^ 

Tli«  horse  is  well  (o-day,  and  to- morrow  ho  ifl  gorged  from  the  tetSoA  to 

the  haunch,  and  although  there  ia  not  tho  same  redness  or  gtosainraa, 

*there  is  great  ttiidomess,  a  burning  heat  in  tho  limh,  and  nioch  ^nL-rsI 

fevor.     It  is  Rimaltancoiu  inflammation  of  all  tho  absorbmts  of  tbo  limb. 

Snrfeit  can  acorodj  be  confounded  vritb  fnrcT  or  glandm.     It  is  a 

Soatvlar  eruption — mirf^t  humjs,  ns  they  are  called,  aud  terminating  in 
aeqnanintion,  nnt  in  nlccmtinn,  nithongh  numerous,  yet  irregularly  placed, 
and  nevrr  following  tho  conrso  of  the  abnurbvnts,  but  scattered  over  tiie  olca. 
Local  dropsy  of  ibe  ceUularmeinbcane,andi»rticnlariy  tltatcnlnrgeoneBt 
beneath  the  rhorai  which  has  the  strange  apjidlation  of  «rafor-/iirii^,  have 
none  of  the  chamclers  of  real  farcy.  It  is  ^>i'oer«l  dehihty  tu  a  nt*t«r  or 
leaw  6/tgn-e,  and  not  inflammation  of  the  absorbents.  If  proper^  treated, 
it  aooo  dtiuij>i>ears,  except  that,  occjuiionally,  at  the  cloao  of  some  aerioaa 
diseOMi,  it  indicatea  a  breaking  np  of  the  conHtitntion. 

I^BM^.  like  glanders,  apriugH  frum  coulugiun  and  (rum  had  stable  m* 
menlv  It  is  produced  by  all  the  causes  which  give  rise  to  glandcra, 
this  dificrence,  that  it  is  more  freqaent  )y  eenerated,  and  soinetliius  ittu^ 
nnvalent  in  particular  districtit.  It  wiU  attack,  at  tba  aame  tiaM,  aercr 
noma  in  the  aama  tl]*oonducted  alable,  and  others  in  Uw  Dewboorlkoad 
who  hare  been  exposed  to  the  iMUns  prvdispoaiug  enaaea.  Some  haw 
denied  that  it  is  a  conti^ons  diacMW.  They  must  hare  had  little  rxperi- 
euee.  It  is  true  that  tlu!  mnltcr  of  farcy  mast  come  ia  contact  with  a 
wound  or  sore,  in  onler  to  cutnmnnicaUo  the  disctuw  ;  bat  acnialomed  im 
borsM  am  to  nibble  and  play  with  each  other,  and  nun:  as  the  roraera  ofth* 
month  are  frequently  rvndi>n*>l  by  (be  bit,  it  is  eOKv  to  inugino  that  thk 
may  be  eamly  effected  j  und  eiiwrienco  lolls  us,  tluit  u  burw-  having  fiiivy 
alcancajuiol  besullefed  tuirnuiiii  with  others  without  exirv-me  risk. 


TOE  UPS. 


ilS 


The  (reainient  of  Srcy  diflera  irith  the  (brm  tb&t  it  MsainM.  An  a 
griutml  rule,  kod  vspcciAlIjr  when  the  buttons  or  bads  mre  begiamng  to 
Bnp«ar,  »  mild  dow  of  phjw  sbotild  lint  bo  MbniitisUTpi).  The  bodA 
ahould  then  be  canfolly  euKtunod,  nnd  if  maj  of  them  fa«vo  broken, 
the  boddiag-iroB,  M  »  dull  red  heal,  should  be  sfiplied.  If  pus  shoold  be 
feltiDtbem,*bo<riogthutbpj-&rediBpoeed  lo  bnak,  they  Bboutd  be  pene> 
Imted  irith  the  iion.  TlMaewoaadsBboa.l<i  bedailf  uupoBted,aiidi(«bea 
lb*  aloiiRh  of  the  cKotcrj  oomce  oS*.  they  look  pole,  mdjO  fimt,  rad  spongy, 
aad  diidmge  a  ihin  taatter,  thej-  duiold  be  freqacnUjr  vnuibod  with  ■ 
ttnag  lotion  of  oonoBTe  anbtimaie,  diuoWed  in  r«cU£«d  spirit,  \\~lxn 
tfatf  wonnda  begin  to  look  red,  wid  the  bottom  of  them  is  eren  and  firm, 
■ad  thmj  diediwse  «  thick  white  or  f  clloir  mottor,  tine  Kriar*E  bklam  will 
omalljr  di«poee  iXrni  to  ht*l. 

A«,  bovtrrer,  tlio  con^dtmtioti  ia  now  tainted,  loeel  appUoUiona  will  not 
be  mSciont,  aad  the  dtwasc  mnst  bo  ailackod  bj  internal  medicine  M  soon 
■■  the  phjaio  baa  ctnaiid  to  opcnito. 

CoTTO$ict  athiimaU  need  to  be  a  faTOtinte  medicine,  combined  with 
Ionics,  and  repeated  mornii^  and  night  imttl  tlte  nloen  diiappearad,  unlem 
the  tnoatii  became  WNT*  or  tba  horae  WM  violeittly  pOTged,  w  heu  the  cnlpbalo 
of  copper  waa  anbiititnted  for  the  corrosro  aaUiotato.  Daring  this  trea^ 
ment  the  animal  was  [daeed,  tf  poaaible,  in  a  large  box,  with  a  free  eiren- 
lation  of  air ;  and  fT^^en  mcst  or  carrota.  and  particularly  Uie  latter,  wcra 
ciTen,  with  a  foU  allomuioo  of  com.  If  he  conld  be  tuniod  out  iu  the  ilajr, 
U  was  deemed  higfatjr  adraatagcona.  It  ia  filiated  by  Hr.  Ulaine,  that  a 
hone,  ao  rt<dand  u*  not  to  be  able  to  stand,  was  drawn  into  a  field  of  tarea, 
wd  suSraed  to  take  his  obance.  The  <.-<nu)Miueuee  was  that,  when  he  had 
ntai  all  within  faia  nacb.  ho  contrive  to  move  about  and  search  for  more, 
and  OTsntaally  reoorerad.  Xnay  horses  rccorcr  under  the  nac  ef  the 
■aUimate,  bnt  tbe  great  majori^  of  thi-m  dio. 

Ur.  Tines  introduced  a  more  effectiro  ntedicino — eatitkarid**,  in  combi- 
MtioB  lik«wisc  with  the  vegetable  bittera  —  as  a  t-uro  for  farcy  and 
riuden.  It  cttnnot  tie  denini,  tliat  mnny  animala  labouring  under  the 
■ner,  and  a  lew  undi-r  the  l>itti.-r,  were  to  ull  ap|>earai>co  radically  cured. 
^  Medicine  was  suspended  tn  awhile  if  affection  of  tbe  kidneys  sDpcr> 
«Ud. 

A  atillnunvefrsctaal  medicine  hiutx-en  introdncod  by  Professor  3Iortoa, 
MMly,  Uu  diniodide  of  copper,  and  it  luis  lievm  found  of  essential  seri-ice 
IB  iucy  and  in  diseaMS  simulating  glanders.  He  says  that  its  action  is 
t^  ot  a  Etimnlant  to  the  absorbent  vnwelx,  and  a  Ionic  The  gentiut 
Kd  is  ttanally  GOtnbinod  with  it.  Cnnthiu-idcK,  in  small  qnantitiea,  mar  be 
■dnatagtMody  added.  An  iudicatiuu  of  ilit  luflueuve  ie  a  sorenesa  of  the 
fclMd  parts  atuing  Irooi  the  absorbent  vessels  being  ronsed  into  i&< 
wtaaud  action :  the  agent  should  tlMD  ba  for  a  time  withheld. 

Vjtnt-FiKCT,  confounded  by  name  witJi  llie  common  fiircy,  and  by 
*iieh  roneh  coufu.-iiinii  baa  Iic«d  cnoited,  and  a  gn>at  (lt>al  of  uuBchief  done, 
»  a  dropsioal  affeoliou  of  the  skiu,  either  of  tlto  chest  or  of  the  limbti,  and 
UlooigB  to  anotber  part  of  the  subject. 

'  TBB    LIPS. 

The  lipK  of  the  horse  arc  tar  more  important  organs  than  many  suppose. 
Tbey  af«  the  hand*  of  the  aninial ;  and  if  any  one  will  take  llie  trouble  to 
i>l— IIP  the  manner  in  which  be  (p^tbers  up  bi«  curn  with  them,  and  cot- 
bets  Icvetber  the  grass  before  ho  diriilc*  it  with  his  nippcra,  lui  will  bo 
MlialWfl  tlMi  the  horse  would  bo  no  more  able  to  conrcy  the  food  to  hia 
■lostti  witboDt  them,  than  the  human  being  coctid  without  bis  hands. 
Thi*  has  awn  been  pnt  lo  the  teat  of  cipenmout     The  aerree  which 


316 


TUE   UPS. 


BU|>i>l;  Uie  tips  were  divkted  in  »  poor  sm,  to  iUnBtrateaome  poinl  ofpliTsio-l 
logT.  Th«  MQsibilitf  of  th«  bps  iras  lost,  and  he  knew  not  wbra  be 
luQchod  tiig  food  with  them.  The  motion  of  the  lips  nu  lo»t.  And  hn  oonM 
not  ^t  tbe  oafM  between  hi«  t4Wtlii,  althnngh  tho  muigor  mtui  fiill  of  tfacm: 
at  teogllt,  driven  b_v  bunker,  be  (XMitrivcd  to  lit-k  n|>  a  fi'w  of  tliem  witfa  turn 
loagodi  but  when  ihey  w«re  on  his  tunj^e,  the  (greater  port  of  them  were 
ndmd  off  hofyn  he  coold  get  them  into  liis  mouth. 

It  u  on  Account  of  thin  ii»o  of  the  lips,  that  tlicy  may  1)0  bronght  int« 
contact  vfitli  the  food  witlmut  inconvpnicnpc  or  injury  to  other  part*  of 
the  &ce,  that  the  beads  of  motrt  qniidru[HvlB  aru  wi  V-iig<liL-DFd. 
mitsclea  go  to  the  lipe  from  different  ))ai-t8  of  the  jaw  ami  fHco.  Some  i 
th^ra  arc  shown  in  tlio  cot,  p.  199.  The  orbicularis  or  circnlar  muscle,  j«,] 
cmployod  in  panhiiig  out  tho  lip«  nnd  cloning  them,  nnd  cnubliog  ihtt  hor««  t 
to  iwiKe  and  h»ld  his  food,  ii  paiiicularljr  vridimt ;  tuid  io  the  eipUnation 
of  the  cut,  the  action  of  other  moooles,  i,  it,  m,  and  o.  was  deecribi'd.  The 
nerves  likewise,  y,  taking  their  course  along  the  cheek,  and 
■npplying  thi;  lim  with  tho  power  of  motion,  nnd  thnnr',  z,  proccodin^l 
Lhn  furaiui-'n,  or  tiolo  in  the  opper  jaw,  doervu  ulli-nliuii. 

The  lips  are  composed  of  a  amscnlar  snbst&uco  for  the  sake  of  strengtb, 
and  a  mnltitade  of  small  glnnds.  which  secrete  a  fliiid  that  covers  the  in^-J 
side  of  tlm  lipi  and  the  ^mi,  in  order  to  prevent  friction,  and  likcwia 
fumiiih  a  jjorlion  of  tlie  iDoistnru  no  neccMUiry  for  tht;  proper  chewing 
tho  food.  The  skin  covering  the  lips  ia  exoupdiuglr  thiu,  in  order 
their  pccniiar  Rcnxibility  nay  be  proBarrecIf  and  for  the  aame  pupoee  t 
aro  acantily  covered  u-itb  hair,  nnd  that  hair  is  fine  ud  inott,  I 
baim  or  fbelenv  t^rnied  tlii;  beard,  art!  itniicrnddnd  with  ttic  Mime  iotentMHU 
Tlie  hotee  b  guided  and  ifoveraed  princ^ijially  by  Die  mouth,  und  then^or*  i 
tho  lips  are  endowed  with  rery  gr««t  seiuibuity,  bo  that  the  animal  fccU 
the  slightest  motion  of  the  hand  of  the  rider  or  driver,  and  seems  to 
anticipal«  hi»  vorjr  thougbtji.  The  finenets  or  yoodium  nf  th«  mouih  eon- 
sists  in  i(«  exqautite  feeling,  and  that  depends  on  tho  thiuncM  of  this 
mcmbntne. 

Tho  lip*  of  the  horse  sbonid  be  thin,  if  tho  beanty  of  the  head  is  regardcil ; 
jot,  allhuugh  tbin,  they  nhoold  eridently  pottsoss  power,  and  be  atroDgly 
and  regnlu-ly  clownl.     A  firm,  comprejuud  month  gives  a  favonrabte  and  i 
no  deceptive  idea  of  the  iiiuacular  power  of  the  animal.     LipN  apart  frontl 
each  otAer  and  hanging  down,  indiedte  weakncea  or  old  8ge,  or  iliihiiM 
and  slnggishnntiL 

The  d^h  of  the  nioulti,  or  tho  dintanco  from  tbo  fore-part  to  the  BiqHo 
of  the  lipn,  vbould  be  considentblo.  A  abort  protubcmnt  month  wonld  be 
a  hud  fiuiah  (o  the  tapering  face  (if  the  blood-bume.  More  room  ia  like- 
wise given  for  the  opening  of  tho  noetril,  which  has  been  Khown  to  be  an 
important  oonsiderstioD.  The  bridle  will  not  be  earned  well,  and  the 
bom  irill  hang  heavy  on  hand,  if  tbero  is  not  conniderable  depth  of  month. 

The  ooniers  or  angW  nf  the  li|«  arc  fiequently  made  sore  or  wounded 
by  the  imAUnew,  or  ahortoesa,  or  peentiar  twisting  of  the  nuJHr,  and  the 
nnntooeaarj  and  cnel  tightness  of  the  bearing  rein.  This  rain  wu  in- 
irodaced  as  erring  the  borae  a  gmnder  appearance  in  haniesa,  and  placing 
the  head  in  that  ponitton  in  irhirb  the  bit  most  eSbctnally  presaee  a}fOa  the 
jaw.  It  is  an  nsoful  adjunct  to  driving  aafeW,  for,  dennred  of  this  coo- 
tfol,  many  bones  would  bang  tbeir  beads  Jow.  anil  be  disposed  vr*ry 
moment  to  stiunble,  and  wonld  do^  nil  pulling,  if  they  tried  to  ran  away. 
There  ix,  and  can  be  no  neooiuity,  howoror,  for  usii^  a  bearing- ret  a  mi 
tight  aa  to  cramp  the  muscle*  of  llie  bead,  or  to  injoro  and  excoriate  lite 
•BCJ[ea  of  Ibe  tips. 

The  IbUowiug  is  tlit  a^iuiuu  of  Kiinrod,  and  to  a  more  oonpefeiit  judge 


N 


iiomi. 

^pMl: — *As  to  tlie  nnivvTMl  disom  of  ^  bearing- rein 
tntb  Eag&eb  horses,  it  tan  nci^r  Ujle  jJate.  The  clMtg*  ngniust  il  of 
croelty  at  OMW  lUb  to  th«  ^roaii<),  bcNmu.10  to  mftkvBttKn  vrork  togctWr 
in  fiwt  irork,  ev«ry  hone  s  boiul  must  1m  aa  nuich  roatnuncd  hv  thti 
coopUng-mu  &a  it  would  be  and  »  br  the  bearia^mn.  Iia  exoeUcooe 
(wnusts  in  keeping  honca*  moutha  (Vcsh — in  enabling  a  Cdachman  to  in- 
dalg«  a  bona  with  libcHj-  of  min,  withoat  lattans  !i><n  be  nil  nbrosd,  which 
bs  would  be  with  hi*  head  quitv  looae,  and  of  addtliooaJ  wiicty  to  tho 
coach-borte,  ba  pivved  bj  the  bet  of  Mther  that  or  tho  crupjii^r  hIkuitm 
girinff  way  when  ho  falls  down.  There  are,  howover,  t^aois  tn  which  it 
zmy  Sb  dilpcnM^l  with,  nnd  thr  hoTMC  have  nn  mlvnntngi?  in  their  working 
agUBBi  bilfai.  A*  to  the  compariaon  of  tlu!  mad  c»iu^]i-iioi-K(;x  on  the  Con- 
tinent utd  unr  own,  lot  anj  one  exanune  the  kneea  of  tho  Fi^uch  diti^tci'tico 
and  jioat-LoKes,  which  are  allowed  perfect  liberty  of  head,  and  he  will 
be  eonvincod  thnt  the  dsc  of  the  btrn ring-rein  dooe  not  kocp  them  on  tbc4r 
legs,'  The  tuinut  in  which  it  mny  l*c  dispenaed  with  nro  tho«o  in  which 
tike  boraM  natanllj  carrT  their  heads  well ;  that  is,  much  in  the  tnmo 
poaitraa  in  which  the  bc«rinff-reiu  would  place  them. 

The  month  is  injored  muen  oflener  than  the  careless  owner  suspects  by 
Ibe  preosore  oTa  uaip  bit.  Not  only  nro  the  bun)  wounded  and  deeply 
alonated,  bat  the  loww  jaw,  between  the  ttwh  and  the  grinders  is  some- 
tiiDaa  worn  even  to  the  bone,  and  the  bone  itself  iilFcrtcd,  and  portions  of  it 
K&liate  away.  Il  may  be  necessary  to  Lave  a  sliarp  bit  for  the  hcsdHtroHg 
aad  obetinate  beast;  yet  if  that  bit  is  severely  and  Dnjnstifiably  e&lled  into 
oxercise,  the  animal  may  rear,  and  endaJiger  himself  and  bis  rider.  There 
can.  however,  lie  no  oeeanon  for  a  thoutuuidtli  part  of  the  torment  which 
the  trapfnofcs  of  lite  month  often  inflict  on  a  willing  and  docile  M!rTnnt^ 
mud  which  either  render  the  month  Lard,  and  destroy  all  the  pleasure  of 
riding,  or  canse  tho  home  to  Iwcome  fretful  or  vioioiiH. 

8in>ll  aWrs  are  HimetiincM  fonnd  in  vuriuuH  [Hirlti  of  the  mouth,  said  to 
b«  produced  by  nislj-  hjla,  but  otVncr  arisinij  from  contafliorw  inflicted  by 
the  bit,  or  from  inflammation  of  the  mouth.  If  the  curb- bit  is  in  &ult.  a 
analBd  or  Pelbatn>bit  shoald  be  nsed.  If  there  is  inflammation  of  the 
month,  a  little  cooling  medicine  may  ho  administered  ;  and  to  the  ulccTH 
thcBiMlrcM,  tinctore  of  myrrb,  diluted  with  water,  or  alum  distolvcd  in 
water,  may  be  applied  with  adiantage- 

TflX   BOHES    or  TfiS  KOUTH. 

TWt  bODM  constituting  and  giving  farm  to  the  moutli  are  the  mpcrior 
maxillary  or  npper  jaw  (b,  p.  }'lO,  and  /,  p.  14-!i),  containing  tlic  upper 
(*rinden  and  tnxhM;  tlim  anterior  miutillary,  or  lower  part  of  the  ni)ppr 
jaw  (_/,  p.  140,  n,  p.  14>5),  conl«iiung  the  up|*r.nipi>er!i  or  cutting-teeth ; 
the  palatine  bone  {e,  p.  197)  ami  the  posterior  inasiltaiy  or  under  jaw  (o, 
p.  140),  containing  all  tbe  uoder  teetb. 

The  Mpcrw  maxillary  in,  with  the  cxenfition  of  tho  lower  jaw,  tho 
largeet  bono  in  thii  fiuiu.  It  uuit*-*  above  with  the  lachrymal  bone,  and 
more  on  the  side,  with  the  mular  or  check  bone,  and  a  portion  of  it,  con- 
timed  opwatd,  ajid  underneath,  enters  into  tbe  orbit.  Above,  and  on  the 
front  01  the  face,  it  nnitos  witli  Ibo  txinex  of  the  no*e,  and  bulow,  with 
tbe  nfiRior  maxillary.  That  which  nioat  descnes  uotioc  in  it  cxleruatly 
ia  tbe  ridge  or  xpinc,  coutinued  from  the  lutse  of  tbe  )tygomatic  arch,  and 
meram  the  m^lar  b<Mie.  It  and  the  surface  beneath  sorvo  to  give  attach- 
Bwat  to  the  massetor  muscle,  concerned,  almost  aa  much  ae  the  temponil 
one,  in  the  act  of  chewing.  On  the  anterior  surface  is  a  foramen  or  hole, 
Ihroogh  which  a  bmnch  of  the  fifth  pai  r  of  nerves  proceeds  to  pive  aeniii- 
lalily  to  tbe  lower  part  of  the  face.    As  it  appronchcs  tbe  teeth,  thin  bui>o 


SIB 


THE    l-ALATB. 


eeparatfc  into  two  plntts,  and  llicnc  nrc  divided  Hy  long  nnrtitions,  which 
contain  and  firmly  hold  the  upper  grimlfni.  Thi-  Iowit  yAxtc  thrn  projects 
inward*,  «ik1  formii  tlic  priiici|>ftl  }iortiun  of  the  roof  <if  thn  mouth,  and 
tlie  floor  of  the  <uvity  of  the  boms.  Tlie  i^orrt-npotidiiuc  b<»ui  oo  tiim  othor 
ndo  amcla  it«  fellow  in  the  centre  of  ilto  pal&w.  The  nopcr  jftw-boos 
contiuna  in  its  largo  canties  besides  those  for  iht- teeth,  and  tncse  open  into 
and  eiilaiye  the  cavity  of  the  doso-  They  are  connected  with  the  voire, 
hut  not  with  the  smell,  for  tho  exraittioD  of  the  olfactory  or  ainelUi^ 
nerve  has  never  been  traced  Itcyond  utsboiuisaiMlinembraneB  of  the  prnffer 
cavity  of  the  noee.  The  niftxillary  Binase*  MVgtmcrally  filled  with  matter 
in  bad  cnsc-ii  of  glanders. 

Below  thcM  are  the  antwior  maxillary  bone«,  containing  Iht'  upper 
cutting  tc<4h,  with  the  tnahan  belonging  hiitb  to  thit  nn[)cr  and  anterior 
bon«)i.  TbffM.'  are  the  btmes  to  which  the  up|)cr  lip  ik  attttcluHl.  TIm> 
Buporior  and  aiil^^rior  maxillaiy  bones  are  scpuralcd  lu  aninutlH  with  long 
&oei^  like  the  horse,  that,  by  0Ter1^>piiig  each  other,  strength  might  bo 
gained. 

The  palatine  bone  forms  bnt  a  very  tmnll  portion  of  the  palate.  It 
mrronnds  the  edge  of  the  communication  between  the  cavitry  of  the  nose 
and  the  back  parts  of  the  nwmth< 

•na    PIUTB. 
Adhering  to  a  portioD  of  thf  thrc«  bones  jost  described,  antl  conatU 
tnting  the  lining  of  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  is  the  palalv.  composed  of  an 
claotic  anil  drrw  wnhntancc  divided  into  Rcvcral  ridgca  called  Bar*.     The 
following  cut,  givrs  a  Ti«)W  of  thrm. 

It  will  alio  point  out  the  btewling  place,  if  it  iihould  occasionally  be 
ileemed  adviaubln  to  abstract  blood  fram  the  mouth  ;  or  if  the  \tonc  dwuld 

1)0  attacked  with  inc^nis  on  a  journey,  and  the 
driver,  having  no  lanctii,  ahould  be  ™mpi?!l«?(! 
to  make  one  of  his  knift),  the  inoision  sliuuld  bo 
miulo  1>eitweeQ  the  ceutt^l  and  second  nippera 
on  either  side,  about  an  inch  within  the  mouth, 
and  cntting  through  the  second  bar.  A  stream 
of  blond  will  l>c  thus  obtained,  which  will 
nmiAlly  ccann  to  How  when  two  or  thrm  quarts 
have  t-'Hcapcd,  or  may  generally  bo  arrested 
by  the  application  of  a  iqionga  fiUctl  with  cold 
water. 

Tliis,  bowerer,  is  a  msVc-iihin  xort  of  bleed- 
ing  that  may  be  allownbtt-  on  a  tounwy,  and 
powibly  iu  some  cases  of  lani^ia^  but  whieh  is 
deoidea^  otpeoUonable  as  the  usual  mode  of 
shstnctini;  blood.  The  nnanli^  withdrawn 
cannot  be  measured,  tJi«  dcOTco  of  inflamma- 
tion cannot  bo  aiicertained  hy  the  manner  in 
which  it  coAf^lntcs,  and  there  may  be  diffi- 
cally  to  the  operator,  and  tuinoynncc  and  pain 
to  the  hor«p,  in  xlopping  the  hlM^ing. 

Thin  rnt  tikewiw;  dcpicta  the  appcaronoc  of 

tlie  roof  of  the  moatJi  if  the  bani    wcni  du- 

K!Ctod  oir,  and  of  t)ic  nuawroux  ve*wbi,  arterial 

and  rcaouK,  which  ramtfy  over  it. 

At  the  hack  of  tltc  pelatc,  and  hIUcImx)  to  the  cre»oenU«hapcd  border  of 

tt-p  palatiiK-  lionc,  in  a  denote  mcniliniKinjt  curtain.     Its  anperior  and  hack 

rarface  b  a  continuation  of  tJie  lining  membrane  oftheiwae,  and  ilaanlcrior 


UWPAS. 


2)9 


W 


or  inferior  one  Ibai  of  tbe  jwlnte.  It  in  culloti  tho  cwMvJWb'*>  or  veil  uf 
the  palftte.  It  esteods  aa  Tar  back  aa  tlio  larynx,  Aak^mt^^a  the  iIorsuR) 
of  tae  epiglottis,  anil  is  a  perfocl  tciI  or  curiam  uiterposed  botwcfn  tha 
csTitiM  of  tbc  on*c  immI  monui,  imtting  oft' all  oonQmnaication  between  tbem. 
Tvod  by  ita  aUschmcnt  to  tbu  palatine  bone,  it  will  open  but  ft  Uttl«  way, 
wul  tliAt  «iil,r  in  oue  dirvction.  It  will  permit  a  |it;ltot  ol'  fixxl  to  poM  into 
tlie  (MophBtiu  i  bat  it  will  clo&o  wli«ii  &uj  ptv«sar«  is  nuule  upon  it  from 
,  ^■fcrml.  Two  (iniriiliir  fiicts  nocrssarily  follow  from  tLis;  the  borve  breathes 
tbc  noKtrilii  alone,  and  thcM-  nro  capncion?  aod  easily  expaaaible  to 
■  degree  Men  in  no  ulber  tuunaal,  and  fully  ooiiiiauii*nntt«  U>  tm  waots  of 
-tikO  *"'*"* V 

It  IB  also  evident  that,  in  tlie  net  of  vomiting,  tbe  C0Dt«nta  of  tbe  stomach 
mn«t  be  retonw-d  thmugh  tbo  nostril,  and  not  throngb  tbo  nioiilli.  On 
this  occotuttntrtlr  it  in  that  tbo  Itonw  con  ivitb  grmt  difKcalty  be  cicitod 
to  Toanit.  Tliere  la  a  stmctnre  at  the  cntrauou  to  thn  «t<>mat'h  which,  ex- 
eepi  taader  ^vrj  peculiar  drcamstancea,  preveots  it«  return  to  the  throat, 
Md  cooseqneDtly  to  the  montlL 

UKPAS. 

The  ban  occastoaally  swell,  and  rise  to  a  Wei  iritb,  and  eroa  beyond 
tha  adgo  of,  (ho  teeth.  They  mv  xcrf  sore,  and  tbo  bono  fe«ds  badly  on 
BTOoant  of  the  pain  be  Hnffi-nt  from  the  prcwniro  of  the  food  on  tlicm. 
Tbia  t*  culk<d  iliH  Lamfas.  It  may  arise  firom  infiaminntinn  of  lbc>  gnms, 
propagated  to  tlie  ban,  when  the  horse  i«  shtrddinji  liis  ttt-th— luiJ  youn([ 
aonM  ara  mon  ml^ect  to  it  than  others  —  or  from  some  slif^hl  febrilo 
toodency  in  the  constitntiim  gcntirullr,  n«  whnn  n  young  hom  oas  lately 
been  taken  up  fn>m  grass,  and  has  bi^ci]  ovcr-fi-d,  or  not  unfficiL'ntly  ei- 
orcued.  At  times  iiappeara  in  b^^A  borsf><,  Ibe  process  of  p^row thin  the 
toatli  of  the  bors«  cootinoiDg  durint;:  iho  nhnio  lifo  of  the  animnl. 

In  the  majority  of  caaos  the  swelling  will  .voun  Ntilwido  wiihonl  mi'dirjil 
trestmcnt;  or  a  few  maabea,  and  i^nlti.'  alUtrfttives,  will  relieve  tliu 
^"'"■■'  A  few  slight  iuciaions  across  tbe  bais  with  a  lancet  or  penknife 
will  rettere  the  inflammation,  and  eause  Ibe  swelling  to  subside ;  indeed, 
Una  acarilicatioD  of  tbo  bars  in  lampas  will  seldom  do  harm,  although  it  ia 
fcr  frooi  being  ao  neecsxury  as  is  Ktipp<iscd. 

The  brutal  ctutoia  of  the  farrier,  who  scars  and  fanms  down  tbo  bars 
wilh  a  T«d-bot  iron,  ia  most  objeetJoDable.  It  is  torturing  the  horse  to  no 
parpoee,  and  cn1culat«d  to  do  f^rions  injniy  to  the  parts.     It  may  be  pro- 

rat  in  case  of  lampas  to  rxtuninc  tbo  grinders,  and  moro  particularly  the 
■1mm,  in  order  to  UMa-rtaiu  whether  either  of  them  is  making  its  way 
RMgh  the  gum.     If  it  is  so,  two  inclnous  across  each  other  should  lie 
idl^  on  tbe  tooth,  and  the  horse  will  experience  iramediafo  relief. 
THE    LOWER     JAW.  * 

The  posterior  or  lower  jnw  nmy  bo  conniiIc^n<d  as  forming  the  Boor  of 
thtt  month.  The  body  or  lower  part  of  it  contain.-!  the  undt-r  cuttii^g 
^^torth  and  tbe  tuslie*,  luid  at  the  siji-s  are  two  flat  pieces  of  boue  conlainiDg 
^^Flhe  grindera.  On  the  iuiiide  is  a  foramen  or  hole  through  which  blood- 
^Hveaaels  and  nerve*  ent^r  to  supply  the  iceth,  and  noino  of  which  escape 
^Vflgant  at  aootbor  orifice  on  the  outside,  and  mtur  the  nippers.  Tbe  branchcB 
^^  an  broader  and  thinner,  rotindcd  at  the  angle  of  the  jaw,  andlenninating 
I  in  two  processes.  One,  the  caraeoid,  tiom  its  shivrpness  or  snpposod  re- 
^■^■Uaace  to  a  beak,  passes  under  the  xygomatic  arch  (see  p.  140)  ;  and 
^^^^HaBponl  muscle,  arising  IVom  the  wliole  Mirfikctt  of  tbi'  pMrietal  bone,  is 
^^^mCTtaa  into  it,  and  wni|med  rounil  it;  and  by  ils  action,  principally.  Hie 
^^nw  ia  luOTcd,  and  the  foud  \»  ground.     Tlic  other,  the  eotutylotd,  or 


390 


THE  LOWBB  JAW. 


rounded  process,  is  received  into  the  glenoid  (ehallow)  cavity  of  ihe 
temporal  bone,  at  the  base  of  the  zygomatic  an:b,  and  forms  the  joint  on 
which  the  lower  jaw  moves.  This  joint  is  easily  seen  in  the  cut  at  p.  140  ; 
and  being  placed  so  near  to  the  insertion  of  the  muscle,  or  the  centre  of 
motion,  uie  temporal  mnsole  mast  act  with  very  considerable  mech&mcal 
disadvantage,  and,  consequently,  must  possess  immenBe  power. 

The  joint  is  admirably  contrived  for  the  purpose  which  the  anim&l  re. 
quires.  It  will  admit  freely  and  perfectly  of  the  simple  motion  of  a  binge, 
and  that  is  the  action  of  the  jaw  m  nippmg  the  herbage  and  seizing  the 
com.  But  the  grass,  and  more  particnlarly  the  com,  must  be  crushed  and 
bruised  before  it  is  fit  for  digestion.  Simple  champing,  which  is  the 
motion  of  the  human  lower  jaw,  aod  that  of  most  beasts  of  prey,  would 
very  imperfectly  break  down  the  corn.  It  must  be  put  into  a  mill ;  it  most 
be  actually  ground. 

It  is  put  into  the  mill,  and  aa  perfect  a  one  as  imagination  can  conceive. 

The  following  cuts  represent  the  glenoid  cavity,  in  a  camivorons  or 
flesb-eating,  and  herbivorous  or  grass-eating,  animal,  viz.  the  tiger  and 
the  horse  ;  the  one  requiring  a  simple  hinge-like  motion  of  the  lower  jaw 
to  t«ar  and  crash  the  food ;  the  other,  a  later*!  or  grinding  motion  to  bring 
it  into  a  pplpy  form.  We  first  examine  this  cavity  in  the  tiger  repre- 
sented at  B.  At  the  root  of  the  zygomatic  process  D,  is  a  hollow  with  andge 
along  the  greater  part  of  the  upper  and  inner  side  of  it,  standing  to  a 
oousiderable  height,  and  curling  over  the  cavity.     At  the  lower  and  op- 


posite edge  of  the  cavity,  but  on  the  onteide,  is  a  similar  ridge,  E,  lilcewise 
rising  abruptly  and  cnrling  over.  At  C  is  another  and  more  perfect  *-iew 
of  this  cavity  in  a  different  direction.  The  head  of  the  lower  jaw  is  re- 
ceived into  this  hollow,  and  presses  against  these  ridges,  and  is  partially 
surrounded  by  them,  and  forma  with  them  a  very  strong  joint  where  dis- 
location is  scarcely  possible,  and  the  hinge-like  or  cranmng  motion  is 
admitted  to  its  fullest  extent ;  permitting  the  animal  violently  to  seize  his 
prey,  to  hold  it  firmly,  and  to  crash  it  to  pieces;  but  from  the  extent  and 
curling  form  of  the  ridges,  forbidding,  encept  to  a  very  slight  degree,  alV 
lateral  and  grinding  motion,  and  this  because  the  animal  does  not  want  it. 
Afl  before  mentioned,  the  food  of  the  horse  mast  be  ground.  Simple 
braising  and  champing  would  not  sufficiently  comminute  it  for  the 
purposes  of  digestion.  We  then  observe  the  different  construction  of 
the  parts  to  effect  tliis.  A,  gives  the  glenoid  cavity  of  the  horse.  First, 
there  is  the  upper  ridge  assuming  a  rounded  form,  P,  and  therefore 
called  the  mailnid  prneert ;  sufficiently  strong  to  sopport  the  pressure 
and  action  of  the  lower  jaw  when  cropping  the  food  or  seizing  an  enemy, 
but  not  encircling  the  licwl  of  that  bone,  and  reaching  only  a  little  way 
along  the  side  of  the  cavity,  where  it  termiiiatos,  ha\-ing  its  cdgrs 
KKwded  off  so  OS  to  admit,  utd  to  be  evidently  destined  for,  a  circular 


■ms 


SCESS  OP  TKETIlI^fO. 


a-J! 


motum  altont  it.  At  tlie  other  and  lower  cdgo  of  the  caTitv.  »nd  on  the 
uutoide,  Q  ia  placed  —  m>t  n  rurling  rid^  as  in  the  tiger,  bat  »  mora 
toberole  :  and  for  what  rcoaou  ?  uvidcntly  to  limit  tliia  lateral  or  rirculftr 
notioi) — to  permit  it  aa  ^  &a  iLu  uufi^silios  of  tlm  aDimul  requiro  il,  iind 
Umo  to  MTMt  it.  How  is  this  dooe  ?  Xot  suddenly  or  abruptly ;  but  the 
taborotn,  of  which  wo  hnvo  alrtquly  spoken  as  strcnii^heDiog  tbis  portion 
of  Um  SJgpamiui  arob,  row  diHchnrging  nnnthcr  nflicc,  has  r  gmoolli  nnd 
gradnal  Mcent  to  ity  up  wbiirb  tlw  Iow<ir  jaw  miiy  olimb  toaonrtnincxlent, 
■md  ttMO(  l!j  dej^rees,  be  elopped.  Wu  Kjiva):  nut  now  of  Um  moveable 
cvlila^  wnich  o  plncod  in  this  cari^-.  ntid  between  the  bones,  lo  render 
tbo  motion  earner  and  freer.  It  isfbnnd  in  thin  joint,  in  every  (joadmpedj 
and  it  is  fonnd  wberuvcr  motionii  arc  rupid  nnd  of  limi;  oontinn.inco. 

So  gnat  is  (he  cooformity  between  tUe  ntructuro  iif  the  unimiil  iitid  his 
iliwliiiiiliiiii.  that  ft  tolerable  student  in  comparative  luialocuy,  by  a  iiten>  iu> 
spoctton  of  tlui  glenoid  caritj,  would  nt  once  dol^rmitie  whether  the  animal 
to  whioh  it  belonged  was  camivorgnn,  and  wnnttnt  no  Intentl  motion  of  tho 
jaw  ;  or  omnivoroiut,  living  oczuuKJonuIly  on  all  kind.i  of  food,  and  rciiuirijtg 
lonte  decree  of  grinding  motion ;  or  herbivorous,  and  needing  tho  ooustuut 
IM  of  this  itdmirably-coRBtmcl^d  mill. 

At  y.  p.  199,  'm  roprcsnntod  tho  manetrr  mnnclo,  an  exceedingly  strong 
MiB,oooatatBtiiig  tlie  olieck  of  Ihvhome — arising  from  tlic  KUporiarma3iiUiiry 
udor  Iho  ridge  continned  from  the  zygoinatiu  aroh,  and  insi;Hed  into  the 
lowvr  jaw,  and  particnlarly  round  theroa^h  border  at  the  angle  of  the  jaw. 
TUa  acta  with  tie  temporal  niisclo  in  closing  the  jaw,  and  in  ^ving  tha 
diract  onttiDg  or  champing  motion  to  it 

Willuii  the  lower  iaw,  on  either  ndo,  and  occupying  the  whole  of  tho 
Ulowed  porlJon  of  them,  and  opposite  lo  tlie  maeseters,  are  the  pterygoid 
'■iDMlM^goiagfrom  the  jaws  to  bones  moro  in  tho  centi'o  of  the  channel, 
^^cinn  A?T™g  tlio  month,  and  alno,  by  their  alternate  action,  giving  that 
piiulisg  motion  which  ha*  Iiccn  dovcribed. 

The  naee  between  tliu  bmuches  of  the  lower  jaw,  called  the  channel,  in 
^ccnnocnble  coDaequeoce.  It  c&n  scarcely  be  too  wide  -,  for  if  it  in  too 
■•tow,  Uie  hone  will  nerer  bo  abl*  to  bond  hi*  hi?ad  freely  nnd  graeeftilly ; 
**  *tl]  b«  always  palling  or  boring  upon  the  hand,  nor  can  be  possibly  be 
"tUrmoad  in. 

tk  jaws  contain  the  toetlt,  which  are  the  millstones  employed  iji  com- 

niimtingtiiefbod.  Tbeooonthof  the  horspnt  tivo  ycJirs  old  conWnH  fbrty 

ImIi,  nz.  six  nippers  or  cutting  tc<Hh  in  front,  above  and  below,  a  tush  on 

(Hk  nde,  and  six  nolhrs,  or  gr^ndini;  teeth,  ou  ea«h  aid%  above  and  below. 

1^  an  conliunod  in  cavities  iu  the  upper  and  lower  jaws,  sun-ouodcd  by 

^My  partitions,  to  which  they  are  accunilrly  litted, 

Uu  brwhioh  they  are  firmly  mpportod.    l^'ornlittlu 

oy  at>oT6  tJieso  bony  cnvittc*,  they  are  nurrounded 

liT  a  firm  sobstanoc  cidlcd  thf  cum,  so  dense,  and 

iohsriog  so  cloaoly  to  the  teeth  and  tho  j'awk.  lut 

Bot  to  bo  separated  without  Twy  groat  dilUcnlty — 

irngttlarly  oempaet,  that  it  may  not  be  wounded  by 

the  bard  or  sharp  porticlca  of  thu  feud,  and  almost 

devoid  of  fwtinK,  for  the  ttiuc  purpose. 

Savm  or  oi^t  months  before  the  fonl  is  bom, 
tlw  gofms  or  beginnings  of  the  tr«th  ar«  visible  in 
Iba  cMvilicM  of  the  jaws.  The  tooth  (?row8,  and 
HI  Mia  to  tho  surface  of  the  (fuiu.  and  forces  its  way  through  it ;  and,  at 
tlte  Hwn'  of  birth,  the  Unit  and  second  gruidem  have  appeared,  largo  oom- 
|«r«d  with  the  siise  of  the  jaw,  am)  Meeniingly  filling  it.  In  the  eoorae  of 
«■  sight  days  the  two  ccntml  ninpew  aro  Keen  as  bore  reprvacnted. 


382 


THE  PB0C-R3S  OP  TEErrnixo. 


Tlity  likcwiM  apjvu-  Ui  Iw  lurfp-.  ainl  to  fill  U>e  front  of  tli«  montli ; 
alLbougfa  titty  will  afl^nr&rda  be  found  to  be  small,  rompanxl  wilb  th« 
peRoaiMBtttMblliat  roHoff.  In  tbo  coarse  of  tlie  tint  month  Ihr  third 
gijader  ajypmni  aliorc  nnd  bclnw,  and,  not  long  aAcr,  and  gvnondlv  b»- 
fore  ux  vr«-ka  Lav«  espiri.-d,  ajioUur  inciaor  abovo  and  mIow  wtU  fan 
Been  on  each  side  of  tlkc  two  first,  wliich  have  now  considerably  grown, 
tmt  not  attained  tbpir  ncjfcct  height.  This  rat  will  r<^>mant  the  appear- 
BBue  of  the  month  at  taut  time 

At  two  looaths,  the  cvutnl  nippera  will  have  reachiod  tbcnr  nittarm) 
level,  and  between  the  second  and  utird  mouth  the  seoood  p«ir  will  have 
ov«rtnkcn  them.  Thrj'  will  then  begin  to  we&r 
awBT  s  little,  and  thv  outer  cdgtt,  which  was  at  flrat 
•owewhat  nuavd  and  aharp,  i.t  bmiight  to  a  lowt 
with  Hub  inner  one^  and  so  the  month  continoea 
utn  some  time  betwsMttlie  sixth  and  ninth  monifa, 
when  atu>UiKr  nipper  bc^na  io  appear  on  ettch  side 
of  the  two  firvt,  mukitix  nix  nlxivo  and  bolotr, 
aud  contpletiDg  the  coil's  mouth  ;  afWr  which, 
the  onl;  otwerrable  difleroscv,  nutil  belweeo  the 
Mcood  and  third  yev,  is  in  the  wear  of  these 
teeth. 
The  t«nn  mpp*r  is  femJlJar  to  the  honemsji  nad 
the  liirrier,  and  mnch  better  p>pr«8ms  the  action  of  these  teeth  llwn  the 
wwd  inciwr  or  «;att«r,  which  is  adofrtcd  br  niuiloiniBts.  Whoervr  has 
observMl  n  borso  in  the  act  of  browHintt.  and  tlto  twitch  of  tbo  bead  which 
acoompanic*  the  i«piiration  of  each  portioa  of  grass,  will  pcrreive  that  it 
in  nipped  or  torn  tuUivr  than  cnt  off. 

TlivM  tee4h  an  oowred  with  n  pnljshfxl  and  exceMdinglj  haird  mb> 
Btatic«,  called  the  Mtamcl.  It  imr<M(b  orcr  that  portion  of  the  twtll 
which  appears  aboro  the  gnm,  ana  not  only  m,  but  an  they  are  to  be  •» 
much  oropUiTed  in  nipping  the  ffnM>  and  (gathering  up  the  aninttl's  feod, 
and  in  tach  em]Joymeut  even  tliis  hard  ffobntanco  moft  be  grsdnallj  worn 
away,  a  portion  of  it,  as  it  pnfWJt  over  Iho  upper  nuAoo  of  the  teeth,  is 
boDt  inwnni,  and  mnk  into  the  body  of  the  t«e<h,  and  forms  a  little  pit  ia 
tiifim.  The  inaide  and  bottom  of  this  pit  beinfi  blackened  by  tlw  Ibod, 
(<oiulitutea  the  marl'  of  tho  teeth,  by  tho  gradual  disappeanuce  of  which, 
in  coniKqtienee  of  the  wcahng  down  of  the  cd^,  we  are  enabted,  far 
Mveial  yuuK,  to  jndgo  of  the  age  of  the  animal. 

The  colt's  niMnng  teeth  are  rounded  in  front,  aontewliat  hollow  towards 
the  mouth,  and  present  at  finA  a  catting  siuihoe,  witli  the  outer  edge 
rising  in  a  slanting  diraction  above  the  inner  edge.  Thii!i,  however,  totm 
begins  to  wtar  down  until  both  surfiicca  are  level,  and  the  mart,  which 
was  oriffiikaUy  long  and  narrow,  becomes  shorter, 
and  wider,  and  fainter.  At  six  montha  the  four 
nippcn  are  bcKtnning  to  wear  to  a  leveL  Tbe  >fr 
nexi^  cut  will  conv4-y  some  idea  of  the  appear 
auoe  of  the  teeth  at  twelve  months.  The  bar 
middle  teeth  are  almost  level,  and  the  oomeronss 
becoming  so.  The  mark  in  the  two  middle  teelhii 
witl(!  and  faint;  in  the  ta'om^xt  t<«th  it  is  dadnr, 
and  longer,  and  narrower;  and  in  tho  oomertselh 
it  is  the  darkest,  and  longest,  and  iiamiwr«t. 

Tho  back  tceih,  or  grinders,  will  not  guidsas 
&r  in  aaoortwnins  tho  agcnf  the  animal,  for  we  «•■ 
noieasily  inspec(ili<.-[u;  but  tWr(>ateaomeuitcte«ti]Mtf)nrtM.-aknemuMCtsil 
withtbnn.   Tbefgalisboniwitb  twogriaderfliae*(»^w,abonuidbel0*i 


TUB  PROCESS  OP  TEETIIIXO. 


K9 


OP  tlwy  (ipp«T  within  throe  or  fonr  dars  after  tho  liirtli.  Itoforo  tbo  ex- 
pmtion  ol*  A  month  th*y  are  emccooiled  by  k  tliinl,  mons  liac-kwnrtt.  Th« 
crowiu  of  the  grindors  arc  ctntiivly  cororc^l  by  eiutinvl  on  llin  lop  und  tddes, 
bat  nUrition  aoon  wmrn  it  iinny  fn>Tn  tlio  top.  and  tbem  rtTnuiti*  n  t^in- 
pound  Mr&ce  of  nttcnuitv  hiyom  of  cnisia  (ictromi,  ecamet  and  ivory, 
which  an)  era|>lojed  in  irrinding  down  tho  hardest  portionB  of  the  foiH). 
Xuturc  bad  llivrefdrti  nutde  an  udditioniU  |>rovunon  for  tJioir  etrcn;^  and 
cndurunci:-. 

This  cnl  rc)n««enla  «  griiuk-r  satvL-d  uorosM.  It  HH-ms  to  bo  «  most 
uTTjfubir  uul  intricate  atructare;  but  lliv  i?xplanatii}n  U  not  difficult^ 
The  tooilt  is  formed  and  prepared  in  caviliiw 
williiD  tbo  jaw-bi>iiee.  A  dclicnlo  m«mbranoaA 
t»g,  containing  a  J4>]tj-tiko  eubfitanco,  is  found,  in 
the  anbom  animn),  in  a  littlo  cell  vritbin  the  jaw* 
bon^  It  assamrs,  by  docrpca,  the  form  of  (he 
tooth  that  ia  to  appc.tr,  and  thru  tho  jelly  n-ithin 
tb«  mcmbnuio  bcginn  to  chango  to  bony  mattor, 
and  a  hard  and  beautiful  cryxhilliwition  m  formed  ^ 

on  tfan  nirmbmiKt  witbimt,  and  no  wo  havo  (tiit  cuttiog  looth  cuTeivKl  by 
■la  enamel.  In  the  formation,  hnwvvM*,  of  nu'h  of  these  grindera  of  tbe 
bovae,  there  aru  oHfrimilly  five  minubrantnin  bngs  in  the  upper  jair,  and 
Cinr  iu  ibe  lower,  fitled  with  j^lly-  Tbi^  by  dngrtM  glTca  place  to  bonr 
matter,  wbicb  'm  tlimwii  uul  by  bttle  ves-tel*  ponoturtingf  into  it,  and  in 
nmaented  by  the  darker  portiona  of  tb«  cut  with  contral  black  xpoln. 
The  ciraiulliaatiou  of  enamel  can  be  ti-aced  round  <«cb,  and  there  wonld 
be  fire  distinct  bones  or  teeth.     A.  third  siib^teni^e.  liowewr,  is  now 

MCTBted  (which  is  represented  by  the  vrhito  spaces),  and  in  a  powcrflil 

eeawBt.  tttiitini;  all  tboKr  distinct  hoiicM  into  one  body,  and  making  one 

tooth  of  tfaa  five.  Thin  being  done,  another  coat  of  enamel  spreadii  over 
(ha  ridea,  but  not  tlm  top,  and  the  tooth  ia  completed.     I)y  no  other  con- 

trivaDco  could  we  have  tlie  grinding  tooth  cajiable,  witlionl  iujuTy  and 

without  wearinK,  to  rub  down  the  bay,  and  oat«,  and  bcunx,  wliich  con»ti- 

tnto  tiu)  alablcfood  of  hones. 

?1w  griudera  in  tlie  lower  jaw,  baring'  originally  but  four  of  tliese  bag* 

or  tfielb,  are  anialler,  and  narrower,  and  more  regular  than  tbo  upper 

ooea.  Tbey  am  not  placed  bonionlally  in  either  jaw  ;  but  in  tbo  lower, 
(be  higher  side  is  within,  and  shelving;  gmdnally  ontward ;  in  the  upper 

jaw  tbe  higher  side  is  without,  and  shelving  inward,  and  thus  the  grinding 

noticn)  ia  most  advantageously  performed.    There  la  also  an  evident  dif- 

finooa  ia  the  imteanmce  and  Rtmrture  of 

Mch  of  tfae  grindera,  no  Uint  a  enir^lnl  o1>- 

nmr  ooold  tell  to  which  jaw  every  une 

balongnd,  and  what  Ntualiun  it  occujnuj. 
At  the  ciMnplL-tton  of  the  first  year,  a 

fimrtli  grinder  uaually  oomea  up,  and  tlie 

yculing  lias  then,  or  soon  afterwarda,  six 

mippa*  and  four  Krindera  abore  and  below 

01  each  jaw,    which,  with  the  alteraiion 

m  llie  ^ftearance  of  the  nipprni  tbnt<  we 

fawre  juat  d««ribed,  will  ennblo  tut  to  cal- 
culate BraHjr  thvage  of  the  foal,  nibji-ct  to 

mamtm  variatxiiM  anstng  Irom  the  period  of 

Wesninc  <^nd  the  tiatare  of  the  food. 

At  the  agv  of  one  vear  and  a  half,  the  mark  in  tbo  centntl  nip]M>ni  will 

Irmaefa  aborter  and   fninter:    Uiat   in    the   two  other  pairs  will  bavo 

undergone  an  evident  change,  and  all  ibo  nippen  nill  be  lut. 


in 


THB  PKOCES8  Or  TEETtllXO. 


At  two  Te&TB   Uib    will  be  more  numUi'sl.      The  niKi'Mtafa.nying  cut 

deserrea  attention,  m  Kivin^  un  >ncurAt« 
repreaetilAltou  of  ibc  niitpt-nt  in  tlw!  lower 
jaw  of  thei  two<y«ftra-<4it  cult. 

About  tbia  period  a  fifth  grindnr  will 
apprar,  And  now,  likewise,  will  onm- 
mnicv  another  process.  Tbo  first  tiietli 
nrc  kdnptcd  to  the.  ntc  aiid  wants  uf  th« 
vonng  animal.  Tbrr  nrv  sufBdentJy 
Urg:i!  lo  o<)cnpy  and  fill  thp  roIl'«  j«wa ; 
IruL  wbl^n  tbcKo  boncit  barr  rxpanded 
with  thp  int-TTONing  growth  of  (he  oninial, 
the  u-ctli  uri!  ■cparatnl  too  fnr  fmm  vnch 
1  '-Vi'    -'^^^H^V  Qtbcrtobu useful,  unci iinolhcratul  Inrger 

\  I  1 1   mB^K^B  ^^   '^   riMliiirird.       Evidt-nt  provtHirm  i» 

\    aSP^^^mt  made  for  th<!m,  <<veu  Ix-furv  tli«  cult  in 

\    Jr'^"  ^^W  ^  foaled.     In  cavities  in  the  jaw,  hcneath 

the  firet  and  tvniporary  tM>lh,  are  to  ba 
seen  tlie  radiroentd  of  a  second  and  peminnent  H't.  llieso  tn^dualljr 
incrfOO,  SOtno  wit3i  greater  rapidity  ihon  others,  and,  pressing  upon  IM 
Tooti  or  fkngs  of  tW  first  toctD,  do  not,  ne  would  bo  imaginod,  force  oat 
tlu>  fornuir  odim.  but  tlia  portion  prrivod  u}ion  gnutuiilly  diimppMira.  It  is 
uAvorbct/— talccn  up,  and  carried  away,  by  numerous  mitititc  vrsfwle,  whose 
office  it  ia  to  get  nd  of  the  wora-oot  or  nMlcsN  nart  of  llic  xyiitcRi.  This 
abttorption  continue*  to  proceed  M  the  aecona  tevUi  grow  and  prm 
npwanlH,  nnlil  the  whole  of  the  fo»g  is  gone,  and  (he  crown  of  the  tooth, 
or  that  part  of  it  which  wan  above  the  gum,  having  no  lutif^-r  firm  hold, 
dro|).i  out,  aiiil  the  wcoad  te<-th  appear,  larger  and  6troiigi>r  and  p^rtuaaenL 
In  a  few  iniitanceit,  huwevcr,  the  second  teeth  do  not  rise  ininitdiately  tuider 
the  teuipiirari' or  uiilk  teeth,  but  BOOMwhat  by  their  side  i  and  t  lie  ti.  instead 
of  thia  };raduul  [ircieess  of  absorptioti  and  disnpponninco  from  ihc  point  of 
the  root  apwards,  the  root  being  coinDrc«M>d  sidewa;^"-  diminifilH-H  thningh- 
out  ita  whole  balk.  The  crown  of  Inr  totftb  dinitniti}i<4  wHtli  Uie  root,  and 
the  whole  ifl  pnahed  out  of  ita  place,  to  the  fore  part  of  the  limt  grinder,  and 
remuinH  for  a  coniiidcmbli!  (imn  under  the  name  of  u  ttoir*  I'^k,  raaa- 
ing  awelliiig  and  Borenwa  of  the  gums,  and  (Vequeiilty  wonuding  the 
cheeks.  They  woold  be  gradually  qtiile  absorbed,  lint  the  pfocem  might  be 
slow  and  the  taiaapaee  would  be  great,  and,  tfaerefom,  they  are  est»cir<l. 

The  change  of  the  teeth  eommencea  in  those  which  earlieat  appeared, 
and,  thcrcforr,  the  front  or  first  griuder  gives  way  at  the  age  of  two  ytmn, 
and  \k  unccccded  bv  a  larger  MM  peimanent  tooth. 

During  the  period  between  ths  tailing  ont  of  the  central  nilk  nippeti^ 
and  the  coming  np  of  the  permanent  ones,  the  colt,  havine  a  broken 
raouUi,  may  titid  some  difHcnItv  in  grazing.  If  he  kIkiuM  Bid)  nway  eoa> 
aiderubly  in  rondition,  he  should  be  fed  witli  mnnheii  and  com,  iir  cut  meat. 
T]u^  next  cut  will  nrprtMM'nl  a  tliree-yi.'iin-4dd  mouth.  The  ccntnd  teeth 
are  larger  tbiin  the  othera,  with  two  grooves  in  (he  outer  ron\-ex  tnarftcsk 
and  the  mark  ia  long,  narrow,  deep  ujkI  black.  NM  laviugvel  attained 
their  full  (:rowth.  they  are  mtbvr  lower  than  the  others.  The  marie  in 
the  two  next  Dij^rs  is  nmrly  worn  out.  and  it  is  wearing  away  in  the 
comer  Dippera.  Is  it  possible  to  fifive  thin  nrnatfa  tonn  early  two-yearn -old  F 
The  ago  of  all  horaes  naod  to  bo  recknnrd  Irom  May.  hnt  some  are  foaled 
even  *o  enrly  as  Jannaiy,  and  being  aetaally  four  mnnthx  orer  the  tw* 
years,  if  they  hare  been  well  nnrMil  and  frd,  and  are  Strang  and  Inrg^ 
they  may,  with  the  inexpeii'incrd,  have  ud  addilicmal  yejir  put  npoo  tlmt. 
The  central  iiipgH-rx  arr  punched  t>r  dmwn  out,  and  the  otlicn  appear  three 
QT  knr  nioiithi.  i-arlicr  tti.".ii  they  ullierwisc  would.     In  (be  ttutiiml  proreai 


TBR   PROCESS  OF  TEETHWO. 


223 


they  eoaU  only  rige  by  long  prtesiiiK  u\ion,  and  paiisinp:  the  abswrption  of 
tlu-'  fir»t  mrt.  But  opiKuition  from  llie  lirat  stit  beuiir  ri>niovt>d,  it  ia  nwy  to 
imagine  tbni  their  pragrrass  will  be  moi*  rapid.  Three  or  four  montbn 
will  b«  gHtned  in  tbi->  appmntncc  of  the  teeth,  and  tlieae  three  or  four 
tnonlli^  uiAy  eii*ble  Uit- brvoil<rr  to  trrm  him  a  late  coltof  aprooediogyftar. 
To  btm,  bowever,  wbu  in  iM^cusrtonMiI  lo  horwn,  tlio  gciipral  form  of  iJio 
uaiiDal — iJie  little  deTelopmmit  of  the  forw-hiind— thn  continnnnco  of  Iba 
mftrk  on  tlio  ueil  pair  of  luppi-rs — il«  raowr  (tridetit  cxistunctt  in  tbo 
eonwr  ooee,  some  ^nlarf^Ntient  or  im-)TtUanl}-  about  tbe  g:unis  frnm  thn 
▼ioloDoe  nstid  in  forcing  ont  the  toeth^the  Biiiall  Krovrlh  of  the  first  and 
fiflb  griiidtrs  and  tbe  non ■appearance  of  the  sixth  ^rtindcr,  which,  if  it  is 
Dot  throogb  the  gnm  nt  tinvc  years  old,  ia  swelling  nnd«r  it^  and  pr6|jaring 
to  ftrt  lhrDti<;b — Any  or  all  of  thrso  circumstiuicoe,  carefully  attended  to, 
will  Iw  a  Knfticicnt  MHnirity  ngainiit  dctiirjiHon. 

A  bonu!  St  Ibrvv  yvani  old  otight  to  Imvo  tlie  central  pcrmnnont  nippen 
gtovnug — tbo  o(h«r  two  |iaira  wa«tin£ — six  grinders  in  each  jaw,  abovo 
ttad  befow^-tfae  firat  and  fifth  luvpl  with  ~ 

afloUieraaiidtheBUthprotrudiufr.  The 
■baip  edge  of  the  now  incison,  although 
it  conld  not  bo  well  expressed  in  the  cut, 
will  bo  vtfTf  evident  when  compared  with 
the  ncishboiiring  ti.'eth. 

Aa  we  pemmnent  nippvni  wear,  and 
oontinne  to  ^^w,  a  nsrmwcr  portion  of 
the  eonoe-sbapvd  tooth  is  vxpostrd  Uy  tho 
attritiaB,  and  they  look  aalf  theyh^bi'i-ii 
eonpnMfd,  bat  it  is  not  so.  The  mark, 
of  ooonc,  gradually  disnppeara  as  the  pit 
is  wurn  awny. 

At  three  yr*ni  and  n  half,  or  hotwc^ea 
that  and  fnar,  the  nrit  pair  of  nipprra 
will  be  chan^^l,  and  tlu»  month  at  that  time  oumot  be  miatakcD.  The 
oentral  nippiTH  will  Iwve  attainod  m^iHy  their  fbll  growth.  A  vaenity 
will  be  left  wlK-n-  the  aecood  stood,  or  tlioy  will  bupu  to  peep  above  the 
nm,  and  the  oomer  onea  will  bo  diuiiiiisbi-d  in  breadth,  worn  down,  and 
BH  marie  becomiiifi  small  and  taint.  At  tliia  period,  likewise,  the  second 
nir  offfHnders  will  be  sbed.  Previously  to  this  may  be  the  attempt  of  the 
uW  to  give  to  his  throe -years-old  an  additional  year,  bat  the  fraud  will  be 
delected  by  an  psamination  similur  to  that  which  has  beon  al ready  ditscribcd. 
At  fbar  yeara,  the  oontrnt  nippers  will  bo  liiUy  dc-relujicd ;  tho  sburp 

*d)[«  soniowhat  worn  oST,  and  the  mark 

•hortcr,  widi-r   and   fainter.     The  ni^jit 

^r  will   l>e   up,  but   they  will  bn  small, 

"till   the    mjirlc    dt-rp,    and     exIendinK 

into  acrusi  them.     Tho   comer  nippers 

*ill  te  litrKtf r  than  thu  inside  ones,  yet 

Mttltr  than  ihey  were,  and  flat,  and  the 

■■HtBearlr  eira..-cid.     The  Rixth  grinder 

■in  Wro  nsi>n  to  a  level  with  th<'  otbcn, 

**i  liw  tsshes  will  bngin  to  nppmr. 
K)*r.  room  than  any  uthL-r  time,  will 

'wdeaierbeanziouM  toput  auaitdilioiial 

fl"  Bpon  tbo  nninial,  for  tli«  differenoe 

M«uii  Ik  fnur-yi-EU^-uId  colt  and  »  fivo 

J^Mn<iM-bortc.  in  strength,  utility  ami  iithie,  in  riTy  gtnat ;  but,  the  want 

rfwfltr  in  the  other  ni]>p«T»  -  iht-  Hinall  itiiu*  of  the  mmvr  ones — tbe  ilttln 

4 


926 


THE  PROCESS  OP  TEKTHISO. 


erowtti  of  the  tneh — the  smallnen  of  the  ncciunl  gtinAvr — iJie  low  tovn- 
btmd — Ui«  ie^ncHS  of  tlio  cult,  ft&d  tlid  thicknou  nnd  little  lIl^Ilth  of  the 
mouth,  vrill,  to  the  man  of  common  cxprn^nro  tunong  hurst-M,  dt  onca 
detect  tho  chiwt. 

Tho  tmihw  (see  below  a,  a)  »re  four  in  nombw,  two  in  each  jaw, 
RJtnAtml  Ijctweoa  the  ni^^iera  aiid  the  (ctiudon — much  nearer  to  the  foimer 
thnn  the  latter,  And  nearer  in  the  lower  jaw  llian  in  the  upper,  bat  this 
dintance  iucreAaing  in  both  jntrs  with  the  a^  of  the  Bnimal.  In  Khspo  i( 
iiumewhat  reeemblea  a  «ono ;  it  protradcs  nboiit  nn  inch  from  the  gum, 
and  haa  its  extremity  ichnrji-pointoct  and  carved.  At  the  ag«  now  nndtsr 
GonBid«ntioa,  the  tuchut  ore  ulmiwt  pwuliiir  Ui  tliu  bonie,  vul  canration 
don  not  appotr  to  prevent  or  retard  their  duvolopment^  All  mana,  bow- 
OTtr,  bavo  us  gmnii  of  them  iu  th«  chambers  of  the  jaw,  and  thef  appear 
extomally  in  the  mty'ori^  of  old  mares.  Their  dso  is  not  evident.  Per- 
hapit,  in  the  wild  state  of  the  animal,  thej^  are  weapons  of  offence,  and 
be  is  enabled  b;  them  more  6nnly  to  sdno,  and  more  denplj  wound  his 
enemy. 

The  breeder  ofWn  ntt«mptii  to  hMt<in  the  appearance  of  tho  t^ish,  and  ho 
.entn  deeply  through  tlie  fcnm  tii  remove  tho  opponition  which  tluit  wonid 
afford.  To  a  little  eittiil  he  nuwd-dii,  Htt  nwy  possibly  gniti  a  few  weolcii, 
but  not  more.  AfWr  all,  lliure  in  much  unc*-rUiinty  as  to  the  appranuioe 
of  tho  tush,  and  it  may  varj-  front  thf  fourth  year  to  fuur  years  rwid  mx 
onths,  It  belonsB,  in  the  nppor  jaw,  both  lo  Uie  inferior  aiid  Huporior 
^^.  KiUaiy  bones;  for,  while  its  &ng  is  deeply  imbedded  m  tlie  inferior 
mnxilkn,-,  the  tooth  penetrates  tho  pn>cesa  of  the  superior  maxiliaiy  at 
ihe  nnton  of  thcMc  bonca. 

At  fuur  ycarw  and  a  half,  or  botwont  tliat  and  five,  the  last  important 
change  taken  place  tn  tho  mouth  of  tfas  horse.  The  comer  nippora  an 
alusl,  and  thv  jienaaneiit  ones  begin  to  appr-ar.  The  ecntrni  nipiv-nt  ars 
conjiiderubly  worn,  and  the  next  pair  arv  corameneing  to  nhuw  initrku  of 
tuam.  The  tush  lins  now  prclmded,  and  is  generally  a  full  balf-Jnch  in 
bn^t;  extemaity  it  has  a  rounded  prominence,  with  a  groove  on  either 
mde,  and  it  ia  oridently  hollowed  within.  The  reader  nc^ds  not  to  be  UAi 
that  aRer  the  rising  of  the  comor  nipper  the  ariimal  changes  its  tiaiae^ 
tbe  colt  beooroea  a  noraei,  and  thn  tilly  a  mare. 

At  five  years  the  horse's  mouth  U  idmont  ptn^vct.  The  comer  nippora 
are  quite  up.  with  the  long  deep  mark  irregular  on  the  inside ;  ana  tha 
other  nippers  bearing  evident  tokens  of  inoraanng  wearing.  Tho  taab  ia 
much  grown — tho  grooves  hare  almost  or  qvile  daappean^,  and  the  enter 

snHhce  is  regularly  convex.  It  is  atill 
as  concave  within,  and  with  the  eda« 
iicnrty  as  sharp,  as  it  was  six  moBwS 
lii'ore.  The  sixth  molar  is  quite  m, 
ami  the  third  molar  is  wanting.  Tba 
hml  circnmsbinc»,  if  the  gmoTtSmppotr- 
ance  of  tbe  animal,  and  particniany  bis 
forehead  and  the  wearing  of  tho  cmtiv 
□i|)pcrft,  and  tl»c  growth  and  shape  of 
thi-  IuhIk*,  are  Ulcewise  careful^ 
attended  to,  will  nrenni  deoeplion,  if 
a  la(«  fimr-y«Bm^  ia  attconplud  lo  b* 
iRibatitatedlbraflve.  TbenipMniBt^ 
be  brought  op  a  few  raontlia  bdon  tlMV 
tiiM^  and  thf  tashea  a  few  wccVs,  but  the  grinder  ia  with  difficulty  dia- 
plaoed.     The  three  last  grinders  and  tho  tashsa  are  neror  shad. 

At  six  years  tlie  uiaiic  on  Ui«  central  nippers  is  worn  onb     Thare  w3l 


TUK  PROCESS  OF   TEETtll.VO. 


137 


MtO  he  »  (lifftreBM  of  colour  in  tlw  onnhr-  of  tlw  iaoth.  The  ocinMit  fill- 
ing ihe  hol«,  ma(t»  bjr  tite  <Ii|>]i!iig  In  of  llu!  rnnmrl,  will  |>n'».iit  a 
browner  ha«  than  the  other  part  of 
lbs  tooUi,  and  it  will  be  evidently 
rairmiKled  Inr  ui  edge  of  eiumel, 
and  tluro  will  tn-nn  rrmnin  a  little 
diipmwion  in  tbc  nmtm,  ktul  aI>o  a 
di^renHum  itiaiid  the  cam:  of  <ni>- 
wp!  :  but  ibe  derp  holu  in  the  wm- 
tnof  the  twth,  with  the  bbek- 
ened  «Br&ce  irhich  it  imoenta,  uid 
Um  «IeT»t«d  ed^  of  enamel,  will 
h»T»'diMppwTed.  IVrmiifl  not 
■racfa  ■GcmtoRicd  to  honv*  huve 
bca  pazsW  han.  Tbrjr  ex- 
pccb^  to  find  k  pUin  KDrface  of 
»  ttntfurm  colour,  nod  knew  not 
wfaat  oouclufiioii  to  dmw  when 
ibere  wm  both  dUcoloomlion  and 
invfpiUrity. 

In  the  next  incisors  the  mark  is  shorter,  broader,  and  &inter;  and  in  tbs 
coner  teeth  theedj^oftlieena- 
Bel  we  more  rej^olar.  and  the 
■nftce  is  widf^tlj  worn.  Tho 
(■■fa  baa  Attained  it*  fall  growth, 
bnnff  fu^rijr  trr  qiiiti>  an  inch  in 
lrn(^ ;  ronvrx  outward,  concave 
witlnn ;  ti.-ndiog'  to  a  point,  and 
Ih*  etttvmity  auinewhat  curved, 
T)w  (bird  fp^oder  b  birly  up; 
■od  ail  the  grinders  are  level. 

At  BIZ  Tears  old  the  proflk  of 
tiM  OKmUi  cxhibili;  ihc  teeth  in  "^^^K '  J?' 

a  Gnn  and  npright  piiaition, 
which  in  gTsdnidly  lo«t  ■«  the 
ansmal  inrmwes  in  age. 

Tha  hone  may  now  be  aatd  to  Hart^  a  petfect  mouth.  All  the  teetb 
areMOdSMd,  ftiUy  grown,  and  have  hitherto  siwlained  no  Dialcrinl  in)urT. 
Donag  tbeeo  important  i^hnngm  of 
tb«  tMth  tbo  aniDwI  ha*  NnfTi-red 
Imb  tban  conld  be  mnpoaed  jiosaible. 
la  ebildrcn,  the  pnriod  of  teething  is 
ftao^t  witl)  dan^r.  Dngj^  are  sob- 
jtet  la  CDnmlitioDS,  and  hnndrpiix 
of  tboB  die  from  the  irritation  canwil 
hf  the  cutting  or  shedding  of  their 
leetb;  but  the  horso  aiip<'jm  (o  fei-l 
thtin  tDCDBvmimce.  The  gmns  and 
|Mlatc  an  oocanionally  sMnewhat  hot 
nkd  vwollen  ;  bat  the  alightert  scnriK- 
eatioa  will  remove  thifl.  The  t«eth  of 
th«  borae  are  more  necessary  to  him 
than  thoae  ct  the  other  animntu  are  to 
thrm.  The^ild  may  be  fi>d,  and  the  dog 


will  b)lt  his  food :  but  that  of  the  borne 

naat  b«w«Ilgnninddown,  or  the  nutriment  c:iu: 


:i..l  Lv  !• 


xtmctod  from  Ik 


33« 


THE  PROCESS  OF  TEETHIKO. 


Al  aeren  j-ean,  the  murk,  iii  tli«  way  in  which  w«  luiv«  ileAcribnl  it,  is 
worn  oat  in  the  four  cimtml  nippere,  wid  Taut  vrmnng  away  in  llwi 
comer  tf«th ;  Uie  tush  aUo  is  beginning  to  be  •Itrri'd.  It  ta  rtiQode<)  »t 
the  point ;  rounded  at  the  edges ;  etill  rooiul  without ;  and  begintuug 
to  get  ronnil  in^de. 

At  cijjlit  yt*rt  old,  tho  tnsh  in  ronndi-r  in  every  w»y;  th«  mark  is  f,-one 
from  nil  the  bottom  nippen,  and  it  muy  almost  bo  iaid  to  bo  oat  of  llie 

month.  Thrrc  i»  nothing  rraaain- 
ing  in  til"  bottom  nijmcm  tlint  con 
ftftcrwurdH  ciciirlv  nhow  tlm  ag« 
of  the  borw--,  or  jUBtify  the'  tomI 
oxperienoed  examiner  in  giriog 
a  poBitive  opiuiou. 

I>ishouost  dealers  Itave  n- 
sorted  to  a  method  of  protgnginK 
the  mark  in  the  lower  nippcTi=.  It 
is  called  ^hoping.  Witn  ma  en- 
graver's tool  a  hole  IN  dag  in  tho 
'/'•^ ,  'JV^  "'"'  almottt  plain  Kurfaui]  of  tho 

Vji^^  ^^HeJ  comer  tentli,  and  in  shape  and 

^■U^^B  ^^f  depth  rvMimbling  th«  mark  in  a 

^^^^^■'  *  ^r  scvcn-ycAnuotd  borae.    The  hole 

^^^^u  U  is  thm  bunted  with  a  heated  imn, 

MV^^HB.  JV  and  a  pornuwcnt  bhtek  stain  \* 

P*  ^^^'  "•  left ;  but  tho   irrvKolar  ^pear- 

auce  of  Uw  onrily,  th«  dif- 
ibiiOD  of  t]ie  Uade  Blain,  and  the  general  appear&nce  of  th«  monlh,  can 
DOTor  deceave  a  oareflil  sxanuDcr. 

Honemen,  afl«r  the  Gnimal  is  pipht  years  old,  are  Bfcnstomed  to  look 
to  the  nippers  in  tho  upper  jaw,  and  some  oonclusion  lias  been  diHwn  ftom 
the  appearanceB  which  ui«j  pronent.  Itcnnnot  be  doubted  that  th«  naric 
remains  in  iliem  mme  yean  after  it  hiw  been  obliterated  from  the  nippcn 
in  the  InwiT  jnw  ;  beouue  tho  hard  nbctanoe,  a  kind  of  (;rincnt  by  which 
th?  pit  or  runnel  iu  tho  centre  of  the  tooth  in  ot-oipii'd,  doex  not  rmch  so 
liiKb,  iiud  there  is  a  grettter  depth  of  tootli  to  bo  worn  away  in  order  to 
oonie  at  it.  To  this  it  mny  bo  added,  llial  the  upp^r  nippeni  arc  not  «o 
mnch  exposed  to  friction  and  wear  as  the  under.  The  lower  jaw  alonv  is 
moved,  and  pntsMid  forcibly  upon  the  food :  the  upper  jaw  is  wit]>ont 
motion,  and  luw  only  to  rMJKt  thst  preasiire. 

There  an,-  varioua  opinions  asi  to  uio  interrals  between  the  disappearance 
of  tho  marks  frciin  tlic  diflenmt  cutting-tooth  in  (ho  upper  jaw.  Some 
havi!  aronigtd  it  at  two  years,  and  others  at  one.  The  aolhor  is  inolined 
to  mlupt  the  Uttvr  opiuion,  and  then  the  agn  will  Iw  tlins  determiited  :  at 
nine  years  the  mark  will  be  worn  out  from  t)ie  middle  nippen.  from  th» 
iiett  uair  at  ten,  and  from  all  the  u[)per  uijipcni  ut  vteven.  Dnring  IhMH 
periods  the  tush  is  likewise  undergoii^^  a  nuuiif««t  ehange;  it  ia  blav 
shorter,  and  rounder  In  what  degree  this  take*  plaee  in  the  diB 
periods,  long  and  moat  &voaroblo  opjwrtunities  for  obaerratton  qui  aJo^^ 
enable  the  horseman  to  decide. 

The  toshes  are  eipnaed  to  )<nt  tilth'  iti-ar  and  tear.  Ttie  frictjan  n«aiiMl 
thcnn  mnrt  \m  Hli^-ht,  prixNi-diiitf  only  fmm  tlio  passage  of  the  food  mcr 
thrm.  feiiil  fmm  the  motion  of  ih<!  tongue,  or  fn>ni  the  bit ;  and  their 
altirrstiun  of  form,  slthou^i  Ki'oenilly  sh  we  hare  de«criln<d  it.  is  6»- 
(foeiitly  niicertiiiii.  Tlit  tiish  will  iiumt'tiiiii-v  Iw  hinnt  at  eigtil  ;  at  otlMT 
timi-a  it  will  rvmaio  |)uiiikHl  at  *-iKlilH.-ii.  The  u|ipcT  tnsh,  alliion^b 
lattiit  in  appearing,  is  soonest  worn  away. 


TIIB   PBOCESS  OP  TEKTHI.VO. 


tt» 


An>  tbi-w  any  cin-iiinxltmcM  to  pnidu  our  jmJgmotit,  nftcT  tliis  P  Thcro 
ai*  lliose  which  will  jinpiirc  nn  to  ^eas  at  thu  asr<'  of  thp  horw>.  or  ti> 
^■prosch  uHlhin  »  few  _vfH.ni  of  it,  until  he  boeomus  vonr  old ;  but  Uittni 
an  non<>  which  will  enabk-  us  mieiinitolv'  to  detormioe  liie  qncstioD,  antl 
tba  iodicatiana  of  ago  must  now  in:  tnJcoD  from  tJi«  abapo  of  tho  upi>er 
Kir&«M  of  thB  nippers.  Al  oiRht,  tliuy  vo  all  oval,  the  iMifrUi  of  tlip  oval 
nmuintr  acroiw  fnum  tooth  to  tooth  ;  hot  a*  l.hn  horec  Bote  oldtir,  tint  Ut^lh 
dimiiiiah  In  si«>,  and  thig  coiiiin«ncitiK  in  thi^ir  wndth.  and  not  in  tlicir 
thiekiuw.  Tht-y  U-wnKs  a  little  apart  from  i-iuih  othrr.and  their  Biirfiict-ii 
•raimiDded.  At  niDL>,  tlin  ccmtiTi  nippt^ra  aru  oridttntly  so;  at  ton.  llic 
odiecs  begin  to  have  tbe  oval  it}iort<^ned ;  at  eleven,  tho  swon<l  |mir  of 
nippiffs  ar«  quite  rounded ;  and  itt  thirteen,  tlio  fortif  r  one*  l>«vo  that 
mwamnre.  At  foaitoen,  tha  &ee«  of  tho  central  nipjiwK  bnctimo  8omf>' 
^Mi  triwigukr.  At  sovantaeD,  ihey  arc  all  so.  At  ninrfwat,  thp  angle* 
bcftin  to  wuur  off,  and  tho  central  t«.-th  nro  n^n  oval,  bat  in  a  nivrmoil 
diiwtion,  vijt,  trum  outvrard,  inward  ;  and  nt  twcnty-ono  they  lUl  wuar 
tbut  form.  Tliis  ts  tUo  opinion  of  somti  ContinmtAl  veterinary  surgeoni, 
and  Mr.  Pcreivall  first  pnsientt^d  them  tu  u*  in  an  English  drtas. 

It  wonid  bo  folly  to  expect 
poricct  accuracy  at  tliLs  advanced 
a^  of  tho  hone,  wLen  we  aro 
bonod  to  confcw  that  the  roles 
wbicb  wo  hnro  bud  down  for 
drbmiining  thi»  matter  at  an 
carlicrr  period,  idt.hough  they  nra 
ncognMBed  in  boracmcn  grn  emily, 
and  reiefTeatoincourtsof jnHticc, 
will  not  Btude  an  in  ev<-ry  raw. 
Stablttd  bonea  have  tlio  murk 
aoooer  worn  out  tluui  tho^  ilmt 
■re  at  gnm;  and  a  crib-biivr 
naf  dMeive  tho  best  jud^re  by 
one  or  twoytara.  At  nlno  or  ten  the  bnrs  of  the  month  becomo  less  pro> 
nnwiitt  aod  tlioir  twnlardiminotinn  will  deKigriiito  increasini;  ngv.  At 
dmo  or  hrrfrw  tho  lower  nippers  changi-  thrir  original  upright  dirpction, 
and  pmJ4«t  forward  or  horisontally,  and  bi-coniu  of  a  yellow  colonr.  They 
»(v  yrlUiw,  becanac  tbe  tmtb  moct  grow  in  ordor  to  answer  to  tbdr  wear 
and  (ear;  bat  thccnamd  wliioh  covfrod  their  nuftee  when  they  were 
Bnt  moducM!  catmot  be  ropatrt-d,  and  lliat  whieh  wears  this  yellow  colour 
iu  ola  a|,>e  ia  the  part  which  tn  jouth  was  in  the  socket,  and  Uicrefore  dca- 
|jtnl«  of  enamel.  Tlio  |>nn)8  have  receded  and  wsstcd  away,  and  tho 
to»bM  arc  worn  to  stumps,  and  project  directly  ontward. 

Id  conDoction  with  the  ag«  of  the  horw  slionld  be  monfionM  thp  vala- 
■liltt  ialbnnation,  for  whicli  wo  arc  indcbti^d  to  Pnifimior  Simondn,  of  tho 
Boyal  Tct«rinarr  Collegv,  on  tho  age  of  ntlier  domes lit'iiU'd  auiiuala — in 
two  leotnrea  dehreitd  before  tlio  Ro>-al  Agricultnrtil  Sueii-Iy  of  Etigland, 
acd  which  were  pahliabed  at  Ihct  rts^ncKt  of  tJial  iHidy ;  ho  very  clearly 
elaeidatvd  the  development  of  tlie  tveth  a8  itidicativi-  of  llie  ago  of  the  ox, 
tlte  abeep,  and  tbe  pig.  The  rt«alt  of  his  inrestigaliona,  most  eystemati- 
odlr  pwmed,  would  appear  to  be,  tha.t  the  ok  lias  liis  loelh  fully  acvclnpcd 
at  from  tfareo  yvara  to  throe  yean  and  nine  months  old,  the  sheep  at  fn<m 
three  jMn  to  thiee  jrears  aiia  •  hali^  &ud  the  pig  at  ono  year  and  a  half. 


;ao 


DISEASES  OP  TUB  TBETll. 


DISEASES    OP    TB£    TEETH. 

or  llio  dbcaaea  of  tbe  Itt-lh  iu  tin-  lioi-so  wl-  know  litUu.  Curious  or 
bollow  l^c'th  ftre  oocneionallr,  bat  not  oflfo  seen ;  but  (Jih  e<l;o»  of  |}in 
grinderB,  from  ttui  wcmriug  olf  of  tho  oiuuddI  qt  tho  invgnltu'  (growth  of 
the  tt^ith,  bucome  rough,  and  wuuiid  tliu  iciiidi:  uf  tbo  choiik  ;  it  is  tb*B 
nooMUury  to  adopt »  ffummar;  but  effi-iHual  method  of  cmv,  namdjTt  to 
rasp  Uum  smooth ;  tlw  ontsad*  edg«8  of  thft  pitid«n  in  the  upper  jaw 
oloDO  roqiura  tlia  npplic«tion  of  tho  tooth  nup,  nnd  if  tbo  fiugnr  ia  carefully 
iutroducvd  inaido  iuo  ohedc,  before  and  after  lU  use,  tbe  result  will  be  nit- 
tnistakeable.  Mauy  bad  ulcere  bavo  betrn  produced  in  the  mouth  hy  tlio 
oeglect  of  this. 

Tho  t^ii^h  nomcUmte  frTx)w  irrei^ularljr  in  length,  and  this  is  parlicularlj 
the  ease  with  the  |^ludc-ra,  from  not  being  in  exaet  opposition  lo  eoeb  other 
when  the  moalh  is  shut.  Tho  growth  of  tbe  teeth  still  going  on,  and  then 
being  no  lOM^utnioI  opposition  to  it,  one  of  tho  back  teeth,  or  a  portion  oif 
one  of  them,  shoots  up  considcntblf  above  tlie  others.  Sometimes  it 
penetratt^  the  bare  above,  aud  caujscs  soreness  and  ulceration ;  at  other 
times  it  iDU^rferes  purtinlly,  or  nltognthcr,  with  tho  grinding  motion  uf  the 

Sim,  and  thit  unimul  pinea  away  without  tbe  eanse  beuig  nupected. 
ere  the  gaw  abould  be  usni,  and  the  projecting  portion  rednced  to  a  lersl 
with  tho  other  tooth.  Tho  hnrM?  that  hiM  once  been  Buhjc<olcd  to  this 
operntion  shotild  oflerwurda  Iw  frnqticntly  examined,  and  especiidlj  if  baj 
lo«ra  oonditjon :  and,  indeed,  every  hurHu  tliat  gvla  liiin  oront  of  cooditiaa 
without  fL-viT,  or  otfaur  apparent  causo,  shonld  have  his  teeth  and  mont 
eanfcUjT  examined,  and  oHpecialljr  if,  without  anr  indication  of  sore  thn 
he  qnidfl — partly  chewing  and  tlurn  droppiug^fais  food,  or  if  ho  holds 
head  somewhat  on  one  aiae,  while  he  eatn.  in  order  to  get  tbe  food  I 
tbe  outer  edges  ef  the  teeth.  A  horse  that  has  once  had  very  ir 
teeth  in  materialtj  leasenod  in  value,  for,  although  they  majr  b»  tAvu 
as  oaiefiiUy  as  nossible,  thnr  will  projeot  again  at  no  groat  "^'f^^tii"  of 
time.      Such  a  noniu  i.t  to  all  iutents  and  pnrposea  unsonnd.     In  order  to 


bo  fit  for  scrriee,  he  should  be  in  posseeSMn  of  his  fnll  nsturnl  powers,  and 
these  powers  cannot  be  sustained  without  Mrfect  nutrition,  and  nutritJoa 
would  bo  rr^diTL-d  ladly  im|wrihot  fajr  any  ueTect  in  the  opemtion  of  i 
cation.  Sot  only  do  aume  diatame  of  tlie  teeth  render  th»  >eiof  mastii 
dificult  and  troublesome,  but,  from  the  food  acquiring  m  Ifastid  odour  dn 
ita  detention  in  (he  month,  the  hone  acqniivs  a  distaato  for  alii 
altcwetber. 

loe  oootinuance  of  a  carioos  tooth  often  produces  disease  of  the  neigh- 
bovriBg  omas,  and  of  the  jaw  itwif.  1c  should  therefore  bo  remored,  u 
soon  H  ita  rot  state  in  evidenL  Dmdfulcawn  of  fungus  hmmatodealiaTS 
ariiu-n  trom  the  irritation  caused  bv  ft  eariooa  tooth. 

The  mode  of  extracting  the  teeth  reqnira*  manh  mrormation,  and  con> 
siderablo  imirovonents  have  hr«n  made  in  dental  instimments  by  Hr.  i 
Oowiag  of  Cwadcn  Town,  by  which  the  eztnwtiun  or  diriiuim  of  a  lootlt  1 
is  oonsidombly  (w-ilitatml.  The  hammer  and  the  pwch  should  neror  b*j 
had  recoune  to.  Tho  koy«d  instrument  of  the  hnman  subject,  but  on  ^1 
larger  scale,  is  the  only  one  that  nhould  be  pcrmiltnl.  ' 

^isislho  pnipur  pluce  to  Hpeak  more  at  length  of  the  effect  of  dontitioa' 
on  tlw  syxtem  (;euerally,  lluiiteitiFn  in  gmonu  think  too  UghUy  of  it,  and 
tbey  scarocly  dream  of  thi>  animal  duffering  to  anyoonaidoraible  dsgn^  or 
absolute  illness  being  produoi-d  ;  yet  be  who  has  to  do  with  yonag  honea 
will  oooasionallT  discovor  a  considerable  degree  of  felirile  affinetiaat,  whieh 
he  can  refer  to  tJiiit  coum  niono.  Keror,  cough,  catarrlial  alTectiaaa  ffODOSBlhr, 


DISEASES  OF  THE  TOXGl'E. 


at 


I 


* 


* 


dllgaan  oftSe  eyes,  cataneoiu  nflitclioiDi,  ditirrhcea,  djeenlerv,  loss  ol 
uipotit*^  uid  gODciral  deiftngement,  will  frviiooutl}-  be  ti'aced,  by  Ijie  carerul 
ODMrror,  to  irntation  firou  teething. 

It  is  amli!ii<auvcIjrBidmittuig  of  tlid  slightest  dvvintion,  tlint,  whcnyoan;^ 
borUB  are  hbouring  luulor  utj  fcbrili;  nflVctitm,  tlio  loontli  eboiitd  bci 
•anuiwd,  Aod  if  th«  toshtis  am  iiromiiituit  and  pushing  against  the  K^ua, 
a  erncul  incisioia  Khonid  bo  mado  acro§s  theru.  'En  this  way,'  snys  Mr. 
PtrotTmU,  *  I  hvn  *ocn  o&bLirhal  twd  bronchial  inilnmnuitiona  atuittid, 
oongfas  nliered,  lymphatio  and  other  (;laiidiilur  tumourB  a>kout  Lltu  liuid 
Todnood,  cntMieoBs  eruptions  pit  rid  of,  dvrauxud  bowela  restored  toorder, 
appetite  tvtamod,  and  lost  cooditioD  rcpurod. 

THE   TOHQUB. 

The  toogtui  ia  tbo  organ  of  tast«.  It  is  also  employed  in  disposing  the 
food  for  being  ground  bntwcpn  tho  toctb,  aod  fcfUirwards  collocting  it 
tOjgetfaer,  aod  ouuveyiuK  it  to  tho  buck  piirl  of  the  moiitli,  in  order  to  bo 
■mllowed.  It  ia  likewise  tht-  m&iu  iiutraminil  in  doglutitiou,  and  the 
cmmI  tlirauah  which  tho  irat«r  passes  tti  the  act  of  drinking.  The  root  of 
it  ia  linnly  hxcd  at  the  IwttaiQ  of  thp  mouth  by  a  varioty  of  maeck^K;  Homo 
of  UkMe  equscIm  orij,'iiutte  from  tliii  ot  hjmih*  or  bono  ol  the  tongue,  wliiiili 
eooatitates  its  be^e,  and  ta  couuected  with  the  ttmi|ionU  bone,  tJie  laryux, 
nod  tbo  pharynx ;  tho  font  part  is  loose  in  tlie  mouth.  It  is  oorered  by  a 
oontinnalion  of  tbo  mtnnbmno  that  linpa  tho  month,  and  whiclii  doubling 
beneatji,  and  confiniiif^  the  motiunB  of  tbo  ton^nc,  ia  cullvd  ite  frmnwat,  or 
bridlo.  On  tbo  Ixtok  of  the  tongue,  tjiia  lueuibi'aTiu  is  thickened  and  rough- 
ened, and  IN  eorered  with  nuBoroiis  conical  papillm,  or  bttio  cjuinencps, 
OB  which  the  fibrva  of  tho  giutfttory  bmnch  of  tlie  ladh  pair,  and  tho 
OloasB  Ffaai^Dgeal  nerviw  expand,  oommunicuting  the  Heuae  of  toate^  The 
,«mrioQt  inotw>iu  of  tho  tongue  are  aooompliabed  by  moans  of  tho  Qioth  pair 
et  nerrai.  Tho  anbctanco  of  the  longno  is  cnmiMiwed  of  miiMnuhir  tibrcn, 
viUt  much  &tly  wattor  intcrpoxod  between  them,  and  which  gives  to  this 
organ  its  pecoLiar  sofUnesi. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    TOKQOE. 

Tbo  toDgno  is  somotimes  eiposod  to  injury  fioni  Cftrelossncss  or  violenco 
ID  tbo  act  of  drmohing  or  udni  in  interring  n  bnli,  it  lieing  pressed  t^ainut 
and  cut  by  the  edges  of  the  grinders.  A  little  diluted  tincture  of  niyrrb, 
or  ohm  dicsotvod  in  water,  or  even  nature  onaosistcd,  will  speedily  beal 
tbo  wonnd.  The  homo  will  somotiincs  liito  his  tongue,  moat  frcqacntty  in 
Ins  alaepL  If  tbo  injury  is  trilling,  it  roquiroo  litUo  eare ;  but,  in  Honin 
'—**"'*■.  a  portion  of  tJiu  tongue  bos  be«n  deeply  looemted  or  bitiou  uD'. 
Tbo  awdstuioe  of  a  reterinary  practitioner  is  here  required. 

ThcTB  aro  lomo  iot«re8ting  aoconnts  of  tho  resnlte  of  this  lesion.  Mr. 
Diekeas  of  Kimbolton  rclateM  n  vane,  in  the  sixth  vohimn  of  the  '  Vvteriu^ 
riau,'  in  which  be  found  a  iiortion  uf  the  tongue  of  a  mum,  I'xteuding  as 
&r  as  tbo  &«num  beneath,  lying  in  the  manger  in  a  strangely  lacotattKl 
eooditioa,  oad  fost  ai^roachinf^  to  decomposition.  Ho  hml  hor  cost,  and, 
exebiny  all  tbo  onboiUthy  portions,  be  drcKScd  tho  wuund  nitb  chloride  of 
aod*  aod  tinclnre  of  myrrh.  In  Imh  thiut  a  week  the  laceration  wits  nearly 
bsalod,  and,  soon  aAemrards,  she  oonld  eat  with  very  little  difBculty,  and 
ksn»  bendf  in  good  condition.  Tho  injnry  was  proved  to  have  been 
*■**■*—*  by  a  bmtol  borscbmaker,  in  revenge  fur  some  slight  affront. 

A  oarious  case  is  recordctl  in  the  Memoirs  of  tho  Society  of  Calvados. 
A  horse  was  •lifficnll  to  groom.  Tho  soldier  who  had  tho  care  of  him,  in 
order  the  better  to  manago  bim,  fixed  in  his  mouth  and  on  his  tongue  a 
strong  cboin  of  iron,  deeply  inrmtiHl,  while  another  man  gare  to  this  chain 


293 


TUG   SALIV'AKY   ai.ANb«. 


a  ton'ilile  jerk  whcDovor  the  torw  wne  diajjoscd  fo  Iw  robelliuus.  Tlie 
animnl,  under  sncb  Inrtnrri,  bcrAino  untiuuiai;i?ftb)<>,  and  th(<  man  nlio  held 
tiro  dinin  miwiug  iiwtiv  wit)i  uU  hiH  fiLrtMi;{Ui,  Uiu  totij^u  wun  o»tii[)!nlin1jr 
out  off  at  tlio  [Hiiut  wLiuh  Sf|MiraU.-H  ita  baeo  from  Uie  trw  [luriiun  (if  it. 
Tilt!  wouud  lieali*d  Givounibly,  and  he  was  aoon  ab]e  to  maua;ft>  a  masli. 
After  tbat  sonip  hay  was  giron  U>  bim  in  email  qnsntitiiw.  Ho  took  it  aud 
formnd  it  into  »  kinti  of  pullot  with  hix  lip*,  and  thpn,  pnuinirig  it  agninut 
tho  bottom  of  his  man^r,  bu  frnwlually  fum.'d  it  auffioicntly  back  into  thtt 
inoutli  to  be  viiablt>d  to  ati'uv  it  with  his  griudt-rs. 

Anothsr  hone  cnmo  to  an  iintimplr  end  in  a  singular  iray.  Ho  Lad 
worooljr  oaten  anvthing  for  tbrro  virckK.  Ho  seiemcd  to  be  nnablo  to 
Hwalloir.  The  cuiuinel  bifuoath  the  lower  Jaw  bad  niuuh  tmlnrgemonl), 
about  it.  Tbi^re  waa  not  any  known  cause  for  this,  nor  auy  account  d 
violenco  done  to  tb(<  tongnoi.  At  Icx^th  a  tnmonr  appeared  under  the  jaw. 
Mr.  Yoang  of  Ikfairhioul  panoturod  it,  and  a  considerable  qnnntily  o{ 
pnrnlcnt  matter  GMuHpvd.  Tho  bonte  could  driuk  his  ^ut-1  aHcr  Ihin,  but 
not  take  any  BOlid  food.  A  week  atlerwarda  he  was  fouud  dead.  Upon 
BeparaliDf;  tho  h«ad  IVom  the  trunk,  acd  cutting  transTeiwly  upon  th« 
ton^Oi  nearly  opporite  to  tho  MM'ond  grinder,  a  net-die  was  loand  tjHng 
lengitodinally,  aiid  wlu^  bad  pduetrati.'d  from  thi'  sid»  to  the  infi>rior 
portion  of  tho  tongue.  It  was  an  inch  and  a  quarter  iu  leD)^h,  and  tlw 
ncjsllboilring  HuhRtanco  was  in  a  fLtat«  of  gangrene. 

VMietoanill  Hometimeaappcarnloiig  tin- uniliTrnido  of  Ibc tongue,  which 
will  incrt-uai!  to  a  cuiuiderabli!  aiio.  The  tongue  itaelf  will  Iw  mncli  cnlarffecl,' 
thL-  animal  will  bo  nutible  to  swallow,  and  a  great  quantity  of  ropy  Muivs 
will  dnTel  from  the  niontli.  Thin  dinaase  onea  CZistB  without  the  nature 
of  it  being  miiiprelod.  If  the  Rioulli  is  <iticned,  ono  largo  bltkdder,  or  » 
ntooOHion  of  bfuddi^m,  of  a  purple  hue,  will  be  eeeii  ex(<indirig  alotig  tha 
wlioln  of  tlu)  under  side  of  the  tongue.  If  they  ai«  laiiCF<d  freely  and 
dee|>ly,  from  end  (o  end,  the  MWollinc;  will  rery  rapidly  abalo,  and  any 
little  fever  that  n-niaiim  may  lie  niiliiJiied  by  cooling  mcdiciur.  A  mild 
solution  of  alum,  applied  by  meunii  of  a  small  pi«ec  of  iip»iigi>  frnqnenlly 
during  the  day,  will  aoc«IcTat«  tlie  core.  The  cauM  of  tliis  diai»>e  is  not 
dearly  knowu. 

TBE    SU.ITABT    QLUfSS, 

In  order  that  tlie  food  tuay  be  proj>erly  eonmunuted  prepaistoiy  to 
digestion,  it  is  nocemtary  tbat  it  should  be  prerionsly  moistMiea.  The  food 
of  tho  stabled  horse,  however,  is  drir,  and  his  meal  is  genentlly  ooDclndod 
without  any  fluid  bein^  offered  to  lum.  Nature  hiui  made  a  prarisioti  for 
thia.  She  has  placed  in  the  nei);hboiirhood  uf  the  month  ranons  glanda 
to  secrete,  and  that  plcntifnllv,  a  limpid  fluid,  somewhat  Mline  to  the  taataL 
This  fluid  is  eonve^ed  from  the  glands  into  tJi«  month,  bj  varions  dncta, 
ID  the  act  of  chewmg,  and,  briiw  mixed  with  the  food,  rendcTs  it  mora 
oaaily  grouud,  more  uwily  pa««d  afterwards  into  the  stomach,  and  hotter 
fitted  for  di|(c«itiDn. 

The  pfinapal  of  these  is  the  r"rv(<VI  gland  (sco  cut,  p.  199).  Itix 
in  the  nollow  which  extends  from  the  root  of  the  imr  to  the  anglo 
lower  jaw.  The  portion  of  it,  ij.  ia  re])r«a«nt«d  aa  turned  up,  to  show  tb* 
mtnatKra  of  tho  blood -vmiii.>Is  uuiierueallL  In  ulmo^it  every  case  of  oold 
connected  with  sore  Uiroat^  an  enlargement  of  the  parotkl  gland  Heridetit 
to  the  feeliitg,  and  eren  to  tho  rye.  It  is  eomposod  of  nunmona  mmU 
glaadfl  eoDDMted  togrthir.  and  k  minnte  .tub«  prnoeedii^  fton  each,  to 
cariT  away  tho  secreted  fluid.  TtiMe  tubt'i  nnit«  in  oow  oommoa  mnL. 
At  Uie  letter  w,  the  parotid  duct  is  aeen  to  pass  nnder  the  anf  la  of  Ike 
lower  jaw,  together  with  tho  sabniaxillaiy  artery,  aud  a  bt«a*li  of  the 


THE  SAUTAKT  QLAIfDS.  S93 


^  and  they  came  ont  ntruin  ai  ui.      At  r,  tho  dact  ia  seen 

•ejpknted  from  <h«  other  ft^iit-l^  uUmbing  up  the  olu^Ic,  nnd  pi«rRins  it 
lo  diachargo  itfl  contents  into  the  mouth,  oppoaitu  to  thu  Hi-coiict  grinctrr. 
The  qoantitjr  of  fluid  thus  poarod  into  the  month  tivni  each  tif  the  jiarutid 
glnnda  amionnt*  to  n  pint  nnd  n  hiilr  in  nn  hour,  durinff  the  actiou  of 
niMtioatioii ;  tuul,  nuniL-linifH,  vilina  tho  dui-t  huK  hi'cn  ncciilpntnlly  opened, 
it  has  spirted  out  to  the  disiiLuci.-  of  ticn-ral  fin.-t. 

Tho  parotid  sland  Bjrmpathises  with  even'  iulluiuuinlorf  aOecliuu  of  thu 
upp^T  part  of  tho  throat,  and  thorofore  il  in  found  swollen,  hot.  and  t«uder, 
in  aInuMt  evtrj  cutarrh  or  cold.  1'ho  entnrrh  i(i  to  be  trcntod  in  Iho  usual 
wsy ;  while  a  stimulutinK  applinitioii,  utmost  umou tiling  to  a  blixtcr,  tfoll 
rabbed  over  the  ^laud,  will  hi-tit  miIkIuu  the  uilluiuiiiiilioii  of  tluit  body. 

In  bful  lEtmngieH,  mid,  eometiuies,  in  violent  cold,  this  gland  will  he 
mneb  mlnrgtMi  .iiid  nlrcrated,  or  an  obBtniction  will  tnko  place  in  §onie 
part  of  tha  dnut,  and  tho  ncrumn luting  fluid  will  hiirxt  the  veK«el,  nnd  a 
Satnlooa  nicer  b«  formed  thiit  will  be  very  diflicult  to  liiiiL  Similar 
Mnba  nsy  be  prodoced  by  its  beiu^;  viuituded  by  &  laucvt  iu  oimmnji  na 
abweWt  and  it  occasionally  oceura  Iram  accidental  wounds.  The  apphca- 
ticm  of  colloditun,  ncoompiiniiid  with  tho  adhesivo  plni^ter,  should  bo 
promptly  hud  ivcourwe  to,  tui  if  the  wound  nesumoe  *  fiRtulons  character 
the  eon  is  tedious  aud  difflcult.  A  veterinary  unrgton  alone  will  be  com- 
pelMifc  to  tho  trftatment  of  either  case;  and  tlia  priiinplu  by  whieh  ho 
will  be  ptidod  will  bo  to  heal  the  abscess  in  the  gland  as  speedUy  as  he 
can,  and,  probablr,  by  tho  apptimtion  of  the  hoatod  in>n ;  or,  if  the  ulcer 
ia  in  the  dud,  either  lo  renton.-  the  pttssi^re  through  the  duct,  or  to  form 
k  new  one. 

A  second  source  of  the  saliva  is  IVom  the  »ui»>\a;rillo.rt/  glands,  or  tho 
glands  uddor  the  jaw.  One  of  thorn  ia  reprseeuted  at  *,  p.  tS9.  Tho 
mbniaxillaiy  gland*  oocup^  thii  npuM  underneath  and  between  the  sides 
of  the  lower  jaw,  and  cousiat  of  uumerous  small  bodies,  each  vrith  its  proper 
duct,  uniting  together,  and  forming  on  each  side  a  common  duct  or  vessel 
thai  pierces  through  the  mnscIcH  iit  the  root  of  the  tontpie,  And  Open*  in 
little  projectionn,  or  h<«ds,  upon  tlic  /ra-niim,  or  bridio  <if  tile  tongue, 
aboat  an  inch  and  a  faulf  frniu  tht.'  front  teeth.  Whi*ii  Uie  horse  has 
cntnrrh  or  oold,  these  glands,  like  the  parotid  gland,  enlarge.  This  is  oAen 
to  be  obaerred  after  strangles,  and  several  distinct  kernels  are  to  be  felt 
under  tho  jaw.  It  has  nlrcndy  hccii  slnti'd  that  they  may  be  distingnished 
from  tho  dwellings  that  aecroiapany  or  indioati:  glnndcm,  by  tboir  being 
hrgvr,  genendly  noi  so  dinUnet,  more  in  the  centre  of  the  chauiifl.  or 
•poeu  bptwevn  the  jaws,  and  never  adhering  to  tho  jaw-bones,  Tiio 
CuTiots  call  them  vivcii,  and  often  ndopt  cruel  and  nbsnrd  mcthodx  to 
dia|wne  Ibcau, — as  bumii^  them  with  a  tight4Nl  candle,  or  hot  iron,  or 
•TCB  catling  Uiem  out.  Tney  will,  iu  tho  miyority  of  tustAiiees,  gradually 
dispene  io  proportion  as  the  disease  irhioh  produced  them  sobsidcK ;  or 
they  will  yield  lo  slightly  stimulatia^  embrocations ;  or,  if  they  arc  obnti- 
naie  in  their  rwitinnaneo,  tbiw  arc  of  no  fiirthcr  poiiN<?ijueinw,  ihau  as 
indicating  that  thr  horra  boa  tabouriHl  under  severe  cold  or  strangles. 

During  catarrh,  or  inflammation  of  the  month,  lie  little  projections 
marking  the  opening  of  theso  ducts  on  either  sido  of  the  bridle  of  thu 
tonne  are  apt  to  enlarge,  and  the  month  ondcr  thi'  tiingiin  ia  a  little  red 
And  boit  and  tender.  The  farriers  t-all  these  swelliugH  bubbi!  or  PArs : 
sod  u  aoon  aa  they  discover  them,  mintaking  the  effect  of  disease  for  tho 
OBOM  of  it,  they  aei  to  work  U>  cat  them  close  off.  Tho  bleeding  that 
fbllom  thu  operalien  somewhat  abates  the  local  inflnmniation,  and 
Mtfbrda  toaporaiy  relief;  but  the  wounds  will  not  Kpeodily  huaL  Tliu 
•atira  continues  to  Sow  from  the  orilicu  of  tho  duet,  and,  running  into  tltc 


a34 


STKASOLBS. 


iRWnUniics  of  tho  wound,  pjiumm  it  to  upriNul  wid  ileepcn.  Even  when  it 
hcAW,  tltn  moatli  ol'  thu  duct  buiug  irequL-utly  cloned,  aud  Lhe  aaliv»  oou- 
tinuing  to  be  BvcreU'd  by  the  mbmudllaij  glMid,  it  nccnmnlatcB  in  the 
duet,  until  that  vcesol  borsta,  and  tiMXtmot  wo  fbrmod  which  cat  deeply 
under  tbo  Toot  of  th<;  tongne  and  long  torment  tliu  poor  Miimitl.  Whnn, 
nilnr  a  gri'itt  diiid  of  trouble,  they  am  closed,  the<y  aro  apt  to  break  out 
agiuii  tor  mouths  aud  yean  afWrwards. 

All  that  ia  neoesMir  with  regard  to  them  pap«  or  barba  ia  to  ahiit« 
the  infiunmntioa  or  cold  that  cnoncd  thorn  to  a[>p<Mr,  luiid  they  will  rcrf 
noon  and  poribotly  anbaiUu.  Hu  who  talks  of  cutting  them  out  is  not  61 
lo  be  traced  wilii  a  horse. 

A  third  aoarc«  of  sftliva  u  Irom  glandu  under  (ho  tongue — the  mb- 
liai^itai  //landf,  which  opun  by  many  little  oriflcev,  under  the  lungna 
naembtiug  Utlia  fuld»  of  the  akia  of  the  month,  hanging  {toia  the  lower 
garlhC9  of  this  organ,  or  found  on  tho  bottom  of  tlic  laouth.  TlH--m  tike- 
wiM  snRictimw  tmlnree  daring  catarrh  or  inflammation  of  thu  month,  and 
uru  Milled  'jig*,  and  bladder*,  and  Jlaps  in  the  moviK.  They  have  tho 
appearauoe  of  small  piinplGH,  and  tho  fanier  ia  too  apt  to  cut  them  away, 
or  bom  thorn  off.  The  better  wtvy  ih  to  let  thom  oloDO — for  in  a  f«w 
days  they  wilt  generally  diaapptiar.  Stumtd  ivny  nloeratiim  remain,  a  littia 
lincturu  of  niyTrli,  or  a  nolntion  of  hluui,  will  readily  heal  theiu. 

Beside  these  three  principal  sourceie  of  eaHv»,  there  are  small  glands  . 
to  be  found  on  ovi-ry  part  of  tho  month,  eb(^eks,  and  lips,  which  poor  OBt  ■ 
a  coiuiderublo  (juautity  of  fluid,  to  u«sist  in  moistuniug  and  prrparing  the 
food. 

ETBJIHOLZS. 

This  is  a  diseoM  principally  incidMut  lo  yonn?  horses  —  usually  a|>. 
pearing  between  the  aooond  and  fourth  year,  and  olVm^r  in  thn  aprintj 
tliau  in  any  <}tbcr  part  of  the  year.  It  in  preCt-dod  by  cuugh,  otod  caa 
at  &nt  BOaKvly  be  lUntiuguiidied  ti-um  comiuuu  oouffh,  exL'«pt  thai  there  ia 
more  dieobargft  bvia  the  nostnl,  of  a  yellowish  oolour.  mixed  with  pltt, ' 
nod  gonenlty  withont  nsoll.  Thoro  is  likewinn  a  eonxiderable  tliBrharoa 
of  ropy  flnid  from  the  moulli,  and  ftreater  nwelliug  than  uanal  luider  too 
throat.  This  nraDing  increawe  with  luicertAin  rapidity,  acoompaoied  by^ 
vome  fever,  and  disinclinntinn  to  <.-nt,  partly  arinng  trata  the  Arer,  but 
more  frum  the  pain  which  the  aniuuU  fcdx  in  the  act  <^  maatication.  Tbnv 
ia  conaidorablo  Chiret,  bat  ailer  a  gntp  or  two  the  horse  eeAses  to  drink,  yot 
ia  evidently  doairouji of  oontinaiDglua draught.  Intlieatt^mpttoBwallow, 
and  socii^limctf  when  not  drinking,  a  oonvolsire  cough  cornea  on,  wladi 
fllmoet  tlireatcns  to  aulTooate  the  animal — and  thence,  probably,  the  nama 
of  the  disoaao. 

The  tnmonr  i*  under  tho  jaw,  and  abont  tho  cvntro  of  tho  chaonal.  It 
foon  filla  the  whole  of  the  Kpacc,  and  in  evidently  one  untfonn  body,  and 
may  thos  be  dutinguiahed  Ir^m  gl&sders,  or  tbo  etilar(^  glaoda  uf  catarrh. 
In  a  few  days  it  becomes  more  prominant  and  soft,  and  evidently  contains 
a  fluid.  Iliie  rapidly  incroaaoa ;  tiie  tumour  bamta,  and  a  xn»X  qoaotity 
of  piu  ia  discharged.  Aa  soon  as  the  tumour  baa  brokcui,  tlie  ooo^  nb- 
sidee,  and  the  hone  speedily  menda,  although  some  degree  of  weaknasa 
may  hang  about  him  for  a  contiiderable  time,  b'cw  horsea,  poaaibly  noo^ 
escape  its  attack ;  but,  tho  dinciuH]  having  poaiied  over,  the  animal  is  free 
from  it  for  tho  remainder  of  his  life.  Catarrh  may  precede,  or  may  pr»- 
dispose  to,  the  attack,  and,  ondonbtodty,  the  slate  at  the  atmospbeiw  has 
mouh  to  do  with  it,  for  both  lis  pnralciKW  and  its  sorerity  aro  ocpnasoted 
with  certain  actuuDs  of  tliie  year  and  changes  of  the  weather. 

Uaan«.  FterciTall  aiid  Cantley  have  oome  the  ncsresl  lo  a  suliafactorj 


STH.\XaLES. 


tM 


view  oTtlie  nature  of  atTungl<:«L  Mr.  C'ludb}'  in  '  The  VctcriiiariaD '  says 
Umt  '  (lie  period  of  sbvujjles  i»  oflou  u  niuub  aiaro  ity'uijt  and  critical  timo 
for  youiglwMsea  Una  most  people  aeom  to  be  «waru  of ;  Ui^t  wUen  colu 
^wU  OTor  thi*  oompkint,  iMfgmanily  begin  to  thriT«  and  improvo 
in  *  romarkablo  mannw,  or  tlwro  is  wiractimM  a«  great  ft  chaugo  for  tha 
wone :  in  bet,  it  •eetns  to  efieot  aamo  duoidcd  coiutitiitioaal  cWoga  in 
tW  animal.' 

Mr.  Pvrcivall  adds,  '  The  explanation  of  Uie  caad  appeara  to  me  to  be, 
tlMt  tba  animal  ia  cuJSitriii^  mom  or  Um  troai  what  I  would  call  ttrangla 
^evm'i—*  ferur  tlie  di^iotitioii  and  tendcnojr  of  which  is  to  prodnce  local 
tamoor  and  abeoeae,  aod  most  oommouly  iu  tlmt  situaLiou  nudoroeatli  thu 
jami  in  which  it  has  obtained  the  name  of  stxaogles.' 

ProleaMir  Dick,  of  bMinbnrgh,  odds  that  wbioh  is  conclusiw  on  the  mib- 
jeo^  tlui  'altbuugh  thu  ilJMwae  oommaiily  tcrminalea  bv  an  abscess  imdep 
tliejftw,  jet  it  may.  audoc^aaioii&Uy  does,  give  rise  to  oollectioaa  of  matl«r 
OB  oilier  pafta  of  the  surface.' 

To  this  ooiMiIanion  then  wn  am  wnrmntod  in  coming, — that  stmnglra  is 
a  ssecifio  afTtvtion  to  wluch  hor«i-s  aro  nuturully  cnbicot  at  some  poriod  of 
tbeir  lives,  and  the  natural  cure  of  which  aeema  to  oe  a  sap)inrativo  pro- 
oeee.  From  somo  cause,  of  the  oaturo  of  which  we  are  ignorant,  tlus 
sappnntiTe  process  mmatlr  takes  phicc  in  tho  epnce  betwoen  the  branchM 
of  ute  maxillary  bone,  and  occnmiig  there  it  appcnfs  in  tho  mildeet  form, 
and  little  danger  attends.  When  the  disease  ib  ushered  iu  by  oansiderabla 
febrile  distorlnnoe,  aod  the  suppaiMioa  takes  place  elsewhere,  the  hone 
too  froqnontly  cinks  under  the  attack. 

The  tRAtmcnt  of  atrvn^lea  ii  wiy  simple.  As  tlio  essence  of  tho  dia- 
(•MS  consists  in  (be  fomiatjou  and  suppuration  of  tht-  apeci£o  loinour,  the 
piincipal.  or  almost  the  sole  attention  of  the  pnictitioner  should  be  directed 
lo  the  hnet«nine  of  these  proocsses:  therefore,  ns  soon  us  tlie  tamoor  of 
strsntflcs  is  decidedly  apparent,  ttiu  pitrt  should  be  actively  blistered.  Old 
praotttioDen  nsed  to  recommend  poulcicLs,  which.  tVom  tho  thickness  of 
the  horse's  akin,  most  have  very  little  cifcct,  even  if  t\ivy  could  bo  confinc-cl 
on  the  part;  and  &om  the  diliicnlty  and  almost  impossibility  of  this,  and 
tfaidr  getting  cold  and  liitrd,  ihcy  neoe.ssarily  weu^eued  tlie  energies  of 
aktoni,  and  delayvd  tlic  npuuing  of  the  tumour.  Komoutaltoiis  are  little 
morv  eflWctual.  A  blifatvr  will  not  only  secure  the  coinpk-tiou  of  tlie  pro* 
oess,  but  hasten  It  by  many  days,  and  sure  the  patient  ranch  pain  and  ex> 
baiutioo-  It  will  pi-odai'i?  anntlicr  t{°"d  effect — it  will,  prcviouitly  to  tho 
opcaing  of  tho  tumour,  abule  thi-  iuloriuil  ind&mmatioo  aiul  burunuittt  of  the 
toroal,  and  thus  lessen  the  conj,'h  and  vrheesing. 

As  eooD  as  the  swelling  is  soil  on  i\a  surface,  and  oridontly  contains 
matter,  it  dioald  bo  ftrvly  and  di^-ply  lanf^ed.  It  is  u  hail,  nlthoneh  fro- 
qnmt  practice,  to  suiFer  tho  tumour  lo  burst  naturally,  fur  u,  niggud  ulcer 
is  Conned,  rerj  alow  to  beal,  and  difficult  of  treatment.  If  l.ho  incision  is 
deep  Slid  large  enough,  no  second  collection  of  mntt«r  will  \x\  formed: 
and  that  which  is  already  tlmre  wax  be  euflcred  to  run  out  gluwly,  all 
pre«sar«  with  the  tiiiKcTii  being  aroiiud.  The  part  should  be  kept  clean, 
and  a  litde  SViar'a  busam  d«u^  injected  into  the  wmind. 

Tho  remainder  of  the  treatmeut  will  depend  on  the  Kymptoms.  If  there 
is  unob  ferer,  and  evident  nllitction  of  toe  cliest,  which  should  caroAiIlj 
be  dwtittfniabod  from  the  upprossJou  and  choking  occanoned  by  the  pr«*> 
snn  of  we  tumour,  it  will  bo  propor  to  give  cooling  inodjoincs,  as  nitre, 
emetao  tartar,  and  perhaps  di^bJis,  as  the  oasu  rafuires.  Tho  appetite, 
or,  lalber,  the  abilitv  to  e*t^  will  genemlty  return  with  the  opening  of  the 
alMtw  Bran.iniuhrii,  fresh-out  grass  or  tares,  should  be  UbetaOy  sap* 
plied,  which  will  uul  only  afford  sutEcicot  nourishment  to  recruit  the 


ue 


TUE  A!CATOUy  AN'D  D1SR.\BE8  OP  THE  NECE. 


atoBDcUi  of  tlio  auimal,  bnl  keep  thn  liownlit  gmUjr  open.  In  <mk*  of 
iittnm^t  B  tmall  qtuntity  of  tonio  meilicini',  as  ohjunomilr.  frentian,  or 
gingor  msjr  bo  adnuniatenid.  It  most  bowOTer  be  boroc  in  uiiiiil,  tbat  in 
A  great  miijoritj  of  caoea,  little  or  no  tr«iim«Dt  is  roqaircd,  and  in  Terr 
uiuuy  iuBtance«,  the  diseoee  in  oolts  hue  mn  it*  oonmc  nltogr^hrr  unnoticed. 
On  the  other  band,  it  occwriounlly  ik  productive  of  great  auflcring,  Mid  tbia 
in  moTo  csprrinlly  tlio  c»mk  where  the  ubsci-iis  buret*  intenwllj~,  wbcn,  to 
nitD  tbo  gmphio  account  of  Mr.  Pcicivall  in  die  Dxlb  Toiiim«  of  'Tbo 
Vutvnnaiwi,'  '  vrbile  tiundenl  ntfttur  is  issuing  in  profusion  from  bis 
8wuU>.-n  noetrils,  and  sJftTCT  founn  out  from  bRtwn-n  lit»  tnmifical  lim,  it  >« 
distnuniff  to  bottr  tho  noi»o  that  bo  m«k(!)i  in  jiuinful  und  laboiuwi  cflorte 
to  brcatbfl.  llM^rc  i*  imminent  dun^cn-  of  suiTocalion  in  Boeh  a  caw  aa 
tlus ;  and  even  althongb  some  relief,  so  far  as  tbo  bmttbing  is  coDcetned. 
maj  be  obtained  from  tbe  operation  of  traehnQlontf,  jvt,  from  tlio  p*tn  and 
irritation  ha  is  tnfforing,  nddod  to  tbc  impoMibilitj  of  setting  aliment  into 
bin  Ktnmocb,  Iio  must  spoudily  siak  to  rise  no  more.'— Fefmna  nan,  yxii.  vL 
p.  Oil. 


CHAPTER  XL 


TBB  ANATOMT  AKD  DISEASES  OF  TOB  KECK  AKD 
KEIOnBOUltlMG   PABTS. 

TU  sack  of  tbe  hontc,  and  of  avery  aoiautl  belonging  to  tbo  clMt  awm* 
nutltB,  exocpt  onn  specie^  ia  eompoaed  of  Noren  bonm  called  vtrUbnt, 
moTcabbv  or  turning  apon  each  olber  (see  col.  p.  140).  Thej  are  ooq- 
nud^id  togvtbcr  by  strong  ligaments,  and  form  so  many  distinct  join td,  in 
order  togiTe  anfficiently  oxtonsirB  mction  to  this  important  part  of  the 
body.  TbebononoaronttotboKkall  iKcaJIcd  thcatfa<,b«cBnso,intbebaman 
being,  it  sapportK  tbe  bead.  In  tlic  borse  Uio  b«ad  in  miiipnndcd  from  it. 
It  is  a  mere  ring-shaped  bone,  wi(b  broad  projections  Ktdeirays;  batwitb- 
out  tbe  sbarp  niid  irnxnlar  procMSM  which  arc  found  on  aU  tbe  otbets. 

The  KNion'l  bone  of  the  ncvk  'utitadentaifi,  baring  a  process  like  a  LootJi, 
bjr  which  it  foniu  a  joint  with  tbo  Krat  bono.  In  tbc  fnrmnlion  of  thai 
joint,  a  portion  of  the  spinal  marrow,  which  mns  through  u  canal  ja  the 
centre  of  »ll  tbrsir  hone",  in  eiponcd  or  covered  only  by  ligament ;  and  by 
tho  diriaion  of  tbo  marrow  at  tbia  spot  an  animal  is  matiuiUj  deatrorMi 
Tbe  (^ration  is  called  pHhing,  from  the  name  (/A<  pitk)  givon  by  bvtdiera 
to  the  spinal  marrow. 

Tbe  other  neck  or  raei  bonea,  aa  tltcy  are  denominated  by  tbo  famer 
(B,  p.  140).  are  of  a  etruignty  irrcfphiV  shape,  yet  bearing 'con>ide«mb)a 
mKunblanca  to  each  other.  Tbejr  cotaaistofa  central  bone,  perforated  for  tlia 
paMage  of  the  apina)  marrow  with  a  ridgo  on  the  top  for  Uia  attaclunent  of 
tba  liganwot  of  the  neck,  and  four  irr^iulur  plalm  or  pmoowMM  from  the 
■idea;  for  theattacbmontormaaclefl  ;  at  tbebaae  of  onn  of  which,  on  either 
aide,  with  the  eidcption  of  the  acrentli,  are  holoa  fur  tbe  paauigf  of  tba 
verlebral  arteries.  At  tbc  upper  end  of  mch  is  a  round  head  or  ball, 
and  at  (be  lower  end  a  cavity  or  cnp,  and  tbe  hrad  of  the  one  being 
nceived  into  tbe  mp  of  the  other,  they  are  Diiiti.>il  idt^hir.  fnrmitig  so 
many  ioontc.  They  am  likewise  united  hy  ligauit-uta  frum  Ihiae  piooccara, 
aa  well  as  tbo  nroper  liRiimcntu  of  tlic  jnint«,  and  bo  secorvly.  tliut  no  dia- 
location  can  laVe  pLu:e  iK-iwivn  nay  uf  Uiem,  exoopi  tlui  first  and  aeoooid, 
tbe  eonatqiuince  of  which  would  bo  Ibe  imraedtate  death  of  the  nnintal. 

Tba  laaty  or  aovantli  bone^  has  the  eleralioD  on  Ibe  back  or  top  of  it 


THB  MUSCLE  AND  PROPER    FOK:tl   OP  THE  NECE. 


257 


I 


cootinoed  into  r  long  nnd  sharp  prolotigiitinn  (n  fpinoua  procea'),  anil  is 
the  befpmituK  of  tlwl  ridn^  uf  bum-n  dc-iiomttuttod  Ika  wUhen  {aen  rata, 
|>p.  140  and  below)  ;  and  aa  it  ia  tlw  banc  uf  the-  c-olamn  of  neck  bonea,  and 
iherv  must  be  a  great  pressure  ou  it  from  the  wei|^lit  of  tbe  head  aiid  neck, 
it  U  ciuioaslj  poatrivM  to  rcet  upon  and  nmte  with  the  two  first  nlia. 

TEX  MBSCLXS  AND  PKOPEB  FOEH  OP  XBE  ITECS. 

TW  bonm  of  the  nrck  sprrw  m  iho  fnunowork  to  which  natDcoYiaa 
moiidM  uoocomcat  in  the  niotioiiK  of  thn  hciul  nnd  ncclc  aro  Bttnch«d.  Tho 
WMght  of  the  liLiul  and  ntick  is  itapporti^l  by  the  li^motit  without  tnniunilaF 
aid,  ftod  without  &ttguo  to  tho  aniinivl ;  but  in  nnlcr  to  niinir  tltit  lii'iid 
bigber,  or  to  Iuwlt  it  or  turn  it  in  t- very  din-ctiDu,  a  coiiipticat«d  aystvtn 
of  imaelu  is  neoessary.  Thuai?  wIiohu  ofTuyi-  it  is  to  raise  the  bead  are  moat 
nnminoafl  and  poneri\il.  and  ai«  plucvd  on  ihe  upper  and  side  part  of  the 
ned:.     The  cat  in  p.  190  contains  a  (vvt  uf  them. 

«  marks  a  tendon  common  to  two  of  the  most  important  of  them,  tho 
tpUmiu  or  spliot-tiko  mnscle,  and  the 
eomplp-nu  tnajnr,  or  larger  compli- 
cBtc<l  muHnlc.  Tho  »p!mtiu»  ftriacs 
from  tho  pmoi'Kitm  of  all  th<^  l)nnc«  of 
the  neck  with  the  execption  of  the  liut 
lima,  and  |>ost«riorlj  inmi  tlie  ndc* 
of  tbe  aoterior  donu  n-rtt-hric  nith 


tendons  ninniuK  feum  the  upper  piirt 
of  it  to  the  fint  bone  of  the  oeek, 
and  to  a  proccAsof  the  temporal  bone 
of  tbc  head.  Its  oelion  i?  iiuffioiently 
cridcntf  namely,  vcrjr  powprfullyto 
elcvnte  the  knnd  ami  arvk.  Tlio 
princiiml  bmutj'  of  the  n<K;k  ili-ttenits 
on  this  musek'.  It  wua  udiuirubly 
developed  in  the  horse  of  whose  UL-nk 
tl>e  annen-d  cat  gives  an  accumto 
delineation. 

If  tho  cnrve  were  qnit^  reRnlar  fVom  the  poll  to  ibe  nitliero,  wa 
shonld  call  it  a  perfect  nock.  It  is  rather  a  lon^  noek,  and  we  ilo  not 
like  it  tho  less  for  thiit.  In  the  cHiriape-horse.  a  neck  that  ia  not  half 
oonooalcd  by  the  eoHnr  ii>  iniiiK|>c>isiibIo,  so  far  as  appearance  Roes;  and  it 
ia  only  tbe  nornc  with  a  ni-ck  ot'tolerablo  lon^h  thnt  enii  bear  lobe  reined 
n|i,  M>  aa  to  give  Uiin  part  tho  arched  imil  btruntifiil  nppenronce  which 
fitabion  detnandH.  It  is  no  detrimenttotbericling-hariie,  ami  thervnr^few 
bones  of  OJtranrdinary  speed  that  lia-ve  not  tlic;  neek  rather  long.  Tlio 
racchhone  at  the  top  of  his  speed  not  only  trxt<'nilH  tt  ita  far  as  he  ean,  that 
lite  air  passages  may  be  as  sti^ight  as  he  ean  make  them,  and  that  he  may 
tbarefore  be  able  to  breathe  more  freely,  but  the  weight  of  the  bend  and 
sack,  and  the  rflect  inerwwing  with  their  distance  from  the  trunk,  add 
nwterially  to  the  rapidity  of  the  nnimnrx  motion.  It  hiui  beiti  Knii],  thnta 
bono  with  a  Intig  ni'ck  will  Iit»r  hciny  on  the  hand;  iwitherthe  Iciigtb  of 
tbo  Back  nor  even  tliu  bulk  of  the  head  baa  any  influence  in  canstn^  this. 
They  are  bolli  eounlerbulaiieed  by  tlie  power  of  the  lif^ament  of  the  neck. 
TIui  H^iiHji  ('■■  of  Ihe  head  is  moat  of  all  connected  with  heavy  bcAfing  on 
tbe  baud,  and  a  &hoi-t>neeked  horse  will  bear  heavily,  bccanse,  from  the 
IhirlrnrM  of  the  lower  part  iif  tbe  neck,  consequent  on  its  shortneiui,  the 
bead  eannot  he  rigblly  ptaoed,  nor.  gencmJly,  the  shonlder. 

C%oi>ected  with  the  tiilmiu*  miiwJe,  an<l  parity  pro(liiee<l  by  il,  are  tho 
thicknoiia  and  munenlanty  of  the  mvk.  ie>  il  .i|>niig!>  from  the  iihouhlerti,  in 


930 


TUB  HU9CLK8  Alfl)   PROPRR  rORM   OP  TIIR  SBCK. 


Uiiti  cut;  tfaehriglitAt  wliich  it  coniM  out  fnMn  Ihem  forming ncarlrn  lina 
with  the  withora ;  and  tlio  mAimi.-r  in  wliu^h  it  tapers  wt  it  ■pprcMcnea  tfaa 
heail.  The  neck  of  a  wi'tl-furueil  liorsi\  however  flnu  at  tlie  top,  shonld  b« 
muKolBrat  Uiv  bultom,  orihe  hormn-ill  goncrally  b«  weak  ana  worthless. 
Nedca  devoid  of  thii  moKnilaHty  atv  railed  tocM  mdn  1^  borannicn.  And 
are  always  considerod  a  rciy  W-Tiotui  ubji-clion  to  tJip  anitnal.  If  Hip  neck 
is  thia  and  lean  at  l3ie  tipper  pari,  and  is  otherwise  vrcU  shaped,  the  horsn 
will  mcnnlly  cany  himself  well,  and  the  head  will  be  prDperly  carved  tat 
U*ntf  of  appeanuico  and  mu:  of  riding.  Whtm  an  iiwtanoe  to  tfaa  contraiy 
ocean,  it  is  to  br  tiiuM>d  to  vi-ry  improper  iniumgnncnt,  or  to  tho  gpaoa 
batwaan  tbo  jawa  hi-ing  uiinaturallv  small. 

TkespfWiu  iiiiuc]e,altlionghamainBgpnt  inraisin^tfaeliead  aiid  uedc, 
mar  be  too  large,  or  coverad  with  too  much  ci'ltnlar  unbatMUW  or  fal,  thoa 
givinfr  an  apM^noco  of  hiuvinvHii  or  «vcn  clumxiacaH  to  tbo  neck.  This 
pocnliaritj  of  form  voiulitittes  the  distiuctiou  betwoeu  tbo  perfect  horao 
luid  the  mare,  and  alBo  tbe  geldinff,  imloM  ceatt»t«d  at  a  var;  late  period. ; 

This  tendon  belongs  alan  to  anothitr  mnnolo,  which  makea  up  tlte  pnncipal ' 
bulk  of  th«  lowcTT  part  of  tLr  neck,  and  in  railed  Ibe  comploxiw  major,  or 
larger  oomnlicMted   muscle.      It   arises  parllj  aa  low  as  the  transraiaa . 
pjooBBaou  or  the  four  or  five  first  bonea  of  tbo  back,  and  from  all  the  I 
of  the  neck,  ezoept  the  &nt ;  and  tho  fibrca  from  thoeo  Tancma  aooice* ' 
anjtisg  bwatlier,  ibnn  a  veir  lur^ge  and  powerful  mnaele^  tho  hu^gt«t  aad 
atrongwt  m  tbe  uwk.     As  it  approaches  the  head,  it  kasena  in  Uilk,  and, 
temunatea  partly  with  the  splcTiins,  in  this  tmdon,  bat  is  prineipallra 
insorted  into  tho  hack  part  of  tlin  occipital  honv,  by  tho  side  of  tbo  linment ' 
of  the  neck.     Ita  office  ia  to  nuse  tlio  neck  and  dovate  ike  facatd ;  and 
being  in»ert«d  into  such  a  part  of  tbe  ocdpnt,  it  will  more  partknlarlj 
protrude  tbe  noae,  while  it  nuaes  the  bead.     Its  action,  however,  may  M 
too  powerful ;  it  may  bo  habitoallT  no,  and  then  it  may  prodnoe  deformity. 
The  hnck  of  tbe  hiud  being  [mlled  hack,  and  tho  mtusxlo  protmdcd,  ibe 
borne  cannot  by  poaxibility  cany  haa  head  well.     He  will  become  what  is 
tecJlioically  called  »  star-gazer  i — heavy  in  band,  boring  npon  the  bit,  and 
nnssfe.     To  remedy  Uiin,  n>coanK!  is  ba*!,  and  in  tbe  minority  of  naea 
without  a^'ail,  to  the  martingale,  a^intit  which  the  home  is  continually 
fighting,  and  which  is  oflcn  a  oomploto  annoyance  to  the  rider.     Snch  a 
horao  is  almost  uaelcax  for  hanicHa. 

Iiiae|M»ble  &om  Uiia  is  another  aad  defect,  aa  far  as  the  beauty  of  tlia 
boma  U  concerned  ;—  be  becomea  mra-aee^irf ;  t.f.  lie  has  a  nack  Uke  a 
awe — not  arelied  above,  and  ctrniglit  below,  ontil  near  to  the  bead,  bat 
lioUowed  alxn'e  and  pn>j«?ticg  below ;  and  tho  neck  rianc  low  oat  of  tlia 
dwst,  even  lower  sometimca  (ban  Oie  point*  of  the  shonldBre.     TltenMa 
scarcely  be  anything  more  unsightly  in  a  bone.     His  bead  can  never  ba 
got  fairly  dnwn,  and  the  bearisK  reign  of  bamees  nast  be  to  htm  a  ivmraaj 
of  constant  torture.     In  remdtav,  bowover.  the  length  and  die  form  of  1 
tbe  neck,  roGBrcnoe  mart  be  had  to  the  purpose  for  which  tbe  horse  ia( 
inlended.     In  a  baekney  few  thinifs  can  be  moiv  abominable  than  a  neck  ' 
80  diiproportionable.  so  long  that  the  hand   of  the  rider  (n-ta  tired  in 
naaaoiDg  the  hml  of  the  horv.     In  the  Ri«c-hor*e  this  leti(,-tbeiui^  uf  the 
neck  u  a  decider!  oilrantage. 

Among  Um)  muscles  enipk^cd  in  raising  (be  bead,  an  tbe  eomtpUamt 
mivmt  (smaller  oomplieated),  and  the  ritr/>  (straif^it),  and  tbe  obtjqi 
inasdes  of  the  npper  part  of  the  neck,  and  bolongmg  principally  to    ' 
two  ftrst  bones  of  the  neck. 

Aaton^  tbe  mnaclea  employed  in  lowering  the  head,  some  of  wbidi  ara 
riren  in  tbe  some  cat.  is  the  nt^nny-matiUant,  tl,  bvlon^ig  to  tKe  bi 
bone  and  Um  tower  jaw.    It  can  likewise  be  tiaced,  alllKKigb  not 


tlie  wi,  pftfce  237.  It  Ilea  immedmU-tj  nndor  tbe  ttkin,  pnv 
rjecUng  tma,  or  ooDstitalmg,  Uie  front  of  the  breast  Ixme  (H,  p.  140),  and 
pnxModB  up  tli«  neck,  of  no  gntt-  balk  or  Htrongth.  At  abont  tbree-fourthii 
of  itJi  lenfftli  npirnrd,  it  changr*  to  n  Ibi-t  tendon,  whic-h  insirinSit«B  itwif 
betmcD  Ui(!  parotid  ftjid  aubmkxilliu-v  f;laii(lE,  in  onlitr  to  bo  irwcrtcd  into 
the  »agle  of  tho  low^r  jair.  It  is  used  in  beuding  tlie  bekd  tuwurdc  the 
cfaMt. 

Anodtcr  mnade,  tli«  t^rmiiuttion  of  which  in  aocn,  ja  ths  Imaior  hwm«ri, 
er  of  the  shoulder  (b,  p.  199).  Thut  U  a  mnoh  largw  maado  thnn  tba 
.  bocftose  it  hits  more  antr  to  perform.  It  rises  trota  tho  b*ok  of  the 
~i  wad  four  fin>t  bonos  of  uie  nock  and  tlio  ligsiuont  of  tbe  nec^  kod  is 
Idoirn  tn  tboHhonldor,  mixing  itiinlf  partly  with  iu>ino  of  thomosclea 
I  dtonldur,  and  ftii&llf  contiuuvd  down  to  and  terminating  oo  the 
'lliuaema  (J,  p.  140).  Its  offim  is  double.  If  th«  horw  is  in  action,  and 
t)w  head  and  neck  aro  fixed  pointn,  the  contraction  of  this  muscle  will 
dmr  forward  the  ihoaldirr  and  arm;  if  tbe  horse  in  standing,  and  the 
dMXtUirr  and  arm  are  fiilHl  points,  t)ua  musold  will  dcprvioi  Uin  hnod  and 
Bade 

The  mnsoloa  of  the  nock  arc  all  in  pairs.  Ono  of  them  is  found  on  each 
ndo  of  the  nock,  anil  the  office  whicli  has  been  attribntod  to  them  ,cnn  only 
be  aeoomfiliafaed  when  both  act  to|;ether ;  bnt  mpponn^  tlutt  one  atonn  of 
tba  elavatiu)^  rausolcs  should  act,  the  hwd  would  m  raised,  but  it  wonld 
ittiiennu;  time  W  tnniod  towardu  that  ni do.  Ifoaeonlr  ofthe  depreaaor 
miiKclrs  wrro  to  act,  tlia  bead  would  bo  bent  d<iwnwnnl9,  bnt  it  would  tike- 
wiiM  bv  tamcid  towards  that  aid«.  Then  it  will  be  easily  s(«n  tliat  hy  this 
BDiple  method  of  havinff  the  muscles  in  pairs,  provision  is  made  for  tirary 
kiM^^motaoB,  npwanu,  downwnrHn.  or  aa  either  side,  for  which  the 
aaimal  can  pmuibly  ham  occasion.  Little  more  of  a  pimoticnl  nnturo  (vinld 
be  mid  of  tlic  muic^les  of  Uie  neck,  altUough  they  are  pr<^r  and  iutcruHt- 
iuji  atadii-s  for  the  anatomist. 

This  is  the  proper  placv  to  sp<'ak  of  lh«  inane,  that  long  liair  which  corera 
tiM  crest  of  thn  neck,  and  luldH  so  much  Ia  the  Ixaiaty  of  tho  animal, 
^ntia,  faowerer,  is  not  its  uuly  praise.  In  a  wild  stattf'  the  faorso  has  many 
twlilro  to  fi^dit,  and  his  neck  depnred  of  the  mnno  wonld  be  a  vulnerable 
fni.  The  hair  of  the  mane,  ttio  tail,  and  the  logn,  is  not  shed  in  the  sama 
anaaser  aa  that  on  tho  body.  It  dcH.'!i  not  £ill  so  n-^ularly  nor  ao  often ; 
<br  if  all  wnre  sbfd  at  i]ttce,lhe  parts  wuuld  be  left  fur  a  long  time  defeooo- 
teae. 

The  maae  is  generally  dressed  ao  as  to  lie  on  the  right  eide — some  per- 
MOBS  divide  it  equally  on  both  ndca.  For  poniea  it  oscd  to  be  cut  oiT  near 
the  root* ;  only  a  fow  stumps  being  left  to  stand  petpendicnlarly.  This 
^*aa  tenned  the  hog-maoe.  Tho  groom  sometimee  bpslows  a  great  deal  of 
taiaa  in  getting  the  mane  of  bis  norao  into  good  and  &whionablo  order. 
It  it  welted,  plait<Mi,  and  laadol  with  lead;  and  even  hair  that  ia  a  littlu 
too  Ions  ia  polled  out.  The  mane  and  tail  of  Uie  neary  dmnght-horse 
Me  aeldam  thin,  buton  the  well>bred  horse  the  thin  and  well-arranged 
I  Is  ornamental, 

THE   BUWD-TESSELS   OF   THE   BECK. 

J  down  the  under  part  of  the  nock  arc  the  principal  blood- vcExels 
going  to  and  retnming  trnm  tho  hcttd,  with  windpi|>e  and  grdlet.  Tbe 
tittrnal  arteries  are  tlw  tamlid,  uf  which  there  are  two.  They  aecmd  the 
Bsek  on  either  side,  dose  tu  the  windpipe,  nntil  th^y  have  rtacbed  the 
Onddle  of  tbe  node,  where  they  somewhat  dirorgr,  and  lie  mofv  deep^, 
Tluj  ai«  covered  by  the  etenio-nuLxillaris  muscle,  which  has  been  jnsb 
denribed,  and  are  aoparatal  from  tho  jugulars  by  a  smalt  portion  of 


•MO  POLL-EVIL. 

mnscalar  snbstanoe.  Having  reached  the  larynx,  they  divide  into  three 
bmnches,  the  external,  the  internal,  and  the  ramus  onastomaticua ;  the 
first  goes  to  every  part  of  the  face,  the  second  to  the  brain,  and  the  third 
to  join  the  Tertebral  artery. 

The  vertebral  arterioB  ran  through  canals  in  the  boncH  of  the  neck,  with 
the  exception  of  the  seventh,  Bnpptying  the  neighbouring  parte  as  tiiey 
advance,  and  at  length  form  the  junction  before  stated  with  the  third 
bruich  of  the  carotid,  and  ramify  on  and  gnpply  the  brain. 

Few  cases  can  happen  in  which  it  would  be  either  necessary  of  jnstifiaUa 
to  bleed  from  an  artery.  £veii  in  mad-staggers  the  bleeding  is  more 
practicable,  safer,  and  more  effectual,  from  the  jagular  vein  than  from  the 
temporal  or  any  other  artery.  If  an  artery  ia  opened  in  the  direction  in 
which  it  raas,  there  is  sometimes  very  great  difficulty  in  stopping  the 
bleeding!  it  has  even  been  necessary  to  tie  the  vessel  in  order  to  accomplish 
this  purpose.  If  the  arteiy  is  cat  across,  its  coats  are  so  elastic  that  the 
two  ends  are  often  immediately  drawn  apart  under  the  flesh  at  each  side, 
and  aro  thereby  closed ;  and  ^ter  the  Gnt  gash  of  blood  no  more  can  be 
obtained. 

TEC  nan  <a  the  wick. 

The  external  veins  which  return  the  blood  from  the  head  to  the  heart 
are  the  jugulars.  The  horse  has  bat  one  on  either  side.  The  bnman 
being  and  the  ox  have  two.  The  jagular  takes  its  rise  &om  the  base  of 
the  skull ;  it  then  descends,  receiving  other  branches  in  itA  way  towards 
Ihe  an^le  of  the  jaw  and  behind  the  parotid  gland ;  and  emerging  thence, 
and  bemg  united  to  a  large  branch  &om  the  face,  it  takes  its  course  down 
the  neck.  Veterinarr  surgeons  and  horsemen  have  agreed  to  adopt  the 
jngular,  a  little  way  below  the  union  of  these  two  branches,  as  the  usoal 
place  for  bleeding ;  and  a  very  convenient  one  it  is,  for  it  is  easily  got  at> 
and  the  vessel  is  lai^.  The  manner  of  bleeding,  and  the  states  of  con< 
stitation  and  disease  in  which  it  is  proper,  will  be  hereafWr  spoken  of. 

FOLL-Zm. 

From  the  horse  nibbing  and  sometimes  striJdng  his  poll  against  the 
lower  edge  of  the  manger,  or  bunging  back  in  the  stall  and  braising  the 

Cwith  the  halter, — or  from  the  frequent  and  painM  stretehing  of  the 
lonta  and  muscles  by  uimecessary  tight  reining,  and,  occasionally, 
&om  a  violent  blow  on  the  poll,  carelessly  or  wantonly  inflicted,  inflamma- 
tion ensues,  and  a  swelling  appears,  hot,  tender,  and  painiiU.  It  used  to 
bo  a  disease  of  frequent  occorrence,  but  it  is  now,  &om  better  treatment 
of  the  animal,  of  comparatively  rare  occnrrence. 

It  has  just  been  stated  that  the  ligament  of  the  neck  pMaos  over  the 
atlas,  or  firat  bone,  without  being  attached  to  it,  snd  the  seat  of  inflamma- 
tion is  between  the  ligament  and  the  bone  beneath ;  and  being  thus  deeply 
situated,  it  is  serious  in  its  nature  and  difficult  of  ti-eatment. 

Another  cause,  especially  amongst  cart-horses,  is  the  iajorr  inflicted  to 
the  poll  bv  forcing  a  small  collar  over  the  animal's  head.  To  theee  also 
may  bo  added  hereditaty  prc<lis[)osition.  Many  instances  are  on  record 
of  the  stock  from  parentH  safluring  from  poll-evil  becoming  aflectcd 
with  the  same  disease. 

The  first  thing  to  be  attempted  is  to  abate  the  inflammation  by  bleeding, 
physic,  and  the  application  of  cold  lotions  to  the  part.  In  a  very  rariy 
period  of  the  case,  a  blist^T  niight  have  consiilerable  efiect.  Strong  purf|[». 
tires  should  also  be  employed.  Uy  tliesc  means  the  tamonr  vrill  somt-liiiies 
bo  dispersed.  This  syst(>ni,  liiiwcver,  mast  not  be  nnraued  too  far.  If  the 
Rwelling  incn-aHcM,  and  the  heat  and  tenderness  likewise  increase,  matter 


1SF1.AMMAT10S  Or  TOR  VKIV 


S4I 


I  finiM  in  tiio  tanionr :  and  tli«D  our  oltjcvt  alMnild  be  (o  liulcn  ila  for- 
'du  hy  warm  fcmt^l.tUans.  poultices,  or  atimuUling  ambrociUioiiw. 
I  MOD  M  tbir  niKUcr  b  rormcd,  which  ti»v  be  Icnowu  by  ihe  mHiumi  of 
'tb«  tmnonr,  mil  bvfom  it  bus  tioie  U>  «|^^c*d  krannd  nmi  oxUinil  iuto  tiie 
tw^lNMuiug  |>arU,  it  sfaould  be  evMtiaivd.  Xov  ouotoa  tlu-  wholo  ftrt  of 
treating  poll-«ril ;  lit  ttptniny  wife  the  tuinour  mutt  be  to  etmlriced  thai  alt 
ths  tnaiUr  ikalt  mn  ouf,  luvl  eontinsc  a/lrrirnnlil  to  ran  out  us  quickljr  u 
it  i*  fomu^  Mid  nul  ci>U«.'l  at  tbo  buttom  at'  tliu  iil(«r,  irntatjnc  and 
p-trruding  ii.  Thia  can  bo  effected  bj  a  seton  aJonu.  Tbu  noodla  uunld 
«iiltT  St  the  tap  of  tha  tnmoar,  poii«trat«  thraogh  its  bottom,  and  ha 
bmnifht  oat  at  tao  lidc  of  tbo  nock,  a  littla  bcJoir  tho  abscess.  Without 
anrtbing  more  tbau  l^,  (.'icrpt  triMinoat  fomuulalian  with  wrnrm  water, 
ia  order  to  keep  tiio  part  cleao,  and  to  obviate  iuiUmuation,  pulUuvU  in 
tU  CKrlj  stage  will  frec|n<>ntlj  bo  currd. 

If  tbo  uleor  lias  deepcucil  and  iprond,  and  tUrralcn*  lo  eat  into  Ihc  Ijgw- 
■Bcnlaof  tbe  joiula  of  tbe  nc-vk,  it  may  btt  ui-ccsstini'  to  Ktimaliilc  its  fiiirthcn, 
and  perhaps  punfully  aa,  in  order  to  bring  it  to  a  lieakhf  itutv,  and  dia- 
poae  it  t»  lill  op.  In  cxtroatc  ciuaca,  some  higld^  slimolatinf;  apcdiciation 
majr  be  prnploydl,  but  not  the  lualdioK  mixture)  iif  tlio  ^urii-ni  of  uio  olden 
tiBK.  All  mtsutuntf,  Uowcvi'r.  will  b«  ineficiclual,  nuk'Wi  tho  dun  or  mattoi' 
■a,  by  the  use  of  setone,  or  by  a  {no  and  eitcnsivo  iuciaiua,  porfoctir 
cracaated.  Tkc  npplicatioo  of  tbcae  (ctons  or  tbo  makins  tlut  incision  wiU 
re<)aira  tho  Rkill  lukd  anatomical  knowledge  of  the  vetennarjr  Borgran.  In 
deapcvatc  oaaui,  (ke  wonnd  may  not  be  &irly  cxpuii«d  to  Ibe  action  of  thu 
—HStin  without  the  division  of  the  ligamont  of  tli«  ocok.  This  may  ho 
>  effected  with  jicrfoct  »tl-ty ;  for  nlUion^  th»  Utfiuncat  ia  uarriod  on  to  tbo 
'  cipitid  bout!,  and  aomo  otrcngtb  is  |{aiuL'd  b}*  Uiis  ptolonpiiion  cf  it,  thn 
in  atnaci  la  ou  the  second  bone,  and  tbe  head  wiQ  continut.'  lu  bu  uup- 
The  diridcd  ligamant,  alKa,  will  toon  onita  aguin,  iind  ila  furmor 
itscftdncas  will  be  nntorcd  wbon  Lbi:  wound  ie  bealitd. 


i  raruvxATtos  of  the  teik. 

'  II  is  dsqa]  nod  pmpcr,  afiw  bJi»diog,  to  bring  tho  odjtia  of  thu  wound 
csfwfbUy  topothcir,  and  to  hold  ihciu  in  oontaoCby  iusurtiu);  a  pin  thruu^'h 
:  skin,  wftb  a  Unit!  tow  twisted  round  it.  In  ninety<nino  cases  out  of  a 
tli«  wound  quiokljr  licidn,  and  girm  no  troablo;  but  in  a  f«w 
anoca,  from  nsing  ii  blunt  iiuttrumunt,  or  a  dirty  or  rustr  one ;  or 
king  too  bard  aiul  bruising  the  reiii  i  or,  in  the  act  of  panuiiig  Dp. 
ins  tht^  skin  too  far  fi«in  tbo  nock  and  imirfTrijig  some  blood  to  iDsinual« 
ilai4f  into  tbe  cellular  texture ;  or  ncglivling  t<i  tic  the  horse  nn  for  a 
little  wbijc,  and  tbna  enabling  him  to  ruh  the  btuiHling  plnce  agauist  thu 
T  and  t«ar  oot  tbe  pin ;  or  from  tho  uuima)  being  worked  inune- 
/  afterwards;  or  the  reins  of  tho  bridle  nibbiog  against  it;  or  several 
TsitavinKbcen  clumsily  t;>von,andalurgf  andrn^ed  wound  made;  or 
B  soeu)  £siMMtion  to  influmnatton  about  tbe  borae  (for  tbe  blecdi^  is 
alwaya  in  unit),  tbe  wound  does  iu>t  beat,  or.  if  it  ckiscs  for  a  little 
"'    it  t«-opens.     A  slight  bleeding  appcam — aomo  tame&ction  coni- 

ja— tbo  edgrs  of  tho  orifice  separate-,  and  become  swoUon  and  rod^ 

I  diacbaixv  of  asnious  blood;  fluid  proceeds  fWua  the  wound,  bUowed, 
Tiapi,  ui  a  few  days,  by  porulotit  mnt'iir.     Tba  neck  iwella,  and  is  hot 
,  tender  both  above  and  below  the  incision.     Tlio  lins  of  the  wound 
lererted'thc  swelling  increases,  particularly  sboTtt  the  wound, 
s  ihm  rein  ia  tnost  hard  and  oonjy     the  horse  bu^pua  to  loatbu  Ilia 
and  little  abaoessea  fonn  round  tbe  iirifice.    Tbe  corilincss  uf  tbe  vein 
rapidly  tncreasea.    Not  only  the  vein  il«vir  lia&  bcrouio  obslructMl  iMxi)  lia 

a 


Ml  INFLAMUATIOX  OF  TUB  VEIN. 

coats  thickened,  but  tlie  cellular  tlasno  iuflumcd  and  Iinrdcncd,  and  is  bd 
additional  sooroo  of  irritation  and  tortnre. 

Homan  sni^eons  Bay  that  inflammatioii  of  a  vein  apreflde  lowards  the 
tieart.  In  the  horse,  and  we  will  Tentore  to  say  in  every  animal,  it 
spreads  in  the  direction  in  which  the  coagulation  is  formed,  and  that  in  the 
jagnlar  most  be  upward,  although  from  the  heart.  In  iJie  veins  of  tlio 
arm  and  leg  it  will  likewise  spread  upward,  and  then  toward*  the  hear^ 
hecanso  the  cotwolation  takes  placo  in  ttiat  direction. 

The  two  grand  questions  hero  are,  the  cause  and  the  cnro.  The  first 
would  Beem  to  admit  of  an  easy  reply.  A,  long  list  of  circamstonces  haa 
been  just  given  which  would  Boem  to  refer  ttje  matter  entirely  to  tlte 
operator ;  yet,  on  the  other  hand,  eiroeriencc  tells  us  that  ho  has  little  to 
do  with  these  morbid  effects  of  bleeding.  Mr.  Porcivall  states,  that  l&r. 
Cherry  tried  several  times  to  produce  inflammation  by  the  use  of  rusty 
lancets,  and  eschiirotica  of  various  kinds,  and  ligatures,  and  frequent  sepa- 
ration and  friction  of  the  granulating  edges,  but  in  vain.  Professor 
Spooner  tried  to  prodnoe  the  disease,  but  could  not. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  well  known,  that  while  inflammation  rarely  or 
never  follows  the  operation  of  bleeding  by  some  practitioners,  others  are 
continually  getting  into  scrapes  about  it.  The  writer  of  this  work  had 
three  house-pupiU,  two  of  whoin  be  nsed  to  trust  to  bleed  his  patients; 
and  no  untoward  oinmniatanoe  ever  occurred ;  bat  as  sorely  as  he  sent 
the  third,  he  hod  an  inflcimed  vein  to  take  care  of. 

Tliero  is  something  yet  undivnlged  in  the  process  of  healing  the  vein, 
or  in  the  circumstances  by  which  that  healing  is  prevented.  The  most 
poweHnl  causes  probably  ore,  that  the  lips  of  the  wound  have  not  been 
brought  into  immediate  apposition,  or  that  a  portion  of  the  hair — a  single 
hair  is  Bafficicnt^has  insinuated  itself.  The  horse  has  nat,  perhaps,  had 
his  head  tied  up  to  the  rack  after  bleeding,  which  should  always  be  done 
for  at  least  an  hour,  dnring  which  time  the  cxtravasated  blood  will  beoome 
firmly  coagulated,  and  the  flow  of  blood  to  the  heart  will  establish  it> 
uninterrupted  course.  ]t  ia  also  probable  that  atmospheric  ag8n<7  may 
he  concerned  in  the  affair,  or  a  diseased  condition  of  the  horse,  and  par> 
ticularly  a  susceptibility  of  tnking  an  inQammatory  action,  although  the 
exciting  cause  may  be  exceedingly  slight. 

Of  the  means  of  cor©  it  is  difficult  to  speak  confidently.  The  wound 
should  be  carefully  examined — the  divided  edges  brought  into  exact 
apposition,  and  any  hair  interposed  between  them  removed— the  pin  with- 
drawn— ^the  part  carefully  and  long  sponged  with  cold  water,  repeated  at 
short  intervals  day  and  night — the  head  shoatd  be  kept  stoadied  liy  being 
tied  short  to  the  rock,  and  cold  slop  diet  alone  allowed  ;  the  effect  of  the 
cold  wat«r  will  he  aided  by  the  addition  of  spirits  of  wine,  whicb  will 
increase  the  evaporation,  and  the  apphcation  of  ioe  itself,  if  obtainable, 
ia  very  desirable.  In  six-and- thirty  bonrs,  should  not  the  appearance  of 
the  wound  have  improved,  should  not  the  very  circumscribed  swelling 
around  it  have  subsided,  apply  a  hhst«r,  the  size  of  a  otowd,  immediately 
over  the  wound;  thepromptnseof  this  remedy  will  in  very  many  instances 
cut  short  the  disease. 

If  two  or  three  days  have  passed  and  the  discharge  still  remains,  the 
application  of  the  budding  iron — not  too  large  or  too  hot— may  produce 
engorgement  of  the  neighbouring  parts,  and  union  of  the  lips  of  the  wound. 
This  should  bo  daily,  or  every  second  day,  reprateil,  according  to  circum- 
stances. The  blister  may  be  repeated  over  the  orifice,  and  should  not  the 
lips  of  the  incision  be  nnit«d,  a  solution  of  the  sulphate  of  zinc  or  snlphata 
oi  ooppep  may  bo  injected  twice  a  day ;  this  is  the  mode  of  treatment  the 
TOteriuaiy  surgeon  consulted  would  most  probably  adopt.      '  Somoiimcs,' 


{R  CHSSC 


na 


.  ChrtwrigU,  in  tlmfiMrtfa  < 


ne  or  llie  abetnets  of  tte  VptiTiiimry 
M  in  an  nlcvnttire  state  1  lutri.-  laU 
It  «pen,  mad  a{)fWied  caaaiic  ditaun;;,  and  it  hatt  bttird  up.  I  bavw  lateljr 
baa  a  cue  in  which  fiw  or  tix  abmipBOW  had  formi'd  abovt-  tbf  ordinal 
movnd,  and  thp  two  sopnior  ooes  fa(u«t<  through  ilie  parotid  Kl*n^  tbs 
extent  of  the  ukvmlina  being  oridcnt  in  tbo  ([Dantitf  of  ealira  that  flowed 
throuKh  cHtch  ortiioc.' 

Bat  another  renr  acnooa  nmlt  of  an  tpflaroai  t'ein  k  one  tmt  raivljr 
notioad,  and  to  which  too  litti«  attention  has  bec'D  paid,  but  which  when 
it  doca  oocor  la  of  a  (afficiontljr  ahmning  cJuwnctcr;  this  ia  aocoDilar/ 
iuemoiihage  the  uloeratiTe  |Iiiiiiim  has  aztewliid  to  tita  rain  ilatJf,  and  a 
noat  proAiw  bleading  ensnea.  Preasate  Ii;  any  neana,  wilh  conwderuble 
«layalion  of  the  head,  in  thoontjr  imntfdiata  eliiwk,  onlU  thcarriraJortlw 
valaiDvj  ■Uffoon,  when  the  appUoationof  a  ligntam  rmind  the  vrrin  aiot* 
the  otifloe  oonatitatea  the  pemaiwnt  caj%  In  four  caaoi,  in  our  cooutr/ 
pnctice,  tlua  opcntion  petfcctiy  anceeedvd. 

Tbo  owner  or  the  boiac  will  tint  it  his  intornrt  to  apply  to  a  rcttcnnaiy 
praptitioaier  na  aMii  as  a  caae  of  iiiflnnitii  vrin  ooctini. 

Should  the  v^iu  be  deaUoy«d,  tiie  hnrae  wiU  uoi  be  imfiarablT  injued, 
mdpeHia{ia.>inocTcatdistant«of tiino,acairctyinjarodataU;  Rxrnatnre 
ia  illilMiiiiin  in  maKine  pmrisiun  to  atrry  on  the  cimilation  of  th*  blood, 
AG  tta  TUMda  cuavvyutif  the  blood  from  tlu'  heart  tu  tJie  different  jiarta  of 
the  fraOM^  or  bringiag  it  lack  a^^aiu  to  the  heart,  eonunnnicate  with  each 
Other  hy  ao  nuojr  chuuH'b,  atiii  in  anch  nmriDH  waya,  that  it  is  impossiblB 
bv  the  eloaore  or  Ion  of  any  one  of  thc-m  hniK  rouii.-nultr  to  inip<'tlo  tJia 
flow  of  the  vital  eanvOL  If  the  jugular  Ja  desliDyoc),  the  hlood  wiUcirvnlatfl 
Ihroogli  other  vvsaek  almost  as  fm^ly  aa  bnfnrp ;  bot  tbo  liorm  coold  not 
be  eonnidercd  as  sonnd,  frr  he  might  not  he  L-<jual  to  the  whole  of  the  a'orle 
rninirvd  of  him. 


CHAl'TER  XIL 


THE   CUeST. 


kciresT.  in  tlw)  homontiil  iMMiitinn  iit  which  it  is  placed  in  the  cut,  is 
«.  -  •omewhat  ovnl  G^^irv,  willi  ita  extnMa>ti«s  tmncnt^.  I'be  spine  is  its 
mof :  the  stvTTiuiu,  or  bn?n«t,  ita  floor ;  Ibc  ribs,  its  sidni ;  the  trachea, 
<e*3|iha|^na,  and  gr^nt  Mood-TMools  peaatn;;  ihrouj^'h  ita  anterior  cxtranttj 
aad  the  dia)ihf*gia,hcing  ita  posterior.  1 1  is  contracted  infnnit,  broad  and 
deep  towards  the  coittal  boondanr,  and  ngnin  oonlrnctod  post«riorIy.  It 
anelaaea  the  heart  and  the  Iimga,  tbi;  origin  of  the  artrrial,  lutd  tlie 
tenaiiiation  of  the  v«tHMui  tmutks  and  tloi  oulWied  Teasels  of  Uie  absorlKints. 
Tba  windpipe  posebntee  into  it,  and  the  cesopliagaa  tinvenca  its  wbolo 
vatrat. 

A  earity  whoaa  oootenta  aro  thns  important  should  be  seonrely  defcnclod. 

^B    The  roof  is  not  n>nip>M4M]  of  one  nnyieldin;;  prolonntion  of  Mntt,  which 

^K  night  powibhr  han-  bti-n  atrong  enongli.  yit  would  hare  mihji'Ctvd  il  lo  a 

^ft  Ih'^"'^  ni^  and  dangeroos  Khncka ;  hut  there  is  a  cnriously-oontrivpd 

^B  vtiea  of  bones,  knit  toeotbcr  by    strong    ligaments   and  dvnso    fibro- 

^^  cartilsgioons  substance,  forming  so  many  joints,  each  fioasi-sitvd  hat  of  tittle 

buliridaal  motiaa,  but  the  whole  unitM  and  coustitutiiig  a  column  of  such 

azmuntcly'routrivcd  flexibility  and  Btredglli,  that  all  ooncnwion  is  nroidcd. 

Mid  no  external  riolcnop  or  wi-iglit  can  injure  that  which  it  protects.  It  is 

■■l^itMl  chioBy   by  the   anterior    ejctrrmitidw,   aiid  beentifhl  aru   tha 


a4\  THE  CHEST. 

cniitrivancea  adoptei)  to  prevent  injarionsconnoction.  There  is  no  inflexible 
bon^  union  between  the  Blionlders  luul  t)ie  chest;  but  while  tlie  spine  is 
formed  t«  nentralise  mnch  of  the  coocoBsion  that  might  be  received — while 
the  elaatio  connections  between  the  vertchrw  of  the  back,  altemfltety 
affording  a  yielding  resistance  to  the  shock,  and  regaining  their  natnral 
siiuation  when  the  ext«mal  force  is  removed,  go  far,  by  this  playAil  motion, 
to  render  harmless  the  mdest  motion— there  is  a  provision  made  by  the 
attachment  of  the  shonlder-blade  to  the  chest  calcalated  to  prevent  the 
possibility  of  any  rode  concossion  reaching  the  thorax,      '  Had,'  says  Mr. 


a  The  first  rib. 

i  Ths  ortilfif^  of  the  ten  hiDdrrmosI,  oifaUt  ribs,  connected  together,  and  anitiiig  with 

th>t  at  tlie  eiglith  or  Ust  Irut  rib. 
o  The  brewt-bone. 
4  The  lop,  or  poiat,  of  the  withrra,  which  ue  formed  b;  thr  lengthened  Bpincxu,  or  apnglit 

proceaees  of  the  tea  or  eteren  Bnt  bones  of  the  back.     The  bones  of  the  back  are 

eighteen  in  number. 
(  The  riba,  uiuall;  <-igtiteen  on  each  side ;  the  eight  flnt  nnited  to  the  breast-bona  bj 

cartilage  ;  the  eartiiiiges  of  the  remaining  ten  anited  to  each  other  as  at  h 
f  Thai  portion  of  the  spine  where  the  loine  commence,  and  composed  of  fire  bona. 
g  The  bones  fortnin^  (he  hip,  or  hauauh,  and  into  the  cavity  at  the  bottom  of  which  tha 

head  of  tha  thigh-bone  is  received. 
k  The  portion  of  the  apine  belonging  to  the  haunch,  and  coniialing  of  five  piece*  Galled 

(he  aacmm. 
■  The  bonesof  the  tail,  uauallj  thirteen  in  number. 

Percivall  in  the  fifleenth  volome  of  '  The  Veterinarian,'  '  the  entire  rtb 
been  one  solid  piece  of  bone,  a  violent  blow  might  have  broken  it  to 
pieces.  On  the  other  hand,  had  the  ribs  been  composed  from  end  bo  end 
of  sartilage  only,  the  form  of  the  areh  coald  not  have  been  snstainod,  bat, 
■ooDsr  or  later  it  mnst  have  bent  inward,  and  so  have  encroached  npon 
the  cavity  of  the  chest  as  to  have  compressed  the  organs  of  respiration  and 
cfrcnlation  to  that  degree  that  conid  not  but  have  ended  in  suffocation  and 
death  of  tho  animal.  It  was  only  the  judicious  and  well-arranged 
combination  of  bone  and  gristle  in  the  constmction  of  the  chest  that  ooald 
answer  the  ends  an  all-wise  Providence  had  in  view.' 

At  tho  shoalder  Is  a  mnscle  of.  immense  strength,  with  tendinous 
composition,  the  terralua  magiitu,  spreading  over  one-third  of  the  internal 
Bur&co  of  the  shonlder-blside  and  extending  to  the  four  last  cervical 
vcrtcbne  and  a  portion  of  the  chest.  A  spring  of  easier  play  could  not 
havo  been  attached  to  tho  carriage  of  any  invalid.  It  is  a  carriage  hang 
by  springs  between  the  scapulie,  and  a  delightful  one  it  is  for  eaay 
travelling ;  while  there  is  combined  with  it,  and  the  nnion  is  not  a  little 
difficult,  strength  enough  to  resist  the  jolting  of  the  ronghest  road  and  tha 
most  rapid  pace. 

Laterally  there  is  sufficient  defence  tuminst  tdl  oommon  injury  by  the 
expansion  of  tho  ahonlder  over  the  chest  from  between  the  first  and  second 


TDE   CliBST. 


tiS 


^nowB  mmsMi  tib;  imd  behind  and  beloir  that  Ibere  is  fo«  bonj*  fltractnro 
^■of  tin  Hbo,  of  DO  littlo  Mn^ngth  ;  nnd  Uifrir  iirchnl  form,  nlthough  k 
V  flaHcned  utili ;  and  Iha  fiehUng  moUoa  ul  iLe  Iih.i><  of  i-aoli  rib,  rcnulting 
W  (nnn  its  jointed  ooUMCtiDDwiUt  the  spine  al>ove  and  ila  carlilnj^inous  union 
«itli  the  Bterantn  bdnvr. 

A  w&l  num  importADt  coniridcratioB  nrith  irvnrd  to  th«  juunotM  of  (li« 
thoTkx  in  tli«  Tniwmef  ia  utii^li  tlir<r  i-'an  ibdapt  tnelDBvIvi.-8  to  the  clinni;iiig 
balk  of  the  cOotenlA  of  the  cavily.  Tlio  oqMkdt;  of  tlie  cIil-bI  i»  iMlr. 
■tfteted  b;  tint  extcntftl  contnction  and  dilatatioD  of  the  hetirt,  for  wlira 
ita  ventrieln  an  coUapaod  its  nariclpa  arv  diHtctidml,  nnd  ^vhon  its  auricU-a 
nt  coBiprMScd  ita  Tcntiiclvii  cxp«iid  ;  but  ivitli  regard  to  tiw  lung*  it  is  a 
TEiy  dtSerent  BflBir.  Iii  tli«ir  statA  of  cullapnu  aDil  expaiisioa  they  vuty  in 
uaiMntive  bulk.  oD<i-si(tti  pari  or  more,  and.  in  either  state,  it  U  uecesaary 
for  Uw  pnvper  dischftrgv  of  tlie  fiuiotion  of  ro^imtioD  that  the  pariet«a  of 
Um  cbMt  snouM  be  in  contact  wit^  tbun. 

The  rib*  an  eighteen  in  number  on  either  «■■]«.  Eight  of  tbcm  tav 
perfect,  and  oommoDl;  called  the  (tim,  or,  more  propcrlj,  ttemal  ribx, 
fcrttadiag  from  the  spim  to  the  atonmm.  TheremaiDiut;  tiin  aro  posterior 
•ad  dlCVtm',  nnd  ara  on!;  indiTooUjr  coniiected  with  the  stemnm. 

The  rib«  are  united  to  the  corresponding  Tortobim  or  bones  of  the  spine, 
w  as  to  form  perfect  jointa — or  rather,  each  rib  forms  two  joints.  The 
head  of  the  rib  ia  reoeivwi  between  the  vert«bnB  or  bones  of  the  cpino, 
befbivand  behind,  so  that  it  shall  alwaj'spivEenttwoarticiiliitingBiirnu.'vs, 
one  opposed  to  tbo  verterbm  immcdintol^  before,  and  the  other  to  (hat 
imnfialatel^  behind,  luid  ettcli  forming  »  distinct  joint,  with  a  perfect 
capsular  ligamral,  and  admiltiug  of  a  rutatoi^  motion.  Tlie  lalirivic  of 
the  rib  SODnkB  to  be  received  into  the  cartilaginous  ligameulous  aubalance 
betweea  the  vcrtcbiwi,  and  i«  arttciilntm)  to  the  tmnKTorso  process  of  the 
poatariov  Tertcbno  ennnocted  iritli  the  head.  Nothing  couM  be  ntora 
adrairablj  dcTi&Ml  fur  uiotion,  ao  far  as  it  is  required,  and  for  etreueth  of 
union,  that  txa  scarcely  be  broken. 

Ik>foie  the  ribs  reach  the  stemnm,  tlicy  tcrminntA  in  a.  cartiln^aons 
proton gatjon,  or  the  lower  part  of  the  rib  amy  be  imid  to  bo  cartihiginous ; 
lad  whore  it  unites  with  the  stemtiin  there  is  a  third  joint,  with  a  perfect 
lad  oompleto  capnihir  ligament. 

The  eartilage  of  the  posterior  ribs  ore  also  united  to  thf  bnny  pnrtion. 
tlMjr  are  not,  howorer,  pralongf<d  nolHrnji  thoaternnm;  but  Uie  extmmity 
cf  one  lies  upon  the  linclj  of  that  which  ii>  immixliatuly  before  it,  bound  down 
upon  it  bf  a  cellolar  substance  appnitui'liing  U)  the  uature  of  li|>amonl,  yet 
caahhamif  ■omesepGiwte  niotion,  and  all  of  them  connected  imlircctlv  with 
Hkb  III  mil  II II I  hf  means  of  tlic  inst  sl«mnl  rib.  It  is  nn  udmtmUe  eontnvaucc 
to  preserre  tbo  requisite  motion  which  must  attend  every  act  of  brealhini;, 
•TVfT  cxtcaicinD  and  contraction  of  the  chest,  with  a  degree  of  strength 
vhii^  Bcanetr  an;  accident  can  break  throngh. 

Tks  St^nmmt  or  bniast-bona,  Is  more  complicated  than  it  at  first  i^peara 
to  be.  It  constitutes  the  floor  of  the  chost,  and  is  a  lone  fiivt  spongy  bone, 
fixed  between  the  ribs  on  either  aide,  artienlating  with  their  csrlilages,  and 
■errins  as  a  point  of  support  to  them.  It  is  eumpcised  of  f>oni  seven  to 
Btae  p*ec«e,  ooited  togoUior  by  cartili^e  ;  and  whatever  clisnges  muy  take 
place  IB  other  parte  rf  the  fhune,  tliis  cartilngo  is  not  converted  to  bono 
«na  in  extreme  old  age,  although  thero  may,  possibly,  be  some  spots  ^of 
(■iifii  matter  foend  in  it^ 

•  'The  poBftt  of  the  bresst-bonc  may  bo  occawonally  injured  by  blows  or  by 
the  pressore  of  tbo  oolJur.  It  has  been,  by  hratnl  violence,  eompletely 
broken  off  bom  tlw  sternum ;  but  oftcnor,  and  that  &am  some  cruel  nsage, 


S')« 


THE  CHEST. 


a  ktud  erf  tamnur  lias  been  formed  on  lliopoiat  of  it,  which  has  occasionally 
ulwratcd,  and  provod  very  djflictilt  to  Ii«il. 

Thp  front  of  the  (thoat  in  u  Tury  imporUuit  C'-iimidiTation  in  th«  trtractttm 
of  tim  honv.  It  sUuulcl  be  prominent  uid  broad,  aud  full,  aud  tliu  mdo*  of 
it  wvU  occajned.  When  Ifae  brenst  is  narrow,  the  chost  has  gvntrrallj  (he 
Bame  appearance  ;  the  nninuit  in  flnt-aidod,  the  pmppi-  cAvitT  of  the  (^tcet 
iii  lent,  nitd  the  nbunitui  of  the  harm:  am  mixU-na\W  (tiniiiiisti<-<l,  nithoagh, 
pnrhnpH,  his  Hpfod  for  iihurt  dialancuA  may  iiot  bu  sSm^ted.  ^Vbi-n  lhi> 
vliect  IS  vATTOvf  aud  the  fore  1^|;8  aiv  loo  close  toKothtn-,  in  addition  to  the 
irnnt  of  bottom  they  vrili  intCTfcre  with  cnch  other,  and  (hero  will  bu 
wonads  on  ttie  fotWks  nn<l  bmiitm  briow  thr  knee. 

A  rbriit  too  broud  is  tutt  ilosiruble,  but  a  flrsliy  niid  n  prominent  one : 
jut  «Ti'n  tUi.t,  perhttps,  iiia,y  rw|uiiv  some  oxplaiiatton.  ^Vlit-ii  lli«  forv  l<^ 
appvAT  to  Koede  and  to  shelt^^r  tlx^mrclves  nndci*  (he  body,  there  b  » 
&alty  position  of  the  foro  limbii,  n  Ixind  or  HtAodine  over,  an  D&aatanl 
lengutiDcM  about  thu  foro  ]inrt«  ot  the  LireiiBt,  Madly  diwodvanlngcotu  in 
proeiwoion. 

Tbeni  ia  aUo  a  pofit«rior  appeniUx  to  the  storaoni.  which  b  ahtfi 
cortihiKmoas.  It  is  called  tho  entifonn  cartilage,  although  it  bean  littlo 
rmenUance  to  a  swoiVl.  It  ih  flat  nod  Ilcxiblo,  yet  rtrong,  and  aonrm  as 
tba  conuncD[.-enieiit  of  tlut  floor  or  xupport  of  the  abdomen.  It  ako  girca 
inaertioii  to  aaam  of  the  abdominal  m<uol«,  and  mora  oourunicuUy  than  it 
could  have  been  obtained  from  the  body  of  the  fterniua. 

Th^  intereoftal  itmct«f. — The  borders  of  tho  ribs  nr*  antvrioriy  concave, 
thin  and  sharp — posteriorly  r<>nn<led,  and  prcHentins*  nndcnioaib  a  lnngi> 
tndisal  dsweaBiDn  or  channel,  in  which  run  both  bliHHl.vi-KM^It  and  norm. 
Tho  apace  Dotweun  them  boocupiiMl  by  mascular  subfltacce  firmly  attachwt 
to  the  bonlerauf  tlieribe.  TbesomnsclcaaroEingalarlydiEtribuiod;  ibcir 
fibres  cross  each  other  in  tho  Ibrtn  of  an  X.  Thoro  ta  a  manifest  adnuiteAo 
in  thb.  If  tho  tilircs  mn  riraigfat  ai'roM  from  rib  to  rib,  thc^  might  act 
powcrfhily,  bnt  tliirir  uctiouH  wuuld  be  vxcmnUdk'It  limited.  A  Hliort 
mnxolc  oau  eonlnw-l  but  a  httio  way,  and  only  a  slight  chan^  of  form  or 
diniiMuiou  can  bo  produced.  By  ronning  diasonally  from  rib  to  rib.  Ihnac 
tnasclcs  are  doublo  tho  length  tht^'  cottld  o&firwiao  barv  boen.  It  ia  a 
eenrnd  ruli^  with  tvgnrd  to  mnacnlar  notiao,  tliat  tho  power  of  thu  moscUi 
Oepcnds  on  Ua  balk,  aud  the  extant  of  it«  actioii  on  its  lentfili- 

The  ribs,  while  ihoj  protect  the  important  Tisoora  of  the  thonui  ftom 
injury,  are  poworfnl  agents,  when  acl«d  on  by  tho  napiratory  musdM^  in 
extcndiug  and  oontrntiting  the  chut  in  the  alternate  inspirntKm  and 
expiration  of  air.  In  wlutt  proportion  they  discharKe  the  labour  tif 
mpiratioD  b  a  dispnled  ouestion.  and  into  the  consideration  of  which  we 
catuMt  antflr  nitliIaoiBe4hing  is  known  of  the  ^nd  rc«|Hnilory  mnscle,  the 
diaphngn.  Thna  &r,  howoro-,  may  be  said,  that  they  arc  inactive  in 
natnral  rupimtion,  or  they  certainly  act  only  a  sceoudaiy  part;  but  in 
hurried  mtpiiation,  and  when  the  demand  for  artorialised  Mood  b  iiinirasrit 
by  tiohmt  exertion,  they  are  valnaMa  and  poworfnl  anxiliariM. 

This  k'ads  to  a  rcrr  imporlnnt  ronaidesation,  Ibo  moat  adntataeoons 
form  of  the  che«t  f»r  thu  jinippr  diKi^liarge  of  the  nataral  or  extnnrdinaiy 
function*  of  the  thoracic  risoi-ra.  Tho  oonhsta  of  the  diest  arv  tlw  lnn|^ 
aud  the  heart :  the  flrsty  to  render  the  btood  nntrioat  and  stinmlaliutr. 
and  to  ^re  or  rostnro  to  it  that  Titnlity  which  will  (■niihUi  it  Ut  sajiuutt 
every  part  of  tho  fnimc  in  the  ittxchar^  of  its  fuiicUun,  «u<l  dornid  of 
which  thu  nimpliciiUsJ  uid  buauLiful  iiinchiiie  is  iiicrrt  and  dt«d  ;  and  tli^ 
poctmd,  to  cuuvt-y  ihia  purified  art«ri»li««<t  blood  to  every  part  of  ihv  frsmc. 

In  order  to  prodnre  and  to  convey  to  the  rnriomi  parta  n  mOhrieat 
qoantity   of  bkxM,  thenc  o-^^is  Biust    lu  hirjfo.      If  It  amounts  iMlt  to 


I 


Iijpertcophj',  tlic  Urger  Uie  baxrt  and  the  targcr  Uie  lung^  tfac  nion)  rapid 
tbo  prooew  of  uutrlUon,  and  Um  inore  pcril'Ut  the  dutuluu^  of  overf 
MuRuU  fbnctjon. 

Then  it  miglit  be  ituiiginnl  that,  M  a  circle  u  »  fignre  wfaicli  oontftins 
more  tiiui  utj  uUior  of  cquid  ^irtli  luid  tuttnoiidurcni<rnt,  a  circalnr  form  u( 
tlM  cheat  would  be  most  tMivuuULK»iiis.  Nut  anuAly  wi ;  for  thii  C(int<-nU 
of  tbe  cbcct  ar«  ftltornatol^  pxpiuidiiij:^  aud  cuuLructiu^.  Thu  oitx'uUir 
cbr«t  cnold  aot  cxpimd,  Imt  ovciy  rhniigi;  of  form  would  be  a  duuiuution 
at  empaatj. 

That  form  of  cheat  wUch  approaclies  ccurust  to  u  tnrclci  whilo  if  admiU 
of  mfficient  expMUum  Aod  oontraclioii,  ia  tbo  best — certuinlv  for  noma 
Baimals,  iMii)  for  oU  luidcr  pocnliar  circuni«t«uioc«,  nnd  with  ntfi-reiice  tu 
the  diacbiirgv  of  ccHJiin  functiotut.  Thix  wn«  thcgnuid  principle  on  wbic-li 
Ur.  BaktfwuJl  pruvctnlt'd,  and  uu  ivlmdi  nU  our  itupruvcmcntti  m  tlio  brcud- 
ingrof  csttio  were  founded. 

Xli«  prtDcipie  holds  good  frith  rpg%rd  to  some  breeds  of  horses  Wu 
*«Ido  the  hcftfy  divngbt  house  nut  only  on  ncixHint  of  his  simple  rauitciil:(r 
power,  bat  tbu  w<-ij{bl  which,  hy  uii-'Iium  of  tbiit  ptiwcr,  ho  in  nblo  to  thn>w 
(oto  the  collar.  A  liKbt  liurst?  itiay  ho  (jruftTablo  fot  Uj{ht  druu^bt,  but  vru 
must  opposu  weight  to  weight  wh*.-D  otu-  foada  are  beavT.  lu  tlio  dniy 
km*  w«  prise  the  circular  chest,  not  only  that  he  nuy  be  proportionally 
hoMTwr  belbre — to  biui  no  disudvuitoffo — but  that,  by  means  of  tbo  in- 
cnaaed  oapaeity  of  liia  cliuet,  he  may  ohtain  the  bulk  and  ato  which  best 
II  him  for  our  service.  Uiit  he  would  not  do  far  speed,  be  woold  not 
do  for  ordinAiy  qniclc  exertion,  aod  if  hio  wero  pushed  far  beyond  hia  pace, 
ba  would  become  lirokcn-wiudcd  or  have  iufliimcd  lung*. 

Somoof  oor  Mddl(."bor9t.'a  and  cubs  have  bai-itls  Tonnd  onoui^h,  and  n-o 
Tilas  thetn  on  account  of  it,  for  they  atv  always  in  condition  and  tliey. 
nnij  tire.  But  when  wo  look  at  them  nioro  canifally,  thi-ro  id  just  that 
departnre  IVoia  the  cirvulur  funu  of  wliioh  mention  has  bei^u  mudc^that 
bupy  racdium  botwevu  the  circle  and  the  ellipse  which  retains  the  ciu 
ftioxtf  of  the  one  and  the  exjian nihility  of  tho  other.  Unrh  n  horse  is 
tBTaJwble  for  common  purposi's^  but  bo  is  seldom  tv  boTitn  of  Hpced.  If  ho 
is  permittnl  lo  go  hi*  own  puco,  and  thut  not  a  slow  one,  hu  will  work  on 
tor  evcTi  but  if  Jtu  is  too  uiacb  burriud  he  is  soon  diatj'easod. 

n«  Unmii  Deep  Chest. — Then  for  the  nsnnl  pnrpose«  of  tlie  road,  and 
more  particalarly  for  rapid  proercusion,  search  i*  made  Ibr  tbat  form  of 
11m  eboat  which  shall  unite,  and  to  as  ^reat  a  degree  aa  pOMible,  con- 
ndwablo  capaoily  in  »  quiescent  state,  and  tbe  power  of  InoreaMiiK  tliitt 
c^iacity  when  the  animal  requires  it.  Tliero  must  bo  the  broad  chest  for 
Ibe  prodnclion  of  muscles  and  sini'ws.and  the  deep  cbcitt,  to  etro  tlio  «tp»city 
or  power  of  fnmialiiug  arivrial  blood  (M^uid  to  tlie  tnoRt  rapid  <txhaii£tion  of 
Titali^. 

This  form  of  tbe  chest  is  consistent  with  litrhtness,  or  at  least  with  all 
(be  %fatiiM8  that  can  he  rotionallr  required.  The  brond-chmlcd  home,  or 
be  tbat,  with  modcmtc  dcptJi  at  the  girtb,  awi^lU  and  barrels  ont  inunu- 
dinldy  behind  l1ii>  uIIiow,  may  have  us  light  a  forehoad  and  as  elerated  a 
wither  a£  tbe  burae  with  tho  narrowest  chest ;  but  the  animal  with  tbe 
bsnd  approaching  to  near  to  rotundity  is  invariuhly  btnvy  abtrnt  the 
■booUen  and  low  in  t}io  witben.  It  is  to  the  mixture  of  the  Arubian 
blood  tbat  WD  priwupally  owe  this  pecnliar  and  fldTontiujeoas  formation  of 
tbe  cbeat  of  tJie  borae.  Tho  Arab  is  light ;  some  wonld  my  too  mnoh  so 
before;  but  imraedialely  tichind  the  nrms  the  barrel  alniost  inrariably 
■welts  out,  and  kwvrs  plenty  of  room,  and  where  it  is  most  wanted  Ibr  tbe 
play  of  the  long*,  and  at  the  uiuc  time  where  tho  weight  does  not  prenso 
ezDlneitely  on  the  fore  legs,  and  expose  tbo  feci  to  connutrion  and  injnij. 


sts 


THE   CHEST. 


Manj-  Iiorscn  witli  niirmw  chost*,  rind  n  great  ilrat  of  <Ia_v]iif'>l  ntnlc 
tlwni,  linTf  plenty  of  Kpiril  Mill  williDgTw^sfur  wnrk.    Tbeyalww  llii-innclvdi 
oft'  well,  and  exliibtt  tlii'  uddrL-a»  and  gratify  the  vanity  of  tbeir  i-idt-rs  cm 
ili<i  [mnutt-or  in  the  piirk.  oiitttioy  have  not  tiip  ap|>etil«  nor  the  endurance 
that  will  cnnj  tbcm  throng'h  thrvo  euccetrarp  dn-ys'  jinrd  work.  > 

Five  oat  of  Ntx  of  thi>  nnimitls  thnt  poriah  from  inHonird  Inngx  arc  niir> 
rovr-cl)««t«d,  and  it  miKbt  Ix;  smfi^ly  alfirmod  tlwt  the  fur  (^'atc.T  pari  o0. 
tiutae  who  ttre  lost  in  tite  Geld  after  a  hard  day's  run,  Irnve  been  Iiorscdi 
whoao  training  liaa  been  uc(^lect«il,  or  who  have  no  room  for  tlw  longs  to 
oxpnod.  Tho  most  important  of  all  points  in  the  conformntjon  of  the 
horao  i»  hero  clncidatori.  An  olnvnted  withrr,  or  obliqtui  nhonldcr,  or 
pOvrvriiU  qnnrlcnt,  are  groat  odvantogrM  ;  but  tliat  wliicb  m  roOHi  of  all 
connuotud  with  tlio  gcneiul  biiilth  of  llto  animal,  and  with  GOtDbined 
flei^ni>a8  or  bottoui,  is  a  dwp,  and  broad,  and  an-elling  cUc^  witli  sn&lcieul 
leiii^thening  of  the  at«miim,  ot  brMutt-bone,  beneath. 

If  a  chest  that  cannot  eipnnil  with  (he  incrrasing  pxpannion  and  Inbonr 
of  the  hmga  ia  co  rpHohi;  »  detriment  to  the  borsu,  everything  tlint  in- 
iorfens  with  thft  iirtion  of  Ibu  intorvostal  innsoltw  ia  carefully  to  \m:  avoided.  .] 
■Kght  jjirtl»inj{  ranks  ainoujj;  llu-ai>.  and  foremost  amoufr  tlii-m.  The  oloaa- 
neaa  with  which  tlie  roller  is  backled  on  in  the  stable  must  bo  a  seriooB 
inconrcniencc  to  the  horae ;  and  the  pnrtiiJly  depriving  thc»o  muscles  of 
their  powrr  of  artion,  for  tu>  miiny  hours  in  priiry  dii^,  imiat  indixpom 
tlicm  for  labour  when  quicker  and  fuller  r<Mi]>irati«n  ia  required.  At  aD 
ereiila,  a  tijiht  iprtli,  thoujjh  an  alnifist  nL-ecisary  uuisance,  is  a  y«j  oon* 
eidorable  on«^,  whi-n  all  the  exertion  of  which  he  is  capable  is  required 
frwm  the  horse.  Who  has  not  perceived  the  address  with  which,  by 
bellying  ont  the  chest,  the  old  horse  rrndern  rvory  attempt  to  girth  him 
tieht  Ci>mpantivcly  nscle*;) ;  nnd  vlicn  a  honu'  is  blown,  what  immediate 
Wlicr  haa  nngirthing  liim  aOurdcil,  by  permitting  tho  iutvrcotilala  to  act 
with  greater  power  ? 

A  jwint  of  consequence  regardiiiK  the  capacity  of  the  ch«t  is  the  length 
or  shurtnt'iis  of  the  carcase ;  or  the  extent  of  the  ribs  tmm  Ibo  olbow 
backward.  Some  horses  are  what  is  called  ribbed  A-?mo ;  Uioro  is  bat 
little  spaco  (sc«  cnta  pp.  140  and  S-M)  between  Uie  lust  rib  and  tbo  hip> 
bone.  In  othen  tho  distance  iit  conaiderubly  greater,  and  ia  plain); 
evident  by  the  falling  in  of  the  ftiiik.  The  question  then  is,  wliat  aerrioa 
is  required  from  the  borsQ  P  Kho  has  to  carry  a  heavy  woigh^  and  ha* 
ranch  work  to  do,  he  should  be  rililied  homo— the  last  rib  and  the  hif^ 
bonn  should  not  be  fnr  from  ttuch  other.  Tlierc  is  m'»rc  capacity  of  chcvt 
and  of  belly,  there  ia  Icsa  distance  Ixrtivecn  tlie  points  of  mpport,  mi 
greater  strength  and  endutauce.  A  hackney  (and  we  would  almost  mj  a 
hunter)  can  scarcely  bo  too  well  ribbed  home. 

If  speed,  however,  is  required,  there  roust  be  room  for  the  full  aHion  of 
the  hinder  limbs;  and  this  can  only  exist  where  there  is  soSicient  space 
betwMD  the  last  nb  and  the  hip-bone.  The  owner  of  Uiu  honw  moat  make 
nphisBUildas  to  what  he  wants  from  him,  and  be  satiafied  if  he  obtaina 
that ;  for,  lot  hSm  lie  asnun-it  that  ho  GUinot  have  evetytfung,  for  thk 
woold  require  tliose  difleieuocs  of  I'onforBAtion  that  cannot  potnbly  exist 
in  the  min«  animal. 

Tbc!  thorax,  or  chest,  is  formed  by  tho  spine/,  above  (p.  S44)  ;  the  rilM 
*,  on  either  side ;  and  the  sternnm,  or  breast-bone,  e,  bennth. 


i 


TUB  SPIXB  xyO  BACK  Mff 


THE   Snxt   AVD   BACK. 

Tli«  Bpioe,  or  back,  conaista  of  s  cliain  of  Iwcca  from  tlie  poll  to  du' 
Wrtrtaniiy  of  tbo  tail.  It  ib  roado  np  of  tn'entj-tbre«  bono  from  tJi«  neck 
to  tbs  munch  ;  oight«!cii,  csllnl  tlirrtal  v^rUbrtp,  componng  tlio  back  t  tnd 
fire,  lumbar  tKrltbrai,  ocoupvin^  Uie  loinx.  On  this  part  of  tlic  animnl  the 
weight  or  burdeu  is  Uid,  aad  ihere  are  two  tiling*  to  bo  prineipally  con- 
nd«recl,  easiiiCM  of  cftrria^  aod  atrength.  If  tiie  buck  were  oo[npoi«i>d  of 
navitld^ig  motoriiUti— if  it  raacmblml  n  bar  of  wood  or  iron,  nticli  jnrmig 
and  jolting,  in  till-  mnid  motion  oftbu  animiil,  con  Id  not  poagiblvbv  endured. 
In  onlur  to  avoid  tbu,  ad  well  aa  to  aaaist  iu  turning,  the  bock  is  divided 
into  nnmeroiuboniM:  &nd  between  «ach  pair  of  bone«  ihr^v  i«  inUrposud 
■  CHtilagiDoas  mibatancv,  most  highlj  elastio,  that  will  ^iL'ld  nnd  ^ivo  way 
to  vnaj  jar,  not  «o  macb  ■•  to  occonion  inwcuri^  between  tbe  BnncN,  or 
to  permit  t!eD>id«raUe  motion  betwMn  anj  one  pair,  bat  forming  altogi^or 
an  tfcgre^tla  man  of  such  pevftct  elaalioitj^  tluit  tbo  rid«r  Bit«  almost 
nadistiubed,  however  bigh  may  bo  the  action  or  bowcvor  rapid  the  pace. 

Stmmth  i«  aa  imporlnnt  u.i  cnM? ;  thcrofora  the  bonca  nic  tuiitod 
fogvtbor  with  pwniliar  fiminrt*.  Tbe  n>nnd  Iicad  of  on«  is  exactly  littod 
to  Ike  cap  or  cavity  of  tliat  immediately  before  it  g  and  botwoen  Uiem  ia 
plaoed  the  clastic  ligamoDtoos  Babstance  which  boa  been  just  descnbed, 
■D  strong,  that  in  endcaTonring  to  acporato  the  bones  of  tfao  back  they 
will  break  bdam  tbi*  KabHtanoe  will  givo  way.  In.  addition  to  this  Ihcro 
■ra  UgamvutA  rtinniuK  along  tlio  brood  under-snrGtco  of  these  bones — - 
ligaments  between  cacii  of  the  tran^i-ena  processes,  or  Hide  projections  of 
tb»  bones — lignmcnts  bctwoon  tbo  ipaiAiu  proceasos  or  oprigut  projections, 
and  alao  a  continoation  of  the  atrong  UgMicnt  of  tlic  neck  ruiming  along 
tba  wboto  cnuRtti  of  the  back  and  loins,  leugtbening  nnd  oontntctiug,  as  in 
Um  neek,  with  tbe  motions  of  the  animal,  and  forming  a  powerful  bond  of 
nmen  between  the  boniis. 

By  thwe  means  tbo  hunli^  will  carry  a  heavy  man  without  fiitignc  or 
■train  tiirovgh  a  long  cbaac  ;  aud  thoitu  Hboclu  and  jim  are  avoided  whidi 
w-nnld  bo  annoying  to  th«  tiiur  aud  injurious  and  spcodily  fatal  to  tliu 

bor»C. 

Tbeae  provisions,  however,  although  adcqnalo  to  eommon  or  even  sev«t« 
ttxartiOB,  will  not  protect  the  animal  fmm  ilii!  coDSoqnencea  of  bnital  osago ; 
*nd,  thmvfoTtt,  if  tbo  honK  is  much  oTi-nvi-iijfhti'd,  or  rioleutly  esorciiwd 
or  too  saddenlr  pulled  upon  liis  IiaDncbcs,  tbL'He  lignnumt«  are  strained. 
laflammatioa  follows,  Uhe  ligatnonts  become  clLaugod  to  bone,  and  tUo 
joiati  o(  the  bock  loan  their  ^wingincn  nnd  rwte  of  motion  ;  or  rather,  in 
point  of  bet,  th^  ora<«  to  exist.  On  ocL-ount  uf  the  too  hard  icrrico  nt- 
Vttirad  from  them,  and  e«pecially  bcfor«  tbi-y  luid  ^-aincd  tlicir  full  strongth, 
ftw  sra  Ibw  old  borsos  who  hnve  not  some  of  the  bones  of  the  bock  or 
^^1  Q»ehyleetid — united  togi^thcr  by  bony  mntlor  and  not  by  ligament, 
WTmi  this  eiiatH  to  any  oonsiderebla  extent  tin;  borx^  is  not  pleasant  to 
'^dc;  he  turns  with  diifioolty  in  bis  stall,  bo  is  nnwiUing  to  lie  down,  and- 
^liro  down  to  riae  again,  and  ho  has  a  aingolar  straddbng  action.  Such 
^rv«  Mv  said  to  be  br--Ji«n-hackcd  or  otnttiM  in  the  bafJe. 

1*heleoftthof  tbebackiiianim|)ortantconsidentUon.  Along-bnckodhorao 
*^  be  (M)r  m  bis  nocea,  because  the  increased  distance  between  tbo  fore 
*'*I  hind  loga,  wbicli  are  the  snppcrla  of  tbi- spine,  will  afTuni  ^niatvr  mnni 
"^  the  play  of  the  joiiiU  of  Uii!  Inrk.  A  bnig  xnring  bao  much  nioro  pUv 
"**a  a  uort  one,  and  will  bctti^r  obviutu  coDcnssioa.  A  long-backed  luinw 
I  **  likef^M  formed  lor  speed,  fur  there  is  room  to  bring  bis  bindeir  legs 
I       ^'"n  wkitT  him  in  tbe  art  of  galloping,  and  tlins  Dkhv  povrerfntly  |irv>pel 


na 


THE   LOWS. — TUE   Wi 


or  dfire  Ibrvud  Uw  body ;  bnt,  on  Ibe  oU>m-  htad,  r  km^-tnckcd  l>one 
viO  be  eottpantinljr  wmk  in  i^  b^ck,  ukI  cuihrorcmtglitnl.  A  long 
Kinu  lutjr  D*  Msiljr  beat  or  broken.  Tbe  we^fat  oS  (be  ridir,  Itkewac, 
ptoeoa  fiutber  fron  die  eKtranitM,  wiO  act  with  aMcbMUcal  diBad*Mibiga 
npaa  tbao,  and  be  sure  Ukd;  to  stnio  litem.  A  dtoet-baclcrd  bane  m^j 
be  »  good  backuT,  ami  able  to  <sarrj  Uw  hwrkrt  we^^it,  and  pa—— 
monoBdnnBct;  tnt  hH|«eM  wUI  not  be  ao  ea«r,  nor  Ida  ipeed  ao  gnat, 
lad  be  maj  be  aft  to  orerreaelt. 

Tbe  oanpantive  adnntkce  of  a  long  or  abort  carcaae  dependa  futirelj 
m  tbe  nae  for  vhicb  tbo  borw  ia  uttended.  For  gco«rsl  fiarnoMa  tbe 
harm  with  a  abort  oroaae  ia  mfy  pHycrij  preferred.  He  mil  poaacae 
bcabh  and  atrtngtb ;  for  hont*  at  tbia  make  are  proreriNallj-  haidr.  He 
win  bare  anAcieDt  tawJBCiia  of  action  not  to  btiffiM  the  lider,  and  i^wcd 
tor  eTCT7  ordinaiy  pnrpoaa^  Length  of  back  will  alnjrs  be  deauahle  when 
there  ia  moTe  than  nsna]  snbatann'  gMWTalljr,  and  particiilaii;  wben  the 
toRia  are  wide  and  tbv  maiiL-lni  rrf  thn  loina  lar^  and  aircUing.  Tbe  tar^^U 
ivnaiittea,  abmigth  and  apu^d,  will  Uitm  ^fa^^  be  onited.  ^^ 

The  back  ahtnld  bad«ireaaad«Httletnuni»dMteIjrb(luBd  the  witlicn; 
and  Uien  oontnne  in  an  anaort  atraigbt  Kse  to  the  kmu.  This  i»  tiio  fonu 
noet  conaiatmt  witb  bL-onlT  and  rtrmgtfa.  Snmi!  hnrsm  lure  a  ri^  oon- 
ttdnable  bolluw  b^liind  Uu;  witliL-rs.  Thi^-  are  ifaid  tu  Ur  taddU'laektd. 
It  aeeiDa  ae  if  a  depriaaion  were  parpoeel;  made  for  the  aaddla.  8u(.-b 
boTMa  are  mdontljr  ea^  gwra>  for  this  carvo  inwnnl  moat  naceaaarily 
incTMiM  thr  nlny  of  tbn  joasts  of  the  hock  \  bnt  in  tbo  anise  proportion 
thc^  am  wvak  ui<l  UaUe  to  apnuo.  To  the  irencral  aopeaianoe  of  tbo 
bone,  tbia  defMt  ia  not  tn  any  ^^vat  d<!(;Tee  iayanaaa ;  for  tbe  \iaBtm  at 
tbe  back  ia  uniformly  acoompanioil  hy  a  beantiinllj  arched  ereet, 

A  few  horw^s  havrthocureoatwaid.  ThOTaresaidtobenNMA-frMM, 
from  tbo  iiappnwMl  merablanoe  lo  tfaa  aiobed  backof  theroacb.  ndaiaa 
very  aoHnoii  di-fnct;  altogi-ther  incompatible  with  bcMnlj,  and  natenalty 
diminiiihing  lli«  oHL-fuliicia  of  the  animaL  It  is  almost  impoaaible  to  ptv. 
vent  the  aaddlo  frvm  being  thrown  on  the  sltonldon,  or  tht^  Mck  from  being 
galled;  tho  cliuticity  of  tbo  »jnne  i*  fUxtrofcd;  the  mrop  ia  badljr  ae^, 
on  I  Um  binder  W>  are  too  UI11.-I1  under  the  aniinal ;  Im  ia  cont' 
orerreachtng,  and  his  head  ia  carried  nwkw&rdly  low. 


TBS  unvs. 


ntinnalht^B 


Tho  loins  are  attentively  ezuinined  br  orcty  good  hnnmnaa.  They  eait 
acareely  be  too  btoad  and  uinscalar.  lite  strength  of  tbo  back,  and.  espe- 
cially, the  atnuffth  of  the  hinder  eztranitiea,  win  depend  matcriaUy  on 
this.  Tbe  brcaam  of  tli«  loina  ia  rognlated  by  the  leiqifth  of  the  traasveno 
or  aide  proeeaaea  of  that  part.  Tbe  bodlsa  of  tbo  bonea  of  tho  loins  arv 
likewiae  larger  tbaa  thoas  of  tlie  back ;  and  a  mora  dove-tailed  kind  of 
nnkm  aafasistabetirMDtlieMboneB  than  between  Iboao  of  tbe  b«^.  Every 
proriMOB  is  nuuto  fbr  strength  bero.  The  luuon  of  the  back  and  loins 
sboald  be  cnn-follr  obaerrod,  lor  tbom  ia  Mnxitnaoe  a  dopfaaaioa  betwran 
tbocn.  A  kind  of  line  is  drawn  acroaa,  which  iiliowa  imperfectioa  is  tbe 
oanatniotioD  of  tbe  spiixe,  and  ia  regarded  aa  an  indimtiou  of  weakneai. 

THE  WITHEKS. 

nifl  apiiiMis  or  npri^^bt  ptoceoaea  of  tbe  doiaal  vwMme,  or  bones  of 
back,  abore  the  npp«r  pari  of  tho  abonlder,  aro  as  remarkable  for  ll 
kngtti  aa  are  the  tnuwwne  or  dde  procewca  nf  tho  htmcs  of  tba  loiiA 
Tli^  ani  IbUtoned  and  tenninated  hy  ruagh  blunted  vxtrentitisa.    Tba 
(dirvatod  riflgo  which  they  form  is  called  tbe  vilhtrd.     Il  will  be  snni  in 
tkeoaU(pp.  140  and  244),  that  tbe  spine  of  the  Br«t  bono  of  the  back  hai 


tMckhai       I 


MUSCLES  OP  TitE   BREAST. 


Ul 


■ 


Vat  little  cIev«liofl  tad  is  slisi^  and  upright  The  Boeonj  ts  !Aii(rcr  nnci 
indioed  backv«rd  ;  th«  third  >sd  fourth  incroaso  in  loDgtli,  aud  t£v  Bfth 
ia  tlia  l»ngc«t;  tbo;  tbcn  ^mdunlly  HhnHiin  until  Uno  tw^Ui  or  thirteenth, 
whicti  beaKnu  lerd  witli  Uw  buni-H  of  tlic  loina. 

Hislt  wilben  hare  Iwen  always,  in  tlie  mind  of  tbo  judge  of  the  horso, 
■MaocuMed  with  good  action,  and  genomllj  with  speed.  The  rca^n  i* 
plain  enoBgh :  they  afford  Urgcr  surface  for  tiio  altAcbnurnt  of  tho  lous- 
oFtboMck;  aiid  in  proportion  to  the  clftvntion  of  tho  withers,  Iheeo 
'  »  act  with  ^:re»l«r  ftdvanlagtt.  Tlie  risine  of  ttio  forrprtrto  of  ^o 
eT«o  in  the  trot,  and  mam  especially  in  Uie  FT^lop,  ilcpondii  not 
'  on  the  action  of  thei  inneclcs  of  the  legs  and  shoulders,  hut  ou  tlioiiu 
kHDK,  iDMrted  into  th«  npinnns  procc(w<-s  of  those  boues  of  thu  baelc, 
a<!ting  with  greater  power  in  pn^mirtion  im  tlte-sm  profTsiii^H,  eoiisti* 
inting  the  witben^  are  huiKtlieucd.  Ttio  arm  of  tlie  Jever  to  which  the 
fowvr  is  applied  wQl  be  longer ;  and  in  proportion  to  the  length  of  this 
•nu  will  be  the  eoae  and  tho  height  to  which  s  weight  ia  raised.  Thera- 
fonf  ^lood  and  bifHi  action  will  dopcmd  mooh  on  clovntod  wiihere. 

It  in  not  difficult  to  nndorslKnd  how  xpccd  will  likcwiM  be  promoted  by 
tbo  aamc  oonformution.  Tho  power  of  ite  bureo  is  in  bi*  hiitder-c]iinrt^iia. 
In  tbem  liea  the  mainspriu^'  of  the  frame,  aud  the  fore-ijuarters  are  i-liicHy 
'«lerat«d  and  thrown  forward  to  receive  the  weight  forced  on  them  by  tlio 
ftettOO  of  tbe  hinder-quarters.  In  proportion,  however,  as  tliG  fore-quiLrlerti 
tn  alB**ted.  will  tiiry  be  thrown  fnrtlioc  forwnrd,  or,  in  other  words,  will 
the  irtride  of  tbe  borne  bo  Iiawthent'd.  Tet  many  TWxe»  have  the  forvhasd 
low.  Tim  ttiu'ivuIledEcltpeo(aeep.09)  was  a  remarkable  iuHtani-coftbi]); 
bat  tbe  imple  and  ftDely>proportioned  qnartore,  and  the  muscDlarily  of  lira 
tbigll  and  fora-ann,  rendered  the  aid  to  bo  derived  (mm  tho  withers  ]>er 
fertly  nnnM-fjBinrT.  Tin-  h«Lvy  drunght-horso  doc«  not  rccjiiire  ctcv»ted 
withcm.  Hi"  utility  dejMMida  ou  lli«  power  of  dopressinp  liis  fore-qiuvrterji, 
Bad  throwing  their  wt-iKht  fully  into  tho  collar ;  but  for  common  work  in 
the  hackney,  in  tbe  farmer's  horse,  and  in  tho  hunter,  well-formed  withers 
wQl  be  as  mrnitini  advantage^  ae  oontributing  to  good  and  nfo  action,  Mid 
likwwiao  to  ipted. 


xncLU  or  the  bseast. 

Tho*  are  aome  importitnt  muselMattnehed  to  the  brcoat  connected  with 
fittt  tapoanon  of  the  che>t  which  every  borae  should  poaaoM.  In  theeat, 
pa^  S37,  are  acen  a  Tcry  important  pair  of  muscles,  the  ccofcnifet  tratu. 
veni,  or  pectoral  mnocleeL  forming  two  prominences  in  the  ftvnt  of  tho 
ehest,  and  exteudint;  biickword  between  tho  legs.  They  come  fVom  (lio 
Ccrre  and  npjrar  part  of  tbe  Inraat-bone ;  [mim  aeroM  the  inward  part  of  t}io 
arm,  aad  rencb  from  tho  elbow  almoat  duwn  to  the  knee.  They  confine 
to  tho  side  in  the  r»pid  motion  of  the  horse,  and  prerent  him  from 
wbat  honeincn  would  call,  and  what  is  seen  in  a  home  puiihcd 
hia  natotal  power,  'all  uhroad.'  Othor  tnniwtua,  pcclariiUt  magiti 
I,  th0  gnat  and  little  {iM'toiula,  Rttber  nbore  but  Wiiud  theeei  go 
tbe  brca«b-bona  to  the  arm,  in  order  to  draw  bock  the  point  of  the 
looldvr,  and  bring  it  uprigj^ht.  Another  and  smiUlor  mniiclo  goa  from  the 
IiumI  biiiM  to  the  shoulder,  to  nsirist  in  tlu:  sumo  ofGce.  A  liorse,  tber^ 
ten,  Ifaia  aud  narrow  in  tlie  hrcnst,  must  be  dellcieut  in  important  muscular 

powW- 

BetwMm  the  1>^  and  along  thv  breest<bone  is  the  proper  place  in  whidi 
In  itwrrt  rowcb,  in  oases  of  inflamed  Inngu. 


iOS 


HCSCLES  or  TIIF.    B.^CK.— FISTCLOCS  VITUEBS. 


SOECLES    07   TEB    UCE. 


The  moat  important  mQacIes  wLich  belnug  to  tltis  part  of  the  frame  juv 
priDC)|MU7  tboM  which  extend  firom  tbo  oontiniwtwo  of  Um  ligament  of 
tbo  neck,  along  the  wbol«  of  tho  hack  and  loins ;  and  HkewiM  ftom  the 
last  oemca]  bone ; — the  nywrjCctoiw  and  tnuuvmalit  eotbtmm,  or  mpor- 
Scial  and  tmurene  nueua  of  the  ribs,  gma^  from  thia  ligament  to  the 
irapcr  part  of  tba  nba  to  rl«rat«  thrm,  and  tn  oMuit  in  tho  expanaiika  of 
too  cfawt;  alao  the  largo  imus  of  tnaaclR,  the  lunyUtimtu  Jorti,  or  lang«et 
mnacle  uf  the  buck,  fmin  Uie  npuioaa  and  tmurerae  proeeaaea  of  th«  ver- 
t«fcne  to  the  riba,  and  hj  which  all  the  motioiu  of  the  8ptne,aiid  hock,  bikI 
lOEos,  to  which  allosion  has  been  made,  ara  principaUT  produced ;  bj  vrhkh 
the  foi«-qanrtrr«  are  nuscd  Dpon  tho  hind  once,  or  &t)  hind  onon  the  fom 
ooca,  aooordiog  as  eithor  of  tbem  is  tho  fixed  poinL  This  is  th«  principal 
a^Ltit  in  rearing  and  lucking. 

The  last  moscli!  to  be  noticed  IB  the  «pHuilM  tfom,  tlie  spinkl  maacle  of 
the  back,  from  tho  spinons  proceaaee  of  eomo  of  the  lut  bcmae  of  the  back 
to  tfaoae  of  the  fora-part ;  thick  and  Rtrang  abont  the  withen,  sad  broadlj 
attached  to  them ;  and  mure  powerfnltjr  attached,  and  nmre  strooglj  acting, 
,iu  proportion  to  the  olevaliuu  of  the  withen ;  and  pioccedtiifc  on  to  the 
three  lowest  bonca  of  the  neck,  and  tbenifore  mainlf  conccniod,  as  alrcadr 
described,  in  olenting  tho  fonvqtiartors,  and  pnxlncing  high  and  Ba& 
action,  and  coDtribntiag  to  sp<MHl. 

nsnruiin  inTaiB& 

'^Vlien  (he  saddle  has  been  anffcrvd  to  press  long  upon  the  withen,  a 
tDfuoor  will  bo  formed,  hot  and  rxeeedii^ljr  tender,  it  m»y  sometimes  be 
dispersed  hj  the  cootine  aptilicadons  ncommended  in  the  treatment  of 
poll-ovil ;  but  il^  in  diwpite  of  th^e,  the  swelling  slM<uld  ramain  statioiuu;, 
and  eipticudlj-  if  it  shavM  become  larger  and  more  tonder,  wana  ItMnes- 
totiona  and  pooltioes,  and  stimnlatiDg  embmcations,  should  be  diligeoU/ 
applied,  in  order  to  luMtm  tho  fortnatton  of  pas.  Ax  soon  ax  that  can  M 
fiiirljr  di.-tc«tcd,  a  seton  Khoald  bn  fioMicd  from  the  top  to  tho  Ixittom  of  tho 
tumour,  so  that  the  wbuLc  of  the  matter  maj'  be  eviu.-uat(«l,  luid  ctititiiiurd 
to  bo  disclinrg<:<l  as  it  is  afterwards  Ibrmod ;  or  tho  knife  may  bo  frvdjr 
Bsod,  in  order  to  get  nt  tbo  bottoan  of  erorr  ahina,  Tfao  knife  has  aav* 
ceeded  many  a  lime  when  the  ai-ton  has  faiksl.  The  after  trcatntnttt  mast 
be jneciserly  that  which  was  rKxnniucndMl  fur  a  ftiiuilar  disuise  in  the  poll. 

In  negtect^^  fistnkms  withers  the  nicer  may  be  larger  and  dcMior,  and 
more  d«lmctivo  than  in  poll-oviL  It  majr  barrow  beneath  the  ahonldeto 
bladc^  and  the  pius  ajiptsr  at  tho  point  of  the  shouklcr  or  tho  elbonr ;  or 
the  boott  of  the  withets  mar  beoumo  oarions. 

Very  gnat  itDprorement  hu  taken  place  in  tbo  oonstraclian  of  saddta 
for  oODUnOB  OM  and  ia  tiie  cavaby  eerrioo.  CertAin  ralea  hare  now  been 
laid  down  from  which  the  saddlor  abonld  ttover  driiatr,  and  attending  to 
which  the  animal  is  saved  from  mneh  aoflering,  and  tho  mechanic  from 
dcsrrvrd  diagnoe. 

Tbo  finl  nile  in  the  fitliug  *>f  a  saddle  ie,  that  it  shotdd  bear  opon  the 
hack,  and  net  on  the  spine  or  tho  withcte,  for  these  are  parts  that  will  not 
endnre  prrason'. 

Kext  in  u&itenui)  iip|>liciitinn  in  the  uudi.Tiitundiiic  that  the  saddle  should 
hare  everjwhere  an  equal  beariii);,  n(<itber  tilting  furwanl  npon  tho  poinli 
nor  bui^'kward  upon  the  aeaL 

\V'hcn  the  saddle  is  on,  and  the  Ki>^s  fastvoind,  there  shonld  maain  spate 
snfficiuul  brtirrvn  the  withnni  and  the  pommel  for  the  introdnctian  of  tks 
hand  nademeatb  the  latter. 


StTFAiSTS,  AXD  SADDLE  GXLIS.  S.iS 

pimtlt  of  tlie  trrc  iihoiilii  c!i]> nr  embrare  tlic  sides  without  pincliinR 
lem,  or  iO  Rtaudinc  uutwitril  that  tba  prcsKuro  ui  oil  ilownwnnis,  nnil  iipoit 
on«  place,  instead  of  beiuft  iu  a  direcUon  ixiwarJs  ax  well  iis  down  wards,  so 
•a  tt>  be  distribnted  unifonnlj'  over  evoiy  part  of  lite  poiiit  dial  touoLfH  tba 
nde;.  HonMi  that  huvic  tow  and  thick  vrith<\n  nro  most  lik<'l y  to  have  thiin 
mjimid,  in  oonMqnenceaf  the  (loiitinii;!]  riding  forward  of  the  Erti]illi>,  nnd 
tU  coBseqvcrat  pra»iu«  upon  thuin.  Flealiy  luid  &t.  sliotdders  luid  sidrit  nro 
also  antgect  to  become  hurt  by  the  points  of  the  trcos  cither  pmcliini^  tlit-m 
Brom  bdsg  too  narrow  in  tba  arch,  or  Irotn  the  brnring  being  directly 
oowvward  upon  tlionL. 

lavaiy  ocvauouaUy  rcau]ta  from  tbe  iut«miptioii  whidi  a  loo  forwotd 
■kddJ«  presenta  to  the  workii:i;,'  or  motion  of  tlie  ahoulder,  and  lliu  I'utmR- 
qoent  iriclion  tlic  sod  parte  Eaatain  between  the  flhonlder-blado  inwardly 
'  the  point*  of  Uio  Muldla-trMtoiitwiirdlj. 


^^ad 


SITVISTS,   kSD   SADDLE   GALL8. 

On  oUmtt  pnrta  of  the  back  tninonra  nncl  very  tronbleeome  tUoenmaybe 
prodncod  by  the  Minw  caa«c.  Thooo  n«tilting  from  th«  prosaro  of  tb« 
^Mle  are  called  taJiSe  galU,  and,  whc-ti  thiry  nlccrat*!,  thry  froquently 
bMwme  tUf'uU.  Saddle  f>alla  are  small  clrnnlar  brniinw,  or  exlnivasationa 
of  blood,  wherv  tbcr«  has  boon  an  uudae  pressure  of  the  saddle  orhanietis. 
If  a  bor»c  u  sabjoct  to  tlipw  trnnonrs.  Iho  saddle  shoold  tenuun  on  Itiia 
two  or  tbroo  Itoun  after  be  boa  mtnmi^  tn  the  stable  It  x»  only  for  a 
eortain  tun(%  bowever,  Ibal  tbin  will  prrfra-tly  inii'crtLiI,  for  by  the  froquont 
application  of  the  pr«ssni«  the  skiii  and  the  ei'llular  sukatanee  are  bruixcd 
aradterwiM)  injored,  and  a  pcrniaiieiit  soro  or  tunionr,  of  a  rery  annoying' 
dncriptioB,  tAkcspJaon.  Thcorntrcofthc  sori!  gmdnally  loMaitfiriKdity, 
A  MMiatian  tolcce  plocu  fmm  thi-  Huiruunding  integumeut,  and  there  i«  a 
cirMUar  piece  of  dried  and  burdHkinrKruHiuing  iu  the  centre ;  by  removing 
tbti  with  th«  knifo,  more  is  dooc  in  a  few  minute's  than  days  will  efTect  in 
tW  old  nnitinc  of  poalticing  and  blintoring;  and  thn  wound  will  readily 
1m«1  by  tbc  axe  of  turpontine  drcMrings,  more  or  Icsii  atimulating,  according 
to  eireanutanocs. 

Wilh  nitard,  however,  to  all  tlicsQ  lumonrs  and  excoriations,  the  hnmaue 
man  will  liave  the  saddle  cased  audpaddodUBOonasit  begins  to  bo  of  tbo 
bast  iacotmoMiica  to  tbc  borsc. 

CBOPST  or  THE  BKIH  OF  THE  CHEST. 
Dropsical  Mrellingn  often  »j>pi:«r  bDiwit-n  the  fore  Irgs  ond  on  tbn  chi'Kt. 
n>ej  an  efinsioaa  of  fluid  underneath  tliu  skin.  Tlify  uccompuiy  various 
rlisisaf s.  particnlarty  when  the  animal  is  weakened  by  them,  and  aumetiiuea 
^pear  when  there  is  no  other  diwuc  than  thodebitity,  which,  in  the  spring 
ud  &11  of  tbo  roar,  aocomnnniea  the  chanf^ng  of  tho  coat.  The  trratmenl 
willraty  with  uiecaaseofUie  affection  or  tbo  aoconiiianyiu^  disease.  Small 
{amcturta  with  Iho  lancet  will  seldom  do  hami ;  thction  of  the  part,  if  it 
can  bo  borne,  will  be  lerviccablei  mild  exercise  should  bo  nned;  diaretiua 
gireo.  miied  with  somo  cordial,  an  carrots,  malt  nutahc*,  and  occaaionallr 
a  rery  mild  dowi  of  phync,  and  that  fullow^'d  by  tonic*  and  cordials,  with 
^nrvnca.  Th«  regctablo  tonio,  as  gentian  and  cohimbo  witb  ginger,  will 
be  moat  effectual. 


9$l        AVATOUT  ASD  disease   or  TIIE   l{|£PIR.\Tt)RT   ORGANS. 


CHAPTER   Xin. 

THB   AKATOJST    AXD   DISEASES  OP  THE   BEfiPlKATQKT   OROAS* 

ItiTim  ta  die  preriow  diapler  giveo  a  brief  OttUiae  of  tiie  cxtviiuU 
fenxAtion  of  thtt  dMrt,  »ad  mrrotiMiag  urt*,  we  now  proceed  to  a  do. 
scnptMO  of  ita  contmU,  and  the  orgsos  atracti/  coniwetod  with  the  hao* 

tj«a*  of  raspintioa. 

TBS    DUTHKAOX. 

Boanding  the  tborax  postonorlj'— J]ie  Iwio  of  Um  oodc  ta  tho  hniaaa 
nlgact— tho  mtorpoaed  oattaia  faetweoo  the  tboms  ftnd  tho  abdonion  in 
the  honte,  ia  the  diulingni.  It  ia  an  irrr^iilar  muscolar  eipttn-iioo,  pn>. 
i>i«tdiTg  tkom  the  iaforior  mrCuw  of  tho  Innilnr  rcrtobnp  posteriorlf  and 
sanaworly,  adhering  to  the  rilM  am)  eartUi^ce  on  either  ndo,  md  exteodiitf 
ofallqBeljr  fiirward  utd  downward  to  the  starniun  ;  or,  rather  it  ia  a  flattened 
nnMCle  ariaiBg  from  alt  thoee  poanta,  with  Ha  6br«a  all  oomrerging  towanla 
(he  oentro,  mmI  tcnniBatiiig  there  in  an  expannon  of  tondiaoaa  aabetaaee. 
jt  ia  lined  anteriorly  bjr  the  pleura  or  inreatiiif  membrane  of  the  tlxxniao 
carilj,  and  posteriorly  by  the  pcritotictim  or  ioTeeting  menibnuie  of  tbo 
abdominal  carity. 

Anal^nv  of  1m  DiaphrayiA, — Id  tbe  short  acoonnt  which  it  is  propoaed 
to  giro  of  the  itraetare  of  the  diaphragm,  Ui«  deacription  of  llr.'  Per- 
eiTaU  will  be  doeolT  foUnwf<d.  '  The  diaphntgih  Okay  be  diniled  into  Uie 
main  circular  muacle,  with  ita  oontrel  t«idinoaa  oxpansion  fomoii^c  the 
lower  pert,  aad  two  appmdioe*,  or  cruru,  aa  they  are  called,  from  tbcir 
pocnliar  thmixf,  ixiustitnting  ita  saperior  portioo.  Tbe  8eeby  ori^  of  the 
grand  moaofe  may  be  tnoad  laterally  and  inforiorly.  ootiuncnoing  from  the 
cartilage  of  tiw  eighth  rib  aatvriony,  and  closely  foilowiag  ih/e  union  of 
the  poaterior  rflia  with  tbnr  artilag«s ;  exoeptiiiK,  however,  tho  two  iMt, 
The  attach  meat  iapacniiarlyrtrong;  itdigitatoswithtlietranBreraomnaele 
of  the  abdomea,  and  oncirclca  tbn  whole  of  the  Intcml  imd  inferior  part  (tf 
the  obaat,  aa  tkr  aa  the  atemunt,  wln-ru  it  i»  ounuMitcd  with  the  enat 
form  carti%ae.  Immediately  nndor  tho  loins  are  the  appendieM  of  tbe 
diaphragm,  commencing  on  the  right  SKlr.  (Vom  the  inJerior  eor&cca  dt 
the  fifo  lamtiur  Tnrtvbrv,  by  Btmng  tendooii,  which aooobeoomemnaciilar, 
and  fimn  a  kind  of  pillar  -.  and  on  tbe  loA,  proo(«ding  from  tho  two  ftrrt 
Ituabar  rertebnv  only,  and  Timoi  tbe  aidca  rather  than  Ibe  bodiee  of  tboaa 
TCrtelins^  aad  tboao  also  uniU^  and  form  a  e1toH«r  pillar,  or  leg.  The  leA 
enu,  or  appendix,  ia  afaorter  tlian  thi;  riirht,  that  it  may  bo  more  oat  of  the 
wayof  preaeore  from  the  left  curvature  ttf  tbe  atomach.whicji,  with  theaploaa, 
liea  onaemeath.  Oppoaite  to  the  eereBteanth  donal  veHebne  theao  two 
pillara  mite  and  form  a  thiekiosaa  of  mnaolee,  (totaclnod  IVom  the  Terteb(«^ 
and  leaving  a  kind  of  pooch  between  them  and  tbe  rertebrm.  Tht^BOtoalr 
nnilo,  but  Uiey  decuaaat^;  their  fibra  mingle  and  again  aepaiata from oaea 
other,  and  cb«n  proceed  oninud  to  tbe  central  ten^uma  expansion  towaid* 
wbicli  tbe  fibroi  from  thocironlar  tnnnclo,  and  the  appondioM,  aJI  onnvety*.' 

Ttii*  tna*cle,  ao  important  in  itaofBce,  b  plentUluUy  anpnlioil  with  blood- 
mutfl)!.  As  the  poaterior  aorta  paMcsbnieath  the  cmra  of  the  diaphn^m, 
it  gi*«a  ont  Bometimea  a  aioglo  vceiicl  which  soon  bifitrcatea ;  tfmrtirff 
two  brancboi^  which  apcedDy  jilnngo  into  tbo  appondioee  or  crura,  while 
muaerDos  anmll  veaeels,  cecaping  tr^m  tlif  m.  spriRMl  orer  tlie  central  lendi- 
nous  expansion.  Aa  tho  Ut)^  mnsclc  of  tho  diaphragm  epnngs  from  the 
aidcn  nwl  ibo  base  of  tbo  chest,  it  rccoivca  manjr  runifioationa  ftom  tbe 


TOE  DIAPUBAOM. 


tss 


pectoral,  d«rivpi]  trota  tho  anb-rioraorta ;  but  mora  from  Uie  pos- 
Urior  intcrcostnis  ivhtch  epring  from  t]]«  posterior  aorta. 

Tbe  reina  of  tbo  dinphnigm  belong  cxclnnivrlr  to  the  postci-ior  ren* 
e%\m.  Tbeni  uv  osiwllr  thrcr  on  ritiii^r  mlv ;  but  ih^y  mny  ho  Iv^^t  roreirod 
to  two  ebief  IruiLk-s  wliich  comi!  from  the  cipcuuifrnrnco  of  the  dinphrngm, 
_o<nrCfw«  towards  the  c«atr«,  uid  run.  iutu  Ibe  poHU'rior  cava  tut  it  pojMcs 

"brovgh  tlu  t«nditioaa  enanrion. 
_  Th*  finictuKisl  dvttc  of  tlw  diophragm,  or  that  from  which  it  derires  its 
principal  aetMm,  knd  whicb  cooxtitntt*  it  a  mnsclo  of  rwipiriit.inn,  ia  tho 
pfanme  or  diap)mfnn*tio.  AlUiongb  it  doe*  not  procwd  from  tbut  portion 
of  th«  raedidla  oblongata  whicb  fpvt»  rise  to  the  (t'<3>w-P^""'3'^'r>'<-'^  ^ncl  tbo 
par  ragnm,  yot  tliero  is  suffiownt  toindaceustosii^wct  that  it  arises IVani, 
and  alMnld  boncfcrrcit  to,  til*  Ut«ral  column  betwoaQtbesaporiorandiii. 
ftrior,  tba  Mnaitivc  and  motor  norrea,  and  witicb  nay  bo  ondnatljr  traood 
from  tlw  poos  varolii  to  tlie  rtry  termination  of  tbe  spinal  cbord. 

Tbs  diaphraf^  is  tbo  main  af^eut  in  tbo  work  of  respiratiou.  Tbe  uth«r 
imuelMar«  m«rc  onxiliarics,  little nordcd  in  ordinaiy  breathing,  butaffiird- 
iBf;  the  tno«t  important  aMiKtanco.vIicQ  th«  broathiog  is  more  than  nsnally 
harried.  The  meohaniam  of  rt:ii[Hratioa  nui;  bo  tbtw  explained  : — Lot  it 
be  aappoaod  that  tlw  lniiK!>  are  iu  a  qnieaoont  state.  The  net  of  expiration 
baa  been  perfona«d,  and  all  is  sliU.  Prom  sooio  cauM  envdopcd  tn  myn- 
letj — ooniMOted  with  tbo  will,  bat  ind«pend<*Dt  of  it — aonie  Btiianloa  of  aa 
■nmplainMl  and  unknown  kind — tho  phrooic  ncn'o  sots  od  tho  diapluaffot, 
and  that  muffolo  oontraola ;  and.  hv  cnntnuitiitg,  ita  oonTOxitf  into  Ui«  choNt 
IK  diroininbed,  and  tbe  cavity  of  Ine  cbfist  ia  enlarged.  At  tbe  aame  timo, 
Bad  by  wme  conaentaneous  influenee.  the  inlerooatal  muaclca  act ;  with  no 
^reat  fuiY«*,  iudced,  in  audiaturbcd  breattuDg;  bul^  in  proportion  as  1>hey 
art.  tbe  riba  rotate  anthinraxea,  tli«ircdgMU«  thrown  ontward,  and  thna 
a  iwofold  etfoct  onsDM ;  tho  posbsrior  margin  of  the  ohest  is  nxjuutdi^l,  tbe 
carhy  ia  plainly  enbu^ed,  and  nlao,  by  the  partial  rotation  of  evety  rib,  the 
can^  U  atill  more  inoreaaed. 

By  aome  utber  consetilanooDs  inflnsnce,  tho  spinal  aooeMOTT  nerve  tikei 
wiw  exi^rta  its  pow<T.  and  the  Blorno-mnxillaris  mnsclo  ia  atimalntcd  by 
the  aBterior  division  of  it,  and  tbe  motion  of  tlie  head  and  neck  correaponcM 
■itb  ami  aaiiida  that  of  tbe  cbcnt;  white  tbe  posterior  di'riaaOD  of  toe  ae- 
'  nerve,  by  ibt  auaatoiDOsas  with  tlie  nmtor  nerves  of  tbe  levator 
ri  and  the  BpleDioa,  and  many  other  of  tlio  mnacles  of  the  neck  and 

>  dtonlder,  and  by  its  direct  inflnenoo  on  tho  rhomboidous,  B«i!Ociat«a 
■  flvvry  iddmIo  of  tbe  mwk,  tbe  abonldcr,  and  tbe  cheat,  in  tbeespan- 
riea  of  tbe  thorax.  Tbc«u  hitler  are  muaoloa  which,  ia  audiaturlied  reapi* 
tatioo,  ibe  animal  at^arei-ly  uewla;  but  which  are  neoeaaary  to  hiin  when 
the  nofiirslMD  ia  mncb  distorbcd,  and  to  obtain  tbe  aid  cif  wliich  he  will, 
Bsder  pnenmoinB.  ebwtinately  stand  nntil  he  llills  exIianKird  or  to  die. 

^M  carity  of  the  cheat  ia  now  enlar^l.  But  thia  ia  a  closed  cavity,  and 
Imtwaeu  ita  contenta  and  tbe  parietea  of  the  chest  a  vacnnm  would  bo 
(braoed;  or  ladwr  aa  tneqnalily  of  atmospheric  presanra  i«  produced  from 
the  Bwanent  the  chest  begins  to  dilate.  Aa  the  diaphi^:m  reeedei^  there 
is  Bothtnf;  to  connterbalanco  tbe  proaanro  of  the  atmospheric  air  com- 
muiicating  with  the  Inng*  tbrongfa  tbe  medium  of  the  noittrilH,  and  it 
w  forced  into  tbe  Kapiratory  tnben  already  d<w<!ribe«l,  and  the  Innga  aro 
erpaiided  nod  atall  kept  in  oontnct  aith  tbe  reeedingi  walla  of  tlw  chest. 
There  ia  no  anddnj;,  no  inhalcnt  power  in  tlie  aet  of  iuspiratiou ;  it  is  the 
ainpte  eolanfement  of  tho  cheat  from  tbe  entrance  and  prcMnre  of  tbe  air. 

rnm  lome  cause,  aa  inexplicable  as  that  which  produced  the  cxpannon 
of  the  chest,  the  rpainratory  nerres  cease  to  act )  and  the  diaphragm,  by 
tl«  i&bercnt  thyttiuity  of  ila  tendinons  expannion  ami  roosenlar  fibres,  i<^ 


'/sa 


THE  UKMBK-Utli:   OF  TllK  SOSE. 


tnrni)  tfi  iis  nfttiiml  form,  oner  more  projfwting  its  convoxity  iiito  Uio  tliomx. 
Tbc  abdomitml  nitiscloH,  iiImo,  wliit^li  hiul  hdrii  piit  on  l)io  stratch  bjr  tfao 
SoTfaag  at  the  vintwra  into  tbc  poatt^rior  piirt  of  ibu  abdomen,  bjr  minuks  of 
the  stniiftitvuinf-  i>r  the  diaphi-ngm,  contract  and  ai.-celcntte  tbu  rebim  of 
thnt  miinciolo  ite  qaiefloeot  ligure  ;  nnd  i.ho  ribs,  all  ttrmcd  with  «la<[ic 
CArtiliigTH,  rognin  Umr  former  Kittuitioti  and  Benrv.  Tho  idiikcIos  of  tba 
eliouldtir  luid  iiic  cliut  rebu.  n  jiurtion  of  tim  Fnngs  nrw  prcssud  on  every 
sido,  and  the  air  witb  which  tliey  were  dtat«nded  is  agatii  forced  out.  Tluiro 
M  onlv  one  Ect  of  niuec1(>s  activplf  emnloyod  in  expiration,  namely,  tbv  ab- 
dominnl ;  tbc  cliuitii^itv  of  tbe  prirtii  diiiptaCGd  in  inspiration  btnng  alniort 
■ul&deiit  to  iwoinplittti  Ibu  purpo.ii". 

Tl)t<  luQj^  however,  are  not  alto^ther  paasira.  The  hronuhia]  tnbei; 
■to  far  fts  they  can  lie  tTiuM)d,  are  lined  with  oartilagv,  divided  and  siibdi- 
.vidod  for  tho  purpote  of  folding  ap  whcoi  tlin  lungs  nrv  niniprcesed,  bat 
eliutiu  cDUugh  to  ufibrd  a  yielding  rusiNtiiiiee  i^;uiiuit  botli  uiiiimuil  o^mu* 
«on  and  coutracllou.  In  their  u&oal  «late  tbe  air<tubca  ore  dixtomdvd 
beyond  their  natural  calibre ;  for  if  the  jmi-iot«8  of  the  thor&s  ue  poi^ 
forAt<id,  and  the  preasuru  of  the  atnioimherc  n<ndorcd  ctiuiJ  within  and 
witUuut  tbtio,  the  tiuigs  iimnediutvly  (^iilliipiic. 


THE  KEirBBAIIX  OF  TOE  ROSE. 

Thft  mncona  inMtihnuie  of  tba  aoao  in  dialinguiidit^d  tmm  otbw  mapMI 
nrfiwM,  not  only  by  ilA  thickaeas,  bat  iU  vaaoularity.  Ths  Mood-Ttaidl 
■ro  likcwiso  mporfioial ;  tbc^  tuv  not  covered  cT«n  by  integnmont,  bat 
merely  by  a  muoonx  coat.  They  are  di^opor  unitcil,  indued,  than  in  the 
huiuaii  being,  and  thoy  ftru  mure  pruteutL'd  from  ixgaiy ;  and  therefore  tlicre 
is  fiir  lesB  heamotrlu^ce  trom  tLe  nostril  of  the  horee  Ihan  fVom  that  of  tba 
human  being,  whether  spontADeous  or  aocidentftl.  Lving  imtoediately 
iitidcr  tbo  mnooiu  coat,  thp«c>  vcshHm  give  a  ptMmUnr,  and,  to  thi:  horsoman, 
»  nuMt  important  tinge  to  the  mumbnuu-,  and  particularly  obtiervable  en 
the  septula.  They  present  him  with  a  failhlhl  indication  of  Ibe  state  oT 
the  circnlatkin,  and  cniecially  in  the  membranes  of  the  Otixer  rc^nralocj 
pAMMgiW  with  whir^b  thin  i*  i;ontinuauii. 

Tb<!  horseman  and  tlie  vvteriunry  but^uu  do  not  poiMeM  many  of  the 
anxiliaries  of  the  hmusu  pnetitiriner.  Their  patients  are  dumb;  they 
can  neither  tell  the  seat  nor  the  degreo  of  pain ;  and  the  blunders  of  the 
practitioner  are  frctiiiontly  bnrii^  with  tbo  jtatientv  Well,  ho  mait  nae 
gpeatcr  diligence  iu  availing  himself  of  the  adrantagoe  lie  doee  posKas ; 
and  he  has  some,  and  retj  important  ones  too.  The  Tairing  hue  of  tlia 
Schnddarian  membrane  is  the  mo^t  important  of  all ;  ojm,  with  noard  to 
tbo  moMt  freqneDt  and  Ehtal  dijtctucs  of  the  horee — thoae  of  the  rcajnntorj 
passages — it  give*  almost  all  llio  infortnaUon  with  regard  to  the  state  of 
the  circulation  in  those  parts  that  can  poedbly  be  rvqnircd.  Veterinarians 
too  generally  overlook  tAia.  It  has  not  yet  been  anfadantJy  tnni:ht  in  oar 
•chools,  or  inculcated  in  our  brst  works  on  the  patholon'  of  thv  horse. 

It  is  the  eostom  with  almost  ei,f  17  boraeman  who  taikea  any  ymiot  to 
ascertain  the  state  of  his  patient  to  torn  down  the  lower  tje-lid,  and  la 
form  his  opinion  of  the  a^reo  of  general  inflammntioii  by  the  cobmr 
which  tho  lining  membrane  of  the  lid  pmcnts.  If  it  is  very  ml,  bo  eo^ 
clodni  tliat  there  in  considftiable  fever ;  if  it  la  of  a  pale  pinkish  hue,  there 
ia  cuniparutjrely  little  danger.  This  is  a  vcr)-  important  oxamioatKnt,  and 
the  ooticluaion  which  he  draws  from  it  is  geneiallr  true ;  bat  on  the  st|^ 
turn  of  tho  nose  bo  hm  a  mrmbrwnd  moru  immcaiatoly  coBtinnosa  with 
those  of  the  rcepiraltiry  organH,  more  euaily  got  at,  presenting  a  latgse 
suHiuv,  the  raiiiificationa  of  the  hlood*Teescb  better  seen,  and  what  is 
duly  iii>t>or1snl,  indicalins  not  omly  the  general  aBcction  of  the  racmbniK^ 
but  of  iImmc  with  which  no  is  most  of  all  concerned. 


f^ 


TBE   LARYKT 


SS7 


Wo  miald,  then,  aaj  to  crcry  horecmrin  iind  practitionrr,  stndy  the 
clikntct«r  at  thut  portion  of  Hu:  mumbnuio  whlcli  ixivura  tli«  low^r  ]jurt 
of  iht  toembmie  of  the  notw — tli&t  vrliich  you  can  moat  readil/  brmj;  into 
▼i««.  Okf  after  day,  and  under  all  tbo  Tarying  circunutanoM  of  honJth 
and  diaeaM,  stady  it  nntil  yon  are  i>nablnl  to  rrcngniNc^  nnd  yon  toon  will, 
u>d  tfaat  with  a  acerco  of  iixiurtitudo  you  would  Iiavd  vourcely  tbuuslit 
poMible,  tJu)  paU.-  piiUc  huu  when  Uiu  horaa  ia  in  healUi— the  iucreaamg 
bltuh  of  red,  and  thu  general  and  nniform  painting  of  tho  membrani>, 
belofentiur  soma  excateHunt  of  the  njstem — the  streaked  npivnmuce  whon 
inflaoniiataint  n  tluvotcaiag  or  oonunenoiiig — the  int«nsi'ly  Sorid  riHl  of 
ittflaiBoifttion  bucaminK  acnte — the  starting  of  the  vvuBL-k  from  Lliolr 
^omauur  ooat,  and  their  seeminf^  to  run  bare  orer  the  m^iiibrsine,  when 
the  inflanmtttion  i»  at  the  highoet — the  \<ah  groan<l  with  pntohM  of  rivid 
rrd,  showing  th»  half-mbduod  but  Ktdll  existing  fevL-r — the  uniform  <.'o!onr, 
but  iMtnewhut  mldfr  lUtui  ualural,  indtiMiixig  a,  returu  to  a  litaltby  Htaiu  of 
the  ciieoUtion — the  paleui^Bs  approaching  to  white,  accompanytug  a  aUite 
of  debili^,  and  jot  •onw  radiatione  of  crrimBon,  showing  that  there  is  still 
eoaatdorablc  initabili^,  and  that  misRhic-f  may  ha  in  the  wind — thn  palo 
brid  coloor,  warning  you  lliat  Uiu  din<.-aiiu  is  aosuming  a  typhoid  cbanuH^^r 
— il>a  daricer  hvid.  anuounciug  that  the  typhna  iti  imtubhalifd,  aud  that 
Um  vital  convnt  is  stagnnting — and  tho  browner,  dirty  painting,  inter- 
mingbng  with  and  Enbdning  thi!  lividnu**,  and  indicating  that  tho  game 
(•  op.  Thov  appuaniuccti  will  be  guides  to  oar  opinion  and  trvatnu^nt, 
wbtaih  we  can  aerer  loo  highly  appreciate. 

THX  L&BTirZ 
la  plaetid  on  the  top  of  the  windpipe,  immediately  b«low  and  in  ounfact 
with  the  phuynz,  and  ia  tiie  inner  guard  of  the  Innga  if  any  iiyurioaa 
rihaiMtet  ahdiild  {Moetnttt  ao  far :  it  i«  tho  miLin  protection  againat  the 
pMMge  of  food  into  the  reapintorr  tubes,  and  it  is  at  tbo  ■nmo  time  tint 
mttrnniest  of  voiw.  In  this  last  cliaiacter  it  losea  much  of  ita  importuuoo 
in  the  qaadruped,  bat  still  in  the  dumb  animal  it  ia  a  beaatlfhl  piece  of 

Tbi  BriOi>0TTi3  ia  a  hciui-xhapcd  turtilago,  placed  at  tho  superior 
opcniiig  into  the  larynjt,  with  ile  buck  oppuse^  to  the  phurtnix,  su  that 
menapetleiof  food  panes  from  the  pharynx  in  itsway  to  theu-ooplisgna, 
it  proanca  down  the  nnglottis,  and  by  this  means,  as  alrcmly  deacnbtK], 
cloiMa  the  aptirtara  of  tho  larynx,  and  prifventa  any  portion  of  the  fuod 
from  cntrring  it.  The  food  having  pasBed  over  the  epiglottis,  it,  from  ite 
own  etasticily,  and  that  of  the  iDrmbrnne  at  it«  base,  and  more  par- 
ttcolarly  the  power  of  the  hyo^piglotiduoa  musclo,  riic4  ngain  and  reiiunit's 
ita  fimner  citnalion. 

Ths  THTBOin  C>Knuoa  oocopies  almost  the  whole  of  tho  external  part 
rf  the  laiynx,  both  anteriorly  and  laterally.  It  enTelopea  and  protect* 
Ul  Hie  TMt;  a  point  of  coneiderahli-  importance,  considi>ring  the  injury 
to  trloGh  the  larynx  is  oxpooL-d,  by  our  ^-Htera  of  carbtng  and  tight-rein- 
ing. It  also  forma  a  point  of  attachment  fur  the  inaerliou  of  thn  greater 
part  of  tbe  delicate  muscles  by  which  tho  othor  cartibgca  WAUorud.  Tbo 
Hber  artilaiges  are  the  criooid  and  two  arvtenoid.  Too  cricoid,  or  ring* 
He*  CBTtOa^  ia  plaoMl  at  the  base  of  the  thyroid,  connecting  it  with 
the  fraeJUa  or  windpipe :  the  two  arytenoid,  or  ewer^hapcd  cartilages, 
fimn  the  npper  and  hack  part  of  the  larynx,  as  the  thyroid  duea  ibe 
ippar  front  and  latond  portion.  It  is  principallv  nppliod  with  nerves  by 
IM  Ivyiigsttl  brsncbca  of  the  par  vagnm  and  the  rectureut  nervM;  and 
tfaer*  an  also  fieqnent  anaatomosos  wiui  the  motor  norros  of  the  apinal  cord. 

Tbe  bwtifiil  niedianism  of  tho  larynx  is  gOTomed  or  worked  by  a 

s 


9M 


THE   TRACHEA,   OR    WISDPIPE. 


aonuiwhftt  com|dickted  njiitaa  of  mnscles,  for  a  d(«cri]>twa  of  wliicb  tK« 
rcJidcr  w  rcferntl  to  tlto  6lh  toI.  of  '  Tbo  Virt«riniiri»o,"  p.  447.  T1m» 
mtiro  prooen  of  respiration  ia  parllr  niuler  tha  conlnd  of  Uw  will,  uut 
tha  miiMlefl  of  the  iaajitx  oooMtned  in  one  «lag6  of  H  arc  likewiae  so,  bnt 
tbe7  aln  Mt  iade^endmittj  of  th»  will,  fijr  dnriog  Bleep  Mid  BseoDseuNiniMa 
tbo  mkcbina  ooRtumi's  to  irorlc. 

The  origin  of  tlie  uiiery  wiuoh  supplies  ibese  pArta  witli  blood  is  aoine- 
timM  derived  from  tbd  suin  truok  of  tlie  carotid,  bnt  olWior  it  h  » 
fatanch  of  the  tbrroideal  utorj. 

TliA  liniDK  nif mhnuin  It  ■  continoaiioii  of  that  of  tbe  pbarjnz  abor* 
and  tbo  tracueu  bi-low.  It  iti  ooTcrod  with  itinntncnibW  follicular  fflanda, 
from  whoM  mooths  there  ooeos  a  mnoouN  fluid  that  nioiiboni  and  labricatn 
its  «ir&o«.  It  is  poHCBsed  of  very  great  seiuibility,  which  it  derived  from 
the  Boperior  iBrrngrJil  nprvo,  and  its  ftutcdoo  reanirea  it.  It  is,  as  has 
been  siniadf  ctatixl,  tbo  tnniir  guard  of  th«  hiAgt,  and  the  lai^-nx  mtut 
nodcrgo  a  mnltittidi.-  of  cbimfpM  of  form  in  order  to  adapt  itself  to  ocrriaia 
diBfi^va  in  thn  act  of  rMpirstion,  and  in  order  to  producu  tbo  voioe.  Tfas 
vuicw  of  the  kjrae  is,  however,  extremely  limited,  comparud  with  th&t  of 
the  boman  being ;  the  samo  •oosibility,  thcreforv,  is  not  rcqairod,  aad 
exposed  as  onr  qoadrapod  slaves  am  to  alward  and  barbarous  naage^  too 
gtmt  sensibility  of  anj  f^rt)  u>d  particnlarljr  of  this,  would  bs  a  cone 
to  tli«  uninuL 

TBE  TUCBSA,  OK  mStVOS. 
Theooune  of  tlio  inipirod  air  from  the  hirjmx  to  tbo  Hnn  is  now  tobft 
traeed,  and  it  will  be  fotuid  to  be  convey eu  throujtfa  a  siitgularly  con- 
stmcted  tnb^,  passing  akmg  the  •oterior  portioD  of  the  neok,  and  naching 
Irom  the  lower  odgo  of  tba  cricoid  cartala^  to  tbo  hutga.  In  the  com- 
menoeni<<nt  of  its  coarso  it  is  aomiewhat  napirriicially  plaocd,  bat  as  ii 
dctcnnd*  towards  the  Uioiux  it  beoomea  gnultially  dra'per,  and  more  eeu- 
c«aled.  In  onier  to  dischaigo  it*  Auctions  as  an  a)r>tn)ie,  it  is  eesentkl 
that  it  shoold  always  be  pomoiH,  or,  at  least,  that  any  olMtroctioii  to  Um 
process  of  rosptratiaD  shoald  b»  but  mnamantarj.  Attaobed  lo  tt  pari 
ondownd  with  snob  extennve  motion  tm  tbe  nMk,  it  is  also  bscmmij  Ifaal 
(t  rfunild  bo  Bauble.  It  is  oonipoeed  of  oartila^,  an  exoaediariy  nlaalin 
•nbelsacfl^  and  at  the  nmo  time  pompsBng  a  oertain  degree  of  lazibilifef. 
Tho  windpipe  is  compased  of  oartilaee,  but  not  of  one  entin  ptcee,  for 
that  wonli)  iim-eiuuirily  be  eitber  too  thick  and  firm  to  be  PfinMe.  or  if 
it  were  sulEciently  flexible  to  aeeoiBinodate  itaelf  to  tbo  actioB  of  the  Dst^ 
it  vonld  be  too  weak  to  resist  ervn  oonmion  preoon  or  iiynfjr.  and  tbo 
paflsage  throoeb  it  would  often  bo  inoonveniently  or  d&agcrcmdy  o^ 
atreefod.  Bcaidea,  it  is  necessaiT'  that  tbin  robe  shoold  oooasionally  «|niit 
of  doogation  to  a  uonaidenUe  degre«.  When  tbe  nock  is  extended  in 
the  aol  of  gnziu^  or  ulberwise^  tfae  tnrli«a  must  be  Imgthejiod. 

The  structnre  of  the  cartthm  of  tbe  windpipe  is  admirably  ■Jt>|i4fd  to 
effect  every  porpoeo.  it  is  dinaed  into  rings,  fifty  or  flftr-two  in  nmalKr, 
omA  poesossiag  saffident  thicknem  and  strength  to  rr-sist  ordinary  pnmmn, 
and  each  oonstitntinff  a  junction  with  tlio  one  abore  and  bok>w,  kod  thiB 
admiltinKaf  all  the  flt'iibility  that  could  bo  nqniivd.  Those  rings  ai« 
oooneoted  together  by  an  intorposod  fibro-ligameatona  sabetaiKM^  exta^ 
aibfe,  elastio,  and  yet  so  strong  that  it  is  scarcely  noasibLe  to  mptara  U| 
and  tbo  fibres  of  that  ligament  not  mnning  vertioaliy  IroBti  one  to  anotlHt^ 
and  tberoforo  admitting  of  littie  more  motion  than  Um  rotation  of  the  head, 
bnt  oovapoaed  of  two  layers  ranning  obtiqaely,  and  tn  eontnuy  dirnnlinna, 
>o  as  to  adapt  t)ioniv<lves  to  erory  variety  of  motion. 

Tbeao  rings  are  Uiickcst  in  front,  and  project  circnlarlj',  Oppcaing  an 


^ 


THB  TRACHEA.  OE  WISDPIPE.  S«9 

arcLlIka  fbnn.  Thm-e,  too,  tiie  lif^amcnt  in  widest,  m  order  to  admit  of 
■be  rrt»tett  motion  id  the  diractioo  id  wliich  it  is  roost  needed,  when  the 
linuTui  clcviit«d  or  dcprnMcd.  LAtvmlly  thesti  nngs  tire  thintior,  bticiiiuc 
tbey  wx>,  lo  a  greul  dcgrw,  proltMrli-d  li_v  tlie  surroundiuft  [larta ;  ujid, 
pOBt«riorlj,  theiy  overlap  c&eh  other,  and  the^  OTcrlappinf;  portioueare  con- 
nsctod  toe«th«r  hy  »  stroDg  ligiuniMttoos  snbstnn<M?.  liiis,  vrhilo  it  does 
not  tmpMO  tli«  motion  nf  the  tiibo,  gives  tirmnc^M  nod  ctatijli^  ta  it. 

WHliiB  tho  tnahe*  iu  imotber  very  curious  Btmotniv.  At  tuo  poinla  at 
wliiofa,  posteriorlj,  tine  rinfca  bvj^ia  to  bend  inwurdljr,  a  muscl«  is  found 
■Cratchiag  acroM  tlie  windpipe,  dividing:  tbo  caua]  into  two  anoqaal  por> 
tioiw — tbc  antvrioF  one  (.■muHtnting  tho  proper  air-piuongc,  Mid  thn 
posterior  one  oocnpied  1^  cetlulur  tvxtiir«.  It  in  to  givo  udditiotinl  Ktreogtb 
to  parts.  It  is  ths  tie  wLuofa  prerents  the  iiri.-li  from  spnrriuK  o^t.  In  the 
natural  stato  of  tho  windpip«  tliis  muscle  is,  probably,  quiescent ;  but 
"wlien  anj  corandorablo  pmanrs  ts  mads  on  tho  crown  of  tho  nmh  at  tho 
i^pcr  part  bj  t^ht-n-initii;,  or  at  tiie  luwi-r  c^d  by  an  ill-mode  colltir,  or 
M^wfaere  by  bratol  or  accidoutal  violeiite,  this  mnade  contracts,  i-Ter^ 
Miioufl  expHnnon  or  depression  of  the  arch  is  prevented,  and  tbg  part  is 
pnaiiiwud  from  iirriouii  injury. 

It  ni»y  also  bo  Ttuidily  inutciiKMl  tbnt,  when  in  riolrjit  exertion,  «nrrry 
part  of  tho  Teqiiratory  canal  is  on  tlio  utrt-tcJi,  tliui  bund  mny  presHrre  Uie 
wiDdpipo  from  iinnry  or  lacoration.  There  are  many  beautiful  poiuts  in 
tba  pliTaoloKy  of  tlu!  hone  which  dc«crve  mach  greater  attention  than 
has  hilWto  Mon  paid  to  them. 

Tbs  windpipe  tlicntld  pt«ject  from  tlie  neok.  It  should  almost  ecvm  aa 
it  it  were  detached  from  tho  ncclc,  for  two  imjxirtnnt  r^incnns  r  first,  that 
■t  may  easily  fnt<T  l«?twifa  the  rhnnncU  of  the  .jaw,  no  thiit  tlie  hone  may 
be  tv4n«d  up  without  )iujr(.'i-tBK  incouveuience :  aud  next,  (hat  beiii^  Eoors 
lonscly  attach^  to  tlien<«k,  it  may  more  roadiIya<lapt  itself  to  tbochaDgte 
rgquirsd  than  if  it  were  SDvelopcd  hy  fat,  or  manclc  to  a  certain  degree 
mjiclding:  thcrofore,  is  every  wcU-fomied  neck — uud  it  will  be  seen  in 
tlie  out  (p.  237)— K  in  indiK|ienDubL>  that  the  windplpo  should  be  promiBOot 
and  loose  oo  tlie  neck.  This  is  uut  required  in  tlie  heavy  cart>horae^  and 
««  do  aot  oA«D  End  it,  bccanso  ho  is  not  so  much  expoMd  to  thoao  cir- 
camslanoes  tliat  will  hnrry  respiration,  and  rvquini  an  dBlargemont  in 
tlic  KM!  of  the  prinicipal  uir-ttibe. 

When  the  tnohe&  arrivM  at  lliu  tLaras.  it  suddenly  alters  its  form,  in 
order  to  adapt  it«elf  to  the  narrow  Lriarti.Tilar  aperture  throngh  which  it 
butopSM.  It  prescn-eB  tho  same  cnrtilaginonn  iitructure  ;  for  if  it  has 
Dot  theprcKSoniof  thoextonuil  mum-k-H,  or  of  lu^uidotitul  violence,  to  resist, 
it  is  expoeed  to  the  pressure  of  the  Innj-s,  wh«n  they  are  inflatinp:.  and  it 
ahaice  ib  tlie  pressure  of  lli«  diaphmgiti,  and  of  tlie  intercostal  niuscles,  in 
tbe  act  of  cxpitatian.  UoYing  entered  tho  cheet,  it  pn«RePi  a  little  to  thn 
ri^t,  IcttTing  tlie  oosopliagiu^  or  ffullet,  on  tho  left ;  it  iie{)arat4.'S  from  Uie 
iliwsil  T«9t«bne :  it  passes  thronfcu  the  dnplicature  of  tlio  mediastinum  to 
,4be  baas  of  the  heart,  and  it  divides  beuc«.th  the  postorior  aorta.  Its  divi- 
noow  are  called  the  IrroncKial  tube*,  and  have  much  to  do  with  the  wuU- 
beiag  of  the  borae. 

Ita  rtBf^  remain  as  perfect  as  before^  but  a  new  portion  of  caiiHi^ 
begina  to  present  itself :  it  may  be  traced  as  high  so  tho  tenth  ring  fnm 
the  bottom  ;  it  spreads  over  the  onion  between  the  post«nior  terminntiona 
of  llwringv;  it  bold*  tlu^min  cloirund  firmer  connection  wttlt  eM^  other ; 
ifc  dkehargea  the  daty  of  the  transrerve  mnHcle,  wtudi  begins  here  to  die- 

rmr,  ana  Uw  sapport  of  the  cerrical  and  dorsal  Tertohns ;  it  prevents 
npantion  of  tAo  rings  wfaeo  llie  trachea  ia  distended ;  it  ^ucads  down 
BpOB,  and  defends  tin  comnuBOeoWBt  of  the  bronchial  tubes.    Some  other 

*  3 


ritffat 

B4bei> 

■  beui 
^      Its 


■260  TBE  BRONCHUIL  TUBES.— THE  LCNOS.        ^r^^M 

smnll  p!nt«B  of  eiutiliifo  rcocli  u  considerabk-  way  down  Out  diviuonH  of 
the  bronchi,  luid  (Jio  lasl  ruig  haa  a  oeutml  triangular  projectiou,  which 
covers  aud  defouds  the  biAircation  of  the  trachea. 

TBE    B&OHCHIAL   TUBES. 

The  windpipe  haa  been  traced  through  its  course  down  the  neck  into 
the  chest.  It  is  there  cootijiaod  throagli  the  mediastuinm  to  the  base  at 
the  heart,  octd  then  dlvidod  into  two  taboi  oonvBpoDdiiig  with  the  two 
divistous  of  the  laiigs — the  Broschul  Tl7ttE8 — the  right  of  which  is  rathor 
the  largest.  These  Ironks  enter  deeply  into  the  substance  of  the  lungs. 
Tlioj  pi-cscntly  subdivide,  and  the  sobdivision  is  oontinnod  in  «vory  direc- 
tion, until  branches  from  tbo  trachea  penctrnte  evuiy  assignaUo  portion 
and  part  of  the  lunga.  Tliuy  am  alill  air-paMiages,  oatTTing  on  tlus  fluid 
to  its  destination,  for  the  accomplishineDt  of  a  vital  piu^>OBe. 

Th«gr  also  continni*  exposed  to  pressuroi  but  it  is  prcssnro  of  a  new 
kind,  a  preamro  all4.Tnat«Ij  supplied  and  retaoreiL  The  luaga  in  which 
tliej  ore  embedded  alternately  contract  and  expand ;  and  these  tubes  must 
contract  and  expand  likewise.  Embedded  in  the  lungs,  the  cartilagiiUKU 
ring  of  tho  bronnhi  remains,  but  it  is  divided  into  fire  or  six  scgni«ul«  eon- 
neul«d  with  each  other.  The  luugs  being  oompreflst-d,  ilio  sej^cntn  over- 
lap each  other,  and  fold  up  and  occupy  Utile  space  ;  but  the  principle  of 
oluadcity  is  stiUnt  work;  and  oa  the  prsBBuni  is  removed,  thmr  start  again, 
and  resume  Iht-ir  previous  form  S3id  calibre.  It  is  a  beautiful  contrivance^ 
and  esijiiiBilely  adapted  to  the  sLtuatiuu  in  which  these  tubes  ant  plarffji. 
and  the  functions  tboy  have  to  discharge. 

The  luugs  are  the  seat  of  a  peculiar  circulation.  They  coDvey  throng 
their  comparatively  small  bulk  the  blood,  and  other  fiuids  scarcely  tnj»> 
formed  into  blood,  or  soon  wparatod  from  it,  which  trnvorao  the  whole 
of  tbs  frame.  Thioy  couadst  of  countless  tamificatlons  of  air-tolMS  aad 
blood-Tussels  conu«eted  together  by  intervpuing  cellular  substance. 

They  form  two  distinct  bodies,  the  right  somowhat  Eaiver  than  the  left, 
and  are  divided  fimn  each  otbitr  by  the  duplioature  of  the  plcnni,  which 
htui  IwoD  already  described — the  mediastinum.  Each  lung  boa  the  ■ams 
structure,  and  properties,  and  uscM.  Each  of  them  is  subdivided,  tlia  right 
lobn  connixtiug  of  thmo  lobes,  and  the  li^  of  two.  The  intj>ntkni  of  ihfan 
diviaiatiH  is  prabuUy  to  adapt  tlie  substance  of  the  lungs  to  the  form  of  tho 
cavity  in  wliich  they  an  juaoed,  and  to  onablo  them  more  perfectly  to 
occupy  and  fill  the  chest. 

If  QUO  of  these  lobe*  is  cut  into,  it  is  found  to  consist  of  innnmcnblo 
irregularly  (bnned  compartmenta,  to  which  anatomists  hare  givm  th« 
name  of  u-httlet,  or  little  lobes.  They  are  distinct  fiom  each  other,  and 
impervious.  On  dose  examination,  they  can  be  subdivided  ahnost  wiibont 
«nd.  There  is  so  communication  between  tham,  or  if  nerrham^  sach 
eommunication  cxisla,  it  constitat«s  tlie  diseaoe  known  fiy  the  aamo  of 
bvAonwrndL 

On  tlie  delicate  membrane  of  which  these  cells  are  oompoaad,  innomeih 
able  minute  blood.vcssels  ramify.  They  proceed  &om  the  heart,  thioo^ 
tho  mrii^^Ti  of  the  pulmonary  arlirry — Uiev  foUow  all  the  sobdivisioDS  of 
die  farootdiial  tulies— they  nuniry  upon  tiic  memlnane  of  th«se  mnltita- 
dinons  lohulea.  and  at  lenfirth  rctam  (o  tbe  heart,  through  the  naodiam  of 
tho  paltDonuy  vrins,  the  blood,  tbo  ohamctor  of  which  luui  bom  maiiiiitiaHj 
ohaoged.  The  office  of  the  longs  may  be  very  shortly  statnl.  Tho  blood 
pisnng  throDgb  the  capillaries  of  tho  body  and  oontrilxtting  to  tha 
Booriabinent  m  the  frame,  and  ftmushing  all  the  secretioDB,  becomci,  m 


I 


E  PLECRA. 

ve  bare  described,  (jianged.  It  is  do  longer  able  lo  mtpport  life:  it  la 
poitiKMinl  of  a  poinonoiu  princinUi,  Rnd  th»t  priQcipl«  is  a  snpernbuiidHncn 
of  ft  snbatanc«  culled  oarbim,  witush  tmutt  bo  got  nd  of,  bof'^ni  tlit-  blood 
OU  *^>U>  be  naefcdlj-  em^f  ed.  Tbere  is  on  tngrediiml  in  tlin  &tmi>RpIicrio 
air  euM  mwm,  which  Tim  a  strong  attrartion  for  tlus  carbon,  und  which 
will  nnite  willi  it  wlwirovcr  it  finds  it.  Tho  cJic§t  DDlaifiiOB  by  tie  nclloa 
of  tbo  diaplmen),  and  the  intorcoittnl  and  othrr  maHcTm,  as  wo  havo 
namted,  ud  til*  hugs  expaudiiiK  with  iho  cbmt,  in  order  to  fit!  up  tlio 
riu^nm  wbich  would  oihorwim  oxist  betw(«D  tbc-m  and  ilia  aidt-n  of  tlm 
du-itt,  tbi!Nc  odU  (iDlargc,  and  a,  kind  of  vncnnm  is  formod  in  pnoh  of  Uieui, 
and  tbo  air  nahm  down  and  fills  th(Mu,  and  being  <]iTi<liHl  from  tho  vcinoua 
and  poisoned  blood  bf  these  membranes  aIoDi>,  it  iti  enabled  to  net  upon 
tho  blood,  tbo  oxygon  combines  with  the  rarbon  to  form  carbonic  aoid, 
and  tfaus  porifics  it,  and  rtmdora  it  ariorinl  blond,  and  tit  for  tho  parpows 
of  life.  This  being  aocompjished,  tho  cliesl  oontruct«,  the  Innn  aro 
prMsed  into  sm^er  compass,  and  a  portion  of  tlie  air  impreKimted  witlt 
carbonic  acid,  and  raod«r«d  poisonous  in  its  tarn,  is  pressed  ont.  Presently 
dw  ebesi  expands  Benin,  and  the  lungs  cxpnnd  with  it,  and  fW^sh,  pare  sir 
is  admitted,  which  is  uliortly  pressed  oat  again,  erapoiaoood  by  tlm  carbon 
of  the  btond:  nnd  these  altercate  expansions  and  conttactioua  constituUi 
tho  Bct  of  brcnthing, 

THE    PLECSA. 

Tho  walls  of  tho  chost  arc  lined,  and  the  longs  are  corDred,  by  a  smooUi 
gtjjt'wnillg  mcmhmnn,  thx  pli^uni.  It  is  ft  (prniM  membrane,  »•■  cstllcd  from 
tha  natuv  of  it*  cibalatiun,  in  diittinction  from  tbe  mufinu  aetretiim  y\Q\iirA 
hf  (he  membrane  of  the  air-paa^af-t's.  Tho  serons  meaibrtino  ^■t-ncrEtUy 
iBTOVts  lbs  meet  important  orCTHS,  and  rIwhtk  t.hoHo  thnt  aro  riuicntially 
MBBactod  with  Ufe,  and  linosall  the  <-qc1oii<^1  cavities  of  the  ludy;  while  tho 
mnoooa  mcnnlmno  lines  tlio  iuti-Tior  of  thuBi>  cavities  which  have  citemaJ 
ofenlngB.  Tbe  pleura  is  the  iuvi-stin^  membrane  of  the  lan^  and  a  mocom 
■Monlnane  tbe  lining  one  of  tho  bronchial  tubes. 

Anwyng  tbe  rircntnstnnccM  prindpiilly  to  bo  noticed,  with  regard  t»  the 
pteoTK,  is  the  pnliih  of  its  internal  trarfai^.  The  ^tistvuing  aupearance  of  the 
tnn^  and  of  the  inside  of  Uie  cheat,  ia  to  be  attribnted  to  tine  membrane  by 
which  tbey  are  oovered.  «nd  by  meAns  of  which  the  mfitioo  of  thn  rarimis 
organs  is  freer  and  !o<u>  dangrron*.  Altbougb  the  langs,  and  the  bony  vralk 
which  contain  tiuim,iireiu  constant  approximation  vriih  each  other,  both  in 
expiration  and  inHpiratJou,  yet  in  the  irequently  hurried  imd  violent  motion 
of  the  animal,  and,  in  fact,  in  every  act  of  rx]iiration  and  inspiration,  of 
diUtatJon  and  contraction,  raach  and  iniuriuna  friction  would  emme  if  the 
■OT&oea  did  not  elide  freely  over  each  other  by  means  of  the  peculiar 
l>«li«ti  of  this  meinbriLDe. 

E*a7  seioiu  membrane  bas  innnmcrmbln  rxHalent  Tcsaels  npcn  its 
•n&o«i  £rom  wbich  a  certain  qnantity  of  fluid  is  poured  out.  In  life  and 
Auias  bf  Ml  it  exisis  in  the  cnest  only  as  a  Itiud  of  dew,  just  safEcient 
to  Infarioate  the  sntAoee.  When  tho  chest  is  opened  wmu  alter  death,  we 
TiH*>gril'^  it  in  tbe  steam  that  arixcs,  and  in  tbe  few  drops  of  fiuid,  wbicli, 
Im^V  ooodooMd,  am  found  at  the  lowest  part  of  the  chcHt. 

The  qnantity,  however,  which  is  exha-led  from  all  the  serous  membranes 
nnut  bo  very  fTi'eat.  It  is  perhaps  eqtml  or  sujaTior  to  that  which  is 
rislded  by  tbe  vmboIs  od  the  Rar6M:o  of  tlie  body.  K  very  little  is  fonnd 
ai  flvdinaiy  cases;  H  is  hooanse  the  absorbents  aro  as  nmnuruuH  and  as 
aelf¥e  ^  tbe  exhalenls,  and,  darinc  hoitltb,  thut  which  is  poured  out  by 
tta  one  is  taken  np  by  tbe  other ;  hot  in  circumstances  of  disease,  eithw 
when  the  exbalcots  are  stimnkited  to  undue  action,  or  the  pov«r  of  the 


k. 


uss 


TUK  PLEX'BA. 


absorbenU  ia  diininiBho<l,  tlio  fluid  rapidly  uid  grcatlj'  nfcnmulatcs.  Hhu 
we  have  hTdrothomx  or  dropey  uf  Ike  client,  aa  one  of  Uie  eonttcif  ueuccs  nf 
mflnnunnboD  of  the  dlust ;  anil  tlie  aaine  diatorbed  balance  of  acUoD  will 
prodnoe  fimj^r  edUaiou  in  otbcr  cavities. 

Tha  adaptation  of  mpiDhmno  generally  is  nowhere  more  strilcinzly  di9> 
played  tbnii  in  tbc  lerouH  inmubranca.  and  particularly  in  that  Diutvr  con^ 
aidirrutiuTi.  Hew  different  the  bulk  of  the  tunf^  before  tlie  act  of  inajMra- 
tioD  fafts  oommenced,  and  after  it  hiwt  been  complcUd,  and  especially  iu  Ui« 
laboirions  raepirfttion  of  diseaite  or  rapid  exertion  !  In  eitlittr  state  of  tbo 
Innfpi  tho  pWra  ia  perfectly  fitted  to  that  wkicb  it  eavelopi-fl. 

Tbo  plean>  like  other  serous  Dieiubiuuea,  is  possessed  of  very  little 
sensibility.  Pew  nerves  from  the  eensitiTo  column  of  the  spinal  ootd 
reach  it.  Acnto  feeling  would  render  these  menilinuu'ii  gnncintUv,  Mad 
this  membrane  in  particular,  unfit  for  tlie  funetton  they  have  to  diadiai^. 
It  has  too  much  motion,  even  during  sleep ;  aud  far  too  forcible  biotion 
with  the  parietos  of  tho  thoriu  in  morbid  or  hurried  respiration,  to  render 
it  convenient  or  ntcful  for  it  to  possiua  much  nentuttion.  Somo  of  thoM 
nontomiHta,  whoMo  oxperinit-nta  on  the  liWng  auiuial  do  no  credit  to  tbair 
huniauity,  have  (ipveo  moat  singular  proof  of  the  inscDMbilily,  not  only 
of  these  serous  memhmneit,  but  of  the  orgnns  which  tlicy  invOTt,  Bicbat 
frrninnntly  exiuniiicd  thii  Kpletm  of  dugs.  Ho  ili^tnchi^l  it  from  some  of  its 
mUumuobr,  and  lell  it  protruding  from  the  wound  iu  the  abduiuen,  in  order 
'  to  study  the  phenomena ; '  and  he  saw  '  them  tearing  off  that  orjjan,  and 
eating  it,  and  thus  fecdinE;  upon  their  own  luihutjuioo.  In  some  ezpeiv 
mental,  in  whieb  ptirt  of  tlii3ir  iutentines  were  lol\  out,  bo  obtierrod  tM»( 
aa  soon  aa  they  had  the  opportonity,  tear  to  piuoos  theirown  riaoeia  with- 
out any  visibte  pain. 

Althoogb  it  may  be  ndvuiiegeona  that  thcso  imporlimt  or^rans  shall  be 
tbos  devoid  of  eensibilitj  when  in  health,  in  order  that  we  may  be 
unconRciona  of  thdr  n4;tion  and  motion,  and  that  they  mar  bo  randered 
perfiictly  indcpendont  of  the  will,  yet  it  is  equally  needful  that,  by  tho 
feeling  of  pain,  we  thould  be  warned  of  the  codftance  of  any  dsAgeroaa 
disease :  and  tbenco  it  happens  that  this  luombrvnoi,  and  also  tho  orgita 
which  it  invciitK,  ncqoiro  nnilcr  inflnmnintion  the  highest  degree  of  aeiu&- 
biUtr.  The  countciiaitee  of  the  bomu  lulKinring  nnder  plenrivy  or  ptiea> 
moma  will  sofBciently  indicate*  alate  of  suffering ;  and  the  spanaed  bend 
of  hi*  neck,  and  his  long  and  nnxioiu  and  intense  gau  upoo  hia  aide,  lell 
DS  thut  that  Huffmitig  is  oxtnane. 

Natniv,  howerer,  U  wi«e  aud  beoevolent  eren  here  lb  ia  not  of  ereiy 
morbid  alTectioo,  or  morbid  cfaan)i;o,  that  the  miimal  is  oonsciooa.  If  a 
miUMna  mtTmbmne  is  dineaaed,  be  ia  rendered  painftdly  aware  of  that,  for 
BiUher  rea]>iraliun  nor  digcation  coald  bo  norfecity  carried  on  white  thera 
msany  ooosiderablc  h-niouof  it;  Irat,  on  the  othor  hand,  we  find  tnbnrelM 
in  the  pannchyma  of  iJie  lungs,  or  indoia^oo  or  hepatisatjon  of  their 
nhstance^  or  ext«naivo  ndhesioaa,  of  which  there  were  few  or  no  indict 
tinna  dnrinir  hfe. 

The  pleura  adheres  intiniutcly  to  the  r!b«  aud  to  tho  snbstaace  of  Ube 
htngs,  yet  it  is  a  rery  singular  coanection.  It  ia  not  a  oontinasnoe  of  tbe 
Mnie  organisation ;  it  is  not  nn  int^ivbaiwo  of  Tcwola.  Tbe  orgaa  tad  ita 
memlnnae^  although  ao  closely  oonneotcd  for  a  particnlar  pnipoM,  jvt  n 
Tery  many  eaaea,  and  where  it  would  least  of  all  bo  raspeded,  haTe  UtQ* 
or  no  synipathy  with  each  other.  Inflamma^on  of  the  Innga  will  e<w 
timea  exiri,  and  will  ran  on  to  difuirgnnisation,  while  tho  plvnr*  irill  fa* 
very  Utile  aducted ;  and,  muidi  olWncrr,  the  plnara  will  bo  the  nM  of 
Infinmawtian  and  wilt  be  ftUended  by  increased  exhalation  to  aurh  an 
latent  u  to  laflbcntotlwaniiuliftDd  jet  the  longs  will  exhibit  liuio  other 


I 


SPASM  OP  TBG  DIAPHRAQU. 


369 


Tiwmid  Bppmmoa  tbim  Uiat  of  mero  conipression.  The  disease  cf  a 
mucuuH  TavmbniM  spreads  to  other  piirU^tbnt  of  a  Kcrons  one  ia  )>t>n«nlij 
uokted.  It  waa  to  limit  tL»  [>n)(;r«M  of  diaeaao  tJmt  thi«  differeuoe  of 
vtliiicbira  between  the  organ  ftnd  it«  membrane  yna  coulriwd. 

TIi«  UlTCBting  EtieinbraDCi  of  the  Inngs  Bad  that  of  the  heart  are  ia  con- 
tinnal  oonttKit  with  e*c]i  other,  but  th^  arc  u  di«tiiict  and  nncoDoect^d, 
as  if  tbiej  weie  pUoed  in  diOi^nMil  parU  of  tJio  frame.  It  tbcro  do  moruung 
in  this? 

It  is  to  pioacivo  the  pirHVct  indopcnd<inco  of  organs  oqnaUy  important, 
Tct  altogether  different  in  iitrui?tare  and  funirtion^W  oppoeo  an  insBpcrable 
Mirier  to  hurtful  Hvuipulhy  betirueu  them,  and  oBpeoialljr  to  out  oS*  tlio 
OonnumicatioD  of  disease. 

Pprhftp*  >  littio  light  hiipini  to  be  thrown  on  a  circumatance  of  which 
we  have  occiudotud  piainfhl  cxtioriimci;.  While  we  may  administ«r  phj'sic, 
or  mild  aperiiMitti  ut  iMuit,  in  plturiHy,  not  Qntf  witli  little  danger,  but  with 
manifevt  adranta^,  we  mayjuat  a«  well  pive  a  doeeof  pmaou  BaapliyaiiN 
ball  to  a  borae  labcoiring  nndor  pnoiunonia.  The  pleura  is  contiectj^d  with 
lb«  hmgii,  and  with  the  IntigM  alono,  and  tbo  orgnuisntion  is  so  difierentf 
that  tun  is  vecj  little  iirnipiithy  bctrwmm  them.  A  physic-baU  majr, 
tfaerefbret  sot  aa  a  counter-irTitauttOrasffinngaiiewdutiTimuation  to  tho 
rital  cerrant,  without  the  propagation  of  aympathotio  irritatJou  ;  hut  the 
Iragfl  or  tbo  bronehial  tnbrn  thatnunt^  through  them  arc  contiauona  with 
the  macoos  membnuics  of  the  digeatiTv  na  welt  n*  all  tho  rtnipirntoiy 
iMMRun  ;  and  on  account  of  the  coutinuitj  and  Kimilarit;^  "^  orgunimtion, 
uam  ia  much  sjmpathj'  between  them.  If  there  ia  irritatiou  exeiled  ut 
Um  suae  titof  in  two  dilferr.nt  portions  of  tbo  same  membnuiv,  it  ia  pro- 
babla  that,  iaiit«ad  of  being  nhiircd  hctwi'en  tbcm,  the  one  will  be  tnna- 
frmd  to  the  otlien~-vnll  increase  or  double  the  other,  and  act  with  tettr- 
(b1  and  &ta]  rioIencQ. 

■  SPASM    or    THE   DIAPHSAQX. 

B  The  diapli^m  ia  Bubjcot  to  lujury  and  diaeaai>  of  a  aortoua  and  varied 
H|aract«r.  Wutaver  may  be  the  ori^nnl  xoat  of  Ihomcic  nr  nbdomit>:tl 
Mfancot,  tbo  dis^hmgm  soon  bccomps  irritable  and  inflamnl.  Thin  accxiuiita 
lor  tba  breathing  of  the  borne  being  ko  much  aflectivd  under  everv  inflnin- 
nalioii  or  eidtvmcDt  of  tfaa  uheet  or  belly.  The  irritability  of  tbia  muscle 
ia  often  erinced  by  a  Bugnlar  apaamodic  action  of  a  portion,  or  tlie  whole 

Ifr.  Owttcy,  in  'The  Vcteriniirinn '  for  1831,  tfana  describoa  a  caao  of 
it: — 'A  horae  bad  been  very  much  distreaaed  in  a  run  of  nearly  Uurtecn 
milea,  without  a  ch«ck,  and  liia  rider  etippcd  on  the  road  towarda  home, 
to  nvt  him  a  little.  With  difliculty  ho  wiu  bmnght  to  the  atable.  ilr. 
CaaUcy  wiui  Kent  for,  aR<t  bo  Miym,— "  When  I  firiit  utw  the  animal,  hia 
breathing  and  attitude  indicated  the  greateefe  dtatreaa.  The  nromineait 
■yiBptom,  however,  waa  a  couTolaive  motion,  or  jerking  of  the  woolo  body, 
■adma  at  Bcverol  ynniit'  diotnnee,  and  oridently  proceeding  from  luH 
iiMUa ;  the  bests  appt^anrd  to  be  iilKiut  forty  in  a  minute.  On  placing  my 
hand  over  the  heart,  the  action  of  that  organ  oould  be  felt,  but  very  in- 
dialitietly ;  the  beating  evtdentiy  came  iVom  bdiind  the  heart,  and  waa 
BUM*  plainly  to  be  felt  in  tbo  din>ction  of  the  diaphragm.  Again  pUeing 
ny  hand  od  the  abdominal  mnaolea,  tJiu  jerka  appMred  to  oomo  from 
bdGm  bockworda ;  tlie  imprewrion  on  my  mind,  tbrrefore,  waa,  that  this 
wofl  a  spoantodio  affection  of  the  diaphiogm,  brought  on  by  violent  dis- 
tma  in  rtmniog."  ' 

Mr.  Caatloy's  account  is  iiui<trt«d  thus  at  length,  because  it  was  Ihe 
first  of  the  Iciud  cm  itoord,  with  tbo  exception  of  an  opinion  of  itr. 


L 


su 


HCPrTBE   or   TUB   DUFURAGir. 


Apperley,  in  hi*  iro?!:  *  Nunrod  on  tbe  CoDilhion  of  Hnstcis,'  which  come 
Teijneorto  the  trvtb.  '  When  &  hone  i>  rcrf  mniofaflxhttastodaftvr  >  toD^ 
raa  with  bcwkU,  a  notaa  wiU  aoiaettmes  be  beard  to  prooeed  bvm  hi* 
inside,  whicb  i«  oA«n  emnwody  njtpoaad  to  b«  Ui«  b«a£iag  of  lus  heart, 
whcrtu  it  Dcocceds  from  the  «xcomito  motion  of  the  ■bdominal  nusdes ' 

Mr.  OaatlBj  BhaU  pume  hia  caae  (it  wiU  be  a  moot  ueful  cnido  to  tbo 
treatneni  of  tbeae  cmm)  :  '  Piiidin«  that  there  waa  little  pabatioo  to  bo 
felt  at  tho  snbniaxillarT  anory,  and  jadeing  from  that  caKamatenoe  that 
ati}'  attempt  to  blt-cd  at  tluU  timo  wooU  bo  worac  than  tt^Vwi.  I  onlerod 
etimalanla  to  be  Kirifu.  We  fint  ailmuuntered  three  ooncw  of  npirit  of 
nitric  ether,  in  a  bottle  of  varm  water ;  bat  this  prodooing  no  K°od  oBcct, 
wa  abortljr  afterwards  garc  two  dntchms  of  tboBob-carbonato  ofauinonia 
■a  m  ball,  allowing  tho  patient,  at  tho  aaine  time,  olcnty  of  white  w«ter  to 
drink.  Aboot  a  qnartor  of  an  hour  after  (Lie,  be  broku  oat  into  a  nrofnca 
penpuation,  wbiui  continued  two  boon,  ormore.  The  breathing iMscaoie 
more  tntnqitil.  bat  thecanvolsivc  motion  of  th*  diaphnua  atOl  oonttBued 
wttboat  anj  abatement.  Alter  tlic  nwcoting  bad  oooaed,  tho  polaa  became 
mo>«peroeptiblo,  anil  tlif  mrlion  uf  the  hiairl  more  diatiact,  and  I  oonwhitd 
Una  to  be  the  proper  time  to  bleed.  When  about  ten  pounda  bad  faoeacx- 
tnctod,  I  thoqBl>*  that  tba  beating  and  tba  breathing  aeened  to  incnaae; 
theblooding  wMatoppad,  and  the  patient  littered  op  »r  the  night.  In  the 
nioniin^',  the  afleetwm  of  the  dia.phragm  was  maeh  modc1at4.1l,  and  aboat 
eleven  o'clock  it  ceaaed,  after  oontiniuug  eighteen  or  ninet^ui  bonm.  A 
littJc  tonic  modioiDO  waa  afterwards  adminuterod,  and  the  horse  aoon  n»- 
covt-rvd  bis  unud  anpctito  and  ipirits.' 

L«ter  HnrKMnii  wlmiuJgter,  aiiil  with  good  i-ifL-ct,  optom  in  small  doeea, 
toi^thtir  with  amniooia,  or  nitric  ether,  and  bave  tecootse  to  bleeding  m 
sooD  as  any  n«ction  is  pcroeived. 

0  voT-faligae.  of  almost  orcr;  kind,  baa  nrodnced  spasm  of  the  diaphragm, 
aod  ao  has  orcr-distcnsioD  of  the  srtomacn  with  grass. 

Bin>TUKE    or   TB£    DUPHIAGH. 

^lia  is  an  aocident,  or  the  coDsi>qu«m.'e  bf  dis«aw,  vary  latelj-  broofrbt 
onder  the  ooguisaoce  of  the  Totorinarj'  saiveon<  T>ic  firat  comiuiimcation 
of  its  occiirreDce  w»«  from  Mr.  Kinp;,  a  fi-icnd  of  Sir.  PcroivmU,  in  "Tbc 
Vvlcrinarian,'  IftiS.  It  oocnrrwl  in  a  mare  that  had  becu  ridden  ubitrplj 
for  half  a  down  miles  when  aha  was  full  of  frrass.  Sb«  soon  afterwnjds 
cxhibilod  a^rmptoms  of  brokan-wind,  nod,  at  length,  died  aaddeahr,  while 
ataadisK  in  tho  stable.  Tba  diaphragm  waa  lacaiated  on  tho  mA  aides 
tliroagh  ltd  whole  eitjL-tit,  throwing  the  two  oavitiea  into  one. 

Since  that  period,  from  the  isflreaaing  and  vorj  pn^ier  habit  of  examiniBg 
«my  deed  horec,  cnsos  of  this  acddent  baro  rapidly  multiplied.  Hr. 
ftin'irall  atoliw,  in  bis  *  Hippopatbology,'  tliut  it  nutr  follow  any  act  of 
oxtn»ordiii«ni'  i-i<:rtion,'aud  ulltnts  of  ever}'  kind,  )>urtu,-alarly  on  a  fbll 
atomacli,  or  u-liea  the  bowels  are  distended  with  green  or  other  food  Ukdjr 
to  geoorate  gas.  Considerable  cantion,  however,  should  be  exereiaed  when 
nmh  gaaaona  fluid  is  presotit,  for  tho  bowels  may  bo  diatendod,  aod  limed 
■gnat  the  diaphragm  to  snob  a  def^ree  as  lo  thttalen  to  buret. 

An  intorottingcaeeof  ruptnreof  tiio  di^>hragm  was  related  by  ProfaMor 
Bpooner  at  one  <^  the  meetings  of  tho  Voterinai^  Medical  Aasoeiatioa.  A 
bone  haviaft  been  NMldlod  and  bridled  Eor  ridinff,  wmi  tnmi^d  in  his  stall 
and  fitstned  by  tJio  bit-stmpa.  Something  frJK^ttiDed  liim— he  Tvarad. 
broke  the  bit-alnp,  and  fvU  backward.  On  the  following  UMMnuny  be  was 
erideDtly  in  groat  pnin,  kiekin^,  b<ttving,  and  oocssioBally  lying  down. 
Ur.  S.  was  scot  for  to  axamino  bim,  but  was  not  told  of  tho  event  of  tha 
preceding  day.    He  considered  it  to  be  a  ease  of  enteritis,  aod  tiwUid  it 


J 


CATABBII,  OS  COLD. 


9«6 


uvordin^l;.  He  bled  him  Ur^l  v,  and,  in  tlii!  <x>ar!ie  of  the  dny,  the  horse 
itupcarvd  to  bo  deoidedl}'  belter,  i-verv  =_vmptom  of  piiiii  harinff  vnnishcid. 
The  hone  wm  more  lirely — he  at«  with  appetite,  but  his  bowuk  rcmauiod 
ooi»ti|»t«<d. 

On  tho  following  dsj  there  wM  n  fvorlul  cluing.  The  dniioaJ  was 
eiUTfrini;  laiiUy — liM  breaihmg  was  labonoua,  and  the  ninmbnuio  of  the 
noM  inteueljr  r^  a§  if  it  vm»  mom  a  caso  of  liiflfuuination  of  tlic  lungs 
th«R  of  the  DowoU.  Tho  bow«l«  waro  still  contitipktod.  The  patient  wait 
Ued  and  pbjrnickcd  agniii,  bul  withoat  htwI.  Ho  died,  iukI  ibcre  waa 
fotuwl  rupture  of  th«  diuphmgm,  protnuiou  of  tnt«sUnu  iuto  tho  thoracio 
cavilj,  oimI  cxt«neive  pleoral  and  peritoneal  inflammatioii. 

In  rnpttuv  of  the  dinphmgtn  the  harto  occnsiotiaUj'  sita  on  hia  haaiic)ica 
like  B  dog,  bal  this  '%»  Cir  frum  being  ftn  in&Uible  ajinptain  of  the  diseH^e. 
It  aceompaoicB  introsusceptiuu,  as  well  as  raptnre  of  the  diaphnivm.  l^g 
wei^t  of  th»  intestines  ma;  possiblj  cnura  uny  pratnidod  part  of  thum  to 
dcwMod  agnia  into  the  abdonten. 

CITAKRB.  OS  COLD. 
Catarrk,  or  cold,  is  ftttondcd  by  tt  sb'ght  defluzion  from  the  nose  —  now 
•ad  tboo,  a  Blighf«r  weciring  from  tho  c^e,  and  some  increased  Labour  of 
bnsUuag,  on  accwnnt  of  tho  nnouaincni  which  the  nnimnt  erpiiriences  fVom 
1^  pasnge  of  the  au*  over  the  natarrUly  senBttive  tind  now  tnoro  tliui 
tmuulj  initable  anr&ce,  and  irom  the  air-pass.'ige  being  diminisht.'d  hv  a 
thickening  of  tho  iDOiubrano.  When  this  is  iv  uiniply  local  iuilamniaUOB, 
Bttrndml  Dj  no  loss  of  sjipetite  or  increoscil  unimixl  bmip'Tutiire,  it  may 
vpeedtly  paasovar. 

In  many  caMS,  howerer,  the  inflammation  of  a  mombrane  natnrally  so 
wnsitire,  and  nnKlorad  so  morbidly  irritnblo  l>y  onr  absurd  treatment, 
rai'idlj  icprnidii,  and  involrcH  tho  fuuet-a,  th«  lymphnlic  and  some  of  tho 
Miliraiy  gUndii,  the  throat,  the  pnrotid  gland,  and  tho  mentbrane  of  tho 
Wyaz.  n'e  h»ve  then  increased  diKchii.rgiC!  from  tho  noM,  giwter  redness 
of  thA  msmhntiia  of  the  nnHit,  more  dirtliuiion  fr»ni  tlio  oyos,  and  lom  of 
appstita  fi<oni  a  degree  of  forvr  ussociutiiii^  ifsi-lf  with  tks  h>cal  affection, 
sad  then  also  bduK  a  greater  or  less  dcin^e  of  pain  in  the  act  of  swatlow- 
ing^  and  wbieh  if  the  animal  feels  ho  wi  11  never  cat.  Cough  now  appears 
More  or  Imb  fraqueDt  or  painfal ;  hut  with  no  grout  ucuolonition  of  tho 
pnba^  or  ImsTing  of  the  flankit. 

Catairh  may  arin.'  from  a  thostand  ca-nses.  Ifcmbranes  subjected  to  so 
tnany  sources  of  irritation  mon  bocomc  irritnblo.  Kxposurc  (o  cold  or 
Tun,  change  of  stable,  change  of  wrtttlicTr,  ohnngo  of  the;  .tlighloiit  portion 
of  clotliine,  neglect  of  grooming,  and  a  Tariety  of  circuinatancca  uppa- 
rantlj  trifling,  and  which  they  who  are  muoowtomed  to  homes  would 
thiiik  ooold  Dot  possibly  nrodaco  any  injnrioni  fffoct,  aro  the  causes  of 
tiatorrh.  In  Uie  spring  ol  the  Tear,  iind  while  moulting,  »  gxtat  many 
jomg  hnrcr*  hara  cough  ;  and  m  the  dealers'  stables,  whore  the  process 
of  making  op  the  hoT«a  tat  sale  is  caTTjing  on,  there  is  scarcely  ono  of 
IhcBt  thai  escapes  this  diseasa. 

la  tbt  m^ority  of  caaea,  a  few  warm  ma>lhM^  wmru  clothing,  and  a 
mm!  alablo^  and  a  fever  hall  or  two,  will  set  all  right.  Indeed,  all  wonid 
aoon  be  right  without  any  luedicine ;  and  much  moro  iip<M>di]y  and  pcr- 
fieetlr  than  if  the  cordials,  of  which  grooms  and  &rrii.-rH  am  so  fund,  had 
baaa  gireii.  Kinetooa  boracs  oot  of  twenty  with  common  catarrh  will  do 
wieO ;  hot  in  tho  twentie^  oaso,  a  ne^Ieoled  cough  may  bo  tho  procnnor 
of  brosdUtM,  and  pneiunomii.  These  chest  aflcctionB  oAon  insidiously 
etvep  oo,  and  inflammation  is  fVvqnffntJy  cstahtiiihcd  before  any  one  be- 
|pngi«g  to  the  horse  is  awaro  of  ilc  uxiatence.     PargatiTO  medioinos 


368 


DftlAJDIATION  OP  TUB  LAEyNJ. 


should  lurrcr  bo  pvm  in  cntftirh.  It  con  acftrcc'ljr  Ik>  knoi^Ti  what  rjtd- 
pnthy  nuiy  oxiftt  betwvvn  tli«  portioa  of  memliraue  alreAil/  affected,  und 
iLe  mucoas  □i«mbTan«  geoeTulf ,  In  severe  tltoriMric  affection,  or  iu  tbnl 
which  m»y  soon  bonomo  so,  n  do*«  of  phvaic  wcuW  bo  litiln  Iwttcr  than  a 
do»o  of  poinon.  If,  howcrer,  mreful  ion-stifro^i^n  rvndt-rs  it  ovidimt  tknt 
then  is  no  affiectXon  of  the  Inngs,  and  that  tjbe  disease  luts  not  prooecdMl 
benxodtlMfkQoes,  small  doses  of  aloes  maj^  with  adTantsoe  be  anited  mlfa 
otDsr  iBGdidnc*  in  ordnr  to  evBoante  th«  intaatlnal  canal,  and  rodnoo  the 
fieonl  dischsr^  to  a  pnltnceons  fbrm. 

If  cvlarrh  is  Mxmnipanied  bj  sore  throat ;  if  tlie  parotids  should  eolargs 
atid  become  tender — there  arc  no  tonsil]|,  anu/ffdatai,  is  the  horse — or  if 
tho  mbmaxillonr  glands  shonid  be  tnflunKxl,  and  Oxo  animal  Khoald  quid 
liis  food  luid  |pi]>  his  wat«r,  tlus  will  be  au  additional  ruaaon  for  c»n, 
and  also  for  warm  clothing  and  a  comfortnble  stable,  A  hot  stable  is  aol 
meant  bj  the  term  comfortabki,  in  which  the  foul  air  is  breathed  oreranid 
over  aeain,  bat  a  tcmpnratnra  aoine  degrees  abuvn  tbitt  of  tho  external  air, 
and  where  Umt  dut«nnii]atioii  to  the  skin  and  ineruasud  action  of  the 
eihatent  Teasels,  which  in  these  cases  are  so  desirable,  maj  tako  plaon. 
Bra7  stablsi  both  for  bonca  in  siokneM  and  in  health,  shoald  have  in  it  a 
thuruiuuwrtcr. 

Some  stimulatinfc  liniment  may  be  applied  over  the  iniUroed  glsnd, 
stroi^  euoagifa  to  produce  considerable  uritation  on  the  skin,  bat  not  to 
blister,  or  to  destroy  tho  hair.  An  embrocation  snISdcnUj-  poworfdl, 
and  jet  that  uuvit  dcHtrofa  tlub  batr,  consiaU  of  equal  parts  of  hart»> 
bom,  oil  of  turpealiue,  and  eam|ibonkt«d  spirit^  witli  a  sioall  qiMuiti^  «{ 
laudauom. 

mUBHATIOH   OF   TEE   UKTKZ. 

StHctly  speaking',  this  r>?fL'r$  to  inflnnimalion  eontinod  to  the  laijiiXibat  I 
either  catarrh  or  bronchitis,  or  both,  frdinentlj-  accompany  the  complidnl.  | 

It«  approach  is  often  iniiidious,  ucareely  to  bo  diittiii^Tuahod  (tmn  catsirlt 
except  liv  being  attended  with  mure  soreneas  of  throat,  and  loss  enlarge- 
ncnt  of  the  parotid  glands.  There  are  aL«o  more  decided  and  riotntt 
CAToxyBina  of  cooghing  than  in  common  catnrrh,  attended  bj  a  gurelias 
noiae,  which  may  do  heard  at  a  little  diittanou  from  the  horse,  and  whicli, 
bv  nnscnhation,  is  decidedly  rv'femble  to  the  latynx.  The  hrcatlung  is 
shorter  and  qalcker,  and  evidently  more  painM  tfaaa  tn  Gatarrh  ;  the 
tnembrone  of  the  noae  ta  redder ;  it  is  of  a  ook)  modana  oolonr ;  and  the 
horao  idirinks  and  extufaita  f^rent.  yaia  when  the  larynx  is  pressed  tipon. 
The  inroxysms  of  eont,'hing  bceome  more  fVi^aent  and  violent,  and  lbs 
animal  appears  at  times  almost  snffooated. 

As  tbo  soreness  of  the  tbivat  proceeds,  the  h«ad  of  the  animal  is  pro- 
jected, and  Iho  neck  luu  a  pecnlior  stiffness.  There  is  also  much  difficulty 
of  swallowinff.  Cuimt durable  ewcUing  of  the  larynx  and  tbo  pharynx 
cnsnes,  and  wo  of  the  parotid,  sublii^aal,  and  sobnuxillary  glands.  As 
the  ipflammatioB  incrsaaos,  the  cooafa  boooBMs  boam  and  feslds,  aad  in 
some  cases  nltoiRstbcr  suspended.  At  tlw  oomnonosmenl  then  is  naaally 
little  or  no  nasM  dcflnxion,  but  the  aecreliOB  soon  appeafs,  oitber  pnn  or 
mixed  with  an  nnnsnal  qnantitr  of  saliva 

AoBcnltalion  is  a  very  important  aid  in  tho  discovery  of  the  natars  and 
asrioos  or  trifiin|f  ehantcter  of  tliis  disease.  It  cannot  be  too  often  t^ 
peatod  that  it  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  means  which  we  pnnsnss  of 
oelecting  tbo  seat,  i]iteos%  and  resolts,  oftfaa  maUdiea  of  therssnratory 
pasawea.  No  inslnuiiintt  is  rmoirod ;  tha  nakad  ear  can  be  appbaa  vveatlr 
and  wty,  and  with  a  very  fJiifht  prritmre,  on  any  part  that  it  ta  of 
iiaportanoe  to  axamine.     TIhi  healthy  suuud,  whan  tba  ear  is  ai: 


IXFLAMMATIOS   OP   THE   TK-^CIIEA. 


967 


the  windpipe,  in  that  of  a  body  of  air  pASsini;  Diiintorrnptedly  through  n 
iaao0tfa  tnoe  of  itHucrwrliut  catwMirriiblp  cnlibro :  it  voiy  maoh  resembles 
the  KXind  of  a  pair  of  foixo  bullouni,  wlica  not  too  violently  workod. 

&t  who  is  deairoas  of  aao^rt^uiu^  whiter  there  Is  auy  diseoao  in  tho 
Utrnx  of  •  hnrvCi  sboold  »pply  his  car  to  the  lower  part  of  the  wiudjiijio. 
If  Da  finda  that  the  air  piusmi  in  hikI  ont  without  intcrmptioD,  there  ie  tto 
diMMe  of  any  conMKiueocu  cither  in  the  windpipe  or  the  chcet;  fur  it 
would  iinmedutety  be  detected  by  the  loudutias  or  the  intMrujition  of  thn 
sanramr.  Thvn  M  him  gradually  proce«i3  up  the  neck  with  hia  car  atill 
npon  the  windpipe.  Perbiipn  he  Hnon  hrgins  to  recognise  s.  little  ^rgliui*, 
gTBting  loiuid.  Ad  he  coutiuui'.-i  to  uacMind,  tliut  xonnd  in  more  (InciHtvc, 
ningled  with  an  occasional  wheczio;;,  whialliuf-  iioJae.  He  oau  hnvc  no 
mar  proof  that  bore  ia  th«  iinpodin)cnt<  to  the  passage  of  tho  air,  proceed* 
iiig  from  the  liiipkrningof  thcmembninonnd  diminution  of  tho  passngc,  or 
iacreaAL-d  eecrtiirin  of  mucua,  which  bubbk-s  aud  rattles  as  the  brcAth 
paane.  T'  .1  degree  of  the  Tattling  or  whistliu^,  tho  owner  will  jud)^ 
wUcb  i~  Iwtrnction  prvponderatce — in  fact,  ho  will  have  discovei«d 

ffatt  KAt  atvi  Liu.'  HtAte  of  the  dueuMt,  and  the  soonor  ho  has  rccoarBo  to 
yolhwiontil  advii-x^  the  better. 

CArOMd  taiyttyUit  ia  of  more  frequent  occum-iii-'e  t)ian  acute.  Hauy  of 
tlM  ooi^ha  that  are  most  troublesome  are  to  bo  tmoed  to  this  source. 

In  violcDt  owm  laryti^tiM  trrminiilrii  in  milTocation  ;  in  otbcre,  in  thick 
wind  or  in  tvuriiig.  OccuaioiuUly  it  is  lux^nsaiy  to  Imvo  R^oouriKi  to  tho 
opnatioo  of  tn«ih«oloniy. 

In  wnto  hgjtl^tia  the  treatment  to  ba  pursued  is  efficiently  plain. 
Blood  mnst  bo  abstnctod,  an<l  thnt  from  tho  jngnlar  vnin,  for  there  will 
then  be  Uk  oorabbied  Bdvantoge  of  gunerai  and  lociU  blc^din^j;.  The  blood 
Huut  be  Kxnewhat  copioualy  withdrawn,  dopending  on  the  de(p«o  of  iu- 
SamioiilioD*— the  pnkctitiouor  novcr  for  n  moment  forgottang  that  he  has  to 
So  with  inflammation  of  a  mncmia  meiiibnin<',  and  that  what  lie  doM 
W  vaut  do  qniokly.  Ho  will  hiivo  luHt  tho  opportunity  of  atruKk'li^ff 
■lui— ifiitlji  witli  tltu  diavoae  when  it  has  altered  its  dianoter  and  debility 
iam  RiocMded.  Tlie  Maes  miut  be  few  and  fiu-  between  whan  the  rnrgcon 
ttakea  ap  liia  mind  to  any  dotormioatc  qiiivntity  of  blond,  and  1»vm-h  his 
tMistenl  or  his  fpwan  to  ab«tnu:t  it ;  he  in  nut  hinuulf  bleed,  and  until  tlie 
pnlaa  flntters  or  the  constitntiun  is  cvideutly  afibcted. 

Next  tnut  bo  ^ven  (be  fever  medicine  a!  ready  recommended  :  the  nitrO) 
and  emetio  tartar,  wiUi  aloc«.  Aloes  nuty  here  bo  safely  given,  bcvooM 
Iba  dieat  ia  not  yet  implicated.  To  this  must  be  added,  luid  immediately, 
abBster,  and  a  ahnrp  one.  The  sui-^^u  is  sure  of  tht-  purt,  and  he  cilu 
btiM  bia  oonDter-irritont  almost  into  contact  with  it. 

^danimatioo  of  the  taiytix,  if  not  speedily  snbdnod,  produces  snd  disor- 
paiHtiiHi  in  this  curioiuily  formed  and  iui[>orbuit  maoliine.  Imnph  is 
iftsa»l.  morbidly  adbeHiTV,  and  speedily  organised — the  membnine  becomea 
(Uekotwd,  coosulenbly,  permanently  so — tJie  submucoos  oethUar  tissna 
tiff>ffinft  oedematODs :  tbe  inflammation  xpronds  from  the  mcmbntBa  of  tba 
iatjiut  to  the  cartilages,  and  difficulty  of  bi«tttlun|[,  and  at  lengtb  oonflnaed 

nrrLAKSATios  of  thb  trachea. 
Inflaounation  of  tbe  membrane  of  tho  tnrrnx,  and  cxpoctiilly  when  it  has 
TW"  OB  b>  olcvration,  raaj  rapidly  Rprooil.  luid  involve  tbe  erenter  part  or 
Iha  wbole  of  tho  lining  mamoranu  of  the  trachea.  Aoacoltationmll  dia* 
«0nr  when  this  is  taking  plaoe.  If  the  disooso  is  cxtendingr  down  the 
trarbw.  it  mnat  bo  followed.  A  blister  most  nadi  as  low  an  tho  rattling 
aonnd  can  be  datecti.'d.andBomewbiitboyODd  thia,and  the  fever  mcdioinvs 
^■■■t  ba  adminutered  in  somewhat  inormaed  doeea. 


BOABI5G. 


GaunOj  «pe*Liii^,  howvrtr,  alUteo^  the  jntlmnmm&m  it  sow  ap- 
pnaditBS  thft  dM^  lU  SKt^MOB  into  Ab  IimiIma  is  not  ta  tmfin'osiBlM 
■jnnptem.  IH«yw»dowr»»MwrtoMWwrftic<,>pdiai>ot«ttfatBot 
or  mlisctofal*.  It  is  iuTahin^  *  pwi  of&a  tiwnB  Imb  coroplicaied,  and 
ip^n  IcM  miachkf  caa  bo  effected.  Trae^  if  tht  caae  ia  lu-glcctcd,  it  miut 
triwiiiiatn  fataHj ;  bst  it  ia  eonaiii;  mora  wiUtin  readi,  and  more  aader 
MfOBaiid,  tad,  tb»  pnpcr  kmhu  bcdng  adopted,  tba  c^iig*  ia  latfaer  a 
bTQnnUa  OII& 

Tho  diaorgaa^aatiaiH  produced  in  the  bachea  are  nmikr  to  boow  which 
ban  been  deacribed  is  tbe  larTar.  Tka  aana  Ibmiation  of  or^aniaad 
faaoda  «r  ooagaiatsd  lyinpli,  tba  aaai«tliidcaaiag«f  Bi«nbtaas,diiunatiaD 
of  caUbra,  and  feondatian  for  roaring. 

The  pnaort  wiD  bt  tbe  proper  pbtra  to  nwak  of  that  sinffolar  inpair* 
Bunt  oftbc  mcpiraUny  function  reoogniaodbT  tfai*  oanie.  It  is  an  tuma- 
tual,  kxul  gpinti"g  lunuul  made  hj  tbe  antwirtl  In  the  act  of  lifnf(t||i|if 
nhea  m  qudt  actioa  or  on  any  soddeB  axartioo.  On  careful!}-  liatming 
to  the  mmmd,  it  will  appear  tlutt  tho  raariiw  is  arodaoed  in  the  act  of  ia> 
tfintufa  and  not  in  that  of  expiration.  irtb«  lionc  is  bruklv  trotted  ob 
a  lanl  tKoiue,  and  moce  partKnlarly  if  b»  is  uoiImI  up  Jiill,  or  if  ho  is 


itf  thrartaiMid  with  a  Bticic,  this  paonliar  sonnd  wul  be  beuxl  nitd 
eannot  be  inti«tafceB.  When  diahontat  dcalon  an  showing  a  horae  that 
roars,  but  not  to  an7  gnat  dome,  thej  trot  awaj  Mntl/,  ud  as  soon  as 
tbef  ara  loo  &r  for  the  soond  to  be  h«ard,  show  off  thei  b«st  paoea  of  the 
■anmU :  on  retanuDg,  thiijr  gradoally  slacken  their  Hppcd  wheo  the;^  oooie 
within  a  saspicioas  ^j^|^^l^tIl^^«  This  ia  aumctimes  lochnicolly  called  '  the 
dnlors'  ton^  troL' 

^-^^"g  IB  exceedingly  anpleasant  to  thfl  iSdar,  and  it  is  manifest  on- 
■iiiiiiiliHM  It  is  the  sodden  and  riok-nt  nmhine  of  tbe  air  throngh  a  tabs 
llf  dinunMied  calibre;  and  if  tho  impulimL-nt,  wnatercr  it  ia,  randenit  so 
jil^T^H  tor  the  air  to  pass  in  somewliat  lacreased  action,  sufficient  oaiiaol 
be  w^mtttf*  to  giro  an  adeqoato  supply  of  aHenalisod  blood  in  cstia> 
etdinaiy  or  lone-oontiiiacd  cxcrHoa.  Thorvlbre,  as  impairing  tbe  fbaetioa 
of  lespuation,  aJtbongb,  somctinwa,  only  on  extiaordinary  oociwions,  it  )* 
nnsonndneas.  In  as  many  cases  as  otlMrwise,  it  is  a  reiy  seriona  oaass  of 
OBsowidneea.  Tbe  roarrr.wluTn  hardtjr  prcssrd,  is  often  Uownerenloths 
hasard  of  soflbcation,  and  there  arv  casva  on  rroord  of  his  Buddenly  draf^ 
ping  and  djing  wbm  nrj^  to  (he  top  of  his  Hpccd. 

It  mast  not,  bowerer,  be  taken  for  grant«d  that  the  roarer  is  aloaji 
worthless.  Tbore  an;  few  linuta  in  whiob  tbonisnotoneof  tbesebonA 
who  aoqnils  himself  very  birh-  in  the  field ;  and  it  fag«  oocanonsll;  *" 
bapponed  that  the  roarer  has  been  the  terj  cnck  hone  of  ttie  hmt :  jt* 
he  mirt  be  ridden  wiUi  jDdgment,  and  ewed  a  little  when  going  np-htO. 
ThereisBTillnge  in  the  West  Riding  of  VortnJiire,  through  wbid  a  bssJ 
ofsnngglor*  niw^  froqnentljr  to  pass  in  the  d«ad  of  night:  the  horae  of^ 
leader,  and  the  best  Mne  of  thu  tnx)p,andon  which  his  owncsrwoBldW 
^^l^%^ll^»  to  all  pnrsiiit,  was  so  rank  n  rooror  that  he  ooald  be  bsnid  its 
ooDsidarablo  digtAnr".  Tlie  clattering  of  all  the  rrat  scarcely  made  M 
mnob  noise  as  t)ic.>  maring  of  lIli-  captain's  bone.  When  this  becams  a 
Ittllo  too  bad,  ami  be  did  not  Tear  immediato  pursuit,  Um  amoggfer  used  to 
bait  the  troop  at  sonto  oonrcnicmt  hnjrick,  on  the  roadside,  and,  haviag 
■nffered  tho  ■ntm"!  to  distend  his  stomach  with  this  dir  food,  as  he  wst 
alwaja  ready  eneagh  to  do,  he  would  remount  and  S^^wp  on,  and,  for  s 
wbilsv  the  roaring  was  scarcely  beard.  It  is  mmnwhat  difflealt  to  accnant 
fbrthis.    Perhapa tboloadodstomaQhnowprcasiBgagaiiuttlkediajihnifm, 


BOARIKO. 


2G9 


tfaat  nmsde  Imd  liBrjcr TTork  to  displaoetliuTiBaumfhe  notof  Anfavginx 
the  chest  sod  prodneinff  tl>"  act  of  ini^irKtioii,  and  nocotnpliiihitd  it  more 
almrl]',  and  tlierefoiv,  tiie  air  passiiiK  luoro  ^owly  bjr,  Uic  roitrine  waa 
diniuBluKl.  We  do  Dot  dare  to  calcolate  wliat  most  li&ve  b««ti  iht  in. 
rrraard  labanr  of  tlw  diaphracm  in  moving  tfa*  loaded  stomach,  nor  how 
nraoh  aooner  the  Iwrae  most  luive  bcim  cxhaujited.  Thix  did  not  ent^r 
iala  tbe  ownor's  reckoning,  and  probably  Xixo  appUeatluu  or  whip  and  spnr 
woold  doprira  faim  of  Ute  HMftiu  of  formin);  a  proper  calculation  of  it^ 

Rooriiw  prooeeda  finni  obntmctioR  in  sonifi  portinn  of  the  respiratory 
oaiial,uiaoReiMwtin1beUn'iix,whi'relhc!r«ia  tbu  leant  room  to  spiini — thnt 
fluttteginona  box  being  occupied  by  the  luecbaDism  of  the  roiee :  n«xt  in 
frammcy  it  i»  in  the  trochoa,  bat,  in  fctct,  obstmction  anywhere  wilt 
praance  it.  Ur.  Blaino,  emoting  &om  a  French  jonmaliiit,  tavf.,  thnt  a 
piecv  of  ribft&d  lodged  wiUiin  one  of  the  naaal  fo«8W  produced  roaring, 
md  tliat  tmn  the  displacement  of  a  molar  tooth  has  been  the  rupposrd 
esoM  of  it,  Patjpt  in  tbo  ooetrils  have  bcm  accoinpBnied  \j^  it.  Hr, 
Svwell  foond,  on  an  evident  cnnw  of  roaring,  an  cxoi>to«iK  bctwmni  tbs  two 
fitvt  ribe,  and  pressing  npon  the  trueheft ;  and  Mr.  Ferrirall  goca  &rtber, 
and  aajm  that  his  father  repeatedly  blistered  and  fired  a  horae  for  bad 
roaiing,  and  irvco  porforatod  tbo  operation  of  tmcheotoTnT,  and  at  length 
tba  nxriug  being  ao  load  when  tho  boroo  wn«  ted  out  of  the  itnble,  that  it 
wu  painfoJ  to  h«ar  it — the  poor  animal  wan  destroyed.  No  thickening 
of  the  mombraiM  was  found,  no  disease  of  the  larynx  or  Iraohea ;  but  the 
fainga  wera  Iwpatitnd  Ihroaghoot  the  greatvr  part  of  their  sabetAOoe,  and 
many  of  thennalkr  dirisioDi  of  tho  bronchi  were  so  coraprcnaed,  that  they 
we>«  htfdly  perrions. 

Bamd»  </  CoaguUtfid  Iftrmph.—k  frequent  cause  of  roaring  is  bands  of 
ooagnlatedlympn,  morbidly  vinirid  nnd  ti-nncions,  adhering  firmly  on  ono 
aide,  and  by  aoone  act  of  coughing  bnmght  into  contact  with  and  adhering 
to  the  other  aide,  and  becoming  f^iadnalty  organised.  At  other  times 
therv  hftve  twcn  rings  of  coamilatc^  lymph  ndhmng  to  tho  Uning  of  tho 
tnchca,  but  not  oivanised.  In  either  oimu  they  form  a  meobanical  ob- 
lAniotion,  and  will  aoconnt  for  tho  rouring  noise  produced  hj  the  air 
rvabing  riolently  throngh  Ihb  diminished  calibre,  in  hnrriod  respiration. 
ThJckening  of  the  mombnne  is  a  mora  fiw^WDt  cnnne  of  roaring  thun  tho 
Imwi aiso  Mads  of  ooagnlatod  Irniph.  In  many  morbid  Hpeetmenii  it  ia 
dmbla  or  bvUe  ita  natural  tbiekui^s*,  and  covered  with  manifold  ulcer- 
rtinni  This  is  particularly  amioying  in  the  upper  part  of  thn  windpipe, 
wharv  the  Muaages  in  their  natnnd  stnto  arc  narrow.  Thus  it  ia  that 
raaring  is  the  ooeasional  eooacqncnco  of  atmnglea  and  catarrh,  and  other 
lAectianB  of  ths  mporior  paaaage*. 

There  ia  acaioely  %  bone  of  6ve  or  six  ycBrs  old  who  hnn  not  a  portion 
of  Um  thyroid  cartilage  omiSed.  In  somo  cnKrH  tho  grvatvr  part  of  tlia 
OBrtatsgea  are  becoming  bony,  or  snlEdonlly  bo  to  weaken  or  destroy  their 
dactio  power,  and  ooiiiM.-<|ii(.-Dtly  to  rvuder  it  impossible  for  tlium  to  be 
fredr  Aod  Ailly  acted  npon  by  the  delicat*  mnsclM  of  the  larynx. 

Ctaronic  oougfa  occasionally  t<trminnt<M  in  roaring.  Some  have  imngiixid 
tl;at  the  dralm'  habit  of  tttnghiftg  th<-  horse,  *.«.  preanng  upon  tho  lar^rnx 
to  make  him  cough,  in  order  that  they  may  jndgo  of  the  state  of  his  wind 
by  the  nMinil  that  is  emitted,  baa  prodnood  inflammation  about  the  lan,-nx, 
which  has  termimled  in  roaring,  or  aauated  in  producing  it.  That  pain 
ii  gnm  to  tho  aninuil  by  the  rough  and  violent  way  in  wluch  tho  object  is 
maetiiBee  attempted  to  lM.'aocompliHlicd,  in  evident  enough,  and  tliismnst, 
ia  |iiiiliM  of  tijue,  lead  to  mischiif;  but  aufficicnt inflaintnation  and  *nb- 
seqnent  oasUcatiOD  of  tho  cortilnpea  would  scajcel;  be  prodnoed,  to  be  a 
(meat  of  roaring. 


tn 


BOABISQ. 


Than  caa  bo  no  doabt  of  tbo  Tact,  Uut  Iho  na^ority  of  rcorera  »n 
dnogfat-hones,  and  bonc<  of  quick  dnagliL  Tbejr  an  not  onlf  snbjoct 
to  lite  oaul  pcediwociiig  caaatut  of  tkisobctniotioo,  bnt  there  ia  somclluDe 
n|iendded, — iMuflilHi'  from  th«ir  lialnta  or  mode  of  woi^ — not  indedd 
iMMWori^  iimiHiiH^.  bok  that  which  the  foUj  m  w«U  m  cmthf  of  maa  hw 
tntroducad — tha  nvton  of  tight-r«i&ing.  To  a  certain  extent,  tho  carb-nin 
kimoaMUj.  WilAOtttHlbetwwoiildbescaraelf  any  comituuidoTorawiUU 
lione,  and  it  would  n«ied  a  ntnnig  ana  OMMionaljy  to  goidft  Ten  ibumoat 
willing.  Witlwat  the  cwb-niii  tha  horw  wonld  oany  hjnunlf  low ;  he 
would  CO  cnnlowl;  along;  be  wonlil  IwcomeaBtemUer;  MkI  if  bo  wore 
diipoaed  at  ainr  timo  to  mn  awsr,  the  atraogeot  arm  wnnld  have  little 
power  to  atop  oim:  bat  there  is  no  necessity  for  the  tight  mii,  aiul  for 
Iba  lou  and  pnnovi  discipline  to  which  the  cuTi»^-horee  is  sub}ected. 
Tbetu  IS  no  ncoaon^  tbat  Um  Iowvf  jaw,  whetbor  ttw  oAomuI  ia  tnde  «r 
narrow,  sbonld  be  M  fiwoed  on  tike  neck,  or  tliat  tlte  la>7nx  aad  tbo  fKntioB 
of  tin  windnM  immediately  beniMitik  it  sboald  be  flattened,  and  bait,  and 
twiatod,  and  tbe  nKfuubtry  punga  not  onlj  obatracted,  bat  in  a  tn^nn^T 
doMd.  Tbo  miitchief  'u  umallj  done  whiui  the  bomc  i«  jonns.  It  ia 
•ffi>ctod  in  KOnie  meadwe  by  the  impstienoe  of  the  animal,  unaBud  to  con- 
trol, and  floSi-Ting  pain.  In  the  violeut  toeainj^  of  liia  Imd  he  irritatea  tbe 
laiynx,  and  prodnoce  inflammation.  Tbo  bend  of  the  riding-bone  ia 
fmAsMlij  brought  to  ita  proper  pbco  by  tho  hand*  of  tbo  brmker,  who 
akUAill7  inereaeee  or  retaxes  the  pciHWuv,  and  buxnonni  and  plajra  witb 
Iba  mouth ;  but  the  poor  camBg»*horBe  is  oouflned  by  a  rein  taat  ncrer 
Blackaaa,  and  bisoiowt  is  bent  in  at  the  expense  of  the  larynx  and  windpipe. 
Tbo  injury  ia  materiallj  inert aacd  if  the  head  i*  not  tintanUly  woll  eel-on, 
or  tbo  neck  is  thick  or  tbe  jaws  narrow. 

Connected  with  this  ia  tlie  comnxHi  notion  that  ctib-biUng  b  a  cmaae  of 
roaring.  Thai  is  aUogatfaer  crroneoos.  Tho««is  no  poeaible  conneclieB 
between  tbe  complainta :  bnt  one  of  tbo  methodx  that  amid  to  be  reeortod 
to  in  order  to  cure  enb-bitiu;;  might  be  a  CAtuK  of  roaring,  naoialjr,  tba 
Rtrap  so  lightly  buckled  round  the  upper  part  of  the  ueck  aa  to  coropw^ 
and  diaioit,  and  panlysa  the  iBiynz. 

The  qneation,  however,  an  to  the  onUnaiT  and  oonmum  oanae  ef 
roaring  romiiinoil  for  veaia  an  open  one,  but  tno  onirwcr  ha*  at  langtii 
been  MliiifiicUirfly  reoeaved, — tlio  cause  of  roaring  in  t)i«  frreat  n^on^ 
of  eaaoe,  is  a  paralysis  or  atir<^7  of  the  muadea  on  the  left  side  of  tiie 
laiynx,  affording,  in  oontraat  with  tfao  hcalti^  mnadea  on  the  right  Mt, 
OOO  of  the  moat  atrikiog  eumplee  of  pothologieiil  anatomy  tnat  can 
vnaoblj'be  conceived.  But  whul  is  the  cause  t^  this  atrophy  or  waot- 
fng  of  the  muscles,  and  why  are  the  mtiacles  thns  afleeti.>d  mlwaya  tboae 
of  the  left  aide  f  The  cause  ia  paralyma  of  tba  left  nearrcnt  aerre,  the 
motor  norvo  by  which  they  are  iitimnliit^.'d  to  action,  and  this  stimnloB  kiat, 


oted  in 


they,  like  tbo  musdea  in  any  other  part  of  tbe  body  in  a  naralyaad 
loae  their  fullncas,  their  colour,  and  their  Amotion,  and  become  ti 
Mid  flaoeid.     But  still,  whydooa  this  occur  always  on  (L«  leJi  side 
toaaon  woold  appear  to  bo  thi*— nervps  in   g«ncir«l  when  distriboted 
pain,  and  nearly  all  nervea  are  so,  lake  the  name  ootu-to  on  either 
of  <bu  body ;  the  recnnent  nerree,  however,  which  are  the  nMrttr*  ni 
of  the  muscles  of  the  lannx,  are  an  eiceptioD  to  ifaia  rule,  the  left  ooi 
ft  longer  and  mon>  oomplicatnd  route  than  the  right :  the  oanaeqaenca  hM 
been  found  to  be,  that  it  in  roore  tiahle  to  morbid  ehaaga^  Am  ' 

wasting;  Ihiin  )t«  frllon-,  and  the  mujcle*  it  ought  to  supply  with 
enatgy  periah  away  (rum  the  want  of  it,  and  cease  to  perform  thoir 
in  mgotttii^  the  action  of  the  lairnz ;  itsejMniDginconseqiiienea  baoonos 
distorted,  and  roaring  is  the  raaaft.     The  fonabadowing  «  ikis  was  fini 


KOABlJfa. 


271 


hy  tbo  Ut«  Jolin  Field,  who,  in  tlio  coarse  of  somo  «x])erimeiita, 
wmtg  dtrided  tlio  li^tl  rccummt  ticrvo,  thn  horse  immediately  bocorae  * 
rottrer,  mod  canUnm^  m  to  tlio  duy  of  liia  dcAtb. 

It  Itfts  required  tfaa  experieuco  of  years,  however,  to  prove  Ui»t  tUis, 
which  might  hare  tMOti  considered  a  merely  cariona  coincidence,  ia  &b«o* 
lat^y  ui  DniTcnnllyritcognimNi  c»n»o  of  this  diaewfo — tbo  other  caoaes 
tttrcfidr  caamerated  may  ocowtion&lly  produce  thr.  tAxac  result,  but  in  th« 
pvoaaul  day  Utay  will  be  received  m  mere  oxceptions  to  a  vc-ry  general  mio. 

Fftoto  Ittve  eetabtiahed  the  bereditaiy  ptedispoailian  to  roaring,  beyond 
lli»  pocnbili^  of  donbt. 

In  FrsiKWitii  DotoHons  that  thrrc-fonrths  of  the  horwB  from  Cottcntia 
are  roarecw  and  nnM  of  thmn  nra  roarrrs  at  six  muntbs  old ;  bat  nlxnit 
Ia  Hagtie  and  Le  Bocosc,  not  a  roarer  ia  known.  There  is  certainly  a 
oooaidenble  diffcnvnco  in  the  soil  of  the  two  districts ;  the  first  is  low  and 
BUtishy,  the  latter  clevntf^d  and  dry  :  bnb  tnulition  traces  it  to  tho  ititro- 
dnction  of  lunae  (invign  horwM  into  Cottontin,  who  bcqucatlu^d  this 
lufirmitj  to  ihi-ir  [)ro;;i'iiy. 

lu  our  own  oovaiiy,  there  ia  as  deciaire  a  proof.  There  was  a  valuahle 
ctaUion  in  Norfolk,  Iwlonging  to  Major  Wilson,  of  Didlington,  He  was 
a  great  faronritc,  Mid  iicoinod  to  be  geding  some  eiceilcnt  stock ;  bat  ba 
was  a  roarer,  and  some  of  thn  breeders  iaok  alarm  at  tliiii  .Tbiiy  had  orca- 
Mooally  too  painful  experienoe  of  the  conununieution  of  Uic  defect*  of  the 
parent  to  his  pro^ny;  and  they  feared  that  roaring  might  possibly  be 
among'  theoc  her«ditnry  evils.  Sir  Charles  VimbaTy  was  rviiaesl«d  to 
obtaiD  Mr.  Clinc's  opinion  on  tho  snbjcsct,  Mr.  Clino  was  a  dcsorvcdly 
cxonumt  honuui  uuveon :  ho  hud  exerted  bimsalf  in  the  Otttablishment  of 
the  Veterinary  CoQe^ ;  ho  was  an  examiner  of  veterinary  pupils,  and 
ibenforo  it  was  supposed  that  be  must  be  competent  to  give  an  opinion. 
He  gave  one,  and  at  considoralilo  length: — 'The  disomn"  in  tho  norso,' 
said  be,  '  which  constitutes  a  roarer,  is  <'nascd  by  a  membrononji  prajcc- 
tion  in  a  part  of  the  windpipe,  and  ia  (he  coiigtMiueuoe  of  that  part  iiaving 
heea  inflsjned  froo)  a  cx>]d,  nud  injudiciously  treated.  A  roarer,  therefore, 
it  lot  K  dianaed  bone,  for  his  lungs  and  every  other  part  mny  bo  perfectly 
■OBBd.  The  Qslvteneo  of  roaring  in  a  xtnllion  cuutnt  be  of  any  conso- 
qnimce.  It  cannot  he  propSMtcd  any  mori-  than  a  broken  bone,  or  any 
other  accident.' — A  fair  qwcuaen  of  the  horse- knowledge  of  one  of  tho 
best  of  the  medical  examiners  of  veterinary  pupils. 

Sir  ChoLrlea  rctflmcrl  fnll  of  gloc;  the  got^  people  of  Korfotk  and 
SafToIk  were  snttalictl ;  ^[njor  Wilion's  bimo  was  in  high  request :  but  in  a 
bw  youn  a  creat  part  of  the  two  eounticd  wa<t  orcmui  with  roarers,  and 
many  a  brvMer  half  ruined.  Boariui^  ia  not,  bowevcT,  necessarily  heredi- 
tary.  Ur.  Goodwin,  whoa»  name  is  great  authority,  states  tliat  Taams,  » 
KJllnaliiil  ncvr  that  had  become  a  miircr,  hnd  eovvrod  scremi  mnrrs,  and 
Hmst  pnjduce  all  turned  oatwi;ll,  and  had  won  iicvoral  imcea.  In  no  inatance 
Hi  hta  progeny  exhibit  this  defect,  notwithaliinding  that  his  own  family 
WEiv  notorious  for  beqng  roarera.     Kclipse  also  is  said  to  have  been  a  roarer. 

Wliat  tlwn  is  to  bo  done  witli  tliese  animals  V  Abnndon  them  to  their 
t  Ko,  not  so ;  but  there  is  no  ncxxwnty  nisldy  to  underlnko  a  ho])eles8 
All  poHsible  knowledm  must  be  obtained  of  the  origin  of  tho 
Pid  it  follow  stnuiglM.  catairh,  bronchitis,  or  any  aflcction  of 
lb*  maintOTf  panoges  ?  Is  it  of  lon^  standing  ?  I*  it  now  occoid' 
p-<f^  bj  ooogh  or  any  symptoms  nf  local  or  Konund  irritation  P  Can  any 
iisor^siiiwtioD  of  tfaeae  parts  be  detected  ?  Any  distortion  of  the  larynx  P 
Did  it  follow  brealdng-in  to  harness  ?  The  answer  to  these  qnestions  will 
■Mteiially  gtdde  any  htore  poceedings. 

"  U>m  »  plain  distortion  of  the  larynx  or  tntcboo,  or  Iho  dJsme 


272  "  INFLUENZA.  I  ■      ^^^^^ 

can  be  aaaotuak-d,  in  point  of  time,  with  breaking-in  to  harnou,  or  Uw 
ooachman  or  praprieUir  li&a  keen  accostomed  to  rein  the  nninul  in 
too  tightly  or  bx)  cruelty,  or  tho  siro  wa"  a  roarer,  it  i»  nlinont  nBuIesa 
to  h*vu  unyUiinit  to  do  witli  tlie  Ckse.  But  if  it  is  of  rallit-r  recent 
date,  and  foUoning  closely  on  some  disease  with  which  it  can  bo  clearly 
connoctod,  carorol  oxaminatioa  of  the  patient  may  be  comcnoncrd.  I*  tber« 
coueh  ?  Can  any  limt  or  tenderuew  be  detected  aboat  tho  larynx  or 
tnanoi?  In  thcru  in  every  part  the  same  uniform  raahiii;i  noise  ;  or,  on 
some  particular  spot,  can  a  more  violent  breathing,  a  wheenng  or 
whistling,  or  a  ratt.lin^  and  gn^'glin^,  b«  detMt«d  ?  Is  that  whccunff  or 
rattling  cither  coniined  to  one  spot,  or  less  sonorona  as  the  ear  reoudM  Rom 
that  H^  above  or  below ;  or  is  it  diffused  over  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  trachea? 

In  these  cases  it  would  be  Gile  to  purge,  and  niost  certoinly  to  blister. 
Tho  oar  will  gnide  to  the  part  to  which  tho  blister  shonld  bo  applied.  The 
phyno  having  set,  a  courae  of  fovor  modicino  should  be  commenced.  It 
should  be  considered  as  a  case  of  chronic  inflammation,  and  to  be  sobdued 
by  a  continuanco  of  moderate  depletory  measures.  A  second  dose  of  physio 
should  bo  given,  and,  most  ocrtninly,  tho  blister  sbonld  bo  repeated,  or 
kept  disoliarging  by  means  of  aomo  stimnhtting  anguunt. 

Of  late  years  the  actual  cautery  has  been  omployud,  and  Bring  horses' 
throats  for  roaring  is  at  the  present  time  a  very  fashionable  remody  witJi 
•ome  pnurtittuntim,  but  it  possesses  no  prvrtacnUr  coratiTe  power,  fhrtlicr 
than  being  a  moro  powonul  count<!r-irritant  than  the  common  blister 
oiatment,  but  has  the  disadr&utafce  of  oansiag  a  permaneiit  blemish.  Tha 
degive  of  snccem  which  sttond4  tbese  neosorea  would  d«temiinu  tlM 
ftrthcr  pursnit  of  thorn.  No  one  would  esfferly  nndorloJco  a  cBso  of  rmt- 
ing ;  but,  buvitig  undorhikcn  it,  ho  should  giro  the  moMona  that  he 
adopts  a  tkir  trial,  remembering  (Jiat,  in  evety  chronic  case  like  this,  tbe 
ODW  hope  of  sncooss  depends  on  porseveranoe. 

The  torma  wheenng  and  whistling  aro  rimply  variot^os  of  T«tring,  and 
cxproM  tho  noiN  made  in  tho  not  of  respirntiou.  Wbeoxingiaasoiuidnat 
unUke  that  of  an  asthmatic  person  wheu  hurried,  and  sometimos  arises 
from  impediments  in  tho  air-psssages  of  the  lungs.  It  can  bo  hoard  at  oil 
tdmos,  oven  whim  the  horse  is  at  rc>t  in  tlic  HtAblo.  Tho  whistJor  utters  a 
ahrill«r  sound  than  the  wheeser,  but  only  wlien  in  cxercldo,  aiid  that  of 
some  continnnnce.  A  vaddsn  motion  will  not  always  prodooe  it.  A  sharp 
gallc)|>  u|i-liill  will  Kenerally  detect  the  whiiittor,  although  in  mow  instancra^ 
when  shght,  it  wJI  be  heard  more  dialinctly  in  slow  paces.  It  nvoally 
procoods  from  tho  snnio  causes  as  roaring  aud  frequently  tenniuates  in 
that  di-HL-aie.     Bulb  tbnio  Ktiiti'H  oonctituto  unsoundness. 

When  the  oluilrucliun  seenui  to  bo  pnncinntly  in  tho  nose,  tho  horse 
loudly  nfi  and  blows,  and  the  false  nostrils  are  dilated  to  tho  utmost, 
wUto  ma  flaalca  an  oomparatiTely  qnwl.  This  animal  is  said  to  be  a 
HlOl-BLOWtB.  With  all  his  apparent  dirtmSi  be  often  poasossea  gl«at 
speed  and  endurance.  Tho  sound  is  onpteasaitt,  bnt  the  Ini^  may  be 
periectly  sound. 

mhtrazx,  oa  epidemic  catakeb. 

Various  names  are  given  to  this  diHonsc — iuQuritm.  dintomper,  catarrhal 
ferer,  and  i-pidemie  catarrh — its  osual  bistoir  is  as  fuUows. 

If  the  spring  of  the  year— a  oold  wot  sprine — and  that  snooeeding  to 
•  mild  winter,  and  rapocially  among  young  ooraai,  and  thoso  in  nigh 
eondition,  or  made  np  for  sale,  or  that  nave  been  kept  in  hot  stables,  or 
Mcpoeedto  the  usnalcanna of  infloinmation,  this  disease  principally  prevails. 
Tuwe  that  arc  in  nodsisto  work,  and  that  are  corrospondingly  fed, 


mFUJEMSA. 


srs 


oociMionallr  Mcnpc,  en-,  oven  when  it  ftppmrs  in  nunt  of  the  stabiiia  of  niiy 
{■MlKiilarduilni't,  liursi^ii  in  IwmK-'ka,  rviptWly  worked  Bud  modemtolj  fed, 
•ItlwDtt'lt  fitr  from  bviuf*  euliroly  exempt,  aru  comparativelj  loss  frcqneotly 
affected. 

If  it  luM  been  oliMrvrd  from  ibc  boginning,  it  will  be  found  tbnt  tho 
■Uaek  Is  B&dden,  &vquiiiUy  uulwrcd  in  by  sJiireriiig,  and  that  (]iii<:k)jr 
noceeded  bj^  ftcoeleration  of  pnlse,  beat<  of  month,  Et«riDgcoftt,diDiiDiitioD 
of  appHiU',  pninfnl  but  not  tiiu-d  cough,  rednc^  of  tbo  mcmbrnne  of  tlm 
now^  «woIlaa  imd  wwiping  eye,  dujected  couiitcnBJiPo — Uiesfi  urv  thu 
•ynptODU  of  catarrb.  Toe  leading  charact«riBtics  are  the  typLoid  or 
debuitating  cluiroctor  of  tho  diaoftso  and  the  nccompiknying  nony  throat —  nnd 
Qi0  MM  and  coiiainbr  with  which  this  gore  thnwt  is  di-lccrti^d  is  rrmiirk- 
^Id^  for  ohncMt  the  abgli tost  preasure  of  tbe  fixLgvr  and  thumb  on  the  larynx 
or  uppt-r  part  of  the  windpipe,  of  which  the  Eininial  would  not  tftke  the 
§li-'litif<l  notice  when  in  hpii1ui,will  ntoncr  in<lnccHh(irt,iign>,  and  nhrapt,  or 
ft  rrxtrnincd,  but  evidentJy  ptviiiful,  utlvinpt  to  congh :  intviine  thirst  ix  tho 
invnriablc  iR'compaiiiiui'iit  of  this  attack,  and  tho  slru):^lea  made  to  it^Iievo 
it  an.'  Dupleaaant  to  witncfls,  the  wntor  returning  by  the  nostril  as  fast  aa 
it  ia  taken  into  the  month,  tho  niTtofawnl  towing  being  too  painful  an  effort 
for  the  animat  to  puniLtit  iu.  This  in  the  fonti  under  whien  the  dtHciWD  ia 
lURiallT  DOW  seen. 

It  ueariy  is  not  inflammatioD  of  the  longs ;  fur  there  is  no  coldness  of 
(be  eztranities,  no  looking  at  tho  Aanks,  no  stiff  immovable  position,  no 
obstinate  ttAndingtip.  It  is  notatmplecntarrb;  for  as  early  as  the  second 
dar  there  i*  eridenl  debility.    The  horse  Btf^gcrs  lu  he  walks. 

It  ia  inflammatjon  of  the  respiratory  passages  generally.     It  eonimenees 

tlw  iDembiHoe  of  tho  nose,  bnt  it  gradually  involves  tho  wholo  of  tho 

_pii«torj  appnratnR.     Before  tlxi  dtsenuG  has  lieen  eHtiibliiihf^d  foar-and- 

renty  honr*,  tlicro  is  aoru  tbroat.     The  bor^e  quidv  his  hay,  and  gnlp* 

water.     There  ia  do  great  eularfjemen  t<  of  the  glands ;  the  parol  iiU  aro 

'a  little  tiUDciied,  the  a^tmaxillaiy  somcwliat   more   so,  but  not  at  all 

Xiratcnt  to  tho  degree  of  HotTriieu.  That  sonmeM  is  cxeoMive,  and  daj 
r  daj  tlie  hone  will  obiitiiuvtrly  rafuse  to  eat.  Diiuiliargo  from  tho 
noee  eoon  Cbllows  in  oonaidetable  quautit}':  thiek,  ver^-  oarly  purulent,  un<l 
eoawlimn  foetid.  The  breathing  is  rather  accelerated  and  laborioiLS  at  tlie 
bsgioiLing,  bnt  do«  not  always  incrcnsc  with  tlie  proRTOss  of  the  disease 
— nay, aouielimea,  a  dcocitful  calm  encoeedii,  and  the  pulse,  quickened  find 
full  at  flnt,  aooo  k>aea  ita  flnimeBa,  and  altbough  it  n-Hnally  mninloiiiK  ita 
nnnatnnd  qoickseea,  yet  it  OOCaeionally  deviate  fVom  tliis,  and  nubHidt.'s  to 
little  more  than  ita  imtund  etimdanj.  1'he  extremities  eoutinue  to  bo 
ootnfortably  warm,  or  at  leaat  the  terapenatuiv  is  variable,  nn<l  there  is  not 
in  the  manner  of  the  animal,  or  iu  any  one  syraptuiu,  a  d<!dded  n^fvmioa 
to  any  particalsr  part  or  epot  as  the  diief  seat  of  disease. 

I'hns  the  malady  proceeds  for  an  nnccrlnin  poriod :  occasionally  for 
•ereral  davs — in  not  a  few  instanceii  tlirough  the  wholi'  of  it*  ennrse,  and 
Ibe  aaimal  dies  exhausted  by  ext^osive  or  general  irritation :  but  in  other 
CBKCs  tho  inflammation  asBamea  a  local  det«rminatioEi,  and  we  lutve  bron- 
ehitis  or  pnenmonia,  bnt  of  no  reir  ncnto  oKarnctcT,  vet  difficult  to  treat, 
froiD  the  muni  debility  witb  which  it  is  cooueoted.  Sometunea  there 
are  connderable  swellings  in  rarinns  parts,  as  the  chest,  the  bellv,  the 
rxtremitie*,  and  particularly  the  brad.  And  when  opideatio  catarrh  first 
made  itn  appeumnce  in  thiaoonutry,  in  1S2(I-21,  tlie  leading  symptom  was 
aMPHgement  or  swelling  of  the  eitreiuitifii.aeeojupaiiicd  by  great  debility 
— U0  two  fore*legs,  the  two  hind-legs,  or  all  four,  would  in  the  oonrse  of 
ami^tbe  distended  to  threo  or  four  times  their  natnral  sine— or  (behead 
^^Vtiold    leeeiTe  tlie    fint  shook,  swelling  ont  of  all  nhape,  tho  uostrilt 

L Z_ 


a74  TB^^^~  IXFLUEKZA.  ^^^^^^^^M 

thickcnod  and  nourly  closed,  tlie  e/es  mporcliarf^d  iriUi  fluid,  aud  Uie 
eyelids  puffed  out  and  completely  oloeed — tho  sore  tliront  alvrays  mora 
or  less  pneseut,  bnt  only  ns  »  scoondiurjr  ajrmptom ;  and  in  tiuB  distros«iig 
form  wc  occiuionnllT  ma-t  witli  tt  still. 

Tbu  looat  dwidtil  chanwcUir  m  this  diaeaso  ifl  debility.  Not  tlio  stiflT, 
uawilliuf^  motion  of  the  hono  wilh  pneomonia,  and  which  hna  be4?n 
mistaken  for  dobitity — ovcry  roascio  bein^  nwjded  for  the  piirpofira  of 
rv^RpinitJon,  and  tlicmforci  imporfcctlj'  nsod  in  lot-oniotion — but  aotiial  loss 
of  powi-r  uf  tbe  rauaculur  sj'Ktom  fionoially.  The  home  staggere  from  tba 
second  dajr.  Hl>  threat^-ua  to  fall  if  he  ia  moved.  Uo  is  eometimes  down, 
pormaneotly  down,  on  tho  third  or  fourth  day.  The  omacifttioD  is  also 
occnsionallv  rapid  and  cxinmio. 

At  IdDgui  tbu  mr^dical  troutmcnt  which  has  been  emplcmd  soooeeds,  or 
nature  begiua  to  rally.  The  cough  somewhat  subsides;  the  palaeawimme* 
a  more  natural  Btandard;  thocoantenanc«acaiiiroaalittletaoreaiiimatMDi 
tbe  homo  will  cat  a  small  qiuuitiW  of  some  cnoice  thing ;  aod  health  ukI 
stroogth  iitowly,  tdit  Nlowly  intlceil,  return ;  bnt  at  o^er  timoa,  irhon 
(here  h&>  been  uo  decided  chauge  during  the  pron^reBa  of  the  disease,  ft 
Btrasge  ozaoerbatlou  of  symptoms  accompanies  the  closinf::  scene.  "Tba 
tntromitiosbocomo  deathly  cold;  tlio  flanks  henvo;  theconnt«ttAncebotraya 
nmtcr  dixtreH ;  the  membnuto  of  tlm  nose  is  of  an  intense  red ;  and 
inflammatiou  uf  the  stubnlauce  of  the  lungH,  and  oongeation  and  dn^ 
speedily  follow.  ^^J 

At  other  times  the  rodnc«s  of  tHo  nostril  saddenly  disappears :  itbeoOBU^^H 
purple,  livid,  dirty  brown,  and  thn  disohargo  i*  bItMKly  and  fcotid,  thV^^^ 
briuith  and  all  the  exordioiiii  becoming  fcetid  too.     The  mild  ohancter  of 
the  dLicoae  given  way  to  mah^ant  typhus :  swelling,  and  purulent  nloec^ 
^read  orer  ditferent  partu  of  thri  fmnte,  tmd  ths  ^^™'"^■'  is  soon  destroyed. 

Pettfwrl^m  J£Minnnatton.^Exiuninntii>nafWdfikthsnfIicient1ydis{Mlt7f 
tii9  mtl  chnmiTtor  of  the  diiiease, — inOiimmuticm  fint  of  tho  rMpiratoiy 
p«ang<«,  and,  in  fatal  or  agi^ravat^d  cases,  of  the  mu(»iu  iqcmbima— 
gonermlly.     From  the  pharynx  to  tho  tormin&tioD  of  the  small  inlestiDes, 
and  uflen  including  even  the  larger  ones,  tlicrc  will  not  bo  a  part  tn* 
troni  inflammation ;  tlui   ujigicr  ]>art  uf  the   trachea  wilt  lie  filled  vitli 
adbcaiTp  Kpome^  and  the  liaiug  mcinbrane  thickened,  injected,  or  nlocTBlnl 
tho  lining  tunic  of  the  bronchi  will  exhilut  uneqniyocal  marks  of  infiam' 
mation ;  the  sabstaoce  of  the  lan^  will  ho  engorged,  and  ofWn  inflamed 
tho  heart  will  partake  of  the  samo  alTcotion  ;  its  external  coat  will  bo  red,. 
or  purple,  or  black,  and  its  int«mal  one  trill  exhibit  spote  of  ccohymosi*  | 
tbe   portcardinm  will  be  thickeued,  and  the  pericardiao  and   pk-uritia 
bags  will   contain   an  undue  quantity  of  eonms,  or  bloody-aerona,  or 
■ami-jiumWt  fin  id. 

The  awoplkagns  wQl  bo  inRanacd,  sometimea  nloeratMl — the  stomacll 
frequently  so;  the  tmsll  intestineH  will  uniformly  present  palcbaa  of 
tnflacunatioQ  or  nloaratiOD.  The  lir«r  will  bo  inflAmod — the  spleen 
enlarged — no  part,  indeed,  will  have  escaped  ;  and  if  thn  malady  haa 
aasnined  a  typhoid  fonn  in  its  latter  stages,  the  nnivcnahty  and  maUg- 
naocy  of  the  ulocration  will  be  cxcesiire. 

This  dtseaac  is  clearly  attributaMe  to  atmoepherio  inflnenoo,  bat  of  tbe 
meoise  nature  of  this  inSaonoo  we  an  alto^nther  ignorant.  It  is  mibo 
flinvign  ir^nrioos  principle  wbieb  mJogleM  with  and  cmitaminateB  the  air, 
but  whence  thin  poison  is  derived,  or  bow  it  is  difl'used,  we  know  not.  It  is 
angiMideTed,  or  it  is  most  prevalent,  in  cold  ungenisJ  wrafher;  or  this 
weather  may  dispose  the  patient  for  catarrh,  or  prepare  the  tissac*  to  bo 
affected  by  oaoses  which  would  otherwise  bo  hikmifcHs,  or  wliioh  may  at 
all  times  ecisl. 


ISFLVEXZA. 


srs 


I 


[ 


II  is  most  fVi>qn«Dt  in  tbe  eprinf*  of  Uie  ^'cor,  Imt  it  ix«aidoiuiUjr  n^m  in 
sutunu)  ukI  in  nintcr.  It  ia  tp^tmUc ;  it  spnnda  over  Ur^  diNtrictfl, 
U  Mimeliiiica  pomulai  tli«  vrlwln  conntrr.  Scnrcclr  n  stable  cacapoe.  Il« 
&pp»nuu)c  is  saddun,  iU  progrvu  T«|iiu,  Mr.  Wilkin«on  liad  thiiiy-aix 
new  CMea  in  mm  Aaj.  It  is  said  lli&t  a  oelebmW  praL-Lilioucr  in  London 
bftd  aenrlf  double  that  unmbcT  in  less  than  twcn^-four  Loun. 

At  otltcr  times  it  i«  endemic.  It  pcrmdM  one  town ;  one  little  tiMt  of 
aiBnl*7.  It  is  oouftnedtospobiexeMdinglyeirauiuaoribcid.  Itisdcpomdent 
on  atmospheric  agencj,  bot  this  reqaires  somo  iiyorious  adjuTaut,  and  tho 
principle  of  contn^on  miij-  probably  bo  cnllrd  into  play.  It  bas  been  nto 
eaongn  in  Ibe  lower  pitrUi  of  the  metiopoligi,  wbilo  in  tbo  nppcir  and 
north*  wr«UTu  diatricta  uaroely  a  casa  haa  occurrvd.  It  has  oooaitionnlljr 
btwn  confined  to  a  lociiIitT  not  extending  h»If*s^mi)e  in  any  directiun.  In 
one  of  tho  cAralnr  Imrracxii  the  nujori^  of  tho  hone*  on  one  side  of  tlie 
jnni  wen  attacked  by  i-pidomki  ealatrli,  urbilo  there  mt  not  a  nick  hoP«« 
on  ths  other  side.  Those  pnvalenc««  of  diseave,  vith  tli««e  exi-r]itiuns, 
an  allogethmr  unacconntabk.  Tbe  ctablcs,  and  tbe  system  of  stable 
■MOtgWwnt,  hare  been  moiit  carefully  ioi^uircd  into  in  tbo  infcctod  and 
the  healthy  diatricts,  and  no  satis&ctory  difll'renco  oonld  bo  asoertninod. 
One  fact,  how«ver,  has  been  eitafaliahed,  and  a  very  importiuit  one  it  '\*  to 
the  bone  proprietor  as  well  na  tho  pnctitioncr.  Tbe  probability  of  Ibe 
iliflTTt  aeenu  to  be  in  pn^ortion  to  the  number  of  boixv  inbahiting  the 
stable^  Two  or  tbrtM!  nonea  ahut  up  in  a  compantiTely  dote  atablo  mav 
Out  of  tliirty  horees.  diatHbat«^  throngh  ten  or  flAeen  small 
,  not  one  may  bo  affected  ;  Int  in  »  stnblc  oontnining  t«tt  or  twelve 
lUiUWi  tho  <baffwo  will  asNurcdty  ap[H.-cvr,  ullhough  it  may  be  proportionally 
rg«r  and  welt  rentilateiL  It  is  on  this  account  that  iKiHtiuasttTS  and 
irM-dcalcn  dread  its  appear&nc*'.  In  n  sickly  scnson  tooir  stables  are 
rer  free  from  it  -,  and  if,  percli.tnw,  it  doM  enter  one  of  their  largest 
ibles,  ahnoHt  cvcrv  bontu  wilt  bo  aiTeettLst.  Thererure  also  it  i«  that 
„.i>oaishavcso  muoti  drtad  of  a  diateooporcd  stable,  and  that  theoddaare 
■oaeriooaly  affected  if  distemper  baa  broken  ont  in  a  nKingestablisbmcnt. 
Does  tfaia  lead  to  tho  concWifu  that  epidemic  catarrh  is  coDfagionaf 
Uot  neoeMUify,  but  it  excites  &t  todk  Riapidon  of  It*  beiu^  so,  and  thaw  ara 
so  many  bctti  of  the  diaeaae  extending  to  nearly  ereiy  annua]  in  tlie  stable, 
that  it  has  been  considered  both  inloctioni  uid  contanoiu.  There  are 
DiAiiy  well-informed  grooms,  and  extensive  owner*  of  haiwcfl,  and  Living 
mncb  among  tbcm,  and  even  Teterinaiy  anrgeona  of  oonsideiable  nrao- 
tios^  who  have  considerable  doobt  abant  the  matter — they  bee  sight, 
however,  of  the  fiict,  tJiat  there  in  in  rcftli^  no  oceaeion  to  By  to  eiuier 
in&ction  or  coctagion  to  explain  this.  In  a  stable  of  twenty  horses  the 
same  <»nse  that  afliwta  one  may,  and  eometunea  does,  aHeot  the  other 
nineteen,  or  any  intermediate  nnmber ;  knowing  this  to  be  tbe  cauae,  why 
look  tor  adventitioiiie  cansea  when  tho  anmo  nmJnria,  or  whatever  else 
TOO  may  please  to  oall  it,  may  e<inally  pruslrate  one,  one  score,  or  one 
onndrad? 

With  regard  to  the  treatment  of  e^idomio  catarrh  tlirre  should  not  bo 
any  considerable  difficnl^.  It  is  a  discuae  of  (be  mnootis  membrane,  and 
Ui OS  connected  with  much  debility  ;  bnt  it  is  alw  a  disease  of  a  febrile  oha* 
■•ctor,  and  the  inflamniation  is  occasicoiallyconsideTablo.  Tho  vetennary 
•nrgcon,  therefore,  mnsl  jndge  for  bimselt.  Is  the  disease  in  its  cwrliest 
Bta^e  marked  t>y  inflammatory  aotiuu  ?  latberemueh  redue>Ba  urtbi^naaal 
muibmia?  mncb  acceleration  of  the  pulse  F  some  hiaving  of  the  ftimk  P 
aiid,  if  so,  must  iwit  hlood  be  abstrnclcd  ?  No,  a  tbonwuid  times  no  I 
KTrry  drop  Loat  may  afterwards  be  wuncttL  Klav  be  ? — nay,  numt  sni«]y 
will  be  wanted,  and  ahu!  wauled  iu  vaiii.    Theaiaeaso  is  a  typhoid  ferer, 

ft 


9TS 


INFUJBSZA. 


ftod  dvfaiUlatee  wliile  it  exoitos.  The  scat  of  l^e  diacAse  is  •  mucoiK 
menbrsDc.  and  natara*8  core  for  s  disease  of  s  mucouB  membmno  is  to 
hicr»«c  it*  •Mrrction,  and  thiw  throw  off  the  morbific  canse.  Will  bli^oding 
aEsint  tbl^  dubility,  ur  i-'nitlile  tiia  membrane  to  tncreese  its  fuactiiiniU 
divdvarHe  ?  It  will,  so  Ikr  froui  it,  prDstnito  tbe  powers  of  uatur«  ttod 
disable  n«r  from  hanng  reconrae  to  tkoso  heslth-rtetoring  measures  on 
vbich  Ijfo  itmlf  nun  depond. 

Tbe  traotmrat  olcatAiTh  Khoald  consist  of  ziTing  a  fever  dinnght  con- 
taiiiing  AH  ouBCA  of  Spirits  uf  uitrio  ether,  wtlJi  six  or  i-iglit  ounces  of  Uqitor 
atiiliMn>ix>  ACetatts,  in  s  pint  of  water,  twice  &  dny.  It  bas  bee^  object^ 
tlist  no  mcdicino  whntovOT  slionH  bo  giwa  while  the  throat  in  so  inflained 
and  sore;  but  so  fur  from  tiiis  bcitigniiobj<>ction,  itis  tlie  vcty  rv^oKon  why 
a  dmugbt  al)()uld  bo  adtmniHlvreil ;  fur,  buwerer  small  a.  qtiantity  may  tw 
swallowed,  it  acts  as  a  gargle  (o  tbi!  tliroat,  and  soon  modifies  the  diseaee^'i 
action  of  tho  mncoos  cnemkrane.  Counter- irritnti on  to  the  throat  is 
inipnrtAnt ;  for  am  sum  as  tho  ontnr  Hkin  Iwrnmcit  snro  tho  internal 
of  tbo  throat  bL-comos  It-ss  ho.  Tho  bt-it  aii[)tii:ation  in  tho  infnsioii  or 
tincture  of  Sj>auiah  flica  dilated  with  a  litUu  soaj)  liuimeiit  aud  spirit  of 
turpentine.  This  should  be  well  rubbiMl  in,  eoongb  having  been  applied 
to  weU  moisten  tho  slcin,  till  tho  horso  shakos  his  hoad  at  yon  ««  tho  utdi- 
catinu  of  frcling  it ;  and  mar  bo  rriK«U'd  night  and  morning  till  tho  thick 
•cuif  is  thrown  out  on  tbe  skio.  Should  tliiii  fuil  in  giving  nrlief  in  for^y- 
ciglit  hours,  the  throat  should  bo  blistei«d ;  and  if  the  couftb  continue* 
tronblcsomtf,  tho  inwrtion  ofn  uiton  for  a  fortnight  or  thrtw  weeks  will 
gcnrmlty  remove  it.  Con  fomontntions  bn  applied  to  relievo  the  inHamed 
and  turgid  roembniuc  of  tho  mouth,  noxtrilH.  and  fauces  ?  Tea,  and  to  tho 
verj  purto,  by  ideamiiig  the  tiead.  For  lliis  purpose  a  pail  or  ncae-bag 
ehonU  be  half  filled  witJi  hay,  boiling  water  poured  on  it,  and  the  hone's 
hc^  kept  etoadiiy  over  it  as  Ions  as  tho  steam  asocnd^i,  tnmiDg  th«  bl^ 
oecasioDally.  The  hay  is  a  much  bettor  mi-dium  for  applying  Uu>  stwa 
tliaD  bran,  and  i*  not  so  Itkidy  to  clog  tho  nostrilsi 

Thu  appetite  is  seldom  altogether  lost,  altboogb  the  horse  may  refoae  to 
eat  thu  two  or  three  first  days ;  tbia,  however,  is  more  trota.  inability  than 
from  disinclinatinn  ;  and,  eimcml]^,  on  tlio  thiid  day  tonios  may  be  had 
Kvoiiriio  to.  Tho  beet  of  tbi-se  w  the  sulphato  of  iron,  which  may  bo 
given  in  jij.  doMS,  diaaoilvod  in  aptnt  of  wal«r  twice  a  day,  or  it  may  bo 
alternated  with  the  tincture  or  innision  of  gentiati  or  colnmbo. 

yrom  tho  first  hour  a  rati!  of  chilled  inttcr  should  be  placed  within  hit 
roBoh  ;  and  if  litis  is  rvfuw.-d  do  nut  hriiitnto  afVir  a  snort  tODA  to  ] 
him  oold — anything  lo  feliuvu  the  intokrable  thint.  Ho  will  be 
In  it  with  his  Ups  and  tongue  bonra  during  the  day,  even  if  be 
drink,  A  little  mash  of  scalded  oats  and  bran  in  one  comer  of  the  maageTi 
a  few  dry  nnta  and  bran  in  anothcir,  a  littl«  damn  hay  or  gmm  meat 
thrown  on  tho  litter,  to  indsco  kim  to  hold  liis  licod  low,  so  tlial  tbo 
incr««scd  si-crt'tian  may  the  moro  readily  escape.     The  green  meat  _^ 

bo  uflVml  caxly, — grass,  tares,  lucerne,  and  carrots, — varying  the  niaterial 
ao  a«  lo  tempt  his  fastidious  palate.  A  stricter  attention  muit  he  inud  to 
diet  than  the  veterinarian  ueaallr  enforces,  or  the  groom  drauns  of. 

TiM>  pmctilioner  will  oflirn  and  anxiously  have  recourse  to  anscultatinak 
Ho  wiQ  lisli-ii  for  Ute  mncona  mttlc,  creeping  down  the  wiiidpitw,  aad 
entering  the  broDchia]  UMngM,  If  be  cannot  delect  it  below  the  latju^ 
he  will  ^>pl7  a  vtrong  mister,  rmching  from  ear  to  ear,  anil  extending  to 
Uut  MCODd  or  third  ring  of  Uie  trachea.  If  he  can  traou  the  rattle 
in  the  windpipe,  be  tnvM.  fullow  it, — he  mnst  bUster  as  far  as  the  diaoaae 
bae  spread.  This  wilt  often  have  an  oxoellentcficct,  notonlyasa  oonnter* 
ijTitanI,  bnt  m  roiuiing  the  laognid  powen  of  the  oonstitntion. 


J 


ISKLOBHZA. 


!!rT 


A  hood  U  a  nseful  ariiolo  of  dotliiii^  id  them  oucs.  It  Ukujuasl'*  tho 
penpiivtioD  fron  Uie  suiftce  oorering  the  iuilmiiL-d  piirt — n  pircuiuslani.ii 
ftlmys  or  ooosid<nbl«  naomcot,  and  tho  )egs  aLuuId  he  warmly  bandugttl 
Dp  to  till!  liooks  iukI  tile  kncoi. 

Au  eijiiabltf  warmth  shouli]  be  prMervKt,  U*  possible,  ovor  tht  wbole  body. 
The  band-mblwr  bIiouM  bu  penlly  uaod  every  day,  and  harder  and  mora 
cfiectaal  nililnn^  npjilitHl  to  tlio  l^gs.  Tho  jiatient  akuid<T,  if  poiwibto,  bo 
placed  in  a  Iikku.-  Ik>x,  in  whiuh  be  maT  moi-o  about,  and  take  a  littld  caor- 
d*e,  aud  ont  of  wLicb  be  should  nuMy,  if  at  all,  bi;  taken.  Tho  ox«rciao 
of  irtuch  tbe  ^rootn  is  so  fond  in  thoM  CMOO,  and  which  mtiHt  in  tlio  most 
paowmpUiTy  tirma  bo  forbidden,  ha«  dostroyod  tbooeands  of  horMH.  Tbo 
air  aboold  be  frclAx  and  oncoutaininated,  bnt  never  chilly  ;  for  the  objecrt 
it  to  increase  aud  not  to  repress  cntaneons  perapimtion ;  to  podaoo,  if 
|)Osmble>,  a  dotcrminntion  of  blood  to  the  nkin,  and  not  to  drive  it  to  the 
put  already  too  mudi  owrluadcd.  In  oitlor  to  accompliah  this,  the  clodi* 
msabonldbe  rather  wanuer  than  usual. 

^ie  case  may  praoeed  Bomowhat  slowly,  and  not  quite  iiatiiifnctonr  to 
the  practitioiufr  er  hi*  r-mploycr,  Tht^ro  in  not  nioch  fever — there  is  bttlo 
ot  no  local  inflammation ;  bat  there  ia  gr(«t  umacintion  and  debility,  and 
total  loas  of  apiwtite. 

Tba  feeding  should  now  bo  eedulansly  attended  to.  As  bufore  iitatcd, 
almost  tnVTj  kind  of  ^cmnn  meat  that  can  be  obtmned  should  be  given, 
portKnlarly  carrofa  nicely  scrajwd  and  iiliotxi.  Tim  food  nbnuld  be  changed 
aa  often  aa  the  capricious  appodle  prompts ;  and  occasionally,  if  ncctmwry, 
tbe  patient  should  he  givrn  ffnir^l  as  thick  as  it  will  run  from  the  horn,  but 
tbe  gradnal  rrturtt  of  health  Khonld  be  well  nMuriKl,  bcfora  a  fUl  alloir- 
■nco  of  com  ia  ^ivcn. 

In  a  communication  received  fVoni  the  Into  Mr.  Fercivall,  tho  follow. 
ing  aecouit  of  a  new  and  dcatractive  epidemic  amongst  horses  in  I8<JS^ 
ia  givcm: — 

'  From  tho  close  of  tliu  pnjiL  yt-ar  aud  the  beginnlnj;  of  the  prcKOnt,  np 
to  the  time  I  am  Writing,  Ihi-  inttueuza  among  horses  has  continued  to 

Cail  in  the  metropolis  and  difl«rrnt  partu  of  the  i!ountry  with  more  or 
IbtaHty.     In  Ixindon  it  haa  nxnunicd  the  form  of  lariiJiffitif,  associated 
in  Komo  in9ctanc<«  wilh  bnmchitit;   in  otht-rs — in  all  I  baliirvo  where  it  has 

CTcd  fatal— with  pleurisy.  The  parenchynmtoua  Elructuro  of  the  longs 
not  partaken  of  the  diseuo,  or  bat  connccntivcly  and  slightly.  The 
CMrfiest  and  moat  charaoteriatie  symptom  hua  bccm  fore  tknat;  canning 
tmnbleiKiine  dry  sliort  cou(-h,  but  rarely  oooadoBiD{f  any  difficulty  of  dc^flu- 
tition,  aud,  in  no  instance  that  I  havo  seen,  severe  Or  extensive  enough  to 
prodnce  anything  like  cUsgorgemcnt  or  return  of  tho  mnstiented  matters 
Ifarongb  tho  none,  and  yet  the  slirhtect  jimxare  on  Uic  lan-nx  has  excited 
an  act  of  oougbiag.  But  seldom  hasany  glandular  enlai^^etncmt  appeared. 
"Die  symptom  secondarily  remarkable  af\«r  the  sore  throat  and  cough  bsa 
been  a  d^spiritodDess  and  dullnnm,  for  whi<-h  moit  c-pidcmica  of  the  kind 
■re  remarkable.  The  animal,  at  the  time  of  sit-koniutf,  has  hung  his  heod 
snder  the  manger,  with  his  eyvi  half  shnt,  and  his  lower  lip  pendent, 
withoat  evincing  any  alarm  or  oven  mnoh  notice,  tliongb  »  prmon  enti-rcd 
lib  abode  or  appmnchi^l  him;  and  if  in  a  box,  bis  head  b  oneo  foand 
dnrinff  bis  iUdoss  tnnied  towards  the  door  orn^ndow.  Foror,  without  any 
distimMiiee  of  the  rvepirotioii,  has  alnaya  lie<Tn  proiciit ;  Uie  \ia\so  has 
been  aooelevated,  though  rather  small  and  weak  iu  ita  beat  than  defective 
of  strength ;  the  moutlt  has  been  bot^  aometicaea  burning  lya*,  «S«r> 
ward*  moist,  and  perhaps  sMMDaooous;  the  skin  and  extremities  in  genond 
liaru  been  wanu.  Now  niid  then  tbo  prostration  and  ap{».'araii<'e  of  drhility 
have  been  snnh,  uhI  so  rapid  in  their  manifestations,  that  &Lortljr  aitui 


A 


L 


971         ^^H^F  I.Vt'UUE.VZ^  ^^^^^^^^^M 

boioe  bttm-kcd,  ft  hono  ha&  slaKlfeHiigly  walked  twenty  yardi  uolj^— > 
thu  iiixbincv  Truui  Uia  stable  into  Uio  infirmaiy'box.  The  appi'lit«,  tLooftfa 
impEured  macli,  bas  BoMnni  boon  altogothor  Imt.  CicEicrnlllj',  if  a.  liul* 
fivfth  h»y  has  boon  offurttd,  it  bus  bet'D  taken  uiii  e»(«n  ;  but  tn  iniuilirA 
thoro  hsM  bnen  eommonl;  great  aTDrsion.  Daring  die  limg  coiitiuuiuic« 
uf  Uie  wind  in  the  east,  tbe  sora  tliront  and  congh  have  bocoi  anatt«ndi^ 
by  any  flux  from  tbo  aoso ;  but  siiicu  tliu  wind  biia  iihifVKl  witbln  thb  bst 
fortnigbl  or  three  wetika,  dieicbargcs  bom  tlie  noatrila  Luvv  app«arcd,  pro- 
fnso  oren  iu  qn&ntity,  and  pomlenb  in  their  nature ;  in  fact,  the  diseeae  has 
adanuied  a  more  catarrlml  cluirn«t«r — ergo,  1  might  iidd,  a  mora  favonmbla 
Dne. 

'  Thft  diHordwr  boa  exliibited  every  phase  and  deifree  of  iii)«^ty,  from 
dw  aligbtust  perceivable  dnUnc^K,  which  has  passed  off  with  simply  a 
obau);e  iu  the  diet,  to  nn  iniiidiotis,  unyiulding,  aiiKiil>< limbic  pleuri^, 
ending  in  hydrothomx,  in  apitu  of  evervtbini;  Ihitt  could  bo  done,  niM 
moKt  timirly  done.  So  longaaUie  cUwase  has  confined  ila<>lf  to  the  throat, 
iLud  tbnl  there  hae  boon  along  with  that  only  dcj<K;tion,  proetratton,  and 
fever,  thoro  has  ciiixtiid  nu  (.'uuiiv  fur  ulunu ;  but  wlu^n  Mnch  symptoms  have, 
nflcr  aonio  duvs'  oouLiuuanci\  not  abuiiiid,  and  h&re,  ou  the  ntntrarr,  rutlivr 
incrcoNL-d,  uiiu  others  havo  ariupn  ivhich  bnt  too  well  have  autbonaod  flu^ 
pioiou  that  "mischiuf  wm  browiuK  in  tbn  chest,"  then  there  bocomo  the 
■trODgut  rnuonji  fur  alamt  for  tlui  nuii-ty  of  the  patient.  What  is  now  to 
ba  done  ?  The  practitioner  durst  not  bleed  a  second  time,  at  least  not 
ganerally,  for  tlio  pntipnt's  strongth  wonld  not  endoro  it,  although  he  is 
■are  a  nlourijiy  i*  coniraminKhiti  patiunt.  Ho  possoosoa  no  eRbctnu  meaas 
for  topical  btuod-lcttjug.  Neither  blisten  nor  revrds,  nor  plu^  noractono, 
will  toko  any  effect.  Cathartic  medicine  he  must  not  adnuniat«r ;  oaa- 
aeauts  are  uncertain  and  dnnbtfnl  in  tbciir  cflicnoy  ;  urdntiTos,  tonics,  sind 
slimnlants,  and  norcoticM,  appvor  t-uaulcr-iudicatod,  inilanimatJon  existing, 
nnd  when  tried  under  tiiicb  artnuustaaoefl^  have,  I  huUeve,  nuror  failed  to 
do  harm. 

'  Dissatiafied  with  one  and  all  of  thiAO  remodi(«  in  the  lato  infloenxa — 
thouf;h  the  losiwii  I  buvo  exiiencnotnl  hare,aflerall,  niit  been  so  vtEry  oooi- 
piinttivoly  great,  boinff  no  more,  since  the  beginning  of  the  y«ar,  than  three 
out  uf  nearly  forty  CAMS — 1  ropcnt,  hnviog,  aa  I  thoaght,  reason  to  bo 
dissatisfied  for  loijug  even  tlieae  three  cums,  conaidoritig  that  Uicy  cuna 
nnder  loy  care  at  Ibe  earliest  period  <rf  indiapositiun,  I  detennined,  in  any 
dimilar  ca^ea  that  micbt  oc^cnr,  to  have  rrcotu-se  to  that  medicine  which, 
in  all  nuinibrouous  inmunmationa  in  particular,  is  the  physician's  slKtit* 
anchor,  and  which  1  had  exhibited,  and  still  oontinno  to  do,  myactf,  in 
otlter  disorders,  Ihoagh  I  had  never  given  it  a  fitir  trial  in  epidtuuics 
having  that  t«!iidency  which  1  have  doacnbod  tlie  present  one  uoiforml;^  ^ 
have  uidicated,  via.  the  dealructioa  of  life  liy  an  inBummafion  attackhig 
niL-inbrauoua  ]iart8,  of  a  nntiire  over  which,  being  furbiddun  Iu  bleed,  wo 
appeared  to  pOMOsa  little  or  no  (lowcr.  CouKI  we  have  drawn  blood  from 
the  ddca  or  weact,  bj  cupping  or  by  loei-hcK,  in  any  totcniblo  aunntily,  we 
might  have  had  some  ouulrot  over  the  tntemsl  diaeaac  ;  but  barred  irom 
this,  and  without  any  renie-ly  wto  a  counter-irritant,  which  we  could  nol 
moke  act,  or  nn  intitmal  ni(vli<-inc,  wbow  action  became  ext  namely  dahinus, 
if  not  positirvly  hurtful,  wbut  waa  to  be  done  P  1  rv{Hiit,  I  miule  up  my 
miud  to  experiment  with  the  surgeon's  remedy  in  lh<.'  ioitdc  dis(«4e.  nuoM^ly, 
nwr«ai7  ;  and  tfaat  I  have  liad  rtsson  to  feel  graliSiil  at  the  KaniL  will,  I 
think,  appear  from  the  fulluwing  coiiea : — 

'  Case  t.^Apiil  8.  Kverjr  symptom  uf  tlie  prcruiliug  epidemic :  and 
conaiderahly  o^mvatedon  the  lOth.when  the  horau  tabotired  nnder  mnek 
prostraltou  ufstrength,  and  st^^;en)d  considerably  in   his  gait.     ThB 


TUB   UALIGNAXT    EriUEMlC. 


279 


fallowing  bnll  irajt  then  onlorvd  to  be  given  hint  twice  a  diiy ;  ^  Hydmrg, 
chlorid.  ji,  fkrin.  »tl-ii«i  jus.  Uin.-lntitU.  vulg.  q.  s.  ut  fiat  buK  Quo  to  ho 
giTUt  rooming  aud  lUKbt.  He  suon  bt-gau  ti>  tui{)rove  ;  and  was  1-eturut.ii 
lo  the  stable  nn  the  2€i.h,  oosynloscciit.  A  second  pnticnt  of  tlie  huuo 
cfawwcfatr  tTM  cared  in  rigtil«cn  dnj«,  and  n  iJiird  in  ninutonn  tlAya.*  Tbo 
■iitlior  of  tliiH  work  )uul  th«  pteamiri!  of  witncaiiiij{  Uictc  COM*. 

Mr.  P(.Ti.-ii-ull  adds,  '  Lviit  it  sliuuld  be  aaid,  eiW  the  peraaol  of  tfaeaa 
three  cases,  that  tlicy  do  not  appear  to  have  been  of  a  dangeroiu  cbarActor, 
or  to  barv  reqniiwl  nnything  out  of  the  ordinnry  linn  of  trontmeiit,  I  beg 
to  obaerro,  that  at  tbo  pdriodii  nt  wbich  I  Hulmiiiti^d  iiu-m  to  the  Bftian  of 
merciuj,  tliey  ao  mnok  rvacrobled  tUruu  othcTS  that  had  preeodt>d  thorn, 
and  the  diiwnflfi  lukl  prored  fotal,  that,  under  a  continiiaTtce  of  tre-atiiieiit 
of  any  ordhuij  l^ul,  I  oortainly  ahoald  hnvo  cnt«rl4iin('d  fcurs  for  their 
HfM]r. 

*  It  mtut  bo  remembered  that  they  were  oasea  to  which  blood-lottiDg, 
except  at  the  commencemeDt,  was  altogether  forbiddeo ;  and  that  at  the 
critical  period  wh«m  morctiiy  wiw  introdaccd  they  had  taken  an  nn- 
faronnible  tarn,  and  that  nothiiiK  in  the  nhupu  of  rvmi^y  apprnred 
arailablc  «aTe  inlurual  medicine  and  conuler-imtalioii,  and  that  tliu  latter 
had  not  and  did  Dot<  show  Kisults  betokening  the  welfare  of  the  patieudi. 
Under  IhoM  circa mvtancon  the  mrrcnry  was  oxhibitod.  That  it  entered  the 
■yrtem,  and  moat  bavo  had  more  or  li>aM  influence  on  the  disease,  apprAra 
erident  from  its  effwH  on  the  ^uis.  That  it  proved  the  means  of  eurc,  I 
eanDot,  from  Bo  few  eases,  take  npon  myself  to  assert ;  but  I  would  recont* 
lumd  it  in  similar  cases  to  the  notice  of  pnictitionera.' 

TBS   KAUOBAKT   ZIIDEltlC. 

Continental  Tcterinarinnii  dcieribc  a  mali^'ioiit  variety  or  Icrminntien  of 
this  disMse,  and  the  imperfect  history  of  vctwriiiary  inediHiie  in  Rrilain 
is  not  without  its  records  of  it.  So  lat^'iy  a?  the  year  1815,  an  epidumio 
of  a  malignnnt  character  reigned  aniotijj  homo.  Tliroe  out  of  five  who 
were  attacked  died.  It  rr«pp«ired  in  1^'23,  but  waa  not  no  tatid.  It  was 
said  that  the  horaM  that  died  wei«  oKiinfttely  fiuvied :  the  truth  waa,  thai 
swedings  and  ulcerations,  with  foiilid  dischjiive,  appeared  in  various  p&rte^ 
or  abnost  all  over  them — the  natnrn.1  KWellingii  of  tho  complaint  which 
has  jnet  been  conaidenHl,  but  u^gruvatcd  and  lualijimint.  Our  rccoliccdon 
of  the  claaeac  lore  of  our  early  years  will  fiirniah  aa  with  iuHtmiocH  of  the 
Kamc  port  in  distant  times  and  countries.  We  have  cot  fora^ttea  tlie  vivid 
deacription  of  Apollo  darting  his  fiery  nrrowa  nmoD^  tiifl  Oreekt^  and 
involvmff  iu  one  common  datmetion  tho  hnnum  being,  the  male,  tho 
hon^  the  ox,  and  the  do;;,  Lueretius,  when  deooribing  tho  plague  at 
Athens,  tpcnkt  of  a  mabgoant  epidemic  aOecliDg  alnioatereiy  animal — 

Rar  loi^cer  binU  (t  dood,  nor  lH>a«t(  it  aight 
Tlwir  oaliT*  Tooda  decnted ;  with  tiia  ptat 
Bcmola  thn  bogoiihtd,  and  full  fr^arnt  d{«d : 
Bat  ebief  Id*  dog  hii  giaimiaa  MRogtliremgiiKL 

In  1714,  a  mailignant  epidemic  waa  imported  from  tho  Continent,  and  in 
the  eooTse  of  a  few  inontliB  destroyed  7I>,000  hones  and  cattla  It  con- 
famed  to  visit  other  countries,  with  but  short  intervals,  for  &t\j  years 
afterwards.  Oat  of  evil,  however,  oame  griod.  The  continental  agricol- 
tnriala  became  alarmed  by  this  destruction  (if  thinr  pmiierty.  The  diifemtb 
govenunente  parlioipaled  in  the  terror,  and  vetenuaty  BOboola  wero 
eaMblished,  in  which  the  anatomy  and  diseasos  of  these  *niiT»n|a  might  be 
studied,  and  Uic  eauu  amd  tnatnent  of  tbeso  periodical  peeta  disoovered. 
From  the  time  that  lhi«  bianeb  of  medical  smence  bt^pin  to  reoaire  tho 


sw 


THE  MAUO'AKT  EPIDEKia 


kttmtion  it  dcMTrTcO.  tfasM  anidcnici,  if  tbty  have  not  qnitc  ecMcd,  hftro 
cbaaged  tbcir  cbiuwHer,  mkI  nan  bcoontc  cumpttrMivdj  mild  and  """Tg^ 
able.  Aa.  Iiuwtfv«r,  tliej  jet  ooonr,  aod  aru  far  too  futal.  we  miiBt  endMtvour 
to  collect  tho  ^mptoma,  aad  point  oot  Iho  trmtmcnt  of  tKcm. 

Th«  Bialignaot  cpidemto  ira«  altiKMt  unifunatr  oabrn-ii  in  bv  ini!ainin»- 
tion  of  tlieinBOoaaiiiembc»neo(th«  rwjniatorj  pwaages,  bolaooD  inrolrhig 
other  portiona,  aad  Utan  enaoed  *  diarrboea,  which  no  art  could  nn««& 
1b»  forar,  acato  at  ftnt,  ntadlj-  pMaed  orer,  aad  wm  miccirrdrd  hy  gnat 
pwntudon  of  atita^th.  The  toflamiaatiaa  then  KpTFwl  to  the  cclmlar 
lextnn^  and  tliara  waa  ft  ptftnliir  diqwBition  to  the  formaiioa  of  phleg- 
mooou  tUBOtm:  soaetunee  Aen  mn  pnstalar  cmptioiu,  bat,  o(\«oer, 
doop-aoatod  famoan  i^jdl;  pmcnsding  to  mppuration.  Connects]  with 
tUa  waa  a  ttroag  tenden^  to  decompodiltun,  and  tuilMa  the  aoiinnl  wna 
raHered  bj  aome  critical  nut  or  eracuation,  malignant  trphtis  was  ealab- 
lidked,  and  tlie  horw  apeedilj'  rank. 

The  moat  ■atiafactery  aocooni  of  one  of  these  epidrmics  in  giron  iu  by 
Pro&aaor  Bivgnone,  of  Tnrin.  It  oomiiienced  with  lost  of  appntilti, 
■taring  c«*t,  a  wild  aud  wunderiug  look,  aiid  a  ategf^ering  trota  Uxi  vnrj 
oommenoemenL  The  horao  woald  coatiaoally  lie  down  and  get  np  aguio, 
aa  if  tonnentod  hj  colic,  and  he  gaaod  altematdj  at  both  flutka.  In  the 
moments  of  compaiatJve  eaae,  there  were  nnircrHiJ  twitching*  of  the  skin, 
•ad  apaams  of  the  limbo.  Tli«  tempcratare  of  the  <«»  aod  fi-et  wm 
Tnriabw.  Ff  thvr«  haci>«nied  to  bo  about  the  aaimal  anj  old  wound  oe 
acar  &om  Ketontan  or  liriag,  it  o^iuid  afrcab  and  discharged  a  qnaotitj  ' 
thick  and  black  blood.     Vei^-  ahurtlj  aAerwardu  the  AmiIui,  which  wi 

?[uie4  before^  ''^KMi  to  heave,  the  ooatrils  were  dilated,  the  head 
ar  breath.  The  hone  bad  by  tbis  time  become  ao  weak  that,  if  he  lay 
fell  dawn,  ho  ooold  rise  no  more;  or  if  ho  was  np^  he  would  slAnd  tre 
bling,  staggtiring,  and  threatening  to  full  ererr  mommt.  The  moKth  mf 
dnr,  the  tonffue  white,  and  the  bn«th  fujtid ;  »  discharge  of  yellow  or 
bloody  fcetid  nkaller  proceeded  from  the  nose,  and  fcntid  blood  from  the 
amu.  The  dnration  of  the  diii«iu<o  did  not  nanolly  cxoood  twclre  or 
twonta^fonr  honr* ;  or  if  the  animiJ  liofrered  on,  swellinffH  of  the  head 
and  threat,  and  shoatb,  and  scrotom,  followed,  and  he  died  exhaiuted 
IB  eonrnbiDiM. 

Blade  spots  of  rTlranaatirm  were  found  in  the  ccUnlar  mcmbtane,  ia 
the  lissne  of  all  the  meBDhnaM,  and  on  the  stomadi.  The  meaenterio  and 
lymphatic  glaads  were  sngoipd,  bliu:lc,  and  gangrenoiiia.    The  memi 

M  the  noae  and  the  pharynx  was  highly  injectedi  the  hugs  were 

with  black  and  ftolhy  blcKMl,  or  with  black  and  Hvid  apota.  Tbc  bmiD  and' 
its  meiu&gaa  were  nnalt«red. 

It  eonmienosd  in  March  1783.  Tho  barracks  then  contained  one 
hnndred  and  tnxtevn  horaeii ;  all  but  tbirtoen  were  attiu^kod,  and  seventy* 
ogfat  of  them  died.  The  homw  of  both  offieers  and  men  wem  tnibiect  to' 
the  attack  of  it :  and  three  horaea  Dom  the  town  died,  two  of  wlijcli  had 
diawD  tho  carta  titat  conroyed  tho  carcases  awny,  nitd  tho  other  stood 
aiuUir  a  wiodow,  from  which  tho  dnng  of  on  iiifoct«d  stable  had  been 
duown  onL  The  disease  would  probably  hare  sprvad,  but  the  moat  som- 
ataiT  neasnree  for  nrrosting  its  |)rr>g:mis  wors  ado^ited ;  vnrj  horae  in 
fihe  town  was  killed  that  hawl  the  iilighlvit  eommonioation  wiui  those  ia 
the  barmckt.  One  home  vran  iuocuUted  with  tlie  pua  diacliarKcd  fnn- 
the  alcer  of  on  infected  horse,  nnd  he  died.  A  p<irtiaB  of  his  thymns. 
glanil  was  introdneed  onder  the  skin  of  another  hone,  and  )iv  also  died. 

C'-aun. — The  disease  waa  anpposed  to  bo  connected  with  (lie  fond  of  the 
horses.  AD  lh«  oats  had  boeo  ooiunmed,  and  the  ti/iuui  timiiilmliim,  iir 
■wBsd  daxMl,  had  be«n  givm  instead.    A  m  Mid  'hat  Ibc  darnel  is  ooc^ 


of  J 


tROt-l 


» 


THB  lUUGNANir  BPIDEUIC.  •»] 

xioaallj  vttA  bj  bruwen  to  giro  nn  tntoxicnting  qonlity  to  tlioir  malt 
liquor.  For  BfbMn  days  uo  tdlenktiiiD  or  lii-uUb  utm  pcrocivrd,  Mid  thoD, 
in  teas  tliui  oigbt«en  boon.  Dearly  forty  purUtied.  Tbe  fttoblM  wen  not 
cmnrdod,  uid  Uuiro  wiw  nr>  iRiproppr  tr-ctLtmml,  A  tnim  disinterred  sonia 
of  th«  korae«  t<>  gut  ut  tho  fat;  swellings  mpidly  ap{tcnrod  in  his  throat, 
and  he  died  in  tvo  days.  A  portion  of  their  flisfa  wan  giren  to  two  pig* 
and  aamo  dag*,  and  they  died. 

91.  Bruifiumn  found  tluit  blcrding  only  noooliTntcd  the  death  of  tho 
patieitt.  Ul-  aiVrvrards  trii-d,  aiid  indTi'Ctiudly,  acids,  ooniiuls,  purgatives, 
wmcfttorios,  aod  th«  actual  cautery ;  and  he  iHukly  attributfa  to  tlie 
power  of  natDm  tho  rccoTicry  of  tho  few  who  snrvivrd. 

OUbert^*  Aeeouait  of  the  Epidemte  o/ 1795, — M.  flilbcrt  df^crihes  a 
mat^tnant  epidemic  whiidi  appeared  in  Paris  in  1795,  chaructcrised  by 
dsDnvn,  loss  of  appetite,  weakness,  puls«  at  first  ntpid  and  full,  luid 
kftarwarda  continuing  rapid,  Imt  gnidnally  bocoming  small,  wc«k,  and 
lal«nutt«ui.  The  bowuli  ut  Gnt  L-oiiiitipiitod,  and  then  violent  pnrgin? 
moceeding.  The  woakut-es  rapidly  increasing,  accompanied  by  fo-'tid 
Iraktli,  and  fcetid  evacnattons.  Tnmoiirs  soon  appeared  abont  tlie  limba, 
nndDr  tho  chest,  and  in  tJio  hfttd,  the  neck,  and  loins.  If  they  snppnraled 
and  bant,  tho  aniinid  ntually  did  wl-II  ;  but  otherwise  ho  inovilnbly 
perished.  The  formalion  of  tWse  tmunurs  wim  crilicat.  If  they  rapidly 
adranood,  it  was  considered  as  a  fki'OTimkle  symptom ;  but  if  thoy  con- 
tinued obscnre,  a  fatal  termination  wa*  prognosl.ii'-atcd. 

Blooding,  eron  in  nn  rurly  stuj^e,  Mecnied   keri!  altto  to  bo  tnjnnODs,  And 

incit^ased  liia  debility.     Physio  was  given,  and  roiid  and  nutritions  food, 

(;ruel,  and  cordials.     Deep  incisions  woiv  made  into  the  tnmount,  and  tho 

cantoty  applied.     Stimolating  frictions  wore  also  nsod,  bnt  oil  were  of 

'  little  Bvait 

TbeM  oaaai  have  been  narrutvd  at  considerable  length,  in  order  to  giva 
•Oiae  idlea  of  the  nature  of  tliis  disease,  and  becaose,  with  the  exception  of 
a  short  bat  verr  excellent  account  nf  th«  malignaat  epidemic  in  tho  lost 
edition  of  Ur.  Blano's  '  Vpt.erinii.ry  Oiitliuwi,'  there  will  uol  be  found  any 
■ads&doiy  hiatoiy  of  it  In  the  writiuga  of  oar  Eui;lish  veterinarians.  It 
it  evidently  a  disease  of  thu  mucous  uiotnbrtines,  hnLh  the  rcspimtorv  and 
digavtire.  It  is  accompanied  by  enrly  and  great  debility,  Ioks  i>f  idt  ritnl 
power,  vitiation  of  crory  nccmtion,  [■ll'uirion«  and  tnjnoars  ovetywliiTL-,  juid 
it  runs  its  oonne  with  fL-arfuI  rapidity.  IT  it  was  seen  at  its  outset,  the 
ptsctitioDer  would  probably  bleerl;  bot  if  a  fow  bonrs  enly  bad  elapsed, 
IM  woold  find,  with  Mcasra.  Bmgnonc  luid  Oilboit,  that  veni;iie<jtion  would 
ttilj  hasten  t^  cntaatropho.  Stimnlants  sboald  be  administered  miuKU-d 
wiu  opium,  and  the  spirit  of  niti'ic  <?tber  in  doses  of  three  or  fonr  ounces, 
witb  an  onnco  of  laudnnnjn.  Tbe  qnamtity  of  opinm  xhonld  he  regnlateil 
by  tho  Hposms  and  tlie  diiirrhaia.  These  mcdictni'!!  nbonld  bo  rejH'atcd  in 
a  few  hours,  combinod,  perhaps,  with  giufttr  and  g<:<ntiaD. 

A  pint  ofstout  or  litti'rale,  or  butter  still,  when  within  roach,  of  good  old 
portwino,  given  t hit o  or  four  tinier  a  day,  haiisarLslniaiiyan  anini.il  which 
otherwiso  wonid  havo  sunk  prostta.lt.'d  under  the  vimlenoo  of^thi-  iliar*se. 

If  Ihcwi  fiiil,  there  is  little  <1se  to  bo  done.  Deep  iiu^ions  into  the 
tuaoarB,  or  blistere  over  them,  raiglit  be  jiroper  measures  ;  bnt  the  prin- 
eipal  attention  shoidd  bo  dircctml  to  the  arrceting  of  the  contarrion.  Thn 
duKMcd  should  bo  immediately  removed  from  the  ht«lthy.  AH  oSensIvo 
matter  afaoold  bo  carefnllv  cleared  away,  and  no  small  portion  of  cidoridu 
of  limo  tued  in  washing  the  animiil,  and  [uirticularly  bu  niccrs.  It  might 
with  great  propriety  be  a(lminiHti:rL-d  iiitcnialty,  while  tbe  stable,  am] 
every  tiling  liial  belonged  to  the  patient,  slionld  undergo  a  carofnl  ablution 
with  tho  same  powerfhl  disinfectjint. 


28-3  BROScnrriti. 

BSOBCUITIS. 
This  may  be  produced  by  several  causes,  sacb  u  radden  changes  d 
temperature  &om  hot  to  cold,  and  vice  versJk  Excitement  as  a  result  at 
over-exertion  will  Bometimes  cause  it,  but  it  is  not  generally  a  primsij 
diaeaae.  That  inflammatioB  of  the  enperior  respiratory  passages,  cco> 
stititting  catarrh,  gradually  creeps  downwards  and  involves  the  iarjnj, 
and  the  trachea,  and  at  length,  possibly,  the  farthest  and  the  odnntesl 
ramifications  of  the  air-tabes.  When  it  ia  found  to  be  Uins  advancing  tti 
progress  Bhonld  be  carefully  watched  by  the  assistance  of  ausonltatidn. 
The  distant  marmor  of  the  healthy  lung  cannot  be  mistaiken,  nor  tlie  ci»- 
pitating  soond  of  pneumonia)  and  in  bronchitis  the  blood  may  be  heaid 
filtering  or  breaking  throngh  the  diviaiooB  of  the  lobnli,  and  aocoontiitf 
for  that  congestion  or  filling  of  the  cells  with  mucus  and  blood,  whidi  n 
found  after  intense  infianunation.  Inflammation  precedes  this  im  iissiil 
discharge  of  mucus.  Even  that  may  be  detected.  The  inflamed  mem- 
brane is  thickened  and  tense.  It  assumes  an  almost  cartilag^oaa  atro^ 
tore,  and  the  mnrmnr  is  not  only  lender,  but  has  a  kind  of  snoring  soni^ 
Some  have  imagined  that  a  sound  like  a  metallic  ring  is  mingled  with  it; 
but  this  is  never  very  distinct. 

The  interrupted  whizzing  sound  blis  often  and  clearly  indicated  a  cais 
of  bronchitis,  and  there  are  many  corroborative  symptoms  which  ahoold  tw 
regarded.  The  variable  temperatTore  of  the  eztremitieBwillbeanimporlaiit 
gnide — not  intensely  cold  as  in  pneumonia,  nor  of  increased  tempcratan  ■« 
often  in  catarrh,  but  with  a  tendency  to  coldness,  yet  this  varying  umdL 
The  pulse  will  assist  the  diagnosis.  It  will  be  quick,  but  feeble,  (ma  70 
to  80  per  minute, — more  rapid  than  in  catarrh,  much  more  so  than  in  Um 
early  stage  of  pneumonia ;  not  so  hard  as  in  pleurisy,  more  so  thm  in 
catarrh,  and  not  oppressed  as  in  pneumonia.  The  respiration  should  next 
be  examined,  abundantly  more  rapid  than  in  catarrh,  pneumonia,  or 
pleurisy  ;  genemlly  as  rapid  and  often  more  so  than  the  pulse,  and  acconu 
panied  by  a  wheezing  sound,  heard  at  some  distance.  Mr.  PerciTaU 
relates  a  case  in  which  the  respiration  was  more  than  one  hundred  in  a 
minute.  Mr.  G.  Fercivall  describes  an  interesting  case  in  which  the  t»- 
spiration  was  quick  in  the  extreme ;  and  ho  remarks,  that  he  does  'not 
remember  to  have  seen  a  horse  with  his  respiration  so  disturbed.' 

In  addition  to  these  clearly  characteristic  symptoms,  will  be  observed  a 
haggard  conntenance,  to  which  the  anxious  look  of  the  horae  labonring 
under  inflammation  of  the  lungs  cannot  for  a  moment  be  compared ;  also 
an  evident  dread  of  suflbcation,  expressed,  not  by  inabihty  to  move,  as  in 
pneumonia,  but  &eqnently  on  obstinato  refusal  to  do  so ;  cough  painAil  IB 
the  extreme  ;  breath  hot,  yet  no  marked  pain  in  the  put,  and  no  looking 
at  the  side  or  flanks. 

As  the  disease  proceeds  there  will  be  a  short,  frequent,  pectoral  cough, 
with  considerable  discharge  from  the  nostrils,  much  more  than  in  catarrh, 
because  greater  extent  of  membrane  ia  atTceted.  It  will  be  mnco-punileBt 
at  first,  bat  will  soon  become  amber-coloured  or  green,  or  greyish  grees  | 
and  that  not  from  any  portion  of  the  food  being  returned,  but  &om  the 
pccnliar  hne  of  the  secretion  from  ulcers  in  the  bronchial  passages.  SmaD 
organised  portions  will  mingle  with  the  discharge, — shreds  of  mucus  con- 
densed and  hardened,  and  forced  from  tho  inside  of  the  tube.  If  the 
disease  proceeds,  tho  discbarge  becomes  bloody,  and  then,  and  somctiiDrs 
earlier,  it  is  fcetid. 

The  termination  of  this  disease,  if  nncbccked,  is  frequently  pnen- 
mouia.  Although  wo  cannot  trace  the  air-tubes  to  their  terniinatinn, 
tho    inflammation     will     penetrate     into     the    lubuli,    and    affect    the 


PKEUMOKIA-— ISFLAIIMATIOS   OF   THE    LUNG3. 


983 


mcmbriuicK  of  tha  ■ir-cclltt  or  dirixions  wluch  they  contaiu.     There  is 

mrfM^WfJB  of  iaflsiiuu«t)on  ofloni-r  ti(.-ri.'  tjiui  in  tnim  |ni<:unii>nia,  nnil  thn 

^JHfflfi  is  wmetiiBM  tnmafcrrvd  to  t\iv  fi.-ct.     If,  Lovrevi-r,  tliere  is  unitlier 

IHionmonik  nor  laotefltwiiK  of  inHnminalion,  and  the  dis««80  poraUM  its 

coarM,  tho  saima]  din  from  sufTix-iition.     If  tlin  lur-prmsngm  atd  clogged, 

tliere  can  be  no  sapply  of  artcrl&liiHxl  lilood.     If  the  iuflanmiAtioD  be  lub- 

rMolnl40n  tasiy  take  i>1ik«  ;  but  it  ffu-  tiiore  IV(t<iai?ntIj  aasoiDefl  a 

form,  giving  riiw  to  iin  impcricct  stnto  of  breathing  known  ns 

wind,' 

Ijko  oreiy  other  inflammatioD  of  the  rcapitfttoif  paassgOB,  brondiitis  is 

,  timot  cpiilrmic.     Thorw  14  n  ditpositinn  to  mflaxnniotion  in  the  MSpiro- 

sppNiutus  gcnenUly,  but  it  dvpcnda  on  »ome  anknovrn  atiBoxphi'-riu 

faenc«  whether  thia  shall  take  oa  the  form  of  catarrh,  bronvhitiN,  or 

{Kwamoiuft.     It  is  not,  howervr,  contogioiu. 

^^^JIiiauiftdiMiuicof  Iheranoons, — and  on  cxlondod  mucous, — rarfnoo;  and 

^^^Hb  our  nuuurea  most  be  prompt,  there  is  a  t«udeiicy  to  di-bility  which 

^^^WWKmld  never  forget :  therefore  bleeding  should  not  be  had  recourse  to. 

The  mcdicnl  attcndnnt  slioiild  bo  also  cautions  in  the  sdministrntioa  of 

lice*,  for  th<!  rcuaons  tUtit  hnvi!  itgiiin  and  u^in  been  stated ;  but  if 

_  _  Direb  are  evidi-ntly  eoupflipatud,  half  a  pint  of  oil  may  be  ffivwi,  and 

I  spesd/  action  promoted  by  imertiona,  so  that  a  buulII  quautity  may 

"Bofc     Sodfttarcs   should  bo  cmjii^yfii,  ns  Ji.  to  Jij.  of  cxtiwct  of  bclliv- 

,  in  combination  with  spinla  of  nitric  ether  und  liquor  ummoniio 

atis.     The  animal  should  be  placed  in  a  warm,  but  weU-vc^utiliiltid 

Je,  and  the  (istreniiticis  kept  warm  bv  friction  and  Sanaol  baadages. 

A  blister  is  always  indicated  in  broncnttis.  It  can  nerer  do  hitrm,  and 
it  not  anfreqaenUy  alfords  decided  relief.  It  should  extend  over  the 
brisket  and  sides,  and  up  the  trnclicn  to  tho  larynx.      The  food,  if  the 

fano  is  diKpnsnd  to  cat,  should  \n!  mashes.      Ko  com  should  be  olfcred, 
or  should  the.-  honte  be  coaxed  to  eat. 


I 


PltEDUOrtU. nrFLAmCATIOK   OP   THE   LUNGS. 

The  nltimate  structure  of  the  longs  has  never  till  lately  been  satiabe* 
torily  demon«trat'^d.  I'hor  nppruir,  however,  to  bo  composed  of  minute 
n'lls  or  jKmebcs,  into  whicn  uui  air  is  conducted,  and  ov<ir  tho  delicate 
mi-nibnvDe  eonstitaliu|[  Uic  divisions  of  which  myriads  of  minntv  blood- 
Toaaels  are  ramifying.  The  blood  is  not  merely  permeating  them,  but  it  is 
■ndn^gning  a  vital  change  in  there  ;  thoTs  is  a  constant  ^Dcomposition  of 
,l}u>  air,  or  of  the  blood,  or  of  botli ;  and,  dnriuff  the  excitement  of  exercise, 
luit  dcL-oni position  prooeeds  with  foarful  rapidity.  "Hieo  it  can  readily  bo 
coucit'ived  that  a  membrane  so  delicate  as  this  must  be,  in  order  that  its 
interpohition  should  bo  no  hindrance  lo  tlio  mrtcriftlijwtion  of  tho  blood — so 
Insiie  also,  and  *o  loaded  with  lilood-vesaela^will  be  exooedingly  sabject 
to  inflammatiou,  and  that  of  a  most  daugerona  character. 

Inflammation  of  the  snbitlnnccof  thp  Inngs  is  the  not  nnfrrqnent  onnae- 
qnonce  of  all  the  disnuna  of  tho  rc«[)iratory  pasKugcs  that  have  been 
troatedan.  Cutarrli,  influcuza,  bronchitis,  if  neglected  or  badty  tnani^ed, 
or  Mtoetinua  in  spite  of  tlie  most  slciUiil  treatment.,  will  sproad  along  the 
miicoas  tnembranej  and  at  Im^h  inrolre  the  termination  of  tlic  air* 
rMsngoa.  At  other  times,  llien'  is  pnre  pncnmonia.  The  cellular  texture 
lit  the  primary  seat  of  iullainnintioTi.  It  is  often  SO  in  the  over-worked 
horse.  Aft^ra  long  and  bard  day's  bant,  tt  is  very  common  for  hornDi  lo 
be  aMaeked  by  pure  poramoniii.  A  prudi;;ion!t1y  inoitased  quantity  of 
binod  is  hurried  throufth  these  Hruall  vtssel",  fur  the  Tast  expenditure  of 
arterial  bloud  in  rapid  progress  must  he  {imviiUHl  for,  Thmr  minute*!  of 
II10  eapillariefl  aie  diataMRt  and  irrilitled,  Uieir  coDtiactitc  power  is 


2S4 


PXCCUOXIA. — lSFU«l)iATIOS   OF  TilE   LC.VGS. 


dmtujjijJ,  mflMnuBBltoD  u  prodncol,  mcchftnical  injcuy  is  cAcct«d,  the 
tmmIi  ara  mptond,  blood  m  jxiarvd  into  tlm  int«ntiti;U  teshim,  mod 
eoBgcatioa  «ul  ialeaae  infliuniinuiou,  wiih  all  tbcir  tr&ii)  of  latftl  conae- 
quBowt  auB«. 

Hw  bDowiiia  an  the  most  Ireqaoot  canara  of  jnummoni*.     A  enddea 
tzanrftiaD  fivn.  Mai  to  odd ;  a  ebaag«  frotn  a  warm  slaUe  to  a  ooU  ooo ; 
ft  aegtott  of  Um  natial  clothmg ;  a  neglect  em  of  some  Httle  comforta; 
ridio^  Cir  and  6uA  agaitMrt  a  cold  trind,  eepccially  in   aaowr  weather^ 
loatem^  about  when  anasaal   pcntpintticin   has   been   excited;   waiting^ 
tedioaay  by  Uie  Ad«  of*  eonrt  on  a  chilly  blowing  momiiig. 

It  haa,  int  not  fr«qoniti7',  happened  that  wh«B  honea  hars  been  tor 
out  too  (arij-  to  graaa,  or  withoQt  gnutaal  prvpaiatioD,  poeomonn 
aaporenad.     Few  are^  trader  any  nuuwgenient,  so  Bnbject  lo  pDoara 
as  tboae  who,  in  poor  oonditioD  and  without  prepanlton,  are  torned  ii 
aalt-manih. 

On  tiia  other  hand,  a  nddm  and  conitidmblo  chaneo  from  cold  to  beat 
wfllTcrj  probablr  be  followed  hy  inflAmmatJon  of  tholoBgi.    HanjhoraMj 
perish  in  the  dealets*  stablra  from  Ibis  canse.     The  circalatioti  is  oonatde: 
abtj  qoickeoed ;  more  blood,  and  that  with  more  than  natural  rapadiQ-i 
driveti  dirao^  tJie  Inngs,  prerionslj  diapoaed  to  take  on  is6sBuasl 
action.    The  vndden  nmoral  ftom  a  beat«d  atable  to  the  oold  air  liaa  i 
taneih  to  do  with  tbo  prodnclion  of  dLseaaet 

Wbothar  it  a  the  oonseqncDoe  of  pnmoos  dimass  of  the  TMjantorj 
paaaagea,  or  (hat  inflauBaatloa  fint  effpean  in  the  oellalar  textan  of  tho 
Innca,  meomonia  ■■  nsnsllj  nabered  in  by  a  Bhirering  fit.    The  horae  ia  ' 
cola  all  over ;  this,  howcrrcr,  soon  paasea  ofi*,  and  we  hare  general  wanntb,/ 
or  beat  of  the  aldn  abovn  thn  nciia.rt(nnpc>atan^  Init  acoompauind  byeold-^ 
nea  of  the  cxtrvnutiea — idIjiiim  dt^Ij  coldneat.    This  in  a  TU17  diagno 
tic  irmptom.      It  will  seldom  deceive.      It  is  an  early  sjmptom.      It 
fotrad  wben  thero  is  littlo  or  no  conndtntiotinl  diMtcrbruico ;  when  the  {ml 
M  Bcftreelj'  affectml,  and  the  flanks  heave  bnt  little,  but  the  hone  is  mensl; 
amUHiaail  to  bo  dnll  and  off  his  tuod.     It  is  that  hy  which  tli«  progren  0 
the  diliMii  may  be  nnhositatingly  marked,  when  many  acaroely  saspoct  ita 
exiMenoe. 

The  pabie  in  alwayn,  cren  at  fint,  mnoh  iacnaaed  tn  nifiiity,  bat  ii . 
rarely  or  nerer  bard ;  it  is  obscore,  oppreased;  itriseeaton?e  from  Ihit^T'^ 
two  or  thr«e  to  Rttv ;  with  incrvMad   dannr  it  la  focuid  at  acrvnly  or 
viebW ;  and  in  latal  comui  frum  one  hnndred  to  one  fanndrod  and  twen^. 
The  heart  ia  labotiring  to  aooompUsfa  it*  object ;  the  oircubUion  (hrottgh 
thelnnfi^is  Impeded;  tha  roasols  are  engorged — they  are ofUnrtiptima; 
blood  in  citravamtod  into  the  air-c«lbi ;  it  aocnamlatoe  in  tha  right  aida  i 
of  the  hoari  and  in  the  lurffcr  reaaela ;  and  in  the  Tenoiu  ciraolMMO  gene--' 
rally  there  is  a  uiecliauicalolMlnuitiai  which  the  heatt  bM  not  the  powL-r 
tooreraotne.    Ueuoe  Iheobacore^opprees^^lptilHp;  thaiiMflhct«alatt«D)i>t 
to  urge  on  the  blood  ;  and  ht^ncr,  too,  t)i<^  rrRUtrknbli?  rraiilt  of  bleeding  in  ' 
inflammation  of  tbo  lanen,  fnr  Uio  pnln!  be«omca  roondvr,  fuUcr,  iguicIiiT. 
When  blood  is  ahatracted,  a  portion  of  Ibe  oppomng  force  it  rentovMl,  and 
the  heart  htons  eoabUd  to  accomplish  ita  object,  tba  poise  is  di^voloMd. 

It  is  only,  nowcver,  in  the  <ttriy  iiuiidioiiH  stngn  tiiat  the  flnnL*  are 
occBsionalty  qviot.  If  the  oompreaatbility  of  the  loni^  is  diminished  bj 
the  thickening  of  the  roemfarane^  OT  the  ra^rg^^^nt  of  the  ressels,  or  tM 
filling  of  the  cells,  it  will  be  baider  work  to  forw  tJio  iiir  ont ;  there  urast  ^ 
be  a  slfOBger  effort,  and  the  preawH*  which  oannot  be  aooompliihed  by  owaj 
effort  ia  ^iwap*«l  otlt  and  orer  again.  The  respiration  is  quickened — 
laborMma  :  the  innjiiratjon  is  lensittirned ;  tlxi  cipimtion  is  rapid  ;  and 
when,  after  all,  tJi«  langa  cannot  lie  conipresavd  by  the  umnl  means,  every 


PXETMOXU — IM'LAMMATlO.t    OF    THE    UTXGS. 


28.'. 


muscle  that  oui  be  Woogbt  to  bear  npon  thic  [lort  i«  caJlod  iato  actiai). 
Benoe  tbe  hone  will  not  lie  down,  for  he  can  nse  the  muielcK  of  tha  spiae 
•ad  the  ahonJder  with  moM  sdraatage  aa  be  staDda ;  heoMi.  too,  the  nsy 
pecoltar  rtiffiwi  of  pootioD — tba  dismcliMtion  to  man.  The  bciw  with 
decided  piwnwnnM  cm  »0Mgel7  be  indaced  to  biovb  >t  »H ;  h«csLDnot  spara 
fix-  •  nuHnent  the  aarirtancie  wlueh  be  di--nriM  from  certain  iniiscic*,  and  be 
will  contione  ob*tiiiat«]j  to  ataad  until  lie  titUa  cxiumsted  or  djing.  How 
mfrrly  dot*  Uu)  veterinarian  ask  wbra  be  go«a  iulo  the  stable— *  Wns  lio 
down  Wt  nisbt  f '  And  hn  oonclndM  Uiat  macb  progrcva  lus  nol  been 
n*de  lowarda  aaendinent  in  the  caen  i*hen  the  answer  i»  in  the  Degatire. 
When  the  p*ti«nty  w«aned  oot,  liee  down,  it  b  onljr  fur  a  moment ;  for  if 
th«  infinniniatioD  »  not  sabdntd,  be  cauuot  dUpcnae  with  tbi-  auxiliary 
nuudoe.  Hu  fmpietitijr,  and  with  dol«fal  eipressien,  looks  at  his  sides — 
al  one  nde  or  at  both,  acoordiiigljr  a«  onn  or  both  arc  involved.  ThMv  is 
not,  bowerer,  the  decidedly  hag^^ord  ooanteiuuw«  of  bronRhilis;  and  in 
bronchiti*  the  horse  rarelv  or  aovvr  gauM  at  hid  Aank*.  His  is  a  dn«d  of 
enffbcatwo  more  than  a  foeiiag  of  pain.  The  head  is  protradud,  and  tho 
iMNitrils  dirtended,  and  the  month  and  the  faronth  intensely  hot.  The  no«a 
ia  tnjeettfd  from  the  earliest  period ;  and  eoon  aftvrwudfl  there  is  not 
uenl^  iajeotion,  bat  the  membtane  ia  tuuformly  and  iDtntaolj  ni.  Tha 
variation  in  this  intcssi^  is  aoXMnialy  marked  by  the  obaurrant  pnt«ti- 
tkoacr;  and  ha  regajda  with  (t»r  and  with  despair  the  livid  or  dirty 
luuaiuah  hne  that  gtaduallj  erei-ps  on.  Fneamcmin  very  nuvly  ruiis  ila 
eoniae  aa  a  para  diwaoo ;  the  pl«iira  very  curly  tK-oomcs  in]pl)cat«d,  and 
pieno-pneiuiioiua  more  fT>eq(i«Dtly  attacks  the  horaa  than  ia  gdwraUjr 


be  nn&roiuablc  i^mntoins  are,  incn-nKrd  cnldncss  of  th<>  ean  and  legt^ 
if  thatbepoasiUe;  parttal  sweats,  evidi-uC  wiakcvda.staggi.-ritir,  tha  animal 
act  Ijhiff  down.  The  pvlse  hecomee  quicker,  and  weu  and  flnttering ; 
tha  nentmnc  of  the  now  pahrr,  but  of  a  dirty  bne  j  the  animal  growing 
atand,  oomatoM.  At  length  bo  bll*,  tint  he  jivtaNjin  itnmrdiatolj'.  For 
a  while  he  is  ap  and  down  almost  ererj*  miuutv,  untd  bv  is  no  kmgnrablo 
to  rise ;  he  stmgglea  severely  i  tha  pnlae  beooBtos  more  rapid,  Gsiutor,  and 
be  dica  of  snffocatioiL  The  oiMoae  somotimce  rans  its  oourse  with  stiisaga 
iMndiiy.  A  home  has  been  drstmvnl  br  pnm  ptK^umonia  in  twelve  hours. 
Too  TCasela  nunifrinfi  over  the  ccUs  have  yiehhid  to  the  fcarfa)  iaipube  of 
the  blood,  and  the  lunga  have  preaeoted  one  ataaa  of  oongustion. 

The  &vonrabl«  symptoms  an,  the  retam  of  vanutii  to  the  cxtrenutias 
— the  cirmlation  b>?giiining  ngain  to  asauDM  tie  natural  dnracter,  and, 
next  to  this,  the  lying  down  iiiiirtly  and  without  nneamsesB ;  afaowiii^  as 
that  he  la  beginning  to  do  without  the  auxtUaiy  mnsclcs.  Tb«eo  are 
|[ood  symptoms,  and  they  will  TOHily  dt^ceire- 

CofigeetiOD  is  n  frcqneot  termination  of  pneumonia.  Not  only  ant  the 
Tssaile  gorgvd — the  oong«stion  Kbidi  accomuuiica  oommou  infljunmaticin 
—bat  their  paridca  are  neoesssrily  so  thin,  m  oirder  that  the  okantrt'  in 
the  blood  may  lake  place  although  they  are  interpoeed,  that  ther  are  eoaily 
ntptttred,  and  the  oolla  are  Bllod  with  blood.  l'hi«  effused  blood  soon 
ooaenlatoa,  anil  the  lung,  witen  cut  iulo,  prvseiits  u  black,  softened,  polpy 
kindof  appeanince,(«rmed,  by  the  farrier  and  the  grooin,  rrillenn«ti.  iiDd 
beiag  nppoaed  bv  them  to  iodicnto  an  old  diacaeo.  Il  proves  only  tha 
violMlOO  of  the  diaoase^  tho  rupture  of  many  a  ▼«— al  sardmif^  with 
blood;  and  italso  proves  that  the  diswute  is  of  recent  date^  for  hi  no  great 
lenctfa  of  txDM,  tho  BOTOM  porttou  of  the  btood  bo^^mes  absortwd,  tfaeaH>ro 
aolal  one  beooiaea  organisod,  the  oolb  are  oblit«rated,  and  the  lui^  are 
bepatiwd,  or  bear  considcniblQ  rosomblance  to  lirBr. 

In  ereiy  case  of  pneumonia  early  and  anriona  reconnoalMald  be  had  to 


sw 


PSEUMDKIA. — INFLAMMATION  OP  THE  LCSOa 


fttMCsltation.  HcTv  again  in  tli«  aUtuitage  of  Uriiic  purfeclljr  acqoainln] 
witli  Um  deep  diatux  niunutr  praMatod  Of  the  faeanliy  hug.  This  sduu<1 
u  nMMi  distinct  in  the  ymmg  bom^  nnd  wKpeaallj  if  be  is  •  little  out  of 
condttion.  On  «ach  n  hono  tho  ijro  should  conunenee  his  stnrlj  of  tha 
exploratioD  of  the  chMt  There  he  will  laalce  liimself  beat  ncqo&inti.'d 
with  the  TWpirator^  mnnaar  in  it«  fnll  stoUi  of  dpvclopmont,  lie  shoold 
next  take  on  older  and  noracwluit  rKtt4!r  horiMi;  ho  will  there  rvoogniae  the 
tmtae  Hound,  bat  Ciintcr,  mora  diabut.  In  atUl  older  aniuuda,  taera  will 
WMDi-tiniGR  bo  ft  little  dUGcuIt;  in  det«ctin|r  it  al  all.  ll«peAt«4  expen- 
BWOto  of  thn  kind  wfl]  gndudly  tench  tho  oKamincr  whnt  kind  of  healthy 
rnnrmiir  he  shoold  ttzpcct  frpm  cvcrr  tianin  thai  in  jjrc«vnti.-d  to  hiia,  Bnd 
thna  bo  will  be  bvtt(.T  able  to  ap]>re«iate  the  dilTcrvut  aouuds  isshihited 
Wider  diseue. 

If  pneumonia  exiit«  to  stoy  oonsidornble  degree,  this  mormar  is  soon 
ohaagcd  for,  or  mingled  with,  u  cnindtm  craintatinK  K>aiul,  which,  h>vin(f 
beeo  ODCe  heard,  cannot  aflerwsrda  be  iniatukcn.  lu  loudnc««  and  perfect 
chander  will  characterise  the  iot^naiW  of  lh«  disease,  and  the  pottioo  ol 
the  chest  at  wbich  it  cnn  be  disiingniiiWd  will  imlio-nt^  it«  extent. 

The  whoir  lung,  hnwnvcr,  is  not  alwnya  afTontcd,  or  there  are  onljr  poih 
lions  or  jiutclii:*  of  it  iu  which  the  iuflanuaatiuu  ia  so  intense  aa  to  tmxlnoo 
OODgestion  and  hepatisation.     Knongh  remains  either  nuafTectva,  or  jet 
peiTioiu  fi>r  the  function  of  mrpiration  to  bo  pcrlbrmcd,  and  the  aninutl 
UBgen  on,  or  pvrhn^M  ncovcni.     Br  carufnl  e-xaatinatJon  with  tbo  ear,,J 
this  alu  majr  lie  a&c«rtaiiifd.     Where  the  luu^  ia  impemoiu — where  ngrf 
airpAssea — no  sound  will  be  hoard,  not  ereD  the  natural  murtuur.  Aronndl 
it  tho  marmDr  will  bo  heard,  and  londly.     It  will  Iw  n  kind  of  niabin|f^ 
aoond ;  for  the  sanio  (luuntity  of  blood  most  be  arterialiaod,  and  the  air 
rauat  pa«s  more  rapidl}-  and  forcibly  thningh  the  lemaining  tubefL     If 
there  U  considerable  in^ammatdoa  and  tcadwKif  to  cOBgMtiou,  the  crepi- 
tating, crackling  oonnd  will    ho   rooosniaed,  and  in  proportion  to  Uie 
intcnxity  of  Lho  inBammatiim.     The  advantaj^  to  he  deriTcd  from  the 
studf  <^  auiicultatioii  aro  not  orurrat^.     It  was  stroDg  language  latdy 
Appbed  by  an  able  critio  to  tho  n»o  of  anscnltatiOD,  that  '  it  oonvcrte  tbft>J 
Oi^gm  of  hearing  into  an  orjican  of  viaion,  enabling  the  Uiitcnftr  to  obsom^T 
with  tho  oloorneaa  of  oonlar  demonatraUon,  tbB  ranges  wbich  disoaM| 
oooaaonally  commits  in  thtt  very  centni  of  the  rib-caMid  cavity  of  the  body.*'  \ 

A  honm  with  any  portion  of  tho  langN  bcjiatised  cannot  be  sound.     Ha  , 
cannot  bo  capable  of  conliuued  txtm  exertion.     Ilia  imperfect  and  mati- 
latcd  hug  cannot  npply  tho  arterialiaed  blood  whicJi  long  oonliuncd  an4 1 
ra{^  proffrcasiOD  rsquirce,  and  that  portion  which  iscompollod  to  do  the 
work  of  the  whole  Inng  mart  be  aagicied  to  iiyniy  and  inuammation  bon 
many  n  cuuao  that  would  otherwiee  be  harmlcM. 

AintrfliM.  oonaequenoe  of  inflaounaljon  of  the  nbetnaoe  of  the  Innffs  ia 
the  fbrmation  of  tuberdes.  A  greater  or  smaller  namber  of  diatinct  cysta 
are  formed — oells  into  which  some  fluid  is  poured  in  the  progrou  of 
inflammation  :  thcoe  vary  in  late  fVom  a  pin'a  pouit  to  a  birge  eg);.  By 
degreca  the  Boid  becumea  coocrcto  i  and  so  it  continues  for  a  white — tbo 
OMMffiuence  and  the  aonrcn  of  infl animation  ;  this  constitute*  a  tnbsrde. 
It  occBpioa  a  space  that  should  be  omplorcd  in  the  function  of  ret^niatioin, 
and  ^  ita  praanira  it  irritBtes  the  ncigbbonnng  parta,  and  dispooea  Ihem 

By  and  by,  bowwer,  another  process,  novcr  snlBdciitly  explained,  cora- 
naaoM.  Tho  tabercle  begins  to  aoflAti  at  ita  0HutrR,~ft  pnxMM  aS 
npnnration  ia  aet  up,  niid  prooceda  nntil  th«  contonta  of  tbo  iv>->t  benocoa 
agum  fluid.  l>Dt  of  a  different  oh«f«cter,  fiir  they  now  oohatat  of  pna. 
This   smooth   deluiud   collection    of  matter  is  aaltcd  a  vomica.      Tita 


P.NEL110-\IA.— l.VFLAMMATIOS  OF  TUB    LC.VGS. 


ET 


jnu  incrcftses ;  the  cyst  becomes  more  tad  more  distended ;  it  i<ii«roac1i(tB 
on  th«  mbctoiWM  of  the  tnsgs  i  it  comas  into  oontocl  with  other  vomiow, 
and  tbo  wnlls  oppOMnl  t'>l■lu:hoth<^^nrcubiorbcd  hj  their  tnntnal  pressure; 
Uipy  rtui  togeitour,  and  furm  one  cyst,  or  n^pulnr  oxfinvntion,  and  Uiia 
Bumiftimca  prooeedfl  until  a  conaidi-rahle  portioii  of  iHu  liuig  in,  ax  it  were, 
lioUowrd  ont.  By  and  by,  however,  the  Tomice  press  upou  some  hroDcJiiiU 
|M«ngn ;  the  oyst  girtNi  way,  iind  the  [mmloDt  oontcntfl  aro  pound  into 
tha  bronchia',  and  gut  rid  of  by  thu  net  of  conghin;^.  At  other  times  tho 
qaanti^  ia  too  (^'at  to  be  thus  disposed  of,  and  the  animal  is  snttbcutrd. 
OoCBBiinwIly  it  irill  broak  throagh  the  pleniitio  coTemig  of  the  lung,  imd 
poor  it*  content*  into  thn  thorax. 

AbnoeMcs  may  form  in  lh«  lungs  undiscovnrcd. — It  is  scnroely  con* 
eonble  to  what  extent  they  sometimes  exist  iu  auimala  of  slow  work, 
without  being  deteoted  by  the  usual  moans  of  examination.  Hr.  Hales 
■ays  that  bo  nrc  a  phyoic  ball  to  a  cjirt-inaro  with  a  bod  foot,  and  she 
nan  aftenranlH  died  naddunlv.  Whim  inquiriiiK  us  to  the  cause  of  death, 
bewaat<dd,  and  nut  very  ifouj-huniourt^ly,  that  bis  phydo  had  killed  her. 
HsMked.if  it  had  pQrj,'ed  herTioIentlyP  -No!'  it  was  replied,  'it  had  not 
ope*«tml  at  all.'  aho  was  nponcd,  and  the  mystery  was  all  vuraTelled. 
The  tfaoimx  won  deluged  with  pun,  andtliorc  were  then  in  the  lunnserend 
hiva  absceesea,  one  of  whieh  coutaiued  at  Imst  a  qnart  of  pna.  The  mare 
bad  not  shown  a  symptom  of  cheat  affection,  and  Uia  gentleman  to  whom 
ahe  beloDgod  declared  that  he  had  believed  her  to  he  as  sound  as  any  horse 
hs  hail  in  his  pomieesion. 

Tho  resolution  or  ^uloid  almtcroent  of  inflammation  is  the  tcrminntion 
most  to  he  desired  m  Ihia  diseiuw,  for  tht-n  tlie  cugo:^eTOent  of  tlie 
liMlCill  will  gradually  cease,  and  the  thickeniDg  of  the  membrane  and  the 
iatentittal  cupoatt  m  token  np,  and  tlio  cfl'nsinn  into  tbe  cells  likowiso 
absori>cd,  and  the  lung*  will  grndnallyn^suma  their  former  cellular  texture, 
yetnotpcrfcotly  ;  for  thare  wdl  be  some  iiidnratiou,  slight  but  general;  or 
•OOM  more  perfect  iudnratiun  of  certain  parts ;  or  the  rupture  of  some  of 
(lie  air-cells ;  or  an  irritability  of  membrane  predisposing  to  renewed 
inflammation.  Tho  horse  will  not  nlwitys  ho  iw  URcfnl  m  before ;  there 
xai^  bo  chronic  cough,  think  wind,  broken  wind  ;  butthe^c  merit  dintinct 
eooaiideiation ;  am),  for  thu  pnMCnt,  we  proceud  to  the  treatment  of 
wnwini'ffli'Th 

Our  treatment  will  much  depend  upon  the  causes  in  operation  producing 
tb»  disease,  and  the  progreaa  it  has  mule.  If  th«  ammnl  bo  only  io  tho 
tnfy  ■iBRiX,  every  means  ]thonld  be  ndnpti^d  to  Mictramgci  the  cirenlntion ; 
adiffnsiblo  stimulant,  such  as  one  or  two  ounct.>aof  the  B{iint  of  nitric  ether 
eosnbined  with  eight  ounces  of  the  liquor  ammonite  aoelaiis,  the  ammouia 
being  in  excess,  would  be  at  once  adiiiinistored,  a  mustard  Uninncut  well 
nbbMl  on  the  bosom  and  sidci^  and  gmat  nttcmtion  paid  to  keeping  the 
•xtenAl  surhco  of  tho  body  warm.      If  the  symptoms  of  infliuumation 

rsar  to  inorenw  by  the  pulse  rising  to  Bevooty  or  eighty  per  minute,  and 
brcntfaiug  being  increased  and  Inbonrrd,  mono  active  tntatmcmt  mnat 
bo  adopted.  Wo  mnst  bear  in  mind  that  there  is  infliwnmation  of  Ibat 
organ  through  which  all  the  blood  in  tlio  fVame  passes — thttt  organ  most 
ef  all  Bubject  (o  congr'atiou.  Then  nothing  can  be  so  important  on  (o 
leeeen  the  (|nantily  of  blood  whioh  the  heart  i*  endenvoaring  to  force 
tluough  tho  minale  reiwels  of  tho  lungs,  diiteudul,  irritated,  breaking. 
Immcidiato  nccmnw  must  be  liad  to  the  lancet,  and  tlie  stream  of  blood 
mnat  he  snflered  to  flow  on  until  the  pulse  falters,  and  the  animal  lican 
bearj  upon  the  pail.  The  blood  mnst  bo  cxtracti^  as  quickly  aa  poMihlo, 
and  ttie  lancet  anovld  bo  hrood-shonldercd  and  the  orifice  large.  This  ia 
tbo  wcrvt  of  tnarting  inflammation  of  a  vital  organ.      Tho  diseaao  ia 


?88  rSECSrOXIA. — IXFLAMMATIOS   OF   THE   UJSGS. 

vrnkenc-d  or  destroyed  without  pcTrnanontly  unpairing  tbc  slrcngtli  of  tba 
patient;  wbcrcas  bj- small  bleedings, and  with  a  small  stream, tlie  Btreugth 
of  the  patient  is  sapped,  n-hile  the  disease  remains  nntnschod. 

From  the  debilitutitig  form  diseases  of  the  respiratoTj  system  are  aptlo 
assnme,  many  practitioners  never  resort  to  blood-letting  in  this  rtinrMr, 
and  there  cannot  be  a  doabt  that  it  shoald  be  cantioaHly  adopted,  and  oaHy 
in  those  cases  in  which  the  attack  is  sndden  and  violent,  and  the  (uumal'i 
general  condition  in  a  state  to  bear  it.  In  all  cases  of  pnenmoDJa  re«a1tiiig 
from  inflaonza,  fever,  and  other  debilitatiiig  diseases,  bleeding  wcndd  only 
hasten  a  fatal  termination.  When  blood-letting  is  found  neceasaiy  it 
shoald  be  copious,  taken  as  rapidly  as  possible,  and  not  repeated. 

Kezt  comes  pnrging,  if  we  darod ;  for  by  having  reconrsc  to  it  kom 
canse  of  excitement  wonld  be  got  rid  of,  the  circulating  fluid  would  be 
lessened,  and  a  new  detenninatioa  of  the  vital  cnrrent  prodaoed ;  but 
experience  teaches,  that  in  pnenmonia  there  ia  so  mtich  symgiathy  with  tlu 
abdominal  viscera, — there  ia  snch  a  fatal  tendency  in  the  iiiSammation  to 
spread  over  every  mncona  membrane,  that  purging  is  almost  to  a  certainty 
followed  by  infiammation,  and  that  inflammation  bids  defiance  to  erviy 
attempt  to  arrest  it.  It  may  be  said  with  perfect  confidence  that,  in  tiM 
majority  of  cases,  a  dose  of  physic  would  bo  ft  dose  of  poison  to  a  fcotia 
labouring  under  pneumonia. 

May  wo  not  relax  the  bowels  ?  Yea,  if  we  can  stop  there.  We  may, 
ftflcr  the  inflammation  has  evidently  a  little  subsided,  venture  npon,  yet 
very  caationsty,  small  doses  of  aloes  in  our  fever  medicine,  and  we  may 
quicken  their  operation  by  frequent  injections  of  warm  soap  and  wKter; 
omitting  the  purgative,  however,  the  moment  the  fiecee  arc  becoming  pnl- 
taccous.  Wo  must,  however,  be  assured  that  the  infiammation  is  subsiding, 
and  there  moat  be  considerable  constipation,  or  the  purgative  hod  bettn 
be  let  alone. 

If  we  must  not  give  physic,  wc  must  endeavour  to  find  some  otiier 
auxiliary  to  the  bleeding,  and  we  have  it  in  nrVre,  emetic  tartar,  the 
gpirit*  of  nitric  ether,  and  the  extract  of  lelladonna,  which  has  been  so  oflea 
recommended. 

The  greatest  care  should  be  taken  with  the  patient  labonrinfr  under  this 
complaint.  Hm  legs  should  be  well  hand-rubbed,  in  order  to  restore,  if 
possible,  the  circulation  to  the  extremities  ;  and  a  liniment  composed  of 
eqaal  parts  of  water  of  ammonia,  spirits  of  turpentine,  and  soap  linitoent 
will  materially  assist  this.  Comfortable  flannel  bandages  should  encue 
the  legs  from  Uie  foot  to  the  knee.  He  should  be  coven;d  up  warm.  Theri 
cannot  be  a  doubt  about  this.  As  for  air,  he  cannot  have  too  much.  In 
cold  weather  his  box  must  be  airy,  but  not  chilly.  We  wont  to  determine 
the  blood  to  the  extremities  and  the  skin ;  but  not  all  the  clothing  in  th* 
world  will  keep  our  patient  warm,  if  he  is  placed  in  a  cold  and  nnooia- 
fortable  situation. 

Ax  for  food,  we  think  not  of  it.  In  nine  cases  out  of  ten  he  will  not 
touch  anything ;  or  if  he  is  inclined  to  cat,  we  give  him  nothing  but » 
bran-mash,  or  a  little  green  meat,  or  a  few  carrots. 

We  now  took  about  us  for  some  counter-irritant.  We  wish  to  excits 
aome  powerful  action  in  another  part  of  the  frame,  and  which  shall  divert 
the  current  of  blood  from  that  which  was  first  affected.  We  recognise  it 
as  a  luw  of  nature,  and  of  which  we  here  eagerly  avail  ouraelveii,  that  if 
we  have  a  morbid  action  in  some  vitjil  organ — und  unusual  ilcttTuii nation 
of  blood  to  it — we  can  abate,  perhii)iB  we  can  at  once  arrest,  that  morbid 
action  by  exciting  a  similar  or  a  greuti'r  (listurbunce  in  some  comii^oona 
and  nut  dangerous  part.  Therefore  wc  btiHter  the  sidi-s  and  the  liriakct, 
and  produce  all  the  irritation  we  can  on  the  integument;  luiJ  in  |>n>- 


PVEUMOSIA.  — LVFLAMJIATIOH   OF   THE   LrXGS.  3Sg 

portion  as  we  do  SO,  ire  abate,  or  stand  a  cbance  of  abating,  tlie  inflamma- 
tion  irilhiD. 

Wc  baro  rcoonxrvo  to  a  bU«t«r  in  preference  to  n  Mton  ;  and  dectdcdl; 
■o,  (or  our  Btiinnhu  can  be  spread  orer  n  lanrer  sarfiuir,^ — tbciw  is  mora 
olsuuw  of  ita  being  applied  to  the  immediate  neigltbourbood  of  tlie  onKiilal 
nflanunation — aad  mwt  aiumrcdlr,  fmm  the  extent  of  aurfltce  on  whidi 
wa  can  net,  we  can  emplojr  »  qnimtity  of  sttmuhis  b<^nd  oompariaon 
greater  thaa  a  aeton  wuuld  penoit  oa  to  do.  Th«  first  blister  aboiild  bo 
applied  to  tbobridtet ;  tbe  irbole  of  ibe  front  of  the  ebest,  from  the  tlinnt 
to  wdl  dowD  bctworn  tbo  forc-lcg«,  should  bo  inclnded,  and  th«  blister 
well  mbb«il  in  fur  at  least  t«u  miuut<.-s  or  a  quarter  of  an  bosr.  Tbe 
i«8ult  of  tliia  will  be  extensiTc  swelling  and  bagging  of  the  skin  between 
the  fore-leg^  from  the  large  cfinnicn  of  scrrun  that  is  poured  out  into  the 
c^nlsr  tisme  under  the  louae  skin.  On«  or  two  lonj;  actons,  the  entire 
depth  of  tbo  chest,  tnajbo'iuserted  at  the  §ame  tame,  and  beoonw  ruhinble 
dnuni  for  the  effbised  fluid.  The  next  da^  a  blister,  large  and  eiteimive, 
~  lOnld  be  applied  on  each  sidoof  thuctiest,  immediately  behind  tbe  elbows, 

at  least  a  foot  caeh  in  diameter. 

In  tlic  hller  stage  of  di^eAae  the  blisti3'  will  not  act,  bocnn«e  the  powers 
of  nature  are  exhausted.  We  must  repeal  it, — we  mn«t  rimao  tbo  nnkiog 
enetsiw  of  the  frame,  if  wo  caa,  althoagb  tbe  effort  will  f^uerully  bo 
froitton.  The  not  rixing  of  a  blister,  iii  tho  Intt^r  stage  of  the  diseaao, 
may  t«io  often  be  regarded  as  tbe  precursor  of  dcotli,  raqicciallj'  if  it  is 
aocumpunied  by  a  lirid  or  brown  colour  of  the  metubisnc  of  the  nose. 
Should  tba  onial  bliston  fail  to  net,  thry  shoulil  Iv  washed  off.  and  the 
tsrtar-cmotic  ointment  wull  rubbed  in  m  their  jiliicc.  Thin  ointment, 
composed  of  a  drachm  of  tartar  emetic  to  an  ounce  of  lard,  will  rouim  th« 
action  of  the  dda  when  eveiy  other  spplicatioD  wonld  be  impoteut^  Nu 
cASo,  in<leed,  should  bo  allowed  to  pmcved  to  a  &tal  temtDatton,— tliu 
blistmi  having  (ailed  to  o[ieruti.% — without  Uiis  poweribl  counter-irritant 
bsii^  had  reoonnu  to. 

PnennKMua,  like  bronchitia,  requires  annooB  watching,  Tbe  first  object 
is  to  subdue  the  infL'unmation,  and  onr  mi'itsiircs  mnrt  ho  prompt  and 
decisiTe.     Tbe  good  wliich  we  can  do  must  be  duno  at  tint,  or  not  at  all. 

Tbe  commencement  of  the  stale  of  cou\'aleaoeuc«  requires  the  aame 
guarded  practice  as  in  bronchitis.  As  many  horses  are  lost  by  impatienoa 
now,  as  by  want  of  decixion  nt  finit.  If  We  bnTe  subdued  tho  disease  we 
sbotdd  1t*t  well  nlono.  Wo  Mhoold  guanl  against  the  return  of  the  foe  by 
the  cuntiiined  lultniutHtrutiou  of  onr  BedntiTes  fa)  Smaller  qnantitiMi,  and 
give  tonics  if  debility  is  rapidly  succeeding.  Whni  we  have  apjuircntly 
WMtherod  t)ie  storm,  we  must  still  bo  cautious ;  wo  must  couuder  the 
Witnre  and  tbe  si^it  of  the  disease,  and  the  prcdispoHition  to  retoriiiiiR  in- 
lammatiuu.  If  the  staAou  will  penait,  two  or  three  moQthn'  mn  nt  graM 
choald  sncceod  to  our  medical  treatment ;  bat  if  this  is  LiupructieablL',  we 
must  put  of)' the  period  not  only  of  active  work  bnt  of  leni^-lbeiied  exercise 
■a  long  as  it  can  be  delayed,  and  even  after  l^at  portnit  tho  horso  to 
retain  as  gradually  as  may  bo  to  bis  hsukI  employment  aud  fbod. 

Mosi  frequent  m  occurrence,  in  connection  wjtb  inSanunatioa  of  the 
lu^ia 

FLETTBIST. 

This  disease  of  tbo  invseting  mcmbmne  of  the  longs  S]>d  of  the  thoracis 
flavity,  oamcly  the  pleois,  next  demands  onr  attention. 

The  prevaiung  oaoses  of  plenriay  ar«  tbo  same  na  those  which  prodnoo 
pDSamonia— cntpowro  to  wet  and  cold,  sudden  oltcmntious  of  tempcistvn, 
pBrtie)  exposore  to  dntughts  of  cold  air,  riding  against  a  keen  wind, 


390 


PLEUBIST. 


tminerHion  a*  hieh  m  tbe  cheat  in  cold  wntcr,  wid  <ixtn  work  of  the 
rwpiwtwy  i^nr*'"tT.  ^4liewiii«jbeftdil(<d — wounds  penetnting  into  the 
tbonx  aii  benaliiw  iba  pleu»,  fraotnro  of  tite  ribs,  or  TioUvcit  cu&tu- 
nana  oo  the  aklei  t£»  iafiammatioD  prodncod  hj  which  is  propftgatod 
Umrag^  dw  pwietn  of  tho  ohcvt. 

It  in  •omebmea  eonBaei  to  one  aide  or  to  one  of  Ibe  plenm  oa  eitlit-r 
side,  or  even  to  pstcbes  on  that  pienra,  wheth«r  paliooniLry  or  cnstaL  llio 
tnflMninattoa  of  the  longs  which  ocae)n»iiatlriu3ooinp<uii<«  mines  ia  obs- 
tsoteriaod  bjr  a  Mngolar  pntofay  mppeannoe.  Thai  produced  ou  the  ooalal 
pli;ti»,  arising  froiu  Tiolemce  or  otoer  CWiBea,  rarely  reaches  tbe  pohaoastj 
coreriog ;  and  that  which  ia  oonnnmricatgd  to  the  tunto  of  tho  longa,  1^ 
UMSits  of  the  intenai^  of  the  Bction  within,  does  not  often  inrolro  tho 
ooMtal  plewa.  In  Borae  cases,  bowei-er,  it  affeeta  both  pleons  aod  both 
aides,  aodspTMida  npidlj  from  one  to  tho  oth«ir. 

Tbe  fint  ajnoAoia  ut  riyor,  followed  br  inmrttitod  bc«t  and  partial  sweats; 
to  thciae  sncoeed  luaa  of  apputitA  and  spirits,  and  a  low  sod  pdnful  coogh. 
The  inspiration  is  a  short  soddsu  eSbrt.  and  broken  off  before  it  ia  mly 
aocompiishrd,  indicating  the  pain  fL4t  fram  the  dixtension  of  the  irrilablo 
bceanxo '""— ~^  nnnbrsoe.  This  sjmptoni  is  exoeedingly  chanoteriatio. 
lu  Um  hunuu  being  it  is  well  oxpn«»«d  by  tbe  term  ttiM,  and  an  atoeed* 
ingly  paiaAd  feeling  it  is.  The  expiration  is  retarded,  as  much  as  poaciblo, 
by  the  oae  of  all  tiu-  amiliary  moMtlea  which  the  aniniftl  oan  in  iisi  into  tho 
service,  bat  it  at  length  Anishce  abniptty  in  a  kind  of  spasm.  This  pecu- 
liarity of  hmithing,  oooe  cnrrfDlly  obtiRrTcd,  cannot  bo  forgott«n.  The 
nuxt  chiirvct'.'r  ia  found  in  the  tL-udcniiJisufthu  sidi-s  whon  tho  costiit  nlcnm 
in  affi-clvd.  This  tendemeea  often  exists  to  a  dfgiT>(i  scarcely  crvdible.  If 
the  side  is  prmsed  npon  the  horse  will  rccodo  with  a  low  painial  gniut ; 
hp  will  tivmbic,  and  try  to  get  ont  of  the  wny  bcforn  tho  hand  tonchu 
him  again.  The  attempt  to  tnra  him  short,  or  ({nickly  round,  will  prodnou 
the  same  effect.  Then  cornea  ttoothar  indication,  both  of  pain  and  tho 
ro^oD  of  that  pain, — the  intensoaUl  mnsnti's  iiiTicttMi  by  the  oontignoiu 
plcnia,  and  in  their  torn  afleolfng  the  paiuiiculn.-i  camoHuii  or  mbcolnneoBa 
musuttlar  expaa&ion  without— th«re  are  twitchiuga  of  the  skin  on  the  side 
— cornigstioaa — waves  cnvping  over  tho  istfignmrnt.  This  is  never  seen 
in  pneumonia.  There  ia  however,  aa  wa  may  cxpoct,  the  same  diainohnar 
tion  to  naove,  for  every  motion  moat  give  intense  pain. 

The  pahw  nhoald  bo  anxioanly  stndiod.  It  presents  a  decidad  difl^naoe 
ofehBiaGter  from  thut  of  pnimmoniik  It  is  incrr-nscd  in  rapidify,  but  '"1*1^^ 
of  being  onpreesed,  and  soBetim^e  almost  niuippirauble,  as  in  pnenmooini 
it  i*  round,  full,  aod  strooc.  Even  at  tbo  last,  when  the  strength  of  the 
constitution  begins  to  yield,  the  poise  is  wiry,  although  amoll. 

Tho  oztruimtieesn  nererdeathyoold  ;  tt)uymuybQOool,lhejareoftcner 
niishla,  and  thajraometinics  present  iaereased  heat.  The  body  is  ftr  more 
liable  to  vaiiatioiks  of  tempeiutare ;  and  tho  cold  and  tbe  hot  fit  mom  fro- 
qacutlj  sooeeed  each  other.  The  mouth  i*  not  so  hot  as  in  pneumonia, 
and  tka  breath  is  Tsrvly  above  its  nsoal  t^mpomlure. 

A  diffeTsnooofobaracterin  the  tnra  diseaaca  is  here  particnlariy  evident 
oo  the  mombiane  of  tbe  nose.  Ncithor  tho  erimson  nor  tho  porplo  injeo- 
tion  of  pDfutaouia  is  seeo  on  the  lining  of  the  nose,  bnl  a  somewhat  darker 
dingier  hno. 

Both  thu  pneumonio  and  piraritio  hnnu!  will  look  at  his  flanks,  thna 
pointing  osl  the  seat  of  disease  lutd  puin ;  but  tbe  bone  with  poeaiPtinis 
will  tarn  himself  more  slowly  round,  and  k>ng  and  stead&atly  gase  at  hia 
aidey  while  the  notioti  of  the  bonw  with  pleorinr  is  more  sudden,  agitated, 
spssraodic  Tho  oountenanoe  of  the  one  ia  tnat  of  aetUcd  diatroai ;  the 
««ber  brightens  up  oDoananalljr.    Tbe  pang  is  severe,  but  U  is  transient 


J 


PLECKIST. 


Wl 


k 


ftnd  tbcr*  m  iobemht  of  rrluT.  WhUa  neitkiT  will  Ik  down  or  n-Qlinglr 
maw%  knd  Utc  ptu-omonic  borvo  stHnds  fizod  as  a  MKtae,  tlie  pleitm*o 
oae  Bhrinlu  «ihI  cruaclxw  tUnuMtt  to  &Uiiig.  If  he  hiet  down  it  ie  OB  the 
affected  Biil«,  wWn  the  diaOBB  is  oonfined  to  one  auto  onlf.  Tbe  hoad  of 
the  horac,  with  inflammation  of  the  Bobstance  of  the  hiags,  li&nga  lioavilf 
— tbat  of  the  other  u  protniddd. 

We  livn-'  ili^rire  mocit  important  aitaiatancc  from  AutciUtatiom,  In  a  («ne 
of  pleurisy  w«  bare  juo  crvfiitatin;  eracUing  aoond,  rcfcmble  to  the  infii- 
tnitiom  of  the  Uood  through  the  rrnnainnr  membrane  of  the  ur^eeUa ;  we 
bare  not  cren  a  loader  and  dirtincter  manoDr.  Perhaps  there  is  no 
hotn  the  Bound  of  health,  or,  if  there  ia  aar  diflhremce^  the 
iriabinter;  for  the  plennl  meoilirane  talUekanedanditselMrtic)^ 
,  lited,  and  the  soaad  ia  not  •»  rendilj'  traBsmitted.  Tiien  k  aoms- 
tmea  a  slight  nablnngaoond,  and  c«poelaUjrlowanb  the  superior  region 
of  tlm  obe^  as  if  th«re  ww  friction  oetwoeo  the  thiokcncd  Mid  indurated 
nwnbraiHe. 

To  this  may  be  addod  the  different  chamcter  of  tbi>  couf^li,  Bore  and 
paisfial  tnaagtt  in  both,  but  in  pnenmOnia  gvncmll)-  lianl,  and  full,  and 
Beqnent.  Id  plrariHj'  it  b  not  so  ftvqnant,  bat  Unt,  iiapprcosod,  out  short, 
and  attomded  by  a  thiu  ichoroas  diB^ar:ge  dro]>|>ing  from  tho  nose. 

ThsM  ate  snfBcivnt  guide*  in  tho  early  stage  of  the  diBcaae,  when  it  ta 
nort  of  nD  of  importatinc  tg  dintiiiKaish  tho  one  from  the  other.  Pleurisy 
morn  frwiamllf  uxista  iu  a  purer  form  than  pneumonia,  for  c^ory  now  and 
then  draUi  is  the  result  eolelj  of  suflbcation,  but  in  most  esses  tito  stroc- 
tore  of  the  lungs  ia  impticalc^  to  a  gr^tator  or  loss  extent. 

If  after  a  few  dajrs  tlic  bnnthing  bncomns  a  little  moie  natural,  the 
iaapiration  hngthened  and  n.-^'ulu-,  and  tlie  expinttion,  althongh  still  nro- 
hnwed,  is  iiufl<Bted  to  bo  oompkteJ — if  the  twitt'hing«  are  ftaa  Bvidtnit 
KuT  leu  fKviueitt — if  the  ooivh  can  bo  fully  orpteaBcd  —  if  the  {wise 
■ofWlUS  although  it  may  not  aimininh  in  frcqnwy,  and  if  tho  animal 
lnjpnB  to  Uo  down,  or  walks  nbont  of  liis  own  acccwd,  there  ia  hope  of 
leooreiy.  Bnt  if  tbe  pulse  qtiiokeiis  and,  aHhongfa  smaller,  yet  poaaossee 
the  mry  charaoter  of  inflammation — if  the  gaze  at  the  flanks,  previously 
by  starts,  bcoomcs  (ixod  as  well  as  nnnoaa,  and  tho  dillicnlty  of  breathing 
eontinnea  (the  difGcolty  of  aMomplUhiHg  it,  allJumgh  tho  cflbrts  are 
oflener  lepeatod) — if  patirheB  of  sweat  break  out,  and  tho  animal  gets 
tvatless^pawB — shin*  his  posture  every  minute^ — is  unable  longer  to 
Stand  ret  heeitates  whctlier  ho  shall  lie  down — detmninve  on  it  again  and 
again,  out  fcjin,  and  at  length  dropH  ratbur  than  ties  giiottty  down,  a  fatal 
tcrminatum  ia  at  band. 

The  moat  frequent  cause  of  death  is  cffiision  in  tbe  cheat  (hydtothonx), 
eomprcsring  tho  Inn^  on  otctj  side,  rendering  rxptratJoo  difficult  and  at 
length  impoKsiblo,  imd  duxtroyiug  the  animal  by  suflboation.  Por  »omo 
time  before  his  d«ath  tho  effbaiou  and  extcut  will  be  erideiit  enough.  The 
TloleOMM  of  the  symptoms  will  soddenly  abate,  tlii!  pnluc  falling  from  eighty 
or  ninsty  to  forty  or  fifty,  and  in  somu  oiu<i.-s  becoming  sufU-r  in  its  character. 
The  membrane*  sIko  wdl  uasuuie  a  ralo  colour  as  the  oiTuition  incrossM. 
Thu  ^p' trial  not  only  walks  nnwillingiv,  bat  on  the  slightest  exercise  his 
pulse  is  stiaogdy  aceleratod ;  thu  fivhug  uf  solTocBtiun  oomua  over  him, 
and  bo  Bt<nM  taddenty,  looks  wildly  about,  and  trembles ;  but  bo  quiddy 
nooTors  htnwolA  and  proceeds.  There  ia  Ereqnently  also,  when  tbe  eSbsion 
is  ounfirmul,  (edi-ma  of  soma  external  ]«ri,  and  that  oocaaioDally  to  a  toIT 
great  uxttiut.  This  is  oftencat  ubn^md  in  tbi?  abdomen,  the  chest,  and 
iito  point  of  tho  brcasL  Tho  vt^ry  communoement  of  eflHaion  may  be 
doloctcd  by  anseoltation.  There  will  bo  the  owsatiou  of  tbe  reepiraUiry 
nnnunr  at  the  Btcmum,  and  tbo  increiutcd  gntiug — not  the  crepitating 

«  3" 


tm 


PLEtTRIST. 


crmokUng  noise  u  wben  oongeetion  is  gcang  on — not  ttie  feblw  munnor  m 
congMitiuii  admiCM^  bat  tlie  absence  of  it.  beginaing  from  tbe  bottom  of 
the  chest 

It  MpftinfoUy  uitcrectiDg  to  trktvfa  the  prograH  of  tbe  eSkukm — bow 
the  stiluMes  awpa  sp,  and  tfaeniunnur  gsia  loodflr  aborci,  and  the  grating 
sound  loader  too,  nmil  Rt  length  there  is  no  longer  room  for  the  hing«  to 
pin',  and  mfibcntion  cnitaee. 

The  flaid  eoolelned  in  tbe  chert  Tmriea  in  quantity  aa  ircU  a»  a|^>earanoo 
■nd  oooufltoDCs.  Uftnjr  KaUoos  bars  booo  foand  in  the  two  snca,  p«l«  or 
jdlow  or  bloody,  oAca  differing  in  tbe  two  tiilca  or  tbo  thorax — occa- 
nonall;  &  thivk  adventitious  coat  corcring  the  coetal  or  tL«  pnlmonarr 
pleura — rareljr  mnch  adbmion,  bol  tbo  longs  pnr^hvooloiin^  fUocid, 
conuirMsed,  not  ooo-fonrth  of  tlitar  nstiaJ  siic,  imncnwd  in  tlic  fluid,  and 
nwIcRd  inoi>able  of  exjianding  by  ita  pres^mre. 

Hera,  aa  in  pneonMnia,  tbe  blcoding  should  bo  prompt  and  copioiu. 
Noit,  and  of  great  importancv,  apmcnt  medicinn  shonld  W  ndmiiuxtqnd 
—that,  tho  cfToct  of  i^ch  is  ao  dimrahle,  but  which  we  do  not  dare  to 
give  wben  the  niuvoiia  membranoi  of  tbo  reapiratory  poaaagea  ia  tbe  sent  of 
disease.     Here  we  bavo  to  do  with  a  Mrons  membrane,  and  there  is  less 

rpatby  with  tho  mncotia  mcnilmncn  of  eitfao*  caviU'.  SmaU  dc*M  of 
I  Hhoaldbe  given  with  the  naval  ferer-ntedktiw.  sua  repeated  moiming 
and  night  until  tlie  dang  beooDMS  paltaccotUi  wmb  it  will  ahrays  be 
pmdnnt  to  atop,  llio  MdntiTO  mndidne  is  that  wMcb  haa  been  mcom- 
mendedln  pnenmonin,  and  in  the  same doaea.  Next  should  fullow  a  blitUr 
on  the  chest  and  sidM.  It  is  far  proferablo  to  setons,  for  it  can  be  brought 
abnost  into  contact  with  the  inOuned  sar&oc,  and  ntvndrd  over  tbo  whole 
of  that  unrtaoe.  An  airy,  but  u  oumfortable  box,  is  likewise  irvtm  more 
Bec^siary  tlian  in  pncuuiouiii,  but  the  practice  of  exposun!,  unourered,  to 
the  cold  is  both  absurd  and  daetradire.  Tbe  blood,  repelled  fn>m  tbe 
akin  bv  tbe  contractile,  dcpressinj^  inflaenec  of  tbo  cold,  would  ruflh  with 
&tal  unpotns  to  thn  nL-ighhounng  membrane^  to  which  it  was  boforv 
dangeronaly  dL-lcrmiscd.  Wanu  and  oorafortabtfl  clothing  cannot  be 
disMnaod  with  in  pleurisy. 

Tbe  (cdativo  mMicanes,  hawervcr,  should  be  omitted  mnch  sooner  than 
in  pnenmouia,  and  euccecdod  by  diuretics.  The  oomiBon  turpeutiuD  is  aa 
good  aa  any,  made  into  a  boll  with  linsond-meal,  and  given  in  doses  of  two 
or  three  diucluns  twice  in  the  day.  If  tbe  constitution  is  inn<'h  impaured, 
tonics  mar  bo  caatiously  given,  ns  soon  as  the  TioloDce  of  tlie  diaoasc  is 
afaaliod.  Tbo  spirit  of  nitrous  ether  ia  a  ntild  stimnlnnt  and  a  diurvtio;. 
SinsU  quantities  of  gentiao  and  ginger  may  be  added,  but  tlic  turpentine 
mnxt  not  be  omitted. 

There  is  in  plcnrisy  a  fiv  grcatcrbmdencT  to  rvlnpee  than  in  pneumonia. 
The  lungs  do  not  perfectly  reoorer  from  thdr  stuto  of  ooltapsa,  tkor  the 
seroos  membrane  from  its  long  macetation  in  the  etTtaiied  fluid :  asdoma, 
txm^  disincli nation  to  work,  iompkhilily  of  rapid  progreeaton,  colidrr 
paane^  as  the  nnuhccrvoiit  {)nw,'tttiuner  would  call  Uum,  bat  in  trutn 
I^cnritio  stitches— these  an-  the  fivqaent  seqn«l»  of  pleurisy.  This  will 
afliird  another  r«ason  why  the  important  opoatian  of  paraccnteais  should 
nob  be  deferred  too  long. 

There  is  much  greater  disponlion  to  metastasis  than  in  pnenmonia ;  h- 
dccd,  it  IB  Muy  to  unagino  tbnt  the  inflammatioin  of  a  mere  meiubrunc  mav 
more  readily  and  oftoner  ahifl  thaa  tInU  of  tbe  substuncc  »f  m  Urge  a  viscns 
as  tho  lunge.  The  inflanuDation,  ahifting  ita  first  ground,  attacks  ahnoat 
amj  part  indiMriininately,  and  a|>pears  under  a  strntigiily  ponling  vnrio^ 
of  forms.  Dn)p«y  is  the  moat  frequent  cbaoge.  EfTuHiim  in  tbe  abdomen 
a  asbstitutcd  for  that  of  tho  chart,  or  ratbcr  tlie  oxhalunt  or  abeorbent 


I 

J 


I 


PHMBB   rCUIOXlUB,   OK  CO^SCIOTIOX.  SU 

.. I  iif  llii  itiliiiMii.  iM  botkof  ihma,  noa  spafttian  is  tlw  debalhjr 

I  «f  tboM  of  the  tbonx. 

wiTmiuii  TnunuiiB,  ox  corsTrxmoir. 

wnra  ^Maabiii^  t^  aooo^MBBisMBU  ami  cuiuatae&on  of  inflt"!- 
inatioBorttMhu^ra  th«  hotw^  — Jioa  ww»a»ofti»  hiai  KonyitiaA. 
It  ia  waullj  wwrMirtrf  vttk  or  lb*  peiinBinrB  of  pamnauft  or  ^variqTt 

If  «  aant>w.cha>ed,  litwded  bocw  ia  attacked  vtth  ™ft»— ■■f*wr»  of 
AsfaiDgK,  or  mrm  catanfal  fcwr.  «ip»ri«im  tdb  aa  ttot  wvaballkaTa 
mora  tlifEcalty  in  sabdina;  tfao  diatMc  in  him,  than  in  one  deeper  in  the 

S*rth  or  ninitiler  in  tlut  cbest.  Tfce  Inn^  de6cMnt  in  bulk  Koonrdin^  to 
e  diniiniabgJ  ooatenls  of  the  ehaat,  bsve  been  OTerwotlctil  in  ani^ktpnff 
thu  qoKntitT  of  uteml  Uood  iipiwi^ij  in  the  nrioos  porpoaea  of  lifts 
•ad  ^aiticolarljr  tliat  wltid  h»a  toes  rvi^iird  nndrr  unasnal  aad  violFBt 
axvrtioB.  Tnflaiwmatifm  of  the  loiun  bjut  conaeQncnUT  cnAiusdi  and  tliat 
imBuaattorj  aeUon  baa  aeqairad  aa  iateBae  ooanoler  ttmiar  eirenm- 
■laBeea  by  wbich  aaolbar  bvaa  vo«U  be  acaroalj  afliwtod. 

Wben  tbia  diataai  baa  been  ptofwrl;  tnatod,  and  aftfarrnitr  trabdnnl, 
the  biTM  anaot  be  qnicUj  and  numnarilj'  diamined  to  liis  work.  He  ia 
Mdlr  cmnciated  — he  bng  OonlinnM  ao — hia  ooal  atana — hia  skin  clinaa 
lo  fau  riba — faia  beUj  bracked  mp,  aotwitbatanding  tfaat  be  ta»j  ban 
pimfj'  of  mmbfii  and  carrota,  and  gncoa  meat  and  medicine— his  Sottaet 
ffOttj  of  apirit  doea  not  ntnm,  or  if  be  ia  willing  to  work  ho  ia  oaai^ 
timl,  fweating  on  tfae  leaat  exertion,  and  the  sweat  moat  profuae  about 
tho  cbvst  and  sidea — hia  appetite  is  not  rcatorod,  or,  perhaps  neror  has 
beet)  good,  and  &e  slightest  axetticin  pala  him  completely  off  hin  ftxxl. 

Wo  obsorva  him  more  attaotird}',  and  eren  as  Be  atantU  ({uu.-t  in  hia 
itaU,  tho  Sanka  hears  a  little  mon  laboriooalj  than  they  should  do.  and 
that  beaTisp  b  paiafoUf  qnidcened  whaa  anddcti  exertion  ta  nquired. 
H<r  cou|,'hs  Borelj,  and  discharges  frmn  tho  noae  a  mncoa  linked  with 
blood.  OT  a  Said  decidedly-  immlcnt  —  the  breath  beooraea  offensive — the 
pnlsa  ia  atvangvly  inertaaed  by  the  slq;btest  ezertMm. 

When  many  of  theae  aympUnns  are  derehqied,  the  animal  will  exhibit 
eooaideraUe  pain  on  hebig  gMitly  strack  on  some  pari  of  the  cbost ;  the 
OOQgfa  tfaeo  beeomM  mora  mqiiont  and  paioflil ;  tlia  discharge  bom  tho 
xoaa  more  abondnnt  and  fortid,  and  the  emaciation  and  consoqaent  debility 
more  rapid,  nntil  death  doaa  the  aoene. 

The  Itsiuoa  that  are  preeented  after  death  are  very  nnocrtain.  GeDC- 
lally  tlicTo  aro  taberelM — sometimos  very  minntci,  at  other  times  targo  in 
mat.  Thrrare  in  diffbrcnt  stales  of  softening,  and  some  of  them,  havine 
■appniateJ,  horst  tuUi  the  InoDchial  patuagca,  and  rjchibit  ahaeeaaea  <n 
enomkooa  bulk.  Other  portions  of  Ihtr  loo)^  are  ahmuk,  flaocid,  iDdniatml 
or  bepatiscd,  and  of  a  pale  or  rod-bruwn  oolonr ;  and  tbero  are  occaaional 
ndKniniui  bftwRcn  th(!  Innga  and  the  sidea  of  tho  obcst. 

Ia  thia  an  fai-rL-ditary  disease  ?  T1icr«  ta  aome  diffiooltr  in  deciding  the 
pciiit.  It  has  bt'en  scaroely  mcottxl  Moong  borsomeo.  Oao  thing  only  b 
ksowD — that  the  side  haa  been  flat,  and  the  heBy  tndied  np,  uid  the  antmal 
has  had  much  marv  ardour  and  wiUinf^ces  thau  jilij-sical  strvuj^.  Tlieao 
confunnulious  and  this  dispositioo  we  know  to  be  horcditaiy,  and  thus 
br  phthisis  may  be  said  to  be  so  loo.  Low  and  damp  aituations,  or  a 
variable  and  oagental  climate,  roiiy  rvnder  horaos  neouliarly  auaoepiiUe  of 
eboaf-aJTcctiona,  All  the  nberard  or  omel  or  accidental  oauaes  of  piMni- 
monia  hiy  the  fonndation  for  phthisis  ;  and.  particularly,  those  oaoaea 
whii-h  lead  to  debilitate  tho  fVame  gcmctallv,  ren^or  the  horao  UMre  liable 
to  chcst-affocttons,  and  lacs  ablo  to  ward  off  tlivir  fatal  oonsoqnenoee.  Tlu> 


sw  CHBoific  couan, 

most)  muneronB  mstsnces  of  plithisis  occur  in  those  poor  perBecnted  animmli 
ih&t  ore  wom-ont  before  their  ttme,  and  they  lire  freqaent  enough  UDong 
cavali;  horses  aRer  the  deprivations  and  fatignee  of  a  longcampai^. 

What  is  the  medical  treatment  of  confirmed  phthisis  P  The  practitioner 
most  be  guided  by  circaniBtanccs.  If  the  horse  ia  not  very  bad,  and  it  ia 
tiie  spring  of  the  rear,  a  run  at  ffrast  may  be  tried.  It  will  generallj 
■eem  to  renovate  tne  animal,  bat  the  apparent  amelioration  is  too  often 
treacheroofl.  It  iboold  always  be  tried,  for  it  is  the  best  foondation  for 
other  treatment.  The  Bnnuaer,  however,  having  set  in,  the  mediciiial 
effeot  of  the  gnas  ceases,  and  the  flics  tease  and  irritate  the  animal. 

The  medical  treatment,  if  any  is  tried,  shonld  consist  of  couTtUr-irHtantt ; 
they  will  rarely  do  harm.  They  shonld  be  applied  in  the  form  of  blisten, 
extending  over  the  aides,  and  thus  bronght  aa  near  as  possible  to  ths 
affected  part. 

Scdalivt  trudiemei  shonld  be  perseveringly  administered ;  belladonu 
■boold  be  ^ven  in  small  doses,  and  the  strength  of  the  constitntion  main- 
tained by  a  continned  exhibition  of  t«nio  medicine.  Niire  naay  be  added 
as  a  diuretic,  and  pnlvis  antimonialia  aa  a  diaphoretio. 

The  tonic  effeot  of  mild  and  nntritions  food — green  meat  of  almost  every 
kind  (carrots  partiaolarly),  mashee,  andnowand  then  a  malt  mash — willba 
found  of  great  servioe.  Nothing  &rther  than  this  P  We  may  try,  bnt 
very  cantionsly,  those  tonics  which  stimnlate  the  digestive  system  yet 
comparatively  little  affect  the  circalatory  one.  Small  doses  of  gioeer  and 
gentuin  may  be  given,  bnt  shonld  be  carefnlly  watched,  and  omitted  if 
the  flanks  should  heave  more,  or  the  cough  be  aggravated  ;  bnt  tha  safest 
tonic  that  can  be  had  recourse  to  is  the  sulphate  of  iron,  commonly  km>wB 
as  green  vitriol ;  half  an  onnce  of  this  may  be  given,  dissolved  in  the  water, 
morning  and  evening. 

The  treatment  of  phthisis  is  a  most  unsatisfactory  subject  of  considera. 
tion  as  it  regards  the  practice  of  the  veterinarian.  If  after  the  homaa 
brang  has  been  subjected  to  medical  ti-eatmcnt,  for  a  long  conrae  of  time 
Kid  at  rory  oonsiderable  expense,  he  so  far  recovers  that  life  is  rendered 
tolerably  oomfbrtable'  to  him,  he  and  his  connections  are  thankful  and 
satisfied,  and  he  will  submit  to  many  a  privation  in  order  to  ward  off  the 
return  of  a  disease,  to  which  he  is  conscious  there  wilt  ever  be  a  strong 
predisposition ;  bnt  the  case  is  different  with  the  horse,  and  this,  the 
■oope  and  bound  of  the  human  practitioner's  hope,  is  worthless  to  ths 
veterinarian.  His  patient  mnst  not  only  live  but  mnst  be  loimd  sgain. 
Every  energy,  every  capability,  must  be  restored.  Can  we  oanae  the 
tubercles  to  be  absorbed  P  Cfan  we  disperse  or  dispel  the  hepatisation  P 
Can  we  remodel  the  disorganised  stmoture  of  the  lungs  ?  Our  considera- 
tion, then,  will  be  chiefly  directed  to  the  detection  of  the  disease  in  it« 
earliest  stats,  and  the  allaying  of  the  irritation  which  causes  or  aooom- 
ponies  the  growth  of  the  tubercles.  This  must  be  the  scope  and  bonnd 
of  the  veterinarian's  practice— always  remembering  that  the  owner  should 
be  forewarned  of  the  general  hopelessness  of  the  case,  and  that  tlie  oon- 
tanoance  of  his  efforts  should  be  regulated  by  the  wish  of  the  proprietor 
ind  the  value  of  the  patient 

CHBOVIC  cauoR. 

It  would  oocnpj  more  space  than  oan  be  devoted  to  this  part  of  our 
•abject  to  treat  of  all  the  causes  of  obstinate  congh.  The  irritabili^  of 
so  great  a  portion  of  the  air-passages,  occasioned  by  previous  and  violeat 
inflammation  of  them,  is  the  most  frequent.  It  is  sometimes  connected 
with  worms.  There  is  much  s^pathy  between  the  longs  and  the  intes- 
tines, and  the  one  readily  participates  in  the  irritation  prodnood  in  tbo 


I 


I 


I 


CUBOSIC  C»UaB.         ^^^^^M"         SM 

other.  That  it  is  Mtosod  \>y  gtanders  c&d  be  easily  iQUi(^«<d,  because  that 
discAMi  ia,  in  it«  cftrlf  >ti>g<N  Mated  in  or  near  tb«  principal  air-pasaaffi^K, 
and  Utile  time  pawca  biAre  the  lungs  liccomo  afltHilx^d.  It  it  tbc  iMvc«itniy 
aUendant  of  ihick-vrind  and  brokeu-mud,  for  tbcne  proceed  Irom  altoiv- 
taona  of  the  atnictnre  of  tbo  longs. 

NotwithctoDiling  tlw  cl««ni(«a  of  tlic  canm,  tlio  cun  u  not  so  evident. 
If  K  hanfa  hoUow  coagh  in  tK-'cumpuiicd  by  a  aliiring  cost  and  the 
•ppaftraaee  of  worms,  a  fi«w  irorm-baUa  may  «xpol  lluas  nanwiUw,  niul 
nanovB  the  irritation  of  tbo  intestinal  canal.  If  it  proceeds  from  imtA- 
bility  of  ibo  air-piuuagM— which  will  be  difXKivffmt  by  tlie  horse  conghing 
after  driiikiag,  or  when  be  firtt  goue  out  of  thu  Htablv  in  the  morning,  or 
by  his  oci^asioDally  eooitiiig  oat  thick  didcds  from  tbo  nose — medicines 
may  bo  given,  and  eonatuncs  with  advaiitngc,  to  diminish  irritation  f^-ne.  ! 

nUly,  Small  doiurt  ofbellndonna,  or  tartar  emetic,  and  nitre,  admin  i/iicivd  i 

evoiy  nigkt,  &M|Ututly  have  a  beneficial  effect.  These  IhlIIb  dionld,  if 
uMMMaty,  be  rei^arly  giTern  for  a  coDsidorabte  time ;  they  are  sufiiuii-Dtly  i 

pOW«rfiiI  to  quicC  slight  excitement  of  this  kind,  bnt  not  to  oatksoale  the  J 

none,  or  interfere  with  bin  food  or  his  work.     A  blister,  extending  from  ' 

the  root  of  one  ear  to  that  of  the  other,  taking  in  the  whole  of  the  chan- 
nel, and  noching  six  or  eight  inches  down  the  windpipo,  has  been  tried, 
and  onaa  with  good  efloct,  on  the  vuppoaitian  that  the  irritation  may  exist 
in  the  faaoca  or  the  larynx.  The  oUxfer  has  samctunoa  been  ssteaded 
tlnxNi^  tho  whole  course  of  the  windpi  pe^  ontJl  b  ent«rs  the  che«t.  " 

F^eeding  kaa  moeh  inflnence  on  tliis  oomplaiDL     Too  much  dry  meat,  '' 

■nd  eapocuUly  chaff.  inra-cauMi  it.  It  is  agsravntcd  when  the  horse  is 
■oAirea  to  cat  bi.i  litter,  and  it  is  ofWu  rvGcrwd  wbeu  gpring-tnms  are 
gmn.     Oanota  afford  decided  relief. 

The  Mat  of  the  disease,  however,  is  so  nncertnin,  and  nil  our  means  and 
apphancw  so  tDoflicaoioiia,  and  tbo  coof^h  itself  so  liltlo  interfering,  and 
aomotamea  iiiterferuig  not  at  all,  with  the  health  of  the  animal,  tlmt  it  is  | 

Boan»ly  worth  while  to  persersro  in  anr  mode  of  treatmonl  that  is  noteri-  i 

dattly  attended  wilh  bmefit.  The  prmoipal  consideration  fo  indnoe  us 
to  mMd)e  at  all  with  chronic  rough  is  the  Icnowledgti  that  hatMa  nfllictrd 
with  it  are  more  liahle  than  others  to  be  aflbotod  by  obangca  of  tempera-  , 

tiu«,  and  that  inflanuaatioii  of  the  Innen,  or  of  the  respiratory  passogM,  | 

oAen  aasBinea  in  tbesn  a  Tory  alumiing  nlitunctcr ;  to  'which  ms^  be  adood, 
tbat  a  honto  with  chronio  cou^-li  cannot  be  warranted  sound. 

When  cbroniu  congh  chiefly  occurs  aAer  eating,  the  seat  of  the 
disease  is  evidently  in  the  xnbKtanee  of  the  lungs.  Tbe  stomach  distended 
with  fix>d  pimson upon  thcdiii]>hrit(;m,and  theoiaphrapn  upon  the  tongs; 
■nd  tlw  hui^  already  labouring  under  some  coa^eetion,  are  leu  capable 
ttimaaattaiig  the  air.  In  the  riolent  effort  to  discharge  their  flmotiOB, 
ifTitatuni  is  produced,  and  tlie  net  of  coughing  is  the  conseqnonco  of  that 
midliuii.  I 

The  Vctrrinaiy  SorgeoD  labours  nndc?r  great  disadvantage  in  the  treat- 
ment of  his  patiente.  Ba  mnst  not  otdy  mbdne  the  malady,  bat  ho  must 
rsmoTO  all  its  oooaeq;n«noGS.  Se  mtut  Umve  hit  patiaiU  perfeUhf  tnmd,  or 
In  hat  dofM  contpmatioaiy  nothins-  This  ts  a  task  always  difficult  and 
sometimes  impossible  to  be  nocompliabed.  The  two  most  frninent  eonmi- 
qoencca  of  sentre  chest-affcctioiis  in  the  horse  are  reoognisod  under  the 
terms  fkick-teind  and  hrokat-tciiul.  The  breathing  is  harried  in  both,  and 
the  bomt  is  gencnlly  mncb  distressed  when  pnt  upon  hi*  speed  ;  but  it  is 
aiinply  quick  brvutliiug  in  the  first-,  with  a  pvciUiar  sound  Hku  hal/.naring 
— ^e  inspirations  and  expirations  being  rapid,  forcible,  but  «iual.  In 
the  SDOond  the  hteathing  is  also  hurried,  hut  the  inspiration  does  not  differ 
materially  from  the  natural  one,  whih]  tbo  cxpitatioii  is  difficult,  ordoubly 


S9« 


THlCK-WiXD. 


l&bonoiu.  The  ch&ngos  of  stmcilnre  whUib  atHTompany  these  aiMea  of 
norlHd  rospirfttion  im  us  ojipoiiito  oa  cnn  bo  imnnncd.  Indnmtinn  of  <b« 
■obstaaM  of  tlifl  lunj^  dimiiiuttuu  of  tko  immbur  or  ttIl^  caJibrr  of  tlio 
kir-paanges,  are  tbo  ooMS  of  th-icJi-viBd.  IS  the  portion  of  luuf;  oniplajvd 
ia  leaawwd,  or  thv  bronchial  ttibn  will  not  »iiimt  so  much  air,  the  qtiiek 
■ncoMnon  of  efforia  mast  muku  np  for  L)ie  ilimiiushriL  eSbct  prodnc<>d  by 
CMIi.  In  ^uiet-BciW  ttiere  ia  rupture  of  tlie  air-celU,  unil  un  tuuiatural 
iDteraODUDimicntioD  betwieen  titfliD  in  the  same  lobule,  or  between  tfaoM  of 
the  ndghbonring  loboli.  Tfas  BlruuluFe  of  the  Inng,  nnd  lh«  dtKfaargo  of 
fonction,  unil  tho  trv&tnient  too,  being  bo  different,  these  diseases  roqaire 
•eparat«  eonsidecatioo. 

Tmox-WUD.  ^^ 

When  tntHiig  of  piieiimoni&,  it  waa  observed,  that  not  only  aro  Uie 
ve^s^Ia  which  raiiufy'  onr  tho  doticate  membrane  of  the  air-ot-lls  ^r^ed 
with  blond,  but  ther  am  Kometimes  niptnrod,  nnd  the  cdls  are  Gllnl  with 
blood.  Tbu  bkck,  suneiivd,  pnlpy  Hpiwanvnce  of  the  longs  thou  prodni^cd, 
ia  the  rolleaiutt  of  the  groom  and  farrier,  proving  eqaall;  the  inteviiity  of 
the  inflAiiiniation  and  that  it  is  of  recent  date.  If  the  borso  is  not  qioedilj 
dcstroyiH)  by  tbia  tcoton  of  the  !>abst«tice  of  the  limga,  the  Tmnnu  portion 
of  the  vSiued  bloud  ia  abtiorbed,  and  the  aolid  becomes  organiMNL  TIm 
Mlla  are  oblilerslod,  and  the  lung  ia  h^ah'MJ, — ita  Btractnre  bean  conn* 
dernble  rcjicm  bianco  to  that  of  the  lirer.  This  may  occur  in  patchae,  or  it 
mav  involre  a  comiderable  portion  of  the  Inng. 

If  a  portion  of  the  lung  ia  thus  rendered  imperriona,  the  romninder  will 
have  additional  work  to  porform.  The  same  qaanti^  of  blood  moat  bo 
supplied  with  air  ;  and  if  the  norting  part  of  the  machino  ia  dinUBished, 
it  mnxt  movo  with  gntit«r  veloi-ity  as  well  as  force  —  the  rM|Kratioin 
must  bo  (juicker  and  more  laborioua.  This  qnick  and  laboured  braathine 
can  be  detected  even  when  tho  animal  is  at  rest,  and  it  ia  indicated 
plainly  onoogh  by  hia  aad  distress  when  ho  is  nrged  to  nnosnal  or  cx>a> 
tinnod  Bpood.  Tlia  inapintUonH  and  the  eipimtions  ore  shorter  aa  well  aa 
mora  violent — the  air  most  be  more  rapidly  admitted  and  more  thoronghly 
preMed  oat,  and  this  is  accompanied  by  a  peculiar  eoond  that  can  rar«ly 
bemiataken. 

We  may  gno'^  "t  the  commenccnnent  of  the  evU  by  the  taborions  hear- 
fag  of  the  fiaaka,  bat  by  anHcaltntinn  aWe  can  we  asrrrlain  ita  ptogroas. 
^rao  iiinnaaii  of  the  orvpitD.t  will  tell  na  that  tho  mischief  ia  bt^insing,  and 
Ilia  ceaaation  of  the  murmur  wilt  clearly  mark  out  ita  extent. 

The  inflaBUBatory  Stage  of  the  diacneo  having  passed,  and  comparative 
lualtb  being  restored,  and  nome  rctom  to  nacfnmen  haTJng  boem  eatatn 
Itahcd, — the  borac  bvia^  now  /Aifir.iFntdtd,  auaonltatton  will  bo  far  mora 
valuable  than  ia  gi-'nerally  imai^ined.  It  will  fkilhfully  indicate  tho 
uuauli^  of  bepatiaatioo,  and  »o  give  a  clue  to  tho  degree  of  nsofkilDeaa,  or 
UM  extent  to  which  wo  mav  tax  the  ntHpiratonr  nyitem  ;  and  it  will  also 
wm  to  ilisiingniah,  and  tnot  very  clearly,  butwoen  the  canao  of  tkidc- 
mttii,  and  tbe  morbid  cliangea  that  may  hare  nvolled  from  brtmotiiUa,  or 
tluokiiitu}{  of  the  pahetoa  of  tbo  air-paamgea,  aad  not  the  obliteratioD  of 
the  mr>oeIla.  ^H 

Of  tho  'JVtalment  little  can  bo  aaid.  Wo  know  not  by  what  mtwia  w^H 
can  oxoita  the  abaotbenta  to  take  op  the  aoUd  orgaaiwd  tnaaa  of  bejatiwu 
tton,  or  reetore  tbe  mombrane  of  tho  cella  and  tho  minnta  voaaela  ramiiy* 
IDg  over  them,  now  conJoondiHl  and  lost.  We  have  a  aomnwikat  lx-tl«r 
ohanoe,  and  yet  not  much,  in  removiu;;  the  tliickening  of  the  mi<mbraite  ; 
Ibr  ooooler- irritants,  extensively  and  pcrseverinffly  apphed  to  Die  extrnial 
pariatoa  of  tba  cheat,  may  do  tomothiitg.    If  thiok-wind  imiuediatalj 


a-Vjl 


BROREX-WIXD.  ^^^^  ^7 

JbUowed  bronchitis,  it  ironM  oortainly  \»  ja»tii:»ble  practice  to  blifter 
Uw  brialut  Bad  ddco,  nnil  thut  rr|>rat<^(ily  ;  And  to  niliiiiiustnr  |inrg«tivcs 
if  w  danid,  or  dioreticN,  wore  i-tt'cctuat  tbun  tbi'  purgatives  and  always 
Mfe. 

Ottr  fttt«ntii>i)  ma«t  be  principnlly  coafined  to  di«t  and  ouuiagcnieot.  A 
thidc-wiitdcd  borM)  iihonid  bare  tiiR  fnll  proportion,  or  rather  morio  (ban 
bis  proportion,  uf  com  aud  beanK,  and  a  dimmi-tliiTd  tjuaiitity  of  lean  nutri- 
tious food,  in  orilor  that  iLe  Btomacb  may  uevix  be  on-rloadod,  and  piimi 
npoQ  the  diaphmgrn,  and  to  QpoD  the  Inn^.  aod  incrcuo  the  labour  of 
thmc  ubcady  ovorirorkcd  organ*.  Particulnr  onro  xhoald  bn  taken  that 
tbo  horse  ia  not  worked  imnu'diately  afltT  a  full  moal ;  tliu  ovprcoining 
of  tbe  pressar^  and  weight  of  the  stomach  will  be  a  serions  addition  to 
the  oxtra  work  which  tho  langs  already  have  to  perform  from  theiraltorod 
vtructorck 

SoHWthing  may  be  done  iu  th«  j>alliaiim  of  tliiok-wind,  and  more  tban 
ku  been  genenJIy  sopposed,  by  mi-aua  of  exercise.  If  the  thick- winded 
Imo*  ia  pat,  OH  it  wtre,  into  a  regular  eystem  of  training— jf  bo  is  duly  ex- 
arciaed  to  tlio  fair  nitont  of  hiti  power,  tuid  without  Rorionslr  dJatroMiBg 
bim,  his  brcalliiaj;  will  become  freer  and  deeper,  and  Kis  wind  will  ma- 
terially improve.  We  shall  call  to  oar  aid  one  of  the  most  powerful 
excitants  of  the  abnorbi^t  ^yst«m — prcssore.  tbat  of  tlie  air  npon  tbe  tnbe 
— tbo  working  part  of  tlii-  long  upon  the  disorgnni^od;  and  ndjn«ting  this 
ao  aa  not  to  excite  irritation  or  injflaiiiuiution,  we  may  sometimes  do  won- 
den.  Hu'a  ia  tbo  rcry  secret  of  traiaicig,  and  tho  power  and  the  dura- 
}ahtf  of  tb«  hunt«r  and  the  mrcr  depntds  entirely  ujmn  this. 

Tnick-wind,  however,  is  not  always  tbe  oonsequenoe  of  disrase.  Thcro 
■n  oerttin  cloddy  round-chested  horses  that  are  natnralty  tliick- winded, 
at  ISMi  to  a  ocrtnin  rxt-ent.  1'hry  am  cnpablo  of  that  slow  cxrrtion  for 
which  natare  deaigned  tliem,  but  they  aj«  immediately  dictrcsstil  if  put  a 
liula  out  of  tbeir  nsnal  paw.  A  circniar  cbettt,  whether  the  horse  i.i  largo 
or  nBall,  indicatee  thick-wind.  Tho  circular  chest  is  a  capacious  one,  and 
the  lungs  wbiob  fill  it  are  large;  and  tb<y  KupjilysufScientartcrialiscd  blood 
to  mvduoe  plenty  of  flesh  and  fat.  and  thescr  honos  are  always  fat.  Thin 
is  uie  point  of  proof  to  which  we  look  when  all  that  we  want  from  the 
animal  is  Scsh  and  fat;  but  the  ctpFkndini>  rorm  of  the  chest  ia  tliat 
whittfa  we  rwiuire  in  tbo  animal  of  ipei-d — tlii^  ilcrp  na  w<<ll  as  the  broad 
cbeat — always  capaciona  for  the  porjiose  of  miiHeaLir  ntrcngih,  and  bocom- 
tn^;  ooosiderably  more  so  when  nrtc-riali^cd  blood  is  I'apidty  expended  in 
quick  nroffrMsion.  Wo  cannot  enlarg*  l.he  raipacily  of  a  circle ;  and  if 
moK  bloou  is  to  be  fumiahed,  that  which  cannot  Ixi  done  by  increase  of 
snrfaco  must  be  aooomplished  by  frequency  of  action.  Thi-rcfnn-  it  is  tliat 
many  of  oar  hoATj  dranght- horses  are  thick-winded.  It  is  of  little  dclri- 
iDcnt  to  thi-m,  for  their  work  is  slow — or  rather  it  is  an  advantage  to  them  i 
for  the  circular  cheat,  always  at  its  great^'it  cajmei^,  enabica  them  to 
acquire  that  weight  which  is  so  adTOntagoous  for  them  to  throw  into  tbo 
oollar. 

BROKZX-imrD. 

^ia  ia  iismodiatoly  rocogniiiable  by  ihu  manner  of  breathing.  Tho  id- 
•ptntion  is  peribrmed  in  somewhat  lees  than  the  natural  time,  and  w4thonl 
an  wicnaaoi  decree  of  labour :  but  tho  expiration  has  a  pocnliar  difficulty 
accompoanng  U.  It  ia  Mcsompliiiliod  hy  a  double  cRbrt,  in  the  6r9t  »l 
which,  aa  olr.  Bliune  has  wiJI  explained  it,  '  the  usual  muacbs  opcrato : 
and  in  tho  other  the  auxiliai^  maades,  particularly  the  alfdominal,  ara 
pot  on  the  sirctoh  to  completo  tho  expulsion  more  perfectly ;  and,  that 
being  done,  the  flank  falls,  or  tiin  abdominal  masolea  relax  wiih  a  kind  of 
jerk  or  q»«n.' 


J 


299 


BROEE.\-TL\D. 


or  Mlowiag  poemnoaia,  mi  of  inSamauUion  and,  profcaUj, 
;DftlieiBOfnbraa«of  tbcbronchno,  nttber  thas  of  coiig«sdon  of 


Tb^BUforitjotv^teriaary  RnrgconnjittribntobrofcaD-irmdtouionipli/ 
HOiatau  ttete  of  tbe  Innn.  In  slnuwt  ervrj  brolccn-windcd  bone  much 
imm  boat  examiiwd  after  derth.  tbero  ha*  been  fbond  dibtatJOD  of  mow 
<it  tbB  air^dla,  and  parttcalarly  tnvnrds  th*  o^M  of  the  lobee.  Th«re 
liM  bcm  nptnra  titraiudi  tliA  pAriulcs  of  aoma  dc  llto  csILl  "i^  tbcv  bftTo 
erideaAf  i-iMnimn^-ril  whh  one  aoolbar,  and  the  air  could  be'  tmalf 
Ibreed  from  ona  potion  of  tha  oalla  to  aaotlier.  There  was  also  »  ere* 
pitsting  Dowa  iraile  (liia  preaanre  iraa  mada,  a«  if  (Jut  nUmnntcd  mambFam 
of  aome  of  tbe  eeUa  bad  given  waj.  Tbeae  wrv  ihe  true  brokai  oell^ 
aad  bMioe  tbo  darintioa  of  tb»  aame  of  Uw  diaeaao. 

Brokao-wnd  is  moodad  or  aeoorapaniad  hj  ooagh — a  ctmc:^^  pcrfmrtif 
ohanctoritbe,  andbj  wbkb  tbe  boncinaa  mrald,  in  the  daric,  drtcct  tli«. 
iiiisfiiiiiiii  iiif  Hill  diaeaae.  It  is  abort,  sappnaaed,  and  hollow,  inorcaaed 
wluo  the  aniiaal  is  (ndin^,  nr  ripowd  to  v^riatioDB  of  UaaftaMmn, 
Vlun  tlw  ""'""^1  is  niddcnlv  itmck  or  tttmtciud,  thorv  is  a  low  enmt 
of  tta  aama  nuUm  as  Ibat  tk  rraring,  but  not  so  load.  Broken-wind  is 
nmaUy  praoodcd  hy  coazfa ;  tbe  oo^fa  beooraee  chrouic,  leads  on  to  tbick- 
wind,  anil  then  tbcm  ta  bnt  a  stop  to  broken -wind.  It  is  the  consoqaones 
of  tbe  cougb  wbiob  aceompanies  catarrh  aoi  brondtitts  oftener  tbas  tbai 
aWtnding  or""' 
thickMiinff  c 
the  air'CeUa. 

iMeaaDc,  wboae  illnstratioDs  of  tbe  djaeaeea  of  Ibe  obeat  an  inraliiabls 
to  tha  bluiiaii  sutvoon,  oohmm  to  onr  ognstanoe,  and.  vbOe  deacnbing  em* 

EhvMrma  of  tbo  Tongs  of  tbe  hiunnn  boing.  g)*M  as  an  axpKcation  cl 
rokcu-wiiul  tnon  aatis&ctoiy  ihan  {a  to  be  Iband  is  anj  of  our  vettoa- 
naiy  writers.  U«  attribatea  wbat  be  caUa  diy  catarrfa  '  to  tbe  nrtial 
stmetioii  of  tbe  smaUcr  bronehial  tnbea,  hy  the  swelling  of  tWr  ii 
membmne,  Thomnoelts  of  inspiration  lire  ntunnrons  ancfpowerfbl,  wbilfl 
espintioD  is  diieilj  left  to  tbe  elasticity  of  tli«  parts :  tbmi  it  ta»y  bappm 
that  the  air,  wfaidi  daring  inspiration  had  ovcroonu)  tlie  resistance  oppoaed 
to  its  ontrsnop  bjr  tbe  tumid  stutii  at  Ibc  membrane,  is  nnablc  to  force  ita 
WSJ  tbrongfa  tbe  same  obstacle  dorioK  expiration,  aind  remains  imprisoned 
in  tbe  colls,  as  it  wvre,  br  a  ralre.  The  euccoodin^  inrpirotioos  intn>diiea 
a  fresh  sapnir  of  air,  and  (;tim1ii&Ut  ditato  tbo  ol-Us  to  s  grc«t<rr  or  lets 
extent ;  and  if  the  ohUruciion  is  of  some  continoaoce,  the  dilated  ooodi- 
lioii  of  the  cells  bcoomcs  pormanrnt.* 

EmpbjTscms,  or  dflatatKni  or  ruptnru  of  the  tiiwam  of  tbo  Inngs,  is  of 
two  descnptiotia :  in  ono,  termed  vesicular  eraphj|BCina,  (be  air-oella  or 
vadcJaa  which  raoeira  tfaosir  in  tbo  act  of  inspiration  alone  areaAeetedi 
tbcy  maj  bo  dPated,  esilargcd,  cnrh  sqMratA  coll,  bat  when  the  vacant 
space  is  of  oOBsidenble  axe,  it  in  the  n-salt  of  the  union  of  screral  air- 
oells  broken  into  one  bj  tba  atretohing  or  deatmction  of  the  partitions 
that  natnraJlr  divide  and  isolato  them— in  tbe  other,  ti^rmed  the  palmer 
tiarj  or  interiobular  rmphjaena,  tbe  air-cells  ore  ruplun^il,  and  thn  sir 
MOapea  into  iLe  cellular  tissue  wbioh  oonnocto  them,  the  cells  being  dis- 
tanwd  by  a  full  inspimtinn  ;  and  the  air  being  unubln  easily  to  escape 
tbrongfa  the  abntmetvd  air-tubes,  a  strong  eSbrt  at  oiiiiruliun  is  madei  a 
nptan  takes  place,  aud  forms  a  pominnnicatMa  between  the  air>oells  huI 
the  oellular  tianies.  This  intcr]'>l>ithir  uflnsian  of  uir  nmy  take  place  in  * 
few  tninnlpji  nr  (c«oi:dii,  while  tho  vcisicular  emphysema,  or  that  limited 
(o  the  oir-voiicW  uuly,  is  slow  and  gradual,  tlicir  permaoent  dilAtotiim 
being  tbo  work  of  time ;  in  bt)th  deanripUoDN  tbo  enutbysenuitoDs  portion 
of  the  lung  is  patlrr,  driiT,  and  ligbtor  tban  the  reat,  Kir  tho  air  being  abni 
np  ia  these  [lortions,  tboy  do  not  mbsido,  as  tbe  a^jo^^S  portions  do^ 
inMB  bft  (o  thoir  own  elasticity,  aud  ia  oonM^MUoe  of  this  they 


I 


M 


BROKBS-WLND. 


m 


^ 


Tcvcr  CBpillftf^  blootiTeaaols,  lees  blood,  and  conscqnentlv  lew  mourhiro  — 
Uic^  Km  diy  mod  tisfat,  and  float  upon  wntrr  litco  k  bladder  filled  willi  nir, 
Uruk«ii-wuMl  may  m  Uie  remit  of  ettlior  or  tfaecu  stale*:  wh«Q  it  comc^ii 
on  a\owhf,  roIk>i>ring  aa  ftttaok  of  broDchitJa,  and  couseqaeut  Ibick-wiod, 
it  is  owmg  to  the  overloaded  air-colls  pressing  on,  hrc&kiiiK  down,  nod 
COBlaectpy  iritli  eaob  other ;  vrbcii  it  ia  d«Tvlo[icd  smildRtily,  it  dopoudti  ud 
»  rnptora  of  tlM  air^ells  into  the  areolar  tix^ue  Irom  some  rorjr  sevora 
estrtion,  mud  the  rc«iilt  is  sudden  ru>d  immodiate. 

Some  rarciunataaou  attvuditig  this  disense  mhy  now,  probably,  be  ao- 
oOD&led  for.  A  Croubleaome  eouf^h,  aud  sometimes  of  long  oaatiDaaoce, 
is  tlm  foundation  of  the  disease,  or  iDdica.t«H  that  irritable  state  of  tha 
bramdiial  mnmbrnno  irttb  which  brokem-vrind  is  almost  necessarily  os- 
aodata^.  Uones  that  are  greedy  fecdnrs,  or  devour  lurgn  quantities  of 
iti^Uy  BotritioDB  food,  or  are  worked  with  a  stomach  diBtfiidf^d  by  this 
food,  are  vcrr  subject  to  brokon-wiod.  Slore  depends  upon  the  monago- 
ment  of  the  food  oiid  exereine  than  is  geiuirallv  supposed.  The  post- horse, 
tlie  eosMifa-hone,  and  (ha  racer  ore  comporatiToly  seldom  broken- winded. 
They  are  fed,  at  stated  periods,  on  nDtritiona  food  that  lies  ia  little  com- 
pass, and  their  hours  of  fbeding  and  of  ozertiou  are  so  arraogped  that  they 
Mldnn  yrork  on  a  full  stomaob-  The  ■gricQltnni.I  horse  is  too  often  fed 
fio  tlw  TQiy  reftue  of  the  f&nn,  and  his  hours  of  ri-oding  and  of  work  are 
bwquntly  irrogaUr ;  and  the  carriage- horse,  althouK''  fed  on  mere 
BBtritions  fix>d,  IK  often  mimriKinod  to  work  by  his  capriciooa  master  t)i(i 
moineDt  his  meal  ia  devoured. 

A  rapid  gallop  ou  a  full  stomach  baa  often  produced  brokeB-wind. 
When  thn  ncrtion  hns  hc«n  considerttblo  and  long>contJDaed,  we  cau 
cosily  ococeiro  u  ruptnre  of  the  oir-ccUs  of  thn  soundest  lungs  ;  but  we 
ore  inclined  to  believe,  tliat  were  tlio  history  of  tlieiiu  caoea  known,  tliere 
woold  bo  found  to  bare  beco  a  gradual  preparation  for  this  resolt.  There 
wDQld  hare  bixn  chronic  cough,  or  moro  than  nsnally  disturbed  rf^spiration 
after  exercise,  and  then  it  reauired  little  more  to  perfect  ilie  mijtchicrf. 
GoBopUlg  alter  drinking  has  been  censnred  as  a  canae  of  broken-wind, 
yet  wo  ooDDot  thioJc  l£at  it  is  half  so  dnngorons  as  gnllopnng  with  » 
stomach  dioteoded  fay  soUd  food.  It  is  eaid  thut  broken- winded  bones  ore 
Ibnl  feeders,  because  they  devour  almost  everylhing  that  comes  in  their 
wsy,  and  thne  impede  the  play  of  the  longs;  but  then  is  ao  much  aym- 
pauiT  bctwdrn  the  ri-jipimtory  and  die^stivo  systems,  that  one  cumot  bo 
nncli  dl!^allf{l^d  without  the  other  evidi^ntiy  suifering.  E^toloioo  and  r 
depraved  appetite  may  be  the  consequence  aa  well  &■  tlie  cause  of  broken- 
wind  i  and  Itiero  is  no  patholo^cal  fact  of  more  ftvqaent  occurrence  tlian 
tba  oooxistenco  of  indigestion  oud  flatnlenoo  with  bmken-nind.  I'lotii- 
kuoe  iec-ms  so  iurariable  a  concomitant  of  brokou-wind,  that  the  old 
&irien  used  to  think  the  nir  found  its  way  fVom  the  luugs  to  the  abdomen 
in  aorao  inexplicable  miinocr,  and  hencii  their  *  holes  to  lot  out  broken- 
wind;'  they  used  UttfTolly  to  moke  a  liole  near  to  or  above  the  fuuda- 
menl  in  ordi-r  to  give  Tont  to  the  imnriM>nnl  wind.  The  spliinctcr  muscle 
WW  gSDCmlly  divided  ;  and  altbougn  tbu  trumptus  ooksod,  tboro  wua  n 
eondant  although  Bilcut  emission  of  footid  gas,  tbat  made  tlie  remedy 
wocM  than  ibo  diac«se. 

To"i*g  horrcs  aro  sr^ldnm  found  the  subject  of  broken-wind,  but  there  ia 
DO  doM  amongst  which  it  is  so  prerslont  as  aged  horses  employed  for 
ogrlcaltual  puipoees.  In  these  onimolH  it  ust»Uy  cornea  on  gradually, 
and  con  generally  bo  traced  to  a  paralysed  conditjon  ef  tliaptiMnogMtnB 
uerrs.  ft  may  tnonfore  be  cunxtdered  as  primarily  a  diaeoM  of  tbe  digea- 
tire  oi^gons,  dspeading  upon  the  indigestible  nature  of  tlie  food,  and  the 
uretfolar  luiuior  in  which  these  •"'mrtln  are  fed.    There  con  be  little 


i. 


SOO  TH£  HEAKT. 

doubt  that  omongat  all  horsu.s,  o.sj>oci;tI1}'  those  last  montionod,  broken-nind 
is  to  a  certain  extent  hereditary. 

Is  there  any  euro  for  broken-wind  ?  Xonc !  no  medical  skill  can  repair 
Uie  broken-down  Btmctiire  of  the  Inngs. 

If,  however,  ve  cannot  cnre,  ivc  may  in  Rome  d^fi^rec  palliate  broken- 
vind :  and,  first  of  all,  we  muat  attend  carefully  to  the  feeding.  The  food 
ahonld  lie  in  Lttle  compass, — plenty  of  oats  and  split  beans,  with  a  mode- 
rate allowance  of  chafi'.  Baj  is  objection  able,  ^Yim  the  rapidity  with  whidi 
it  is  nsoally  devoured,  and  the  stomach  overdistcnded.  Water  should  be 
given  in  moderate  quantities,  bnt  Ihe  horse  ahonld  not  be  suffered  to  drink 
aa  mnch  as  he  likes  until  the  day's  work  is  over.  Green  meat  will  alwayi 
be  serviceable.  Carrots  are  particularly  useful ;  thty  are  readily  digested, 
and  appear  to  have  a  peculiarly  beneficial  effect  on  the  respiratoiy  system. 

It  is  &om  the  want  of  proper  nttention  to  the  feeding  that  many  horses 
become  broken-winded  even  in  the  Btraw-Tord.  There  is  little  nntrimeat 
in  the  provender  which  they  find  tliorc ;  and  in  order  to  obtain  enoDgh 
for  the  support  of  life,  they  are  compelled  to  keep  the  stomach  constantly 
fall,  and  pressing  upon  the  lungs.  It  has  been  the  same  when  they  have 
been  turned  out  in  coarse  find  innntritire  pastnrage.  The  stomach  WM 
perpetQally  gorged,  and  the  habitual  pressure  on  the  lungs  cramped  and 
confined  uicir  action,  and  inevitably  ruptured  the  cells  when  the.hoiM 
gambolled  with  his  companions,  or  was  wantonly  driven  about. 

Next  in  importance  stands  exercise.  The  broken-winded  horse  should 
not  stand  idle  in  the  stable  a  single  day.  It  is  almost  incredible  how 
mueb  may  be  done  by  attention  to  food  and  exercise.  The  broken-winded 
horse  may  thus  bo  rendered  comfortable  to  himself,  and  no  great  noisance 
to  his  owner ;  but  inattention  to  feeding,  or  one  hard  journey, — the 
animal  unprepared,  and  the  stomach  full, — may  bring  on  inflammation, 
congestion,  and  death.  Occasional  physic,  or  alterative  medicine,  will 
often  give  considerable  relief. 

TEE   EEAXT. 

The  heart  is  placed  between  a  doubling  of  the  pleura — the  mcdieutintim, 
by  means  of  which  it  is  supported  in  its  natural  situation,  and  all  danger* 
oua  friction  between  these  impoi-tant  organs  is  avoided.  It  is  also  sur- 
rounded by  a  membr&ne  or  bag  of  its  own,  called  the  jiericanliiiai,  wboae 
office  is  of  a  similar  nature.  By  means  of  the  heart  the  blood  is  circulated 
through  the  &ame. 

It  is  composed  of  foar  cavities— two  above,  called  auridci,  from  th«r 
supposed  resemblance  to  the  ear  of  a  dog  ;  and  two  below,  termed  venlrieUt, 
occupj-ing  the  substance  of  the  heart.  In  point  of  fact,  there  are  two 
hearts — the  one  on  the  left  side  impelling  (he  blood  through  the  frames 
the  other  on  the  right  side  through  the  pulmonary  system;  but,  united 
in  the  manner  in  which  they  ore,  tlieir  junction  contributes  to  thdr 
mutual  strength,  and  both  circulations  arc  curried  on  at  the  some  time. 

The  first  is  the  arterial  circulation.  Ko  function  can  be  discharged, 
life  cannot  exist,  without  the  presence  of  arterial  blood.  The  left  ventricla 
that  contains  it  contracts,  and  by  the  power  of  that  contraction,  aided  bj 
other  means,  which  tho  limits  of  our  work  will  not  permit  us  to  describe, 
the  blood  is  driven  through  the  whole  arterial  circulation — the  capitlaiy 
vessels  and  the  veins — and  returns  again  to  the  heart,  but  to  tbu  right 
Tentriclo.  The  other  division  of  this  viscus  is  likewise  employed  in  cir- 
culating tlie  blood  thus  conveyed  to  it,  but  not  the  some  fluid  which  wu 
contMned  in  the  left  ventricle.      It  has  gradually  lost  its  vital  power  as  it 

ight  to  a  dark  red,  and  from  a 
convey  the  principle  of  nutri- 


has  paaacd  along;  it  has  changed  from  a  bri(i 
vital  to  a  poisonous  flnid.     Kraj^cftn  again  i 

hi  /:.  .'■•...■  .^ 


f 


* 


^^^r  DISE.ISES  OF  THE    UEAKT.         ^^^^^^RP 

tioD,  or  gira  to  each  organ  Uiat  impnlaa  or  stimaloA  vthxch  uiikUc*  it  to 
diacliargn  im  function,  it  mtut  bo  mat«rially  chanj^. 

Wlicn  the  rij^t  ventriclo  oontractc,  and  the  blood  is  drivon  into  tho 
ImigB,  it  |MBBea  over  the  goaauaat  mernhnno  of  whicli  the  lolmli's  of  tlia 
haga  haro  beoD  d««cribea  as  cooaiatiDv ;  tbese  lobulva  fainnR  fillud  with 
t&e  air  which  ha*  detocndcd  throagh  tCia  bronchial  tabofl  iD  tne  act  of  in- 
•pindon.  This  delicato  membmnB  permitH  mmo  of  tho  prindplofl  of  the 
air  to  pormcate  it.  Tbe  oxjgcn  of  the  atmosphere  oombiiica  with  a 
portion  of  tho  snparabiinilnnt  cuIxid  of  this  blood,  and  the  expirad  air  is 
poijoiMfd  with  carbonic-avid  ga».  Sani«  of  tbe  conidita«nt8  of  the  Uood 
aUncl  a  portion  of  the  oxygen  of  tbe  air,  and  obtain  their  diiitiRgniehing 
charactor  and  propertiss  sfl  artcTial  blood ;  and  being  tboa  r«Tivifii>d,  it 
rannnn  on  over  tho  membrane  itf  thn  loltcs,  nnitoii  into  small  and  tlii-n 
lai^r  vcHselit,  aud  al  k-ii;'lb  poura  iU  full  stream  of  arterial  blood  into 
the  left  annclc,  tbonco  to  asccmd  into  tbo  ventricle  and  to  bo  dilTuHcd  over 
tbe  livnc. 

DI8XUES  or  TES   HZAKT. 

It  maj  be  roadil,<r  soppogod  that  an  organ  so  comptSi^Uil  in  nubjriH  to 
diseaao.  It  is  *n  to  n  hnrfiil  cxtmt,  luuL  it  sjinpntbiBrB  with  tlii!  miiliuiitn 
of  every  other  part.  Until  taWl/,  lutwovcr,  this  Knhjt^ct  hns  bccm  sliamvfulljr 
n^leetvd,  aud  ihi-  writorson  tht*  veterinary  art  have  m-rmL-d  to  bo  onawara 
of  the  importance  of  tho  orean,  and  the  nialadios  to  which  it  is  exposed. 
The  ovmpni  of  borws  and  tlui  Tdterinaiy  profcwnon  gnncrslly  are  dea>Iy 
indebted  to  Percivall  in  hia  '  Hippopntliotofry'  and  to  the  jhi^s  of  '  'fijo 
Vi-terinarian  '  (toL  vi.)  formncli  Tnlnnblo  information  on  this  iiubjcct.  To 
Dr.  Hops  also,  and  particnlnrly  to  Liumnm.*,  wo  owe  mnch.  Mr.  Percivall 
well  roys,  '  This  claitt  of  dtftcaaes  may  be  regarded  as  the  \auit  advanced 
of  tmy  in  ve4ertiiaiy  medicine — a  ciroomstance  not  to  bu  aaoribt- d  so  miicb 
to  tlaeir  compantivie  t^t;f>  "*  t"  thuir  existing  undiscovered,  or  rather 
being  confoendcd  during  uSb  with  other  diaordum,  and  particularly  vrith 
pnlmanarT  affections.' 

Tile  bt«t  place  to  examine  tho  beatiiu;  af  tbe  heart  is  immediati^ly  huhind 
Uie  elbow,  on  tho  IHl  side.  T%o  hand  appHed  Hat  nc^inst  the  ribs  will 
give  the  nnmber  of  pulsations.  The  «air  thus  u|ipliiM]  will  rnsble  tbe 
pmctitienur  better  to  ascertain  the  character  of  iJie  jjuliuition.  Tbo 
■totlvoecopo  affords  an  DDCortain  goide,  for  it  cannot  be  natly  and  evenly 
apniied. 

PiiwCARtPina, — Till- btip,  orouti-r  inn^stinK  mwnhnino  of  tho  heart,  is 
liable  to  iiilluminatton,  in  which  the  effused  fluid  becomes  organiopd,  and 
denoail«d  in  larers,  increasing  tho  thic^ricss  of  tbe  pcricttnHiun,  aiul  tlio 
difficulty  of  tbe  expanaioai  and  co&tnwiuoa  of  the  licnH.  Tbe  only 
■ymptaow  on  which  dependeoce  can  bo  placed  are — a  quickened  and  irr»> 
vnlar  nspiiation :  a  buonding  action  of  the  heart  in  an  early  atuife  of  the 
disease,  but  that,  ss  the  HuidinoreBScs  and  becomes  concrete,  assuming  a 
feeble  and  Hnttcring  cliaraetcr. 

UroROrs  Pekicabmi  is  tbo  term  nseil  to  desigiwta  the  preeenoe  of  tbo 
fluid  secreted  in  oonscqucncftof  thin  iuflammation,  and  Twyingfrom  a  pint 
to  »  gallon  or  more.  In  addition  to  tbe  symptonis  alreiidy  di-scribod,  tliste 
ts  an  expreasiou  of  alarm  and  nnzictv  in  the  countenance  uf  the  animal 
wlucb  DO  other  malady  produces.  The  hunio  tfiTDcmlly  sinks  fW>m  other 
disease,  or  f^om  ooostitational  irnlat ion. before  uic  cavi^of  tho  poricskrdiim 
te  filled  i  or  if  he  Ungers  on,  most  dreadfU  palpitations  and  tfarobbtngs 
M)00tn|NU)y  tbe  adTmiued  stage  of  tbe  disease.  It  is  seldom  or  aerer  that 
this  dfcaie  exitta  aloDo,  but  is  oomliuied  vritb  drop^  of  (bo  chert  or 


303 


DISEASES  OF  THE    DEABT. 


CjUtDtTtS  la  t)i«  wane  given  to  influanutioo  of  the  miuciiUr  aubctaum 
of  tlie  hnrt.  A  well-uitbonticAtod  uwtAnco  of  inflatnmatJoo  of  the  Bvb- 
stence  of  tlio  heart  doc«  not  etoiul  on  reocnd.  Sotnc  other  ornaprores  to 
be  mtpUcated  in  tlte  miacluef^  eren  wlion  Uie  diatitrbaacc  of  ihe  bout  Bm 
beea  tnost  appoient. 

Iicn.ui»iTi<Ml  or  TVr  Lncnn  or  thr  KiiJiitT. — Mr.  Sinipsnn  relates,  in 
*  Tho  Vcitorioiuiao '  for  18Si,>tcuBui)i  which  thnm  wirrcHjinpUmiEof  acrirro 
abdominal  pain  ;  tlie  r»pir«Uou  irna  much  diHturbud,  and  the  aetaon  of  the 
bcart  took  ou  an  extraonlinaiy  character.  Three  or  four  beotasoeoeeded 
to  each  other,  so  vioUmtlj  as  to  ohnko  thv  whole  freni«,  and  to  be  visible 
at  the  distance  of  wvvml  yvrdii,  with  intt^rruls  of  qiiiHudo  of  five  miaatM 
or  more.     At  length  this  violent  bestin);  hec&tne  couatant. 

On  dUaection  both  langs  wors  foand  to  be  tDflamed,  the  Bemm  in  tbo 
pericardiam  increA«cd  in  qaiintity,  nnd  tlin  internal  Riembnwo  of  the  heart 
violentlj  inflnmcd,  with  Hpols  of  uc«hyiiiuuH. 

ThiK  wonld  seem  to  bo  a  case  of  luflaituiiation  of  the  heart ;  but  in  a 
couniilemble  proi)ortion  of  the  cases  of  rabiee,  these  spots  of  ecchyniotti 
and  this  general  inilamniutton  of  the  heart  are  seen. 

HTrEKTBOPiiT  u  au  attjj mentation  or  thicltentng  of  tlic  sabiriniice  of  the 
heart ;  and,  although  not  dreamed  of  ft  few  years  ago,  aeems  dow  to  be  a 
disease  of  no  rare  occnrronce  among  horses.  The  beort  has  been  fcnows 
to  ncqiiirn  doable  its  natoral  vulumn,  or  thn  tinnclo  and  wmtricio  on 
ono  side  have  been  thus  enlarjfed.  Sir.  Thonwon  relates  in  '  The  Ve- 
torinariau '  a  very  sin^&r  case.  A  horee  was  brought  with  ererj 
appearance  of  aonio  rhcamatiittn,  and  was  hied  and  phvBick«d.  On  the 
foUowinr  duy  ho  waa  standiuf;,  with  bin  fori^-lcga  widi^ly  oxtondcd,  tho 
nostrils  dilatud,  the  breathing  qniek  and  laborious,  tlie  vyvA  annk  in  their 
orbits,  the  pnoils  dilated,  hia  nose  torncd  ronnd  almost  to  his  elhoir, 
sighiug,  and  his  cottntenanoe  sbowinff  uppronching  dissolation.  The  pnlae 
had  a  most  irregular  tnotioii,  and  the  nudulation  of  the  jugular  veins 
was  extending  to  tlie  Terj  roots  of  tho  cars.  He  died  a  few  boon 
afterwards. 

The  lunpx  and  pleura  worn  mncli  inflamfld ;  the  pmcftrdinra  was  in- 
Samod  and  distvnded  by  fluid ;  the  heart  was  of  an  enormous  siso  and 
gTvatlv  iuflamed  -,  both  tho  auricles  and  voatricles  were  filU-d  wilh  coBf^i- 
utod  blood  ;  the  greater  piirt  of  tho  chontn:  tiindinem  had  given  wsj  ;  the 
valvt^  did  not  apppoiiinale  to  porfono  their  ftuiction,  and  the  hpart  alti> 
uethtiT  presented  a  largo  disorgn-uiscd  mass,  woit'liiiij;  thirtj--foiir  poonds. 
Tho  animal  worked  oomrtantly  on  tlia  form,  and  bad  never  bcon  pnt  to 
qnii-'k  or  very  luboriooa  work. 

DiLiUTios  is  increased  capacitr  of  the  cavities  of  the  bai^  tlia 
parietos  being  generally  thinned.  It  is  probable  that  this  is  a  mon  fk» 
qoflot  discnso  tunn  is  genemllj  snppo«ied ;  and  tnm  tho  circnlnting  powor 
babw  laaaencd,  or  almost  suspended,  on  account  of  the  inability  of  the 
oavinea  to  propel  th«r  contonl*,  it  is  accompanied  by  much  aiid  npid 
eaaSiOiation.  In  the  Oardeiu  of  tho  Zooloipintl  Socic^  of  London  this  is  a 
AiiutuM  ooniudcnibly  frequent,  and  almost  uniformly  fnUii.  It  attacks  the 
Hnialli-r  animals,  and  particularly  the  qnadrnnuina,  and  has  bcvn  found  in 
ibe  deer  and  the  xebm.  It  is  clianicterisi^  by  sloir  emaoiatioD,  amd  a 
pittOBS  expresxion  of  the  coimt«Dauc« )  but  tho  mischief  is  dooe  whsil 
Ibeso  i^^mptoins  appear. 

OssiFiCAnox  or  tur  Hust.  —  There  are  too  nuny  instancca  of  this 
both  in  tbo  right  and  the  left  aoriolea  of  the  heart,  the  aortic  valves,  tfae 
abdominal  aorta,  and  abo  the  bronchial  and  other  glands.  &fr.  Penivall 
obssrvea  of  one  of  tfasae  caacs,  that  '  tbo  cavitf  could  have  been  but  a 


TOB  AKTERIES. — TUE   VEISS. 


poMiire  recepUtclt'  for  Uiu  blood,  uul  the  current  mast  li&w  Leon  canlinnod 
wiUioot  any  or  with  Lanlly  any  frcali  iminiUe.' 

Op  Aia  ui  THE  iuukt  Seatmjing  Che  horse  them  ar«  Bomo  iuteresting 
aaxnnlM  ;  mad  also  of  mptnra  of  tLv  h«urt,  and  oncunVm,  or  diliitntion  of 
tlu)  norte,  both  (Ju>nw;ic  and  abdominal,  luid  even  fartlier  removed  from  tho 
lieari  and  in  the  iliac  artery.  The  syiupt^ouis  that  would  oertamly  iodii.'at« 
lh«  eoiatcnco  of  anoiirisin  arc  yet  nnknown,  except  tendomoss  about  tliQ 
lojna  and  grndnal  inability  to  work  are  considerL-d  ns  nach :  bat  it  is 
iatHvalaiig  to  know  of  lli«  exjatamm  of  thcao  ksiona.  Gru  ton);  the  vcto- 
naaty  mrgem  aaj  poesibl;  be  able  to  gaem  at  them,  althoogh  he  will 
W«^  bavo  n>ore  power  in  avoTting  flio  nonaequonoea  of  anoarism  than  the 
W™»"  wifeeon  poMcainii  with  regard  to  lus  patient. 

TiuB  will  be  Uie  proper  place  to  describe  a  tiltle  mcse  fnll^  tbo  circula- 
tion of  tlie  blood,  and  rarioiu  cirGomstancea  ooanected  with  that  most 
inportont  prooev^ 

TEE   ASIEKIES. 

The  Tessels  which  carry  tho  blood  from  the  heart  are  called  arteries 

'  (l»«pM^  air,^-thc  ancitmta  thought  that  tboy  contained  air).      They  are 

Leompoaed  of  thrvu  ooats ;  thu  oat<'r  or  elnstio  is  thut  br  which  they  are 

I  «BBlM«d  to  yield  to  the  gush  of  blood,  and  rnlaip;  iheir  dimensiona  as  it  ia 

'  Ibrc^d  along  tiicm,  and  by  which  also  they  coutract  again  as  aogn  as  the 

atmom  has  pnaacd  ;  tho  middle  coat  ie  a  mnKCular  one,  by  which  thia  con< 

traction  is  more  powerfully  perfonned,  and  the  blood  urged  on  in  ita 

ooorae ;  the  inaer  or  membnaou  ooat  is  the  mere  Hnisg  of  the  tube. 

Tho  artoiice  divide  aa  tbn  proceed  through  Ibe  ftmnw,  and  branch  oat 
into  iuDwncruble  tnlnnto  tuiws,  t«nned  captllariee  (Imir-liko  tubee),  and 
they  eren  become  so  small  a8  to  elude  the  ng^b.  The  slightest  {luUL-ture 
oaonot  be  iofiioted  without  woonding  some  of  Uiem.  In  those  little  tubes 
tha  nooriahmant  of  the  body  and  the  sopaistion  of  all  tho  various  sccre- 
tiona  is  perfonncd,  and  in  eonaeqaetice  of  this  Uie  blood  w  chant(od. 
When  these  capilWies  onite  togetaor,  and  begin  to  eularge,  it  ia  fouud  to 
be  no  longer  arterial  or  of  n  florid  red  colonr,  bat  TonooN,  or  of  a  bluckor 
hue ;  thcrefaro  tho  nrinoi])ttt  t^riuinattoD  of  the  art«rie*  ia  in  the  vcina. 
Tba  point  where  tae  one  ends  and  the  other  ooouBanoea  oauuot  be 
aeoertained.  It  is  when  tita  red  arterial  blood,  having  discharged  ita 
flnctKin  by  dopoeiting  tho  nutritions  parts,  ia  changed  to  venous  or  black 
Mood. 

THK  VEUtS. 
These  raaaela  carry  haelc  to  the  heart  ihA  blood  which  had  been  conveyed 
to  the  differeut  parts  by  the  ari«ries.  They  hare  the  same  number  of 
ooata  aa  arteries,  but  are  thin  and  comparatively  weak.  Th^  are  more 
Buneroos  and  much  larger  than  the  arierica^  and  oonsMpiently  the  blood, 
Iwaenad  tn  quantity  by  t~he  various  secsretions  separated  Dom  it,  flows  more 
•lowly  throach  them.  It  ia  forcod  on  partly  b^  tho  first  inpnlM  oommn- 
nicatcd  to  it  W  tho  heart,  also  in  the  extn-imliiHi  and  extiinial  portJona 
of  the  bame,  by  the  pnesore  of  the  muscles;  and  in  tho  cavity  of  the 
ehsat,  ila  motiao  ia  assisted  or  principally  cauecd  by  tho  sndilrn  eipaniiion 
of  the  ventriolos  of  the  heart,  after  ttiey  have  donil  upon  and  driven  out 
their  contents,  and  thereby  oanaing  a  vaoutun  whioh  tad  Uood  nialiM  CO 
lo  filL  There  are  carious  valves  in  various  parts  of  tha  TOMi,  whtdl  pra- 
vent  the  blood  &om  flowing  backward  to  ita  souroo. 


J 


i^i.  r!n££. 


f-.vKd  =x  b  :7  ica  --■-■r-w—^-i.  .^  ^^  itxn.     It  ii  »  tbt  oaefiil  — — ~*~-' 
K  tc*  g*igfTJ-Ei—  i:  '-.ir-ikr  — ^vi-^i*.  id  — .-i'>.  Ei:rt  aa U)  ihe  TctenmiT 

X  "-'^i-ii-rii  in  ^t  anoT'  vSl  giTc  lbs 
:^  :c>e  '"■^-'  A=ii  K'  expnM  :b  imnaon  of  Aat 
r'^zifriZT.  !::&  saf^  of  heklilL,  thelMutbeaOiB 
k  L'.TBc  ^TL^  ^:'=i  '•^^ir^-rv-;  ^  ihfrn'-eix '"  ^*  z  %  FiTrme.  Tha  is  Mid 
tii  Ift  ^c*  *&»i-i:ri  ji^is — -^  pcZi«  ^--  l^*Ii  I:  Tirifs  Bngnlartr  liUla 
c.  L;r»£a  cf  ic£  "^j"-  *iic  '•'■•■'  britrL  *•••■  w^fie  i:  bc*u  nxronkUr  then 
c»i  as  IfiEJe  EKcriklT  ^r-:^.  Tii  c-»:  oc^resieii  pkce  lo  fed  As 
pilK  ij  as  ;Le  l^vfr  ^w  ij-.  1<'^/  a  H^£l=  wlizil  u.e  cfM  wbere  the  nk 
E^AxfUkn'  K^ffv  k£.i  T^ii^  a=ii  t£±  pan:^!  li-.t  coine  ^um  tmder  tbe  jav. 
T££T«  tL^  r-i-i"-»-  of  fjr'aaj^.-^.^  w-;^  be  tatLlr  cDOBUil,  and  the  charKts 
of  U.6  f'slie,  a  EiancT  of  f:JIj  cc:ial  i=isiarau«,  viB  be  clcarir  aacertftined. 
Ma&T  fcorsmg^  ps:  :L«  ta=.-i  ui  tbc  Kiie.  TlieT  can  cenainlT  oonnt  tha 
pslse  tL>n.  b^:  ih^y  c^zi  do  r.-rfVr  eu!«.  We  mast  be  able  to  pivaa  U» 
aru^  a^air^si  sji:^:  cari  boiv.  u  iHe  jawbo&e,  in  onler xa  awi  iiaiii  tbe 
manner  in  wiicli  iLe  blood  £c-ws  tbitmgb  it,  and  tlie  qnanti^  thai 
flows. 

Wl-eii  tbe  pal»e  reacLffi  £f^  or  Sfir-Sre,  tome  decne  of  fever  maj  ba 
apprtl>eiid«l,  and  prc>per  precaadon  ^loo^  be  taken ;  sercntr  or  mestatj' 
five  will  indicate  a  dangerous  stale,  and  pni  the  owner  and  the  nusMB 
cot  a  little  on  the  alen.  Few  hoiKS  loc^  sorvire  a  poise  of  one  him- 
dnd,  for  hy  this  excessire  acdoii  the  energies  of  namre  are  speedOj 
warn  out- 
Some  things,  bowcrer,  sbonJd  be  takrai  into  actMont  in  forming  oor  fion- 
cliuion  from  the  frequency  of  the  poise.  £xen.*ise.  a  waim  stable^  and 
fear  will  wonderihUv  incRase  thii-  number  of  palsations.  In  the  pr^- 
nant  condition  of  the  marethe  piuse  will  also  be  found  increased. 

When  a  cart-less  brutal  ftllow  gocs  np  lo  a  horse,  and  spe«ks  hastflj  to 
bim,  and  handles  him  romrhlr,  be  adds  ten  beats  per  minute  to  the  poli^ 
and  wiU  oflen  be  misled  in  the  opinion  he  maj  form  of  tbe  state  of  Iba 
aoimal.  A  judicious  person  will  approach  the  patient  gently,  and  pat  saii 
■oothe  him,  and  even  then  probably  the  circulation  will  be  a  little  dis- 
turbed- He  should  take  the  additional  precaution  of  noting  the  nnnbs 
and  quality  of  the  pulse  a  second  time  before  he  leaves  the  animal. 

If  a  ijuick  pnlse  indicate  irritation  and  fever,  a  tlvv  poise  will  likewin 
characterise  diseases  of  an  opposite  description.  It  accompanies  the  tleepf 
Bta;^  of  slaggurs,  and  every  malady  connected  with  deficiency  of  nerrons 
eiierfjy. 

Tlio  heart  may  not  only  be  excited  to  more  &eqnent  but  alio  to  mon 
violent  action.  It  may  contract  more  powcrfhlly  upon  the  blood,  whidt 
will  be  driven  with  greater  force  through  the  arteries,  and  the  exiHuioB 
of  the  vessels  will  be  greater  and  more  sudden.  Then  we  have  the  Aord 
pulHc,  the  sure  indicator  of  considerable  fever. 

BomelimcB  the  pulse  may  bo  hard  and  jerking,  and  yet  wtnaU :  tht 
atruam  though  forcible  is  not  great.  The  heart  is  so  irritable  that  it  eoa- 
tntctji  liefuro  the  ventricle  is  properly  filled.  The  prBCtitioner  know*  that 
tliis  iiidieat^sB  a  dnngerons  state  of  disease.  It  )s  an  almost  invwiafak 
Mccjtiijiaiiinient  of  inflammation  of  tbe  bowels. 

A  wcnA  pulse,  when  the  arterial  stream  Sows  slowly,  is  cwued  by  th> 
fui-hln  action  of  the  heurt.  It  is  the  ruvorso  of  fever,  and  ozprcHtve  of 
debility. 


i 


I 


^^^^^^^^■^  DCFUAAIAIATIO:?.  ^^^^HP  Sot 

I  Tha  oppretMd  pnl.te  U  when  tlic  nrtcrics  soom  to  be  fully  dialvtidcd  wil!i 
blood.  Tliere  ia  ubi^tructjuii  miincwlK^m,  and  th«  action  of  tUu  li«u-t  con 
kudly  force  tbe  stn-aiu  alouf;^,  ur  uomtiitiniiuito  polsatioti  to  the  curri'tit. 
It  is  tbo  c»sp  in  sudden  oonKestion  of  tho  lungv.  They  are  ovorluiidt-d 
and  eorgpd  witli  blood  whion  CAiinot  find  ita  way  tlirouttli  thpir  niinate 
vnseU.  Thin  Kcconnts  for  tha  wtll-known  fflct  of  a  copious  blooding  in- 
rniting  a  pulito  pryviuujily  ojipresscd.  A  portion  bcinf;  removed  Cram  the 
AUtmtAi^  ud  diokcd  veasela,  the  mnaindi-r  in  able  lo  don-  on. 

Then  M9  many  other  varieties  of  the  iiuIn?,  mtiich  it  would  be  tedious 
btre  loparticnlariBo;  it  mnst,  however,  be  obsiTvi-d,  tliat  during  tbe  act 
of  Ueemng,  its  ctnto  Nhonid  bo  cnrcfblly  obBcirved.  Uany  vctcrinury  nor. 
Mona,  and  gcntlmaca  too,  aiv  apt  to  order  a  ccrt«in  quantity  uf  blood  to 
M  taken  amtr,  but  do  not  euudt-'aucud  to  Nai)crint4.-nd  uio  opciiition.  Tbia 
■•  nnpardoimble  in  tbe  surj^oo  and  ceusurablo  in  tbo  owner  of  tlio  horse. 
The  animal  is  bled  for  snmo  particnlar  purpose.  Tbcre  is  loiui;  iilato  of 
diMaso,  indicated  by  a  peculiar  quality  of  tbe  pulse,  which  we  ari!  endrn- 
TOdring  to  ultor.  Thii  moit  experii-noud  practitioner  cannot  tt^ll  wtinl 
qoaotiity  of  blood  must  be  abstracted  lu  urder  to  produoo  tho  desired  cffcot. 
The  cbauK^  of  tho  pnlso  can  alone  iudicalo  when  tlui  object  is  accom- 
ptiahed ;  lber«forp,  tbo  operator  should  have  hia  fingor  on  tbo  artoiy 
daring  tbo  net  of  bleoding,  and,  oompamtively  regardlcBs  of  tlic  quantity, 
oontinoo  to  take  bUiod,  until,  in  inflununation  of  tho  lungs,  tbe  oppruaaud 
Diilaa  becomea  fuller  and  mure  distinct,  or  the  «trong  pulso  of  considerabla 
MTcr  i*  erideotly  sofUir,  or  tho  animal  oxbibits  symptoms  of  fikintnesB. 

ISFLjUCUATtOV 
Cbn^sta  of  a  distnrbod  action  of  the  rirenlntion,  by  wludi  as  iacreaaed 
flow  of  blood  ia  dottirminud  to  a  partjculur  jnu-t.  It  is  char«cl«riacd  by 
rodnMw,  swelling,  heat  ajid  pain.  The  rediuss  prooooda  from  thn  gT<MifoT 
oonntity  of  blood  flowing  Uuroueh  tho  }>»i-tv  occaaioned  by  the  dilulud  eon- 
aition  of  the  vessels.  Tbo  nwiAling  ariaca  trom  th«  same  cause,  and  from 
the  depoiit  of  Snid  in  tbe  nfifthbouriug  snbatanco.  Tlw  natural  heat  of 
Uh  body  is  produced  by  tlic- gradual  eLaBf^<  wlu'eli  takes  place  in  tho  blood, 
in  pasxtng  miui  au  arterial  to  a  venous  state.  If  more  blood  is  driven 
tbroogh  tlie  capillaries  of  ui  inllamed  parl>  and  in  which  this  obaugu  is 
tAleotod,  moTo  hent  will  n<«i.ii.-uirily  bo  prodnecd  there ;  and  the  pain  ia 
oaeily  acctiuiiti.'d  for  by  tbe  diBlcimiuii  and  preuure  which  must  be  pro- 
duced, and  the  partnotpatiou  of  the  uervea  in  tbo  diatorbonco  of  tho 
nrronnding  parts. 

If  tlie  inflatamntion  be  slight,  and  arrestod  by  treatment  in  ita  early 
BtagM,  reK^ationandarvtumtonhcnlDiyconilitioD  of  the  part  wilt  follow  J 
bat  if  it  be  acute  and  go  od  unchookod,  it  will  t^rminnto  cither  in  eSbsioo, 
odhrsiou,  aupporatian,  or  gaagreno. 

In  tbe  tnatment  of  inilammatioD,  blood-letting  has  always  bold  a  pra- 
»"*™*  position.  In  times  past  it  was  carried  to  an  injuridU  oxtant; 
tb«n  ia,  perhaps,  a  londcoey  at  tlio  preaeot  day  to  go  to  tho  otbcr  airtrontsr 
fcr  DOgloctinji;  maoy  opportimitiea  when  gr«at  beoefit  might  result  lium 
tbo  aba^nvlion  of  blood,  especially  in  local  inflammations.  An  omineni 
writer  on  this  subject  sn)-ii  'it  is  a  meaaurc,.  Ufo-|^viDg  in  its  proper  use, 
and  deadly  if  abuiicd.  Ita  benefits  may  be  explained  on  any  theorv ;  by 
diminishing  the  mata  of  blood,  it  lessons  the  labour  of  the  beort  and  lungs, 
and  allows  tbe  remaining  blood  to  be  oxTSenated  and  purified  by  natrnvl 
infloence*.  It  diiiiini«he«  the  roith  of  oTood  to  tbe  intlami^d  parts  and 
allows  distended  vunoua  raipillnricM  to  eropty  tliomsolves ;  it  decreoMM  tha 
specific  grttvity,  and  iiiureasuH  the  Abiioq)tivc  power  of  the  blood ;  it  pro- 
motes tho  aotiou  of  the  skiu  and  buwL-U,  and  imitatea  tbo  Kpontmiocia 


ne  ^^^P  INFLAUMATIOV.        ^^^^^^^^^H 

hemoirliaf^  by  wliich  nature  oflcn  uives  relief.'  Blood  is  gonenUj' 
kbstncUtl  from  tdo  jugnlnr  Tcin,  ani)  «0  Um  grticntl  quantity  DutJ  bfl| 
loMBncd ;  but  if  it  cau  Iw  tukpn  from  thn  iM.-if(bboarbood  of  llio  dlsMkSefl 
part,  U  will  be  |iro<luctiveof  l4.-nroldbcnL-lit.  One  quart  of  Uood  abatnctoS 
izQta  Um  coracicT  in  ncuto  bonder,  hy  onlos'b'nc  tlie  tomAb  of  the  inflamo^ 
pert*  iwl  Mikbling  tbom  to  contrnti,  nntl,  in  uimt  contraction,  to  seqirirs 
Umo  ftnd  power  to  nnist  fnturt-  diKtntmiim,  will  do  mori'  rood  tlan  fi«« 
qoarta  takon  trtxa  Uw  gen«nl  cirouktion.  An  oouoc  of  blood  obtained 
Of  MUifying  Quo  aw«lled  vmmIs  of  the  inflamed  eye,  will  K>ve  ■■  much 
raliof  to  that  orenn  an  a  onpioni  blooding  from  the  jngular.  It  IS  ft  prin- 
ciple in  ibe  iwiaial  fnunu  wbich  BluniM  nuvcr  I>e  IukI  iHght  of  by  tlis 
T«tcriaai7  surgeon,  or  the  honenian,  that  if  by  blcudins  the  nrocoM  of 
influnmstioD  can  ooee  bo  clieclccd. — if  it  can  be  soHpendt^  but  lur  a  littlo 
whiles — Aldiongli  it  may  return,  it  in  never  irith  tho  same  degree  of  rioteaoe, 
and  in  main' OHM  iLi>  got  nd  of  outircJy.  Hence  the  nocomit^  of  bleeding 
early,  and  bleeding  largely.  Miuiy  liurH<.'n  uix'  lout  fur  wont  ur  iqraiBcianqj' 
of  Ueedin{[,  but  very  rarely  ia  one  uuTuriixlly  iiijiift>d  by  tlie  moat  oopians 
extinction  of  blood  in  the  tarty  tt»ga  of  acDt«  inflammation.  The  boras 
win  bear,  and  with  advantage,  the  mm  of  an  nlmont  incrpdibl«  qoanti^  of  , 
blood ;  foar  qaart*  taken  from  him  will  be  comparatively  little  ntnro  thai 
one  pound  tnlceu  from  the  human  being.  We  oan  soaitMitr  oonoeive  of 
ocondorable  inflammation  of  any  jptui  of  tho  horse,  whether  ptooeedins 
trom  Bprain«.  oontnsions.  or  any  nthor  cnuac,  in  which  bleeding,  local  (if 
po«aible),  or  general,  will  not  bo  of  oMcntiul  servioe. 

Next  In  iiauortanoe  to  bleedinft;,  is  imrf^lng.  Something  may  be  r». 
nored  from  the  bowels,  the  Tct«ntion  of  which  would  increaae  the  gCDeralj 
Imtottom  and  fever.  The  (^iinntitj  of  blood  will  be  RutfiHallT  leaaeoed  ;' 
Ibr  the  aeroDS  or  wntj^ry  fluid  which  in  aepaiatod  from  it  liy  a  brink  purge, 
Ibe  action  of  which  in  the  faorao  oouUnucfl  frvqaenlty  more  than  twen^^j 
Ibnr  hoiira,  in  enormous.  While  the  blood  ia  thns  determined  to  the  bov 
lea*  even  of  that  which  n-matna  will  flow  thronch  the  inflatnied 
When  the  circuUtion  iH  dirrctoil  to  one  *i-t  of  rciuHiIa,  it  ia  prop 
diminished  in  otlior  part*.  It  waa  first  dirvcled  to  the  inOiuned  portions, 
and  thry  wcro  overloaded  and  injured,— it  ia  now  directed  to  the  bowreU, 
and  tho  inflimcd  parta  are  rdicred.  Wliile  the  jtnrging  oontinues,  boom 
dt^^ree  of  langnnr  and  nickncM  mrt:  fi.'lt,  and  the  l<>rce  of  the  oirouh^ioo  ■ 
thereby  diminiihcd,  and  the  genend  Kseitument  lessened.  The  importaBOi 
ofphyxiu  in  everyoaae  of  oonndsrable  external  Jiidftimnation  is  tnmdenttv^ 
ei-ideiil.  If  the  horse  is  laid  by  for  a  fow  dxys  from  ic^'nrr  of  thft  tocX^ 
or  sprain,  or  poll-cvU,  or  wound,  or  uhncxtt  any  cauno  of  infla^mltiol^  ■ 
physic-ball  shonkl  be  ffir(!n. 

In  esana  i^  inlenial  inflammation,  much  jndgm«Dt  ia  rcqairud  to  detei^ 
mine  when  a  porgativc  may  bo  beneficial  or  injuriooa.      In  inflanusatiao 
of  the  luufj^.  It  should  never  he  gi%-en.     Thtrre  ia  to  atrons  a  sytnpatfa/ 
betWMD  the  varioos  cont«Dta  of  tbe  cavity  of  the  cheat,  that  no  one  o(i 
than  can  be  inflaio«d  to  any  grant  ext«Dl  without  all  the  oUien  beinjj 
diluted  to  licaanM  ao;  and,  tberofore,  a  dose  of  phyHic  in  inflaiaed  luDgM 
woold  perfanpa  be  aa  fidal  as  »  doao  of  poiaon.     1  hr  excitnmcnt  prodneodl 
OB  the  bowela  t^  the  purgative  may  run  on  to  inflammation,  wbidi  no 
raedioal  akill  cut  atop. 

The  m^nna  </  abthng  exltfmal  inAammalioo  are  vmrioiia,  and  BMmin^l] 
contradictory.    The  heal  of  the  part  ven-  naturally  ted  to  tho  apjJicatiov.^ 
at  cold  embrocstiona  and  h>t*oaa.     Hatt  baa  a  strong  tendencr  to  i  iiiialiawl 
ttaelC  or  to  leave  that  subalanco  which  liaa  a  too  gnat  qnauiiiy  of  it,  ov] 
little  cnp»citj    to   rvtain  it,   for  aii-othrr   which  Mta   Ion  of  it,   or 
capacity.    Ucnce  the  advantage  of  cold  applicationa^  by  which  a  groatl 


IXFLAMMATIOS. 


»7 


deal  of  tbii  unnittnml  luait  i»  Hpvi'djlj'  ubNtntMuil  (k>m  tlio  infliMiicd  pni-L 
WIlbb  beneSi  is  dt^riv^d  fWuu  tiivm  apptiofttiona,  it  in  to  be  nttribntod  in 
•one  meesitrc  lo  tlieir  caldneas.  The  oold  t«n<ls  ro  brat-e  uji  and  inTiKormta 
Uw  ]Mrts,  nnd  iho  cvnpomtion  frvim  the  blood,  consmaent  upon  tli«  appli- 
cation of  moistnro,  omiiinwa  mpidiy  to  rt^bico  tlu>  inflammntion.  A 
tramiHgi'  well  wi-tti.'d,  purtiaJl}-  wrung  out,  wmI  T«i«ircd  vrvtry  hnlf  hour 
or  IcM,  during  iht.'  ounlimiauce  of  activ«  inflaiiunatiiMi,  will  oaiue  it  to 
nbaide  cotuiderablj'.  Wb^n  tbt^  aout«  stji^  hiks  paiSLsl  off,  tUu  wet 
boaditgo  anutt  be  wll  «Tang  out,  coTvred  hy  tliroo  oii'  four  folds  of  dry 
linen,  changrd  crtiry  tlircc  or  four  hours.  And  w«t  hAnd-rabbiDg  for  five 
or  ten  minnto*  upphcd  twicv  ur  thrioc  a  day. 

SometaDca,  Itowerer,  we  resort  to  warm  foitieDtaUon«,  and  thir  brnclit 
dnived  from  tlw^ir  ubo  is  to  he  tiaced  to  the  warniUi  of  tl)u  fluid,  tuoro 
tlian  to  any  modipimtt  property  in  it.  Wiuru  ivatcr  will  do  as  much  good 
to  lh«  honm,  who  has  so  tbirk  a  sliin.  tut  nny  divcoctioo  of  chamomilo,  or 
tnandi-mallow,  or  p(>ppr  lif-iid*,  or  any  noxlram  that  tho  brricr  may 
rccumnttrnil.  FoniciitatiuiiH  incrrnw!  the  vrarnilh  of  tho  Hkin,  and  oprn 
t]ie  MKa  of  it,  and  promote  pcre{iint)uii,  and  tbus  k-itn-'n  tho  tUDsioii  and 
wwtiSag  of  tiw  part,  assna^>  pain,  and  relii^ve  jntlamnifttlon.  Foment- 
•tinia^  to  be  benoGoial.  shonltl  Iw  Umg  and  fVcqnemly  appliid,  and  at  aa 
ET«at  a  do^rno  of  lioat  ni  can  be  Ticcd  withoot  pving  tho  animal  pain. 
PoalticN^iircmorppnrauuicnt,  orloujrirr-continnnrforaontationH.  Tlir  nnrt 
is  vxpoaud  to  the  inflneiice  of  waniitti  and  moistitrti  for  muny  lionre  or  days 
without  in(«niua8ion,and  perspiration  Ix'in;;  ao  long  kept  up,  llie  dialendud 
Tteaels  will  be  very  matrnnlly  relieved.  The  ndvantago  derived  iVom  a 
ponltioc  is  attrihuinblo  to  Ibo  hciit  unci  moiHtnre,  whicrh,  by  meant  of  it, 
can  he  ]onf(  B])plifd  to  tho  nkju,  and  it  should  b<!  compoacd  of  inat(irud.-t 
which  wdlijeHl  ri-taiii  Uiis  moiature  and  heat.  Tli«  b»n  potdlioe  of  tho 
furrier  is,  conseqaeotly,  objectionable.  It  is  never  perfectly  in  contaeb 
with  tbe  furface  of  the  ekin,  and  it  becomcii  ncarlv  dry  in  a  few  bi.nns, 
after  which  it  in  injnrinui  rather  than  bnieHeial.  LinitiTd-mnd  i*  B  much 
hotter  nuittrriid  fur  a  puultice,  fur,  if  properly-  mado,  it  will  remain  moist 
dnrinr  many  hours.  Tho  two,  howcvei>,  may  be  mixed  witJi  advantage ; 
and,  11  judiaoBsly  and  carofiilly  applied — that  i^  in  clow  contact  with  Uie 
akin — are  of  coacidvTBblo  cfTicnry. 

It  'a  oooomonaUy  very  difficult  to  dcci  ilii  wlinn  a  oold  or  a  hot  application 
ia  fo  be  naed,  and  do  geuerel  rule  can  Iw  laid  itown,  vxocjit  tliat  in  ewieti  of 
•■pei^cial  inflammation,  and  in  tbe  early  stage,  cold  lutiuns  will  bo 
prdlnable ;  but,  when  the  inflammation  is  dewier  aeat«d,  or  fiiUy  estabUshed, 
or  extended  over  a  largo  snr&oo,  warm  fommlationa  will  bo  most  eervioo- 
ablo. 

Stimulating  applications  are  fteqnentJy  oaed  in  local  inflammation. 
When  the  diseaeo  is  deeply  seated,  a  etimulating  apptioatiou  to  tbe  skin 
will  oaaso  some  irtitotion  and  intlammation  thcti^,  and  lessen  or  somciimca 
removo  the  original  malady ;  lumce  the  um  of  rowels  and  blistera  in 
inAammaticm  of  tbe  ehest.  Inflammation  to  a  high  degi««  cannot  ezi«l  in 
parts  that  are  so  ii«ar  each  other.  If  wo  excite  it  in  one,  wo  shall  abnto 
it  iu  llie  oilier,  and  also,  by  tho  discharge  which  wc  rstnblisli  from  tho  ono, 
we  shall  leaacu  tlui  dctcrmiuiitiun  of  blood  to  tho  other. 

Stimnlsting  and  blistering  applications  shoold  never  be  applied  to  a  part 
already  inflamed.  A  Gre  is  not  put  out  bv  honping  more  fuel  upon  it. 
Hence  the  miscliief  which  the  &rrior  (Avn  does  by  rubbing  his  ahominablo 
oils  on  a  recent  sprain,  hot  and  tender.  Many  a  horau  has  boon  mined  by 
this  absnrd  trcalntcnt.  When  the  beat  and  tenderness  have  diituppeared 
by  tho  OM  of  cold  lotions  or  fometitutioiis,  nud  the  teg  or  apminej  part 
raniains  mlargcd,  or  bony  matter  llimnlenB  to  bo  deposited,  it  may  tltoB 

X  2 


»M 


FEVKK. 


be  i^bi  to  BXciU  influBituiioii  of  tlia  ■kin  by  a  bliat«r,  in  order  to  n  tM 
tli0  iMf&r  wttd  afaMtbents  to  action,  aod  snabbi  tficm  to  tako  np  this 
dwiwtibittiBJccpttohMlen  tliei»tui«liiw)cciM>drfl'cct»of  inftmnmatioii, 
■  blialer,  or  itimulntipg  ■|>pUttt*oii,  tliotild  nerer  be  applied  lo  »  part 
alraadj  iBflMoedL 

rzTzx. 

F«rar  H  MHtal  Jaaeaod  arterial  arlion,  rltlwr  vitbout  an^  local 
aOectjosi,  or  m  oanHqacDCC  of  the  uTinpnthy  of  tlu:  ii}*st4.-tD  witli  inAam- 
«—**''*■'  in  aooBB  partienlar  part. 

The  fint  is  mm/tfer.  some  bare  denied  that  that  eziata  in  tho  horsey 
bat  ibn  naJb  bam  been  atrangvly  cat^oM  obMnran  of  tho  rtJiriiiu  of 
flut  aiuiBftL  Dm  tmlli  of  tho  ""w***^  ij^  that  Ibc  nana!  stable  naiiMKriactii 
and  gtnaial  faaataiant  of  the  hotae  are  ao  afaaaid,  sad  ranooa  parte  of  him 
an  rmdend  ao  IQeeljr  to  take  <3a  mflammation.  that  pore  ferer  mil  exist  a 
▼07  fitda  tlBW  witlumt  Aagmentiag  into  inOamiaatMNt.  Thtt  lung?  are 
ao  weafcaned  1^  tbo  heated  aad  feol  air  of  tho  Ul-TeBtilated  ntublc,  and  hy 
tn^icji  chanffca  frofa  »1"*^»>  inanffiBiabJe  heat  to  ijit£iuv  cold,  and  tbo  laot 
an:  ao  injured  t^  baid  ange  and  uyodietona  aboeini;,  that,  aharaiff  from 
the  begjaiung  m  the  geneial  TaacnJar  excitement  which  charactcris«a 
fbror,  'mj  soon  beeome  oxoitod  &r  bejood  otbor  portioiu  of  tho  frame ; 
and  that  which  eannienoed  a  f<!vnr  bcrontirH  icfUmnutiun  of  tbo  lanpi  or 
fbetk   Pore  brer,  bowo?er.baom(.-ttiai!H  iK«a,  luidmiu  itit  oouiw  regiUarlj, 

It  freqaentlj  bc^'ns  witb  a  cold  or  Hbirertng  fit,  which,  althon^  not 
ctweniial  to  tcwr,  will  rvty  frvqnenti/  be  found  preeodinf^  it.  Tbe  bone 
ia  doll,  Dnwilliotc  to  more,  luu  »  Rtnrine  coat,  and  cy>ld  Icgn  and  foot. 
Thia  in  iraocecd«d  hy  tocrcaaed  warmth  of  tbu  body ;  anequal  dintribation 
of  warmth  to  tbe  legs ;  oue  hot,  and  the  Other  three  cold,  or  one  or  mure 
auDalutallj  warsi,  aod  th«  otbon  anniaallj'  cold,  but  not  the  deatltliks 
catdneeB  of  inflamtnatioD  of  tbo  lunpi;  tho  nulso  quick,  soft,  and  oAeo 
indiBtiact ;  tlic  tircntbinir  a  little  qciicki-oi-d ;  bni  no  congh,  or  pawing,  or 
looking  at  the  flacki.  Tlut  aiuntal  will  scaroelj  eat,  aod  ia  T«r7  ooattrc 
Wbiltt  tbe  atate  of  pure  fovor  lasta,  tho  BhiroriD);  fit  relnms  aa  nearly  tho 
Mine  bovr  evoiy  da/,  and  i»  sncoeod^  br  >  witrm  one,  and  that  often  hj 
a  uliftht  degree  of  peraxiation;  and  thiiio  altvmato  dnrinif  mrcral  dajs 
tiutit  loud  uiflanunatiOB  appeara,  or  the  fever  gradtniUr  oubaddea.  A 
horao  rarely  dies  of  pore  fever.  If  ha  ia  not  deatrtTed  by  uiflantmation  of 
tbe  Innga,  or  foet,  or  bowoLi  rocceediiig  to  the  lever,  he  genorally  recorem. 
Ia  the  trealcneDt  of  fenir  carv  ehonld  he  taken  to  hn«bnnd  tbe  streocth  of 
llw  animal  a«  mnch  as  posaible.  Tbe  home  tibould  be  placed  in  a  ooolwel]. 
Tvtilated  atable,  and  hu  body  and  eztremitiee  waim^  obthed.  Bleeding, 
Hul  tbe  adminiebation  of  aloee  or  other  aottvo  pnmtavM,  ahoold  on  no 
aoeonnt  be  bad  teaert  to ;  the  fornittr  na  being  luccly  to  Iim  iwhi)  tlu 
debtlt^  whioh  gienerallj  altonda  this  diseaae,  aad  tbo  latter  ftota  A» 
daiyer  at  auawiive  porgatioo,  in  conaequonco  of  the  trritablv  condition  of 
Um  — ■""*  nendnnne  of  the  boircb.  Kcvcr  rocdiduoa  in  oombinatka 
wftb  diibeiUo  atimnlanU  Mbonld  l><>  tulminiatorcd,  mch  as  the  spirit  of 
Ditrio  etiier  in  oombinatiou  with  tho  liquor  ainmonin  aootatia,  and  nitrate 
of  jMtaah.  The  oonBtipatioo  of  tho  bowcU  nsually  praaent  Nhonld  ba 
tdieved  by  dvatete  of  warm  eoap  and  wator,  or  if  aeoeaaary  by  a  vmall 
dose  of  oiL  The  animal  ahonid  bo  kdnt  on  toft  food  &ir  the  Brat  few  days, 
when  a  o>oi«  goneroaa  diet  ma/  be  aUowi'd.  If  tbo  diaoaeo  mn  ita  oourae 
aa  mre  fever,  we  may  soon  beficin  tbe  adniiniatralion  of  tonio  medicine 
witn  adranta^anoh  aa  Kitig«r,  cvntinn,  or ohinoona  bark,  the  bitter  beine 
aqwvially  arrTiceable.  rcrrr,  Aoweror,  tormtnatea  in  inflammation^M 
anve  important  organ,  particnlurly  the  lunga.    Tbe  same  tirftliiiinil  aboold 


aid 


rCBPtrSA  ILEUOSKUAGICA.— SnEUMAIISM. 


SOS 


BOir  be  adopted  «s  noomnwnded  in  pniMunontA,  with  tbe  exception  of 
Uoediiig  und  other  depleting  moMarvs,  knd  Iho  earlier  resort  lo  touie 

Bvmptoaaiio  /eeer  is  inerMM-il  Hrttfrm)  action,  proccoding  from  aotod 


No  orgftD  of  GOBsequeacu  cao  be  miuih  disoidwM  or  influntd 
witliOQt  tbo  neigbbooring  parts  being  diatiirbed,  and  tbe  whole  tytbaa 
gndo&ily  poiiicipiting  m  tno  dixturbouoo.  luflanunntioti  of  the  feet  or  of 
UM  huigK  never  cxiiifj^d  Ions,  or  to  aor  material  extent,  without  being 
aooompanied  bj  &  couaidentbTe  Ai^Kne  of  fever. 

Tbe  treatment  of  symptomnticfovcrshonld  raspmblolhatof  uniple  furcr, 
exoept  that  particainr  nttontion  muitt  be  paid  to  tlie  ctnto  of  ibo  part 
origisallj  dtMOMd.  IT  tbe  inflammation  wlue]i  i-xiatod  tbcra  can  bo 
subdued,  tbe  general  diatorbaDce  will  usuall;  ct^ase. 

pirKPUKA.  BxnnaaieicjL. 

This  is  a  peculiar  disoneo  of  tlio  blood,  more  fVoqnontly  met  with  in  ibe 
horse  than  in  Hijr  other  animal.  Tjittlo  is  niulomtood  rcHpcctiiig  thoranseof 
it,  bat  it  ia  said  to  bo  produovd  by  uii  altered  condition  of  tbi!  bluod,  ilopend- 
ant  upon  a  deranged  oundition  of  the  secri'tiiiRor^'aiiii,  iiaob  tm  the  kiunoyi^ 
liver,  iui.  It  aasuzaes  two  fonoa — the  aeut«,  aiid  cliruiiio.  lu  the  foriui^r 
it  occurs  most  in  tho  rammer  montlia,  and  gonci'nlly  maktvs  its  appearance 
sadden)/.  In  tbe  Mkrlr  ela^o  tberc  will  be  uliclit  bleeding  from  the 
nontribt;  sweUiiiga  in  the  softer  parts  of  the  bouv,  enpectully  nbont  the 
labia  and  rectum ;  the  oycs  will  also  be  swollen  and  Mooa>shot,  ititb  blood 
trickb'ng  from  thorn;  pnlKo  Trr\-  rnpid  and  wavering;  breathing  horned 
and  difficult,  onirn  iKmoruii*.  This  dincoae  in  genenulj  lata],  and  runs  its 
oonrso  very  rapidly.  The  iwi-llinfre.especiaUj  about  the  head,  will  fTcneraUy 
mcnase,  ia  some  inEtancos  tbrvatenuig  snffbcation;  the  other  svniptoms 
vin  go  on,  and  the  animal  not  iinfrcqiii-nily  fallu  down  and  dies  in  the 
conrso  of  eight  or  ten  bnara  from  Uu:  cummencunieiit  of  tbe  attack.  The 
tnatmcnt,  if  lu^-n  at  tbe  conuneuoomeot  of  the  disease,  slioTild  consist  of 
BK)ianUf  bluod-luttiii); ;  but  if.  as  is  geneiaUy  the  cam,  the  disease  has  made 
eonsidonbte  progress,  we  moxt  not  bleed,  bnt  giro  dilfniciblc  stimnlaiits 
and  diorotic*.  as  tho  x|iirits  of  nitric  otlior  or  the  8])irit8  of  turraqtino,  the 
lattor  bring  tbo  beal.  The  aulmul  should  be  pkoed  in  a  wi^u-Ti^ntihtbsd 
box,  and  tho  body  and  extreniitii:*  « i-ll  clodiod.  If  tho  swelling  increase 
so  SH  to  tbr^atfin  suO'ocation.  tmclicotomy  sbonid  bo  bad  resort  to.  Tlie 
chnmic  form  of  thin  diHOAKc  dcpcndK  nprm  a  directly  opposite  state  of  the 
blood,  and  frequently  follows  cutarrlml  alf^ctinnl^  influotum,  and  any  de- 
bititntiag  can  sen.  There  is  geuurally  nwi-lling  in  the  same  parts,  bnt 
noi  to  ue  same  extent ;  and  we  have  no  bleeding  from  the  noslri),  tlie 
sdineidorian  membrane  being  stnddcd  with  petechial  spots.  The  pulse  ia 
weak  and  trcmaloux,  and  the  bowels  toqiid.  It  nuiy  oxiict  in  this  state 
for  two  or  tbrod  wet'ka,  and  rarely  paiucs  away  in  lusa  than  ten  or  twelve 
days.  Id  treating  this  form  of  the  disease,  the  animal  should  be  pboed 
in  a  well- ventilated  box,  tbe  body  and  cxtrcmitica  warmly  clothed,  and 
allowed  a  generous  diets  Tonics,  snub  as  ooiumba,  gentian,  and  ginger, 
should  be  given  daily,  witli  diffusible  stimulants  B«ob  as  tbe  spirit  of 
nitric  ellicr,  to  revtore  the  fuDctioDS  of  the  kidneys  and  skiD.  If  tlicrs  bo 
much  cflbaian,  it  will  be  advisable  to  arn  sntnhate  of  iron.  Thin  form  of 
the  'JitfTitse,  unlike  the  former,  genoraUj  yields  to  treatment. 

Hus  it  essentially  a  disease  drpi-ndiu^  °pon  the  accumulation  of 
mne  poiaonoiu  agMit  (probably  hw^tic  aoid)  in  the  blood.  It  is  only  of 
late  years  that  it  has  been  admitted  into  the  list  of  tbe  diseases  of  the 


910 


nilRUMATlSU. 


lion^  altbouglt  il  iM  m  truth  a  vny  comman  aflfi-clion.  Aiiimats  at  nil 
a^i-B  &rc  subject  to  il,  bot  it  U  mo»L  5-eqiiciat)y  met  with  iu  old  lioraeH  that 
have  been  curly  abused,  and  amongst  younprpr  ones  whose  power*  havu 
bot^n  wifprrlj  t»x«l.  In  thr  majority  of  rn-.r-i,  tiowiM-(T,  it  will  bo  lurt 
with  in  animnli  n.'OOTi^Dg  (Vom  nnmc  dcbilituting  discaitt',  M|iRcially  pnon- 
tuoaitt  aud  iiiBueiiKa.  The  aiiiuial  will  bt-  found  viiy  Umo  on  one  or  both 
limbs.  On  exiuuiiiatioii,  coDsiderabte  sn'oliiug,  attended  witli  great  bmt 
and  pnin  on  pr««Bnre,  will  lie  found  about  tllo  fetlock  joint.  This  may 
Hnddrnly  Irflvr  the  pnrt  nirct>t«d  and  attui-k  anothrr  limb,  and  ua  Fuddeoly 
nHum  aguin.  Thi!  liuni'iteac  is  fiiniiKmlly  cxci'iuiivci,  and  tliu  pain  Ik  cvi- 
douUy  cscrucUtiug.  The  auimal  frara  to  rest  his  weight  on  the  limb,  or 
even  to  toach  the  giYmnd  with  his  toe.  llo  is  heavinc'  at  the  flanks,  some- 
time*  swcntidg  profiisriy,  his  coiint^nfttion  plainly  iudicatiro  of  thr  agony 
h»  focls.  With  ]mi[ior  trvatmunt  tlui  p4un  and  lamePBsB  geticrally  diMipprnr ; 
but  in  other  inst&u<:t^s  the  ligameiils  become  thickened  and  rigid,  the 
capsules  of  the  joint  are  loaded  with  flbrinoai  dc^sits,  and  the  joint  ia 
pvidcntlr  mlargcd.  In  some  instiuiciNi  it  nnsnmes  a  somewhat  cbrooio 
form.  MoNt  hnnu^m^^  will  rt^colkct  ca-icn  in  which  the  animal  that  sontned 
tho  preceding  day  to  be  perfectly  sonud  becoiuesdecidediy  iata)(>,andlimpH 
OB  t£oilgli  h«  bad  lost  the  use  of  bis  limbs.  The  lamciwiss  is  indicat«d 
fstliAr  bv  an  nnwillingnrM  to  nse  ttie  limb  than  hy  an  expremion  of  pain 
in  stepping  on  it.  There  will  Im  ooneidendjlc  swrliing,  extcmding  fre»|ncn)Jy 
from  the  kii<.-e  to  the  fetlock  down  the  whole  eourse  of  the  Auior  tcndanic, 
and  all  the  constitutional  irrilation  usually  atteuiling  excessive  |ia)n. 
These  symntoms  may  gradually  Hisiimwaria  the  coarse  of  a  fortnight  and 
the  animal  appear  p<!rferTtly  rotidcI,  bnt  in  ft  abort  time  the  di»cas«  will 
atfitin  retnrn  with  all  il»  formtT  vioh-nce.  This  is  a  very  troubleaome  form  of 
Tnenmntism,  and  one  wliicb  is  rarely  cut«],  It  is  considerablf  inJBaenoed 
by  cold  or  wet  weather. 

Mr.  Cooper,  of  Coleshill,  rclatoa  a  case  rciy  applioahte  (o  the  proMnt 
mbjoctv  A  farmfT  pnrcliMwd  a  horse,  to  all  appearance  sound,  and  rode 
htm  home— a  dtalancc  of  tvD  mites.  He  was  worked  on  the  two  following 
days,  witliout  showing  Ibe  least  lanaenesa.  On  the  third  day  it  waa  wiu 
great  difficulty  that  he  mtmagod  to  limp  ont  of  th«  stabla.  Mr.  Cooper 
WM  Mot  for  lo  examine  liiin.  The  hone  had  olettu  Ic^  and  cxwiknt  foet. 
The  owner  woold  hare  him  blistered  all  roUtid.  tt  was  done.  Tlie  borao 
WU  tonicd  ont  to  grass  for  two  months,  and  came  up  perfectly  sotutd. 
Tbo  weather  aeon  afbn'wanls  hccuno  wot  and  cold,  and  the  horse  again 
was  lame ;  in  bot,  it  proaentlv  apprtimd  that  the  disonse  wan  ratiroly 
influenced  by  tfao  obonges  of  the  atmocphere.  'Thus,*  adds  Mr.  C,  *  in 
tlie  mnuner  a  horse  of  this  descHption  will  bo  mostly  sound,  while  In  tlie 
wiitfar  be  will  be  generally  lame.' 

Rlieumtitiimi  nnmctimrs  afTcote  th«  inasclee,  Bsmmtbg  a  netimlgic 
character.  Iu  Uiia  form  of  the  diamse  there  may  be  no  acCi(«  inBummiu 
tioo  or  pain  on  preasnK.  The  foUowing  account  of  acute  rheuinatiscn,  by 
Mr.  Thompson,  of  Beith,  is  too  Talnnble  to  be  oraitti-d  : — '  I  haTo  had,* 
i*ys  he,  'foortccn  c-a»c«  of  tbisdtacnse.  The  muscles  of  the  ahontdcrs  and 
ama  irm  generally  tlw  parte  affected.  The  cure  was  efftotMl  in  a  few 
days,  and  connstM  of  a  good  bleeding  from  the  jugnlar,  and  a  sharp 

'One  of  these  case*  was  nnicomtnonly  serere.  The  discaae  was  in  the 
liadk  and  loins.  Tlte  horse  brought  forward  his  hind-legs  under  his  Banks, 
loaehed  his  buck,  and  drew  op  his  Banks  with  a  coni-ulsiro  twtt<^  accom- 
panied  by  a  jntecmM  groan,  almoal  evMy  five  minntiis.  The  sympathetic 
foTer  waa  alarminc,  the  puW  waa  90,  and  there  was  ob«tinat«  constipation 
if  tlw  bowcU.     The  borae  blerally  roam)  aloud  if  any  one  attempted  to 


^ 


I 


TUB    ASATOUr   AXD    D1.SEaS1»   OF  TEIE    DIGESTIVE  OEG.UiS.    311 

shift  him  in  the  *iall,  nad  groiLnnit  rxccsnivrlr  -nrhoQ  lying.  Ho  was  bl<^ 
tiuott  to  fttiutiiis; ;  imil  thrvu  mndtinito  daiu-a  of  nltiisN  wok  nvna  in  tliQ 
covrw  of  two  dftfs.  Ii^^cdoua  wiMv  iMlmiiiiattiriKl,  iind  warm  fomentutionji 
wsiv  frnqncotlv  applied  to  Lho  biick  and  loiiia.  On  tlie  tliird  day  ihe 
phjsic  opemtiMi  bnxkly,  luxoinpnniod  by  considentbte  nanscaaodrodactioiL 
of  the  pabe.     From  tliut  titnii  tho  *nimiU  eradaally  mcoTrrrd. 

'  Thoso  horae§  anj  vreil  fi-d,  and  alwiiyx  in  good  I'ondition ;  but  they  are 
tA  timos  worked  without  mercy,  wUicli  perliaps  makui  tlicm  so  liable  to 
tliMe  attacks.* 

In  tlia  trnatinoiit  ofrhenmntiBtn  nttMitionshonM  be  pnid  b>  the  probablo 
nature  and  oaosM  pruduotng  it^  When  it  foltowK  pniTamonia,  infioenKn, 
or  otiier  debilitating  cauaos,  our  firal  object  dioutd  bti  to  reiiton.'  tlio  ftuiicnd 
health  of  the  nnintnl  by  the  jndicioDs  administratiou  of  touio  medicinea 
luid  nntritioua  fondfi ;  on  ooCHional  dinratic  mar  aino  ho  givon.  Our  local 
•ppUcationa  Hhuultl  couniiit  in  Ilia  nc'oto  stage  ol  warm  I'Dmcntdtiona,  to  bo 
■oaa  Ibllowud  by  6oiae  Hlimulatiug  linimcut,  such  na  thu  ooniponnil  eoap 
liaUDaot  or  the  vinegar  of  cantharides.  By  these  m^aua  this  form  of  the 
toe— »  nill  ^aneral^  quickly  disnppf-ar.  When  rheomalisin  suddenly 
aUacka  an  nnunnl  in  apparent  health  much  nioro  nctivo  mcniiH  must  m 
raortcd  to.  We  ninsl  euduavuvir  to  arouse  the  excretory  orgunn,  ax  the 
lirer  and  kidneys,  into  inci-eaaed  action.  Haifa  dRwhia  of  lalomol  wid 
opiiim  combined  with  three  drachms  of  aloes  shotdd  be  at  once  administered, 
foUowod  in  a  day  or  two  by  atrtive  diuretics.  Warm  fomcntntio;is  ahould 
be  applied  Ui  lh»  partn,  and  whc'n  the  mmio  inflammatinn  is  Kubdurd,  a 
blisti^r:  the  animal  being  kept  perfectly  quiet,  and  aljoned  notiiiii^*  but 
bran  mash  or  other  soft  foods,  uolohicom,  guiacum,  and  otbor  medicinei 
which  are  esteemed  wt  vulimhli?  remedial  agents  on  the  human  subject  in 
thia  discwCi  appear  ti>  produce  but  Uttle  eSect  upon  the  horse. 


CHAPTER    XIV. 

THE   AltATOMT   AND   DI)iEA8E8   OP  THB   DIGESTIVE   OKGAXS. 

Wb  bare  already  described  the  anatomy  of  the  h'ps,  tonj^ne,  teeth,  and 
other  orfjans  connected  with  the  digestive  system  in  the  mnnth  of  tiio 
anima3,  and  wo  now  pass  on  to  tho  bock  of  the  mouth,  and  arrive  at  what 
ucaUcdthe 

PHASTinc. 

It  is  a  ftmncl-dhapcd  cavity  (cdrrijm-Q  or  ivmr^y.'ii^  tho  food  iownds  ll» 
filWthnirnii)  It  commences  at  the  ruut  of  the  tungnu,  is  separated  from 
ttamontli  by  the  soft  imlnte,  which  hangs  down  from  the  M,latino  boue, 
and  cxtCTids  to  tho  rpi^Ioltis  or  covering  to  the  windpipe  When  tho  food 
ha*  b<vn  flafficicnLlT  ^roond  hy  tho  leotn,  and  mixed  with  tho  taUra,  it  is 
gathered  together  by  the  tongue,  and  by  the  aotJOD  of  the  oheeka  and 
tangoe,  and  Wk  part  of  the  mouth,  forced  against  i^»  aoft  palate,  which, 
girioe  way,  and  being  raised  npwards  lowaidj  Ui«  nntranoe  into  the 
BOftius,  prevents  the  rood  from  proc«!eding  tiiat  way.  It  paaaea  to  tho 
pharrnx,  and  the  wfl  palnto  again  falling  down,  prevents  its  return  to  the 
moatli,  and  almi  prevent*,  cxcqrt  in  octnone  caaos,  tlie  act  of  vomiting  in 
the  horse.  Wliatevnr  is  rvtorned  imm  tho  stomach  of  the  horsci,  paosM 
through  the  uose. 

The  sides  of  tlie  phaiynx  are  lin«d  with  mnsclea  wliioh  now  begin 


212  TUE  (ESOniAGCS,  OR  GULLET. 

powfrfally  to  oontmct,  and  bjr  thnt  cmntnictioii  Um  bohiii  in  forced  on  until 
It  miicluui  tbo  gnllet,  which  in  tbo  tcrmiimtioii  of  tli«  jitian'iix.  Befor^j 
howTTM-,  the  food  procvoU  «>  ffu-,  it  hu  to  pftiu  orer  the  entrance  iiilo  tliO* 
tnndpifM.',  and  aUunld  ftnj  pottion  of  it  enter  that  ttiW-,  much  inconveni. 
ODce  tuii)  lUiiger  nug'fat  reBUt;  tbenfen,  this  0[H«itiig  is  not  only  lined  bj 
mnvlo  vliicn  cloae  it  at  the  |de*eon  of  the  umaal,  bnt  is  likewim  oovsred 
hf  ft  keart-lDce  ebutio  eartils^  Um  epiglottia,  witit  its  b«ck  towards  the 
pliatjnx,  and  its  hollow  towanls  the  apprCnrv.  Tlic  rpiglottJH  jicldH  to  the 
preasara  of  tho  bolus  poanng  orer  it,  and  Ifing  fbit  ov«r  the  opnoing  into 
the  wiodpipo,  pivrents  tho  posxihility  of  anjrthing  entering  into  tt.  No 
Boaim>r,  bowprtr,  has  tbo  food  piuuind  otit  it,  than  it  riiwa  again  by  its 
own  rbisticity,  nnd  Inivps  tho  nppcr  part  of  Utu  wii)d|ni>c  onoe  more  open 
for  tbc  purpose  of  brrathing. 

TEE  (XS0PHAOU8,  OB  GULLET. 
The  a>«Opliagnaconi(uttiofanitiMnilar  m«mbranotistnbe  extending  from 
tfae  phatym  to  the  Htofimch,  and  convejrs  the  food  from  t)i«  mouib  to  the 
■tmnsdi.     At  the  t4j]>  of  the  neck,  it  ia  immediately  behind  the  windpipe, ' 
Imt  it  soon  inclines  to  the  left,  and  runs  down  the  neck  close  to  th«  wind-  . 
pipe,  ntid  on  its  left.     IlaTiog  entered  tho  chest  botwom  tfae  fir^t  two  ribs,  i 
the  galtct  {xwwrs  niotig  the  apper  part  of  it,  and  then  pii;iring  tbo  di»- 
phnigm,  or  midrif)',  vntcrs  the  etoinacb.     Tt  is  compniird  of  throe  eoate ; 
the  initcr  mi?  of  iilight  loom  cellnli^r  snbetanco:  the  miildli'  onn  manrnlnr, 
and  diriilcd  into  two  distinct  Invors,  the  ontermoiti  lnri'n>  hnving  t]ic  fibri's 
lengtbHrnrM,  by  irhich  thu  gnllet  may  be  xborteni'il,  and  in  idiortiMting  i 
wideDi-d  for  tlie  rMcntinn  of  tlie  food ; — tht-  fibres  of  the  inner  layem  mn- 
idng  dmilarlr  rouml  tbo  tnbe,  so  tJiat  the  [xn-tion  inmit-diuti^ly  abore  a 
pellet  of  food  will  by  itH  ooatraotiun  foreu  the  food  duirnwaM,  aod  by 
nnecoHsiro  actioiii*  drivr  it  into  tlm  ^lornach.     The  uiner  cont,  which  ia  & 
oontjnnstion  of  lliit  mi^inbninc  of  Llie  pharynx,  lies  in  folds  or  plaits,  ex* 
Iffldinft  leogthwavK.     The  muscular  coat,  being   highly  clastic,  readily 
givea  way  to  tin-  pr^i^ure  of  tlio  food,  and  these  plaits  enable  the  inner  or 
cnUonlar  coal,  likewise,  sufficiently  to  dilate. 

Tbo  a«ophngus  does  not,  bowcvcr,  enter  stniifht  into  the  stomaeh,  and 
with  a  liir^  open  oriRce;  hat  tht^n^  is  an  ailmirahlc  pnmsion  made  to 
nreT4.-nt  llu.-  regurgitation  of  the  fixx)  when  tho  stomniui  ia  filled  and  th« 
lionie  suddenly  called  n{Mn  to  perform  untjHually  hard  work.  Tho  trtut- 
pltagns  enters  the  stomach  iu  a  somewhat  curbed  direction,  —  it  mna 
obliqiMly  through  tlie  muscalar  and  culii-nlar  rwals  for  Home  diKtanoo,  and 

then  its  Ghres  armi^e  tlienLti'hra 
nroniid     the     opening    into    the 
stomach.      Close  obstTvatioD  I 
{ill        shown  that  tbiy  form  themsel 

into  Mpgmrntn  of  circles,  intcrlacinff 
each  otlier, and  by  tbcir contraction 
plainly  and  forcibly  closing  the 
opening,  ao  tltat  the  rrgnrgitation 
of  the  food  is  alnKwt  impoaviblc. 

The  aniiexetl  dingrain  fay  Mr. 
Ferguson,  of  Dublin,  will  girc  a 
g<>ncr»l  Idea  of  the  stmetaro  of 
the  tcmiinntion  of  the  emophagnit, 
and  lh(!  nuinncr  tn  nhicb  it  en- 
oiiel™  the  nriltcr!  of  iIh*  stomach. 
A  micnMm]i«  of  ri^-  ftwble  power  will  beautifully  show  tbis  sin- 
gnlBr  cunalraetion.      It  i«   mot  precisely  eitlter  a  NphiiKter  mascle  or 


THE  STOMACU. 


313 


* 


I 


a  nlro,  but  it  >a  a  etron^r  and  almost  insuperable  obntiick'  to  tlio  regur- 
gitation of  the  food. 


TEE  STOHUCn. 


Tic  4Maplia(;ni  nr  i^HM.  '■xtini'ltni;  to  ttw  filornKpIt 
ft  Tbr  enlrsow'  of  ili-  Kvllrt  into  IlievtonMch.    Th««iKaUr  Ujunof  thr  mnitdn  at* 
T«T  ihkk  null  strong,  ami.  br  tliFireootriiction:^  holp  to  rHtidcr  ft  difflrull  tur  lh« 
fend  'o  tif  TTturiLpd  op  TCimit'^. 
•  Hi*  portion  nr  tlir  i[oniar}i  vhich  ia  Mrnvd  tjr  tiitirlv;  or  inirninljU  ikin. 
d4  Ihf  Btail^ii.  wliii'li  •Ffinnln  t)ii'  rulicvUr  from  tbp  riUoQi  porlinn, 
tt  TIm nraeatw.  iir  rilkim  (Triii-t)  portion  of  t!i«  stomach,  in  w!iii-h  tli*  &>od  ia  princi* 

|ally  digcatcd. 
/  Th*  ^iiimnnicaiion  lirtviro  tlio  ninmarli  hik)  llin  fit*t  Jiilnttnft. 
jf  Tht  nmiinon  oril!««  lhmu)[h  wliich  t\ti-  hih  and  th«  (WNtun  tnm  Ihn  wkfmu  [MM 
into  the  fint  int'Mim-.     Tbf  lito  pina  mnfk  thr  IWo  lutrv*  lirr*  UnilMt. 

The  Stomach  is  siliiftt<>d  on  th«  left  side  of  tlio  nbilomon,  in  wliat  is 
lemK-d  tlie  hypochondriac  region,  a BTiiall  portion  extending  to  the  c\n- 
([wtric  reffion.  Its  nni^rior  part  is  in  connection  with  tlu!  liror;  its  luft 
extivmilj  with  the  dinphr»gm  and  spleen. 

The  situation  of  tho  stomach  will  at  once  explain  tho  rcnson  whv  ii 
hone  is  so  much  diHtrcMnl,  anil  KomotimoB  irreparably  injured,  if  workt-d 
hard  immodintcly  n(h:r  a  fnll  mral.  Tha  itomach  tnnst  ba  dinpiaevd  and 
driven  bniik  hy  citiry  t-on traction  of  the  diaphragm,  or  net  of  inspiration  ; 
and  in  pi-oportion  to  tho  fulness  of  the  stomach  will  be  the  weight  to  bo 
orrroomv,  and  the  labonr  of  the  diaphntfnn,  and  Umi  exhaustion  of  tlut 
animal.  If  tlie  stomach  is  mnch  diateniled,  it  may  bo  too  wfightr  to 
ho  foTOfd  HulTicieutly  far  hnck  to  make  room  for  the  qaautily  of  uir  which 
Ihc  luiimnl  in  a  stato  of  oxcrlion  irquiros.  Hence  tiio  frwjUpnn-  and  labour 
of  tfa*  lirratliiii-^*.  and  tlii-  i]Tiicknri«  willi  which  such  a  hone  is  blown,  or 
powibly  destroy od.  Hence  iJso  the  ft>Hy  of  ifiriD)?  too  full  a  meal,  or  too 
mncb  water,  before  the  horn?  slariA  on  a  jnnmey  or  for  tho  ehaao ;  and,  id 
liku  manner,  tho  nbsnrdity  and  dani:rr  of  tliat  iinpardonable  nnstom  of 
■ome  (rrooms  to  ptUop  the  honw  aiUir  his  drink,  in  order  to  warm  it  in 
his  Iwliv,  and  prrvint  gripra. 

The  horw  wa"  iti^imtl  to  1k)  the  wrvant  of  man.  and  tobealwATM  n(  his 
call  nbetber  fluting  or  full:  it  would  xet-ni,  therefore,  thai,  to  Umvn  niiicb 


IB  STOMACH. 

uiconTdBleBoe  or  donggr,  b  smaller  stoDtadi,  in  pfoportJoB  (o  bit  mmb, 
girm  tatlieliarMthmto&Itiwct  mrotli«r  aiunuL    Tlwbolkof  tliilin 
wul  tlto  MTTicos  rcqiiirod  of  him^  ntunitnil  Tnnf*h  DBtruDcst,  uul  tlut 
nch  ft  nature  oa  to  oecapjr  »  Ter^  comldenbls  tpaoe ;  jet  hie  eloaiftefa, 
eompAiwI  with  his  Imlk,  u  not  half  Kt  large  aa  that  of  Um  baman  bei^s 
theraTore,  altboa^h  br-,  like  ^vorj  otber  animal,  feel*  iaeonvcaienc*  from' 
great  emrtion  tmiacdiiiU^lj'  afW  a  full  meat,  ho  mdren  not  lo  mach  aa 
oOkt  qDadra|ie(U,  fur  Iiia  HUmiacli  ia  muU,  and  hia  food  raiwnr  lupidly 
lkna|^  it,  and  descends  to  a  part  of  the  tntestinM  diataut  fton  tbe  dia- 
pbfiym,  and  wiu>ro  tlno  ozist«nco  and  preesnra  of  tbo  fboA  CMinot  cauft 
uim  aaj  annmraooei 

Tbo  itoraBCfa  haa  four  ooata.  THw  ontcnnowt  ia  tlie  Liuiiw  of  tlie  cavi^ 
of  tbe  bcUr,  and  the  eoaunoa  oorering  of  all  ihe  iatcatuiea  —  that  bj 
whk-Li  ihvy  ara  oonfioed  in  tboir  reapectiTe  Bitoatioas,  and  from  wliicfa  a 
fluid  ia  aecn>ted  tbat  prarenta  all  fHction  Wtwcon  them.  This  is  a  scrona 
memtmno  called  tha  pailonmtnt — that  which  iitrctclii»  roand  the  ontnda 
of  the  aUmutcb. 

"Dm  aecoDid  is  (he  mnscnlAr  co&t,  conBiatuiff  of  three  lajen  of  fibna,  on* 
nmUDg  letttthwnjs.  tbo  other  circniArljr,  and  the  other  obliquely,  and  faj 
nuasi  of  w&di  a  comttant  gvntlc  motuni  i»  commanicntcd  to  tbe  etomach, 
minslinff  tbe  food  mora  iotuiutUOj^  togetber.and  ptvpariiig  it  for  digcution, 
and  by  Uie  preasore  of  wbich  (bu  food  wben  pK^>6rlj  prepatrod  ia  urged 
on  into  the  mtcstinea. 

Tho  third,  or  cnticalar  {Mn-like)  coat,  «,  oorere  a  portmi  of  tb«  tRside 
of  the  Ntomaob.  It  ia  a  contiauatUin  of  tbo  lining  of  the  gullet.  There 
are  nDmerona  glundit  on  it,  which  secret  a  macoua  fluid ;  and  it  ia  pro-  ^^J 
btthly  iuli-uded  to  be  a  rt]«erToir  in  which  a  portion  of  the  food  ia  ret&uied'^^| 
for  a  while,  and  Bof\«nc<d  and  better  pniparod  for  the  action  of  tbe  othor^' 
or  true  digcxtivo  partSmia  of  the  ntomnch.  The  cnticoliw  coat  oocnpdtA 
nearly  ano-balf  of  the  inaide  of  OiiO  utomacli. 

Tbe  other  portion  of  the  stomritcb  k  lined  by  tbe  villoua  portion,  front 
which  tbe  tfne  gaatriojiuoe  ia  secreted,  where  the  work  of  digcetiou 
properlr  oonmenoca.  Tha  moatha  of  oomeioiis  little  vessels  open  apon 
tt,  poonng  out  a  poGaliar  flnid,  Uiu  gattrie  (stomach)  jnicx^  which  moaa 
-wilb  the  food  alriMuljr  eofleoed,  and  oouvcrla  it  into  a  flaid  called  ci^raM, 
Aa  this  b  formed,  it  pnaaoa  oat  of  the  other  ori&ce  of  tbe  Btonadi,  Um 
pglorm  ^doorkeopcni),/,  aod  enters  the  firet  Kmall  inteatiDOi  the  hai'der 
and  nndiaaolTod  parta  beang  tamed  bock  to  nndftrgo  farther  action. 

Brerr  portioa  of  tbe  maaonlar  ooat  haa  tbe  [lowcir  of  nucoiiiiiivetjr  con- 
tnctia^  and  relaxing,  and  thoa,  in  tbe  laagnage  of  Dr.  Boatoc^  '  tha 
■QOOVnTe  oontmclioD  of  each  part  of  tbe  atomani,  by  prodacing  a  aerieft' 
of  fbUa  and  wrinkles,  srrroa  to  agitate  the  aUmontiuy  laoM.  and,  hf 
bringing  eYrnr  part  of  it  in  tta  tnm  to  the  sarfnoe,  td  oxpoeo  it  to  tbe 
inBnence  of  the  guntnc  joicc,  while  at  the  wune  time  tbe  whole  of  tbe 
oontentj  are  gnu^allv  propolled  forwards,  from  the  orifice  which  ia  ood* 
nected  with  ue  owopbagua  to  that  b^  which  tlicy  are  dJacl«fg*d.' 

The  pnoomo-gaatric  nerve  is  tbe  agent  in  prodnoinc  tikMO  aKemato 
contmction*  and  relaxations.  It  is  tbe  motor  ncrre  bwaoging  to  tbeae 
mrta.  It  baa  to  keep  tbe  parietes  of  the  stomach  in  contact  with  the 
Mod,  and  the  Ibod  in  contact  with  tbe  gastric  jnice.  It  haa  to  bring  tba 
di^rent  parts  of  tbe  food  in  snooeanTa  contact  with  tbe  stomacb,  and  to 
piopol  Ibem  tbron^  this  portion  of  tbe  alimcrttaiy  canal  in  order  thai 
Ibey  jh^  be  discwged  into  tbo  dnodeutun. 


THE   LVTESTIXES. 


I» 


THE  IKTESTI5ES. 


The  food  having  been  nnrtiiilly  di^o^itcd  in  the  stoninch,  nnd  converted 
into  chj-inc,  pusM  tbrotigh  Ibv  [ij-loric  orilk-c  iiita  tbo  ititcstisca. 


k 


k 


a  Th«<tfeUIMWHi*'jk*  Btnall  iii[»t!nca.    Thn  Oad*  which  maTv;  thelik  aiid 
ihVMMnft  OVn  tilt  pkucrvsis  arr  h--<-d  f nlfriu^  u  tiltU  U-l«ir. 
4 1  Thp  coiiTolulioiw  or  windings  of  tlio  »ruall  iniraliai* 
€ce  JVinioni  of  thp  m«<!nIiTr. 

tf  Ttw  alDal)  inlMtini'a,  t'riiiiii*tin|[  in  Ihn  crpcum, 

4  Th^  <«Kuiii  or  blinil  ((ut.  wilh  llic  bautJt  riiu[iiu((  oJoiig  it.  puckonDg  ad^I  dliiding  it 

lhIO  nnmrroiit  trWa. 
/  The  bcniuDing  of  ihe  mIod. 

STlif  MDtiiiaAlinn  nnil  Mjinniilnn  nf  llii>  cnlon,  dlrid«d,  UIch  th«  ciECUin,  bto  ccIU. 
TliA  torniinhlitvn  of  Ihf  roltm  iti  ftf  hflum. 
I  Tlie  (iTiiiiniiliou  of  tlic  rcolum  at  tit?  unuM. 

The  iDtdsiincs  of  ft  full-grown  horse  tuv  not  less  thitn  ninotj  fuet  in 
leoglh.  The  len^h  of  the  bowels  in  different  Miimttln  drpptidg  on  tlio 
Botttrc  of  tho  food.  The  nutritive  matter  is  with  mnrli  tsimv  ilifliculty 
eztrnrled  fn>m  vegcfutile  than  animal  sabstAncce ;  therrrori'  Ihti  iilimfntiiry 
an*]  iH  Inrgo,  long;,  nnd  (■nnipliriitcd  in  those  which,  lilcc  tin?  Imme,  nro 
principnlly  or  Mitiivlv  fed  on  com  or  hprbis,  Thuy  uru  divii]i'<l  lnt<(  tlio 
■Diftll  luici  lurgd  intcsl.incH ;  tlio  fl>nnor  t>f  which  iict^upy  itlKiut  Hixty<Nix 
fiwt,  641(1  UiL-  latter  twenty,  four. 

The  iiit<-«tines,  likn  tin-  stoniaeli,  &Po  compooud  of  thn>e  coatA. 

TIio  outer  one  <»>iiniatit  of  a  peritoneum — Uiat  membrane  which  haa 
been  already  dt«cribed  hm  investing  th«  contents  of  the  nbdomen.  \^J 
JOBADB  of  this  coat,  the  intestines  nre  confined  in  their  proper  xitnntiona ; 
and,  this  membrane  being  smooth  and  moist,  nil  friction  niul  concuiution 
we  prerented.  Did  the  bowels  flout  loosely  in  the  nbdomen,  thcv  would 
be  en^ect  to  constant  entangl«meDt  uid  iojtiiy  amid  Uio  rapid  and  violent 
aiotioiw  of  tlie  horse. 

The  middle  root,  ILko  tiat  of  tlw  stomaeh,  i»  mnneuliir,  and  composed  of 
two  layers  of  lihiv-s,  one  mnning  loneitndinHlly  and  the  uthei*  oireularly ; 
and  by  mcanx  of  tho*o  muHi-tct,  wliii-h  arc  oontuiually  eoolracting  and 
ntlaxing  in  a  dirn-tion  frtim  tlir  up)>er  pttri  of  tbo  utteatiDca  to  the  lowei', 
tlu!  food  is  propollod  along  the  bowclii. 

Tho  innor  coat  ia  the  mucouH  or  villous  one.     It  abound!  with  innn- 


SI6  THE   IJiTESTISES. 

uerable  small  glands,  'n'bich  secrete  a  mncons  Quid  to  lubricate  (Le  pasa*^ 
and  defend  it  from  irritating  or  acrimonioos  substances ;  and  it  is  said  to 
he  villons,  from  its  soft  velvet-like  feeling.  Tbia  coat  is  crowded  with  in- 
numerable minate  orifices  that  are  the  commencement  of  voasels  called 
ladeaU,  from  the  milky  appearance  of  their  content*,  by  which  the  nntri- 
tire  part  of  the  food  is  taken  np ;  and  these  vessels,  uniting  and  pawing 
over  tbe  tnesentet;,  carry  this  nntritiTe  matter  to  a  proper  reoeptadt 
for  it,  whence  it  is  conveyed  into  the  circulation,  and  diatribated  to 
every  part. 

The  intestines  are  chieSy  retained  in  their  relatave  positions  by  the 
mefentery,  e  (middle  of  the  intestines),  which  is  a  donbUng  of  Uie  peri- 
toncnm,  inclading  each  intestine  in  its  folds,  and  also  enclosing  in  ita 
duplicatnres  the  arteries,  the  veins,  tbe  nerves,  and  the  vesseU  which 
convey  the  nntriinent  from  the  intestines  to  the  circnlation. 

Tbe  first  of  the  small  intestines,  and  commencing  from  tbe  right  n- 
trcmitj  of  the  stomach,  is  the  duodenum,  a,  a  very  improper  name  for  it 
in  tbe  horse,  for  in  that  animal  it  is  nearly  t:wo  feet  in  length.  It  is  thr 
largest  and  shortest  of  all  the  small  intestines.  It  receives  the  food  con- 
verted into  chyme  by  the  digestive  power  of  the  stomacfa,  and  here  it 
nndergoea  another  and  very  important  change.  It  is  mixed  with  Uw 
bile,  and  tbe  secretion  from  the  pancreas,  which  enter  this  intestine  about 
five  inches  from  its  commencement.  The  bile  seems  to  be  tbe  prindpal 
agent  in  the  chancre  now  effected,  for  no  sooner  docs  it  mingle  with  tbe 
chyme  than  that  flnid  begins  to  be  separated  into  two  distinct  ingredients 
— a  white  thick  liqoid  termed  chyle,  contiuning  tbe  nntritive  part  of  the 
food,  and  a  yellow  polpy  sabstsnco,  the  innntritive  or  excrementitiou 
portion,  whicb,  when  the  chyle  is  all  pressed  from  it,  is  evacnated  tbrongb 
the  rectum. 

The  process  of  digestion  being  thns  to  a  oertain  extent  completed,  tba 
food  passes  throngb  the  other  small  intestines,  and  during  that  passage 
the  chyle,  or  nntritions  portion,  is  absorbed  by  tbe  lacteals,  so  called  frrna 
the  milky  appearance  of  their  contents,  to  be  conveyed  into  the  circnlation, 
and  converted  into  blood,  while  the  non-nntritions  portion  passes  cm  to  the 
larger  intestines. 

The  next  portion  of  tbo  small  intestines  i.s  tbe  Jejumim,  so  called  becaaie 
it  is  generally  fonnd  to  be  empty.  It  is  smaller  in  bnlk  and  paler  in  colour 
than  the  dnodenom.  It  is  more  loosely  confined  in  tbe  abdomen — floating 
comparatively  unattached  in  the  cavity  of  tbo  abdomen,  and  the  pM«ge 
of  tbe  food  being  comparatively  rapid  through  it 

There  is  no  separation  or  distinction  between  it  and  tbe  next  intestiiie 
— the  Ilewn.  There  is  no  point  at  which  the  jejnnnm  can  be  said  to 
tonninato  and  the  ilenm  commence.  Together  they  form  that  portion  of 
the  intestinal  tulto  wliicb  floats  in  the  umbilical  region:  tbe  latter,  however, 
is  said  to  occupy  three-fiitbs,  and  the  former  two-fifths,  of  this  portion  of 
the  intestines,  and  tbe  fire  wonld  contain  about  eleven  gallons  of  fluid. 
The  ileum  is  evidently  less  vascular  than  the  jejunum,  and  gndualljr 
diminishes  in  rize  as  itapproachea  tbe  larger  intestines. 

These  two  intestines  are  attached  to  tbo  spine  by  a  loose  doubling  of  the 
peritoneum,  and  float  freely  in  the  abdominal  cavity,  their  movements  and 
their  relative  positions  being  regulated  only  by  the  sise  or  fnlncu  of  tlia 
stomacb,  and  tbe  stage  of  the  digestive  process. 

The  email  intestines  derive  l^eir  blood  from  tho  anterior  nesenterie 
■rtery,  which  divide  into  innumerable  minute  branches  that  rataify 
between  their  muscular  and  Pilous  coats.  Their  veins,  which  are  dealitBta 
of  valves,  return  the  blood  into  the  vena  portco. 

The  Urge  intestines  are  tbreo  in  number :— the  orcum,  tho  colon,  and 


THE   INTESTIXES. 


317 


» 


I 


Onerteiam.  The  first  orthem  is  the  ripctini  (blind  gut),  (f), — itIiMlnit  <ino 

rung  into  it,  cDusequcntly  oyorything  thnt  pii8sos  into  it,  having  ixau-bcd 
blind  or  closed  end,  mui^  rptnni,  in  _^ 

Older  to  escape.     It  is  not  a  contiimiitiim  , — ■'~~'''~'~^.^''--^ 

of  Ifaeil^om.  bnt  tho  ikiim  piirm>x  tJio 
hold  of  it,  as  it  wrrc,  at  right  wi^U'ii 
(d),  and  pnyrctn  iM)nM!  w»y  into  it, 
and  has  a  Tiilrn  —  tlm  valvuUi  uoli^ 
ftt  its  entrpmity,  *n  that  tiiu  food  thai 
has  pawcH  fnim  tin?  ("luidl  iuli-stinee  into 
the  Inrm-r  rittiiu>t  ngaiii  be  returnoiL 
Along  the  out«id(!  m  tlie  ca^ciuu  run 
tbnc  otroug  btuidii,eech  of  them  shortfr 
tlwn  that  int««tiDe,  and  thus  pnckerin^,' 
it  np,  aud  rurminif  it  into  tluvo  sots 
ofccUis  ao  ^hovTD  in  the  accompanying 
aidu  cut. 

That  portion  of  the  food  which  has  not  been  taken  up  by  the  lacteaU  or 
absorbent  Teasels  of  the  small  intestinus  passes  thron^h  this  valvular 
opening  of  the  ilonin,  and  a  part  of  itcntorathocolon,  wliilu  the  renuuuder 
flows  into  tho  cK^iim.  Tlivn,  from  this  being  a  blind  pouch,  and  from  th« 
ocllular  stmctiiro  of  thi^  piiuch,  thr-  food  must  bo  detained  in  it  a  reiy  long 
tbno ;  aiid  in  order  that,  during  Ibid  di-lf-nl.ion,  nil  the  nutriment  may  ba 
■ztnM^nl,  the  dwmm  and  tin  ct^lls  aru  hirtp'ly  stipplit'd  with  blood-vcsseU 
and  nbnirbcntjc.  It  in  ]>riucipu]ly  thu  fluid  juirt  of'tlie  food  thnt  (Htiiii)  to 
rnirr  tho  otcuni.  A  florae  Hill  drink  atone  time  u  grt^ut  ilcnl  more  tbiin 
hi«  ctonuicb  will  ouiitoiu  ;  or  oven  if  lii'  drinlts  u  k-Nii  ^luuntity,  it  ninuiina 
n»t  iu  tliL'  sloinacli  or  small  intestines,  but  pobhl-b  on  to  tbo  oiecum,  and 
ifacrc'  ill  rflaiuvd,  as  in  a  reservoir,  to  supply  the  waul4  of  the  tygittMn.  la 
hi*  atal«  of  servitude  the  horse  does  not  ofWu  driidc  more  than  twiuo  or 
tiitioe  in  a  day,  and  the  food  of  the  stabled  horse  beiuf*  ohicily  drv,  thia 
water  stonuicA  is  most  useful  to  him.     The  ctecura  will  hold  four  Rations. 

The  (•thill  is  an  inttvlinc  of  exceedingly  large  <li)nensions,  and  is  capable 
of  containing  do  Icks  than  twelve  gullonK  ofliqniti  or  pnlpy  food.  At  it« 
BuioD  with  the  ciccuRi  and  the  iliruiu,  altlniugh  hirgrr  than  the  latter  in- 
testine (f),  it  is  of  (■DnipurutivL'ly  jiiuall  bulk  ;  bat  it  soon  swctU  out  to  hd 
cnomiDnH  ttxtcnt.  It  ban  tikt^wiM.',  in  the  grcuti.-r  part  of  itj<  conr»c,  throo 
iMnds  like  tbo  oa'cunt,  which  uIho  divide  it,  iutvrnally,  into  the  mmn 
dt'swription  of  cellti.  The  iutviiljoa  of  tJiis  I*  evid<Tul, — to  rvtanl  tho 
progrL-KM  of  tho  food,  and  to  K^ve  a  more  exlennirtt  aurlacv  on  which  tliv 
Ttawbi  of  the  lact«ala  may  open ;  and  tlien-furt',  iu  the  colon,  all  Llie  chyle 
is  finally  scpar«t«d  and  taken  up.  Thia  intestine  is  of  con-nideiabtc  U-ugUi; 
it  <!ou)ptetvly  traverses  ths  diameter  of  the  abdominal  cavity,  aud  ts  itiea 
refii-t'tHl  on  itself,  and  rcCmvcritcit  the  Sfuno  space.  When  this  is  nearly 
accouiplisbed,  the  construction  of  the  colon  in  noinnwhnt  cluuiged: — wo  find 
but  two  bands  towurdx  the  rt-cluui,  and  tlieoc  not  )itu:kc'ring  tho  int«istina 
«a  much,  or  forming  mnh  uuiueroiu  or  deep  cella.  The  food  doea  not 
reqairo  to  be  much  Umgur  detained,  and  the  tnedianiMn  fur  d«t«inttt!t  it 
is  gradnally  diiuiPpeurinK.  The  bloo<l-resBels  and  absorbenla  are  likewise 
rapidly  diminishing.  The  colon,  also,  once  more  contracts  in  aiae,  and  tha 
chyle  having  been  all  absorbed,  the  remaining  mass,  Iwing  of  a  barder 
OODsistfincr,  lit  moulded  into  pelleU  or  balls  in  its  passage  tJiraagh  UiMO 
shallower  n-llx. 

At  till-  tin  II  inn  (ion  of  the  colon,  tlie  rw/iini  (ittmight  g<>t)  commences. 
ft  IK  snuillcr  in  circnrnfereneo  and  capncity  than  tlio  ookm,  although  it  will 
euntaiu  at  least  three  gidlons  of  water.     It  serres  na  a  reservoir  for  tbo 


3IS  ^^^P  THE  ^^^^^^^^^H 

(Inse  Dtilil  it  ia  evacnabd.      It  has  none  of  iIwm  bnnilK,  brraBtw,  "AflH 
uutniaent  being  axtnctod,  tho  pusago  of  tbe  cznvmmt  thnt  nmuuiM 
Bhonld  be  hkatrocd  and  not  rBlaraed ;  still,  bowerer,  it  would  be  rviy  dia- 
BeroRnbl«  were  the  hone  to  void  ias  fieoes  in  Uiie  wine  Bnid  stele  fu  doe^J 
tbecDw.  Topretrat  ibictlteiBnerctntof  (1h  rectBraandaportioooftlw^ 
colon  form  a  Mriea  of  cetk,  in  which  tho  cxcronuotitioiu  portion  of  the 
food  iodgofl  until  it  bcooncs  drier  and  more  cowfct,  and  it  in  then  ont- 
cnated  in  ■  mach  Icsa  ofliuuire  form.    The  fieoGM  dfot-nd  to  tbe  rGetna^■ 
wUdi  •ontcwbut  vnlui^  to  teoeive  tben ;  and  when  thcj  hare  aoco-] 
nmbited  to  a  certain  extent,  the  a.miiial,  hf  Ui«  aid  of  the  dia|)bFagB  aikd 
(be  mosdee  of  th«  bellv,  pn-jisr-s  qpon  tlwin,  and  thay  nro  evacoatad.     A 
carioofl  circular  tniuwli!,  and  alwavR  in  action,  and  called  tho  »pkimet«pi 
(constrictor  moaclc),  in  plac«d  at  tno  anna,  to  prevent  the  comitant  and* 
nnplf  nant  droppuig  of  uio  fiaoee,  and  to  retain  tli«in  ontil  ihe  horse  is 
diapooed  volonlaril;  to  eipel  ihem.     Thia  is  cflcctod  hy  the  plfortA  of  tlie 
aniioal,  aaoiBtodbf  fhamascabr  ooa|of  tlw  TTctnm,  which  U  stranger  tbaoj 
that  of  any  of  the  other  intoatines,  and  uidcnl  hy  tbo  camjnvanoo  of  Um* 
interna]  obliquL'  and  tianavene  mnsoka. 

Tbe  )am>r  intestinea  derive  their  Uood  from  tbe  posterior  meaentcrie 
artery.     Tboir  veina  terminate  in  the  vena  portte. 

THB  UTEE 

Is  dtoatod  princijnllj  in  the  right  eidn  of  thp  nhdnniinal  cavity,  but , 
extending  partaallr  into  thu  leit,  and  in  narrounilcd  by  the  ribx,  diaphragm,  t 
and  stonutMi,  ita  right  lobe  or  diviaion  in  contact  with  Uie  diBMiragm^l 
tlie  duodenun  and  lh«  right  kidue}-,  and  the  middle  and  left  aiviaions>| 
with  the  stomach.  It  is  sn  irregular^  shaped,  rcddimh-bruwn  sulidtaace^ 
of  consiilerable  balk,  and  performs  a  very  auignlnr  and  important  office. 

It  bas  been  Blmuly  Btat^xl  (p.  308)  that  the  blood,  which  Ium  been  con- 
T^pod  to  tbo  difii-Tcnt  parts  or  thv  body  by  tim  urtvrica,  is  brought  back 
lo  tbe  heart  hy  the  veins ;  bat  that  which  is  rutamed  (jrom  the  slomacb 
and  intesliiiea,  and  spleen,  and  pancreas,  and  m^cntcry,  inKtend  of  flowiu}^ 
directly  to  tbe  heart,  as  the  blood  from  every  other  part  of  the  body  does, , 
has  an  extra  duty  to  pcifonn  before  again  entering  into  (be  general  eireo*  . 
htion— to  »ecret«  the  bile :  to  eSVct  tliis,  it  in  oolluoted  in  a  hir^^T  but 
short  vein,  called  the  vena  portte,  which  enters  the  liver  1^  two  hirf^ 
famnchrs,  thnt  Bprcnd  hy  mrana  nf  innamcniblc  Diinnte  branched!  UiroBgh 
cvei^-  put  of  i(.     Ah  tlui  liluod  trovi-riMM  thin  organ,  a  fluHl  in  ncjKU'atad 
from  it,  calted  tbe  biU,  vrhicb  answera  an  iiit|M>rlant  pnrpose^  for  tho  pro-, 
grcfis  of  digsstion  is  promoted  br  the  bile  chaii;:^g  the  nutritive  portioQ* 
of  the  food  from  chyme  into  chyle,  and  a-immti  ni^  it  from  that  whiu,  een- 
tniRing  little  or  no  natrunent,  ii  vmilnl  ax  picn-ment.      Having  petBaifted 
tliiH  aild:tiou:i]  duty  the  flnid  is  returned  front  one  vein  into  another,  tbakJ 
is,  from  the  vena  ports,  which  ooove>'s  it  to  the  Uvur  for  the  secretion  ofl 
bOe^  to  the  hepatic  veins,  which  retuni  it  to  llic  ^'eneral  cirenlation. 

Abnosteveiypartoftbe  liver  ia  closely  invested  by  the  per itoineain,  which 
seems  to  disclinr^  tb<'  ofTice  of  n  cwsnle  to  this  viscns.  Ita  artenea  an 
very  umall,  ccm-iidoriuK  tlic  balk  of  Iba  liTar,  to  nourish  whioh,  however, 
iH  their  only  duty ;  their  place  in  tbe  eecretton  of  bilo  is  cnrionalj 
snitplicd  by  a  vein — tbe  reaa  porta — a  vessel  forinnl  by  the  union  of  tlw 
Bplaiio  Boa  meaent«ric  veins,  nnd  which  M«ms,if  itdoosnot  quite  osnip  the 
otBee  and  discharge  the  duty  of  the  nrten,-,  to  bo  alonn  concerned  in  the 
ancrvtioD  of  the  mlo.  There  ia  a  free  inlcreourae  between  the  vessels  of 
the  two. 

The  bOe,  Iboa  fetmed,  is  in  numt  animals  received  into  a  roscn-oir,  the 
gatt-UadJer,  whcnoo  it  ia  oonreycd  into  the  dnodonnm  (j,  p.  313)  at  tha 


■PllK   PANCREAS. — SPLKBS. — OME-VTIM. 


!II9 


UuMV,  uDd  in  Uie  qo&Dtiti«B,  which  tho  purpoaea  of  diKeatkin  requtro;  but 
tb*  homt  hM  no  gnll-bliuldar,  and,  oonseqaently,  the  bile  flows  iuto  tLu 
intcstiiM  aa  i»}>i(ll/  un  it  ih  acpunil^id  from  tho  blood.  Tbo  reason  of  tliia 
is  i^iiia.  A  smull  stouuiah  wua  viriin  to  tSw  horso  in  ord(<r  thkt  the  food 
luight  poaa  quickly  out  of  it,  and  the  diuphmgia  nnd  tho  lung*  might  nob 
be  uijurioiLslj'  pressed  npoo,  when  we  require  hi»  utmost  siicliI  ;  lunl  also 
that  wo  might  um  him  with  littlo  daneer  oompajvd  with  tiinX  nlueh  would 
■Itoch  to  other  Miimidit,  even  when  ois  stomach  ia  dJAiandfd  with  food. 
Then  the  ttonmch,  mo  «rauU,  and  so  KpnoHily  cmptitrd,  mnst  bo  otleuer 
rc]>l<'iuBhed ;  the  hor«e  must  be  oflimer  (-iitiiig,  ami  lotnl  iillonor  or  almogt 
Gontiuuouaty  paasing  oot  of  his  stomaob.  Uuw  admirubly  does  this  com- 
port with  the  aninUirmptod  supply  of  bile ! 

THE  PANCKEAS. 

In  the  domeatio  aium»1s  which  are  used  for  food,  this  oriican  is  called  the 
tvtxl-hrifad.  It  lioH  between  tho  stomach  and  the  left  kiduoy,  It  muoh 
iimiiiihli  II  in  stradtimi  the  auUvary  fi^ltindn  in  the  nci^hbonrhood  of  the 
mmth,  and  tlie  fluid  whiuh  it  tucruU-'it  runt^mbloB  the  tialiva  in  it*  prMperties. 
The  panoreatlo  fluid  is  carried  into  the  iiite«tlut>»  by  a  dnot  whiuh  entem 
at  the  nme  aperture  with  that  from  the  Uver.  It  cuntoins  a  t>eculiiir 
snhsUnce  named  pancratino.  Itai  a«e,  whether  to  di1ut«  tho  bile  or  the 
chyme,  or  to  ruisiat  in  thn  separation  of  the  Dhvmo  from  tho  feculent  matter, 
has  never  been  uaoertained :  It  is,  huwevur,  eloarly  onipluysd  in  aiding  the 
prooeas  of  digeation. 

THE  SPLEEN. 

This  organ,  often  called  the  melt,  is  a  loiiKi  bluiah-brown  snlutuuce,  broad 
and  thick  nl  one  end,  and  tapering  at  tlio  other  ;  lyin^  aluiif^  thi''  li^ft  sido 
of  the  stomach,  and  between  it  and  the  short  ribs,  [t  is  of  a  spongy 
natniv,  divii)cd  into  nttmiTunii  little  culhi  not  nnliho  n  honeycomb,  and 
oTnr  which  tJionsands  of  minute  vosaels  tliieViy  nprwid.  Tho  particular  niw 
of  this  or^iu  has  never  been  clearly  aacertalued.  for  in  sumo  cruel  fipcri* 
mmta  it  has  been  removod  without  apparent  iiyoiy  to  diceation  or  any 
ether  fanction.  It  in,  however,  nitrlnl,  nt  least  occasionally,  or  it  wonld 
ncit  hftve  boon  gWca  to  the  iinimoJ.  It  in  pn^bithly  conoerned  in  tlui  reno- 
vation otOiO  biuod,  and  In  thti  prt^panitiun  of  it  fur  thoMOrotion  of  bile. 

THE  OKENTUM, 
Or  eawl,  is  a  donhlin;;  of  the  pei-itoneum.  It  ia  anppoaed  to  httre  been 
plaoed  between  the  intestines  and  thi?  walls  of  tbo  l>clly  in  order  to  prevent 
OOnoVMioi)  and  injury  during  thn  rapid  moTement  of  tho  animal.  That,  how- 
arer,  oaniiot  bo  its  principal  qhc  in  the  borne,  fnmi  wligm  the  moKt  rapid 
movemoQliF  are  required  ;  for  in  hiui  it  in  iinusiuiDy  sliort,  extending  oidy  to 
the  pancreas  and  a  smaQ  portion  of  the  colon.  Bi-iup,  however,  thus 
abort,  the  borae  Is  exempt  from  a  my  troublcsonie  and,  oocanonally,  &tal 
apecdea  of  raptun.>,  when  a  portion  of  the  omentum  jienctnttos  throngh 
somo  sccidenbil  opening  in  tJie  covering  of  the  bt'lly. 

The  stmctnrc  of  Uie  nrinai^  organs  ajid  the  die^i8e«  to  which  tliey  aro 
exposed  will  be  liurealW  oonsiderod. 

AlthoDj^h  choking  is  i«re  in  the  horao  as  comjiarcd  witb  the  borino 
trilie,  it  !■  iitten<ird  with  mach  ;rri'"ter  danger  in  the  former.  It  genemlly 
ariiiM  (ram  the  imnactmt^ut  of  Burno  hard  anbatancc  either  in  the  larrns  or 
oesophafpt*,  nuMv  frequently  the  latter.  Iloms  that  are  vonu-ioua  feudem 
freqaently   swallow   their  food   so  rapidly  that  maaticatiuu  is  not  half 


L. 


xto 


CIIOKIXO. — KUITURED  STOllACD. 


pBiformed,aodpurtioiisofitt*otIod^dmi)iQataa{)ImguB,pro(Iucmge1i()kiQg. 
It  Eoay  also  be  caii«i(l  by  the  animal  swallowing  piccoB  of  carrot  or  turnip, 
■bowing  tbo  noomitv  of  ulwiiys  HUmg  this  kinil  of  food  into  smftU  pieon, 
whcm  s^vii'i  to  ^B  liorvu.  Anotbur  souren  of  obokin^  arisen  from  Uu 
absurd  iwd  daii{[«rouB  pntctice  of  tbe  groom,  who,  W  way  of  improving 
the  coaditiOD  of  the  horse,  forces  eg^  into  tbe  aminal  8  tbtxMtt.  The  writor 
bu  often  MOD  Bcvcml  CUM  urise  from  bity  boing  given  to  tbe  hone^  wben 
•topping  for  gruel  or  wutvr  on  tbe  return  tVtim  hunting.  Tbe  tuiii&aJ 
bt^na  to  i-ut  thi-  bay.  &ii<l  before  Le  bus  baJ  muuy  luuutbfubi  tbo  graol 
or  wiitvr  ia  brou^-bt ;  the  thirst  boing  great,  bi-  pbiiiKi's  bU  uoso  iulo  tbo 
fluid  and  drinks  rapidly;  by  Lliie  mi?aiis  n  poi'tion  of  the  balT-matitioutvd 
ninti<nnl  is  carried  into  tbe  tnsopbiLgus,  and  nil  tho  rfTccte  of  choking 
upcctlily  folli>w.  Wliiin  tm  aninul  is  (.-hoki^d,  thi;  following  KViujitoms  will 
guncriilly  bi-  preBOut : — a  dt-jeoti-d  but  soui«wbal  aujioua  cuntiUtuuncr,  ekin 
bi^dL-wed  with  perspiration,  siiliva  dropping,'  from  tbe>  luoutli,  fm|urot 
pawing  with  tbo  foo^  aod  tbo  tminiU  mUking  mttompta  to  rwaIIovt,  whidi 
bi-inpi  on  a  peculiiLr  spasmodic  coniitriutiou  of  tbo  nock.  Tho  pubs  umI 
brciitiiinii  uro  atcultmlt-d.  When  water  in  olTorctl  bo  will  gvnoruljr  drink, 
but  tbu  fluid  retuma  tbrou^-b  tlie  uoetrib  Tbe  tivatmetil  should  consist 
in  nscortuining  the  cause  and  sitnatiOQ  of  ttie  obsti-uction.  If  it  bo  caasnl 
by  bay  or  chnff,  att<!niplai  should  be  mado  to  soften  it,  nud  bnston  its  pa». 
sage,  Dy  fn^ueutly  drcucliing  tho  uniuiul  with  wanu  wntcr,  luid  tiiweed 
oil;  if  the  oliHtructiuu  cuu  bo  felt,  careful  tuauiiiuUtion  may  bo  omplojred 
to  assist  in  bi^aking  it  up.  These  muana  should  always  bo  bad  raort  to 
in  tbo  early  stages,  And,  when  tbe  obstruction  dei)cnds  upon  the  abors 
causes,  good  I'pnultn  will  often  follow ;  but  when  ciiolcing  i»  cAUSod  by  » 
hnrd  substance  bko  a  piece  of  ciuTot  or  an  egj;,  rucounio  must  bo  bad  to  tho 
nrubung,  with  a  view  of  pu&hInK  it  down  the  waopbaKUfl.  It  munt  bo 
Durno  in  mind,  however,  that  tbe  probaug  is  much  oioro  difficult  and 
dau|{«roua  to  pass  in  tho  borso  tbnn  in  the  ox,  in  consoquenco  of  the 
boot  condition  of  the  nnimnl's  neck,  and  Kbimld  not  bn  hnd  n-xort  to  until 
nearly  evciy  other  lueaiiH  bad  bet^u  tried.  ^iViieii  eveu  thin  fails  to  aBon] 
relief  and  tbo  poaitiou  of  tbe  obstructiou  can  be  ascertAined,  tho  openttion 
of  ouaopbogotomj  may  bo  perfonned  and  tho  obetrncting  material  removed. 
Tbe  method  of  performing  tliis  will  be  found  undi-T  the  hciul  of  oiwntwnM. 
It  is  svldoni  attended  with  good  results  in  the  hurie,  an  sirictan;  of  tJw 
cesopbftt.'us  vfry  frequently  eosaes.  After  the  auinial  bus  be*u  reliered, 
great  ctirc  should  be  tekon  respecting  the  nature  of  tho  food  which  is 
^ven  to  bini,AH  there  still  rcuaioii  a  pvat  tiHuleiiey  to  choke  again.  For 
tho  next  fuur  dayd  be  should  be  allowed  nothing  bat  sloppy  mash,  and 
even  alter  tliat  time  considn«bLe  caution  must  be  adopted. 

Rupture  of  lb«  CMOphngoi  sometimes  takes  place  either  from  the  disten- 
sion of  its  coats  by  tlic  obitruottng  mittvrial,  or  the  piuudng  of  tbeniobang 
or  other  instrument  to  remove  it.  ^Vhc^u  lliis  liikt-B  pliuv.'  wc  shall  find  an 
cmphyNcmutuu.1  swelling  down  the  neck.  Little  can  hen  bo  done,  and  a 
fatal  teriniuatiuu  may  be  expected. 

BTTPTDBEO  STOIiCH. 

Tlio  Bituatian  of  tbe  stomach,  and  Uie  important  pari  it  fulGIs  in  the  dU 
geHtive  pioouac,  render  it  liable  to  tiiflammation  and  various  other  lesioDa. 
Simple  inflammation  of  Uui  stomach  of  tbe  bono  is  rarely  met  with,  es< 
ovpt  as  the  result  of  tome  powerfbl  irritant  apptiod  to  its  surface,  and  will 
be  more  partieohirly  Doticctl  uncler  the  head  of  poisons.  WohaTealrcadj^ 
alluilHt  tu  the  (.-ffcctii  on  this  organ  produced  by  tlie  coujromption  of  Urge 
uiinutities  of  iudif^tiblo  food  under  tho  name  of  stomach  staf^ccn,  bat 
tiiG  most  sorioos  lesioo  of  tlio  ttomach  is  one  wbicl),  although  admittii^g 


J 


BOTS. 


921 


[bf  no  remedial  kgeiita  beinj;  succoHsfully  employed,  is  neverthelcM  of 
iQucl)  ttnportance  to  diatinguixb  fivm  other  diSTMcra  of  Ili»  Alimentary 

L  eaoal  which  ita  sjrmptoms  often  rcHiitnblr,  vie.  rupturv  of  the  stomiK'k. 

fit  nuT  nriM  from  ft  rurietj  of  oatums,  aach  ao  blown,  fiilla,  or  &uy  violent 
excrt3i>n,  e((])«iiriftllj  when  the  stomach  ia  full  of  food.  Corrneivr-  poisons 
Kod  large  Duiubcra  of  bot«  hnvo  niao  pirodnc«d  it.  But  wo  most  rom- 
monljr  mert  with  it  amongxt  uged  horecs  as  a  nsult  of  tlie  frequent 
CBgoTffcd  trtatu  of  tlio  Htuiiuu-h.  It  is  not  uucommuo  amoncst  cab  horsoa, 
wben  Kept  out  muuy  hours  without  tbo  nc§0'bAg,  and  nUpw<?d  n  largo 
qnAntity  of  food  when  brought  home.  The  mptnre  is  gcnumlVT  sittuit«d 
on  Uifl  ri^^ht  nidi!  of  the?  ntumuck,  iiloiig  its  prctiter  cuvTatnre.  The  «ymp- 
loms  of  ru|>liuvd  atomuch  somewhat  reaemote  those  of  colic.  The  animal 
will  mre  evidence  of  Hovem  pain,  by  gn»t  rcstlcssnciis  pkwing  wilA  his 
fni,  lying  down  nnd  ut  timea  niaing  nimadf  on  hi*  haunches,  at  othtrm 
m&ia  on  his  breuAt.  The  countenaucH  I«  distreeut'd  but  aiizionii,  the 
body  bedewed  nith  per«piratioD,  pulae  very  quick  and  feeble,  breathing 
mvch  accelerated.  The  nnimnl  will  ahto  make  eAbrts  to  romit,  and  hi 
aomc  ioataDce*  this  luui  takmi  plac«  shortly  boforo  di-utli  i  the  vomitid 
material,  pasfflog  throngh  the  nostril,  ts  dlseharged  fruni  tlie  hobo.  These 
synptoms  will  continno  for  ft  grcAtcr  or  leas  time,  depeudctit  upon  the 
Bxbml  of  tho  mature.  If  biit  »  small  opnninp  eTimt,  they  may  last 
■erviv]  days ;  but  if  the  oueuiu);  be  larf(i_',  uiic)  ii  cotinidrrablo  miantity  of 
iagMla  has  escaped  into  tbo  abdomtnal  cAvity,  Uie  symptointt  will  inomiio 
rapidly  in  violence,  ami  the  animul  frct^iiontly  di«s  iu  convuUious  in  a  few 
lioan. 

BOn. 
Bota  are  a  peculiar  kind  of  griih,  which  at  corUin  scasmiB  nre  fonnd  in 
eonaideT>bIe  qiututiticH  adhering  to  the  cutictihir  linine  of  the  ntomach  of 
Ibe  bono.  The  two  varielJes  most  generally  met  wtUi  arc  tho  a»tntr 
npti  or  largR  spotted  horse  hot-,  and  the  trstrus  homorrhoidalis  or  funda- 
■Mmt  boi.  Their  bintorv  iv  ciirinun,  and  wo  arc  indebted  to  Mr.  Dniqr 
Claric  for  almost  all  we  know  of  thcm. 

A  spreies  of  gad-fly,  ^,  the  oeetms  equi,  ia  in  the  latter  part  »f  the  muii* 

nicr  ejrtiedingly  bn^j  nhoiit  th«  horse.      It  is  observed  to  oe  darting  with 

great  rapidity  toward.-!  the  knee*  and  Kidns  of  the  animal.     Hie  fi-ntalcs  are 

depositing  thrir  eggs  on  the  hair,  and  which  adlii-rc  U>  it  liy  means  of  a 

riatinous  fluid  with  which  they  are  surrounded  (a  and  b).     In  afewdaya 

t  Uic  egga  are  reatlr  to  be  hatehed,  and  tho  slightest  application  of  warmth 

and  moisture  will  liberate  the  little  unimals  which  cliey  contain.      The 

jhorM  in  b'eking  himself  touches  the  egR,  which  ailhems  to  the  toogno, 

'and  is  conveyed  with  the  food  into  tlio  stomach.     There  it  elinga  to  the 

,  mtiCBhr  portion  uf  tbo  stomnoh,  i%  bv  moans  of  a  hook  on  nther  aide  of 

L  its  mouth  ;  and  it«  hold  ia  ao  firm  auif  no  obict.inulc,  that  it  lutiat  be  braken 

'  before  it  e^n  be  detached.     It  reninins  thctv  feeding  »n  the  muens  of  thq 

■tonuKh  durine  tho  whole  of  the  winter,  and  ontil  the  ebd  of  Uw  enmiinir 

epriug  ;  when,  liuving  attiiim-'d  a  conaidenililo  aiK^  d,  nnd  being  deetiitea 

I         to  uDileTgo  a  certain  tran^foruiation,  itdieengagvailaclf  from  thecnticahu* 

\        coat,  is  carried  into  the  villous  portion  of  the  stonmeh  witli  the  food, 

pAaiea  out  of  it  with  tlie  chyme,  and  ia  cvneuat<>d  with  the  dung. 

The  larva  or  maggot  aeeka  shelter  in  tlie  ground,  aod  baries  it«oIf  then  t 

H  contracts  in  size,  and  becomes  a  chrysalis  or  grub,  iii  which  state  it  ItM 

■nactiTn  for  a  few  weeks,  and  then  borstang  £rom  itscoufittemciit,  awmnuta 

^^rihe  form  of  a  fly.     The  female,  bccomine  impregnatod,  qtudely  dej)^Mits 

^B  lier  eog*  on  tboao  parta  of  the  horse  whii^i  he  is  moiit  accustomed  to  lick, 

^^  Mad  wu  tJie  apedes  ia  perpetuated. 


r. 


K3 


Bora. 


The  «o>»ller  or  fiindam«nt  bot,  g,  is  oot  bo  ft^qncntly  fotiiid.     The  fly/ 
in  tiua  ni*ttuM»,  deposito  hor  eggs  on  the  dp«  of  the  horse,  and  they  tliea 


tf  Tb*  ifpamiM  of  tlic  Iwia  od  tit*  tMueb,  truij  adtieriiig  I7  Ibdi  faodkad 
nwalha. 
Thd  mftrki  or  di^innloni  im  mwd  which  km  ItA  on  i^»  oe«t  of  Uw  ilwaiMh 
when  (!>■  iMtH  4n  di.-Mcb«l  from  their  hoM. 
rf  Tha  bot  datacbnl. 

•  Th*  ftmaU  «f  ib«  ^A-Aj,  of  th'  ttonw,  pnpam]  lo  d«piMit  hrt  <Gp* 
/  Tho  g^-flyt^  irhiSi  the  faadamaiit  twt  u  pioduoed. 
g  Tbi  uotUar,  or  AuuUinant  boL 

(MUH  through  the  SRino  ntngiii  lu  thu  one  just  doHcribed,  and  quit  their 
hubiUitiou  at  tho  Bnmc  m-juioii  uP  tlie  yc&r.  In  their  {Mango  with  the 
duiin:,  howoTCT,  tht^  DOt  iuifi«(]uviit]y  adhere  to  the  rer^ge  ot  the  utns, 
aud  cause  n  connidunible  Autouut  of  irritation. 

Tlioro  aro  •evnnU  plain  concluBions  to  bo  drnwn  from  tliis  history.  Tho 
bota  M^dom,  while  they  inhabit  the  ttomneh  of  tJio  hone,  gixa  tbeuunud 
mny  p&io,  for  they  have  fut«iip(l  on  tho  cnticnlar  and  intteuatble  ooai. 
They  oaiuot  Btimnlntc  the  utomach,  uid  incrawo  its  dlgeetive  poirer,  for 
they  aro  not  on  the  digoHtiro  poriion  of  tho  stomach.  T)iey  ouinot,  by 
their  roughnoM,  usMiiit  tlie  trituration  or  mbbin^  down  of  the  food,  fur  do 
such  olScti  lit  porformed  in  that  pari  of  Uio  utomacb — the  food  ia  Boflrned, 
Dot  rubbed  down,  They  are  rarely  injariona  to  the  horse,  for  ho  «DJoyB 
the  most  perfect  hoalth  wboa  the  catioulur  jiart  of  his  fttomiu-Ji  ia  filled 
with  them,  »nd  their  presence  ia  not  even  nupeetcd  until  thny  nppcw  at 
tho  auoa.  Th«y  cannot  he  removed  by  medicine,  booaoae  Ihoy  are  not  in 
that  part  of  the  atomach  to  which  medicine  ia  oaually  conveyed :  and  if 
they  wore,  their  moutha  are  too  deeply  bnri«d  in  the  uncna  6w  any 
medicino,  lliat  can  aafcily  bo  ndminiatervd,  to  affect  them;  and,  laat  of  all, 
in  dao  course  of  time  tlivy  dirtach  tbemaelTes,  and  como  away.  Tttcroforo, 
tlio  wiau  man  will  leave  them  to  tliemwlirnii,  or  rnntcnt  himxclf  with  pick- 
ing thorn  off  when  they  collect  under  llie  tuil  and  nnnoy  the  ""'■"^i 

SPASMODIC  COLIC, 
^le  pauage  of  the  food  thitiu^'h  ihe  intt^atinal  canal  ia  effected  by  Uw 
altoraato  contraot*on  and  rrlnxAtion  of  the  mtueahu-ooatof  tbo  intflattnc*. 
WIufD  tha.1  action  ia  airaply  incrcaeed  throngfa  the  whole  of  the  cnnnt,  the 
food  pnanoa  more  rapidly,  and  purging  ia  prodnoed:  bat  the  ma«ctca  of 
every  part  of  tho  frainu  are  liable  to  irrr^far  and  apBsmodio  action,  and 


4 


i 


SPASMODIC  COLia 


»S 


ttic  miwrolnr  cont  or  eocne  portion  of  the  intestines  may  be  tliua  affectecL 
Tlio  vjiftsm  miiy  bn  ronlinoil  to  a  rrry  smnll  pnrt  of  the  canal.  The  go.% 
haa  bc«D  fuutinl,  kflirr  di.'uUi,  xLrnrigoIr  oontmctrit  in  vnrionH  pI&CMi,  bnt 
the  contraction  doI  exo««diii;;  fiw  or  siix  mch(.-!(  in  kny  of  (bcm.  In  ihfl 
borafi,  tbo  iloiim  is  tho  usual  seat  of  this  disenee.  It  ia  of  mnch  importAnoe 
to  dMtingniiih  Uitwwn  itpiuimodic  cM>lic  nnd  inflammnlion  of  tJio  bowels, 
tor  ibe  sjmptoma  hunt  oonnidcmblv  ratcmbliuicc,  tilthaagL  tho  ctiod*  of 
toMtmant  should  be  very  (llir«rHul. 

Tfa«  *tbick  of  colic  is  usoall^  wry  sudden.  There  is  often  not  th« 
Rli^t««t  vmminif.  Th«  horao  bogini:  to  shift  hiit  postiiro,  look  round  kt 
his  flaidu,  raia«  nia  bcwl,  curl  tlie  npfM^r  lip,  nnd  tnnkv  fn-qaoni  Mttcmtit* 
lo  Toid  bia  urine ;  he  will  then  paw  violently,  strike  his  wily  with  nis 
feet,  and  crouch  in  a  peciiiiAT  miuuier,  adnuicing  his  hind  limbe  under 
him;  be  will  thtm  suddtmljr  lit;,  or  ratlier  fUl  down,  and  mil  hiimc'If  npon 
his  lHu.'k.  with  liis  fwt  rt*tiag  ou  bis  bellr.  The  pain  now  sci.-inii  to  riHuia 
for  A  little  wlJle,  and  be  get«  ap,  sund  iflwMt^*  faiaiaelf,  &ud  be^iua  to  ftt-d; 
tbie  rwpitc,  howeror,  is  but  abort — tlie  spttsm  returns  more  violently — 
trrmj  indication  of  nnin  is  increAsed — -be  henres  at  tho  flanks,  brrnkx  out 
iiito  B  profuse  pt^nptrution,  And  throws  himself  morn  recklessly  uboat.  In 
tht  >paoe  of  an  hour  or  two,  the  spasios  begin  to  relax,  &nd  tlic  rfinisMons 
uv  of  longer  dnmtion,  and,  in  the  great  mftjority  of  cases,  cease  altogether, 
aiid  tho  horse  shortly  natnntM  his  work.  Or,  on  the  other  band,  wbeo 
the  cenur*  nm  of  »  rooru  Kurious  or  meob&nicttl  nntore,  tho  torture  u 
ngraetitiHl  nt  ereiy  paroxysm;  tjie  int«rrab  of  ams  are  fewer  ittid  Ii>ss 
iMulEed,  and  inflammation  and  death  snpervone.  The  pulse  is  but  little 
aflbcted  at  ^e  commeucemmt,  but.  ir  rcbcf  is  not  obbiinod,  it  becomofl 
rnrqucnt  nnd  contmctMl,  and  at  length  ia  scarcely  tauitible. 

It  will  pn.-seully  be  seen  that  roajiy  of  the  symptoms  vary  closely 
nwemble  those  of  inflflmmiirion  of  tho  bowvis :  it  may  therefore  bo  useful 
to  point  out  tbe  leading  distinctiuiis  botwcnn  tli«m. 


oouc 
8a>U*B  b  (u  stuck. 

PuIm  ntvly  tniich  qniekmcd  In  the  nrly 
pniod  «r  (h»  diMMir,  and  danuft  the  lo- 
tcrralsof  ram. 

Lea  and  mm  of  tb«  DStanl  tentpminr*. 

tiAt  obtaiotd  from  rubliiog  Uu  bcUj. 

latwml*  of  AUe. 
SlraBjllli  ■rsRttlr  kfloctril. 


urtUKWAtlox  or  ma  sc>niJL 
Lfw  BiiddrD  in  it*  npproHch,  with  pnTJoai 

iodiealioni  of  favrr. 
PuIm  nrj  mncli  quicfcrncd,  but  (mall,  snd 

oUcb  Kami;  to  b*  falL 


Iitn  sad  Mr*  cold. 
Il*rir 


llj  Moetdinglj  t«nd(T  lad  punftit  to  (be 

touch. 
Ctonitwil  pin. 
Ssfild  ana  gml  vealaifla. 


AxooDR  the  csuiHos  of  oolic  am,  tbn  drinking  of  cold  water  wbon  tbe 
home  IB  Beatod.  Then;  in  not  a  surer  origin  of  violent  spMm  tiiaa  tbta. 
Hard  water  is  rery  apt  to  produce  tliia  effect.  Cobc  will  sometimes 
follow  tho  exposure  of  a  horse  to  the  cold  air  or  a  rold  wind  aftrr  strong 
exercise.  Green  meat,  mlthongh,  generally  upmkinR,  niont  bvacficial  to 
the  horse,  yet,  givtm  in  too  lurftc  a  qoantily,  or  when  he  is  hot,  will  fre* 
qnently  prodncu  gnpes.  Doee«  of  aloes,  both  large  and  smaU,  are  not 
nnfhsqoent  oauaea  oi  oolic.  In  some  borvse  there  *n«ma  to  bo  a  constitti- 
tional  predispositioa  to  eoKo.  Tbey  cannot  be  hardly  worked,  or  cxpoeed 
to  untisiial  cold,  witbout  a  fit  of  it.  In  many  cases,  when  tbeee  horses  hava 
died,  calculi  btvo  been  found  in  some  part  of  tho  atimontAry  cMial, 
Habitsnl  oostivenees  and  tbe  presence  of  calcuU  are  freouent  oaasca  of 
speaoiodio  colic.  The  seat  of  colic  ia  ocoasMoally  the  duodenum,  but 
ofl«ner  tbe  ileum  or  tbe  jejunum ;  sotoetuncs,  bowerer,  both  tlie  cawiua 
and  colon  arc  affected. 


■ 


• 


Ki 


fLAlCLEXT  OOLia 


Fortaaatelr, ««  arc  aoqwunted  -with  Mtetml  medieiitM  Uml  liOitj  tbcM 
IIMIIIII ;  aad  Uic  iit— e  oAco  Pt— M  »ljBCwt  M  soddcotf  M  it  appewed. 
^—^■y*  tltMe,  pe^Ms  the  beat  U  tiw  tinetan  of  opram  and  spirit  of ' 
nitne  ether,  gina  in  wmm  of  ona  oance  of  tba  fonaer  with  two  oonoes  : 
of  tlM  laUcr,  in  •  pjat  of  wHm  wmter.     Shoold  theifnsiB  notlwrntierad, 
thia  maj  be  repeated  in  two  boon.     If  the  attMJC  pcooead  Eton  tba  indU 
f[eetiUe  nslora  of  the  Ibod  npom  which  th»  animal  baa  btM>  b«diner.  a 
Bmt  aad  a  balf  of  tinaecd  oil  aiAy  bo  n^ven,  hklf  an  hear  after  the  first 
ooaa.    Tbe  htSiy  sbonld  be  well  rablin)  with  a  bonub  or  b&nl  wiap  of 
ctntw.     The  rcdom  ahoald  be  unloaded  and  djUcm  of  warm  water  ad- 
mtniMered.      The  fatent  qnTiaga  will  ben  bo  oxooodingly  useful.      A , 
djvter  of  tDbaeoo-aaolu  maj  be  thrown  np  as  a  Uat  naMrt.     In  aooM 
f't*"^'?*  reliaf  baa  been  aiEimed  \f  moving  the  amuul  about,  bat,  if  this 
bo  ad^ited,  he  ahould  never  exceed  a  waik.    In  tho  nuwmtjr  of  oaaaa, , 
however,  a  looee  box,  well  Uttand,  in  which  he  can  Ue  down  aad  roll ' 
abonl,  IB  very  mncb  more  mtjonal  tieatmeat. 

When  rdii^f  but  htvn  obtained,  the  clothing  of  the  hone  ahoold  ba 
mnonred,  hii  Bldn  mbbed  dr7,  and  fraah  and  dir  clothe*  rabetiiated.  Sa 
abonld  be  wall  littered  down  in  a  warm  atMe  or  box,  luul  havo  bran 
iM-T^fT  and  htke-wsnn  water  for  the  two  or  three  next  ^ya. 

Bona  peraona  give  ^n,  or  gin  and  p«pper,  in  coacs  of  gxiv^  Thia 
conrae  of  pmccviling  is,  howiHTr,  cxivxxlii^j  obMotJonablo.  It  ua;  be 
oaefiil,  or  rrrn  mlEcicnt,  in  orduuuy  ciutea  cu  eoiio  ;  but  if  thmi  ehonld 
bo  any  inflimmali'frn,  or  lenderacy  to  i  nflawiBatiiiTn.  it  cannot  Gii]  to  b* 
highly  injnriona. 


TLATULEST   CGUC 

This  ut  altogether  a  different  duooae  from  the  fonner.  It  ta  not  apoam 
of  till!  bovri-lii,  bat  inflation  of  tli«™  finni  the  preaenoe  of  gaa  emitted  bj 
undigMtml  fuod.  WhctiMT  collected  in  the  stomach,  or  small  or  large 
inlefltOMk  all  Idsdi  of  Tegctable  matter  are  liable  to  ferment.  In  oonse- 
cpenoa  of  thii  fennentAtion,  ^tta  ia  evotred  to  a  greater  or  leaa  extent — 
ptrbapa  to  twenty  or  thirty  lunea  the  balk  of  the  food.  This  may  lake 
place  in  the  Btooiach ;  and  if  ao,  the  life  of  the  borao  m  in  iBunediatd 
danger,  &r,  na  wfll  pbuoly  appear  from  tlie  acooout  that  hai  been  given  of 
tbe  ceeopbagna  and  upper  on&c«  of  the  stomach,  tbo  animal  has  no  power 
to  oxpcl  thin  dnngcronii  flatas  by  rmclntion. 

Tlua  extrication  of  gaa  osaally  take*  plnoc  in  the  colon  and  cncnm,  and 
the  diateoaon  may  be  bo  pn?at  as  to  mplnre  either  tbe  oue  or  tli«  other, 
or  aometimea  to  pmdniw  dcoth,  wiibont  either  mpture  or  stianifulatioo, 
and  that  in  the  cotinw  of  from  fimr  to  twcnty-funr  Iwrara, 

In  «ome  iU^ooodocted  eatabtJah  meals,  it  is  a  highly  daiverooii  '*'iffiiwr, 
and  ii  eepedaOjr  fetal  tohoraeaof  heavydranght  An  ovwMaded  atomac^ 
is  one  cansa  of  it,  and  particniarly  no  when  water  is  given  either  imme- 
diatalj  before  or  after  a  plentifal  uioal,  or  food  to  which  the  borso  has  not 
been  aeenstoniod  b  given. 

Tbe  symptoms,  according  to  Profncsor  Stewart,  ar«,  '  the  borwc  md- 
dndy  slackonin^  his  pace— preparing  to  lie  down,  or  falling  down  as  if 
ba  wero  slioi.  In  the  ititble  he  paws  the  proxind  with  hia  wro  foot,  liea 
down,  rolK  starts  np  td)  nt  once,  and  thrown  himself  dovm  agnin  with  groat 
rioleuoe.  looking  wistfully  at  Im  flanks,  and  making  many  freitl«««att«-mp(a 
to  voiil  his  nrinc' 

HilficTto  tbv  symptoms  an  not  much  nnlike  spaamodio  colic,  bat  the 
nti]  clinrac-Ur  of  tlto  discam-  soon  Ix^ns  lo  tl<tr<!li>pe  ilaelf.  It  is  in  one 
of  the  Inrgp  inmtjnra,  and  ihe  belly  swi-Us  all  round,  bat  mostly  on  the 


1 


IKflAHMATlO.V  Or  TUB  BOWELS.  Zi& 

riglit  fliuik.  As  t!i«  dineajio  procei^n,  Ibc  piun  bncomcs  more  intonso,  ttie 
hone  mora  viokrut,  &tid  at  It-ii^'Ui  il<.'a.lli  cIubl'ii  tbi-  sceni.''. 

^10  trmtmcDt  is  at  6nl  bat  liUk>  dilfereul  from  that  of  spuMnodio 
colic.  The  gntt  which  citUNni  the  KWi-lliiig  in  tlip  carlf  stages  ^v-iiemUy 
coDMxU  of  cttrboni);  Bciil,  nud  livn-  lliv  projitinitionx  of  luntnoniB  would  m 
of  great  BTi-vice  ;  one  ounco  of  tincture  uf  opium  combincil  witli  two 
OBDOes  of  aroiuatic  spirit  of  lunmoniii  ^hoold  bo  givoD  in  a  ijiuart  of  l-qM 
wntor,  utd  repented  if  ni-Cennnry.  A*  tlio  <liHciiu><T  progrcsswi,  combinutioua 
of  lij^drugun  ktc  geouralvd,  ana  llie  pre[>ar:itiuit!i  of  cltluriiic,  snch  u  ttio 
<^ilonde  of  lime  and  the  clilorot«  of  pociwL.  niay  b«  ftdvaot«Keoaiilj  cm- 
pkiyod.  If  some  componnd  of  chlorine-,  distiolrod  in  wat<T,is&aiium«t«rwl 
m  the  fi>rra  of  u  drink,  the  chlorine  nnitoi  with  th«  hydrogen,  and 
muriatic  cput  ia  formed.  This  gu,  bavin};  a  BtrauK  affinity  tbr  wst«r,  i« 
absorbed  Dj  any  flaid  thnt  rony  be  prvseiit.  and  quilting  its  gaMons  fortn, 
«itli«r  disappcani,  or  dijc»  not  mtnin  n  thoaxnitdth  part  of  iU  former  bulk. 
All  Lhii  mny  («  Tcnr  nipidly  fkcoomplislicd,  fur  th<!  fluid  is  tniickly  con. 
Ti-red  fi-om  llie  mouth  to  eTCty  part  of  tlie  iutentiual  i-anul.  This  sliould 
spiiMiily  bo  followed  by  four  or  fivo  drschms  of  alotx  ia  solution,  with 
oopiona  &Dd  repented  injectionn. 

Ai  n  iMi  raiourou,  wucu  the  diutger  is  tmmintint  find  evory  other  moans 
hkve  been  tried  without  saccoss,  Uie  troobftr  mny  bn  nscd,  in  order  tii 
opeo  a  way  for  the  escnpo  of  the  gss.  The  Irocbar  should  bo  iimall,  bat 
longer  thau  that  whioh  iM  usad  for  tho  cow,  and  the  punotore  should  be 
Biuo  in  tho  midtllu  of  Uia  rivht  flii.nk,  fur  thnru  the  larf^  intMtinos  ar« 
most  Mudly  reached.  In  sach  a  disease  it  cannot  be  espectod  that  tlui 
intestines  shall  always  be  found  prooisoly  ia  thoir  nattual  situatiuns,  bnt 
umally  the  origin  of  thii  asoendins  portion  of  the  colon,  or  tho  ba«o  of 
Uio  csN-'um,  will  be  jncrcod.  Uaob  of  the  dan};er  would  bo  avoidod  by 
iinng  a  very  small  trochar,  and  by  withdrawing  it  as  soou  ati  tho  gas  tiaa 
eaCKped.  The  wound  in  the  intcstine-s  will  then  probably  clesa,  from  the 
■BlMlto  elasticity  of  the  pnrtii. 

nFumATioit  or  ths  bowels. 

Tlicro  aro  two  vanctiea  of  this  inaJady.  Tlie  Gmt  is  inflammation  of 
the  external  ooats  of  llie  intestines,  accompanied  by  cousidiitablc  fever, 
and  nmallj  oostiveness.  The  second  i»  that  of  the  internal  or  luoouoa 
coat,  and  almost  invariably  conncclcd  with  purging, 

KSTSJUTU. 

Inflaramikiion  of  the  external  coats  of  the  iutestiueH,  whether  the  peri* 
toneal  or  tnoscalar,  or  boib,  is  a  frequent  and  very  fatal  diwaise. 

l*he  eausee  of  this  disease  are^  fint  of  all  and  most  frequently,  snddcD 
expotnirc  to  cold.  If  a  horse  that  has  been  highly  fi-d,  enreflilly  groomed, 
and  kepi  in  u  wartu  stable,  is  beotod  with  oxerdse.  and  lian  been  during 
some  liLiurs  nilhont  food,  and  in  this  state  of  cxhniwtion  is  suffered  to 
drink  freely  of  cold  water,  or  ia  drenched  witli  nio,  or  have  his  logs  and 
belly  washed  with  cold  water,  an  attaci:  of  inttammaliou  of  the  Dowda 
will  often  follow.  An  over-f«l  homo,  (tubjeotwl  to  sorem  and  kinff-«oii- 
tinnod  exertion,  if  his  luu)^  were  pnivioualy  wr;ik,  will  prahtUy  be  at* 
tacked  hv  inflammation  of  ibem  ;  bnt  if  the  Inngs  were  sound,  the  baw^ 
wQI  on  tao  following  day  bo  tho  acat  of  dianso.  Stones  in  the  iutestinaa 
an  an  occasional  caose  of  inflammation,  and  oolio  neglected  or  wronglj 
treated  will  Icnoinatc  in  iU  It  q>e>edlly  nins  tts  coarse,  and  it  is  of  grrat 
oonsoqucncn  that  its  early  symptoms  should  bo  known.  If  the  borwi  bu 
been  catvfully  oboorved,  rcstlewineMt  and  fever  will  hare  boeo  seen  to  pr»- 
cede  the  altadc.     In  many  cases  a  direel  Bkirerii^  fit  will  occur :  Iha 


KHTERITIS. 


moDth  will  be  bnt,  ttnd  the  nose  red.  The  (uuumI  will  soon  exprtws  Uw 
most  dratdftil  pain  br  pawing,  stiildng  st  fais  beUj,  looking  wQdIy  at  hia 
flunlca,  groaoiog,  aod  rolling.  Tb«  polso  will  bo  qnidcoocid  and  wiiy; 
tbo  Mra  and  lega  cold ;  tbo  bell^  tender,  and  aometimw  Itot ;  tbo  broatli- 
ing  qnickonod ;  tbo  boweU  ooatire  ;  and  the  »"■"■»'  bucaniing  mpidly  and 
feu&llj  weak. 

The  reader  will  {frobabl^  bero  recar  to  tbo  sketch  givm  in  pag«  323  of 
tbB  distinction  betirooa  spasmodic  oolic  and  tnflMamatjoo  of  the  bowets, 
OTMitaritia. 

Tbo  horae  pMwii  aad  HUmpa  as  tu  colic,  bat  witlurat  tlio  intorvab  of 
cnae  tiiat  occur  iii  ibat  diseaae.  The  pnlse  also  is  Ar  tpuckcr  than  in 
colic.  The  breathing  is  more  horrird,  iukI  tbc  indication  of  snfimng 
more  evidonL  '  Tbo  next  atagc,'  >*'  ^^  gTit]jltic  Iiuignn^rc  of  Ur.  Pi^civaU 
in  hi«  Hippopatliologf, '  borders  on  deliriotn.  Th<^  ey«  acquirM  a  «rild, 
haggard,  nnnatoiml  stare— the  pupil  dilAlcs — his  bcedlesa  and  dnodAil 
Uiraea  nndtr  approach  to  Kin  ^nite  pcriloms.  Be  ia  an  objoct  not  <aiy 
of  Gompoarioo  bnt  of  apprdunsion,  and  seema  taat  hnrrying  to  hia  ond; 
when,  att  hi  oncv,  in  the  nudst  of  agoniaing  torments,  lie  stantU  ((niet,  u 
iLouKh  Kvvrj  pain  had  l«ft  him,  and  he  were  goiug  to  recover.  Hia 
brvaUiinff  booomca  tranqniUiArd— hia  pnlso  simk  Urjond  all  porocptaon — 
his  bodj  Midewed  with  a  rold  vlucumj  sweat — bo  is  in  a  townor  from 
bead  to  Tout,  and  about  ibe  l(^  and  ears  has  eren  a  deod-liko  fed.  Th« 
moath  f««la  deadly  dilll ;  tbo  lips  drop  pendnloos ;  and  Um  ejv  aeviua 
onconscioos  of  objecta.  In  line,  ilcnlh,  not  rocor^rr.  is  at  baud.  Uortifl- 
cation  bos  acixed  tbo  inflanuHl  bowel — pain  can  no  longc^r  be  felt  in  that 
whieh  a  few  minntea  a^  waa  the  seat  of  exquisite  EaJTcritiK-  He  ngtiiu 
becomes  conmlsed,  and  in  a  fow  more  straggles  liiss  Tioluut  Uiaa  tfao 
former  he  exjunis.'  The  coarso  of  tbe disMHo,  fortnnatelj  forthenlMii^ 
of  the  poor  beasts  afflictod  witli  it,  is  a  short  one ;  death  majr  rap«rmi« 
in  fortj--«ght,  twonfy^feni*,  or  eran  twutri.'  hours — it  ntnjr  bo  considered 
the  most  fotol  dtmmse  of  the  horse. 

The  trealuicnt  of  inflammation  of  tlie  bowels,  like  that  of  the  Innga, 
■boald  be  prompt  and  tmergotiu.  The  first  an<l  most  powerful  means  of 
onre  will  be  bleeding.  Frum  six  to  eight  or  ten  qoarta  of  blood,  in  loot  aa 
ranob  as  the  horae  can  brar,  sbonld  be  abetnoted  as  !M>on  as  powible.  Th« 
spcod^  wcnkoMa  that  nocompitiniRS  this  diaease  sbonld  not  deter  from 
bteeduig  lurgelj.  Tho  weakursa  ia  tbo  conwqnence  of  violent  inflamiiiK- 
lioo  of  tbcso  uarta ;  and  if  that  iiilliuiiitiu.titm  is  sobdned  by  the  looi  of  ' 
blood,  tbo  wesxneas  will  disappear.  The  blt<edtiig  shoald  be  eflcctod  on 
the  first  appooranco  of  the  disooao,  for  there  is  no  malady  that  more 
qnickljr  runs  it  ooorse. 

A  full  dose  (5  >>to  3  ij.  of  opium)  sbonld  imraodiat«ljr  follow  the  bleeding; 
tliis  may  be  repeated  erery  fear  or  five  lioors  if  oeoeaoarj,  bat,  ooosiduring 
tlio  irritable  state  of  the  intestines  at  this  period,  porgatlraa  ^old  not  be 
given.  AAer  tbo  patient  has  somewhat  reoovcroa  we  majr  however  give* 
small  dose  of  oiL  Back-raking,  and  injectioiis,  consisting  of  wonn  wrtor 
or  rerr  thin  ^''■"-''1  should  tw  earljr  resorted  to ;  and  too  much  fluiil  ena 
•cArcclj  he  llimwn  np.  If  the  common  ox-hladder  and  pipe  i^  used,  it 
shnuld  be  frpqnentljr  rvptenished ;  but  with  B«ad's  patent  pontp,  olraadj 
refiTTtMl  to,  soiBciirut  ma^r  bo  injeoted  to  ponetiwto  boTOnd  tiM  rectus,  and 
raanh  to  the  colon  and  ccK.iim,  and  diiposc  them  to  evacnato  tlictr  ooBtants^ 
Kiwa—  of  tobaoco-«mok«  may  be  alao  administered. 

It  will  now  be  prudent  to  endeavour  to  excite  considemblc  o»tertiaI  in- 
ftamioatwn  as  nrar  as  possible  to  the  sent  of  internal  disease,  and  thcn^bro 
the  whole  of  tfae  beUr  ahoald  be  blistered.  In  a  well-marlccd  csuie  of  thia 
,  BO  ttnu  iboud  be  loot  in  appljtng  fomentations,  but  the  hiistor  at 


KSTERIT16.  ^^^^^"^  tt7 

OBC«  reoorled  to.  The  tincture  of  Spamab  fliea,  nmd«  with  tnrpontine, 
Bbonid  bet  thoroughly  mblicil  in.  The  legs  should  be  well  bandaged  in 
order  to  roitorc  Llir  circnliition  in  tli«m,  ftnd  tlms  Iwi^tm  the  flow  of  blood 
to  tlie  inQujutid  uiirt ;  &i>d,  for  the  name  rtiutott,  Ui«  hona  Khoald  b« 
warmly  clothed ;  but  the  air  of  the  stAble  or  box  should  be  cool. 

Th*  horso  nIiouIiI  he  caooorn^itKl  to  drink  pIoDtifnlly  of  wnrm  water  OT 
thin  gruoL,  ikod  no  oom  or  hny  aJtould  bo  idlowcd  during  tho  diHUuto,  but 
tv&D  maahea,  and  green  meat  if  it  can  be  pTocun>d.  The  lattor  will  bu  tbo 
beat  of  all  food,  and  mxy  bo  gives  without  the  slightest  apprehension  <k 
dnngor.  Wbcm  tJie  bono  Ix^inn  to  r«coinir,  ft  huidfiil  of  corn  may  be 
given  two  or  three  times  lu  the  day  ;  and,  if  the  weather  ttt  warm,  ho  may 
be  tttraed  intoapaddoclt  for  a  few  hoars  in  the  middle  of  the  day.  Clysters 
of  gniol  ahonid  be  continnmi  for  thrre  or  four  days  after  tho  iuSammatioB 
in  beginning  to  mhnde,  and  good  huiid-rubbing  xppliod  to  the  legs. 

Thi)  second  variety  of  iuflamniation  of  the  boweu  affects  the  internal  or 
mnoouB  coat,  and  is  grDonLlly  the  consociococe  of  physic  in  too  great 
quantity,  or  of  an  improficr  kind. 

When  the  munnis  mi-mbrane  is  in  an  irritable  conditioa,  or  from  sym- 
pathy, as  in  indammatioa  of  tho  Inngs,  a  small  dose  of  purgative  medicine 
vrill  eomotiinca  prodnoa  tliis  disraiae.  The  purging  is  more  violent  snd 
oondnuca  lonu^nr  than  wus  inti.-iided ;  the  oninuU  shows  that  he  is  sulTering 
Bimt  pain ;  lie  fn.-qui-iilly  looks  round  at  his  flanks ;  his  breathing  is 
laborioas,  and  the  puleo  is  qiiink  and  iimiill — nnt  eo  sinnll,  however,  as  in 
iDflanusntion  of  tlio  pitritonuil  cout,  and,  contrary  to  tKime  of  the  moat 
Irequout  and  (^hurucU-risiiu  symptoms  of  that  diaeaAe,thamoath  is  hot,  and 
tlMlegaaud  cars  are  warm.  Unless  thefKU^^;iDgi8eaoeeaiTti,andthepa)ii 
•ad  difitiess  great,  tiip  imrgron  nhunld  Iicntate  at  giTing  any  ■tftringent 
modicino  at  (irirt;  but  hu  should  pk-atifully  udniinister  whcAt-flour  gmol, 
or  aiTow-root,  or  tlxiu  starch;  removing  all  hayandcoru.  and  partinilarly 
green  meat.  Heahoold  thne  endonvonr  to  pootho  the  irrilat<;d  surface  of 
loo  bowels,  while  bo  piTrmilK  allr«niii[ia  of  tliu  purgative  to  bccnrriod  oB*. 
If,  bownvcr,  twelve  huuni  have  passed,  and  the  pur)^g  and  tin-  man  t^ 
main  undinuiiiBhod,  he  should  continue  tbo  gruel,  adding  to  it  chalk, 
catechu,  and  opium,  repoat«il  every  six  hours.  As  soon  as  the  puging 
begins  to  Hnhside,  the  natringcnt  medicinu  should  be  Itssened  in  quiuitity, 
and  gTttdnally  dincuntinned.  The  horse  should  be  warmly  clotned  and 
Blaoed  in  a  comfortable  stable,  and  his  legs  should  be  hfuid<rubl>ed  and 
Magged. 

Tioloiit  pnrging,  and  altonded  with  much  inflammation  and  fever,  will 
ooonr  fnira  oUier  oMUea.  Green  uicat  will  frequently  purge.  A  hor«e 
worked  hard  upon  green  meat  will  sometimes  scour.  The  remedy  is 
change  of  diet,  or  ]c»s  lebonr.  Toung  borsea  will  oi'ton  lie  strongly  purged, 
without  any  apparent  euise.  Aiilriii}feuts  aliould  bu  used  with  mucli  cnn- 
tian  hcrt).  It  is  probably  an  cflbrt  of  nature  to  get  nd  of  something  that 
ftlBwHfa.  A  few  aoece  of  gmel  will  usHiirt  in  effecting  this  purpose,  and  tho 
pucing  will  coBSo  without  astriugeut  medicine. 

aaay  homw  that  arv  not  well-ribbtd  Aone — having  too  grv»t  space 
between  the  last  rib  and  the  hip-bone — are  nnliject  to  purging  if  more 
than  omal  eowrtion  is  reouirL-d  from  them.  They  are  recognised  by  the 
term  of  waihy  hones-  They  are  often  free  and  fleet,  but  dmtitoto  of  con- 
tmauKO^  I'hcry  ahould  have  rather  moru  than  the  usual  allowance  of 
com,  with  benns,  when  at  work.  A  cordial  bait,  with  oateohn  and  opiam, 
will  oSiaa  bo  serviceable  cither  boforu  or  after  a  jootney. 


393  I'UYSJCJUXQ. 

FHTSICKUra. 

This  would  seem  to  be  the  proper  place  to  speak  of  phjucking  horsM— 
a  mode  of  treatment  necessary  under  TftriouB  difteaaeB,  often  oaefnl  for 
the  aag^entation  of  health,  ivnd  jet  which  bos  often  injured  the  constita- 
tion  and  absolutely  destroyed  thousands  of  animals.  When  a  horse  come* 
from  grass  to  hard  meat,  or  from  the  cool  open  air  to  a  heated  stable,  a 
dose  or  even  two  doses  of  physio  may  be  nseml  to  prevent  the  tendency  to 
inflammation  which  is  the  necessary  conscqaence  of  so  sodden  and  great  ■ 
change.  To  a  horse  that  is  becoming  too  fat,  or  has  surfeit,  or  grease,  or 
mange,  or  that  is  ont  of  condition  from  inactivity  of  the  digestive  organic 
a  dose  of  physic  is  often  most  serviceabte ;  bnt  the  reflecting  man  will 
enter  his  protest  against  the  periodical  physicking  of  all  horses  in  the 
spring  and  the  autntnn,  and  more  particuhirly  against  that  severe  aystein 
which  is  tliought  to  bo  necessary  in  order  to  train  them  for  work,  and  also 
the  absurd  method  of  treating  the  animal  when  under  the  operation  of 
phyBio. 

A  horse  should  be  carefully  prepared  for  &b  action  of  phyyic.  Two  or 
three  bran  mashea  given  on  that  or  the  preceding  day  are  far  tivm  sufli- 
cient  when  a  horse  is  about  to  be  physicked,  whether  to  promote  his 
condition  or  in  obedience  to  cnstom.  Maahes  should  be  given  nntil  th« 
dung  becomes  softened.  A  less  quantity  of  physic  will  then  mffice,  and 
it  will  more  quickly  pans  through  the  intestines,  and  be  more  readily 
difiustxl  over  them.  Fonr  drachms  of  aloes,  given  when  the  dnng  has  thni 
been  softened,  will  act  much  more  eflbctually  and  much  more  safety  than 
seven  draclimH,  when  the  lower  intestines  are  obstructed  by  hardened  fiecc*. 
Tlie  beat  time  to  give  physio  is  about  eleven  o'clock  in  the  morning,  as  it 
tlicn  usually  begins  to  operate  early  on  tlie  following  day,  and  an  oppor- 
ttuiity  is  better  aflbrdL'd  of  watcliing  the  animal,  in  case  he  should  be 
griped,  than  in  the  night.  On  the  day  after  the  physic  is  given,  the  lioiM 
should  have  walking  exercise  for  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  two  or  three  times 
in  the  day  ;  but  after  the  phytic  bc);iii3  to  operate  freely  he  should  not  be 
moved  from  hia  stall.  Kicrciso  would  then  produce  gripes,  irritation,  and 
possibly  dangerous  iuflnnuniition.  As  much  miksh  should  bo  given  as  the 
horse  will  cat,  and  as  much  water,  with  the  coldness  of  it  taken  off,  as  he 
will  drink.  If,  howcvfr,  he  obiitinately  refuses  to  drink  warm  wfttcr,  it 
is  better  that  he  should  have  it  cold,  tlian  to  continue  witiiout  taking  any 
fluid. 

Eight  or  ton  tolerably  copious  motions  will  be  perfectly  sufTicicnt  to 
answer  every  good  purpose,  although  the  groom  or  tlie  carter  may  not  be 
■atisficd  unless  double  the  quantity  are  procured.  Tho  consequence  of  too 
strong  purgation  will  be,  tbitt  weakness  will  hang  about  tho  animal  for 
Hver^  days  or  weeks,  and  inflammation  will  often  ensue  from  tho  over- 
irritation  of  the  intestinal  canal. 

IiOng-con tinned  custom  has  made  ai.Oeb  the  almost  invariable  purgative 
of  tho  horse,  and  very  properly  so ;  for  there  ia  no  other  at  once  so  sure 
and  BO  safe.  The  Barbaducs  aloes,  although  sometimes  very  dear,  Bhoulil 
alone  be  used.  Tho  dose,  with  a  horso  properly  prepared,  will  vary  from 
four  to  six  drachms.  The  preposterous  doses  of  nine,  ten,  or  even  Iwdva 
drRchnia,  arc  now,  happily  for  tho  horse,  generally  abandoned.  Custom 
has  assigned  tho  form  of  a  ball  to  physic,  and  very  properly,  for  tt  can  bv 
no  given  with  ccrtninty,  and  without  annoyance  to  the  animal,  while  in 
the  form  of  a  draught  tJiere  is  both  annoyance  to  tlie  home  and  n  waatr  of 
tho  medicine  ;  but  thero  is  good  sense  iu  having  recourse  to  tho  solntioo 
of  aloct,  wi  acting  more  8|)ecdilT,  cfTectually,  and  saftly  in  eases  of  sickncti^ 
when  it  hy  to  be  given  in  small  doses  and  frequently  n'i>catcd. 


C&UnJU,  OB  STOMBS,    I.V  Tilt;  l.\TE8TINES.  329 

Tfas  only  other  pnrgutlvc  on  whicih  dppcindoti{>o  can  bo  placed  U  tha 
CBOIOOI.  Thu  furiiut  or  steal  of  tLu  nat  h  ictmcmDy  CM-d  ;  bot  fixim  its 
■criiBODy  it  abould  be  given  id  IK(>  fumt  of  btJl,  witb  Iiuhm-iI  iii<ia].  The 
doM  Tarivfl  from  a  ecmple  to  baif  n.  drdclim.  It  ode  more  speoililjr  tli^n 
tiui  sJocfl,  utd  witboat  tbo  nanwn  wbicli  tliirj'  prodnco ;  but  it  causes 
Rioro  n-utery  atoolii  tuid,  conitcqucntJy,  niorv  di'bilily. 

LiXWBC^on.  is  &u  tmcertain  ont  eafo  purgative,  iu  dosoa  fram  a  pound  to  a 
pound  and  a  half  Ulivk-oil  is  mora  GticorfauD,  bot  safe ;  but  castob-oii, 
tliat  mild  apvrinnt  in  the  buinun  bein^,  in  botb  anccrtain  and  uuaafe. 
EpsOm-ults  are  iuefficaciuiu,  excvgit  lo  Ine  Immenae  dose  of  a  pound  and  a 
balf,  &ud  tlieu  tbey  are  cot  always  safe. 

CALCm,   OB  ST0HE9.    IK   THE   ISTESTIKSS. 

Tliew  an)  a  caum;  of  iiiUajumation  in  tLo  buwuUof  tlie  Lorso,  and  more 
frequently  of  colic.  TLey  arc  generally  found  in  Ibe  eiwjuin  or  t^olon, 
varying  confridpnvbly  in  nhnpn  acctirding  to  the  nRclcos  ronud  wliicb  tbo 
unbiiloiia  or  other  ciuil)y  niutter  oullcL-ts,  or  tbii  Ibnii  of  tke  cell  in 
whicb  tbi>y  bavo  Iwtin  lodjfBd.  Tbey  differ  in  wi-ijjbt,  from  mi  ounce  to 
between  tbirty  and  forty  pounds,  and  in  size  vaiy  troui  a  smalt  marble  to 
a  mtrn's  hrntl.  WboD  amntl,  tbcy  are  ot^CMionally  found  in  cousiderablo 
nunbnr*,  bat  when  of  tbi;  larjitT  tuxo,  tlicru  i»  ran^ly  more  tbaji  one. 
Prom  tbe  borisoulul  position  of  tbe  carcase  of  tbo  bortm,  tbc  cnlcnlua,  when 
it  besina  to  form.  d>:>c«  not  gravitoto  nif  in  the  hiunan  being,  ami  tbcrefore 
calcnloiu  ccncrvtionn  romiiin  and  a^-mamnlatc  nntil  their  voir  six«  urvvrnta 
their  tupnliiion,  and  a  fatal  irriiattou  is  loo  fn-qaontlv  produced  oy  tbvir 
notion  and  weij-bt.  TLey  aro  ol^enest  fonnd  bi  ^leai-y  ilrangbt,  and 
in  millers*  borfcs.  In  some  of  thrno  bones  tbey  have  llio  uppcanaco  ol 
grit-BtoDO  or  oryKtntliiicid  pirin.  It  in  probable  tiMt  they  pully  oon^at 
of  thoae  very  muieruls,  i-uubiiied  with  tuc  branirhioh  ii  oontinDally  float- 
ioR  about.  An  aunlvsis  of  tbe  calculi  faroura  this  mpposition.  Tbey 
are  a  eourco  of  continual  irritation  whrrevpr  tbey  are  placed,  and  am  n 
fmitful  rmixo  of  uolic  S|HujnM  of  tbo  moat  fuarfiil  kind  bare  I»ea  dearly 
tmonl  to  tluim. 

ProfflMor  Morton,  of  tlw  Boyal  Veterinary  College, — in  his  v«)nable 
Emay  00  Calcnlons  Concretions, — gives  an  iiiterestiiifi;  accotuit  of  tb<-Mi 
Vnbstancrs  in  the  inl«stinn1  cnnnl  of  the  boree.  Intestinal  calcttti  aro 
coimpoacd  of  tlie  pbospbati-s  of  lime,  nuignona,  and  ammoniA,  combined 
iritbaninud  uiatler;  Uie  uboapbatea  are  deposited  from  tbo  fond,  irhcn 
digestion  is  not  B;uaici«ntty  cocopleto  for  tbem  to  be  eoni|iletely  diwHilrcd 
Mid  carried  into  tho  circulntiiui.  little  aitvaiicc  bns  boon  or  can  be  tnads 
io  pfocnre  their  cxpnlnon,  or  even  to  dctcmiinu  their  pxintonce  ;  and  eren 
when  tboy  baru  paaned  into  the  recluin.  allhouf^li  somi-  liave  been  cjtpcllod, 
others  bare  been  so  lirmly  impncttnl  as  to  resist  all  nieehfuiical  meaiui  of 
vrithdrawal,  and  a  few  have  broken  tbcir  way  tbrontrh  the  tiariet«N  of  the 
rectum,  and  lodged  in  the  abdominal  cavity.  Ur.  Pcreivall,  in  hi»  '  Mo- 
mentary LM.-turea  on  the  Voteriniuy  Art,'  has  recorded  sereral  fearful 
caseH  of  tbi«. 

Oilier  concretions  are  iic*isrihedmtdi6ribKhcaAt>toal.haircaUuli.  Tbcir 
mr&ce  is  tubcrcnlnlml  Bud  Uieir  forma  irregnW.  Tbey  are  usually  witb- 
oat any  distinct  nnelui,  and  are  prindpnllv  oomposod  of  the  baiir  material 
whicb'exi«tii  on  tbe  glume  of  the  ont.  I'liey  are  mod«nvto  in  siM,  brown 
in  colour,  sofl,  semi-clastic,  and  fl«>b-liko  in  feel ;  tliis  fiicling  depends  on 
the  principal  ingradicnla,  a  numbt-r  of  minute  hairs  wUeb  )ove«t  tbe  oat^ 
rombined  with  a  portion  of  curtLy  matter,  and  inspissated  macns.  The 
profranr  T«ry  i>roperly  adds,  and  it  is  a  circnmstanoe  wlucb  doecrroa 


I 


830  IWTBOeireCBPriOM  OP  THE  1NTBST1NK8. 

■nnch  oniMudi'Tiition,  thnt  imch  oate  ms  nre  hn*ky,  with  >  d<^cien<;y  of  fori- 
naoeons  ■uAtUo',  am  likely  to  giv«  rise  to  tlivwe  accitintitiitionf,  whcney«r 
imp^Fed  digMtaon  eiists.  It  ia  also  (m  undoubted  fa«t,  that  a  gnat  pro- 
|)ortinn  of  hoi-Hcs  adiDctod  with  cnlcnli  are  the  property  of  mtllen,  op  i 
Wowom.  A  third  KpcciM  of  coticri-tion  tno  frcqneo'Jj'  existing  U  Hm  \ 
daniflall,  or  titit^d  eatcaltu.  It  ia  loado  up  of  <uiu«t-,  imligimliblD,  r-xcro- 
meintttioiiB  tuattor,  mixed  with  portions  of  tJie  'oal-tiair  ealeulta,'  mad 
niHiiy  foreign  Kubiitanoc*,  mich  at  pieces  of  coal,  gniTpl,  &c.,  and  Ute  wbolo 
agglutiiialeil  lo^^cthcr.  They  uxe  eamiuimly  tnut  with  in  borscs  that  are 
TOracious  feeders,  and  iniii(;led  with  particles  of  coal  and  aloue. 

ntraoBij&CEPTioB  or  the  imtestikes. 

TI10  (pMmodic  action  of  Iho  ilcnm  b^ing  lon^  coiitiiint<d  tnay  haro  been ' 
nnr—tniiril.  or  mfty  be  neoeedod,  by  an  invi^rlud  one  fmrn  tho  ctccntn 
towards  tiit  etontaoh,  more  powerful  than  in  the  natural  (Unvtion  ;  and 
tho  contractod  portion  of  tlio  intcstino  will  bo  thni  forced  into  another 
ahore  it  that  Ritaiiin  )t«  luitural  calibre.     The  tn-ilntion  cntui^d  by  this 
iucrcaaoii  the  iuvertt^d  a<;taou,  and  anobetrDctionis  fonnud  whiL-h  no  power 
can  onrcome.     Eveu  the  natural  motion  of  the  bowels  will  bo  safficUDL. 
to  produce  intjWHiiscnption,  when  the  contraction  of  a  portion  of  the  ilevm  ■ 
is  very  grcflt.     There  are  do  aymptouui  to  indicate  the  preeeoce  of  tbia, 
except  ecu  tinned  and  tnoreasing  pain, 

Introsasception  is  not  confined  to  any  pnrticniar  ritnation.  A  portion 
of  the  joinnnni  has  boon  found  invnginatiHl  within  tho  dnodonnm,— and 
aUo  witlun  tho  ileum,  and  the  ilcmn  vrithiu  the  coscum, — end  one  portion 
of  the  colon  witliiu  another,  and  within  the  rectum.  The  tlvom  and 
jejunum  are  occasioually  invaginatcd  in  rarions  placee.  More  than  a 
doxen  distinct  cases  of  inti'oHUnccption  have  occurred  in  one  animal,  and 
•ometinica  unconncct^'d  with  any  ap^n-arance  of  inflammation,  but  in  other 
cases,  or  in  otlirr  parta  uf  the  intestinal  canal  of  the  same  animal,  tliere 
will  be  iuflauuiatiou  of  the  most  intense  chnrnctor.  In  the  raajoritr  of 
CAKpfl,  perhaps  it  is  an  accidental  conwauirnoc  of  [)re-cxiiting  di«Muic,  and 
occairtoncd  hy  Komu  irregular  action  of  Uie  musoultu-  tnnic,  or  some  int- 
tation  of  the  mucous  surface. 

An  eqrtaUy  formidable,  bot  not  so  lrc<][nent  disease,  ia 

ISTUtQLSHESrr   OP   THE   BOWELS. 

Tbia  is  auotlier  and  Hinguliir  concomitant  <rf  colic.  Althougli  tlie  Qetun 
is  enyelopcd  in  the  mesenletr,  and  its  motion  to  a  considerable  dcOTM 
oonfined,  yet  oiulor  the  spasm  of  colic,  and  during  the  Tiolcnce  with  which 
the  aainuu  rolla  and  thmWR  himKclf  about,  portions  of  the  inti-Htine  may 
become  so  enlanglvd  lui  to  l>p  twistc<l  into  nuoMii  and  knot*,  drawn  10- 
Kether  with  a  degme  of  tightnias  «,c*rc(.'ly  credible.  Holliiuj;  but  Om 
extreme  and  oootiuued  torture  of  the  animal  can  lead  u  to  saspeot  that 
this  baa  taken  place,  and,  could  we  ascertain  its  extatenoet  then  tooU  bo 

An  intereetii^  com  ooonrred  in  the  prtK-tJce  of  Mr.  Spooner  of  Sontib- 
anptoo.  A  mare  at  grass  was  suddenly  taken  ill.  She  discorend 
ifTnptomaofTioleatoolic,  for  which  an ti -spasmodic  and  aperient  mcdioinei 
were  promptly  adminirtarad,  and  she  wim  eopiooaly  hk-d.  The  monit  active 
tnatnent  wa«  Lad  raooniae  to,  but  wilhont  anul,  and  she  diod  in  leas 
Uian  fou^and-twenly  tionia  witluMlt  a  mouentary  relief  tttaa,  pain. 

Tbe  small  intestines  were  oompletelejr  black  fn>m  isBammatioin,  and 
portions  of  them  wore  knotted  togetbcr  in  tlio  stngnlar  way  ddineatod  in 
Chffra^'oiaed  cut.  TbcpurtsareaKttte  looacned  in  order  better  to  abow  tba 


L 


WORMS. 


931 


MitanBtemenl  of  Um  mtMlioM,  bat  m  llio  auimol  the;  wem  drawn  into  a 
tight  knot,  imd  complotcly  iDi«rc«pted  all  }ja6^ag«. 


W0BM8. 

WonnB  of  different  kindu  inhabit  the  intestines;  but,  except  when  they 
exist  in  very  eiv«t  nnmlicrs  thvy  lire  not  so  huHI'uI  hk  in  gcniTnlly  ttop- 
poaed,  »ltltciug)i  the  gmtini  iir  (■iirtcr  nuy  tmcc  to  thi-m  hidi^Unintl,  iini] 
Con^lt,  and  loos  uf  uppetiti:,  luid  |;rip<-it,  nnd  mcgrimn,  and  a  varirty  <>( 
other  aibnuiila.  Of  tfio  origin  or  niudu  uf  propa^tian  of  tbciH;  [■ui'aBitical 
aninialtt  we  oanKiiy  little;  neither  vrritvraotimvdirine,  nor  uvea  ouufttural 
history,  huw  givca  us  any  mitisfaclorj'  account  of  tlie  itiatti-r, 

TTie  long  wfcitu  wonii  (luinbricus  leret),  much  rt^semblinjj  tho  common 
«*rtli-wor[n,  and  buiiif;  from  six  to  ten  bichea  in  length,  inlmblts  tho 
Rnull  iutcstinua.  It  ia  a  fonnid»hle-lookinj*  aninial,  and  if  there  arc  many 
of  tbem  tliey  may  coumuuc  luorv  (liau  can  be  spared  of  the  nntritivc  part 
oftJio  food  or  the  mucns  of  the  buweb.  A  tight  «kin,  and  rongh  coat,  and 
tucked  up  iK'lly,  are  sonietimeii  connected  with  their  prn^ncv.  They  uro 
Ihon,  howc-vcr,  voided  in  large  qoaatities. 

A  xmaller,  darker-cjiloared  wottd,  called  the  nct^dle-womi,  or  tucarir 
vermietilarU,  inlutbitH  the  large  int«Ktittcii.  Hundrvda  of  theni  somfttiinM 
dCMeend  into  Uiv  m-tum.  iind  tmmeniin  qnautitJ^s  have  been  found  tn  tho 
ORouuj.  Th««u  ar«  a  nion-  N-'Huuit  Doisauco  tluin  the  formw,  for  they 
onue  a  very  truublL-Bomtr  trritatiou  about  tho  fuodanioutv  which  Kimetimes 
su)ly  annoys  the  bor»e. 

In  th«  treatment  for  the  ezpnlinon  of  worms  an  imnivnan  variety  of 
mnediea  have  been  employed,  inMiy  of  whioh  uro  calculatud  to  do  aenoiu 
mischief  to  the  animal.  Largo  (Mara  of  aloes,  calootcl,  tartar  enwtic, 
araaoic,  oormniTe  Kiihlimate,  powderod  glaiw,  pcwU^r  tin  BCrepod  fine,  ie^ 
hare  each  had  their  advocatca  a*  rcrmifufi^rtii.  Bat  in  the  trt-atmcnt  for 
tW  remoral  of  tlusR  paniHitcji  itHhonldnot  beforgotti-n  that  the  intentinal 
canal  is  their  natuml  habitation,  and  nnlcea  fruin  some  peculiarity  of  Iha 
^yiteia  they  aocamolate  in  large  quantjtiea,  thej  aie  hq^.UVjv'Vj  Va  \iT>A'OK>a 


S33 


HEENIA,   OR  RUFTUR&. 


minchiL-f.     Pt-rliapa  Ibere  is  no  caiue  lo  which  their  nndne  inilueiit.-c  caa 
m»ru  if^ncrally  bo  trocod  titan  n  dchilitntod  condition  of  tho   MiimaU 
wtiullicr  n«  «,  result  orngp,  tlio  hoA  (lunlitv  of  thu  Tuod  uyioa  which  bo  hail 
bcco  ki>j)t,  or  diocMe.     Bitintig  tliia  lu  miud,  our  chief  ufibrt  in  trvaUnentl 
nbnuld  I'oiuiist  in  restoring*  llio  general  rigour  of  the  systcra.     The  animalJ 
should  bo  vreU  attended  t^].  nnd  kflpt  on  ti)»  most  nutritious  foods,  mch  au 
oatn,  or  bMuiit,  nail  ^ood  liuj- ;  u  bnw  inaab  abould  also  be  aUowisd  twiov] 
a.  ivi-uk.     Our  moJiciunl  ageuta  should  cotiiiial  of  the  early  admlniatratioM 
«f  a  pint  and  a  hnif  of  linseed  oil,  which  may  bp  rcjiontcd  every  ten  d«ys  < 
for  three  timiiH.     A  drachm  also  of  jinwduml  nulphatc  uf  iron  shoald  be 
gtTun  evury  nisbt,  for  a  fortniKhl,  in  llie  Miimal's  food.     By  these  me&us  . 
ve  shs.1]  fn>qnet]tly  snccced  in  sufficiently  restoring  the  general  hcftlth  oH 
the  animn.1  to  produce  their  cxpnhiiou,  trithoiit  nuining  the  risk  of  doin^ 
thut  injury  which  by  tito  cninloyment  of  many  of  UiOAe  ag«Dta  aboiv 
Buintioni-d  wo  are  liable  lo  piwduce-  , 

BESHll,    OR   RU?TURX.  ' 

A  pnrtion  of  the  inUstine  protntdc«  out  of  tlie  mvity  of  tho  belly,  ciUicr 
througli  Hvino  iiivtunti  or  arlillciul  oiwning.  In  aoni»  casus  it  may  bo 
roturut-d,  but  Irom  the  impossibility  oi  applying  a  trass  or  bandage  it  soon 
escapes  again.  At  other  timos  tho  opening  is  bo  narrow  that  the  ^t,  gra- 
dually  dijitended  by  gas  or  fBCiM,  or  thickennl  by  inflammation,  cannot  bo 
rotwiied,  and  ahuwjiilaled  heraia  is  then  said  to  exist.  The  seat  of  bemia 
is  either  iu  the  scrotnm  of  the  poi-fect  horse,  or  the  canal  leading  lo  it — 
this  is  calM  inguinal,  or  Bcrolnl ;  or  at  the  nnvcl  in  the  centre  of  the  ab- 
domrn — this  is  umbiticid  hcmiu  ;  tlicn  tbero  arv  hemin  ariiitng  jrom ! 
wonuds  or  bruises,  and  thtso  are  most  frequently  found  in  the  fla^  ajiJ 
&re  known  as  ventral  lioruia ;  aud  occasionally  there  is  rupture  of  and 
liemia  through  the  diaphragm,  cftlle<l  liiiiphrngmntic.  The  causes  are 
violmt  ntrngglinjj  whim  under  oin-ratiouH,  ovcr.L'Ki-rtion,  kicka,  or  ao- , 
eidents.     Tlio  assistance  of  a  veterinary  surgeou  is  hire  indispensable. 

The  following  case  of  operation  for  hernia  will  bo  aocepbihlo  lo  tiiaJ 
owner  of  borvca  as  well  na  to  ttie  retitrinary  surgeon.     It  occurrvd  in  tho 
practice  of  Proft-Ksor   Simonds,  of  tlie  Royal  ViHerinary   College.    We 
extract  tliis  acoount  of  it  IVodi  '  The  Vcteriuariaii.' 

'Tho  patient  wiu  an  aged  black  cart-mnre,  that  had  been  lent  by  the 
owner  lo  a  uetghbour  for  a  day  or  two.  1  cannot  upcak  poibti%'e]y  as  to  the 
eanas  of  the  injury  which  she  received,  Imt  I  believe  (hit  it  resulted  from 
Iter  fallinz  in  tho  shaflx  of  a  cart  lad«n  witb  manure^  She  was  brought 
to  my  inSnary  on  tli«  next  day,  October  16,  1837. 

'The  moat  extensive  rapture  I  bad  ever  aeen  preaented  hadf  on  the 
left  ride.  TIm)  sac  fonnod  hj  the  skin,  wlueh  was  not  broluil,  nor  even 
the  hair  raUwd  off",  extondod  as  fnr  forwards  as  the  cartilittca  of  the  Uw 
rifae,  and  badcwaida  (o  the  nddcr.  A  perpnadionlar  Uno  drawn  from  tiw 
onperior  to  the  inferior  part  of  the  toaioar  meaaored  more  than  twelve 
iachos.  It  appeared,  from  its  imnenae  sin  Mid  weight,  as  if  by  &r  the 
larger  part  of  the  colon  had  protrtidcd. 

'  To  my  Rirprue,  there  wan  compnmtiToly  littJu  constitational  dia- 
turb«uoc.  The  pulse  was  45,  and  full,  with  no  other  indication  of  fever, 
and  no  oxprt^oion  of  pnin  en  nrcesing  the  tumour. 

'  She  was  bled  nntu  tho  puUo  was  {tousidembly  lowered.  A  calhartJo 
was  given,  and  the  Hac  ordered  to  be  ke)>l  coustautly  wet  with  cold 
watvr.  and  to  be  sapcorted  with  ft  wide  bandagv,  SIm  was  placed  on  » 
restricted  nnd  masli  oict. 

'On  the  iu.-xt  day,  being  tionoured  with  a  visit  by  Vewra.  Horton, 
Spooncr,  and  Yooail,  I  had  lh«  ploaeoro  and  advantage  of  aabmiUing  the 


HERN'U,   OB   BUFTl'SE. 


3sa 


COM  to  thrir  exMninntion,  nnil  obtaining  thoir  opinion.  They  urged  ma 
to  attompt  to  nrfoni  Um  jirotrmling  viacum,  and  soL-nw  them  by  n  Hargical 
opention ;  and  Mr.  Spoouer  kindly  oQei^d  to  bo  prt-itciit,  and  to  giro  mo 
his  r&Inkbln  nxnsiAnco. 

'  On  tha  2-itlt,  our  pnfjiiit  wnw  conndcirod  to  haro  hnd  siLlficitqit  propa- 
nttory  trcatiumt,  aod  abu  was  operated  upon.  Wo  avmilod  onraofves  of 
tlie  opportanity  of  putting  to  tbo  t««t  that  which  some  amoD|;  aa  had 
doabtod,  and  othrra  bud  nositivoly  drnicd,  but  which  had  aIwrjb  been 
roaintaioi'd  by  our  toluntvil  cbmni(.'al  li.'cttuxT — the  pim-cr  of  opium  to  lull 
the  WDsalioD  of  pain  in  the  bono.  We  tbotvron>  ft&vi-  bc-r  tivo  onucca  and 
•  half  of  tbo  tinctaro  of  opintn,  nbortly  bcrfore  eho  was  led  tram  the  box  to 
the  Aperating  boani',  and  thu  power  of  ilic  drag  wtw  evident  through  the 
whole  of  the  operation. 

'  AA«r  a  conrtVil  examuiatioR,  Fxtcmiklly,  its  well  bs  per  rectum,  in  order 
toMccrtAin  tho  ntuatian  and  nrobnblcHim  of  the  liu;iMiitii>n  of  thsmuscleM, 
an  tnoiwon  was  i-anrfuUy  tuiuic  tliruugh  t)ie  tDtegiuiitrot  into  tbo  xac,  in  a 
line  with  the  iurt>rior  border  of  tho  oirtilagres  of  the  blw  ribs,  which  in- 
cision wan  about  fwvnn  innbcfl  in  length.  Tliia,  an  in  had  hoped,  proved 
to  ho  dirMrtly  npon  the  aperture  in  the  ranscutar  prtricica  of  tbo  abdomeD. 
The  {nl«8tin<«  wi-ra  expoecd ;  and,  after  having  sufGcicntly  dilated  tho 
opening  topormit  the  introdactioDof  the  hand,  they  wer«  <|nickl}'  retoruetl, 
portion  afWi'  portion,  int^  their  proper  oavitr,  tog^^thcr  witli  a  part  of  the 
omentura,  which  wu  found  Bomewbat  annoymg,  it  being  frequently  forced 
back  afj-aiu  through  the  laceration, 

'  At  times  it  required  tbo  exertion  of  our  unitod  strvngtii  to  prarent 
the  cMcnMi  of  thu  tntvstinca,  and  which  w&h  only  e(l(«tod  hy  placing  our 
haadi  Bide  by  nde,  covering  aod  preBBtog  upon  the  opening.  By  ihciie 
neaaa  we  vnoceeded  in  keening  in  the  Tisoera,  until  wo  were  satisfied  that 
w«  had  plaocd  tbcm  all  witliin  thrir  proper  cavity.  At  about  tito  central 
part  of  the  ^lerture,  we  iluctdedly  fuuud  tbo  greatest  pmnrare  of  tho  in- 
leBtinea  to  effect  an  escape. 

*  A  stnmg  metellic  roturo  of  flnxible  wire  was  then  parood  through  tJia 
edgRN  of  tbo  Innrration,  Inking  in  tho  pontoneum  and  portiona  of  the 
traudvt^niulis,  rectus,  aud  iulvrual  abdominal  miucles;  ana  other  sntarea, 
embracing  tho  same  parUi.  were  plncod  atconv«iuontdistunce«,Boaa  nearly 
to  cloM  the  aprrtnrc.  Two  nututrs  of  Kmallcr  mvtollic  wire,  and  three  of 
stout  aiUc  eoru,  wi-ru  then  passed  through  the  extomal  abdominal  muxolos, 
and  their  aponeuroses,  wiiicb  otTectueJly  shut  up  the  opening  into  tho 
abdomen.  The  int:c^mi-nt  waji  tbon  broDgbt  together  by  tlie  interraptod 
Butun.-,  taking  euro  to  bring  out  thu  endi  of  tho  other  anturM^  and  wiiich 
had  boon  purposely  li^H  long,  ao  that  in  case  of  Bupervening  inflammation, 
or  Bwclling,  they  might  bo  readily  examined.  The  whole  operation 
oecnpjcd  imthcr  lea*  than  an  boor,  our  poor  potiont  being  occaaionally  n>> 
freshed  with  aome  wann  gruel. 

'Tbo  bobbles  wer«  nowauiotlyremored,  and,  after  lying  a  few  minutea, 
•bo  got  up,  and  wmi  placed  in  a  htrgu  looao  box.  A  comprcwi  and  >  nm- 
pensory  iMnda^s,  that  could  be  tightened  at  pleaaare,  were  applied  to  tho 
wound.  The  result  was  Tcry  fatixfactory,  and  at  tfui  ond  of  uu>ee  months 
she  rctumrd  to  her  umiid  work." 

In  umbilical  hernia  we  get  a  protromon  of  Um  intestines  into  the  um- 
bilicus. On  exarainslioD,  a  tunonr  varying  in  aiM  will  be  fbnnd  about 
tiio  centre  of  tlie  abdomen,  whidi  is  sntl  to  tho  fool,  and  can  generally  bo 
rodnocd  br  nrcasuio,  when  the  rounded  edges  of  tJie  peritoneal  cavity 
from  which  tlie  inteatiue  has  escaped  will  be  distinctly  felt.  By  way  of 
tmatmnlf  penostent  pressure,  in  tlie  form  of  a  truM,  will  sometimea  be 
•feetnal ;  tat  tlie  following  method  will  generally  be  attondod  with  the 


^K^  UGPATlTtS.  '  '      ■  I  ^^^^^" 

rI^^^^^^Bb— The  uiinu]  abould  be  kept  wiihont  food  for  tw»lT« 
boon,  anil  tlien  etet,  asd  pluxd  npnn  bin  bock,  thp  intMtiDe  poaWd  b«ck 
into  its  pmprr  i>lftco.  A  pK«c  at  ijcin  Klwtild  then  be  gatiiated  nn,  and  a  , 
lintBn  pbccd  tighUj  round  it.  With  a  \>vw  of  |»«TailiiM[  the  ligatiiiM 
riippms  oS,  two  small  iron  skrwtn  iu«  sometimM  pM«a  tnaarenel^ 
tlutnign  the  skin,  and  the  ligatvro  ti«d  above  tbccn.  In  a  abort  time  UmI 
pieoB  of  ddn  will  •looefa  oA^  and  ppnnaiunt  oblttentMo  at  the  mc,  and  ' 
cloonrc  of  the  opening  nito  the  abdominal  carity,  will  generally  follow, 

DIEUSSS    or   THX   UTEK.  J 

Aa  rctorinaiT  jm^iDe  has  unprored,  moefa  %ht  has  been  thrown  <m 
the  diR«.HLti  of  the  liTer— Bot  perhaps  on  the  mora  adTsnoed  and  btal 
•lagea ;  bot  giviiur  as  the  promiae  that,  to  pTocc«a  of  tioM,  they  maj  be 
detected  at  ■■  eaitior  period,  and  in  a  more  manageable  itat*. 

SOmXIXO   AVS   BVPTUSB   or   TR£   LITEB.  I 

If  honM^  dcatfoytid  on  acooont  of  their  compliuRU,  atv  examined  wlM>n 
thej  are  nob  more  tban  five  jean  otd,  the  liver  is  osotiUj  foaod  in  the 
moat  heallt^  state :  bnt  when  tb^  arriro  at  eight  or  nine  or  ten  yean 
this  viacna  i«  freonamtlj  inercancd  in  nw — it  ia  mm  ebatic  onder  pmamn  , 
— it  haa  aMniDiM  a  graBulated  or  broken  down  appmranoe — the  bloodl 
duea  not  ao  nadllr  permeate  its  Teseels,  and  at  length,  in  a  greater  or ' 
Ims  qiianlity,  it  bc^iM  tn  cxn<l(\  and  it  ia  eith«r  confined  nnder  the 
peritonful  cornring,  or  ooxca  into  the  carin  of  tbo  belly.     Then  ia  ni> 
thing  fur  uwhilu  to  indioute  the  exiatenoe  of  thin.     The  bona  fbeds  well, 
it  in  apparanl  htaltli,  in  (;ood  oondilion,  and  capable  of  oonatant  work,  , 
DotwitaalaDdiiig  bo  fnia]  »  cliange  is  taking  place  in  this  important  nacas ;  j 
bat,  at  length,  the  Mritoneal  cororing  of  tbo  livm'  irnddonly  gives  way,  J 
and  the  oontoila  of  the  ahdomen  are  dcloged  with  blood,  or  a  eufficienl  1 
qaantiW  of  this  fluid  has  gradually  ocned  out  (o  interfere  with  the  fiuM> 
tiona  of  the  ricoers. 

The  aymptoins  of  (his  sadden  cbai^  are  pawing,  nhifting  the  poctore, 
diliMISion  of  the  beDy,  oorliag  of  the  npper  Ito,  Htgbing  frr-qncntty  and 
deeply,  the  mouth  and  nostrils  pale  and  bUncheo,  the  btvuthing  quickonod,  i 
tb«  pain  ftagging  or  impcmrptiblc,  nctlessDoss,  dcbtlitv,  fainting,  and  I 
death.  * 

On  opening  the  abdomcu,  the  inteetincii  are  found  to  be  dc-lnged  with 
dark  venous  blood.  The  lircr  is  either  of  a  fawn,  or  light  joUow,  or  brown 
eoloar — easily  torn  by  the  finger,  and,  in  some  oaSM,  oompluuly  broken 
down.  This  uffeotion  iaecwupai«tivL-]y  very  rare  ia  tlte  coontiy,  but  in  the 
metropolis  is  of  no  anfteqaciit  occitrn^uou. 

If  the  hannorrhi^  has  boos  alight  at  the  oonuaenceiiieut,  and  fbrlq- 
natcly  arrcNtcil,  yet  a  singoUr  eonsrqaonco  will  IrsqtMntly  mmlL  The 
aisht  will  gradoally  tail:  tlio  pnpil  of  one  or  both  ey<ti  will  gradnally 
dflate,  the  animal  will  hare  y«Ua  *enma,  and  become  perfi-ctly  blind.  This  ' 
will  almost  assuredly  tako  place  on  a  rotnrn  of  the  a&ction  of  the  Uvrr. 
Little  can  bo  done  m  a  medioal  point  of  view.  Astringent  and  Hlyptio 
medicines  nay,  however,  be  tried.  Ttupentine^  ainm,  or  sDlnhuric  acid^.i 
wUl  afford  the  only  ehaace.  The  veterinary  world  is  indebted  to  the  latej 
l£r.  John  Pi«ld  for  much  that  is  known  of  tbis  sad  ilinnnso 

ttiPATTns — urruiKMiTiOB  or  the  utee. 

This  mar  oun-'i-ii  in  inftummatioti  uithrr  of  tlifopsiilcof  tlie  lirer  or  cf 
its  internal  structures,  or  more  oA«n  of  both.     It  in  rare  in  the  Imm^  | 
oomparod  with  mim,  and  may  bo  kwked  opoo  as  an  obstinate  and  tn- 


JADSDICE. 


su 


Jaently  faial  diaeaae.  It  will  arise  from  &  variety  of  causes,  ntch  M  a 
letboric  etate  of  Um  ^Ht«ni,  indnced  by  high  feeoiog  uid  vnni  of  exnr. 
ciai^  OTor-sxcrtion  onocually  in  hot  weather,  injurim  to  the  Kidr,  nnd  sym- 
p«t]iy  witli  other  inouned  orgunit,  ua  lh«  luDgs  ur  bowpls.  In  thn  nnriT 
•totfes  of  th«  disease  the  animal  will  geuerally  be  found  dull,  and  off  his 
feed ;  ho  will  give  pridencc  of  abdominal  pom,  by  rratlessooM  and  fre- 
qoontly  looking  ut  liia  nidiiK,  but  not  so  ntuc^ri  an  in  enteritis.  Tbo  brNttb> 
ing  and  pulse  will  also  bo  slij^htly  increaML-d.  As  the  disvuse  progrceaoa 
lh«  internal  membrane  of  the  mouth,  nose,  and  eyes  will  become  of  a 
yellow  colour,  tho  bowels  iirr-  conrtipntcd,  and  the  small  quantities  of  hard 
fnoM  voided,  wtlllw  of  a  cluvish  yvUuw  colour.  The  urino  also  will  ba 
UgUy  colourud  with  bilu.  "fbe  animal  will  now  gii-»  evidi-aco  of  jmiu, 
on  piMBuio  being  applied  to  tho  right  side,  over  the  region  of  the  livt-ri 
kmcnew  of  tho  off  foro-limb  will  idso  ocosionnlly  b*  pitMnt.  If  the 
symptoms  go  on  ininvosinK  in  severity,  knd  no  relief  be  aflbrded,  a  fatal 
termination  will  probably  be  the  result  in  eight  or  ten  days.  Onr  trcat> 
ment  sbould  consist  in  the  immediate  abstraction  of  blood  to  the  extent  of 
fivo  or  tax  qaarU.  This  shonld  be  at  onco  followed  by  ji.  enloniel,  with 
5iij.  to  5<v-  a1'^'!>-  Coautor> irritation,  also,  in  the  form  of  a  blintor, 
should  be  applied  to  tho  right  side.  The  animal  aliould  be  plaetnl  in  a 
cool  well-vcQtilnted  stable,  kept  a«  quiet  M  {wssihle,  nnd  allowed  nothing 
in  tlw  *hnp<i  of  food,  ciORpt  brun  nuuli,  itnd  linxoed  or  oittm<?al  gmel.  U 
the  aymptoms  yit^ld  to  treatment,  and  the  animal  begins  to  recover,  he 
riiiWiH  for  some  time  be  kept  on  tight,  nutritious  foods.  Vegetable  tonics 
may  also  bo  given  to  reninni  tho  lone  of  the  digestive  qrstem,  great  atten- 
tioo  being  paid  to  the  state  of  the  bowrlti. 

JAinmiCI, 
Commonly  called  thr  ybliows,  is  a  more  frequent,  bat  moro  tmctnble 
diMane.  It  is  the  iutroduetioii  of  bilo  into  the  general  circulation.  This 
ia  usually  caused  by  some  obstmction  in  the  ducts  or  tubes  that  convey 
die  IkUi  from  the  lircr  to  the  inttislineM.  The  horse,  however,  has  batons 
dnot,  through  which  llm  bile  amaUy  flows  as  quickly  as  it  is  fnrmud,  and 
there  is  no  gall-bla<lder.  Jaondioe  does,  however,  occasioually  appear, 
^tii0t  from  an  increased  flow  or  alterc'd  quality  of  the  bile,  or  obstruction 
•rao  in  this  simple  tnbc.  Tho  yellnwtints  tif  the  cycM  and  month,  and  of 
the  aldii  where  it  is  not  covered  with  hair,  mark  it  sulRciontly  plainly. 
The  dung  is  smaU  and  hard ;  the  urine  highly  coloured ;  the  hursci  languid, 
and  the  nppctitc  impaired.  If  he  in  not  soon  relieved,  he  sometimes  be- 
gins to  exi>rcriH  (yiiinde ruble  unMuinuKS  ;  at  other  times  ho  is  dull,  heavy, 
and  Stupid.  A  charade rislic  symptom  is  lamemess  of  tho  right  foro-U^, 
resembling  the  pain  in  tbc  right  shoulder  of  the  huiaan  being  in  hepatio 
affeclioiis.  T)ie  principal  caoMa  are  over-feeding  or  orer-exertion  in 
sultry  weather,  or  too  little  work  generally  speaking,  or  inflammation  or 
other  disease  of  the  liver  itmlf. 

It  is  Srst  necosMLrr  to  enqnira  whether  this  affection  of  the  liver  is  not 
the  consequence  of  the  sympathy  of  tibat  organ  with  some  other  part,  for, 
to  a  very  cousiderable  degree,  it  finqnmtly  accompanies  iiifiamniation  of 
the  bowels  and  the  lungii.  These  dis«!ajiM  being  subdued,  jnundice  will 
disappear.  If  there  is  tio  otlMir  apparent  disease  to  uiy  great  extent,  an 
endeavour  to  restore  tho  natural  passage  of  the  bile  by  [lurfrativcs  may  be 
tried — not  eouHistIng  of  largo  doses,  lost  there  should  bo  some  ondotocted 
influnmation  of  the  lungs  or  bowels,  in  citlier  of  wliich  a  rtreng  puiyatiTe 
would  be  dangerous;  bat  given  in  small  qnautilies,  repeated  at  short 
intervals,  and  until  the  bowels  are  freely  opened.  Plen^  of  water 
•lightly  warmed,  or  thin  gruel,  iboDld  \»  gii-on.     The  home  shooid  be 


L 


336  TBE  KIDNBTB. 

wEMinly  clothed,  and  tie  stable  well  ventilated,  but  not  cold.  Carrots  or 
green  meat  will  be  very  beneGcial.  Should  the  potting,  when  onoe  ex- 
cited, prove  violent,  we  need  not  be  in  any  haato  to  stop  it,  nnlese  inflam- 
mation is  beginning  to  be  connected  with  it,  or  the  horse  is  veij  weak. 
The  medicine  recommended  nnder  diarrhixa  may  then  be  exhibited.  A 
few  Blight  tonics  should  be  given  when  the  horse  is  recoTeting  Irom  an 
attack  of  jaundice. 

The  Spleen  is  sometimes  very  extraordinarily  enlarged,  and  has  hecn 
raptnred.  We  are  not  aware  of  any  means  by  which  this  may  be  dift- 
covered,  nor  finy  treatment  calculated  to  aSbrd  relief. 

THE  KIDITETS. 

The  hlood  contains  a  [p-eat  quantity  of  watery  Said  nnnecesaary  for  th« 
nutriment  or  repair  of  tbo  fi'fl.nie.  ITiere  likewise  mingle  with  it  mattera 
that  would  be  noxious  if  Buffered  to  accumulate  too  much.  The  Iddneyi 
are  actively  employed  in  separating  this  fluid,  and  likewise  carrying  ofl'  a 
substance  which  constitutca  the  peculiar  ingredient  in  nrine,  called  tho 
urea,  and  consisting  principally  of  that  which  would  be  poisonous  to  tho 
animal.  The  kidneys  are  two  large  oval  glandalar  bodies,  placed  mider 
the  loins,  of  the  shape  of  a  kidncy-bcan,  of  immense  size.  The  right 
kidney  is  most  forward,  lying  behind  the  liver ;  the  left  is  more  backw^d. 
A  largo  artery  runs  to  each,  carrying  not  loss  than  a  sixth  part  of  th« 
whole  of  the  blood  that  circulates  through  the  frame.  This  arteiy  is 
divided  into  innumerable  little  branches  most  curiously  complicated  and 
coiled  upon  each  other,  and  tlio  blood,  traversing  these  convolutions,  has 
its  watery  parts,  and  others  the  retaining  of  which  would  be  injarions, 
separated  from  it,  and,  thus  separated,  passes  into  a  muscular  mcrooranona 
tnho  connected  with  tho  pelvis  of  each  kidney,  and  is  conveyed  throngli 
them  into  the  bladder. 

This  fluid  varies  mnterially  both  in  quantity  and  composition,  oven 
daring  health.  There  is  no  animal  in  which  it  varies  so  much  as  in  tho 
horse — there  is  no  organ  in  that  animal  so  much  under  our  command  as 
tlie  kidney ;  and  no  medicines  are  so  nseful,  or  may  be  so  injurious,  as 
diuretics — not  only  on  account  of  their  febrifuge  or  sedative  eflectn,  but 
because  of  the  power  which  they  exert.  They  stimulate  the  kidneys  to 
separate  more  aqueons  fluid  than  they  otherwise  would  do,  and  thus 
lessen  the  quantity  of  blood  which  the  heart  is  labouring  to  circnlato 
through  the  frame,  and  also  that  which  is  determined  or  driven  to  puis 
already  overloaded.  The  main  objects  to  be  accomplished  in  these  diseases 
is  to  reduce  tho  force  of  the  circulation,  and  to  calm  the  violence  of  ex- 
citement. Diuretics,  by  lessening  the  quantity  of  blood,  are  nseful 
assistants  in  accomplishing  these  purposes.  At  the  anterior  edges  of  the 
kidneys  are  two  vascular  bodies  called  the  renal  capsules,  large  and  of  a 
deep  re<l  colour  in  fcetal  life,  while  in  maturity  ttiey  are  smaller  and 
lighter  in  colour ;  their  functions  are  unknown. 

The  horse  is  subject  to  efl'asions  of  fluid  in  particular  parts.  Swelled 
logs  are  a  disease  almost  peculiar  to  him,  Tho  ox,  tlio  sheep,  the  Aog, 
the  ass,  and  even  tlio  mule,  seldom  have  it,  but  it  is  for  the  removal  of 
this  deposit  of  fluid  in  tho  cellular  substance  of  the  lugs  of  the  horse  that 
wo  have  recourse  to  diuretics.  The  legs  of  many  horses  cannot  ba 
rendered  fine,  or  kept  so,  without  the  ose  of  diuretics  ;  nor  can  grease — 
often  connected  with  these  swellings,  producing  them  or  caused  by  than 
—be  otherwise  snbdocd.  It  is  on  this  account  that  diuretics  are  ranked 
among  tlte  most  useful  of  veterinary  medicines. 

In   injadiotouH  Iiands,   however,  those  modioincs  are  sadly    abased. 


ISFL-mMATION   OF   TUB   KIDNEYS. 


837 


Among  the  absurdities  of  stable-maua^fmvnt  Uicrv  is  notbing  soiiijuriatia 
M  tlio  frc<]uciit  hm  of  dinrotica.  Not  only  are  Uio  kidnoya  otloa  over- 
escil«<!,  weoki-jit'd,  and  diwxMcd  to  diMmop,  but  the  whole  &ttino  booomes 
d«bilit«l«di  for  the  abeorbente  hav«  corrind  avmr  a  fnxiat  part  of  that 
which  WM  iMOOMuy  to  tb«  health  uiil  couditton  of  thn  ti(irw>,  in  oiiler  to 
Hapiily  the  ili-fidrocy  of  blood  occasloDGd  by  tho  iuurditiitt«  diitchnrgo  of 
nnnv.  There  in  likewiM  oatt  important  &ct  of  vhlch  tlie  groom  ur  tbo 
horsnnnn  Ri-Idom  thinks,  via. ; — That,  when  he  is  removing  tlioso  liuiuonn 
by  tho  im|irudi.iit  n»o  of  dinrotica.  ho  is  on]y  attacking  a  symntoiR  or  » 
ooiis<x]ueuce  of  dise&80,  and  nottlie  discosQ  itself.  Tlie  legs  will  till  Ofnun, 
Mid  Uio  OTcaso  will  rotura.  While  the  oauso  runrnins,  tho  effect  will  be 
producwol 

III  tbo  admtniatraUoR  of  dinrottco,  oati  thing  should  he  attended  to,  aatl 
tho  good  eD*cct  of  which  tLe  testiinony  of  <!Tcit  int«lh'gcnl  man  will  oon- 
linn:  th4  torse  th'utd  have  pleniji  lodHni.  Nut  only  will  iunnmmalioit 
be  prevented,  but  tlio  opcmtion  of  the  tnodicino  will  he  much  proraolttil. 

BSFHRITIS — UrTLAnunOV  OP  THS  KISKETS. 

Thia  is  no  uni.-omiuon  disease  in  tbo  bomc,  uid  is  mni-e  nnskilfuUy  and 
fatally  treated  than  ahaost  any  other.  The  i-arly  aymptonis  are  those  of 
fr^vcr  gCDprally,  but  the  seat  of  tbo  disease  soon  becomes  evident.  The 
borxe  tooka  uiixionsly  ronnd  at  his  flnnki ;  iiuinds  with  bia  hinder  Ic^ 
widv<a|>art;  ia  uuwilKn^  to  be  down;  straddles  as  he  walks;  expresses 
pain  is  tiiming ;  shrinks  when  tho  loins  aro  pressed,  aad  some  degree  o! 
heat  i*  fult  tlirrc.  Tho  arino  is  Toidcd  in  small  qnantities ;  CreqneDtly  it 
ia  bigfa<ooloured,  and  aometimea  bloody.  The  iitU-mpt  to  urinate  beOMUett 
more  &«qaent,  and  the  qoantitj  roideo,  biiuUIlt,  until  the  animal  straina 
paiaAiUy  and  violently,  but  tho  liiiiobnT^  is  nearly  or  quite  cnppressed. 
Tba  pnlao  la  qnick  and  bard ;  Ibll  in  the  cnrly  stage  of  the  diseaae.  but 
npidly  heeomuiK  small,  yet  not  tonng  ita  chunurtcr  of  hardaeSB,  These 
symptoms  clearly  indicate  an  afTectioD  of  the  nrinary  orguns ;  but  tbey  do 
not  diKtiiigaiflh  infliimmnHon  of  the  kidni^y  from  that  of  the  bladder.  In 
order  to  cdTcct  tbi«,  tbo  hand  muitt  hv  introduoud  into  the  rcctnin.  If  tbe 
bladder  ia  felt  Ibll  and  bard  under  tbo  rectum,  there  in  tnfUmmation  of 
the  neck  of  it;  if  it  is  eonpty,  yet  on  tho  portion  of  the  iuteatiuiin  imino 
diatel;  over  it  thcro  is  moro  than  natural  brat  and  tenderness,  there  is 
inflammation  of  tbo  body  of  tho  bludder ;  and  if  tlie  bladder  is  empty,  and 
there  ia  no  iuoreased  heat  or  leudenieas,  tbere  ia  inflammation  of  tho 
kidney. 

Tbo  oanses  of  this  disease  are,  too  poworfbl  or  too  often  repeated  diuretics, 
which  induee  inllnmtnation  of  tho  kidnny,  or  a  dr^^roo  of  irritation  and 
wrvknt-KS  of  that  ot^an  that  dixponiM  to  inflammation,  from  causes  that 
otherwise  would  have  no  iujnrioua  effect.  If  a  horse  is  sprained  in  tbe 
loilis,  bgr  being  urged  on,  fur  and  fast,  by  a  heatr  rider,  or  compelled  to 
Inko  too  wide  a  leap,  or  by  beinfi  inidiiimly  pulled  up  on  liix  baoncbc*,  the 
inflammation  iii  oflvu  traasft<rred  from  the  loina  to  the  kidneys,  with  which 
tber  lie  in  contact.  Expoanre  to  cold  is  imother  Iroquont  origin  of  thia 
tnala^,  especially  if  the  bor«o  is  drcnx-'lit'd  with  rain,  or  tbo  wot  drip« 
npon  his  loina ;  and  more  particularly,  if  he  was  pruviauflly  diaposi'd  to 
inflammation,  or  these  or^^ns  had  been  prnvionalv  weakened.  For  this 
reason,  ooac^  and  cab  horRos,  and  others  cxnoaea  to  tbe  riciaaitudo  of 
tlie  weather,  should  have  their  loins  pruteclod  hy  Bome  waterproof  cover* 
ing.  It  may  also  bo  produced  by  some  irritating  agent,  contained  in  tho 
food  on  wbicb  the  uniuud  is  te^  eucb  as  dark  moir-burut  hay,  or  what 
■re  called  foxy  eaU,  &a. 
Tbo  chief  cause,  bowover,  of  ncjiliritis,  is  the  unnecessary  qaantil;^,  or 


JM  DIABERB,  IM   FBOFCSE  BTAUKO. 

nndne  Mivngtli,  of  tbe  dianCic  skedicioea  Hmt  &ro  given  bjr  Koorant 
gncmtt.  niu  w  bb  «nl  e*ni«l  to  «  moK  iajanant  extcmt,  una  wbieh 
•TWT  bonHiBD  sfaoaU  pontiTdT  forbid. 

Tm  titatiami  iriU  auy  tstt  from  th*t  of  inflammation  of  other  parti, 
bj  a  eoaridctatioii  of  the  pecnbanljr  of  thm  onian  affectod.  Blwding'  BMit 
Im  praBptly  raaortad  to^  and  carried  to  its  fidl  oxteiife.  An  aetira  pug* 
riwttld  next  ba  idnriiualarad ;  and  a  ~~t— t-a— -«t—  cscitod  M 
aaariy  aa  pnartk  to  tlia  aeat  of  ^aciaf .  Fartlu>piupoa«dielinBaiiiaald 
ka  rainMiied  irith  hot  water,  or  corund  wiUt  a  muatard-ponhice  tha 
bofM  aboald  ba  wmndj  cloUied ;  bat  ui  capthaiidee  or  tarpeatiike  ahoald 
ba  oaed,  nor  ai^diiiratic  bo  giraB  mtemaOj.  Whan  tba  groon  Gada  tliia 
diBeoUr  or  aappnmtoa  of  iibLliiiir,  ho  unmcdiatelT  baa  reeoone  to  a  din- 
ratio  ball  lo  feroe  on  the  urine :  &nd  ij  Uina  needleoal;  imtatiag  a  pari 
atraady  too  mnch  ajKrted,  h«  adds  foal  to  fire,  and  tnmimib  daaitrojB  the 
bona.  CljateTa  alao  of  wana  soap  and  wator,  abonla  ba  wown  up  tbo 
raotam  etaj  tbrae  or  four  boaia ;  tbaj  will  not  onlj  promola  tba  earlj 
•ctiOB  of  tiu  pntsatira  mediaaey  but  wiD  alao,  to  a  certain  exteo^  act  aa 
a  frrniwitatifTti  to  tbe  inflamadpart. 

fHia  notion  of  tba  porgatiTa  baring  b«gnn  a  littla  to  eeaio,  caibonata  of 
•oda  in  bal&oBnea  doaea  riiovld  be  mvo  two  or  tbraa  timoa  a  dar.  The 
patient  abevJd  be  waRDlTelotbed,K  &«ahahc«[i-skin  thrown  oreruie  loiaa 
and  fraqiMnlljr  ebanged,  and  hia  legs  wall  banowed.  The  food  ohooU  be 
cnrafbllf  aaaniaed,  and  aaTthiag  that  could  taan  excttad  or  that  mar 
prolong  tho  irritatton  oanAiUj'  rcmovnd.  He  abonld  bo  allowed  lo  drink 
m^y  of  mncilaginou  flaidi,  aocb  aa  linseed  gruel,  and  be  kept  co  sofk 
food,  as  bran  mub,  for  some  time. 

SUBCTE9,  m  raana  njuji«, 

Is  a  oomparattrelr  rare  disease.  It  is  gaiMralljr  the  ooDaeqnsnoe  of  tm* 
due  irrilaliou  of  tuo  kidnoj,  by  bod  food  or  ttraag  dinnHicn,  nnd  sonivtimas 
follows  inflaiiun>tion  of  thftt  orgua.  It  cnn  seldom  be  traced  in  the  boova 
lo  an;  distaso  of  the  digestive  crrgiua.  Among  the  canMS  of  diabetes  are 
tmpn^ier  food,  and  patUcnkrlj  lia;  that  has  been  mow>bumt,  or  oats  that 
are  mast;.  Tbe  Earmeo-  diooJd  look  wiA\  to  this.  OnU  thai  bare  beea 
dried  on  a  kiln  acqnire  a  tUuretio  propertj,  and  if  bor«ea  arc  long  fed  oa 
ilictn,  tbe  oontinua)  exeit«nicnt  of  this  organ  which  they  produce  wiU  do- 
geoerale  into  diabelea. 

In  tbs  haionn  subjeot  the  disease  is  cbancterised  hy  the  large  quantitiea 
of  urine  voidud,  ana  tbe  amount  of  sngsr  contained  in  it;  bonoo  tbe  name 
giTen  to  it  of  diabetM  iDcllilia.  In  the  hone  we  hare  the  same  nnnsnal 
atscha^ge  of  oriao  of  a  pale  colixur,  bat  it  CDDtains  no  sugar,  but  a  sab> 
slaooa  snalwons  lo  gum;  beuoo  it  is  termed  diabotos  incipdus.  It 
Irequeatlj  afleota  sereral  borans  at  tbe  asmo  timo^  and  sninetiniPK  nssnmoa 
A  cbronic  form.  It  is  not  an  inHammatorr  disease,  and  tbe  kidm^x  will 
generallj  be  found  palor  in  ooloor,  and  SoAer  in  textoie. 

Tbo  tnatment  is  not  always  aatas&etoiT,and  the  resnlla  often  uneertain. 
It  is  ovidenUj  increase  il  action  of  the  kidneys,  and  tborefore  the  coost 
rattonal  plan  of  treatment  is  to  endtiavoor  to  ao^  that  action.  In  order 
to  eObet  this,  oar  first  earo  should  be  to  ehangv  tbe  diut  upon  which  tbe 
animal  has  been  feeding;  and,  indeed,  thetnere  sulMtitutton  of  sweet  and 
wholoaomo  moveodor,  lor  the  indigiiatiblo,  mow-biimt.  nnd  musty  diet, 
will  matnriuljr  aaaiat  the  cure.  Terr  Garvful  attention  ntionld  bo  paid  to 
Out  food.  The  haj,  oats,  and  split  be*nSf  abonld  be  of  the  beat  qualitr  ; 
greaii'nMst  and  carrots  will  ako  bo  aerTieosbloL  The  aauwtl  ebould  be 
Kept  short  of  water,  in  which  may  bo  mingled  a  small  qoanti^  of  limei 
Oor  mcdidnal  agonla  abonkl  oonsist  of  atlwr  miiwral  or  rBgefawa  tonioa. 


THE   BLADnER.  ^^^^^T  3,^ 

nuiocUile  of  iron,  in  3j  '^  S'j  'iottca  rvpcuUnl  ctutj  twolro  bonn,  nuiy  be 
^T«n  for  ft  fow  dajB. 

BLOOST   Oa.aS — H£HATDB1A. 

Th*  djachttrge  of  nrino  of  this  cliaraat^i'  is  of  occasional  oocnrronoo. 
Pure  blood  i*  conKtimes  discbargcd  wliich  imnicdiAtoly  ooofiiLitcs—  nt 
otiMr  time*  it  i*  mom  or  Iom  mixea  with  the  urine,  >n<l  doos  not  coat^ulaUi. 
The  csDHo  of  its  Appcaraiic«  and  the  eource  whence  it  procoods  cannot 
■Iwnfti  be  dolonnined,  bat  it  is  probalilr  the  reealt  of  some  atnin  or  lilnw. 
It  mnj  or  mujr  not  bo  BCCompnnicd  bj  influnnuitioo. 

Should  it  he  the  remit  of  Ntrnin  or  violence,  or  bo  evidently  att«ndi?id  by 
inflmnnifttion,  soothicf-  aud  di-pluting  me&surcs  should  bt'  Mluptod,  iVrlmpa 
countcr-irritntton  on  the  loins  might  be  ast<i^l.  If  there  is  no  upparcnt 
infbunnmtion,  Dome  gontlo  i>timnln,s  may  bo  ndministcrod  intomalty. 

ALBUMINOUS   UKISZ. 

A  pccaliar  muconx  gtnto  of  thr  iiHnn  of  nomc  horses  has  la(«ly  nttmctcd 
sttmtion.  It  hnii  btx'n  tuuoi!i«tod  nitli  iitn^tching  oat  of  tlio  legs,  stiiTuess, 
dimnclinution  to  niorc,  a  duf^reo  of  ferer,  and  coatirBOMii.  Slight  blooding, 
mild  physic,  the  Application  of  gentlo  stimulants  to  thu  loinii,  quietness, 
and  gentle  opiates  have  been  of  sorvico.  Wo  nn>  indebted  to  Mr.  Purcivull 
Ibr  wTUkt  wo  do  know  of  tlici  diocuao.  It  is  a  oibjcct  worthy  of  the  attention 
of  the  Yclorinary  snrguou. 

THE   BUUIDER. 

The  anno  separate  from  the  blooil  by  the  kidneys  is  discharf^  by  the 
minutoreaselii,  of  which  wo  huvespokon,  into  nomo  larainr  canals,  which  ler- 
niinato  in  a  cavity  ot  resorroir  in  the  body  of  tacli  kidney,  designfttcd  its 
pelvi*.  Thence  it  is  convcyedbyndiict  called  the  Krafor,  to  a  larp^er  reservoir, 
tho  bladder ;  thiit  dnct  does  not  directly  pwforato  tho  coata  of  the  bladder, 
but  entem  oblii(uely  one  coat  anvr  another,  Uras  forming  a  perfect  obstnio< 
lion  to  tho  return  of  the  urine. 

Tbo  bladder  lies  in,  and  when  distended  by  nrinc,  nearly  Ulls  the  cavity 
of  the  grcnt  bono*  of  tho  haunch,  termed  tho  pclviii.  It  has  throo  coats, 
tlie  outer  one  covcrini^  the  greftter  part  (the  anterior  portion)  of  itv  and 
being  a  continnatiou  of  the  pcritoneom :  the  muscular,  consistiDg  of  two 
byort  of  ttbrc*,  ns  in  the  stomach ;  tho  exiomibl,  mnniug  longitudinally, 
and  (he  inner  circularly,  so  that  it  mny  yield  to  tho  pmsvre  m  the  tuine 
as  it  enters,  and  ooutraot  again  into  an  exceedingly  timnit  spnoo  as  it  runs 
oat,  and  by  that  contraction  Bssisl  in  tlie  ex]>al^on  of  the  urine.  Tho 
inner  co*t  contains  nnmcrona  littlo  glands,  which  Becret«  a  muoou*  fluid 
lu  dcfL-nd  the  bladder  fraia  the  acrimony  of  the  urine.  Tbo  bladder  ter- 
minales  in  a  snutll  neck,  round  wliich  is  a  Htrong  muMolo,  CAl1«id  tlia 
sphincter  or  clofliiig miucle,  keying  th«  passage  closed,  aud  retiiiiiing  tho 
■line  until,  at  tho  will  of  tlie  animnl,  or  when  tho  bladder  couluuis  a 
ocrti^  ooanlity  of  fluid,  tho  muxcuhir  ooiit  btrgiiis  to  contract,  tbo  dia- 
phragm IS  rendn^  convex  towards  tihe  iutcstincs,  and  prone*  tfaom  00 
tho  bladder,  and  by  these  nnitcd  powers,  the  sphincter  mnstdoe  bMOUiing 
Rttapsvd,  thu  fluid  is  forced  throngn  tbo  neck  of  the  bladder,  and  escapes, 

□TTLAUUTIOV   OP   THE   BLADDZB. 

Thoiv  are  two  varietios  of  this  diHon«i\  inHnmmatiou  of  the  body  of  the 
bladder,  and  of  itH  neck.  TIio  symptonui  am  nearly  tbo  suae  M  tboee  of 
inflaiptnalion  of  the  kidney,  oxceul  tluit  iuatead  of  a  total  mppreaBUHi  of 
arinsi  it  is  voided  veiy  fn^ueotly  and  in  small  qoantiticw,  and  there  is 
boat  felt  in  the  rectwn  orar  ^  mtoatioD  of  the  bladder.    The  esoMs  aro 

b3 


TM  STDXE   (.\   TilE   BLADDER.  ^^^^HI^H 

the  prMeneu  ofaotae  bcrid  or  irribuit  mnttvr  in  the  ttnne,  orof  «t]culu!ior 
atone  in  the  bladder.  With  nftrreiic«  to  tiiflammfttJon  of  tliQ  body  of  tlio 
bladder,  miscbicf  h«  ocCMionallf  bc«D  dooo  br  the  mtrotiuctioD  of  ontba- 
rid«  or  Homo  oUior  irritiiting  muttor,  in  order  to  luuten  tho  period  of 
hontiig  in  Uie  man.  The  in-alment  in  Uiid  case  will  h«  the  aaiM  ta  in 
iuS&uunatioD  of  tbe  kidneys,  czc«pt  tbat  it  ia  of  more  conscqiumoo  thxt  thft 
tLniimJ  (boald  drinJc  Erucly  of  wnt«r  or  thin  ^ru«l. 

Id  inflamniation  of  tlio  necic  of  tlie  biaddor  tbors  ia,  on  th«  contmiT',  % 
yjvAt  dread  of  and  diaincUuatioii  to  nriuato,  and  ofVn  ending  in  almost 
lotel  BUppreMion  ;  nnd  tosncban  extent  docs  tbis  procood.thnttnocnaocan 
norer  bo  mistukiii  bj  liim  who  will  p*jr  suffiinciil  iitlcntjon  to  ttio  caiw,  fur 
tUu  bluildur  is  diatvudtHl  vritb  arine,  and  can  be  disitliicllv  felt  under  tbo 
recLum.  It  is  spasm  of  tho  epliinct«r,  cloeini;  tbo  nock  of  iho  bladder  so 
powerfollj,  tbat  the  controction  of  the  bliiddcr  and  tho  pireasiire  of  tb* 
njasclos  uro  anablc  to  force  ont  the  orine. 

Hor»  tlio  object  to  be  attumptod  is  suiGciently  plain.  This  spasm  must 
be  reUzod,  and  the  most  likely  means  to  oBoot  it  is  to  bleed  largely,  and 
rwa  to  louitinff.  Thi«  will  Homotiinea  saoc<«d,  and  there  will  bo  at  onco 
nn  end  to  tho  ojacMe.  To  the  eshanatioB  Mid  loaa  of  muscolar  [lower  ocoft- 
siouod  by  copious  bleeding,  shoold  he  Added  Uie  nausea  conseqneul  on 
pliync  Shonld  not  this  xpcedily  haTO  oBec^  another  mode  of  abating 
spuam  mniit  be  tried — powdt-rod  opinm,  mode  into  n  ball  or  drink,  sbonld 
be  givea  every  two  or  tlireo  hours,  tuid  at  the  same  time  half  an  onnoe  of 
erode  opinio  sbonld  bo  introdiicod  into  the  roctum ;  whUe  active  oonnter> 
irritatJOD  is  applied  cxtomnllv.  Tbe  evacuation  of  tlio  bladder,  botfa  in 
tliu  morv  and  tbo  hor«e,  should  bu  offt.'otcd  tbronf[li  tho  medinm  of  a 
reterin&rj  anrgeou. 

8T0KS  EM  TS£  BUDOEB. 

Tbo  urine  ia  a  rery  compoitnd  fluid.  In  tbe  state  of  health  it  contains 
•evoral  aeida  and  aUcalies  Tarionsly  comlnaed,  which,  under  diawwe,  ore 
inereoaedboth  in  nombcr  und  quantity.  It  ia  very  eoay  to  ooDceive  that 
Bome  of  tlieee  may  bo  uocnsioniilly  BejMiatAd  bom  the  rest,  and  assume  a 
Kolid  form  both  in  the  pelvis  of  UM  kidney  and  in  tho  bladder.  This  is 
known  to  bo  tho  com  both  in  tho  hamon  being  and  the  brute.  Thrae 
cnlculi  or  atouea  ore  in  the  home  oftencr  found  in  the  kidney  than  in  tho 
bhidder,  contrary  to  tho  experience  of  the  human  surgeon.  The  oiploao- 
tioD  of  thii,  honovrr,  is  not  difficult.  In  the  hanun  being  tho  kidney  ia 
situated  above  the  bladder,  and  those  conorotiona  dMoend  Irom  it  to  the 
bladderbythmrwe^bt.  The  belly  of  the  hone  Is  horisontol,  and  tbe  force 
of  gnvity  can  in  no  war  aSbottbe  paaaiwoof  tbo  cnlcolns;  tbcrofore  it 
OcraafaaULliy  remains  in  the  pelvis  of  the  ladney,  until  it  hoa  incrcajted  ao 
much  in  size  M  to  fill  it.  We  know  not  of  any  aymptouia  that  would  satis- 
&ctoriIy  indicate  tbe  presenee  of  a  atone  in  the  kidney ;  and,  if  the  disease 
could  bo  Moortuned,  we  ara  unable  to  say  what  romodial  moomroa  could 
bo  adaatoi.  Tbo  cooqMsitian  of  colcnU  nmnd  in  tlie  bladder  diffisrs  fton 
tlioae  in  the  inteatinei  in  the  latter  the  pboq>bat«  of  line  ia  the  principal 
ingredient,  in  tbe  former  they  ooonst  of  the  oiirimwta  of  linio  and  aainol 
mnttor. 

Tho  aymptoma  of  stone  in  the  bladder  mudi  reaemble  thoae  of  apaamodlo 
coh'c  rxeept  that,  on  careful  euquiijr,  it  will  be  fonnd  that  there  has  b«on 
much  irregularity  in  the  dischai^  of  oiine  and  oocaaional  HupjinMOD  of 
it.  Whc^  6te  of  apparent  colio  frcquentlr  rMnn,  and  are  aocompanied 
by  any  p«mliari^  in  tbe  appeftmnoe  or  the  discharge  of  tbe  tirino,  Um 
hor««  should  bo  oareMly  exaiaiDed.  This  goncnlly  may  bo  fatisfaotorily 
dono  hf  intradvoing  tho  hand  into  dw  rectum,  and  with  tbe  other  monipa- 


8T0NE   LV  THE  BLADDER. 


341 


latins  the  groin,  wlien  wJtli  the  aiil  of  an  aseistant  it  will  rcodiljr  bo  felt — 
iihtmul  this  not  prove  decisive  the  horse  mtiy  bo  thrown.  If  tlicro  i»  rtono 
in  the  bladder,  it  irill,  while  the  horse  liee  on  its  hnclc,  iiron  on  tlui  bom-l, 
uid  inaj  be  distinctly  felt  hy  the  Imnd  in  the  ri'cttuu.  Several  cnse« 
have  lately  oocnrrod  of  Kacc<i«sfi)l  rxtniction  of  ttio  culi-ulus  ;  bill  to  effect 
this  it  will  idvmya  bo  noccatar;  to  have  recount!  to  the  aid  of  a  veterinaiy 
pntctitioDLT. 

Roth  Uio  practitioner  and  the  amateur  will  bo  gratified  by  the  desi^p- 
tion  of  a  oatneter,  inveuted  by  Mr,  Taylor,  a  veterinary  sorgcon  of  Niit.ting- 
hora,  which  uiay  be  introduced  into  the  blatlder  withonl  dilBoulty  or  pain, 
and  the  eiis(«nco  and  situation  of  tho  cnlciiloA  rmdily  iMcertniucd. 

It  is  made  of  polished  ronnd  iron,  tlint;  fret  \<ma,  o"t<  and  a  half  incb 
in  circumfcrcnoo,  and  witli  «ight  joint*  at  it<t  farUier  extremity.  The 
solid  pnrt  bvtwocn  cnah  joint  iK  one  and  a  quarler  inch  in  len^h,  and  one 
aiul  a  half  in  cinianiferenoe,  tlie  moveable  iiart  being  ten  inches,  and  the 
•olid  part  two  feet  two  luohea.  The  latter  lias  a  slight  carvip,  commencing 
o<M>  foot  from  tiie  handle,  and  continaing  to  the  Brst  joint  of  the  movoabte 
pari,  in  order  to  give  it  facility  in  passing  the  orcthra,  wlwin'  it  in  attatibcd 
to  the  parietM  of  the  abdomen.  i'hi?  joint*  arc  on  the  principle  of  a  half 
knot,  BO  that  tho  noroablv  nart  would  only  net  in  n  xtniiKht  lin^  or  curve 
in  one  direction.  The  jointa  are  [lerfectly  roiindi-d  and  siuouth  wbeu 
acting  citlii'r  in  a  Mtnught  line  or  a  curve.  It  ia  represcut^>d  both  in  its 
Btiaight  and  curved  state  in  the  following  cats. 


4 


Many  horses  oe«isionally  void  a  considerable  quantity  of  gmTfll.  some- 
times  without  inconvenience,  and  al  otheni  with  cividcnt  Biirvsm  «r  [Miiu ; 
SImI  in  some  few  catics  a  small  ralculun  has  moapvd  fnim  the  bla^liU-r  and 
remained  in  the  nrcthrn.  A  diunttio  miffht  bo  um-ful  iu  tlie  Gnt  cane,  as 
incmiting  Umi  flow  of  urine,  and  poMtibly  vraaliiug  oat  the  vonen>tiou8 
fadiira  tliey  become  too  numerous  or  bnUy,  but  in  the  latter  the  canal  must 
be  dilatct!  to  allow  the  stone  to  pass,  or  opened  for  its  removal. 

The  urine  having  passed  the  ueck  of  tho  bladder,  Bows  along  the  urethra, 
and  is  discharged.  The  sheath  of  the  penis  is  sometimes  eonsidcrably  cn- 
bTfied.  When  at  the  close  of  acute  discnse,thcn>  arc  iiwellinp>  and  effu*ion« 
of  nntd  under  tho  chost  and  b<>lly,  thin  part  iielcluni  eaciipM.  Diuretics  will 
be  Iiencficial,  but  in  rxtreroo  cnuieM  alight  Bcarifieations  may  be  necessary. 
The  innidc  of  the  sheath  is  ofUn  the  seat  of  disease.  Tho  mncoos 
msttvr,  naturally  accreted  there  to  defend  tho  part  from  the  acrimony  of 
the  urine,  accumulates  and  becomea  oxtH^ilingfy  oSV^nsive,  and  produce* 
•mlling,  tenderness,  and  even  szooriation,  with  cun.-iidcnihlc.-  dtsohnrgv. 
Fomentation  with  warm  water,  and  tlie  cleaiinug  of  the  part  with  soap 
and  water,  aided  perhnp*  by  the  administration  of  a  diuretic  ball,  will 
iily  rt;mo^-r  cverj-  inconvenience.  Carters  are  too  often  apt  to  neglect 
usa  in  tliia  r^pect. 


Itt  TEIE  SKLT  AXD  ITS  DI^EASBL 

CHAPTEB    Xr. 

TUB  UUM  AMD  ITS  DJSKaSEB. 

To  ddn  of  tliv  hontn  rcacmUc*  in  cooNtmction  tlikt  of  other  ftuunnlw. 
It  owwislM  of  two  cliit-f  [lurta,  viz.,   tiitj    etUicU  unci  otJU,   mstvrwll/ 
diffiariiw  in  their  tLruuturo  and  offiw.     The  outer  oue  ia  tho  cuticle^ 
tlio  epiaermia  or  scarf-skin,  ril«niling  ovrr  the  irhole  exienuil  put  rafthe 
Knimnl.     It  \»  c«>iiipoi>iHl  of  two  juirU,  tlw  cxtcmnt  or  eca);^,  anil  iLe  intvmni 
or  coUulnr.      If  Uif  isptiluTima  la  dxamineii  lij  momm  at  u  iniiTrosciopc,  tlw 
t-Kiiilv)ic<!oflU«scaIea  somewhat  like  (hoseof  a  fiA  wilt  be  nmlily  tW^^ctiMl 
oti  tte  surface.     Thsro  is  utwitva  a  iiiiignliir  chango  takioff  plaoi  in  Uiia 
oDtinud  covc^ns^  of  tli(?  animiti,  n  iionituiit  altemtion  and  ronewaloferuiT 
part  of  it,  iinil  tlii.-  sciLli^a  which  (all  uff  in  the  Bhajw  of  diimlHif  iu«  the  oelu 
of  trhich  (he  iutcrnal  portion  of  tho  onidenuia  is  madt.-  up,  httving  nnder* 
Kone  oomprwwion,  on  their  being  t'opcoii  npwar<i  U>  tbe  surfaoo  of  wo  tlciD, 
In  tho  Bction  of  a  l>liat«r  they  are  raixGd  fn)ni  thr  «kin  bcaeath,  in  the 
form  of  pellucid  bladders,  and  in  iome  diseases  am  thran-n  Dp  in  hard,  d^, 
whilo  scales,  munerooa  laj'en  of  which  are  placed  out'  above  another.  Tdb 
crlliilar  portion  of  tlui  opidcrmi«  is  in  contnci  with  tlte  papillatod  snr&oo 
of  tbe  cutis  or  truii  akin,  fmm  wbicli  it  is  secr»t«d.   Tbe  name  of  rdUi  niti- 
eoeuiu  has  been  i^von  to  this  part  of  tbe  epidermis  from  il«  web-liko 
etraotnre  and  soft  mucoos  coDBialeDc«.    In  the  celU  of  which  it  is  made  upy 
thft  material  which  givxw  colonr  to  tho  animal  is  secT«l4>d.    In  hnmos  witli 
white  hair  the  rete  mnoosom  is  white ;   it  is  brown  in  those  of  a  brown 
cmlour ;  block  in  the  black,  and  in  patahoa  of  different  coloors  with  those, 
the  hue  of  whoae  integument  rarios.     The  cntiule  does  not  posseaa  either 
nerres  or  blood-TMsoIs ;  it  is  tbcrefora  deroid  of  sensibilitj,  bnt  it  fiJIlls  a 
most  important  fiinrtion  in  fumixhine  n  protection  to  the  pari*  bencatli, 
whioh  ara  so  oflen  esuosetl  to  a  morbid  aoniiibiltty.     In  vrvty  part  of  the 
bodj  the  tnttaele  la  pcmbraled  br  innnmetable  ])orea,  some  of  which  perinii 
the  passase  of  the  hair ;  throngh  othsrs  the  perspirable  malU-r  GmU  a  rais- 
8agf<i  whilcfromotlicnt variouHnnotnoiusccrctionsmakp theireaeapo.  Tho 
cutis  or  true  akiu  bes  beneath  tho  rete  mncoanm.      liikn  the  cuticle,  it 
consists  of  two  principal  parte,  tho  upper  or  papillated,  luid  the  corinm  or 
deeper  la}rrr.     Th<!  pnnillntod  layer  lies  beneath  and  in  coutiict  with  tbft 
nto  mnooaiun  or  oeUoIar  portion  of  the  epidermis,  and  is  so  named  from 
■Htmerona  ooiucal  promiiiCDoea  ornapillaa  on  tta  anrfiice.     It  is  oxc«edinf;ly 
TaMnlar,  highly  seDaitm,  and  dinraatly  arranged  in  varioas  parts  of  the 
body.    Tho  scnsitiTa  Isjahia  of  the  fbot  is  tfae  papillaled  mr&ce  or  tlw 
donnts,  arranged  in  a  diflercnt  manner.  Boneaih  ihia  we  hare  tlu  odrioBi, 
madi-  up  principally  of  areola  tniiod  with  white  and  yellow  fibrooa  tisSQe^ 
The  I'orium  makes  up  the  chief  ihickncas  of  the  skin,  and  oonstitntec  tiao 
pliantandyiddingpnrtof  it.    It  varies  in  its  structure  in  different  animals; 
in  thd  better  l>rcd  one  we  bare  a  laiwer  derelopnutnt  of  the  yeltow  elastto 
tiMue,  and  in  the  coarser  breed  a  large  amount  of  wfaito  Sbroaa  tlMiWi 
It   is  tbe  tabstance  whiob    is  convN^ed  into  leather  whso  TMnored 
from  the  body,  and  biniU  together  the  diflcretit  parte  of  tlie  friun*.     In 
■tome  pWvs  it  does  this  literally,  and  elingii  so  elosely  to  tbe  subatanoa 
betiaaUi  that  it  acaroely  admits  oif  any  motion :  (his  in  tbe  caae  abont  the 
fbtriiaad  and  the  bock,  while  upon  the  bee,  Ibo  ndea  and  flauin,  it  hangs 
in  looaeoed  bid*,      la  the  parts  connected  with  promaiion  it  is  Toliied 
into  variOBB  dupbvaturtv,  that  the  action  of  the  anittHU  my  admit  of  the 


THE  8ETN'  AND    ITB  DISE&BEB.  Stt 

I  otMtniction.  T)i(!  culia  in  thiniiMt,  ud  nuMt^batio^oa  Uumo 
mrU  tlial  arv  Ii-aal  mrured  witb  Uair,  or  vrliurv  tbo  lioir  is  altogiBtlier  <lo- 
noietit.  as  tiie  )ip«.  iti«  maxilc,  «nil  the  inside  of  the  floukit. 

Utpp  ft  grcnl  [wrt  of  the  Irnmo  lira  a  nn^ubtr  iiiaac]i>  ixicaliiu-  to  qund- 
npods,  ax^  more  extcn>ive  uul  puwcrfat  in  tho  thin-skiDDcd  and  llun- 
l]au«d  ftainukli^  than  in  tUow  with  tlucker  Iiidt-a.  It  ruichc*  from  Uie  poll 
orer  tfa«  irbole  of  the  carcase,  and  down  to  tho  arm  before,  and  tho  letiflo 
behind.  By  its  contractioii  tbo  Hkin  is  pnokered  in  erei^  diroction  ;  and 
if  it  »cts  strongly  nnd  rajndly,  the  honw  i*  not  onlj  onablod  to  ahitko  off 
■nj  inaeut  or  &y  iLal  may  aiuioy  him,  bat  aometimt*  to  diipkwo  a  great 
part  of  his  harDraa.  ami  to  roodor  it  dii&colt  for  the  most  expert  rldtT  to 
kM>p  his  so«t  This  mnw^li!  iJmo  owrisls  Iho  nkin  in  bracing  that  part  of 
thtt  frntno  which  it  cuveni,  and,  perh»pB,  jriven  additionid  strongih  to  the 
uttaeln  beucath.  It  is  called  tho  patuuculiu  cantoaua,  or  fleahy  pnniclo  or 
oonrinw. 

Tkft  uin  anatrera  th«  doubia  pnrpoiw  of  protection  and  strength.  Where 
it  is  BOOMsnry  that  tho  part«  should  bo  bound  and  knit  togcrthcr,  it  ftdhores 
■o  tightly  that  we  (.-an  ituuroely  raise  it. 

It  ia  tight  along  tho  mnscles  of  tbe  b*ck  and  loins,  and  down  the  yet 
man  powoHbl  mnsclcs  of  tho  qaartciii ;  but  in  other  phices  it  is  loosely 
attached,  that  it  may  not  iiiterfi-re  with  tho  motioDs  of  thr  luiimal. 
About  the  brisket,  and  within  the  anna  and  at  the  flank «,  it  hiuigs  oroa 
iu  folds. 

Of  its  strenifth  we  have  ahatidanl  proof,  bi^tb  in  Uio  Kviog  nnd  dead 
animal.  Its  fibros  n.rn  intdrlni^ed  in  a  most  curiutu  and  iiitricmtt!  uianaor, 
■o  OS,  when  hring,  to  be  aoaiuvly  lacci-abli',  and  converUnl  into knther  after 
death. 

It  is,  wbiht  the  animal  is  alive,  ono  of  the  most  uhwtic  bodies  witb  which 
we  arc  m^qucuDf^d.  It  not  only  jiLTfKrtly  adupis  iteclf  to  the  slow  growth 
or  dectvuH*  of  tbo  l>ody,  and  apptarB  I'qiJidly  to  &t,  whether  the  horse  is  in 
the  phunpest  condition  or  redoced  to  a  skckton  ;  bnt  when  a  portion  of  it 
is  distenood  to  an  extiaordinary  degree,  in  tlie  moKt  powitrlhl  actios  of  tha 
Rinsclos,  it  qnickly  sgaia  oontiael*  to  its  usual  diuicnHioiui. 

\Tlu)n  tlie  honta  is  in  health,  and  ereiy  organ  discbarges  its  proper 
fuDotioDS,  a  certain  ((uajitily  of  scbomons  lonttvr  ia  sprrndoTarthe  somca 
of  the  skin,  and  is  uonlaincd  in  all  the  ]>ort!S  that  p<:notrate  its  substance, 
and  the  skin  becomes  pliabti-,  (uuily  ruised  fiom  tbi.-  texture  beneath,  and 
nraacnling  tliat  pemli:^  yielding  Hi>nu<>BB  and  elasticity  wliioh  experience 
has  proTcd  to  bo  thi>  bust  ]irook  of  tbo  conditiou,  or,  in  other  word^  the 
general  health  of  the  animal.  Then,  t«o,  Iretn  the  oilincss  and  aaftaess  of 
the  skin,  tbe  hair  lies  in  itsnntnnil  and  proper  direction,  and  issmoothand 
glnsMy.  When  the  aystom  is  domnged,  and  especially  tbe  digeatiro  system, 
and  Uie  TCMels  cooonrned  in  the  nonrishmont  of  the  animal  feebly  aeti  thoM 
of  the  akin  eridently  sympatliisa.  This  oily  stKirrtion  is  no  more  thrown 
out ;  Ihr  skin  Uieefl  its  pliancy ;  it  seums  to  cling  to  the  animal,  and  w^e 
hare  that  pr«oliar  appcarauoe  whiob  wocall  hide-bonnd.  This,  bowcrer, 
rcqnirvs  attenlire  coiuiidLTalion. 

We  obscrre  a  hone  in  tjie  snmmcr.  We  find  him  with  a  thin,  smoolb, 
gkwsy  coat,  and  bis  extrvmitieii  ol(«n  and  &ee  almost  &om  a  single  rooril 
or  mija>luc«l  hair.  Wu  meet  him  again  towards  the  winter,  when  the 
iHerniotneter  has  fallen  almost  or  quite  to  the  fracxing  point,  and  wo 
SMToelr  raoognise  bim  in  his  thick,  rough,  coane,  colourless  coat,  and  his 
II^  OkTelopsab  kn>g  shWRT  hair.  Tbe  hcallh  of  the  horse  is,  to  a  certain 
degree,  deranged.  Ho  is  ami  languid,  aasily  fatigued.  He  will  bn^k  into 
a  sweat  with  the  sli^hlMt  eiertion,  and  it  is  almost  imtioaeuble  thoroughly 
to  dry  him.     Ho  may  |jerbap*  feed  as  well  as  nmal,  alUiough  that  irilT  not 


»u 


THE  SE[.\"   AXD  ITS  DISF..\SE8. 


generally  he  llie  caee,  liut  lie  is  not  equal  to  Uio  dcm&nck  irMch  wo  are 
Comriolled  to  make  upon  him. 

Tliifl  pvocoBS  goes  on  fnr  an  nneertftin  time,  dpperding*  on  the  conirti- 
tntiou  of  UiR  aninud,  nntil  ntitare  baa  ejected  n  nhitngt^  iind  llion  ho  rince 
moru  rallii's  -  but  a  threat  altt^iatlon  has  taken  place  in  him — the  hair  has 
lost  ita  Boft  and  glogsy  chartM-t^r,  and  is  bocomo  dry  and  staring.  The  akin 
ceaera  to  Bccrcto  that  pooulifir  onctnona  matter  which  kept  it  tott  audi 
flfxiblo,  and  boconm  dry  and  scaly ;  and  the  e(hnJimt«  on  the  mr&co^ 
having  become  relaxed,  are  frequently  pouring  out  a  profuse  perspiratiod, 
withoat  any  apparent  adequate  cause  for  it. 

So  pnssos  tho  appronch  to  winter,  and  the  owner  complains  sadly  of  tho 
appcatnnco  of  bin  ntciKl,  and,  according  (o  tlie  old  eastern,  given  bim  plenty 
of  cordial  halls, — perhaps  too  many  of  them, — on  the  whole  not  being 
unserviceable  at  this  critical  period,  yot  not  productive  of  a  gnat  deal  m 
good.  At  Icn^h  the  animal  rnllim  nf  liimHrtf,  and  atthongh  not  M  strong 
and  fhlt  of  Rpiritsas  he  oui;ht  tu  he,  in  hardierand  more  lively  tlian  be  was, 
and  nble  to  struggle  with  the  cold  of  tJie  coming  winter. 

What  a  desideratum  in  the  n^nnaffoment  of  the  horse  would  be  a  ooorve 
of  treatment  f.hat  would  render  all  thiK  nnnccessnry  !  This  dosidomtnm 
hiiA  \trca  fmmd  —a  free  esfupo  ef  persjiirution,  a  moist  and  aof1«nod  utato  of 
th(!  Kkin,  and  i-viiient  increase  of  lieaUh  and  capability  of  enduring  (atigno, 
and  working  on  shorter  Bnpply  of  food  than  ho  could  b©for«.  This  is  per- 
formed by  tlio  ctipping  and  singeing  Byst<im8, 

Air.  Thomoit  Turner,  who  wiu  ulmuxt  «n«  of  the  earliest  ad vocnifs  of  theM 
systems,  states,  in  the  fourteeulh  vol.  of  the  'Veterinarian,'  that  daring  tiio 
months  of  October  and  November  an  inordinate  growth  of  hair  is  observml 
Of«r  tiiii  wliol*  sor&oo  of  the  body,  and  in  many  hor«es  as  early  as  Uie 
beginning  of  Soptcmbcr,  and  nlmoiit  inTariubly  prevails,  mora  or  lens,  in 
evorj  home  thiit  is  not  thorough-bred.  Tlio  debilitating  eficda  thereby 
tnduoed  aru  profuse  persuiration  on  tho  least  possible  exertion — deprMsioa 
of  the  auim^  BpirittL  and  tAiaporary  Iohb  of  nppotito.  The  removal  of  all 
the  superfluous  nair  by  olow  dipping,  instantly  proves  so  poworfnl  a  tonic 
to  the  animal,  tbnt  bo  nnbesitotingly  atfirms  tt  to  be  inferior  to  none  at 
present  known  in  onr  pharmsoopoiia. 

We  may  not,  perhaps,  be  abl«  ntisbotorily  to  explain  the  appsrtiutly 
langioal  otTocts  of  clipping  and  stngoing  on  the  general  constitution,  and 
partjoolorly  the  wind  of  the  horse,  or  tne  remuatoij  fenctions  generally, 
bat  tben  is  no  doubt  of  their  existence.     An  moroesed  tone  is  given  to  tlte 

rem  gononlly ;  and,  nmbubly,  in  Mome  way  not  yot  suihciently  developed, 
increaaed  current  of  the  electric  fluid  may  have  much  to  do  with  it. 
Mr.  Snowing  i^ves  an  interestingaceonntof  tbocffuctof  clippingoo  two 
horses  in  his  establishment.  Ho  bad  a  cob,  with  a  fised  oaturn  of  seronl 
months'  Klnnding.  It  did  not  interfere  with  the  aniowl's  general  health, 
bat  was  a  sonros  of  considerable  annoyanoo.  At  length  the  owiMir  doter- 
mined  to  seU  him  ;  bnt  6rst  ho  haU  faim  clinped.  AAer  a  few  days  his 
attention  was  drawn  to  the  circuustaoee,  titat  either  the  honu's  oough 
must  have  loft  him,  or,  from  rcpcat«dtarl>wrine  it,  he  had  ceased  to  ntgs^ 
it.  He  watched  the  animal,  and,  tm^  onongti,  he  found  that  Ibo  cough 
had  entirely  dissppoared.  He  rode  him  though  the  winter  and  tbc  foUow- 
iugsuBuner,  and  ^lere  was  no  return  of  it. 

The  other  instoaoo  was  in  a  man>  which  lie  had  aflor  this  one  was  sold. 
In  tbo  months  of  August,  BiTptcralsir,  and  October,  1B41,  she  was  oon> 
tinually  the  subject  of  inti-nuiltt-tit  congh.  He  liml  her  clipped,  and  in  a 
few  days  she  ceased  to  oongb,  and  has  noi  been  heard  tu  ooogh  from  that 
(into. 


■ 


THE  hair^^toEouE  Sid 


PO&£S   0?   THE   SKI>. 

Bwiie*  tho  oprniiig*  already  meationed  throngh  vrliiofa  proceeds  the 
nootnoiu  fluid  tUat  anmitm  ud  hAsiis  the  Kkin,  there  arc  othora  mora 
nunmona,  by  mcacis  ofwliicli  a  viuit  i^uiuitit/  of  fti|tuKiiia  fluid  ciicApM,  Kid 
pcnpiration  i»  mrriod  oa.  As  in  die  hiuuan  being,  tbia  aotnally  existB  in 
«  «Uto  of  bi-ultb  nnd  quifl.ncss,  alibough  impeirceptible;  but  wboc  tbo 
uuma]  is  txcit«d  hy  exuraiKc,  or  tuboon  nndor  some  st^ca  of  diMwu^  it 
brci»nvB  yisiblo,  and  appears  id  tlie  form  of  drofis. 

Thi«  procpMB  of  perspiration  is  not,  however,  bo  far  ondor  tho  control  of 
uediciue  as  in  tho  nunuin  btung;. 

We  are  not  aware  of  any  drugii  Iba-t  will  oortiuuly  prodaim  it.  Warm 
ckitbiog  soomG  occasionally  to  effect  it,  but  this  Is  more  in  appearance  thnn 
realih-.  Tho  insvnsiblo  porapiration  cannot  escapo  tbraogh  tbo  mnas  of 
Aioitkfsi.  ^nd  lumnnics  a  vinibln  form.  This,  pcrliapH,  is  the  ntse  when 
are  applied  over  tho  hiuik  aud  luimi  in  '  locked  jaw,'  They 
ft  good  onect,  acting  as  a  wnnu  ponltice  over  tbe  part,  and  fO 
centribnting  to  rclnx  tho  musciUar  spasms.  Thcro  trv,  however,  a  few 
medicines,  as  untimonj  and  mlphnr,  that  huvo  an  evident  and  v«rjr  con* 
Biderable  effi'ct  on  llie  skin. 

Of  tbe  eiislence  of  absorbent  vessels  on  the  shin,  or  those  which  take 
np  sotae  floid  or  snbstsjice,  and  convey  it  into  the  circulation,  wc  have 
•atiidiMitory  proof.  A  bonio  in  cvon  axari^  «iiiily  Milivat^id  thnn  the  human 
being.  Saliratiou  has  W-en  prodnct-d  by  rubbiuf;  a  splint  with  mercurial 
ointment,  previous  to  blisleriup ;  and  a  very  few  drachms  rabbod  on  the 
inndo  of  tho  thighs  will  probably  produco  a  greater  eflbot  than  tho 
pTBotitioner  desires. 

TBE  HUE. 

The  hair  is  the  Datorol  clothing  of  all  onr  domcstto  <[nndnipcdH.  It  la 
eonw  protectioD  from  tioIodco,  and  more  so  from  cold ;  and  it  varies  with 
tine  dunato  in  which  they  lire.  It  springs  from  below  tlicr  skin.  There 
are  flmnd  on  the  cellular  and  fatty  snbsttmce  immediately  in  contact  -nitli 
tbo  internal  snrface  of  tho  skin,  numcroue  little  bnlbs,  which  penirtmle  into 
and  pass  throngh  tho  skin,  aiid  which  urririniK  ut  tho  onticio  the  hair 
prutnidee  from  tho  summit  of  tbuui.  Tho  hair  itself,  when  eiamined 
tluoogli  ft  microBcope,  is  stmn  to  bo  a  little  tube  containing  a  pnlpf  mattor, 
which  runs  through  tbo  wholb  length  of  it,  and  by  which,  proMfaly,  tha 
hair  is  frvl  luid  n^drred  pliant,  and  tile  loss  of  which  under  diseaM  may 
add  to  tbe  hard  and  uuthrilly  fi-eliug  of  the  coat  of  a  horse  out  of  condition. 
There  is  no  essential  dllTervnco  iu  the  stracture  of  tbe  hair,  in  different  parts, 
•a  tho  mano,  the  tail,  and  tbo  body,  vxcopt  that  tho  forraor  is  larger,  longer, 
and  stTongcr. 

The  ham  of  the  bulb  whence  the  hair  proceeds  being  beneath  the  truo 
akin,  it  is  easy  to  perceive  that  tbo  hair  will  grow  agmn,  although  the 
eatido  may  havo  boon  dcrtroyed.  A  ^^ood  bliattir,  although  it  may  remove 
the  enticl^  and  seemingly  for  a  while  the  hair  with  it,  utavrn  do  IsBtiiig 
trace.  Even  Bring,  lightly  snd  nkilflaUy  performed,  and  not  penclmting 
thmngh  the  sldn,  letivcK  not  much  MemMi;  bnt  when,  in  broken  kiie<«, 
the  true  akin  is  cut  through  or  destroyed,  ttero  will  always  nmutin  a  spo* 
dtn-oid  of  hair. 

COLODB. 

The  colour  of  the  hair  ailmils  of  every  variely.  and  each  colonr  bocomea 
in  tarn  hshlonable.  Like  that  of  the  ekin,  it  is  inflaonced  hy,  or  depends 
on,  Iho  mncons  mcah>work  under  tbo  ctilivlo.      There  arv  couipaialtvely 


34a 


COLOUR. 


tevr  perfectly  wbtte  hones  now  rrRiainiag.  The  snow-wliite  p&Ifrcj,  witli 
i'8  Toaod  c»rcM8  ftoil  bnrb  bend,  originuUy  from  Spain,  or  perhaps  from.] 
Bnrbftry,  nnd  mwly  osw-cduig  llie  aUo  ofn  G»llowiiy,  is  tiMurljr  oxtioct. 
Tlify  at*  of  good  cotiatJtution.  and  plcnsnnt  in  their  nncM.  The  nutjority 
of  wbite  bone*  ftro  tho«o  that,  httv©  become  so.  L^fbt-grej'  colta  begin  to 
ffrow  wliit«  before  they  am  five  jean  old,  espemlly  if  they  have  not 
muoh  d&rk  mixture  about  liLejoiiits. 

Grey  liorses  are  of  diffnrCDtuiades.from  the  lightest  silver  to  >  dark  iron- 
grey.  Tho  silver-ffrey  reminds  th«  observerof  Uie  palfrey,  improved  by  ao 
admixture  of  Arab  blood.  He  does  not  otlea  oxcood  foortwn  linnds  aiu)  & 
liair  ill  hoifrlit,  aud  ia  rouud-aircBaeed  —  thin -letted— with  obbijne  pA»- 
teriLH,  calculated  for  a  light  carria^^  or  for  a.  liulv's  riding — aeldoiQ  subject  I 
to  dixciuie — bat  not  very  fleet,  or  capable  of  hard  wort. 

Tim  imn-^n^r  in  usimlly  a  larg«r  horse ;  higher  in  the  wither*,  docper 
aud  tUiuner  iu  the  carcass,  more  nrignliir  in  ktl  his  proportioDN,  tad  in 
Tnnny  casDS  n  litMo  too  lonz  in  t}ic  IcgH.     Si>me  of  these  greys  make  good-l 
hftckncyB  and  bnnt«!ra,  and  capeeially  the  Irish  horees ;  bat  they  at«  pria-f 
cipallynsed  for  the  c&rriaffe.     Theybavo  more  cniinrBucc  than  tbcflatnoM] 
of  th«ir  cheet  would  promise;  but  their  prinei  pal  dcrfect  is  their  feet,  which 
ai«  liable  to  contnLctton.  and  yet  ihat  contractiou  not  no  often  aooowjianicd 
by  lamsnesa  as  in  luauy  otlii'r  horHea. 

The  dappled  grny  is  genemlly  a  hiuid^oiner  and  a  better  horse.  All  the 
nnifulAr  point«  of  tlui  iron  grey  aro  (illrd  up,  and  with  timt  which  not  otilf  • 
adds  to  nymiiietry,  but  lo  UMO.  Wbi-lhcr  aa  n  hivekner,  or,  the  larger' 
variety,  a  carriaj^  horse,  there  on.-  lew  better,  especially  since  his  form 
has  been  so  materially  imriroved,  and  eo  mach  of  his  heaviness  got  rid  of, 
by  the  frio  Dso  of  foreign  olood.  There  are  not.  however,  so  many  dappled 
l^royn  as  there  used  to  be,  since  the  buys  have  boen  bnd  with  ko  mncb 
care,  The  dappled  g«y,  if  dark  at  firsl,  generally  retains  his  ootonr  to 
old  uge. 

Some  of  the  grryii  npTTOttch  to  a  nutmeg,  or  ercn  bay  colour.  Many  ci 
these  are  handsome,  uml  moat  of  thora  arc  hardy. 

The  noaus,  of  every  variety  of  colour  and  fomi,  are  compoBod  of  whilo 
miscHl  with  bay,  or  red,  or  black.  In  some  it  seenia  to  bo  a  natural  mix* 
tare  <>f  the  colours  ;  in  others  it  appearx  ax  if  one  coloor  was  powdered  or 
^■rinkled  over  another.  Tliey  are  pretty  homeN  for  ladies  or  light  car- 
nsget,  and  manr  of  them  ca^  in  their  pAOtn,  but  they  do  not  iwnally  di»* 
play  much  bloo<l,  nor  arc  they  celeljmted  for  endurance. 

The  strawberry  horse  is  a  mixture  of  sorrel  with  white ;  oannlly  band- 
Bonieand  pleasant,  but  more  celebrated  for  those  quali ties  than  forstrengtli 
and  endurnnco. 

The  pied  horse  is  one  that  baa  distinct  spots  or  patches  of  diffetvnt 
rolonre,  bnt  generally  of  white  with  some  other  colonr.  When  the  white 
Es  mixed  witli  black  it  is  called  'picbaJd,'  with  bay  the  name  of  'skew- 
bald '  in  given  to  it.  'Iliey  are  not  liked  as  hackneys,  on  aeoonal  of  their 
pecuharity  of  colour,  nor  in  teams  of  horses ;  but  they  look  weU  when 
tolembly  matched  is  a  phaeton  or  light  cairuge.  Thoir  value  most  depend 
on  thrir  breed. 

The  dnn,  of  tho  Oalloway  nse,  and  with  considerable  blood,  is  ofUm 
attached  to  the  cnrricle  or  the  pliaeton.  The  larger  variety  i*  a  tmo 
&riner's  or  miller's  horse,  with  no  great  speed  or  extnuirdinary  strength, 
yet  a  KOod-t(TOpemd,good-feedin^,good-constitntioned,  useful  horse eno^^ 
Varieties  of  the  dun,  shaded  with  a  darker  colour,  or  dappled,  and  with 
aome  brmling,  and  not  standing  too  high,  are  bcantiful  animals,  and  mnch 
•ongbtal^i-T  for  light  enrrit^es. 

XB0  orsMn-coloar,  of  Hanovuriun  cxtrttclwD,  with  bis  white  iris  and 


^^^^^^^^■^■^  OOLOUH.  ^^^^^^  347 

md  pspO,  is  appropmlcd  to  royal  use.  Attached  to  lli«  statC'enrnago  of 
tlii^  monarch,  he  ie  a  8uporl>  animal.  Ilia  bulky,  yet  perfectly  fonned  bodr, 
his  gwoUini;  crest,  and  his  prood  asd  lofty  OictioD,  as  if  conBciona  of  his 
oBioo,  qualify  him  for  the  aervioe  that  ia  cxautod  from  bim,  bat  wo  have 
Ettle  experience  how  &r  he  would  snit  other  purpo»es. 

Of  the  cbestnnta  there  aro  three  varioties — the  pale  red  or  the  aotrol, 
usDoUf  with  eamo  wbito,  oithor  on  tho  fftce  or  the  logs — KeDcrally  lightly 
mod^  yot  same  of  thmn  bnlkj  onongh  for  the  heaviest  loaoa.  Thmr  coloar 
is  geMrally  objectiouablc,  and  they  are  supposed  to  be  somewhat  deficient 
in  eodntftBce. 

Tbo  light  chostnnt,  with  leu  red  and  a  littlo  more  bay  or  brown,  ia  cod* 
ddered  a  preferable  aaim»l,  especially  if  lie  baa  Uttto  or  no  white  about 
him :  yet  eren  he.  thouffh  pleasant  to  ride,  is  aometiiQce  irntable,  and 
generally  weak.  Wo  most  eicopt  one  variety,  the  Suffolk  punch ;  a  heavy 
bone-,  and  adapted  for  slow  work,  but  porfret  of  his  kind — whom  no  labour 
can  iluunt,  do  btigus  orerconie.  This  tn  a  breed  now,  on  fortunate  ty,  nnnrly 
extinct.  The  present  variety,  however  crossed,  is  not  enoal  to  the  old 
SnflTolk. 

The  dark  rhoxtntit  is  as  different  n  horso  from  tho  haokuey-like  ohestcut 
B«  can  bo  well  imagined ;  round  in  the  ciu'cnss ;  powerAil  in  the  quarten, 
bnt  rather  fine  in  the  legs ;  posBeascd  of  great  im<lurnn(^e,  and  with  a  OOD- 
Btitntion  that  rarely  knows  an  ailment,  exoept  that  the  feet  are  small  and 
disposed  to  oontmctjott,  and  tho  horse  is  occasionally  of  a  hot  and  un- 
mniDBgeablo  temper. 

Of  tho  bay",  there  are  manv  varieties,  and  they  include  the  very  best  of 
our  boisM  of  every  desoriptioD.  The  bright  yellow  bay,  allhougb  very 
beautify  and  especially  if  his  mane  and  tail  are  black,  ia  the  least  Tala> 
able— the  lightness  of  his  colour  soeniM  to  ^vo  him  aomo  fasndomeas  of 
oonstitntJnR.  Tho  pure  Ixiy,  with  no  white  obonthim,  and  black  fraiu  the 
kneee  and  huuks  to  the  foet,  ia  the  most  deeirable  of  alL  He  has  geiierally 
a  good  oonstitntion,  and  good  feel;  and,  if  his  conformation  is  not  faulty, 
will  turn  out  a  valuable  horw  for  nImo»t  overy  pnrnoao. 

Tho  bay-brown  bun  not  always  sa  muL-li  show  and  action,  but,  gcnendly, 
more  stiragth  and  eudunuioe,  and  usffulnces.  Ue  has  greater  substance 
than  tb«li|^ter  bay.  and  more  depth  of  leg;  and,  if  he  had  tbo  same  de- 
gree of  brcMing,  he  would  be  as  handsomo,  and  mon  valnablo. 

When,  however,  wr  arrive  at  the  browns,  it  ia  ncceasaiy  to  examine  the 
defcrou  of  breeding.  This  eolour  is  not  so  fashionable,  and  tberefbre  theee 
homes  have  been  considerably  uefjlected.  There  are  many  good  ones,  and 
tfaoM  that  are  good  are  valuable ;  others,  probably,  uk  only  a  half  or  a 
quarter  brod,  and  thoreforo  compamtivcty  coano,  yot  useful  for  tlie  saddle 
and  for  hameaS'— &r  alow  work,  and,  occnaJonaUy,  for  that  which  is  more 
rapid. 

The  black-brown  is  generally  mono  neglected,  so  far  aa  itii  breed  is  con- 
eemcd,  and  should  Im  more  oarefnUy  oxoinined.  Lt  is  valuable  if  it 
retains  the  goodneos  of  constitution  of  the  brown  and  bay-brown. 

Of  the  black,  ^.Tcater  euro  hna  been  tttkcn.  The  he«vy  bhtck  of  Lin- 
oohubire  and  the  midland  counties  in  a  noble  animal,  and  would  be  almost 
beyond  price  if  ho  could  be  rendered  more  active.  The  next  in  eiio  con- 
aktole  Uie  majority  of  our  waggon-horsra,  sad  perhaps  our  best ;  and,  on 
Aamalier  breed,  and  to  the  improvement  of  which  much  atti^nliun  has 
bnn  devoted,  many  of  our  cavalry  are  mounted.  A  few  black  thorodgb- 
brad  honca  and  black  huntcra  are  occasionally  seen,  but  the  improvement 
of  hones  of  this  colour  has  not  been  studied,  oicvpt  for  the  pnrposea  (hat 
have  been  mentioned.  Their  pccnliar  high  action,  while  not  objectionable 
dnoght,  and  dwrable  for  the  parade,  would  be  nnbefttablu  Uk  ^)bk 


HOCLTIKO. 

Tnft^ster.  Black  bofSM  b*TO  been  eaid  to  bo  more  eobjcct  to  rioc,  diaoue, 
and  MisdneM,  tfau  thoM  ofaaT-  other  oolour.  Tliia  oluir^  U  not  trno 
to  iia  full  extent ;  but  xhvn  oertoinlj  ue  S  great  maaf  vorthlesa  bbck 
boTM*  in  cTciy  part  of  tie  oountiy. 

After  &Q,  th^ra  ifl  an  old  myittg,  that  n  ^ood  borsc  ouinot  be  of  a  b*d 
Oidoitr;  ud  tlutt  it  >■  br  noN  nooet^irj  to  attend  to  tlui  ootifonaalum  tuid 
poiata  of  tho  ■aimal  than  to  hk  oolour.  The  fonj^oiDgobsorTfttMiis,  bow 
over,  altbongb  tber  sdraHoT  tnuir  «zoe]i4ioi)s,  m*;  bo  uaefal  in  goidiiig  to 
tllO  jadidOU  pDTCOMO  of  tli«  boTM. 

MOULTnO. 

Twice  in  th«  jmt  the  bair  of  tlio  bod^  of  the  borae  ia  tbtmgli.  Vh/T 
■hort  fiso  coftt  of  Bnmniervronlcl  uflbrd  bttle  proteetaDntgalost  us  winter, 
and  that  of  tho  winUr  irmild  be  oppraeUTO  to  fJM  Uliiul  if  it  appeared 
darinfltiientmmer.  The  bair  of  tlitt  suno  and  tail  ranwino.  TbolMiiboa* 
root  of  the  hair  doea  not  die,  but  the  pnlpj  matter  aeema  to  bo  nnrarod 
trmn  Uic  root  of  the  hnir,  wluoh,  thu  dnmT<>(i  of  its  nonriahment,  periahc* 
tuid  drcrps  off,  and  a  new  hair  ipringB  M  its  side  from  th(>  same  balb.  The 
hair  which  is  jiRxIaood  in  tho  luitomn,  ts  evidently  diSWimt  6vm  that 
whic^  grow*  in  tho  Rpting ;  it  ii  ooarver,  thicker,  unil  nut  »o  gloa^  aa  tho 
Other.  As  moultuji;  is  a  procMa  extending  over  the  whole  <^  Ibe  akJn, 
and  rrqairing  »  very  considrrablo  exnenditorc  of  vitnl  power,  the  llMJtit 
of  tho  animnlis  generallTaJTcctod  ntuMMtimee.  Tlutt  (Energy  and  norrooa 
and  vital  inflonice,  whiw  should  snpport  tlie  whole  of  the  ftatne,  ia  to  a 
great  degree  detoriiuncd  to  the  slcin.  imd  the  animal  ia  langnid,  and  «I^ 
eqna]  to  nrach  hard  work.  lie  pompircs  grcatlr  with  the  laaat  luiuaal 
<iX(iriioa,  and  if  he  ia  proiUK^d  bfjond  his  Ktrongth  bccomea  aorioiislr  ill. 

Tho  trmtmrot  which  thi;  groata  in  this  caae  adopts  is  tnort  absurd  and 
dai^pmme.  Tba  horse,  from  the  deranged  diatnbution  of  vital  power,  ia 
diapoaed  to  ferar,  or  he  labonrs  luidor  a  dight  dtgnxt  of  forer,  cafficieDtly 
iDil>cBt4^  W  tho  incTTfUtnt  qnickiivM  of  pulse,  rvdnoa*  of  no«r,  luid  famt  of 
moath.  The  Iniuiitndu  uid  w&nt  of  appetite  whioh  are  the  accompam- 
dutdIs  of  this  fvbrile  state,  are  mistslcen  for  d«bili^;  and  oordiaU  et 
\arioaa  kinds,  some  of  thom  oxcoodingljr  stimulDtine,  am  onsparinglf  ad- 
ministerod.  At  lungtb,  with  regard  to  the  bnnter,  tho  racer,  asd  ev«o  in 
the  hackney  and  the  carriage  horse,  tho  Missora  or  the  lanp  an  int 
dncpd,  and  a  new  method  is  ostablishcd  of  giuuding  against  thw  peiiod' 
dobilitv,  aDtting  ut  dc'Giuice  the  occosioiinl  cxpotrarc!  to  cold,  and  i^stablj 
ing  a  aegree  of  Im^altli  and  suvuf^h  pn-riouslj:  unknown.  Friction  nmi 
bo  allowed,  to  asnst  the  falling  off  of  tho  old  hair,  and  to  loosen  the  cotkl 
IW  the  ^tpeiusnoo  of  tlui  newluiir,  hnt  it  is  BoineWliat  inore  mbIIt  applied 
than  It  nsed  to  be  The  currycomb  is  in  a  great  ineavnro  bonialwa,  and 
even  the  brash  is  not  applied  too  hard  or  too  long.  Tho  oM  hair  is  not 
fcirc^d  off  before  the  yonng  hair  ia  rcAdj  to  take  it*  place. 

Nntnre  adapta  tho  ooat  to  the  olimntt!  and  to  the  seaaoB.  The  Sbeltie 
baa  ono  na  long  and  thick  ns  that  of  a  bear ;  and,  aa  tho  aommer  is  ahori 
and  oold  in  Ibose  oorih^ni  ial^iuile,  the  coat  is  rough  and  ahaggy  dnring 
the  whole  of  the  year.  In  the  soathem  parts  of  oar  coantty  the  abort 
and  Ught  and  gtosar  cost  of  annmor  gradnally  yirlds  to  the  doee  and 
beavj,  and  warm  clothing  of  winter.  In  tho  deaorta  of  Aiabto,  where 
the  vnler  ia  rarely  cold,  the  coat  remaitia  short  and  glossy  throughout 
the  year.  These  aro  wise  and  kind  provisions  of  natare,  and  excite  our 
adnuiation. 


mDE-DOLKD. 


Ui 


HIOE-SODHD. 

Thia  ifl  not  bo  much  k  diminutioii  of  the  ct-OluIar  or  Tttiy  sabstniira 
birtwvoD  tlio  skm  und  thft  mnaolM  b«Doath,  rs  it  i§  ou  alUmtiuii  in  the  i>kia 
itscll*.  It  is  a  hanlneaa  and  onyieldingnon  of  the  Ekin,  f>ora  the  waut  »f 
tlio  oily  inatt«r  on  iu  Biirf»ce  and  In  ita  sabsUmcu.  It  in  the  difTcronco  that 
is  proscntod  to  ttie  focline  hj  -well-curricd  and  sapple  leather,  and  lli&t 
wliich  haa  bcoonui  diy  and  nuyiuldin^. 

The  sarfaoe  of  the  akiu  bocumin);  drr  audliiird,  the  scnlcxof  the  caticlo 
m  no  loiter  penetrated  by  Ibo  hair,  i>ut,  sepamtiug  themsclv^  in  cveiy 
direction,  givo  that  nctiulmr  roughnd^  to  the  coat  which  ai>coiti|)aiuoa 
want  of  coudition.  It  betokens  impuirod  function  of  tho  Tesecls  ovtry- 
irhuis,  aud  partioolarly  those  of  thu  stoinacfa  and  bowek.  Hidc-bonnd  in 
BOt  ao  much  a  diseam  u  a  symptom  of  di8i?a§e,  and  parti aiUuj-ly  of  tbs 
digoatiTC  organs ;  and  oar  rctnodien  must  be  applied  not  so  much  to  tho 
akin — kithuugli  wd  have,  iu  friction  aud  in  warmth,  moat  rnlnnble  agont« 
in  pToduciu)^  a  hoalthy  conditiou  of  the  Int^truments — as  to  tho  oauM  of 
tlio  hido-bonnd,  and  the  sintj)  of  tho  coostitutiun  ^ouorally.  Every  discMO 
tltat  can  aflect  tho  gcnural  Kyxtom  may  proilnce  this  derange cuont  of  the 
fiinctioiui  of  tbu  akin.  Qlaudum,  nbiiu  b(H^otDc  i:otistitntinnaI,  is  strongly 
indionted  t^  the  nsthri%  appearance  of  the  coat^  Chronic  cougti,  grvase, 
twj,  and  foondor,  aro  accompanied  by  hido-bound ;  aud  diet  too  Bjiiiring, 
■nd  not  wlofinato  to  the  work  nxactcd,  in  an  luilailing  bootco  of  it.  If  Ilia 
cuura  M  romovcd,  tho  efiVct  will  eiiaiMi. 

Should  ilui  eauae  be  obacure,  aa  it  froqnently  is — should  the  horso  wmr 
an  onthrifly  coat,  and  bis  hide  cling  to  hia  ribs,  without  any  apparent 
AifHUfi^  yvo  shall  goncmtty  bo  warriLutiHl  in  tracing  it  to  synipntby  with 
tho  actnal,  altbonf^h  not  domouatrable,  aaapeusion  of  aorao  important 
MMiretion  of  fnnctiou,  either  of  tho  alimentary  canal  or  the  rcapiratoir 
fnuctJOoa.  A  few  mashes,  and  a  mild  done  of  physic,  are  first  indicated, 
and,  Bimplo  aa  thoy  appoar  to  bo,  thej^  often  have  a  rery  Uinoficinl  effect. 
Tho  ri^nlar  action  ofUie  bowels  being  re-ealabliahcd,  Uiat  of  all  tho 
organs  of  (lis  frame  will  speedily  follow.  If  the  horse  cannot  be  spared 
for  phyaio,aIteratiTee  may  be  ndmiimiercd.  Thci'o  ia  no  bctt«r  altoratire 
for  bidft'boiind  and  an  nntlirifty  coat,  than  tluit  whicli  is  in  common  n»o, 
levigatod  antimony,  nitre,  and  salpUur.  The  peculiar  t-ifeut  of  tho 
antimony  and  anlpuar,  aud  electric  infloenoo  on  tbe  skin,  with  that  of  the 
enlpfanr  on  tiie  bowels,  and  of  the  nitre  on  tho  orinary  organs,  will  bo 
hare  adTantagoonsly  combined. 

Should  the  horse  not  feed  well,  and  there  ia  no  indication  of  ferer,  a 
sUght  tonio  may  bo  added,  as  gentian,  or  ginctiri  bat  in  tbe  luajority  of 
cnaCM  atteudod  by  hws  of  condition,  and  an  nntltrifly  coat,  and  hido-boand, 
tonioa  and  aromatic*  Hbonld  bv  carefnlly  avoided. 

Tho  canse  of  Ibe  impaired  action  of  the  rcsscJa  being  removed,  the 
powers  of  nature  will  generally  bo  suiBuient,  and  had  b(itt«r  be  l«il  to 
tbemsolToe. 

FriotJon  may  be  employed  with  adyanlngo  ia  the  remoral  of  hido-boiuid. 
It  lias  reptutedly  been  shown  that  tliis  in  (inn  of  tho  mosteSiaaciuiUi  infltm- 
meuts  we  can  ose  to  call  into  cxercinn  the  suspended  energies  either  of  tho 
absorbent  or  secreting  Toasela.  Wamith  may  litewiso  bo  bn<l  recourse 
to — not  warmth  of  stable,  which  has  boon  shown  to  be  «o  injorions.  but 
warmth  ariaiug  &om  eierciisc,  and  the  sulutury,  althongh  iaexplicablcv 
taflsenoo  of  dipping  and  singeing. 


HO         ^HH  SCBFEIT. — JU.VGE.  ^^^^^^H 

suBmr. 

Lar^  piaqibf  or  onptlons  o(t«n  Kj^xaur  soddeDl;  ou  tlie  akin  of  the 
faotw,  and  especuIlT  in  the  •pring  of  the  ^eu-.  Ocoaionany  they  disa(>. 
pcBT  u  qnioki;  ••  U107  cain«.  SomctJmcM  tbojr  mem  to  bo  atu-itdtvl  with 
ifival  itching,  bat  at  otter  timea  tbe  annojanoe  u  compantmljr  IJttla. 
Whea  iheae  eruptions  have  remained  a  tew  days.  Ui«  cnucle  freqaentlj 
PmIi  off.  and  a  small  teaiy  spot— rarely  a  norc — in  Ivfl.  Tbi<  t»  oiled  ft 
mr&it,  froon  its  rceemblaBoe  to  aome  emptton»  on  tlic  alctn  of  tlie  haoun 
being  wben  ind^eatilile  or  nnwlwleAome  food  Imb  been  talien.  The  sur&it 
iCt  in  aome  ranm,  conflned  to  the  n«ck  1  bat  it  oftvncr  sprcada  over  the 
•idoe,  back,  lotna,  and  qaarterB.  The  caaao  i»  enveloped  in  aome  obecority. 
Tbe  diMaae  movt  freqnentlf  *pp«.-ara  wttiM)  tbe  skin  ia  tmtaUe  during  or 
after  tlie  praoeas  of  moalting,  or  whim  it  sTrnpatbises  with  any  disorder  of 
tbe  etoinacb.  It  baa  been  known  to  follow  toe  eating  of  poiuooos  herba 
or  nww-bnrBt  bajr,  but,  mnch  oftener,  it  i<  to  be  tnotKl  to  expoenre  to  oold 
when  tbe  akin  waa  previonely  irritable,  and  the  horse  hf«t«^  by  exerciask 
It  haa  also  been  attnbaled  to  tbe  immodormte  drinking  of  cold  water  when 
tbe  "'"'"'"'  was  hot.  It  is  obatmctioo  of  some  of  the  ponM  of  the  akia 
and  eweUing  of  tbe  aorroandutg  substance,  ritber  from  primary  affoctJon 
of  the  skin,  or  a  plethoric  st^  of  tbe  sjrstem,  or  sympathy  with  tiw 
diffMtiTo  orpns. 

The  atate  of  the  patient  will  aulBcienlly  guide  tbe  sni^con  as  to  tbe 
eoorw  he  afaoold  porsne.  If  there  is  simple  enptioo,  witlioat  any  marked 
inflammatory  action,  alteratiTes  should  do  resorted  to,  and  pariicubLrly 
those  recommended  for  hidn-bound  in  page  349.  Tliey  should  bo  given 
on  aercml  luccnsivu  nigbta.  Tbe  night  ia  better  tliaji  tlio  morning,  b^ 
catue  the  warmth  of  the  stable  will  cause  the  antimony  and  aulphnr  to 
act  more  powerfully  on  the  skin.  The  horse  shonlit  be  wnrraly  clolht-d — 
hnlf  nn  honr's  wslkine  exercise  slioold  be  given,  iin  tulditioniil  rag  bviog 
thronTi  orer  biw — ua^  green  meat  as  can  De  procunHl  should  be  used  in 
moderutc  quantities,  and  ttic  cbill  shonld  be  talcon  from  tbe  wat«r. 

Sfaonid  the  erantaoa  conlintu)  or  ossniao  a  more  riralcnt  cbanu.'ler, 
Usedbw  and  aloetio  phyalo  ratut  be  had  rfcourse  (o,  but  neither  sbtndd 
be  earned  to  any  extreme.  The  physic  having  set,  the  &Il<.'rative«  shoold 
a^jain  be  bad  reconno  to,  and  uttcnbon  aboald  bo  paid  to  the  comfort  sjid 
diet  of  tbe  bonic. 

If  the  eruption,  after  several  of  these  alternate  appeamnoe*  luid 
poaraiiCM,  aboald  remain,  and  thu  cntide  nni)  the  hair  begin  cxtensi 
poeJ  off,  a  worse  aSeciion  is  to  be  feiired,  for  norfnit  is  too  apt  to  p:        ^ 
or  deBenerato  into,  mange.    Tbis  disorder,  therefore,  must  next  be  eoa* 

IIAVGK. 
This  disease  afibcia  moet  of  our  domestioat«d  animals,  in  different  forms, 
and  in  the  hnmaii  solgeot  a  aimtbr  diseasa  is  known  by  tbe  nnme  of  itch. 
In  an  nnimnl  tiir<Tted  with  mu-nge,  the  cuticle  and  tbe  hair  bll  off,  and 
there  is,  as  in  obstiiiutp  aurfi-it,  a  bare  spot  covered  with  scurf — ^itome  fluid 
*«""g  fK»n  the  akiu  bouMilb.  and  this  changing  to  a  scab,  which  likewise 
men  peels  off,  and  leaves  n  wider  lipot.  This  process  is  attended  by  nm- 
■idoniblc  itebitig  and  (oDdemess,  and  tbickcning  of  the  skin,  which  soon 
becomes  more  or  lesa  folded,  or  pnckeired.  Tlie  n^au^u  [,-enerally  Gmt  ap- 
pttrs  on  iho  neck  at  the  root  of  the  mane,  and  its  existence  may  be 
nspoded  eren  bcAire  the  blotchea  spjMsr,  and  when  there  is  only  con< 
aiderable  itchiness  of  tbe  part,  by  the  etuo  with  which  the  short  Itair  «t 
tbe  root  of  tbe  maoo  ta  plnckcd  oat.    FVoiu  the  nedc  it  ajmada  npwani 


fort  and 


M.\SGS. 


3JI 


to  the  bead,  or  downwsrd  to  the  witliot«  aud  bock,  aiid  occnaiomUIj  cxtctids 
over  tli«  wbolo  caratm  o(  tho  horao. 

Ono  Miue  of  it,  lUtbough  on  anfrtNiaunt  one,  liw  booo  elated  to  be 
nqjtect^d  or  iuvelvraio  BuriSaib,  Soreral  iustunOM  ftre  on  record  in  whJdi 
ptmrty  of  coDditioa,  and  gmsni  nefj^ect  of  cLeanlitiesa,  preceded  or  pro- 
duood  iho  most  rio  I  cut  mango.  A  remark  of  Mr  Dl&itsu  very  important; 
~~-'  Among  tlui  truly  bmlthy,  so  f'nr  aa  my  cxperienco  goes,  it  never  arisos 
spOBloneoiialr,  but  it  doe*  rciulily  from  n  8pontiuii--oan  origin  among  tbo 
nnfanJtby.'  The  most  commoa  causi-  ia  contag^ou.  Airudat  the  whole*  lut 
of  disoMos  to  vrhicb  tho  borse  is  exposed,  tbore  ia  not  one  more  highly 
oontagion*  thui  nuuigc.  If  it  ones  get«  into  m  stable,  it  spn^nds  throngh 
it,  Ibr  the  aUgbtMt  oontact  aoeuA  to  be  suffineut  for  the  oommunicutioin  of 
tluB  aoiaomo  oomplainL 

If  tli«  woe  brnsh  or  cnnycotnb  is  nscd  cni  all  the  horses,  tho  prwegv 
tjon  of  mangn  is  UMmmd ;  and  horses  feeding  in  tho  siuno  poistnrc  with  a 
mnasy  one  nircly  eHCupe,  Irom  the  proptmsitr  Uiey  have  to  nibble  one 
aaoluer.  ftlaitge  in  cattle  has  been  propagated  to  the  borse,  and  from  the 
hone  to  cattle.  Tiicrc  are  also  somo  irell-authonticatcd  instances  of  tha 
•AflM  disonae  buing  commnnicntod  from  tbo  dog  to  tho  horse,  bat  not  from 
tho  hone  to  the  dog. 

Uange  has  been  said  to  originate  in  vanl  of  cleanliuees  in  tho  niaaaee* 
sunt  of  tho  stAblo.  Tho  comfort  and  lh«  health  of  tho  horae  demand  the 
ctrictcct  dcudinoss.  The  oyes  and  tbo  Inngs  frcqnently  soffor  from  th« 
noxioDs  famea  of  tbo  pntreiyi&g  dimg  iitKl  uriDu;  bat,  in  deBanco  of 
eominOD  prejndice,  there  is  uo  autb<-uLic  iuatauco  of  mange  being  the 
result.  It  may,  howoTor,  proceed  froni  pover^.  When  tbe  ankual  ia 
half  starved,  and  tho  fnnctions  of  digestion  and  thn  power  of  tha  conati- 
tation  are  wvukciii^d,  tbe  skin  soon  symiiiiUiiautt,  and  mange  is  occasional^ 
prodooed,  instead  of  surfdt  and  hiiie-Doand.  Kvciy  farmer  has  proof 
eaonj^  of  ttaa  hang  tho  case.  If  a  faorw  is  toruod  on  a  oommoo  where 
there  is  scaKcly  sumdent  borbago  to  satisfy  bis  appetite,  or  if  he  is 
plaoed  in  one  a  those,  strair-yaius  that  aru  ondcr  t£e  managomeat  of 
BueroenMy  and  nnrveling  men,  and  are  tho  veiy  abodes  of  miaery,  the 
animal  oowm  np  a  skeleton,  and  ho  comes  np  mangy  too.  Poverty  and 
•tarvatioii  are  mutfiil  soorcos  of  mnngi^,  but  it  dope  not  apoear  that  filth 
has  mocfa  to  do  with  it,  althoagb  porcrty  and  filth  gimernlly  go  hand  in 
hand.  The  aetoal  cause  of  nuuif^,  howuvt-r,  is  the  exiiit<>uc<;  uf  a  panaite 
tnurowiog  in  the  akin,  the  knowledge  of  which  is  comparatively  tu  recent 
date  in  this  country,  although  it  has  boon  for  somo  lime  known  on  tlw 
Continvnt ;  tha  name  of  the  inscint  is  tho  Acamt  egut,  and  is  precisely 
•DAloyoos  to  the  paraaito  producing  tbe  itoh  in  man — it  belongn  to  the 
ftstilj  of  mites,  one  of  the  moat  widely  disseminated  families  in  the 
animal  crration ;  thciy  are  foanit  in  tbo  most  deljnte  pi-epnrations  in  OUT 
mniununa ;  in  all  kinds  of  prcservod  animal  and  vcgotablo  Hnbatujtoes ;  id 
onr  very  food — >□  tbu  skin  of  man,  prodociug  the  itch,  in  the  skin  of  tho 
horse  aod  the  dog,  prodacing  the  manguu  It  is  to  tbo  valoablo  aid  of  tho 
mieroseopo  wo  are  tndebtod  for  tho  disoovaiy  of  this  mo«t  miscliievona 
■ad  trovslMome  insect — a  regular  sot  of  Boonrgera,  bnirowing  under  tbe 
epidermia,  or  scejf-akiu  in  man,  and  in  the  horso,  anokiag  up  and  thna 
cleuring  away  the  impuiities  on  tho  skin,  which  filtb  and  mrt  aocnronlatv, 
and  in  ivtum  danorittng  their  eggs,  rearing  tboir  progeny,  and  giving 
urLmiatakeublu  evfdenoo  of  tboir  uxistenoa.  Tbe  acama  has  eight  logs, 
mn>«l  of  wbicb  termiuate  m  a  cnp-lilco  form,  which  acting  like  a  sndcor, 
enable*  iho  mile  to  adhere  to  tho  skin  in  a  most  pcrtmocions  manuer. 
It  is  to  a  paper  by  Mr.  Bnsmos  Wilson,  read  in  oonnectioD  with  the 


359  ^^H^^^L  MANGB. 

Vi^ti^nnry  M<slii:ul  AflHHB^  '^'^  *">  iu Jobted  for  tLcat!  aiA  nuuty  otiier 
must  inU-ivstui^  partJcoMi." 

The  propriotif  of  bbwlitig  in  cases  of  rannge  tlependa  on  tho  coodilion 
of  the  phticnt.  If  nuLDgo  is  tbe  result  of  povirly,  aod  llio  mirnal  ia  mDch 
ilobilitutdl,  bleeding  t*>i3  liicr«a«Q  the  evil,  and  will  probably  d^prira  the 
cdDBlitutioD  of  the  powur  of  rallying.  Physic,  however,  ix  iadiiipi.'iuiabl« 
in  every  coso.  It  is  Uic  lirst  stop  in  the  progrcGS  t4JwardH  curt).  In  tbig, 
howcnrcr,  mimgo  in  the  horeu  reeeiublea  itch  iu  the  human  Loing— mi-di. 
viaa  lUone  mlTnerer  effect  a  euro.  There  uinst  bo  sonio  local  application. 
There  is  this  additionnl  similnrity — l.hnt  which  is  most  ciTcctuftl  in  coring 
Hie  it«h  in  tho  bniDiin  beiug  must  fomi  the  basis  of  every  local  appliCHLiun 
for  thf  cure  of  the  mange  in  tlie  horse.  Sulphur  is  indispcDsable  in  every 
uii;fuent  for  nian^.  It  is  the  Bhccl-aochorof  the  vclcrinftrysnretion.  In 
nn  early  nnd  not  very  m:ntc  sUitu  uf  nmoge,  eqnsl  portions  of  iinlphur, 
tiirptTntiup,  and  truiu-oil.  Kt'it'y  hut  well  rubhei  on  we  part,  will  l>o  ap. 
plied  with  advantage.  Knrricrs  aiv  fond  of  the  block  sniphiir,  but  Uuk 
wliich  coninflt*  of  earthy  muttf-r,  with  the  mere  drc^it  (if  Tiirioua  lob- 
nUinrtTi,  uiinnol  be  no  effectual  as  the  pure  snblinied  sulphar.  A  tolcnblj 
ntout  brush,  or  cTon  a  cnnycomb,  hghtly  applied,  should  be  used,  in  OTd«r 
to  remoTC  the  danilrifl"  or  K."urr,  whei'evor  thrre  is  any  appcanuiCO  ot 
numgo.  Ailor  thttt,  tbtt  horse  sliould  ho  wuahi^  witlt  stront;  soap  uid 
water  M&r  as  the  diaeosaliaa  extended!  and,  when  he  baa  been  tiumnuliljr 
dried,  the  ointmenfc  should  bo  well  rubbed  in  with  tho  naked  haaoL  or 
with  a  piece  of  flannel.  Morc^  good  will  bo  done  bv  a  little  of  tba  oiaV 
mont  being  well  nibbod  iu,  than  by  a  preat  dcid  being  merely  smeared 
ov*r  tho  part.     The  rubbing  alioulJ  be  daily  repeated. 

The  salphur  seems  to  have  n  direct  inflQencc  on  the  disoane — the  tur- 
pentine hna  an  indiivet  one,  by  exciting  Home  irritation  on  tho  skin  of  a 
'  diHc^rcnt  nature  from  thut  produced  Iiy  the  miuige,  uiid  under  the  tnllaonoa 
of  whii^b  the  irritation  of  uiauge  will  be  diminished,  and  tlie  disease  mon 
easily  combated.  Daring  tbo  application  of  the  ointment,  and  as  soon  as 
the  physic  hns  net,  nn  nltrTntJve  ball  or  powder,  nimilar  to  thotc  recom- 
mended for  tlie  other  affeetiuns  of  the  feiun,  shoold  bo  ibuly  jfiven.  If, 
alter  tome  days  have  passed,  no  progress  shonld  appear  to  o&ve  been 
made,  half  a  pound  of  sulphar  should  M  well  mixed  with  a  pint  of  ofl  of 
tar,  and  tho  aaeoted  parts  rubbed,  as  before.  On  every  filXh  or  sixth  day 
the  oiutnient  shonld  be  washed  olT  wiUi  warm  soap  and  water.  The  pra- 
grew  towards  core  will  thus  bo  ascrrlnined,  and  the  skin  will  bccleaitaed, 
and  its  pores  opened  for  the  wore  cSectnal  applioataoo  of  tho  motuMot. 

The  horse  should  be  well  sopplii'd  with  Dourishii^,  bat  not  stimnlatang 
food.  As  much  grcon  meat  •«  he  will  eat  ahould  be  given  to  lum,  or,  what 
is  far  better,  be  should  be  tnmod  out,  if  the  weather  is  not  loo  cold.  B 
is  neecMBry,  however,  to  be  aanutid  tliut  every  mangy  place  baa  been 
aaoioted.  It  will  be  prudent  to  give  two  or  three  dnanngs  afler  ths 
horse  has  been  appamitly  cured,  and  to  continue  the  aHerutivos  for  leu 
days  or  a  fortmgvl. 

Tbo  euro  being  completed,  the  clothing  of  tho  horse  shoold  be  weQ 
soaked  in  water,  to  which  a  fortieth  part  of  Lbn  Hntamtrd  solution  of  the 
cbloHde  of  lime  has  been  added ;  afwr  which  it  shcmld  bo  wtmhcd  vrith 
•oap  and  water,  and  again  washed  and  soiiktd  in  a  solution  of  the 
chloride  of  time.  Every  part  of  the  humru  Hhould  undergo  ft  m'mthy 
purification.  The  currycomb  may  be  scoiu-ed,  but  tho  brosb  sfaoalil  ba 
InLmed.  The  nek,  and  manger,  and  partiliona,  and  every  part  of  th* 
stable  which  the  horse  could  pusnibly  buve  toncheil,  should  be  well  washed 
with  a  biur-broom  —  a  piut  of  the  ohluride  of  lime  being  added  to  threa 
gaUona  «f  water.     All  thu  wovd-work  i>huuld  then  bo  sconicd  wiUi  soap 


I 


ItlXOVOBM. 


ftfla 


ad  wstar,  After  wbich  a  second  wiiHliing  with  the  chloride  of  lime  will 

Jor  ftU  ■eoBrei.      Some  famters  haw  pullt-d  down  their  ntnbloe,  fibea 

riber  have  been  thoronghly  infected  with  siau^.     This  ia  K-ing  unocccs- 

Baniy  cnatioas.     The  cffienfy  of  tho  chloride  of  limo  was  cot  then  known ; 

bat  if  that  ia  cureAilly  uid  Mufficinntly  iipplied  to  every  pnrt  of  the  stable 

kiul  ita  furnilDK^  then  cannot  alWrwards  Iw  cbjigor. 

Bveiy  case  of  itchineea  of  tlie  skiu  shonid  be  Tt-^rdod  with  saspictoa. 
Whpn  a  horeo  i»  seen  to  mh  the  root  of  his  tail,  or  hia  hoad,  or  nL-ck, 
agninnt  tho  matignr,  tho  parts  Mhonld  he  carefully  exominod.  Some  of  the 
hair  maj  have  boon  ruhhod  or  iom  off,  but  if  tho  roots  remain  firmly 
adherent^  and  there  is  only  rednesa  and  not  acnrflueaa  of  the  skin,  it  pro- 
iMtUy  is  not  mango  bot  only  inflnminntioii  of  the  akin,  from  t«o  grvat 
fhlncM  of  tho  blonl.  A  littk-  blood  shoald  be  abBtraH«d— «  purgative 
administvrfd — and  thu  alUjrutiirea  jfivcn.  The  mange  ointment  cannot  do 
haim,  and  niaj*  possibly  prevent  this  heat  of  the  skia  from  degeccruting 
into  Diange,  or  »rrf«t  the  progrou  of  mango  if  it  has  commenced,  if  a 
eciirfiDCm  of  aktu  dioold  ap[>cur  on  nnj  of  the  jiointa  that  are  pressed 
upon  by  tlio  collar  or  harni-Hs,  the  vfterinary  siirgeKjn  will  do  right  to 
gwd  a^j-aioat  danger  by  alterative  medicine  and  the  use  of  the  ointment 


Thin  la  a  highly  eontagions  diHeiuiR,  luid  afTocta  tn  a  greater  or  IrxN  de- 
cree most  of  oar  domeflw)  aniiuala.  Yuuii^  aiuinald  are  inuat  auiicirp tibia 
of  it,  bnl  it  is  sometimes  met  with  in  old  ones,  and  is  fVeqnentlv  conuectod 
vritli  a  debilitated  condition  of  tlic  xvctotn,  cither  tho  romilt  of  diKcnsc  or 

Snvcrty.  The  niLmu  riii^fworm  would  indicate  tliat  tlua  diaoaso  wok  pro 
accd  by  some  auimaJ,  but  althouf^b  suL-h  is  not  tin  Case,  there  is  no 
doubt  it  is  the  result  of  a  pnraMtic  Tsgolablo  fnngoa  oompoeed  of  minute 
oval  spores  and  short  curred  filarosnta,  which  pervades  and  splita  np  the 
roota  of  tho  hain.  Tho  diseaaa  affiscta  tho  skin  in  circular  jHitidiM  vaiy- 
ioK  in  nxe,  fruquently  as  larRe  as  half  a  crown.  Tho  skin  is  first  raised, 
aLd,  in  a  fi^w  days,  the  htdr  oomea  off,  leaving  a  bald  round  space  the 
surface  of  which  is  dry  and  scaly.  Thry  arc  found  in  almost  all  parts  of 
th«  body,  bnt  more  eqiecially  about  the  neck  luid  qnartera,  and  if  nr^h-cti^d 
will  mcreaao  rnpidly  and  prove  a  very  tmublosome  disease.  The  treat- 
ment should  at  once  consist  in  removing  the  animal  toaplaoovhentbere 
would  be  DO  liability  to  his  being  braughfe  in  contact  with  other  animals, 
great  care  being  obiiervod  by  the  attendant  in  keeping  cvrrytliing  eon- 

^aeeted  with  hia  treatment,  away  from  any  other  hone.     Biiigwurm  is  so 

Dtogions  in  its  nature  that  it  may  be  propai^ated  in  a  variety  of  ways, 

'  sometimea  baffles  oor  most  cnrefol  cflbrto  to  prevent  ita  extonsioD ; 

>  too  great  caution  cannot  bo  olxtcrved  on  Uio  part  of  thcao  under 

'wfaoM  eare  tfae  animal  ia  jilaoed.  Groat  iiumboTs  of  remedial  agents  have 
beest  employed  in  the  care  of  ringworm,  bnt  none  will  be  fonnd  sim]>ler 
or  better  Uian  the  biniodide  of  mcrounr  mado  into  an  ointment  in  the 
pTopottioB  of  half  a  dracbm  of  tlie  buiiodide  to  one  ounce  of  lard,  a 
amall  quantity  being  well  rubbed  on  the  whole  ssrfnco  of  the  ringwonn 
emy  third  day.  By  this  meaus  the  parwitio  fnngmi  vnll  be  doslroyod, 
and  a  gentle  stiiuolaling  effect  proilncKHl  njxm  the  skin,  which  will  hasten 
tha  growth  of  tbe  hair.  Attention  should  also  be  paid  to  the  f^ueral 
hcalu)  of  the  animal ;  if  nuffenug  from  debility,  a  moro  generous  diet  will 
be  found  thp  beat  tonic,  aiid  matei-inlly  hast«qt  tho  cure.  If,  aa  is  some* 
times  tbe  oase,  tlie  wimnt  affected  be  in  good  oondition,  a  doae  of  physio 
foUowad  by  altcwaltTW  may  be  ncce«Muy. 

la 


«M  ^^^^^K        QBfUSB. 


OSE&SE. 

OroiM  !>  ft  tpedflo  InfluiuaiatioD  of  die  aebweona  foUIolat  «f  ttia  i 
of  tho  beeU,  sometimefl  of  Uie  fcr»  foot,  bnt  ofteoer  of  ttia  hind 
followed  by  aa  incrcnMid  morbid  orcrvtion. 

Tlicni  in  n  pocnlinrity  ubout  tlio  nkin  of  tfao  heel  of  thu  honw.  In  iia 
heultltj  «t»t«  there  U  a  Becrt-ltoii  of  tjreaey  inatt*r  from  il^  iu  order  to 
prevent  excoriatioD  and  chitpping,  and  ttio  skiu  ia  son;  Mid  pliiibli'.  Too 
o(\i>ri,  liowevpT,  from  bad  iniiniiKrmrnt,  tlio  •oorotlon  of  tluB  greasy  matter 
is  Btoppod  or  blUTcit,  ntid  Hu:  .ikm  of  Qui  beol  bcGomoa  red,  and  (\tj,  and 
iiBQrfy.  The  joUit  rtill  oouliiiuiii};  to  be  est«'ii<lt.>d  and  flexed,  craoks  of  the 
nkiii  oegiu  to  appoor,  and  these,  if  negl(>ctcd,  rapidly  extend,  and  the  heel 
becomes  a  innM  of  sorcnriw  atit]  nlonrntion. 

Tbe  dixtitnco  of  the  Ul-oI  from  tko  cvutri!  of  cin^nb^on,  and  tlio  poxition 
of  tho  hind  luubii,  niuder  the  retuni  of  blood  alow  and  difficult.  Thoro 
IN  also  more  variation  of  tomparaturo  liero  than  in  any  other  part  of  the 
frume.  A3  the  bono  ubindfl  in  IJ10  clowod  stable,  tbo  boat  of  this  part  ia 
too  ofit«n  ini^nnaad  by  ibilHung  iinbodd«d  in  stntiv.  When  tho  stable  door 
in  open  th<j  hwla  ar«  nearest  to  it,  and  teceiro  first,  and  nm.it  powi-rfiiUy, 
thu  cold  current  of  air.  When  he  is  t.-kken  from  hij  stable  to  work,  tho 
hoela  are  frpqiipntly  covcrM  with  mim  and  wpI.,  nnil  they  are  on«ne«l  and 
maMt  intcnHoly  chilled  by  the  long  and  alow  {iroct^its;  of  cvnporntion  which 
i»  taking  plaoo  from  them.  No  one,  then,  oon  woudur  itt  tho  frM|acncy 
viik  w^cn  the  heels,  especially  the  hind  onea,  ore  attacked  by  inAtunmo- 
tion,  and  the  dif&culfy  there  is  in  enbdning  it- 

Somo  horsM  oro  moru  Kubjoct  to  gmuw  than  othera,  wpooiallr  draught 
hoTHa,  both  htrnvy  and  li^ht^  but  [tariii^olarly  the  fonnor,  imd  it  they  haro 
no  difgreo  of  breed  in  thevn.  it  was  the  experience  of  this  wbiob  partly 
contributed  to  the  gradnol  change  of  ooocb  and  oth«r  dnaght  honu.i»  to 
those  of  a  Hgbtor  breod.  In  the  great  majority  of  casts,  grcaso  arises 
from  mismanagnmont  and  ucglrct. 

Evenrthing  that  has  a  tmiduucy  to  eicito  inflamjnatiun  in  Uic  alria  of 
the  beef  is  a  canae  of  grease.  Therefore  want  of  exercise  is  a  frequent  aooroe 
of  this  disease.  Tho  flnid  whit-.b  accumnlatos  about  the  extremitiea,  and 
is  anablo  to  ratnm,  is  %  wmrce  of  irrilatioR  by  its  continued  preesnrv. 
Wbeothlgli  feeding  is  added  to  irregular  or  deficient  excnnao,  tho  disease 
is  OTidenUy  still  more  likolv  to  bo  produced.  Want  of  cloaidinesa  in  the 
trtnbto  ill  a  frnitfttl  »outco  of  greaao.  When  the  heola  are  imbedded  in  liltb, 
they  arc  weakened  by  the  constant  moistnro  snrTonsding  them — irritated 
by  the  aeriuMuy  of  the  dnng  and  the  uiiuc,  and  little  prapared  to  aadim 
tbe  cold  evaporation  to  which  tiey  are  esjMsed  when  the  bono  is  takfln 
oat  of  tho  ctahlc.  The  al»nrd  pnvctioe  of  washing  tho  feet  and  legs  of 
horse*  when  they  oontc  from  their  work,  nnd  eitbor  Garelessly  sponging 
tbem  down  aftortranls,  or  leaving  them  to  dfj  aa  th<<y  may,  is,  however, 
tbe  moat  common  origin  of  grease. 

fnum  the  Iiorso  is  wanwd  by  hia  work,  and  tho  heels  aliare  in  tho 
vrareitli,  the  momentary  cold  of  washing  may  not  bo  injnrioua,  if  tbo 
animal  is  immediately  mbbed  dry ;  yet  even  this  wonid  be  better  avoided: 
but  to  wash  oat  the  beels,  and  tlum  leave  them  partially  dry  or  porfectly 
«e^  and  soflering  from  the  oxbrene  oold  that  ts  produced  by  evaporation 
from  a  moist  and  wot  snrfaco,  is  tbo  most  abrord,  daup.>roaa,  aud  injnrions 
pnu-tioo  that  can  be  imagined.  It  is  worse  when  tho  post-hone  or  the 
bloagh-bone  i*  plunged  op  to  his  belly  iu  the  river  or  pond,  JT^im*. 
aialdy  alter  bis  work.  Tito  owner  is  little  aware  how  many  oassa  at 
inflammation  of  tbo  lung*,  an<t  bowels,  and  foot  and  heels  follow.     It 


^^^^^^^^^^^^       OREASR         ^1™    ^        tea 

vroold,  then»fore,  be  an  exceUoot  rule  iiorcr  to  wash  the  heels  of  theM 
boiMS.  After  tlioj-  hnvo  bcpn  iinlt'crcd  io  ettaid  for  tireatj  minate^  id  the 
•tabl*,  dnrint;  which  time  thu  lionic-kcnpcr  or  the  oiirt«r  mn^  bo  empJojed 
in  tAkinfc  ran!  of  thu  haLTiuiM,  or  carrinKV,  or  buginnin^  to  dra«  tlie  horatt, 
the  (preftKr  part  of  the  diH  which  had  collected  nboul  tJie  heela  may  be 
got  nd  of  with  a  dry  brush ;  and  the  rest  will  dienppcar  In  a  quarter  of 
Ml  boiir  nficrwrnrdx  nader  thc!  operntion  of  a  (ccond  bi'uBhin^.  Tho  trouble 
will  not  bo  gnait,  Mid  thu  hculii  will  uut  be  cbiUed  and  subject  to  ialliuu- 
matioD. 

Uuch  raror  has  prevailed,  and  it  has  led  to  considorablo  bad  practice, 
from  the  Doticn  of  hutngiini  lyinj;  nboDt  tlio  horw,  uid  which,  it  is  said, 
mRKt  have  vent  nomewhurc^,  mid  uttiick  thc  IkwIh  as  the  weakest  port  of 
tluv  liamu.  Thence  arise  the  ph,vaickin((T  and  the  lou)?  ooursv  of  diuretic^ 
whioh  Iruly  weakeu  the  animal,  and  olien  do  irrepamble  Duscliief. 

Grease  is  a  local  complaint.  It  is  prorlnccd  principally  by  oaasca  that 
act  locally,  and  it  ig  moat  mcccmfnlly  tn^uted  by  local  applications.  IKn- 
rcfica  and  purgutivi-a  niay  be  um-fiil  in  abating  inltamuation  ;  but  the 
gnuid  object  ta  to  ^t  rid  of  the  inilaiiiinutory  action  whtcb  exists  id  tlis 
aids  of  ue  heel,  and  to  heal  tho  wounds,  and  remedy  the  miauhief  which 
ii  ba«  oocastonod. 

Tho  akm  soon  cracks,  and  i*  folIgwc<1  l>y  the  ozudation  of  n  pVMy  and 
vonr  fistid  fluid.  Aa  the  disi.'iiae  proKi'i-')'^'-'*  it  inTulrcs  the  skio  lit  tlte 
bMMC  put  of  the  le^,  especially  when-  there  is  lonir  hair,  hdiI  tonKitiDies 
eztenaa  nearly  to  the  hock,  bnt  mrely  above  it.  When  cra*:ks  ap{>ear,  the 
mode  of  trcntmcnt  will  depend  on  their  cxt^'nt  nnd  depth.  If  ilii'v  are 
but  ■light,  a  lotion,  conipi>K<J  of  xulpltiite  of  xiuc  or  alum  oiiiimtiit,  will 
often  epeedtiy  diy  them  op,  and  close  Uiem. 

If  Uia  CTBcka  are  deep,  with  an  ichorous  dischar)^  and  considerable 
lamenmn,  it  will  be  nooo«aaiy  to  poultice  the  hn<!.  A  poaltioe  of  liniiecd 
neal  and  bnin  will  lie  generallr  edVctire,  tmlem  tlic  ditteharge  ta  thin  and 
offenaivc,  wIk-d  an  nance  of  luiely  [lovrdered  cbarcoa)  ahuuld  be  mixed 
with  tho  linaetid  meal ;  or  a  poultice  of  carrots,  boiled  soft  and  maahed- 
The  «lftoacy  of  a  carrot  poultice  is  seldom  saHici«Dtly  apprecintod  in  cases 
liknUui. 

When  th«  inflikmmation  and  [lain  hare  eridently  Hubsided,  and  the  mroii 
.i;^il.«jyw  good  matter,  the  calaDiiue  ointment  may  he  ap|>lied  with  advan> 
lam ;  and  the  care  will  generally  he  quickened  if  a  diluted  §olutioD  of 
Mupbate  of  ainc  or  ainm  is  applied.  An  n^nliention  tlint  will  be  found 
aaarlyaiipccifiCiaAcr  the)iouUiatngand  pbyHicKing  baro  been  had  ivconraa 
to,  is  a  muctoTQ  of  from  two  drachms  to  half  an  otmee  nf  xolplinrio  acid 
to  a  pint  aud  a  half  of  water,  nuikini*  a  quart  mixture.  A  little  of  tium 
■pphod  momiTii;  and  orening,  also  as  soon  as  tho  legs  have  been  dresee<l 
anoi-  worb,  will  bo  foond  hignly  beneficial. 

After  the  chats  or  omcks  have  heoJed,  the  legs  will  eomctinua  contione 
gorf^  Biid  Hwelled.  A  flannel  bandaee,  evenly  applied  over  the  whulo  of 
the  swelled  part,  will  bo  verv  Hcrriccablo ;  or,  ahould  tlie  Mason  admit  of 
it,  a  run  at  gnun,  particnlnrly  spring  grnM,  should  bo  allowed. 

In  Mnne  cnsea  the  crockii  are  not  confined  to  the  cnitiv  of  the  heeb,  bat 
ouread  over  thorn,  and  extend  on  tho  fetlock,  and  even  up  the  lef;,  while 
tne  legs  are  ezoeedtngly  swelled,  and  there  is  a  wntcrv  discharge  from  tho 
cracks,  and  aa  aftptmit  ooriag  through  tho  Hkin  at  other  plaoea.  Thc  Irga 
araexccvxtin^y  lender  aud  aometimoa  hot^  and  there  is  an  apjicaiance 
which  the  furrier  think*  rmj  decisive  as  to  the  rtato  of  Uie  disekoe,  and 
which  the  hotter- informad  tnaa  thould  not  overlook — Me  Aeelt  tmoht — the 
skin  is  so  hot  that  the  wateiy  fluid  partly  vnpocataa  m  tk  ntaa  from  tho 
cncks  or  ootm  tfaioagh  tlto  skin. 

aaS 


3J6  ^^P^B^  OREASR.  ^^^^W^^^^H 

There  will  be  a  RTcat  daDger,  it  is  said,  in  middenly  stopping  this  itM- 
duu-j^e.     luA&mmiition  of  »  more  important  paft,  it  is  appt«hetiii<.-d,  m&fJ 
rapidly  sacceod  to  the*  injndicions  attempt.    The  Iocb.1  npplication  shounj 
b«  diTttctod  to  the  ftlubmicDt  of  Uw  iuJlnmiuittion.      The  poulticv*  jasl| 
rcfdred  to  ahonld  be  diligeuUj  uaod  uikLi  aiid  day,  aud  i-spvoi&Uj  thd 
ourrot-poultice ;  and  when  the  hsat,  and  IwidenuMs,  andstii&eiBa  of  moticfla 
Lave   dimininbiHl,   ojd^ringcnt  lotiona  may  be  applied — «ithor  the  Blud| 
lotion  or  a  atroti^  duooutton  of  oalc-bark;  duUDm^  or  used  altcrnati-Iy,  bat 
not  mixed.     The  cracka  ehould  likevise  be  drCMed  with  the  oiuUncut 
above  mentionod  ;  and.  the  moment  the  homo  can  boar  it,  a  flannel  bamdaga 
alumld  be  pat  od,  Kuching  from  the  corunet  to  three  or  fonr  inches  tbon 
tbo  swelling. 

The  medicine  should  bo  coofinod  to  mild  diuretics,  or,  if  tbo  bono  ia 
irroM,  and  the  inflammation  mnn  '^'^^i  *  doso  of  physic  may  be  giTcn, 
If  the  horse  is  wtrong,  and  tiilt  of  Bush,  physic  should  always  precede 
and  BOmttimm  nnperscdo  tho  diurHitui.  In  vases  of  much  debility,  din- 
rnticM,  wiUi  uromattcs  or  tonics,  will  be  prof^mble. 

The  fuedint*  should  likewise  vary  with  tho  case,  bnt  with  these 
which  admit  of  no  exception,  t^t  grcon  meat  ahonld  be  given, 
more  ospcoiaUy  gutoU,  when  tliey  axe  not  loo  expensive,  and  mashes, 
if  the  hone  wtU  est  them,  and  nerer  the  fiill  allowance  of  com. 

Walking  eiorciso  should  bo  rriorlod  to  as  soon  as  the  hutae  U  able 
to  l>rar  itr,  and  thia  by  dogrvca  may  be  increased,  bat  in  no  stage  at 
tho  dJHt'tuH!  neglected. 

From  bad  stable  management  at  first,  and  neglect  during  the  dincRM, 
a  y<5t  worse  kind  of  git^aso  occa^ionnJIv  appears.  The  nlcerjiton  extt^nda 
over  the  skin  of  tlie  hool  and  tho  futloclc,  and  fungoid  growths  sprinj;  from 
the  sarfncc  of  both,  highly  sensitive,  bleeding  at  tho  slightest  toach,  and 
inton([Hn«ed  with  scabs.  Oy  degrees,  poHJoas  of  the  fungoid  growths  biv 
fpn  to  be  covered  with  a  horny  substance  protruding  in  the  form  of  knoba, 
ukI  collected  together  in  bnnchea.  Theso  arc  known  by  the  name  at 
jfrap«t,  and  canmst  of  an  attvnHl  xtuto  of  the  {mpillnlod  snrthco  of  the  dera 
Biis.  A  fd'tid  and  very  peculiar  exndatJuu  proeeuds  from  ntitrly  the  wltole 
of  the  unuutural  substauco,  Tho  hor^e  evidently  aulTers  much  an  be  is 
gnidnally  worn  down  by  the  discharge.  The  assistance  of  a  reltfrinai^ 
soMreon  iH  here  IndiipenHuble. 

Tbero  has  been  some  dispute  as  to  the  propriety  of  cutting  the  hidr  from 
the  heels.  Professor  Stewart  has  tbo  following  observations : — '  DnriBg- 
iwo  very  wot  wintow,  I  Imvo  hiid  opportunity  of  observing  the  reanlta 
of  trimming  and  no  trimming,  aiaocg  upwards  of  SOO  horses.  More  Hum 
300  <>f  Uiese  have  boon  omployed  in  coaching  and  poating,  or  work  of  a 
similar  kind,  and  abont  1-^0  aro  cart-horses,  Grease,  and  other  skin 
diaeaaes  of  the  heels  have  btwn  of  mo«t  froqaent  occurrence  whero  tba 
bones  Are  both  triinmud  and  washed  [  they  bare  been  common  where  tba 
hone*  wcov  trimmed  but  not  washed,  and  there  harv  been  vwr  few  OSMS 
wlioro  washing  or  trimming  were  forbidden  or  negleoled.*  Custom  bai 
Tciy  properly  retained  the  hair  on  one  farm-horses.  Natnro  would  not 
liave  givm  it  had  it  not  been  usoftil.  It  gunrda  tho  heel  Irom  being  in- 
jurcd  Of  tho  ineqn^iliea  of  the  plooghed  field ;  it  prevents  the  dlrl,  m 
which  the  lioola  are  oonstantiy  eBTsJoped,  fW>m  reselling  and  caking  on, 
and  irritating  the  akin ;  it  hinder*  the  nsnal  moisture  which  ia  mixed  witk 
tbv  clay  and  mcpsld  trota  nuiehint;  tin;  akin,  and  it  preserves  un  equal 
temporatore  in  the  [nrla.  If  the  hair  is  suITerefl  to  remain  on  the  hevls 
of  the  fann-lionMa,  tbere  is  greater  necessity  fur  bmxhing  and  baad- 
ruKbiiig  llie  hn>1a.  and  novrr  iradiiD^  them. 

Jfaahion  sod  ntiu^  have  removed  tlie  hair  (ram  the  koeb  of  onr  haofe 


^^^^^^^^"  WABTS. — VEHMLV.  3J7 

nty  Mid  carringe  lun-ncH.  Wlicn  the  honw  i«  carefully  tended  afUr  lii» 
work  in  over,  and  Uia  It-^a  quickly  uml  eomplotcly  ilritHl,  tins  Ic«h  Ii&ir  he 
liaa  about  tLem  the  better,  for  tlien  botli  the  sktu  nnd  tlio  Imir  ctin  be  miid» 
perfectly  dry  bpfor©  evaporntion  begina,  or  proceoda  so  far  a«  to  dupriri) 
tlio  Usgn  of  tlinir  hiisit.  iirvaiu:  it  the  child  oi* Dogli^iico  and  tuiamaiuif^ 
ment.  It  id  driven  from  uur  ciivnJry,  and  it  will  bn  tho  fault  of  the 
geatleiaao  and  tlio  farmer  if  it  is  uot  Bpoedily  baniiihod  from  orory 
stable. 

VJUtTB. 

Tbeae  an  tninODrs  of  variable-  size,  arising  from  tbo  entiole,  and  pro- 
doced  by  an  altered  (bypertropUic-d)  statu  of  tlio  pupillated  Btmctnrtt  of 
Uio  dermis.  1'horo  art  aovcral  Tarieties  in  diffoi-ent  parta  of  the  body. 
Tho  HC'aly  wart  which  froqnimtly  acrjnirco  conniHornhlo  kiV.c,  and  tho  siir- 
fafu  of  wliioh  ia  ^uurally  coverud  with  :u(iiiitur<(,  is  fimnd  iismilly  on  tho 
abdomen.  Tbo  ronud  one  on  the  eyolids  luid  fucv,  and  the  |j(>iiiti.-d  one  on 
tfa*  teats.  Anotlior  kind  called  tho  eticyst«d  wart  aomctiuios  oxista  iu 
]ai^  Dumboni  on  tho  insido  of  the  thigh  and  prepnce.  Thoi-e  ia  no  alter- 
ation in  the  iixtomal  appcaranco  of  the  nkin,  hot  a  hard  niovcnhle  tnmniir 
ia  felt  depending  upon  tho  uljlitcmtion  of  mnnc  of  the  splwfcitis  folliok-*, 
by  an  increase  of  the  conteuta  of  tlie  whole  gland.  Tlie  nails  of  the  oyHt 
ara  composed  of  condensed  areolar  tisane.  Warts  must  be  removed  by  an 
operation.  If  tho  root  bo  Teiy  email  it  may  Iw  snipped  wnodor  with  a 
pair  of  Hcitiimr*  cloH  to  tho  lilciii,  and  the  ront  touched  with  tho  Innar 
watio.  If  tlio  pediolo  or  atom  bo  sioiiMTwliat  liirger,  a  ligature  of  waii-d 
ailk  mar  be  paAM-d  firmly  round  it,  and  tJ|,'ht<-nod  every  day.  Tbo  aourca 
of  Datnment  being  thn?  cut  off,  tho  tumour  will,  in  a  few  days,  die  and 
drop  off.  If  they  are  laree  gr  in  conKidcrablo  clnxtorn,  it  will  bv  ncccsxaTT 
to  cart  tho  horse,  to  cut  tlu-m  ofTcliiBi-  to  the  Bkin,  and  aoar  tho  root  with 
a  red-hot  iron.  Uuloita  those  procautiuna  are  uaed,  tlie  warta  wilt  speedily 
aproat  again.  In  encysted  warts  an  opening  shoold  bo  fr«oly  loado  over 
tbo  ccntro,  and  tho  contonte  squeezed  out. 

MALUHDBKS  USIt  U3JSBDZBB. 

On  tlift  insidfl  of  tho  hock,  or  a  littlu  below  it,  as  well  as  at  the  bend  of 
the  knee,  there  ia  occa«ioually  a  teaxtr  eruption  called  malletidtn  in 
the  fore-lej;.  and  talktuiera  in  the  hiod-W.  They  seldom  produce  lome- 
BBM  i  bnt  if  no  means  are  taken  to  get  rid  of  them,  a  discharge  procrnls 
from  thom  which  it  is  afterwards  dimcnlt  to  stop.  They  uMuiuly  iudiuito 
bad  stable  nttuinKcment. 

A  diuretio  ball  should  be  occaaioually  given,  and  an  ointment  composed 
of  carbonate  of  zinc  and  lard  rubbed  over  tho  part.  Should  this  tail,  a 
weak  laercurial  ointmoot  may  bo  n«cd. 

TEximr. 

Both  the  biped  and  quadruped  arc  subjeot  to  the  vintation  of  msecta 
tltat  bstoD  on  the  skin,  and  are  a  conatant  nniaanco  from  the  itching 
which  tliey  occMiion.  If  tlio  horae,  afl«r  being  turned  nut  for  the  winter, 
is  taken  up  again  in  the  ^ring,  long  luid  rough  in  him  tioat  and  poor  in 
conilition,  and  with  evident  hide-bound,  he  will  almost  invariably  be 
oiUictrd  with  vorrain.  In  our  prvtuMit  aoquaiulance  with  natural  history, 
it  ia  di£Bcnlt  to  account  for  the  appearance  of  certain  insects,  and  of  thoM 
alone  on  thu  iutcgnmeut  of  one  animal,  while  others,  of  an  altogether 
dt0bnnt  character,  are  found  on  its  neighbour.  Ennh  one  baa  a  toimentur 
pecoliar  to  itwlf.      Tho  rormin  of  ^le  hone  can  be  destroyed  bj  an 


Sd8 


TUB    FWHE-LEOS. 


infnsioD  of  foboccn,  or,  vthat  is  eifiukDr  oiFcRtnul,  ft  deOAetioB  of  starciuu'rB 
wooilx.  Tlin  Hkin  being  onco  cluu-nsed  of  thi-in,  attciilion  to  tlie  conditioa 
of  Uitt  luiiintil,  aud  oIuimlinoBB  wUl  prerent  tlioir  re-ftppeorauce. 


CHAPTER    XVI 


TUB   F0RE-LEG9. 

Wb  arrive  now  &t  thom  [inrU  of  tho  fr&mo  vhich  ftre  most  eaaentiftlly 
connocted  with  tho  action  n-mJ  value  of  tbo  home,  ivnd  ofUmoot  uid  moet 
nnnoyingljr  tho  mibjoctit  of  diiinu»«.  Th«  4!xtromitic.ii  oonbtii)  tho  whole 
apparBtuH  of  Tolnntorj  motion,  "with  wluch  tbo  action,  ftnd  speed,  Aod 
Ktreiigtli  of  the  horao  arc  most  concerned. 

Tho  rore-lci>B.  when  riewod  in  front,  shoold  bo  widest  at  tho  choBt,  and 
ihoald  gmdnnllvnoprnacli  to  cw;h  othera*  wodpsccnd  t<iwnrilRthpfi'tlock. 
The  d«)rree  of  wiijth  muHt  dnnnnd  on  tlw  piir]ios«i;  for  which  the  hntnc  is 
wanted.  The  lega  of  a  heavy  aruTiKlit-bonti;  can  searcaly  bu  too  Cw  npnrt. 
His  rounded  chest  enables  him  to  lliraw  mare  weif^ht  into  tlie  collar;  and 
not  boing  roqnired  for  ppeed,  he  Tvants  not  tlint  oceasionally  increased  ex* 
paniioii  of  ctiMt  which  the  circular  form  is  not  calcolated  to  pvr.  A 
Itontcr,  ft  knokner,  and  a  oonch-horm)  Klinnld  have  mlBcient  oxnuwion  uf 
the  oheat,  or  tho  It^  HufllcientW  irido  apart,  to  leftTe  room  for  um  plity  of 
the  !iin^ ;  but  dupUi  more  tiian  roaudaeM  of  oheet  is  hero  n.i(nirL>d, 
beoanse  the  deep  chest  admits  of  zaost  ospansioD  when  the  horse,  in  rapid 
a^'tion,  and  the  circulation  proportionally  quickened,  needs  mort  room  to 
breathe ;  yet,  if  th«  breavt  is  too  wido,  thore  will  ho  conNiilcrablo  wmgbt 
thrown  bofortt,  and  tho  hono  will  bo  hcnrj  in  husU  and  unxufo. 

Whrthor  the  Ir^  are  nrar  ta  «ach  other  or  wide  apart,  tUej'  should  h» 
straight.  Tlie  elbow  nhonld  nut  liave  the  aliphtest  inclination  inward  or 
oatmxd.  If  it  inclines  toward  Die  ribs,  it«  action  will  be  confined,  aad 
tho  hg  will  bo  thrown  outward  when  in  motion,  and  dcscnbo  a  cnriou  , 
and  awkward  riirvc.  Tiiiv  will  gire  a  pocniiar  rollins  motian,  nnple 
to  tho  rider  and  uujtafi;  to  Uui  aoiniiU.  The  toe  wUl  Ukowiao  be  tar 
outward,  which  will  not  only  jirevent  thu  foot  frora  coming'  fiat  on  tlw 
ground  in  its  drftccot,  but  be  usually  aooompanied  by  catting,  oven  morv 
cvrtaiidy  than  when  the  too  turns  inward.  If  tho  clliow  is  turned  outward 
tlie  toes  will  neoensarily  bo  turned  inward,  which  is  ft  great  nniiijthttinca^ 
and  to  a  considerable  dcgrvo  ininrion»,  for  tho  weight  cau&ot  be  perfcctlyj 
(lisl.ribatMl  over  the  fool — tho  fwikring  cannot  ba  true,     Tbere  will  also  boJ 

nnduo  pressure  on  the  inner  i)uart«r,  a  tendency  to  unrofomCT,  and  ft  < 

position  to  splint  and  com.     Tbo  legs  should  come  down  pcqKOiiilioalBrlr' 
troni  thu  elbow.     If  they  incline  backward  and  under  tlin  lioiao^  tboro  n 
nnduo   stress  on  the   cxtimiior  ninsolus;  anil,   the   leg^  being  broupklj 
nearer  the  oeotre  of    grarity,   too  ^mat   weight  is  thrown    forwardif 
and  the  horse  is  liable  to  knuckle  orer  and  become  nnsafe.     AnotfaeF 
Toiy  unsightly  defwH  is  that  oallod   calfrlnggnd,    when   tho  knoei  ia- 
■Icad  of  Wing  straight  under  the  arm,  cbttos   backwards^it  in  an 
uiutafe  and  ust'l««s  variation  of  fom.     If  the  lege  have  a  direcii<in  furwanl, 
the  flexor  musclee  are  strained,  nnci  the  n^-tion  of  the  horse  is  awkward  and 
nmfinad.  Tbotoosbnuld  bo  foumlpreciactlTumlnr  the  point  of  the  sfaooUer. 
If  it  is  ft  liuto  ntom  forward,  thu  bone  wiQ  probably  l>o  deJicienl  in  actioi 
if  it  is  more  under  the  borao,  uuaafeneas  will  be  added  to  still  great 
defx4  in  going. 


TOE   SHOULDER. 

Wd  commence  wilh  the  uppor  portaon,  of  vhicb  Hba  Son  eztreioit/,  tho 
abould«r,  ia  wen  at  G,  jiage  140. 

TEZ   SEODUnB. 

The  teapvla  or  Bho(ild«T-blAdc,  8it«at«<]  rorvrard  on  Uie  Bids  af  (3i»  dhwt. 
i>  ft  bono  of  •  Kmuiwliiit  tnnngnW  slutpe,  with  ite  apox  or  narroWMt  poii£ 
downvmrd,  nud  its  broiid  and  thin  nxpnnaioD  upward.  Tlie  point  of  tli« 
ahonlder  Hub  opposite  U>  thti  fimt  luid  second  ribs  ;  the  hinder  cxpntisioD  of 
th*  bue  reaches  m  far  back  as  the  eeventh  rib;  it  therFLTora  cxtntids 
obluinolj  nloDS  tho  chmit.  It  is  divided,  oxtcmally,  into  two  uuMjaul 
pOTtion*  hjr  u  ruigo  or  apina  mniiing  through  nlmost  the  wboto  of  its  eil«<iitv 
aod  desigutid,  as  will  be  prcMiitly  si^mi,  fur  the  nttachracnt  of  importnnC 
nmaclM.  The  brood  or  upper  part,  having  no  moadea  of  aay  consoqaonce 
atlacbod  to  it,  is  tcrminntcd  hr  cartilaee. 

Tho  shoiilder-blniin  is  nnitrd  to  thn  chest  by  mnnclo  nlnno.  Thoro  is  one 
ttrgb  mnsol^  iritb  very  remarkablQ  tendinous  fibres  and  of  imnicnKo  strength 
(ihe  terratus  marpiut,  great  saw-ahapi'd  mnaole),  attaclit'd  to  thi"  rliest, 
all  the  true  ribs,  and  to  the  upper  third  of  the  internal  surface  of  tho 
iihoiildrr-hliuin,  nad  tho  fonr  last  cervical  varlebm,  and  by  wliich,  Hnet«d, 
or  rftthor  ntrL-ngtbeni^,  by  tho  other  mnidM,  the  woight  of  tho  bod;  is 
Bupport«d,  and  llie  ithock  of  the  widert  le^  or  the  uo»t  Twpid  nntion, 
mutaiaed.  Had  there  been  a  bony  nniou  beiwe«n  the  shoulder  «iid  tho 
bodjTt  the  Tital  parts  contained  in  the  ch<«t  could  not  tiai'e  endured  the 
dreadful  ahocl:  which  thoy  wonld  ocoaitionnlty  hnvo  cipori<mcod ;  nor 
could  any  bon(!  hnvo  long  ruinained  vrliole  if  fxfwitpd  to  such  violence. 
The  muscles  within  the  shoulder-blade  act  as  powerful  and  safe  spriuKH. 
They  yield,  as  far  m  neooesuy,  to  the  force  impressed  upon  them.  By 
their  gTttdual  yielding  lii^  destroy  the  violence  of  tho  shneic,  itnd  then  1^ 
their  cliutic  power,  immCMfttaly  gain  tltcir  former  situatiuu. 


SlkVimO  DIRECTIOH  OP  IHE  SBOULDEK. 

The  lessening  or  breaking  of  tho  shoclc,  from  the  voight  being  thrown 
TJolcntly  on  the  fore  legs,  in  efieotMl  in  another  way.  It  will  be  observed, 
that  (see  Q  and  J,  p.  140)  tho  ahoulder-blade  and  the  lower  bone  of  the 
iboolder  are  not  cuuneded  together  in  a  str^ght  line,  but  form  a  tui^' 
oonndetable  angle  with  each  otoisr.  This  will  a»  more  evident  &om  the 
fiiUowing  out,  which  represents  the  fore  and  hind  extremitiee  in  the  situA- 
laona  which  liey  oncnpy  in  the  horse. 

This  angular  oonstruotion  of  the  limbs  renunds  ns  of  a  iiiniiliir  urntnge> 
munt  of  the  springs  of  a  carriage,  and  th»  ea«e  of  motion,  aud  almost  per- 
fect freedom  &om  joHisg,  which  aro  thereby  obtnined. 

1 1  must  not  perhaps  be  said,  that  the  form  of  the  spring  was  borrowed 
from  thin  ennjitroction  of  the  limbs  of  tho  horse,  hut  the  efTeot  of  the 
earriagi^-sqiritig  bi-autifally  illustrates  the  connection  of  tho  different  bones 
in  the  extremitius  of  this  quadruped. 

Tho  obliquity  or  idanting  direction  of  the  ahonlder  effects  other  veiy 
OBofhl  porpoicx.  That  tho  stride  in  tli«  gallop,  or  the  space  psissed  over 
in  the  trot,  mar  be  cxtensiTO,  it  is  nocosaaiy  that  the  fan  port  of  the  animal 
abonld  he  con.nidt'rably  elevated.  The  Hhotilder,  l>y  niruns  of  the  musotes 
which  extcud  fVom  it'to  tlie  inferior  part  of  tho  limit,  ia  the  grand  agent 
in  effecting  this.  Had  tlie  bones  of  the  sboalder  been  placed  more 
npright  than  wo  soo  them,  thoy  could  not  thsn  have  been  of  the  lengtii 
wnicn  they  now  are — -their  connection  with  tlio  chest  could  nut  haru 
been  so  aecaie — and  tbeir  tDOTCtocnta  apon  eoob  other  woald  hare  betiD 


Sl-AXT(N(i    DIRRCTIOJf 


oompanttivcly  rvxtrictod.   Tim  Klig'ht«st  inspuotion  of  tbis  cut,  or  of  lh»t  at 

Ease  140.  will  iiliow  tlmt,  jnrt  in  proportion  ua  iJm  point  of  the  abouldcr  is 
roiight  forwiinl  iiud  t-luvaUKj,  will  bii  the  foiwatrl  nctiou  and  elctration  of 
tho  limb,  or  tbo  optuw  piuKwd  ovvr  »t  every  effort. 


Tha  •l*«*™g  ahoaldcr  accomplishc^s  a  most  nsefiil  ol^jAA^  The  miutclM 
•ztesdinir  orer  tlie  diouldoi-^blailo  to  the  lower  bone  m  tbo  nhtmlder  aru 
the  powi  r  by  which  motion  is  given  t"  Iho  whole  of  tliu  limb.  The  oxtvnt 
unil  tinergy  of  thnt  motion  <lcp<^ncl  maeh  on  tho  force*  (;xcrted  or  tim  iitren)ftli 
of  tho  mnsolp,  bnt  tht<m  am  (.'ircumstunccA  in  tJio  rel&tiw  situationit  of  the 
different  bonoi  wbiiih  litivu  far  ^rt^ktvr  influence. 

Let  it  bo  stippotinl  that,  by  means  of  »  lerur,  some  one  is  endrnvonring 
to  raiso  a  certain  wei^bt 

A  is  a  Icvor.  restiu);  or  turning;  on  the  pivot  B ;  0  is  the  weigbl  to  ba 
iwsod;  and  D  is  tli«  powor,  or  the  situaUoo  at  which  the  power  ia  applied. 
If  tho  strength  is  appliE^d  in  a  direction  j>crpoiidicular  to  tho  lever,  ait  ro- 
prcoontod  by  tho  lino,  E,  the  power  which  mast  bo  oxoriod  can  easily  bo 
c*lvnlatod. 


In  proportion  as  tho  distance  of  the  power  frora  tlie  pivot  or  centre 
motion  exceeds  tbal  of  the  weight  from  the  same  piece,  eo  will  bo  the  ■ 


SLANTING    DlHEtmOS   OF  THE  SEIOCLDER. 


«6I 


Tub^  gninnil.  The  power  horo  is  twico  m  fhr  from  tho  centre  as  the 
weiglit  ii>,  and  thrrcfon^  iiilviuilii(rn  in  gninod  in  tho  nroportioa  of  two  Ui 
oae ;  or  if  the  wfi)ilil  is  eqxial  to  iOO  ll)».,  a  fore«  of  10(1  Ilw.  will  buliuica 
it.  If  tbe  direction  in  nhicli  tho  power  i«  a^iplied  is  altered,  and  it  iit  iu 
that  of  tho  line  F,  vriil  lOU  lbs,  cflect  tho  ponwsoP  No;  nothing  like  it. 
ITuw  then,  in  tho  nccoftanry  power  tu  b(!  cucuiittedF  Tho  caloihitioii  of 
tho  foroo  which  inaKt  be  (>xi-rtcd  in  a  dirtiction  iotttrinodiule  biTtwecn  tho 
direction  of  the  Hue  E  aud  uf  tho  lever  AB,  iovolvtss  queBtlouaofgeotueliy 
•omowhat  foreign  to  tho  object  of  these  p&gos.  But  though  the  exact 
UtimBtion  of  tho  nnot  power  to  bo  nscrtou  at  iDtormcdiatt!  jMi^itions  is  a 
qiiestiou  of  -lome  diffimutj,  »  very  little  coDsidenttioa  will  seive  ta  chow 
tiiat  the  force  to  be  applied,  increaeoa  with,  and  in  a  ^p-mter  degrou  tluui, 
tho  ttnglo  between  the  directioDs  of  K  and  V.  For  snpixisc  the  direcUoa 
of  F  to  coincido  witb  that  of  A  B,  then  no  forao  oxcrtml,  howoTcr  great, 
would  sajiport  C,  the  wliole  effect  being  to  morv  tlie  leTur  iu  tho  direction 
of  ita  leuKth. 

Let  the  shoulder  of  the  horae  be  oonajdered.  The  point  of  the  shonldep 
— ^tho  slioolder-joint — is  the  pivot  or  centre  of  motion  ;  the  leg  attached 
to  tho  bone  of  tho  arm  is  tho  weight ;  the  shouMcr-blndo  being  more  ttxed, 
is  tliH  pari  whence  the  power  cmiuintf  .i,  und  tho  mnsclea  cxtendmj;  from 
the  one  to  tho  other  are  the  liniM  iu  which  that  powt'r  ia  exerted.  Theso 
linos  approach  much  more  nearly  to  a  perpendicular  iu  the  oblique  tluut 
in  thn  upHght  shoulder  (sec  cut).  In  the  upright  one,  the  shoulder-blade 
twd  the  bone  of  tho  arm  itre  nimoitt  in  a  Btnuifht  lino,  and  tho  rosJ  nction 
and  power  of  tho  muKcli-n  are  eousidcnibly  diminished.  In  this  point  of 
Tiow  the  oblique  shouldt-r  is  most  iuportacit.  It  not  only  gives  extvn- 
sivo  action,  bat  Cocilitj  of  action.  The  powrr  of  tlic  mnKcIcs  a  moro  than 
doubled  by  boing  exerted  in  a  lino  approiicliiug  so  much  nearer  to  a 
perpODdicular, 

There  is  yet  another  advantA^  of  the  oblique  shoulder.  The  point  nf 
the  shonlder  is  proJL-uted  forward;  and  Uierefore  tJko  pillitra  wliich  support 
tho  fore  part  of  tliu  horse  are  likewise  plocwl  proportionately  forward,  and 
they  have  less  w^ghtto  cany.  They  are  exposed  to  less  concussion,  and 
especially  ooocossion  in  rapid  action.  The  uomc  in  also  uincli  safer ;  fur 
bavii^  low  weight  sitnatedbcforR  the  piUurs  of  support,  he  is  not  so  lilcd^ 
to  bftTO  tho  centre  of  grarity  thrown  W fore  and  beyond  them  br  an  aoci* 
dental  trip :  or,  Ui  other  words,  he  ia  not  so  likely  to  fiill ;  and  he  rides 
more  pleasantly,  for  there  is  Car  leas  weight  bearing  on  the  kiuid  of  tho 
rider,  and  annoying  and  tiring  him.  It  likuwisu  unfortunately  happtms 
that  nature,  as  it  were  to  inipply  the  deficiency  of  action  and  of  power  in 
an  upright  alionlder,  has  ixcuumulated  on  it  more  muacte,  and  therefore  tJie 
upright  shonlder  is  proverbially  thick  and  cloddy;  and  the  muKoles  of  the 
bivast  which  were  designo'l  to  xtrengthen  tho  attachment  of  the  shoutdura 
to  the  dust,  and  to  bind  ihcm  together,  must,  when  the  point  of  tho  shoul- 
der liea  haokwurd,  and  under  the  horse,  be  proportionately  thickened  and 
Btrenijthoned,  and  the  horoe  ia  thua  still  more  luaivy  befurv,  more  nupLea- 
HD^  and  more  vamXt  to  ride. 

Tlum,  ought  OTOiy  hone  to  have  an  oblique  shoulder  ?  No.  The  qnea- 
Uoo  has  rvlation  to  those  faorees  that  are  designed  to  ride  plcnnntlv,  or 
fVom  which  cxleustre  and  rapid  action  ia  required.  In  them  it  has  Dent 
said  that  an  oblique  shoulder  is  indispeniKbui :  but  there  are  others  which 
arc  seldom  ridden;  whose  paco  is  slow,  and  who  hare  nothing  to  do  but 
to  throw  as  much  weight  aa  possible  into  the  collar.  To  them  ui  upright 
ahoolder  is  on  advantage^  beoanae  ila  additional  thickness  gives  them 
additional  weight  to  throw  into  the  colLur,  which  the  power  of  their  hinder 
qnrion  is  fully  eufficJeot  to  acootnpliah ;  and  becaoee  the  upright  position 


3C3       THE  BUMEHCS,  OB  LOWER  BOSK  OP  TUE  SBOl'LCEB 

of  tbe  Bhontdi-T  give*  tb&t  dinctwn  to  the  oiJbtr  wbich  nublos  ttio  horao 
to  aet  upon  ever;  pari  of  it,  and  that  mclmation  of  the  tnooN  whicb  will 
ensUe  faia  wsiriLt  or  poircr  to  be  most  adv&ntageoualj  emplojmL 

An  nuproTM  hnea  of  oar  bMvy  diwuht-hmea  bM  of  kte  jMra  been 
■Ucnptco,  and  with  imtcli  ntooeH.  SaSciant  vpwhtmM  of  sbonlder  is 
tetttined  fbr  lite  parpom  of  dmofclit,  while  ft  mlight  degroo  of  obliqaitf  hw 
inatoriftQy  qaiolmnod  the  pace  and  improred  the  amicMaoe. 

Abova  il«  mnctum  with  the  btuaenu,  or  lower  oirudoD  of  Um  limb,  th« ' 
eboalder-bladc  forma  what  ia  oiled  tbo  point  of  the  ahonlder.     There  ta  ft 
iwuid  blonted  pn^eetion,  beat  acen  in  tbo  out  (p.  360).     The  Bcclc  of  ilie 
abonlder-blade  there  fimna  a  shallow  cant/,  isto  which  the  boaj  of  the 
next  bone  is  rec^ved. 

The  cavity  ia  uliallow  bocaiuo  extenaive  motioD  ia  required,  and  bccwiae 
both  of  iJki  banc*  bcinK  ho  movcftfale,  and  the  motian  of  thn  one  oonoocted 
ao  mtuA  witli  that  of  Om  other,  dialocatwa  waa  tea*  Ukelj  to  oocar.  A 
eapmihr  ligftment,  or  one  extending  roand  the  heads  of  both  bonce,  ooo< 
fines  tbem  socuretjr  together. 


TEE   HCXESOS,   OK   I0W1ES   BOBE   Of  T&I   SEOUtSEK. 

Fomung  ft  joint  with  the  ahouldi-T'bladv  at  ibii  poiot  of  tlie  iihonlder  ia 
(he  htau^nu.  It  ia  a  Blurt  atrong  bone,  sl&uliug  backward  in  an  oppoaito 
direction  to  the  ahonldet^blsde.  At  the  upper  port  it  has  a  larg;o  ronnd 
hcftd,  rdMirod  into  the  shallow  ottfitj  of  tbn  KbcniMirr-hlndi!,  or  ac  Mr. 
Perctnll  hfts  graphicftUj deeciibed  it,  'it  is  tlioNvgniuntofAKlobv,  unootli 
and  poliafaed,  eridently  for  the  porpoee  of  playing  like  a  apherioft]  hiugo 
witfam  the  enp-like  ooncavily  octmpying  tlM  place  of  tJte  uex  of  tba 
■eapnlo.  Tlmre  are  no  two  booca  in  the  *k«lcton  wIkmmi  artacoW  cooneo- 
tion  is  of  ft  natvro  to  admit  mora  variMl  and  ostcnaire  motMm  than  exista 
between  the  tcapnlft  and  the  humerus.  If  we  attempt  to  lift  a  horse's 
fofe-kg,  we  eaanol  Dierely  bring  it  fomaidaad  carry  ttbftckward.  but  we 
can  als»  to  a  oonaideraMs  extent  make  it  perform  a  sort  of  rotatory  motion, 
in  oonMqnenee  of  the  mobilify  existing  in  thia  joint  between  tbo  aocket  of 
tbo  ficapnin  and  the  head  of  the  hnmertu.'  It  baa  aeveral  protnbonnoea 
for  the  iuHCTlion  of  mnadeB,  and  ia  torminated  below  by  two  eondfUt  or 
heads,  which  in  front  reoetTa  tJie  principal  bone  of  tlte  arm  between  tliein 
ns  in  a  griMve,  that  adding  to  tho  sroirity  and  strength  of  the  joint,  nnd 
limiting  the  notion  of  tbia  joint  and  nf  tbo  Umb  below  to  mera  bending  and 
MriaBaion,  wilbout  any  aide  motion.  Farther  behind,  those  heads  receira 
the  elbow  deep  between  them,  in  order  to  give  more  extatuire  action  to 
tlw  arm.  In  a  well-furmed  horM  this  bone  can  aeanxly  bo  too  short,  in 
order  that  the  fore-Ie;.^  may  be  ns  forward  as  noasible,  for  iiiamim  already 
stated,  and  bocaaae  whrn,  tJi«  lower  bone  or  the  aboolder  ia  long,  the 
ahoolder  moat  be  too  npriKl't.  Dislocatioa  can  acaroely  occur  tn  eiiber 
of  tbo  atlscbmf-iits  of  Ibe  Iwn*.  and  fi-iw-tiirfl  of  it  in  very  rare.  The  lower 
bono  of  the  shoulder  and  tbo  ulinnldL-r-blado  urc  by  honcmcn  confoanded 
togctlier,  and  inclndml  nndrr  thi.-  uppoUation  cf  tbo  >AtMU«r,  and  in  oom- 
phaaoe  with  geneml  aa^[e  we  bavo  described  them  as  comlumiifc  to  fttrm 
ibo  abonldDr.  Thia,  however,  is  not  oorrcrt,  and  will  Irad  to  error  when 
wo  winh  to  nnmpnro  tbo  forivl«g  of  tho  bonw  with  tbo  arm  of  man.  In 
man  the  arm,  of  whioh  tbo  hnmeras  ia  the  bone,  Is  perfocUy  &on  and 
detached  from  the  body ;  in  the  bono  it  ties  in  jnzl^iosition  with  the 
ehast,snd  i«  inolnd«d  in  tbo  intogumcatcorering  ibo  body:  and  t)ii§faot 
lias  led  to  tbo  error  *a  oommonlr  mado  of  calliuf^  that  part  of  the  fore- 
log  of  tho  liorso  tho  ann.  wliicb  is  in  rwlity  tjie  foti>-aiTu,  rorrctiponding 
Witb  the  fore-arm  of  man  below  tho  cllww.     Tho  Icmee  fts  il  is  called,  in 


8PBAIK  OF  TAB  8H0ULDBB. 


Sia 


Ui«  horse,  cfMTMpmMiH  with  thehnman  wrUl;  »ml  Ui«  joiuta  bolow  it irith 
titiB  Sugcn,  tnpponng  tbrjr  vrero  all  nnitfid  in  oue. 


SPftADf    OP   TB£   SBOULDKR. 

Thciito  moaclo)!  oro  ocfustunaUy  iniurod  h^  »omo  anoxpcoted  aliock.  AI- 
llioogb  in  not  more  ihau  one  C4u)»  m  twuntjr  u  tlio  furrier  right  whou  bo 
IaUui  of  his  sfiouliIcr-lameneBB,  yot  it  cannot  ha  denied,  that  tho  imudes 
of  Ifae  abonliler  aro  occaaionallj'  nprnined.  This  is  eflisoted  oft^ncr  h^  n  slip 
or  «(I»-(*11,  ihiLxi  by  Imir  althoujr)]  violent  oxcrtion.  The  muaelm  are  aUo 
aomctinicii  injured,  bj  tbcahonrdtT  being  braughtviokntl;  in  contact  vritb 
•omo  h»rd  HnbHtaiico,  sach  as  a  trM  or  jnU,  whon  jnmpiaff,  or  nuininf^ 
awuy.  It  ia  of  oonsidombla  importance  to  be  able  to  diBttngniib  the 
FhoTilder-lanM?no88  Irgm  iojnrica  of  other  parts  of  the  fore  extreini^. 
There  may  not  bo  mnoh  tondiTrocHs,  or  htmi,  or  swoUintf.  if  it  ia  a  sprain 
of  Bikaclos  deeply  nwHed,  and  win-re  theso  »Tmntom»  of  injurj-  are  not 
inunediately  evident.  If,  on  standing  before  tlie  noree,  and  looking  at  the 
im  of  the  two  sfaonlders,  or  rather  their  pointa.  One  ahould  wmar  «vi- 
Aea&j  lar(^r  than  the  other,  thia  mast  not  be  cOBsidered  aa  indic»ti\-e  of 
mnin  of  the  moxclo*  of  Uie  ahoalder.  It  probably  arises  from  bniiMi  of 
Inr-  nnint  of  the  iibouldcr,  which  n  aHght  examination  irill  determine. 

The  iiyraptums,  however,  of  shoiilder^lamenoMcnn  Hcnrrrly  bo  mistaken, 
nnd,  when  we  relate  them,  the  farmer  will  recoUeet  Uut  tln-y  vrry  soldom 
oocomd  when  the  rillago  smith  pointed  to  the  shoulder  ^  the  mmt  of 
dtscAse,  and  jinninhrd  tho  animal  to  no  pnrpmtp.  In  sprain  of  the  shoulder, 
tho  horse  <iTi<li<iitly  iiifiers  extrcinc  pain  wliiln  moving,  and,  tho  mnsole 
nndemeath  bring  iiiHumcd  ami  tender,  lie  will  extend  it  oa  little  as  possible. 
So  tnQ  dro^  hU  foe  aUni'j  th«  yrotind.  It  IS  in  the  tiding  of  tlie  foot  that 
tbe  ihffBHfT  is  principally  moved.  If  the  foot  is  lifted  bi^h,  let  (hi-  h»n>o 
be  tmst  80  haie,  the  shoulder  is  little,  if  at  all,  afiected.  In  spmn  of  tbe 
badt  sincrws,  it  is  only  when  the  honm  is  in  motion  that  the  iigiiied  parta 
■rs  pnt  to  mnoit  |Hiin ;  tbe  p«in  is  f(reat«et  here  when  the  weight  rats  on 
the  limb  in  9JiotiIder-lainenoaa,aDd  tliereis  a  peculiar  (luieknow  in  cntching 
up  the  Umb  tho  moment  the  weight  is  thrown  on  it.  Thia  i«  particularly 
evident  when  the  bnrse  is  going  down  hil),  and  the  injared  Uiiib  bears  an 
additional  portion  of  the  weight,  Tn  tho  ^ahle  too,  when,  in  other  cases, 
the  honm  points  or  proiecta  one  fuut  before  tbe  other,  that  foot  ia  usoally 
flat  on  the  ground.  la  shoulder- lamonettn,  tho  toe  alone  rests  on  the 
poniul.  Tbe  oiroiunstanca  wfaidi  moat  of  all  eharncteriaeB  thia  affectioD 
IS,  that  when  the  foot  is  liftnl  end  then  brooght  considerably  forward  Iho 
boreo  will  oxprrns  vciy  grrait  pain,  which  bo  will  not  do  if  (lie  laxoeneea  ia 
in  tho  foot  or  tho  leg.  ThJK  point  has  bocn  longtr  dwrit  apon,  in  order 
that  the  reader  may  be  enabled  to  put  to  thu  tert  the  many  cnses  of 
ahouldrr.lauieticaa,  which  exist  only  in  the  intaginatien  of  (Im  groom  or 
ttiefhrrier. 

In  sprain  of  the  internal  muaoles  of  the  shoulder,  loeal  measnres  cstn  he 
adtntteo.  A  done  of  ;>h}-a!o  should  be  given,  wnrm  fomenlalions  appliod, 
■na  tbe  horse  should  lie  kcptas  quiet  na  possible.  The  iigniy  isscnnetiiiiea 
too  deeply  seated  for  iMtirnal  sbmnhmfn  to  have  venr  gnat  effect,  Toi  an 
Mofarocfttion  composed  of  oil  of  turpentine^  water  of  ammania,  ana  eoMt 
Ununeoi  may  be  applied  twice  daify  after  the  fomentation,  and  afterwanb 
%  htistcr  or  sctoua  may  very  properly  be  resorted  to,  if  the  lameness  is  not 
reniOTwd.  The  nnntmtn^  ^  the  lioree  is  an  inhuman  pntctioe ;  it  tortoiM 
the  animal,  and  increaiics  the  inflammmtinn.  The  pcgyijig  of  tbe  ahoolder 
(ponctoring  tbe  tldn,  and  blowii^  into  the  erllular  Btmetnre  beneath  until 
it  is  oonsiditrubly  pu&bd  np)  ia  aM>ther  reUc  of  ignonnce  aiul  barbarit'^. 


•H 


THE   ARU. 


TSE     ABK. 

The  Arm,  «xt«DdiBg  tton  tt»  elbow  to  the  kaee  (see  K  and  L,  p.  140, 
and  alao  est,  p.  SdO),  connata  in  tlie  Tonng  faoraa  of  two  diatiact  boiMss. 
The  \oag  and  froot  booc,  oallod  tho  nutttw,  ta  ■uarfj'  atmi^i^  mocivinz 
into  iU  uDper  end  tbs  lower  head  or  tba  kumenu ;  and  Uie  k>w«r  eod 
oom-Apoudin|^  witti  the  upper  Ixfer  of  Uie  bones  of  the  knee.  The  ebort 
and  Liiidor  bone  is  called  the  ttino.  It  has  a  very  long  and  powetfiil 
projcctioo,  rcccircfl  bctwcco  tho  bead*  of  tbo  bninenu  and  wlrd  tho 
elbow ;  it  tben  strctcbcM  d»wn,  narrowing  bjr  dm«e3  (see  I^  p.  140,  aad 
tbe  out,  p.  300)  to  below  tbe  middle  of  the  fkiut  bone,  wbeie  it  temUMtee 
to  a  poiut.  The  two  bonea  are  anit«d  together  b;^  cartilage  and  bganuQt ; 
bat  ueao  are  hy  dcerocs  aheorbod  and  cluu^cd  to  booo^  and  b^»«  d>a 
faoTM  become*  old  toe  whole  of  the  arm  eonmitA  of  one  bono  oahr. 

It  will  Ih;  ii«Tvi.-ir4.-d  that,  from  the  slantiuK  direction  of  tlie  onmenM, 
the  wei^l  or  tbe  bone,  aud  the  riolenoe  of  the  concnssion,  will  be  sbatvd 
between  tbo  radiu*  and  tbo  tdna,  and  thnvfore  less  liable  to  injare  either. 
The  cncnnutaBOC,  al»o,  of  »o  much  we^ht  imd  jnr  bchte  oommonicated 
to  them,  will  aoconnt  for  (lie  extenaire  and  pecnliarhr  atrong  nnion 
between  theao  bonee  in  the  yoonq^  borae ;  the  apeedr  mflammatWD  of 
the  imitiBg  sabslanoe  and  absorption  of  itt  and  the  Butndtutton  of  bone, 
and  complato  bony  union  betwiMm  tbo  ntditia  aud  nlna,  in  tbe  oM  borae. 
The  immenae  mnaclca  thai  arc  attached  to  the  point  of  tbo  elbow  Uktwiae 
randor  it  neouiua^  that  tbe  onion  between  these  bones  ehoold  be  nrf 
strong. 

Tbe  arm  is  a  moat  important  part  of  the  home,  aa  will  be  wen  when 
we  describe  the  mosclce  which  belong  to  iL  The  mnsoles  proceeding  from 
tfaeshoolder-blada  and  the  homrms,  and  inaerted  into  tbo  olbow,  ara  the 
emd  agenla  in  czlendine  the  arm,  and  in  proportion  to  tbe  power  which 
tlieT  exert  will  bcthe  iiaicknueBanilthele]^:thDftheiitrid«.  Tbestrength 
of  the  horae,  bo  f^  aa  bts  fore-Iimba  are  concerned,  principallj  teeides 
here.  Then  there  wit]  nntnrally  be  a  largo  and  mnacnlar  arm,  and  sacb  a 
formation  of  tho  limb,  und  iiiirtina tarty  of  tho  elbow,  as  will  cnnble  these 
manclca  to  act  with  moot  auvantagu. 

The  prinL-iple  of  the  lever  (referred  to  at  p.  SCO)  is  here  beantifnUy 
applicable.  The  elbow-joint  in  thp  centr<'  of  motion;  the  whole  of  the 
lower  part  of  tho  Irg  in  tbo  weight  to  be  mixed  ;  and  the  power  by  which 
it  is  to  be  raised,  in  one  act  of  pruf^naaiou — tbe  extending  of  tho  limb,  is 
tbe  moacles  inaortod  into  the  elbow.  In  proportion  aa  the  weight  Ui  more 
diiitnai  tlian  the  power  from  tbe  crtitro  of  motion,  as  it  ta  iu  tbe  eoastmo- 
tion  of  thia  limli,  ao  will  be  the  gnnU-r  degree  of  cner^  rrauiaitO  lO  be 
exerted.  Supposing  that  tbe  mei^'bt,  taking  the  knee  to  bo  ilie  centre  of 
it,  ia  eighteen  mcbea  from  tbe  elbow  jojot — that  tbe  limb  wnigba  60  Iba., 
and  tbul  tbe  elbow  projects  two  inches  from  tbe  joint — then  an  onergr 
eqnal  to  nine  timce  tbe  weight,  or  MO  Ibe^  will  be  needed  to  mote  and 
extend  the  Umb,  bccansa  the  weight  ta  nine  timca  farther  from  the  centre 
of  motion  than  the  power  ia.  If  in  another  horao  tbe  point  of  the  elbow 
projects  three  inches  from  tbe  joint,  tbe  weight  of  tho  leg  remaining  tbo 
same,  only  six  times  tho  force,  or  S60  lbs.,  will  be  required,  making  a 
diftranoe  in,  or  aarinv  of,  mnaeular  action,  equal  to  1^0  tbe.  in  each 
extmaion  of  the  arm.  If  a  few  puonda  in  the  weight  of  the  rider  tell  ao 
much  for  or  a^iaiuat  the  horse  in  a  long  moSr  thia  saving  of  power  mnst 
make  an  ahnoet  iRcnlc-nUhledifrervnco;  and,  therefore,  judge*  of  theboraa 
rightly  attoeh  m  much  importnnee  to  tbe  dttpth  of  tbe  elbow,  or  tbe  pro- 
jectiou  uf  the  point  of  the  elbow  from  the  jinnt. 


THE  ARM. 


3165 


Wkvn  deecribing  the  proper  obliqiiity  of  the  shonldor,  it  wag  tMei  tiut 
tho  pownr  wna  oxcrtcnl  with  mo.it  lulvanUige  in  u  lino  p^rpendioiUar  to  (bo 
Krm  of  the  lever,  &Dd  Itmt  the  slightest  di-viatiuii  from  that  line  waanmni- 
feMl/  diradvantageoiu.  If  the  reader  will  oxstnino  the  cut,  he  will  jierot-ive 
tbab  miWClM  from  th«  shonldor  &nd  the  l>oTiti  of  tho  una  take  a  direction 
mncb  ocuvr  to  a  pcrpiindicnlAr  lino  in  thL>  long  than  in  the  ahort  otbow, 
and  tbora&re  act  with  proportiunably  |^at«r  advanlaf^e;  and  if  thia 
adTaiitAge  from  the  directii>u  in  whicb  the  power  ia  applied  to  tliat  which 
ire  gain  from  the  inoroosed  length  of  the  bono  i»  considered,  it  will  be 
plain  thst  the  addition  of  one-third  la  tbo  k-ngth  or  projoctioD  of  the 
elbow  would  be  attended  by  a  saviug  of  oue-lialf  in  the  exponditare  ot 
tnoicnlar  power.  There  is,  however,  a  limit  to  this.  Id  proportion  as 
tlie  elbow  is  loDgthonod,  it  must  move  over  a  greater  spoco  in  ordoi-  to  give 
the  roqninito  cxtnuaoa  to  the  Limb ;  and  ounaequentljr  the  mnecles  irhich 
act  npon  it  mUHt  be  lengthened,  oUierwise.  although  the  action  mi^ht  be 
Ktsy,  it  would  be  oonfinod.  There  most  bo  harmony  of  proportion  in  the 
diflereat  parte  of  the  limb,  but  «  deep  elbow,  within  a  cortoin  range,  JM 
always  connected  with  increased  power  of  uction. 

Enhuxemeuta  aomeUmes  appear  about  the  elbow,  either  the  oonsHinence 
of  a  viok-ut  blow,  or  from  the  calldus  of  the  alioes  injuring  this  port  when 
the  horse  sloops  with  his  legs  doubled  under  him.  If  n  seton  is  poaaed 
through  the  tumour,  it  will  xumL'timcM  mpidly  dimininh,  Kad  oTCn  diaap- 
pear ;  but  if  it  is  of  conaidemble  magnitude,  the  nkin  aliould  ko  opened 
alons  the  middle  of  the  swelling,  and  the  tumour  disaectu)  out.  Tlie 
reemt  of  thcae  operations  may  bo  anecnKful,  but  if  the  operator  doea  not 
repeat  of  having  performed  tnum  long  before  they  hud  ugiiin,  he  is  a  veiy 
fottaoale  (ellow.  The  betUT  part  of  valour,  however,  is  diHcn-tion,  iind  in 
(he  eases  alluded  to,  sDpposing,  as  is  generally  the  case,  that  no  bad  effect 
beyond  the  eyesore  accompiuiios  it,  it  liiul  belter,  mneh  l>ettrr,  be  left  alone. 

Une  of  tho  moat  powerful  rouaete!!  for  blinding  the  leg,  tbo  firxor  braehiiy 
ari»M  from  the  point  of  the  shoulder,  iu  the  form  of  a  brae  round  tendon, 
which  runs  over  a  groove  or  pnlli^  in  the  front  of  the  hunierua :  it  then 
■wtlts  out  Into  a  round  fleshy  body,  coo tribn ting  mnt<' rial ly  to  the  bulk  in 
front  of  tho  arm,  and  ia  inserted  into  ft  tuherole  in  the  timer  and  upper 
part  of  the  nuliu*.  It  in  the  ni&in  muHcIe  by  whJeh,  abnoiib  alone,  the 
whole  of  the  leg  below  the  iu-tu  iabont.  It  acta  at  great  diadvantage.  It 
ia  iaaerted  into  tho  Toi-y  head  of  the  bone  of  tbe  arm,  and  expanded  eren 
Vpon  the  joint.  Then  Ibe  pnwer  ia  applied  almoat  close  to  tW  centre  <A 
notioii,  while  tlic!  weight  tu  tx;  rtUHud  i.t  tVir  dtHluiit  from  it.  Tbc  power 
ia  thirty  times  nearer  tlie  centre  of  motion  than  ia  the  weight,  and  calOB* 
latin)^  aa  boforc,  the  weight  of  the  arm  and  rest  of  tho  bmh  at  60  Iba.,  it 
nnst  act  with  a  force  of  thirh-  timcn  inxty,  or  t,8Q0  lbs.  In  addition  to 
this,  the  lino  of  tho  dircetian  of  the  faice  stnugelT  deviate*  from  a  por- 
pendii-ulur :  the  direction  of  the  muscle  ia  nearly  lAe  aome  as  iha.1  of  the 
limb,  and  the  mechanical  disadrnutn^  is  olment  incalenlsbly  great.  We 
will  toko  it  M  only  ten  times  mora:  then  this  muscle^  and  ibi  feeble 
ooadJQtnm,  act  with  a  foroo  of  ten  times  1,600  or  18,000  lbs.  Wliy  this 
almost  incredible  expenditure  of  mnscnlar  power  ?  Hirsti  tlrnt  the  beaaty 
of  the  limb  might  bo  preserved,  and  tho  joint  might  be  compact  If  tM 
tendon  had  been  inserted  half  way  down  the  arm,  tho  elbow-joint  would 
liavs  oDcred  a  very  unsightly  appeotonceu 

Bcanty  of  form,  howtnier,  ia  but  tlie  least  nsult  of  this  conformation. 
ExlciiaiTe  and  rapid  motion  are  among  tho  oxcoUcooee  pf  (lie  horse.  He  is 
vatnabte  in  proportion  as  ho  has  thera  combined  with  rtontnoes  ;  and  by 
this  omfbnnation  of  the  limb  coald  \ic  alone  obtain  Uiem.  ThentTore  tno 
tendon  is  at  first  unnanally  strong:  it  ploya  thnpugh  tho  naiuml  but 


&6fi 


THE   KKEE. 


I 
I 


ptirfuot  pulk-jr  of  tbi>  bone  of  tfao  turn  without  iriotion ;  tbe  body  of  th« 
miiaole  ia  miiM)  wiifa  ttitudinooB  fibres,  and  tlie  inaettion  into  tlM>  fore-arm 
is  vfirj  i>jit«iLsivi\  lest  tba  Bpplicatwn  of  oncfa  iauneitM  fbrcr  »lu>H)d  hwr 
it  from  On  mlhrsinna.  'Hicro  ia  mflicicnt  >tnnigtfa  in  tlie  ajipantas  ;  tfae 
ponnr  tiut}'  bo  ruifc-l;  applied  nt  thix  modumieu  ditadtmntii^! ;  iind  it  ia 
Kpplicd  cloBu  tu  the  joiul  to  fpvt  nn  exUtnt  and  mpulily  of  uiotiou  wlucli 
could  not  otkorniae  bave  been  obtained,  and  witliont  wluch  tbo  bona 
would  liavp  boen  ooiriparativcly  nBcloss. 

It  ia  aalliciciitl;  pliun  that  the  nrm  ahonid  bo  bu^and  mtiMnlar,  othcr- 
wiao  it  ooold  notdiaubargc  nil  tlii'Mi  dati«s.  Horstitu.-n  dilTrr  no  »  variety 
of  otber  p<Miit^  but  lion  tfae;  SKreo.  A  full  and  awelliiin;  f>ue-ann  ia  tbo 
charactenaticof  evecytiiorougb-bred  horao.  Whatever  othorgood  points 
tba  animal  maypoaeaw.  if  thoann  iaPMrowf  in  front  and  near  the  ahonldgr, 
flaton  tho  aids,  and  altovotlier  de&.'it'nt  in  muiKialar  appcanmce,  tlml  horao 
ia  mdically  do&ctiTt'.  He  am  neither  nuae  bis  kuM  for  rapid  action,  nor 
throw  hia  lejta  euflk-ifntly  forward. 

The  arm  should  likeiriao  bo  long.  In  pro^rtaon  to  the  length  of  the 
mnaole  ia  tho  dorra«  of  contmction  of  winch  it  ia  oipable ;  and  in  propor* 
tion  alao  to  tho  dcgrve  of  oontniction  will  be  the  oxtrnt  i>f  motion  in  tho 
hmb  binioiith.  A  racer,  with  a  short  win,  would  be  aiullj  di-ficient  in  atrido; 
a  huotcr,  with  the  same  dofed,  woald  not  bo  able  to  double  hia  lei||;a  wt>U 
under  him  in  tbo  lonp.  Thcro  U.  however,  a  medium  in  tUa,  tatd  the 
odTunlaeo  of  Imigth  in  tho  arm  will  doprnil  on  tho  nso  to  which  tbe  borao 
ia  applied.  The  lady's  horse,  thu  o«\->ilry  honw,  ort-ry  hornc  in  which 
pTaBcmg  aetaon  is  eetoenied  a  bean^,  and  in  which  utility  ia,  to  a  certain 
acgne,ncrifloedtoBpp«iranoa,  naaat  not  bo  too  long  in  the  arm.  If  he  ia 
long  there,  hn  will  Iw  proporttonnhly  abort  in  tlio  Ing  ;  and  nlthonph  this 
is  an  nndouhlvd  i-xei-Uiiiiv,  vrhethirr  Kpuud  or  mntinuiinco  in  rcttardcd,  tho 
short  log  will  Dot  (rive  tho  pi^od  and  tmpoung  action  which  &shion  may 
tvqoire.  In  addition  to  this,  a  horee  with  ahOTi  lega  may  not  have  tjuilu 
K»  easy  action  as  anothor  whose  length  ia  in  tho  shank  rather  than  in 
tiwarm. 

The  Kitea  (U,  p.  140,  and  ont  p.  SCO),  answering  to  tbe  human  wriat, 
constitntea  the  joint  or  joints  between  the  arm  and  the  diank  or  Itff ;  and 
ia  fiir  morp  romnlicatod  thnn  any  joint  that  ha«  been  yet  oonaidorod.  Be- 
■iilu  tho  lowor  (icnda  of  the  banc  of  the  nrai,  and  the  upper  h<niia  of  tha 
three  bones  of  the  lef.*,  there  are  uo  k-at  than  six  other  bonea  inlerposod, 
anwtgod  in  two  mwi,  three  in  each  row,  and  two  othcia,  the  aevculliuid 
eighth,  placvd  behind. 

n'hat  was  thu  iut<!ution  of  thia  romplicntod  Btmotoio  ?  A  joint  between 
tbi  elbow  and  the  futlook  wus  ahKduti.-ly  ueceeaary  to  the  action  of  tlio 
Bone.  An  inflexible  pillar  of  that  Icnrth  coold  acarcely  have  boon  hiled 
from  tho  groiinH,  much  leas  far  onon^  for  rapid  or  aufo  motion.  It  waa 
likowiae  nvMaaary  tliat  tho  intorpoeuifr  joint  should  be  so  conatatntod  as 
to  jiteaerre  this  part  of  the  limb  in  a  trtJaif^hl  direction,  and  poaaeaa  aof- 
fiOHst  strangtli  to  reaiat  all  common  work  and  accidental  Being  in  a 
•tiaight  diiectkm,  the  ahock  or  jar  botwocm  the  ends  of  the  bono*  of  tho 
ana  ami  the  l«g  wonid  he  dn-adfol,  and  would  apeedilY  inflict  irreparable 
injury.  Tbe  beads  of  all  bones  am  covered  with  cartila^^-,  in  ordar  to 
protect  tbom  from  iiyntT'  by  ooncuaaion;  Init  thia  would  be  altogelh^  in- 
anOcient  hem.  Six  distinot  bonoa  aro  therefora  placed  here,  each  oovt-red 
ahoTo  and  below  by  a  thick  ooatiuff  of  cartifaiffe,  oonncotod  together  by 
rtraug  ligaoutnta,  but  separated  by  intorpoaod  fluids  and  membnuaea.   Tbe 


BROKEN   KrfEES. 


«er 


flOOBUnon  i*  thus  Kprvod  ovor  thi?  whole  of  tkum,  shored  bv  the  wfaolo  of 
tbsBi,  and,  bj  thu  poculiaritj'  of  tlioir  iTomii.'ctluii,  rcudcred  hArmlMi. 

These  bU  iliatioct  bones,  united  to  vaeh  other  bj  nomeroiu  and  powerM 
UgaauntA,  will  also  alToTd  &  &r  stronger  joint  than  the  ftpposilion  of  any 
fam  boDcs,  howovar  pcrlbct  and  strong  migbt  bo  th»  capsular  li^unont,  or 
by  wlmtevcr  other  lignmentu  it  misht  iKtKtron^thened.  In  addition  to  tho 
connection  beiwe«Q  tie  individniu  bon«a,  Utere  are  three  capfukr  liga- 
meots,  one  extending  fVom  the  radios  to  the  &nt  row  of  mdtocaipaJ  bonea, 
tin  sooond  from  the  first  to  the  second  row,  and  tho  third  from  tne  second 
row  to  thtt  mctafflUTMLl  bonca ;  iind  tho  rt«alt  of  tho  wholo  ia,  4hat  tho 
hardeai  work  and  tAO  acTcre»t  acddontA  prudure  little  duformitj,  and  no 
distoeatJoo  in  the  knee ;  nor  do  the  shocks  and  jura  of  many  a  year  cauao 
inflMBJDation  or  disease.  It  is  an  nndcmttblo  fact  that  sach  is  the  perfect 
oatHtroction  of  this  joint,  anil  to  SO  gront  a  d<^;rco  don  it  lesson  ooncns- 
sion,iliBt  thu  injorieareKul  ting  from  hard  work  ar«,  uknost  without  an  cxcep- 
tion,  found  boiow  the  knee,  vrluch  seems  to  «6ou.pe  the  iigoriea  of  the  hock. 
Thm«  is  a  remgirkable  difference  in  the  eSects  of  work  on  the  knee  and 
the  bock.  Tho  kiu<c  is  sn^ect  to  eDormons  concassion,  bat  to  a  certain 
axtont  caoapoa  those  bony  onlurgcmenta  and  inflommntions  of  tho  h'gnmcotfl, 
liktt  HpaTim. 

The  serenth  bone,  tho  Irapezium,  so  called  from  its  qnadrutii^ar  fisxire, 
is  placed  (see  M,  p.  140)  booind  the  others,  and  does  not  bear  dio  slightest 
pOTtion  of  the  w<!ight.  It,  liowrvor,  is  cicccdingly  nscful.  Two  of  tho 
Uexor  muNcIcs  proceed  from  the  hone  of  the  arm,  and  are  insn-l^  into  it; 
and.  being  thus  thrown  olT  Lhu  limb,  have  a  less  oblique  direction  ^ven 
to  town,  and,  therefore,  according  to  the  principle  of  the  lever,  act  with, 
ooosdenbly  more  powvr.  It  in  alno  iisefiU  in  anoUicr  way.  As  tbo  ton- 
dons  of  thft  tariona  mnacles  detic^md  the  limbs,  they  are  tied  down,  as  wo 
hare  described,  by  strong  Uf^mcuioua  bauds :  tlua  is  particularly  the  oaaa 
in  the  Deighbonrhood  of  the  joints,  llie  use  of  it  is  indent.  Theextenaor 
trodona,  which  lio  priticipnily  on  ttic  front  of  tbo  leg,  ore  prevented  ftou 
starling  and  strcngthpneti  and  ftiuiistfvd  in  their  action ;  bnt  tho  Soxor 
teudODS,  which  are  at  the  tiack,  would  be  liable  to  IHcticiii,  luid  Uieir  motion 
impeded,  if  they  were  bound  down  too  tightly.  This  projecting  bono 
prvrenta  tho  aimnlar  or  riiig-!iko  ligament  from  prcesingtoo  closely  on  tho 
mau  flexor  tendons  of  tlio  f<>ot ;  and,  while  it  IcavcK  tncm  room  to  play, 
kavea  room  hkewisu  tbr  a  Hynovtui  Hhcatht^ijiurroiuul  them,  supplying  the 
oonrw  of  the  tendons  with  a  fluid  that  prevents  muub  iiijuriona  fm-tiun. 
Tho  pighlh  bono,  smaJl  in  siio^  being BOt larger  tliauapiiiLaliLlIu  ILitl(Mi<.>(l, 
is  ealloil  Uic  piriform  ;  it  is  pituwd  poeteriony  at  tho  inner  and  lower  part 
of  the  kiieo. 

The  knee  should  be  broad.  It  should  present  a  voir  considcmblo  width, 
compared  with  the  arm  above,  ortheshank  below.  In  proportion  to  tlie 
brvnilth  of  the  knee  is  tho  space  for  tho  attAchmeotof  mnsclos,andforthe 
aoouutulution  of  ligamentons  expanaioma  and  bands.  In  proportion  to  tho 
breadth  of  the  knee  there  will  be  more  Strength;  and  likewise  the  direotioo 
of  some  moactes  will  be  lees  oblique,  and  tho  coarse  of  others  will  be  more 
remoTod  from  the  centre  of  motion,  ia  cither  of  which  cases  much  powor 
will  be  gained. 

mOSSS  XVEES. 

The  treatment  of  broken  kuorn  is  a  subject  of  conNi<l«mble  importance, 
for  many  hones  are  aad^  blcmiKhinl,  luul  othins  are  diMtruyed,  br  wuunda 
in  the  knee-joint.  The  hoiso  when  falling,  naturally  thtowa  his  knee* 
forward ;  they  T«ceire  all  his  weight  and  are  soDurtim«e  very  eztentivelT 
laocratcd.    1m  first  thing  to  be  done  is,  by  very  careful  washing  wwi 


SCS  BROKEN    KNEES. 

cold  water,  to  clcauso  tie  wound  from  &U  gravel  and  dirt.  It  must  ibtn 
be  aacertamisd  whether  the  joist  is  penetrated.  The  grating  of  the  probe 
on  one  of  the  bones  of  the  knee,  or  the  depth  to  which  the  probe  enter* 
thewonnd,  will  too  plainlyindicatethatthe  jointhaBbeenopcned.  Should 
any  donbt  exist,  a  linseed-mcal  poultice  must  be  applied.  This  will  at 
least  act  as  a  fomentation  to  the  wonnd,  and  will  prevent  or  abate  in- 
flammatioa ;  and  when,  twelve  hours  aflerwards,  it  is  taken  off,  tlie  (ynorw 
or  joint-oil,  in  the  form  of  a  glairy,  yellowish,  tram^arent  fluid,  will  bs 
seen,  if  the  capsular  ligament  has  bent  penetrated. 

It  having  been  ascertained  that  ihe  interior  of  the  joint  is  not  injured, 
attention  most  be  paid  to  the  wonnd  that  is  actually  made.  The  honM 
Bhoald  wear  a  cradle  to  prevent  his  getting  at  tho  wound.  A  stimolatinff 
applicatioa — turpentine  and  oil  in  equal  parts  is  as  good  as  any~'8hoala 
bo  hghtly  applied  every  day  until  healthy  pns  is  produced  on  the  wound, 
and  men  a  Uttle  friar's  balsam  will  probably  effect  a  cure. 

The  opening  of  the  joint,  however,  being  ascertained,  the  first  and 
immediate  care  is  to  close  tho  orifice;  for  the  fluid  which  sepaj^tcd  and 
lubricated  the  bones  of  the  knee  being  Buficred  to  escape,  they  will  bo 
brought  into  contact  with,  and  will  rub  upon,  each  other ;  the  delicate 
membrane  with  which  they  are  covered  will  be  highly  infiamed  ;  the 
constitution  will  be  speedily  affected,  and  a  degree  of  fever  will  ensue  that 
will  destroy  the  horse;  while,  in  the  meantime,  of  all  the  tortures  that  can 
be  inflicted  on  the  pnxir  animal,  none  can  equal  that  which  accompanies 
infiommation  of  the  membranes  lining  the  joints. 

The  manner  of  closing  the  orifice  must  be  left  to  the  judgment  of  the 
Teterinary  surgeon,  who  alone  is  capable  of  properly  treating  such  a  case. 
It  may  be  eficcted  by  a  compress  enclosing  the  whole  of  the  wound,  and 
not  to  be  removed  for  many  days  ;  or  it  may  bo  attempted  by  tbe  old  and 
generally  successful  method  of  applying  tho  hot  iron  over  tho  wound,  and 
particularly  over  the  spot  where  tue  ligament  appears  to  be  lacerated. 

The  sui^ieon  willfindnodifiicnlty  in  determining  whether  the  sharp  edn 
of  the  common  firing-iron  should  be  used,  as  would  be  the  case  if  t£e 
laceration  is  considerable  i  or  whether  the  budding-iron  should  be  resorted 
to.  After  the  use  of  the  cautery,  the  application  of  a  bhstcr  may,  in  some 
cases,  be  serviceable.  Should  the  joint-oil  continue  to  flow,  the  iron  mar 
bo  applied  a  second,  or  even  a  third  time.  By  its  application  synovia  u 
coagulated,  so  much  swelling  is  produced  on  tho  immediate  puncture,  aad 
in  tiie  neighbouring  parts,  as  mechanically  to  close  and  plug  np  the 
orifice. 

If,  however,  the  opening  into  the  joint  is  extensive,  and  the  joint-oil 
Contuincs  to  flow,  and  the  horse  is  evidently  suffering  much  pain,  kamanitT 
will  dictate  that  he  should  be  destroyed.  The  case  is  hopeless.  A  bign 
degree  of  fever  will  ore  long  carry  him  off,  or  the  inflammation  will  cause 
a  deposit  of  matter  in  the  cavity  of  the  joint  that  will  produce  incarable 
lameness. 

The  pain  caused  by  the  iron  is  doubtless  great ;  it  is,  however,  necee- 
tary  :  but  let  no  reader  of  '  The  Horse  '  permit  the  torturing  eipcriroonta 
of  the  farrier  to  be  tried,  who  will  frequently  injeel  stimulating  Suidi^ 
and  even  oil  of  vitriol,  into  one  of  tho  most  sensible  and  irritable  cavitiee 
in  tho  whole  frame. 

A  person  well  acquainted  with  the  anatomy  of  the  part  will  judge  of 
the  probabihty  of  a  favourable  result,  not  merely  by  the  extent,  but  by 
the  situation  of  the  wound,  If  it  is  low  down,  and  opposite  to  the  bottom 
row  of  the  bones  of  the  knee,  a  small  opening  into  the  joint  will  be  caai^ 
cloned.  A  larger  one  needs  not  to  cause  despair,  because  there  is  littw 
motion  between  tho  lower  row  and  the  bones  of  the  leg.     If  it  is  high  sp^ 


TIIE  LEO. 


SKtt 


I 


E 


IImtd  19  more  danftcr,  bocftuse  Uiore  Im  more  motion.  If  it  is  situated 
Opposite  to  the  union  of  tli«  two  rows,  tho  rc^nlt  is  most  to  be  dr(«<I<^, 
Iwcaiuo  brtwccn  thoso  is  tho  principal  iitotiim  of  tho  joint,  and  that 
IDOtioD  will  not  nnly  iliniintto  nnil  imUtlo  tha  external  wound,  but  ctiuiio 
draadfnl  Iriction  bctwi>tfu  thu  l>unei  brought  iuto  uctiial  oontact  with  etich 
other,  throuj^h  tliu  luss  of  tie  joiul-oil. 

When  the  knee  baa  been  mach  laccmled,  although  th«  woond  may  be 
bealed,  some  blemish  will  remain.  Tho  extent  oFtliia  blemuh  will  depond 
OD  that  of  the  original  wound,  and  mora  especially  on  the  natnm  of  tho 
trcstmcnt  tliat  hiu  boon  adopted.  Every  caustic  appticutinn  will  ilo.vtroy 
a  portion  of  tho  fikiii,  and  leave  a  certain  mark.  Should  the  blemish  be 
Ouuaiderable,  a  mild  bliatt-r  may  be  applied  OTer  the  part,  alli>r  the  wound 
ba»  healed.  It  will  stimnlate  the  hair  to  ^row  more  mpidly  and  thickly 
round  the  ecar,  and  particnlarly  hair  of  tho  natural  notour ;  and,  hy  con- 
tiBotin^  the  iikin,  it  will  lessen  tho  scitr  itself.  Miuiv  [iprHonH  hare  ercnt 
bith  in  oir)tm«nttt  that  uri:  said  to  [)roniute  the  i^ruvrlh  uf  the  huir.  If thi<v 
have  this  property,  it  niutit  I>e  &om  tlit<ir  stiTiiitlatln).-  tlie  akui  in  whiuii 
Hw  roots  of  the  hair  are  imbedded,  Tbe«o  ointmeiita  usually  oontain  a 
vmAli  portion  of  blistering  matt«r,  in  the  lorm  of  turpentine,  or  the  Spanish 
By.  Tho  common  apptic-ition  of  gonpon'der  and  Inrd  rauy,  by  blackening 
the  part,  cnncoiil  tho  blemii<h,  but  canbave  no  [wssibto  effect  in  quickening 
the  j^^rwi'tb  uf  tlie  liair. 

In  examimng  a  horse  for  purchase,  tho  knoea  should  bo  vmy  strictly 
ecrutinised.  A  small  blemish  on  them  should  not  induce  iih  at  onoo  to 
condanm  tli*  afiimal.  for  a  bad  rider  or  the  merest  nocident  may  throw 
tlw  iKfcat  hono^  A  broken  knee,  however,  is  a  suspicions  circumstance^ 
and  oallii  for  the  mnst  cnrcfiil  obHrrvnfJon  of  tho  make  and  action  of  tho 
hone.  If  it  is  uccompanied  by  a  think  and  nnright  shoulder,  and  legs  tar 
under  the  horse,  and  low  sloTenly  action,  h<'  is  aiiwt^  who  doei  not  take 
the  hint.  This  faulty  conformation  has  produced  ite  nattmJ  ooosequeuoe. 
Itiit  if  tho  shoulder  is  oblique,  and  the  pastern  of  tho  pR)p«v  length  and 
inclination,  and  thu  fore-arm  Ktrong,  thp  good  judge  will  not  rfijoct  tiie 
oniinul  because  he  may  have  bomi  accidimtidly  thrown.  From  too  com- 
plicated nature  of  this  joint,  from  it«  being  placed  80  inuuciliately  nnder 
the  centre  of  gravity,  and  having  to  receive  the  entire  weight  of  the  bone 
and  rider,  the  concussion  is  so  severe  as  freqaently  to  produce  dif^iBe 
inflammation  of  tho  synovial  and  oibor  tissues.  Unec-noires  are  veiy 
frmnently  huno  &am  diiiettWHl  knoca,  which  vntorinary  authors  say  but 
liliH  about. 

The  animal  should  hare  rest ;  a  dose  of  phyno  sboald  be  girai,  with 
antiphlogistic  ^iplications  to  the  knee,  to  be  followed  by  oonnter- irritation 
in  tho  shape  of  a  blixter.  Several  raln4>l>Ic  roco-horses  have  suffered  from 
tliia  diceosc,  some  of  them  when  only  two  yonra  old. 

THS  LEQ. 
The  part  of  the  limb  between  the  knee  and  the  fetlock  conaiatB  of  thrm 
bones :  a  lar^  one  in  front,  called  tho  citinon  or  thank,  and  two  smaller  or 
tplirU  bones  behind  (seo  N,  p.  140),  The  iihnnk-t>one  is  ronndod  in  front, 
and  flattened,  or  oven  concave,  behind.  It  in  the  utriiightoMt  of  the  long 
bones,  as  well  on  the  moot  unperGciully  situated,  for  in  somo  parts  it  is 
eorered  only  by  the  Hkin.  The  upper  beftd  is  flat,  with  sUgnt  deprea* 
nOAB  correapoudintr  with  the  lower  row  of  the  bones  of  tho  Knee.  The 
low«r  bead  ia  differently  and  curioualy  formed.  It  resembles  a  double 
pulley.  There  ore  tbroo  elerotioiu ;  tho  priompat  one  in  iho  centre,  and 
oDother  on  each  side.  Between  them  are  two  slight  ifrooTCii,  and  thrnn  ko 
;|>rcciaely  oorroapoud  with  deep  impmaionA  and  alight  prominences  in  Uie 


B  S 


s;o 


8PLIKT. 


npper  hewl  of  the  larger  paatom,  wid  Are  m  eodoaed  had  (ni&rdod  bjr  tlift 
eleralml  edcM  of  that  booc,  that  nben  ttio  shaak-botM  oaA  poatem  antJ 
liitnl  to  CMi  other,  tbcjr  fonn  a  pcWcct  hingo.      Thoj'  OidtiiH  of  tho  bond^ 
mg  uul  exUnmni  at  tbu  Umh,  hut  of  ito  tateivl  or  Ntdo  motion.     1*liii>  u 
a  vircTUDBtaaee  of  reij  great  importanou  in  a  jamb  so  aituAted,  and  haring 
ibe  whole  weigfat  of  tiie  faoree  thrown  ttpon  it. 

"nio  amaUer  bonea  we  placed  behind  tike  lani|or  ones  on  either  ndai 
ulight  pro^ction  of  tho  bead  of  «ocb  can  alono  bo  sor^n  in  front.     1 
hcadji  of  Ihaao  bono*  are  enlarged,  and  mccivo  part  of  tho  weight  ooil>' 
veyed  bj  tbu  lower  row  of  the  bonea  of  tho  kueo.     Tliej-  ar«  nniled  to  the 
larger  boue  fa;  the  aamc  kind  of  eub«1&ii«!  wliicU  is  found  in  the  colt  be* 
tWMti  tho  bone  of  tfati  elbow  and  the  main  bono  of  th«  arm ;  and  which  ia 
dcsigiMil,  br  its  gr«nt  elnsticit^r,  to  Icaseu  llir  concoesMxn  or  jar  whon  tbsj 
woi^t  of  too  animal  it  thrown  on  them.     Ther  reach  from  oovo  half 
two  third*  of  the  length  of  the  ■banlc-boDC,  aud,  tliroogb  their  whole  exl 
are  nuiled  to  it  by  thit  mbataace ;  but,  as  iu  the  olbow,  from  tbo  i 
being  woriced  too  aoon  or  too  Tiolently,  bony  matter  is  dopontod  hi  tbs^ 
room   of  the  UgMnenioiu,  and  a  bony  union   takoa  place  instead    of 
the  natnral  one.     There  is  no  doubt  tiuU  tho  caw  of  motion  is  oomowli 
Inseened  bj  this  suhititation  of  bone,  bat  other  elastic  principles 
probably  called  into  more  powerful  action,  and  the  Talne  ot  ttie  bone : 
not  peroeptibly  impaired,  altboo^h  it  is  hard  to  say  whafc  worefc.  bgut, 
may  bo  dooa  to  the  DOghbooring  joints,  and  the  caiue  of  which,  ttie ' 
lamennas  not  apponring  until  a  distant  pciiiwl,  in  not  sunpocttH). 

In  Uiis  procrM,  howercr,  mischief  doc*  atWi  inunL-diulL-lv  extend  to  tbftJ 
nfijflibiiunnp  partd.     The  diapositioo  to  di-poait  bone,  reaches  boyood  tbsf 
oiroamscribod  npuco  hetwees  the  larger  and  eraaller  booeo  of  the  leg,  aad 
a  tomour,  Qrst  oallons,  and  afb-rwards  bnny,  ia  found,  witli  paK  of  ita 
base  resting  on  Uie  lino  of  onion  hotwccn  thcso  bones.     This  la  eaUed 

8FLIXT. 

The  splint  is  gonorally  fonnd  on  the  oatside  of  the  small  Ixinc*,  and  fVe> 

ritly  OB  the  JHitidc  of  thi!  log.     Why  it  should  appear  on  tho  oatnde  i 
small  botwa  it  ii  dilEcult  to  explain,  exoejit  tJiat  the  ^laoe  hobweaw^ 
tksM  bonea  ia  occupied  by  an  important  meehiuwi,  imieh  will  bo 
pnonUy  doMribcd ;  and,  as  in  the  case  of  abaoen,  a  nntnral  tendenoy 
was  gircn  to  them  to  dr'tl^^mi^o  outward,  that  ritu  part*  might  not  bo 
iinntvd.      The  cauw!  of  their  alcioHt  excIuHtTO  appcaianoe  on  tho  insida 
Of  the  let;  admits  of  easier  explanation.     The  inner  spliiit-bomi  is  plaoo4j 
nearer  the  centre  of  the  weight  of  the  body  than  tho  other,  aud,  from  thm' 
nature  of  its  oonnc-tion  with  tho  boosaof  tho  knee,  actoally  roc« ires  more 
of  tho  wmght  than  docs  tbo  oolor  bone,  and  tbcnsforo  is  more  liable  to 
injury,  from  the  jar  and  eonoussion  ocoasifliicd  by  the  action  of  the  horaa 
with  a  superadded  weiglil  abore,  and  hanb  UDyiuldiag  roads  below,  inflam- 
muUon  is  set  op,  and  this  consequent  deposit  of  bony  matter.     The  inner 
bone  reoeiree  uie  whole  of  tho  weight  transmitted  to  tbo  small  bone  of 
the  knee.     It  is  the  only  support  of  that  bone.     A  portion  only  of  one  of 
ih»  bones  rests  on  the  oot^r  splinUbanc,  and  tho  weight  is  thand  betweoA^ 
it  and  tbo  shank.    In  addition  to  this  there  is  the  absurd  [wuctioo  of  maa^J 
amitha  of  raising  the  outor  hotl  of  the  shoe  to  an  extrarafcant  deorea^ 
which  throws  still  more  of  the  weight  of  the  horse  ou  the  inner  splint* 
bone.    Bony  tamoan  occasionally  appear  on  other  parts  of  the  ahank-bone, 
being  the  oooaaonsnoo  of  nelont  btowt  or  other  cxt^riuvl  injuries,  and  are 
eommonly  callea  splints. 

When  the  apUnb  of  either  sort  is  fonning,  the  boras  ia  Brenoently  lanu^ 
Jbr  the  periostoom  or  mcmbraue  covering  ue  bone  is  paiuAUly  atntcbed 


^^^^^r  37i 

but  when  tins  moinlirauv  liAS  ftn^omniodiitcd  itsotf  to  the  tumonr  tlmt  ox- 
tended  it,  the  lainencBa  sDbai(lc<t,  luid  aItogi>thrr  disapp«&ra,  nnlen  tbo 
splint  be  in  n  Eitnntion  id  which  it  intcrTerea  vrilb  tbo  nction  of  gome  ten- 
don or  lignmcnt,  or  in  tho  itninodinto  neiffliboarbood  of  a  joint.  Prossing 
Dpon  n  ligiunent  or  U-ndon,  it  miiv  can»o  inflamnaatioD  of  tiiose  sabttknco; 
or,  htauB  cloac  tu  a  juiiit,  it  uuiy  uiU>rferA  wiUi  it«  ftction.     Splinta,  then. 


k. 


followpcl  by  an  activL-  blisti.T. 

If  Ihe  apliiit  i»  of  roceut  form&tioo,  it  will  genenJlr  yield  to  this,  or  to 
a  noond  blister.  Should  it  howovor  Ttmsi  tliesc  apphoationn,  it  cnn  rnroly 
be  advimblo  (o  cnntcriso  thn  part,  nnlMs  tbo  tumour  materially  intcrfcrea 
with  tbo  action  of  tho  mmpmuory  ligament,  or  tho  floior  [«udon  ;  for  it 
not  unfrrqtiBntly  bnppi'iiii,  tliat,  although  tbo  xplint  may  bavo  apparently 
TcsiHlcd  liiiH  trL'atmeiit^  it  will  afl<.<rvrardH,  at  no  grco.t  diiifanco  of  b'mo, 
W^in  rapidly  to  losson,  and  quite  diiappoar.  There  is  also  a  nuturnl  pro- 
ccR«  by  wbicli  tho  graator  part  of  splints  disappear  when  tbu  borao  y^wt  old. 

Tbo  lato  Pmfwinor  Scwcll  introdacod  anew  trwitment  of Bplints dcacribed 
in  &a  cigliUi  volniuu  of  the  '  T<.'t«rinarian,'  wbicli  is  iwrtainly  ingenions, 
and  ^nerallr  mcvMaful.  He  reniovHi  any  inflommntian  abuut  tho  part 
by  tbi>  u«e  of  poolticCB  or  fomentatioua,  and  tbeo,  tho  bonw  being  auH^  an 
operation  is  performed ;  this  is  conunenoed  by  pindung  op  the  akin,  im- 
mediatoly  above  tbo  Wnr  en  largcmont,  with  tbo  flneor  and  thumb  of  the  leA 
hand,  and  witli  tli«  knife,  or  bincnt^  or  sciasors,  miucing  an  orifico  enfflcient 
to  introdufi!  a  probu-puiittud  bistoury,  with  the  edge  on  tbl^  oonvnx  iride. 
This  is  passed  under  the  akin  along  the  whole  length  of  Ihe  oni£eatioa 
beneath,  cutting  throagh  the  thictcenod  parioateum  down  to  the  boae; 
and  this  bring  offpctaalfy  nompletod  by  dmwine:  the  knifu  backward*  and 
forwanla  Kivonil  liinci,  a  Kmalt  tope  or  aalon  la  insfrtvd,  and,  if  thotnmoar 
in  of  long  standing,  kept  lu  a  few  days.  Tho  operation  is  atU-ndt-d  witJi 
vrry  Ultle  pain  to  the  animal.  Perhaps  slight  inflammation  may  appear, 
whicb  sabsides  in  a  few  d^  if  fomentation  is  used.  The  inflammatioii 
boing  romovpd,  the  cnlargenant  oonaidenibly  anhndcs,  and  in  many  coMS 
IkToonicai  c|iiit<!  abstorbod.  This  is  a  gree.t  improvement  on  tho  prnetice, 
though  tliv  i-tTcct  and  the  reault  are  tbe  same  as  in  the  old  aystem  formerly 
•dopted  in  many  parts  of  tbe  country,  and  not  now  obsolet*  when  vote- 
rinaxy  asristance  in  not  within  roach,  of  at  once  cutting  down  on  tbo  mlint, 
wbon  tha  pain  is  at  oncv  romoviid,  and  the  woond  bnuti  readily,  witblittle 
or  no  Uemisb. 

Tbe  in«de  of  the  leg,  inunediately  nnder  tbe  knee,  and  extending  to 
the  brad  of  tbo  inner  splint-bone^  is  mbjeot  to  ii^nry  from  what  ia  tormod 
tho  rpr.edy  cut.  A  lior]Ki  with  high  action,  and  in  uie  bat  trot,  Tiolontly 
striken  tUs  part,  cither  with  his  hoof  or  the  edge  of  the  shoe.  Horses 
diat  are  termed  dancin;;  masters  fW>m  tnnuDg  oat  their  toca,  are  more 
ffiMcially  liable  to  this  scrions  dcfoct,  from  tho  peoaUar  position  of  Uie 
limba  iniiTitnhly  producing  a  LTOKiing  in  thtrir  action.  Sometimea  bony 
cuhintemvnt  is  the  nsult,  at  others  great  heat  and  tenderness ;  and  tho 
(pain  nom  the  blow  aoeins  occasionally  to  bo  so  grvat  that  the  bor»  dropa  as 
if  be  ware  shot.  The  only  remedy  is  to  lalco  cara  tbat  no  purl  of  tbu  shoo 
[in>j«cto  beyond  the  foot ;  and  to  let  the  inner  side  of  the  shoe — eicopt 
the  conntry  is  Tory  doi-p,  or  the  horse  used  for  banting— bavo  bat  one 
nail,  and  that  ncnr  the  too.  Oare  Bboold  likowiw  be  takcai  that  tho  shoe 
is  of  eqna)  tbickiit'ss  at  the  heel  and  tho  toe,  and  that  thit  bearing  is  eooal 
on  both  sides.  Tb'is,  however,  is  a  Trir  aorions  defect,  for  tbe  animal  is 
in  danger  of  filing  suddenly  without  tbe  slightest  warning,  and  if  it 

n  u  3 


■  limb 
^H  eulai 


a72  PEREOSTITIS  (SOBB  SHHTS). 

cannot  bo  OMTOolod  bj-  a  cliuige  of  shoeing,  Bfaoold  alvraj-g  bo  rioired  with 
saqucion. 

PESEOBTinS  (SORS  BHIKS). 

This  diMsso  u  most  ftwqncntl}-  roct  with  nniongst  raco-honos,  >uid  <xm.' 
■iste  of  e,  difTnited  inHiuiuniitinn  of  the  periosteum  or  corering  of  th«  bono, 
u  a  reutult  of  the  gre«t  amoiutt  of  work  npon  the  luml  ground  which 
these  youug  animftls  have  lo  uoderRO  in  tlie  process  of  tnuning.  Tho 
anirni^)  )s  generally'  very  hune,  and  will  give  evidence  of  min  on  presaore 
bnaff  applied  to  tho  fivnt  of  tho  log.  Onr  treatmcDt  Eiionid  oonnst  in 
Veeping  tho  aninial  at  r«st,  the  application  of  warm  fonuintAtions,  and  ths  < 
a<iminiiitra.tion  of  a  dose  of  phTstc  If  t)i«  inSamiauliim  be  very  aoobt] 
blood  Diaj  be  dravru  from  the  brachial  vein.  When  the  inflammation  hag 
abated,  the  application  of  a  gentlo  stimulant,  such  as  the  vinegar  of  caiu 
tkandca,  will  be  very  boooficud. 

SFBUir   OP  TEX   rUXOK    TZVDOKS   »   BACK  SIVEW8. 

At  the  back  of  tho  arm  are  Bexor  mnsolea  of  err-at  power,  to  bend  tiM 
tower  portions  of  th«  limh.  The  Brst  is  the  pifrforafed  fietar  mnsole :  thsj 
reason  of  tho  name  will  presently  appear.  It  arises  from  the  lower  and 
back  part  of  the  imier  bead  of  the  lower  bone  of  tho  shoulder,  and  intur- 
mixrd  with,  or  rather  botweon  tho  origins  of  the  thuscIbs  next  to  be 
ili-Bcribod,  and  called  the  pcrfomting  imi.iclc.  Aa  it  descends  alon^  the 
boue  of  the  arm  it  bi>cnmott  tondinoiis;  and  approaching  the  knee  it  is 
bonud  duwu  by  bands  of  Ii^;ament.  Proceeding*  from  the  knue  it  widens, 
and  partly  wraps  round  the  tendon  of  t1i«  perforating  muscle,  and  tfaoT 
ran  down  together  in  contact,  yet  not  ailbpnng ;  freely  playing  over  each  ! 
other,  and  HjrnoTial  fluid  obvintinB:  all  friction.  Both  of  them  aroencloaed 
in  a  nheuth  of  dense  cdlnlur  iiubttt&nce,  and  they  are  likewise  snppovtod 
by  various  ligunentous  expansions.  Near  the  fetlock  the  tendoii  still 
farther  expaaos,  and  forms  a  complete  ring  round  the  tendon  of  thft  peiv 
foisting  moscle.  Tho  nso  of  this  will  be  htwt  explained  w1i«d  we  ar». 
trtatine  of  the  fetlock.  The  purforulcd  tendon  soon  afterwards  diTideapl 
and  k  UMerted  into  tJie  amaller  and  larger  pastern- bones,  and  flexos  or 
bend*  them.  l*he  next  is  the  jier/oroAn^  tfaior  masclo.  It  has  nearly  tho 
some  origin  aa  tho  othor,  but  with  Komowhnt  dintinct  heads.  It  continne* , 
mujwnhir  brtbor  down  the  arm  than  the  perforated,  and  lies  before  it. 
At  the  knee  it  passes,  like  the  perforated,  onderslrong  ligamontary  bands, 
which  confine  it  to  its  situation.  It  then  becomes  round,  and  is  partly 
wrapped  up  in  the  pm-fomtcd,  and  at  the  fetlock  is  entirely  SDrroundoa 
by  it.  It  emerge*  from  tho  perforated  when  thai  tendon  divides,  and 
continues  itn  prograM  alone,  after  the  otlier  bus  insertnl  it«olf  into  tba 
jitutimts,  and,  passing  over  tJiv  naviculur-boue,  terminaUis  on  tho  beM' 
of  tlie  oolGu-bone,  or  bone  of  the  foot^ 

As  they  descend  the  back  part  of  the  leg,  (he  tendons  of  the  per- 
forated and  porfonting  flexor  musclcii  Rboold  be  far  and  distinctly  apari 
from  tho  shank-bone.  There  Khoald  bo  space  frr^e  from  thickening  for 
tbo  finger  and  thnmb  on  either  sido  to  bo  introduced  between  them  and  tha 
bono,  and  that  extending  fivm  the  knee  to  the  futlock.  In  a  perfect  leg, 
and  towards  ita  lower  part,  thcro  ehoold  bo  throe  dietinctand  perfect  pro- 
jeotioois  viAble  to  tlu  eye,  as  well  as  perceptible  by  tho  finger ;  the  sidea 
of  the  shank-bone  being  the  moat  forward  of  the  three ;  oaxtf  tlio  snspen* 
aciry  Ugunenl ;  and,  hindennost  of  all,  the  flexor  tendons.  When  Uicse 
aio  not  to  be  distinctly  seen  or  folt,  or  there  is  considerable  thickening 
atuot  and  between  them,  and  tho  k^  is  round  instead  of  flat  and  dcvft^ 


^  SPRAIN   OF  TOE   FLEXOR  TEXDOXS  OK  BACK  SI.VEIVS.       S7» 

Iberv  has  bmo  nhnt  u  commonly,  but  improperly,  c&Uod  a  spnun  of  Uio 
back  teodoDB. 

ThM*  tendooa  aro  enclosecE  in  a  ahaatb  of  draue  ooIIuIat  ^nbatance,  Id 
onler  to  conflao  tbem  in  their  Eitoatton,  and  to  di*ft;iid  Uinm  from  injnnr. 
Bctwenn  tho  <«ndon  uid  tho  «ho»th  Uicro  ia  a  fluid  to  pruTont  frii:tinii ; 
but  wbiiu  tlu)  borau  biM  been  oror-workcd,  or  put  to  {iudd«<n  and  viuli-nt 
«xer(ion,  tlie  t«tidou  preaao*  njion  tho  dolickt«  mombrano  lining  the  eheatli, 
And  inflammAtion  is  produoM.  A  ilifTeruiit  fluid  im  then  tbrown  ont, 
tvbiob  eooWo'tVi  and  adhosions  are  formed  between  tlio  t«ndon  and  tbo 
KbuBth,  and  thn  motion  of  the  limb  in  Rion  difdcult  and  painful.  At  other 
UuM,  &oni  riolent  or  lonK-continucd  exiTrtion,  sonic  of  tho  fibres  wliic^h 
COnfilM  the  tcnduud  are  mpiurtvd.  A  alif^ht  injury  of  thin  natum  is  cntlod 
a  spTKD  of  the  back  sinews  or  t«Ddona  ;  and,  wht.'u  it  is  uiur«  Kt'riiiu.i,  tho 
bono  i«  aaid  (o  bnvo  brakra  dovm.  Tbo  flrt^i  injuty  is  confined  to  iuthun- 
mation  of  tho  slicath,  or  rapture  of  a  fcir  of  tho  nttnrhing  lihros.  Tbia 
inflammation,  bowflver,  la  often  very  grvut,  tho  pnin  intense,  and  tbo  lame' 
BOSS  exeeeaive.  The  auguiab  erpreased  at  every  bending  of  tho  limb,  and 
tbn  local  swoUing  and  heat,  will  clearly  indicato  the  Beat  of  iujtuy. 

In  every  norioUH  nflcction  of  thin  kind,  care  should  be  taken  that  the 
loottl  inllammuticjn  docN  not  produce  {general  dinturbimoo  of  the  ^atem; 
and  therefore  (ho  bor»  should  be  bled  and  physii^ked.  The  bleoding  mav 
bo  at  tbe  too,  by  nhioh  an  important  local,  as  well  as  general,  effect  will 
be  prodaced.  The  roasels  of  tho  heart  vrill  bo  relieved,  while  fever  will 
be  praveiLted.  Jjot  not  the  bleeding  bo  performed  in  tbo  fnrrior'a  usual 
way  of  first  paring  down  the  sole,  and  then  takinR  ont  a  piece  of  it  at  tho 
toe  of  the  frog ;  in  nhich  case  a  wound  is  made  ol>en  difliuutt  to  hoiO,  and 
through  which  fungoas  granulntions  from  the  f^miibte  parts  beneath  will 
obstinately  gpring  :  but,  after  the  Role  hiui  bi-en  vrcU  thinned,  let  a  groove 
be  cat  with  tbo  rounded  bend  of  it  siuull  drawing-knife,  at  the  jnnoUon  of 
the  sole  and  the  orunt.  The  hu-^  vein  at  the  toe  will  tliu§  be  opened,  or  tho 
groove  may  be  widened  backward  until  it  in  found.  When  ibc  blood  bt-i-inti 
to  appear,  the  vranmay  be  more  freely  oi>c--ni!dbvnKnift!I  Imicrt  (hrast  hori- 
xontolly  under  tho  solo^  and  nlmoiit  any  quantity  of  blood  may  bo  ooxily 
procured.  The  immenrion  of  tho  foot  la  warm  water  will  vauM  tbo  blood 
to  flow  more  rapidly.  A  sufBoIent  ijuantity  having  been  withdnwu,  a  bit 
of  low  should  be  placed  in  the  groove,  and  n  patten  shoe  tooked  on,  by 
which  tho  hopls  may  be  raised  from  tho  grotind,  and  much  tennion  ro- 
moved  haia  tho  sincwn.  1'he  bloetling  will  thus  be  inimedialuly  stopiied, 
and  tliD  wound  will  readily  heiil.  A  full  doae  of  physic  should  bo  given 
as  soon  aa  the  horse  could  bo  prepared ;  and,  after  its  operatioo,  low  and 
moist  diet  shoold  he  penitited  in  till  tho  inflammation  and  pain  have 
subsided. 

As  a  local  application,  no  hot  farrier's  oil  should  come  near  the  part, 
but  the  leg  should  ho  well  fomented  wnth  warm  water  two  or  three  tuuea 
in  the  day,  and  on  hour  at  each  time.  The  beneficial  effect  depends  aim- 
ply  on  the  warnitli  of  tlio  water  and  tho  moisture.  All  stimnlatiiig 
applicatiuDS  will  infallibly  aggmvnte  the  mincbicf. 

The  hone  beginning  to  put  his  font  better  to  the  ^ood,  and  to  boar 
presroro  on  the  part,  and  the  heat  having  disafrpeared,  tbe  ohgect  to  bo 
aceomplhihcd  is  chan^^pd.  Reoorrvnoe  of  the  inflaiamatioD  mnst  bo  pro- 
vented  tho  enlur^-meut  most  be  got  rid  of,  and  the  P^i^  mutit  ho 
strengthened.  The  two  latt«r  pnrpowni  cannot  bo  better  eSeoted  tliau  by 
using  a  bandaf^:  one  of  thin  flannel  used  to  be  the  bt«t,  but  is  now 
cntinly  superacdod  by  tbo  Unen  ones.  This  will  sustain  and  sup- 
port tfao  limb,  while  by  f«w  means  are  the  absorbents  sooner  indnood  to 
lake  up  tbo  eiftised  ooagnlable  matter  of  which  the  swollia^  is  composed 


snuCT  or  mi  plcxob  tcmioxs  ob  bici  blvews. 


I W  iioliiitii  fnmm.  n»  faandaigv  abcrald  be  kcfit  eonatantlr  wci 
wtlli  edd  wMsr— to  «bA  piat  of  wbidi  ■  iputar  of  »  pinl  of  ^nrit  -* 
■  iiM  liM  U w  ■iiMwl  thi  iHn  will  tin  alightlj  rtiMhtri  iiri  riTit 
MdthaeeU  prodwed  bj  tkaeonaUal  vrapofMicB  will  toad  to 
tW  tMHUBs  Mad  deMMnlsd  iiilhtiin**'"*'  Tliis  bandwc  ■hwiH 
daOj  tigtteaed  ta  propovtiM  «  Ammit*  an  ck^kblc  of  bewnw  uiuima 
|BiMiiili.  Mill  the  UMlMirt  rfwM  DB  pcMttted  m  ibra  fartBJptt.  IC 
tte  o^in&n  of  tbat  pwiod,  llicre  k  BO  nrdliiif,  toad«rae«,  or  bMl,  tha 
h)*w  nn  nsdnaHj,  and  voy  eaatioailjr.  be  p^  to  hb  oaml  w«k. 

Sbottid  &e>«,  tunrenr,  nauin  ttw  •fighfast  lammcM  or  amsida 
imhipffnti,  die  leg  maat  ba  bfiatarad,  nd,  indeed,  it  vonU  mUou  ] 
bad  pcactioa  to  blister  after  evarj  caae  of  aerere  apnia :  for  Um  iu~ 
titm  Biajr  fia  dMp  is  the  abeatli  of  tbe  teadoaa,  aod  lh«  put  onoe  i , 
maj  loi^  Tcmatn  weak,  aod  sabject  to  nmowod  iigitrjr,  noi  onlj  fivta 
nsnaf,  bateren  onlinarj  exartton.     If  a  blister  i*  rcaivtgd  to^  time  ( 
ba  given  for  it  to  prodoca  Ha  gradttal  and  fiiH  effect,  and  the  hone  i 
ba  ■ftcrwnrdi  turned  oBt  tat  one  or  two  montha.     We  nnial  hen  I 
mitled  to  npcM  tbat  a  bliator  dwald  iwrcr  be  nsed  whila  beat  or 
BCaa  remaina  abont  tbe  part,  ollurwiaa  tha  ali^^itect  iajarj  maj  be,  i 
oAon  ia,  oonrerted  into  iscorabla  lamoawi. 

Tetj  aereie  apiain^  or  tnndi  oftoicr,  ajnaina  badly  trmbMl.  will  rniolre 
tbe  appBcaticm  of  the  outtecr.    If  fitom  loBg-«ontaiHi«d  inlLimiiiatioD  t)ie 
ttrutan  of  the  part  ia  matenally  attored,  —  if  tbe  eweUine  it  beooaua| 
aaUooa  or  the  Am  is  tbiokanod  and  nrevmts  tbo  frvo  motion  of  tha  fimli 
DO  ■*■'■"''■■  abort  of  the  hot  iron  will  be  anffidait  to  roose  the  abeoriicot 
to  nmoTS  tha  iiynrioDa  depontb    The  principal  oac  of  firing  is  to 
theabaoriwatetoanciiiniiioaaed— Bonthatth^riialHakeapaiidw 
the  diaaaid  thicfcima  of  tiia  dds,  and  likawisa  tha  nmatoial  deposit  i 
the  oc&oJar  sobelanoe  beneath.    The  5nDg  ihonld  be  applied  in  stnigl  _ 
ihiea,  becaaae  the  akm,  oontnoting  bj  the  appheation  of  the  oantcrj,  aadj 
gradmlljr  tecafaung  ito  elaatic  nuture,  will  iLua  form  the  beat  bandagvJ 
orar  the  weanmed  part^    It  afaooM  likewise  be  as  deep  aa  it  can  be  appliedj 
eren  oocaeionAlljr  penotntinff  tho  akin.      Honr,  orea  mora  particalai^n 
than  in  the  bliater,  time  abonld  be  given  for  tbe  full  action  of  tbo  firing.J 
Tbb  rBCKtral of  ttJiaaini laattor  Ja »  woricof  alow  promaa.    Ibuijweolcsj 
paaaawaj  before  it  ia  psrbctl7  aecompliebed ;  ana.  wer  firing,  tu  hotaa 
ahonld  hara  at  leaat  a  aix  mootha',  and  it  would  be  better  if  he  eonld  ba 
ginn  a  twelve  nontha'  na  at  graaa.    When  the  aninal  haa  ba«o  aat  to 
work  in  a  fcrw  wroka,  and  the  enlar^^ement  remaina,  or  liiiii  ini  retwna, 
the  &nlt  is  to  be  attribatod  to  the  impalienoe  of  the  ownur,  and  not  to  the 
wa&i  of  power  in  the  opention  or  skill  in  the  oper&tor. 

Butiora  are  apt  to  boater  immetlintehr  an4?T  firing.  A  blister  may  be 
saefbl  six  wcvka  or  two  monUu  aflcr  firing,  if  buncticaa  romaiua ;  but  oan 
noTcr  be  wnatod  tmmnliately  afW  the  severe  operation  of  the  cnntoiT. 
If  the  iron  has  bcr^  nkilfullj'  Applied,  subseqiuiDt  Dlioterinff  ififlicta  on  tha  J 
.animal,  already  *ulIi[;H.-titly  tarturcd,  moch  iiiiiiiviiiiiiiai/  aaa  aaelees  pain, 
and  ahoald  nerer  be  rcaor(«d  to  bjr  him  whoposaeaeastluatigbteetlbeliiiy 
of  hnraantty. 

In  cuuntning  a  horae  for  porchasc,  Oie  cloeoat  attention  should  be  paid 
to  the  appearaooe  of  these  flexor  tendons.  If  there  ia  any  Uiiolcneaa  of 
oellalar  aabataaoa  around  thmn,  that  homo  hna  bnen  epruDed  violently,  or 
the  ipratn  haa  not  boao  properly  trealod.  This  thickening  will  probably 
fetter  tha  tnotton  of  the  temlon,  and  dispose  the  part  to  tbe  n:can«noo  of 
inlUinmation  and  Unetieaa.  Such  a  horan,  althongli  at  lhi>  (imv  pGrfnrlly 
ftee  (nnn  lamcDcss,  should  be  regarded  with  anspicion,  and  canuot  &irly 


WISD-QM.IS.  iTB 

bo  eaaadmcA  ua  •otmd.    He  b  only  patched  ay  Fur  &  while,  and  will  pro- 
bably Ul  at  the  doM  of  Uifi  firet  iJiiy's  bard  irark. 

wnro-oALU. 

In  Ota  neighboarliood  of  the  fetlock  th«r«  uv  oocnacnwDlf  ftnmd  con. 
■idanble  cnbrgemcatta.  onener  on  the  biad-lcg  tlian  tho  ftire-onc^  which 
m  daD0tninat«d  tcinii-^iilif.  Botween.  the  tenduiu  uaA  other  portii, 
and  whorovcr  Uio  tendons  aru  exposed  to  pruseure  or  friction,  and  )ku^> 
onlarij  about  their  extremities,  litllo  ba^  or  sacs  are  placed,  conteuiiii^, 
and  soAbring  to  oose  slowly  from  thcon,  a  mncoos  floid  to  Inbricate  the 
parts.  Rom  tutilncT  prcmiiin^  and  tliut  tno«t  frcqnentlj  cansed  by  violent 
MotioD  and  strainiDg  of  the  tuuduus,  or  often  from  some  urediKpuiiiliun 
about  the  hone,  these  UtUo  sacs  are  iujurod.  Tbey  take  on  uaftsmmaUoH, 
and  sometuoes  become  laree  and  indnrat^d.  Thera  arc  fow  horses  per> 
(botly  free  ftcn  them.  ^Vii«n  tbcy  Erst  appear,  and  unti]  the  taflamma- 
tioD  anbndMi  tboy  may  be  aocomoamed  by  some  degree  of  lamcni.'ss ;  but 
otherwise^  except  wlien  Oicj  attain  a  great  sis^  they  do  noi  Interfare  Mrith 
the  aotioa  of  the  animal,  or  cause  any  cODSidomble  wuonilidoeas.  The 
bnieta  used  to  suppose  that  thoy  contained  wisd  —  hpDoe  their  name, 
wind-galls ;  and  honco  the  practico  of  oponii^  thnm,  hy  irhicli  dreadful 
iDflammatioa  was  often  produced,  and  many  a  Tulua1)li<  hunm  destroyed. 
It  is  not  uncommon  fur  wind-ealls  entirely  to  dimjipi-ar  in  aged  horses. 

The  tmtmeut  for  wiud-|;aJJa  cannot  begin  loo  soon.  When  Uicy  aopear 
bandaf^  the  limb,  Ihim  the  coroned  to  (ho  knc«,  daily  with  wot  bandages. 
Tbe  wet  bandage  mnst  bo  well  wrung  oat  of  voiy  cold  water,  and  changed 
OTwry  two,  tliroe,  or  foor  hours. 

Upon  iTvery  change  of  bondage  the  limb  must  be  well  hand-rubbed 
with  wot  hands  for  sci-cnl  minutes.  The  width  of  tho  banda^  should 
not  exce«d  thrw  and  a  half  iuch«s.  The  wind-gnll  will  often  diminish  or 
disappear  by  tliis  treatment,  but  n-ill  too  fn^qncntly  return  wh«n  the  horse 
is  agaiD  hardly  warkpd.  A  blister  is  a  more  efieotoa],  but  too  often  tom- 
ponry  remedy :  wind-galla  will  roturo  mth  the  renewal  of  woi^  Firing 
■a  stiU  more  oertaiu,  if  the  tumours  an  snlBcicntly  large  and  annoying  lo 
justify  our  ha\'iiig  nxsourse  to  measures  so  ttmm ;  for  H  will  not  only 
eflbct  the  immediate  abeorptioD  of  the  fluid,  and  the  reduction  of  tho 
■welling,  but,  by  contracting  tho  skin,  wilt  act  as  a  perroanent  bandage, 
and  therefore  prevent  the  rcappearunce  of  the  ttunonr.  Tho  iodine  and 
meninrial  ointments  have  occasionally  boon  used  with  adraata^  in  (he 
jniportion  of  three  pai4a  of  the  IbRnrr  to  two  of  the  latter. 


cAc 
^m  Bwel 
■  and 
^B  men 


LESIOKS  OP  TBE  SUSFEITSOET  UOJUOHS. 
At  the  back  of  the  shank  just  below  the  knee,  and  in  tho  spnoc  between 
the  two  splint-bonoa.  l>obiad  the  nerforatus  and  poHbrans  tendon,  is  found 
tin  imjHirtAnt  Ugoment,  admirably  adapted  to  obviate  concnssion.  It 
originate*  in  the  hoiul  of  the  shank-bone,  and  also  in  tho  heads  of  the 
■pbnt>bonca ;  then,  deaoending  down  tho  l«f,'.  it  filliiLliu|frooTe  between  the 
spbnUbonesi,  but  is  noi  attacwid  to  either  of  them.  A  litile  k>W«r  down 
H  espnads  on  cittio-  side,  and,  approaching  tho  paslerTu,  btfnrcates,  and 
the  branches  at«  inserted  into  two  small  bonca  found  at  the  back  of  tho 
ojiper  postern,  one  on  each  ade,  called  the  M«[iii«Md>bonee.  The  internal 
bmnch  of  this  ligament  is  somewhat  longer  than  the  enter,  mora  espcciaUy 
in  limba  of  a  peonUar  formation,  snoh,  for  instance,  as  those  in  which  the 
tots  are  erorted  or  turned  out.  (Sea  pace  360.)  The  bones  form 
a  kind  of  joint  both  with  the  lower  head  of  tho  shank-boine  and  the  apper 


jrS  LESIONS  OF  THE  S L'SrESSOEY   LIGAMENT. 

nborn-bouB,  to  haih  of  wHoh  thtty  ar«  uoiteit  by  liKKinents  {>  and 
Tuucli  more  closely  tied  to  ihe  |»i8t«m  tliau  to  the  ahaiik.  Tbe  flexor 
tvDduiis  |ia§e  dovn  between  llioin  Ibrougli  n  large  synovini  hag,  to  reUera 
them  from  f-Iic  friction  to  which,  in  no  oonlioRd  a  KiMintion,  they  woald  bo 
expoavd.  Tim  HaKixmitory  Ubnunent  id  voiitiiiuud  ovi-r  tliQ  wituunaiils,  and 
ftftornrards  obliquely  furwurd  over  tlia  pa^tera  to  ixuxUi  witL  tliu  long  l-x> 
tenflor  tendon,  and  downward  to  the  perfor»t«d  tendon,  which  it  sitrtvunds 
nod  lixes  in  ita  pliM^e,  uad  also  ti>  Lbn  muiller  postern -bone. 

It  will  be  «isy  to  pfiviiivo,  fnim  this  doK^riptioii  of  the  situation  of  tho 
ensponaory  bgamout,  wliy  siilitits  placed  bmikwiinl  on  lli«  leg  are  mora 
likely  to  produce  lAuionees  than  tliose  wliicb  are  foaud  on  the  side  of  it. 
Tliey  may  interfere  with  the  inaction  of  this  ligament,  or,  if  Uioy  ore 
burtco,  may  bruise  and  wonnd  it. 

Tho  princijial  action  of  tlinse  ligaments  is  with  the  aeeamoid-bonoa. 
wbidi  uiey  se«m  to  du^peud  iu  thuir  plooea,  and  tboy  are  therefore  naUed 
the  SOBpeotaoiT  li},'nm(<ut8.  The  pa«tenui  (see  cut,  p.  SCO)  are  uniiied  to  the 
shoak  in  an  oblique  direction,  diiTering  in  dcgroo  in  tho  difioront  broods 
of  horses,  and  iu  uiuih  adapted  to  tho  purpose  for  which  that  breed  vnu 
designed.  Tho  weight  IoUm  u)H>it  the  pastcm  in  the  dirtwtion  of  tho 
shauk-bone,  and  the  pastern  being  set  on  obtlquety,  a  portbn  of  that 
weight  uost  be  conununicatod  to  the  sesamoids.  Much  concossioQ  ia 
HtTod  by  tho  yielding  of  the  pasterns,  iu  conaequcncc  of  their  obliqTie 
direction  :  and  tho  concuimion  whiuli  would  be  produced  by  that  portion 
of  woiKhl  wliiob  falla  on  the  aesanioid-buues  ia  completely  dfalroycd,  for 
there  ia  tio  bone  uoderneath  to  receive  it.  They  ore  suspended  by  tblsi 
ligament — an  elaslio  li£;amoot,  which  gradnally  yields  to,  nnd  is  leDgthened 
by,  tho  force  inipi'iissiul  upon  it,  and  in  this  gnulnnl  yiehlini^and  iRogtlwD* 
ing,  nuiteriiilly  lusaeuing,  or  gcuerally  prevuntiug,  all  painful  or  dangerom 
coucosKion. 

If  the  lij^ameut  lengthens,  the  sesamoid- bones  must  descend  when  Uie 
wwght  is  thrown  on  them,  and  it  would  appear  that  they  do  so.  If  tho 
thoroitgb-brod  borne  with  bis  lone  pasterns  is  camfnlly  obpcrvcd  as  ho 
Ktandii,  tho  tnA  at  tho  fi^ltnek  will  be  eomo  inchca  from  tlic  turf;  bnt 
when  he  ia  in  rapid  moLiun,  and  the  weight  is  Uirown  rioleutly  on  tliia 
joints  tho  tuft  dcjtcpnds  and  sweeps  the  very  ground.  This,  howerer,  ia 
from  tho  eombined  a«:tiou  of  the  fetlock  and  pastcm-ioints,  and  tht  aeaa- 
moid-boni-a.  The  seaamuids  do  not  actually  dcscMid  ;  Imt  thoy  revolvey 
Ihey  partly  tnm  over.  The  etrong  ligament  by  which  they  are  attaohM 
to  Uio  paatom-bono  note  as  a  hinge,  and  the  projecting  partof  theboae^  to 
which  the  snapt-nnory  ligament  is  anited,  turns  round  with  thepreBCnra  of 
tlm  weight ;  so  that  part  of  tbo  bone  becomes  lower.  How  is  it  raised 
again  P  This  Ugamcint,  oxi^^jitignally  constructe<l  as  a  ligament,  ih  elastic. 
It  fields  to  the  force  ini|>n.'Hcd  upon  it  and  lengtbeus  ;  but  iu  soon  na  the 
foot  is  lifted  from  the  ground,  and  tlio  weight  no  longer  preasea,  and  tho 
force  is  rootoved,  its  euutic  power  ia  eiflrt<d,  luid  it  regains  its  fanner 
dimcniiinnii,  and  tho  MMamoid-bcmo  xpringH  luick  into  il«  place,  and  br 
that  forcible  return  asNistM  in  raiding  the  liinb. 

Mr.  Percivall  very  clearly  describes  tbia  in  Ids  Lecturca :  '  Furthermore, 
it  MK-ms  to  ns  that  thcw  elastic  parts  assist  in  the  elevation  of  tho  foot 
from  thci  graund  in  thmo  ptacva  in  which  they  are  called  into  sudden  and 
forcible  actioiu  Tho  fiuKpcn»3ry  ligament,  by  ita  reartion,  inslantaneonaiy 
after  ita  exlftwion,  ajils  the  fl*tior  iiiusol««  in  bending  tlio  pastern -jojuta. 
Tho  Bslonishing  activity  and  e^pciUtion  di"playod  in  the  moreioi-nta  of  the 
ruotsluMve  at  a|ii>(.-d,  !H«m  to  be  referable,  in  [mrt,  to  Ibe  promntilnde  with 
which  the  mitpfatOTy  ligament  ean  act  before  the  Bexor  mnqpW  fere  duly 


4 


4 


I 

4 


ii 

i 


THE  r^TEIlSS.  ^^"'  ^7 

rirepared  ;  tli«  latter  wo  stiould  eay  mUk,  na  it  were,  and  tli«n  du-oct  Ui« 
limb  tirst  snatchud  from  the  grouud  by  tliv  powurs  of  fflMftiwity* 

it  may  be  Miippoiiotl  thut  bgaments  of  Uiis  cli&ract«r,  mid  diadmrdHng 
Kach  Auiutiutut,  will  oocuionalljr  be  sabjoct  to  injury,  aud  priueii)!illy  to 
■Uuius.  Ur.  W.  C.  SpooDur  givM  »  rory  gatisfnctorv  iiccoaiit  of  tJus. 
He  sajs  timt  '  hnQten  aud  ruov-liorsiNi  arv  considerably  more  babla  to 
ledooa  of  tbo  EMpocuoiy  ligament  tban  aiiy  oUier  duw^riiition  of  boraea. 
Tbo  «faiu»ctcr  of  tkceo  stniiaa  ia  vary  rurely  ao  acutu  aa  thai  of  Ibe  ton- 
dou.  Tbvy  gcniniillv  como  on  gi-oduallv,  with  bttle  inflammatioD  or 
JamaneBS.  Ocon&ionuUy  tho  injury  i>  Knddcn  nnd  severe,  but  ibon  it  is 
nniy  oon&oed  to  tittuitt  %ameuta,  fur  ultliuuffh  tbcy  m»y  bo  priadptdly 
inTolved,  tlia  ueighbooring  pftrt«  are  f^eaendly  im]>l)cat«d.  Tlia  uhuiU 
ermptonuc  arc  ft  xfight  cnlflrgr-iucnt  aud  lameness  at  fii«t,  or  there  may  be 
tDc  IbrcuiT  williont  tlui  latter.  Tho  cninrgcDiont  is  commonly  confined  to 
tbo  bganutnt  below  tliu  pluoe  of  bifunMLtioti,  aud  tomotimoii  one  divinion 
alone  i*  affectwi  Wilb  the  ose«ptjou  of  almiua  of  tlic  flexor  Hiia-na,  tluH 
nnfite  more  animals  for  racing  thnn  any  otbor  cause  —  iudiied  borae^  ara 
rarely  or  n«vcr  fit  for  tho  tnrf  nl)«r  tbo  euApcuBOTy  bgamoDt«  have  boon 
difli^nArd,'  or  for  bunting. 

The  imsjwiiHory  b)j^im«ut  is  HomotiniRfi  strained  and  orcn  mpturiMl  Ity 
estnwrdinary  eierliuu.  The  sesamoids,  which  in  th«ir  nfttunil  iititit«  ui-e 
Buapvndud  by  it,  and  from  which  fuui-ljon  iU  name  ia  derircsi,  are  in  the 
latter  CAW  let  down,  tuid  tho  fotlock  almost  touches  the  )^ru\iiid.  Tblti  ia 
gimorall?  iiui(tnk<!n  for  ruptoro  of  tJie  flcior  tt'odon ;  hot  one  cirCHnistiinco 
will  BaflicieBtly  dcui(in*ti«l«  Ui«t  it  is  tho  liusncnKory  lipiment  which  ia 
coneeraed,  tu.,  that  the  horee  b  able  to  bend  tiis  foot.  Rupture  of  thia 
ligUHUt  Is  %  bad,  and  almost  desperate,  case.  The  horse  is  fV\>qnontly 
luae  fbr  li&i  itad  ncvrr  become"  pcrt'cetly  sound.  Kts^pin?  him  nltogothor 
qiiiett  baudacing  tho  log,  and  jiutting  on  a  hiffh.hmdf^c)  Htior,  will  allbrd 
tlie  most  probable  means  uf  temporary  T«liof ;  out  the  &ppliuitiou  of  tbo 
ftotual  cautery,  in  \ie  eevorcBt  form,  niU  ftloue  give  ft  obuuioe  of  ultimate 
utility. 

Tho  common  iniuiy  to  thiit  ligament  i»  nprain,  indicated  by  InmeneM 
and  BWoUing  and  heat,  mors  or  Iuim  Mtvoru  in  proportion  as  the  noigh- 
Ixioring  part4  am  involved.  Tlua  will  ttomotines  yield  to  m>taud  cuoluig 
traatauut ;  but.  if  the  cose  is  obstinate,  it  will  be  Deoosstuy  to  baro  roconrso 
to  Um  actual  cautery.  Tho  hunter  mid  the  raoe-horso  are  moct  sabjoct  to 
lemons  of  thc-ao  UKMucntit ;  tho  hunter  Jrom  leaping  the  fenco^  and  the 
rnoo-boTM  from  (£e  violent  efforta  which  are  oooa«u>tiil^  damaodod  of 
him.  In  both  casos,  tho  ueighbourioK  |>arte  usually  share  in  the  injury, 
and  a  cure  is  rarely  oomplotoly  oflectcd. 

THE  PAS1XBXS. 

The  vpptT  f  Of  (pm-bono  (a  in  the  first  figure,  aud  h  in  the  scvood,  in  the 
fntlowiug  cute)  rcociriii  the  lower  pulley-like  head  of  the  shsnlcbonc, 
and  forms  n  binge  joint  admitting  only  of  bonding  and  extension,  hot 
not  of  side  motiou  i  it  likowiso  articulates  with  the  scaamoid- bones. 
Its  lower  hmA  has  two  rounded  protubennccs,  which  are  received 
into  corrceponding  di^prvMiona  in  the  lower  pMtera.  On  eitbor  side 
above  tho  piwtcm- joint,  an  roughened  crrqccuons,  for  the  attochmcoit 
of  Tciy  strong  lixameuts,  both  tho  capsular  ligomcntii,  and  maqr  cross 
ligauuiats,  which  render  (ho  joint  b<-(.woen  tho  two  jastenM  eufflcietiUf 
Bccurc 

Tho  Uaoerftvlmt  {l  m  the  Gntt  Dgnrw,  and  e  in  tho  ncoond,  in  thcn«xt 
cutJisasHortandtluclcboDewithite  larger  head  downward.  Itsn^^fViMA 


I 


S78 


TUB  PASTEBXS. 


(.^11  two  doprcMiMMu  to  rec«iro  tbc  proloberaaces  on  tli«  lower  head 
of  tho  upper  booe,  bearing  some  regeniMaiice  lo  *  paUej,  bat  not  ao 


t^.  I- 
a  Thv  upper  puitm, 
6  TIu*  luwi-r  iiulsrn. 
e  Tho  na*icalBr  \joa». 
4  Til*  wfBD-tmne. 

#V-  a- 

4  Tlw  Wfpr  paiitiTn. 

*■  Thd  loner  jnutprii. 
4  TbE  iiariimtitr  buov. 
<  Tbc  coffin  •bgnc 


deeido^f  &s  the  lower  hoAdof  thL'^hnnk-bono.  ItKlowerhcftd  reWfa)>lc<i  thai 
of  tk(>  otker  pnstom,  and  ha8  !l1bu  iwu  iiruimnences,  somewlut  Koi'uiljling 
a  paUpy,  bj  which  it  articulntes  with  the  coffin-bone ;  aud  a  depreeaioo  in 
frout.  corrospondin;;  with  n  projection  in  the  ooffin-bon^.  Tlwre  are  also 
two  slight  deprogMioas  behind,  receiving  eminences  of  tho  navimUr  bone, 
Neithpr  of  thrun  joints  nilmitsof  any  lateral  motion.  The  ligaments  of  this 
joint,  both  the  viipnuhu-  and  the  proHS  onw,  nre,  like  those  of  the  ^Kwlorn- 
joint,  excpodingly  Htrong.  The  tendon  of  the  extoniior  ni uncle  iHinKcrtcd 
into  the  TortTnart  both  of  tbouppcTraodlowrrnutcrn- 
buneii,  iix  well  Its  into  the  np|Hirpu.rt  of  the  oomn-lMmo; 
and  at  thu  biLck  i>f  theM.-  nonea  llic  ttuii])eii!iunr  liarn- 
nifiil  in  c.v|Kiiidi'd  and  inserted,  while  a  {lorttou  of  ii 
goes  ovtr  the  fore  part  of  the  upper  paAteni  to  rvtu:h 
the  eiteuaor  toudon.  Tlicseattnchmenlein  front  of 
the  bones  ai^  aeeii  in  the  nccompanring  rut,  in 
which  <i  represents  the  lower  part  of  the  shank* 
bone;  h  the  sesamoid- bones ;  c  tho  uppor  piutem  t 
d  the  lower  iiFUitcrn ;  and  e  tho  coffin-bone ;  /  one 
of  tho  two  iimnehcs  of  the  suHpi-niiot^'  tignmenta 
Ifoing  to  unite  with  the  cxtcniior  tendon ;  g  tho  long 
exteiiAor  tendon ;  h  lignm<!nta  oouneoting  the  two 
pa«t«rn-boneH  together;  i  Iho  lalond  uartita^ea  of 
the  foot,  and  Ic  Ihe  corooaiy  tigainoiit. 
The  letiKtli  and  ohlii^uitj  of  llif  paat«m  vat?  in  the  different  bneds  of 
horHL-ii,  and  on  it  depends  the  elastic  action  of  the  animal,  and  the  eaaiueaa 
of  hia  pacoa.  The  p«t«m  most  bo  long  in  pro^rtion  to  its  obLiqui^,  or 
the  fetlock  will  bo  too  oloee  to  tbe  ground,  and,  in  ntpid  aetiott,  come  rio- 
lently  into  eoDt«ct  with  it.  It  is  neetmury  that  the  fetlock  ahonld  be 
elovnted  n  eortnin  dutAoco  from  lhogroan<l,andtluNmny  IxteSbctod  either 
br  A  Hhnrt  itn<l  tipright,  orii  long  and  slanting  paAtcm.  In  proportion  as 
the  piKlimi  is  obliquo  or  slanting,  twooonaequfiieeA  will  follow,  IctM  weight 
will  U'  thrown  on  the  pastern,  and  more  on  the  sesamoid,  and,  in  that 
proportion,  ooncnssion  will  be  prewnlcd. 

livery  ndvanlJige,  however,  hiut,  to  a  certain  eitent,  its  eoirospondtng 
diMtdnuitugc.  In  protmrtion  to  the  i)hli(|iiitt-  or  HJanling  of  tbe  paAlcm, 
wjII  bt  tbc  ttrca  on  tJic  rcllock-joinV,  and,  tlicn-fore,  tbc  liability  of  Utat 


i 


THE  FETLOCK. — OBOaGiyESS.  fiT 

joint  to  injarj  iu>d  stnun :  and  iJso  Ibe  liftbiltty  to  spnun  of  tim  hiuV 
Kincn-N  from  Uic  incrousd  action  luid  play  of  lh«  Bozor  t«adODB;  and 
likmriM  to  b^ariee  ot  Iho  nwUM^-jointa,  for  the  li^:nnuiDt«wiUlM'  vrcnk  in 
proportMO  to  tJi«tr  l(4i^i.  Tbu  limg  and  alaotiiig  pantcrn  in  advan- 
ta^eoas  in  &.e  ntc9-horae,  trum  tlie  «last«citj-  of  action  &ud  i^reater  estonb 
cf  itride  hy  which  it  ia  acoompamod.  A  kiss  dii'^'r«e  of  it  ia  fovea  is  tbe 
bnntor,  who  i»  (o  nnifo  oontinnatioo  of  exertion  with  case  of  pac«.  For 
tito  h^dkuey  Ikcrv  should  bo  mfficicDt  obliquity  to  gire  pleoaantBOM  of 
goin(f,  bnl  not  euou;;h  to  endanger  OootiiiBanoeand  staren^i.  Ex{)erieDVe 
among  hOTses  will  alont>  point  outtbe  most  adTaDtageoBs  dirocliou  of  the 
pttatorn  for  thp  pnrposp  rcqnirpd  ;  but  tiie  slightest  ohiwrvntion  will  show 
tfao  nccrnaitr  of  (wii«idcrablc  tilHc^  io  the  ttmctnrc  of  ttik  part.  Lot 
(ho  reader  ■'"^r""  the  hearj  dnty-horee  with  \ua  ahort  and  nprighb 
]iastvni8  contenatng  in  the  raoo ;  or  dte  Taoe-hone  with  hia  long  ana  weak 
pastonw,  endeavoorinc  to  dig  hia  toe  into  tho  pronnd  in  order  to  mora 
aomo  hiwTy  weight.  Tho  conctusion  which  attends  the  common  action  of 
the  cart-liorso  ia  little  bocanne  his  tnoretnonis  am  hIow,  and  thorefom  tlio 
upright  aud  Strang  pastcm  ia  giwn  to  him,  which  ha  can  force  into  tho 
mtoiid,  and  on  which  he  am  throw  ttie  whole  of  liia  Lmmenae  weight. 
The  oblique  pnstom  is  giron  to  the  race-horac  because  that  alone  ia  com- 
patibla  with  rartcnt  of  Rtrido  imd  great  speed.  Ksocitt  a  horee  for  gcccriJ 
pnnwa^  and  partioularlr  for  riding  is  Tvty  hardly  used,  n  little  too  much 
obbqnity  b  a  &r  less  ovU  than  a  pustem  too  upright.  While  tlie  jolting 
of  the  upright  pastern  is  an  insufiuiable  nuisance  to  the  rider,  it  ia 
injurious  and  most  unsafe  to  tho  horse,  &ad  prodnces  many  diseaBcs  in  tho 
feci  and  legs,  and  particularly  ringbonot  osnficatian  of  the  cnrtilttgics,  ami 
con  ti»ot«d  feet. 

TH£  PETLOCff. 

The  fetlock-joint  is  a  rory  complicjitid  one,  and  from  the  stress  whieli  is 
laid  on  il^  and  its  being  the  principal  seat  of  motion  below  the  knee,  it  is 
MrtKularly  subject  to  injury.  There  are  not  many  cases  of  sprain  of  tho 
ImmA  sin«w  that  an  not  accompanied  1^  inSommatioti  of  the  bgaaienla  of 
this  joint ;  and  nuinarous  tnppoood  cases  of  spntin  higher  up  are  simple 
affecLiuiia  of  Uic  fetlock.  It  requires  a  great  deal  of  care,  and  some 
experience,  to  distinguish  the  one  from  the  other.  The  ksai  about  tlie 
part,  and  the  point  at  which  the  horse  l««et  ondnres  tho  pnaanre  of  the 
finmr,  will  Ira  thn  priDcipnl  guides.  OccBsioiially,  by  tlio  B])plicntion  of 
cooling  lotions  the  iiifliuiimution  but  be  enfadned,  but,  at  uUurr  tinuia,  the 
hone  sulTers  dreadMly,  and  is  onaUe  to  stand.  A  serious  affection  of  the 
fctlodc-joiut  domaods  treatment  more  prompt  and  scTerc  than  that  of  tho 
sheaths  of  th«  tendons. 

0B000IirB89. 

The  pocnlinr  knuckling  of  the  fetlock -joint,  and  (he  (otteriiiK  of  tlte  wholo 
of  tho  ibre-lcg,  kuowu  by  the  name  of  groamuit,  and  wfai^  is  so  often 
•eeo  in  old  and  over-worked  horms,  ia  eoMom  an  afibction  of  either  (he 
fstiock  or  Uie  pastern -joinlH  simply.  Indeed  it  is  not  diOicult  to  fix  on  the 
paiiicolar  joint ;  it  is  that  which  is  deep  in  tho  fout,  and  where  the  flexor 
tendon  runs  on-r  the  navicular  bone;.  When  disease  attacke  thsM  ti*!iue«, 
as  the  fearful  number  of  cases  of  naviimlar  di«ease  proves  to  bo  so  ofleo 
the  ease,  the  horse,  to  avoid  throwing  a  portion  of  his  weight  on  the  flexor 
tendon,  which  in  a  licAlthy  state  is  so  woU  able  t»  rcoeivu  it,  goes  as  much 
M  poesible  on  his  Uk-*,  sttTps  short  and  lifihtly,  producing  that  appcarnnce 
of  nnsteadineat  to  which  the  term  ia  applied.  It  may  be  combined  witli  n 
want  of  power  in  the  ligaments  of  the  joints  generally,  ft^<iw:n&.Vr) 


MO  CCTTIXC. — BLVCBOXB,  ^^"^^^^^^ 

rreqnntt  and  g^-vcrc  sprno*,  or  by  ill-jadg«d  and  cruiol  BXttrtion.  Proleasor 
Kicimrt  vm'  tmlr  Kir>.  in  bia  'StiiUo  Eaanotnj',*  tlwt,  'it  ii  oomnooo 
mnutug  olJ  lundii  of&al  w>jtkers,aad  loi^  joDmejSktftbstpaccirill  mako 
almost  anj  hone  gngiEJ-  B«d  sboemg  aad  want  of  >taUe  can  may  bclp 
to  inOMSe,  bnt  never  can  alone  prodnce  groggineea.  It  is  one  of  the 
«vUa  of  axCMBTC  work.    In  Uia  najoril;  of  caacs  it  admila  of  no  romed;.' 

CURUG. 

Tha  iarida  of  the  fctlodc  in  aft«D  bniiacd  bjr  tbo  aboe  or  the  hoof  of  th« 
opposite  foot.  Man^  expedicnta  used  to  bo  triod  to  naaon  this;  th« 
in^dc  heel  baa  been  ratsed  and  loir  end,  and  tha  ovtaida  niaed  and  knrerod ; 
and  aomrtimea  one  operation  has  snoceeded,  and  sometiDMS  Ihe  contnu^ ; 
and  there  was  no  point  bo  inTolrod  in  obMnirity,  or  so  destitnt«  of  pnn- 
ciplcs  to  guide  the  practitioner.  The  most  Bucc«ssliil  rciDcdf ,  and  that 
wfaieh  in  the  ffreat  majority  of  ottaes  cnperKMlua  all  otbcra,  in  to  pot  on  a 
ahM,of  eqoal  thickueas  freu)  heel  to  toe,  aiul  btviugbut  one  ouil,aod  that 
luar  Ui»  toe  OD  the  imide  of  this  shoe  -,  care  being  taken  that  the  shoe  ahall 
notextcod  h7«id  thoedgeof  tbo«niiBt,aiul  lha(tl>eGni«ttJutIlbeiaflped 
a  bttJo  at  (he  qnurterv. 

^lere  are  some  dt-ftxtta,  however,  in  the  natural  form  of  the  horse,  which 
are  the  cansm  of  ratting,  and  which  no  contrivance  will  reinedj ;  as  when 
tbo  Icea  are  placed  too  Bsar  to  each  other,  or  when  the  feet  are  tumi-d 
inwatd  or  ontward.  A  horan  with  these  defects  Elmold  be  carefully 
examiiiM]  at  the  insidci  of  the  fc-tlock,  and  if  thero  arc  any  som  or  callons 
places  from  catting,  these  will  be  a  good  rvoaon  for  not  purchasing  the 
ftmma].  Some  bOTSea  wHl  cut  only  wheu  they  are  Ihtigned  or  lame  and 
old  i  many  colts  will  cut  before  they  arrive  at  their  fall  strength. 

spsinr  OF  THE  copmr-JonT. 

The  proof  of  this  is  when  the  lameuoas  in  sudtlin,  and  the  hmt  and 
lemlcniua  are  ptiscipally  felt  round  the  coronet.  Bleedinj^  at  the  toe, 
nhyaic,  fomeDlaliODT  and  blislera  are  the  nsoal  moans  adopted.  Tfat* 
Mmensia  ia  not  mmfy  removed,  even  by  a  blister;  and  if  rvotovvd,  like 
spiainaof  thslbtlockandof  the  baok  sinews,  it  is  apt  to  return,  aod  finally 
produce  a  |rr««t  deal  of  disorganinliOD  and  miscliief  in  the  foot.  Sprain 
of  the  coffin>joint  aometimea  beoomea  a  very  serious  aOtur.  Voi  bein^ 
always  attended  by  any  external  swelling,  and  being  dctontod  only  by  heat 
loond  the  coronet,  (he  seat  of  the  lameness  is  of^n  overlooked  by  the 
Broom  and  tbo  farrier  ;  and  the  diuua  is  aufiered  to  become  con&iaed 
Defero  its  nalare  is  discoronxL 

KUGBOirx. 

Itingbono  is  a  deposit  of  bony  matter  on  one  of  the  pasfems,  and  nanally 
sear  ue  joint.  From  a  disposition  to  spread,  and  at  first  around  the 
pastom-poiint,  which  is  sitnatod  juit  above  the  coronet,  the  dJaooao  has 
acqnirea  the  name  of  ringbone. 

UorM-'K  with  short  upright  joints,  and  with  small  feet  and  high  aetioD, 
are  oAanea^  as  may  be  nqppond,  the  subjects  of  this  disease,  which  is  the 
ooowqaenoe  sitliar  of  ooaoaanm  or  sprain  of  the  paatem-kiiols.  It  ia 
also  hereditary  in  its  natniti  and  may  oome  on  either  wiUi  or  without 
Inflammation. 

It  is  more  fremient  in  the  hind  limb  tban  the  fore :  from  the  violent 
action  of  the  bind  lags  in  propelling  the  horse  forward,  the  pasterns  are 
more  snirieot  to  l^amcntaiy  injury ;  yet  the  lamspess  ia  not  so  grgat  (berc, 
bmainse  the  disease  Is  confined  principally  to  the  ligaments,  nnd  the  bouus 
hare  not  been  injared  by  oononssSon  :  while,  from  the  position  of  the  fore 


J 


THE  niSO  LEGS-^TUE  lIAlXCil. 


SSI 


limba^  tbere  win  gvnendly  be  iu  tlicm  iujury  of  tlii<  bonca  to  bo  adilcd  to 
that  of  tlie  ligaments.  In  its  e&rlj  etage,  and  wheo  recogniaed  by  a  bony 
eiil&i;g«m«nt  on  boUi  ndtv  of  tbepostcra-joint,  or  in  koiiia  (i»w  oaees  on  one 
■d*  oiilr,  if  tlio  InmrncMi  in  coDKidoiuble,  the  Aninuil  iitionid  bo  kept  nt  rest 
Bod  anttphlugistio  trobtment  adajtlcd.  Tlia  parta  abould  bo  foincnbid  with 
warm  water  and  a  dose  of  purgative  uiMlicine  Administered.  When  tbo 
acute  inflammation  has  snbsided,we  apply  connter-irritAtioTi,  either  in  tlie 
sliape  of  a  b1i«t«r  (th«  1»iuodido  of  raorcury  and  lord,  ija  tbo  proportion  of 
a  dntcbin  of  the  former  to  one  oancv  of  the  bitt«r,  bdnj;  the  beat},  or  tho 
Bctofd  caotury.  Whi^u  it  coiues  on  witboaL  1amcn«as  tli«  latter  treatment 
may  be  adopted  at  once. 

But  th<n%  is  so  ranch  wear  and  tear  in  this  part  of  tho  aoiinal,  that  tha 
inflammation  and  the  diapodtioD  to  the  friraintion  of  bone  rnpidlv  spread, 
Tbo  paaterns  Erst  beooma  eonsecti-d  t^igelher  by  bono  instead  of  ligamont, 
and  Unmce  reaulta  what  is  called  an  aucbjloeed  or  fixed  joint. 


CHAPTER   XVir. 

THE   HIND   LEOS. 


THE   HAOirCH. 

Thb  hasDch  (see  0,  p.  IW ;  and  the  cnt,  p.  SCO)  U  componivl  of  throo 
bone*.  The  firat  is  the  ilium,  principallv  wmci-rnod  iu  tlio  formation  of 
thehatuch.  Ita«xt<rndod  branches  behind  tJio  flanks  are  proniiueut  in  every 
horse.  Wben  they  arc  more  tlion  nRaally  nidc,  tho  aniroal  is  said  to  bo 
ragyed-Uppitd.  A  bnmch  nui*  nn  to  tho  opine  at  tho  commmcfmrnt  of 
tlie  aacTul  Tertebne,  and  hero  the  bauDch-lxmea  are  firmly  nniti»d  with  the 
bonca  of  the  spine.  The  iaohima,  or  hip-bone,  ia  behind  and  below  the 
ilinm.  Its  tnbcrorities  or  prominenoea  ore  eeeo  nnder  tho  tail  (cut, 
p.  IW).  Tho  pabia  unites  with  the  two  former  below  nnii  behind.  These 
three  bonea  are  perfectly  distinct  in  the  fcrl.us,  bat  in  tlio  honu)  beoomo  to 
iulimately  united  aa  to  conntitute  one  solid  bune. 

From  the  loins  (o  the  sotting  on  of  the  tail  a  line  ahonld  be  carried  on 
almost  atraight,  or  drooping  only  iu  a  slight  degree.  Thns  the  haonch* 
boDCa  will  he  rnont  obliqae,  and  will  prodaoe  a  corresponding  obliquity,  or 
•laatiDg  diieotion,  in  tlio  tbigh-bono — adiroction  in  wbirh,  as  itatol  wbrn 
the  Son  lege  wore  described,  tho  mnsdea  act  with  mest  adrantu^e.  Thia 
dinotioD  m  the  qoartera  is  chaiaoteristle  of  the  thorou(;h-br«d  hone;  and 
by  the  degree  in  which  it  ia  found,  wo  judge  to  a  considcrablo  extent  of 
the  breeding  of  tho  onimaL  If  the  bonca  at  D  and  E,  p.  140,  lake  a  eome* 
what  arehed  fiirm,  aa  they  do  iu  the  cart-hone,  it  la  erident  that  the 
bnmeh-bana  0  woold  be  more  npright.  The  thigh-bone  P  would  tike- 
wiso  be  no.  The  stifle  Q  wonJd  not  ho  so  far  under  tha  body,  and  the 
power  of  tho  horse  would  bo  coniii<lcrnb)r  imnain'd.  The  obbqne  direc- 
tion  of  the  hannch  and  thigh-bonea,  pn>da»Hl  br  the  atrai^htneaa  of  the 
line  of  the  qnne,  doea  sot,  aa  b  communly  BuppuM<d,  aiTord  increased  sur- 
face for  the  attachment  of  mnsclee,  bat  places  tha  masclos  in  a  direction 
tn  act  with  ^rvat  advantage.  It  ia  in  the  adTantaoeons  direction,  quite  aa 
much  as  in  the  balk  of  the  roiuclo,  thst  the  streimtJi  of  tlio  hocao  eenalala. 

It  will  be  aeoD,  from  the  diflWmtt  cntit,  that  the  anglea  fensed  by  lbs 
fore  and  hind  cxtremitJea  have  different  directioms.      One  pomta  forawc^ 


3*2  ^^^r^^mr       TUB  TBien.       ^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

■ad  tlw  o4ber  bulcw&nL  The  actiun  of  tl>o  (on  l^[*  Utos  Icnal  tBtcHem 
•riib  tfaediMt,  and  iha(  of  Uwhukdlesairilk  the  belly. 

Width  of  buinel)  ia  k  point  rf  gMi  coaaeqnenoe^  Ibr  it  «Tid4mtlr 
ftflbrdi  mora  rvon  for  the  attadunmt  of  uimcIm  ;  Mid  tmn  tbangh  li 
Aoold  be  aa  wide  m  to  mbyect  the  hone  to  the  chu^  of  being  raa^td- 
hippdi,  and  nutf  Kntewliat  oftnd  Ibe  eje,  it  will  not  olU-o  be  asT  aefari- 
nunt  to  action.  If  the  loins  an  broad  and  the  horse  well  ribbea  bonte, 
the  pvotobersBOM  of  the  Qiom  csn  scaroely  be  too  &r  apart.  Many  « 
Tagged-hipped  hone  has  poeMSsed  both  Upwtncaa  sad  •trcoffth,  whilo  bat 
Sbw  that  were  narrow  aeroM  the  haunch  coold  boaet  of  the  latter  quality. 

The  oi>eiuD)>  in  tbe  centiv  of  tbese  bones,  wfaidi  MBstittttes  the  paaaa^ 
dtrosgh  which  th«i  jcnng  Miimal  ie  expelled  froM  die  nether,  is  lar^  la 
the  mnrv,  bikI  in  cTfrry  qaadntpod,  beCMue  thors  osDBoi,  on  aocovnt  ivf  the 
(bna  of  the  aaimitl,  be  nnj  danger  of  ahortioB  fron  the  weigfat  of  the 
fixtni  preseiagOD  the  part. 

The  only  portion  of  these  booM  expoeed  to  imnry  or  fractara  ara  Che 
taberontk*  or  ppomtncaioci  of  the  hsund.  A  mil  or  blow  may  chip  off 
or  diininite  a  portion  of  them,  anil,  if  so,  there  are  no  nicaii*  of  fbrcildy 
bringiiig  the  disnnited  parts  togetlwr  again,  and  retaining  them  in  their 
natnral  position,  the  hmso  >■  then  said  to  be  down  ta  (be  hep.  Tba  power 
of  natvr^  howcrer,  will  gradnaDj  nnite  them,  bat  that  nnion  will  always 
be  attended  br  defomity  aad  oooasiooally  bf  laiaaneM.  A  cAaroe,  or 
Teiyatron^sdliesirejilaatiar,  serosa  the  baanchnaay  be  (ueftil,  as  hdping, 
in  soow  sfag^  d«gn^  to  support  the  parts,  and  bud  then  together. 

TKZ  THIdE. 
Ib  the  lower  and  lateml  part  of  the  hip-bon«>  i«  a  Annji  phvity  or  cop  for 
tbereoeptioD  oftbo  bend  of  the  thigb-botio.  Tliis,  tbo  tmn  thigh-bane,  ts 
BO  eoncosled  br  thick  miuvles  that  its  Bttnation  and  shape  are  not  risible 
to  the  vyt.  It  is  tbercToru  treqnSDtlyOTeriooked  by  honeroen,  who  call  the 
next  boas^  extending  from  the  stifle  to  tbo  hook,  the  thigh.  In  this 
remect,  it  is  snaloffOQi  to  the  hmiienis  or  arm-bonn  of  Iho  fore  log,  wluch, 
AS  before  nontionn),  lira  sn  it  were  in  tbo  trunk,  ioHUad  of  brin^  pnniieat 
from  it.  So  here  the  thigh -bone- fonns  a  portiou  of  ilui  trunk  iU>olf ;  the 
pendral  portion  aonmeBOing  at  the  stifle.  Ihc  i<Hnt  aofJoeoiis  to  the  Icnee- 

C'nt  in  man.  Ahhonsh  in  the  moreniCDt  of  the  hind  legs  there  cantMtt 
the  oonouadon  to  whioh  the  fbre  Ii^  are  expoM^l  (for  the  waight  uf 
the  body  is  seldom  Ihiownvioleotlynpontbem),  yet  in  thepowotAil  action 
of  these  limbs  there  ia  much  attain  on  the  joints,  and  we  shall,  tbcn^ora, 
find  that  there  are,  in  all  of  them,  Bidminiblopronfioas  against  injury.  The 
head  of  the  oppcr  bono  of  thn  tUiKh  i*  rrccivpd  into  the  d<^  cap  mentioned 
above  (th«a«e/ahi/wn),  by  whurh  ttismirroiuidcdoncveryaiilc;  thiaoonsli- 
tulea  the  liip-j<>iDt,anddtslocationlroni  which  wooldsceu  almost  tmposaible. 
But  the  bony  cap  may  giro  way  ?  Kol  so,  prorision  ia  made  aj^ainit  this. 
All  three  of  the  haundi-bonm  nnite  in  the  fomuition  of  this  cup,  and 
the  sntores  by  which  they  are  hold  togeliier  arc  of  iinch  a  nature,  that 
nnerally  (peaking,  no  shock,  or  exerlioo,  or  accidrat,  can  (Usnnito  tbem. 
ThieTe  is  ercn  something  more  in  oti1«t  to  make  the  sttoohment  doaUy 
sure.  In  addition  to  the  uaol  cantDlnr  and  other  ligaments,  a  singolariy 
strong  one  risen  frnm  the  base  of  the  tnip,  aiul  ia  inserted  into  the  hcnid  of 
the  thtffh-)>onF,  ciUInl  the  ^ttstm/um  forM  or  rmiud  ligament,  seeming  as 
it  wonid  render  Mrpsiatii>n  or  dislocation  altogether  imposiiiblc.  Sue 
however,  is  tbe  greet  power  of  thn  miiaclea  of  Iho  hind  limbs,  tluit,wi 
all  these  attochmenls,  sprain  of  the  lih-am«nts  of  the  thigh,  or  the 
hmt,  Bs  horsemen  call  it,  and  dialocation  and  cvva  bactoie  of  it,  are 
•ionally  fouod. 


i 

a 


^^^^^^^^^™  TIIE  STIFLE.  ^^^  Si>1 

The  thigh-bono  is  botli  the  litrg«st  ftnd  stronf^sl  in  tho  fWimf'.  It  is 
short  and  thick,  ttiid  cxliil)it«  singular  proniincncM  and  mngfaiM-sE<«  and 
bollowH  fbr  the  uwt.-rt)on  of  the  immenMi  mniuiloii  that  bvlnng  t^  it.  Four 
pTomuieiioefl,  in  jMrtiuular,  called  fajr  uuttomiiU  Irochanler^,  two  on  tho 
onUide,  one  on  the  inside^  and  one  uoar  the  heed  of  Uie  bone. 

Thia  bono  is  commonly  called  ihe  liourui  Heme.  It  faftB,  in  some  ran  in* 
•teaccs,  boon  dinlooAtod  luid  frnctiircd.  It  is  mncb  oft<7iKir  spraiood,  but 
Bot  K  Iraanently  kk  tho  groom  or  (nrricr  imiigino*.  Tluim  is  nothing  p»> 
cniUar  in  Uto  laiuoni.'aa  to  deluol  injurr  at  thiti  part,  cxcittit  tliat  tho  hono 
«-m  drsK  his  teg  afl^r  him.  Injury  of  tLo  rannd  bouc  wtll  \w  prinoipalty 
discovend  hy  bMtt  and  tondorncM  in  the  situation  of  l<h«  joint. 

A  port  ro  drpply  sitontod  is  tmitcd  with  difficDitr.  Fonumtationi 
abonld  Grat  bo  nsed  to  abatu  thu  uillaiamadon,  nnd,  after  that,  an  activo 
blislur  abuuld  be  applied.  Strainn  of  tliiu  joint  aro  not  atvrarii  imnivditiUtl/ 
relieTed,  and  tfae  muscles  of  the  limb  in  some  casea  wa^te  considerably ; 
it  tbenfor*  maj  bo  n^crssai;  to  repeat  tho  blister,  whilo  absoInt«  rest 
abouM  Oiooompany  nvrry  titiigi;  of  thn  trotttmont.  It  may  rvcn  bo  rcqnisito 
ta  Sre  tlia  part, — or,  an  a  lust  rowirt,  a  charge  may  bo  phimd  over  tho  joinfi 
and  tho  lioise  toraed  out  for  two  or  throe  mouths. 

TBI   STITLS. 

Tbe  inferior  extremity  of  thv  temur  prosenU  a  piill^>li)ra  Aitieillkton' 
surface  in  front,  over  which  plays  tlio  patella,  and  Wo  oondylea,  rODilbSed 
and  smooth,  prwpnting  infcriorly  and  pci.it^iriorlv,  and  which  are  reccirod 
into  Hlif^ht  dRprutuions  an  thti  ujifxr  mirface  of  the  lowtir  bono,  tho  tibia ; 
while  in  front  ia  a  curioos  groove,  over  wltich  playa  a  amall  irrtgular  boue, 
tlif  patella,  or  sliSe-bone.  Tho  wholo  ia  commonly  called  Ike  ilijie-ioitil, 
Tho  patella  {Q,  p.  I  f^)  anHWor«  t^i  thr  kiicepnn  in  the  human  subject.  Somo 
of  the  tcndonti  of  tJio  irtmngr«t  musclctt  of  tli<i  ti]>p<!r  bone  of  tlie  thigh  aro 

finacrtcd  into  iL  This  im|jorlai[t  joint  ia  much  strengthened  by  the  profwr 
ligameuta  between  the  upper  and  lower  bones,  and  additional  hg&meuta 
AtMB  ttie  patella,  forming  altngetlicr  a  very  powi^rfnl  nnion.  The  patella 
likowico  answer*  anotlinr  and  oven  mora  imporioiit  purpose.  Tho  tendons 
of  aonw  strong  nuuKttua  aro  inserted  into  iL  When  tliuao  muaclM  are  not 
^^  in  notion,  the  p&(«Ua  lies  in  the  groovo  vrhich  nature  has  contrived  for  it ; 
^BSmt  when  they  begin  to  contract,  it  starts  from  its  partial  tiiding-placei, 
^Bbeoomw  prominent  from  the  joint,  and  alters  tho  hnc  of  direction  in  which 
^H  ttie  niiwcioa  aol;,  It  incrooaes  t]i«  angle,  nnd  Ihua  verj  materially  incroasos 
^H'tfaepower  of  the  mnaoles. 

^H     The  lower  bone  of  tfae  thigh  consists  of  two  parts.    The  larger  portion, 

^"  in  front,  extending  from  the  stifle  to  tlwj  houlc,  is  called  lh«  tOiia,     ITio 

■mailer  bone,  or  fibuia^  behind  (see  R,  p.  I4ff),  reaohcs  not  moro  than  a 

tliinl  of  tho  way  down.    It  is  nnitod  to  the  shank-bone,  like  the  splinU 

booe^  hy  a  cartilaginova  sabstanfic,  whiah  ia  aoon  c&anged  into  a  bony  one, 

KOf  the  nse  of  tho  anuiller  bono  we  csuinot  speak. 
The  lower  bono  of  the  thigh  forms  an  angle  with  the  upper  on«,  bring 
the  iwvmwo  of  thut  which  exiatfl  betwoon  the  upper  bone  and  tho  pelvis. 
The  object  of  thia  is  twofold, — ^to  obviate  concussion,  and  to  giro  » 
dinctiou  to  (be  muscles  fnvournblo  to  tbuir  powerlnl  action ;  and  in  pro. 
portion  to  the  acutenetM  of  the  angle,  or  the  degive  in  which  the  stiBo  is 
Monght  ander  tho  horse,  will  tluse  pur|weeB  be  aeoomplisbed.  Tliere  is 
mnch  difference  in  this  in  diflbrebt  borsee,  and  tfae  oonalnictioD  of  this 
part  of  llio  frame  ia  a  matter  worthy  of  more  nsgard  tfaaa  is  generally  paid 
to  it. 
Thii  port  of  the  thigh  should  likewise  be  long.    In  proportion  to  tba 


I 


SM 


DI5L0CATK>a  OF  TUE    PATEUJ TOOBOTGn-PIIT. 


iMwtli  tX  tlie  mtucle  is  the  degroe  oX  contnHJoD  at  wliich  it  io  n^^jtA*--. 
■ad  alao  m  {iroportion  to  tbe  oontractioii  of  tiie  iBiuch<  it  llw  «Etctit  of 
notion  En  tb  bmb:  bnt  it  ii  «tiU  more  ii«oc«>nr  that  iht*  |«rt  or  tlto 
tliisli  shonM  li*r«  oonndcnhle  iniHcle,  io  order'  tint  ■tMngtli  ni»;  bo 
ttdtbd  to  anvk  extmt  or  amtiMM  of  tnotton.  Uucli  endttnuiM  vonid  tut 
bo  ci]wci«d  from  a  horae  witii  &  thin  um.  A  lione  wiUi  ihin  mnd  hnky 
tliigli*  will  not  poueu  the  itrmglh  which  oonsidersble  exerttora  wonld 
•omctimM  r>qnii«.  Tbo  prindpftl  tnoKlM  of  thit  put  of  ikm  thigh  ar» 
ti«DAl)r  aomewlot  praBUDcat,  uul  otk;  rc^dilj  be  tzvcod  tn  the  Unn^ 
ftniiuAi, 

0U9  or  TEE  simx. 
nie  itifle-jtmit  in  oocMionftllf  ■a1>jt<ct  lo  «pmai  &tim  eotne  TioleDtoxertioB 
or  nddcB  ehji  of  tli«  Miimnl.  From  it«  Bomewh&t  ezpoaed  pooitaoo,  it  w 
■bo  GaUe  to  itunrj',  ei^er  from  tho  kick  of  Mioth«r  wn^  or  fromeonii^ 
ta  contact  with  eom*  hird  labetanco.  Id  tfaceo  cmms  there  will  gotunllj 
be  mScient  heat,  tewlenieae,  mnd  •weUtntf  in  the  part  to  point  oat  tfia  ' 
seat  of  faijBiy.  lie  aniaul  will  aleo  atep  inoti  on  oe  affeetod  limb,  beiac 
iraehle  to  orteod  it.  The  treatawat  riwud  ooaaiat  in  resting  the  aaimaE 
*PP'j''V  **nii  fementatiom  to  the  pert,  ml  admrnUti^Hng  a  doee  of 
nlifiio.  If  the  tnflanuaatioa  nnie  vaiy  U^  it  naj  be  fnrthrr  rrliored  bj 
Iflcodtng  from  tho  femoml  rein.  When  (he  acate  tjinptuus  hare  bbIh 
aided,  Q  bliater  maj  be  apfilied  to  the  part. 

SULOC&TIOH    OP    THS   PATIUi. 


Tbia  b  not  a  rctj  nnoomnwn  dls^eeo,  and  mn  ariee  from  serefal 
each  ki  a  oongvuitelly  relaxed  condition  of  the  tigiuucmts  of  th«  joiiite, 
weak  atate  of  the  mnjclea.  It  ta  aometimea  cBDsvd  br  lamo  inord' 
fonw.  aiuj)  as  moacnlar  oontiactioD,  eapeoially  when  the  oondjiee  . 
which  the  patella  pla^a  an  not  enflloiently  derelopod.  Cramp  and  andi 
naconaciooa  movemente  will  also  prodnnr  it,  and  it  froqttentlr  followa 
bjlitnlins  diaoaena  aDch  u*  influenza,  fever,  ka.  Young  well-bred 
Br«  piirticalarlf  nttriect  to  tliis  afbction.  Tlie  epaptoma  aie  woU 
anil  will  not  mailj  ue  mistaken.  Tbe  animal  ia  iliute  mablc  to  more 
citt-iid  the  iniored  limb,  anil  a  careful  oxaminatMNi  will  ffoncnillj  de 
an  nnnittarsl  ctilargi-niicnt  on  tho  oatmle  of  the  8ttlle*joint.  Tbo  aid 
the  vetiTiiiarT  aurgoon  is  hero  requisite ;  still,  liowvTor,  an  att«mpfc 
ahonld  Le  made  to  reduce  the  dislocation  aa  soon  aa  it  ia  discorered.  A 
etnp  sboul'l  bo  plaood  below  tho  fi-tlock-joint,  and  the  limb  drawn  forwaM 
\n  as  aaairtant  aa  &r  nndar  the  abdomen  w  posaihlu ;  tho  operator  sboi 
tnen  atcadihr  preaa  the  pallia  in  an  inwanl,  downnunl,  and  forwi 
din«tioo,  when  a  moderate  d<^rDe  of  force  will  genonttlv  replace  it.  TIm 
animal  tlioold  then  be  tied  up  and  not  alIi>w<Hl  to  lie  down  for  some  tira^ 
and  a  bli«t«r  apptuxl  over  the  whole  •nrface  of  the  joint,  or  in  bad  caae^. 
tho  aclnal  cautery  maj  bo  nacd.  In  yon»i;  animab  we  aomctimee  eei  ft 
kiiul  or  partial  dialoci^ion  of  the  patella;  it  slipe  partlj  off  the  oondvlev 
Mid  wlu-n  tho  animal  moree  a  peculiar  snapping  aoood  is  beard.  This 
ia  a  reeoll  of  a  rvlased  oonditian  of  tbo  ligaments  of  tbo  joint  and  gen* 
erally  diaappoat«  aa  tbo  animal  gete  older,  ecpcdally  if  tho  joint  hae  Seen 
repatodljr  bltatenKL 

TH0SOVCH.FIK. 

Mention  haa  heon  made  o(  teind-yallM  and  thoir  treatment.  A  similar 
enlaiKnaeat  ia  Cmnd  abore  tho  hock,  lictwccn  thi:  tendons  of  tbo  Cloxor  of 
the  foot  and  the  eartenaor  of  tho  hovk.  Ah  from  its  aitoation  it  goucmllr 
ptyocU  on  both  sidce  of  the  hock,  in  the  form  of  a  toond  swelling,  it 


THE  HOCK. 


9M 


is  cnllr*!  a  lh(rrfmyh-pia,  a.  It  in  iin  iudicotion  of  conaiilvrnbln  urork,  bnt  U 
rmivly  uU«ndcKl  hy  liimcniiis.  Tliv  moJn  of  treatment  luoitt  R««mbl«  tbat 
fur  wind-gallfi,  but  blutvnng  or  Snu];  sliotild  be  cortier  had  rcMrt  to. 


THE    HOCK. 

Tfaia  b  ft  most  importJint  joint,  occasiintall]'  Uie  evident,  and  macb 
oftenor  the  nnmupRctol, 
Mat  of  lAiaroirsa,  aiid  llio 
STopoP  rormntiim  of  wht(.-1i 
u  cMnttiiLlly  couniH''t(.-(l 
with  tlio  viUuu  ot  the 
hone.  It  auswera  to  the 
Bokle  ID  the  human  being. 

The  inferior  brad  of 
the  tibia  is  formed  into 
two  dopp  gmoviw,  with 
thrix>  iJuirprncd  rid^vXi 
one  KCjiurBting  tbu  ^ruuvvK, 
und  thd  other  two  coosli- 
tutiiig  the  sidn  of  tli«ni. 
It  m  Been  at  a  in  tli«  ac- 
compaiifing  cut.  lt<  rvete 
npon  a  eingularly-shnpod 
bone,  b,  tbo  tutrayttliui, 
which  boa  two  cinnilar 
rising*  or  proJMrtiona,  and, 
with  a  d«[ireii!iiuu  botwevn 
tbein.  answwinK  exactly 
to  the  im^^lanljea  of  the 
tibia.  At  the  posterior 
part.  Hs  convex  siu&ce  is 
received  into  a  cowjivity 
near  thv  biuio  of  a  nut  her 
iKinc,  iMiit  with  whidi  it  in 
nniti.ll  by  vi-r^-  ntruug  liga- 
mi-utd.  Tliia  bone,  c,  ia 
calk-d  the  o*  fulrin,  oT  bona 
of  tbo  heel,  and  it  projects 
npiranLa,  flattened  at  ita 
KKlr«,and  n-rarivcn,  ntningly 
ini{dnntvd  into  it,  Ui«  tvn- 
doM  of  powerful  niiuoleM. 
These  bonee  nal  ou  two 
olhera,  the  o*  cii&jultv,  tl 
(cabe-fonned),  behind,  and 
the  laiver  cuw^otm  or  wedlge-abapcd  bone, «,  in  fVont.  The  krKi-r  wedn> 
shapod  Done  is  mipportod  by  two  sroallor  ones,  f,  and  theeo  two  aniaJlBr 
ocuw,  and  the  cuboidei^  bv  the  upper  heads  of  too  ahank-bone,  y,  and  the 
iniliiit- bones,  A.  Tlu:  ciiUiidoK  in  placed  on  the  external  spUsUbone,  and 
tuc-  cnnnon-bonr,  or  priueiiial  Imnu  of  the  leg  ;  the  nnall  wodgo-bono  is 
prijicipiiUy  resting  M>  tlic  iniier  upHiit-bun*',  not  aeen  in  tbo  cut ;  and  the 
middle  wcdgc-bonc  on  the  Mbimk-buiie  only,  ■;.  TIma  boiwui  ani  all 
connc-oted  to|ri*ther  by  vtry  Htroag  liKamentu,  whit-h  prevent  disloenlion. 
but  allow  a  slight  di>^'Te«  of  inolion  betwetin  ibein,  and  the  aurfiux-s  which 
ftKi  opposed  to  each  other  are  thickly  corered  by  elaatio  cartila^ne. 

cc 


M« 


ENLABGEMEM  OF  THE   HOOL 


CoodderiBf  file  aibutioB  ftad  action  of  Uiia  joint,  Um  wvigbt  aad 
Amrwit  upon  tt  mak  ba  nrr—dinfclj  great,  ud  it  ia  BMcamilj  liMbla  to 
iinii*li  itH"^  m  nind  and  iMi^—ifttl  motiosL  Wbafc  ara  tiia  luvviaioDa  to 
pivnot  injniy  ?  The  (froored  or  pollejr-like  beads  of  the  tttm  and  <ka 
astragaliu,  receired  deeplj  into  one  aaother,  and  oomfiaad  bjr  poiWtM 
'■g™«*"i  admittiae  freely  of  bicKF-Hke  actMn,  bat  of  no  nde  motKn,  b> 
lAieh  tbe  joint  «o^  otherwue  b«  cipoaed  in  nfid  POTMnent,  or  en  an 
uMTBo  nrboe.  A  atig^  inspection  of  the  eat  will  ■bow  tbat  tb»  ah  mm 
or  vtMtt  thtown  hy  ua  titaa,  a,  on  the  astn^lna,  &,  does  not  daacand, 
pyn«^rT*^tfT)iffV  bat  bi  a  at— »*i«g  domction.  Bj  thia,  nacb  ooocnaoion  la 
arotded,  or  noM  raadil;  dtfltase^among  the  diffoivnt  boBM ;  and.  the  joint 
conaiatiBg  of  aix  bones,  oach  of  them  covered  with  nbutic  cartilage,  and 
Mkch  adButttn^  of  a  certain  degree  of  luotiuii,  the  duninuhed  ooncnanoti  is 
difiiaed  anumn  ih^m  all.  and  thereby  neiitnlisod  and  rtodend  eomfaamr- 
tirtiy  harm]««e.  li^ach  of  tlvoec  booea  in  oorcovd  not  onlj  faj  cwtilagt^  bal 
by  a  membrane  aecreting  iynoviu;  no  that,  jn  &eit,  the&e  bonea  are  fennej 
into  M  nvftaj  distinct  joints,  aepara  led  from  each  otb«r,  and  thereby  (punled 
from  injury,  yat  united  by  vanoTis  ligaments  —  poasewitig  nltog^ether 
■mffieicnt  motum,  yet  bonna  tofrether  w  strongly  as  to  defy  di*)ocBt>oiL 
Wban,  hmrarer,  the  work  which  this  joint  baa  to  perfoTtn,  and  the 
thoadbtksBDCSS  and  cradty  with  which  that  work  is  oCwn  exacted,  ai« 
ooamdered,  it  wiU  not  eseito  any  Knirriwe  if  this  neoesaaiily  oomplioatad 
mechsnim  is  sonneitimes  deran^^d.  The  hock,  from  ita  oomplioatea  atovo- 
tan  and  its  work,  ia  the  principal  scat  of  lamtiMwit  behind. 


Sn-UGEMEHT   07   THE    BOCK. 

Tbflv  there  is  inflammation  arising  from  injnij,  sncb  ns  locka  orblomb 
or  qmtM  of  (&«  hoek-jmtU  gtneraiUf,  arisintf  from  sadden  Tiioli<nt  oenoaamgit. 
by  aonne  Atak  at  speed,  or  orenragbt,  nnd  nttmded  with  enkrgeauenfc 
^  the  whole  joint,  and  great  tendemees  and  Umvocss.  This,  howenr, 
like  other  dimmed  inflammations,  is  notsountractsUeas  anintcnneoinaof 
a  mote  circomflcribed  natore,  and  by  rest  and  feiasntation,  local  bleeding 
nnd  phytic,  followed  by  ooant^r-irritntion,  the  limb  rnxivcn  ita  aotioo, 
aiul  the  horse  becomes  fit  for  ordinary  work.  When  it  is  the  remit  of 
oit«r«iU  T-iolcnon,  rspctrinlly,  nn  is  fivqn«ntly  thoeuK',  from  b«UK  kicked 
br  soother  aniaiiil,  inflummation  oftfn  mnii  very  liifth,  llu.'  hock  bcang  muoH 
swollen  and  grvat  pain  and  lameness  pnisvnt.  This  may  ^  on  increanng 
in  ^-iiilonu)  for  scvcrn]  days,  nnd  Homctiroca  (Oct4?iids  to  the  interior  of  tho 
joint,  and  terminates  in  the  joint  beooming  open,  or  tbu  [Nun  and  lameness 
gradnaUy  decreaMo.  Tho  swelling,  however,  does  not  always  snbdde,  and 
enlargement  spread  over  the  whole  of  tho  hock-joint  sometimes  riiuuunau 
The  treatment  sbonld  consist  in  keepiui^  the  snimal  pcrfL'ctly  at  rvst,  and 
thi!  continncd  application  of  fomentntions  of  wftrm  wat«r  for  two  or  thr«« 
boon  St  a  time.  A  diise  of  phync  Hhould  bo  givm,  and  blood  may  be 
abstraci^id  from  tho  femoral  vein.  If  the  iufiammatioD  i^xUmd  to  the  interior 
of  tho  joint  and  it  becomes  open,  no  timtanrnt  will  do  much  good,  as  the 
exoeaaive  imlatian  will  often  dcntroy  the  auinul.  If,  however,  when  th4 
violence  of  the  Sfmntoms  have  abated,  considerable  L>nlargnnont  of  th* 
hock  remains,  it  sbonld  be  repoatcdJTbfatored.  A  borso  with  an  enlarged 
hock  must  alwaya  b«  regarded  witi)  snspicion.  In  troth,  he  is  nnsonnd. 
The  porta,  nllcTcd  in  structure,  imiatbi!  toaccrlain  degree  weakmud.  Tha 
auimal  may  discJiarf^  his  nxnal  work  durii^ga  lou;; period,  without  rvtnm 
of  lamenMS;  bat  if  on«  of  tiivae  emergencies  sbonld  occur  wbrn  nil  his 
anetgies  raqnire  to  be  exerted,  the  disorganised  and  wtAkened  uut  will 
hiL     The  parohnae,  therefore,  of  ■  horao  with  enlarged  bock  windepciid 


CCRB. 


3» 


on  Hivainrfaiiocii.  IfbohiM  otlirr  oxcotlcncc?,  he  irill  not  be  anifai*mlj 
n'ji-cU>d ;  for  be  nay  be  ridden  or  drivni  niixlnrntt!!]'  for  many  »  yoai 
vriUiout  iDoouTeDienco,  jet  one  extra  bard  day's  work  ta»y  luine  bim  tor 
ever. 

CVKB. 

There  a«  oflim  it^'tmes  of  particubu-  pari*  of  tlio  bock-jdint.  Curb  is 
•n  affitction  of  this  lund.  It  is  an  enlajf^mpiil  at  Lli«  back  of  the  bock, 
threo  or  fnar  iudton  below  ita  point.  It  ia  vither  a  steain  of  tbe  riug-lika 
Uganunt  irbicli  bicila  tbe  tendoiu  in  tbc>ir  ptaoa,  or  of  the  ahoath  of  the 
tendons  1  olltffl«r,  bowover,  of  thobfjament  tbaa  of  tbe  ab<Atb.  Any 
snildon  action  of  the  limb  of  mmv  tbnn  usual  viotcuco  mar  produce  it,  and 
tbercforo  liomcK  ara  fonod  t<>  *  throw  out  curb* '  aflcr  a  hardlj'  contested 
noe,  au  exlraurdiuarj  leap,  a  w^voru  ^^illup  ovrr  licuvy  nouod,  or  a 
BDdd«n  cb«ck  in  tbe  gallop,  Younir  horses  are  particularly  Uabk' to  it,  and 
honu-K  that  are  ajv-hockgd — whoao  hocks  and  logs  rcsonible  thneo  of  the 
cow,  thi!  houkx  boinfi  turned  inward,  and  tbo  logn  forming  a  Ronniikmblo 
angle  oatwards,  Tfua  is  iut^lliKible  ouough  ;  for  in  hooks  so  furmLnl,  the 
aonolar  ligament  most  be  continually  od  uie  stretch,  in  order  to  couline 
tbo  t«adon. 

Corba  are  genentlly  accompaniod  by  conddemblo  lamonoM  at  thr ir  fimt 
^tpevmnoe,  but  the  swelling  is  not  always  great  They  ara  beat  dvtcctrd 
ly  obMTTing  tb«  1^  lidcwny. 

Tba  first  objeirt  in  attempting  tbe  eure  is  to  abato  inflamDiation,  and  ihia 
Mril]  be  most  readily  occonipUahed  by  cold  eraperating  lotiuus  rr(y|ui!ntly 
applied  to  the  part,  Kqaal  portions  of  i^rit  of  wine,  water,  and  viiic)^r, 
will  afTonl  an  cxcellont  application.  It  vrill  bo  almost  imposaiblo  to  kiwp 
a  bandage  on.  If  tbe  beat  and  lameness  aro  considerable,  it  will  be 
prudent  to  giro  a  doer  of  phytic  ;  and  whether  thr  injury  is  of  the  annular 
ligament,  or  the  alieuth  of  tlm  tendon,  laoro  active  innuis  wilt  be  noccsMuy 
to  perieet  the  cure. 

Tbt  lueb  of  Ibe  sboo  shonid  for  a  time  bo  raiMd ;  by  this  means  part  of 
tiio  straw  on  those  parte  will  bo  removed.  Either  n  linnid  blintcr  shonid 
be  rubbed  on  the  part^  oonsistMig  of  Tinegftr  of  cuotliiu-idc«,  udiI  tJiis  daily 
applied  notil  some  oonaideTOble  swelling  takes  ptaoe ;  or,  wbut  is  the 
pnfenblo  pi«o<  the  bair  should  bo  cnt  olT,  and  the  part  bli«torod  with 
tiisindido  of  mercury  as  soon  as  thi!  heat  baa  been  snbdnod.  The  blister 
sbould  be  repeat^  until  the  awelUug  bas  disappeared,  and  tbe  bone  goes 
Mund.  Ill  sinare  CMAS  it  will  be  oeoeaeary  to  lire  -,  *but  although  a  llur 
trial  abonld  be  given  to  milder  mensupcs,  this  wilt  grnerally  (ilfecl  Iho 
Bloat  pumuuuint  cure. 

There  are  few  lamcneesos  in  which  absolnlo  and  lou^.contiimed  rest  is 
nwre  niqniaito.  It  Iravca  tlio  narts  roatvrialtv  wcakoned.  and  if  the  horse 
is  soon  put  to  work  again,  (belaueocaa  will  trequt-ntly  raturn.  Ko  faorao 
thai  bas  had  omtM  BhooU  bo  put  even  to  orvlinary  work  in  less  tliaa  a 
month  aAcr  tbo  mjaront  oure,  and,  oven  then,  ho  ahould  very  gntdaally 
nsamo  his  fonner  nabita. 

A  borae  with  a  «iu1>  ia  manifestly  unaoand.  A  horse  with  the  vestige 
of  curb  should  be  regarded  with  much  rasjiicion,  or  genemlly  condcnincii 
M  nnsonnd.  Some  judgment,  however,  is  required  U>  authorise  a  decided 
opinion,  for  hueks,  in  vTcrr  other  respect  nnexeeptionablc,  will  ooca- 
Skonally  be  disfigured  by  sbgbt  curbs,  and  yirt  ther  are  equal  to  their  work 
and  the  horw  remains  Hound  for  life ;  bat  wbi-re  tlio  liocks  are  not  otliiir- 
wiae  well  formed,  the  tasci  is  very  differvut — when  they  are  round,  Qt-Hby, 
full,  and  cnrvwl,  iustvad  of  straight,  clean,  and  thin,  when,  in  short,  Uiey 
present  that  imperfect  doTelopment  which  erory  boreomaa  recognises  by 

ccS 


SM 


BOO  SPAVIX. — BOSE  SPATiy. 


Ui«  Lena  '  cnrbf ,'  thov  lend  moro  to  rondor  »  Wm  wortMcM  Uian  ali 
May  (Abor  defect  to  wnicb  ho  in  ltul>tp. 

Curb  M  aLn  ku  beredilair  cuupUiut,  and  tbeivfora  S  bone  Utftt  baa 
onoo  Baflisnd  from  it  shoald  alwajs  bo  r«gud«d  vith  BospicioD,  Gsii«cudly 
ifeitberof  tluiiMnjitobucxbibitcd  it. 

BOG   SPATIV. 

Tho  hook  in  plrnti^Dy  famiithiid  wiUi  rcwcrroin  otijnavm  to  lubricftt* 
the  diCTcrent  portions  of  tlua  cumpUoated  joiut.  8om«  of  lb««e  are  roond 
oti  tlie  inaidoof  tlie  joiot.  Froiu  orer>eiiertjon  of  th«  joint  thoy  becoma 
iutlamod,  and  conndombly  rniUrgcd.  Thnv  nre  wind-g>1U  of  tho  bocfc. 
Tbtt  ftmiaral  rein  pnjKoi  over  the  iniiidi)  of  the  book,  over  aoow  of  thmw 
cnlnrgt^  aynoviaJ  reMrroira,  and  ia  coioprMsvd  between  tbcm  nad  tho 
iMt«rn&l  ultfigamoiit — tile  coarse  of  the  blood  is  parttR.Ily  arriNttfd,  and  a 
[wrtinn  of  tlio  vnn  bH>!ow  tho  impodimcnt,  and  botwooa  it  and  the  next 
vnlvn,  in  diHtimdnl,  atid  causca  tho  Nofl  tomoor  on  tfae  insida  of  tho  faock, 
called  Blood   tip-ivin. 

'Bog  BpaTin  ia  a  very  trooblMOme  diacaae,  attended  witli  no  great,  bat 
oflen  permanont  laraeiKuw,  nnd  too  apt  to  rotnm  whon  the  nnhniaiMnt 
haa  aabaidod  under  mediuu]  tn^utment.  It  nitiiit  hv  cotunderad  oa  'V><Tidlwl 
onaonndnoaa.  In  a  hone  for  alow  dran^bt  it  ia  aoaraely  worth  while  orcn 
to  attack  iL  And  in  one  dostiaod  to  moro  rapid  action,  the  probability  of 
a  rrlnpu;  Hhoiild  not  bo  forgotten,  whoa  tho  chunuca  of  aooooM  and  the 
oxrHTDsca  of  trfuLinent  are  ocuOolKled. 

The  cause  of  tho  diseaae — the  enlarged  aynortal  o^Mtilo— liea  docii, 
and  is  with  difficulty  opamtod  upon,  tfniform  prvasura  wonld  Botnetinu.'a 
eatiMt  th('  nboorption  of  the  fluid  contained  in  cyata  or  bntrn  like  these, 
but  in  a  joint  of  aut'h  ezt^ii^ivo  motion  aa  tho  hock,  it  iii  diflicnit,  or 
almoat  irapoasible,  (o  oonSno  tli<3>  pretisiirc  on  the  prociso  spot  at  which 
it  is  roquired.  Coald  it  he  raoilo  to  boar  on  tho  onlari^d  bap,  it  would 
likcwiso  preaa  on  tho  vein,  and  to  a  greater  dugrcn  hindtrr  tAo  pMBtM 
of  thu  blood,  and  iiicreuau  tlie  dilatation  below  tliii  ob-itructicin.  Tba  oU 
and  abdRird  mfthud  of  uaaaiuf*  a  li);;8tnre  above  and  below  tho  enlarged 
portion  of  the  vein,  anil  then  diaaortine  it  out,  ia  not  in  tho  advaueed 
stAgo  of  Totorinaiy  aoionce  praotiaod  by  any  anrgcon  who  rvgarda  hia 
miotalion;  Uhein^  merely  the  couaeqnence.  not  the  cause,  of  tho  dtsooM;. 
Tea  only  motliod  of  relief  which  hrilija  out  any  proniiso  even  of  tompoiimiy 
moeoaa,  ia  eicitjng  conaidcniblci  infliimmntion  on  tho  akin,  aoa  thus 
nmsing  the  deeper-aeated  absurlK>ala  to  carry  away  Hw  fluid  ofluacd  in 
the  oLlargod  bn^.  For  this  purpose,  bhatera  or  firlujf  niay  h«  tritid ; 
but  in  till!  majoHtr  of  caam  the  diaoaao  will  bid  defiance  to  all  applianoea, 
or  will  retnni  and  bafHe  our  hopoe  when  we  hud  acotnod  to  bo  aocompJiab- 
ing  our  ohjoot. 

A  horse  with  bo?  spavin  will  do  for  ordinary  work.  Be  nay  draw  in 
a  cart:,  or  trot  fhirly  in  a  liffbtcr  earring,  with  little  dotriraont  to  faia 
ntility  ;  but  he  wiUnoror  do  for  baid  or  rapid  woric 

«an  8PATUI. 
A  aliU  moro  formidahto  diaoaao  ranks  oudcr  the  name  of  5/Mietn,  and  ia 
an  aflentioD  of  tho  bonea  of  tho  bock-joint.  It  haa  1>ecn  stated  that  tJta 
bonea  of  the  Icjc,  the  abank-bone,  if,  page  36I>,  and  the  two  amall  splint- 
bonea  behind,  h,  sapport  the  lovror  layer  of  tho  bonea  of  the  hook.  The 
onbo^ne,  >(,  rests  principallr  on  the  aliank-hooe,  and  in  a  Blight  dc^rvo 
on  the  onlrj-  H)ilint-bone.  The  middle  wedxc-bone,/,  r«ata  oaUrely  upon 
Iho  ahaak-buiw,  and  line  atualler  wodgo-boao  (not  aeen  in  tlie  c«t)  praeww 


d 


BOXE  SPAVIS. 


989 


in  &  very  alight  d(>gTCp'on  the  8htvnk'boDt\  bnt  prlucipiillj'  or  almoKt 
eiiiiniilj  OD  the  inner  xplint'lKinc.  Thnn  tho  dplint-bonoa  snstnia  a  very 
niKrqiioi  dcgnic  of  miiciuuiion  tad  vrcigliL  Ni>t  only  in  tlio  inner  oi)u 
p1iu?cd  more  niulor  the  hody  wid  ni'ariT  ibe  conlre  of  |fr»vilr,  hat  it  hiut 
uboost  the  whole  of  tho  iroight  and  concussion  coiuiiiauicat«d  to  tfau 
einallcr  coneifonn  bono  cnrriod  on  to  it.  It  is  not,  therefore,  to  bo  wou- 
dorcd  at,  thiLt  in  tho  violent  action  of  thia  joint  in  g&lli>ping^,  loAping, 
hntvy  drought,  and  e*po<u»Ily  iii  yoiiup;  horse*,  and  bt-foro  the  hinlni 
liare  bouoiae  properly  kiiit,  the  inner  fiplint-bono  or  ita  lif^tiouM,  or  tho 
Bubatanoe  which  connects  it  with  tho  uiiuik-bonc,  slionld  imSer  mnt«ri&I 
iiijpiy. 

Thu  Hnitli  incrcAMti  tlie  tendency  to  this  by  his  injodidooa  ntaoaKonunit 
of  tho  feet,  ll  is  a  common  notion  that  catting,  and  wounds  in  the  feci 
— from  one  foot  treading  on  the  uLhvr — arc  provcnf*d  by  patting  on  a 
•boe  with  &  calkin  on  tlio  ontor  heel,  tluit  is,  the  extremity  of  tho  htiid 
being  oooaiderably  Ruxed  Irom  the  ground.  It  ia  not  □uimiud  to  aeo 
whob  t«aina  of  horsca  with  the  ontor  hpol  of  the  hind  foot  oousiderahty 
msed  ftbove  tho  other.  This  nneqiinl  hearing,  or  distribntion  of  the 
WAight,  cftiuiot  fiiil  of  being  injuriou-i.  tt  T>Iuo<»t  an  anoi]Uitl  utmin  on  the 
ligmnicnts  of  the  joints,  and  [(articidarly  of  the  hock-joiut,  and  iocrauei-a 
tiie  t«Ddencf  to  spavin.  It,  shonld,  thi^rcfore,  bo  considered  as  on  axiom. 
thftt  whenever  it  is  ncc-«s!wry,  in  order  to  givo  the  animal  %  firmer  hold 
or  footing- — to  turn  up  or  cuiilk  the  uuttdde  hool  of  tha  ahoo,  tho  inaido 
sboiild  invuriuhly  bv  thtukeuod  to  an  e(|ual  extent. 

The  wei^'ht  and  concussion  thos  thrown  on  the  iiuw  splint-bone  pro- 
dnoe  iaflammalion  of  the  CArtilo^nonn  iribKtMioo  that  nnitos  it  to  the 
shan3c-bono.  In  oonstninrncc  of  it,  tbti  <^arlilugo  la  ubaorbcd,  and  bonn 
di-poidted ;  thi)  iiniun  oi'twecn  the  sphnt-boiie  and  tho  nhauk  bt>c<«nf» 
bony,  iiutt«ad  of  cartilag-inoos ;  the  decroo  of  olaetio  action  between  them 
ia  dwtroyod.  and  there  is  form«d  a  nplint  of  the  bind  leg.  Tltis  is  oni- 
formly  on  the  in^do  of  tho  hind  log,  IxTatuie  the  gmutciit  n-uisht  and 
concuwion  arc  Lhrowu  ou  tho  inner  6|iliul-bonea.  Aa  in  tho  lum  leg, 
Uio  diapoititiou  to  form  bouy  matter  having  commenced,  and  the  vuuao 
which  prodncod  it  cootinning  to  act,  bone  continno*  to  bo  depofiilod,  and 
it  ffvnsnlly  appear*  in  tho  form  of  a  tninour,  whi-To  tho  brad  of  tlio 
sphnt-bona  is  nnitod  with  Uio  nhauk,  and  in  the  front  of  tJiat  union. 
?liis  ia  nOed  Bone  Spuvin^  luil&mniation  of  tho  tigamonls  of  any  of  thu 
amaU  boOM  of  the  hock,  proceeding  to  bony  tnmonr,  would  equally  chisa 
nndsT  Uio  nvno  of  opnrin  ;  bnt,  commonly,  tho  di«eMO  commcncGS  on  tho 
prodsD  spot  that  luw  bc«n  desoribed. 

Spftvin^  oapectoUy  when  the  remit  of  hereditary  prcdiipositMn,  will 
ManetimM  be  roond  of  coDStdorable  size  withont  citlier  pain  orr  Inmonnui 
being  proaont  during  their  formation.  Hal  when  tho  result  of  inflauima- 
loiy  action  canned  ny  (xincuiiaiou  or  olher  injnry,  hunencM  will  nntrly 
alwaya  be  prceenl,  ^Vh«a  the  membraoe  of  the  hone  has  aceoounodatcd 
itself  to  the  tnmonr  that  extended  it,  tlio  tamoacsa  mbsides  or  disappears, 
or  depmds  npon  tho  dcgroo  in  which  tho  bony  depont  interferes  with  the 
motion  of  the  j<nnt.  It  ia  well  known  to  bonemen,  that  many  a  hnnt«r, 
uiUi  spavin  that  would  cause  his  rejection  by  a  vet«rin4>r>-  surgeon,  stands 
his  work  without  lameness.  Tlio  explanation  is  this ;  there  la  no  roaaon 
why  an  old  bony  tnmonr  on  the  ouUud«  of  any  of  tho  boiMM  of  the  hodc, 
fr««  from  connection  with  the  next  bone,  and  from  anv  tendon,  sbouki  bo 
at  uU  injnrioiia ;  as,  for  instance,  one  immediately  undcreor/,  n,  385,  bnt 
Crom  the  complicated  natore  of  tho  bode,  it  is  difficult,  if  not  impoeuibh), 
to  bo  qaite  snro  of  tho  phoe  or  extent,  from  inspection  of  the  tumour ; 
«nd,  bdndco,  the  diapocitiau  to  throw  oat  bone  beneath  the  tamoor  may 


9!W  BONE  Sr.WlX. 

contmne  and  extend  to  tLe  joint.  The  enrgeon,  therefore,  cannot  \je  per- 
fectly safe  in  pronouncing  a  bone  epavin  to  be  of  no  conseqaence.  Horie* 
with  exceedingly  laj^  spavins  are  oflen  seen  that  are  only  aligbtly  l»me, 
or  that  merely  have  a  stifEiieBB  in  their  gait  at  first  starting,  oat  'which 
gradually  goes  off  after  a  little  motion ;  while  others,  with  the  bony 
tumour  comparatively  small,  have  the  lamenesa  so  great  aa  to  destroy  tha 
usefulness  of  the  horse.  There  is  always  this  peculiarity  in  the  IftmenMi 
of  spavin,  that  it  abates,  and  sometimes  disappears,  on  exercise ;  and  there- 
fore, a  horse  with  regard  to  which  there  is  any  suspicion  of  this  affection 
should  be  examined  when  first  in  the  rooming  it  is  token  &<oin  tlw 
stable. 

If  the  spavin  continues  to  increase,  the  bony  deposit  firet  spreads  over 
the  lower  wedge-bones,  /,  pwe  385,  for  these  are  nearest  to  it«  original 
seat.  They  are  capable  of  slight  notion,  and  share  in  every  action  of  the 
joint,  hat  their  principal  design  is  to  obviate  concussion.  The  chief 
motion  of  the  joint,  and  that  compared  with  which  the  motion  of  the  othsr 
bones  is  scarcely  to  be  regarded,  is  confined  to  the  tibia,  a,  and  tbe  asti^ 
gains,  b,  and  uicrefore  stiffness  rather  than  lameness  may  accompany 

Savin,  even  when  it  is  beginning  to  affect  the  small  bones  of  the  joint, 
ence  too  is  the  advant^e  of  these  bones  having  each  its  scpaikte  liga- 
ments and  membranes,  and  constituting  so  many  distinct  joints,  since 
injury  may  happen  to  some  of  them,  without  the  effect  being  propagated 
to  the  rest.  When  the  bony  deposit  continacs  to  enlarge,  and  takca  in 
the  second  layer  of  bones — the  &rger  wedge-bones,  e — and  even  spreads 
to  the  cuboid  bones  on  the  other  side,  the  lanieness  may  not  be  very  grmt, 
because  these  are  jointe,  or  parte  of  the  jointe,  in  which  tho  motion  is 
Bmall ;  bnt  when  it  extends  to  the  union  of  the  tibia,  a,  and  the  aotntgalaa, 
b — when  the  joint,  in  which  is  the  chief  motion  of  the  hock,  is  attacked 
— the  lameness  is  indeed  formidable,  and  the  horse  becomes  nearly  or  qnite 
nselesA 

Young  horses  are  more  subject  to  spavin  than  old  ones,  and  ttltliongh 
the  chief  active  agent  in  their  production  may  be  traced  to  concnanon  or 
sprain,  there  cannot  be  a  donbt  but  tiiat  in  many  instances,  like  cait>,  then 
is  an  hereditary  predisposition  inherited  from  the  parente  of  the  ftnjiMl^ 
which  requires  bnt  some  very  slight  cause  to  hasten  its  formation.  W« 
cannot  too  clearly  impress  npon  all  breeders  of  horses  the  great  impoi^ 
tance  of  giving  attention  te  this  well-establiahod  factj  and  inducing  tnem 
te  select  only  those  animals  to  breed  from  that  are  free  from  those  "liwr litis. 
■uoh  as  spavin,  ringbone,  curb,  roaring,  &c.  Sk.,  which  will  asanredlT 
sooner  or  later  dcvelope  themselves  in  IJieir  produce. 

The  symptoms  by  which  we  may  detect  spavin  in  its  early  Bt^wcs,  when 
no  bony  enlargement  can  be  felt,  are  somewhat  obecnre.  Then  stre, 
however,  some  peculiarities  in  the  action  of  the  n-Tiima.!  that  will  assiit  oil 
When  first  brought  oat  he  goes  stiffly  and  does  not  flex  the  limb  properly, 
only  getting  his  toe  to  the  ground^  which  will  be  more  evident  when 
turning  a  comer ;  after  a  little  exercise  the  sti&besa  will  gener^y  dis- 
appear. If,  however,  nlcerative  disease  be  going  on,  the  ramfmnsn  will 
increase  with  motion.  The  horse  frequently  rests  the  affected  limb  in  tlie 
stable,  and  when  made  to  move  &om  one  Bide  to  the  other  will  gntermUj 
give  evidence  of  lameness.  The  history  of  the  case,  and  abaenoe  of  uit 
other  source  of  lameness,  will  also  materially  assist  in  pointing  ont  thw 
■eat  of  disease. 

Spavined  horses  are  generally  capable  of  slow  work.  They  ub  eqoAl 
to  the  greater  part  of  the  work  of  the  form,  and  therefore  they  should  cot 
be  always  rejected  by  the  smalt  farmer,  as  they  may  geuermUT  he 
procDred  at  little  price.     These  horses  are  not  only  capable  of  agriouUBial 


I 


BOSE  SPAVIN.  ■■  SSI 

woric,  bat  tiiej  gmanMy  impron)  nnder  it.  Tlie  UmeneAs  iu  some  dtignio 
abatM,  tyod  oven  the  bonj  tumour  to  il  onrtoin  dn^rcn  ditninisJics.  Tbcro 
is  mfficiti&t  moderate  inodon  and  frii^tJon  of  the  limb  to  rou*e  tli«  iib»or- 
beutA  to  ftctioQ,  and  cause  tbpm  to  take  np  a  portion  of  the  buuv  mntt^tr 
tlirova  oot,  but  oot  enough  to  rcww  or  prolong  inflftniiiiatioD.  It  cannot 
bo  laid  tliai  the  plungli  alTuriht  a  owre  for  n>axia,  bnt  the  Apayioiod  borae 
oAea  mstemlly  improves  while  workin;;  at  lU 

Vat  flut  work,  iu)d  for  work  thnt  mnst  be  rogalftrly  perTormed,  spavioed 
bcovM  are  not  wt^II  valcnlntud  ;  for  tiuH  lunKincM  bebind  producee  great 
diffienltj  in  riitinK.  and  the  conacioiuneas  tliat  be  wUl  not  be  able  to  rJM 
witbont  painful  «Hi>rt  occanooallf  pruventa  the  borse  fVom  Ijing  dovm  at 
til  I  and  the  animal  that  oannot  rest  well  cannot  long  tntvcl  lar  or  faet 

The  tRtttiui^nt  of  upavia  is  umple  eaungli,  but  fiir  from  bdng  always 
efltotnal.  The  owner  of  the  horse  will  neither  consult  hid  own  ii;t«reiit, 
nor  tbiQ  dictate*  of  hnmanity,  if  bo  noSbra  the  chisel  and  mallet,  or  tbe 
gimlet,  or  ancnic,  to  be  used. 

When  acuta  inflammation  is  present  we  rauat  eudeaTOW  to  abate  it  by 
aotiphlcvistic  Dieasaros.  The  aniraal  sbonld  be  kept  at  rest,  a  lii^h* 
healed  ahoo  placvd  on  tbe  foot,  and  the  hook  frequently  fonicnt^'d  witb 
wann  water.  A  done  of  phvsia  abould  be  givvn,  aiul  the  animal  Ictrpt  oa 
soft  diet.  la  extreme  cues,  olood  mar  be  »bstiact«d  from  the  fi-moral  i-ein. 
WhsfL  tb»  acuta  isflamsutioD  ba«  anosided,  or  wbcn  wo  moot  with  it  in  a 
cbraoic  fonn,  mouioreii  of  coiutdanUe  wveiity  muxt !«  rr iiiirtiicl  to.  Jlo- 
peated  btiatv-n  will  usually  came  eitiur  the  absurptiou  of  tbu  bouy  dvpOMt, 
or  tlw  abatement  or  rcmovnJ  of  tbo  inflammntinn  of  tlin  lignmcote.  Setons 
also  ara  at  present  a  very  favourite  reinudy;  two  ofthtru  inoirrtod  prr- 
poadionlarly  the  whole  doptb  of  tbe  joint,  and  tbeJr  action  ki'pt  up  for 
UirM  weeks  or  a  month,  ofWn  proro  e6Boacioiu ;  or,  u  a  last  resource,  thti 
boated  iron  muit  be  appliinL 

Tho  aocount  uf  the  du^eases  of  the  book  is  not  yet  completed.  It  is  well 
k&OWB  Uiat  tiie  horse  is  freqaeoitly  subject  to  lamcDoss  behind,  when  no 
cwtinaibla  csmso  for  it  oaa  bo  fbnnd,  and  there  ia  n»  external  beat  or 
•alaivoment  to  indicate  ita  seat.  Famere  and  ^frooma  orouounoe  tbeao  to 
be  affsctioDa  of  tbe  stifle^  or  round  bone ;  or,  if  the  g<ut  of  the  borse  and 
pocnliar  stiiTDOSS  of  motion  point  out  the  hook  an  the  affected  part,  yet 
tbe  joint  may  bo  of  it*  natural  nize,  and  neitbcr  heat  nor  tendt-muas  can  bo 
diaeorured.  the  groom  has  bis  own  method  of  uniaTolling  the  myalery. 
H«  saya  Ibat  it  is  tbe  Itcginning  of  spavin  ;  but  monthe  and  yc«r8  pass 
awny,  and  tbe  spavin  doc*  not  appear,  and  the  horse  is  at  Iciugth  destroyed 
as  inuoittbly  lame. 

iloraamisB  art  indabtod  to  Ur.  W.  J.  QoodvHn,  lnt«  Tct^nary  Surgeon 
to  liar  Higosfj,  ibr  tbe  disoorcrj  of  thn  Huat  of  fmmenl  buneucMi  behind. 
The  cot,  pt  88&,  repn-nonis  the  two  layers  of  small  bones  witbiu  the  bocjc 
—^be  larger  wedge-like  boue,0,  above;  and  tbe  middle,/,  nod  tho  smaller 
one  bolow ;  and  it  will  bo  Been  that  almoot  the  whole  of  the  weight  of  the 
borsc,  commnnicalf  d  by  tbo  tibia,  a,  is  thrown  upon  these  bonea.  The 
cube-bone,  d,  does  little  mora  than  tupport  the  point  of  the  OS  calois,  e.  It  is 
then  eaity  to  imngino  that,  in  tbe  eononsaion  M  hard  work  or  nqnd  travel- 
ing, tbew  bones,  or  tint  delicate  and  sciuible  xaembntiio  id  which  thi^ 
are  wrapped,  may  be  severdy  injured.  B^tcated  diaaection*  of  horaos  tbi^ 
have  been  incurably  lame  behind,  without  any  external  indication,  doring 
BED,  to  point  out  the  pUco  or  cause  of  laineneae,  have  shown  tbat  inflain- 
■DOtioa  of  tbo  merabmncs  lining  tbesa  joints,  and  secreting  tho  fluid  that 
Inbricatca  tliam,  has  taken  plack 

III.  Goodwin  numtM  a  very  inlertsUns  case  in  corroboration  of  this 

ooont  of  bock  lamcncas.     Tbe  author  of  (his  work  had  tho  bonoor  of 


«S  C-^llZ    H>:5 — TEL   E:5t'    LEG. 

bscv  -I. 'j^a.:  -wLze.  ti»  iik^raii-c  Tc*:k  ^^an.       "Tt*  patient  wii  a 
•Arii»3  iiTT^  ■(!  i3-:j^il  Te^-7«_ri;t,  re":!.  ~  ibape  »ii  action,  and  waat 

"'**-*  '-*'—■'  :t  -^  :f-isr.  ';&•.  ■■^ircT  liie  je«ES  fcxiJen*  or  altervtkn  rf 
nrr;-r=i7-  ^:  hxi.'i^-.  :r-  -.'.     E:f  -"t*  tKr=iti  i^^iT  ?:r  m  fbort  mnr,  aad  Uw 
'^^■'■■'^  ££jK:-ieir><i.     H>  vu  -^'e^  ^■a'=':^;''^;'.T  sad?  to  perfonn  fail 
■i?:!*;  »-:Ti.  T=:tC  T^rJictij  T^sS^T^rf^k:^  f:r  ii  \^  rcrarTLin^  and  aggn- 
Ttuii   '•%.—,f^^mi       >zsz^r^^:^   "^  ks;  of  '^aesjefe  ta  be  in  tb«  hod^ 
ftl-^ti^^  'Jhi  j-:^'  "vu  serf-tirCj  — y-j-.^^  ~  fbrsi.  fae  «««,  tlu«e  nontb 
lifter  u=  .---f— j-.-c— j^-;  ;f  Tie  '»— j-j«,  fc-iisreiri  scd  fired,  and  pbded 
eiiiuir  ~  %  W.«t  p  j^m  cr  MhSi-rck.  w  c-L-ct'  ■  warcw  seenied  to  tc^taic. 
y:i  \&e  j£^n  k=je^i^^^  -xx's  j'-^x  »x  tLe  e^i  cf  fuc  moatha,  cm  in  Ini 
i^^soen^  ra£&  »=:i,  »S«r  Tw^It-  sur-da  frfs:  tt*  dme  of  bi«  beiiig  nTCB 
'ap  for  cea^s^nt,  L«  v«s  i^rsErrycd.  Lis  case  biiuiff  satniallT  constdend 
a  Lcpek»  CC&     U^:«7«Si:t:  cf  :be  Fr9<yHaj  laembmie  was  firand.  t^ing 
its  crirai  berwwr;  if  twj  csiie-lf.^r^  K-ces.     Th*s*  honea  had  becoai* 
t»iivs.-.  ktd  iLe  diKaM  tad  iTsdTiaIN-  cxTcsded  ttwlf  to  oilier  parts  of  the 
joict.     Mr.  &»i«T^  had  co  doubt  tliat  if  ibe  uumal  had  been  snllmd 
to  worik  <m  &r  acT  crraur  !«:i;:tli  of  tit*--*,  tl^ctosu,  nr  ancliTloaia  of  rvtrj 
bone  CTiEctfted  ic  ie  fc-.Tk.  woTiJd  Lave  been  the  result.'     These  opinkm 
of  the  scat  acd  camre  r-f  oh^mn  hcok-lampfiess  are  now  mauilamed  hf 
the  majonty  of  feteriiiaiT  fSf^ecES.  aHhou^  some  cf  them  difler  a  tittle 
with  regard  to  the  ardcniatioa  that  i»  c'm^ialli-  affected,  and  the  manner 
in  which  the  depnations  or  exnTatirau  on  the  sotlace  of  these  bonei  ii 
effected. 

CATFED   HOCX. 

The  point  of  the  hock  ia  sometiinea  swelled.  A  soft  flnctnating  tnmosr 
apppan  on  it. 

It  is  seldom  accompanied  by  lameness  nnd  yet  it  ia  a  somewhat  aerioBi 
biuiness,  for  it  is  luiially  produced  by  bIow.«,  and  mostly  by  the  innuiei 
which  the  horse  inflicts  upon  himself  in  the  act  vif  kicking ;  theivfoivit 
in  that  a  hone  with  a  capped  hock  is  Tery  properly  n>^rdcd  with  ■ 
mspicioiu  eye.  The  whole  of  the  bock  eHodM  be  mrefully  examiaed,  in 
ordtr  to  diacoTer  whether  there  an:  other  marks   of  Tiolencc,  and   the 

EcHoiu  hiitoiy  of  the  auiinal  should  be  carefully  enquired  into.  Do«  ho 
rk  in  haniesa  or  in  the  stall,  or  has  he  been  lying  on  a  thin  bed,  or  on 
BO  bed  at  all ;  and  thus  may  the  hock  have  boeii  braised,  and  the  awelUng 
produced? 

It  ia  ezcccdingty  difScnlt  to  apply  a  banda^  over  a  capped  hock  ;  and 
punctonng  tho  tnmour,  or  poaeing  a  seton  thn>a^h  it,  would  be  a  most 
injndicioOB  practice.  Blinters,  or  iodine,  repeated  aa  often  as  may  be 
nefessaiy,  are  tho  best  means  la  be  employed.  Occasionally  the  tononr 
will  spontaneonsly  disappear ;  hut  at  othpr  times  it  will  attain  a  large  aiae, 
or  Msume  a  calloas  strtictarc,  that  will  bid  dcfiiinco  to  all  the  meant  that 
{tan  bo  employed. 

THE  sun>  UO. 
The  lino  of  direction  of  the  legs  beneath  the  hocks  should  not  he 
dian-'garded.  The  log  shonld  descend  perpendicularly  to  the  fetlock.  The 
weiffht  and  stress  will  thus  bo  equally  diffused,  not  only  over  the  whole  of 
tli<i  hock,  but  also  tho  pafltcms  osd  the  foot.  Soino  horses  hare  their  hocka 
oloMr  than  unnsl  to  oafrh  other.  Tho  legs  take  a  divergent  direction  ont- 
ward,  and  tho  toes  alno  are  tnmed  outward.  These  horses  are  aaid  to  be 
tJal  at  CmO'hnekrA.  They  nro  generally  supposeit  to  posseHS  conaidenUe 
Rpi-ml.    Porliaps  they  do  ho  ;  and  it  is  thus  aecounted  for.    Tho  cow-bocked 


t 


I 


^^^^^^^^      Swelled  legs.  ^^^"^  SM 

borco  luM  fail  le^  not  onlr  tnmctt  tnoiv  niitn'iird,  liut  boni  luoro  under  bim, 
uul  tlii*  incKOMC  tbe  disUmce  bclvrern.  Oiu  [luint  tif  Uio  hock  nnit  tha 
tendoDi  of  tbe  perforating  muscle.  It  mcrca£ea  tbe  Hpace  wbioh  ia  iisriaUj 
cccupi«d  by  tho  tborongh-pio.  Tbtta  tbe  point  of  tho  hwk,  moved  bv  U^ 
BctioD  of  tbu  miuclM,  ia  tinablrd  to  dowribv  m  srcater  portion  of  a  circle ; 
■ad  in  proportioD  to  tlie  iiicmiA.*d  vyaw  piiMea  over  by  thu  point  of  Ibo 
hock,  will  tbe  spACe  trareraed  by  tL«  biub  bo  increaatd,  uid  bo  tbe  stnda 
of  th«  honw  lany  bo  Icnglbcmed,  ftni),  tbii  n  far.  his  ftkm^  mny  be  increMod. 
But  thi«  MlvKat^td  !■  morn  than  countcrbulaocoil  uy  mnny  evilM.  This 
incnaaed  eontntotiou  of  tb«  uuack-s  is  ui  expenditnrv  of  MuinuJ  power; 
ftnd,  as  already  etatcd.  the  weight  and  the  concnEsion  bcinf;  ao  nneqoally 
dJHtribnttil  by  thin  Ibrmntioti  of  the  limbs,  some  part  innet  bo  ovcrstnined 
and  oTcr-workcd,  Knd  injmy  ronat  cnmo.  On  thin  ucconnt  it  is  th*t 
the  cow-hock«d  hone  i»  more  rabject  than  others  to  Uiorou(;b-piu  uid 
qnnn ;  and  is  so  disposed  to  curbs,  that  these  bocks  are  dcnotuiuated  by 
horaonwD  ctirby  hocka.  ThomischinfoxtciDdKi^Tcrn  fnrthrr  than  thin.  Such 
•  horse  is  pccnUftrly  liable  to  wind-gall,  8pmin  of  the  fi-tlock,  catling,  and 
ktmeklfay. 

A  sUght  inclinfttion  lo  this  fonn  in  a  strong  powerfal  horae  may  not  be 
vwrj  ocgoctiooahio,  bot  «  bono  decidedly  cow-hocked  shoald  noror  bo 
•olected. 

SVELLES   LESS. 

The  fore  legs,  but  oflonor  the  hind  onoa,  and  ospocially  in  coarse  horses, 
KTv  KQinietinm  snbject  to  considorable  ciilarg<itn<int.  Occaninriiillj,  vhon 
the  horse  dotw  not  aevm  to  labour  under  any  otbi-r  diiH^tuit.-,  and  Bometimcs 
Irom  ka  appftreol  ■Viiftinu  of  disease  fVom  other  parts,  the  hind  legs 
fluddanly  rmH  to  an  enormous  degrw  from  the  hock  nnd  almost  from  the 
stifl*  to  the  fttlock,  attonded  by  a  greater  or  leas  dc^grve  of  hoat,  and 
tondcnieaa  of  the  idciii,  and  aometimea  execnire  and  rorv  pt'coliar  lanicneaa. 
TIm  poke  likewise  becomee  qniek  and  hard,  and  the  horae  evidently 
labODTs  nnder  oonsiderable  fever.  It  is  aciitc  inftnmDiation  of  tlin  mllnlar 
sabelanco  of  the  iegn,  and  thai  moat  md<i(!n  in  iiii  attack,  and  tnoHt  violent 
in  its  dcgroc,  and  tiiRrcforu  nttcndwl  by  tlie  cffniiion  of  a  oomiidcrable 
quantity  of  fluid  into  tbe  collular  inemhranc.  It  occurs  in  JOttBg  horses, 
eepecially  those  used  for  agricultural  purpow-K,  and  in  thoM  which  aro 
over-fbd  and  htllo  exercised.  Fomcittntion,  diiirvticii,  or  pnrgntiri'M,  or, 
if  tboro  is  mnc-h  fvvnr,  a  modirnttc  blcwdiiiK  from  the  fuot,  will  often 
relieve  the  diMtvuHJon  ahuust  as  suddenly  as  it  appear«d. 

Tbe  kind  of  swelled  legsnioet  frequently  occnrring  and  most  tronhtcsotne 
is  of  a  different  naturo,  or  ntLher  it  is  inoxt  varioas  in  ita  kind  and  causos, 
and  conscqacDcea  and  mode  of  traotmcnt.  Sometimes  the  legs  are  filled, 
bnt  lluira  tS  bttle  lameness  or  inoonrenienoe.  At  other  timea  the  limbs 
are  considerably  gorged,  and  with  a  grmt  dcgiro  of  ttiintcas  and  pain. 
Ocouionalty  the  borve  is  apparently  wfll  at  niKbl,  but,  on  the  following 
morning,  onn  or  both  of  tbe  liys  ore  tremendously  swollen  ;  nod  on  its 
beinjK  touched,  the  bonte  catches  it  up  saddonly,  and  nearly  lalla  us  be  doea 
so.  In  these  cases,  fomentationa  wiUi  Sanneu  dipped  and  wrnn^  out  of 
hot  water,  for  twontr  minutes,  or  half  an  hour,  mD  afford  considerable 
relief,  ami  a^U^r  each  Ibmentation  somo  mDd  atimutnting  liniment,  with 
the  addition  of  a  little  tinctnr«  of  opium,  will  prove  beneficial.  Many 
hors««,  in  seemingly  porfcct  bcaltli,  if  suffered  to  remain  several  daya 
without  exercise,  will  luivo  swelled  1^^.  If  the  case  is  iMglected,  aV 
Mosaoa  amcor  in  variotu  porta  of  the  logs ;  the  h<«I*  ore  attacked  by 
ttif  ^  and,  if  proper  m«asares  are  not  adopted,  tho  horaa  baa  an  CDlarged 
fcgfiirUfe. 


391 


SWELLED   LBOS. 


The  cure,  when  tbo  cose  has  not  beeo  too  lone  D«^1«ct«d,  is 
plain.  Pbnic  or  dinrotic*,  or  boUi,  nuuit  bo  Imo  reooune  to.  Mild 
will  ffcotntty  field  to  Uietr  inflneace ;  but,  if  the  aoimsl  1ms  beeu  ai!|;leoi 
tlie  (realiueiit  aixiMt  bo  decasiTO.  If  tho  horae  ia  in  bigh  cooditioD 
should  bo  preicodcd  or  MCompiKiiod  by  bleeding ;  bat  if  th«n>  uv 
Mjmptoms  of  debility,  bleeding  would  only  incrMM  tbe  want  of  tone  in 
vesada.  Not  nnfrvqaentlj  tbJe  cause  of  this  compUint  ia  *  want  of 
in  tbe  absorboDta,  their  Etctioo  is  slnggish  and  ino^  tbo  qouititj  of 
Kcmxitod  \»  tDoreiy  the  mtuul  one,  but  its  remOTol  ia  noi  tn  dne  propoi 
in  tbeso  oasea,  indicated  by  tbe  ai>Mnoe  of  p*iti  or  teodenuM,  tii«  oconl 
natiou  of  lialf  a  tonic  and  ludf  a  diartftic  ball,  given  nieht  and  monaagt 
vrill  effect  an  «»^iiA]iiiod  nction  of  tbn  oxbalunt  and  ubmroent  ir<wh  In 
bU  oaana  of  imLr)tud  lea,  wbelbn-  from  uiidue  acUon  of  tli«  «zhalanl 
vmmU  or  defccUrt!  action  of  th«  nbaorbontfl.  on  examining  the  insiitci  of 
tbe  thigh,  close  ap  to  the  groin,  thu  femor^  vein  will  bo  found  bard  and 
ditttcndRd,  or  the  vtiuitvr  of  absorbent  vesaok  orouud  will  be  rigid  and 
singorg«d  ;  the  one  or  the  oliier  oridantljr  ovBrloaded  and  unable  freely  to 
fbrwaii]  their  conteiitn.  Tbe  applicAtion  cf  »  stim&liu  to  thi*  mrticalar 
part  will  faitTU  a  remark&blj  kooo  elTect.  A  teaspoonfbl  of  the  tineturo  or 
tniWon of  cantharides,  carefully  aod  gr^ually  rubbed  orer  aspaceof  two 
inrhrs,  will  rouNc  tbn  action  of  the  vessels  luid  give  immedinto  relief. 

Eloises  taken  from  grass  and  broagtt  ioto  close  Btablee  very  speedily 
hive  swelled  l<^,  because  the  differenoe  of  food  and  increese  of  ntttfimenfc 
rapidly  incrmwo  tbe  nuantity  of  the  circalatiDg  fluid,  white  the  want 
Baerciaa  takes  away  Uie  muiuis  by  which  it  might  be  got  rid  of.  Tbs 
remedy  bere  is  eu^ienlly  pkiu.  Swelled  legs,  bovrever,  may  proceed 
ftom  general  debiht^.  Tbey  may  be  tbe  conseqncDce  of  starratBOo,  or 
itiniMiw  tlutt  baa  oonsidcrablv  wonkoncd  the  wtiiaal ;  and  theae  part*)  btaaa 
fartbost  from  the  centre  of  circulation,  are  the  first  to  show  fbo  loca  of 
power  by  the  accomnUtion  of  fluid  in  them.  Here  tbe  means  of  enre 
wonid  bo  to  increaflo  the  general  strength,  with  whidi  tbe  axtrenuiisa 
would  Rvnipathisc.  UiJd  diuretics  and  touica  woald  tberdlbn  be  aTJiliintlj 
indicated. 

Horses  in  the  spring  and  fall  are  subject  to  swelled  legs.  Tbe  powers 
of  tlio  conntitntion  are  prinoipally  omployed  in  providing  a  new  coat  for 
the  animal,  and  the  enrenuties  bave  not  their  shore  of  vital  infiucnco. 
Mingled  cordisls  and  Hiarvtica  are  indicated  here — the  diuretic  to  If  asm 
thi;  quantity  of  the  circulating  Quid,  and  the  cordial  to  invigorate  tbe 
fruine. 

Swelled  legs  are  often  teasing,  in  horses  that  are  in  tolerable  or  good 
health :  bnt  where  thci  work  is  sDmrwhat  irregular  the  Cure  oonsisls  in 
giving  mure  equable  exurcuu,  wulkiog  tho  homo  out  daily  when  tbe  osoal 
work  ia  not  leqiuied,  and  nsing  plenty  uf  frictjon  in  the  form  of  band- 
rubbing.  Ba&oagc*  nave  a  greater  and  more  durable  effect,  for  nothing 
tends  more  to  support  Uie  cnpillaiy  vrwwls,  and  rouse  tbe  actios  of  tits 
abaorbenta,  (ban  moderate  preMrnro.  HuybandK  will  form  a  good  bamdMe 
for  tbe  agricnltarnl  horse,  and  their  effect  wiU  prubofoly  bo  iiiiiicaMiil  Of 
previonidy  dipping  them  in  water.  A  loose  box  is  an  uvalaable  ec^iilict 
m  the  tn«tniont  of  thuae  oaeua. 


"o^ 

b.^ 

sd         1 


THE   FOOT. 


100 


CHAPTER  XVIIL 

THE    FOOT. 


i  Th«  nfYDBl  cnurt  rmii  at  tho 

v  Th»  connmij  riiiit> 

c  The  Utile  horaj  f\aSM  liaiag  iht 

»  Th«   Mou  RiDtiDit*J  vret  the 

■  «  Tb(  too  caaciTo  mirticM  of 
iha  tiwiili  o(  the  hdmj  TroK 

r  Thut   which   cUenittlJ;  b  tbf 
Alt  et  lit*  tag. 
a  The  tank 

■  Tfaa  mundiid  put  of  the  hub, 
hvlocigUU  1«  th*  fro^ 


Thi*  nnallcr  out  exliiliitx,  in  as  Mttiefnctory  n  oiAuner,  iha  mccbABlsn 
and  stmctQie  of  the  ba^  or  the  foot. 


i  Tha  Mlt^ 
tt  ThebuiL 
rf  i  The  oniat. 


The  foot  w  coDiposod  of  tbp  horny  box  that  oovors  tho  oxtn>initJe«  ot 
(hv  bonu',  itnd  tho  mntontit  of  thnt  box.  Tlic  hoof  or  box  is  composed  <tt 
tbo  cruHt  ur  wall,  fhd  coronary  rintjaiid  band,  the  bnni,  tho  horny  Huninif, 
tbe  8ol«,  and  tho  horny  frog. 

THE   CBUST   OB   WALL  OF  THE   HOOF. 

7^  ertut  or  wall  ia  that  portion  which  is  seen  when  the  foot  i*  placed 
on  tbn  ground,  aod  reaches  from  tlin  tmninfttion  of  tlw  h*ir  to  the  grnnnd. 
It  ia  denpoflt  in  front,  whvrr  it  i«  called  tiif  loo,  mtuumHng  th^re  abont 
three  itic-lu«  and  a  half  in  di-jith,  nhallowcr  at  the  sid<!a,  which  aro  dis 
iiomiuated  tlio  qiiartiTn,  and  uf  Jcaat  extent  behind,  whore  it  in  Midom 
more  thau  an  inch  and  ahalf  in  height,  and  is  termod  tho  beel.  The  crust 
in  the  healthy  foot  presents  a  flat  and  naircrw  mirfitoe  to  the  gmnnd, 
aaocndiiig  obliqnely  backwardw,  and  pnaawoang  different  dpgreOH  of  obli- 
(|iuty  in  diHei«nt  horses.  In  a  tHuind  bixif  Iho  i)n>r)er  drprcc  of  obliquity 
ia  calculated  at  forly-tivo  deprtiti,  or  the  fourth  part  of  a  »pmi<nrclc,  at 
the  liont  of  the  foot.  When  tho  obliquity  i§  greater  tliaa  Uiix,  it  indiraitoa 
nndns  flafawM  of  the  Role^  and  theonut  iantdto  hare  'fallen  in.'  If  tho 
obliijpu^  ia  Twy  much  inonased  tbe  sol*  prefects,  and  is  said  to  bo 
punuccJ  or  convex. 

If  the  foot  is  more  upright,  or  fomu  a  greater  anglo  than  fortv-liro 
degrees,  it  indicate*  much  contrmotion,  and  a  sole  too  concave :  auJ  tJiis 


3^6 


TDE  CRCST  OS   WALL  OF  TDE  HOOF. 


(liirMiMioo  of  obliqnily  if  oft^in  sn  greflt,  that  the  convprilj  or  concavity  of 
tilie  sole  may  bu  uflimicd  without  the  trouble  of  miBiiig  tho  foot  for  the 
purpose  of  examin&tiou. 

It  is  of  Bomo  importftDce  to  observe  whether  the  dt'pth  of  tho  cnuit 
uppcittnt  rapidly  or  slowly  to  dccrewie  from  the  front  to  the  hoel.  If  Um) 
dei'ivuAU  is  liUle,  and  cvuu  ut  tho  heel  the  crust  is  high  And  doop,  this 
indicates  a  foot  liable  lo  coatraotiou,  eand-craok,  thrush.  Mid  iuBammattoiL 
Tho  pmt«ms  nro  upright,  the  paces  of  thnt  horstj  ato  not  plttasaut.  On 
the  other  hiuid,  if  tlio  omxt  rapidly  diminiahes  in  depth,  and  the  hoela  &ro 
low,  this  is  a(;cum|)iuuvd  by  too  great  slanting  of  the  pnstem,  and  dispotd* 
tion  to  sprain  iu  the  back  siuew-  The  foot,  gunendly,  is  liable  to  bo  vrrnk 
und  flat,  and  hmiurd,  and  fclipro  is  more  t*udcncy  to  the  frequent,  but 
obsL'UTf  lumcni!.iH,  of  which  them  wiU  pi-esentiy  be  occasioii  to  tnMitr— 
tlie  uaviculiLT-joiiit  disoajie. 

The  crust  is  composed  of  numerous  homy  fibrcfl,  coiuieot«d  togetlier  bf 
an  cliixtic  mlhciEivo  Enhstnncc,  and  extending  from  the  coronet  to  tJw  bwM 
of  tliu  hoof.  Perhaps  as  good  au  idea  of  ite  structure  na  can  bo  obtained, 
ia,  supposing  it  to  consist  of  a  tiumber  of  hairs  or  hristloa  connnctod 
together  by  a  strong  glno.  It  differs  materially  in  its  texture,  its  elaslici^, 
itx  growth,  and  its  ocduiional  fragility,  according  to  tho  state  in  which  it 
ia  kept,  and  the  circnnisfanoes  llmt  are  acting  apon  it. 

The  extorior  wall  of  tho  hoof  should  be  smooth  and  lurch  Protn- 
bcrnnccM  or  rings  round  the  cruat  tndicato  that  the  horse  haa  had  inflam* 
niiLticin  in  the  foci,  and  that  to  such  &  dcg^roe  as  to  produce  an  unequal 
(growth  of  bora,  and  probably  to  leave  some  injuriona  conscqacnccM  in  iho 
iuli^rnal  part  of  the  foot.  If  there  is  a  depression  or  hollow  in  thu  front 
of  tho  foot,  it  betray*  a  sinking  of  tho  coSin-bane,  and  a  Oat  or  pomiccd 
Noto.  If  thoro  in  a  hollow  at  tho  ijutulers,  it  is  tlic  worst  symptom  of  bod 
oontiwition. 

Th«  thickness  of  the  orust,  in  the  front  of  the  foot,  is  rather  more  than 
half  an  inch ;  it  becomes  gmdntbUy  thinner   towards  the  qnartent  and  < 
heels,  bnt  this  oftou  varies  to  a  C(insidend>le  extent.      In  some  hoo&,  it  U  ' 
not  moro  thrm  half  tho  iibovo  IhiL'kness.     If  howuvi?r  there  ia  not,  in  the 
majority  of  horses,  more  tliau  half  an  inch  for  uiiiMiold  at  the  too,  and 
not  so  much  at  tlic  qnart<trs,  it  will  not  appear  sar[)rising  that  theae  horaoc  | 
aro  ncmwionnlty  nouiith^^l  in  shoiung,  ancl  onpcviiilly  a«  noino  of  them  ara 
rury  uumaiiagi.'able  while  underfilling  tliix  proco.ix. 

While  the  crn»t  boctiiiies  thinner  towards  both  quart«i«,  it  is  moro  an  at 
tho  inner  qnartrr  than  at  the  oiifcr,  bocauBc  more  weight  is  thrown  upon 
it  than  upon  tlic  outer.  It  ik  mora  niidcr  tho  horK<!,  It  is  ander  the  inner 
apliut-bone,  on  which  so  uudi  luom  of  tliu  weight  rv-itbi  Hum  on  th« 
outer ;  and,  bdng  thinner,  it  is  able  to  expand  uiore.  lla  elasticity  is 
called  more  into  play,  and  concniwion  and  injury  are  avoided.  ^Vhen  tho 
•xpaoaion  of  tho  quartern  in  prevented  by  their  being  nailed  to  an 
nnmmding  alioo,  the  lunor  qiiart«r  suffers  most.  Coma  are  oftvncKt  foaod 
there;  ooutraoticm  begins  theru  i  sand-crack  is  seated  there.  Natara 
meant  that  this  should  bo  the  mott  yii>lding  part,  in  order  to  obriats 
concnaaion,  bocauMi  on  it  Uie  weijLtht  is  jiriticijiully  thrown,  and  lh«r«fi)re 
when  ita  power  of  yielding  is  taken  away  it  must  be  lh«  fint  to  Kollcr. 

A  careral  observer  will  likewieo  perceive  that  the  inner  quarter,  ia 
bighw  than  tlu!  onttrr.  While  it  ia  thm  to  yii^ld  to  tho  shoclf,  its  ineraeMd 
vnr&oe  give*  it  luflicit-nt  strength. 

On  Bcooout  of  ita  thinnesf,  and  the  additional  weight  which  it  beam, 
the  inner  heel  wvars  away  quiokor  than  the  outor  j  a  cirt:^mstanoo  that 
should  never  be  forgotten  by  the  Hmitfa.  His  object  i«  to  give  a  pl.tnoand 
l«T«l  boariug  to  Uie  whole  of  the  crusts    To  accomplish  thin,  it  will  bo 


1 

m 


TUB  CORONAttY   niSO. — TUB  BABa 


sn 


oAn^viJfiMT  neocasarr  to  remove  uiy  tlim;r  from  Uin  tnaer  bc«1.  Tor  ttita 
luM  Klrendf  beon  done  b;  tho  wmt  of  tbo  foot.  If  lie  TorgcU  this,  ae  ho 
luo  olten  seema  to  do,  wid  cat*  vkhj  witli  his  knife  or  his  buttress  ouoiidiU 
portion  all  roond,  lie  learue  the  inner  and  wvukor  quiuivp  lower  liiui 
tbo  outer;  h«  tlirowB  an  uneven  bearing  upou  it;  uid  piodncei  ooms 
aod  taai-entHa  and  splinln,  whicb  a  littlo  care  and  oomuon  senae  mi^^ 
havL'  ftTOidttd. 

TBK   C0S01FAK7   RING. 

TIio  cnut  doM  not  viuy  uach  in  thickneta  (nee  A,  pagA  89&,  and  b,  ill 
tbo  aocompanying  out),  imtil  near  the  top,  at  the  ooron^,  or  amOD  of  the 
horn  of  the  foot  with  the  skin  of  tho  pastorna,  where  it 
npidtv  g«t«  thin.  It  in  in  a  nuuinor  im!0(k>m1  and  h«^wed 
ont.  It  likuwiie  L'hangei  itti  culuur  iluu  ct>n&i»tcnce,  and 
aeetaa  almost  hke  a  condnuatlou  of  tho  skiii,  bnt  eoait^ 
Bepa.mble  fVoni  it  by  miKcmLion  or  digciwo.  This  thin 
part  ia  called  tho  eoroTUtn/  riny.  It  cxteniia  round  the 
upper  portion  of  the  hoofii,  and  rvceivea,  within  it,  or 
covers,  a  thiclcenod  and  bulbous  prolongation  of  the  nkiu, 
called  the  eonmary  (igirmRnf  (kc«  b,  in  tho  nrpompaujiuf' 
cut)  This  pro)onKiili»n  of  tho  Hktn — it  is  nothing  moro — 
■H  tbickl,v  supplied  with  blood- v easels.  It  isalmoeta  mesh  of  blood-vpitscls 
oouuected  tiw«tiier  by  Gbrons  toxtnro,  and  many  of  tUt-ni  nr«  employed  in 
HCrctui^  or  fomting  the  cru^  or  wnJI  of  the  foot.  Katuix^  has  enabled 
tivD  Konnitire  lamjiuo  of  tlie  cuQiu-boDe,  e,  whieh  will  be  Meaeutly  described, 
to  secrete  a  corlaln  qnantity  of  horn,  in  order  to  afford  an  immediate 
defenoo  for  itaclf  when  tho  cnut  is  wounded  or  taken  away.  Of  tliia  there 
is  proof  when  in  sund-orack  or  quittor  it  is  neccssnnr  to  remove  a  portion 
of  the  cmst.  A  pellicle  of  horn,  or  of  tirm  hard  subBtanco  reaembling;  it^ 
aooB  ooTvrs  the  wound;  but  the  crust  is  principally  formed  trvta  this 
cOTOnarjr  ligament.  Ilence  it  is,  that  in  mnd-crack,  quitlor,  and  other 
diflcasBa  in  which  strips  of  tbo  eruit  are  destroyed,  it  is  so  long  in  being 
renewed,  or  gntmnrj  dimm.  It  most  proceed  trota  tbc  coronary  Ugamenf^ 
aitd  BO  sradiMlly  cropp  down  the  foot  with  tbo  nntuia]  growth  or  lengtben* 
ing  of  tne  bom,  of  wliicb,  us  in  tbc  human  nitil,  a  supply  is  slowly  girea 
to  answer  to  the  wear  and  tear  of  the  part. 

Below  the  coronaiy  ligament  is  a  thin  strip  of  homy  matt<Tr,  which  baft 
bewn  tnccd  to  the  frog,  and  has  boon  suppoeed  by  some  to  bv  connected 
witb  llie  Hupport  or  uction  of  that  body,  but  which  is  evidently  tntcmdod 
to  add  to  the  security  of  tliepartou  wliiohitisfomid,  and  to  bind  together 
Ibose  raiioos  subetaacM  which  are  collected  at  the  coronet.  It  rosembleo; 
men  tlian  anytliing  etae,  tho  atiip  of  akin  that  snrronnds  the  root  of  tlie 
human  nail,  imd  wLteh  ia  placed  there  to  strengthen  the  union  oftbe  nail 
with  tbo  sabstaojco  from  which  it  proceeds. 

THE  SABS. 

At  tile  back  part  of  tho  foot  tho  wall  of  tbo  hoof,  instead  of  continuing 
round  and  forming  a  circle,  is  suddenly  bent  in  at  each  heel  on  itself  as  in 
Ibe  stnaU  out,  in  page  Si's,  where  d  repreeente  the  base  of  the  crust,  and  a 
it«  inflection  or  bending  at  the  hoc).  Tbo  bars  are,  in  bot,  a  mntinuation 
of  tlie  crust,  forming  an  ncnie  angle,  aiid  meeting  at  a  point  at  the  too  of 
the  frag —  SCO  a,  b,  and  c,  in  the  smaller  cuts — and  tho  insido  of  the  bars, 
iQu  Iba  inside  of  the  cnut — see  the  first  and  larger  cut — prawiDts  • 
continnaoce  of  Ibe  homy  learee,  allowing  that  it  is  a  part  <a  the  aanm 
substance,  and  helping  to  diadwrge  tliv  niuno  olEce. 

It  Deeds  ouly  the  digliteat  ooiisidi.Tatiou  of  tlio  out,  or  of  the  nattinl 


iiM  THB   aORXT    LAJILS*. — THE  SOLE. 

ImoF,  to  alio*  tlie  uaDOrtaoce  of  the  ban.  The  arch  vbidi  Uww  fonn  on 
eitlia-  nde  betwetn  um  froff  uid  tbe  quaitim,  » ■ubnirablj  contrived  botli 
to  adiaii  of  ani  to  liaut  to  its  proper  extent  Utc  iixpaosKm  of  tho  fool. 
Vthm  tbo  loot  u  pUoed  on  tbe  gri^iind,  and  dw  wogfal  of  the  amnml  w 
Ifarown  on  Uie  levm  of  which  ineuiion  has  jut  been  mde,  theas  atdtaa 
win  Biiartn  Mtd  indan,  is  ordCT  to  nAnut  of  tha  ozpaaano  of  tlM  qaaften 
^4he  bow  rataming  to  ita  natatml  curve,  and  powtafaUj  aarirting  the  foot 
in  ragamu^  ila  naul  form.  It  tma  alao  be  conouirvd  tut  thcae  ban  mtist 
tona  a  pomsfsl  protodion  against  the  contraction,  or  tn'rwa  ik,  of  tlie 
muten.  A  nonwnt'a  inapeccoo  of  the  cot  (aae  7,  pace  395)  nill  ahow 
UMt,  if  the  ban  are  taken  amy,  there  itilt  bo  nothing  to  renst  tba 
eoftlisfition  or  Cdlii^  in  of  the  qnarten  when  the  foot  la  exposed  to  aaj 
dJMaae  or  bad  managmtent  that  iroittd  indaoe  it  to  contract  One 
UOMMtt'e  obaemtion  of  thrtn  will  bIeo  render  erident  the  xrcnritjr  nliioh 
(hev  afford  to  the  fimg  (/),  and  the  effoctoal  protection  which  thcj  gint 
to  the  lateral  portiona  of  the  Iboi. 

Tlksn  appears  the  neccaaity  of  pasBing  lighthr  orar  them,  and  tearing 
pronineQlv  wbtm  tho  foot  ia  parea  for  shocit^r,  that  which  ao  many  smiths 
cnt  perfectly  away.  They  imagine  that  it  gives  a  Btore  open  appouanco 
to  the  foot  ot  the  horse^  Horace  shod  for  ti»  pnrpoae  of  sale  hare  nanaDj 
the  ban  removed  with  this  viow ;  and  tho  smiths  tn  the  nrighbonriiood 
of  the  metropolis  and  largo  towns,  shoeing  for  dcalera,  too  often  hnbit' 
nally  ^ntane,  with  regard  to  all  their  onstomera,  the  tnjimona  practice  of 
reaiOTUg  the  bars.  Tbe  homy  &og.  deprived  of  it«  gnnrd.  will  speedily 
oontraot,  and  become  elevated  and  throBhy ;  and  the  whole  of  tKc  hn4, 
having  lost  the  power  of  rciiliiTace  or  reacliou  which  the  ourve  iMrtwcirB 
the  Iv  e  and  the  anat  d  gave  it  (viJe  p.  3DS,  cut),  will  speedily  &U  is. 

TEK   HORKT   LAHIKX. 

^nM  iiMide  of  the  cmst  is  corrrod  by  thin  homy  leave*  (e,  p.  395),  ex- 
*f«dipg  all  ronnd  it,  and  rcacking  from  the  oeronaiy  rin^  to  tbr  loei 
Tbaf  arc  aboat  500  in  nnmlier,  faroftdeet  at  their  baae,  and  tertiiinuling  in 
the  moat  debcate  expansion  of  horn.  They  not  a  little  rMcmble  the  inner 
aorftoe  of  a  mnsbroom.  In  front  Ihey  mn  in  a  dirvctiun  from  the  coronet 
to  the  toe,  and  towards  the  qnarterB  they  are  taor^  alauling^  bom  behind 
forwards.  Tliey  correspond,  as  will  be  presently  shown,  with  similar 
fleehy  leaves  on  the  snrface  of  tbo  coflin-bono,  and  form  n  br-nntifnl  olaatio 
body,  by  which  the  whole  weight  of  tho  horae  is  sspitorlod. 

THE    SOLE 

la  Bnder  and  occnpiea  the  gn^ntirr  portinn  of  the  concave  and  etastie 
■Bi&ce  of  the  foot  (tee  b,  p.  .%)5),  extending  from  tho  cnut  to  the  bara 
and  frog.  It  ia  not  ao  tlii<dc  aa  the  cnul,  beeaaae^  aotwithatanding  ita 
siloaiioD,  it  does  not  support  any  ^magbi;  and  beeaus  it  wm  ioteoded  to 
expand,  in  OTder  to  prrvrat  concmwion,  when,  by  the  descent  of  the  bone 
of  the  foot,  proason  waa  made  on  it.  It  is  not  ao  brittle  aa  the  cmst, 
and  it  ia  mora  elaatic.  It  docs  not  consist  at  an  e<inal^  dense  fibrona 
tiasoe  as  the  cniati  but  is  dovcloped  in  layers  or  scaloa.  wfajch  &eely  axJb> 
liato  as  tboy  nccnmnUtc  at  tbo  bottom  of  the  foot.  It  iit  thiclcr«t  at  the 
toe,  bocanse  tbo  first  and  principal  stress  is  thrown  ou  that  part.  The 
cofltn-bone  is  driviMi  forward  and  downward  in  that  direction.  It  is 
likewise  thicker  whero  it  unites  with  the  cmst  than  it  is  towards  the 
oentn^  for  a  simibir  and  evident  reason,  bccaoso  there  the  weight  ts  firrt 
and  principally  thrown. 

lu  a  liUte  of  nature  it  is,  to  a  certain  dpgr«-.  hollow,  llie  nuann  of 
this  is  plain.      It  ia  intended  to  deacuBd  or  yield  with  tbo  wvigfal  Of  tlia 


THE  FBOQ. 


a» 


hone,  and  by  thai  gradaikl  dosccnt  or  yinliling  most  instnm.nj  IcatMsn  th« 
ihudk  which  would  rr*ult  Troiu  (Jie  nuddc'D  iiction  of  thu  tvL-iKlit  of  tho 
ttTiim^  io  nptd  ftitd  viuleut  exercise ;  and  this  dMcoiit<  can  only  be  giren 
hy  ft  hollow  sole.  A  flat  sole.  «bvadjr  proMUig  npoo  the  grounil,  coald 
not  be  brought  lower ;  nor  coiiUl  tho  fionotioas  of  the  (rog  ho  then  diii- 
cAwg«d  i  nor  woatd  Uia  fuut  bave  »o  aecmv  a  hold.  Them  if  tiie  sole  i» 
aatanDf  hollow — oud  hollow  it  sbonld  be  because  it  moat  dcwxmd — thft 
Hnillk  uoold  not  interibro  witli  thin  imnnrlunt  action.  Wheo  tlu>  foot 
will  hear  it,  ho  nii>t  pare  out  iiuiEdcnt  ut  tliu  liom  to  [ireaem  the  proper 
oonniTit;  ;  ulito  a  tmall  portion  at  the  toe  and  near  tha  cnui,  and  cnltuig 
(ki'ptT  towards  the  contro.  IIo  must  pat  on  a  iihoo  which  shall  not 
preront  tho  dosccnt  of  tli4i  Mole,  and  which  not  only  Hball  not  preen  upon 
It,  bat  shall  knve  HnfEcient  room  between  it  and  the  Bote  to  admit  of  Ihia 
di'Kcrot.  If  the  sole  ia  preased  npon  br  tb«  coCGn-bone  dniing  the  lemgtli* 
euiug  of  tho  vbiAtio  huninie,  and  tho  shoo  will  not  pnrmit  ita  dcaconi,  the 
B<iD8itiTi;  part  bctwvon  the  oufUn-bono  and  tiie  kom  will  uecvwarilj  bo 
bmiftcd,  and  inflammation  and  lamemeea  will  onsoe.  It  is  from  this  canac^ 
that  if  a  Btouf>  insinnauv  itsolf  botweoD  the  ahoe  and  tho  sole,  it  prodncea 
so  inac-h  Inmcniwt.  Of  thu  too  great  conoaTitf  of  tho  note,  or  Uio  want 
pf  concavity  in  it,  we  ftball  treat  when  we  arrive  at  diacaaes  of  the  foot. 

THE  raoo. 

Id  tho  spnco  bctwopn  the  Imra,  and  occnratoly  fiUina  it,  is  tbo  rsoo.  It 
is  ft  Irian^lar  portion  of  bom,  proj«clinK  from  tlie  ■ole,  ahnort  on  a  levol 
with  tho  crust,  and  covering  and  defending  a  soft  and  ela«ttc  snbKtanoo 
called  the  teiuitiva  frog.  It  ia  wide  ai  the  heela,  and  there  exlvudiuK 
beyond  a  portion  of  the  cravt;  narrowing  rapidly  when  it  begins  to  bo 
canSn«l  butwccn  the  bare,  and  terauuatiiif'  in  a  point  at  somewhat  mora 
than  half  the  distance  Anra  tho  heel  (o  the  toe.  It  consists  of  two  roonded 
or  projecting  BUifooea,  with  a  iimmre  or  deft  between  them  rce^hing  half 
way  down  the  frog,  and  the  two  portions  again  uniting  to  form  tho  point 
or  lav  of  the  frc^. 

Tbo  frog  is  firmly  united  to  tho  sole,  Irat  it  ia  perfectly  distinct  from  it. 
It  is  of  a  diflentnt  nature,  bt.'ing  nolW,  and  &r  more  elastic ;  and  it  ia 
Roc-ntud  from  a  difl^rent  aorfaoe,  for  it  is  thrown  out  from  thn  MQlmtaDca 
wLkh  it  covers.  It  ia  very  Kn^ofjons  io  toitare  to  a  picc«  of  india-rubber, 
being  neithor  iw  fibron*  ok  thn  cmiit,  nor  as  scaly  a*  the  sole.  It  very 
mnch  resembles  a  winl^e  n-ilh  a  shurp  point  forwards;  and  it  is  placed 
towards  Ihu  back  part  of  tho  fooL  Tbe  fuot  in  iwldoin  pnt  Susli  and  fiat 
npon  the  ground,  bat  in  a  direction  downirards,  yet  somewhat  forwards  ; 
then  the  frog  nridt-ntly  gives  safety  to  tho  trentl  of  the  animal,  for  it 
oocaaJonaHy  pluuj^'hii  itseU'  into  the  ground,  and  preronta  the  herso  trona 
alipping.  This  is  of  consklorablo  cooseqaonce,  when  some  of  the  pace* 
of  tiie  DOTM  are  recollected,  in  which  his  heels  evidently  oome  6rst  to  tho 
gnmnd,  and  in  which  the  danger  tt<aa  slipping  would  bo  rpry  great. 
Beftnmoe  needs  only  bo  mode  to  tho  gallop  ae  itlnstrativo  of  this. 

^le  frog  being  placed  at,  and  filling,  the  hinder  part  of  the  foot,  dis- 
charges a  portion  of  the  dn^  austained  by  the  orast ;  for  it  iiuj>porta  the 
weight  ef  the  animal.  It  aasista,  likowiao,  and  that  to  a  matoi-utl  degree, 
in  the  expansion  of  the  IboL  It  ia  fonned  internally  of  two  nromincncM 
on  the  aides  (see  a,  p.  895),  and  a  clofl  in  l)ie  oentre,  presenting  two  con- 
cavities  with  a  ahani  proMOtion  in  the  middle,  and  a  gradually  rounded 
one  on  each  sido.  It  is  abo  oompoaed  of  a  anhslanco  pccoltai-Iy  flexible 
and  elastic.  What  ean  be  so  wcU  adapted  for  the  oxpanHou  or  tbo  foot 
wlien  a  portion  of  tba  weight  of  the  body  is  thrown  ou  it  P  How  easily 
will  theao  inegnlar  ntr&OM  yield  and  spread  onl,  and  bow  readily  retnm 


400  ^^^F  THE  COPFIX-B0^'E.  ^^^^^^^^H 

l^aio  to  tlwir  nsttml  <tot«  1  In  thia  view,  IberrfbrB.  Um  bornj  fro^  ia  » 
fomfetai  ■gent  in  opening  the  toot ;  and  the  fUminatrMi  ol  iho  ■abstancv 
of  the  frog,  &Dd  ita  vleratum  aboiv  die  groond,  mre  bott  the  oumq  and 
tiw  oODSeqaeDcs  of  oontnction — the  cMiae,  aa  bcug  able  do  longer  powur^ 
fUljr  to  act  in  MqpsndiBg  tli0  becla,  and  tho  oonaaqtuBM^  aa  obeTiag  «  Uw  of 
nature,  by  whuib  that  wbicb  no  longer  diaehBign  ita  natur*)  functifls  ii 
gmdBallv'  rvnuiTwL  It  ta,  bowevcr,  Htu  cover  and  defence  of  the  iateraal 
and Moaible  frog,  wiiidi  wiO  be  pnnmOj  tnatedof;  eooogh,  howuvrr. 
hMbewisaid  to  ahi>w  the  abew^tT  of  the  comatop  practice  of  wiiflptiriogljr 
catting  Han-ay.  In  order  to  diacnarge,  in  an^  degrae,  aome  of  tfaeoffieea 
which  we  have  MWgned  lo  it,  and  fuJly  to  duicharge  eren  one  of  thou, 
Ii  moat  ooDW  in  occaakwul  contact  with  the  gronnd.  In  ilie  unabod  bunto 
il ia  eeneiaU)' ao -,  bottbaadditionalKapport  gircnbj- thcsbot-a.aud  mora 
capeeinlly  tbe  hard  roada  over  wbu.-b  tbe  bonv  ia  now  compelled  to  ti«Tel^ 
Roder  thia  complete  ezposnre  of  the  frog  to  the  grooiut  uot  only  nn- 
neoeaaaiT,  but  injnrioiu.  BoiaK  of  so  rnnch  softer  ooosiBiciice  tluui  the 
raatcf  the  foot,  it  would  be  apcedilT  worn  nway ;  occaaional  pmsaro,  how- 
ever, or  contact  with  the  groand,  il  must  have. 

TLd  rough  and  detachod  parts  should  be  cut  off  at  «acfa  aboeing,  and  the 
■aMaDca  of  tho  frog  itaeU^  Ko  na  to  bring  it  jnst  aboTG  or  within  the  level 
of  the  ahoe.  It  will  then,  in  the  deeoent  of  the  nole,  when  tho  weight  of 
the  bone  ia  throws  upon  il  in  tlie  pulting  down  of  the  foot,  deaocod  like- 
wise, and  prearing  npon  tho  grooDd.  do  ita  duty ;  while  it  will  be  de^Ended 
from  tb«  wear,  and  bmiac,  and  injury  that  it  would  roooiTe  if  it  oanio 
upon  tho  ground  with  the  6r8t  and  fiiU  shock  of  the  weight.  This  will  be 
the  proper  guide  to  the  amJth  in  slkoeing,  and  to  the  propiietor  in  the 
direction  which  lie  gives.  The  latter  should  often  look  to  tVi*,  fur  it  ia  a 
point  of  Terr  gmt  moment.  A  few  amitha  carry  tho  notion  of  frog  pret- 
«t>ra  to  an  alMnrd  exti-nt,  and  leave  the  Irog  beymid  the  level  of  the  si^o^ 
a  pvactice  which  ia  dauK^rooa  tn  the  borae  of  slow  dnuglit,  ami  dostrac 
live  to  the  hackney  or  tho  hontor;  bat  tho  majority  of  them  err  in  a 
contrary  way.  and,  catting  off  too  much  of  tbo  fn>g,  lift  it  ab^ri*  ihn 
groond,  and  dtatror  ita  pnncipul  use.  It  abuuld  bv  left  jutt  ahotv,  or 
mlhin  Iht  loKisl  of  th«  fhoe. 

The  tntcrior  port  of  tho  foot  mmrt  now  bo  otnndend.  Tbo  lowor 
pMiterti,  a  *tn*ll  portion  of  wkicb  ia  cuutainnl  in  tlia  konty  box,  baa  b(?cn 
aJttiady  described,  p.  S7d ;  beneath  it,  and  altogether  cncloacd  in  the 
boof,  is  tbo  ooffin-boDO,  or  proper  bone  of  the  foot  It  ia  fitted  to,  and 
fiUa  the  fbrepurt  of  the  hoof,  occupying  about  half  of  it.  It  ia  of  a  li^ht 
and  aitongy  stmotore,  (see  d,  fig.  1,  page  378),  and  £Uc<l  with  uunK-mna 
mfamlo  *"*"■"*  or  helee.  Throngh  those  paaa  the  blood-roasels  aud 
nSTTM  of  Out  ftxrt,  wbtob  ore  nocMSitri^  nnmcrous,  considering  tho  itn- 
portant  and  TaHona  aoorotiotta  there  earning  on,  and  the  cuoolation 
through  the  foot  which  oonld  uot  posubly  be  kept  up  if  those  Teasels  did 
nut  run  tbronifh  the  substance  of  the  bone.  Considering  tbe  mnnoer  in 
wliich  this  bone  is  enclosed  in  the  homy  box,  and  yet  the  im[Hirtatit  sur. 
fuooa  nronnil  nnd  bnlow  it  that  are  to  lie  nourished  with  blood,  the  ciivuIa- 
iion  which  ia  thus  carried  on  within  the  very  body  of  tho  bone  m  one  of 
the  tnoat  beautiful  pTovisioos  of  nature  that  ia  to  bo  found  in  tho  whole 
ftwne-  Ho  inconrcnicnoo  can  urine  from  ocuiuiional  or  constant  prMKortt, 
but  the  bone  allows  free  pa«iafj;e  to  the  Mood,  and  protucta  it  IVom  every 
poadble  obstruction. 

Tli«  forepart  of  the  coffin-bono  is  not  only  thus  pocforat(.-il,  but  it  is 
curioDsly  tougfaonod  for  tho  uUnohnicut  of  the  numeroaa  niiiiDto  hmiiag 


TBB  SENSITITB  SOLE. 


Wl 


Bboat  to  bo  (Icscribod.  On  its  upper  aurfJuce  it  prvaculii  a  coocnvity  for 
tlie  liMtd  of  Uio  lown-  piiat«rn.  Id  front  is  a  BtrikinK  proaiineuco,  into 
whicli  is  iuaertod  tlio  «itciuior  tnRdon  of  tbc  foot.  At  uw  bock  it  is  sloped 
for  ftrticnlatioD  with  the  Daviculv  Ixitic,  and  moru  underneath  i»  »  doprae- 
•ion  for  tho  reception  of  the  perforans  tondon,  coutianed  down  tbo  Ic^ 
pudne  over  the  sftviculAT  bonis  '■'ad  at  leuglh  iusortcd  into  this  bona. 
On  either  BJde  are  nrojcclinnM,  ciiHikI  thu  wiiigic,or  hools  of  thocotKn-bone^ 
and  at  the  bottom  it  is  boUowL-d  to  aiiswcr  to  thu  conrcxit}'  of  thu  intt^nuu 
part  of  tho  solo. 

That  which  desorree  most  att«ntion  id  the  coffin-bone  is  the  prodaotion 
of  Ilia  nnmcFoaK  Inminoi  ronnd  it«  front  and  ud<M.  Tbi^  are  prolong^tiooa 
ofthe  thick  and  vhuttio  miMnbranc  covering  >t,aiid  oonsuct  of  flt^hy  pinto*, 
prooeedisg  from  ity  nuiuiuK  down  the  ooffin-boue,  and  uorronpoudiiit;  witJi 
sad  TCcmv«d  betweoa  the  homy  leaves  that  line  the  inside  uf  tlie  hoof — 
cacti  homy  plat*  being  reooived  botwoen  two  eonsitive  platos,  and  ties 
vend.  Tli(.-u  1tnni»nf  u^  oxceodingly  xciuutivo  and  vuMmlar,  and  nhuitio, 
and,  as  first  simply  aud  he&atirully  vi{i]utuL>il  by  Ur.  PeroivaU,  tlieir  daa* 
iici^  is  not  inheit-ut  in  tho  laiuiueB,  bat  in  the  substanoe  which  Oonnectt 
tboM  lamiiua  with  th«  coffin-boaOt  and  which,  while  it  contains  highly 
elaatio  propcrtiei^  affords  a  oonTauent  lied  for  the  namcroQN  vc»!ioIh  that 
aecrete  the  laminai.  While  tho  aniinal  is  at  rest,  Uie  vihoiu  wi'i^ht  »f  thfl 
horse  is  mpport^  by  thorn,  aud  not  by  the  sole.  This  extnuiriliiiary  bcfe 
hais  bean  put  to  the  tost  of  oxperiiccnt.  Th«  solo,  bom,  and  frog  wero 
rcmOTod  Irom  tb«  foot  of  a  horse,  and  yet  as  he  stuud,  th<!  enlUn-lKinp  did 
iiot  protrude,  or  in  the  slight(.-!it  dvgreo  deaocod ;  but  when  the  rapidity 
with  which  tho  foot  descouds  ia  added  to  the  weight  of  the  horse,  theae 
littlo  la»Toe,  homy  and  fleshy,  gradoally  lengthen,  and  suffer  tho  hones  to 
presaiqKiii  the  solo.  Tho  solo  then  desocnda,  anil,  in  deaeendin^,  c'Xpands ; 
and  so,  by  un  admirablo  moobauism,  Uie  violeDt  shock  whioh'  would  ba 
produced  by  tho  pressure  of  such  a  weight  U  that  of  tho  horse,  and  the 
Telocity  with  wlJoh  it  descends,  is  IcssQnod  or  drsrtraytd.  and  th«  compli- 
catod  nppnrntns  of  the  foot  ronininK  anii^lired.  When  the  foot  is  acain 
UAed,  and  the  witigbt  which  preasad  upon  it  is  retnoved,  the  principle  of 
ela«U«i^  is  called  iuto  esercise,  and  hy  it  the  sole  Twamcs  its  concavity, 
and  the  horny  tVog  ila  folded  etato ; — ^tae  qoirtors  retnra  to  their  former 
aifnation, — tho  leariNi  regain  their  fomier  bngth,  and  every  thing  is  pre- 
pared for  a  ropetition  of  action. 

THE   SENSITITS   SOU. 

IMiveCTt  the  ooffin>bono  and  the  homy  siilo  is  situated  the  sensitire  sole, 
formnd  nbovo  of  a  snbetancu  of  a  fibrous  nnturr,  and  Ik'Iow  of  a  cnticular 
or  skin-lik<'  snbatonco,  pkntifally  mippliod  witli  blood -vpsiMthi.  It  was 
placed  bi-tweoa  the  oofBn-bono  and  the  solf,  hy  its  yielding  strudnre  to 
Msist  in  preventinjir  ooncuasion,  and  also  to  form  a  supply  of  hom  for  tho 
Bolo.  It  extends  beyond  the  coffin-bone,  hut  not  at  all  nnder  thu  fro|{. 
Loavinff  a  iipa«o  for  tho  frog,  it  prot'cods  over  tliu  bare,  tknd  then  ii 
covered  bj'  Homn  laminif,  to  uiiil«  with  those  that  have  been  doscribed, 
pni^  307,  as  found  in  the  bars.  It  is  here  likewise  thicker,  and  nior* 
rlantic,  and  by  its  oinsticity  is  evidently  aniKting  in  obviating  coneiuaioD. 
It  ia  anpplied  with  ncrvoux  fibn-ii,  and  ia  highly  KodtiTe,  M  the  sliKhtcet 
experience  in  hotacs  will  <!\-ince.  The  lameneaa  whldt  enmce  from  tho 
preamtn  of  a  atouc  or  of  tbe  shoe  ou  the  eoh>  ia  oaused  by  mfianunAtioa  of 
Um  HoaitiTe  sole. 


no 


.■«• 


niE  SATICCIAB  BOSK, 


T8M  omsiTB  nos- 

Tbs  ooSa-boiM  does  not  oeempj^man  tlwa  oovhiJfof  tbe  hooC  TIm 
poftwior  put  H  fiBad  br  »  soft  nnm,  wbkh  u  filiroa  tatd  «lMtie  is  ik 
,  later*.  Um  afa^W  below  oormponda  with  tlie  akviluai  at  the  bomj 
froK;  to  front  it  is  Utacbed  to  the  inferior  put  of  the  cofin-boac; 
■M  brthar  bade,  U  adbares  to  tha  lover  [«ri  of  the  cartOagea  of 
lb*  baeii^  wb«n  they  begin  to  Ibrm  the  mmded  protohcrasoes  that 
emialitiita  the  heel  a  the  foot.  U  ooctqnce  the  whole  of  the  bsdc 
pwi  of  the  flMt  ehov*  ^  boniy  (hw  and  between  the  oartilws. 
Bammg  immediately  ahore  the  fro^  aad  almg  the  gnatrr  put  of  it, 
we  find  the  perfbiaaa  flexor  teiklon,  vrtrich  paeaH  or«r  (ho  Dftvicnlar 
bone^  mod  is  inaerted  ioto  the  hcvl  of  the  coffin-bone. 

TEM   lATICUUB   BOVE 

Is  placed  behind  and  boDeath  the  lower  pastern  bone,  and  bobiod  and 
aboro  tba  heel  of  the  ooffin-booe,  ao  that  it  foras  e  joint  with  both  boae^ 
and  ausweia  a  rerj  important  office  in  stren^theniBK  the  tmion  betawiu 
thaaa  parte,  !a  receiving  a  portion  of  tlie  weight  whi^  is  thrown  on  the 
Itrwar  paateni,  and  in  enabling  xhe  flexor  laadon  to  act  with  more  advaiw 
taoe.  Supposing  thnt  this  tendon  yren  inserted  into  the  coSn-boae 
without  the  intcn-cniioo  of  the  naTicular  bone,  it  would  >ct  at  gnat 
weehanieaJ  disadTaotage  in  beadiiig  the  pastern,  for  it  ia  iiutert«d  near 
the  and  of  the  ooSn-bone,  and  the  wei^it,  oonoantnted  about  the  middle 
of  the  bone,  ia  far  ofl^  and  reqturea  a  graat  power  to  mise  it ;  but  wbcn 
the  oaticnlar  bone  is  inteipoaed,  the  centre  of  motion  becomes  the 
poaterior  edge  of  that  bone,  wlujro  it  is  in  ooolact  with  the  tondoo,  and 
then  it  win  be  seen  that  tho  dirtanoe  of  the  nowcr  from  the  oentre  of 
notioii  is  neerlr  or  quite  the  same  as  the  weight,  and  vtaj  great  e%}tev 
ditnre  of  nmscal»r  poweir  will  be  sared.  In  the  ooe  case,  the  powpr  must 
be  at  least  doable  the  weight,  in  the  other  tbe^  will  be  nearly  oju.'U ;  and 
also  the  angle  at  which  the  tendon  ia  inserted  is  oonsideiahly  more  adrsn- 
(ageods.  Perhaps  this  ia  the  principal  use  of  the  naricolar  bono ;  yet  at 
the  same  time  we  are  aware  of  the  tMmoBt  which  accrues  {rota  a  pordoo 
of  the  weight  being  tnkon  from  the  ooffin-bono,  and  thrown  on  the  nari- 
cvlar  bone,  and  from  it  on  the  tendon,  aad  the  tendon  reatiBg  on  the 
elastic  fn^  nndemeatb.  The  aavicnlar  bone  is  sometimes,  bat  tnaecu- 
mtely,  Mid  to  dceocnd  with  tho  motioo  of  the  firat  It  does  not  do  tlmt, 
Itoaaaet;  Ibr  it  is  ooBneeted  both  with  the  pastern  and  coffin-bcooa  hy 
taehstie  lupuiunta.  When,  however,  the  homy  bulb,  with  itatoA  of  hau- 
nt the  hack  of  ao  obliqne  Eiitlock,  doeocndH  in  the  ia[]ad  gallop,  and  almost 
touches  the  ground,  the  naTiooIar  bono,  being  aa  it  were  a  part  of  the 
paalem,  most  deaomd  with  it.  With  thu  eu^tioo,  both  in  the  est«:nd. 
mg  and  the  bending  of  the  pastoni,  the  nanonlar  bone  tunui  or  rolls  apoa 
the  other  bonoa  ratber  than  doaoetodsor  ascends,  and  with  this  remar^Eabla 
adrantaoo,  that  when  the  pastem  is  extended,  the  navicular  bona  is  placed 
ia  thatntnalion  whioh  enablea  tho  flexor  tendon  to  act  with  grootest  ad- 
faatago  in  again  bending  the  foot. 

THS   CUTn^OSS   OP   TEX   IDOT. 

There  la  a  groore  extending  along  the  npper  part  of  tho  ooffin-bone  and 
on  either  side,  except  at  tho  protubcrnnco  which  receives  ttio  oztensor 
tendon,  occapisd  by  cartilugr,  whiuh,  like  tho  crust,  is  convex  ontwarda 
and  oonoate  inwaids.  It  extends  to  the  very  posterior  part  of  the  foot, 
tiiiag  about  the  qnaitera  half  an  inch  or  more  nbovo  tho  hoof,  nod  dimt- 


J 


THE  DISEASES  OF   THE  FX)OT.  *Qtt 

nUltiiiK  in  IwtElit  furwani  luxd  boulcwmn].  Tlirso  cnrtilagce  occupy  a  cob- 
Ntili-iabk-  portion  of  the  toot,  and  extend  bcliinil  tbp  ooffin-bono.  They 
aru  held  in  their  sitaatioii  not  merely  by  thin  groove,  but  b;  other  ooa- 
neccioDS  with  tho  coftin-bono,  tlio  imviciUar  bone^  and  tile  flexor  tendon, 
uid  uv  thuN  pcrfcutly  ■eonred. 

BotwMD  tlieaocartUagesislheseiuitive  frog,  fiUin^  up  tlie  wbolo  of  tlio 
■pac«,  and  anawering  Bereral  importAnt  purpows,  being  an  du«tic  bod  on 
which  the  DATicnlur  bone  and  tho  tendon  can  play  with  security,  and 
withont  (xincnaiion  or  ahock,  by  which  mil  ooDCoMion  oommonicatcd  to 
the  cartihtgfa  of  Ihe  fix>t  ia  destroyed— by  which  thcao  rartalagca  aro  kept 
wnnder,  and  tho  expansion  of  tho  npper  part  of  Uic  foot  pruusnri.'d.  As 
ttic  descent  of  tho  Bolo  incrvaeE'B  tho  width  of  the  lower  part  of  the  foot^ 
•o  thi)  elevation  of  the  f^g,  ■>  portion  of  it  being  preaaed  upward  ftod 
ootwatd  by  the  action  of  tho  navicular  bono  and  tendon,  cauMB  tha 
expansion  of  its  upper  part.  Precisely  aa  the  atrong  muaole  peoutiar  to 
qnndrn)tods  at  tho  bnclc  of  the  oye,  beinfir  forcibly  contraet^d,  presses 
nnon  tlic  fntty  matter  in  which  the  cyo  is  imboddod,  which  may  bo  dis- 
placed but  cannot  bo  squocted  into  less  oonipnM,  and  which,  being  forced 
tonsTda  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye,  drivea  before  it  that  important  and 
beautiful  mechanism  the  haw,  so  the  elastic  and  j-ieldiag  mnstenoe  the 
&og,  being  prcswd  upon  by  the  naticular  bone  and  Iho  tendon,  and  tho 
pastonx,  nd  refiunng  te  bo  condensed  into  U-as  compass,  forces  iteolf  out 
on  either  aide  of  thorn,  auil  expands  the  luU-ral  cartilages,  whit^h  again,  by 
their  inherent  elasticity,  recur  to  their  former  Hituutiuit,  when  the  frog  no 
longvr  presscB  them  ontwurd.  It  appears,  that  by  a  diflVrent  mechaiusm, 
but  both  equally  admirabln,  aiul  refcrsblc  to  the  Mme  principle,  via.  thai 
of  elasticity,  the  ezpauHiou  of  the  upper  and  loner  portions  of  the  hoof  ia 
effected,  the  ono  by  tho  descent  of  uie  sole,  the  other  by  tho  comprossioD 
and  rising  of  the  m>g. 

It  is  this  expansion  upward  which  cootributcfl  principally  to  tho  pieter- 
Tation  of  the  usefulaMS  of  the  horac,  when  our  destructive  methods  of 
alioeuig  are  so  calculated  to  destroy  the  expansion  beneath.  In  draught 
hotses,  inflammation  is  occasionally  produced,  which  t«rmiiiatos  in  th« 
cartilages  bmng  chungod  into  bony  matter. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

THE   DISEASES  OF   THE   FOOT. 


Or  the«e  there  is  a  long  list.  That  will  not  be  wondcivd  nt  by  those  who 
bare  duly  considorcd  the  complicated  sUucture  of  the  fuot,  the  duty  it  has 
to  perform,  and  the  ii\juriea  te  which  it  is  exposed.  It  will  be  proper  U 
oommenoe  with  Diat  wbicb  is  the  causa  of  many  oliicr  discMea  of  the  foot, 
and  connected  with  almost  alL 

DiriJUlIUTIOB  or  the  foot,  ok  ACCTE  KltTHDEX. 
The  seasitire  laminw,  on  the  front  and  side*  of  tho  coffin-bone,  being 
replete  with  blood- vrasels,  are,  like  every  other  vascukr  part,  liable  te 
juAunmation.  LaminJlis,  or  inflammation  of  tiie  lamixue  of  the  ftet,  is 
most  praralent  amongst  the  heavier  breeds  of  horses,  esptcially  when  ths 
belare  flat  and  wonk.  It  may  bepKHlueedbyaerend  causes,  but  we  most 
dies  nisst  with  it  as  a  rteult  of  rapid  and  long-oontinncd  exertion  on  hard 
poSBlL    When  we  reflect  how  the  fiM.<t  luve  been  buttered  and  bruised 

DD  1 


4^1  IXFLA1I1IATI05   OF  THE   FOOT,  OE  ACTTE   FOCTfPEB. 

ta  ft  httd  daj**  joonwy,  it  will  bo  no  wonder  U>at  iDflsmnuttion  of  tlio 
vranrorfcad  |Mita  ahonU  aoaictiMK*  vnxoe.  It  mkjr  sbo  bo  csnaod  by 
Lenanw  tba  iiiitiMl  in  ft  fixed  fftftw^ing  poeitioD  tar  ft  lenstli  oT  tune  ;  b]' 
tbMe  nwM  (be  bmins  are  kept  eooMftntljr  on  Uw  Mratd  ( beoce  iU  f»- 
mmcf  laioagit  bona  ■•  the  ramiH  of  ft  proloagod  Tojt^  on  bosrd  » 
Miip. 

bumrtiEoes  Ibere  is  ft  sadden  mntftirfniii  rhftnirr  of  inflftmmfttion  from 
one  orgftB  to  ftaoth«r.  A  bom  toftf  bftva  Uxmrad  fat  Berfrftl  ^^  wdw 
widcnt  infliniMriwi  of  tho  htngs  or  pfeoim ;  all  at  oneo  thai  wiu  mbridi^ 
»w*i  tlio  diccftso  viQ  uncftf  is  *^*  beL  ot  t^^*«**Tnftrtfrn  of  *^*  loot  nar 
irfmper 


follow  in  enses  alao  of  nMrpargftticm  or  eioeom  pargine,  whether  tnm 

Chjsic  or  irritfttion  of  the  tnacoos  mpmtinuw  of  (ho  bowpla.  To  (hit 
kticr  caa«c  maj  pcriiaiM  be  tUtribatcil  the  inflammation  oC  tim  foct,  which 
fivqoenllr  fiiUowB  wbea  apimab  have  been  allowed  new  oom,  eapeciaflr 
whaat. 

Ta  tb*  attactn*  obnmr  the  mnptoraa  ftre  clmrlf  mai^ced,  and  j-rt 
there  ia  bo  diacftae  ao  often  orsrloolced  bj  the  groom  and  tfao  c»rt«r,  ud 
even  bj  th«  TeterinBiy  gaigtoa.  The  diMftse  nay  aomuae  fto  ftcnto  or  a 
obroaic  6am.  Tho  enrlieBt  symptoms  of  ferer  in  the  fevt  aro  fidgetincM, 
frequent  ■*■■** '"g  et  the  Ibre-kva,  bat  no  pnwin^,  mncb  loaa  any  attampta 
to  R«cb  the  beUJ  wtlh  (he  hind-feet.  If  onlv  the  fore-feet  be  afibcted, 
be  win  throw  tbem  vmy  forward,  and  rest  on  the  heels.  If  it  attftdc  all 
the  feat,  the  hind-Ic^  will  be  placed  ondcr  the  belljr  and  the  fore-feet 
oonsideraUr  adranced.  The  paiJae  is  quickened,  the  flanks  hoaring,  the 
noetnk  no,  the  body  coTet«d  with  peKpintlioo,  and  tba  horse,  by  his 
aadou  ooutttoMice,  indicating  gnmt  pain.  Pnoentiy  he  k>ok>  about  liis 
littar.aaif  prapning  to  lie  down,  bat  bo  does  not  do  ao  nnmodiatelj- ;  hs 
oonbnnea  to  shift  his  weight  liom  foot  to  foot ;  he  ia  afraid  to  draw  his 
feet  nffioiently  under  him  for  th«  purpose  of  lying  down  ;  but  at  length 
he  diopa.  The  circniiutaiwe  of  hi*  lying  dawn  at  un  early  period  of  the 
rliaiawi  wlU  auSctcoth'  distingniah  inflaaunation  of  tho  feet  from  that  of 
the  Inngs,  in  which  the  bone  triiatinately  persiata  in  rtarnling  until  be 
drops  bom  m«re  exhaustion ;  but  the  distosciiaa  is  by  no  means  so  clear 
wbcn,  as  Prp<)nmilT  happens,  bo  obstinately  stands  until  he  drofia,  The 
same  Hiiirtiiias  of  hrab,  the  same  disindliaatioB  to  move,  as  i%  pnToqitabla 
in  seytca  eaaea  of  taflammatioa  of  the  liui^^  will  be  found  to  axiat 
iiimasiniinllji  in  this  diaeaae,  and  it  is  the  liict  of  the  attmtioa  aot  having 
been  attracted  to  the  fee4,  that  has  li;d  to  the  fullacions  opinion,  tikat  the 
dlacaae  has  dropped  firam  the  hings  to  the  feet,  when  in  fact  it  has  been  in 
I  the  feet  ftou  lue  very  oonmieneemaot' —  the  harried  and  laboured  rospi- 

ratioit  being  sympathiBtte  wilb  and  dependent  on  the  pain  in  the  be^  not 

Loo  mflammation  of  the  hings  theiaselTee.  His  onietneas  whm  down  wiQ 
distingniah  it  from  oolic  or  inflammation  of  the  bowels,  in  both  of  which 
the  borae  is  up  and  down,  and  Ireqnently  rolling  and  kicking  when  down. 
When  the  grieranM  In  iu  Uie  frot,  the  liorse  azpeneooeH  so  mnoh  mliaC 
fixim  g«ttiug  rid  of  the  weight  painfblty  diateDdiag  the  inflamed  *»"* 
biKhlj  u^nsirivo  lamina,  that  be  is  glad  to  lie  a*  long  as  he  can. 
If  the  font  are  now  enunint^,  they  will  be  fonod  evidently  bot.  Tha 
patient  wiU  ciprvmi  pcun  if  they  are  slightly  rapped  with  a  hammer,  and 
the  arton  at  the  paslem  will  throb  TioWtly.  No  fP'f*t  time  will  now 
pass,  if  Um  disesso  is  safTend  to  pursue  ita  oonrw^  before  be  will  ba  jwr- 
fecUy  unable  to  rise ;  or,  if  he  is  forced  to  get  up,  and  one  fbot  ia  Uflod, 
he  will  stand  with  difficulty  on  the  other,  or  perhaps  drop  at  mce  &om 
intensity  of  pain, 
^^bo  tt^atment  will  resi^mble  that  of  other  inflummationa,  with  such 
^''''vnca  as  the  situation  of  tha  diwasa  may  su);g«st.      Blooding  ia  ia- 


J 


CHHOXEC   LAinXlTlS. — I-LMICED   feet.  4M 

diicfioiixatilo  ;  Mid  tlmt  lo  itH  fbllnut  c^xl^nt.  If  t\u>  dis<?aec  is  oonlincd  to 
tlif  foi*-fi>ct,  blood  should  be  fryoly  abalructcd  from  tlio  brachial  roinK, 
but  if  all  tho  feet  bo  implicated,  six  or  right  qunrl^  of  blood  alioald  bo 
takim  n«  >oon  oa  pouibto  Irom  tbo  jngnlaa-  v«in.  TIte  shoes  should  bo  ab 
once  rvnioved,  aiid  poultacaM  of  linaocd  meat  or  bnui,  tnndo  vcrjr  soft  with 
Tunn  water,  should  cover  tho  whole  of  the  foot  aud  puat«ni,  and  bo  fro- 
quently  ronowvd,  which  will  promotv  oraporation  from  the  neighbouring 
pu4a,  and  pouibljr  thruuKh  llie  pore*  of  tlio  hoof,  und,  by  sononing  uia 
nnderiiig  sapple  the  hoo^  will  relieve  itd  painful  prtsBsure  ou  the  Bwcllcd 
and  teodsr  parte  bonoath.  There  iisod  to  be  oocadonal  doubt  a«  to  the 
admiBistraltoii  of  physic,  from  fcnr  of  tnntudwis  of  iaflammat  ioo,  bub 
Uie  (ear  la  groundless  ;  a  fUll  dose  of  phyuo  may  bo  given  immediately 
after  the  bleeding. 

Tbo  boreo  should  be  kept  on  maih  diet,  oideee  green  meat  can  be  pro- 
enrad  for  him;  and  vmn  that  should  not  bo  given  too  lib«niUjr,Di>rEhon]d 
be,  In  the  dight^st  degroe,  be  coaxed  to  eaU  When  ha  appoori  to  bo  re- 
eOTating,  his  getting  on  his  feat  sboald  not  be  hurried.  It  should  be  let) 
periSactljr  to  his  own  diiiaretion;uofahould  even  vrelking  exercise  be  per- 
inittod  nntal  he  stands  firm  ou  his  feet.  When  that  is  the  cii«c,  a  blister 
ihoold  be  ^plied  to  tho  coronets,  and  wLon  the  seonou  will  permit,  two 
tnontha'  run  at  gra«s  will  bo  verj-  serviceable. 

It  is  not  iJwaya,  however,  or  often,  thnt  itidummatioD  of  tho  feet  ia  thus 
nuahr  snbdued ;  and,  if  it  is  subdued,  it  sometimes  leaven  aft«r  it  soma 
ftaatal  couseqaeuces.  Tbo  loss  of  the  boof  ia  not  an  uufrei]uent  one. 
Aboat  six  or  seven  duyii  from  the  Hnrt  attacic,  n  slij^'ht  separation  wiQ 
bMnn  to  appear  betwctui  the  coronet  and  tho  boof  I'hix  shonld  be  c»ra- 
taUj  attended  to,  fur  the  »epaiated  bom  wUl  never  again  unite  with  tha 
parts  beneath,  bat  tbc  dinnnion  will  extend,  and  the  hoof  will  be  lost^  It 
IS  true  that  a  new  hoof  will  be  fnnned,  Imt  it  will  he  Einnller  in  size  and 
weaker  than  the  first,  aud  will  rarely  sluud  hard  work.  When  this  sepn- 
latton  is  observed,  it  will  be  a  matter  of  calculation  with  the  proprietor  of 
tbe  hone  whether  he  will  Noffer  the  modieal  treatment  to  proceed. 

In  other  ctuai,  a  seporaliuu  will  take  plaee  between  tho  scnsitiva  and 
homy  lamiiue,  by  wluch  the  colhu-bone  ia  let  down,  producing  what  is 
called  pnmicod  foot. 

CIIB05I0  tutatnis. 

This  is  a  milder  form  of  the  preceding  disease.  There  is  lanuiDees, 
but  it  is  not  BO  severe  lui  in  l.hc  former  ca«e.  The  horse  stands  as  nimal. 
The  crust  is  warm,  and  that  wannthis  comrtont,  but  it  is  not  oAea  probably 
gnittcr  Ibun  in  a  state  of  fac«Ilh.  The  surosl  symptom  is  tho  action  of 
Ihi'  animal.  It  is  diamotricallv  opposite  to  that  in  the  navicular  rlirtonsc. 
The  home  throws  as  mnch  of  bis  weight  as  he  con  on  the  posterior  paria 
of  his  feet. 

Tbe  ttwtment  should  bo  similar  to  tbat  rocommended  lor  the  aento 
diac<»e  blood-letting,  cataplnoma,  fomentations,  and  blurtors,  aodthehHt 
much  sooner  ood  much  more  frequently  than  in  tbe  former  dinaao. 

PimiCSD   FEET. 

The  •enaitiTO  and  homy  lamina!  which  were  partinlly  separated  during 
tho  intensity  of  the  inflammation  of  fonnder,  will  never  perfectly  unite 
again,  nr  will  bavo  lost  much  ef  their  elasticity,  and  the  coRin-bono,  no 
longer  fully  supported  by  them,  pretsc*  upon  the  sole,  and  tho  aole  bo- 
comes  flaitencd,  nr  convex,  from  this  nnnntunU  weight,  and  tlie  horse 
aufBiita  s  KJtficzu  FOOT.  This  will  also  happen  when  tbo  animal  is  OMil 
loo  soon  alXer  an  attack  of  inllaniination  of  the  feet,  and   before  tlw 


i 


bminB  lutre  legaioed  eoBcieBt  ilrcngtli  to  eapfori  the  -wvaght  of  iht 
hone,  or  to  oonbact  agMit  t^  their  obatie  power  whoo  they  hnvo  ricUod 
to  tlw  weigtit.  WIlbb  the  eoffio-l>o«M  is  tints  Uiroirn  on  the  ■oic,  md 
naden  it  punuoed,  the  cnut  kt  ilie  front  of  tlie  hoof  wtQ  '/all  m,' 
iMiing  ft  kind  of  hoDcnr  •boot  ths  middle  of  it. 

Pomieed  fevt,  en>oci*llr  in  horan  with  large  wide  fc«t,  mm  froqoiHy 
prodneod  witboot  thii  ttcal«  inflaamatiaa.  TTndiu  work,  aad  es^>oetaUy 
much  bBtterinff  of  the  bet  on  Ae  psvoneni,  will  cxt«Dd  and  sprnm  them 
Ifttmns  BO  mod),  that  the]r  will  not  hare  tho  power  to  contnurt,  and  thna 
th«  coffin-boDO  will  be  thrown  bodcward  on  the  sole:.  A  very  impcirtant 
of  nntore  will  anfortuBaU-lj  soon  lie  actiro  here.  When  presmiTV  i* 
ied  to  aDV  part,  the  ahsorfoenta  become  bnsv  in  romorin^  it ;  so,  when 
Goffio-bono  br^iw  to  pmu  upon  the  Bote,  the  sole  bocotnoa  thin  from 
iDGraMnl  wcur  and  tear  to  wliieh  it  is  eabjected  hf  contact  'with  the 
ground,  and  abo  biMMise  theee  absorbents  at«  rapidlj  taking  it  awej. 

Tliia  ia  one  of  the  diaoMee  of  the  foet  for  which  there  is  no  rare,  and 
awd  to  be  tho  conunon  molt  ct  (brer  in  the  feet ;  it  ia  therefore  a  point 
of  primary  importaaoe,  to  have  all  the  araOabla  remediea  applied  hefora 
Ihia  irramiediable  mixchief  occurs,  for  then  the  remit  is  inevitaUe.  No 
•kill  ie  eonipetent  to  dTeci  a  reunion  between  the  separated  eensitiTe  and 
hor^  laaaint^  or  to  restore  to  them  the  Bttrag^  aad  elasticitr  of  which 
Uuj  Ima  bam  deprivod,  or  to  take  np  that  hard  homy  sabsiiinr^!  which 
tqKHxUtjr  Slla  the  apaM  between  the  cnud  and  the  receding'  cufUn-lxme. 
Soiaa  cffurla  haTe  Men  made  to  palliatv  the  disease,  bat  the;  havo  b««n 
onlj-  to  a  B%hi  degree  socoessful.  If  horaes,  on  tlie  first  apprAranoe  of 
flat  feet,  irare  tanied  oat  in  a  diy  placoi  or  pst  into  a  box  for  two  or  thn* 
moatha,  loficiciit  stren  woold  not  be  thrown  on  the  laminsB  to  incrraMi 
the  eril,  and  time  taiffht  be  ^na  for  the  growth  of  horn  enongh  iji  the 
■ob  to  snpport  the  coffin-boDS ;  ret  it  is  mncb  to  be  duubl«f  whether 
thMe  horses  wonM  ever  be  mtofnT,  even  for  ordinniy  purposes.  The  itlowMt 
work  rciqQtnrd  of  thi.>m  would  drive  the  coflio-bone  on  the  aoJe.  and  the 
pruji-ctiou  would  )^Ta>]Qnlly  reappear,  for  no  power  and  no  length  of  time 
can  afjain  nnitc  tho  (cpamtcd  lcavc«  of  the  cnfEn-bone  and  the  hoof.  All 
that  eao  be  done  iu  iliu  wuy  of  i^lUatton  ia  )nr  Hhocine.  NoOiing  rnnxt 
pceas  on  the  projorting  nnd  pumioed  part.  If  the  projection  is  not  con- 
flideRtble,  a  tliiuk  bar  shoe  ut  the  best  thing  that  can  bo  applied ;  but 
shonhl  tho  aolo  havo  moch  dosceoded.  a  shoe  with  a  verr  wide  web,  bo- 
reUed  off  so  as  not  to  prees  on  the  part,  may  be  nml.  Thrw  meaiw  of 
reUnfi  bowcrer,  are  only  temporary,  the  <liseue  will  proceed  ;  and,  at  no 
great  distauoo  of  time,  the  horse  will  be  nsoltes. 

Tho  occnsional  remoral  of  the  shoo,  and  compelling  the  horse  (o  stand 
for  a  while  on  the  cnut  and  lamuw,  has  been  rmortnl  to.  Tho  bar  shoe 
and  the  leathum  *ok<,  nnd  oco-nsional  drmain^  with  tar  ointntent,  hare  liad 
their  advocat«e,  and  it  in  noflicicntly  plain  that  the  |mmioed  foot  sbonld 
hare  plenty  of  cover. 

nSDT  TOE. 
This  ocrnaiata  in  a  separation  betwwii  the  fibres  of  the  sensitjva  and 
homy  buninie,  prodncing  a  hollow  npaco  between  tliem.  TTbo  aenaitira 
kmin».  liowerer,  arc  not  exp-wed,  bnt  eoT<wd  by  a  plaKtio  horar  nt». 
tw»l.  li  ia  soiDctiuiee  met  with  in  both  the  fon^  nnd  hiod-feet,  hot  mnr« 
IVeqnenlly  iu  Uie  former.  It  is  n  uperiw  of  dry  roi,  and  geuemllT  cwucd 
67  some  violenco  to  U.r  ap[)rr  iwrt  of  llie  hoof  by  which  it  is  rendered 
nanphirHliy  ^,„^^l^  ^^^,  ^  ^^,j„l,^  ^  bnlging  ont  of  aome  part  of  the 
wwi  or  tho  foot.  wUicb.  on  being  rappod.  soundn  hollow,  and  on  thc- 
—v«  "ouig  lenwTod  oud  the  part  eiaminrd.  n  B|iiice  of  greater  or  letn 


^^^'^T^^^r  COSTRACTIorf.       ^^^^^"^  *)7 

nicnt  will  bn  fnnnd  (o  exist  Inrtwonn  the  hoof  and  inlcmnl  vtmctnrM  of 
the  foot,  genemllv  oouunmoiDf;  at  the  (oe  and  exluuding  npvrftrdii.  In 
ita  early  sUgos,  it  ia  not  gonmlly  att«nded  with  Umcti«M,  but  aa  tiao 
diMOsc  progTr«s(ui,  wo  froqiwiitlj  eot  oonsidetvblo  pain  aod  lameneaa. 
Our  tntatinoot,  wliun  the  diaeww  haa  Tiot  rando  mnnh  proffroM,  should 
MUHt  in  clceaiiiK  o*^^  ^  tiollow,  uid  filUn^  Uio  space  wiui  pitcli  com- 
bined witb  tar,  placing  a  leather  eole  on  the  foot,  and  takiii);  caru  to  aroid 
driTtug  the  niuU  nonr  the  diacnsritl  pnrt  If  the  animal  can  be  spared,  a 
bli«tcr  glionid  bo  t^plittd  Ui  the  otirocot.  Shonld  the  dinciMo  nave  fnr 
■ulTAnrod,  and  ooiuniler&bli>  IniticueHfi  be  [nveent,  tliu  dot4>.rIi(!d  wall  form- 
in;;  the  boundary  of  the  hollow,  uiust  all  be  cut  away  and  tar  dreaaun^f 
applied  to  the  sorface.  A  bar  shoe  shonid  bo  placed  on  the  foot,  and  the 
oorotKit  well  blistrrc^d.  Tho  animal  ahonld  bo  thrown  ont  of  work,  and 
tho  blister  Huveml  tiiuca  repeated.  The  objeotof  thu  bliiitur  wiU  bo  to 
8tinia]at«  Uio  secretion  of  now  bom,  which,  andef  uaj  circnmataucea,  will 
bo  found  a  very  slow  proooiw. 

COMTEACTION. 

TIio  cnt,  page  395,  will  give  a  Biir  idea  of  tho  yonno;  hniilthy  foot^ 
•pproochinff  ni-urly  to  a  circle,  uid  uf  wliieh  tlic  qoarten  form  the  wid<!«t 
jMirt,  and  the  inner  qQart«r  (Uiis  is  the  near  foot)  mlhur  wider  than  the 
oiilor.  This  sham  is  not  long  prcservod  in  many  horaes,  but  the  foot 
rocTMMM  in  IcnffUt,  and  ntiTT(i\n  in  the  qnartora,  ond  particularly  at  tho 
teal,  and  Uifl  m)g  in  diminished  in  width,  and  the  aole  beoomea  more 
oonoaTa,  and  the  ne^  higher,  and  lameness,  or  at  least  a  shortened  and 
fMiKn^  action,  onraML 

It  muiit  bn  promiaed  tltat  tltcru  ia  a  great  deal  more  liorror  of  contraeicid 
beuU  Lbui  tliere  b  ocoaaion  for.  Uany  peraona  reject  a  hone  at  onoe  if 
the  quarter*  are  wiring  in ;  bat  the  »>ct  is,  that  althongh  this  is  an 
Bim^anl  form  of  the  hoof,  it  in  nlow  of  growth,  and  nature  kindly  mnlcea 
that  proTiaion  for  the  alowlj  altered  forin  of  the  hoef  which  aha  doea  in 
aimilar  caaea — she  aoconunodatea  the  parta  to  the  change  of  form.  Aa 
the  hoof  draws  in,  the  prtrt«  bcncatb,  and  piuiicalarly  the  coflJn •bono,  and 
Mpecially  tho  hoeU  of  that  bone,  dirainish  ;  or,  after  all,  it  ia  mom  a 
fifaaiige  of  form  thiin  of  eupacity.  Aa  the  foot  leugthuna  in  pro|KirUon 
aa  it  narrows,  to  doea  thu  colEu-bone,  and  it  ia  aa  perfectly  at^usled  aa 
befine  to  the  box  in  which  itia  placed.  Ite  laniiwaie  in  aa  intonate  and 
porAot  union  with  thoM!  of  the  crust  an  bofore  the  hoof  had  begun  to 
ohaage.  On  tliis  ocuoaxit  it  is  that  many  bereoa,  with  very  coDtractad 
feet,  are  perfectly  sound,  and  no  horse  should  be  rejected  merely  becaiue 
ho  has  contraction.  lie  should  nndonbtedly  bo  examined  more  carefully, 
and  with  oonsidcmbli!  mmpicion  ;  bat  if  ho  haa  good  action,  and  is  nUicr- 
wise  nnexoeptionable,  tben<  is  no  reason  tli&t  the  porchoMi  Nbonld  not  be 
mndo.  A  horse  with  contracted  feet,  if  be  goes  sound,  is  better  than 
annthor  with  open  bot  weak  heels. 

The  opuiion  ia  porr(>ctlv  orroneoas  that  eontneU'on  ia  the  neooMaiy 
cooeaqaence  of  alioeiu;^.  *rhcre  can  be  no  doubt  that  an  iuBexiblo  iron 
ring  betng  nailed  to  the  foot  prercnta,  to  »  Tvry  considerable  dcgi«e,  the 
deNccnt  of  the  solo  and  tho  expansion  of  tlie  faecla  below ;  nntl  it  ia  Hko- 
irise  probabks  that  when  tbo  expansion  of  the  heels  ia  prcTCttted,  thc^ 
often  DOgin  to  contract.  But  here  aj^ain  nature,  cat  off  from  one  resource, 
finds  others.  If  one  of  tho  JDgalnr  reins  is  lost,  tho  blood  parmce  it« 
counw  by  other  channels,  and  tho  honw  doea  not  appear  to  anflcr  in  tlie 
alightMt  dcgren.  Tboa  abo  if  iKo  expansion  u  the  heels  below  ia 
dindaialwd,  that  of  die  cartOages  above  ia  made  non  nao  of  If  the 
coDn-bone  has  not  ao  much  desoont  downward,  it  probably  aoqnires  one 


«M  CONTRACTIO-V. 

backiraid,  and  the  fimctions  of  the  foot  are  iise{ii]ly  if  not  perfectljf 
performed.  The  plain  proof  of  this  is,  that  althongh  there  are  tnanj 
horses  that  are  injaicd  or  mined  hy  bad  shoeing,  there  are  others,  and  thej 
ai«  a  DTunerooB  class,  who  suffer  not  at  all  from  good  aboein^,  and 
Bcarcelj  even  from  bad.  Eicept  it  be  from  accident,  bow  eeldom  it  tbc 
&iTner's  horse  lame ;  and  it  might  even  be  farther  asked,  how  seldom  if 
his  foot  mncb  contracted?  Some  gentlemen  who  are  carefiJ  of  their 
hones  hare  driren  them  twenty  years,  and  principally  orer  the  nmgh 
psTementa  of  tonrts,  without  a  ^y's  lameness.  Shoeing  may  be  a  neeea* 
Barj  evil,  bat  it  is  not  the  eril  which  some  spccalatiTe  persona  hara 
supposed  it  to  be  ;  and  the  nndoabted  fact  is,  that  when  the  horse  ia  OBt 
to  real  hard  work,  and  when  the  injury  produced  by  shoeing  in  deetraymg 
the  expansibility  of  the  foot  would  most  of  all  show  itself,  tho  foot  laata  a 
great  deal  longer  than  the  leg;  nay,  horsemen  tell  us  that  one  pair  of 
good  feet  is  worth  two  pair  of  legs. 

Having  thus  premised  that  contraction  ia  not  inevitably  accon^Miiied  hy 
lameness,  and  that  shoeing,  with  all  its  evils,  does  not  necessarily  produce 
it,  those  cases  of  contraction,  too  numerous,  which  are  the  oonaeqoenoa 
of  our  stable  management,  and  which  do  cripple  and  rain  the  horse,  mar 
be  considered.  There  is  nothing  in  tho  appearance  of  the  feet  whi^ 
would  enable  us  to  decide  when  contraction  is  or  is  not  destmctiTe  to  the 
usefulness  of  tho  Bnimnl ;  his  manner  of  going,  and  his  capability  for 
work,  must  be  our  guides.  Lameness  sometimes  accompanies  the  begin- 
ning of  contraction ;  it  is  frequently  attendant  on  rapid  contractioii,  bnt  it 
does  not  always  exist  when  the  Kiring  in  ia  slow  or  of  long  standing. 

A  vei?  excoUont  writer,  pardcnlarly  when  treating  of  tho  foot  of  Uie 
hoise,  Hr.  Blaine,  haa  given  us  a  long  and  correct  bat  of  the  oanaea  of 
injurious  contraction,  and  moat  of  them  are,  fortunately,  under  the  control 
of  tho  owner  of  the  animal  He  places  at  the  head  of  them,  neglect  of 
faring.  The  hoof  is  continually  growing,  the  crust  is  lengthening,  and 
tho  sole  is  thickening.  This  is  a  provision  for  the  wear  and  tear  of  the 
foot  in  an  unshod  state  ;  but  when  it  is  protected  by  a  shoe,  and  none  of 
the  horn  caa  be  worn  away  by  coming  in  contact  with  tlie  ground,  and 
the  growth  of  horn  continuee,  the  hoof  grows  high,  and  the  sole  gets 
thick,  and,  in  consequence  of  this,  the  descent  of  tho  sole  and  the  expan- 
sion of  the  heels  are  prevented,  and  contraction  is  the  result.  The  smith 
might  lessen,  if  not  prevent  tho  evil,  by  carefully  thinning  the  sole  and 
lowering  tho  heels  at  each  shoeing ;  but  the  first  of  these  is  a  matter  of 
oonsiderablo  labour,  and  the  second  could  not  bo  done  effectually  without 
being  accompanied  by  the  first,  and  therefore  they  are  both  neglected. 
The  prejudice  of  many  owners  of  horses  assists  in  increasing  the  evil ; 
they  imagine  that  a  great  deal  of  mischief  is  done  liy  miting  aieai/  lit 
fuol.  Mischief  may  be  the  result  of  injudicious  cutting,  when  tho  ban 
are  dcHtrojed,  and  the  frog  is  elevated  from  the  pronnd  ;  but  more  evil 
rcHultH  from  tho  unyielding  thickness  of  th«  liom  of  the  solo  impairing 
tho  clostie  and  expansive  principle  of  tho  foot.  If  gentlemen  would 
occasionally  stand  by,  and  see  that  the  solo  is  properly  thinned,  and  tho  heeli 
lowered,  thuy  would  bo  amply  repaid  in  the  comfort  and  usefolncss  of  the 
hon». 

Ill-judged  economy  is  another  nourco  of  this  dinoasi?.  If  tho  ahoee  of 
one  smitli  will,  with  ordinary  work,  last  a  little  more  than  fhrro  wrcks, 
while  niiiitlior  contrives  to  niiikc  liin  liist  mx  wi-ekn,  lii<  ih  iiiipjNWC'd  lo  ho 
(III'  lu'lt^T  wiirkmnn  unit  the  Tium-  honest  m:in,  mid  lie  gi-tn  (lie  greater 
|mrt  i>rili('('UHloni.  f  IIh  uliue  IH  Hiiiri'reil  l>iri-iii:iin(>iiihiniiL'<li<'  whole  lime, 
til  tliii  riuiiiifiwt  injury  of  tlio  ft-et,  and  thai  injury  i>(  nmliirially  itirn-aanl  hr 
the  greater  thickness  and  weight  iif  (hcMc  nhues,  mid  the  li^htnna  wits 


fc 


COSTRACTIOS.  "    '  «» 

wbich  tixej  aw  batoned  ou,  tlio  atula  bcin^  neceesarily  pluood  nearer  to 
IIki  quarten,  aiid  poseibly  aa  additional  uat)  or  two  used  in  the  faat^uiuff, 
ftud  UioM  also  appliwl  at  tho  qaart«re.  There  ia  oo  role  which  adioita  of 
80  titth)  sxooption  ut  that,  oni;i*  in  alxint  eroiy  tfanoweeki,  thvoTOtrtli  of 
tioni,  whioh  thenatuml  wcurof  lli«  foot  canaot  s^t  rid  of,  AhotddbentTpd 
Kinky — the  toe  should  be  shortened  in  nioat  leet — the  sole  ahoold  be 
Ihiuted,  and  the  bcols  lowered.  Every  one  who  baa  carefnil;  obsorvcd 
tiu  riu^w  of  tho  borso'a  foot,  muKt  hare  soon  thnt  in  proportion  to  it«  height 
or  nofflectcd  i^wth,  it  uontructa  and  ctoaus  round  lh«  coronet.  A  )i>w- 
hculed  horau  minht  have  other  sorious  defeela,  of  which  it  will  be  oar  duty- 
to  npfialr.  but  be  has  seldom  a  contracted  foot. 

Ajwther  Bonrco  of  contntction  in  tho  wiut  of  natninl  moisturo.  Tbo 
nnHlu^d  colt  hai  deldom  contructod  fnel,  nor  doctt  tJia  honii:  at  gram 
^acuuirv  them,  beoaose  the  hoof  is  k«pt  cool  and  damp  by  occasional  tain, 
hqa  by  the  ncnlar  d«w.  It  is  thus  rendered  mppte,  and  ita  elasticity  ia  pre- 
serred.  ami  mo  oxpAnsivo  power  of  tho  fool  is  tmiignrod.  Tbe  boof  of 
the  stebtcd  boran  nomptiniM  hiw  not  one  drop  of  moiifturD  on  it  for  Kcimral 
diiTN.  Tbe  effivt  of  tbtH,  iu  tho  contraction  of  the  born,  ia  HufBiiiuutly 
ervidauL  Hence  the  pro)>rietf  of  stoppIiiK  the  feet  where  tbere  ia  tbe  least 
lendenc^  to  controction.  The  int«lligeDt  find  carefol  gfroomwill  not  omit 
it  ft  Binglo  night.  Cow-dnng,  with  a  mnnll  portion  of  cliiy  to  givo  it  con- 
Risttcnoe,  i»  a  common  and  VLiy  good  ntopiiing.  A  btittcr  one  i:>  cow-dang 
with  a  smaJl  proportion  of  tar  miii-d  with  iL  A  jcwd  ouu  is  a  piocc  of 
thick  folt  cut  to  the  shape  of  tho  solo  and  soaked  in  wator.  Tlie  coouuon 
Slopping  of  tar  nnd  grcnM  IM  pcculiitrly  npplinahlo  to  tho  cnwt  or  wnll, 
nuikiug  it  tough  and  claatio  instead  of  being  hrittlr?  itnd  nhclly. 

Tho  Dsual  autnagement  of  the  farmer's  horse  that  ia  oflen  turned  oat 
after  his  daily  task  is  oxaotod,  or  whoso  work  is  gonemtly  performed 
whon  tlM  fwt  am  axposed  to  muiature,  ia  an  cxoollont  proventivo  agiunat 
oonlnction. 

Some  persona  have  comphuncd  much  of  the  iiiflui-nce  of  bttor.  If  the 
boroe  stands  many  hoars  in  the  day  with  his  fuL-t  inibeddi.-d  in  straw,  it  is 
BuppoHod  that  thi:  hoof  mnst  be  nnnatnrally  heated  ;  and  it  is  stud  that  the 
horn  will  contract  nndcr  the  influence  of  heat.  It  i*  ffoldom,  however, 
that  Ihe  foot  is  so  Borronnded  by  Uid  Utter  that  its  hunt  will  be  iruflit-ivntly 
increaoed  to  produce  this  e&bct.  The  qneistion  ia  not,  howorer,  whether 
the  litter  wiU  h«at  the  feet,  bat  to  whsLt  oxtont.  From  ita  being  a  bad 
condnobor  of  bL>nt,  it  is  injarions;  and  from  this  cbdao  it  will  bo  foaod 
that  the  bimt  of  the  feet,  instead  of  being  carried  otf  as  faat  aa  it  is  gnne- 
rataii,  as  it  would  be  were  it  a  good  couduutor,  mx^uniuhiU!*  and  proanoee 
miscfaievous  rosnlts.  There  are  Ihoosands  of  horses  that  stand  u\n>a  nlraw 
twenty  lioitni  out  of  the  twenty-fonr,  without  rocciring  tbe  skigbt«st  injnty 
lixim  It.  Tbo  nuLlior  of  thin  work  ia  not  one  of  tbono  who  would,  darint; 
tbo  day,  Rjuiove  all  hti«<r  from  under  the  horao.  It  gives  a  naked  and 
nncunilortnlile  appmmncv  to  the  Kinbln.  Hnnuuiily  and  >  proper  cnre  of  the 
foot  of  iho  liitnte  Khutild  iuditnu  tlio  own<.<r  to  keep  soino  litter  ondur  tbe 
animal  during  the  day  ;  but  hia  feet  need  nut  BUsk  BO  deeply  in  it  that 
their  l«uiper«luro  becomes  much  affected.  If  tbe  atmw  is  sofforod  to 
remain  until  it  is  wot,  hot,  and  rotton,  the  efflavia  proooedlng  from  tt  may 

fimdncocoiigh,  or  inltammationof  tlio  ojoe,  or  thruabea  in  t£e  feet;  hut  a 
ifthl  Ihh.1  ofHtraw,  with  tolerable  attentioo  to  oleaalineM,  OMi  never  du  hann. 
*  Them  art)  homeH,'  saya  Profeasor  Stewftrt,  '  tiiM,  ia  tbe  habit  of  pawing 
and  slariipiiih'.  slipab^t  and mmetimes  lame  themaolvMon  the  bare  stones; 
many  iliiifxiKul  lo  lie  down  duritij;  tin:  diiy  will  not,  or  ought  luil,  to  do  tt, 
with  a  alight  (Hnliaii  of  liltor  under  ibeni.  It  in  a  lnH|iiuiit  ohtKtrvalioti 
without  regatd  to  road  boiwa,  and  many  others,  that  the  more  a  hema 


410  COXTRACTTION. 

lies  the  better  he  works.  Lomo  or  tender-footed  horacs  cannot  lie  In 
mucli,  and  a  CTcat  deal  of  standing  nuBS  the  best  legs  ^d  feet.  Somt 
horsoB,  indeed,  do  not  need  this  da^-bedding,  bnt  many  are  the  better  br 
it,  and  none  are  the  worse.' 

ThroBhes  ore  mnch  oftcner  the  conBeqnence  than  the  caoae  of  oontiv- 
tion.  The  horny  frog,  yielding  to  the  pressure  of  the  contracted  tnuutn^ 
is  diminiBlied  in  size,  and  the  lower  portion  of  tJhe  fleshy  &o^  Dccona 
imprisoned,  irritated,  and  inflamed,  and  pus  or  matter  ia  diJscIiArgBd  U  tin 
cleft  ;  yet  there  are  many  heels  in  the  last  stage  of  contraction  that  m 
not  thrushy.  On  the  other  hand,  thmsh  nercr  long  existed,  aooompaBitd 
by  mach  discbarge,  without  prodncing  a  disposition  to  oonbactlon ;  thctfr 
fore,  thmsh  may  be  considered  aa  both  the  canee  and  conaeqnenos  tt 
contraction. 

The  romoTBl  of  the  bars  takes  away  a  main  impediment  to  contnctioL 
Their  ose  in  assisting  the  expansion  of  the  foot  has  been  already  otaled, 
and  fihoold  a  disposition  to  contraction  be  prodaoed  by  any  other  canse, 
the  cntting  away  of  the  bars  would  hasten  and  aggravate  the  evil ;  but 
the  loss  of  the  her  would  not  of  itself  prodace  contraction. 

The  contraction,  however,  that  is  connected  with  permanent  hunnxM, 
althoogh  increased  by  the  circnmstanoes  which  we  have  mentioDed. 
nsnotly  derives  its  origin  &om  a  diflerent  sonrce,  and  &am  one  that  ttu 
violently  and  suddenly.  Inflammation  of  the  little  platee  covering  tht 
cofGn-bono  is  a  &equent  cause  ;  and  a  degree  of  inflamniation  not  nffi- 
ciontly  intense  to  be  characterised  as  acute  founder,  bnt  quickly  Icadinf 
to  sad  results,  may  and  does  spring  from  causes  almost  unxnapecud. 
There  is  one  fact  to  which  wo  have  alluded,  and  that  cannot  be  donbtedL 
that  contraction  is  exceedingly  rare  in  the  agricultural  horso,  bnt  freqnenllr 
occnrs  in  the  stable  of  the  gentleman  and  the  coach-proprietor.  It  is  imre 
where  the  horse  is  seemingly  neglected  and  badly  shod  ;  and  &eqant 
where  every  care  is  token  of  ike  animal,  and  the  shoes  are  nnexoeptionabk 
and  ekilihlty  applied.  Something  may  depend  upon  the  breed.  Blood 
horses  are  particularly  liable  to  contraction.  Not  only  ia  the  foot  naturally 
small,  bat  it  is  disposed  to  become  narrower  at  the  heels.  On  the  otlur 
hand,  the  broad,  fiat  foot  of  the  cart-horso  ia  subject  to  diseases  enongh, 
bnt  contraction  is  seldom  one  of  the  number. 

Whatever  is  the  cause  of  that  rapid  contraction  or  narrowing  of  the 
heels  which  is  accompanied  by  severe  lameness,  the  symptoms  may  he 
easily  distingnished.  While  standing  in  the  stable,  the  horse  will  point 
with,  or  place  forward,  the  contracted  foot,  or,  if  hoih  feet  are  affected,  he 
will  alternately  place  ono  before  the  other.  When  bo  is  taken  out  of  tha 
■table,  he  will  not,  perhaps,  exhibit  the  decided  lameness  which  cdiaractcr> 
ises  sprain  of  the  flexor  tendon,  or  some  diseases  of  the  foot ;  bat  his  tlep 
will  be  peculiarly  short  and  quick,  and  the  feet  will  be  placed  gently  and 
tenderly  on  the  ground,  or  scarcely  lifted  from  it  in  the  walk  or  the  bet. 
It  would  seem  as  if  the  slightest  irregularity  of  surface  would  throw  the 
animal  down,  and  so  it  threatens  to  do,  for  he  is  constantly  tripping  and 
atumbling.  If  tho  fore-feet  are  carefully  observed,  one  or  both  of  tb^ 
will  be  narrowed  across  the  quarters  tuid  towards  the  heels.  In  a  &w 
cases  the  whole  of  t^e  foot  appears  to  be  contracted  and  shrank  ;  bat  is 
the  majority  of  instances,  while  tho  heels  are  narrower,  the  foot  ia  kngcr. 
The  contraction  appears  sometimes  in  both  heels ;  at  other  times  in  the 
inner  heel  only  ;  or,  if  both  are  afiect^^,  the  inner  one  is  wired  in  the  most, 
either  fWim  the  coronet  to  tho  hasoof  thofoot,oronly  orprinctp^ly  at  the 
coronet — oftener  near  tho  hose  of  the  foot  —  but  in  most  eases  ths 
bellow  being  greatest  abont  midway  Ix'twocn  tho  coronet  and  the  bottoM 
of  the  foot.      This  irrt^lArity  of  contraction,  and  uncertainty  as  to  the 


00XTB.\CTIO!r.  ^^^"^  411 

plnoc  of  it,  proTc  that  it  in  noino  interned  disorgnnidation,  the  RontoP which 
Tarioi  iritb  the  portion  uf  the  atbtohmmt  botnToon  tho  hoof  ftud  tUu  foot 
(liat  WM  principally  stmiueJ  or  injurwL  In  i-rcry  rcnnnt  cnw  the  contracted 
part  will  bo  hotter  thftn  ths  rest  of  tbe  foot,  and  tbo  noIu  will,  in  the 
Diuorit;  of  eiwopi,  t)0  nnnatnnilljr  CODckve. 

Of  tli(!  tn-utmt'nt  of  controetion  nttondod  with  lamonras  little  can  be  said 
tliat  will  be  Eatisfaclory.  Nnmberlem  U*to  bctm  th<i  mochiuiinni  conlri- 
ntncea  to  oppoEc  tho  progress  of  contraction,  or  to  foroo  buck  tlic  fiwt  to 
its  nriginiU  iiluipo,  nna  ninny  of  them  have  enjoyed  considerable  but  aLort- 
livmi  reputation.  A  clip  woa  plunnd  at  tho  inindc  of  each  heel,  which, 
restinj^  on  the  ban,  was  intended  to  afford  an  in)iannoiiiit»blo  otwUkcIo  to 
the  farther  wiring  in  of  tho  foot,  while  tho  hi^cU  of  tlie  ahoe  were  bovt^tlod 
oatward  in  order  to  giTO  the  foot  a  tendency  to  expand.  The  fuot,  how- 
eT«r,  cootinncd  to  contract,  nntil  th«  clip  was  imbedded  in  the  horn,  and 
voraa  kmeneta  vnt&  prodoetid. 

A  ahoe  joint«d  at  the  toe,  and  frith  a  screw  ndnptod  to  the  bed*,  wan 
contrived,  by  which,  when  softened  by  ponltioin^t,  or  immernon  in  wum 
wntor,  th«  qiutrtere  were  to  bo  irrogifltibly  widened.  Thtrf  wer*  widened 
fay  the  daily  and  caution*  a«(i  of  the  acrew  until  tJiofootaeomedtoaBBDme 
its  natnraf  tana,  and  thn  inrentor  began  to  exult  in  having  diaconrod  » 
core  for  contraction :  but  no  sooner  waa  the  oommon  altoe  again  applied, 
and  the  horse  had  retomed  to  his  work,  than  the  beela  began  to  narrow, 
and  tho  foot  bocomo  as  oonbractod  ne  crvr.  Common  mmse  wonld  hare 
fun^Id  Qimit  taeh  must  havo  been  tho  nimilt  of  this  oxpnasiro  prooow ; 
Ibr  ths  iieak  oouM  have  been  only  thoa  furoed  asunder  at  tlie  expento  of 
partial  or  total  separation  from  the  in  torior  portions  of  the  foot  witb  whicl) 
thcT  were  in  contiicL 

The  cootnu-tcd  heel  can  rarely  or  never  pcnnancntly  expand,  for  thin 
plain  reason,  that  slthonf^U  wo  may  have  power  over  the  orost,  we  cannot 
taum  the  lamuuo,  or  rostoro  the  portion  of  the  frog  that  has  been 
•bKo^wd. 

If  the  action  of  tho  hnrso  i»  not  materially  inipMtrcd,  it  is  better  to  let 
the  contiaction  alone,  Iw  it  im  great  ac  it  will.  If  the  contraction  has 
evidentlr  prodnoed  considerable  lameness,  the  owner  of  the  horse  will  hare 
to  caleoJate  between  his  raluo  if  cored,  tho  expense  of  tho  cure,  and  the 
probalnlitj  of  failnm. 

The  medical  treolinent  sliould  alone  bo  undertaken  by  a  skilful  voteri- 
naiT  Borgeon,  and  it  will  principally  conalst  in  almting  any  iuflammalion 
Am  may  exist-,  by  local  bleeding  nnd  phynic,  paring  Irbc  sole  to  the  ntniort 
extent  that  it  will  hear ;  nuiping  the  qnnrters  tut  deeply  as  con  be,  wilhont 
tbnir  being  too  mnch  wealceiwd,  or  the  coronai^  nng  (sec  b,  p.  S9i) 
tnjnred ;  rasping  deeply  likewise  at  the  toe,  and  perhaps  scoring  at  Uie 
loe.  T1m>  horeo  is  afterwards  made  to  atantl  linnn^  tho  day  in  wet  rlay, 
nlaood  in  one  of  ihn  stalTii.  Hn  in  at  nifjht  movo<l  into  anolhor  iitall,  and 
Ids  feet  hound  up  thickly  in  wel  clothes ;  or  Ite  is  tamed  out  into  wet 
paetaiage,  witli  l4pa,  or,  ir  posaiblo,  withont  them,  and  his  Eeot  arc  frequently 
pared  oat,  and  the  quarters  lightly  nspod.  In  five  or  six  months  the  horn 
win  grtnenOly  have  grown  down,  when  be  may  be  taken  op^and  shod  with 
shoc«  nnittlacKed  hr  naiU  on  the  inner  side  of  the  foot,  and  put  to  gentle 
work.  The  foot  wdl  bo  found  very  considerablr  enlarged,  and  tho  owner 
will,  perhaps,  think  that  the  care  is  accomplished.  'Ilui  horse  may,  pos. 
sibly,  for  a  lime  stand  very  gentle  work,  and  tho  inner  aide  of  the  foot 
bring  left  at  litrrtr,  its  natnral  oipaninvo  process  may  be  reenmed :  tho 
internal  part  of  the  foot,  however,  has  not  been  l>onltbily  fillod  np  with 
the  expaarion  of  the  omat.  If  thai  cxpansbn  lian  htvn  rlTiirli-d  forwani 
on  ti»  quarters,  the  crasi  will  no  longer  be  in  contact  with  tlw  lengthenctl 


A 


413  KATICTUB   DISEASE.  ^^^"^  ■ 

bhiI  luuTowcJ  bock  ot  thf.  cofBo-bone.  There  will  not  bo  tlie  natural 
ft<]|iciiioii  and  atnngUi,  and  k  very  aligLt  csiia«,  or  crca  thn  rtvy  hafagt 
of  oontraction,  wiD,  ld  epito  of  alt  an  and  the  flrc«doa)  of  the  inner 
qnnrior,  in  very  aany  instoccca  cnnse  the  foot  to  wire  in  again  aa  bad)/ 
aabcfiut!. 

BATICin.AS   DI6E1SB. 

ICanr  horses  with  well-formed  and  open  feel  become  aadly  and  penna- 
atotly  lanu),  and  Tcti?ThiaTy  sni^eotia  lutva  been  pnuled  to  diaoorer  tbe       j 
oanae.    The  farrier  baa  hod  faia  ooDTenieBt  tncplacation,  '  tbo  flhonldar  [ '        I 
bat  the  acaontiSc  ptacUlioaer  nay  not  bava  been  able  to  di«corcr  an  oa> 
tsngible  canae  of  luii«n«8a  in  th«  whol«  liab.     Tben  an  few  aociutomcd 
to  boreaa  vbo  do  not  recollect  an  instance  of  this. 

Behind  and  beneath  the  lower  poetcm-botic,  and  bt^ind  and  abore  tbe 
LmI  of  the  ooffiu'bone,  is  a  small  bou^  called  tbe  navicular  or  Mbattlo-bon«u  , 
It  iH  so  placed  >e  to  sbrnTtlivn  the  anH>n  between  (he  lower  pa^t^m  and  tbe 
coffin-bone,  and  to  i-nabU  tbo  flexor  teoilon,  which  pnisrs  orer  it  in  order  i 
to  be  inantod  tulo  the  bottom  of  tbe  oolGn-bone,  to  act  witb  more  adTsa- 
1a^.  It  fomiB  a  kind  of  joint  with  that  tendon.  Ther«  ia  a  gre^t  deal 
of  wdght  thrown  on  the  narictilfir  bone,  and  from  tbe  naTicBlar  bono  on 
the  tendon ;  and  there  is  a  great  deal  of  motion  or  plaj  between  them  in 
the  bending  and  f**fnriffn  of  the  poatema. 

NuncroaB  dissections  hare  shown  that  this  joint,  formed  hj  the  tandoQ 
and  the  bonc^  haa  been  the  &cqnctit,  and  the  umost  invariablejMatflf  ibis 
obacnra  huneneas.    The  membruae  corering'  tbe  oartilaga  of  tlM  bona  baa         | 
been  feand  in  an  ulcerated  state  ;  tbe  cartilage  itaelf  has  been  nloarated        a 
and  eaten  awaj ;  tbe  bone  has  become  carious  or  docnyed,  this  carice,  <i^^H 
decaj*,  howerer,  does  not  occur  in  that  sur&ce  of  the  bone  forming  a  portioa'^^l 
of  tbe  coffin -joint— hut  on  that  snrtkce  over  wbicb  the  flexor  t^vdon  pnnnnn.  ^' 
aud  xu(  tho  di.wose  pramasea,  the  tendon  itself  becomcifl  mach  attenuated. 
NavieuhiT  dtduado  is  Bolilom  met  mth  in  j^oang  horses,  or  tboao  ei)iq>k>ted 
for  slow  work,  bat  gcncrnllj  amongst  well-bred  borsce,  with  strong  feel^ 
used  for  tut  pnrpoaea  on  bmd  ground. 

Stable  management  has  Uttle  to  do  with  the  prodaction  of  this  dJBfiTir, 
anj  farther  than  if  a  honM  «landa  idle  in  the  stable  scveiul  dMa*  and  the 
alnietnrn  of  Uiu  foot,  aud  all  tbe  apnatatns  connected  wilb  motton,  boooma 
tmnscd  to  exertion,  and  indisposed  for  it,  and  ho  is  then  snddcnlj-  and 
Tiolontljr  excraitod,  these  partjt  are  verj  liable  to  bo  bmised  and  injuml. 
This,  amongut  other  evils,  will  be  Icesened  hj  a  loose  box,  in  which  a  "^  ~ 
will  always  lake  some  exorcise. 

Amongst  iJie  prcdinpoRing  canaes,  none  ought  to  bo  mor«  tboroubl; 
known  than  tliiit  naricalar  discmao  is  henxlilnry  in  ita  nature^  and  toei 
cannot  be  a  (run-r  method  of  (jropogatlng  this  dcstractivc  diaeam 
breeding  from  parents  alBict^  nitlt  it     Thti  exciting  caose  is  oaually; 
1-iolonoe  applied  to  the  part  tbo  roanlt  of  ooneuaaion.     Uy  this  means  in- 
flammation is  ttet  np  in  the  tiasne  of  the  naricular  bone,  witicb  leads  to 
ulcemtion  and  dcwbniGiioD  of  a  portioD  of  tbo  cartilage  corering  ita  aor&oo. 
As  a  it«ult  of  this,  tbe  Soxnr  tendon  will  be  in  contaot  with  aa  ulcentod 
rongh  Borfaco, inid^nd  of  the  iH-autifultj'  smooth  and  elastic  one,  whenfrea 
from  disease.    Tho  ulceration  always  taken  jiliu^e  on  tho  lower  snrfitoe  of 
the  navicelar  bone,  and  uonally  linit  eilnbita  itaalf  on  the  convoxityin  the 
oentre  of  the  bone.    Tlic  dincuse  is  nearly  always  confined  to  tbo  fore-leet, 
and  ia  genemUr  xluw  in  its  pingre«,  although  in  some  instnncca 
eonouanon  has  caused  rapid  nlcerntion. 

liie  «ympt«m«  by  which  this  disonNo  will  bo  recognised  are  not 
distiuc4,  (w]it<cislly  iu  the  cnrly  slagoa.     There  is  slight  lameneea  at ) 


SAVICTL-VB    DISK^iSK. 


413 


ing,  wtiii^  will  probably  iliaappuar  u(1«t  goinff  *  xliort  diskiticv,  and  ihero 
ia  tiao  a  ^eouliarity  iu  the  actioa  of  tlui  uuiiniJ,  vrhioti  to  n  ervat  vxtcut  ia 
dMtra>ct4irwtio  of  this  di«outt.  llio  horae  'goea  u|)Oii  hiit  tocji,'  and 
brinn  the  heelof  tha  foot  but  lOightl;  in  cootAct  witb  the  grotuid.  This 
n-ill  III  aom«  caeunie  accouut  fur  hursiiH  with  nnvicnlftr  ilisoaae  goine 
lamer  doTm  hilt,  tha  weigbt  bmng  then  thrawu  iijion  the  hocJn,  ftad  stnae 
prinripntl^  pliicod  on  tho  afibotod  pu-U.  Tho  rery  rev«n«  of  this  will  bo 
oliMirTcd  in  tUo  uction  of  Horacx  ■nfTcTiiur  from  luoinitis.  When  plaood 
in  tho  st&ble  alter  &  journey,  the  animal  wul  point  hiN  foiet :  if  one  ibot  only 
be  aflected,  this  viU  be  placed  at  rest  in  advanoc  of  die  other ;  if  b<>Ui  foet, 
ho  will  rest  and  advaaco  them  alt«raatelT.  This  is  »  marked  symptom  of 
naricnlnr  discnac,  and  iklthough  it  may  bo  occasioiiatly  obaerred  in  other 
injuries  to  the  posterior  part  of  the  foot,  it  idioqld  always  bo  looked  upon 
witfa  oonaideraolo  gospicioii.  Iu  th&  majority  of  coses  more  or  loss  con- 
traction  of  tho  hoof  mil  bo  prosont.  Tbero  wQl  be  a  wiring  in  at  tho 
quarters,  and  tho  hools  will  generally  bo  found  narrow  aud  upright. 
Cuntno^on  is  rarely  a  cauite,  hut  a  fKit{tu.-nt  rceolt,  of  navicular  disease; 
aod  atthODfjh  in  oombinatiou  wilh  other  aynintonis,  it  will  mutoHally  assist 
na  in  pointing  out  tbo  aflbction,  it  should  be  borne  lo  mind  thut  wo  koiqo- 
tamefl  get  savionlar  lamcnnu  without  any  contraction,  and  ou  Uif  oUicr 
band  meet  with  one  or  liuth  feet  uonttuctott  without  any  lamouess  whatever. 

The  cure  of  uavicular  disease  is  dillieiilt  and  ancortain.  The  Grst  and 
all-important  point  is  the  removal  of  Lha  inflammatJop.  IjochI  bleeding, 
ponltipirig,  and  physio  will  be  our  principal  reBourcoa.  If  there  is  con- 
I  aetioii,  thin  muiit,  if  pciHiilile,  Iw  removed  by  tho  moaiis  alrusdy  pointed 
out.  If  Ihcro  is  no  contrw^tioii,  it  will  nevcrthcIoM  bo  pr^dont  to  ^-et  rid 
of  all  suraoundiBg  preasnre,  and  to  nufetler,  us  mneh  as  po^blc,  tho 
infrido  heel  of  the  oomi>*boiw,  by  paring  tlio  sole  and  raapiiig  the  quarters, 
and  using  the  shoo  without  naus  on  tLc  inner  quarter,  aud  applying  eold 
pooltioes  to  tlie  ooronet  aud  Uie  whole  uf  the  foot.  This  is  a  case,  how* 
ever,  which  must  be  tomed  over  to  the  veterinary  surgeon,  for  he  alone, 
from  his  knowledge  of  tho  anatomy  of  the  foot,  and  tbe  precise  scat  of  tho 
di>cnMi,  ia  Gompotont  to  treat  it.  If  ati«ck<>d  on  its  earliest  appeocanoe, 
and  before  nJeecvtion  of  the  bouo  has  taken  pUoe,  it  may  be  isdically 
cured ;  bat  nlceratioD  will  noTor  be  healed,  and  carioe  of  the  bono  will  for 
ever  remain. 

Blistering  tho  coronet  will  ofWi  asxist  in  promoting  a  cure  by  diverting 
tlie  inflammation  to  uoullitr  part,  aud  it  will  materially  quicken  tho 
growth  of  the  hum.  A  seton  passed  through  the  frog  by  a  nkilful  opera- 
tor, and  approaching  as  ne«r  as  possiblo  to  the  seat  of  disitasi.*,  has  born 
ToiT  somceable. 

As  a  last  teeourco,  if  there  is  no  great  inflammation  (and  that  would  he 
readily  detected  by  the  heat  of  tiie  foot),  neurotomy  muy  bo  prnctisod 
with  the  bope  of  alleviating  the  ralferings  of  the  animal,  aud  thus  lemor- 
ing  n  portioa  of  tlie  lamonow  ;  hut  if  tlie  lamonnw  ih  extreme,  oitber  with 
or  witJiont  oontnotion,  and  espt-cially  if  there  is  htat  about  tho  foot,  the 
Operattoa  is  daugerous.  There  is,  probablyi  idoc  ratio  n—puasilily,  decay 
of  the  bono  ;  and  the  additional  friotion  to  which  tho  parts  would  be  seb- 
jtvted,  by  the  freer  action  of  tbe  horse,  tlio  sense  of  pain  being  removed, 
would  oanao  that  uloeralion  or  decay  to  proceed  more  rapidly  until  the  bono 
would  be  oompletely  disorganised,  or  the  tendon  would  be  gradually  worn 
tbroogh  by  niblring  against  tbo  rougbenod  rarface  of  tbe  Mne, 

MSD-CUCK. 

This,  as  its  name  imports,  is  a  eraek  or  division  of  the  boof  from  above 
downward,  and  into  wfiich  fowJ  and  dirt  are  too  apt  to  innnnate  them- 


I 


4U  SASD-CRACK. 

Belvefl.  It  U  BO  callDd,  bccauao  it  most  frequently  ocean  in  aandj  distriet^ 
the  heat  of  the  sand  applied  to  the  feet  giving  them  a  disposition,  to  cncL 
It  occars  both  in  the  fore  end  the  hind-feet.  In  the  fore-feet  it  is  lunaSf 
found  in  the  inner  qnorter,  but  occasionalljr  in  the  oater  quarter,  becaoM 
there  is  the  principal  stresa  or  effort  towards  expansion  of  tlie  foot,  tai 
the  inner  qoarter  is  weaker  than  the  outer.  In  the  hind-feet  Uie  cnck  it 
almost  invariabljr  foimd  ia  the  front,  becanse  in  the  digging  of  tiu  tot 
into  the  groond  in  the  act  of  drawing,  t^e  principal  stress  ia  in  the  frvL 

This  in  a  most  serioas  defect.  It  indicates  a  brittleness  of  tha  cniat, 
Bometunes  natural,  bat  oflener  the  conseqaence  of  mismanagement  <v  dic 
ease,  which,  in  spite  of  everj  means  adopted,  will  probably  be  the  Kmre* 
of  futoro  annoyance.  On  a  hoof  that  has  once  been  thiu  divided  bo 
dependence  can  be  placed,  unless,  by  great  care,  the  natund  nippleaeH  ol 
the  horn  has  been  restored  and  is  retained. 

It  is  always  necessary  to  examine  the  inner  quarter  of  the  foot  at  tfca 
time  of  purchase,  for  it  has  more  than  once  occurred  that,  by  low  deakn, 
and  particularly  at  fairs,  a  sand-crack  has  been  neatly  covered  with  pitdi, 
and  then,  the  whole  of  the  hoof  having  been  oiled,  the  injoiy  ms  m 
adroitly  concealed  that  an  incautious  person  might  be  easily  deoeiTed. 

The  crack  sometimes  does  not  penetiute  through  the  nom.  It  tbea 
causes  no  lameness ;  neyertholess,  it  must  not  be  neglected.  It  shows  tlut 
there  is  brittleness,  which  should  induce  the  purchaser  to  pause ;  and,  if 
iroper  means  are  not  taken,  it  will  generally  soon  penetrate  to  tbia  quick. 
t  uionld  be  pared  or  rasped  fairly  out ;  and  if  the  paring  or  rasping  baa 
been  deep,  the  foot  should  be  strengthened  by  a  coatiDg  of  pitch  or  tv, 
with  coarse  tape  bound  over  it,  and  a  second  coating  of  pitch  oOToriBg 
this.  Every  crack  should  be  paiied  or  rasped  to  ascertain  its  depth.  If  it 
penetrates  through  the  crust,  even  although  no  lameness  exists,  a  firii^ 
iron,  red-hot,  should  be  passed  somewhat  deeply  above,  in  order  to  pr^ 
vent  its  lengthening — the  edges  should  be  thinood  to  remove  any  pamihl 
or  injurious  pressure,  and  the  foot  should  be  bound  up  in  the  msimsr 
directed,  care  being  taken  that  the  shoe  does  not  press  npon  the  avt 
immediately  under  the  sand-crack. 

If  the  crack  has  penetrated  through  the  crust,  and  lameness  has  ensued, 
the  case  is  more  serious.  It  must  bo  carefully  examined,  in  order  to 
ascertain  that  no  dirt  or  sand  has  got  into  it ;  the  edges  must  be  more  ooa- 
siderably  thinned,  and  if  any  fungus  is  beginning  to  protrude  Uiroo^  ttw 
crack,  and  is  imprisoned  there,  it  must  be  destroyed  by  the  appUoaticn  of 
nitrio  acid.  This  is  preferable  to  the  cautery,  because  the  edges  of  tim 
horn  will  not  be  thickened  or  roughened,  and  thus  become  a  source  of 
af1«r-irntation.  The  iron  may  then  be  run  deeply  across,  above  the  crack ;  a 
pledget  of  dry  tow  being  placed  in  the  crack,  in  and  over  it,  and  the  wh^ 
bound  down  as  tiehtly  as  possible.  A  blister  applied  to  the  oonmet  is  an 
nscful  adjunct,  r(£evmg  the  pain  by  its  counter- irritatioi:,  and  stimnlet- 
ing  the  growth  of  new  horn  at  the  same  tJme.  On  the  third  day  the 
part  should  be  examined,  and  the  canstio  again  applied  if  iii  i  iiiiiij  ;  but 
if  the  cntck  is  dry  and  defended  by  a  hard  homy  crust,  the  sooner  the 
pitch  plaster  is  put  on  the  better. 

The  most  serions  case  is,  when,  from  tread  or  neglect,  the  coronet  ia 
divided.  The  growth  of  bom  proceeds  from  the  coronary  ligament,  end 
unless  this  ligament  is  sound,  the  horn  will  grow  down  disunited. 

In  this  case,  as  in  almost  every  one  of  sand-crack,  the  horse  shonld  be 
kept  as  quiet  as  possible.  It  is  not  in  the  power  of  the  snrceon  to  effect  a 
perfect  cure  if  the  owner  will  continue  to  use  the  animal.  When  the  bora 
u  divided  at  the  coronet,  it  will  bo  several  months  before  tt  will  grow 
fiurly  down,  and  not  before  that  should  the  animal  be  used  even  for  onB- 


TREAD   AKD   OVER-REACU.  115 

nwy  work.  When,  however,  tlio  horn  ia  grown  au  inct  from  Iho  corotiol, 
the  horse  may  bo  tamed  oat — tho  foot  boiiig  mU  defoodol  bj  the  |>itch 
plaster,  and  Uiat  ronewod  m  often  aa  it  bocamcB  looso — a  bar-shoe  beioff 
worn,  ohambemi)  so  aa  not  to  pruaa  upon  tJie  hoof  immodiately  niid<ir  tho 
cnok,  to  [irevcDl  which  the  crust  shoald  bo  also  pared  away  in  a  small 
balf-mooa  form,  nnd  that  shoe  buinc  taken  off,  the  sole  pored  oat,  and 
any  bolboiu  projection  of  new  lioru  Iwiiig  removed  onoe  m  evciy  throo 
wrcks. 

To  remedy  tho  andno  brittloncss  of  tho  hoof,  there  ia  no  bett«r  appli* 
cation  than  or  ointment  compostsl  of  one  pnrt  of  tnr  to  two  of  Inrd, 
a{>plicd  to  the  onut  da^ilv,  the  sole  buiiig  uovurod  at  the  samo  time  with  tho 
oummoD  oow-dong  or  felt  stopping. 

TBXAD   ASD   OTEB.-REACH. 

Under  thcso  tirrms  are  coiupri^cd  braisui  and  woands  of  tho  coroDet, 
inflicted  by  tho  other  feet. 

A  TREAD  is  said  to  have  taken  place  when  tho  inside  of  tlie  coronet  of 
one  foot  is  struck  by  tho  calkin  of  the  shoo  of  the  other,  and  a  braised  or 
contosod  wound  is  iniUck-d.  The  ooronary  ring  ia  highly  ritxciilar  exter- 
nally, and  within  it  is  oarUla);>iuoua ;  the  blow,  therufor«t,  oflon  produces 
macb  pain  and  luemorrhagi?,  and  Gontusion  and  destruction  of  the  pai'tA. 
Thu  wound  may  appour  to  b«  Nimplo,  but  it  is  often  of  a  sadly  complicaU'd 
nature,  and  much  time  and  ciirc  will  need  to  be  expended  in  repairing  the 
mischief.  Mr.  Peroivail,  in  his  '  Hippopathology,  very  acouiutely  »tttt«a 
that '  the  wound  has,  in  the  first  place,  to  cast  on  a  slongh,  cooalstiug  of 
tlta  bruised,  separated,  aad  d«tulene<l  parts  ;  then  the  chasio  thereby  ex- 
posed has  to  gnuiuhita ;  and,  finally,  tho  sor*  haa  to  ctcatriao  and  fbnn 
ni.<w  lutn.' 

A  trcftd,  or  wound  of  the  coronet,  must  ncrer  be  B^Uoted,  lest  gravel 
should  iniiin&ato  it>ielf  into  the  wound,  and  form  deep  nloavtiaas,  oalled 
n'niuiM  or  pipet,  aud  which  oouslilute  oviHor.  Aluough  some  mildly 
stimolating  oscharotio  tnar  be  oocanonallj  loqaired,  the  caustio,  too  frc- 
qoootly  oMd  I^  farnera,  ^onld  in  thv  omrlj  rtag«  bo  carefully  avoided, 
not  «Uy  lent  cimttor  should  bo  fanned,  but  lest  tlio  oMouary  ligament 
shoold  be  so  Injarcd  as  to  bo  afterwards  incsnabls  of  secreting  perfect 
horn.  ^VT»on  proporly  treated,  a  tread  is  sddom  prodactiro  of  much 
injucT.  If  the  uirt  itt  well  wfuiliud  oat  of  it,  and  a  pledget  of  tow,  dipped 
inFnar^a  balsam,  bound  over  the  wound,  it  will,  iu  the  majority  of  oaea, 
speedily  hc«l,  Should  the  braise  bo  extensive  or  the  wound  dec^  a 
pool^ca  may  be  applied  for  ono  or  two  days,  and  then  tho  Friar's  balsam, 
or  digestive  ointment.  Sometimes  a  soil  tumour  wilt  form  on  Ow  fnt, 
which  will  be  quickly  brought  to  suppuration  b^  a  puuHice;  and  when 
tbo  matter  hus  ran  ont,  tho  ulc«r  will  hoal  by  tho  appUcation  of  the  FHar's 
balsam,  or  a  wvuk  aulutionof  blue  vitriol;  bat  snppoaing  that,inRtnulof  tho 
wound  healing  reftdily,  a  foul  unhtralthy  ainus  shoaJd  remain,  pouring 
out  a  foal  sanunu  di8ch»rgc,  then  iiiot«  active  meosarcs  are  iuiporativoir 
doDunded,  ^nd  nothing  ibort  of  i^  actiTe  caustic,  to  produce  a  thoroagn 
aloMgfa  of  Um  diseaaed  sai&ee,  will  edfecl  a  cure. 

An  onii<Kucu  is  » tread  vpoo  the  hosl  of  tho  coronet  of  the  fore-foot 
fay  the  shoo  of  the  comaponmnff  hiad-fbot,  and  eitlier  inflicted  by  the  too 
or  bj  the  inner  edge  of  ttie  insde  of  the  shoe.  Tho  pt«v«ntivo  IreatmeDk 
is  the  bevelling,  or  rounding  off,  of  the  inside  edge  or  rim  of  Ibe  hind* 
shoos.  The  core  is  the  catting  a««y  of  the  looso  ports,  the  application 
of  liar's  balsam,  and  protection  fiom  tho  dirt. 

There  b  a  ringgtin-  i^woiM  of  over- teaching,  tenncd  fOBODta  or 
CLICKUHI. 


416  FALSE  QUARTER. 

Tliis  nnplcofuuii  noise  nriacB  from  tlio  too  of  the  hind-sboe  knocinf 
a'j;niDHt  the  toe  of  tlio  aboc  of  the  fore-foot.  In  the  trofi,  one  fore-h^  td 
the  opposite  hind  log  are  first  lifted  from  the  ground  and  moved  fbrnii 
the  other  fore-leg  and  the  opposite  hind-leg  remaining  fixed  ;  bat^  to  kxf 
the  ocntro  of  gravity  within  iha  base,  and  as  the  stride,  or  spaoe  ptmd 
over  hy  these  bgs,  is  oElen  greater  th&n  the  distouce  between  &e  Con  mi 
hind-feet,  it  is  necessary  that  the  fore-feet  shoald  bo  alternately  mored  «■ 
of  the  way  for  the  hind  ones  to  descend.  Then,  as  occafitonaily  hma 
%rith  horses  not  perfectly  broken,  and  that  have  not  been  tftnghi  tW 
paces,  and  especially  if  they  have  high  hinder  qoarters  and  low  fore  onc^if 
the  fore-feet  are  not  raised  in  time  the  hind-feet  will  strike  them.  Thefii^ 
foot  will  generally  be  caught  when  it  has  jnst  b^nn  to  be  raised,  and  Ai 
toe  of  the  hind-foot  will  meet  the  middle  of  the  bottom  of  the  SaniooL 
It  is  an  unpleasant  noise,  and  not  altogether  &ee  from  danger ;  for  it  hj 
so  happen  that  a  horse,  the  action  of  whoso  feet  generally  bo  mach  intoi- 
feres  with  each  other,  may  advance  the  hind-foot  a  little  more  rapidly, « 
raise  the  fore  one  a  httle  more  slowly,  so  that  the  blow  nmy  fi^ll  on  iki 
heol  of  the  shoe,  and  loosen  or  dispi&ce  it;  or  the  two  Bboem  mijh 
locked  together,  and  the  miimul  may  be  thrown ;  or  the  contusion  may  W 
received  oycs  higher,  and  on  the  tendons  of  the  log,  and  coiuadauit 
swelling  and  lameness  may  follow  them ;  these,  however,  are  iu» 
occnrrenoes. 

If  the  animal  is  young,  the  action  of  the  horse  may  be  material^  i» 

Siroved ;  otherwise  nothing  can  be  done,  except  to  keep  the  toe  of  the  nii^ 
bot  as  short  and  as  sqnore  as  it  can  safely  be,  removing  the  clip  from  tk 
toe  and  placing  two  smaller  ones,  one  on  each  side  of  it ;  and  io  bevel  (f 
and  ronnd  the  toe  of  the  shoe,  like  that  which  has  been  worn  by  a  atnmbkr 
for  a  fortnight,  and  perhaps  a  little  to  lower  the  heel  of  the  fore-foot 

A  blow  received  on  the  heel  of  the  fore-foot  in  this  manner  haa  not  sa- 
&eqaently,  and  especially  if  neglected,  been  followed  by  qoittor. 

FALSE   QITAILTES. 

If  the  coronary  ligament,  by  which  the  horn  of  the  cnut  la  secreted,  ■■ 
divided  by  some  cnt  or  bmise,  or  eaten  through  by  any  canstic,  there  wiD 
occoiiionally  be  a  division  in  the  horn  aa  it  grows  down,  cither  in  the  form 
of  a  permanent  sand-crack,  or  one  portion  of  the  horn  overlapping  ths 
other.  It  occasionally  follows  neglected  sand-crack,  or  it  may  be  the  OCB- 
sequence  of  qoittor.  This  is  exteriorly  an  evident  fissure  in  the  faonv, 
and  extending  &om  the  coronet  to  the  sole,  but  not  always  penetrating  to 
the  laminffi.  It  is  a  very  serious  defect,  and  exceedingly  difficult  to 
remedy ;  for  occasionally,  if  the  horse  is  over-weighted  or  hurried  on  liii 
journey,  the  Sssore  will  open  and  bleed,  uid  vcir  scrioas  inconveauanoe 
and  lameness  may  ensae.  Grit  and  dirt  may  msumatii  itself  into  tlw 
aperture,  and  penetrate  to  the  sensitive  lamiiue.  Inflammation  wiD  al- 
most of  necessity  be  prodncod;  and  much  mischief  wiU  be  effected.  Whila 
the  enei^cs  of  the  animal  arc  not  sevcreljr  taxed,  he  may  not  experienaa 
much  inconvenience  or  pain ;  but  the  slightest  exertion  will  sometimsa 
canse  the  fissure  to  expand,  and  painful  lamcnesB  to  follow. 

Tliis  is  not  only  a  vety  serious  defect,  but  one  exceedingly  difficult  to 
remedy.  The  coronary  ligament  must  be  restored  to  its  perfect  state,  or 
at  least  to  the  discharge  of  its  perfect  function.  Much  danger  would 
atttrnd  the  application  of  the  caustic  in  order  to  effect  this.  A  Uiatar, 
anfficieiitly  active,  applied  to  the  coronet  at  the  iiyured  part,  affbrda  tba 
best  chance  of  anccess ;  but  when  any  portion  of  tlte  secreting  aaxftoa 
has  been  destroyed,  there  is  no  remedy  will  restore  it  —  the  edgea  of  tha 
Itom  on  cither  side  of  the  crack  may  be  thinned,  the  hoof  supportod— and 


QUITTOR. 


4ir 


I 


ttiv  Kpiimtoid  parts  bold  together  by  a  firm  eQcasemeal.  of  pitcb,  na  ilc- 
BL-rilieJ  yehca  H)Hiildng  of  thn  trfjitmrnt.  of  ennd-crack.  The  eorout-t  uiuxt 
b«"  ewumuBil  lit  leant  onoo  in  cvory  fortnight,  in  ordor  to  ascertain  whi'lber 
Uw  desired  nuion  baa  taken  place;  and  lui  a  pallmtivc  during  the  tmA- 
mcotof  tbecMf?'.  oriftbe  treabnent  flbooldbeouiiuoci-iJHful,  a  btu-'ibcw  mitjr 
be  uanl,  and  cany  takrn  that  tb«r«  bo  DO  beftliliff  at  or  immcdiatfilj  nnder 
tbe  HopiLration  of  thi'  bom.  This  will  bo  bost  otfocted,  when  tbe  cnut  is 
ttdek  and  tb«<  (|uart«n(  strong,  by  paring  off  a  littlo  of  the  bottom  of  tba 
cniat  at  the  i>art,  so  tbat  it  shall  not  toucb  tbe  ahou ;  but  if  tbo  foot  in 
wook,  an  indontation  or  hollow  sbonld  be  mado  in  tho  shoo.  Strain  or 
eonooiiaion  on  tlic  immediate  part  will  tlinn  be  avoidrd,  and,  in  sudd«B  or 
Tiolenl  exertion,  the  cnt^k  will  not  he  »o  likely  to  <!x1«Dd  onward  to  tho 
coronet,  when  whole  and  snnnd  bom  has  begun  to  be  lormiKl  thuiiib 
Jami^n  Clnrk,  whoxn  worku  havo  not  botm  valnod  as  they  deserve,  expreBMS 
in  ftiw  worda  the  n-al  iriato  of  tho  oatw,  and  tbo  ooumo  that  ebcntld  bo 
pursued : — *  We  may  so  &r  palliate  tbe  complaint  aa  to  render  tbo  bono 
■onuithin^  nwtul  by  osing  ft  shoe  of  socb  a  coBstraction  aa  wH)  support 
tbe  limb  without  iwNting  or  iircsinng  too  much  npon  the  weakened 
quarter.'  A  proper  stopping  auoulil  alua  cover  Ihn  tolo,  on  which  some 
coarse  tow  may  be  placcii,  and  a  piece  of  leather  over  that  j  tho  wholo 
being  confinod  by  a  broad  wob  shoo. 

In  aome  eaaea  falaa  qnarlvr  usnumni  a  Iom  wmoiu  character.  Tha  honi 
(frowa  down  whole,  but  tbe  ligament  ia  unable  to  pocroto  that  which  is 
iKirToctly  healthy,  and  therefore  a  narrow  slip  of  bom  of  a  diSrrmt  and 
ligbtiY  colour  i*  prodncc^d.  This  in  nnmotinioi  tho  best  resalt  that  can  be 
jirocured  wbi-n  the  «urgi-on  bun  buun  ablu  to  oblilcratc  tbo  absnlnl<>  crack 
or  separation.  It  is,  boweicr.  to  be  remrded  aa  a  defect  not  aufficit-nt  to 
condemn  tbo  hor«e,  bat  indicating  thatne  baa  bad  Kud-cnck,  and  tliat  a 
difiposition  to  lauid-orBok  may  poa^bly  remain.  Thorn  will  also,  in  tho 
gi-n<rraltty  of  i-aaea,  be  Boma  denee  of  tooderaesa  iu  tbat  quartt^r,  which 
may  produce  slight  lanwBeaa  voBB  mnsoal  exertion  is  required  from  tb« 
borao,  or  tbo  shoo  ia  aoflbrvd  to  praaa  loog  on  tho  part. 

This  Im  been  dowribcd  a*  being  tbo  roautt  of  ncgU-eted  or  bad  tread  or 
over-reaehf  but  it  may  be  the  conauquence  of  any  wound  in  the  foot,  and 
in  any  part  of  the  foot.  In  the  natural  proceits  of  suppntatioo,  matter  la 
thrown  out  from  thn  wound.  It  pmcodos  the  actnal  healing  of  the  part. 
The  matter  whieh  is  accnrtcd  in  wonndu  uf  tbe  foot  la  tumally  pemt  np 
there,  and  incniaiiirig  in  quantity,  and  urj^ng  its  way  in  every  direcliou, 
it  forces  Iboliltle  Hesby  plat««  of  tbe  coSn>boRc  from  tbo  homy  ones  of  tho 
rrost,  or  the  homy  solo  from  tho  fleaby  eole,  or  nven  p<!nctral<!a  dct-ply  into 
the  intf-mal  pnrtft  of  tbe  fooL  Tbeee  pipce  or  alnuses  mu  in  every  dinMljon. 
and  coostttutt^  the  eesenoo  of  quitlor. 

If  il  arises  from  a  woaad  at  the  bottom  of  tbe  foot,  the  puruUfot  matter 
which  is  rapidly  formed  ia  pent  up  tbt-TR,  and  (be  nail  of  the  shoo  or  the 
ttub  remains  in  tbo  wound,  or  tbe  small  aporturc  which  was  nuule  is  inx- 
mediatelr  closed  again.  This  matter,  howoTor,  continuea  to  be  seoretod, 
and  separates  the  horny  sole  from  the  fleicby  one  to  a  considerable  extent) 
and  at  length  forws  its  way  upwards,  and  appears  at  the  ooroneC,  and 
BBoally  at  the  quarter,  and  iliere  slowly  domw  out,  while  the  aperture  and 
tbe  quantity  discharg(>d  arc  so  small  that  the  iaeiperienced  person  wonkl 
havo  no  Buspiciou  of  the  extent  of  tbo  mischief  within,  and  tbe  difficulty 
of  repairing  it.  The  n|Hminir  may  scarcely  admit  a  probe  into  il,  yet  over 
the  greater  pari  of  the  quarter  and  tbo  sole  tho  hum  may  havti  separated 
trom  tbe  foot,  and  tbe  matter  may  have  poiiL-trated  under  the  carlilagca 


II 


41t 


Ql-ITTOR. 


Mul  ItgunenU,  and  inlo  tlie  eoffin-joinL  Hot  oalj  w,  but  tiro  iiu«- 
obieTOiis  ratolta  may  h»««  been  prodtioed, — tbe  preasoie  of  the  aaatter 
vbererer  it  Ium  gona  bM  fbrmed  ulcentwas  that  uo  iaidii^ofled  to  heti. 
Mid  thfttirqDirvUwappbntionof  stnaguidpuiifiilBtuBiiUiiU  to  indno* 
tluim  to  bisu ;  mtd,  vone  than  tliv,  the  bom,  oooe  tepanted  irom  tlie  aen- 
aitiTgpwtabwwHi,  willneTef  agmin  noita  with  them.  Qoittor  nut;  oocar 
in  both  the  fors  and  the  hiad-fwt. 

It  will  be  tralEcioiitljr  plain  thai  tbo  aid  of  a  skilful  praotitiooar  ia  imn 
rtK|ouit«,  and  alw>  the  full  exarciae  of  patienue  in  Uw  proprietor  of  iba 
hone,  it  may  be  aaOMaaiy  to  mnove  raucli  of  thii  Lonkj  aole,  K^iic^  wiO 
■poeditv  be  rvprodnoad  wbrnt  the  flcaby  sarfaco  bcoMtb  cau  bo  brought  to 
a  bcaltbj  oondition ;  bat  If  nmob  of  the  horn  at  the  quarters  must  bo 
taken  awaj,  fire  or  six  montba  but  probablj  elapw  before  it  will  be  an:^ 
ficientljr  grown  down  s^a  to  rcndor  the  h<WM  wefol. 

McBMirt«  of  ounnderafalc  acvcrity  arc  indnpeDiabtc.  Tho  applicatiat 
of  aome  caoalic  will  alone  prodooe  a  beaUbj-  aotwn  on  the  oloerated  nr- 
&cea  i  bat  on  the  gronnd  of  iuter&at  and  of  bnmanity  we  prot«at  aainat 
the  brntol  prartino,  or  at  leact  the  extent  to  which  it  i«  carriad,  &t  !• 
ptiraned  by  cuttDy  i^onuat  mnitbii,  of  oarins  oat,  or  di-i-ply  dc«ta<ajiiig  the 
liMtiltby  as  wtill  as  the  diseuaad  porta — and  parla  vrlilch  no  prooeaa  will 
ngoiu  rovtore.  The  nnh«althy  surface  zanst  be  remoTed ;  bnt  the  cartUag«a 
and  Ugamcnta,  and  oven  ]Mrtions  of  the  bona,  need  not  to  be  aacrifioed. 

Tiui  expcfri«mced  rettfnnaiy  aurfccon  will  aJono  be  able  to  ooaaad  tba 
proprietor  of  the  borso,  wheo,  iu  caat'«  of  oonflrtDt'd  quittor,  tb«ro  la  reaaoo- 
abla  hope  of  pennMieot  euro.  A  knowlodga  of  the  anatomy  of  the  Jbol 
la  nffniary  to  enable  him  to  docido  what  parts  indisponaable  to  tho  action 
of  the  animal  may  have  been  irrqw^ably  injored  or  d««troyed,  or  to  aare 
thfrao  parU  from  the  dcstractiTe  effect  of  tortaring  caustics.  Wlteu  any 
portion  of  tho  bone  can  bo  felt  br  tho  probe,  tho  cbancta  of  aoooeaa  ar« 
diminiiihctl,  nnti  tli<!  ownur  and  tliu  operator  ahoold  paaao.  Wbon  tba 
joiiitsarei-xfioMtd,  thecaMishope]e8a,a)U»on)]:b,  inaffreatmanr  instasooa, 
the  bones  and  the  joints  are  oxposod  by  tbv  remedy  and  not  by  the  diMaaa. 
One  hint  may  not  bo  neocawijy  to  the  pnictitioDirr,  bat  it  may  guide  the 
determination  a^  hopea  of  (he  owner:  if,  wbcu  a  probe  is  tntrodnoad 
into  the  6ataIoQa  orifion  on  tb«  coronet,  tho  direcljon  of  the  «mkm«  or  mpw 
is  badcward,  there  is  uiuch  probability  that  a  care  may  be  dfocted  ;  mit 
if  the  dimction  of  tbo  ainnses  ia  forward,  the  oim  ia  at  bvat  donbUiil.  In 
tbo  firtit  iniloRco,  there  ia  neither  bon«  uor  joint  to  bo  injar«d  ;  in  the 
otlMT,  tho  more  important  parta  of  the  foot  are  in  danger,  and  thoaa  in 
whicfa  the  principal  action  nitd  concoaaion  are  found. 

Negleoted  brui*i«  of  the  solo  sniQetimes  lay  the  foundation  of  qnittor. 
When  the  fbot  is  Oat,  it  is  vei^-  tiaLlu  to  bo  bmisod  if  the  horse  is  riddm 
fust  ornr  a  rona^  and  stony  road  ;  or,  a  small  stone,  inainuuticg  itself  W- 
tweun  the  ahoa  and  Uw  aole,  or  conEnnd  bv  tho  curraturo  of  ihu  shoo,  will 
tmntatij  lama  the  bono.  The  h<.«t  and  tenderanu  of  tho  part,  the  or- 
aaaional  redneas  of  the  horo,  and  the  abaence  of  punuturv,  nHIl  cluarly 
Biark  the  braiae.  The  sole  mtiat  then  bo  thinned,  and  paiticuhu-ly  over 
the  brniaed  part;  and,  in  nariooted  caaas,  it  mast  be  pared  evtm  to  tbo 
((itick.  in  order  to  aacertain  whether  the  iiiflammation  han  nta  on  to  anp- 
pumtion.  The  primsipal  cansm  of  braises  f>f  tlie  fool  are  learing  the  aole 
too  moch  expou-d  by  means  of  n  narrow. webbed  shoe,  or  the  smith  paring 
*™t  tbo  sole  too  closoly,  or  tbo  pmuiare  of  the  ahoe  on  the  sole,  or  Uio  in- 
IfMaotion  of  gravel  or  stones  hetireen  tfae  aole  and  the  shoe. 
^Tbo  H»d«i  of  core  in  thin  diMaae  are  Tariooat  by  aome  the  mild  or 
)  ^^yi^ing  plan,  by  otburs  the  cim»lit  or  Hloughing  one.  They  are  botli 
,  axeeilBin,  ani,  >o  &r  aa  can  well  bo  tho  case,  aatinfiictory. 


I 


^T  PRICK,  OB  WOUND  IS  THE  SOLB  OR  CHUOT.  419 

Tbo  fonnpr  in  thns  described  hy  Mr.  Newport,  in  tho  first  voluoto  of  tht> 
'  Veterinariiin  *; — 'After  UiciiImki  liaK  hrvn  n-mi>TP<l,  tliin  th«  SoU<  aotil 
it  will  ^if^ltl  to  the  iin-tinurv  uf  Uio  tliuiub ;  ibcu  cut  tliiv  niulur  pouriji  <>f  iho 
wall  in  &D  oblique  direcliou  from  tbe  heol  to  tlio  tLiiti<rior  port,  Iminedifttely 
onder  tbo  softt  of  compJAiot,  and  only  as  far  as  it  dztends,  and  ra^  the 
sido  of  the  wall  thin  rnnngh  to  giv^  wiiT  to  tho  prownro  to  tlw  OTOmUs* 
tended  {lartK,  nod  put  on  a  Imr-Hlioo  rvUuir  domted  from  tiut  (roff. 
AscurUin  witti  »  ptobe  tiie  direction  of  the  sinuso*,  and  iutrodnou  into 
(hem  a  saturated  tohtHcn  of  tulphaU  of  mnc,  by  menns  of  a  small  syriugi'. 
I'huw  anr  thia  draisiag  the  conunoo  c-ntnplasm,  or  tho  turpcutine  oiiit- 
inent,  and  renew  the  applioation  every  twunty-four  boura.  I  haro  fre- 
quently fouud  tlinw  or  four  such  appUcatioud  oomplete  a  Dim.  I  iihoald 
TOCommend  that  when  the  probe  is  introduced,  in  order  to  ascertaiu  tho 
program  of  cure,  that  it  bo  ecntly  and  cnrrfHlly  nscd,  otherwise  it  may 
bretik  down  tJio  nRW-forrnouf  lympb.  I  have  found  tho  Molution  Tory 
valuable,  where  the  avnovial  fluid  has  eticajied,  but  not  to  bo  lued  if  the 
inBammaliou  of  the  parts  is  great.' 

Th«  latter  ia  thoa  given  by  Mr.  I'oroirall  in  hia  '  Ilippopathology.' 
Mr.  Pcrcivatl  iiny« :  — '  Tbo  ordinary  mode  of  cnro  conaiHta  in  the  intro- 
duction of  eaii*(io  into  the  ainaa ;  and  (to  lonff  an  tbo  cartiUgo  pmervos 
ita  integrity — by  which  I  mean,  ia  freo  from  canta — thin  is  perhiipji  thu  moat 
prompt  and  eflectnal  mode  of  proceeding;.  The  Earner's  practice  is  to  mix 
>bouthalf  a  dmchm  of  corrosive  sablimnto  in  powder  wiiii  twice  or  ttiricn 
Um  quantity  of  flour,  and  make  them  into  a  paato  with  wator.  Tliia  h« 
takes  np  by  litths  at  a  time  wiUi  iha  point  of  his  probe,  and  woricj  it 
aboDt  in  the  aiuus  until  the  pasta  appear*  riaing  iu  tlie  orifloe  Above. 
AAer  this  is  done,  bo  commonly  baa  the  homo  walked  about  for  an  hour 
or  two,  or  cvm  sent  to  slow  work  Bgniii,  which  produce*  a  «till  mom 
cfleetnol  colntion  of  the  ouiulic,  at  lli»  same  time  tliat  it  tend*  greatly 
to  its  nniform  and  thoronf>h  diflWon  in4o  eveiy  recess  and  winding  of  tJie 
tnnas.  The  consecinence  of  this  sharp  c«MiBtic  dressing  ia  a  gonenJ  aloagb 
from  tbo  nnus.  Kvory  pnrt  of  it*  anterior  >nrrace  ia  dcstnjcd,  and  tLo 
dead  partic]<'ji  b<Tom«  agglutinated,  and  cast  off  alont;  with  the  diaofaargea 
in  the  form  of  a  dark  firm  cunllt^d  mass,  which  the  fiu-ri«r  calls  the  core  ; 
and  so  it  commonly  proves,  for  granulations  follow  cIOM  behind  it,  and  fill 
□p  tbo  ainna.' 

PKtCZ,  0&  WOUVD  Ut  THE  SOLX  OB  CXUST. 
This  is  tbo  most  freqnmt  ratuie  of  qnittor.  It  ia  erideot  that  the  aole 
is  wry  liable  to  be  wounded  by  nailx,  jiicoea  of  ffhus,  or  even  aharp  flinta. 
Every  ntrt  of  the  Boot  la  Boqeot  to  injuries  of  th^  description.  The 
uBaaf  place  at  which  these  woonda  are  found  ia  in  tlie  hollow  between  tlw 
hnre  and  the  frog,  or  in  the  frog  itaclf.  In  Htc  forv<feet  the  injury  will  bo 
generally  recognised  on  the  inner  quarter,  auil  on  the  biud-feet  near  the 
toe.  In  fact  these  are  the  thinnoat  parts  of  the  fore  and  hiitd-fect.  Much 
more  &e<]ueiitly  tho  laminiv  are  wounded  by  tho  nail  in  klioelng ;  or  if  the 
nail  does  not  ppnctrato  through  ihu  internal  surface  of  the  crufit,  it  is 
driven  so  cIomo  to  it  that  it  presses  upon  the  Be«Jiy  perta  bcvcath,  and 
eanaea  irritation  and  iuSammation,  and  at  length  nnppuralion.  When  a 
hone  becomes  anddorly  lame,  alter  thi<  Irga  have  been  carefully  examined, 
and  no  caniw  of  lamencu  appeant  in  them,  the  shoe  should  be  taken  off. 
In  many  caiten  the  offending  substance  will  be  immediately  detwited,  or 
the  additional  heat  felt  iu  some  parte  of  the  foot  will  point  out  the  scat 
of  injury ;  or,  if  the  crust  is  tapped  with  the  hammer  all  round,  the 
flincliing  of  the  borco  will  diticover  it ;  or  pwHue  with  the  pinoota  will 
render  it  evident. 


420  PRICK,  OB  WOCSD    L\"  TDB  SOLE  OK  CRCST. 

When  Um  shoe  ia  rermOTWI  Tor  UiU  oxuniiutioEi,  Uio  smith  shoald  iu>t«r 
hr  permitted  to  vrrnch  it  oS,  but  each  nail  should  be  ilr«vm  lU^pamtii'lT', 
Biiil  cxwmnod  lu  it  >«  dmwn,  irben  Boine  nxMBtare  appearioK  npon  it  wiU 
not  iuifr«qnenllr  rereal  tbe  apot  at  vfaieh  iikitt«r  has  Men  ttirown  odL 

Sadden  lamoMM  oocwnnff  witliin  m  tem  dajrs  after  tfao  borse  haa  ben 
afaod.  Kill  lead  to  tli4i  «iuipi<aoii  tliat  the  smith  has  been  in  (knit ;  jvt  no 
ona  who  ooDsiden  th«  tbinnaw  of  the  crttat,  and  the  diffieultj  of  ahosnii^ 
many  feci,  vill  blame  him  for  soraetimM  pricking  the  aciimaL  His  fiult 
will  consist  in  coiic«ling  or  denpng  that  of  which  ho  wiU  almost  alwan 
be  anre  at  tho  timo  of  sboemx,  from  the  fltnchiiif;  of  th«  hor»e,  or  tno 
dead  aound,  or  llie  pc'cnliar  rtwAaace  that  maj  be  noticed  iu  the  dririnz 
ofth«Dai].  We  woold  plcftd  Ibocanseofthe  houMMtportJoa  of  an  hmtHe 
class  of  mm,  who  dinehiiTge  tliis  mechanical  part  of  their  bostBMi 
with  a  nkill  and  good  fartoim  scarcely  credible ;  but  wo  resign  thoaa  to 
the  repmaclws  and  the  poaishioeiit  of  the  oirner  of  the  horse>,  wbo  too 
oft4!n,  nod  with  bod  polii^,  denj  thntwhich  accident,  or  pi^ssiblymonientai^ 
oaivlcasncM,  mi^ht  liave  oocaaioiied,  and  the  negledt  of  which  is  fraaeht 
with  danger,  altlioogh  the  mtachief  rcsaltiag  fi^m  it,  might  at  the  tamo 
har*  been  easily  r«m«<diod. 

When  the  acBt  of  mischief  is  ascertained,  the  sole  shontd  bo  thinBed 
ronnd  H,  and  at  the  nail-hoIe,  or  ibe  pnnotuni,  it  ahotild  be  pared  to  the 

aaick.  The  escape  of  some  matter  will  now  probabljr  Ml  the  nature  of 
le  injunr,  and  remorc  its  eonseqnenoea.  If  it  bo  pnnctaro  of  the  sole 
effected  if  some  nail,  or  unj  similar  bodj*,  picked  np  on  the  road,  ail  that 
iriU  be  neoeasBi;  U  a  little  to  eularge  the  opening,  and  then  to  idaoe  oa  it 
»  pledge!  of  Unr  dipped  in  Frinr'a  bafaam,  aad  over  that  a  little  ooounon 
Ktopping.  If  there  is  mach  hca,t  and  lamene^  a  poaltioe  ahonld  be 
applied. 

The  part  of  tho  sole  that  is  wounded  and  tho  depth  of  the  wonnd  abonld 
be  taken  iulo  cousidorntinn.  A  deep  punctnre  towards  tho  back  put  of 
tlic  Hole-,  and  pcnot.mtinp;  cvvn  into  the  aeDattiTe  frog,  maj  not  be  pro- 
ductive of  xcriaaa  cuiia«iueuce.  There  is  no  great  motion  in  the  part, 
and  there  are  uo  tendons  or  bones  in  danger.  A  puncture  luiar  the  toe 
max  not  bo  followed  by  mncli  injarj.  There  ts  hfctle  motion  in  that  ]iArt 
of  iho  foot,  and  the  iulurual  sole  oovering  the  eoflbi-bono  will  soon  heal 
A  pnnctiire,  howeTer,  abont  the  centre  of  the  sole  maj  wouud  the  Boxor 
l^indon  whi-ro  it  ia  inserted  into  the  coffin-hone,  or  mnr  cvvn  penetT«t«  the 
joint  which  onites  the  navicular  Ixme  with  the  coffin. lunn,  or  pierM 
throogh  the  tcndnn  into  the  jpint  wbicb  it  forms  with  the  nariculiir  bone, 
and  a  dej^rfc  of  inflammation  may  enme,  that,  If  negtooted,  maj  be  fntaL 
Mtaj  horses  have  been  lost  by  tLi_-  amalk-st  puncture  of  the  solo  in  thrnri 
dnsgeraiu  points.  All  the  anntomicitl  nkill  of  the  veterinarian  ihoold  be 
called  into  rcqnisition,  when  he  is  examining  the  most  trifling  woond  of 
the  foot. 

If  the  foot  has  been  woitnded  by  the  wrong  direction  of  a  nail  in  aboe* 
ing,  and  the  sole  is  well  pared  oat  over  the  part  on  the  first  appcsirkara  of 
laBMUfllW.  little  more  will  Iw  nocoamirr  to  be  done.  The  onoBlng  ahonld 
be  somewhat  enlarged,  the  IVtar's  balsam  applied,  and  the  shoo  t«tclced  ou, 
with  or  vritbont  n  poultice,  according  to  the  dogrco  of  InmepiMi  or  heM, 
and  on  the  following  day  all  will  cDcn  be  welL  It  maj,  bowerer,  be 
ptndent  to  keep  the  foot  stopped  for  a  few  days.  If  the  accident  has  be«a 
Bf^lMted,  and  matter  begins  to  be  formed,  and  to  bo  pent  np  and  to  preai 
en  the  nejj^boitring  parts,  tind  thtj  horse  ecidi-utly  sufTen  extreuM  piain, 
and  is  ■omotiracw  scarcely  able  to  put  his  foot  to  the  ground,  and  tnarh 
matt«r  is  noured  out  when  the  opt-niug  is  enlargfid,  fhrther  prec-autions 
moat  be  uduptcd.     The  fact  must  be  recollected  that  the  living  and  deskd 


COK.VS. 


431 


horn  will  never  uiiiU>,  and  cv<iry  portion  af  the  1101-117  ^'^  ^^^  ^^  aepa- 
mtod  from  the  fliuiUy  nulo  abuve  must  he  rcmovoiL  The  ifparatton  m-tttl 
be/oUi>wi)da»/ar  it  reaches.  MucLiofllio  nucceea  of  tliu  tnratnii-nt  {lnpcn<ls 
tm  this.  No  snotl  Etrip  or  edge  of  separated  horo  must  be  sufFt-rud  to 
pnea  mm  ooj  p&rt  of  tho  trmrnd  ;  somo  soft  tow,  dipped  in  Frii)r'« 
iMkam,  Doing  sprawl  on  tlia  jwrt,  the  foot  utoppod,  und  at  nonltioo  pliicod 
OTOT  all  if  tlte  inflauirofttion  Menu  to  tvqttire  it.  Ou  t)ie  foUowinff  dnjr  » 
thin  pellicle  of  bom  will  frequeutlj  bo  found  over  a  part  or  tbe  wnola  of 
thfi  wound.  If  thoro  is  nn  npponnuice  of  Augu  eproutiug  from  the  ex- 
poKtsl  Btu-foce,  tbo  npplioution  of  a  caa«tio  nicb  im  nitric  acid  ma^  be 
OBOOHiy,  tbs  tow  beiiig  again  placed  ovur  it,  no  us  to  aflbnl  conaidcrablv 
yai  ndfima  preMon).  M&tiy  days  do  not  oft«u  elapse  bufom  tbu  new 
norm  oovon  tbo  wholo  of  tho  wound.  In  those  cxt«EiBive  openings  tlio 
Friar's  balsiua  will  not  always  bo  nurt^iHufnl,  but  if  not,  tbo  cure  must  be 
offect«d  by  tlie  jadicioua  and  110 vur-tuo-iu vers  anu  of  the  cJuuBtio,  A  dose 
of  physic  will  bo  rosortod  lo  as  a  useful  auxiliary  whou  maoli  iiifliunma- 
tion  arises. 

In  scarobing  tku  foot  in  order  to  ascertain  iim  existence  of  prick,  thero 
Is  often  Bomethiu;;  very  uenaurablo  in  tlio  carolaMncM  with  which  the 
bom  is  cut  away  botwoea  the  bottom  of  iho  crwtt  and  the  •olc,  no  as  to 
Icaro  httlo  or  no  hold  for  tho  nails,  itUboiigb  some  moutliB  moHt  elupito 
before  tho  Itom  will  grow  down  sntlicit-ntly  far  for  tho  slioe  10  bo  securely 
£ut«ned. 

When  a  free  opening  has  been  made  below,  and  matter  has  not  broken 
oni  at  the  coronet,  it  will  rarely  bo  necessary  to  remove  any  portiou  of 
tbo  bom  at  tho  quarters,  altliough  he  mny  bo  able  to  ascvrtain  by  the  use 
of  the  prol)u  that  tho  separatioD  of  the  crust  extends  for  a  considerable 
space  above  the  aole. 

COUR. 

In  tho  101^  bfttweeu  the  ban  (e,  p.  305)  and  the  qnartcn,  the  horn  of 
the  sole  has  •omefimeB  a  rod  appeomnco,  and  is  more  H{)ongy  ami  softer 
tbao  at  any  other  parts  Tho  horte  flinches  when  Ihis  portion  of  the  horn 
ts  pressed  upon,  and  occaaiouul  or  pitrmiuicnt  InmencsB  is  produced.  Tliia 
disraMi  of  tlie  foot  ia  termed  CORKS:  bearing  tliis  reKcniblanco  to  the  com 
of  the  human  being  that  it  is  nrodnced  by  pre»<arn,  and  is  a  cause  of 
lameness.  When  corns  are  ntgleoted,  so  much  inflammation  is  produced 
in  that  port  of  tho  sensitiTO  solo  that  supparalion  follows,  and  the  matter 
cilfeer  nndemiinea  tho  homy  sole,  or  is  discluused  at  the  coronet. 

Tbo  prewnre  h«nib7  prodnoed  manifeolji  itadf  in  various  ways.  When 
the  shoe  is  suffered  to  remain  on  too  loiif^,  it  becoma  imbedded  in  the  heel 
of  the  foot ;  the  oitemal  crost  grows  down  on  the  ontsido  of  it,  and  the 
bwring  is  thrown  on  this  angular  portion  of  the  aote.  No  part  of  the  solo 
can  l>ear  pressure,  and  inBaiumaliun  and  corns  ore  the  reKalt.  Kriiiit  the 
lenfi^h  of  wear  the  shoe  sometimes  becomes  loosened  at  tli«  hoflo,  and 
gravel  inoiDiutea  itself  between  tho  shoo  and  the  crastt  and  accumulatoa 
in  this  aoglei  ud  Bomvttmoa  eoriouslj  wounds  it. 

Tho  bu«  Of*  too  frequently  ent  away,  uid  tbi-ji  thi?  heel  of  the  shoo  must 
ibeberolled  tnwkrd,  in  ordertoan«wert«thisubiurd  and  injurious  shaning 
of  the  foot.  By  this  slanting  dinction  of  tho  heel  of  the  shoe  inward,  aa 
unnatural  disposition  to  contisction  i«  ^ven,  and  tho  solo  mo^  infler  in 
two  ways. — in  being  prewted  upon  by  the  aboe,  and  sqnooacd  between  Iho 
outer  cruRt  and  the  citm-nal  portion  of  the  bar.  The  shoe  ii  often  mode 
nnnsooMtarily  narrow  at  the  hwla,  by  which  this  angle,  seemingly  leas  cUa* 
posed  to  bear  prcsanre  than  any  other  pv^  of  tbo  foot,  is  cxpoeed  to  aoci* 
dentxd  bmisoe.     If,  in  tlui  paring  out  oi  tho  foot,  the  uuith  sliouM  loava 


tia 


CORKS. 


th«  bar*  pronunent,  be  toofreqoently  neffleototopsnawfty  Uujhonihitfci 
wiglo  butiriivu  tiic  bars  and  the  extern*]  cnut ;  or  if  be  cuts  awar  Um 
ban,  be  scaiocly  toachos  the  horn  at  this  ftoint ;  *tid  thiu,  beibre  the  bora 
bubeenvbod  a  rortnitcht,  the  nWn  tVEla  nn  this  uiglo,  and  prodscocartM. 
Tfaa  DM  of  a  «hoe  fur  tbi!  foiV'fc«t,  thidurnud  ul  tlie  beds,  ia,  and  ai^icaallj 
ia  weak  feet,  a  source  of  corns,  from  the  nnduo  bcariog  tbera  is  om  IM 
hei'la,  and  the  concaasion  to  which  they  ara  snbject. 

The  uoshod  colt  rarely  ha«  corns.  The  bc«U  hare  tb«r  iiattml  power 
of  eipansioD,  and  the  Kenaitiva  soli;  at  this  part  cun  aeaiwly  be  iuptuoncd, 
while  thfl  projccUon  of  the  b«el  of  the  criul  and  the  hnr  ia  a  m^tiKri^tk 
defi-nro  from  cuctmnal  injaiy.  Corns  seem  to  bo  th«  almost  ineirilabla  oan> 
suqnence  of  ahomng,  which,  hy  limiting,  or  in  a  manner  dettxoyiag,  Uw 
expansibility  of  the  (bot,  muiit,  when  the  tu>lo  attempts  to  deaoeod,  or  tlw 
ootfin-bono  ana  a  backwtLrd  and  a  downward  direction,  impriwu  and  injura 
tliia  portioQ  of  the  sole.  This  evil  oonsequoaoo  is  innrranni  when  tlie  shoe 
ii  badl^  formed,  or  kept  on  too  looker  when  the  pnrug  is  onutted  or 
trnndicioiuily  cxtondi^l  to  the  ham.  By  this  unnatural  proMoro  of  Um 
nle,  blood  m  thrown  out,  and  enten  into  tlie  pores  of  the  soft  und  diseoMd 
bom  which  is  then  secreted ;  therefore  the  exist«DC«  and  the  exteal 
of  the  ooTT)  is  judged  of  by  tlio  colour  and  softness  of  the  horn  at  tbii 
pkco. 

Coma  are  must  Inxjuunt  and  serious  in  horses  with  thin  horn  and  flat 
■olei,  and  low  weak  hei-Is.  And  tho  cause  in  tbcso  cases  in  ua  cztrmal 
one,  namely,  undue  pn^ssuro  from  the  hoel  of  the  shoe.  Bnt  they  are 
found  DOcadoDally  in  hifffa,  atronv,  ooniracted  feet,  and  in  tbeea  ihey  an 
not  produced  by  tho  bod  of  tlie  shoe,  but  by  the  concnssion  piodaoed  by 
tho  MipRrinoDnuMnt  we)f;ht  jarrinpf  against  the  hard,  tlitck,  nnnatsrmlty 
conuivo  homy  sole  below.  They  generally  occnr  on  tbAinaidi)  UotI,  fhiia 
its  being  more  ondor  tho  citntrti  of  gntTity,  and  ootiMqnentJy  baTing 
groat^c  weight  thrown  on  that  part.  The  raothod  adopted  by  eboeing- 
amithn  to  iwcurtaiu  Um  cxistcuoe  of  oom  by  the  pain  evintM.'d  when  thoy 
piiu-'b  ttio  bur  aud  crust  with  their  irons,  is  reiy  fidlacious.  If  the  horn 
IS  naturally  thin,  tho  horso  will  Rhrink  under  no  graat  pressure,  although 
ho  lL^s  DO  com,  and  occasiontiUy  the  born  are  so  atrong  as  not  to  give  way 
under  any  pressure. 

Tho  euro  of  old  coma  is  difficult;  recent  corns,  bowerer,  will  gcnorally 
yield  to  good  ahoeintf. 

The  fint  thing  lo  bo  done  ia  weU  to  pare  out  th«  angle  betwe<cn  the 
cmat  and  the  bars.  Two  objects  are  answered  liy  this :  tho  extent  of  the 
discuao  will  be  aacertaint.'d,  ond  one  cause  of  it  removed.  A  very  small 
drawiug-kuifu  must  be  used  for  this  pnrposo.  The  com  must  be  pared  oafc 
to  tbo  very  bottom,  taJdug  caro  not  to  wound  the  sole.  It  may  then  ba 
discoveTod  whether  there  is  only  vfTuaiuu  of  IjIcxkI  or  matter  nndonieath. 
If  this  ia  suspected,  an  opening  must  be  made  through  the  horn,  Ota 
BiAttor  «mtcaat«d,  tbo  aeparatad  bom  tnkrn  an-ny,  the  oonrse  and  extant 
of  tho  sinnsua  explored,  aud  the  treatmout  rvuonuocnded  for  qnlttap 
adopted. 

In  bad  cases  a  bar-shoe  mar  be  pat  on,  ao  chambered  that  tbore  shall 
be  no  proesnro  on  the  disetuted  part.  This  may  be  worn  for  one  or  two 
ahoeiags,  but  not  eonstantly,  for  there  aro  few  frogn  that  would  bear  the 
constant  preasiuo  of  tho  bor-ahoo :  and  the  want  of  pnvsnro  on  the 
heel,  genentlly  occanioncd  by  their  nse,  would  produce  a  softoaad  Wid 
bulboos  statv  of  the  hc<<Is,  that  would  of  itwlf  bo  aa  invritable  sonioe  vt 
lameiues. 

Hr.  Spoonor,  of  Soothamplom,  Tory  properly  statoE,  that  the  corns 
OCCMuwalty  fester,  and  tho  purulent  matter  which  is  secrotvd,  having  no 


TllRVSil. 


423 


i: 


di}p«Ddcnt  orifice,  ncouoilii,  Uirluriii^  tbi'  ivnimal  (o  a  dreadful  osUmt,  mud 
biwika  eai  mt  the  oorotiet.  These  cases  an  very  tranbleaome.  Sinaae* 
ue  tamoi,  And  the  ctiI  may  trad  in  qaittor.  A  lar^  atid  fVe«  dependent 
orifioo  mast  then  bo  nuula,  uudnpoaltico  Applied;  to  which  sboaldmcoocd 
K  Rolntdoa  of  sulphate  of  euu:,  irith  tha  applicutioii  of  the  oompound  tar 
ointmenU 

The  caDBc  of  corn  is  a  most  important  sabject  of  enoniry,  and  which  a 
carofnl  oxuminatioii  of  tho  foot  and  thoahoo  will  ca&il/discoTor.  Thocnnw 
bcdo^  oaoarbunod,  tho  oBouL  may,  to  a  gT«a,t  Rxtfrot,  be  ulturwrarda  nimoved. 
Taming  tnti  to  gnM,  after  ihe  horn  ma  little  grovru,  gnit  withabar-ahoe, 
and  aflcT-warda  wiUi  tho  sboo  nailed  on  the  ouuidc,  or  with  tips,  wil]  ofloa 
bo  Mrviconblo.  A  honxi  that  haa  ooco  bnd  qotds  to  any  coiuidoraUa 
extent  iiboiild,  at  evmy  ahocing,  baTo  thio  itvat  of  com  well  pared  ont,  and 
tbu  batyr  of  antimony  applied,  lie  Mated  Hboo  (b«Te«fl«r  to  be  d^ 
•cnbed)  should  bo  luod,  with  a  web  saffioiently  thick  to  cover  tho  place 
of  corn,  and  estonding  aa  far  bock  n«  it  can  be  mado  to  do  without  injury 
to  the  frog. 

Low  weak  heela  should  be  rarely  toadied  with  the  knife,  or  anything 
more  be  dona  to  th<nn  tliui  lightly  to  rasp  th«m,  in  order  to  give  them 
ft  laral  asrfiioa.  The  inner  h«i:l  nhould  bo  particnlnrly  spared.  Corns 
■TD  addom  found  iu  the  hiud-fcwt,  bccunse  the  hccis  are  strongvr,  and  the 
feet  an;  not  exposed  to  so  ninch  coiioaasioo  ;  a:id  when  they  are  found 
tlMiro,  they  are  rarely  or  nover  prodnctira  of  lamcaees.  There  is  nothing 
MtfaapM  in  which  tlio  improvement  in  tho  rotcrinary  art  hu  rolioTcd  tho 
norse  from  so  mnoH  Riflurtng  aa  shoeing. 

THBVSK.  ' 

Thia  is  a  diMchargo  of  ofTensivu  matter  from  the  olcfl  of  the  Irog.  It  is 
inflammation  of  the  lower  snrfhoe  of  the  aensitive  trog,  and  during  which 
pna  18  secreted  together  with,  or  instead  of  horn.  When  tho  £ro|;  ta  in  its 
sound  state,  the  cleft  ainka  but  a  little  way  into  it ;  bnt  when  it  beoomca 
contisct^^l  or  othcrwico  ditKuiaed,  it  extoniM  in  length,  and  penotfatea  oven 
to  tho  sensitive  lamina  witliin, and  throo^h  thiHuivnuturallydeiTptincd  BsBUTV 
the  thrushy  discharge  proceeds.  A  plethoric  stAt«  of  th«  body  may  be  a 
prodi^posing  csnje  of  thruib,  but  the  immediate  and  grand  cnaao  in 
tnniRture.  This  should  never  be  frir^>tteii,  for  it  will  load  a  great  way 
towardu  thi'  proper  Irtwtmont  of  the  diacikae.  If  the  feet  ar«  hnbitnally 
covered  with  any  moist  application — bis  standing  so  mnch  on  his  own 
dsDg  is  a  fair  example — tbrnub  will  inciHlably  appear.  It  is  canned  by 
•ayUiiDg  that  intorierns  with  Uie  healthy  i^trncture  and  action  of  the  fn^. 
Wfi  find  it  in  the  hinder  feet  oftener  and  worso  than  in  the  for4%  beennan 
iu  oar  stable  management  the  hinder  fbet  are  loo  mnoh  exposed  tu  the  per- 
nicious  effcots  of  the  dang  and  the  nrino,  moistening,  or  as  it  wore  maco- 
rating,  and  at  the  same  bmo  irritating  thvm.  Tho  distance  of  tha  hinder 
feet  &om  tho  oontre  of  tho  circulation  a-onld  alsoi,  aa  in  the  case  of  gn-aae, 
more  eocposo  them  to  acouniulationa  of  Quid,  and  discharges  of  this  kind. 
lo  the  toie-feet,  thrashes  nee  nimally  oouwctod  witfaf  conti«ction.  We 
havestated  that  they  are  both  tbe  cauae  Rnd  the  effect  of  contiaotion.  The 
pnanre  on  the  frog  from  tho  wiring  in  of  the  heola  will  pxodnoe  pain  and 
inflammatian :  and  the  inilammAtion,  by  the  increased  beat  and  mspended 
fnnctiun  of  the  part,  will  dispOAo  to  oontraelion.  Uonea  of  alt  agca,  and 
in  almost  all  sitaations,  are  sabjeet  to  tlirusb.  TIm  nashod  colt  ia 
freqnently  thai  diseased. 

iTinuJieii  ore  not  always  accompanied  by  lamencas.  In  a  great  many 
cauea  the  appearance  of  the  fool  is  scarcely  or  not  at  all  altered,  a»<l  the 
dinrann  can  only  be  dofoctod  by  close  examination,  or  the  peculiar  smelt  of 


4-u  ^^^mmr         Tuni'sn.  ^h^^^h^^^h 

tho  dUchargu.  The  frog  m&y  not  Appear  to  be  laJDMB  lu  tito  aligklofl 
dr^OR  Urniifr  by  it.  and  theroforo  the  horop  tatty  not  be  considered  by  nuMH 
aa  unsonod.  Every  disensc,  hovrerer,  sbottld  bo  cotisiiiorod  as  legal  nw 
eooudnew,  find  cspi.'cniilly  o,  disease  wbicb,  oltboiieh  not  ntl^^nded  witit 

CeHFat  dcirinnait,  mnat  uot  be  neglecUxU  for  it  wfill  ftventtiallj  infnri)  and 
nii  tbo  liorse.  Ail  other  things  being  right,  a  horae  should  not  be 
Injected  beoaOflo  he  hiut  a  nlieht  l.bmsh,  for  if  the  nhapo  of  the  hoof  is  nM 
BlttTcd,  piperioiM'n  ti-Us  uti  tfcat  tJio  thrush  is  easily  rcmnvcd  ;  hnt  if  this 
is  not  anon  done,  th<)  shape  of  the  foot  and  the  action  of  the  liorM;  will  bo 
allurvd.  and  uaDlfest  nusoniidDeBS  urill  results  A  faTonriie  liobby  of  the 
lat«  talautod  Profrssnr  (^olcnum  wna  that  prrssnro  on  the  frog  was  the 
oiBly  one  thing  nnodful  to  prevent,  contraction  and  thrush,  and  to  mch  an 
CKtrnt  did  bo  carry  out  this  ides,  that  he  took  out  a  puleat  for  a  «hoo  to 
cnvLT  the  toe  of  tlie  foot  only,  wth  a  bar  projecting  back  U>  cotct  the 
frag  and  roceivo  the  weight  of  the  nniinnl ;  this  proved  to  be  an  niter 
IKlliwy,  and  vnt»  vniy  gioon  nlmndoncd.  A  clever  modification  of  thesame 
idea  lias  Iat<?Iy  einauut^d  from  a  very  talented  amatoor  holding  an 
important  position,  and  this  is,  that  a  thin  plate  of  wood  or  gotta  pcrcha 
ehoold  bo  nnpliod  to  the  Frog  in  the  stsible,  one  end,  the  narrow  on«,  being 
secured  oniicr  the  tou  of  tlio  shoe,  and  the  other,  tbo  Innait  one,  tied  rOUBd 
the  bock.  This  is  certainly  a  much  more  poeaiblo  and  praotioable  pi 
sition  than  that  of  the  Irtte  ProfcMior. 

Tho  progrciu  of  a  nrglect^d  thmsh,  although  BometimeB  slow,  U  sura.' 
Tbo  fixig  begins  to  cnntraet  in  size — it  bcKromcc  rowli,  ndged,  brittle, 
tender — Uio  discharge  is  more  copions  and  more  oSanidve — tba  tom 
gradually  disapjwara — a  mass  of  hardened  mucus  usurps  its  place  — 
this  oaaily  peals  ofi',  and  the  sensitive  frog  remains  exposed;  th«  honn 
cannot  boar  it  to  he  touclurd  —  fiingous  gninnlations  spnng  from  it^tbey 
*prcnd  aronnd — the  sole  booomes  nnder-rou,  and  oankor  steals  over 
gmitiT  purt  of  the  foot. 

There  are  few  errors  more  common  or  more  dangerous  than  thia,  thai 
the  existence  of  thmah  is  a  matter  of  littl^  conseqncnce,  or  ewn,  aa  aoome 
■appose,  n  honcfit  to  tho  horse  —  a  diBcharRe  far  trnpRrahnndant  homoora 
—  and  that  it  ahonld  not  be  dried  up  too  quickly,  and  in  itnme  casca  not 
dried  up  at  all.  If  a  yoong  colt,  fnt  and  l\iU  of  blood,  has  a  bad  tlimsh, 
with  Dtnch  discharge,  it  will  bo  prudent  to  accompany  the  attempt  ab 
ooro  by  a  dose  of  physio  or  a  course  of  dinrotjo*.  A  few  dinredca  may 
sot  be  injurious  when  wo  are  endeavouring  to  dry  up  tbruHh  in  oVdm 
honofl !  bnt  the  diseuse  can  ■carecly  bo  nttackcd  too  soon,  or  subdoed  loo 
ri^dly,  and  L>iiiii>cia11y  when  it  vtenis  on  so  insidionsly,  and  baa  mcb  fittal 
Ooousquances  in  itn  train.  If  the  heels  once  begin  to  ootitract  throngh  the 
banefU  eOecta  of  thrush,  it  will,  with  difBculty,  ornotatall,  be  afterwards 
removed. 

There  are  many  recipes  to  slop  a  running  thrush.  Almost  every 
application  of  an  antrin^it,  but  not  of  too  caustic  nature,  will  havo  t^ 
elTeiH ;  the  host  for  ordinary  use  will  bo  fotuid  to  be  tlio  aulphat«  of 
sino,  or  white  vitriol  and  tar  ointment.  Tho  xino  should  bo  finely  pow- 
dered, and  used  in  the  proportion  of  a  drachm  to  ono  oantw  of  tho  oinU 
ment;  a  sowtl  pletlgrt  of  tow,  moislc-ned  with  this,  should  be  lightly 
intmdnood  into  the  cleft  of  the  frog  every  evening.  The  oonunon 
.Agypb'acum  (vinegar  boiled  with  honey  and  rerdigrcace)  ts  a  good  Uni- 
raent ;  hot  tho  mort  nffoctnal  and  tho  safnit  — drying  up  the  discharge 
speedily,  bnt  not  suddenly — is  a  paste  composed  of  bine  vitriol,  tar,  and 
lanl,  in  proportions  aocoi^Iing  to  tho  vimlence  of  the  thrnah. 

A  pleoffot  of  tow  covered  with  it  Khotitd  he  introdncod  as  deeply  as  pos> 
•tbla,  7«t  withoDt  fbroe,  into  the  cleft  of  tlio  frog  every  night,  aim  ramored 


i^nud     J 
>ropo^ 

Bura^^ 


^ 

l.»^^ 


CAKEKR.  ■     ^^^^^^  4Sfi 

in  tho  mnming  brforc  Uio  Iiotbc  gocH  tc  vc>rlc.  Attention  should  (A  the 
Hame  timi?,  na  in  oUior  disMUM  of  iW  foot,  1)0  pud  U>  tliu  apparent  cbum 
of  tbo  ooiDi>Iaiiity  &ud  that  cause  should  be  caraJUlj  obviatMi  or  rcmorcd. 
Before  the  npplication  of  the  pBSt^,  tho  frog  should  bo  esamined,  and 
eYory  looso  mrt  of  tho  bom  nr  liardcni^  diiuihargo  rrmoTcd ;  nnd  if  mach 
of  tbo  frog  ui  t)i(.-n  «x[K)itL'd,  a  Iar;^r  and  wider  puree  of  toir  covered  with 
tbe  pB«t«  maj  bu  placi>d  over  it,  in  addition  to  tliv  pIcdL-t-t  introdncvd  into 
the  cli-ll  of  tbe  trog.  It  will  bo  necessary  to  preservo  the  frog  moist  whita 
the  cure  is  io  progrcsn,  and  this  may  be  none  by  fillini;  the  foot  with  low 
covered  by  common  stopping,  or  osiiijt  tlio  felt  pud,  lilcewiae  covered  wiiii 
it.  Turning  out  woold  bo  prejndiiiial  mlber  tbau  of  benefit  lo  thrashy 
feet,  except  tbe  divssing  is  continued,  and  tbe  feet  defended  from 
inoifltniv. 

curczK 

la  a  acjiiinition  of  the  bom  Iroiii  tlie  uvuaitivo  part  of  tbe  foot,  and  th« 
sproatmff  of  hngotu  growths  instead  of  it,  occupying  a  portion  or  even 
the  wfaole  of  tho  solo  and  Irog.  Nor  do  these  constitute  the  only  seats  of 
its  devastationn ;  it  tnmH  over  the  lower  eilee  of  thn  foot,  and  insidiously 
cnepa  up  tba  front  or  HidcH,  diaurKHiuiHinff  tbo  buiiinni  in  itA  progress,  and 
tbis  in  some  cases  to  such  an  extent  that  tbe  connection  b*«twcnt  tbo 
sensitiTo  and  insensitive  laminn*  in  entirely  destroyed,  and  the  hoof  may 
drop  fmtn  tho  font  on  the  rood  or  in  the  irtnblo.  It  is  tbe  oocanonal  con- 
MK|aon(M.'  of  bmiiie,  punelnre,  com,  quitter,  an<t  thmah,  and  ia  oxcocd- 
ingly  difficult  lo  core.  It  is  more  frequently  tbe  oonaetpicnoo  of  neglet-ted 
Utruh  tiian  of  any  other  diseaKO  of  tW  foot,  or  ratber  it  id  thrnab  in- 
volving the  Irog,  th«  ban,  and  tho  sole,  and  malting  the  foot  one  mass 
of  diKeuae. 

Although  canker  is  often  the  result  of  neglected  thrush,  it  is  distiti- 
gnished  Grom  it  by  its  malignant  nature,  and  the  great  tendency  to  tha 
formation  of  fongoid  growths ;  tbo  Inttcr  arc  not  foand  in  ordioaty 
thmsb. 

It  ia  oftenest  funnd  in,  and  is  almost  peculiar  to  tUo  heavy  breed  of  cart 
horses,  and  partly  resulting  from  constitutional  predisposition.  HonH-s 
with  wldte  legs  and  thiek  skinn,  and  much  hair  upon  their  legs. — tho  very 
character  of  many  dray  horses,— arn  Kubjcet  to  eunker,  eiipocially  if  tbey 
have  had  an  attack  of  gnaac,  or  tlicir  heela  are  habitually  tJiick  and 
masy.  The  disposition  to  canker  is  certainly  hereditary.  Tbe  dmy 
Dorso  llkowise  has  tbis  disadvanlnee,  that  in  order  to  give  him  f'Xrt'hMX, 
it  ia  aonutiaM  noooMary  to  niso  uio  heela  of  tbo  hinder  feet  so  high,  that 
■D  pFMRUV  on  the  frog  is  taken  away ;  its  fnnctiona  ara  devtroyed,  and  it 
is  tendered  liable  to  disease.  Canker,  however,  arises  moat  of  all  frum  tho 
neglect  of  the  feet  and  the  filthinesa  of  the  stable  in  theae  eataUiahinents. 

Althongh  canker  is  a  diaoowi  most  diffieult  to  remove,  it  is  onnly  pro- 
vented.  Attention  to  Die  panetniea  to  which  these  ht»\'y  huracn,  with 
tlieir  dabbed  feet  and  brittle  boofk,  are  more  than  any  others  subject  in 
riuMi&ff,  and  to  the  bruises  and  trends  on  tho  ooroDot,  to  which  from  their 
KwkwardnesB  and  weight  they  are  so  liable,  and  the  grnaity  herls  which  a 
vary  sUffht  dogroo  of  negligence  will  produce  in  them,  and  the  stopping 
of  the  OimHbes,  which  are  so  apt  tu  tbem  to  ran  on  lo  the  KDOtation  (S 
the  bom  from  Uie  sensitive  frog,  will  tnn^t  materially  lessen  tlie  nmnber 
of  Cftakand  GMt,  Whore  this  dipien*!-  often  occurs,  the  owner  of  tbetoun 
wmj  be  wan  aamred  that  there  in  miHiuiLiiHgi-uiunt  uiUier  in  himself  or  his 
bonekeeper,  or  (lie  xmith,  and  it  will  rarely  be  a  difficult  matter  to  detect 
ttutpruciae  nature  of  that  minuanagemont. 

The  cure  of  canker  is  tbe  boAnew  of  tho  veterinary  surgeon,  and  a 


J 


4m  OSSIFICATION    OF  THE   CARTILAGES.       (SIDE-BONES.)  ~ 

mo^t  painfiil  nnd  Uidions  bttsiness  it  is.  The  principloe  on  which  he  pro- 
ccGiia  nre,  tint  of  nJI,  to  rcmovo  the  estitmeous  fdngons  ^rowtli,  kiuI  for 
lliiB  pnrposo  lie  will  nood  tUo  aid  of  the  knife  and  the  caiutio,  or  tbu 
ca,nt(.*ry,  for  ho  should  ciit  ftway  every  portion  of  horn  which  is  in  UiA 
ftlightost  d«gTco  separated  from  the  aenaitive  part«  beneittb.  He  wiU  haw 
to  disconri^  tho  growth  of  fresh  fungae,  and  to  briag  the  foot  into  thkt 
state  in  which  it  will  again  s«srat«  healthy  horn.  Here  he  will  rumember 
thftt  ha  has  to  do  with  tho  guifaee  of  the  loot;  tlittt  this  is  »  disease  of  tlw 
mirfece  onlr,  and  that  there  will  be  no  necessity  forthoeedeeply-ooTTodine 
and  tortarmg  cnnstice  which  jwnctrate  to  the  very  bone.  A  Blight  »na 
daily  applioutiou  of  nitric  acio,  and  that  nob  where  tho  dsw  horn  la  form* 
injf,  hot  on  tho  surface  which  continncs  to  be  dimaced,  (tad  Moomjiwued 
by  ns  Hrm  but  cqnni  prexsnro  na  cnn  be  miule — the  careftil  ftroiduico  of 
tJui  Nli|;htoiit  ilcffrcu  of  moisture — the  horee  being  exercised  or  worked  in 
tho  in  ill,  or  wheruver  the  foot  will  not  be  exposed  to  wot,  and  tbxt  cxei^ 
ciae  adopted  as  cai-ly  as  possible,  and  oven  from  tho  beginning,  if  lbs 
malady  is  oonlined  to  the  sole  and  frog — these  moans  will  cnccniCd  if  (be 
diwuuM  is  capable  of  cure.  Hiunauity,  perhaps,  will  diotuto,  that,  con- 
ndering  the  luug  prouess  of  Cure  in  a  cankered  foot,  ftnd  tha  daily  tortnrv 
of  the  caustic,  and  the  suiTering  which  would  othenriM  Twolt  from  no 
lugs  or  ucpoeed  a  surtlice,  the  nen-es  of  the  leg  should  be  divided  in  order 
to  tales  swky  the  senile  of  paiu  ;  and  also  to  inducu  the  animal  to  place 
the  (<>ot  lively  to  the  ground,  ood  thns  produce  that  pressure  which  is  ao 
«s6i.'UtLal  to  reduce  these  t^ingoid  growths.  Dut  this  will  rarely  be  nacM- 
sary,  inasmuch  ns  it  is  a  disease  which  does  not  gencrnlly  cause  much 
pain.  It  sometimes  aasumca  a  rery  matigniuit  form,  and  extends  rtifndly, 
implicating  tho  ouiEn-bone  and  otlier  purls  of  the  foot.  In  this  stago  of 
th(f  disease,  all  attempts  at  cure  will  be  jruitleas,  and  the  animal  aboald 
be  destroyed. 

Medicine  is  not  of  mnch  av^i]  in  the  cure  of  canker.  It  is  a  local 
disease ;  or  the  only  cause  of  fear  is,  tliut  so  great  a  determiiiation  of 
blood  tu  the  C'xtremitieA  having  existed  during  the  long  progress  of  core, 
it  may  in  some  decree  oontinue,  and  produoo  injury  in  anouier  form.  Il 
may,  thercforo,  bo  pmdcnt,  when  the  cnpo  of  a  cankered  foot  is  nearly 
effected,  to  Bubjoct  the  horse  to  a  course  of  nltcratireii  or  diurotioa, 

OSSIFICATION    or  TSB    CASTIUOES.       (SIDI-BORZS.) 

Mention  has  been  miulo  of  the  side  or  htlurul  uirtitagis  of  tlu>  foot, 
occupying  a  consilient  I  rio  portion  of  the  ext«nia]  side  and  baok  part 
of  tho  foot.  They  arc  designed  to  provont  concussion  and  pruerre  llw 
expansion  of  tho  up;i<T  part  of  tlio  foot,  and  espocially  tnien  that  of 
tiie  lower  part  is  Uiniti^il  or  destroyed  by  cureless  shoeing.  Theas  Gortil- 
■gH  ore  Bobjcct  to  iiiflammatian,  and  the  result  of  that  inflammation 
is,  that  tho  cnrtilstgcH  arc  absorbed,  and  bone  suhstituled  in  their  stood. 
This  osHilieation  of  the  airtiliig<!W  friHjnently  accompanies  rinebone,  bat  it 
may  exitit  without  any  offei-'tiou  of  the  pwtcm  joint.  It  is  oHeniost  found 
in  hones  of  heavy  dxaiight.  Very  few  h«avy  druaght  horws  arrivs  al 
old  ago  withoat  this  chuigo  of  stmotnre ;  and  pamcnlarly  if  tboy  an 
mnch  emplmred  in  tho  paved  stmcts.  The  change  commcncos  sometuaca 
at  U*o  auU-nor  part  of  the  o&rtihigc,  but  much  oftcnor  at  the  posbarior 
Uld  inferior  part. 

There  are  few  discae<«  in  which  tho  influonco  of  hereditaiy  pr» 
dispo«ition  ii  moro  apparent  than  in  connection  with  ossification  of  the 
lateral  cartilMea.  So  much  docs  this  prevail  in  some  distncls,  and 
HpaciaUy  in  the  midland  counties,  that  it  is  somowhat  difficult  to  find  a 
cart-liorse  eight  or  nioe  yean  old  without  more  or  le«s  osHilication  of  the 


WBAK.VESS  OP  THE  FOOT.  427 

e&rtilagos.  Tlie  ciU-nt  to  which  Uiih  diseose  exists  in  Qiveo  (Ustricta  from 
tlie  contanned  pomieiouB  sTstem  of  breeding  from  part'iita  affeoted  with  it, 
will  raulnr  its  ranonJ,  ctoo  with  the  most;  careM  att«ntioii  to  breeding, 

•  Btattor  Kttondod  with  much  dlfficQltj-,  u.-ad  oitending  over  a  coosid<rrnbl« 
timo.  AHhough  nlde-bonui,  lu  tho  msult  of  bcroditary  predispoaition,  do 
not  aa  &  rule  cauae  lameneaa.  or  materially  deteriorate  tho  uBeftdnwa  of 
tbe  Bgriooltnr&l  bono,  it  should  be  remembered  by  the  breeder  that  it  is 

•  dtMBH  which  renders  tho  animal  tm sound,  and  consfqacntly  consider- 
■Ut  rednCM  hia  oommciviaJ  viilan.  Concnssion  in  thr  mont  frcqnent  ox. 
tibag  Oftoae  of  onafication  of  tho  oartila^.  *  From  t.hi?  c^ombincd  opcm- 
tiOB°(wjrB  Mr,  W.  Spooner,  in  hi«  work  on  the  '  Foot  of  the  Bona  ')  '  of 
gral  wo^t  sad  bie h  action,  tbo  feet,  and  particolarly  the  heels,  come 
witli  grcftt  foTOO  on  toe  groand.  Tho  cartilitgog,  bring  embedded  in  tho 
beela  of  tho  foot,  are,  therefore,  thu  purtu  thnt  receive  tbe  {frcnteiit  degroo 
of  conciuaion.  tbe  c<inso>qaonce  of  which  is  that  suba«ut«  inflammation  ii 
set  Dp,  and  tho  eecretlng  Yossola  d^wdt  ossific  instead  of  cartilaginous 
maitor,  in  thu  room  of  that  which  im  nbsorbed  in  tho  usual  procos)  of 
Batnre.* 

lb  Mmetimea  aiues  from  dii'««t  injury  to  tbe  part^  sucli  aa  over-reach. 
When  the  result  of  ths  latter,  the  ossiUcation  is  coufined  to  the  ii^ured 
cnrtilngn,  Sido-boncii  are  more  frrqnentlr  tnnt  with  in  the  foro  than  in 
tlie  bind-ft-irt,  hut  when  beroditury,  utl  the  fuet  will  uot  tuifniqacaitly  bo 
found  affected. 

No  evident  inflammation  of  the  foot,  or  great,  or  perhaps  erm  per- 
ocptibte  buDdoan,  w^companicH  this  chnn^;  a  mere  Flight  dop«a  of 
■hflneas  may  hare  been  observed,  whid),  m  a  horao  of  mom  mpid  pace, 
wuuhl  have  been  lameness.  Kven  when  the  change  m  completed,  there  is 
not  in  anj  casc«  anything  more  than  a  slight  increase  of  stiShess,  little, 
or  not  at  all,  intorfuring  with  tho  oncfhlnocs  of  tho  horse.  When  this 
altcrod  ■tructum  uppears  in  tbe  lighter  horao,  the  lomencnii  is  more  docidml, 
and  raeona  should  i>e  tahun  to  arretit  tbe  progreaa  of  tho  cbang«.  TbuM 
an  bUstere  or  firing ;  but  &(\er  tho  part«  have  become  bony,  no  opeTutiun 
will  restore  tho  cartilage.  When  tho  ossitic  deposit  is  thrown  out  on  odo 
sida  of  tho  foot  only,  whinh  not  nnfrnqnontty  occur*,  tbo  oporatioti  of 
neuroLomy  na  tho  allected  side  will,  an  Ima  been  before  stated,  be  found  a 
vetT  TBluahle  remedy. 

Oonnected  with  ringbone  the  lameness  may  bo  very  grvat.  This  has 
bent  spoken  of. 

WSASITZSS  OP  THX  FOOT. 
This  is  more  aocarutoly  a  hud  forniAtion  than  a  discasoj  often,  indeed, 
tho  result  of  diaease,  hut  in  many  itistiuicM  tbo  natural  oonstmction  of 
the  foot.  The  term  if^akfoot  is  familiar  to  every  horseman,  and  the  con- 
scqnenco  is  too  severely  felt  by  all  who  hnvo  to  do  with  horsra.  In  tho 
xhintinf;  of  the  onut  from  tho  coronet  to  tbe  toe,  a  lets  anglu  is  aluio«t 
iu\-ariub1y  formed,  amouiitiiig  probably  t«  not  more  than  forty  instead  of 
forty-five  degrees ;  nod  after  ue  heme  has  hcon  worked  for  one  or  two 
yaan,  tlie  lino  is  not  etraight,  but  a  bttio  indcut«l  or  bollow,  midway 
Wfeweon  tbs  ooronet  and  the  toe.  This  haa  been  described  as  the  oooom* 
paidment  of  pumioed  fe«t,  but  it  is  often  seen  in  weak  fbet,  that,  althon^h 
thej  might  become  pumiced  by  severity  of  work,  do  not  otherwi«i  have 
tlko  sole  convex.  The  crnut  in  not  only  less  ohliqne  tlian  it  ou^ht  to  he, 
but  H  has  not  the  Nnwoth  even  appi-arauce  of  the  good  foot.  TIil>  surface 
is 'sometimes  irregularly  ronghoncl,  but  it  is  much  olbiDer  ruugbt-oed 
in  cirdes  or  rings,  Tbe  form  of  the  cruKt  bkowico  prtisont«  too  much 
tho  appearance  of  a  oono ;  the  bottom  of  tho  foot  is  unnaturally  wkIo  in 


4M 


WEAKN! 


OF  TIIE 


proportion  to  the  coroupt ;  nnrt  the  whole  of  tlic  foot  is  gonorall;,  but  not 
ftlwiwK,  Iiki^er  tbftn  it  should  bo. 

\Vlicn  tie  fool  la  lifted,  it  will  ofhrn  present  a  round  and  circular 
iip|]tNiraui.'o,  with  a  fulness  of  frog  tlint  woold  mislead  ihe  inuxpenenoed, 
and  indeed  be  considered  as  aim otit  the  perfoclioD  of  stTTjclure;  but,  being 
rinniinocl  more  closely,  niiiny  glui-ing  dafeots  will  bo  scon.  'I'ho  sole  u 
flat,  and  tlic  smith  tindfi  that  it  will  bear  little  or  no  purini;.  The:  ban  artt 
maaXX  in  size.  They  are  not  eiit  i^war  by  the  soiilh,  but  they  can  be 
Bcarcely  said  to  hnve  any  existence.  The  heels  urn  low,  so  low  that  Um 
very  coninet  seems  almost  to  touch  theeronud;  and  thecrant,  ifoxamined, 
ajjjHjara  BCiirouly  thick  enongh  to  hold  the  nails. 

Horses  with  these  feet  can  never  stand  mnch  work.  Tfaej  will  be 
&nbjwt  to  corns,  to  bmiscs  of  the  sole,  to  convcjdly  of  tbo  sole,  to  putfi' 
tiircA  in  nailing,  to  breaking  away  of  the  cmst,  to  inflammatioD  M  OiM 
foot,  and  to  sprain  and  injury  of  the  pattern,  and  the  fetlock,  and  tlio  flexor 
tendon. 

These  feet  ftdmit  of  little  improvement.  Shoeing  as  Boldom  aa  may  bo, 
nnd  with  n  li^ht  and  yet  concave  web  and  leather  soles :  littln  or  no  paring 
at  tlie  tim(>  ol  shooing,  and  ua  little  violent  work  as  possibUi,  and  especial^ 
on  rongh  rotula,  may  protraut  for  a  long  period  the  evil  day,  bot  he  irho 
bays  a  horse  with  thoso  feet  will  sooner  or  later  have  oanso  to  repent  hii 
barpain. 

Uaniorugnt  of  thb  Feet. — This  is  a  part  of  «liihle  mnnnffrrmont  that  is 
oftfn  sftdly  neglected  by  the  oartor  and  groom.  The  fuel  should  be  c«iefnlly 
examined  every  morning,  for  the  shoes  may  bo  loose,  and  the  hone  would 
have  been  stopped  in  the  middJe  of  his  work ;  or  tbo  clooches  may  be 
raised,  and  endanger  the  woonding  of  his  legs ;  or  tho  ithoo  may  begin  to 
press  npon  the  sole  or  the  heel,  and  bruises  of  tbu  Hole,  or  com,  may  be 
the  renull ;  and,  the  horse  ha\-ing  stood  so  lonf;  iu  the  stable,  evety  IitUe 
inereaau  of  heal  in  the  foot,  or  lameness,  will  bo  mora  readily  detected, 
and  serious  disease  may  often  bo  prevented. 

When  the  horse  comes  in  nt  night,  and  aftrr  the  hnmoM  lia«  b«m  taken 
off  and  stowed  away,  tho  heels  should  be  well  bnubed  oot.  Hand-mb- 
biug  will  be  preferablu  to  washing,  especially  in  the  egricultnml  boTM, 
wh^e  heels,  covered  with  long  Lair,  can  scarcely  bo  dried  arain.  If  the 
dirt  is  inffercd  ttt  accnmulate  in  that  long  hair,  the  bccls  Trill  become  SOW, 
and  grcfuie  will  follow ;  and  if  the  heels  are  wnshcd,  and  particularly  doling 
the  winter,  grease  will  result  from  tho  coldness  occasioned  by  the  alow 
erwporation  of  tho  moisture.  The  feet  should  be  stopped — even  the  feet 
of  uio  farmnr's  horse,  if  ho  remains  in  the  stable.  Very  little  clay  shonU 
bo  used  in  the  Ktopping,  for  it  will  get  hard  and  prees  ujHin  tho  scde.  Cow- 
dnng  ii  the  best  stopping  to  preser\'c  tho  feet  cool  and  elastic ;  bnt,  before 
thu  stepping  is  applied,  the  picker  should  be  run  round  the  whole  of  tho 
Ibot,  between  the  shoe  and  tho  sole,  in  order  to  detect  any  stone  that  may 
have  uurinnatcd  itself  there,  or  a  wonnd  on  any  other  part  of  the  aole. 
For  the  baekncy  and  hunter,  slopping  is  indispensable.  Afl«r  eorenl 
days'  hiLrd  work,  it  will  afford  vory  groalrehef  to  take  the  shoect  off,  haTiBg 
put  plenty  of  litter  under  the  horse,  or  to  turn  him,  if  poaciUa,  into  a 
looeo-box ;  and  the  shoes  of  oveiy  horse,  whether  hardly  worked  or  Dot) 
BhooJd  be  romorod  or  changed  once  in  every  three  weekii. 


OK  SHOEING. 


420 


CHAPTER  XX. 


ON   SnOEINO, 


Xeb  period  whea  tbe  shoo  began  to  be  iialI«i1  (o  tbo  foot  of  Ht/^  bone  ia 
nBOVHwD.     Wiliinm  tbe  Normiui  introdncwd  it  into  our  conntiT. 

Wo  havo  Been,  in  tlio  pra^rcHS  of  oar  inqtiirv,  that^  vliil*  it  ftSbrds  to 
tbe  toot  of  the  horse  that  defence  nrhtdUsi^emsitow  to  boneoGHMuyaaMiitt 
tfaa  destroctive  ctTecte  of  onr  artificial  and  flinty  roiuL),  it  luut  entailed  on 
th»  mnoBttii  Home  orila.  It  has  limited  or  destroyed  the  b^utiful  extanai- 
bili^  of  tbo  lowiT  port  of  the  foot — it  bus  led  to  contrftction.  ailDonffb 
that  Gontnw.'tion  has  uot  always  been  accampuiied  by  Inmenon — in  the 
ttoet  careRtl  6niie  of  the  best  shoe,  and  in  tlie  carelnw  Dmnnfautuni  and 
Mtting  oa  of  th«  hod  one,  irreparable  iojary  bas  occasionally  been  done  to 

Wo  will  firBt  attend  to  tbe  preparation  of  the  foot  for  the  shoe,  for  mora 
tliau  is  generally  imagined,  of  its  comfort  to  the  horae,  and  itd  safoty  to 
the  rider,  depends  on  this.  If  tho  nuwtor  wonld  occaeionnlly  accompany 
tlie  homo  to  tbo  form,  moro  expenae  to  himicif  and  panishmcnt  to  tM 
horar  would  be  sparM,  than,  perhaps,  he  would  thiulc  possible,  provided  h« 
wilt  take  the  pains  to  nnderatand  the  matter  himself,  otherwise  bo  bad 
better  not  intArfere. 

Tbo  old  ifaoo  muNt  bo  first  tukon  oiT.  We  have  something  to  obserro 
•Tcn  here.  The  shoe  was  retained  on  the  foot  by  the  endA  of  tlw  nailg 
bcdi^  twisted  off,  tomod  down,  and  clenched.  These  clenches  should  bo 
flitt  nised,  which  the  nnith  velilnra  takes  the  trouble  thoroughly  to  do ; 
bnt  after  looking;  cjirtilej>«lv  round  tlie  cruxt  and  loocenii^  one  or  two  of 
tli<!  clcnchea,  ho  takes  hold  first  of  one  Iieil  of  tlie  shoe,  and  then  of  tbo 
other,  and  by  a  violent  wrench  sepamtt^s  them  trom  the  foot ;  then,  1^ 
means  of  a  third  wrench,  applied  to  the  middto  of  the  shoe,  ho  tears  it 
oK  By  thewi  meanji  hci  muxt  onlarfio  every  nail-bole,  and  weaken  tho 
ftrbirti  and  Kt<iady  hold  of  the  shoe,  and  aometimcs  tear  off  portioni  of  tbo 
emst,  and  otherwise  injure  the  foot.  Tbo  horse  generally  shows  by  hia 
flinohiDg  that  he  salTers  from  ibc  violence  with  which  tiiis  prelimmaiy 
OwratioD  too  0^011  in  prrfurtaed.  Tbc  cleni^heM  should  always  bo  raised 
off:  and,  where  Um  fuut  is  lender,  or  the  horae  is  to  be  exanuned  for  bma- 
pwR,  each  nail  should  be  partly  punched  out.  According  to  the  common 
^tom  of  procedure,  many  a  stub  is  left  in  the  cnut,  the  soorco  of  fntnre 
unoymce. 

The  shoe  b»t*ing  been  removed,  tlie  smith  proceeds  to  nm  the  edf[«e  of 
tiui  crust.  Let  not  the  standcr-by  object  to  the  apparent  viotance  which  be 
nam,  or  fear  that  the  foot  will  sulTer.  It  ix  the  only  mcana  Uiat  bo  haii  to 
detect  wheUier  anv  stub*  remain  in  the  oatl-holes ;  and  it  is  tlie  most  con. 
Tenient  metliod  of^reniOTingtliat  portion  of  the  Croat  into  which  dirt  and 
ffrnvel  have  insinuated  thefoaelTW. 

Next  oomea  the  important  process  of  paring  out,  with  le^ard  to  which 
it  is  almost  impoMiblc  to  lay  down  any  spociJlc  rdes.  Thia^  however,  ia 
nndoiibted,  that  Car  more  injury  hna  bprJi  done  by  the  neglect  of  parint; 
than  l>y  carryiiiK  it  to  too  gront  an  r-xtent.  The  act  of  p«riog'  ia  a  work 
of  niueh  more  labonrthau  tboprounetor  of  the  horseoR«u  imagines.  The 
tmith,  except  be  is  overlookL-d,  will  freqaevtlj  give  htDtaelf  as  little  trouble 
abont  it  as  nn  can ;  and  that  portion  nf  ham  which,  in  the  unshod  foot, 
would  be  worn  away  by  contact  with  the  gronud,  ia  nffered  to  accumnJiste 


^ 


430 


ON  snoBisa. 


inoiitK  AfW  montli,  natil  the  elasticity  of  tlio  solo  is  dratrojrcd,  and  it  am 
no  longrr  dcBcivni),  und  iU  other  functions  are  iniptHled,  luid  foondjttioiL  ii 
laid  fur  oorn,  and  ountrnclion,  aud  inflaiuiiuLtion,  aud  DttTicnlar  discMC 
TliAt  portion  of  koni  ahoald  be  lc4l  on  the  foot  nliich  will  dcft-ud  the  in- 
tjiTnal  parts  fit>m  hcinp  bniised,  and  yet  sufTor  the  cxtcm&l  sole  to  d«sc«bd. 
How  M  this  to  be  nacertjainiH]?  The  strong  pn^esure  of  tho  thambpf  tlw 
faiuith  will  be  the  best  gnide.  Tbi'  buttress,  that  laost  dtwtmctiTo  of  aJI 
iiiatniiDcnts.  being,  except  on  very  particolar  occasions,  haiiiahed  lioai 
evury  respectable  fnrge,  the  emitb  ects  to  work  with  bin  drawing-knifo,  and 
rumoves  the  growtli  of  horn,  until  tie  sole  will  yiL-td,  ftltWnifh  in  the 
slightiMt  possible  dL-gret',  to  the  strong  pnjsaui^  of  bis  thnmb.  Tno  pmptr 
thiokncas  of  horn  will  then  remain. 

If  die  foot  hiks  been  previously  neglected,  and  the  hotn  is  booome  Terj 
hard,  the  owner  must  not  object  if  the  smith  resorte  to  soma  other  nii<Mu 
to  fiol^n  it  a  b'ttle,  and  takes  on«  of  his  flat  irons,  aud  havinv  be«tnd  it, 
draws  it  over  the  sole,  and  korps  it,  a  Uttlo  whilii,  in  contact  with  tku  foot. 
When  the  itohi  ia  really  thick,  this  rudo  and  npparentlv  barbarous  method 
can  do  uo  harm,  bat  it  should  ncrer  be  pemiittod  with  the  sola  that  is 
regularly  pared  out. 

The  qntuitity  of  horn  to  be  removed  in  order  to  leave  the  proper  degree 
of  thickncAa  will  vary  with  difierent  foct.  Fn>in  the  strong  foot  a  great 
dctd  xaxut  be  token.  From  tho  concave  foot  t)ie  bom  may  bo  romovtd 
until  the  sole  will  yield  to  a  moderate  pressure.  From  the  flat  foot  little 
needs  to  be  pared  ;  while  the  pamiced  foot  shonld  be  deprived  of  aotluag 
but  tho  roggnd  pnrts. 

The  puniig  being  nearly  completed,  the  knife  and  the  lani  of  the  snitli 
muHt  be  a  little  watched,  or  he  wilt  reduce  the  emnt  lo  a  level  with  the 
sole,  and  thus  endan|;^r  the  bruising  of  it  by  its  pressnre  on  the  edg«  of 
the  Bcnting.  Tho  crost  should  bo  rodoccd  to  a  poiVcct  lorel,  all  round,  bul 
Icit  a  tittlo  higher  than  the  solr. 

The  licuU  will  require  conniderablo  attention.  From  the  vtreu  which  is 
tlirowu  ou  the  inner  heel,  and  from  the  weakness  of  the  quarter  there,  the 
horn  usually  wears  away  considerably  faster  than  it  would  on  the  OQt«r 
one,  nnd  if  an  equal  portion  of  horn  were  pM«d  from  it,  it  would  be  loft 
liiwirr  tban  the  out«r  huul.  The  smith  should,  therefore,  aoconunodnte  his 
paring  to  the  comparative  wear  of  the  heels,  aud  be  exceedingty  oarelal  lo 
leave  them  precisely  lord. 

If  tho  ruulor  will  recollect  what  has  been  said  of  the  tntentioD  and 
actiouof  the  bars,  he  will  readily  perceive  tliat  the  smith  should  bo  checked 
in  his  almost  universal  fondness  for  opening  tho  beets,  or,  mure  truly, 
removing  tlint  which  is  the  main  impodmiont  to  contraction.  The  portion 
of  the  hcebt  betwtim  tlm  inflejcion  of  the  bar  and  the  frog  iihoutd  scnroely 
be  touched— at  leairt  tho  nkgged  and  detaolipd  parts  alone  shoold  be  cut 
away.  The  foot  may  not  look  so  fair  and  open,  but  it  will  last  longer 
with  on  t  oontJTwtion. 

The  bar,  likowiKe,  shonld  bo  left  fully  prominent^  not  only  at  ita  fint 
tuAexioii,  but  as  it  runs  dowu  the  side  of  tlie  frog.  The  lied  of  tbe  aboe 
is  derigoied  to  rv-st  partly  on  the  heel  of  the  foot  and  partly  on  the  bar,  for 
rcnsonx  that  have  born  ulri'jidy  ntotcd.  If  the  Inr  is  weak,  the  growth  cf 
it  dhould  be  (rncouroged ;  and  it  should  be  scurcety  louehed  when  the  boras 
is  ahod,  nnless  it  has  attuned  a  level  with  th«  crust.  Tho  reader  will 
reootlocC  the  observation  which  has  boon  alrcnjiy  mode,  that  the  destraotsoo 
of  the  bar*  not  only  loads  lo  contnu^ion  by  removing  tho  grand  impcdi- 
inant  to  il,  but  by  adding  a  sLill  more  iHiwerfuI  cause  in  the  alantitig 
direction  which  is  giron  to  the  bearing  at  the  heels,  when  the  hu  docs  not 
oontribBte  to  the  support  of  tho  weight. 


1^ 


THE  PrmSG  OS  OP  THE  snoE.  «1 

It  wiU  also  be  appare&t  Uiut  tbo  horn  between  Uio  crust  nnd  the  bar 
•hoald  be  cftrefullj  pared  out.  Bvt-ry  Iiorsemaii  hu  oliEL-rvud  Uio  relief 
which  ia  Epven  to  the  (uiimal  lame  with  oons  when  this  angle  ia  wi<Il 
thinned.  This  relief,  however,  is  oftoa  but  tompontry;  for  when  the 
ham  gtrnn  sigaiu,  uid  the  slioe  jiretwcx  opoa  it,  the  torture  of  the  horse  ia 
renewed. 

The  deg^roo  of  paring  to  which  the  fng  must  be  subject^  will  depend 
on  it«  pTomiiiencc,  and  on  the  Hlinpo  of  the  foot.  Theprinuiplehualreo^ 
been  >tttl«d,  that  it  miuit  be  U'ft  so  i&r  projecting  and  prominent,  that  it 
•baQ  be  just  withtD  ftod  ftbOTO  the  lower  tmrfiioe  of  the  kIioo  ;  it  will  then 
deseecd  with  th«  sols  nifficiantly  to  discharge  the  functions  tMt  have  been 
attribnied  to  it.  If  it  i«  lower,  it  will  bo  hnuscd  and  injured ;  if  it  ta 
bi([hvr,  it  cannot  come  in  contact  with  thu  ground,  and  thnii  In  enabled  to 
do  its  duty.  The  ragged  parts  must  be  removed,  and  eapefial!)'  thosu 
occtiHonM  hy  thrush,  bat  the  degree  of  paring  must  depend  entirely  ou 
'  .o  principle  jn«t  itated. 

It  apjxnra,  then,  that  theoffieeof  thonmiUi  m^mrc*  iuime  iiltiti  and  judg- 
ment in  order  to  be  properly  diachar^-i>d ;  and  the  proprietor  of  horiM  wul 
find  it  hia  interest  oocAsionally  to  visit  tbo  forge,  and  complain  of  the  care- 
1«M,  or  idle,  or  obstinato  follow,  while  he  rcwiuds  by  some  trifliw  gratuity 
the  sxpert  and  diligent  workman.  Ho  should  likewine  remomntr  that  a 
great  oe^  more  depends  on  the  paring  out  of  the  foot  than  on  the  oonatruc- 
tion  of  the  shoe ;  that  few  sbocfi,  except  thov  press  upon  the  sole,  or  are 
made  outrngiKmsly  bad,  will  lame  the  borso ;  but  ttiat  ho  mny  be  vvry  easily 
lanwd  from  ignorant  and  improper  paring  out  of  thu  foot. 

TEX   PDTTUfG   OV   OP   THS   BHOS. 

The  fbotbeingthaspropofeditlto  smith  looks  nimnt  for  a  shoe.  Heahould 
srloct  nno  tlint  oa  nearly  aa  ponsible  fits  the  foot,  or  muy  bo  oiuily  altered 
to  the  foot.  H«  will  sometimes,  and  espeotally  if  he  ia  un  idle  and  rccklrM 
ftilluw,  care  little  about  this,  for  he  can  rnaity  alter  the  foot  to  the  aho<!. 
The  toe-knife  is  u  very  conTcnicnt  instmincnt  for  him,  and  plenty  of  horn 
cmn  bo  struck  off  with  it,  »r  removed  br  the  nup,  in  order  to  moke  the  fbot 
aa  small  aa  the  shoe;  while  ho  carea  little.  alUunu^  Inr  Uiia  doatructive 
inetked  the  crust  is  materially  thinned  where  it  soonla  reoeivn  the  nail, 
and  the  danger  of  puncture  and  of  preMuro  upon  the  sole  is  increased ;  and 
a  foot  so  artifidatly  diminished  in  siur  vrill  soon  grow  OTcr  tho  shoe,  to  the 
baxanl  of  conaidenible  or  pennaneut  lameoess. 

While  the  horae  Is  travelling,  dirt  and  f^mvel  are  apt  to  inainnate  tbcm- 
aelres  between  tho  web  of  the  shoe  and  tlio  sole.  If  the  shoe  were  Hal, 
they  would  bo  ]>urmunenlly  tvtojncd  there,  ant)  wonid  braise  the  sole,  and 
bo  prodootire  of  injur}- ;  but  when  the  shoe  ia  properly  boTolted  off|  it  ia 
■esnely  posaible  for  them  to  remain.  They  most  be  shaken  oat  almoet 
cvciy  time  tbnt  the  foot  romca  in  contact  with  the  gronnd. 

Tbo  wob  of  the  shoe  ia  likcwiiu.'  of  that  tbicluie!i!i  that  when  the  foot  ia 
properly  pared,  tho  prominent  part  of  the  frog  shall  lie  jnat  within  and 
above  its  ground  sorraco,  so  that  in  tlic  doacont  of  tho  sole  tho  frag  shall 
oone  sufficiently  on  tho  ground  to  enable  it  to  iwrt  ua  a  wedge  and  b) 
expand  the  qnurters,  while  it  is  deffoded  from  the  wear  and  injni?  it  would 
reoeiTO  if  it  oauo  od  tho  ground  with  the  first  and  fall  shock  of  the 
weight. 

The  nail-holes  are.  no  the  ground  aide^  placed  aa  near  Uto  outer  edge  of 
the  ahov  as  they  can  safely  be^  and  brooght  oat  nwr  tho  inner  edge  oj*  the 
acating.  The  naila  Uina  take  a  direction  inward,  rewmbling  that  of  thu 
omat  itaelf,  and  hkve  flnner  hold,  whil«  tho  atrain  upon  then  in  the 


rffa 


tSi 


CALKISS. 


comman  nhoe  is  nllogetkcr  prevented,  itnd  the  weight  of  tbe  boroa 
thrown  on  u  tlut  surrnoc,  ooDtiaction  is  not  so  likely  to  be  ptodnccd. 

Tilt)  smiLli  sumetiiueij  objects  to  the  use  of  tliis  ehoe  ou  uoouuut  of  ita  doI 
beiut;  so  easily  formed  as  onB  coBiposed  of  a  bar  of  iion,  mtber  flftt  or  » 
tittle  bevelled.  It  likewise  occai'ies  more  time  in  tha  tarma^  ;  bat  tbesu 
objections  would  Tiuiisb  when  the  owner  of  tlie  horse  ucclihrrd  that  ke 
would  hSive  him  ^od  elsewhere,  or  when  he  eousented — 08,  in  jiuttioe,  ha 
should — to  pay  somewhat  moi-e  for  a  shoe  that  required  better  workman* 
ship  and  ton^r  time  in  the  conatnietioD. 

It  is  esju-diujit  not  only  tliut  tlie  foot  and  pround  surfiu-o  of  th*  shoo 
should  be  tnost  aeQurati'ly  level,  but  tliut  the  ernst  should  he  osActty 
smoothed  and  fitted  to  the  shoe.  Much  skill  and  time  are  neceaaat;  lodb 
this  perfectly  with  the  drawing-knife.  The  smith  has  Adopted  n  rac4faod 
of  mure  quickly  and  more  itc<.-unvt<.-ly  luhipting  the  shoe  to  the  foot.  H« 
pares  the  crust  as  level  as  he  cati,  and  then  he  brings  the  shoa  to  the  hut 
somewhat  below  a  red-heat,  and  n]>plies  it  to  the  foot,  sud  dete«ts  any  liUL* 
elevationa  by  the  decjier  colour  of  the  bumt  hom.  This  practice  has 
been  much  invpigli<?d  iigiunst ;  but  it  in  the  nbuso,  luid  not  the  nao  of  tbo 
thing,  which  is  to  be  condemned.  If  the  shoe  is  not  too  hot,  nor  held  too 
lonif  on  tbo  foot,  aa  acciiritcy  of  adjnstmeut  is  thus  obtained  which  the 
knile  would  ho  long  in  producing,  or  would  not  produce  at  idt.  If,  hoiT< 
ever,  tbe  shoe  is  made  to  burn  its  way  to  its  scat,  with  little  or  no  fn- 
vious  preparation  of  the  foot,  the  heat  must  be  iajnrtous  both  to  the  aenaU 
tive  and  insensitive  part*  of  the  foot. 

The  heels  of  the  shoe  should  be  exnmincd  aa  to  their  proper  width. 
Whatever  in  tlie  ciutom  of  shoeing  the  horsc-s  of  dudurs,  ana  the  too  pr«- 
vuleut  practice  in  the  metropolis  of  giving  the  foot  an  open  appeamnei!, 
although  the  posterior  part  of  it  is  thereby  exposed  to  injury,  >iolhi[ig  is 
more  certain  than  that,  in  the  horse  destined  tar  rood- work,  llic  heels,  and 
pftrticulnrly  the  Boitt  of  cora.  can  Bcaroely  he  too  well  covered.  Part  of 
the  sliue  projecting  externally  can  he  of  no  possible  good,  but  will  prove 
an  occasional  souico  of  mischief,  and  enpeciiJIy  in  a  heavr  oonntiy.  A 
shooi,  the  wr>b  of  whicli  projects  inward  as  &ir  an  it  can  without  toochiiig 
the  frog,  iiRbnls  proteetion  to  thu  angle  between  tlio  bun  and  the  cms^ 

Of  tiie  manner  of  attaching  the  shoe  to  the  foot  the  owner  can 
scarcely  be  a  competent  judg<> ;  he  can  only  tako  care  that  the  ahoQ 
itaalf  KbnII  not  be  ncavier  than  the  work  rcqnircs — that,  for  work  (t 
little  bard  Uie  shoe  shall  still  be  light,  with  a  bit  of  steel  weldi^  into 
tiiS  toe— that  the  nails  shall  be  im  small,  and  as  few,  and  as  fikr  from 
the  heels  aa  may  bo  consii>l<!Dt  wilh  Lite  nccnrity  of  the  shoe ;  and  that  for 
light  work  nt  leant,  the  shoe  nhall  not  be  driven  on  no  cloK^ly  and  lirmly 
as  iH  olU-u  dune,  nor  the  points  of  the  nails  be  brought  out  so  liigU  up  u 
is  generally  practised. 


ckLsnts. 


M 


-There  sre  few  cases  in  which  tbe  nse  of  calkins  (a  turning  np  or  cloTft- 
tioD  of  the  hed)  cnn  be  admiesible  in  rlu;  fore-foot,  except  in  frosty  wealfanv 
when  it  majr  in  somo  degree  prevent  unpli-asant  or  dangeroos  slipping;. 
I^  however,  oalkina  are  u^ed,  they  sbuuhl  be  plucpd  on  both  sidea. 
If  the  onter  heel  only  is  raised  with  the  calkin,  as  ia  too  oftco  the  oum,  the 
weight  cannot  he  tlirown  evenly  on  the  fool,  and  iisdne  atraining  and  in* 
jniy  of  somo  |>iirt  of  tlie  foot  or  of  the  leg  mniit  bo  tho  Docemary  oonse* 
aoaiin.  Few  tliinfn  deaerre  more  the  attenlioo  of  the  hommian  thsA 
tlua  tnost  absnrd  aiMin^rionaofftll  the  practiceaof  tbeforge.  Oneqnart«TF 
of  an  hoar's  walking,  with  one  side  of  tlie  shoo  or  boot  raised  conaidembly 
Above  Lh«  other,  will  painfully  convince  us  of  what  the  horee  must  snlliDi; 


siilE«^ 


CLIPS. — DIFKCRBST  KINDS  OF  SHOEa  4.'^ 

from  IhU  too  cominoD  motliod  of  Khorm^.  It  cannoi  bo  exouacd  tirtn  iu 
dia  fcimtiTij  bIioi'.  If  Uie  boraA  in  ridilrn  fnr  to  cowr,  or  galloped  over 
mnek  Inrd  ftnd  dinly  graoDd,  he  will  iiiovitul'ly  auflVr  boin  Uiiii  niuviual 
distribution  of  tbo  weight.  If  tli«  calkin  k  put  on  tli«  oat«r  heel,  in  onlcr 
to  prcrent  the  horao  from  slippiagt  mtber  the  born  of  that  bod  BbouM  bo 
lowered  to  &  corroapondiDg  dii^FDei,  or  tlie  otber  hcvl  of  tbo  sboo  sbonld  bo 
nised  to  tbc  budo  W«t  bj  ft  f^adoal  thickening.  Of  tho  nae  of  cklkina  in 
(ho  hiodor  foot  wo  shall  pTcacmOj  sp«ak. 

CLIPS. 

Tbcac  arc  portJons  of  the  opper  edp;e  of  tlio  shoe,  hnnuunvd  ont,  and 
turned  np  Eo  as  to  pnibrnco  th«  lower  part  of  Ihe  crusty  and  wbicb  ia 
Dsoall;-  pnred  out  a  littlo,  in  order  lo  rfcoiTO  the  clip,  Thny  arc  Yvry  nso- 
fnl,  na  more  aeenrvlj:  attaching  (he  Aoe  ia  tbo  foot^  and  n^linring  Uie  cmH 
bxnn  that  streas  apou  the  nails  which  wotUd  oUierwiso  be  iiijimotm.  A  clip 
at  Ibe  (Oft  ia  almost  ueoecaaiy  in  erory  drauglit  horse,  and  abscdnl^lj'  so 
m  tbo  bono  of  bntvy  drnnght,  in  order  to  prcvont  the  slioo  from  being 
looacncd  or  torn  olV  hy  the  prvwrnrc  wliich  ia  thrown  opon  the  too  in  the 
net  of  drawing.  A  clip  on  the  ontside  of  oaoh  shoe,  at  the  b^iinniug  of 
tbo  quart<rrs,  wiU  pve  socnrity  to  it.  Clips  are  itkpwise  BeCBWiay  on  tba 
shoes  of  all  hewrj  horacw,  and  of  all  others  who  are  disposed  to  stamp,  or 
Tiolently  paw  with  thnir  feet,  and  thus  inenr  the  danger  of  diaplacing  tbe 
shoe  ;  but  Lhej  are  evils,  inaamnch  as  tboj  press  npon  the  cmsl  a*  it  grows 
down,  and  thej  sbanld  only  bo  osed  when  circnmBtanoea  abeoluteljr  miuiro 
Ihem.  In  the  hunter's  shoo  thc^  ant  not  ivqaircd  at  the  sides.  Ouo  at 
tbo  (oo  is  Kufiiuiiint. 

THE   HIBDES    SHOE. 

Tn  forming  the  hinder  ahoca  it  ahonld  be  remembered  that  the  bind  limbs 
are  Uie  principal  in8trainant«  in  progrvnioa,  aud  that  in  ever)'  set  of  pro< 
iinaiiiiiii,  except  the  walk, the  tor  is  tbn  point  on  wbieh  t.hn  whole  fVaine of 
UM  animal  tnroa,  aad  from  which  it  is  proju-Ik-d.  Thin  )>nrt,  tlii-n,  shonUt 
bo  itnoiethmcd  as  much  as  pusublfl)  and,  therefore,  tliu  hinder  tihae!i  ure 
made  thicki-r  ul  Ibe  toe  than  tbo  fyn  onaa.  Another  good  effect  is  pro* 
duotd  br  this,  thai,  the  hinder  foot  hein^  shortcnod,  thorn  i»  leea  danger  of 
wemaeJung  or/oripng,  and  e«pe<'ipdly  if  the  shoe  is  wider  on  tbo  foot  snr- 
fbce  than  on  the  noimd  one.  The  aooe  Li  thus  made  (o  slope  inward,  and 
is  a  tittio  within  tbio  toe  of  Ihe  crosfc. 

Theslmpeof  the  hinder  foot  18  somewti  at  different  from  that  of  the  foro 
fouU  It  ia  str&i^htor  in  tho  qnarten,  and  tbo  shoe  mnxt  have  tbo  kiudo 
form.  For  carnage  and  dntught  boiaea  genetalh-,  calkins  may  bo  put  on 
tho  hoots,  bceause  the  animal  will  be  £nB  enablvd  to  dig  lus  toe  more 
firmly  into  the  ground,  and  nrso  bimsdif  forwnnl,  and  throw  his  weight 
iaio  the  collar  with  tnentor  ndvantugc  :  bnt  tlie  cnlkinn  nmst  not  be  too 
high,  and  thoj  mnitt  lie  of  an  equal  hi-i^'bl  on  each  hc«I,  otherwise,  as  has 
been  stated  with  rvsard  to  the  fore  feet,  the  weight  will  not  ho  fairly  dis- 
tributed over  tho  foot,  and  snma  part  of  the  foot  or  the  l«f,'  will  mAterinlly 
aolTcr.  The  nnils  in  tho  hinder  shoe  may  be  plaood  nearer  to  tbo  beol 
than  in  tho  foro  nhoo,  bccaos^  from  tha  oomprnttrclj  little  weight  and 
CODcassioD  thrown  oo  the  hinder  Jeet,  tbero  ia  not  ao  much  danger  of 
contraction. 

BimtSIT   KIKH   or   SHOES. 

The  shoo  must  varr  in  mbetsDCC  and  weight  with  the  kind  of  foot,  and 

I  Ihe  natnre  of  llie  work.  A  wenk  fiiot  tthould  tMrcr  wear  a  hqavy  shoo,  nor 
ftny  foot  a  slioe  that  will  lout  longer  Iban  a  month,  I  lore,  porhap«,  we 
: 


434 


THE  COXCAVE-SE.\TED  SHOE. 


nay  bo  permitted  to  caution  thu  I i»r:>«- proprietor  agatntil  luiving  his  mttle 
ehoil  by  <;ontraet,  uuloait  U«  biuils  down  but  farrier  or  relt-riniirj-  tnirgrcm  to 
rt'mnvo  Uie  slioes  onco  at  Itja^il  in  every  montli ;  for  if  ibe  cimtmctor,  hr  k 
hmvy  sbue,  and  a  little  Bb^l,  caa  caiiee  Bve  or  six  weeks  to  ioterreiM  oe- 
twi-<>u  tlie  ^boeiDgi,  ho  will  do  so.  although  tho  feel  of  tlw  horae  mnd 
ueceasarily  sutler.  Tho  sboo  should  nfvcr  be  hearier  tban  tbe  woric 
requires,  for  an  oanco  or  two  in  thp  wpight  of  tho  ahoo  will  sadly  teli  u 
tlie  cud  of  a  bnrd  rlny'n  work.  Tbin  ia  lu-knowledged  in  tho  hDntitiff  alxMv 
which  in  narrower  and  lighter  tiinii  thikt  of  the  hitckncy,  altbongh  Out  foot 
of  the  Imokiiey  iit  Hinullcr  thitn  that  of  the  hunter.  It  is  mori;  doridodly 
at.-kiiowledKi'il  iu  th«  m<-(-r,  who  wears  a  shoe  only  sufficiently  thtok  t9 
prevent  it  &oui  bi*iidiiig  when  it  ia  naiid. 

THE   COnCAVE-SEATED   SHOE. 

The  proper  form  and  uuiintructiou  of  tlie  shoe  is  a  sabjeot  dcs«rnnff  of 
TCiy  serious  enquiry,  for  it  is  most  important  to  asoertain,  if  poMible,  ibe 
Icind  of  shoe  that  will  do  the  least  mischief  to  the  feet.  A  cat  is  mibjoioed 
of  tliat  which  in  nncfu)  and  valuable  for  ^npntl  purposes.  It  is  employed 
in  many  of  our  biwt  forges,  and  promises  gnduully  to  BUporeede  toe  fiat 
and  tbe  aimplu  concarv  ehou. 


It  prescnU  a  perfectly  flat  BUrTacc  tij  tbe  ground,  in  order  to  giro  m 
many  points  of  bearing  as  possibly  except  Uial,  on  tbit  onter  edge.  thei«  m 
a  groove  of /"I Ivr,  in  which  (bo  nail-boles  aiv  punebcil,  m^  th^  sinkiiifi 
into  tbo  fiillor,  tbc-ir  hnuls  project  bnt  a  little  way,  and  nrt-  umn  worn  doun 
lorpl  wiUi  till'  idioe.  Tb<-  gronnd  xurfiM-e  of  tbe  oomniOD  shoe  nsod  in  tbo 
country  is  iiomi^what  ecinvex,  and  tbe  inner  rim  of  the  shoo  oomM  6rBt  on 
the  ground  :  the  eon.HW|uenot'  of  tbiu  i*,  tbat  tbe  weight,  instead  H* bring 
borne  fairly  on  tbe  orust.  i^  HuprK>rti'd  by  the  nails  and  citnchiti,  which 
nnbt  bo  iojnrious  to  tbe  fool,  and  iifU-n  rhip  and  break  it. 

Tbo  web  of  ihis  shoe  is  of  tbe  Bume  tliii-kni-sn  thmuj^boiit.  from  th«  tiM 
Ui  the  heel ;  and  it  is  sufbeienlly  wiiU-  to  gunnl  thi?  iu\\c  ftura  braiwia,  and, 
M  mnt-b  fio  aw  the  frop  will  permit,  to  coviir  Um;  urot  of  com. 

Oo  the  foot  tide  it  u  f<a(ed.     Tlie  outer  part  of  it  is  accnrately  fiat,  luid 


THE   L'KILATEBAL,    OR   ONE   SIDK   SAILED  SHOE. 


4M 


of  tliK  width  of  the  cmitt,  nnd  iliMiigncd  to  support  Uie  cTost,  for  hj  it  Uio 
wholo  nui^'iit  ul*  tlio  hone  is  suiitiiuud. 

Towards  Lku  heel  ttua  Saitoncd  part  is  wider  aod  ocmuptca  tlie  wlinle 
breadUi  of  tho  web,  id  ordor  to  snpport  t)to  bcel  of  tlio  ci-niit,  »ad  ita 
roA<wt«iI  pnrt — tlic  \ar:  tbtu,  while  it  dvfcnda  tiui  lioni  inctudL-d  vritliin 
tliis  nnglu  fruu  injury,  it  f(iv(«  tlint  ixgiuil  prcMUixi  npoo  tho  bnr  and  tbo 
cnut,  wUich  is  Uie  boat  prarentlre  agalniit  coroM,  and  n  powerful  ohetAcIe 
to  oontraction. 

It  ia  fastened  to  ibo  foot  hj  nine  nailfl — Gto  on  the  ontsidc,  and  four  on 
the  inner  lido  of  tlio  alioo ;  uio*o  on  tho  ont«ide  extending  a  little  fju-tbcr 
down  lowarda  tli«  heel,  b<«aiuKi  tbo  outsido  bi^ct  i»  thicker  and  stxoDser, 
aud  tli«re  is  tnoirfi  nail-bold ;  tlie  last  tuul  ou  tliu  innor  (inurtiTr  being  farUter 
l^m  the  h«el  Od  account  of  the  wealoieas  of  that  quarter.  For  fuct  not  too 
largw,  and  where  noderato  work  only  is  rpqnired  l$«m  the  borae,  four  nails 
OD  tho  ontaido,nnd  threo  on  the  inxide,  will  be  aoBicienti  and  the  last  nfdl 
beinB  &r  from  the  hcula,  will  allow  taoro  cxniinsion  there. 

The  inside  potit  of  tha  web  ia  berell(;d  oH,  or  reoilcrcd  conca\-e,  that  it 
iDBf  Dot  preaa  npon  the  sole.  Ifotwithatanding  our  ir»ii  fi-tlcr,  tlio  sole 
doos,  although  to  a  very  inoonsidoraible  extent,  descend  when  the  foot  of 
the  home  ia  put  on  tbu  tfronnd.  It  is  nnablo  to  bear  constant  or  oven 
oooaaional  iinmHun',  aud  if  it  oaue  in  ciMitoot  with  iiic  alior,  tho  stengiitiTO  eoln 
between  it  and  the  coSin-bone  woclj  be  bruised,  and  liun-mwi  would 
ensne.  ftlan;  of  our  horsee,  from  too  early  and  undue  Murk,  have  tlm 
natural  concave  sole  flnttcnc^d,  nnd  the  disposition  to  d(«coDd  and  tha 
di^gTM)  of  dcocont  tire  tb^-tvfay  iutTL-uat'd.  The  concave  iilioci  prevente,  even 
in  this  case,  llio  possibility  of  much  iujury,  becaoM  the  nolo  can  never 
deecead  in  tiie  degr<>o  in  which  the  shoe  is  or  may  be  bevi-lled.  A  tboe 
bonlled  «tiU  briber  is  necctmary  to  protect  tho  prcgocting  or  pumiced  fiwt. 


TBB  VStLATm&l,   OB  CHE  SIDE  BAILED  8E0B. 

For  a  EoateriiU  Uuprovi'iuL'ut  in  tho  art  of  shomu},',  wo  aru  inJubled  to 
Ur.  Turner  oflt«)^iit  Street.  What  was  the  state  of  the  foot  of  the  horse 
a  few  years  ago  ?  An  unyielding  iron  hoof  was  attached  to  it  by  four 
nniln  in  taoh  quarter,  and  tlia  cooManenoo  wna,  tbiit  in  nine  coses  out  of 
ten,  the  foot  nnderwcut  a  vury  consiaetable  alteration  in  its  form  and  in  ita 
ueAttoesB.  Bi<fun>  it  had  attained  its  full  devetopuent  —  before  the 
""— r'  was  five  years  old,  there  was,  in  a  great  many  cmos,  an  evident 
oonlraction  of  tho  hoof.  There  wiu  an  alteration  in  tlie  manner  ofenw. 
The  >tep  was  sborteued,  Uie  solo  was  hollowed,  tho  frog  was  dixoMwd,  tao 
pvneml  elasticity  of  the  foot  waa  destroyed — there  waa  a  disorgantntien 
of  tho  wholo  bomy  caritr,  and  the  raJue  of  the  born  was  luateriallj 
diminished.  What  waa  tlio  grand  cause  of  thia  f  It  wna  the  re«lTunt  of 
tho  shoe.  Tha  firm  attaohtneDt  of  it  to  the  foot  by  nail*  in  ecwh  qnartor, 
and  tht  oonaeqnent  strain  to  which  the  qnaiters  and  every  part  of  the 
foot  wore  exposed,  produced  a  npceAxary  tendency  to  contnurtioD,  from 
which  sprang  almost  all  thu  maladies  to  which  the  foot  of  the  hone  ia 
■nbjcot. 

^to  anilateiml  shoe  has  Uiis  flToat  advantage  t  it  is  identified  with  the 
(iprand  pnneipleof  the  expansibility  of  tlie  horse's  fbot,  and  of  ranoving  or 
preventinfr  tne  worat  ailmenta  to  which  the  foot  of  tlie  horse  is  lialjlo.  It 
con  be  traly  stated  of  this  sbo<%  that  while  it  afford*  to  the  whole  OTf;a&aD 
iron  dcfonoo  cqnal  to  tho  comnion  shoe,  it  permits,  what  the  common  shoo 
never  did  or  can  do,  tho  perfect  liberty  of  tlie  foot, 

W«  are  eoablinl  tu  prvsvnt  our  readers  with  the  last  improvement  of  tlie 
unilateral  shoe. 

rr3 


43G 


THS  UKILATEIUI.,  OR  OXE  SIDE  KAILEO  8U0S. 


The  firnt  cot  pvc8  a  view  of  tlic  outvr  side  of  thtf  off  or  right  nni- 
latcnil  .iltoe.    The  rcfipoctiTo  lituatioDs  of  the  five  ujuIh  will  bo  obwrvcd ; 


UiO  distance  of  Ihe  last  from  the  heol,  and  the  pronw  sitontiona  at  wbkih 
they  cmergo  fi-om  the  crust.  The  two  clips  will  lilcewiae  be  HeeD^-a&«  in 
the  front  of  Iho  foot,  and  the  other  on  the  side  botweeo  the  last  aod  second 
ntiil. 

The  Bocond  cnt  giives  n  view  of  thn  inner  eide  of  the  onilat^nl  sbov. 
Thotwo  tinils  ncrir  tho  t/ic  fitp  in  the  Nil.ustion  in  whichMr.  Tnnvordirort* 
thnt  thry  uliould  hi>  pliu-ixl,  und  bithiud  them  i»  no  other  attachment,  bc- 
twiMjn  till!  nhoe  Knd  the  irruxt.  The  heel  of  thin  shoo  cxhibitA  the  metbod 
which  Mr.  Turu«r  htut  ado[it<!d,  and  with  considomble  sacceas,  for  Uw  cure 
of  ooruB ;  he  cuts  away  a  portion  of  the  i^roDiid  sorfikce  at  tlu>  beol,  snd 
nil  iDJurioua  conipreeslon  or  concnseion  is  n?ndercd  in  a  nuknncr  im- 
possible in  ordinary  cases:  however,  with  the  exception  of  being  ralbin' 
thinner  the  insido  hccI  of  tbo  hIioc  would  be  the  coontcrpart  of  the  outer. 


ThcTf  can  bo  no  donbt  lliut  tltia  onesided  mulinn  biis  been  excM^inglj 
ni>-rul.  It  hM,  ill  niaii.v  a  iiuMi  that  tlirrateiied  a  M-rions  l(<nnituilin&, 
■Mtored  Umi  i-luatkily  of  the  foot,  nud  enabled  it  to  discluirg«  its  tutarsl 
fiinctioua. 


L 


TOE  Iir.NTlXQ  SUOB. — THE  BAR-SItoI:  isT^ 

Altlionsh  iJiv  nnilnlcra]  shoo  lias  slill  i(s  advuc^te^  tLe^  are  (bw  com- 
pkrcd  wiUi  tW  prrioi)  when  it  wa« firet mtrodiuwd.  Thigmftj-boattHbuted 
nartlj  to  the  dilTiTviit  vii'viK  bikm  witb  rrfcrcnco  to  tJic  PxpaDsion  of  t&o 
foot,  und  ftlao  from  tlie  ^n^iil  ililHi.-ultv  in  Gxin^  H  scciirvly  on  tho  foot. 
It  in  an  exccmlint;!^  nsoful  nittbod  of  Btiuciiif;,  iu  SMoe  caata,  but  for  ordi- 
nary irorlc  no  flioo  o()anlB  the  ordinur  Bev«D>iuuled  coao&TO>8catcd  alioe. 

It  is  difHcnlt  t^i  tell  wlukt  wim  llio  cnancter  of  'the  old  HJf'gh'th  Bhoe.' 
It  DcrtMntj  vrwt  lurjfL-r  tliun  thoiv  wtis  aay  occanion  for  it  to  bo^  uad  nnrljr 
covi-rcd  lli«  lower  Burfnoe  of  tlia  foot.  1^  luuUboLM  were  ^o  (iir  mure 
Dtuooroaa  tban  thty  are  at  proflont.  The  groimd  aide  was  uBually  aome- 
what  convex.  '  Tin?  cfloot  of  thi*,'  snya  Mr.  W,  C.  Spoonop,  in  his 
traatiw  on  the  Foot,  '  wua  to  pluu.'  tbL'  foot  in  n  kind  of  bollow  diiOi,  which 
effoctuallj'  prevented  ita  pi-opiT  expttusion,  tliv  vmst  ntsting  on  a  mirro 
ledfie  inatoad  of  a  flat  Burfiici> :  and,  on  Ihia  (ground  side,  fruiu  tlit-  inner 
rim  ooniint;  to  tho  cronntl  first,  tho  woifiht  wae  almost  Bupporlod  by  ibe 
nails  and  (TlinnLwi,  w  hioh  vctv  pincod,  foar  or  five  on  conh  side,  at  aome 
diatanoa  from  the  tot?,  and  njiproui^hinK  nciirlv  to  Iho  heels.* 

Itwaaan  iuipraTeiucut  to  inaku  lliv  )^uud  Hurfiioe  flat,  and  totakeearo 
tiial  it  did  tiot  jjTcaa  on  the  solo.  At  lietif;th,  however,  camu  the  a)noave- 
seated  shoo  of  Oemor,  TChich  was  advoratod  bj  Mr.  Clark  of  Edinburgh, 
improved  by  Mr.  Uoorcroll,  and  ultimately  bocnmo  very  genondly  and 
mtcfnlly  adoptinl, 

THE  HUHTINQ  SHOE. 
The  honter's  shoe  ia  diffonnit  from  tlmt  commnii'jr  uaed,  in  Ibm  U  wd 
aa  in  wotght.  It  ia  not  »o  much  bprelled  off  as  the  common  conc»v»iWtod 
■hoo.  8alIicientrc]iBco alone  in  \i-lt  for  thcintrndortionora  picker  hotwoCD 
tho  afaoc  and  ibe  note,  otliL-rwim!,  in  f^ng  over  heavy  ground,  tho  clay 
would  inainuate  itaclf,  audby  itatcDaci^looacu,«Uid  even  tear  off  tho  ahoe. 
The  heola  likewise^  arc  somewhat  shorter,  that<  they  may  not  be  torn  off  by 
the  loo  of  the  hind-frnt  when  galloping  fiwt,  and  tJw  outrr  heel  is  froqncntly 
bnt  injudiciouslv  turned  up  (o  prevent alipping.  If  ■■alkina  arc  nccnfsnry, 
both  heela  Hhould  have  an  oi|ual  bearing. 

THB   BAA-SHOE. 

A  har-*hoe  ia  olWn  exceedingly  ujieliil.  It  ia  the  common  shoe  with  the 
hcelit  carri*^  roond  to  meet  each  other,  tliua  fomiing  a  bar,  which  coven 
or  r«alii  on,  as  the  case  may  require,  the  ftog,  and  ftom  whenco  Uie  name 
is  derived,  and  by  means  of  it  the  prcesuro  mar  he  taken  off  front  sooko 
tender  part  of  the  foot,  and  thrown  on  another  which  is  better  able  to  bear 
it,  or  more  widely  and  ispially  diffused  over  thit  whole  foot.  It  is  principqdly 
rcaoried  to  in  cuaea  of  com,  the  scat  of  which  it  perlleotly  covera,  —  in 
pBuiced  feet,  tho  eolee  of  which  may  be  tltna  devated  above  tho  ground 
and  arcured  from  pmunre,  -  in  aand-cracli,  wht-n  the  pnautiro  rony  bo 
rrmovod  frxim  ihrllsiun-,  and  thrownoDeither  sideof  it, — and  in  tbruahei^ 
when  the  frog  ia  ti-ndvr.  or  is  become  cankered,  and  requires  (o  bo  fre- 
quently drcased.  and  the  dreaaing  can  by  this  mMtas  alone  fw  retained.  In 
uioee  caaea  the  bar-shoo  ia  an  cxeellont  oontriwioe,  if  worn  only  for  ono 
or  two  BhociDg«,  or  us  Ions  aa  the  diaeaae  recpiiroa  it  to  bo  worn,  but  it 
muat  he  left  nffm  noon  aa  it  can  be  dispensed  with. 

If  it  in  uii>:d  for  the  protection  of  a  diaeased  foot,  however  it  may  be 
diambered  aod  laid  off  the  Eh)g,  it  will  sooo  becotne  flattened  npon  it ;  or 
if  the  preasute  of  it  is  thrown  on  the  frog,  in  order  to  mlieve  tho  i«nd- 
crack  or  tbe  com,  thai  frog  muat  be  very  ttroog  and  healtl»  witiob  can 
long  hnr  the  gnat  and  eontiuui<d  preasure.  Uoie  mlaobtetis  often  pro- 
duced in  tbo  aog  than  previonaly  exist«d  in  the  part  that  waa  T<aliatt^ 


T^^^^-  TIPS. — TUE    EXrAXOIXO  SHOE.  ^^^^^^ 

It  will  be  plain  tliat  in  l\n>  uso  of  the  bar-iilioc  for  com  or  iuinil-cnu;k,  tlu 
crutit  »u(l  the  frog  should  bo  prcRuicly  on  n  Icrrl ;  the  b«ir  also  Mbuold  b« 
(he  widest  pnrt  nf  Uic:  nboi',  in  urdcr  to  alTurd  as  exlcud«d  a  buorinB  m 
posnblo  on  the  froft,  (luil  therefore  less  likoly  to  be  injorioua.  Itar-MioM 
Bixi  evideoUy  uot  safe  iji  frosty  wcnthor.  Thuy  ftro  ncrpr  snfc  vrbfa 
muoli  speed  ia  mqiiirfid  from  tlio  home,  nnd  tbcy  ore  Kpt  to  be  wrvnctHx) 
off  in  a  heikvy,  olaycy  country. 

TIPS. 

l^pa  are  short  shoos,  rencbing  only  biilf  ronnd  tbo  foot,  nod  worn  wfail 
the  hoTW  i»  at  grnwi,  in  onlor  to  pnivcnt  tbu  t'.ra»t  btiiug  torn  bjr  tha] 
ORcnnonnl  hiirdncfl.i  nf  thi!  eruuiid,  or  tliu  pavrinj;  of  tbv  aninwl.     Thfl 
qnorteni  fit  the  Bume  time  beiiis  tree,  the  foot  disixwed  to  conlntcl  hM  i 
imauoe  of  espasding  aod  regsouiiig  ite  lutorol  shape. 

THE   EXPUIDIKO   SHOE. 

Oiir  mibjoot  would  not  bn  cnrnplotti  if  wr  did  not  d<«cribe  tlw 
cxpfindin{,'  tihoc,  althouKli  it  it  now  iilmoKt  fntimly  out  of  uml  Itic 
UHitvd  or  coucttVB  liku  till!  coiumoa  shoe,  with  ajoint  at  the  toe,  by  wht 
the  natural  expansioti  of  the  foot  is  said  to  be  permitted,  and  the  iur 
coosoqnoDccB  of  shocdng  prevented.  There  is,  howorer,  tliia  indicu 
in  tho  jointRd  ktioc,  that  thr^nAilBoocnpy  the  sjimii  nitnatioo  m  in  tho 
■hoo,  and  pniTunt,  u»  they  do,  tlie  grudiiiL]  i'xi»uiKiuu  of  the  Kidoa 
qtiati«r«,  and  allow  oidy  of  u  hiuge-like  uotiou  at  the  toe.  It  iit  a  i 
imporfect  accommodaliou  of  tho  expaosion  of  tho  foot  to  tlie  action  of 
internal  pitrl«,  and  oven  thin  acoommodation  is  aiTordcd  in  tho  8light«at> 
piiiuiibic  di^givo,  if  it  i.t  nlVordinl  at  all.  Eitlior  tho  nails  Bx  the  sidna  and' 
i|uiirtvn  ud  in  tho  oomiiion  sbue,  and  thcu  tlio  joint  at  the  too  ia  uaolou 
ur.  if  that  juiiil  mcn>ty  opens  hke  a  hin^,  the  nail-holve  near  the  too  cai 
no  lon)^r  correspond  with  those  in  tlio  qnai'ters,  which  are  nnei]ual)y  ex^ 
pnnding  nt  ovtry  point.  Tlicrc  will  bii  mora  stmss  on  tho  crast  at  tkvee 
nolns,  which  will  not  only  ntdiirtfi!  them  and  destroy  tho  fixed  Attnchment 
of  the  ahoi!  to  lhi<  huoC,  but  utV'u  tear  an-ny  porLioiia  of  the  onui.  Thi 
shoe,  in  order  to  answer  the  inUMided  purpose,  should  oonsiBt  of  manj'^ 
jointn,  running  ali>ng  tho  ndcti  luid  quartora,  which  would  maVe  it  too 
complit'utDd  and  expensive  and  IWl  for  goni^ral  use.  The  introduction  of 
(his  shoe  into  f^eral  use,  was  for  the  gr<>ater  portion  of  b\»  tifv  the  ■ 
ohjoctof  that  very  aoipntifio  and  aonto  professor  of  the  veterinary  art,  MrJ 
Bray  Clark,  and  it  u  only  within  thew!  fow  years,  that  tinding  the  uitoei^ 
tunty  of  its  eQccts  more  than  negatived  its  imppoKed  adrantagea,  that  bs 
has  given  it  no. 

While  the  «noe  ia  to  be  attached  to  the  footbjDai]ii,uoranatbooantoi)t 
with  tho  ooncavo-neali.'d  or  unilntenit  one,  taking  care  to  place  the  nail- 
hoU-H  as  br  from  the  beelit,  anil  particularly  from  the  innor  hool,  as  the  atata 
of  the  foot  and  the  nature  of  thi'  work  will  admit ;  and  where  tho  coootij 
is  not  too  heavy  nor  tho  work  too  aeverc^  omitliag  alt  bat  two  on  the  iimes>^ 
sido  of  tho  foot. 

rXLT   OB    LUTHER   SOLES. 
When  tlto  foot  id  bruiiod  or  inflamed  tlic  eoncu^ion  or  shocl:  prodni 
bj  the  konl  contact  of  the  elaatio  iron  vrith  the  ground  givf<!  tlio  anil 
much  p*tn,audaK(Cnvat0a  the  injury  or diaeaw.    A  f^rip  of  felt  orloaUMTt 
Oorrwpoojdii^iaaSape  with  the  shoe,  ia  iherefore sometimes  uWWbctwaon 
thcuraitiDgtif  tho  ahoo aod  tho  crust,  which,  from  ila  elaaticitr, deadens  n' 
materially  leatimji  the  vibmtion  or  alioc.k,  and  the  hone  ir«*iu  more  firanlj 
uad  is  eridently  relieved.    This  is  a  good  oontnrance  while  the  inflamni^ 


FBLT  OB  LEATUER  SOUS.  4$^ 

tiOBOrtoadeRWMOftlie  foot coDtinupB,  bat n  vfTy  bad  jtracticotfconsUiiUf 
adoptod.  Tfao  ntulA  CAnnot  be  driren  so  snrol^r  or  Bcciircljr  when  titia  sab- 
staoc«  is  intrrpoKxi  between  tho  »liw  nnd  the  foot.  Tlw  contnction  and 
■nrellmg  of  thii  folt  or  Itwlbor  frmn  the  cfTent  of  moisturn  nr  ilrj^rKx  will 
won  render  tbe  Ktta«fainont  of  tbe  tboe  lew  lirm — thi-re  will  be*  too  much 
plaj  opon  the  Daila— th«  nail-holea  will  eularge,  and  ihc  crust  be  braken 
Birnjr. 

AiUte  woundit  or  extcmaivo  brniAcs  of  the  sol<^  or  wli«r«  the  mIo  ia  thm 
ikod  Aftt  and  tcndnr,  it  ix  Romctiiiioa  oorcrcd  with  n  piece  of  Ickther,  fitted 
to  tlie  Mle,  and  tuxiltil  on  wilh  tlie  shoe.  TtuH  miiy  be  oUun-i-d  «»  a  ten- 
porarj  defence  of  the  foot ;  but  there  is  OiM  satne  objection  to  its  permanent 
iu»o  from  tbo  insecnritf  of  bxttmiag,  and  the  strain  on  the  crnBt,  and  the 
frrancnt  chipping  of  it.  I'here  are  aUo  tluiso  odditjonnl  incon  venioncoa,  th»t 
if  the  hollow  bctwrra  the  note  and  the  leather  in  filled  with  Htopping  uul 
tow,  it  ia  exccedioK'y  dtflieult  to  introduce  tbein  tm  eveuly  and  occnmtotjr 
as  not  to  produce  partial  or  lujurioiu  preaaurc.  The  \(nif;  contact  of  the 
•ola  with  Bt<>pping  of  almost  overy  kind  will  produce  a  healthy,  cla^o 
horn,  and  if  tlie  hollow  is  not  thna  filled,  gravel  nnd  dirt  will  insinante 
tlwroaelve*,  and  injure  tlie  foot.  Fact*,  however,  arv«tnl)l)nm  thingii.and 
it  ia  notorious  that  there  are  liundnnl.t  of  horses  doing  tlieir  duilv  work 
onar  tho  London  atones,  with  comparative  comfort,  that  otherwiHu  would 
be  actual  cripplce  working  in  pain  and  misery.  Any  aJleviatJou  to  the 
sjtificiiiJ  and  laborious  lifo  of  the  honto  in  London  and  other  largo  citice, 
tnnat  bo  hailed  with  satJHfiiction  for  it«  policy  and  humanity. 

The  general  habit  uf  rioppinj;  the  feet  requirea  aome  voiiHideralion.  It 
ia  a  ywj  good  or  a  very  bad  practice,  acoording  to  circiiinstances-  When 
the  Bolo  is  lint  and  tliin  it  shoald  be  oiDit4«d,  except  on  the  cvpning  before 
ahootng,  and  thi'ii  tbi>  n[>plinntion  uf  a  little  moisture  may  render  t}ir  poring 
of  the  bat  aafer  and  more  cosy.  If  it  were  oHeoer  am-d  it  would  Hoflcn 
tlte  foot,  and  not  only  inoreaae  the  tendency  to  dMoent,  but  the  ociiiBional 
OCCUrranoe  of  tameneM  fma  pebbles  or  irrci,'n!itntieB  of  the  road. 

Profit—or  Stewart  gives  a  TnlunMc  ncconnt  of  the  p'^PT''  apt>licatJon  of 
■topping.  *  Ktrm  horses  xcldom  require  luiy  slopping.  Thiiir  feet  roccava 
anfficieot  moistun-  iu  llie  lii-ldH,  or,  if  they  do  not  get  mtuth,  they  do  not 
need  mncb.  Cart-horses  uaed  iu  the  town  should  be  atepped  every  Satnr* 
day  night,  until  Kfondny  morning.  V»Bt  going  horaea  sbmild  hci  stopped 
onoe  a  week,  or  oflcncr  daring  winter,  and  ertrry  iircnnd  niglit  in  the  not 
weeka  of  summer.  Groggy  horaea,  and  all  tlioitewith  high  1i<m.-1n,  concavv 
■boes,  or  hot  and  tender  feel,  or  an  embeFOuce  of  horn,  require  stoppbg 
almnat  ovciy  night.  When  neglected,  especially  in  dry  weather,  (he  sole 
iMvomm  hard  lud  rigid,  tuid  the  horae  goes  lanao,  or  bccomoa  Uiae  if  ha 
were  not  ao  before.' 

Oue  of  two  suhatancea,  or  a  mixlurR  of  both,  ia  generally  nsed  for 
stopping  the  feet — clay  and  cow-dang.  The  clay  used  alone  is  too  hard, 
and  <lrie«  too  mpidly.  Many  hor«o«  huvo  beon  liuned  by  ife.  If  it  is  noed 
in  the  atahtn,  it  Nlionld  always  he  nrmovcd  before  the  lionrn  gova  to  work. 
It  may,  perhaps,  he  aiiphed  to  tJie  foct  of  beary  draught  h<>ra<%  for  it  will 
wurk  out  bclunt  mui:u  miscluef  is  done. 

Cow-duug  is  softer  than  the  clay,  and  it  has  this  good  proper^,  that  it 
rarely  or  neror  becomes  too  bard  or  diy.  For  ordinary  work,  a  mistum 
of  equal  parts  of  cIbt  luid  cow-dung  will  bo  the  beat  appliratinu ;  ottbi.-r  of 
them,  howcrnr,  must  lio  applied  with  a  great  deul  of  eauliuu,  where  there 
is  any  diaposiliMii  (o  thronb.  Tow  used  >liu»e,  or  with  a  small  quuitity  of 
tar.  will  oflen  be  MTviceable. 

In  (he  betti^T  kinil  of  atables  a  folt  pad  ia  fr(y|iu'ntly  used.  It  was  firwt 
introdiwed  by  principal  Vctcrinuy  Surgoon  Cherry,    Itkec|ietlic  footoool 


440 


THE  UOHSE  SAXDAU 


aiid  moist,  and  is  vnry  uNufnl,  when  the  sole  htu  a,  tcndcnc;  to  become  Htd. 
For  the  concavo  no!c.  taw  vnmld  b«  prpfi-rnblo, 

Tho  i^hoe  U  MiniL'tiinvii  diiiplitoiid  wiitrn  tlio  homo  is  going  at  an  ordimuj 
pace,  nnd  more  fnH|ii(.-ntI]r  during  Iiunting ;  n.nd  no  person  who  is  »  sporia> 
ninn  nr^cdH  to  be  U>ld  in  what  u  voxatioiiNpredicnmcnlnvcry  oncfccU  him* 
Sfll'who  bitppuns  to  lose  a  tihuo  iii  the  mtudl<!  uf  ii  cbn&c,  or  juHt  im  the 
hounds  uni  (cotting  cleEur  awiiy  willi  tht-ir  fux  over  tho  iijieD  coiuitn-. 

Mr.  Pi'rt'ivttU  ha«  invi-ut*^  a  tiuiidal  wliich  ui-cupit-H  a  very  Bnwll  apao* 
in  the  pooki-t,  can  be  buckUtd  on  tlii-  fool  in  K*t  than  two  minu(«a,  and 
viU  serve  as  a  pcrft-ct  substitute  for  th<)  last  one.  on  the  rood  or  in  the  field ; 
or  may  be  nsed  for  tho  racc-horso  when  travoUiog  iW>m  noo  conxae  to 
another ;  or  may  bo  truly  Korvicoable  in  cases  of  oiseasod  foct  that  maj 
roquiro  at  tlio  Nunti  timo  ciorciso  and  daily  dressing.  Tho  folloiving  is  a 
cborl  skvtcb  of  thu  liunc  sundal. 


Toe-CIup. 
Hingx. 


Tm-CLmp 


iliddla  Bt-^ 
SideBw. 


Bed  Clip 


Ring* 


From  an  insjwction  of  this  cut  it  will  be  ac«n.  that  the  alioe,  or  iron  p«ri 
of  tho  sandal,  consints  of  three  principal  narbi,  to  which  tho  otbon  are 
appendages;  which  are,  the  tip,  so  called  from  its  reeemUaiioo  to  tho 
hoTSe-Hboe  of  that  name  ;  the  taaUiU  bar,  the  brood  port  proceeding  back- 
ward from  the  tip ;  and  the  *«fo  barg.  or  bruDchen'  of  the  midiSe  bar, 
extending  to  tlic  heels  of  tho  hoof.  The  appenthigf*  ar^  the  tot-da^ 
the  port  projecting  from  the  front  of  tho  tip,  and  which  moros  by  a  hinm 
upon  tho  toe-dip,  which  toe-cWp  is  fnmis^cd  with  two  in*  ioopt.  The 
heri-vlips  are  two  cli[W  ot  the  b»M!ls  of  the  side  bars  which  corraspond  to  the 
tmr^lip ;  the  latter  tmbracinff  the  toe  of  the  crosty  whilo  iha  fortMr  em- 
bmoo  its  heels.  TlirouKh  the  lioul-clips  ran  the  rin/jn,  whiob  moro  and  act 
Ulto  a  hinge,  and  are  double,  fur  thu  i>urpu»ci  of  admittinff  both  the  strapa. 
In  tlw  plate,  the  riffht  tin^  only  is  repn-nL-iitod  ;  tho  loft  being  omitted, 
tlu!  bottor  to  afaow  Uie  hofl-clip.  The  tlrap$,  which  am  comi>owd  of  web, 
consict  otmlet^itmp  and  a  itetl  and  ttmnH  flnip. 

Tbe  htxf-Hntf  is  loroished  witb  a  buckle,  whu«c  ofBce  it  is  to  Uad  tiw 


FR-tCTTBES. 


441 


shoo  tn  the  hoof;  for  vrhiob  purpune  it  ui  [himwiI  thn>ngh  the  lower  tiagt 
uiil  b()t)i  loopa  of  the  shoe,  and  la  maili!  to  un(.-tn-li!  the  honf  twicer 

The  Aw/  atid  eoron^t  tlmp  ia  furnished  with  two  jkwIh  imd  two  sliding 
loiijHi ;  one,  m  moTCobto  pad,  reposes  on  tliu  Lt-i-l,  to  dulVud  that  purl  from 
titr  pressorc  ond  frictioii  of  Uio  strap;  tho  othi-r,  »  ]iad  iittiicti<«ii  to  th« 
xtTup  nou*  IIm.' buokic,  kllonls  n  biduIat  deCraee  to  tiw  coruOL't,  in  fronts 
The  hnd-iitimp  run*  through  the  upjRT  nn^,  croMtm  thu  hevU  and  enctrcl«a 
the  oorcinrt,  wid  iu  oflico  is  u>  keep  Uw  hwU  «r  the  dice  clottdy  npplied 
to  tho  hoof,  and  to  prevent  them  from  alidin^  forward 

In  till!  application  of  the  sandal  the  fovt  in  talteti  up  iritli  one  hand,uid 
tlw  •!«»  slipped  upon  it  with  the  ollter.  With  the  same  liand  tlto  shoe  ia 
ntainad  in  ita  place,  whih;  tho  foot  is  (^raduatly  let  dovn  tn  rvet  on  tho 
ground.  Aa  soon  as  thin  id  dunu,  the  straps  a4v  dnwn  m  tight  u  possiblo 
K&dbtLcklod. 


Tho  aboTC  cut  preacntx  an  nccarnto  delineation  of  the  sandal,  when 
properly  fastened  on  the  foot.  The  application  of  tho  sandal  has  recently 
D(M-n  considerably  eimplifit^l  and  unproved,  tho  UHM'Iip  line  hut  a  einjfle 
louit,  and  the  he«l-clipfi  each  a  Hin|{lt>  riuK ;  a  vnlosniocd  indiji-ruhlfcrluiid, 
'whtoh  is  slipped  over  Uin  hoof,  effectually  aerurea  the  wuidal ;  tlie  front  part 
cf  the  band  is  rdoiRiHl  in  front  of  the  hoof  by  tho  loop  of  ibe  tmsclip ;  tha 
back  part  being  sli[>iM.-d  orcr  the  heels,  pteventa  all  diaplaceraent. 


CHAPTER    XXI. 


rUACTUUKS. 


Acassim  of  this  description  are  not  of  frequent  oocnmnce,  bnt  when 
they  do  happen  it  ia  not  nlvraya  that  the  mischief  can  be  repaired  ;  occs* 
sionnliy,  however,  and  much  more- frequently  tlian  is  generally  unaf^od, 
the  hfe  of  a  Taloable  animal  might  he  saved  if  the  owner,  or  the  veterinary 
anrfioan,  would  take  a  little  trouble,  and  the  pMtient  ia  fidrly  tractable ; 
and  thai,  in  tbe  tnajority  of  cases,  bu  will  soon  bcoomo.    The  nnmbur  oC 


*1J 


FRACTL'RES. 


volanblo  nniinaU  i*  Inr  too  grcut  that  aru  (IcHtroycil  under  &  conAuwd 
notion  of  thii  di  Oil.' til  tics  of  coctlrullini^  tUo  jjulieut,  or  llio  incuntble 
chiinu^tcr  ot  tlie  afcidt-nt.  Ucsars.  Blaine  auil  Porcivali  have  given  a 
vnlimblL'  n-'corcl  uf  the  usnal  «i»oa  and  trmtooDt  of  fracturti  irhicli  oocDr 
in  tlie  practipc  of  tlm  lOnglish  vctcrino^  sargvon  ;  and  tho  splendid  work 
of  ilnrti'cl  d'Arbuvid  ctintuinji  a  rncKird  of  all  that  )iuci  \nMm  attctnpU'd  or 
eficctc<t  on  tliu  Cuntinunt.  The  author  of  tlus  votoum  must  ooufiue  liim- 
Hblf  to  a  rapid  §urvey  of  that  wliioh  they  liave  deaeribed,  adding  a  few 
Cii8CB  tliat  hava  been  brought  under  his  own  obsdTvatiOD,  or  <ioiiU]iaiucatcd 
to  hixa  by  othen. 

With  th(!  nxccptiim  of  aooidcntd  thnt  ocrar  in  oatting  the  ammal  fur 
CL'i'tiuu  upL-i'utitiuH,  imd  hiH  stru;{){lcis  durint;  thti  opurution,  tbe  coBSes  ot 
f^ACTimB  arc  oaually  blows,  kicks,  or  liiJla,  and  the  tesiOD  may  bo  ooo- 
Bldei'cd  as  eimpte,  confinod  to  ono  bono,  and  not  protrnding  Uux>ngh  Iho 
skin  —  or  eompoaad,  the  bone  or  hone*  ppotruding  through  the  xkia  —  or 
e-mtmiti'uled,  vchcra  the  Ixino  m  broken  or  splintered  in  more  ihmtt  one 
direction.  Tbu  duty  of  Uiv  veterinary  atir;;ooii  resolrca  itaelf  into  Iha 
rcjiliicinK  of  the  displacod  bonoa  in  their  naloraL  position,  the  keeping  ut 
th(.<m  in  that  position,  tiio  hcuiling  of  the  integument,  and  the  talcing  of 
sucli  mcnjiiiruK  us  will  prcvunt  miiy  untoward  cirL-umHtaniw*  from  oficrwxrds 
octrurring. 

In  the  greater  number  of  cases  of  fraature  it  will  be  neeeMftry  to  ^laoe 
Ui('  horse  under  considcirablc  restraint,  luid  ovon  toenspendorslingbun. 

The  cut  in  the  nc:it  pngr  contain*  a  view  of  the  cuiq)oo»ory  aptiotvttM 
OHcd  hv  Mr.  Pi^rtiivuU.  A  brand  piooo  of  wul-cloth,  fnmikkcu  witli  two 
brccchlngs,  und  two  bruaat-Kirtba,  la  phicad  under  the  aniniAl'e  belly,  and, 
br  means  of  ropes  and  pulleys  attfuhed  to  a  cross-beam  above,  he  is 
elevated  or  lowered  as  cinnuost&nocs  mfty  require.  It  will  soldom  be 
necessary  to  lift  tlie  patient  quite  off  the  ground,  und  tlic  bom  will  bo 
mitetcKt,  and  niott  at  liia  ease,  wlien  his  feet  nrc  nuilcred  just  to  touch  iL 
Tho  head  ia  oonfined  by  two  collar  ropes,  and  the  head-stidl  well  padded. 
MiLuy  hones  may  plunge  abonl  and  bo  diiKcuIt  (o  manago  At  fint,  but, 
generally  speaking,  it  is  not  lone  ero  th«^  boconte  pmTectly  paiuuve. 

Tho  use  of  the  different  bu(-kie«  and  atm^  whioh  arc  uttu«ht?d  to  the 
Hiil-eloth  will  bo  evidmit  uu  ineipoction.  If  tbe  horse  exhibits  more  tluin 
usBsl  nneasincss.  other  ro]>c>s  ma.y  be  attached  to  the  corners  of  the  soil* 
cloth.  This  will  attbrd  consideroblo  rehef  to  tbo  patient,  aa  well  as  add 
to  tho  Bfcurity  uf  the  buuJagvs. 

In  mauy  cases  the  fracture,  although  e,  simple  one,  mity  be  vinihle  on  tho 
Uiifhteet  inspection  ;  in  otlu*rs.  Ihorti  rnny  he  merely  a  suspicion  of  it«ox> 
istonco.  Here  will  bccxhibited  the  skill  and  tbo  humanity  of  tho  educated 
nrgeon,  or  thn  rcckh-xmow  and  brutnlit;.-  of  the  cmpirio.  ITio  former 
will  oiirerally  ]ilucu  hi«  patictit  in  the;  pnnition  at  onco  the  I'lLit  painful  to 
tlie  auflerer,  and  the  matt  commodioua  fur  himself.  Bu  will  pmoc«d  with 
patienoe,  geulleueiss,  and  mamL^ieuieul — do  rough  handling  or  motioo  at 
ths  porta,  iuSicting  torture  on  tho  animal,  and  adding  to  the  iiyiu^ 
already  received.  It  in  intcmting  to  obeonro  how  soon  the  horap  oooipr^ 
lunids  all  tliis,  and  nubmita  to  the  neoeanuy  inspection  ;  und  bow  complete 
and  aalasbctory  the  erainiiiation  terminates  under  the  KuperiutendiaaeB 
of  the  baniane  mid  eontions  practitioner,  while  the  bmte  iu  human  ehape 
fails  in  comprebcndinK  tho  reni  idnte  of  the  COAO. 

llent,  swelling,  teodenicM,  fokHiiInciui  of  the  sl)ght««t  motion,  atipitna, 
und  cspccinfly  change  of  tbo  natural  poHiliun  of  the  limb,  arc  tlw  ntoat 
fietjoeut  indieatiotiBof  fractore.  It  bhonid  be  laid  down  asaociuvalnle^ 
that  cases  of  ample  IWtnre  only  afford  a  probable  chaure  ca  euro ; — in 
compound  ftucturvs,  that  is,  where  the  IraciaTO  of  the  bono  is  oonipUcoted 


niACTCRKS. 


443 


witJi  (in  cxtornal  wonnd,  the  chnnpos  ai*  diucIi  tattn:  imfiirmirnblt> ;  and  in 
the  comniintitvd  fnu-tiirr,  tlmt  is,  where  tbo  bout.-  is  Hnuutlitxl  iuto  ifinpM 
pieoes,  DO  reaaomblv  cliunov  of  a  cara  caa  be  cDtertam«d. 


The  probnbilitr  of  reanion  of  tho  puts  depends  upon  tho  depth  of  tho 
WOiuid  coQDOcUid  with  tlio  fractiim— tho  con t  union  of  the  soft  parte  iu  tho 
immediatn  neigh bonrlioni)  of  it — tin-  hlood-rtnuwlx,  artrrinl  or  venous,  that 
havti  bvon  wonndcd — tho  prnpinqnity  of  axtme  lurgo  joint  to  which  tho 
inflaniniatian  nay  bu  citm>nuiiicatt.Ml— -dislocation  uf  tht-  «xtrvniitie«  of  tho 
bsctoivd  joint — injanca  of  the  periosteum  — tlie  euHtvncu  of  MinuMM, 
caries,  or  nscrosis,  or  the  fracture  being  compound,  or  brokcu  into  nume- 
rona  spioals  or  splinters. 

In  a  horse  that  is  fiill  of  flesh,  the  cure  of  fractnre  is  difBeult ;  likowiHi 
in  an  old  or  irom-out  horoc— or  when  tho  pnrt  is  inacoessihie  to  thi>  habd 
or  to  uutnunente— or  whpti  »cpunitinn  hait  tnkcn  place  between  the  parta 
that  w«ro  boginqine  to  anit«  —  or  where  tho  mrroDndine  tissaea  aavo 
been  or  arc  toning  tnuir  vitality— or  whun  the  putiimt  u  alnody  afflicted 
with  any  old  or  pcrmaneDt  disean. 

It  may  bo  unrml  brtL-fly  to  review  the  various  seate  of  fhwtnre. 

FRACTcai  or  the  skill. — Tho  skull  of  the  horse  is  so  secnroly  defended 
by  tilt*  yielding  n.'siHt.-ince  of  tho  tempural  muncle,  that  fnicture  rarely 
oocnrs  except  at  the  occipitnl  ri(tg<' ;  and  iihonl'I  a  depression  of  bone  be 
there  eflVctvd.  it  will  prodaco  complete  coma,  and  bid  dofianoo  to  all  sUb 
gicot  skill.  tVactoro  of  the  iiknll  ia  prnurnlly  acnompani4>d  by  stapidity, 
OODTuLsivo  motions  of  tho  hoitd  or  limbs,  laburioaH  broatlitntc,  am)  a  otag- 
gnring  wnlk.  Tho  eyca  aro  aJawal  or  quilt!  closed,  tho  bead  in  earrivd  k)w, 
and  the  lower  Itp  hanga  down.  Blows  on  ibo  cnuiiiun,  which  the  hratality 
of  man  too  often  in  AiotK,  ax  well  as  many  acoidenta.  are  very  aeriotm  mattvra, 
and  reqnira  coniidemble  attention,  for,  although  it  may  Iiavo  been  asocr- 
tained  that  the  cnuitam  is  ouli^ured,  there  may  be  considerable  cunnunoD 
of  the  brain. 


444 


FRACTLEIS. 


It  Imvinc;  bcou  known  Hiat  a  Iionto  Uiul  rcwivMl  a  violunt  blow  on  Um 
.head,  Uio  sLrictost  examination  oftlic  part  should  take  pUoc.  AnnrtiUcij 
bono  broko  looeo  ^m  his  groom,  nixl,  al^'pr  callopiDg  ftbont,  dashed  in  to 
his  own  sbtll  with  Nuoh  fortw  as  amlly  tii  nut  hiM  noo  nndrr  tho  forelock. 
The  &m*r  ou  duty  wwoJ  np  the  wound,  proper  drcann^  wm*  npntied, 
aiid  in  a  little  more  than  a  fortui);ht  the  woaiid  was  hcalud  oiid  the  honu 
diflmiNiH,  nppttrmtly  well.  Four  days  afUirwords  tho  patient  movi-d  ntiffl;; 
thr  jawK  could  not  be  9H-p[ir;i.tcd  more  than  a  coaple  of  inches,  and  Oitn 
VIM  evident  locked  jaw.  Tlie  horaa  was  cajtt,  and  thi-  ploco  when  (k 
wound  had  been  ivas  most  carelVilIy  examined.  On  cotting  to  the  bottoB 
of  it,  a  fmctnrc  was  diseovercd.  sitd  a  ]»oco  of  bon«  three- fomiha  of  an 
inch  long  waa  found  on  the  ccntrp  of  tho  pariotoJ  sntnro.  This  was  t» 
movixl  ^  UiK  woond  waa  proiierlj'  drcajicd,  and  n  atrong  olnctic  drink  mi 
given  with  grt'at  diiEcullj-.  The  aloL-tit;  drink  wu«  ruptMiti-'d  — the  bowvb 
bocajni?  loosened — tlic  tetanic  symptoma  dimluiahed,  and  In  lei3.H  than  time 
wovks  the  horse  was  perfcclrly  cured. 

This  caae,  ruliitt.'d  in  tliu  aovciith  volume  of  tho  '  Votcrinarian,'  is  hVtxf 
Interesting  one.  Thei-u  waa  »oine  r^ArtJcianCBa  in  cntmstlng  thp  treatmnt 
of  tho  wound  to  the  faiTier ;  but.  tho  surgeon  afUtrwarda  repain.'d  thn  error 
aa  wrli  HN  he  eould,  and  no  ono  irns  better  pleased  tiian  he  waa  at  the 
ri'ituJt.  A  violunt  blow  bring  rc<!oivcd  on  tho  forchciod,  tho  part  shonld 
always  be  niuat  oarefuUy  oxiuntnud. 

Ilnrtrel  D'Aiboval  relates  tlirw  uaaes  of  fracture  of  the  akull.  Om 
occurred  in  a  mare  that  ran  violently  a^-aiust  a  earriage.  The  akuU  wu 
depmHii(.'<l,  tind  a  poi-tion  of  bono  was  removed,  but  it  waa  four  montba  en 
ooinplctv  reunion  of  tho  islgea  wax  (ttferti-d.  Another  horse  rcocived  a 
vioL'iit  kick  ou  the  forehead.  The  union  of  the  clepniMsed  bonos  wm 
efioctei]  aAer  tho  external  wound  uad  healed,  but  there  waa  alwaji  a 
dopii-tsion,  an  inch  in  length.  An  aged  mare  met  with  the  sanio  kind  of 
a*^c:!clc-nt,     A  dpj)iy»»ion  hero  retniiined  na  large  m  a  £ngcr. 

Fk.\CTIJHE  of  llIB  ABCH  OF  TUK  OBIllT  OF  niE  ETB.— Mr.  Pritclutfd,  in  tb* 
aeeond  volume  of  the  '  Veti^riimrian,'  relates  an  interesting  ca«e  of  froctatv 
of  the  orbit  of  the  eye.  A  eliestuut  mar^  he  Bays,  received  a  blow  which 
fractored  the  orbit  tivm  the  snperciliarv  (Wamcn,  in  ft  line  ihrvagh  the 
■ygomatic  proeesucn  of  the  t<<m[i()nil  ana  nutlnr  bon««,  to  tlie  Dut«r  angle 
of  the  eye.  The  detached  boue.  tojielher  with  the  divided  inte^oMmt^ 
'hung  over  the  eye  so  aa  to  intercept  vision.  Ou  examining'  (he  place 
irhsro  the  neeident  ocouiTctl,  two  portions  of  bono  were  found  belonging 
to  the  orbital  arch.  Ailer  carefully  iuMpecting  the  wonnd  and  finding  00 
Other  detached  portions,  nor  any  apiculie  wUi(-h  might  irritate  or  wmud, 
the  adjacent  portions  of  the  skuk  were  carefully  dntwn  together  and 
accnred  by  a  silver  wire,  which  closed  tho  wound,  and  confined  the 
detached  portion  of  bone  in  its  proper  place.  A  mach  diet  was 
ordered.  On  tho  following  dny  there  was  conEidcmblo  inflammatioB, 
Tbo  eye  was  bathed  with  wnrm  water,  and  a  doae  ofphvsie  adnuniMcred. 
On  tho  third  day  die  infiammation  and  sweUing  had  stilt  more  iDcreeaed. 
Blood  waa  abstracted  from  the  vein  at  tho  angle  of  the  eye.  The  awelling 
and'  inflaouuatioD  now  speedily  abat«d,  and  on  tho  fiftoonth  day  the 
wonnd  hod  qnito  healed.  If  a  fructure  of  thin  kind  ianupaeted,  itsexixt- 
enco  may  be  easih-  determined,  by  introdnoiug  the  (btunb  UKkr,  and 
koOTting  tho  for^miger  npon,  the  edjre  of  the  orbit. 

FlucTrrBE  or  the  kisai.  uoxes. — Tliia  wiU  sometJinM  ocrnr  from  fikOing^ 
or  be  produced  by  a  kick  from  anotluir  home,  or  U»  brutality  of  tho 
attendant  or  tho  rider.  Wo  have  Ketm  a  pasaionate  man  strike  a  bone 
about  tlte  head  with  a  heavy  bun  lint;- whip.  The  danger  of  pmniahiiupt 
of  this  kind  is  obvious ;  and  bo  would  be  the  propriety  of  lutDg  the  whip 


For  Miotber  jrarpose.  A  fracture  of  tbifl  kind  ia  gcnemlly  acoompanicd  by 
k  laCAratioo  of  the  mnnbnuie  of  the  ncae,  and  MHisiderable  luenionluigo, 
which,  bowcvvp,  toftj  generally  be  airestod  by  th<>  application  of  «old 
wutor.  Thu  fraotnrrd  portion  of  bono  in  Ofianllf  drprrMod,  and,  t}ie 
■piu!«  kr  brmtluDK  bviog  diniiniiibcd,  difficQlty  of  rropinition  ocean.  The 
autlior  hod  a  ca«o  of  fnvtnre  of  butU  niuat  bonvH.  Ho  waa  ejukblud  to 
derabe  tho  depressed  parts,  bnt  the  iufliuiuiialion  and  swelling  wera  so 
gnat,  that  tho  animal  iras  tbreatened  with  eaffbcation.  Tli«  operation  of 
tiiicheatonij  viom  rcnortcd  to,  and  tho  animal  did  w«U. 

If  tlierv  ia  fracture  of  the  nimul  bnnoi  vritb  dcpretMon,  and  onlj  a 
litllo  way  from  the  centre)  an;h  and  the  section  lielwiwa  the  noatrilii,  a 
elighlly  carved  stool  rod  may  be  caatiously  tnCrodacod  into  the  passa)^ 
and  the  drprwwcd  portions  ciirofuily  raised.  If  this  cannot  be  oflbct«id,  tlio 
trcphino  mnst  bi!  applied  »  littln  abtivo  or  below  the  fracture,  and  tho 
elevator  or  ittt-yl  rod  bu  introdopid  throuarh  tl'e  a|jcrliire.  If  tlm  fracturo 
ia  in  any  other  part  of  the  bone,  it  will  bu  imjioaaible  to  reach  it  with  thu 
elevulor,  for  the  turbinated  bones  are  lu  the  way.  Tlie  ti^hino  miuit 
then  bo  resorted  to  in  the  first  instance.  The  wound,  if  there  is  any,  most 
be  coTcrod,  and  n  comprMK  kept  on  il^ 

A  wrilvr  in  a  Freii^'h  junrnol  nilntm  n  cjuie  in  which  a  hone  wiu  rioltnitly 
kick«^,  and  there  was  a  conluaed  wonnd  with  di-prenaion  of  bone. 
The  Itrphino  was  applied.  FifWn  sphnlera  wero  oxtracted.  and  tho  ctuu 
terminnt«d  well.  It,  niTeTthelciis,  too  ofl«ii  bAppena  that,  in  these  injuries 
of  the  nnwil  momhrani!,  tho  inlLunmatioiD  wiU  obatinatcily  continue  in 
d(-j<pit«  of  all  that  tlie  sorgvou  can  do,  and  an  obitiDate  and  almciat  incnr- 
uble  naaol  gleet  will  mnlt. 

If,  however,  this  do  not  appear,  aome  portion  of  bono  may  remain 
depreaaed,  or  tbo  ntinbraiia  may  be  thickened  by  inflikmmntion.  Tho 
naaal  pamngo  will  then  bo  obstructed,  and  a  difBcnJty  of  breathing,  ro- 
acmblmg  roaring,  will  enane. 

TiiR  srrERioE  luiiLUiin  or  itppeb  jaw.bone  will  oocaAonAUy  bo  fr«c> 
tared.  Mr.  Cartwright  had  a  case  in  which  it  d'ha  fVactored  by  a  kick  at 
tho  sitnation  where  it  nnit««  with  the  lachrrmiil  and  malar  boon.  II« 
applied  the  trephine,  and  removed  many  aniBll  fiotx*  of  bono.  The  wonnd 
was  then  oororod  by  adbonvo  plaater,  luid  in  a  montli  tho  ports  wvru 
bmlcd. 

llr.  Clayworth  apealcB  of  a  marc  who,  beiufr  riddt-o  abnost  at  speed,  fell 
and  fradtifvd  the  npper  jaw,  three  inches  above  the  corner  incisora.  Tho 
front  teeth  and  jaw  were  tnmoil  like  a  hook  comi>lct«ly  within  tho 
lower  ones.  Sho  wna  cast,  a  hnlling  iron  Dut  into  her  BumUi,  and  Ihe 
anrgcon,  <!xeTtiiiii;  canaidcialih'  force,  pullcHl  tlia  teeth  ontward  int«  their 
fonnirr  and  prnpar  iiiluation.  Sbo  wna  tlien  tied  op  ao  that  she  conid  not 
rub  lier  innule  SK^iinst  anythinfr,  and  woa  well  fed  with  bcnn-meid,  and 
linseed  tea.  Much  inflammntion  onsncd,  but  it  grndnullr  anlnidcd,  and, 
at  the  expirntinn  of  the  idxtb  wi«k,  the  month  waa  quite  healed,  and 
scamcly  a  vcsti^t  of  the  fraeturo  remained. 

A  very  extmordinary  and  almost  incndiblo  aoooant  of  a  fracttiro  of  the 
■npetior  maxillary  bono  is  i^ven  in  tho  rccordu  of  the  Boyal  and  Ci-ntral 
Society  of  A^cultaro  in  FVance.  A  honn  wna  kicked  of  a  comjianion. 
Ther»  waa  fracture  of  the  apper  part  of  the  superior  maxillary  and 
i^^Dmatio  bono*,  and  the  eye  waa  abnost  forccl  out  of  tho  (ockcfc  Few 
men  would  have  dared  to  nndertako  a  fractare  like  thia,  bnt  U.  Revel 
ahraBk  not  fn^m  his  duty.     lie  n'mnvnt  acveral  small  aplintert  of  bono 

-mplanryl  the  larger  boiHW -rctonwd  IIil'  eve  lo  its  aneket— confined 
Be  |iiirt«  by  niDUM  of  anlGoient  liuturca— .sIuoj;  lite  horse,  and  rrnd'-nvl 


4ie 


FKACrUKES, 


it  impoKuble  for  the  animal  bo  rob  hU  ^Kod  ag«iabt  anyllting.  In  dx 
weeks  the  care  wnn  complpf*. 

The  iNrKFtioR  uAiiLiJLBv  liusr.,  OB  LOWTK  JAW,  IS  mon  rabicct  to  &acUu«, 
nntl  purtkiilui'lir  in  il^  bnuiclu-s  bvtwi'cit  tlio  toAhcn  and  uw  lower  ieelh, 
nutl  hI  iho  BymptivHifi  bi'tweea  tho  two  bi'aiichcd  of  tbo  jtnr.  It*  position, 
its  l«Dg1>b,  BiiA  the  Bmnll  qimtitity  of  hiobcIo  thui  conn  it,  MprcioUjr 
sntoriQi'lj^,  render  it  m»ra  liable  I<i  fnictilre.  and  thfl  Btia^  circu[ii8(aiii:a 
Gombina  to  reoili-r  u  r<.-uuiou  of  tbo  divided  port«  moro  oasjr  to  be 
aocompliiibod.  Mr.  Dluiuo  n.-1atc>3  that  lu  u  friictontuf  tho  lower  jawha 
succeeded  by  making  a  strong  leather  Et^ine  tUiit  cxncttj  <;n<uu>ixl  tli* 
whole  jaw.  Tlio  author  of  tliia  Tolome  baa  elfeelvd  the  soma  ol^cct  bf 
aitnilar  iDoanK. 

M.  H.  Boulay  i-L-kt«B,  in  the  Sea.  de  Hid.  Vel.  for  Nor.  1838,  that  bi 
attended  &  hoi-se,  frnclure  of  who»e  lowvr  muxilliuy  bad  tnkoD  place  A 
the  Deck  of  thd.t  bone,  botweeo  Ibo  tufib«a  aud  the  comer  tnoiaor  UMh. 
The  whole  of  tlic  int^tHor  part  of  the  maxillorj  booe  iu  which  the  bidMr 
toeth  were  iihiDt«d  wua  cumjilulvly  dctaclied  from  the  other  portion  of  tha 
bone,  and  thi3  [lorta  were  mc^relj'  huld  together  bjr  tho  membrane  of  the 
inoath. 

The  faorso  was  cast — the  corner  tooth  on  the  left  a6a  extracted — tha 
wotuid  thoroughly  ulcanKod — Ibo  iW-turod  bonca  brouj^ht  iiito  contact— 
•ome  hole*  wct«  drillod  butwuin  the  tuvhea  and  tbe  second  inoiaor  teeth, 
above  and  hc-tow,  tlirou^th  whicL  Boino  irieoes  of  brass  wire  wore  paat«d, 
and  thus  the  jaws  were  ajiparenlly  liied  iaunoreably  together.  ITie  neck 
of  the  maxillary  bono  was  ^nrrouadcd  by  a  aufficieut  comprotut  of  tow,  and 
a  ligature  tied  around  it,  with  its  boaring  jilace  on  tbe  tiiahM,  and  aU 
motion  thns  prC!V<'iitc(I. 

The  home  wua  iialurully  an  imtnotablo  animal,  and  in  his  cflbrts  to 
open  his  jawa  the  wirc«  yielded  to  his  repealed  strugglui,  and  worv  to  a 
certain  de^free  gepaml'cd.  The  bandagv  of  tow  was,  nowOTer,  tightonpd, 
and  was  sufficient  fo  rvtjiin  the  fractured  ed^s  in  apposition. 

Tbe  moutli  now  bcguu  to  exhale  an  infeotioua  ana  gaagrenona  odour; 
tho  fl"'"*"'  was  dispirited,  tuid  would  not  lake  any  fuud  ;  gangrme 
wms  evidently  approoobing,  and  M.  Doulay  determined  to  ampulute  tbo 
infeiior  portion  of  the  maxillary  bone,  the  union  of  which  scorned  to  be 
impossible.  The  Hphiu.'ela(i.-d  jiortion  of  tbo  masillan'  was  entirely  re- 
moved;  every  tnfpaent  of  bone  that  had  an  obUijue  direction  wtui  sawn 
away,  and  the  rough  and  uneven  poi-tiona  which  the  saw  could  not  reach 
were  rasped  off. 

Defore  night,  the  homo  had  recovered  his  natural  gpirita,  and  was 
sejtrohing  fur  Kuuicthiiig  to  eat.  On  tlio  following  day  a  few  oats  wpra 
given  to  him,  and  be  ate  them  with  so  much  appetite  and  t«se,  that  no 
one  looking  at  him  would  think  that  he  had  been  deprived  of  his  lower 
inoiaor  teeth.  On  tjio  following  day  some  hay  waa  given  to  him,  wUidi 
he  ate  without  difHculiy,  and  in  a  fortnight  was  disnuKscd,  the  woanda 
being  nearly  hciiliTd. 

In  tho  tuujurily  of  these  cnses  of  gimple  iVarture  a  cure  might  be 
effected,  or  should,  at  least,  be  attempted,  by  means  of  well  adapted 
baadagM  around  thi:  muitEle>  confined  bv  stntps.  It  will  always  be 
pmdoot  to  call  in  veterinary  aid,  and  it  is  aoaolut^y  necesutiy  in  case  ot 
compound  ftacture  of  the  lower  jaw. 

Fbactobx  or  THB  snsE. — This  accident,  fortunately  for  (be  liorw,  il 
not  of  fi«qneot  oocDrreneo,  but  it  has  been  uniformly  &tal.    It  ma;  take 

Clace  in  dilTerent  parte  of  the  vertebra.'.     In  fracture  of  the  cervical  vnt^ 
Tw,  cspectaUy  if  it  ocean  abovo  the  fiflli  or  «ixtli  bone,  Uie  diapbriffW 
will  become  palsied  and  death  from  auiTocaliuii  will  iualanlly  resnlt.    Twa, 


A 


c 


vbaX  U  oojnmonly  tcrmM  '  broken  neck,'  ia  not  odtm  met  witli,  and  ia 
gmvnliy  prrxiaced  by  fidb  or  blows.  Rut  b;  Tar  tbd  most  fhtqaent  Bcftt 
of  fractured  vcrtvbnD  is  in  tbo  lumbnr  rc^oii.  It  aomctiiaos  liappons  iu 
th«  act  of  fklling,  iiA  iu  lunping  k  wide  ditcli ;  but  it  in  oncnnr  nrodDcrd  bj 
tine  Tiol«tice  of  some  sadden  unconscious  movenieot  of  tti«  aitunal,  snob  as 
dropping  tbo  hind  legs  into  some  unseen  grip  or  trench  when  going  fs«l 
witb  hounds.  It  has  also  oocured  daring  tbc  strngglos  of  the  animal 
-when  coat  and  nndmvoing  some  poinlol  opcrotion. 

It  is  gvni-nllj  sufficiently  svidenb  whSu  tli«  horse  is  on  the  ground. 
Either  a  snap  ia  heard,  indicatlTe  of  the  fSreoture,  or  Uifl  atragglea  of  tbe 
hind-limbs  suddenly  and  altogether  43eaee.  In  a  few  caaea  the  animal  has 
besn  able  to  get  np  and  walk  ia  his  stftble ;  in  othon,  tiw  oxistonoa  of  the 
ftaotore  baa  not  bt'c-n  iipparcnt  for  soreml  houn !  showing  that  the  rcrto- 
brw,  although  fructtm.il,  may  ranain  Ui  Uitir  ptaou  for  a  certain  period  of 
time.  The  bon«  that  is  brokoo  ia  nsually  one  of  the  posterior  oorsal  or 
anterior  ininbar  TCTtchnc.  Thoro  ia  no  et&tie&ctory  case  upon  record  of 
nmnion  of  tlte  frnctuntl  parts. 

In  the  human  being,  thi.-  df-'prciuu^  portion  of  thn  spinnl  nmh  nnd  nf  the 
fractmwJ  rertebrw  have  hetn  n-niovL-d  by  a  dcxt^Trou*  operation,  and 
St'osibility  and  the  [lower  of  vuliiiilary  motion  hare,  in  caaca  few  and 
far  between,  been  rrstorod ;  bat  in  the  horse  llija  has  rarely  or  never  been 
■Baoted.  Wo  nhoiild  consider  him  a  bold  operator,  but,  we  should  not 
Tcry  mncb  dinliki!  him,  who  mado  one  trikl,  at  Icastt  how  far  snrgical  skill 
nupht  be  available  hc-Ti", 

Mr.  W.  C.  Spooner  relatea  an  interesting  case  in  the  eleventh  Tolmne  of 
the  *  Veterinarian,'  and  many  such  hare  probably  occurred.  A  home  had 
been  clipped  about  thr«!  weeks,  and  was  aflcrwards  galloped  sharply 
on  rough  ground,  and  pulli-d  nn  Huddt^ly  and  repmtodlr,  for  the  piirpmto 
of  aweating  him.  Afli-r  that  hti  did  not  go  so  well  as  oeforu,  and  would 
act  canttT  rttadily,  altlioQj,'h  he  had  previously  been  much  imed  to  that 
pace.  Two  days  before  he  was  destroyed,  the  groom  was  riding  him  at 
a  slow  nnoc,  when  ho  suddenly  gave  way  brbind,  and  was  carried 
home  and  oonld  not  utVirwordii  stiiud.  Tie  biul,  dotibtli-Hs,  fmctured  tho 
■pine  sb'gbUy  when  pulled  up  ^uddt'iily,  but  witliuut  dis}>1ii(-ing  tha 
lK>n««. 

M.  Dopny  was  oonsuHad  mpocting  n  mara  apparently  palsied.  She 
had  an  uncertain  and  staggrriog  vnilk,  nom>mpaDied  br  evident  pain. 
AftcLT  rarious  means  of  ri'lief  bud  in  vnin  been  tried  during  tire-nnd- 
twentf  days,  ahc  wa«  destroyed.  A  fmctun?  of  the  last  durnaJ  vrrtirlmo 
was  disoovcrod.  It  bad  norer  been  qaito  comptetv,  and  oaaiGc  union  was 
beginning  to  take  ptiioe. 

RuCTTntB  OF  TUB  RIBS. — Thc«o  fmctnraa  are  not  always  easily  recng- 
Bised.  Those  that  are  0OT«r«d  by  lh«  BO^>ula  may  exist  for  a  Iour  tims 
wiUkout  being  detected,  and  those  t^tare  aitnated  pcAteriorly  are  so  lliidcly 
coTorcd  by  muscJes  as  to  render  the  detwtion  of  tie  injury  almost 
impossible.  In  the  third  rolunic  of  ihn  *  Tel<!rinnriiin  '  it  is  related  that 
*  man  was  trying  lo  ealch  a  uiaj«  in  a  field.  Shu  lea|H>d  at  Uio  gate, 
bat  hiling  to  clear  it,  she  fell  on  her  back  on  the  opjiosile  side.  Shu  lay 
tlutr«  ft  short  time,  and  then  gut  up  and  trotted  to  the  stable.  She  was 
addled,  and  her  master,  a  hcitry  man,  cnntcnKl  her  mora  than  thrco  miles. 
She  thea  boouno  nnusnally  dull  and  sluggish,  and  was  left  on  the  road. 
She  was  bled ;  mud  ou  ihv  following  morning  an  attempt  was  made  to  b«d 
her  home.  She  was  not,  however,  able  to  trarel  more  tlian  a  mile.  Ou 
tha  following  morning  she  was  evidently  in  CToat  pain,  and  a  retcrinaiy 
— .rgcon,  di«rornrini!  n  idight  depivsainn    of  tlui  spmous  [inioesw«  of  the 

renlfa  and    twcUUi  dan«l  rertcline,  and  dut«ctiug  a  rertnin  crepitus. 


448 


FHACTURES. 


order<>d  h«r  to  bo  destroyed.  On  post-mcirtrm  cxaminntJoa,  the  iwoUUi 
dnrstl  vciiobrn  wan  found  fnu'turvd,  tuid  the  vlvrcnUi,  twelfth,  atti 
thirtcmitli  ri))«  un  tlio  ni.iir  aidu  vere  all  fractured  aboul  tno  ioabM  Iran 
Uiirtr  articulaliou  witli  the  vcrtctne. 

Hurlnii  D'Arboval  s(ij-g  that '  tJio  two  ribo  behind  tho  nibow  aro  tie 
most  mibjcct  to  lriu:tiiiv,  and  the  fulso  rtb«,  from  thu  ytrtilinf^  motim 
wbicli  ihfy  possess,  an*  leaul  liable-'  The  ordinary  causce  of  fnKtnrg 
are  kicks  and  blows,  or  falls  on  the  chost,  nnd  dspociidty  in  Icapinf;. 
1'ho  frautnrCH  aro  gmrndly  nbont  thtrir  tniddln,  and,  in  the  true  ribs, 
ccnuoouly  obUqiio.  Tbfy  iirn  otx'aaionaUy  broken  into  Rptinters,  mi  H 
those  8plint«r§  are  directed  inward,  lliey  may  seriously  wotmd  iha  plmn, 
or  Innes.  In  order  most  ceHaJiily  to  dct«^ct  the  BitDntion  and  extent  o^ 
tlx-so  fmrf.iircfl,  it  may  bo  nfe-r^r^arv  to  tmoc  tho  rib  tlimngh  its  wbolc 
pxtirnt,  and,  nlititild  tlicrc.'  bt^  uny  irrtigutarity,  to  {nves  Grmly  upon  it 
above  and  below  b  order  to  a^ctrtain  the  nature  and  extent  of  tim 
injury. 

If  fractnre  is  detMt<^  it  is  not  often  QipA  mnch  flaseutia]  good  can  he 
dons.  If  there  is  little  or  no  diaplnccmcnt,  a  brond  roller  »bnald  t>o  t^hlly 
drown  round  tlic  ch(«t,  in  order  to  prevent  ns  much  as  poetiibtv  the  tnotion 
of  the  ribs  in  the  act  of  brcatltiiift,  and  to  throw  the  labour  on  tlM 
diaphragm  and  the  abdominal  mnaclea  until  the  fractured  parts  are  united, 
[f  toe  JVactmred  parts  protrude  outward?,  a  firm  compress  mnxt  be  placed 
njMin  them.  Tf  thfty  are  dcptvi^ficd,  it  will  nlwaya  be  tiilvi»uble  to  pEace  a 
linn  bandage  orrr  tiie  neat  of  fracture,  although,  perhajis,  there  may  be 
scarcely  the  pus-iibility  of  elevalinjf  them  to  any  considerable  dugree. 
Bhonld  much  irritation  be  the  conKoqnoDco  of  the  nnliire  or  direction  of 

Slip  fVactnre,  proper  means  must  bo  aiioptnd  to  allay  the  eongtituttoniLl 
ittni'biinrc  that  mny  be  pniduc-cd.     Gtiu^rul  or  local  htendings  will  bo 
tnoit  Bt-rvit'eab!e. 

FaiciiiEE  OF  HIE  PBLvre,— Thia  ia  not  of  frequmt  occurtenoo,  on 
aceouut  of  the  thickuess  of  the  soft  parts  which  surround  thepolra,  and 
]imtcet  it  from  injury,  but  it  i:i  of  a  mnst  hcHoun  i^hiirai.'tcr  whoQ  it  dtMS 
take  p1m'(>,  on  turi;oii:it  of  the  violence  which  mniit  havu  bi^-n  necessaiy 
to  produce  it.  The  usnal  causes  are  &1U  ftom  a  oonsi'ltrablc  hci|;ht,  or 
heavy  blows  on  the  pelvis.  The  injury  may  havo  roTerence  to  tbo  ititcnial 
or  nteiTiftl  portion  of  the  pelvis.  In  the  first  ciuo,  th«  danger  may  not 
bi'  dtHCovrmil  until  irreparable  miitcliinf  is  prodni-'rid.  W]icn  it  is  chiefly 
ext«mal,  the  altered  appearance  of  the  hip  spiaks  for  itself.  It  ia  mroly 
in  onr  power  to  nfl'ord  any  assjatance  in  cases  like  this,  except  wh«n  there 
am  fractured  portions  of  the  bone  that  may  bo  partially  or  entirely 
removed,  or  the  projecting  npino  of  tbo  ilium  is  only  partially  fru'lnred. 

M.  Lovrat  (fives  an  iutereslinf^  account  of  o  caao  oftracluiv  of  ihn  right 
xido  of  the  pelvis,  near  the  acetabulum,  in  leaping  a  wide  dilch  when 
hunting.  "I'lio  Inmpncss  which  it  orcsBioned,' »T»  he, 'ww  irach  tlial 
(li(!  to<!  of  tbp  foot  wtia  «?ivrc(ily  pormittcd  to  loui'h  the  ground  while  IIm 
niutiuti  was  at  idl  ni|jid.  Wlitn  lh«  motion  wan  alow  the  fool  was  placMl 
flat  on  the  ground,  but  with  great  difhodty  moved  forward.  On  applyittf 
my  right  band  to  the  fmctonid  jjart,  wbicli  did  not  exhibit  any  hc«t,'an3 
Bt'izing  with  my  left,  hand  the  point  of  tlie  thigh,  I  fnll  a  movtrmpnt  of  the 
ischium,  which  easily  eiiablcMi  tuo  to  jud^  of  the  fracture  aud  its  scat, 
and  to  discover  that  none  of  the  Iraclured  parts  were  displaocd.  I 
ordered  ber  to  bokcpt  quiet  for  three  weeks,  and  then  permitted  to  wander 
about  tlie  stable.  At  the  end  of  two  montlui  nhe  was  mounted  and  exer> 
rtftwl  at  a  foot  pace,  and  in  another  month  ahe  was  enabled  to  au<tain  the 
longest  dar'a  work  without  lameness.  In  the  following  .year  she  was 
plaeod  in  tbc  atud  of  the  Uaron  dv  ijtai^,  whore  she  pmdooed  some  good 


i 


FRACTUS£8. 


449 


P  The  Kntinla  of  tho  school  nt  Alfort  contain  the  coae  of  ftn  old  man 
with  fnctoro  of  th«  polTia  nnd  of  the  IriV.  ischinm,  and  in  vluiin  uuioii  of 
the  booea  was  «Sect«d  au  proiupUv,  tluit  on  Ihi!  thirtiutb  dav  very  linl« 
laiaeiMM  nntained, and  bLo  shortly  ivlurued  to  hvr  nmi&l  woik.  Kho  snon 
ftftarvrnids  died  from  somo  oihrT  cnn»o.  and  the  atat«  of  Uif  omcuun  parts 
wns  thoroaghl}*  cxBHiimxl.  Tlitwi^  i^iucrii,  liowr^vcir,  stand  fttmoBt  klone,  and 
[xiHt- mortem  exaiuiiuiUon  dutouvi'ni  frucluri'ii  of  the  isfhinia  and  the  pelvis, 
aud  «ach  bone  dirided  into  many  pieces,  ao  that  it  in  impussibht  for  thn 
hind  qoartcre  of  the  animal  to  bo  sopportcd — nlso  f^uctnrea  lyf  thci  I'xtcr- 
nnl  anglo  nf  tbn  ilinto,  whirh  mrrlv  K  nj^in  consolidntod.  and  ronghucsa 
of  the  boDj*  fruginiiiiiit,  wliioh  produce  Mi/i  laocntion  of  tb«  sofl  puna. 
Fraotara  of  the  ischium  preecutA  idmoat  insapemble  ditfiuultica — that  of 
fihe  ilium  is  nnifonnly  fatnl. 

Tim  npppr  and  prnjroting  part  of  tti<i  iliTim  or  hip'ljone  is  not  oofr^ 
qnontly  inuituivd,  by  thu  imiiual  cumino;  in  contact  with  flotni>  hard  aab- 
■lonoe^  such  aa  the  sidu  of  the  slableH&ar,  or  from  getting  cnst  in  tho 
slablo.  It  generally  rauscs  lameness,  bat  aflcr  a  time  the  bono  nnitcN, 
ftlthoiigh  from  tho  action  of  tho  n]usol««  attaclind  to  this  part,  it  aamnwia 
adifforent  podition,  producing  mriotiadngmca  of  deformity,  and  constitutes 
what  ia  termed  '  hip  down'  or  '  let  duwa  on  the  hip,' 

PuCTCXB  or  THE  TiiL. — This  accident  is  not  of  frcqnent  occnrmnce, 
except  from  nccidciitAl  entanglement,  or  the  appticatiou  of  bruli!  fc^reu. 
Thi!  tnwTtnre  tx  raaily  rncognim^,  frecjnnntly  by  tha  eye  and  always  by 
tbi-  fiii)^-rs.  If  tho  toil  in  not  amputated,  a  cord  puscd  over  a  finlley, 
and  with  a  small  weight  attacbed  tu  it,  will  bring  the  aepiiratt.sl  bone* 
again  into  a[>posttion.  and  ir  about  a  month  the  natotal  condition  uf  the 
part  will  be  snfliHently  mn»tAt(Hl. 

PBACnmes  ow  iiik  r.iMns.-— The™*,  fortunately,  am  of  rare  occurrcnoo  in 
the  home,  for  although  their  divided  edges  might  he  vasily  brought  again 
into  appoeitiou,  it  would  ho  sometimes  impossible  to  retain  them  in  it,  for 
the  sbgbtcet  motion  wonld  diaplaoa  tfacm.  A  rapid  surrey  of  each  may 
not,  however,  Itr  nltogi-tber  nselen. 

FKiCnas  or  the  sciPiriA. — The  author  is  not  aware  of  the  Knccmtdhl 
tnttlioeut  of  lliis  accident  by  any  Knglieh  veterinary  surgeon.  Mr.  ENiUer 
f»ys,  in  the  eighth  volnma  of  the  '  Vrtf  rinarinn,'  that  Tie  attempted  it, 
but  from  tbo  cltfficnl^  of  keeping  the  diviib-d  mlgiMi  of  tho  bono  in  apposi- 
tion with  each  othiir.  and  thi-  nuloml  uiilruclublvDi-sH  of  the  animal,  and 
symptoms  of  telajius  bi-giniitiig  to  appear,  the  patient  was  di-strcyed.  Thu 
fracinre  was  a  hitle  above  the  neck:  of  the  scapula,  and  tho  muscles  were 
dtxadfolly  lacerated. 

Vutann  or  tub  iiuxKRiro.— It  ia  not  at  all  times  easy  lo  discover  tho 
ezisteBceaiMlprGoiscRtuiitionof  fracture  of  the  hnmerus.'  The  lameness 
is  very  great— 4lio  an™"!  will  not  bear  at  all  npon  the  broken  limb — he 
will  drag  it  along  tho groiiDd — he  will  more  slowly  and  withdiKientty,  and 
bin  progrcsiiion  will  consint  of  a  mcocMion  of  aliort  leans.  The  iilt^ng  of 
the  foot  will  give  veiy  great  pain.  If  he  ia  rooghiy  bandied,  he  will  some- 
times rear  or  throw  himself  imddcnly  down.  Br  cansfalapplicatjoii  of  the 
baad  a  crepitus  will  more  or  leas  dijtinutly  be  neard.  Toe  ohanoos  aro 
always  mAt«Hnlly  against  the  uiion  of  a  frsctsre  of  the  kunienu.  The 
mtient  most  be  kept  conntontlysaspended,  and  bandages  caicMly  applied. 
it.  Delaifoette  relates  in  the  Juumal  I'raliqie  for  Dticember  1631,  that  be 
attended  an  entire  draught-borso  wbouc  hanK-ms  had  been  ftoctnred  by 
tho  kick  of  a  mnre.  Tho  fnnctnro  extended  tont.'itudin»lly  throogti  two* 
thirds  of  the  length  of  tho  boue,  and  the  portH  were  sopaivted  fhim  eocb 
other.  Tbcy  were  bronghl  again  into  apposition,  and  kept  so  by  m«ans 
of  pitch  plasl«r8  and  splints.   Tho  borve  wns  pot  into  alin^ ;  the  pavrment 

a  a 


460 


FRACrUHES. 


of  the  Mtalile  WW  UAtm  np  ;  a  hollow  dnf{  under  the  rmctorrd  limb,  aai 
thin  dupriaauon  filled  with  straw,  in  order  to  afford  a  soft  support  for  tk 
foot.  Ho  was  blod,  grncl  nlonc  given  as  foorl,  and  injoctions  dnil/  »d- 
ministerod. 

On  Wii'  2l>tli  day  Uiu  roUera  were  removed  and  replaced.  On  the  -fOlli 
day  ho  b(.-Kan  to  r'fst  on  the  fractured  timb.  On  the  tJOtb  day  the  bsadagM 
wirre  remoYod,  thu  frttcturo  had  bdon  vnil  conKolidat«d,  and  tho  bom 
rc«t«d  his  wnight  npon  it.  It  la  relut^tajitly  addnl  thut  he  vnui  aftorwardi 
dcslruytd  im  ucoouiit  of  some  discaac  of  llie  loins. 

FoACTURE  OF  TOE  tUDtus.— This  accidiaut  is  not  of  oitfrequont  occar> 
rouce.  It  commonly  titkon  an  ohliqao  direction,  and  is  ogiually  first 
discovered  by  tho  diii]iliu;riiic!nt  of  thci  timb.  Mr.  Otou^,  of  Umt  10U> 
HaKsurs,  iu  tlvo  fourtli  vulunn)  of  lliu  '  VtrliTianrian,'  girea  an  inteneting 
account  of  a  case  that  ocoitrrocj  in  his  practioe,  *  Ad  entire  black  car^ 
horse  was  grar.in^  in  tt  field,  into  n-hich  somo  mares  wero  aociilfaitallf 
turned.  One  of  tlinm  Icicki^d  liiui  Novercly  a  little  abore  the  knoe.  Hi^ 
liowevrtr,  contrived  to  gH  homo,  and,  being  oardtilly  viainined,  titere  waa 
fuund  a  simple  fi-actnro  of  tho  radius,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  above  the 
knee.  The  ends  of  the  fnictnrwJ  booe  could  bn  heard  distinctly  grating 
UBinst  Cttch  other,  Iwtli  in  advitnciug  tho  log  anil  turning  it  ndoway&tM 
So  body.  He  was  imiuediat^ly  placed  in  a  uling,  not  Mnipletely  elci-ak^ 
fVtim  the  ground,  bot  in  which  he  could  occastonalij  reticro  himi>«lf  fay 
Ktnnding.  Tho  leg  nas  well  hathod  with  warm  water,  and  tho  ende  of  H» 
hnite  broufht  UK  true  to  tlicnr  position  na  powdble.  Some  thin  alipii  of 
(rrt-wi  wood  were  then  immersed  in  bo0iug  water  until  Uiey  would  rwdily 
bend  to  the  shape  of  tho  limb,  and  they  were  tied  round  the  part,  tbc  endi 
of  them  being  tied  with  (aw. 

A  fortnight  afUTwnrdfl  he  bi-came  very  troublctome,  knw^kine  his  feat 
on  tlie  ground,  and  when,  at  the  expiration  of  tbo  iiixth  we(£,  bo  tnu 
takuu  from  the  aUngs,  there  wrs  a  considerable  bonj  deposit  abore  Oa 
knee.  This,  however,  grndnally  imbsidcd  aa  tho  norao  regained  his 
strength,  and,  with  the'  exception  of  tnraing  tho  log  a  little  outintnlSi  ba 
is  na  UMefiil  an  fvi*r  for  common  purposes. 

Fractckb  or  the  ulna. — This  is  far  more  exposed  to  dai^«r  Huua  tfcs 
last  two  bonex,  and  i*  oftener  fractured.  Tlio  fractnre  is  generally  an 
oblitine  one,  and  ivbout  two-thirda  from  the  aummit  of  tliic  oone.  It  i« 
tmuiodiati'ly  dt<toctod  by  the  altered  action  and  diBerent  ap|ICtM«nc«  ot 
the  limb.  It  is  not  so  ditfieiilt  of  reduction  as  either  the  humcnui  or  tha 
MoupuliL,  wh(-n  the  fmetnro  in  tirwarda  the  middle  of  the  bone.  A  nMfc 
(]uautity  of  tow  saturated  with  pitch  i&uict  bo  placed  around  tb«  elbow, 
and  confined  n-ith  lirm  adhesive  plasters, iJie groiuid  buiug  hollowed  awaj 
in  the  front  of  the  injured  leg,  so  that  BO  jiiiTiiiiii  ahall  be  made  by  thai 
foot. 

Fracttkb  or  teb  tbkdb.  —  Comridoring  the  maMos  of  muNolo  that 
sorroond  this  bone,  and  the  immense  wtright  wliich  it  nupporU,  il  would 
natnntlly  bo  deemed  impossible  to  reduce  a  real  fr>u:ture  of  the  fimiiir.  If 
the  divided  bonen  ar«i  ovor  united,  it  is  a  consequence  of  the  simple  tepoM 
i>f  tlie  iHirtn,  and  thetr  Utaduacy  to  nnit«.  I'rofes^or  Dick,  bow«var, 
n-Ialea  in  the  second  volnioa  of  thi?  '  Veteriniiritui,'  a  ^fry  atngnlar  aad 
iiitort>«t)ng  acooTint  of  ttie  cure  of  fia*.-turu  of  the  femur.  Be  was  t»- 
quested  to  attend  a  bay  mare  that  bad  ntet  with  an  accident  in  leaping  a 
■unkrn  feace.  Hi^  found  a  woond  in  the  sf.ifle  of  the  hind  leg  nmuiii^ 
truuMvuniely  acroK*  the  anterior  of  the  artienlation,  aliont  an  inch  aad  a 
half  in  length,  and  in  it  was  a  portion  of  bone  that  bad  been  fiacttiRd, 
and  that  had  eaeajiod  IVom  its  situation  towards  Uu)  inside  of  tlu)  stiSc^ 
where  it  was  held  by  a  portion  of  ligament.    The  isolaled  natune 


lU)  BtiMl^       ' 

t«  of  tb    I 


FRACTURES.        ^^^^^T  «[ 

(ractunMl  portion,  tb«  difllvalty,  or  nttbcr  tmpoiiiibtlitj  of  replk^^  it  m 
lU  sHnaliioDj  kud  Ihe  few  voeaeb  which  the  oonneotuig  ntedtnin  fomtmai, 
tvaittnA  it  impcwsibla  that  oiuoa  would  be  eflVtcted ;  he  therefore  detet- 
miiml  to  rennreo  it. 

Hkrius  vnlftr^Hd  thL>  wound,  and  divided  th«  portion  of  capiiahir  tig»- 
iBflBt  which  letunod  it  in  ita  phu%.  hu  t'x.tnict*^  tbo  bono,  and  found  it  to 
lie  Qie  ti|>pcir  pnrt  of  tho  inner  anterior  cond.^le  of  th(>  fcmnr,  roeaBarinp 
three  iscnt*  in  limtfth,  one  ini-.li  and  n  half  in  brondth,  and  iilxiut  on  inch 
in  thicicnees,  tuid  beiug  in  shape  ncurly  BJiniliir  to  tho  loitgitudimd  ncotion 
of  a  hen's  egg. 

AfU^T  tho  rvmnvnl  of  the  bone  the  aniniftl  momml  vtsttj  much  reliered; 
the  wound  vima  Analy  ncwmI  np,  ndhmiru  Ntmpping  Applied  otdt  it,  and 
the  put  kept  wot  with  cold  wa(«r. 

Tin>  dufii  nfker'wiLrd^  considerable  swelling  hiid  taken  place  ;  she  seemed 
to  sD^r  macli.  and  thoro  was  somo  ooaing  from  t,h«  wound.  PomentAtiona 
were  auma  appliiMj,  niid  she  waa  ahing. 

She  now  begvx  rapidly  to  improve,  and,  althon;;h  one  of  tho  largest 
Biiwiilatioiia  in  Dm  body  had  been  laid  open,  and  a  part  of  the  aiticnl&r 
portion  of  the  bono  reraoTrd,  the  wound  hrnUti  so  rapidly  that  in  three 
weeks  slui  walkud  with  little  lninen«9U(  ta  a  Iuomc  l)ox.  At  the  expiration 
of  another  three  weeks,  the  Profeasor  aewn  visited  her.  On  bvint;  led  ont 
she  trotted  aeroraJ  times  along  the  ctabls  yard,  apparently  sound,  with  the 
exeeption  of  moving  tho  limb  m  a  slight  drerM  wuIikt  than  usual,  and  so 
completely  waH  the  |mrt  oovered  Uwt,  had  it  nut  bMn  for  a  sroiUl  scat 
that  nai)aiiied,aetran^roould  not  have  known  that  such  ao  accident  had 
takoB  plBCO. 

FEtcmBi:  or  tre  tatelu. — This  does  ooaMdooally,  though  -very  sddom 
oeeur.  It  is  DHually  the  eonaequenoe  of  violent  kicks  or  blows,  and  if 
this  singular  hone  is  once  disunited,  no  power  nui  bring  the  ditided  por* 
tioDS  of  tbo  hone  togotlirr  n^in. 

FucTCXX  or  TR£  TiBJA. — -Tliis  oficction  is  of  more  firiqucnt  oocnrrrnoe, 
and  of  nvore  aerioua  eonaeqiience  than  we  were  aocustuiDcd  lo  imagine  it 
to  be^  Ur.  Tramp,  twelve  years  ago,  first  called  the  attentioii  of  iM  pre- 
foMiro  to  some  singnlar  circnmstoncea  connected  with  the  tibia,  in  the 
third  volume  of  Ih  I?  'vcterinurtm).'  Alarjrndraugbt-honiohrlonjringtolhe 
IXiwlatH  Intu  Coiupuny  al  Kferthyr  Tydvil.  eamu  in  from  bin  labour  very 
iame  in  the  near  hind  leg.  batwitbno  visible  sign  of  any  severe  injury  being 
nc«iv«d.  flio  foot  was  fwarclied,  but  nothing  farther  was  <fone.  fie 
stood  in  the  tilable  sei'enil  days,  and  llicti  was  turned  into  a  field,  and  wss 
diiicover«d  one  uiorntug  with  tlie  hmb  dependent,  and  a  fnwturu  of  tho 
tibia  jwt  above  the  hoot. 

Fmrteen  or  sixtMn  mootbs  after  thst,  another  hoirse  came  home  fWmi  a 
journey  of  seven  miles,  lami!,  with  a  slight  mark  on  the  innide  of  the 
thigh — a  mere  scratch,  and  very  litllv  imnefaction.  There  was  nothing 
to  aCDOvnt  fi>r  soch  scvoro  lamanew :  bat  a  few  mornings  afterwards,  the 
tibia  was  sosn  to  be  fractared.  The  front  of  the  bone  wmi  splmtrred  as 
from  a  Uow. 

Two  months  after  that.  ano>thrr  home  had  been  observed  to  be  lame 
seven  or  eight  darn,  A  ulight  SLTutoh  waa  observed  on  the  inside  of  tho 
thigh,  with  a  httle  swelliuK,  and  increaacd  beat  and  tcnderacsn  jnst  above 
the  bock.  Mr.  Trump  had  exanuned  tlte  foot  daring  the  time  that  the 
horao  stood  in  the  sub1c,  not  being  sBtwBed  tiut  uie  apparently  slight 
ityory  on  the  thigh  could  account  for  the  lameness.  Bo  was  torned  lo 
gT«m,  and  three  days  afterwards  the  tibia  was  feond  brokec  at  tho  part 
mentioned,  and  ondently  ttom  a  blow.     Were  there  not  positire  pn»of  of 


J 


MS  ^^^^^^  FRACTTRBS.  ^^^^^^^V 

Out  cimiiDiKfanOT,  it  would  hnro  boco  deemed  impoetiblp  that  a  (htctun, 
ntid  <if  Hueli  a  bono,  cniilil  have  existed  so  long  without  det«ctioD. 

Ml'.  J.  $.  Mnvcr  givi'n  tat  inUirestlii^  aocoimt  of  the  auc«««gifnl  ttwat- 
meiit  of  a  cnAc  of  fraoturu  of  tho  Kbin,  in  the  TmiWiirtiona  of  the  Vd. 
Uod.  Amuciatioii,  in  which  imtne  other  CMCH,  aDCOoaafally  treated,  ■» 
muTulvd.  The  simplicity'  of  tbo  provees  will,  we  tmst,  enooaraga  muj 
RBotber  vntcriniwy  Burgeou  to  follow  bis  example. 

*  A  horiK!  receired  a  blow  on  tho  tibin  of  the  neftr  leg,  but  little  notine 
was  talfuii  ofit  for  two  or  throe  cinya.  When,  liowovcr,  wc  wcrocallrf  in 
to  ezamioe  him,  we  fonnd  the  tibia  lo  be  obli<|U(!ly  fraotnrod  almat  mid- 
way botwcen  the  hook  and  the  stifle.  Mid  n  sniaJl  wound  oKisting  on  th« 
isndo  of  the  leg.  It  yros  act  in  the  following  manner : — The  h^  from  the 
■tifle  dowu  to  the  bock  wna  well  covensl  with  an  Mdhonve  oompouod ;  it 
was  than  wmppnl  nmnd  with  fine  tow,  upon  whieh  another  hi7«r  of  iht 
eiUDO  lulhrjtivo  mixture  waa  Imd,  tho  whole  htang  well  Bplmterad  ud 
bnndjiged  up,  so  as  to  ivndnr  what  wpa  a  alightlT  oomponnd  frecteiv  a 
aiinple  ooe.  The  InnnI  inSumiuutiou  &nd  iympatlietio  inrm*  that  auper- 
veood  wcra  leapt  down  by  antiphlogistic  measurea.  At  tliu  end  of  hi 
wniika  the  boudogesand  splints  wpro  removed,  and  roai^iuiled  in  a  similar 
way  as  before,  and  at  thn  termination  of  throe  months  from  the  time  of 
the  accident,  he  waa  dtsuharKud  vnrL-d,  the  »]>liat>  being  wholljr  tukett  oB^ 
uid  merely  au  udhosivo  stay  kept  on  the  leg.  The  horae  i»  now  at  work 
and  quite  sound,  there  being  merely  a  little  tiuckeniDg,  where  tlio  oaUiuii 
formed.' 

FiuccuitB  or  Tin  nonts  or  tbb  book. — Thia  in  not  of  froqnoot  occar> 
ronce,  but  rcry  diffic-ult  to  treat,  from  tlie  almost  impoMtibih^  of  finding 
means  to  retain  the  bone  in  its  situation,  A  case,  howerer,  aoiucwhat 
simple  in  its  nature,  occurred  in  the  prnctioo  of  Mr.  Cartwrif^t.  A  oolt, 
leaping  at  some  rails,  got  liis  leg  between  them,  and,  unnblo  to  extricate 
bimself,  htmg  over  on  the  other  aide.  AAer  bein^'  lilH-ratod,  it  appeared 
on  uxnminittion  that  there  was  a  simple  borisontal  fVacUire  of  (ho  wholeof 
till!  OS  cuk'iB  ubout  tho  middle.  A  i-piint  wna  contrive  so  as  to  raieh  from 
tlie  middle  of  the  tibia  to  that  of  tbo  cannon  bono,  and  this  wa*  applied  to 
the  front  of  tho  leg.  keeping  the  hoclc  from  iIh  UKuut  motion,  and  relaxiag 
tlui  muxidiui  iuH(!rt<<d  into  the  os  calciB.  Undoniealh  this  spUnt  a  chaf^ 
was  upplieil  about  the  part,  in  order  to  form  a  level  mr&oe  for  Ihe  aplinl 
to  rest  uixrn.  The  whole  wnii  bound  together  by  propor  adbraive  band- 
sgee,  and  he  nas  ordL-red  to  bo  kt-pt  quiul  in  tlic  stable,  but  not  to  be 
along.  Id  about  two  months  tho  hock  was  fired  and  beoame  pcriectif 
found. 

Fbactiirb  of  the  C4SS0S  OR  SBANR  BOKE.^ — Thi»  in  of  moro  fVeqnenI 
ocuurreuce  than  that  of  any  other  bone,  on  account  of  the  Inngth  of  the 
leg,  and  the  danger  to  wliicl)  it  is  ezpooed.  There  is  rarely  any  diflioalty 
in  detecting  its  nitnntion,  but  there  is  somotiniee  a  groat  dual  in  bringing 
the  divided  edgi'H  of  the  bono  again  into  apposition.  A  kind  of  win^aai^ 
or  a  power  uunivt  to  it,  is  occasionally  necuHaary  U>  iirodticv!  cufficipnt  ex* 
tension  in  ordiT  to  effect  tbo  desirod  purpose :  but  the  divided  edges  being 
brought  into  apposition  are  nrtained  there  by  the  foi-co  of  the  mnaclM 
above^  Splints  reiuihing  from  the  fbot  to  aboro  tho  inxw  shonld  ibeu  be 
ap|>lied.  The  horae  should  bo  pbced  in  alings,  after  which,  if  tlio  caae  il 
going  on  well,  tbe  animal  may  oRen  he  tnmed  out. 

In  cawM  of  oomponnd  ftaiMum  the  woundx  shoald  be  carafally  attended 
to :  but  iir.  Peteivall  aaya.  in  hia  '  Itippopathotogj,'  Utat  he  knows  one 
or  two  old  practitJODers,  who  are  in  tho  habit  of  treating  thano  caaes  in  a 
nry  annuaary  and  gencmlly  (^(^cesiiful  manner.  They  employ  such  com- 
BOB  aopport^  with  ^ltnt«  and  tow  and  bandages,  s«  Ute  case  seems  to 


FAACTEKES.     .     ^^^^^"^  453 

nqiuTD,  and  then  the  ikninml  with  his  Ivg  bound  op  i»  tunied  out,  if  tho 
1>B»0M  permit*:  otherwise  he  in  jilm-od  in  n  yitril  or  box,  where  iheru  is 
not  nuich  stmw  to  itiuouunude  hia  iuuri>iu(i(it«.  The  unimiLl  will  (oko  cwre 
not  to  U>q>OM  (oo  much  wei(i;ht  on  his  fractitred  Utah ;  and,  proridod  the 
parte  an  wellsecnred,  natar«  will  gencmll;  perform  I  he  net, 

PuomBS  or  mt  srumoid  BO!n8.--Th«ro  nn  bitt  few  instances  of  thin 
ou  record.  Oiui  in  relaUid  hj  Mr.  PnUer,  of  Unrcb,  in  the  third  volunifl  of 
the  '  VcteriuaHan.'  He  vaa  gaUopiuK  stcadil)-  and  uot  ntpidJj:  a  horso  of 
his  owD,  wheu  the  animal  raddralv  fell  as  if  he  had  heeo  ahot.  Hv  wa* 
broken  down  in  both  fbra  Ir^.  Thn  ownor  very  faomanely  ordered  liiu 
to  be  immtxliatoly  dcntroTfd.  Both  tho  p<'rforanii  and  porfomtus  ton- 
dona  ofl^e  ntiar  fore  h-^  wt-re  oomplirtvly  nipturtNl,  iiul  wueru  thcj  vot* 
over  lb9  sesamoid  bone,  which  was  fractured  in  « tmusvetse  din.*ctton. 
Tho  Maaotoid  bone  of  tbo  off  log  wm  ftnctared  in  the  mae  direcUou,  but 
tfas  tendoout  wnro  entire. 

Another  raao  is  cue  dt^cribed  by  Mr.  Harri»,  of  Preston,  in  tho  &n,h 
Totnme  of  the  '  Veterinarian.'  A  Strang  coach-like  aninuU  was  galloped 
inidly.  Ho  hwl  not  gone  more  than  a  hundred  varda  before  ha  raddoily 
feu,  and  it  WOK  with  gn^itt  dilhi^alty  thiit  he  conid  he  led  home,  a  distMioe 
cf  about  two  iiiihut.  Tliere  wtw  nooti  eunxidcruble  swcUins  in  tho  offforo 
hg — great  pain  on  tlie  animal's  attomjitiiig  to  walk,  and  hm  futlocl:  nearly 
tonchitd  the  ground.  Some  slight cropitns  could  b«detect«<d,  hut  thcexact 
aent  of  it  could  not  bo  aaoertouiod.  Mr.  IInrH«  considered  the  caae  a« 
faopeleaa,  but  tho  owner  would  have  some  niiiuui  trlc>d  to  ware  the  animal. 
He  was  acoordinitljr  bled  and  phjaJdeed.  and  cold  tulionn  aud  luuidngim 
wero  applied  to  the  foot.  Two  daya  afterwards  some  bouj  spicula*  bitian 
to  protmdn  throagh  tine  Bkin,  and,  the  cuao  being  now  ptTfcetlv  hopclt«a, 
the  aiiimal  was  dcstroy(.>d.  The  inner  eotianioid  bone  was  sliiTvred  to 
atoms. 

Kiuimiax  or  the  cnvit  riiffrKits. — Thick  and  strong,  and  moveahle  aa 
this  bono  SGonis  to  be,  it  is  oocasionHllf  ^nctorod.  This  has  been  the  cou- 
•eqnenca  of  a  violent  cdTort  hy  tho  bor>o  to  nave  himsi'U'  from  falling  when 
he  has  stumbled,— it  haa  happened  whtiu  ho  haa  been  incautioiixly  per- 
mitted to  ran  down  a  eteep  descent — and  has  oceurrvd  wlieu  a  hurse  lias 
boeti  tntveUing  on  tlie  beet  mud.  and  at  no  greAt  pnoe. 

The  cxiatcnoo  of  fractnm  in  thin  \timv  tK,  generally  Kpenking,  easily 
delected.  The  injured  foot  ia  im  lightly  as  peeuble  iicrmittcd  to  eome  in 
contact  with  the  grooiui  Aa  litUo  weight  as  may  be  is  thrown  on  it,  or, 
if  tho  uiin>a]  ia  oompeDed  to  use  it,  the  tcibck  is  bent  down  nearly  to  the 
ground,  and  tho  too  u  turned  upward.  If  tho  foot  la  rotated  n  cjqtitus  is 
generally  heard. 

This,  however,  is  uot  always  the  case.  A  ease  is  related  In  the  Reo.  i« 
Mid.  Vit.,  Norember,  IS31,  in  which  M.  Levrat  wm  roatueted  to  examine 
a  hone  that  had  snddfnly  bccomo  Inmc.  The  nou- hind  leg  wnsretrnctrd, 
and  the  foot  wa*  kept  frum  touching  the  ground.  H«  careRilIy  examined 
tbe  foot,  and  diseovurvd  thiit  much  pain  was  expressed  when  the  pastern 
was  bandied.  Uo  suspected  fracture  of  tho  hone,  hat  he  e«uld  not  detect 
it.  He  hied  the  uiinukl,  ordered  coolins  applicutioua  to  tbe  jwrt,  and  garo 
a  dow  of  phyiia  Thrc«  daya  afterward  he  agun  saw  his  [tutient,  and 
readily  detected  a  ftttoture,  taking  a  direction  obliquolr  across  the  pastern. 

The  probability  of  success  in  uie  troatmrnt  of  thin  frscturo,  depends  on 
its  being  a  simple  or  compound  one.  If  it  runs  latersUy  acroM  tne  bones 
it  may  be  rc*dily  and  iiucei-wcliilly  treated — if  it  ezteoda  to  the  joints  above 
and  Dotow,  it  wdl  probably  teruiiiiale  in  anchyloais,  and  if  the  bone  ia 
shivered,  as  it  loo  frequently  is,  into  Tarinna  parts,  there  woald  scarcely 
seem  the  poaaibtli^  of  a  soccessfal  truitment  of  tlio  caae.     The  inttanoes. 


454  ^  ™^  FRACTUIIE3.  ^^^^^m- 

liowpvor,  are  nnmm-ouH  ia  whinh  tho  cose  t«rmiiiiit«s  snoocMffnltT.  Hortid 
D'Arboval  rocncnnKmda  thul  u  baoduge  st«e|M--U  iu  aome  adbcuoTB  matter 
khoiild  bnappliitd  fnim  llie  coronet  to  tlie  mlddlo  of  tiie  l«ig.  OuUiissome 
wut  puBinliotu'd  is  to  he  inouldpd,  enveloped  fif^rwnrds  in  a  linen  bftndaga. 
A  fituall  splint  i»  ngw  to  bn  iipplied  before  and  behind  and  on  c*cb  side,  and 
thp  linllnw  tibcm  arc  filled  with  tow,  in  order  togirc  them  an  oqnal  bear- 
iiiK.  If  tbia  duiM  uot  appear  to  ho  sufficieutly  seome,  oUur  MpUntih 
lliicker  and  broader,  ara  placed  over  those,  extending  to  the  kueu  or  tlw 
hock. 

The  CMKK  Delated  by  M.  Tjcvnit  was  treati^d  in  tluaway.  It  will  becOHi- 
pinilivuly  seMoiu  th^l  it  will  be  neoesBary  to  suspend  the  patient.  Tho 
auiinal  under  the  treatirieDt  of  M.  Levrat,  kept  his  foot  iu  the  atr  tor 
nearly  tlirco  woekn.  At  the  end  of  (hat  penod  ho  bow  and  then  tried  to 
rent  his  tor  on  thn  litter.  Six  wct'ks  after  tbo  accidtint  ho  brnn  to  throw 
noma  wui^lit  on  tho  fmit;  and  a,  few  days  alXerwardH  he  waa  able  to  00  lo 
a  pond,  ubout  finy  paces  from  hie  stable,  and  where,  of  hia  own  aiocora,  ha 
took  a  foot-bnlh  for  nearly  an  hour  at  a  time.  At  the  expiration  ot 
aoother  month  he  wim  mountrd,  andwent  vory  well  nta  walking-paco;  ka 
WM,  hownver,  alill  lanio  when  be  was  trotUdl. 

Another  home,  tL>>a<tid  by  thv  saiiio  surj^'on,  waa  soon  able  toretrtontht 
bad  leg.  in  order  to  change  hia  position — he  was  allowed  three  wooIcr  aftor 
that,  and  then  commenriid  his  former  daily  work — the  dmwinKofafaoKvT 
cart.  He  limptil  a  little  when  hv  wm  trotted;  bnt  did  a«  nmcB  alow  work 
iia  hi^  wna  ever  aofUNtoiin-d  to  do. 

FR*t?TPBE  OF  THE  LOWER  PABTEBK. — Although  tbia  booe  Is  mnch  ithortar 
than  the  upper  pastern,  there  are  several  inafauices  of  fracture  of  it.  Tha 
fractures  of  this  bone  are  comxaonly  loogitadtoal,  and  often  preaeat  a 
legion  of  continuity  est4inding  from  the  larger  pastran  to  the  coffin-bone. 
It  in  feiHiiii-ntly  nplintcred,  the  splijitcrB  taking  this  longitudinal  directioB. 
ilui'tn-l  D'.\r1.<ovul  relates  (.hii^e  ciises  of  thia,  and  iu  one  of  them  tbo  bono 
waa  splintered  into  four  pieces.  In  several  instances,  however,  tkia  bona 
has  boon  Hepamted  into  eight  or  ten  disl.inct  piocca.  When  the  fnctnni 
of  the  hone  is  imithcr  i-ompimixl  iwr  compboated,  it  may  be  perfeotly 
reducc^d  by  proper  baii(hi|,'iu};,  and,  iu  fact,  Uiere  have  been  euacn,  in  whic^ 
uuiou  has  takc^n  place  with  slight  assistance  from  art  beyoiul  the  applica- 
tion of  IV  fdw  luilidogen. 

M.  Oaiot  relat»s  a  very  sa,liiif*47lory  ti-rminaflon  of  fnuTtnroof  thia  booe 
in  a  carria^-horse  in  the  Iteeiieil  de  MM.  VH.  for  1834.  Tho  animal  fell, 
and  was  totally  unable  to  rise  again.  He  waa  plaoed  on  aome  tmnllM,  and 
drawn  home.  A  virlcrinarv  aurgeon  being  consolted,  rocoKniaed  &«ietin<e 
of  the  lower  past«ru  iu  both  feet,  and  advised  that  the  auimal  abonhl  h« 
destroyed.  It  was  a  lavourite  hursiv  biitwem  five  and  six  yuara  old,  and 
the  owner  determined  to  rare  it  a  chauco  of  rveovery. 

M.  OaEot  WAS  eonsnIt«d.  He  plaiidy  recognised  a  transrerao  frAebiire 
in  the  lower  paxtcrn  of  the  right  leg,  and  a  longitndinal  one  in  the  left 
paatom.  They  were  both  of  theui  siiuple  fractnmii.  The  bnrae  *nu 
nanaKeahlc  aud  seemed  to  comprehiiid  the  whole  aflhir.  Ho  waa  a 
fhvouriteof  the  groom  as  well  as  the  master,  audit  waa  determined  to  giv« 
him  a  chanco  of  rcoovcry.  Ho  had  plenty  of  good  litternudcr  him.  whi<A 
waa  changed  twice  in  tbc  day.  Tho  flmt  object  tliat  waa  att«ni]>tod.to  he 
acoompliahed  was  thu  healiuj:;  of  the  exeoriationa  that  had  lak«n  pinco  in 
drawiug  hiui  home,  and  abating  the  inflammatiou  that  waa  appearing  about 
the  pnstiimn. 

At  the  termination  of  tho  firnt  week  all  thene  were  healed,  the  honie  fivl 
well,  and  waa  perfectly  <iuie4,  exoi-jrt  that  when  ho  waa  tired  of  lying  on 
oao  aide  he  contriTed  to  get  on  his  kneca,  and  then  to  raiM  hintacLf  on  hit 


FHACTl'HEa,  ^^^^^r  «3 

liftunchca,  aad,  lianng  Toiil«d  bi«  urina  luid  Iiia  tlang,  lio  tamixl  himMlf 
n|ioii  t^  o&er  nde,  without  die  bauduKea  roimd  liia  [)iuiteniN  being  ta  Iho 
ii%ht«et  degree  interfered  with. 

At  Um  «xpii»tion  of  tiie  socond  tro<-k  he  s«ictned  to  iriflh  to  get  np.  The 
groom  iHtd  ordns  to  lunst  him,  iiiiil  ii  Kling  wtus  pMCod  under  him.  Somo 
cat*  wen  pl«c«I  in  Uie  munKcr,  aud  liu  «e«ined  to  eajoj  tbo  ohango  for  k 
little  while.  Soon  ftfterw&rds  he  hi^ipiii  to  be  nneeB^-,  and  a  copioiu  uer- 
Bpirktion  kpp^&rcd  on  every  part.  He  waa  immediately  loweired,  irnen, 
with  eridoDt  dolight^  he  etrotchrd  nnt  his  hem!  nnd  his  leg«,  and  \»y  almost 
iritbont  motion  dorinz  tcv-ttrnl  houni.  On  tlie  following  day  lie  wm  i^;aiii 
placed  in  tboaling,  ana  aguiu  lowered  aa  sioonM  houpptiajudlobufatiKTied. 

At  theeJcpiratioDof  amouth  frocu  the  timeof  tbeacddenbheeoonget 
up  wilhoat  aBsistaocei  ftod  would  coDtioao  standing  two  or  three  honrs, 
vrbcn  ho  lay  down  agais,  bnt  with  a  d«groo  of  precaution  tliat  was  tml^ 
adminbln.  Tho  ban^go  around  the  poatoms  nail  been  continued  nntil 
this  period,  and  had  tx^eu  kept  wet  wiUi  a  sptrituouii  embroctLtiou.  The 
horae  waa  encoumfced  to  walk  a  little,  eotoe  com  being  oficred  to  liim  in  a 
sirre.  IIo  was  endly  lame,  nnd  tho  Ituneooes  was  considerably  greater  in 
thn  left  than  in  the  right  foot.  A  calcalous  tmiargcment  could  tUso  be  firlt 
iu  the  direction  of  tho  fruoturo  on  vuc'h  nastem ;  But  it  waa  graatMt  in  tbo 
left  fetlock,  and  there  was  noaaou  to  fear  tho  existence  of  aueliylosia  between 
the  pastern  bonea  of  tho  left  leg.  That  foot  was  Hurrounded  witli  emollient 
cataplasms,  and,  two  days  afterwards,  vraa  pared  out.  and  the  cautery 
applied  OTcr  botli  piixtemR,  the  Kpiritnous  ombrocafion  being  continued. 

A  fortnif^ht  aAerward*  thedTeot  of  the  cautery  wad  very  stttiiifiictory. 
The  action  of  the  part  was  more  free,  and  there  waa  no  longer  any  fear  of 
nnohylosis.  It  was,  however,  deemed  pru<lent  to  apply  ttia  caatery  orcr 
tlu!  right  pft*tem.  Walking  exercise  wna  now  recommended*  and  in  tho 
oonnie  of  auotbtir  month  the  lunumeHH  was  much  diminished.  It  was  moat 
on  Ibe  left  side,  which,  buwL-ver,  had  resumed  ha  former  degree  of 
inoti  nation. 

At  the  expinttion  of  four  months  the  horeo  was  sent  to  work,  fits 
master,  howovnr,  doubting  the  stability  of  tbo  cnre^  sold  him,  for  which  he 
ought  to  have  had  hia  own  legs  broken,  amd  he  fell  iuto  bad  liandji.  He 
was  worked  hardly  and  luUTstarved ;  nevertbeleaa,  the  calculus  continued 
lo  diminish,  nnd  the  lamen««B  altog«4li(T  disappeared.  He  soon,  however, 
passed  into  better  himdn.  HowasDoaghlbyafaiTnerat  Chalons,  in  whoM 
serrioe  h«  long  reuained,  in  good  oouditioii,  and  totaDy  free  from  iamoncsa 
His  last  owner  gave  him  the  name  of  Old  Broken  Leg, 

I-'KicfTOKS  or  TBS  COmx-uoKE.—This  is  an  accident  of  very  nre 
oecurreoec,  and  difficult  to  distingol'di  from  other  cnnee*  of  Inmonoss.  The 
■"'"'»'  hatta  vi^ry  considerably — the  foot  iu  hot  and  lender— the  pain  seems 
to  be  eicce<diug]y  great,  and  none  of  the  ordinary  causce  of  lameness  are 
pnneivod.  According  to  Uurtrel  U'Artioval,  it  is  not  so  scrioos  an  aoci- 
oont  la  has  been  rep^cs^nt4^d.  Tho  fractured  [wrtionscannot  be  displaced, 
and  in  a  vascular  bone  like  lliia,  the  union  of  tho  divided  parte  will  be 
teadily  eflVcted. 

3fr.  PorciTslI  rery  properly  remarks,  tbai,  *  buried  as  the  ooJfin  and 
oaricnlnr  bones  are  witliin  the  boof,  and  out  of  the  way  of  all  external 
tnjnry,  as  well  as  of  muscular  force,  fracture  of  lliem  cannot  pn>CM^  from 
ordicaiy  oapses.  It  is,  perhaps,  thus  produced: — in  tho  healthy  foot,  in 
CODSeqnencc  of  the  elasticity  of  their  ooaooctiona,  those  buim  yiekl  or 
spring  under  tho  impression  th<7  receive  from  the  bones  above,  and  thus 
are  enabled  to  bear  great  wc^bts,  and  sustain  violent  shooka  without  in- 
jury ;  bat,  diaoase  iu  the  foot  is  oI\eu  found  to  destroy  this  elasticity,  by 
ch^iging  the  cartilage  into  bone,  which  oannot  nocive  the  same  weight 


43S 


OPERATIONS. 


and  concttMion  withont  rink  of  frnctnrc.     Horse*  that  hnrc  nnj 

apomtioa  of  nenrottimy  imini  frt'i^aently  tncel  with  iJiia  accident  thu 
otb^ra,  becsaae  tfaey  batter  their  aenaeleBS  f«et  willi  »  fonri!  which,  naia 
Buuilar  circnmstAnccs,  pain  would  forbid  tbo  otfacnrs  Irom  doiiiK. 

FbICTUBB  op  TIIK  KATIOL'l^AK  IIONX  )iii«  tirr^  giifBciontlj'  conniderod  nndtf 
the  urtiolc  'Nftviunlar  Joint  DiKi-im?,'  p.  +13. 

Mr.  Huyer  Buuib  up  hia  account  of  tiit-  troatnwtot  of  fnuiLurca  m  m  mj 
that  rctloptfl  much  ercHit  nn  Limtiiid  tb«  profeagion  of  which  be  in  a  mem- 
biTT.  *  Let  your  rcracdicx,'  5iiys  be,  *  bo  govomcd  by  thoM  priiici|>lM  of 
•oivuee,  those  dictatOH  of  humanity,  nnd  that  sound  discrvtioti,  wliich, 
white  thi>y  nSse  the  moral  aud  iut«Ui.>ctuU  superiority  of  man,  di^itigniAh 
tbc  maetcr  of  his  ppofossion  from  tbo  bungling  empinc.' 


CHAPTER  XXII. 


OFERATtOKS. 


These  belong  more  to  Uie  veterinary  sni^con  than  to  the  propriotorof  lfa« 
horso,  bat  a  short  acc/tuiit  of  the  manner  of  ooudQOling  the  principoJ  com 
should  not  be  onuttcd. 

It  in  fniqnently  necessary  to  bind  the  hnnura  patient,  and  in  no  painflal 
nr  (iitngoraua  operation  should  this  bo  omitted.  It  ui  moro  necesniy  to 
bind  the  horw.',  who  ia  not  under  the  control  of  reason,  and  whoMj  rtragglM 
may  not  only  be  injurious  to  himself  but  dang<.Toua  to  the  operator. 

The  trevis  is  a  mfwhiup  indiHpcnigahle  in  every  continental  for^  ;  onm 
ilic  quictoxt  bortKis  aro  ihora  put  into  it  to  bo  ahod. 

Tbo  »iWi?-/<ni*  in  a  vrry  Mimple  and  nxeful  method  of  confining  thehorao; 
and  pliicinjt  him  in  sufficient  subjection  for  the  Operation  of  docking,  nick- 
ing, and  sliffht  tiring.  Tbe  long  lino  of  tbe  hobMet,  or  a  common  tsart-rope 
with  a  noose  at  tbe  end,  is  fa«t4<ni»l  on  the  pastom  of  tbe  lund-lcfc  that  ia 
not  Ic  bft  npcnttnd  on.  Tbo  rojio  attached  to  it  in  then  brogght  ortr  the 
nuck  and  round  llie  witliLTS,  and  there  tied  to  the  portion  tliat  como«  from 
tlio  bj^.  Tlio  leg  may  thua  bo  drawn  so  ttn  forward  that,  while  tho  hono 
ciri<l<mtly  cannot  kirJc  witli  that  Irg,  ho  in  disarmed  of  tlie  other ;  for  Ho 
would  not  have;  Biifficii-'nt  support  under  bim  if  ho  attempted  to  raiNo  it: 
neither  can  he  easily  use  hia  fore-leKS,  or,  if  ho  attempta  it,  ono  of  them 
may  bo  lifted  HI),  and  then  be  becomes  n early  powerless.  If  nooemaiy,  Um 
aid  of  the  twitch  or  the  bamaclcH  may  he  resorted  to. 

For  cverv  minor  operation,  and  <Tren  for  many  that  are  of  mora  im- 
portance, titia  mode  of  restraint  is  sufTicient,  <«pecially  if  tJia  operator  haa 
active  and  de(«rmined  asaialants  ;  and  wo  confess  that  we  are  no  fWends  to 
tbe  casting  of  horses,  if  it  can  possibly  be  preTtoted.  \Vlien  both  Wa  are 
iuclndnd  in  the  hobble  or  rope — as  in  anothtrr  way  of  using  the  «id«-&n^— 
tlic  h<irM!  may  appear  U>  be  mora  Bconre ;  bat  there  in  grcAt«r  danger  of  Ida 
tkllinjf  in  his  violent  strugglea  dnring  the  operation. 

For  castrating  and  severefirinp,  the  animal  must  be  thrown.  Thoaafetf 
of  Iho  horae  and  of  the  operator  will  reqiiiro  the  oao  of  Ibe  mjirpearf 
hobbld,  by  which  any  l^t;  may  I>c  relcascil  fnnn  confinomoDt,  and  retonwd 
to  it  at  pleaauro  ;  and,  whrai  tho  operation  is  ended,  tbc  whole  of  the  bva 
may  he  set  at  liberty  at  once  without  danger.  The  method  of  patting  t£e 
lega  aa  cloxely  t(itr<:Uif!r  lu  poxxilitp  hi>f(ire  the  pnll — tbe  neveaaily  of  the 
Msialants  all  pulling  togathor — luul  the  power  which  one  man  etuidinff  at 


CASTBATIOW. 


«7 


tlie  head  Aod  6milj  IioIdin|{  the  suai11(!'hridli>,  and  another  at  th«  hamuh 
piuahlB^  tb*  hono  when  he  is  bpginoing  to  fait,  hav«  in  brin^'tn^  him  on 
the  propop  Nido,  and  on  th«  very  Kpot  on  whicJi  b«  w  intended  to  lio,  need 
uut  to  hv  dcscrilxxl ;  hut  a  Uiuch  iirufiTnhle  pika  to  hnring  b  miiD  itt  tho 
haunch  is  to  hart'  a  roller  round  tiie  hodj,  with  a  ropv  attached  to  a  riu^ 
on  tlie  top  of  it,  by  pulling  this  ropa  in  the  opposite  direction  at  the  Baans 
moment  m  the  hobblra  aro  tighton»l,  the  ndo  on  which  he  falls  ia  a  nut- 
ter of  oeriainty.  Thia,  howorer,  ia  a  mi-tbod  of  itncnriiiK  tho  hone  to 
■whidi  vre  repeat  that  we  aro  not  partial,  and  to  which  wu  should  not 
resort  except  noce«sily  compelled ;  for  in  the  act  of  falliD^*,  and  in  tha 
«tmgKlr«aA«r  falling,  many  nccidvnta  bayo  oconrrcd  both  to  tlio  horao 
lutd  the  Hurgcon. 

Among  the  minor  methods  of  restraint,  but  aofBoicnt  for  many  parpoaea, 
are  the  timich  and  the  bariuiflo.  The  former  consista  of  a  nooae  paased 
through  a  hohi  at  thn  end  ofa  Strang  ntictc,  and  in  which  the  mnssle  ia 
cnolosi-d.  The  Bliok  bpiug  turned  ronnd,  the  mnzsle  is  sccnroly  retwood, 
while  Ihe  horae  suDers  oouaiderahle  pain  from  the  pressure — suffieiently 
gTMt,  indeed,  to  render  him  comparatively  inattentive  to  (hat  whjoh  ia 
prodnood  by  the  operation ;  at  th«  aanio  tinte  he  is  afraid  to  etmggle,  for 
eroy  motion  increaaun  tlie  agony  cansed  by  tht;  twitch,  or  the  asnttost  haa 
power  to  increase  it  by  giving  on  additluiml  (urn  to  the  «tiek. 

The  degree  of  pain- prodnood  by  the  application  of  the  twitch  ahould 
nerer  \m  forgotten  or  nnnocMiaarily  increased.  In  no  e-nse  should  it  ho 
tvaorted  to  when  milder  meoaares  wonlil  have  tho  di'^red  effect.  Grooms 
and  hureekeepera  are  too  much  in  the  habit  of  luiving  recourse  to  it  whwi 
they  have  asomewhat  troublesome  horse  tomana^,  The  dcffree  of  uteleHa 
{orture  which  In  tlina  inflicted  in  Inrgo  OBtAblishntent«  is  drendfU ;  and  the 
tcmner  of  many  a  honu!  in  loo  freonontly  complntiily  Hpoilrd. 

Tile  bamadea  are  iho  hunillc!!(  0*  tho  pinotnn  plAOud  over  and  eiicloning 
the  muxEle,  and  which,  being  compressed  by  the  assistant,  f^ive  painalmont 
eqnnl  to  that  of  the  twiteh.  These  majr  appear  to  bo  barbarous  modes  of 
enforcing  snbmisninn,  bnt  thfir  am  ab«olnt(^ly  indinpiiniuible.  In  a  few 
iiwtiuiMM  tho  blindfolding  of  the  horse  It^rrificK  hiiu  into  imbmisioon  ;  but 
this  ia  not  to  be  depemli'd  upon.  The  twitch  nhonld  be  re8oi-l*d  to  wben 
the  least  resistance  is  oBered ;  and  when  that,  as  it  occnNionally  does, 
rvndere  the  horse  more  violent,  rcooaree  most  bo  hod  to  the  side-lino  or 
the  hobbleji. 

In  tho  painful  examiniktion  of  tho  fore-leg  or  foot  while  on  the  ground, 
ttie  otfaer  Ibot  should  bo  held  up  by  an  »Miiat«n( ;  or.  if  his  aid  ia  repaired 
in  an  operation,  the  knee  may  be  folly  bent,  and  the  pastern  tied  up  to  tho 
arm.  When  the  hind-leg  is  to  be  examined  in  the  same  wny,  the  fore>lcg 
on  that  aide  5h<rald  be  held  or  Awtened  ap. 

CASTUTIOir. 

The  period  at  which  thia  operation  may  be  best  performed  depends 
mnch  on  the  breed  and  form  of  the  oolt,  mid  the  porpono  for  which  ho  ia 
dortined. 

If  the  horao  ia  demgned  either  for  tho  earriage  or  for  heavy  draught,  tho 
farmer  shonid  not  think  of  eastratintf  lilm  until  he  ia  at  least  a  twelve- 
month old ;  and,  even  then,  tho  colt  sliould  be  carcrally  examined.  If  be 
in  thin  and  innre  abont  tho  nook  and  ahonldera,  and  low  in  the  withenL,bu 
will  materially  improve  by  remaining  uncut  another  six  mouths ;  but  if 
his  foro-iinarl«ra  are  &im  developed  at  Uie  age  of  a  twolre-month.  tbo 
operation  sbomld  not  bo  dalaved,  leat  he  become  heavy  and  gross  bcforv, 
and  perhaps  luts  bcgnn  loo  decidedly  to  have  a  will  of  hi*  own.  No 
epeciDO  ago,  then,  can  bo  fixed  ;  but  the  ooatration  abould  be  perfonoed 


^^B 


4M 


BLEEOIKO. 


mtJuir  Iat«  in  Uie  spring  or  early  ta  tbe  aatumn,  when  tlui  lur  u  tcm[)«rst« 
and  [larllcalarly  when  the  WMtber  i§  diy. 

The  onlj  preparation  neceMiary  for  th«  oolt  is  koopioj;  liim  withovl 
food  Sof  twvlra  hoora  bctbm  [wrfonning  tbu  ojHsrutton.  In  tbo  m^'oritj 
of  CMei,  no  aft«r-treatnieiil  will  be  nectinsary,  i-xcnpt  that  the  uunal 
Hbauld  bo  sheltored  from  intonso  heat,  and  more  particnlftrtj  from  iraL 
In  tempernto  weftther  \io  will  do  much  Wtt«r  mnning  in  the  field  tban 
noracd  in  a  dase  aud  hot  aUi.ble,  The  muclRmtc  cxitreiflP  that  bo  trill 
bike  in  grazing  will  be  prufiTahle  tu  perfect  iuaotiun.  A  large  and  well 
reutilated  box,  however,  may  bo  permitted. 

The  nuuincr  in  which  the  operution  is  performed  will  be  properly  loft  to 
tho  veterinary  surgeon ;  although  we  most  confcM  wo  nro  dispomd  to 
adhere  to  the  old  way  of  opeuiii);  the  aorotum  witli  the  hot  iron  and  •<■»■ 
ing  off  the  t^sticlo  wii.h  it.  The  writer  haa  operaUid  on  some  hondnda 
of  colta  in  this  nmnnor,  and,  howoTeT  fearful  (be  eperatioD  m^  appear, 
experience  proves  that  it  is  iitt^mdcd  with  tho  most  mocouftil  results.  Il 
possesses  th<i  advaulAge  of  great  nimpliuitv  in  pc^rforming  the  opomtioB, 
and  also  from  the  wooud  made  throuf-h  tho  jn-roluro  by  tho  hot  iron, 
taking  a  considerably  longer  period  to  heal  than  an  ordinary  iooitted  odc^ 
more  time  in  allowed  for  the  slnagL  from  the  cord  to  pftsa  throogli  Uh 
opening,  and  tliue  prcreiit  that  swvlltng  and  infliimniii-tion  which  so  &«- 
qnently  follow,  when  Uie  ofHfiuug  in  tlic  scrolnm  lias  rlosiTd  before  the 
uoagh  baa  separated  &om  the  end  of  the  eurd. 

There  are  several  other  modes  adopted  by  praditJouore  in  perfomiing 
this  operation,  Amongst  eome,  wliat  is  called  the  caustic  clana  u  tlie 
favourite  method.  This  consists  in  opening  the  scrotnm  and  i  iiliipll^iinn 
the  cord  between  (wo  pieres  of  wood  on  wtticfa  Kome  canKtic  pti;paration 
liax  been  placed,  and  by  this  means  ambling  luL-morrha^.  There  ia  at 
iQUat  an  appearance  of  brutality  in  this,  and  we  believe  much  niniiinisiT 
pain  inflicted  when  tho  opcrmatio  cord  (tho  roesots  and  the  nerve)  ■ 
tightly  comprewtetl  between  two  piec(«  of  wood,  ns  in  n  poworfu]  vioei 
and  lejl  tlieri!  either  until  the  teatiele  drupa  off  or  ia  rctncived  on  the 
following  day  by  the  operator.  By  others,  the  sorotnin  is  opened  and  the 
teatiele  removed  with  a  scalpel,  hiemorrhage  being  prevented  by  a  liKatim 
placed  round  the  cord.  Anotlisr  mode  of  oastmtion  haa  been  lately  in- 
troduced :  it  ia  called  the  operation  by  Turtiim.  An  incision  ia  made  into 
the  scrotum  as  in  the  latter  mode  of  operation,  and  tha  vat  Mtrent  is  «ix- 
poeed  and  divided.  The  artni^  in  tli«n  seized  by  ft  ptur  of  foKvipa  con- 
trived for  the  purpose,  and  twmled.  six  ar  xeven  timea  ronnd.  It  retittota 
M  soon  as  the  hold  on  it  is  quitted,  the  coiIn  are  not  untwisted  and  ftU 
Ueeding  has  ceased.  The  testicle  is  removed,  and  thorc  is  no  skmghhw 
or  dai^r.  The  most  painful  part  of  the  opentioo  —  the  apnlicalioBW 
the  finng-iron  or  tho  clams — in  avipidpd,  and  the  woood  readily  heahi.  To 
the  practice  of  •ome  farmers  uf  twifehing  their  colts  at  an  early  period, 
eomctimea  so  e»rly  as  a  month,  there  is  Htrane  objetrtioo.  Wbeo  tlus 
operation  of  twitching  is  performed,  a  small  cord  is  drawn  as  tightly  a« 
possible  roand  tho  scrotum  between  the  lestiele  and  tho  belly.  'Phn  cir- 
culation ia  thus  stopped,  anil,  in  a  few  days,  the  testiolea  and  tho  Mrotnm 
drop  off;  hat  not  until  tlio  animal  has  sadly  soffiBrod,  and  inftunmatfaM 
and  death  frequenlty  ensue. 

BLEEDIHO. 

This  operation  is  performed  with  a  6eam  or  a  lancet.  The  first  is  tb« 
coBunon  instmntent,  and  the  aafeit,  except  in  skllAU  hands.  The  lancet^ 
however,  baa  a  mora  surgical  aupearunce,  and  will  be  adopted  In-  the 
TeUrioai;  practitioner.     A  blooa^atick  — a  pieou  of  bard  wood  loKMd  tk 


I 

4 


^       •     ^^^  BLBBDIKG.  "  "^  469 

one  end  with  load  —  is  luod  to  strike  tlio  flnnin  isto  tho  vein.  This  is 
WBifltiiiiM  dono  with  too  uircnt  viuliinofi,  untl  tho  oi>po«ita  ndo  of  the  oont 
-if  ttio  vein  in  woundi'd.  Bail  cosfiH  of  uiiUmmAtion  have  rMiiltcd  from 
tliis.  If  the  fiat  ia  doubled,  and  the  fleam  ia  aharp  aiid  ia  sLniok  with 
saffiinent  force  with  the  lower  part  of  tho  hand,  the  blood-etJdc  maj  be 
disponsod  with. 

For  i;«iin%I  blecdinfl;  the  jugular  nAn  in  Miccted.  The  hone  in  blind- 
folded ou  the  side  ou  wluoh  he  is  to  be  hied,  or  hla  head  tonied  well  awaj. 
Tho  hair  ia  smoothed  along  the  conreo  of  tho  rein  with  tiie  icoisteDed 
lingi^r ;  then,  with  the  third  And  little  iin^in  of  tho  lefl  hand,  whinh  holds 
tho  fluam,  premiaru  in  made  on  thi.'  vein  suSisiont  to  briaii  it  fiiirlj  into 
view,  hut  not  to  swell  it  too  muob,  fur  then,  preaeutiDf;  a  rotiuded  suHaoe, 
ii  would  be  apt  to  roll  or  slip  nnder  tho  blow.  Tho  point  to  be  selected  is 
■boot  two  inches  hclow  the  union  of  the  two  portions  of  the  ingutttr  at 
the  ani^o  of  the  jaw  (vee  cat,  p.  I£i9).  The  fLeftm  is  to  bo  placed  in  a 
direct  line  with  the  course  of  the  vein,  and  over  lie  precise  eeutj*  of  tho 
rein,  as  cloae  to  it  as  possible,  but  it«  puint  not  abeolntelv  tottchlnf^  the 
vein.  A  shnrp  mp  with  the  blood-stick  or  the  hand  on  that  pnrt  of  the 
baok  of  the  Avian  immfHlintcly  ovnr  the  biiM]i<,  will  cut  thronffli  tiio  vein, 
■md  the  blood  will  fluw.  A  Ut-iun  with  a  Iiu^p  hindo  obould  always  ho 
praferred,  for  the  opirratioa  will  bo  uialeriallj:  shortened,  and  this  will  be  a 
vuttor  of  somo  coDsequcnoe  with  a  fidjifvly  or  reetiTe  horse.  A  quantity 
of  blood  dntwn  Hpreijily  will  aluo  have  liu-  mnro  rfTct  <m  the  syBtem  than 
double  tbu  weight  hIowIv  taknn,  while  tho  wound  will  heal  just  sa  mdUjr 
M  if  made  bj  a  smaller  infltnuutrut.  There  ia  uo  oonisiou  to  prew  so  hurd 
•gatnst  tlie  neck  with  the  pnil,  or  i?an,  as  some  do  ;  a  slight  pressure,  if  the 
inctsian  Ium  twi-n  liirgn  itinugh  nnd  Htmiicht,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  vein, 
vriU  cause  the  blood  to  lluw  aulBcieutly  fuat ;  or,  tho  tingi>r  being  introduced 
into  the  mouth  between  the  luabes  and  the  grinders,  and  gently  moved 
abont,  will  keep  the  month  in  motion,  and  hasten  the  mpidity  of  the  etn'om 
1^  Um  actaoD  and  preRinire  ef  the  ncigliboiirinif  muHrlM. 

When  snfficiiTUt  bltKHl  hnx  been  taken,  the  rtlgvn  of  the  wound  itliould  bo 
brooght  closely  and  exactly  togetJier,  and  kept  together  by  a  Kniatl  sharp 
pin  being  paawd  throuj-h  them.  Itound  tltis  a  little  tow,  or  a  few  halra 
from  tfae  aiane  of  the  horse,  nhould  bo  wra]>ped,  so  as  to  cover  the  whole 
of  Um  indnoa ;  and  the  hniul  nf  tlin  home  slionld  be  tied  np  for  sevenU 
hours  to  [iTPVcnt  his  mbbiug  tho  part  aguiusl  tlie  manger.  In  bringing 
the  edges  of  the  wound  kigether,  and  introducing  the  win,  care  ahould  Iw 
taken  not  to  draw  tho  skin  too  much  from  the  neck,  otherwise  blood  will 
isainoate  itself  hetwom  it  and  the  muscles  bcoeatb,  and  cause  an  onsightly 
and  sometimtis  tronbU'sonui  irwrlling. 

The  blood  should  be  received  into  a  veasel  the  dimenaions  of  which  are 
azactly  known,  so  that  the  operator  may  be  able  to  calculate  at  every  period 
of  the  bleeding  the  quantity  that  is  subtracted.  Care  likewise  shoold  bo 
taken  that  the  blood  flows  in  a  regular  stream  into  tho  centre  of  the  tsssbI, 
for  if  it  is  snfiered  to  trickle  down  the  sidee,  it  will  not  afterwards  tudmgo 
IbOM  tdiaDges  by  which  we  partinlly  jud^  of  the  extent  of  ■"flftWt'Hiti'^fti 
The  pols^noweTer,  and  the  symptoms  c^tlte  case  collectirrly,  will  forma 
boHar  criterion  than  any  change  in  the  blood.  Twenty-four  hionni  after 
tiM  operation,  the  edges  of  the  wound  will  have  nnited,  and  Hne  nin  shoold 
be  withdrawn.  When  the  bleeding  is  to  be  repealed,  if  more  nan  three 
or  fimr  honre  have  elapsed,  it  will  be  bettor  to  make  a  fVeah  incision  rather 
than  to  open  tbe  old  wound. 

Pbw  dircctinna  are  neocssaiy  for  the  UM  of  the  lancet.  They  who  are 
oompet«nt  to  operal«  with  it,  will  scarcely  miuire  any.  If  tM  point  is 
Bufficieutly  sharp  tho  lancet  can  scarcely  bo  loo  broad-ahoolderod  ;  and  an 


460 


BLEEDISO. 


absircBa  iDJicct  wUl  r^nendly  make&l>««rinc!noiithaatlLkttno(rminonTue. 
WhAtevei-  iiuiU'uiuetit  is  adopted,  too  much  coro  cannot  be  taken  to  luw 
it  porfecllj  cloan  and  very  HWp.  It  shonld  be  corefblly  wiped  and  dried 
immcdintely  nftor  t)i(i  npvrutioii,  otherwise,  is  A  wrj  nliort  tunc,  thfl  edgw 
wilJ  btigiu  fo  bo  corrodod. 

For  goDeral  bleudiiig  the  jngiil&r  velii  Is  solect^i  ftt  tbe  l&tffest  iiiipcrSciftl 
one,  And  most  niwily  got  »t.  Id  erciy  afTcction  of  the  head,  and  m  mini 
of  extended  iiiUmnnuitor}'  lu^tion,  it  is  decidedly  the  best  ploco  for  blooding. 
In  local  iiiflamiuatiou,  blood  way  bu  tukcn  from  Anv  of  tlic  mpcriicHU 
Teins.  In  snpposod  aScctions  of  the  shoulder,  or  of  uie  fore-leg  or  foot, 
the  rudiiil  vein,  wliicli  conips  from  tlio  inside  of  tjiB  ami,  and  rnna  up- 
wHi'da  directly  in  IVont  of  it  towurds  the  JQgnlnr,  raaj  bo  opened.  In 
oBectiona  of  the  bind  eztrcriuity,  blood  is  suuwtiitiea  extndca  frotn  the 
taph^na,  or  thigh-vein,  which  runs  across  the  inwde  of  the  thiuli-  In  foot 
macs  it  mny  be  taken  front  the  coronet,  or,  much  mora  BAfe^,  &ora  the 
toe  ;  not  by  catting  ont,  as  tlie  fitrrior  docs,  u  piriRO  of  tho  sole  At  the  toe 
uf  the  (rog,  whiuh  sometimes  caiues  a  wonnd  difficult  to  heal,  and  some- 
times  followed  by  fostciiDg ;  but  cuttinjf  down  with  A&nedrawinff-kaiJb^ 
called  n  seiiroher,  At  tho  union  bolweeo  tlie  crnst  And  the  Bole  at  tEo  mj 
too  Qutil  the  blood  dowH,  and  if  ncoeuAry,  onconragin^  its  disdtarge 
by  dipping  thi-  foot  in  wiirm  water.  Tbo  meali-work  ol  both  arteries  and 
veins  will  be  hen-  divided,  and  blood  is  generally  obtAint'd  iu  Any  qoAnlity 
that  niny  be  Dwdod.  Tho  bleeduig  nuiy  bo  sl<ippod  with  the  greatest  emto, 
by  plncing  a  hit  of  tow  in  the  little  groove  thiit  hn^  1>c€n  cut,  UmI  <«i*ktng 
the  slioe  over  it. 

The  operation  of  bleeding  having  been  doeoribod,  we  would  remind  oop 
readers  of  the  necessity  in  every  case,  in  which  it  is  reqnired,  of  raaking 
A  large  orifice,  and  nbstracting  the  blood  as  mnidly  as  possible,  for  tlie 
constitution  will  thuH  be  tho  more  speedily  And  ucmuficiAlly  itffectod  ;  and 
also  of  Uie  proprii'ly  of  nt-ver  dLdemiiuLng  to  take  a  prcciAu  i(UAntity  of 
blood,  but  of  keeping  the  finger  on  the  artery  until  tne  pnlse  bvginN  to 
falter  —  until  the  strong  pulse,  becomes  Boftor  or  tho  animal  is  fiamt,  or 
the  oppressed  pulse  is  rounder  nnil  (nllcr. 

The  chniigo  wliidi  t--dceii  pluce  iu  the  blood  aflor  it  is  drawn  from  tba 
vein,  ia  very  diligently  noticed  by  toAuy  pi'aetitioncrs,  and  is  certainly  do- 
servinc  of  sonic  att<intion.  'I'ho  blood  congnlntos  soon  after  it  ia  taken 
fram  the  vein.  The  eoiiguhiblt--  piirt  iiioom)ioiiodof  twombetoncca;  Itiinjfy 
by  degreeit,  osiiArale  from  each  other,  and  tho  red  partioloi  sink  to  tlie 
bottom.  If  tlic  coagulation  tokoa  place  slowly,  the  red  partiotea  have 
more  time  to  sink  through  the  fluid,  and  there  appcare  on  the  top  a  thicl^ 
yellowinh,  adbetiive  euut,  cidled  the  bufly  oonl.  It  ill  «tij>po«rd  that  the 
slowueas  of  coagulation,  and  the  thtuknoaa  of  bufly  coat,  aru  indicative  of 
the  degree  of  inflammation. 

In  a  healthy  state  of  the  fn^tem,  tho  coagolatjon  is  mora  rapid,  the 
particles  have  not  time  to  tail  throuub,  and  the  buffy  ooat  is  thin.  ~ 
MpoaivnoM  aro  worth  obaurving;  lint  much  morti  diipondcnco  is  to 
placad  on  the  di&racter  and  change  of  the  pulse,  and  the  symptoma  go 
rally.  When  the  borso  is  oxbnusted  and  the  system  nearly  broken  np, ' 
blood  will  somotimiv  not  enngntiite,  but  bo  of  one  unifurni  black  colour  and 
loose  li^xtnrc.  When  t^o  blood  runs  down  tho  side  of  th«  vMsel  in  wliich 
it  is  rbeeired,  tlie  ooagnlatiou  will  be  very  intperfoet.  When  it  is  drawn 
in  a  foil  Btieam,  it  coaRulates  slowly,  and  when  procured  from  a  smaUor 
orifioov  the  coagoUtion  is  moro  i«pid.  Kvcry  circumstanco  aire<ctiag  Ilia 
coagulation  and  ujip<iunuico  of  Uin  Uood,  tho  pulse,  and  tbe 
eymptoDia,  nhould  be  luont  attentively  regardtid. 


BUSTKRINO. 


461 


We  hare  nx>ken  of  the  cfioct  of  KUfrjma,  when  treatitiff  of  tbe  T»rioiU 
ilisciucs  to  which  ihvy  mv  apjilicrLhlc.  Tbo  principlo  on  waicb  UtoytfAiB, 
thnt  no  two  intcDM:  uiHuniinutionii  Kun  cx3at  iu  neighbouring  pvla,  or 
perbapa  iu  tha  ajitem,  al  tin'  sujiio  liuiH.  Uouou  we  apply  some  irritatin(j 
sobslAuco  to  iho  skio,  in  onior  1o  cicitu  cxUrmal  inflamiiMtioD,  and  ttiaa 
Icwwn  or  mnove  that  whiah  oxixta  in  Hnmo  ilocpor-aonted  and,  goncntlljr, 
not  fur  dintunt  juirt.  Huiiue,  also,  ire  blister  tlm  >iide«  in  inflammation  of 
tliu  tuu^'a  —  llio  abdomen  iu  that  of  the  boweU  —  the  \ega  tn  that  of  the 
cellotar  siibstiuico  KniTonnding  the  shcntbg  of  th«  tendons,  or  tbo  sbeatllS 
[.hiTniirlvfH,  anil  the  corontt  in  in9amnii»tioii  of  the  imvtenhir  j«int«. 

BliHters  have  liki>wisi>  tlie  jiroperlj'  of  iucniaaiiig  llie  activity  of  tb6 
nri--bboaring  vessels ;  thus  wc  blister  to  brio^;  the  tomoor  of  strangles 
mnro  epecdilv  to  a  head  —  to  muHu  the  nbHor)icnt4  (^orally  to  more 
cni^rp;li(.*  iu.'tiou,  aitd  tauxo  tbe  dioaiipeanuicaaf  tnnionm,  and  even  callona 
aud  Ikiu^v  Bubatoiiccd, 

The  judgment  of  tho  practitioner  will  decido  whether  the  desired  eBeai 
will  bo  boat  producod  b}r  a  sudden  and  violnnt  action,  or  bv  tho  C0D> 
tinnancs  of  cms  of  a  milder  e)iiu'i>cter.  lullummution  nhould  oc  met  \>y 
active  blist«n ;  old  eolarKemeutu  and  sweltiugs  will  bo  most  certainly 
removed  by  mildor  stimalantf — by  tho  procees  which  farriers  call  sicealitig 

There  are  few  more  active  or  eSeetuBi  blisters  than  the  eanthariilc-a  or 
S{iauiah  By,  inised  with  the  proportions  of  lard  and  tcmu  that  wilt  bo 
hereaftor  stated.  The  beet  liqnid  or  sweating  blister  ta  an  infusion  of  the 
By  in  vinegar,  olivo  oil,  or  spirit  of  turpoRtino,  according  to  ibo  dogioo  of 
aotirity  »t«|  aired. 

In  preparing  tbe  horse  for  blistcriiig,  the  hair  ahotild  bo  dipped  or 
altaved  as  ciost-ly  an  possible,  and  the  ointment  tfaoronghly  rabbod  tn. 
&[Dcb  fault  ia  otten  found  with  tho  ointment  if  the  blister  does  not  rise, 
but  the  fhilure  ia  genirmlly  to  be  attribitu-d  to  the  idlonwa  of  tho  operator. 

The  lu«d  of  the  horse  should  be  tied  np  during  tbe  firtt  two  daya; 
except  that,  when  tbe  sides  aro  blistorod,  the  body-clothea  mav  be  ao 
eontt^vod  a*  to  prnrimt  tho  animal  from  nibbling  and  blemishing  the  f»rt, 
or  bliateriug  hia  nnuele.  Al  the  eipimtion  of  twiintr-f»nr  honni,  a  littlo 
olire  oil  ehotild  bo  applied  over  the  bliater,  which  wiU  ooundembly  letutan 
tbe  pain  and  eiipplc  the  part,  and  provent  cracks  in  the  aldn  that  may  be 
difficult  to  facttl.  The  oil  shontd  bo  appliod  morning  and  night,  until  the 
•ottbe  peel  off. 

Bveoy  particle  of  litter  ahonld  be  careftiUy  remo^-ed  from  tho  riall,  for 
the  riuvp  ends  of  the  ntrnw  coming  in  contact  with  a  part  rendered  so 
lender  and  irritjililn  by  tlie  bliitter,  will  csuxn  a  very  groat  annoyance  to 
tbe  animaL  Aller  the  aecoud  day  the  borae  may  bo  aafli.-rvd  to  tie  down; 
bat  the  possitHlity  of  blcniiahing  himself  should  be  prevented  by  a  eradls 
or  wooden  necklace,  conjustiog  of  rouitd  ictrijis  nf  wood,  strung  togothsr, 
iiiMiliiii{j,  from  the  towi-r  Jaw  to  tlie  chiwt,  and  {inr- von  ting  him  Iram 
anIBoiently  turning  or  bvndiuK  his  head,  to  y-vt  at  tbe  blistered  pari. 

A  blister  IhuB  ti«at«d  will  rarely  prodaoo  tbe  slightoat  blentish.  When 
tho  scabs  are  all  removod,  tho  blister  may  be  repeated,  if  the  oaeo  oboald 
appear  to  rMiniru  it,  or  tlie  borto  may  be  tnrued  out. 

In  inflaDunatiuna  which  throaten  life,  a  bli^ttT  can  scarcely  be  loo  active 
or  exteoare.  In  inflammation  of  the  lungs  it  should  rvacb  ovor  the 
whole  ef  the  sides,  and  tlie  greater  part  of  tho  briKket,  for,  ahoold  a 
portion  of  tho  fly  be  abaurbed,  and  produce  itram/iiTy  (iaflammatMHt,  or 
aptuEDodie  affection  of  the  neck  of  the  Madder,)  otod  thia  aev  initatuo 


4G2 


BLISTE 


inuy  aafiisl  in  enbduiDg  tL^  first  imd  mora  dangprotis  ono.  In  blistarlnj^ 
boffSver,  for  injiii'jpji  or  diitr-iuipii  nf  the  Itigii  or  fcvit,  moido  CMitioo  it 
nKouary.  Wbun  Bjii^uki&g  of  the  Ircntinonl  of  Hprain  of  tlie  back  maurri, 
it  wu  tAuAoA,  that  '  a  blister  should  u«ver  be  aoed  while  any  greet  htM 
oi-  teuderaeu  romained  fibont  th«  part.'  for  we  dioold  tboD  Add  to  ths 
snpsrficiiil  iniliiDimution,  inntcnd  at  nbiiting  tho  deepar-«cat^  ono,  end 
cnWgtiRMtiit*  of  the  limb  iind  cxteosivn  ulL-cnttiou  mighl  fi^Uow,  wlikih 
would  rend«T  the  bofse  perfectly  iuiaervioe»UB.  When  tbwe  is  a  tendency 
to  grooae,  &  bh'iit«r  is  a  dnngerooa  thing,  and  lute  often  e^iaTated  tM 
(Uhcusv.  In  wititvr,  the  in£anunation  of  tJui  nkin  prodaced  bj  blieteriag 
is  apt  to  d»g('ueral«  iuto  grveee ;  therafbie,  if  it  anould  be  neccmmrj  te 
blister  tlie  hoi-sc  duiing  that  eeCMOn,  great  cats  most  be  token  tbat  be  it 
not  expoBed  to  cold,  tind,  partioalarly.  th»t  a  curront  of  cold  air  doee  not 
oonw  upon  tbe  legs. 

The  i">inman  prftctjco  of  blistering  all  rotmd  at  (he  same  time^  and 
perhaps  high  on  the  lega,  tuamoi  be  too  strong!}-  reprobated.  Jlaoj  » 
vnliinblti  horst!  has  btwii  lost  thrDaehthocicwssive  gtmeral  irrttataoa  wlucli 
this  has  prodact-d,  or  ita  vioWt  vS<xL  on  the  orioaiT  otgMia,  and  tbat  lu 
been  pai'ticnl&i'ly  tho  case,  when  oorroflivo  sublimate  has  entetwd  into  the 
compomtion  of  the  blister. 

AmoDcet  otla-r  Bubatun(^eB  employed  aa  coRntfir-irritants,  the  prepaid 
tioiis  of  iodine  have  ivcently  occupied  a  prominMit  position  ;  all  the  prc- 
paratious  of  iodise  are  more  or  less  valuable  trota  their  marked  eflect  on 
the  absorbent  sjatom,  bat  the  one  most  oonunonly  nspd  as  a  oooixter- 
irritant  is  a  combinution  of  iodine  and  mCTcniy,  namml  tho  biniodide  ol 
merouiy,  in  tlie  form  of  ointment  consisting  of  one  diaehm  of  the  binio<Ud« 
to  one  ooDce  of  lard.  This  should  be  applied  in  the  same  luanner  aa  the 
oistmeut  of  cnntliaridoB,  but  not  over  so  great  a  enrfnoe  on  aocooat  of  ilt 
irritating  eQei;t«.  For  bony  enlu-rgementa  Kiicsb  a*  Mplint,  spavin,  or  rii^ 
bone,  th^is  prepamtion  will  bo  fminJ  fur  Bupurior  lo  all  othcra.  VTbon 
iuuuedinte  action  is  reqnirt-d,  half  a  pound  or  a  pound  of  good  mostard 
powder,  made  into  a  paste  with  cold  water,  and  Bppli<ul,  will  ofben  pmdnea 
uH  good  a  blixter  as  cantharides.  It  in  a  prcteralito  one,  when,  m  in 
infliunniation  of  tJie  kidntfys,  the  efTisH  of  cantharidea  m  the  nriiiW7 
organs  is  feared.     Hartshorn  is  not  so  effectual. 

Whatever  utinming  cruelty  may  attirnd  this  oprmtion,  it  ia  in  tnain' 
eases  indispensable.  Tho  ]irincipiu  on  wbicU  we  have  reootimo  to  it  u 
nmilar  to  that  which  jostiGes  the  use  of  a  bhsler — by  prodocing'  super* 
iicial  influminittion  we  inny  be  enabled  to  got  rid  of  a  deeper-Mated  one^ 
or  wo  may  excite  the  abitorbcnls  to  roinoTc  an  nnnatnni  baaj  or  otbar 
tumour.  It  raises  more  inttoiiKi  cxtemttl  indummHtion  than  we  can  prodnoe 
by  any  other  means.  It  may  be  truly  siiid  to  be  the  moat  powerfol  agent 
that  we  have  at  our  disposal,  liuroanity,  however,  will  dictate,  that  on 
accODnt  of  tho  iniliunmntion  which  it  excit^Js  and  tho  pain  it  infltcta,  it 
^lOnld  only  be  had  recourse  to  vrhcn  mildr'r  uimiiH  huve  failed,  oxoept  in 
tboae  cases  in  which  experience  has  taught  us  that  milder  meaaa  raralj 
suooeod. 

The  part  which  ia  to  bemibmittod  to  the  operation  should  be  shared,  or 
the  hair  out  from  it  as  closely  as  possihtc  with  Uie  trimming  sctaaaaw. 
This  is  necessary  iu  order  to  bnng  toe  iron  into  imuiL-diate  contunt  with 
the  skin,  and  likewiee  to  prevent  the  smoke  that  willarise  from  the  buraed 
hair  obscuring  the  view  of  tho  operator.  Tho  horao  muat  tfan  be  throws. 
This  is  absolutely  neoeasaiy  for  the  mfriy  both  of  the  opentor  oud  the 
aaiauU.    The  aidie-line  may  be  applied  iu  a  shorter  time,  and  eo  many 


FTRIXO. 

liandN  Rinj  bn  not  wnnt(4  In  nut  the  bc«rwi ;  bnt  no  pemn  can  fire  orm- 
mtrly,  or  with  llii-  rcrtninty  of  not  prncitrsting  the  skin,  except  tbo 
tuiiioal  ia  dTi-cluullj'  *<<mrMl  hj-  thn  hubtilcs.  Althongh  acoidenU  hnva 
occoireal  in  l)i«&«toratctuiK,  jvt  at^ny  morr hnve T««olt«(l  tothooperalor, 
th«  assifltantfi,  or  the  horae,  m  ft  protnct^xl  opcntion,  when  tJu)  Bide-luiu 
onljr  has  been  need. 


TlUwmuii  i»Mrf.  0n</  tit  kuJi  af  fitiiy  tktm:  4U0  tin  trot  iff  Jrivni/  ditiaiM,  «md 
lit  Affmml  maMt  rf  finnf.  ^. 

».  BDltfrt^mi  oT  Ihn  flnor  tondotu^  and  «,  Tbr  aral  ef  bann  f)M>iD,  ud  a  oMdi  of 

tbr  TpRinil  rn'rhml  nf  Bring.  AHii([  for  diUo. 

K  The  Mvt  <if  BplinL  X  A   c<irli,   snd  inotiinr.    tboDgh    mA    as 
r.  Th*  ant  vF  noi^ne.  adrmblp.  mptho)  of  firing. 

d,  Tlv  amt  of  imliirgeinnit  of  the  ini-  a,  Thr  wat  of  capped  hork. 

poMcny  K^mcDt,  and  a  mods  of  flriag  \,  Tha  arat  «f  ikoKngb-fon, 

Tfa»  doteila  of  the  opcrntiun  belonv  to  the  votorinftiy  vargeoa.  The 
gnuul  points  to  Ixt  att«Dded  to  are  to  have  tlic  cwltre  of  the  iron  round  and 
■mootb— lh«  iron  itaelf  a(,or  rather  below,  a  red  teat — to  para  it  nwre  or 
kax  rapidly  over  the  skin,  and  with  alight^r  or  grcaUfr  prenaiuw  a^-ronting 
to  the  decree  of  ho»t — to  bnm  into  tho  skin  nntil  tbo  line prodnei'd  hjlYia 
iron  ia  of  a  brown  Gotour,  ruUiitr  tight  than  dark,  nnil,  hy  all  means,  in 
ordinary  comm,  to  aToiii  p/^rtraling  tlie  »kin.  lA-nring  out  of  the  qoostton 
tlu)  additional  imiflty  of  <I(H>])GriDg,  wh«nnotafcaolutulj  rM|oir«d,  we  may 
dvpond  on  it  thnt  if  ibo  akin  is  bnmed  tbron|[h,  inflammation,  and  aloera- 
tion,  and  aloughins  irill  enane,  tiiat  will  bo  witb  ranoh  difficulty  combatod, 
— that  will  nuavoioably  teaTV  nnntoouaiy  blemish,  and  that  ha«  dwtroyod 
many  nlnable  kones.  It  may  happMi,  iwvrrthelcaa,  Uuit  by  a  ttuddim 
plunge  of  tJie  iTi'tiT*'  tho  Kkin  will  bo  anaroidably  cut  through.  The  aut 
of  firing  reqsirea  mnch  tkill  and  tact,  and  tho  jnwctitioner  cannot  be 
nlwaya  on  his  gnanl  agtunat  the  atmegtca  of  tho  tortured  beasL  It  will, 
also,  and  not  nnfrrqnciiUy,  occur  that  the  akin,  partinlly  dirided.  will 
•epamte  in  two  or  throe  dnya  after  the  operatioiL  Thia  mvat  not  be  attri- 
bated  to  any  neglect  or  unakilAilness  of  the  surgeon,  and  tho  ulcota^lAiucL 


1. 


464  ^^^^^F  FlUIKG.  ^^^^^F 

thuE  prodncod  mil  bo  tMghi  and  cuiljr  treated,  compared  with  that  caused 
bjr  skCtunlly  hnnting  througli  the  skii). 

A  very  coneidttrable  cliunge  lias  t&ken  pluee  in  the  breed  of  mmtiy  oT 
tlie  variL'tii<a  of  tbe  horae,  and  tho  labour  exacted  fixHa  liim.  As  t!la>ti»- 
lious  of  this  yro  TeffiT  U>  tho  altered  chnmctor  and  pnce  of  the  Dtodern 
btrntcr,  and  tho  ailditionn]  increase  of  sjiccxl  rrqiiired  fmm  tho  coach  and 
tha  post  burse;  the  exertitjn  being  limited  ouly  by  the  iic(n*»  Ut  which 
every  muscle  and  overy  nerve  can  be  extended,  while  tji(?  calculatiou  between 
the  utm oat  exaction  ofcmHtynnd  the  cxpnoditnro  of  vital  power  isrednocd 
ta  the  m(Ti-st  fraction.  Tbe  ootiscqaence  oftliis  ia,  thiit  the  hnntr  ifl  mbjiMtMl 
to  Bcrerer  injnries  than  he  used  to  he,  and  severer  meusurvii  ureKDd  nntift 
be  emplojed  to  remedy  the  evil.  Henco  the  horrihlo  apptic»lioiui  of  the 
ftOtQ&l  cautery  to  tho  horae  that  have  diii^TSccd  the  present  day.  Lesiona— 
gnshoB  bavB  been  made  on  either  side  of  the  tondon  of  tbo  leg,  which  it 
took  no  fewer  than  seven  montlis  to  beat  Was  ibi-re  uollung  abort  of 
this  lengthened  torture  that  could  have  beei;  done  to  reb'eve  the  victim? 
Could  he  not  have  been  more  lightly  lired  for  tho  rniid  or  for  the  piupoMa 
of  bpeeding?  Was  Uiero  no  jtBsluro  on  which  he  bad  vumnd  n  rignt  ta 
gruiu  ? — i)r  cuuld  he  not  have  been  destroyed  ?  Thwe  sad  Iccions  will 
occasionally  come  before  the  practitioner  and  the  owner.  It  will  be  for 
tho  first  to  advocate  that  which,  on  a  careful  view  of  tho  case,  naacj 
prompts  i  ftnd  the  latter,  except  tticrc  is  n  reasonable  proBpeot  ofultlBiBte 
eujoynumt,  ua  well  as  osefuluess,  should  never  urge  a  ooutinustaoik  of 
nmering. 

Supposing,  however,  that  prospect  to  exist,  the  surgeon  mnst  diBduu^ 
his  duty.  These  giishe«,  ai^^r  a  wliilc,  be^rin  to  close,  and  then  oommenoM 
the  beautiful  procenB  of  granulation.  Little  portions  of  IImi  iotegmaeBt 
fonn  on  the  centre  of  the  wound,  and  the  sides  of  tho  wound  orocp  oIdmt 
together,  and  tho  skin  steals  over  the  snrfoco  nntil  tbe  cbninn  is  perfectly 
closed.  In  oilier  to  insure  thu  continnunco  of  this,  a  ridge  of  coulrMded 
intoguuiciit  OS  bard  as  any  cartilage,  but  without  itn  claHLicity,  mna  tmu 
one  end  of  the  lesiun  to  tho  other,  tight<>r,  and  harder,  and  nioru  cflcctnal 
every  week,  and  month,  and  year,  and  lasting  during  tho  life  of  tho  luiitnaL 
Therefore,  the  veterinary  surgeon  ia  not  to  be  too  severely  cetisured,  U, 
after  duo  eonnidemtini],  be  in  induced  to  ondrrtaku  one  of  these  feuM 
openitionn:  but  let  him  do  it  as  seldom  as  be  cau,  and  only  when  eret^ 
circnmstanco  promises  a  favourable  result. 

Some  prnetitioners  blinti^r  immediately  an«r  tiring.  Ab  B  eenentl  umiga 
it  is  not  di^siiitblo.  It  may  bo  rei^uircd  in  bony  tnmonra  ai  oonsidemhia 
extent,  and  long  standing,  and  interfering  materiallv  with  the  octton  of 
the  ni?ighboariiig  joint.  Spavin  accompanied  by  luucalaineneea,  and  ring- 
bone Rpreiiding  round  the  coroncrt  and  involving  the  side  Cfljtilagea  or  me 
pn«tcm  joint,  niuy  justify  it.  Tbe  inflammation  is  rmdered  more  intenHv 
nnd  of  considerably  lou^'or  duration.  In  old  affeelieiis  of  tbe  ronnd  botM 
it  may  be  aduiittMl.  but  no  exeuee  can  be  made  for  it  in  Blighter  naoct  of 
Bjiraiu  or  wcakncsp,  or  .ital<-ncsM. 

On  the  dar  after  the  upuratiori,  it  will  be  prudont  gently  to  applv  witne 
olive  oil,  or  lard,  over  tho  wound.  This  will  soften  the  skin,  and  render 
it  less  likely  to  sepnrnle  or  niccratc.  A  bnndagc  would  add  to  tliu  irril^ 
tion  of  the  part.  Any  cnicka  of  llie  skin,  or  iiUieratlons  (bat  may  cnsiifl^ 
muat  1h!  treated  with  the  caJumine  ointment. 

It  will  be  evident  that  there  is  an  odvantajfe  derived  from  finng  to 
which  a  blister  can  have  no  pretension.  Tho  skin,  partially  dentrored 
by  the  iron,  ifi  reinrtatnd  and  heulcd,  not  murely  by  the  fonoatMn  nf  aim^ 
new  matter  fllliug  np  tlie  vacuity,  but  hy  tbe  giiulnal  dniwing  tognthor 
and  closing  of  the  sepaiaied  edges.     Tbo  skin,  thetefore,  is  laeaened  in 


aj 


SETONS. 


4fiS 


BnHuoc.  It  u  UghtoDcd  over  the  part,  And  it  noU,  tut  jiut  dcju^rtbod,  u  s 
atlotaiy  and  psnaancnt  bandaf^.  Of  tlie  cITi-iH  of  preanire  in  rauiuviiig 
fliUaiwmuiita  of  ererjr  kind,  hs  well  aa  givint'  etrepj^b  to  tite  part  to 
whioi  it  is  n|>pli«il,  we  hnro  ropcnlodly  spokoD,  and  it  U  br  from  IxnDg  the 
least  valoablu  efftxl  of  the  opcratioD  of  iiring,  thiit,  bjr  eoatntctjng  tlio 
Hktti,  it  affords  »  salutary,  oqnablc,  uad  permanL-nt  preasiire.  It  wiu  on 
tliid  principle,  bnt  the  practice  cannot  be  dereiidi'd,  Ibat  oolld  irliicb  vien 
not  very  strong  on  tbo  logs,  Dsed  to  bo  fired  round  th«  fetlock,  sod  along 
tho  buck  lincw,  or  orcr  the  bock,  in  order  to  bmco  and  iitmigtlien  tbo 
|mta.  It  is  on  the  sOiine  principb  tlint  a  rnc^r  or  banter,  Umtbiu  bcoomo 
■tale  and  stiff,  is  sometimes  fiped  and  tunwd  out.  For  wlmtever  rwwum 
the  bone  is  lired,  ho  should,  if  practlcablu.  bo  turned  out,  or  Boiled  in  a 
loose  box,  fnr  tJirac  or  foot-  months  nt  |rii«t.  Tbe  full  effect  intended  to 
TMolt  from  tlio  external  irritation  in  not  9oi>d  produced,  and  the  benefit 
derii,-ed  from  pressure  proot«ds  still  mora  sluwljr.  In  tlie  tliiekcncd  and 
tender  slate  of  tbe  akin,  and  the  Bohatanoebc^noatb,  a  return  to  liard  work 
for  some  WMks  afl«r  flrine  would  bo  likely  to  excite  new  uiflonunatiou, 
md  cause  oven  worm  misobief  than  ^at  irhich  boforv  existed. 

Some  weeks  mutt  before  the  tameEed  porta  bc^n  to  contrnot — and  ther 
only  who  have  Wl  experience  in  tJieae  coses  van  iina^ue  bow  long> — with 
gentle  voloutary  exercise,  tbe  prooesa  of  absorption  is  carried  on.  He 
who  woald  expect  that  fnnch  good  shonld  a^'cruo  fVom  the  operation  of 
firing  mnst  be  content  to  give  up  bin  borxo  for  three  or  fnnr  months ;  bnt 
if  hn  will  nK!  bim  loum-'r,  and  a  worae  lumencKK  slioiild  foUciw,  let  bitn 
bUroe  bia  owu  iIIlpAlil.-Ill:^v,  and  not  tbe  inelBcieucy  of  tbe  meanji,  or  tbo 
wantof  Hfeill  in  the  surgeon. 

The  firing  in  ovory  c«w  Blmnld  be  ritbor  in  longitndinnl  or  oblique  tinea. 
On  tho  baclE  sinewK,  tlm  fi-tloek,  aiid  tlin  coronet,  this  is  pceiiliarly  ro- 
qnisite^  for  thns  only  will  the  sldu  cuntravt  so  as  to  form  tlte  gresttest  and 
most  eqnable  presaore. 

Some  prat^tjoncrs  mar  nrido  thcmsolve-fi  on  tbe  accnmcy  of  their 
diamonds,  lozenge*,  and  fcntlium,  but  pliun  itraigbt  tiufa,  about  hnlf  an 
inch  from  each  other,  will  constitute  thu  luostadvuntageonH  mode  of  firing, 
Tbe  deetroyinK  of  deeply-seated  inflammation,  by  the  exciting  of  riolunt 
iriflnmnistion  on  the  skin,  in  as  well  oblninod  ;  and  c>>mmon  sense  will 
dotcrminc,  that  in  no  way  can  tlie  prMMuri!  which  result*  (reni  the  oon< 
traction  of  tbo  skin  bu  ao  advauta^-ously  einployed — to  which  may  be 

» added,  ttiut  it  ultt-u  league  but  sligbl  bteiu^. 
UTOHS 
Ai«  pi«-eM  of  tape,  pAMud,  by  means  of  an  instrnment  rcni-uibliu^  a  Inrct 
flat  and  (bin  neesile,  either  throu|;,'h  abscesses,  or  tbe  base  of  nlii'i-a  with 
dMp  u'nnsM.  or  be^recm  tho  skin  and  the  muscahir  or  other  subataneee 
beneath.  Tbey  are  rctainod  thrro  by  the  ends  being  tied  together,  or  bj 
a  knot  at  each  end.  Tbe  tape  is  moved  in  the  woond  twice  or  Itirii'ii  in 
tbe  day,  and  occasionally  wetted  with  sumo  digestive  fluid  or  ointment, 
in  ordi-r  to  incrv:iso  the  inflammation  which  it  preduees,  or  the  ditcliat^ 
which  is  intended  lo  h«  cstnbliiibed. 

In  abscMSM,  such  as  occur  in  the  withers  or  the  poll,  when  pNsscd  from 
tlw  Kunmit  to  the  reiy  bottom  of  the  swelling,  setona  aro  bij^ly  useful, 
bjr  diadiarmng  the  pnrulent  Buid,  and  suffering  any  freah  quantity  of  it 
that  may  Iw  aecretod  to  Dow  ont;  anti  hj  the  degree  of  in&unmation 
wfajdl  thoy  excite  on  tlio  interior  of  tbe  ttiinoar,  stimalating  it  to  throw 
ont  bealtbT  granulations,  which  ^niiduallj  occn^  and  All  tho  hollow.  In 
deep  fintofouH  wounds  llicy  are  indispensable,  lor  ezeopt  some  channel  is 
made  throujj^h    which   tho  matter  may    fluw   from  the  bottom  of  the 


L 


H  H 


4G6 


DOCKISO. 


wouud,  it  will  continno  to  ponctnkte  docpn-  into  tlio  part,  nad  the  li«*}iitff 
pi'oc.c«B  will  Dcvcr  bo  ticcompliiihctl.  On  tlicM  nocoanU,  a  avUia  pMUeu 
tliro'igh  the  biino  of  Utu  ulccr  iu  poU-evil  and  fistoJous  witliora  ia  of  u 
miidi  benefit. 

Sftons  ai-e  soraetimee  useful  by  promoiing  o  di«chvg«  io  tlio  ndgliboaj^ 
bood  of  nn  inflnmod  pnrt,  nnd  thoa  dirnrtinff  iind  carrjinff  sway  a  poftion 
of  till!  finiils  wliich  distvod  or  ovurload  the  TOtaela  of  Uist  part ;  tfau  a 
MtoQ  is  pbced  wiib  conaidftrnble  advaotage  in  tfae  cboek,  wfaan  tiu  mt 
an  mncD  inflikmcd.  We  00D£saB,  koworor,  Ibat  wo  prefer  a  rowel  oaur 
thn  )iiw. 

^iUi  this  view,  a»d  to  exoito  a  now  and  dilTMcnl  inflammation  in  tba 

PLbourhood  of  a  part  alreadj  iuBanted,  and  eepodallj'  so  deeply  Mated 
80  diHicnlt  to  bo  rcnched  sm  tho  oayicnlnr  joint,  a  (cton  haaoocasiaa- 
alty  heca  usi^d  witb  mnnifivit  benufit,  but  via  muiit  pcremptorilj  obfdOt  In 
tiia  iudisei'iiiiiiuitv  uhu  uf  the  frog-sutoii  for  almost  ereiy  diseaao  of  tfca 
fnig  or  tbo  foot. 

Id  icflHiiuniitionic  of  rxtemtive  or^iwa  sotons  afford  only  fovbla  aU. 
Their  action  i.i  Uio  circuniscrilwd,  and  tbcy  ore  only  really  valuaUa  vim 
used  iu  combtuation  witli  thv  blister. 

Ou  tho  principlo  of  exciting  the  absorbents  to  action  for  the  removml  of 
tiunonrs,  a*  iipavin  or  «]>lint,  a  blister  is  qaiokcr  in  it*  ikotjon,  and  fiir  ni 
uflcotnal  tbiui  any  suton.     Firing  is  still  mora  lutufoL 


DOCXISG. 


H 


The  abortening  of  tho  tail  of  tho  borse  is  an  op«rfttioii  whicb  (ksliioa 
find  tbo  convcnipiico  of  tho  rider  reriniro  to  bo  jwrformod  on  most  of  Utcae 
iLtiitnitiit.  The  bmgth  uf  tlio  (look,  or  stump,  u  a  niatt«r  of  mom  caprice. 
To  tho  c;lo»d-ori)j>p(fd  lail  of  tbe  waggou-horai',  however,  w«  deoidt.'dl* 
object,  from  ltd  pui-fect  ugliness,  and  becanse  the  animal  in  deprived  of 
cFcry  defoaco  against  a  ttioomind  tortures.  The  supposition  tbat  tbo 
blood  whiab  would  biivo  goitu  to  tlio  nourinbuiunt  of  tino  tail  oauies 
gn^tur  dei-olopmcnt  and  alrengtli  in  tho  quarturs,  is  too  absurd  to  deaem 
eerious  refutatJOii.  It  is  the  rump  of  the  animal  being  wholly  nnooT«T«d. 
and  not  partly  hiddon  by  the  inlorvontion  uf  the  tail,  that  girn  ft  (kbe 
anpoarnnco  of  imnvamid  bulk.  I'hc  j>Iiid  bai^  however  becomo  entinly 
OMoleto,  and  »B  now  alluded  to  merely  to  show  bow  recently  suob  tliongli^ 
kiM  CTDclties  were  indulged  in. 

Thu  operation  in  Himplc.  Tliat  joint  tH  searched  for  which  u  tiu 
nearest  to  the  di^innl  lungth  of  tail.  Tbo  luur  is  tb«n  (uttumI  np.  aad 
tied  ronnd  with  tape  for  an  inch  or  two  above  tliia  joint ;  and  that  which 
lii'S  immrdintiily  upon  the  joint  Is  cut  otT.  The  borso  need  not  be  f«-tt«f«d 
with  thi!  Hidisbne,  out  with  m-rfly  tho  twitoh  on  tbo  noMi,  and  tho  Duar 
fore-Iejf  held  uj> ;  tbo  VL'tc-riuary  nnrguon  with  hid  docking-mjichina  onia 
through  the  tail  at  one  stroke.  Considerable  bleeding  fliisnes,  and  frigbtwa 
the  timid  and  the  ignorant ;  but  if  tho  blood  were  enffend  to  flow  on  until 
iteeaaadof  ittiown  nceord,  tbo  colt,  and  enprcially  if  ho  w«r«  Tory  yunn^;. 
wonld  rnrcty  ht>  HcriouHly  injared.  Tho  butr  Iwiiig  loosoned  and  dropped 
over  ihi!  joint,  a  buiuU  pledget  of  tow  nioisti.-ut.'d  with  a  tittto  tinctnre 
'  myrrh  or  aloes  is  pl)u?ed  on  the  wound,  tbo  hair  tied  OTer  it,  and  by  the 
_^  riHUinrotliuiiiimpIfappliod,  tbeltiomorrlutfocraM*.  Tbo  next  momiug  the 
string  may  bi-  cut,  the  pledgot  allowtAd  to  dnm  ofl^  and  no  further  cara  is 
required.  Contrail  tbi*  htuaane,  mtional,  ana  simple  tnatfoent  with  iba 
system  adopted  by  tho  farrier,  and,  sliamefhl  to  say,  not  by  the  Gtniet 
only,  oven  of  tlto  pmont  dny,  of  stopping  tho  bleeding  by  the  ^plicatioo 
of  aivd-bot  iroD  to  the  stump:  tbo  hor#o  plunging  and  ruKhingrouud  lis 
Ibrge  or  stable^  and  the  operator  valiantly  following,  alt<imulvly  ~ 


ini|;  mnd  •raring  wiUi  tlm  hot  iron,  moat  cnnnin^ljr  cantrirod  to  wioip  Uiis 
mciiit  furuiilablo  bleciii^.  It  is  odd  of  the  moot  iudIism  Mad  wamtoii  nctM 
of  croeltj  thai  iba  puor  hone  U  robj(^c(ed  to. 

Some  frrmen  dock  tbeir  colle  a  fun  dajn  liflor  they  mrv  dropped.  This 
is  H  cammcndnble  rtutmu  on  tho  Korv  of  tinniBnttj',  No  colt  wna  ntvr 
lout  bj  it ;  tuid  nvitlivr  tlx:  ^ruwth  of  the  bttir,  dot  Iku  b«Muty  of  tlie  toil, 
is  in  t)ie  leant  Impaired. 

BICUBO. 

This  barbaroiu  oiieralion  iraa  onoa  saaotioaed  by  t^bion,  and  tlie 
brooder  and  tbo  draUr  eren  now  ai«  eoDietim«s  t«mpt«<i  to  iulticl  tlie 
tortw*  of  it  in  order  to  obUin  »  nmdj  sale  for  tboir  colta.  It  i§  ootf 
hoircTor,  pnuitiMK)  to  tho  extent  that  it  hhhI  to  bo,  nor  nttondod  by  ao 
nuiiiy  viroumalancGH  of  urai-Uy. 

We  must  kure  iutrodui-e  a  noaU  portion  of  the  anatomy  of  tlie  horac, 
which  we  had  rcaorred  for  this  pln««.  Tbo  eighteen  doraal  vertebra)  or 
bontM  of  tlie  back  (non  <V,  p,  ^44),  and  tfas  Kto  Tnmbar  rortebrai  or  bones 
of  tfasIonM  (/,  p.  -H),  hjivo  nln-ody  been  de«eribe.V  The  cootinnatiaB 
of  the  Buine  cuinnntn  of  Uiu  nacruuL.  coiiipuipd  of  five  boneo  (A,  p.  S44), 
which,  althou^'li  separate  In  the  coll,  are  in  the  fliU-gtoim  horao  anited 
into  000  mass.  The  bones  of  lh«  iliam,  tbo  nppcr  and  aide  portion  of  the 
haunch,  articiilnto  ntiiine^ly  with  thn  uncram,  f'onning  a  bony  nuioti  rather 
titan  a  joint.  Tlio  npinol  cord  uud  the  blood-ToaacU  bore  gcnomlly  bogin 
to  diutiiiiah,  and  noini^ruus  brHiiL-h«H  of  Dcrrea  an  given  out,  which,  joinnd 
h^  aome  fVoni  the  vertvbiw  of  the  loins,  form  ibo  norvoua  ajiparatus  of  tbo 
hnid  Ugs. 

The  bone*  nf  thn  tail  aro  a  mntjnualion  of  l)i«!ic  of  tliu  ant^mm.  Thoy 
vary  iu  nnubfr,  guncndly  fifteen,  irradnally  diitiiiunliiii^  tii  unv,  and  loiiins 
allogeUier  the  obander  of  the  apinal  vertebne.  Unch  attention  is  p«ui 
by  poraODS  who  are  aoqaaintcd  n'ith  the  trao  form  of  the  horse  to  this 
MOlaiiaatioi)  of  tbo  saci^  and  tnil-bonc«.  From  thi-  loins  to  tbr  wtting 
on  of  the  tail  the  lino  Kfaonld  bo  nearly  atnugbt,  or  inclining  only  a  ulight 
dc^TM!  downward.  Tliirro  IN  not  a  aaror  t«l  of  the  bn^  of  the  bmae 
than  this  strai]{ht  tino  Irum  the  loins  to  the  tail ;  nor,  as  was  shown  when 
tlio  mnsclM  of  the  quartei«  were  described,  is  thcriT  any  circuntstance  so 
mnch  connected  vith  the  mcchnnicnl  adnmtage  with  which  thcao 
muNclMnct. 

The  toil  aeema  to  he  dM^ned  to  perf<wt  the  beauty  of  the  haree'a 
form,  and  also  as  a  means  of  defence  agninrt  tbo  prcMOico  of  flics  and 
other  incecta  on  tbo  skin.  Thoro  aro  thrm  »ctji  of  mnsotoa  belonging  to 
tbo  tail — the  trteiar  cnt*s<jU,  ntnatod  on  the  sujierior  and  latoial  part  of 
it,  and  1^  the  ootton  of  wlijoh  the  tail  may  be  both  elevated  and  dnwn  on 
one  aide — the  dfprettor  coteygis,  on  tbo  inferior  and  Uitral  part  of  it,  by 
the  action  of  which  the  toil  may  be  both  lowered  aoit  dmwn  on  one  aide 
— and  tbo  ctirvaior  wceyyu,  by  the  action  of  whioh  llie  tail  may  bo  curved 
or  flexed  on  cither  iii^e.  I'be  depressor  and  lateral  mDooles  are  more 
powerftil  than  the  enactor  one*,  and  whan  the  honto  i*  nndiaturbed,  the 
tail  is  bent  down  close  on  the  bnttoek* ;  hot  when  he  is  excited,  and  |inr- 
ticularly  whm  ho  is  at  xpited,  the  elector  mnaolos  are  oallcd  into  action, 
the  tail  ia  nlorated,  and  (iiure  ia  an  appearance  of  energy  and  ^nrit  which 
adda  materially  to  hia  l)«aaly.  To  porpotaat*  this,  the  ooenttton  of  naofc- 
«njl  was  couLnved.  The  depreaaor  mnM-hti  niut  pari  of  tlie  loterulonea 
are  cut  through,  and  tho  on-ctor  mnBcU-a,  Icll  without  any  anfJk^onuhi^ 
ke«p  the  tail  in  n  poeition  more  or  lesa  erect,  according  to  tlio  whim  of  the 
operator  or  the  depth  to  which  the  incaMOoa  have  been  carried. 

The  operation  a  thua  perfonnod.    Tlie  aide-lino  ia  pat  on  the  borw,  or 

au2 


4G8 


NICKINQ. 


soind  prrNniiii  ileum  it  moro  prudent  to  cast  liim,  aiid  tJtat  prccnntinn  m 
Nhould  he  iliv\>oaed  to  recommend.  Tlio  bair  at  thfl  eu<I  of  tlte  t&il  u 
Kueunsly  tiod  tj.ij'et.lier.  Cor  tho  purpose  of  nnorwnrdit  attaching  a  weiffht  lo 
it.  Tlie  oppmtor  tiirti  gnuiiiK  tho  tiiil  in  tiia  hnnd,  and,  lifting  it  vp,  fr«U 
for  tihp  cntirr  «f  one  of  tlio  boiies — Ihi"  prominaiiTOS  at  tUo  nxtrcmitios  will 
pnidii  liiin^from  two  to  four  inches  fmm  tke  root  of  the  tAil,acoordiiiglo 
the  aixe  of  the  liorso.  Uo  thori,  with  a  sharp  kiufe,  divides  the  bhuMm 
doi?ply  from  the  dqe  of  tho  tjiil  on  one  aido  to  the  centre,  and,  continiiiBg 
tho  iiK-iNion  aorusu  tho  botie  of  tki:  t»il,  bo  makos  it  as  deep  on  tlto  otbtr 
Kidu.  Oue  coutiiiiicd  incIsioD,  eteiidily  yet  mpidly  nu^e^  will  Kocomj^iih 
uU  this.  If  it  is  a  hlood-horso  that  is  operated  on,  this  vrill  be  anfficienL 
For  a  hunt'Or,  two  iiieisiouB  nre  asuitlly  mndt,  tho  socnnd  hein;;  about  t«o 
inchus  Iwlow  the  first,  and  likewise  as  nearly  aa  poasible  in  tlte  CMiln  of 
one  of  the  bout's. 

On  the  hackixry,  or  enchftil,  n  third  incision  is  made;  for  fiudiion  hat 
decided  that  his  tiiil  nlmtl  be  still  moro  clcrntcd  and  corred.  Two 
incisions  only  are  miwle  in  the  tall  ef  ft  marcy  and  the  Bocond  sot  raj 
deep. 

When  the  second  inciiiion  is  made,  some  fibres  of  tLe  mtuiclm  betmni 
the  tirict  and  siiootid  will  project  into  the  wonnd,  and  mnsl  bo  i-eiuored  by 
a  piiir  of  uurved  SL-issunt.  The  siiine  must  bo  done  with  tJi«  projectile 
[lorlioiia  fVom  between  tliu  SL-coud  uud  third  iueisiona.  The  wounds  dMNM 
then  be  oarefnlly  exam.ined,  in  order  to  ascertain  that  the  muaclM  bsra 
bfcn  oqiinlly  divided  on  eiu;h  aide,  otherwise  the  tail  will  be  juried 
nwry.  Tbin  boin);  done,  pledgets  of  tow  maKt  !»  introdnood  deeply  into 
eiiah  iiiyiiiiou,  jtiiJ  eouficed,  but  not  loo  tightly,  by  &  hundag«i.  A  very 
proliise  bleedinf^'  will  alono  justify  any  ti^'hiiieaa  of  Imndaf^,  iind  the  iP 
consciintmceH  thnt  hnvo  roiraltetl  from  nicking  are  mainly  attrilmtubln  to 
the  nnneaesiiiry  fort-e  f.luit  is  used  in  confining  these  ntcdgeta.  Gren  if 
tho  blooding,  imuiudifilely  after  the  optiratiou,  nhimtd  haro  lM>eQ  rerj 
f^i-eat,  tho  roller  must  be  loosened  in  two  or  three  hours,  otherwise  swetj- 
inft  and  inflammation,  ivnd  even  drnth,  mny  possibly  ensue.  Twouty-fftmr 
liiiurs  iift«r  the  operation,  tho  bitnduge  miint  bo  qnite  removed  ;  aad,  Ibca 
nil  thut  is  ntvensiLry,  bo  tax  as  the  benUiig  of  the  inL-isionii  is  concerned,  ii 
to  keep  tht'm  clean. 

Tf,  however,  the  tail  were  soffored  to  hang  down,  the  divided  odgMof 
tlio  muselea  would  again  eomii  in  contoct  with  each  other,  and  cIum);  tkt 
natanil  depression  of  the  tail  would  remain ;  wid  the  nniranl  would  liAra 
b<:en  puniBtie<i  fir  no  purpose.  The  wounds  must  retnuiii  open,  and  that 
eau  only  be  lu-mimplislied  by  forcibly  keeping  the  tail  curved  back  dnring 
two  or  three  weeks.  For  lhi»  pnrjicme  a  eord,  one  or  two  feet  in  tongtli, 
is  aflixod  (o  the  end  of  the  hair,  whi<^h  terminate*  in  anotltcr  divided  coid, 
each  division  going  over  a  pulley  on  either  sid«  of  the  back  of  tho  etalL 
A  weight  is  hniig  at  either  extremity  RiifBcient  to  keep  tbe  iacisioiu 
pmperly  open,  una  n^guliiti^d  hv  the  degree  in  whieh  this  is  wisbvd  to  bt 
Hocomplisbed.  The  animal  will  thmi  be  rtdained  in  an  niiMUiy  povit'en, 
tUthoogh,  ailer  the  first  two  or  three  days,  probably  m>t  one  of  acute  p"i" 
It  is  bnrbarous  to  inereaso  this  nnoniiinoss  or  pain  by  affixing  too  gnM  * 
weight  to  the  cords ;  for  it  iiliould  be  remembered  that  the  proper  wv»led 
curve  is  given  to  the  tail  not  by  the  weight  keofiing  it  in  &  oertnn 
position  for  a  considerable  time,  but  by  the  depth  of  the  fint  inotsioi^ 
and  the  dcgreo  in  which  tho  'orouods  are  kej>t  open.  By  ercry  onaes 
of  weight  beyond  that  wbi<!b  ut  necetttary  to  keep  tbo  incisiona  anrit 
nnneceasary  sulTeriug  is  inflicted.  Sous  practitioners  um  only  one  pauoyi 
othuni  do  not  nse  any,  but  pat  on  f  light  '^rth;  and  tic  a  oord  from  tht 
end  of  tbo  tail  to  the  girth,  beading :  t  '^Tor  the  book.    The  doubto  pulluy, 


^^^  KEDROTOHT.  4^ 

liowRvi-r,  iR  t})C'  IcMt  pfunfiil  to  thn  hor»n,  ftnd  more  porCeotlj  AMnircB 
tli«  proper  eluvnliou  and  atnuKlit  diruotion  oif  tlic  tniL 

Tbci  dock  HbooM  not,  for  tho  fiivt  llin«  or  Tuur  davK,  bo  brouglit  his'lMr 
thtia  tho  b*ck.  DnngnrDDn  irritatioD  aod  inflannuatloD  would  prabab^  bo 
pnodnood.  It  mnir,  aiW  that,  bo  irrAd>»Ily  raised  toon  olovatiou  of  Turty. 
DTe  degrees.  Tbo  horse  should  ho  Utkra  out  of  tho  piill<>TH,  ond  gcntlj 
ciorcised  onca  or  twicp  every  d«y ;  but  th«  pnlleja  cannotftnultv  bp  dis- 
penaod  with  nntil  n  fnrtuight  ikl\cr  the  wonnos  have  )i«ali-d,  bcurnvc  tlio 
prooBOi  of  conlmction,  or  Uir  upprotMih  of  the  dirided  parta,  gOM  on  for 
aOBU  time  afli^r  the  akin  ia  perfect  omr  the  incinonn,  and  tlie  taQ  would 
tbtiM  aiolc  bolnw  tho  di?sirod  eloTatJon. 

If  tlio  tail  biM  not  bi^on  nnncioc-iunnly  rxt«nded  by  enormona  weights,  no 
bed  couse^iueucea  will  uwiiUly  fiitlow ;  but  if  conicidonihio  inttaitimation 
shoold  ensue,  the  tail  most  be  takt-u  from  tho  pulley  and  diligently 
fcmontcd  with  simple  wkrm  water,  and  &  dose  of  phyaio  fnv«n.  Locked- 
jftw  baa  in  Komu  niri!  iiuitancc*  foUowtnl,  under  which  the  horse  ^nenlly 
parilhe*.  Id  order  lo  prerest  tiie  hair  from  coming  olT,  it  Kbonld  bo  nn- 
philed  and  ondbed  oat  erwy  fiiarth  or  fifth  day. 

SECBOTOHT. 

The  divimon  of  tho  nerre.  as  a  nimndv  for  intense  pain  in  any  part  of 
tho  ftaniV,  wa«  •yKtcmatiotlly  pim-timxl  by  hnmiui  Rurgonna  more  than  a 
omtory  ago.  Mr.  Moorecroft  baa  llie  boiiour  of  tutroducing  th«  opertitioD 
of  BOnrotomy  in  the  veterinary  school. 

Ho  freqnently  met  with  a  strangely  f-irmidnble  dincaiw,  in  what  waa 
oatlod  'ooflin-joint  JAmnne.tx,'  bnt  to  which  Mr.  Jamm  Tumnr  anerwai-ds 
gtm  Uie  Tory  Bpproprialo  name  of  ' naviL-uLw.joiiit  dinemte."  It  wna 
mflamioatiou  of  the  navicular  bone,  where  the  tetidon  playii  over  thitt 
bose  i  sad  it  waa  aocompanicd  by  pain,  nbrvsioo,  and  gmdnal  dcatniction 

tcf  thewperte. 
Vat  a  long  timo  be  waa  foiled  in  evet7  att<.>nipt  whieh  li«  made  io 
KfBove  or  even  toalleri&te  the  dideoae.  At  Icnj^b  lie  turned  bin  tliongbta 
to  the  probability  of  subdoiog  tho  incrooaod  Rrnsibility  of  the  part  by 
diminianing  tho  proportion  of  nerroos  infloencv  diitribaUHl  oo  tne  foot. 
He  laid  barn  ono  of  the  metacarpal  nerrea,  tud  dirided  it  with  a  pair  of 
eoiaaon.  There  waa  alwaya  an  immediate  and  decided  dimiuatton  of  the 
laaMDMai  and,  aonM^titnen,  tho  horse  romt  porfcctir  eoond.  'Jliis  happy 
ranth,  faowovcr,  waa  not  alwaya  permanent,  for  the  lammoaa  lotumrd  afto 
the  bpae  of  a  few  weeks,  or  on  much  active  exertion.  He  next  cnt  out  a 
small  piece  of  the  norvo.  The  treedom  from  luneacaa  waa  of  loogcr 
duration,  hot  it  oTcntaally  ivturncd. 

Ho  then  tried  a  bolder  experimunt.  He  exciaed  a  portion  of  tbe  nerrea 
pjiny  both  to  tbe  inaor  and  outer  metacarpals.  Wo  transcribe  liia  own 
ftccoant  of  the  rwalt  of  the  first  caae  of  complcto  neurotomy— exciaioD  of 
tbo  nerre  on  botli  aide*  of  tbe  lev— that  ever  waa  perfortned. 

"The  animal,  on  riainff.  trotted  boldly  and  without  lanuoMas,  batnov 
ai>d  then  atnmbled  with  the  foot  opomtMl  on.  Tho  woundf  hoafed  in  ft 
low  daya,  and  tho  patient  waa  put  to  ffTwaa.  Some  weeka  aflerwarda  k 
&Toat«bln  acoonnt  waa  reooired  of  her  aoundneaai  but  alie  waa  boob 
bronght  again  to  ua,  on  account  of  a  large  aoro  on  tbe  bottom  of  the  fool 
opetBted  on,  and  extending  from  the  ^louit  of  the  frog  to  tbe  middle  and 
bade  part  of  the  paatcro.  Tbe  mare,  m  gallojnnK  over  aome  broken  slaas 
boUlaa.  had  placed  hat-  foot  upon  a  fragnwot  of  the  bottom  of  one  of  tbera, 
and  whii^  had  out  ita  way  throngfa  tbo  froff  and  tendon  into  tbo  joint)  and 
atnek  &al  in  the  joint  for  aome  aooonda,  mile  tbe  anioial  continned  ita 
ooorae  appanotly  rvgaidluis  of  injtiry.    The  wound  bled  profnaely,  bui 


470 


:eEfHOTOMY. 


the  maro  was  not  lamo.  Mnnj-  dnys  had  dapsed  before  I  saw  h«r,  uij 
largo  msaaes  of  loose  llcsb  vinv  cat  from  the  Mge*  of  the  wonnd  vritboal 
the  nniinat  showing  tlio  «lightcett  rnga  of  KtiftVring  p*in.  Thv  proRMM 
lutially  attending  ihii«i  yrvui  on,  with  tliommi'  B|>]ir>nKiM!i>,  thnt  took  plseo 
in  aoras  of  pnrtn  uu(  deprived  of  eensibilitj.  Such  vxUiaavK  injury,  bow- 
erer.  had  bona  douo  to  tbe  joial,  aa  reuderi^d  the  prMomttiini  en  free  mo- 
tion in  it  roT)-  im|)robabIe,  uvea  M/eiv  the  opening  to  clo«c,  which  waa  a 
nwctcr  of  doubt,  aad  thcrpforo  ah«  was  deetrojrea.  It  appcHred  ckari; 
from  thin,  thai  by  llui  <t-AirurJiou  of  gentibitU;/  Ike  r^iring  powrrt  ■/  1^ 
parln  iBem  luit  injuriMi  \  but  thnt  the  Datura]  guard  aMinst  iiijuiy  htiag 
ttikeii  away  by  tho  dii^ion  of  both  the  nerve*,  an  accident  waa  rendena 
do^ructive,  which,  in  tho  tunal  conditioD  of  thg  foot,  might  have  been  leM 
injarious.' 

The  following  cut  giwa  a  view  of  the  norro  on  the  iiuide  of  Uie  leg,  M 
it  approach<;)i  thi?  fi-tlnck.  It  will  be  wen  tbiit  Iminchc*  nro  given  off 
above  the  fotlm^k,  wbii.'h  go  to  tbu  fore  part  of  the  foot  iind  nnpply  it  with 
feeling.  Tha  uiiiitiuuaitiuii  of  the  iit-rvi<  bvlow  thu  frtliK^lc  ii  given  praci- 
poilly  to  tliu  uu&rtei-s  and  Liuder  part  ef  llie  foot.  The  gnuid  atrandw 
tion,  tbtm,  vntb  the  operator  is— does  he'  wish  to  deprive  the  whole  of  the 
foot  of  sensation,  or  is  the  cnuso  of  lameoeas  princtpotly  in  the  binder  part 
of  tiie  fool,  fo  that  he  can  lonve  some  degrro  of  feeling  in  the  fom  part, 
and  prevent  chat  nlt«mtion  in  the  traod  and  going  of  the  hoiae  wBich 
the  horseman  so  di&likea  9 

A  Tba  nMacar^l  ntm  an  tb«  ii»id*  of  th»  off  lag  U  ihn  «im 

at  Ui«  sltuuik  boDe.  uid  behiad  tha  run  aad  artcfy. 
B  Th*  COnliniiHlioii  of  thv  sudi-  nrrrp  vu  the  )«Mi'rv.  toA  am- 

ctrtiing  downnrud  to  lupplj  tLa  lad  |iut  at  thi  <m 

with  («titig. 
C  The  tlirision  of  Ihi-  ware  en  tho  {Klod  jobtt. 
1)  Tbo  bnuicli  wliicb  mippUcn  wiUi  Ccrling  tho  faro  port  ol  lb 

foot. 
K  Thi-  laterj  brmtrD  thr  tmd  uid  nemu 

h'  The  rnntiiiiiHiiuii  «{  the  utrrj  oa  the  paitom,  rlnaa  Uk  i^ 
Li-for*  tho  iuM-T».  

(1  Tli«  Ti'io  t^'furo  llie  aitny  md  aerra. 

II  The  auini'  vein  tjarnAiog  urtr  thr-  paattm. 

I    Ono  Qf  the  flexor  londonN,  thn  pfr/criitM  <,pcrfbr>ttd}> 

J  Tbo  dwpcr  Bexm  (rndon,  lb«  prr/orem  (fetforatuig  roa- 
t«>D«l  irilhiD  th*  atlivr). 

K  Tho  tondinoui  bosd  in  whirh  tbii  fluxon  work, 

I.   Ouo  of  Ibo  rxiFiuon  of  the  ftnit. 

M  Tim  iiiliTniil  or  wnatiiTo  ftng. 

K  Tbv  (Hwlorior  lalnml  ligunpnt. 

O  Tbo  fleih;  or  ncniiitivc  iHutiiv  oovoring  the  eottn-bonr,  Ih* 
homy  rniKl  being  ronoTod. 

P  The  homy  cniu. 

Q  Tbo  folo. 

Tho  horse  mnfit  Iw  nu>t  and  nccnrcd.  and  the  limb  to  be  opemtod  on 
nwiort^d  from  tho  hobbleit  and  ck tended*— the  hair  hii\-ing  btvn  prerionxlr 
shaved  fmm  the  part.  The  opi^mtor  then  feels  for  the  throltbinK  of  the 
arterr,  or  the  ronnd  firm  body  of  the  nerve  itself,  on  the  mde  of  iheithank 
bone  or  tho  larger  pastern.  The  vein,  artery,  and  uerro  hero  run  clrae 
trigrther.  the  vein  ncftre«t  to  the  front  of  the  le^.  then  tho  artery,  and  tbe 
nerve  behind.  He  cuntionsly  cats  through  the  skin  for  an  inch  and  a  half 
in  ienf^h.     Tlie  tcshoU  wiU  tben  bo  btovL^bt  into  view,  and  the  nem  will 


^^^^^^^■^  SEDBOTOWY.  ^^^»  471 

ho  diitingaished  from  thcra  by  iU  l>iii|;  beLind  the  otheni,  and  hy  its 
n-hilenuss.  A  cnrT(>  blunt  nfivdlo,  irith  n  h&iull«,  is  tben  inadeil  uii<ivr  it, 
iu  order  to  nim  it  a  litUtv  It  in  diH>ciTt«<l  from  tlio  coflnlar  sobtrtauou 
boncAth,  and  ubont  tbnw  ([uaTturH  of  lui  inch  of  it  cut  out, — Uio  fint  in- 
dwon  beiug  made  at  the  upper  part,  Lu  wUicU  caou  the  seoond  incixion 
will  not  be  fell.  Tbe  horw  lunst  th«n  be  turn«d,  and  the  opentJoa  pur- 
fonoed  OB  tho  other  iiido ;  Tor  tbore  ia  a  nvrvoiu  truBk  on  boUi  aidea.  The 
vonnda  ara  now  oloK-ti,  a  bandage  placed  over  tJiem,  Ibo  boad  tied  np  for 
a  ounple  of  days,  and  the  anuaal  kept  ntlier  iow,  and  a«  qniai  as  poambl«, 
The  indaiona  will  gouenllj  r^dljr  heal ;  and  ut  three  weeks  or  a  montli, 
and  somotimn*  cnrUar,  tho  honra  mil  bo  fit  for  work. 

For  rinabonu  —  the  side  oartilsgea  bc-ooming  bony,  and  there  beinjif 
partial  Btiffiieas  of  the  partem  and  coffin-joints— Ibo  opcntion  of  nen-ing 
will  probably  be  bcn«D^aL  The  sense  of  pain  b«iug  taken  aimy,  tho 
aniiaal  will  UMe  these  pairts  mora,  ud  ther  will,  to  a  certain  «xt«nt,  re- 
cover their  natural  action  and  motaon.  Tboao  nrc,  iiidocd,  eome  of  the 
moat  satisfiwtory  catta  in  which  it  can  he  had  rvcoanx!  to  ;  and  whan  the 
enlaritement  exists  in  on«  of  the  lateral  cartitef{««  only,  that  in  on  but  one 
■Me  of  the  coronet,  rrqniring  tho  opcmtion  on  but  the  uut«r  or  inner 
asrvp,  a*  tho  ouc  may  Ifr,  the  cHI'cct  la  vary  satisfactory  without  the  sen- 
•ation  at  the  foot  btiug  loitt.  Fur  the  Koao  reason,  in  old  contraction  of 
the  fleet,  it  is  highly  bent-ficiaL  TL«  lortnre  oooauoni-d  Ijy  th<i  iiroHnro  of 
tite  hornr  ornst  on  the  H>iinuvo  parts  vHtbiQ  being  nu  lou^-r  f■^lt,  and  tbo 
foot  coming  fully  and  firmly  in  contact  with  the  g^ttud,  not  only  is  Uino 
Bcsa  ruhevod,  but  the  ctuaticity  a4id  Ihrm  of  the  foot  pnrtislly  rc«torod. 
Where  lanienees  has  long  existed,  onattended  with  heat  of  tho  foot  o<r 
alteration  of  ahapa,  and  tho  loet  of  nhicb  oonid  not  be  luroortairn^, 
although  probably  existing  between  tho  nnricDlar  bono  and  the  bade 
tendon  that  play*  over  it,  neurotomy  may  be  reaortod  to  with  decided 
ad-nnlAftc 

Uischief,  however,  will  result  from  the  operation  if  the  pastern  or 
ooffin-ioints  aro  perfectly  stiff,  because  tho  concossioD  oeoaaionod  W  the 
fovobla  contact  of  the  foot  with  tlie  ground,  and  nnbrokeD  by  the  ptay  of 
the  Joints,  most  neceeaarily  still  miorc  injure  tlie  bone.  Whan  the  aole  of 
the  foot  is  convex  or  pvmined,  the  effect  of  ueorotomy  will  be  most  dostnio- 
tive.  The  wle.  scarcely  nblo  to  bear  the  prcasure  of  the  colHn-boue,  even 
when  pais  induces  the  animal  to  put  his  foot  as  gently  as  poaeibk-  on  the 
ground,  being  forced  bolow  its  natunil  situation,  would  be  speedily  worn 
through  and  destroyed.  So  if  iulluuinuktiun  exiiitcil,  altboiigh  its  pain 
might  bo  remored,  jei  its  proems  would  be  quioki-iuMl  by  tbo  bruiaing 
to  which  the  parts  might  be  suDJocted  ;  and  more  especially  wuuhl  ihiN  tw 
the  case,  if  then  waa  any  nlcemtioa  of  the  ligaments  or  cartilages. 

To  soma  extent,  unmwiisto  good  eiTuct  is  prodncMl  as  it  regards  tho 
aetoal  dis«Me.  Wo  remove  that  general  const  Jtutional  irritiibility  which 
hmg-continaed  pain  occasions,  and  whitJi  beightoos  and  pcrpetoat*:«  local 
discMS.  We  obtain  fur  tbe  patient  an  tatt-rral  of  rvpcse,  and  every  local 
ailment  soon  subsides  or  disappear*,  at  loast  to  a  veiy  ouudduimUo  extent, 
and  the  whole  oonstltation  boconies  invigorated. 

Mr.  Perdvall  relates  two  valuable  cssoa  of  this.  A  mare  with  con- 
tracted feet  was  never  subject  to  periodical  ceetnim,  and  bor  owner 
lamanted  in  vnin  that  he  could  not  bn^cd  tma  her.  Sbo  underwent  the 
opcratifin  of  umnxtomy  and  became  an  cxo^lleiit  brood  mare.  A  stallion 
with  many  a  good  point  abo^t  him  was  qsoIoim  in  the  stad:  he  ma  Boffiur* 
tag  team  some  disntw  in  the  fcei.  A  portion  of  the  nerve  was  exedsgd — 
his  conatftatMo  nudrrweut  a  complete  ohaoge^  and  be  T*ti'Mnt  airs  to  a 
numerous  and  valuable  progeny. 


473  n^^^^^r         TRACHEOTOMY. 

The  principle  of  nenrotomjr  is  pliun  uid  gimple —  it  it  t^  remotal  (f 
pain.  TttkoD  on  tliis  gronnd,  it  in  m  noble  opcmtion.  It  ia  that  in  which 
ercty  fri«nd  of  liumiLnitT  vrill  ngciice^  It  m&f  bo  abanrd.  If  do  auxiUaiy 
ineuuN  uri:  uUopU-d — if  in  euuker,  or  cpiittor,  no  mi-an.i  aro  unci]  to  li  mrih 
tbc  coiiouafiiou  ftttA  die  proasiu'O— the  destrucliou  of  tbu  pru^  uid  tlw 
ntl<ir  ruin  of  tbe  horse  ftro  tho  tncivilitble  consequences.  The  priiDuy 
result  ia  tho  remoTut  of  pciin.  It  U  for  the  <ip«rsitor  to  ciilcuJat«  tb 
bcurtiig  of  tUid  on  tJio  dutuitl  disMUW,  and  tho  fntari:  n*cfulaess  of  Um 
aiiiuial. 

On  the  qnestion  of  the  roppodnrtiou  of  the  ncirea  there  is  no  doabt.  A 
horse  ig  Uuio,  und  be  nndurgoes  tho  opemtion  of  noorotomj.  At  Uia 
expiration  of  ii  L'l-rlitin  tiuiu  tbe  lumeneea  retnnui,  nnd  he  is  prob«blT 
destroyed.  In  thu  inajoriQ^of  caeea  it  is  foand  that  the  nervM  kiwiaaitcdC 
or  rather  thnt  n  new  veritnblo  nerrons  snbsbmoe  Lad  bt^-n  int«rpoaei 
Tbe  time  ot  which  this  is  effected  ia  ntLknown.  There  have  not  beos  nnj 
drSnitv  expnrimimtji  on  tbe  poiut. 

Can  Uio  borse  tbul  has  underline  the  operation  of  nenratomj'  be  ftfter* 
wards  passed  as  sound  P     Most  certainly  not.    There  js  altered,  impaired 
stractore ;  tbero  is  iinpnirod  action ;  and  there  ia  the  poaaibili^  of  the 
rotiim  of  lameness  at  some  indefimte  period.     Ho  has  boon  diseaaed.     Be 
inoiit  probably  ia  diseased  now ;  bat  tbe  pain  being  rcmorod,  thora  aro  t^M 
meajis  by  which  tbe  misctui^r  can  always  be  indiouted.     Bcmdes,  \y  4^| 
vety  act  of  nourotoniy.  ho  is  pocDliarly  exposed  to  Tariona  injnriea  a^T 
ftffections  of  the  font  fj-om  w)iicb  he  would  otherwise  eaoape.     It  niiult 
iudood,  be  borne  in  mind,  as  un  invAiriable  mlc,  that  it  is  never  (o  bo  hail 
reooniH  to  UU  tbe  aoienct.'  and  skill  of  tbe  VL-tiTrinary  prsctilionvr  hna 
utterly  failed  in  |fivin(,'  relief.    When  distxkse  cannot  be  cnrcd,  it  i^  ma  act 
of  humanity  to  relieve  the  unimnl,  if  possible,  fVom  the  palu  and  BnfTenng 
stteiidant  on  it :  this,  in  wull-«clectcd  cased,  tho  operation  of  ncnrotomy 
will  gtmerally  cffuct;  tbia  in  ite  legitiinalv  objuct,  and  witli  this  object  only 
in  view  abuuld  U  ever  be  perfuriufd. 

TKACHEOTOKT. 

The  respiiAtory  canal  ia  occaKnonitliy  obstmcted,  (o  an  annoying  and 
dnngnroiis  dfgrce.  Polypi  biivc  bi*n  drscribeii  ne  occnpyinif  lite  Doatrils; 
Inii^'  tumours  have  rurmt.'d  in  llii-in.  Tiimoun  of  other  kinds  bars  nrcMcd 
into  the  larynx.  Tho  tumour  of  strangles  has,  for  a  while,  oocnpied  tlw 
pasangc.  The  latynx  hns  been  distorted ;  tbe  membrane  of  tho  windpipe, 
OR  the  larynx,  has  bei-n  IbJekt-ni'd,  and  ulcem  have  formed  iu  onu  or  botli, 
and  have  been  so  painfbl  tbat  Oie  act  of  bmttliiiig  wns  taboriumi  and 
(ortaring,  In  all  these  crises  it  hn«  been  anxiouHly  enqnintd  whether  then 
tnight  not  be  rwlabliiibed  un  urIiHcial  ayiminf'  for  the  pasnge  of  th«  air 
when  thu  natural  one  cimld  no  longer  bi>  iiiuid;  ftndit  has  been  ascttrtwned 
that  it  is  botli  a  atmple  and  safe  upL'raiiuu,  to  irxciao  a  portion  of  tlia 
tra^bca,  on  or  below  the  point  of  obslruetion. 

Th«  operation  must  be  nerformed  whilo  the  horse  is  atandtnr,  and 
seciircd  by  a  aido-line,  for  ho  would,  nrohibly,  bo  soffocated  amiiUt  tJie 
•ti-ucglcs  with  whieb  hu  would  cvHiiit  tbe  act  of  tbrawing.  The  twitcb  ia 
firmly  fixed  on  the  muule ;  and  an  assislaut  boldK  a  acwlpel,  a  biaioniy, 
soiseoia,  canred  needles  nnood,  luid  a  moist  spouL-o. 

The  onoTiitoT  ebonld  onoe  more  examine  the  whole  course  of  tbe  wind- 
pipe, anu  the  diScreat  sounds  wliicb  bo  wilt  ho  able  to  detect  by  tlie  an- 
pbcaiiou  of  tlio  ear.  and  likewise  the  dilTurent  degree*  of  (empeiattiro 
and  of  tenderness  which  tbe  finger  will  detect,  will  gnido  to  tha  K»t  of 
tbe  eril. 

Tbe  hair  ia  to  be  cloady  cut  off  from  the  part,  tho  skin  ti{fl)teDcd  acnu 


A 


i 


h. 


^  FAIUCGNTB31S  TBOHACIS   (tAPPISQ  THB  CHESTJ.  47a 

tbc  trachm  with  thn  thtinih  ami  finger*  of  tbc  left  hand,  iind  tUen  b  lonei- 
tudinitl  inciKian  cautioiuly  miMle  tlirongli  Uto  akin,  thrao  indMH  in  lon^^. 
ThiK  it  ndukllj  fffi-ctol,  when  there  i>  no  expniBs  indicaUon  to  the  contrary, 
on  the  Gflh  and  sixth  riDc;0;a  slip  EVom  wbtch,  and  Ui«  cooncctiiif^  1>K^ 
meat  aboTo  and  below,  abuathalftho  width  of  inch  ring,  ithnuM  bocxci^wl 
with  tho  intoiTODing  ligament.  The  n;ni!iinin^  purtiiMi  will  then  be  utmag 
cnoBgk  to  TVtein  tb«  pcrfoctarobi-d  form  of  the  trnebeo. 

If  the  orifice  is  only  to  bo  kepi  open  while  some  forrigii  body  is  ox- 
tntoted,  or  turaoar  mnoTcd.  or  nicer  healed,  or  iolUrnniAtion  subdued, 
nothing  mora  is  ntxrt^itiry  th«n  to  kcop  tho  tips  of  tho  wuund  u  little  apart, 
by  pMUring  itoiiH<  thread  thrtiugh  cacn,  And  sUgbtly  everting  tlidui,  &nd 
tjin;:  the  threads  to  tho  mane. 

I^  howerer,  tlierc  isMiyponiMU)«Dtobstnictii>n,  a  tube  will  bonecessuy. 
It  ■hoold  be  two  or  thnx)  inohni  lonn,  onrvcd  at  itio  top,  and  tlie  rstcmal 
orifice  turning  downwards  with  a  little  ring  on  each  wde,  by  whiuh,  through 
thu  mfans  of  tubiM,  it  may  be  r^ained  in  its  situation. 

The  pnTpoao  of  the  operation  being  answered,  the  flaps  of  iti tegument 
mast  bo  brought  oror  the  wound,  the  adgM,  if  neceasuy.  diminished,  and 
tho  part*  ki!pt  in  Appoicition  by  %  faw  stitchr-ii.  Tho  cartilnge  will  be 
prrfnctir  rcpruditood,  only  tha  ringa  will  be  a  little  thicker  and  wider. 

Tlie  tbllowiii);  occonnt  will  illuittmte  (he  aae  and  Uie  dangur  of  thu 
tracheotomy  tnhe.  A  mare  at  Alfort  had  groat  distortion  of  tSxa  rings  of 
the  trarhcn.  Shri  hn^nthcd  with  difBculty.  She  became  a  roarer  aluiost 
to  mitTocntion,  and  vtun  qnito  nsdk-Jis.  Trarhootomy  wb«  aAbotod  on  the 
diitoriod  rinns,  and  a  short  eauula  intniilufed.  She  was  so  much  nrlicvod 
that  slie  trutled  and  galloped  immcdiuttily  ailerwanlH  without  Uie  Hlightuet 
distreas.  Six  months  lator  she  ngniu  bepin  to  roar.  It  seemed  that  tho 
rinn  were  now  diNtort4)d  below  tno  formor  pla<w. 

M.  Barth^lemy  introduced  naatlMir  etuiulu,  seven  inoh<«  lon^i  and  which 
reached  below  the  new  distortion.  Shu  was  once  more  relieved.  She 
speedily  improved  in  conditiun,  and  rof^nlarly  drew  a  cabriolet  at  tlie  rato 
of  seven  or  oic;ht  miles  in  the  hoar  -,  au<l  thi«  she  continacd  to  do  for  three 
yrant,  whrn  tlin  cnnnLi  became  acoidontally  diiphu-'od  in  tho  night,  and 
khn  was  fonnd  doid  in  tho  morning. 

PA&JtCENTEGIS  TBOUACIS  (l^FIITQ  THZ  CHESt). 
^  ftDscultfition  and  other  modes  of  examinatioi),  tbeffidstdoee  of  efftuUHt 
in  tJia  cheat  is  n.«certtiined,  an^,  pcKsibly,  it  is  incrmfflng.  Is  there  any 
mechanical  way  of  getting  rid  of  it  ?  Tfaero  is  ons  to  which  rcconnto 
should  bu  had  ad  noon  as  it  is  evident  tliat  there  is  considerable  ()uantity 
of  fluid  in  the  chost.  The  operation  of  ParaomlttU,  or  ta[>[>in^,  should  bo 
performed :  it  is  a  roty  simple  one.  One  of  the  horse's  legs  being  held  up, 
and,  connting  back  from  the  atomtim  Ut  birtwecMi  the  sercnth  and  eighth 
ribs,  the  surgeon  ahonid  Grat  make  a  longitudinal  iudaion  thrvngh  tho 
akin,  and  then  pass  a  moleral^^ sized  trocbar  into  the  cbwt  immtdiately 
aboTe  the  cartilaf^es.  lie  will  not  hare  sitlnctnd  the  raont  depnmleot 
situation,  but  as  near  it  sji  he  coatd  with  safety  xvloot ;  for  thi^rc  winild  not 
hare  been  room  betwcrn  the  cartilages  if  tho  puuoture  had  been  lower ; 
and  thciw  would  have  l>e«n  injunnl  in  the  forcing  of  the  iustrument  be- 
tween them,  or,  what  is  worse,  there  would  have  boon  great  banrd  of 
womding  the  perirardinm,  for  tho  apex  of  tho  heart  rests  on  tho  utomam. 
Through  thin  npertnre,  clove  to  the  cartilams,  the  far  crcuttT  part  of  the 
flnid  muv  be  c%-ucnutod.  Tlie  opetKtAT  wul  now  witlidraw  the  stilctle, 
and  lei  thii  fluid  mn  through  the  caonla.  He  will  not  trouble  hiiBSolf 
afterwards  about  the  wound;  it  will  heal  rcndil^  enough  ;  porbapa  too 
quickly,  for,  could  it  bo  kopt  open  a  few  days,  it  might  act  as  avnynaofnl 


^^ 


4T4 


A    LIST   OF   TUE    MEDICINES   l%ED   IK 


drain.  /( thoald  be  aileinptatl  early.  RL-courac  tliotili]  Imi  It&d  to  the  ipen^'l 
tjon  u  BOOH  u  it  in  luccrbimcd  that  tlii-re  U  ooiunderable  &\xH  ku  llie  obeal, 
for  Uie  aniinBl  will  ut  least  bo  n-Uevcd  for  »  vliile,  and  sonio  time  wiD 
bnve  been  given  for  repose  to  tho  overlaboured  linig>.  khA  for  the 
gen«rall7  to  be  recmitcd.  The  Hiiid  will  bo  ev»cant«(l  before  tho^ 
ore  too  much  debilitAtxid  by  laliorious  uction  (gainst  the  presntre  of 
n-ntvr,  and  a  siatv  vf  ooUapsn  broaght  ud,  Grom.wbicJt  they  will  b«  iuemfMt 
of  rocuTering.  They  only  who  bavo  seen  th«  coUapBed  and  oondwMDd 
etnle  of  the  luDg  that  bad  be«n  lon^  compressed  by  the  Itutil,  caa  oaoetm 
of  the  extent  to  which  tiiis  is  camod.  It  ahonld  bo  Uiildi-d  —  a  fact  iin- 
portutit  and  ttliu-ming  —  that  tlie  rtvonls  of  roteriiisij  aorgtiry  contain 
Tury  faw  caaes  of  penuanwitly  aueoeaafol  perrorm&noo  of  Ibo  openlion. 
Thia  ahould  not  disconra^  the  pmctitioiier  from  attcmptiiig  it,  but  shovU 
indara  him  to  cODSidor  whether  he  may  not  pcrfona  it  und«r  baffiier 
ftDxpiees,  bcforo  tho  luti)^  and  the  seroos  membmno  wliich  linoa  tli» 
civitT  hiivu  bL*<?n  too  niuuh  disorgaiiiacd,  and  tha  oonstitntiou  it«elf  ndly 
dobihttUed.  There  could  not  be  ajiy  weU-founded  objection  to  an  eortier 
resort  to  paracentesis,  and  ho  miut  bo  »  bnngler  indocd  who  wooaded 
any  important  part. 

It  ahonld  be  n.8certjtitie<l  by  auatniltation  whether  tluire  is  finid  in  both 
cavities.  If  there  HhouM  he,  iMid  lii  cousidemble  quantity,  it  will  not  be 
prudent  to  operate  ou  both  sidi/a  at  once.  If  much  flaid  ia  discbargtd, 
there  will  be  acceloraliou  and  dif&eulty  of  respiration  to  ft  vary  gnat 
dcCTee.  The  pmctitioiter  must  not  be  olamiril  at  this  ;  it  will  paas  ottr, 
and  on  the  next  day  ho  miiy  attnck  the  other  sidv ;  or  open  boto  at  onev^ 
if  thoru  is  but  little  fluid  iu  eitlier. 


CHAPTER  XXin. 

A   LIST  OF   TQE    MEDICINES   USED   IN   THE  TKBATUKHT  OV  TI 
DUBA8BS  OF  THE  nOU.SB. 

Hb  will  rarely  consult  hia  own  intorc-jit,  who,  not  having  had  tho  adran- 
tftge  of  a  vetorinary  education,  undirrtjiko!*  tlio  treatment  of  any  of  tlis 
nriooA  ditcoaca  of  his  horses.  Miiny  of  the  raaladjas  of  the  horw.-  npnrly 
resemble  each  othi^r.  They  am  (-ontinu&lly  TUying  tiioir  character,  and 
require,  in  their  different  slazL-x,  a  rory  diSer«ut  ti«atment;  and  in  tba 
plainest  case  not  only  tho  cbamcteri«tio  nymptoms  of  dinrnan  nni  obvcoze, 
but  even  the  indicntions  of  retviruiug  healUi,  or  inoreanBff  danw,'  u« 
often  scarcely  »so<rtn.inablp,  couscquently  the  siefc  horao,  as  weS  antha 
hamui  being,  neoda  tho  cure  of  nno  whom  study  and  oxpe-rience  bam 
qnaliBed  for  the  tank.  A  lint  of  tho  drug*  gvuerallv  <imployod,  with  a 
alight  account  of  their  hiatory,  adalletutiuns,  and  medicinal  eflbcbi,  will  be 
int«restiiig  to  the  horse-proprietor  as  well  as  to  the  Tet«rinai;  snt^Ma  ; 
and  may  occasionally  bo  nnoml  when  professional  aid  cannot  ba  obtained. 

I^wraent  refiTi-nce  will  bo  mode  to  Pmfessor  Morlon'a  most  vtUaabta 
Mmimu  of  Pharmacy.  This  work  will  bo  f»an<l  to  bo  a  tnwnira  to  araTT 
Totorinatpr  surgeon.  Mr.  W.  C.  Spooner's  Uatoria  Mcdica,  in  his  roeenl 
eompondinm  of  Wbitv's  acconnt  of  the  horse,  will  occasioually  be  laid 
nnder  oontribotion. 

ACAOu  GuMMi. — Many  varietiM  of  i^iHnara&iearo  procured  IVom  Airic«, 
Anbia,  and  tho  t^t  Indies.      It  ia  on  uxadation  from  tbe  tronk  and 


TBEAT>[E.VT  OP   DISEASES   OP   TUE    UOUSB. 


472 


brancltM  of  vimmiK  tmat.  It  in  i-injilovi-d  in  ILe  form  of  k  macila^, 
mndo  bj*  dtatolviuK  it  ui  wbUt,  in  itie  [iropurliou  uf  one  |iart  of  t)u)  gnm 
to  time  or  fonr  of  water.  Various  issolublo  powders  nuiv  be  thus  sus* 
pende<l,  or  oils  rendered  tnisciblc,  or  rmulsiiins  fomuKl.  bmalsiOEia  OOiu* 
pofled  of  gum  iintbin  art'.  ouppcHicd  to  bo  nwaftil  in  ana^ry  ulFnotiaiu. 

AciDin  AdBTicDH,  Accnc  Acid,  Vihbg^b. — Acetio,  or  ftjroligiuwns  noid 
ia  obUuned  by  tlie  diAtructJve  distilUtion  of  wood.  It  is  kbout  six  timoe 
M  ainuur  as  ordinary  rinocnr,  tuid  is  seldom  used  except  in  this  dilotcd 
fbmt.  Viluignr  ix  ontuinrd  by  whut  is  cnllod  Hut  acctons  f«rni«Dt«tioa, 
cxcitvd  in  a  MUKliorino  nolnlian.  Everyone  ia  familUr  with  the  proportim 
of  vinegar,  il  hwi  bc<en  employed  for  sptalna  and  braises,  and  v<]U)u  part* 
of  cold  \'ine(^  and  boiliu^  water  will  form  a  good  fomontation.  As  an 
internal  remedy.  Tinecnr  is  rareJ;  gi^cn,  oor  fans  it,  except  in  largo  doses, 
may  oonndorablo  iiiomcinBiI  power. 

Acromi  Absexioscm,  Absekio. — Were  it  not  that  iome  pnictitionon  oon- 
ttnoe  to  nae  it  as  a  tonie,  in  do8E«  of  from  fire  to  ten  ^TAina  daily,  and 
Others  employ  it  to  core  out  old  nlcitre,  we  wcmld  not  include  it  in  onr  liat> 
for  wc  hiiTc  litt^)  fiiith  in  it.  There  are  b«tt«r  and  sifer  tonioi,  and  far 
bettor  and  ^br  camtiiMi.  The  niisUiud  of  clcteuting  the  pmenco  of  arsenic, 
in  OBMO  of  poiaouiuf-.  will  be  Touud  described  at  page  600. 

AriDUX  MmiiJiTici'M,  or  IItduoculobic  ActD:  Sfikit  or  Salt.— This  acid 
in  obtnini'd  liy  dixtilling  ii  mixtnre  of  snlphnric  add  and  coaunon  salt  and 
WHt«r.  Tli<!  iK.'id  13  gi^nerntMl  in  tlic  form  of  gB*,  and  ia  oonrorted  into  a 
Iti^nid  by  adtiiiiLui^  with  wat«r  in  the  reeuiven  In  thts  atoto,  when  pnm, 
it  IS  colourless,  but  the  ordinary  acid  met  vTilhiaoonunerceisdrajeUowiiih 
eolonr.  When  cxpoiicHl  to  the  air,  it  cuniis  soiTocating  fbines,  and.  from 
it«  trmtt  ofBnity  fur  wutvr,  aliould  be  ulwavH  kept  in  wrtl-Ktoppvd  bottles. 
It  ta  chit-fly  employiid  as  a  caiutic  iu  ntcera  and  other  ilL-oonditioncd 
wouuda.  When  applied  toany  hviiijf  part,  a  change  of  colour  ia  peroeived, 
tbo  p.-iri«  becoming  blanched.  For  cuokcr,  vonnds  in  the  foot  not 
atlvodrd  br  hcttltliy  notion,  and  for  every  eftso  wlicrn  the  niinc^rlirial  ap- 
pUcatiun  m  a  cautttio  ia  needed,  thin  arid  will  be  found  cspeoiully  valnahfe. 
It  has  also  been  gireo  in  a  diluted  form  as  a  solvent  of  calculi  in  tho 
kidneys  and  bladder. 

AciDUM  Nnaici'ifl ;  Nirno  Aoto,  AQDAroim.i.  — Thin  acid  is  obtained  br 
distilling  togiTthcr  a  mixtura  of  anlphnrto  acid  and  nitmtc  of  potaaMk  It 
ia  a  ■palv  titniw •coloured  fluid,  wilb  a  pnngcnl  acrid  auoU,  and  pcsacssing 
Tory  corrosive  propertiea.  AaoaforUs  is  a  diluted  fonn  of  this  aeid. 
Nitric  acid  is  A  valuable  extomu  sfiplicaUoin,  It  is  both  a  caostio  and  an 
anti*iq>tic.  It  dustroyM  Ainsoid  excreaoeacBS.  A  plodgai  of  tow  shoald 
be  dipfied  in  the  acid,  and  uen  firmly  prewcd  on  uio  caalcorana  rar&oe. 
Bmy  part  with  which  the  add  baa  come  into  contact  will  bo  deadened 
and  slongh  off,  and  healthy  grannlations  will  spring  up. 

AoiDlfM  lIvnaocTAsncCM :  PRO»nc  Aan.— Itis  prrpftpe<l  by  mixing  to- 
Bvther  (^Tuiidc)  uf  stlrer,  bydrooltloric  add,  anil  water.  In  tlwi  iitato 
U  wiQ  be  foond  a  cotourleea  liquid,  with  a  puoffout  billor  tAiil«,  awl  a 
pecoliar  odonr  somewhat  rosembling  bitter  almonda.  Tho  hydro<^«nie  of 
the  Ijondoo  Phnrmacopirna  contain*  ahoal  two  per  cent,  of  acid,  while 
Stfhorlc'*  acid,  which  vi  more  genaraOf  ttacd  in  veterinary  pnctice,  oon- 
taina  from  four  to  &vd  per  cent-  In  a  ooncentraled  atalo,  it  is  tndy  a 
deadly  poiaou  ;  a  few  dn>p«  of  it  will  kill  a  large  animal.  In  a  diluted 
form,  it  is  a  powcrftil  sedative.  In  doaoe  of  half  a  dniohm  to  a  dnwhm, 
largely  dilnti^,  it  abatM  both  pulnmnaTy  and  gaatric  irritation.  It  baa 
also  bcpn  nurd  with  Kood  effect  in  the  furm  of  eoeoia  in  oaaea  of  tetonna. 
>  Il  may  also  be  given  by  the  month  in  the  same  disease.  Kotbing  ia  more 
likely  to  tfawjoiltiso  tliit  general  oscitoment  of  the  nervona  syatem.    The 


476 


A   U3T  OF  TUE  HEDICIXBS  USED  IS 


antlinr  of  this  work  wna  tlio  first  person  who  utpliud  tlwi  hji 
aciil  fur  thn  |>nriK)au  of  ullayiiig  irrilatioii  of  th©  bIoii  in  (li>f-9.      It  M^ 
fuilii  of  [iroiluciug  llie  desired  ofTcct,  »nd  it  fafts  had  ft  similar  good  eCfed 
in  mbduitiK  itchmoss  and  tniiiige  in  Iho  bonw. 

AciDUH  Stn.PUCiucuM  :  Sllpuifric  Acid.  —  Tliia  Mai,  wlueh  is  fiunOiarlf 
Vnown  by  tbo  uanit^  of  oil  of  vitriol,  is  obtained  in  eoinnii-rce  hj  Uw  eom- 
biistioii  of  sulphur  and  Dit>nvt«  of  polnssa  in  leadm  cbamhcrs  cODtaininjf 
water.  Tlias  cl]t.ii&ed  it  is  tin  oily-looking  cnlonrloit*  fluid,  doToid  of 
smoll,  but  intcnsL'ly  acid  aud  powerfully  oorronive.  Itdtiatmj'at  tbo  cntickv 
nnd  iu.-te  as  a  canatic,  cb&rriug  both  aiiimal  and  vogetoble  Bahstftnen^ 
combs nitig  with  tha  water  and  setting  tVco  tbo  carbon.  In  its  ^^jllitf^ 
etAt«,  it  is  sometimes  ndminietercd  intcmollj  on  a  tonic  and  ««triiigOBtt 
Witen  tliiiB  given,  it  eliould  be  la.:^uly  dilntcil  wttb  water,  or  ■"'*"""*i*?'p 
of  till!  Etomaoh  and  bowtik  mfiy  result.  This  U  sometimes  prodooed  hf 
the  dangerous  practice  adopted  by  waggonere  sprinkling  this  acid  amonf^ 
the  food  of  tbe  animal,  with  a  mistaken  view  of  improving  bin  condition. 
Tbo  antidott^s  in  such  a  case  would  he  magnesia,  earboiuite  of  «odft  or 
potaah,  and  large  quantities  of  soap  and  water.  As  an  ezteraftl  ftpplt- 
cation,  when  mixed  with  tar  in  tho  proportion  of  »n  onnco  to  tlie  poniul, 
it  has  been  nsod  for  thrush  and  canker,  bat  both  the  hydrochloric  anii 
Bitric  acids  are  bttter  ajiplioatioua. 

ADEPa,  Hoq's  I^Kd,  vt-ry  properly  forms  the  basis  of  moa(  of  onr  oint- 
ments. It  is  tasteless,  inodorous,  and  free  fVom  every  stininlatin^  quality. 
That  cannot  be  said  of  ftU  the  ingredients  nsod  in  tJie  compoHition  of  our 
ongnents. 

AiconoL,  Ekctifiep  Spirit. — In  its  pure  state  alcohol  is  scldoin  naod, 
bat  moro  frLH^uently  employed  in  the  diluted  form  of  eithtrr  rectified  or 
prcjof  spirit,  in  tho  prepaniiHon  of  tinctnrcs.  It  is  obtoinod  from  the  fcr- 
meutatioQ  of  snccbarino  nolntinnM  of  different  vurioti^s  of  gmin  or  fmil, 
and  rcprnli^d  diKtilliition  of  th«  product.  Internally  ttdmiuiBlen'd,  ila 
(ictiim  would  ha  utiiiiulant  aud  autiipnsmodic.  Its  chief  ralne  aa  an  ex- 
ternal ajipUi-'.ttiou  consists  when  mixed  with  water,  in  forming  &  oold 
evaporating  lotion, 

ALOts.— Thrrc  nm  two  kind*  nst^d  in  horse  pntcdcc,  tbo  Barbndofls  and 
the  Cupo.  The  Socotriiw,  preferred  by  the  human  surgeon,  are  very  nn- 
crrtnin  in  their  etfect  on  the  horse,  aud  are  seldom  to  bo  met  with  pat«> 
Of  the  Uarbadocs  nnd  the  Cape,  the  first  are  much  to  ho  preferred.  They 
are  nblninnl  principally  from  the  island  of  Borbodoos,  and  uri!  tfav  jnioa 
of  thu  largu  leaves  of  the  aloe  boiled  to  a  cuiiaiderahtu  thickneas,  and  then 
{Kiurcd  iuto  piurds  in  which  they  gradually  harden.  The  troe  Gape  ai« 
tho  cjttrn<*  of  a  spodcs  of  aloe*  ebicflr  mltivat^d  at  tho  Capo  of  Good 
Hope.  The  Barbiulons  aloes  aro  of  a  riMldiHb-hrtiwn  colour,  with  a  strong 
nrcitnxtic  amell,  hniken  with  dilEculty,  and  tho  fracture  dulL  Tho  Oapa 
an:  darker  coloured,  very  brittle,  and  the  fi'acture  perfectly  jrlossy.  Every 
vwleriuary  surgeon  who  nses  much  aloes  ebouM  buy  them  in  tho  mass,  and 
powder  them  at  home,  and  tlicn,  by  attending  to  tliia  account  of  tha 
oifiarcnce  of  tho  two,  be  o&u  scarcely  be  im^wsed  upon.  It  is,  bowovor, 
^e  fret,  that  these  are  mostly  adulterated,  by  their  being  melted  together. 
Aloes  purchased  in  powder  are  too  often  wully  adolternted. 

The  Barbadoos  aloe*  have  a  greater  pargativn  power  than  the  Cn^w,  ex- 
clnnivo  of  griping  lean  and  beiuf{  nafer.  In  utditiun  to  this,  the  action  of 
the  bovrcia  is  Icept  up  longer  by  the  Barhailoea  aloes  than  by  the  Cape. 
If  the  hor«o  is  well  mashed,  and  carefully  exercised,  and  will  drink  plen^ 
of  warm  water,  the  Capo  may  he  ventured  on,  or  at  lcn*t  utixcd  with  eqnal 
quanliticM  of  tliv  Burl)iido<!H ;  but  if  there  in  any  neglect  of  preparation  for 
phjvtc,  or  diuing  tbo  qhiulI  operation  of  tho  phyaic,  the  Cape  am  not 


TnEATMENT  OF  DISBA8RS   OP  TRE  HORSE. 

Klwajrs  tobi>de[)oii(l(>i!  upon.  The  combination  ofalk&linocompoiiDdsvrith 
allies  &lt«rB  tlra  reeolta  of  lh«  mniicuio.  Thnir  action  is  qnicki>ned,  but 
tlicir  pDrentiT-o  prnpcrtion  tav  iimmimd,  nad  tiwy  ceojio  to  onnntto  spcciG- 
cnlly  on  Uiii  lurgur  intcititii^H.  Sueh  is  tht'  ojniiioD  of  Pruhusor  Mortjin, 
and  usdoubtodly  tLe  lulti-r  wuuld  bo  an  ikdi'Aiitago  gninod.  Mualic;ii  aru 
luefU  helps  whoD  phytdc  is  admiiiistorod. 

Sonu  pcrsoim  urc.  fond  of  what  an  ciillL-d  hidf><l(Mo«  nf  physio.  Threo 
OT  four  draclmui  rir«  given  aa  one  dny,  ajiJ  Uiree  or  four  on  tue  followinjr; 
and  pi-rhapa  if  tht-  uwdiciuu  baa  not  op«rati'd,  as  in  Uiia  divided  sUU-  it 
will  not  alwajs,  tn-o  or  three  additional  dnu^lims  nrn  given  on  the  thinl 
day.  The  coiim»:|iictico  is,  that  the  bowels  Imvinj;  been  rcndcnid  irritAblo 
by  till'  former  ikinc-n,  the  hone  is  ov«r>purgi>d,  and  tnllauiiuation  and  dcAth 
nocusionally  ensue.  In  physicking  a  horse,  whatever  is  to  be  dcm*  should 
he  dene  at  ouce.  Whatever  quantity  is  intcndod  to  be  g:irc&  should  be 
given  in  one  dose. 

The  KVHtcni  of  givios  mall  doses  of  nlues  as  alti-nitivi-a  in  not  good, 
TheiM!  rir)ieiLted  minute  aoBes  lodeint;  in  souie  of  the  folds  of  the  iutcstinoK, 
and  at  len^h  uniting,  often  prodnco  more  ciTcct  than  i»  dosimble.  It  ia 
never  safe  to  ride  a  hone  far  or  faxt,  with  even  a  timnll  done  of  aloes  within 
bim. 

Mo«t  of  all  objectionable  ia  the  custom  of  eirinK  small  doses  of  nlotw,  as 
a  uanseant,  in  iudommatton  of  the  lungs.  There  is  eo  much  sympath}'  be- 
Iweon  tho  content*  of  the  chest  and  the  belly  in  the  horse,  and  iuflumma- 
tioa  of  ono  part  is  so  likely  to  be  trunsferrcd  to  anotlier,  that  it  is  treading 
on  very  donKurous  ((i*"ud.  when,  with  moch  inflammation  of  the  lungs, 
that  is  given  which  will  stimulnio  and  may  inflame  tho  intestines. 

Aloes  uro  most  commonly,  becnuHi!  mort  eooily,  administered  in  the  fomt 
of  ball,  hut  in  a  Rtiitu  of  solution  thuir  eflbot  is  more  speedy,  clfcetiial, 
und  safe. 

AloM  are  oaofUl  in  the  form  of  tincture.  Eight  ounces  of  powdered 
■does,  and  one  onnce  of  powdered  myrrh,  ma^  be  put  into  two  cjuarts  of 
recti6ed  spirit,  diiiitod  with  iin  equal  nuantity  of  water.  Tho  mixtnro 
shonld  bo  daily  witH  aliakuu  for  a  furtuighf.  and  then  satTered  to  stand,  in 
ordLT  that  the  undiitsolved  portion  may  fall  to  the  bottom.  This  will  cou> 
8titat«  a  Terr  excellent  application  for  wounds,  whether  recent  or  of  long 
standing  ana  iodispoaod  to  heal.  It  ia  not  only  a  eentle  ttimnlant,  but  it 
forma  a  tliin  cmiit  orur  the  wound,  oud  ohields  it  uoin  the  actios  of  tho 
air. 

The  principal  adulleration  of  aloes  is  by  means  of  resin,  and  the  allt^ra- 
tion  of  colour  is  concealed  by  tho  addition  of  charcoal  or  lamp-black. 
Thin  adulteration  ts  easily  enongh  dotactod  by  di>scilvin^  tho  aloes  in  hot 
water.  All  oloca  oontuin  aonia  rcunoua  matter,  which  ihe  water  will  not 
dcHolve,  and  which  has  very  slight  porgsUve  elect.  The  eucceea  of  tliis 
rain  at  the  bottom  of  the  lolntioB  will  muk  the  degree  of  ndnltenttioD. 

AooKiriiy,  MonsnoOD.  —  This  plant,  wliioh  was  introdnoed  into  this 
coumtry  fruiu  Qenuany,  is  found  growing  to  most  of  ear  Qowcr  gardens. 
Aa  a  medicinal  af^'etit,  it  has  recently  oocoe  Boniewlut  prominently  into 
Botico  in  Tet^-rionrr  pnu-lice.  The  nrcpaimtioas  chitifly  used  are  tho  tinc- 
tnrv  uul  extract  of  aconite.  It  is  satd  to  poMOM  narootio,  diaphoretic,  and 
diuretic  ]>ropertiist,  but  its  action  upon  tbo  horse  is  at  present  but  tittle 
understood.  It  is  a  W17  powerfnl  and  highly  d(:leterions  agent,  and 
should  never  be  nsod  oiccipt  by  the  vdi^rinary  attendant. 

ALntutlTH  are  a  clnsi  uf  medidnea  the  natoie  and  effect  of  which  are 
often  mnoh  misandervtiXMl,  and  liable  to  cMosiderable  abose.  It  is  a  very 
oonvenleDt  name  in  order  lo  excnse  that  proponsity  to  dose  Out  bone  wiln 
loedkine^  whichistbcdisgraceof  tho  groom,  and  the  bono  of  th«  itablc 


J 


47« 


A    LIST   OF   THE   MEDIUI-VKS   fSID   IS 


By  altomtivcB  wo  andcnhuid  Uiosc  drtt^a  wliich  tffoA  some  (low 
cltongo  in  the  dUo&sed  action  of  certain  parts  without  iuterfL-riofr  with 
tho  food  or  work ;  but  by  commoD  consent  tJio  t«rm  tioeing  to  be  coitSMd 
to  medioinea  for  tho  dieenan  of  the  ctrculatioti,  or  or  the  dig«!stir«  orgmt, 
or  of  ihe  skin.  If  a  harao  in  hcttvy  ftnd  incuiiablt;  of  work  ftom  too  ffood 
Vo«p,  or  if  lie  is  off  liia  food  from  some  lempowjry  tndi|j!t«tioti — or  a  ha 
liaa  mange  or  grease,  or  cracked  hoola,  or  swelled  legs,  a  few  altcratira 
ue  prescribed,  and  the  oomnkint  in  oxprctt^d  to  bo  Rnwtaallv  and  ioumn 
OOptKiIy  romovfid.  For  all  Aitt  nfltti'tinnK  tbttre  ia  do  bolter  ultcnktiTD  uu 
^nt  m>  ofU-n  recomiueudt-d  iu  tbia  troatiitu,  eousisting  of  blaclc  mtiiiion', 
nitre,  and  sulphur.  If  there  is  nny  t^Ddency  to  g^rease,  some  resiii  ton  m 
added  to  each  ball.  If  the  rnmnliuQt  u  aocomponiMl  by  wvakiUM^  I 
gentjan  nnd  ginger  msxy  be  fiirtFiirr  added,  bnt  we  ontvr  oar  protest  ■ 
tiie  ignonuTit  uml-  of  ruci'L-iirv  iii  any  foria,  or  aiiy  of  the  mincntl  npiin, 
minetnl  toniLH,  or  heating  spices,  aa  att<>nilives.  We  indeed  idiould  hi 
pleased  if  wo  c-mM  hnniih  the  term  alterative  from  common  naage.  The 
mods  of  proocediiig  which  rriuun  and  scioiitv  would  dii?(atc  is  to  aaoertain 
tho  natun;  and  dt-jTrti-  of  llii-  diseiLse,  and  then  tho  mi^diinnu  which  ii 
oalonlukd  to  reatoi-ti  tlie  hcaltliy  action  of  tho  part,  or  of  tUo  f?&nw 
geaerally. 

Ai.UM  in  occMionully  niied  intcniBlly  in  cbmw  of  snpcr-pnr^tioa  in  Uw 
form  of  alum-whey,  two  dmoluna  of  the  ixiwder  being  aadnl  to  a  ptnl  of 
hot  milk :  but  th^ro  are  much  better  astruif^iMita,  although  lliia  may  som^ 
timra  succeed  when  others  fail.  If  alum  is  added  to  a  vegetaUft  utrji^at 
as  oak-bark,  the  power  of  hoth  iit  dtminiithed.  It«  principal  n«e  is  exlemaL 
A  nolution  of  two  druuhina  to  a  pint  of  wutcr  fortnN  alone,  or  with  tJbe 
addition  of  a  fcinall  quantity  of  white  Titriol,  a  rery  uM'ful  waah  toe 
cracked  heels,  and  for  grcaso  gcticrstly ;  and  also  for  tbuso  fumiH  of  swelled 
legs  att«ndcd  with  rJiudntion  nf  moiatare  through  the  skin.  Sumo  add 
tho  Ooulnrd  lotion,  forguttiiig  the  chemical  decomposition  that  takes  place; 
the  rranilt  of  wbitrli  ia  the  formation  of  a  mixture  with  no  natringency  al 
all. 

The  BuRXT  Alvh  is  inferior  to  tlie  common  ainm  for  tho  pnrpoans  mfa- 
tioned,  and  we  Iinvc  hRtt.(>r  xtimuliuita,  or  cuuiiticii,  to  apply  to  wounda. 

AuMOHU,  wliich  hua  hevn  termed  the  volatile  alkali,  is  girrn  off  dnirag 
the  dL-compoHitjuu  of  aniinal  mbstanoee,  and  to  the  injury  of  the  boran 
plentiftilly  ex<,ricn(«d  fmni  thr;  pntmfymg  dang  and  urine  in  badly  manued 
HtublcK.  In  itn  pure  ataU-  iimmnnin  exists  in  the  form  of  gaa,  but  ia  fra^j 
ahsorlKul  by  water,  and  in  this  form  id  gonerully  tinjiloyod.  Adminirteied 
iiiltiTially,  cither  in  the  form  of  the  aromatic  spinl  or  carbonate  of  am- 
monia, it  actx  a*  a  stlmtiliuit  and  nnlncid,  nnd  has  been  giv«D  with  decided 
lieneGt,  when  other  UiingK  have  fuilud,  in  fintnlrnt  colic.  In  the  form  of 
acetat«  of  ammonia.,  it  furma  a  valuable  fuhrifuge  roedioine.  As  an  ox- 
t«mal  application,  water  of  ammonia  acts  as  good  counter-irnlani,  in  caaea 
of  sore  throat,  and  is  also  UKeful  in  diitperning  indolent  tnmoars.  Another 
preparation,  the  hydrocbloiiiLu  of  luomoniA,  or  toj  awKUmiac,  mixed 
with  dOnte  acetic  acid,  baa  been  uHed  aa  a  atimnlant  to  cbronio 
sptains. 

Anim  Skhika,  AtciSB-niED.— This  seed  is  hero  mentioned  prineipally  aa 
a  rvcord  of  old  times,  when  it  was  one  of  the  ahoet  ancbon  of  thv  fiu^'er. 
It  ia  not  yet  quito  discarded  from  his  shop  aa  a  atimnlnnt,  a  carminative^ 
and  a  comial. 

AXTOtoar. — Them  are  Hcrnral  vnloable  proparationB  of  this  metal. 

Tn  Black  Stsqa'SuLPRUKET  of  Axmcan',  a  oompound  of  snlpfaor  and 
antiiuuny,  Lt  a  gOOd  alterative.  It  is  given  witli  nioro  antphnr  and  with 
nitro,  in  varying  dosM,  according  to  tbe  disease,  and  the  alow  or  rapid 


TRBATMR.XT  OF  DISEASIB  Or  H0R9B. 


47$ 


effect  int«Dded  to  be  pradoced.  It  should  ncnnr  be  bought  in  powder. 
wltMOTor  troable  thora  auj  bo  in  tovisAting  it.  Tor  it  la  otlon  grossly 
adsltotstod  with  lend,  nuuigaDMo,  forge  dtut,  uoil  tmeniv.  The  ndolttin- 
tknt  nuiy  be  duiectnl  by  j^aolnK  &  Uttlu  of  tlie  ponder  ou  &  n^-but  iron 
pbtteL  The  pure  ndphurot  will  ersporate  without  Uuj  iillght<«t  residue^ 
BO  will  tlia  aru&ic :  bat  there  will  bo  aa  i:ridi-ul  hiuuII  of  gtu-Uc.  A  por- 
tion of  the  ImkI  and  tbo  nuogkneae  will  bo  led  bvhiiut. 

AirTuosa  Potuaio  Tastsas,  Emkho  Tumb. — Tbe  tartrate  of  pot«ali 
■nd  antimony,  or  a  oomUnation  of  eaper-tartmto  of  potash  and  oxido  of 
ftutiiaony,is»Tin7iiMAilnani>oiint,>iidhu*  cotuiidenblo effeot on  tbosldn. 
It  in  particnlariy  vnhmblo  in  iiitt»niio»tiou  of  Che  Inngi,  and  in  ereiy  oa- 
toirbiil  ulfuciion.  tt  id  given  in  doees  of  IVooi  on«  drwtnio  to  *  dradun  ftnd 
n  biklt;  au  J  combined  with  nitre  and  di^itnlis.  It  has  also  been  oztemalfy 
applied  in  chetit  afrcctionn,  in  combination  with  lard,  and  in  qnnntitios  of 
firamonrdrncbin  totivi>  druohma  of  tbe  antimoBv  to  auotiiicu  of  the  lord; 
bat  except  in  exlnme  cases,  reoourse  shonld  not  be  had  to  it,  ou  account 
of  the  ext«nnT<e  slonghinf;  which  it  nomotinies  prodncea. 

PoLvra  Axnxomi  CoitPOBrrus,  Tiia  Coupouitd  Powhee  or  AxnuoitT, 
— ^Nnnnioiily  known  bj  the  name  ot  Jam«*'t  Potpder.  It  in  cmplovLHl  an  a 
aadorilio  iu  leTCr,  either  aion^  or  iii  combination  with  mcrourials.  The 
duae  id  from  one  to  two  drachms.  The  Into  Mr.  Uloxnm  used  to  trust  to 
it  alone  in  tlii>  treatment  of  Bpidomic  Catarrh  in  the  bone.  It  is.  how 
ever,  docidi'dly  infnrior  to  Einotiu  Tartar.  It  is  often  adallcrntcd  with 
chalk  and  burnt  bones,  aiid  other  whito  powdon,  and  that  to  to  shamnfnl 
a  denTve,  that  little  depondonce  con  bo  pbkood  on  the  antimonial  powder 
uEuallj  sold  by  dmggists.  The  murintio  or  cidphnric  acids  will  det«ct 
ntiwt  of  thcso  ndultcmtions. 

Avn-SPASJiODtca. — Of  these  our  list  is  scanty,  for  the  hone  in  nbject 
only  to  a  few  spasmodic  diseases,  and  thcr«  are  fewer  modicinea  which 
bare  an  anti-spasmodic  ctToct.  Opium  stands  fint  for  its  gooerat  power. 
Oil  oftorpcntine  and  spirit  of  nitrio  ether  are  also  valuubU  anti-sp&s* 
modioa.  Cnmphur,  UAiuftvtida,  and  ranoos  other  medicines,  nsed  on  tbo 
homao  snbject,  have  a  very  doablftd  eSoct  on  the  horse,  or  may  be  con- 
eidored  as  almost  inert. 

Aaosmni,  Sll>TitK.^)no  oombination  only  of  this  metal  is  nscd,  and 
that  aa  a  nun^oablu  and  eici-Ileut  caustic,  ria.  the  nitrute  of  Kilvor,  or 
Lunar  Oaariw.  It  is  lar  preferable  to  the  bot  iron,  or  to  any  acid,  for  tlio 
deslniiotioD  of  tbo  part  if  a  horse  shonld  hare  been  bitton  bj  a  rabid 
ilo^  ;  and  it  iitAnds  next  to  tbo  minnral  acid*  for  the  removal  of  fongus 
goD<<TulIy.     It  boa  not  yet  been  adminiiUired  inteniallv  to  tbo  horse. 

BiLtsl  —  The  usual  and  the  most  ooDrenient  moae  of  adniiniatcring 
veterinary  medicinos  is  in  tho  form  of  balls,  oompoanded  with  glycerine, 
nymfi,  ortrenclo,  tbo  former  I)rang  the  beat  on  account  of  their  long«r 
keeping  MolV  and  mOre  eusilr  dtssolvinff  in  Ibe  stowai'h.  Balls  shonUI 
nerer  weigh  more  than  au  onnoe  and  a  oalf,  otherwise  tboy  will  be  bo  larRe 
as  not  to  pasa  without  difflcullj  down  the  gnllet.  Tbey  idiould  not  be 
mora  than  an  inch  in  diameter  and  tJirru  ioelies  in  length.  The  mode  of 
delivering  halls  is  not  diffienlt  to  aciguiru ;  but  the  b(dling-iron,  while  it 
oftea  woonds  and  permanently  iiynreis  Um  ban,  oocaaioBB  the  horae  to 
ctrnggle  more  than  be  otherwise  would  against  tbo  adminifbwtion  of  tlw 
madieinsL  The  bone  should  bo  bnrlird  in  the  stall  i— the  (ongno  sbould 
bo  diswn  gently  out  with  the  left  hand  on  the  off  side  of  the  uuinth,  and 
there  6xe£,  not  by  oontJuuiu^  to  pnll  at  it,  hot  by  pteesiiig  Ute  fingeis 
against  the  ndeof  the  lower  jaw.  Tbo  ball,  being  now  taken  betWMB  the 
tips  of  the  fingen  of  tbo  right  hand,  is  passed  rapidly  nt>  tbo  nwatli,  as 
nmr  to  tbo  palala  as  pontbl^  until  it  ruoichea  the  root  of  the  tongue.    It 


4M  A   LIST  OF  TIIK  MBUICI.VGS  USBD  I!(  ^ 

is  tbon  ilolivLTcd  witk  n  aliglit  jerlc,  and  tbc  hftnd  bctn^  writhilnvn  uul 
tiiQ  tongua  liburatod,  tbo  ball  is  forced  tluott^li  tlie  ■phtujax  into  l}i« 
oBiKipbagus.  Its  pewage  should  be  watched  down  the  left  aide  of  tba 
throat;  and  if  the  passage  of  it  is  not  seen  going  down,  a  slight  Up  or  blow 
niidor  the  <;hin  will  gtmorally  canaci  the  honio  to  cwallow  it,  or  a  i«w  gitl|» 
□f  wiitcr  will  convoy  it  into  tbc  ittomaoh.  Very  fuw  balls  fhould  be  1m^| 
rcud^  made,  for  they  may  becutue  BO  hard  aa  to  be  inc^Mble  of  pacrf^ 
down  the  gnlli^t,  or  diesotTineiii  the  stomach,  and  tbe  life  of  the  bona 
inny  be  endangerivd  or  lost.  This  ia  pecnliiu-ly  liable  to  tw  tb*  caae  if  flw 
bull  is  too  largi.',  ur  wruppud  in  thick  papnr.  Th<!  balling'-proban^,  which 
tnny  bo  ublaiued  o(  any  veU^rinary  instjnment  maker,  aflbrott  givAt  beilitf 
in  administ«i'iDg  a  ball,  avoiding  that  risk  of  an  awkward  scratch  or  bntiiM 
on  the  bnck  of  the  fiiuces  which  oannirt  always  bo  avoided.  Tbej  an 
now  miuli!  in  a  very  poiiablo  form,  and  iihaula  bo  fonnd  in  CT917  laiga 
eatablialinient.  ^^^ 

Bare,  PEKCJVUX.^Tbero  ai-e  several  vani-tiea  of  cinchona  or  PeniTi|^^| 
bark,  but  the  one  most  commonly  employed  is  the  Cinchona  Flrnvn  o^l 
yellow  bnrk,  the  prodnoe  of  a  trro  growing  in  diftrrent  |>art0  of  Bonik 
Atnurica.  AdiniuiHtcn^l  cither  in  tho  form  of  infuiiion  or  powder,  tl 
|>oatiessea  very  valuabli*  tuuiti  propertjfis,  and  in  cspiKiiaUv  «crricpable  in 
those  cases  where  great  debility  is  present  as  the  roault  of  infliuina.  Its 
Actira  propertii^s  depend  apon  a  principle  named  quinine,  which  is  Highly 
vnlnod  ns  a  tonic  in  human  medicine,  bnt  at  the  present  time  is  too  expen> 
aivw  for  giTticrul  use  in  veterinary  practice. 

Basilicok  ia  a  valnublu  digestive  ointment,  composed  of  rosin,  beoe** 
wax,  and  olive-oU.  If  it  ta  needed  as  a  stimulant,  a  litllo  turpontane  and 
verdigris  may  he  added. 

Bklladokn'j!  ExiiiAeruw.  EinucT  Or  DiuPtT  NioamUM. — ^The  inspis- 
sated jnioe  of  the  Atrnpu  Belladonna  ia  principatty  nsed  as  m  oarootio  and 
sedative,  and  indicated  where  tlii-'i-e  is  undue  uctiunof  tlienervotuandtw- 
cular  systems,  as  in  letauus,  piiL-iimonia.  and  tiervous  affedtons  gonerslly. 
Bitcmally,  it  is  beneficially  applied  to  the  eye,  on  which  its  action  ia  nuMt 
poctiliar  and  cxtrnordinnry,  iU  solo  Hfeet  lieing  on  tbe  iris  or  curtain  of 
tliB  eye.  Thin  curtain,  nx  hixm  lieeu  d<!tiiiled  elsowhcro,  hns  two  sots  of 
mnscles,  one  set  to  enlarge,  the  otluir  to  close  the  pupillaiy  opening,  ^te 
fireut  peculiarity  is,  that  it  Is  only  on  the  muscles  that  dilate  Uie  pQpil 
tliut  this  medieine  hiiji  any  power ;  and  when  they  are  nnder  its  in- 
Siii<n(.-i-,  tile  pupil  buooiues  ua  fully  dist<inded  as  in  paralysis  of  tbe  optic 
BL-rvtw. 

BurrKKK  are  applications  to  the  akin,  which  separate  the  eoticlv  in  tlie 
form  of  TeHicles  contnining  a  serous  fluid.  They  excite  increased  actioa 
in  the  cxhalant  voxurU  of  tho  skin,  by  means  of  which  this  Baid  ia  tiuvwa 
ont.  The  jmrt  or  ni'i);hbaiiring  pnrt«  are  somewhat  rclicrod  by  the  dt^ 
ehargu,  but  more  by  the  infliuninution  ami  pain  that  are  produced,  and 
leaseu  that  pivriously  i-xistiuK  in  some  oootiguoiui  part.  On  this  prin- 
eiple  we  account  for  the  decided  relief  often  obtained  by  blisters  iu  inibun- 
mation  of  the  longs,  and  their  efficiicy  in  abating  deeply-seated  diaesMc,  as 
that  of  the  tendons,  ligament*,  or  joints  ;  luid  uIho  the  noccssitf  of  pre- 
viouily  nimoving,  in  these  latter  cases,  thL-  Huperlicial  inflammation  cansed 
hy  thoin,  in  order  that  one  of  a  different  kind  maybe  excited,  and  to  which 
the  deeply-seated  inflammntioD  of  the  part  wiU  bo  more  likely  to  jidd. 
'i1i«  blisters  tmed  in  honto-practice  are  composed  of  prnparatiaDS  of  eaa- 
tharidsaortholnniodido  of  mercury,  to  wbicli  some  have  added  a  taactus 
of  the  erobin-nnl. 

For  some  important  remarks  on  the  composiUon,  application,  aad 
raanagement  of  the  blister,  see  page  461. 


TBKATUKNT  OF  UEEA8E8  OF  THE  HORSE. 


491 


II 


'  BuiJt  AsMEXUX  U  aD  ar}pllaooons  earth  combined  with  iron,  find  is  auji- 
patd  to  poeet-M  Eomo  astringent  pri>p<-rtr.  On  ncconnt  nf  iti  supfiosed 
UEnDg^ncT,  it  is  cmplriyi^d  cxtertinitv  to  give  conaist^ncn  to  ointments  for 
grcoHo.  itvcn  tbc  IkiIl- Armiiiiuu  lias  not  c-BO«|)od  the  process  of  adaltt'n- 
titiii,  iind  is  lai^lj-  iniieJ  with  inferior  eartlis.  Tlio  fraud  may  be  soa- 
p«ct«d,  but  not  satiafaotoril;  detected,  by  the  colour  of  tho  powder,  whkh 
should  be  a,  bright  r«d. 

CaLAMUB. — SCO  ZiKO. 

Cu^KiL — Soe  Mercorv. 

Caufhob  is  the  producu  of  one  of  tho  taunis  Bp<>dce  (Laurm  Oam/hato), 
ft  native  of  Japan,  and  loo  often  imitAted  by  pnasioff  a  stream  of  <si1orin« 
tliroitgh  oil  of  torpeDtiDc.  Acconling  to  Profossor  Morton,  it  is  a  nun-otic^. 
It  diminishes  tho  frei]nency  of  tho  pnlm;,  nnd  soflenii  ilit  tutu.:  VThvn 
kinff  exhibited,  it  iict4  on  tho  kidneys.  Extcrtially  applied,  it  is  said  to  bo 
a  discutii'nt  and  an  anodj-no  for  chronic  sprains,  braises,  and  tumoiira. 
The  camphor  ball  is  a  fovonrlto  one  with  tho  eroom,  and  occ«»ionfdly 
adminietorod  by  the  veterinary  pmr^n.  Mr.  W.  0.  Spooncr  nare  it, 
Riisod  wiili  opium,  in  cosoR  of  lockod-juw,  and  iu  doses  of  irom  one  to  two 
dia«bms.  In  the  form  of  caiuphorated  oil,  it  pramot«8  the  ^isorption  of 
fluids  thrown  out  beneath  the  skin,  the  removal  of  old  callns,  and  the 
supplini;  of  joints  stiff  from  labour.  Combined  with  oil  of  turpentine,  it  is 
mom  rflectivo, 

CjUfTHABiDKit  am  th(!  hiuiix  of  the  most  approved  and  uneful  v(-t<^rinaiy 
bhsten.  The  cunthuris  vvsicaboria  is  a  fly,  lliu  native  of  Italy  and  the 
BOath  of  Franco.  It  is  dtiatroyed  by  tho  fiimos  of  sulphur  or  vinegar,  and 
dried  in  the  son  or  a  warm  aportmsnt.  IIh  action  is  intense,  nnil  yvt 
mijwrficint ;  it  plentifully  luiscs  the  ontielu,  yet  rarely  injures  tbc  trno 
skin,  and  therefun;  addom  blemishes.  Tim  ajiphcauun  of  other  acrid 
snbfltaacee  is  oci»sioually  followed  by  dveplT>sc«tod  ulcerations ;  but  a 
blister  composed  of  the  Sponisb  fly  ^odo,  while  it  does  its  duty,  IcKTes, 
after  a  few  weeks  h»vo  parsed,  scni'ccty  n  trace  hc^hind. 

Theait  of  bUatcriu);  cunsintu  in  ciitLin)|:,  or  rather  shaving,  the  ImJr  per ' 
foctfy  close ;  then  wdQ  rubbing  in  the  ointment,  for  at  least  ten  minute* ; 
and,  afterwards,  and  what  is  of  tho  groatcst  conseqnonce  of  all,  applying  a 
little  more  of  the  ointment  lightly  over  the  port,  and  leaving;  it.  As  soon 
08  the  resiclea  have  perfectly  riw-'u,  which  will  be  in  twenty  or  twenty- 
four  honn,  the  torture  of  the  aniuial  may  be  somewhat  relieved  by  tne 
>|iTtHcation  of  olive  oil,  or  any  emollient  ointment. 

Wben  too  cztrnmrs  a  blister  hnA  been  cmjitoyed,  or,  from  the  intensity 
of  tlie  oriffina]  inflaiunation,  the  blixter  has  not  risen  (for  no  two  iatotiM 
inflftmiaotioas  can  exist  iu  neif^hbouring  parte  at  the  same  time),  stmnganr 
■—gnat  difficalty  in  passing  nnne.  and  even  snppresmon  of  it — hasocoorred. 
^nucarcfttl  woNtaing  off  of  tho  blister,  and  the  odmiaistratinn  of  plenty  of 
varm  water,  with  opium,  and  hleedinj^,  if  the  symptoniN  run  high,  wiU 
generally  tvmove  this  unpleasant  elfeot. 

An  infnsiou  of  tho  flies  in  olivo  oil,  Tuutgar,  or  oil  of  tnrpentini^  for 
■eTurtU  days,  is  occasionally  n»cd  n*  a  liquid  blister ;  and,  when  suScLcotlf 
lowered  with  common  oil,  it  is  ciUled  a  tDtaling  oil,  for  it  maintains  acei^ 
tain  degroo  of  iirilation  and  inflammation  on  tho  skin,  yet  not  snSoient  to 
blister,  and  thus  gradoally  abates  or  removes  some  <ddor  deep  inflanuna< 
tion  or  cause  of  Unienons. 

Of  lata  eantluuidc*  haro  come  into  more  genera]  use.  They  were 
recommended  by  llr.  Vines,  in  eombination  with  regelable  lntt«r«,  as  a 
stimulating  tonic,  in  cases  of  dehHity.  He  nest  applied  them  for  the  cnra 
of  ghindoTS.  Tho  veteiiuaFT  public  is  much  indebted  to  Tiir.  VinM  for  the 
steadiness  witli  which  he  has  followed  up  the  employment  of  the  Spanisb 

1 1 


4»3  A  LIST  OP  THE  UEUICINES  DSED  IK  ^ 

&y.     Tlio  dom  is  from  five  to  eiglit  gmns  ginvn  diuif ,  bat  vritlihvld  tor  ft 
()uy  or  two  when  diurosia  supervonea. 

Cii^ici  Diccjc,  Uai'sicuk  BitiiRiKS. — Thty  lun  T»Itmblo  m  rtirniiUBla 
nfFoctiiig  tii«  system  generiiltv,  jet  not  too  mooli  ■ceclentina  the  pnlw 
'I'hftr  b^L'fioiill  (ifTi^ot  in  uasaa  of  cold  haa  seldoiu  be«n  proper^  estarndtod. 
'i'lif  lioso  is  ttoia  »  scrapie  to  Laif  a  draclim. 

C>iiui  Skiuh^  Oakawat  Se^ds. — Those  &nd  ginger,  aJono  or  oombiiwd, 
MV  the  brart  ciirmiiiiitivps  ust-d  in  }ior9«-i)rauti«i. 

OiHCAitu.LJt  CoBrEt  CAaCARiixA  Babk.— Toaic  aa  well  aa  nroouitie.  ft 
must,  not,  however,  Iw  used  witb  the  snlpliat^B  of  iron  or  zinc. 

OASTCiit  Oil,  Olcdu  Ricini. — Is  ohtnincd  hy  cxpiviuion  from  the  aeeda  of 
the  Mlfinit*  communit,  a  ptunt  growing  in  thu  Eiiiit  and  Wort  Indiiia.  It 
is  n  valuable  purgative,  acting  mildly  liutiuiokly, and  particulariv  vliKiblc 
when  it  is  dosirablo  to  prodoco  but  little  irritnlian  along  tLe  uttestiiul 
ctuuil. 

Catechd,  Japah  EbiBT?,  yet  no  earth,  bat  pxtmctod  from  iho  wood  of 
one  of  tho  acacja  treea,  is  a  very  osefal  astringent.  It  ia  given  in  Nnper^ 
])urgntion,  in  dosce  of  ono  or  two  drachma,  witb  opium,  as  a  yet  mom 
poworful  ustrin^nt ;  ehuilc,  to  neutralise  any  acid  in  the  stomach  or  bovela; 
and  pondered  giun,  to  slu.'uth  the  ovcr<imta.tod  mucous  ooot  of  tlie  int»- 
tinos.  It  is  not  ofW  ndulti?ratcd  in  our  country,  but  groasly  so  abroad— 
fiiio  Kimd  and  uluminoux  onrth  being  nuxcd  with  tbo  extract.  It  is  seldom 
(fivea  with  any  alkuli,  yi:t  tho  proscription  jntt  recommended  contatm 
chtilk  :  but,  although  the  chalk,  as  ait  alkali,  may  WL-akun  tJiu  MrtHng«Boy 
of  the  cat^ichn,  it  rrohahly  nentralisos  some  aoid  in  the  Btomacli  or  bow«l% 
thiit  would  liAvo  iiiminiKliod  the  power  of  tho  catixihu  to  a  eraater'  degree. 
It  most  not  be  fflven  in  uoujuudion  with  any  mctallio  aalt,  for  tbe  tan* 
nin  or  gallic  acid,  ou  which  its  power  cluL-Qy  or  entiraly  dependa,  ha*  an 
affinity  for  all  metals,  ftnd  will  nuito  witb  them,  and  form  a  gallate  of  thorn, 
poasessinff  little  actringtut  energy.  Common  ink  is  the  anion  of  thi»  tan- 
tiiii  prinoiple  with  iron. 

A  tinctoTfl  of  Cfttoohu  is  aometimca  made  by  maceratinf;  Ihreo  oubom  et 
the  powdor  in  a  quart  of  snirit  for  a  fortnight..  It  is  an  excellent  applica- 
tion for  wound* ;  and,  with  the  aloes,  ooastitiitfii  alt  that  wo  want  of  a 
halsamio  nature  for  the  purpose  of  haateninK  the  healing  procnm  of  woiu>d& 

Caustics  are  substances  that  bum  or  destroy  tbe  parts  to  which  tbe; 
are  applied.  Firrt  among  them  stnndn  the  rod-botiron,  or  actual  canton, 
and  inen  pure  alkalies,  potash,  and  soda,  and  tlio  xulphnrio  and  nitno 
acids.  Milder  caustics  are  found  in  the  nitrate  of  nilver,  Bnlphnte  of  oop- 
nor,  red  precipitalo,  barnt  iilum,  nnd  verdigris.  Tliey  arepTUcipallyttwd 
la  destroy  funeoua  exoresccncus,  to  ctitnulnto  indolent  tumours,  or  rvtaon 
portions  of  coUnlar  eabstaui^c,  or  niuHclo  infected  by  any  poison. 

CiCRTA  Prbparata,  Cbalk,  is  principally  used  in  oomhinution  with  catcchn 
and  otiiiim  in  ciuu:*  of  sDper-pnrgation.  All  ndvciUilious  mattora  aro  re* 
moved  by  washing,  and  the  prnnnrcd  or  litvicntod  chalk  ramatDS  In  the 
form  of  an  impalpable  powder.  It  ia  aauully  udminisicKKl  in  doflW  of  two 
m  three  onscee.  It  is  externally  applied  over  ulcen  that  disoltargo  ft  thin 
md  icborona  matter. 

Chauouile,  .\vinEKi!i. — The  powder  of  tho  flower,  or  infoaian  of  tlM 
plant,  ia  a  usuful  vcgvlable  tonic,  and  tbo  mildent  in  our  list.  It  is  ginn 
in  doeaa  of  one  or  two  drachms,  and  ia  exhihittKl  in  tlio  early  stase  of 
eooTaleflOenco  inordor  to  osccrlnin  whether  tho  febrile  stage  of  the  dueaae 
is  poMod,  and  to  prepare  tho  way  for  a  more  powerful  tome,  the  gmtian. 
If  no  MceleratioD  of  polae,  or  heat  of  mouth,  or  indication  of  rettun  of 
fever,  accompanies  tho  cautjons  use  of  tho  chamorailo,  the  gentian,  with 
■alplule  of  iron,  may  bo  aafelj  Tcntorod  upon ;  but  if  the  gontiaa  had 


TnEATUGVr   OF   DISEASES   OF  TQE   HORSE. 


4S9 


been  fim  used,  awl  a  little  too  mmo,  thim  might  hnro  broo  considorable, 
■nd  poriu^  dangcroiu  ivtoru  of  fem-. 

ClUlUXM,  u  ocduiooallf  a»ed  na  ui  antiseptic,  b«iu^  i>iad«  into  a 
poultice  with  linMxid  meal,  and  nppliod  to  foul  aJid  <idb&MT«  oloera,  and  to 
cracked  limU.  It  removcti  the  ftetiJ  tmd  unwholesonw  miell  that  occa- 
akuMllr  prooeeds  from  them. 

CHUOn  H»  thick  adhofliTD  plastera  spread  over  parts  that  had  been 
straiDsd  or  makcncd,  and,  bein^  appliod  to  the  akin,  adhere  for  a  eoti> 
•idofaUo  lame.  Tbu  folluwing  mixtitrc  nuilcps  a  good  chnrgv — Bnr^ndy 
or  ""—"I""  pitcli,  fire  ounces;  tar,  six  o]|iice*i  jrvUow  wiix,  onu  ounoo. 
Belted  togeuier,  and  whoa  tbny  are  beoominfT  cool,  half  a  druclun  of 
powdand  cnntharidoa  woll  stirred  in.  Thu  must  bo  partially  niclt«d 
afivah  when  applied,  and  Hprcnd  on  ttic  part  with  a  largo  spatnlo,  w  Iiotui 
can  be  dene  without  Ki^i^  ^^  animal  too  much  pun.  Flocks  i>f  tow 
Bbould  be  Bcatterpd  oviM-itwlule  it  ia  worm,  and  tbiu  a  thii^audadhtsire 
oorering  wiU  be  formcil  Umt  cannot  b»  serrated  from  the  skin  for  manr 
months-  Itianocd  for  old  vprainii  of  the  loins,  and  nlso  strain*  of  the  baoK 
sinews.  The  charge  acts  in  three  wuys — by  the  iilight  iitimalunt  jiower 
wluoh  it  pooseaaoa,  it  Knidaally  remoree  all  deep-sealed  iufiainiuiktion — bj 
ito  atinnJos  and  ite  prcssorc,  it  promotes  tfao  absorption  of  any  callus  or 
tfaMkmtng  bonoath ;  and  acting  as  a  oonatant  bandngo,  it  gives  tone  and 
■boigtli  to  Ihepait. 

CLmBRS. — Th«se  are  useful  and  too  often  neglected  ineens  of  haeleo- 
in^  the  evacuntion  of  the  bowels  whon  the  disease  reauircs  their  speedy 
a^ion.  The  old  ox  bladder  and  wooden  pipe  niay  still  bo  cmptoyeo,  and 
a  conaideTable  quantity  of  fluid  thrown  into  the  intestine  ;  bnt  the  patent 
BteooMdi  and  clyster  pump  of  Mr.  Beid  ia  lar  preforable,  as  »uibling  the 
pnotittoner  to  inject  a  graitor  qosntity  of  fluia,  and  in  a  Inn  tine. 

Two  ounces  of  soft  or  yellow  noap,  dissolved  In  a  gallon  of  warm  water, 
will  form  a  ttsefnl  aperient  clyat«r.  It  will  detach  or  diasolre  many  irri* 
tating  subatBBoea  that  may  hitve  adhered  to  themncouacoat  of  the  bowels. 
For  a  mora  actiro  npcricmt.,  half  n  pound  of  Epsom  salts,  or  even  of 
common  salt,  may  be  dtstolved  in  the  suno  quantity  of  water.  A  stronfpir 
injection,  but  not  to  be  used  if  much  porgatire  medictoo  haa  been  V"*- 
viooaly  given,  may  be  compoetid  of  an  oonoo  of  Barbndocs  aloes,  diwolvtid 
in  two  or  Utroo  ttuarta  of  warm  wiitcir.  If  nothing  elw.-  can  bo  procured, 
warm  water  may  he  employed ;  it  will  act  as  a  Ibmentaticn  to  the  ■""«'"«* 
and  irritable  surface  of  the  bowels,  and  will  have  no  inconsidorahls  eflbcfc 
ereo  as  an  w«riant. 

In  oases  m  oreryuging  or  inflammation  of  the  bowelx,  the  iiyection 
must  be  of  a  Boothing  nature.  It  mar  consist  of  gnud  alone,  or  if  the 
purging  ia  considerable  and  difficult  to  stop,  the  cruel  moat  bo  thicker, 
sad  four  oauoos  of  proparcd  or  powdcrc<l  chailfc  well  mixwl  with  or  sos- 
pendod  ia  it,  with  two  scrunlcs  or  a  drachm  uf  pcwdt-Tod  opinm. 

Ifo  oil  should  enter  into  the  oompoaitJon  of  a  clyster,  excopt  thai  linsoed 
<ril  may  be  nsed  for  the  expolsion  of  the  nacarides,  or  noedto-worma. 

In  epidemic  cntnrrii,  when  the  hcne  aometimes  obatinatelT  refiuM  to 
eat  or  to  drink,  bis  sttvngth  may  be  siq>ported  by  nonrialung  oiysten ;  but 
Uiey  ahoold  oouAist  of  thick  gnel  ooly,  and  not  mora  tfaaiD  a  qaark  sbonld 
ba  administered  atones.  J^  greater qnanti^woaM be ig'ected  soon aAer the 
pipe  is  witUnwn.  Strong  broths,  and  mora  pattlcUarly  ale  end  wini^ 
ara  dai^eroita  inffrodicnta.  Thi*y  may  rapidly  aggravate  the  fover,  and 
sbonld  ut-ver  be  administered  except  under  the  superintendence,  or  by  the 
direction,  of  a  vetcrina/y  snigeon. 

The  principal  aH  of  adminislonng  a  clvster  oorasisila  in  not  trtghtenlng 
the  boivo.    The  pipc^  well  oilod,  slumld  be  vety  gently  introduced,  ana 


*H4  A  LIST  OF  THE  MEDICINK  USED  W 

the  fluid  not  too  liaetily  tUrown  into  tlo  intcatin« ;  its  h«ftt  beinR  aa  ottu\j 
as  [lORBiblo  tts-t  of  the  inte^itine,  or  sbotib  99"  of  yKhrenheit's  Ui«r- 
momct^r. 

Ooi.i:T[iiA,  Lonoss  TOR  TBX  Etes, — Tbese  haro  bMoa  taSdtattly  dcacnbrd 
whim  iiiHiLimniitioii  of  the  ej'i's  wa.8  treated  of. 

CoPAiKA,  IlArgAM  ur  CoFAinA. — Thi?  i-csin  is  obtained  from  a  tree  grow- 
ing in  tiioiith  Aiiiciri(7iL  nnil  tho  West  Inilia  IslcindB.  It  is  expenrav^,  nodi 
ndiiltiTrilitd,  aud  Hi>tdcim  used  ;  for  ita  properties  differ  but  littto  &om  Uiow 
of  eomiuou  diurt-lies. 

CoPi'KB, — Thorp  arc  two  comjjinationa  of  this  motAl  osed  in  rrturinfci]' 
pnurtii^  tho  TGrdigris  or  snbacctiite,  imd  the  blno  ritriol  or  SDlphftt«t 

YurdiJ/rit  or  Stilmculata  of  Coppor  is  produced  by  subjecting  tlutt  nutal 
to  the  action  of  a<;L-tic  acid.  It  lias  been  given  inti-mally  by  somo  •one- 
tllioncrs,  indosoeof  two  or  three  dmchms  daily,  as  a  tonic,  andparliiTuuHy 
for  the  cnro  of  (arcy.  It  is,  however,  an  uncertnin  and  danKorcHU  medicine. 
Vurdigris  18,  buwcviT,  usefully  applied  externally  as  a  nula  cnnstio.  Bither 
aloni.-,  in  the  form  of  fine  powder,  or  mi jed  with  an  equal  qnanti^  of  tii» 
fiu^ar  (snperacetat^)  of  lead,  it  eats  dowo  proud  flesh,  or  stiinnmtea  old 
ulcers  to  healthy  action.  Wlmn  boiled  with  honey  and  vinegar,  it  coo- 
Btitntes  Uie  farriers'  Egyptiaouro,  certainly  of  benHit  in  cankoii?d  or  n]c«- 
rutcd  month,  and  no  bad  a]>phcation  for  thmshu) ;  but  yielding,  as  it 
rt'^rils  both,  to  better  remedies,  that  are  mentioaMl  nnder  tho  proper 
heads.  Some  pitu'tit.t oners  qho  nlnm  and  oil  of  ritriol  in  nutlcing  their 
Egyptiftcnni,  forgetting  the  strange  decomposition  which  is  produced. 

Blue  Vitrifil  or  tiuljihiile  of  Copper  is  the  union  of  salphoric  acid  and 
copper.  It  is  a  favunrilo  tonic  with  luauy  practitioners,  and  has  been 
Tauiitod  as  a  specific  for  glanders  ;  while  others,  and  we  think  properly, 
hare  no  very  good  opinion  of  it.  As  a  care  for  glanders,  its  rvputotioD 
has  nearly  pn-ixed  away.  As  a  tonic,  when  the  horse  is  slowly  nooveriiiff 
from  severe  illneia,  it  is  dan^rous,  and  its  internal  nso  shoold  be  oonfinea 
to  eases  of  long  continued  discharge  from  the  nostril,  when  catarrh  or 
fever  have  ceased.  It  may  then  be  giroD  with  benefit  in  doaei  of  from 
one  to  two  drachmB  twice  in  the  dav,  either  in  th<i  food  or  combined  m-itli 
gentian  lind  ginger.  It  is  priiicipaiiy  valuable  ait  an  external  application, 
dissolved  in  water  in  the  proportion  of  two  drachma  to  a  pint,  and  acting 
Ba  a  gentle  stimnlant.  If  an  nnnce  is  dissolved  in  the  aatne  quonti^  of 
wnt^er,  it  br<7omcs  it  mild  ciiustic.  In  the  former  proportion,  it  roiuwa  oU 
ulccrH  to  a  healthy  action,  and  dispoHes  even  recntt  wonndx  to  he«l  mo«e 
cjuickly  than  tlicy  otherwise  wonid  do;  and  in  the  latter,  it  rcmovM  fhn|Kwt 
grnnnlationK  or  prond  flenh.  The  bhia  vitriol  is  gometimee  ndnciod  to 
powder  and  sprinkled  upon  the  wound  (or  this  purpose :  it  is  ^so  a  good 
application  for  canker  in  the  foot. 

CoBPUi.s  are  usef^il  or  iujnrioits  according  to  the  jndgmnnt  with  wliidi 
they  are  given.  When  a  borse  comes  home  thoroiigbly  exhaastod,  and 
refosPS  his  food,  a  cordial  may  be  benelicial.  It  may  rouse  the  atomacb 
and  the  smtinn  generally,  and  may  prevent  cold  and  fever;  bnt  it  ispoiaoai 
to  tlvo  animal  when  administered  after  tlie  cold  is  sctnally  canght  and 
ferer  begins  to  ^pear.  Moro  to  be  reprobated  is  tlie  praotiee  of  giving 
frtqmiU  cordiulit,  that  by  their  ctrironluK  on  the  stomadi  (the  slnn  apnp«> 
tbiiung  ma  much  with  that  riseus)  a  tine  coat  may  bo  produced.  Th« 
aitilicial  excitement  of  the  cordial  soon  becomes  as  norcjxatT  to  enable  the 
horse  to  do  even  common  work,  as  is  tho  excitement  of  the  dram  \a  auatnin 
the  animal  spirit*  of  the  dmnkanl. 

In  onler  to  recall  the  appetite  of  the  horao  slowly  recorenng  from 
illness,  a  cordial  may  sometimes  be  aUowed;  or  U>  old  hones  that  ban 
bacn  worked  hard  and  used  to  these  ezcitementa  when  yoiuig;  or  fea 


J 


TREATMEXT  OF  DISEASES  OF  TEIK  HORSE.  485 

dnpclit  boram,  tliat  liave  exUibiU-d  nligbt  ityiaptomn  of  sUgcere  when 
their  labour  bos  bi?«D  nnnsually  protra«(«d  and  Ui«ir  atomnobii  \eH  too 
Ions  empty;  or  tnixnd  with  diuretic  nu^cine,  ta  fine  the  hf^  of  tlio  oT«r- 
vorlced  utd  dubili tutted  imiiiiA];  bnt  in  no  other  cms  ahoolil  they  obtkm 
ft  place  in  the  stufale,  or  bo  nwd  at  the  di>cr«tion  of  tho  carter  or  the 
gTVonu 

Go8B0«iTx  Smimi'n.— Sm  UERCm. 

Onoton  bw  vciy  Int«Iy  bcon  introdacod  into  reterinftrj  practiee,  and 
is  ranch  valoed  on  uooount  of  it«  antiM^ptic  propcrtic«.  It  is  obtained  by 
the  dcatroetiro  distillation  of  vanoiu  gqbstuioMi,  bm  pyrolignconi  acid,  tar, 
wood  siuok«<,  Ac-  Pure  creosote  ia  colonrleas  and  transparent ;  it*  odonr  is 
that  of  smoked  meat,  and  its  totta  ia  caustic  and  bnmini;.  It  cougnlatMi 
the  allmnicii  of  tho  blood,  and  htinco  hna  boon  lnt<<ly  emplojed  in  stoppiiif; 
himtorrbagva.  It  octa  wry  powerfulljr  on  the  giMicrat  rxntcm,  and  qnickly 
dcctrojs  email  animals.  I^oftsBOr  Slortou  gires  a  wry  inlcrmtin^  and 
IkithtU  acconnt  of  it  It  is,  acoOTding  to  him,  both  a  stimulant  and  a  tonic 
In  an  nndilnt^'il  xtato,  it  acts  a*  a  ranstic.  Wbon  diluM,  it  is  a  general 
exdtant  and  nti  aiitiAi.i)ttc.  In  the  form  of  a  lotion,  a  lintmmti  or  an  oint* 
mcnt,  it  has  been  oseiU  in  &rej  and  i^lauders,  also  in  foot-nt,  cank«r,  and 
Ihraah, — mange  caries,  ezoesaiT«snppuratiaii,bntlt)iunTprcsBion  of  ftmgaos 
(iTUziulations.  As  ■  canstic,  it  acta  as  a  powerful  Btimtuaut,  and  it  ia  an 
antist'j-tic. 

Cnf/TOH  TioLn  SiHixi,  Csotos  Seeds. — The  croton-nnt  has  not  be«n 
long  introduced  into  v«t«niiary  jimctjco,  although  it  hax  hocn  need  from 
tliniF  imiuf  moritJ  by  the  iuliabitauts  of  India  as  a  powerful  piu^ntiTc,  An 
oil  liaa  been  oitractod  from  it,  and  both  it  and  the  meal  lire  adupti-d  bjr 
dw  TVtwinarisii.  It  ic  ^itd  in  dn«c«  from  a  ticrapio  to  half  a  di«chui, 
■ad,  fromifa  aorid  nature,  in  the  form  of  a  bull,  with  nn  ounce  of  linseed 
Busl.  WKi-u  it  does  opcrats^  ths  effect  is  gt^uerally  obscrvint  in  six  or 
eif|fat  boiin,  tbe  stools  being  prcrf^iM  and  watery,  and  tlio  patient  frcnucntlr 
ffnped.  Os  account  of  its  tipeody  operation,  it  mav  bo  giren  in  loukca- 
jaw  aod  vtaggnra :  and  altio  in  dropsy  of  the  elicst  or  belly,  fixtm  the  watery 
and  proftiae stools  whidi  it  produces;  bnt  it  ia  oflt^n  uncertain  in  its  opora» 
tlon,  and  ita  griping,  and  the  debility  which  it  oceatiiona,  are  ■erions  objeo- 
tiona  to  it  as  common  physio.  The  oi),  when  placed  on  the  tongne  of  tha 
horse  in  quantities  varying  from  twenty  to  forty  drops,  ^rodacra  porgiue, 
bnt  the  mombrano  of  tho  mouth  froqui-ntly  becomes  notontly  mflamed. 
This  tilcGwisc  bappena,  but  not  to  so  great  a  drgree,  when  it  is  gireii  in  tlie 
ibrm  of  a  drink,  or  in  a  mash. 

Dbuclcknts  are  sobstauoes  that  haro  tho  power  of  dimimshinfr  tha 
effect  of  acrimonious  or  stimulating  Hub«tnncea.  1'ho  tintt,  by  some  oily  or 
mucilaginous  mbntnaco,  sheaths  the  sensitive  parU.  The  other  dilutes  the 
etiinulus,  and  dinuniahea  its  power.  It  will  rarely  be  difficult  to  deter- 
mine which  effect  should  bb  producod,  and  tho  means  by  which  it  is  to  bo 

dSwtod. 

Duni<Mimc8  aia  mnlicinca  thai  iasreasa  the  sensiblo  and  nisensibla 
per*pirtktion  of  the  animal.  As  itregaids  the  borae,  tbey  are  nalhermanj 
nor  powerful.  Antimony  in  its  various  forms,  spirit  of  nitric  etber, 
Bulphur,  and  camphor  havo  some  i-fTect  in  opooing  tna  porea  of  the  akin, 
and  asciting  its  tmsoIi  to  action,  and  especialty  when  as^stod  by  warmth 
of  ftablo  or  dothing,  and  tbonfore  are  naeftil  in  those  diseases  in  which  it 
is  daSDiable  that  aoiBe  portion  of  the  blood  shoold  be  diverted  Cram  lbs 
overloaded,  and  iiifiaraed,  and  vital  organs  of  the  chest,  to  the  skin  or  the 
•xtnuities.  Tha coity  diMhoivtics,  nowerer,  on  ahich  much  confidence 
oan  ba  |ilac«d,  and  iiiwiaUy  to  prodnoe  oonditioo,  are  warm  clothing  and 
good  grooming. 


48«  A   LIST  OP  THE  UEIUCIXES  D8ED  IX  ^^^^" 

BiQEsnvES  are  uppli  cat  ions  to  rcpctit  or  old  wonn<i8,  ut  mild  stimaUnl*, 
in  order  to  produce  a  honltliy  nppenni&co  aud  action  in  tbnn,  und  to  mitm 
tlLem  moTO  speedily  to  heoi.  A  wenk  solution  of  bine  ritriol  ii  An  ese«l> 
tent  digestive ;  eo  is  the  tincture  or  aloes,  and  the  tinotare  of  myrrh.  Tbt 
br^t  digestive  oiuliaf^atia  one  composed  of  Uueepurtsof  caLaminoointiueiit 
(Turner's  ccmte)  Bnd  ono  of  conuoon  tnrpontlso. 

DiQiTALiit. — The  lenvcB  of  tho  di^lolis  parpnmv,  or  common  foxg)an^ 
gatli«red  abont  tUe  flowering  thne,  driod  carefiilly  in  *  dark  place,  hai 
powdered,  and  kept  in  a  close  black  bottlo,  form  one  of  Ibe  most  Talnabb 
m^dicinne  in  vetrrinary  practice.  It  u  a  direct  and  powerful  eedatiro, 
diminish-ing  tho  Ircquciicy  of  tha  pntsp,  and  the  gcnoml  irritabilitr  of  tlw 
Hystem,  and  acting;  also  ma  ri  miltl  dinretic;  it  la  ibi-rerore  luofal  in  tmaj 
iiiflanitiiat<iry  and  ftbrilo  compluint^  and  parttcolarly  in  inflammstion  of 
tho  dicst,  It  is  usanlly  given  in  combination  witb  ctuctic  Enrtnr  andnhrfl. 
Tbo  ftVRrngr  dose  is  one  drnclim  of  digitalin,  onr  and  a  half  of  emetic  tftrtw, 
and  Ihrrn  of  nitre,  repnutcd  twice  or  tbrico  in  tlic  day. 

Digitalis  socma  lo  lutTO  an  immodiato  ofTect  on  the  beftrt,  Inrirminp  the 
number  of  its  pnlsationa;  bnt  eOecting  this  in  a  ringnUr  immncr  »Oo4  by 
cnnsing  the  heart  to  bent  mora  bIowIt,  bnt  prodnclng  oortain  mtomisaiam 
or  paitsi-s  in  its  action.  Whcs  those  oecomo  marked — wben  kt  mymytaxOi 
or  Bovenlh  beat,  the  pulaalions  are  suspended  while  two  or  threo  can  be 
slowlv  connted,  this  is  prccisoly  the  effect  that  ia  intended  to  he  produced, 
and  fionovcr  ill  the  horso  may  appear  to  bo,  or  howcvor  alarmjng  tUa 
int<.'rmittr^t  pnlse  mnv  seem  to  the  etani!ors-by,  from  that  monMiai  tlw 
auiniul  will  frcijnentlj  begin  to  amend.  The  dose  most  dien  l>o  (liminitdicd 
one-half,  and  in  a  few  days  it  may  be  omitt^  altogether:  but  tlie  emetio 
tartar  and  the  nitro  Hhnulil  l>e  continued  during  snnio  dnys  after  the  piMV 
titioner  hits  dcomcd  it  prndent  to  try  the  effect  of  mild  vegctablo  tonics. 

Thurc  is  no  dangi-r  in  ihn  int^?riniltcnt  pulse  thus  produced ;  but  lh«ro 
is  much  when  the  digitnlia  fails  to  produce  any  effect  on  tbo  circubtlioa 
Tho  diseoso  in  then  too  powerful  to  he  arrested  by  modiciiw.  Di^talia 
requires  watching;  but  the  only  consemienco  to  bo  apprehended  from  aa 
ov«ir-doBKi  IK,  that  tho  patient  ma;  be  rednood  a  little  too  low,  and  his  ooe- 
valoNCcncc  retarded  for  a  day  or  two. 

In  the  form  of  infusion  or  tinctura,  digitalis  !*  ^vrj  asolnl  lo  inflamma- 
tion of  the  ey«8.  It  is  almost  equal  in  ita  scdntivo  iimnanee  to  opinm.  >od 
it  may  with  great  advanl<ige  be  altumated  with  it,  when  opinni  begin*  to 
lo«e  its  power.  The  infuaton  is  made  by  pourinf;  a  qtiart  &t  boiliiif;  water 
on  an  onnoc  of  tho  leaves.  When  it  is  become  cold,  n  portion  of  the  liquid 
may  ho  tnlrodnced  into  the  eye.  One  or  two  drop*  of  tho  tinctoro  may  be 
introduced  with  good  Hfcct.  This  may  bo  obtauicd  by  mitceratjng  tfarea 
ounces  of  the  dif^italiii  tn  a  quart  of  spirit. 

Th«  infosion  has  been  servictAblo  in  mango ;  bntttiorean  bettor  appU- 
cation  fi. 

DiuiiKTiCS  cnnstitntc  ft  niicful  bnt  mnck  abuicd  claai  of  medicinea.  T 
Btimululu  the  kidney*  to  Hucrelu  more  than  the  niiu&l  qnantily  of  orino, 
to  separate  a  greater  than  ordinary  proportion  of  the  watery  pnrta  of  I 

blood.     Tho  dcliciencv  of  water  in  the  blood,  thus  occnMonod,  must 

apocdilr  mipptied,  or  Ihr  healthy  cimilution  cannot  t«  carried  on,  and  it  ia 
p-uemlly  aupplicil  by  the  abnirbcntH  taking  up  the  walny  fluid  in  aoDM 
part  of  the  frame,  aud  carrj'iuK  >*-  >nto  tlie  circulation.  Hence  tli«  evidott 
\um  of  diuretics  in  dropsical  affections,  in  swelled  legs,  and  also  in  in&am- 
matioo  and  fcrcr,  by  IcHsrning  the  qnnntity  of  the  rifmtaling  Said,  aad, 
consequently,  tlint  which  i«  ■i-nt  tn  iIh-  tnflnmiHl  partsL 

All  tliia  is  eiTfctt'd  hr  the  kitlnuyH  being  utimuhttul  lo  iuorcaMMl  action  ; 
hal  if  tliJA  sthnoliu  ia  too  often  or  too  Tioleutly  applied,  (he  eticrg;v  of  the 


tlM 

tbe     'I 


J 


TREATMENT   OK   DISEASES   OF   THE   UOKSB. 

Icidna;  majr  be*  impnirod,  or  infliiminution  rnatj  bo  prodooed.  Tbftt  iaOam- 
nutttonmaj  be  of  »n  acute  cbamot«r,iitidilt!(itraj'tliQpkticDt;  or,  altbongfa 
not  intenM  in  iU  caturc,  it  may  bj'  freqnent  Kpetition  aHMnma  a  chronio 
rorm,  and  raoro  elowl)-,  bat  m  raraly.  do  irraparable  miscbief.  Uenoe  tlio 
iK^cwiit;  of  athmtion  to  thut  portion  of  tho  food  which  may  b&vo  a  dinratio 
puirer.  Mow'bunil  bay  and  foxy  outM  ora  tbc  simu^ectcd  cnnsc-s  of 
jn&ay  A  diseaae  la  the  horse,  at  first  obaottre,  bat  nltimately  rofcruble  to 
irtjiiij  or  inflajnnintion  of  tbo  nrinnry  organs.  Hoiice,  too,  tbo impropriety 
of  milTcTiiig  tnodiciRRN  of  a  diarctic  nattiro  to  bo  at  the  command  of  the 
ignorunt  irartiir  or  groom.  In  tw«lled  Ivgs,  cnickii,  and  inflamiontions 
which  are  said  to  be  produced  by  hoEaonn  floating  tn  the  blood,  dinretica 
are  evidontly  benoficial  -,  bat  thoy  should  be  at  luild  as  poaaible,  aod  not 
oftonor  givm  or  continued  longvr  thiui  the  cnon  rc(]nim(.  For  sonw 
CwitianH  a«  to  the  admimctrstion  of  dinreltcs,  and  a  list  of  tlio  nfcst  and 
best,  the  render  ia  refbmd  to  page  337. 

DniKis, — Many  praetitionen  and  horBo^proprieiora  hare  a  groat  objec- 
tion to  the  ftdtninirtration  of  medicine*  in  tbo  form  of  drinks.  A  dnnk 
in  not  no  porljiblc  •.■(  ii  boll,  it  in  more  tronbl<uioato  to  give,  and  a  portion 
of  it  ia  nHually  wasted.  If  the  drink  contiuiis  any  acid  mbariiinoc,  it  in  apt 
to  excoriate  tho  mouth,  or  to  irritate  tlie  throat  already  Bore  froiu  diAuaae^ 
OF  ttw  wipleaeant  taxtc  of  tho  Arag  may  nmieoeesarily  naoscato  the  bor&e. 
Than  an  some  mndicinnt,  lionover,  which  mmrt  bn  giwn  in  tho  form  of 
drink,  M  in  oolic ;  and  the  time,  perhaps,  is  not  distant  when  pnrgatiruH 
viQ  ba  tiina  administered,  as  more  speedy,  and  safer  in  their  operation. 
In  cow  of  much  dohilily  and  ootira  kwb  <^  appetilo,  all  medirine  shonid 
be  given  in  eolation,  for  the  atomaefa  may  not  bnTo  nilGDient  povrer  to 
dhmilva  tho  paper  in  which  the  ball  is  wra]>ped,  or  the  substance  of  tlie 
ball. 

An  ox's  bom,  tho  larger  md  bring  cnt  slantingly,  is  tho  nsoal  and  bwt 
instroDiODt  for  luimini■tl^riRg  driiikn.  The  noo«c  «f  a  lifter  isi  introdncml 
into  tho  montfa,  and  then,  by  ineaua  of  &  aljiblo  fork,  the  bciMl  is  elerated 
bj  tlie  groom  considerably  highor  than  for  the  dohveiy  of  a  ball.  The 
ftoriirtnnt  stands  on  a  pail  or  niolilc-biwkpt  on  the  oiT-stdo  of  tbo  borso,  and 
witli  the  right  hanil  introdncoa  tho  horn  gonUy  i:ilo  tbo  month,  and  omr 
the  tongno,  and  by  a  dostorons  turn  of  tho  hom  empties  the  whole  of  the 
drink — not  more  than  abonb  six  ounces — into  the  back  part  of  the  mouth. 
The  horn  is  now  qnickly  withdrawn,  nnd  the  greater  portion  of  the  flnid 
will  bo  swallnwod.  A  portion  of  it,  however,  wUl  oflon  bo  ob«tinat<>ly  held 
in  tho  month  for  a  lunn  time,  ami  the  heoil  mnxt  be  kept  op  until  the 
whole  ia  got  rid  ot,  wluch  a  qtuck,  hut  not  violent  slap  on  the  mnixle  will 
generally  compel  Iba  horw  to  do.  The  art  of  giving  a  drink  consists  in 
not  patting  too  mnch  into  tho  horn  at  onco ;  introdudng  Iho  bom  far 
enough  into  tho  montli,  and  qxiickly  tuminf;  and  withdrawmg  it,  without 
bniiauig  or  wounding  the  movtti,  the  tomgoo  being  loosened  at  tfa*  auno 
mODiem.  A  bottle  is  a  diagracefbl  and  dnngermu  nutnunent  lo  nse,  exoept 
it  bo  S  Sat  pint  bottle,  wiUi  a  long  and  lluok  neck. 

Pneum,  ikov.— Of  tliis  metal  the(«  nrv  two  pn^ntlions  adopted  by 
Tctcrinariumi.  Tho  Catitimatg  ia  a  mild  and  nmflil  Ionic  in  docee  of  from 
two  to  four  drachms.  Tho  SvifhaU  {groon  -ribriol  or  coppcbas)  is  more 
poworlU.  It  should  nerer  he  given  in  the  t»xij  Btafcce  of  recovery,  and 
ahrays  with  caution.  The  don  should  be  tlie  same  aa  tliat  of  tbo  car- 
faonato.  Tlie  snlphate  has  lately  been  recoTumonded  for  tho  euro  of  that 
deedtftil  stage  or  form  of  glanden,  in  whirh  there  is  nothing  to  clianK!- 
terisa  tho  disease  bat  a  TSiy  aliKht  diicltargo  from  tlie  nosttMs.  '  It  is  to 
bo  dissolved  in  tho  coimmon  drink  of  tbo  horse.  Ii  is  worth  a  trial,  but  too 
■angaino  expcdnlions  must  not  be  encouraged  of  tiw  power  of  any  drag 


48S  A   UST  OP  TUB   MEDICL\E3  USED  UT  ^^M 

ovM-  Uiis  intractAble  nuilftdy.  The  iron  elionld  bo  ^ven  in  oombiitttiH 
with  ^'e[itin.n  aail  ginger,  but  never  with  ftnjr  ulkali  or  nitro  or  SD^  Or 
cat«chii,  or  (latringent  Tollable.  Sulphate  of  iron  tnaj  ooDTcntonthr  be 
givoQ  in  Uiu  waUir ;  from  ooe  to  two  drachma  so  diaeolred  will  be  frodj 
tlruuk  by  the  horee. 

KoMBNTATTOHS  Open  the  pores  of  the  skin  nnd  promola  perspirkUan  in 
Ihe  puii,  tutd  so  ubute  Ihu  local  snclline,  and  rcliovo  pain  and  leswn 
inlliiiiun&liou.  Thej  are  ofl^u  used,  and  mth  mora  bo&vtit  wh«a  ih* 
iuflaiuiuation  ia  aomewliat  deeply  eealcd  than  when  H  U  snpirrliciaL  n* 
eflbct  doponds  upon  the  ivnrmth  of  the  water,  and  not  on  any  berb  Uiat 
may  have  lioun  boiled  in  it.  They  are  be^t  applied  by  means  of  ftiimil 
Bcvoral  timuB  folded,  frequently  dipped  in  the  not  wftt«!r,  or  on  whioli  dit 
wa(«r  ia  poured,  and  wrung  diy,  and  the  heal  should  be  n*  great  at  tin 
hnnd  will  hear.  The  benefit  tbnt  might  be  derived  from  them  m  mnoh  im- 
paired by  the  nbsnrd  method  in  which  the  fomentations  are  coudnoled. 
Tlioy  are  rarely  continned  long  enough,  and  when  they  aro  remored,  Ifct 
part  ij*  led  wet  and  nucorered,  and  die  coldueea  of  evaponttioa  sneoeedl 
to  ihehcat  of  fomentation.  The  perapirationisthos  saddenly  oheckad;lht 
animal  suRers  considerable  pain,  aud  more  harm  is  done  by  the  extfena 
uhango  of  tvmperatare  than  if  the  fomcutation  liad  not  bcnn  attempted. 

Gentian  stands  at  the  head  of  the  vegetable  Ionics,  and  i«  a  stomacUs 
as  well  as  n  tonic.  It  is  equally  osefnl  in  chronic  dobtlity,  and  in  that 
which  is  consfifpient  on  severe  and  protracted  illness.  It  is  gcnvnlljr 
nnitud  with  gint^,  and,  when  the  patient  will  bear  it,  mtpbat«  of  irao. 
Fuur  draehina  of  gentiim,  one  of  sulphate  of  iron,  and  one  of  finger  wifl 
make  au  excellent  tonic  ball.  An  infusion  of  gentian  ia  ouo  of  um  bMi 
applications  to  putrid  aJcors. 

GiNCtER  ia  OB  vnlnuble  as  a  cordial  as  (^tian  is  as  a  touio.  It  is  the 
hiLsia  of  the  cordial  ball,  and  it  is  indispeosiihte  in  the  tonic  hall,  tf  tin 
rout  ia  large,  heavy,  and  not  worm-eiilf  u,  the  dark  ginger  ia  an  good  u  tba 
white,  and  conaidL-rably  cheaper.  The  powder  is  adulterated  witJi  bean* 
niuat  and  the  sawdust  of  boxwood,  and  rendered  warm  and  pungont  hy 
means  of  capsicum. 

Hit LLG  BOS II 3  NidRit,  BuCK  Ebu.ebou. — This  is  uscd  moetly  as  a  locsl 
appliciition.  and  us  auch  it  is  a  very  powerful  stimulant.  Mr.  B.  fitaalej, 
of  Birmingham,  frequently  resorts  to  it  in  fiataloiia  alTuctioiu  of  ihe  poll 
anil  withers,  and  with  oonsiderablo  snecons.  Tho  abscess  havinff  formed, 
and  erit  bt-itig  given  to  tlio  imprisoned  Jluid,  it  is  aUowed  to  diaohai^ 
itself,  foi-  i.w.i  or  throe  davs,  being  dressed  hy  an  ordinary  digcintive  oint- 
ment. Wlii'u  thd  pn«  a«»iinios  a  laudnble  character,  he  introduce*  a  few 
pDrtioiiH  of  the  fibrous  piirt  of  tho  root.,  passing  them  down  to  the  botioiB 
of  the  sinus,  and  leltinx  th<>m  rrmain  for  a  fortnight  or  more ;  in  tliu  mean 
time,  merely  keeping  the  surrounding  ])urts  cloon.  On  ezacunatioD  it  wifl 
be  found  that  the  healing  process  has  commenced. 

Professor  Klorton  says,  that  an  ointment  'onued  of  the  powder  at  «ith«r 
tho  bWJc  or  whito  hellebore,  in  tlie  proportion  of  one  part  of  Che  powdsr 
to  eight  of  lord,  will  be  fouiul  tisceMlingly  aclivo  for  tho  drcMingof  rowcb 
and  setons. 

Hemlock,  Cokivk  Maculatum,  is  oscd  by  some  praotitionen,  mabmi 
ofdigitAliH  or  hellebore,  in  afToctions  of  tho  chest,  whether  acnte  or  chixntio  i 
but  it  is  inferior  to  both,  Tho  doM  of  tho  powder  of  tho  dried  tearca  is 
abont  a  draclun. 

nrDRABaTBtiU  (Mkbccki). — Tliia  metal  is  found  natiTO  in  many  conntrioM 
in  tho  form  of  minnte  globules.  It  alsi>  occurs  in  the  form  of  sulphurrrt,  from 
vhich  it  is  obiainei]  by  liistillntion  with  lime  or  iron.  It  has  tho  ningular 
jiropcrty  of  being  liquid  in  ikv  nutund  temperature  of  our  earth. 


I 


^^■•^  TBE-iTUEST   OP   DISEASES    OF   TDB   HORSE.  4« 

tiKCBM,  or  luuiiinciE  a  nitignlnr  tmccicit  of  crj-ntallisntion  nt  30'  below  0  of 
lUi.,  and  mt  tiGO"  »buvc  0  of  Fiui.  it  holiti  Mid  mpidly  cvapovvU*.  In  it* 
netaiUo  state  it  appears  to  have  no  acUoa  on  tk«  ommal  sjatem,  bnt  !U 
compounds  aro  mostly  powerful  excitants,  and  some  of  them  ore  actirv 
oaoslics. 

TIw  Ootmmim  ifcrcunal  Oinhiuial  maj  bo  nscd  for  ringwonn,  and  that 
■pooM  of  acania  which  Mwma  to  be  tho  •onrcc,  or  tlui  prevuriKir  of,  mango. 
Tha  oompouud  merourial  ojntinenl  is  also  uivful  in  the  dcatruction  of  Uiu 
aame  insect.  For  most  emptJona  oonnected  with  or  einiulalinf;  manfifc, 
the  anthor  of  this  work  has  been  accoatomod  to  apply  tho  foUowing  oint- 
ment with  considnmblii  inicocat:— 

Subliinud  Hitlphur    ,         .         ,         .         .1  pouncl. 
^^                    CommoD  turpentine                                    .     4  ox. 
^P                    H«roiuial  ointment                                      .     2  oi. 
^^  Lin»ood  oil 1  pint 

Tho  Mcrctrial  Oiniinent  ix  prepared  by  nibbing  qnickxilvcr  witli  lard, 
m  tbe  proportion  of  onu  piu-t  of  mercury  to  three  of  lard,  until  no  fflobulo* 
appear.  The  practitioner  should,  if  possible,  prepare  it  himseli;  for  ho 
can  seldom  get  it  purr  or  of  the  proper  strength  from  the  dru^^'st.  It  is 
cmployod  with  conitideniblc  odvaotago  in  preparing  splints,  sparins,  or 
other  bony  or  callous  tumonnt,  for  bliiitcring  or  firing.  Ono  or  two 
drachms,  acconliug  to  the  ualure  aud  size  of  tlie  swdling,  ma^  be  doily 
well  mbbod  in  ;  but  it  should  be  watched,  for  it  somctunes  galivat«a  iha 
horse  Twy  gpoodily.  The  tumoors  moro  rorMlily  tlisperse,  nt  tboapplicatiou 
of  a  stronger  stimulAnt,  when  tliey  bav«  bcvn  tliun  pnttHLrcil.  UOTcarial 
ointment  in  a  weaker  Htutv  is  sometimes  uecessary  fur  the  euro  of  mallon- 
deraandealtandars;  and  iu  very  obstinate  cases  of  maii^'e,  ono-dghtb  part 
of  mercarial  ointment  may  be  added  to  the  ointment  recommeDdod  at 
page  35?. 

Calofnel,  the  snhmuriAto  or  protochlorido  of  mercury,  ia  obtained  by 
mixing  togi-'thcr  mercury  and  sulpharia  acdd,  adding  chloride  of  sodium, 
aud  then  sublimed  by  heat.  It  la  asefbl  in  some  coses  of  chronic  cough, 
in  farcy,  and  in  jaundice.  Alone  it  has  little  porgativo  oSicict  on  the  horse, 
but  it  aiwiirtA  the  action  of  other  aperients.  It  is  given  in  doK*  from  a 
iM-'mple  to  a  drachm.  Ah  noon  a«  tho  guma  bocumo  red,  or  the  animal 
begina  to  quid  or  drop  his  bay,  it  must  be  discontinued. 

Corrotiet  Sitblimalft  the  ozymoriate  or  bichloride  of  mercury,  combined 
with  chlorino  in  a  double  proportion,  ia  a  useful  tonic  in  farcy.  It  sboahl 
be  giv«n  in  doaea  of  ten  grains  daily,  and  gradually  incr<«wd  to  a  iwraplis 
lUitU  die  horao  ia  purged,  or  the  month  buootnu  aon,  when  it  may  bo 
omitted  for  a  few  daya,  aiul  rasamed.  Some  hare  recommended  it  aa  a 
diuretic,  bnt  it  is  too  dangennu  a  mediciao  for  this  parpoeo.  It  i«  uxml 
oxtemally  inaolntion;  in  mbatanoe  in  qnittor,  a*  a  utiraalant  to  foul  ulcent; 
and  iu  the  proportion  of  five  Rraius  to  as  ovnce  of  ratified  spirit  in  obsti- 
nato  ntange,  or  to  destroy  vermin  on  tbe  aldn.  It  ia,  however,  too  uocer- 
laia  and  loo  dangerous  a  modicino  for  tbo  borao-i>n>privtor  to  rentora  ou 
itanso. 

JEtKiop't  Ifiaemi,  tho  black  suljihuivt  of  nurciuT,  is  ivot  often  ssed  in 
horse  praetioe,  bat  it  ia  a  good  altcratice  for  obattnato  surfeit  or  fouhMM 
of  the  skin,  in  doaea  of  Hmt  drachms  daily.  Four  drnchnis  of  cream  of 
tartar  may  bo  adnataownisly  mldrd  to  <»ch  dose. 

Ixrusioiffl. — Thoacfava  matter  of  some  vegetable  sabetancra  is  partly 
or  entirely  extnuited  by  water.  Dried  vcgotabloa  yi^  their  pro|KTtir* 
more  rvailily  and  perfeolly  Uian  whem  in  tbHr  groon  atato.  Bottint;  wntrr 
is  poured  un  the  Bnbatanoe  to  bo  infnwd,  and  which  slioald  have  brvn  \»v. 
vioosiy  pounded  or  powdered,  and  tho  ri'asel  tbcu  corered  and  |Jiu:i-d 


490  A   LIST   OF   THE   WEDICISES   USED    B'  ^^^^™ 

near  ft  &TQ.  In  fivo  or  nix  haiir«  the  tnuuiparcnt  {nrt  mnj  bn  poured  <i4 
iLDd  is  nady  for  urns  In  u  fcvr  A^ya,  Ilovwrcr,  nil  infu-itona  bacoat 
thick,  and  foiw  tlieir  virtue^  &oin  die  decompowdon  of  Om  vegotaUi 
inrittf?r, 

Tbe  infVigion  of  chamomilo  in  twIvnnbtgconKl^  used  tnsfcad  of  wattriD 
compotiiidiiig  n  mild  taaxn  drvnuh.  The  infnsiOD  of  cntocho  is  omM  in 
iistnneent  niixtiuva;  that  of  Imeieed  is  used  instead  of  eommon  mtor  in 
calurrh  and  cold-,  and  tlie  infbaion  of  tobacco  in  some  iiyectlons. 

loiiiNB, — Thifl  substance  biM  not  been  long  introdncwl  into  retorinn; 
pni(?ticp.  The  first  object  which  it,  seemed  to  noooiDplinh  vna  tho  ndli» 
tton  of  the  tnWi^L-d  ghiuda  tli&t  frequently  reniaia  aAvr  oatfurh,  but  il 
hol'u  uppeared  tliat  it  could  reduoo  almost  ertiiy  specioH  of  tunoor. 
Much  concomod  in  the  first  introdnction  of  iodino  into  Teleiinarr  pne> 
ticc,  tho  writer  oftho  present  ivorlc  bears  vrilling  tcstimoiqr  to  tine  Mil 
■mil  HticcoEs  of  othFTB,  in  cstiibHsliing  tho  chums  of  tliia  most  valnaUt 
mediuiuc.  Profeeaor  Morton  has  dovoted  much  timo  and  taboiir  to  lb 
difierent  corobinntiona  of  iodine,  and  they  are  described  at  lengfili  m  Ui 
usetnl  'MildiiilI  of  Pharmacy.'  He  gives  tho  fonnnln  of  thecomnoilioB 
of  a  liniment,  an  oiuiment,  and  a  tinctaro  of  iodino,  adaptod  to  oiKnnt 
apvcies  aiid  Btaj^ea  of  disease.  He  next  des>.Tibc8  the  prcpamtioa  of  A* 
ioflide  of  potassinm^tho  combination  of  iodino  and  potAsh, — (uul  thm  tke 
jniproTemcnt  on  that  nnd^r  the  namo  of  tho  diniodido  of  copper  ■  tt« 
nnion  of  two  parbi  of  tho  iodide  of  potoariom  with  four  of  tile  s&lptate 
copper. 

Wo  action  of  this  compound  is  an  admirable  tonic  and  a  ntimtilaiit  te 
tlie  absorttont.  srstem,  if  combined  with  TOgetable  tonics,  and,  uccMooiMlhr, 
sinnll  i1  .'  .  <  r  anthnridcD.  Professor  SpooDOT  and  Ur.  Daws  applied (lui 
comjjuinrl,  :iiiii  n-ith  marked  sncccss,  to  the  alienation  of  farcr,  nasal  siBet, 
luid  i;l:iii'l<':-~.  It  is  ph'iLsin^  to  u'itnsss  theso  triumphs  over  lUscaao^auttli 
whiltj  u^u  31J  loicipectod.  and  now  so  assnred. 

JuNiPEii,  Oil,  OF. — This  csscnIinJ  oil  is  retained  bccfloso  it  bai  MOM 
dlnrctic  property,  as  well  as  bcinj;  a  plemuint  aromatic.  It  f^equeatlf 
ontoTM  into  the  composition  of  tho  dinrelic  ball. 

Leao,  Plumbom. — This  metal  in  its  natural  state  is  (fen<>tally  foiind  in 
combination  with  snlphnr,  in  the  form  of  snlphnrct  of  lend,  Grom  which  il 
in  rihtiiincd  by  mtxinf^  with  lime  and  expnmire  to  heat,  la  "ita  mefallk 
itlati.-,  it  is  of  u  brtglil  bhuHli-whito  colour,  with  UtUo  taste,  bat  a  iliwfciiw 
fiblo  odonr.  In  its  pure  state,  it  has  little  eiTect  on  tho  nfiirn^l  iiyitMn,bal 
there  nro  sorcml  compounds  which  possess  medicinal  and  oveti  poMononB 
[)ropcrtic4.  Among.vt  the  Iftttor  tho  Uarbanalu  of  htad  has  a  deletcrioM 
eVt'vci  on  tlie  bipt'd  iLud  tho  (]nadnipod  in  tlifi  neitcnboarhood  of  lend  w<»ki 
and  riHe  butts.  They  are  subject  to  violent  ^ripina  pains,  and  to  conati- 
pation  that  can  with  groat  diflloulty,  or  not  at  all,  bo  ororoome.  6oiso- 
thing  of  the  same  kind  is  occasionally  observed  in  tho  ddor  conntioa,  and 
tho  'painter's  colic'  is  a  oirciirastnnoo  of  too  frr^quent  oocnrr«&o»— Ike 
orcjusional  dreadful  pains,  and  tho  raTonous  appetite  extending  to  evov 
thing  thiit  cumes  in  the  way  of  the  aalmal.  Active  pur^livos  foUowcc 
by  sulphuric  acid  and  opium  aro  die  moat  effectual  remedies. 

The  Accfate  of  I^ead,  PtrnnH  AaUu. — Snear  of  land  in  addom  ^nn 
inlemnlly  to  the  horac,  but  is  nacd  aa  n  collyrinm  ibr  inflammatioii  of 
tlio  i-r«. 

The  himffr  Pbimbi  Bvhaeitali*,  or  Ootiiard'g  Sxtraet,  or,  as  it  ns«d  to 
bo  termed  at  tho  Veterinary  Collcgo,  tho  Aqita  Fsje/",  in  n  betler  colly- 
rinm, and  ndviintiLgooujily  used  in  extrmHl  and  aupertieial  intUramation, 
and  partii-ulurly  tho  indamuiatiou  tliut  remains  aher  the  applicaUoo  ot 
0  btister. 


TBEATMEST  OF  DISEASES  OP  MB  HORSE. 


401 


IdHl  was  fonaerly  MpriDldiil  orer  canketvd  fi-ct  and  gmsjr  Leeb,  bat 
then  am  leas  painful  canstics,  and  more  dToelual  absorbents  of  moiatlirh 
LuMVirater  is  r^roly  asod,  but  the  ChUmde  of  Limt  is  exceedinglf  Tsln- 
ablo.  DilaU-d  with  twenty  tames  ite  qonntity  of  mtor,  it  helps  to  form  tho 
pmdtico  npptiod  (o  vrury  jiurt  from  which  llicrc  in  the  alishtiiat  offemuva 
disohar^  The  fu^d  emell  of  ftstulous  withi-rst,  poll-evil,  canker,  and 
{ll*Moditioned  wounds,  is  immediately  removoil,  and  tbo  olcere  are  more 
diapowd  to  he^l.  ^Vh«n  mnngy  borses  ar«  dismissed  as  tmred,  a  washing 
witn  Uio  dilntml  chloride  will  remore  an^  infection  that  may  lurk  about 
tiicm,  or  which  th«/  nay  eany  from  the  place  in  which  Uicy  have  been 
eonfined.  One  pound  of  the  chloride  mixed  with  three  gallons  of  water, 
and  broahod  over  tho  walls  and  maogOT  and  rack  of  tho  foulest  itabte, 
will  completely  remove  all  infection.  Profciujor  Morton,  vwy  nroporty, 
anyii  that  the  common  pructji;e  of  mnrvly  wbitewajihing  the  wuIIh  serves 
only  to  cover  the  infeotiouA  matter,  and  porbapi  to  preaerre  it  for  an  in- 
ddinite  length  of  time,  bo  that,  when  tJte  lime  acalf*  oS",  disease  may  bo 
aoain  eBKBOdsred  by  tjio  exposed  virus.  Tho  hoiso  fnmituni  worn  l>y  a 
MBwtsrM  or  mangy  fuiimal  will  bo  cSbctunlty  pnriticd  by  tho  chloride. 
utanmOty  administered,  it  aecms  to  have  littlo  or  no  power. 

IjnmnnrTS  are  applications  desjgaed  either  to  hooUio  as  inflamed  snr&ce, 
or,  by  [gently  stimulating  the  udn,  to  remove  deeper-seated  pain  or 
iDflammntian.  As  on  omollit^t  linimont,  one  composed  of  h^  an  ounce 
ef  Qoidard's  extmct  ani!  four  oanc^s  of  oliro  oil  will  be  nseftil,  For 
sprains,  old  svrtiUings,  or  rhttuuulixm,  two  <iiiiicva  of  hari^bom,  the  same 
quaiilj  of  oampborated  spiiit,  on  ounce  of  oil  of  turpentine,  and  half  an 
ounce  or  landaiium,  may  bo  mixed  to^tJicr ;  or  an  onnco  of  camphor  may 
be  diatolvcd  in  fouronnocs  of  sweet  oil,  to  which  un  ounce  of  oil  of  turpen- 
tine rony  be  afterwards  nddiKl.  A  little  powdered  cautliaridea,  or  tinoiore 
of  cantbarides,  or  mnatAnl  powder,  will  reodBr  either  of  these  more  power- 
fU.  or  convert  it  into  a  liquid  blister. 

IjDinib. — An  infusion  of  tinsood  is  olWi  nsod  instead  of  wnU^,  for  the 
drink  at  the  horso  with  sore-throat  nr  cntnrrli,  or  dim.>a»o  of  tlie  urinaiy 
organa  or  of  tho  bowulit.  A  pail  coutatniii;-  it  should  be  slang  in  the  stable 
or  loose  box.  Thin  gruel,  however,  is  preferable;  it  is  as  bland  and  soot,h- 
iag,  and  it  is  roorv  nutritions.  Iiinsced  meal  forms  tbo  b«st  ponlticc  for 
alowst  oveiy  pnrposo. 

MuMtisiA. — The  snlpliate  of  mafi-nceia,  or  Efsoh  Salts,  should  be 
used  cnJy  in  promoting  the  pnrgatjve  effect  of  clysters,  or,  in  repeated 
doses  of  six  or  dght  ooncss,  e«ntly  to  open  tbo  boweb  at  the  oommonce- 
moBt  of  fever.  Soona  donbt,  however,  attends  the  latter  prnntieo ;  for  the 
dose  must  ocea^OoaOr  be  thrice  repealed  before  it  wiO  act,  and  then, 
although  safer  than  aloes,  it  may  prodooe  too  much  irritation  in  the 
intestinal  canal,  especially  if  tbo  wrer  is  the  pwcnrsor  of  inflammation  of 
tbnlnngs. 

Hashes  constitute  a  very  important  pari  of  horse-proronder,  whether 
in  ■*■*»«  ar  heallb-  A  masb  given  ocoHtooally  to  a  hnrw  tlut  in  nther- 
wiss  ftd  on  dff  neat  prevents  Itim  from  beooiuing  dungcrou-ily  coitirv. 
To  tbo  overworked  and  tind  horse  nothing  is  so  refhsdung  as  a  warn 
mash  u-ith  his  nxnal  aQowanee  of  com  in  it.  The  art  of  getting  a  borss 
into  apparant  oondition  for  sale,  or  giving  him  n  ronnd  and  plump  ap- 
pearance, consists  principally  in  the  fnitiuiint  rL-pctilion  of  masfaes,  and, 
from  tlieir  easiness  of  digestiou  nnil  Ui«  luUd  uutriinnit  which  they  afford, 
as  well  na  tlteir  laxative  eObcl,  thi-y  form  tli«  principal  diet  of  the  eick 

They  are  made  by  pouring  boiling  water  on  bran,  and  stirring  it  Wfll, 
and  then  covering  it  over  until  it  is  sufl^cieoitly  cool  for  the  horse  to  eat 


483  A   LIST  OF  TUE  MEDia.XES  USED  IS  ^ 

If  In  Utc  heat  of  eninmer  a  cold  maah  is  proforrrd,  it  tboald,  ncTrrthdn^ 
to  mado  with  bot  water,  and  then  soffcred  to  ronutin  until  it  in  ooli  Tti 
is  not  always  tnfKcicnlJy  attended  to  by  the  groom,  who  U  not  awan  tkal 
&»  etBcBoy  of  the  mii^ih  di>i)enda  prindpaUy  on  the  ohSAgfi  which  is  dftctcd 
in  the  broii  tuid  thv  other  ingredients  by  the  boiling  water  rendering  tkta 
more  easy  of  digostion,  as  well  ns  mora  aperient,  If  the  horse  rcAuos  tli« 
maeb.n  Tow  outs  may  be  spHnkJed  over  it,  tn  ordur  to  tempt  him  to  est  it; 
liut  if  it  in  pn-iiousty  di>ai^td  that  com  aboald  be  given  in  tlte  tnuh,  it 
ahould  hm  scalded  with  the  bran,  lu  order  to  soften  it  and  render  it  mra 
dif^etible.  Bran  mashes  are  very  necessary  prepamtivm  for  phyaic,  and 
they  firo  given  dnring  its  Operation.  They  vcty  w>oo  bncomo  •onr,  H^ 
the  mungrr  of  the  liorse  of  whoee  diet  tlicy  form  a  principal  part  Jm^^H 
be  daily  aad  careftiUy  cleaned  out,  ^^ 

When  horses  are  weakly  and  much  redaced,  malt  maslies  will  odea  ba 
▼cry  palatable  to  them  and  voiy  nutritive :  bnt  the  wiitor  that  is  poend 
on  a  malt  mash  shotild  be  considerably  below  tliu  boiling  hctit,  otherwiH 
Uifi  moll  will  be  set,  or  cloggwi  together.  If  the  owui-r  waa  airare  of  the 
TtUue  of  a  mtdt  masli,  it  woold  be  ofU-iLur  ^ven  nhou  the  borM  la  ia|nd]; 
getting  weaker  from  prott*c.l*d  disease,  or  wjien  ho  is  beginning  to  re- 
cover from  a  (liseuse  by  which  he  has  boen  miich  rcducrd.  The  only 
exception  to  their  use  is  in  coses  of  chest  affection,  iu  wluoli  ILey  niut 
not  oe  given  too  early.  lo  prease,  and  in  man^i?  accompaniud  by  mndi 
omaoiation,  malt  mashes  will  be  peculiarly  nsefol)  eipocially  if  tliej  ~^^ 
Btitnte  a,  principal  portion  of  the  food, 

MiTRT*lil),  S  IS  A  1*1  S.^  This  will  be  found  ocoaaioutvllr  usrfiil,  if,  in  W- 
fljimination  of  the  throat,  chest,  or  bowels,  it  is  wt-U  ruhbt'd  on  tJic  thmal, 
diesl,  or  tbe  abdomem  The  external  swelling  and  irritation  whieli  ft 
excites  may,  to  a  greater  or  less  digree,  nbnte  the  inOammation  within. 

Mtruh  may  1)e  used  in  the  form  of  tinotiire,  or  it  max  be  nnitod  to  tka 
tincture  of  aloes  us  a  eti mulcting  and  digestive  application  to  woond*. 
Diluted  with  an  equal  qii.autity  of  wat«r,  it  is  a  good  ap]>lication  for  oanlxr 
in  the  mouth,  but  as  an  internal  medicine,  it  seenu  to  be  inert,  altlxKigih 
some  practitionoi'S  advocate  ita  nao,  combined  with  opinm,  in  maim  «f 
chronic  rough, 

NirK[fl  Ktiier,  Shbit  or, — is  obtained  from  the  distillation  of »  nixtnn 
of  rectified  K|)iril  and  nitric  acid.     It  is  a  colourless  liquid,  rerY  rolattk, 
with  n  prcviliar  odour  and  eomowLat  acid  tast«.     As  a  medicinal  a^icenl,  it 
i«  one  of  the  moHt  valnablo  difinsihlc  stimtilanta  wc  poKsrs* ;  it  also  acta  ■> 
a  diaphoretic  and  mild  diuretic.     It  is  a  useful  remody  in  the  eatrly  tttt^jtM 
of  influenza  and  catarrh,  and  also  in  those  casfS  of  congj^stion  of  imponiuk 
organs  Kuch  as  the  lan^,  the  result  of  sudden  exposure  or  i  i  liniialj^B 
work.    Given  in  combination  with  tincture  of  opium,  it  forms  an  exceDc^P 
draught  fur  sfiaemodio  colic.     It  iit  also  a  very  n«olul  modicii>e  in  Uta 
advanced  stagoa  of  fuver,  for  while  it,  to  a  ceriiun  di-gree,  totuw*  the  ex- 
liansted  powers  of  the  animal,  and  may  be  denominated  a  stimulant,  il 
nerer  brings  back  the  daagoroEks  febrile  action  which  was  subsiding.     It 
ifl  pTen  in  doses  of  h&lf  an  onnco  to  two  oonccs. 

Olive  Oil  is  an  emollient  and  demulcent.  Its  laxatave  effbct  is  Tgy 
inconNidorable  and  uncertain  La  tlie  horse. 

Onim. — This  consists  of  the  inspissated  juice  of  tho  papaver  somiufentm, 
or  white  poppy.  It  is  obtained  hv  making  incisions  into  the  nnripo  e»p- 
nle  of  the  poppy  and  scraping  on  the  juice  which  exlmlefl,  and  drying  it 
in  the  son.  TIir  ln-ni  kind  of  opium  is  broa^ht  lo  tliis  country  in  clit^ts 
from  Turkey  and  India.  Good  opium  should  be  of  a  blackish- brown  ootoor 
cxt^ernally  and  nnldish -brown  intornnlly,  with  n  powerinl  nanntic  ottvor, 
and  a  ittnmg  and  pormancnMy  bitt«r  tnotc.    Ilowevor  ondi-rmlvd  by  aoowv 


niEATMEXT  OP   DISEASES    OF  TOE    irORSE. 


«I3 


tiien  ia  not  a  more  vmluuble  drn^  on  onr  tixt.  Tt  doos  not  odon  act  as 
a  narcotic  esi-cpt  in  oonndentlilu  drMKd ;  Imt  it  U  a  pawcrful  antispas- 
modic,  apdntiT^  and  aatringenl.  As  an  nutispasinodic,  it  «iit«r>  into  tha 
aoliu  drink,  and  it  u  the  sbect-nnchor  of  tbe  vot«riDarian  in  Uie  traatmenb 
of  tetanus  or  looked^jaw.  Am  n  Hcdiitirc,  it  rptnxcs  thnt  nniveml  spasm 
oftbeinnaDalarsTBteiii  which  iatbueliaract«riataoaft«tanns;  and,  prrhnpg, 
it  is  only  a«  a  aedatire  tbat  it  has  nch  adnirablo  etfeet  aa  an  asU-iiigvnt, 
for  wlurn  tho  irritation  around  the  month  of  the  veaaela  of  tbe  inteatuus 
and  kiiltirra  i»  allarcd  by  llic  niiinin,  tbn  undue  ptujpng  and  proftiw 
staling  wiQ  nt.'C««iianly  ie  arreatod. 

Opium  ahould,  bowi-rer,  bo  givou  with  caution.  It  ia  its  moondiiiy 
•ffitct  tliat  ia  aedativc,  and,  if  given  in  ca»c8  of  fi'ver,  its  primary  effect  in 
iBcraaauig  tho  excitation  of  tbi?  frami?  may  bo  very  coostdcrnblc  and  highly 
injiuiofis.  In  the  early  and  acutu  staf(i>  of  fuvcr,  it  wonld  bn  bod  nrnctico 
to  gim  it  in  tho  8maTli?et  quautity  ;  bat  vheu  thv  fcror  has  Mt80i.<d,  or  la 
pOMing,  thero  is  nothing  which  no  rapidly  sobdaea  the  irritability  tJiat 
accoiDgmnics  oxtremu  wctdcnctn.  It  become*  an  oxcellont  tonic,  bccauso  tt 
ia  a  tedadve. 

If  thu  bine  or  ^r«en  vitriol,  or  canlharides,  havn  been  pashnl  too  lar, 
^inm,  sooner  thaji  any  otbcir  drag,  quiets  the  disorder  they  liavu  oc> 
caaioned.  It  is  given  in  doMM  of  one  or  two  drachms,  in  tbe  form  of  baU. 
Otbor  modicines  are  cOiuly  combined  with  it,  according  to  tho  circom- 
Stances  of  the  case. 

Eib?rually,  it  is  naeful  in  ophthahiua.  In  tho  form  of  decoction  of  tbe 
poppyhcad,  it  may  constitute  tho  basis  of  an  anodyne  ponltioe ;  hut  it 
mniit  not  be  ^rcn  in  union  with  any  allcnli,  with  tho  exception  of  chalk, 
in  orcr-purginj;;  nor  with  tlie  mipenicetate  of  letkd,  by  which  it*  powcn 
»»  maU-riafly  impaired ;  nor  with  sulphate  of  sine,  or  copper,  or  ir«n. 

I^m  ita  high  price,  it  is  much  adulterated,  and  rt  is  not  always  ml^t 
with  in  a  state  of  purity.  The  bent  tc«t8  &ra  its  Bmcll,  its  tnste,  its  tough- 
neaa  and  plinncr,  ita  fawn  or  brown  colour,  and  ita  weight,  for  it  is  the 
lieari««t  of  all  tlie  vef^table  eitraots,  except  i;nui  arahio  ;  yet  its  weight 
ia  often  fraudulently  increued  by  stones  and  bits  of  lead  dextCTOoaly 
concealed  in  it. 

PntB  ia  uacd  to  eive  adbi«ivim(«a  and  Rmmeaa  to  diareea  and  p1n«t«r>. 
The  common  pitch  is  (luiU-  a«  nood  lut  the  more  <acpe«UB¥e  Burgundy  pitch. 
The  beat  plaster  for  sand-crack  oooaiatsofone  pound  of  pitch  and  an  onnoo 
of  yellow  bors-wax  moltod  together. 

t'iiT«iC. — The  camw  which  rrqiiin'  pliysin,  tho  componitiou  of  tho  most 
cOcctnal  and  sofent  physic  bull,  and  tlio  mode  of  treatment  under  physic, 
haw  been  already  described, 

PoTistt. — Two  compounds  of  potash  are  used  in  reterinary  praotioe. 
Tho  Nitnto  of  Potash  (Ni'/i-r)  in  a  rnlaablc  cooling  medicine  and  a  mild 
diuretic,  and,  therefbro,  it  should  enter  into  the  composition  of  even:'  fi^rrr- 
balL  ItM  dose  iM  from  two  to  four  drachma.  Orooma  often  diaaolTe  it  in 
tlie  water.  There  are  two  objections  to  tliis :  ei^er  the  horse  is  oaMsenlod, 
•ad  will  not  drink  wo  much  water  aa  h«  ought ;  or  the  aalt  tacte  of  tho 
watar  canaea  oonsidanibUi  thirHt,  and  diajnclinatton  to  aolid  food.  Nitre, 
while  diHwilving,  materially  lowers  the  t<naparatare  of  water,  and  fnmisbea 
a  very  cold  and  utteful  Lotion  for  sprain  of  the  bacSc  ainewa,  and  other  local 
inflainmaliuus.  Tlie  lotioa  alxniUI  be  used  as  soon  as  Ihn  aalt  ix  dissolved, 
for  tt  quickly  becomes  na  warm  a*  the  xummnding  air.  The;  Bilarlrato  of 
Potash  ((Veam (jf  SWtar)  is  a  mild  diunitio,  and,  comhim-d  with  .^ihiop's 
mineral,  ia  used  as  an  altcralivf  in  objilinate  maoKe  or  grease.  The  objec- 
tion, howarvOT,  to  ita  use  in  snob  an  animal  as  the  borse  is  tbe  little  poi 
whidi  it  aeema  to  cxcraaso. 


t 


41M  A  LIST  OF  THE  MEDICISES  USED   IS 

Poultices. — Fow  borMrrocn  nro  iiwiirc  of  tbo  vulua  of  llic»  rimple  ^ 
pliciitioQs  in  nbating  mfliinin)B.ttuD,  rvtieving  p&in,  clunamg  wouodj^  ■»! 
dispOHiDg  Ihrm  to  hcivL  Tliej  aro  applicatioiis  of  U»  best  kind  contiiiiiel 
luucb  longer  tliBJi  a  slmplo  fotnentttUon  can  be.  In  all  ia6>niinatioma  of  Iht 
foot  they  are  very  benofiml,  hy  softaning  tbo  Itoni  hardeoed  b^  Uw  heat 
of  tlio  foot  and  contnutod  and  prwnng  on  Uio  iDternal  bdcL  higKl<r  aaaiBtiw 
parte.  Tbo  mourtura  and  warmth  are  tlia  usefhl  qnalitiaa  of  tbe  ponkiat; 
and  that  pouIlic«  is  tbo  best  for  ganeral  purposes  in  which  motstnre  ud 
warmth  are  longest  rotoinod.  Perspiration  is  most  abondanUy  NomotoA 
in  the  part,  the  porce  nro  opened,  swellings  an  roliuTcd,  lutd  discuurgM  vt 
a  hoalttij  natara  prooored  trom  -wounds. 

LtniK.'ed  meal  forma  tbt>  beat  general  ponlliee,  becnnss  it  lungcitt  retaios 
the  moiHlnre.  Bran.  alLhoogh  firequently  used  for  poultioea,  is  objoelion- 
ablo.  because  it  so  soon  becomes  diy;  thooombuiationaf  tbetwo  in  pfopcn^ 
tion  of  one-  piirt  of  meal  to  two  or  three  of  bmn  a  a  very  nsoful  one.  To 
nbiito  I'on.iidi-rubk- iiifiuiuiuation,  andespetuaUyinawouoded  part,  QooJanl 
niny  bu  odJod,  or  tlio  llssood  meal  may  b«  made  info  a  paoto  witk  a 
(k^octioD  of  pnppy-hpAds.  To  promote  a  healthy  diwharge  from  an  oU 
or  fool  iil(!cr;  or  Mrparution  of  the  dead  from  th«  Living  paita,  ia  Uu  fro- 
rc*«  of  whut  is  ciUltMl  coring  out ;  or  to  lisst«n  the  ripening  of  a  bopoar 
Uiat  muM  be  opened  -,  or  to  cli^anse  it  when  it  is  opened, — two  onncas  of 
common  turpentine  mtij  be  itdded  to  a  potmd  of  tliuood  meal :  but  nothing 
c-nn  be  so  absurd,  or  is  eu  injariouH,  as  the  addition  of  tnrpentiuo  to  a 
poultice  that  is  daaigniKl  to  bu  aji  emoIUenl.  The  drawing  poahioea  sad 
Btoppiugs  of  Ihxriers  are  oibm  highly  injoiiong,  instead  of  aliatin|[  inflaa). 
iiiatiou. 

If  the  nicer  smells  offansivelr,  two  ouneoi  of  powdered  chanxnl  raar  be 
added  to  tho  linscod  meal,  or  the  nonltieo  taay  be  made  of  wator,  to  whick 
a  solution  of  the  chloride  of  lime  nas  been  added  in  the  proportion  of  half 
an  ouoou  to  a  pound.  As  an  omollient  poultice  for  grease  and  cradnd 
heels,  and  especially  if  accomptinied  hy  much  unplonsnni  smell,  there  is 
nobhiug  profcrnblc  to  a  poultioe  of  mashed  carrots  witli  clmrcoal.  For  old 
grouw  some  slight  atimuWt  must  be  added,  as  a  little  yeast  or  tbo  grounds 
of  tnble-heor. 

Tliure  are  two  errors  in  tho  application  of  a  nonltJco,  and  particnlaHj  M 
it  regards  the  legs,  It  is  often  put  on  too  tignt,  by  means  of  which  the 
rotom  of  tho  blood  from  the  foot  is  prerented^  and  the  disease  ia  in«roe»d 
inHtvad  of  lessened ;  or  it  is  too  hot,  and  nnncccflsajy  pain  is  given,  and  the 
iuJhvmmntion  aggmmtod. 

Povn>r.E». — Soma  horses  are  very  difficult  to  bait  or  drenuh,  and  the 
violciut  fltruf^e  that  would  accompany  the  attempt  to  oonquer  them  may 
heighten  the  &TOr  or  inflainmation.  To  such  horses  powders  must  he 
given  in  mashes.  Nitrtite  of  potnwui  may  be  gcnernlty  nsrd  in  oaaee  of 
inflammation  or  fever ;  or  oulomul  or  even  the  farina  of  the  cr^iton-nui  for 
physic  i  but  powders  are  too  often  an  excuse  for  tha  lariiteas  or  awkward, 
nossof  the  carter  or  groom.  The  horse  frcqnently  refhses  then,  eapecially 
if  hia  appetite  has  otberwiao  began  to  fail  i  the  powder  and  tbo  inatth  are 
wasted,  and  the  animal  is  nnnoocosarily  nauseated.  All  mi-dioiao,  if  poa- 
sible,  slionid  be  given  in  the  forai  of  ball  or  drink. 

ItRdiK. — The  yellow  resin  is  that  which  remains  after  tha  distlUatiaB 
of  oil  of  ttupeutine.  Itisne^d  cit<'ntally  to  giveconsisteacetoointaiuDl^ 
and  to  render  them  slightly  stimulimt.  Internally  it  is  a  useful  dinrelie, 
andis  given  in  doses  of  fireor  idx  drachma  made  into  a  ball  wllhaoft  aoap. 
Tba  common  liquid  tnrpenliue  is,  however,  prefetahlc. 

BoVBl.8. — The  manner  of  rowcHing  bos  been  already  described.  As 
netting  inflammation  on  Uie  surfuiii',  and  so  lotncning  that  which  had  pnt- 


TRKATME.VT   OP   DISEASES   OF   THE   HORSE.  405 

riotuJy  esistod  in  «  ocigliboiiring  bnt  deeper- snttod  part,  Ui«f  nra  d«cido<Uf 
iniorior  to  blister*,  Eim-  thej  do  Dot  net  to  qaickljr  or  Ha  «xtco»ivcly  ;  tlicriv 
fon  tli«j  ihould  not  bo  used  in  aout«  inflMnmation  of  tbe  liuifca  or  bowi^ 
or  aay  nttl  {Mrt.  When  tbe  inflftminatjoii,  however,  alUiongli  uot  uit<<tiae, 
has  iMiff  oontinacil,  rowolfl  will  bo  Mrrictiablo  by  prtxiucing  nn  irrilatioB 
■od  dixuiftrgo  that  can  be  bott«r  kont  up  thita  bv  a  l)lut«r.  Aji  nromotiD^ 
&  pormuieDt,  alllioiif^  not  Tory  conBtderubla  disciiargev  and  some  inflwntMf 
tion,  lowela  in  ibo  thighs  oro  na^ful  in  swelled  legs  and  obsdnatfi  grease. 
Kflnid  is  Ibrowo  out  under  thoskio  in  A.iijrotbar  part,  th«  rowol  aet«a*K 
pcnranncnt  dnun.  ^Vliim  iqnvin  of  ttut  joint  ortiui  masolM  of  tlic  nliooldera 
w  MUHpvctvd,  ft  rowvl  iu  tbv  chest  will  bo  terrtooaUtt.  Tlic  wound  caused 
bj  a  ro«r«l  will  nndlly  h«al,  and  with  ]itll«  bJenuBb,  nolees  tbe  iu«l«ea 
iMtbor  of  tho  farrivr  ha*  been  inscrlid. 

Srcau  oonavrvM,  M«  Ery<)t  o/  Ryf. — This  ■•  woll  known  to  bu  an 
oxcttaot  lu  aiwisling  partnritioii  lu  cultl(^,  abtwp,  and  do}^  It  has  becu 
used  with  snoccM  in  tho  mare  hj  Mr.  Ricliaidson,  of  i.iDCobl.  It  sboitld 
onlj-  bo  nppliod  in  difEcult  aumi,  iliuI  tho  dooo  should  batwo  disduns, 
combineil  witb  some  oarminativo,  and  given  every  boor. 

Skmhtes  aro  mediciiiea  that  subduo  irritation,  repross  spasmodie 
Mtion,  or  doadcn  pttin.  We  wiU  not  enqnire  wbetber  th«f  act  first  as 
atimnlanta :  if  tbej  do,  their  elfcct  is  fisci^olinKly  transirnt,  and  is  qnicklj 
foUowM)  brdoprGsaion  and diininudied  lu-tinn.  Digitalis,  aconite,  hcUnbore, 
cniiuiu,  hydrocyanic  acid„arfl  medicinva  of  this  kind.  Tbcj  conndtate  a 
rilima  of  renedics  that  should  bo  used  witb  gn«t  caution  aud  uiuvmittiiig 
watchfnlnMa.  Digitalis,  and  more  psp«!Cially  holJoboro,  oft<?n  prodaoo 
cffecta  exirvEuoly  prqodjcial  Ui  tbe  o^Hvntaoas  of  natnm,  and  too  o^en 
|irodace  onfarourable  resnltA  iu  tho  cases  in  wbidi  they  bare  boeu  «ni> 
plojed.  Thoir  olTrct  in  different  discasos  or  stages  of  dinww,  and  tho 
cirotUDstatioea  wbicb  indicato  tho  dm  of  any  one  of  Uiem  in  prMEprenoe  to 
the  real,  are  oonsidend  nndor  their  reapcctivo  titles.  Tbc  most  imporlaab 
sedative  which  has  erer  been  iutroduced  into  tbe  veiterinary  pbamaeopceia 
ia  i^orofortn,  important,  not  as  a  mediciiia]  agent  in  the  cure  of  disease^ 
bnt  from  its  power  of  rendering  tho  hocso  partially  or  lotallr  inaonsiblo  to 
tbe  InfiictioD  of  pain.  A  piece  of  spoiw<',  saturated  witJi  one  or  two 
otuKWa  of  chloroform,  two*tliirda  onTeloped  in  a  piece  of  bladder  or  gutta- 
psKJia,  hiJd  now  one  nntitril,  while  tho  other  is  partially  closed  by  the 
hanil,  will,  na  it  beoomca  iuholod.  render  tho  animal  qoickly  and  effcctoally 
inseDsible, — held  near  the  nostril,  be  it  remembered,  not  doae  to  il,  aa  tbs 
f^unos  of  tbe  chloroform  require  dilnlstioo,  from  mixing  with  a  proportioo 
of  ntmosphrric  air,  or  its  inhalatioD  would  bo  fatal.  It  was  at  6ist  hoped 
that  this  unportast  diaoovery  would  snpwsedo  tfas  Doocaaity  of  casting  or 
ihiowiDg  the  boTse  ;  experience,  howevsr,  haa  shown  tJbat  this  is  not  the 
case,  for  so  great  is  his  r«pagnaiioe  to  inhale  it,  and  so  Tiolent  are  hb 
straggles  wHilB  it«  offoct  is  bmngprodacod.  added  to  which  thsnnceriahity 
of  the  direotion  and  spot  in  which  he  might  tail,  tltat  it  is  now  only  luul 
reoonrae  to  after  the  animal  has  been  secured  bj  tbe  bobbles;  lhen,ind(«d, 
its  effect»  are  moat  eittaordinary  ;  ttio  sovprcst  operatians^  the  grratost 
pain  and  tho  moat  acute  sufTcring,  are  cadarrd  with  apaadre  nnoonaciotis- 
ness,  equaU;  doairable  for  tbe  operator  and  tbc  palient.  Its  effvcl  toay 
be  ooDtinued  or  noawed  as  \aaa  and  oAen  as  tho  occasion  may  reqairo, 
and  DO  peneptiUe  tU  oSbcts  fbuew  the  application. 

Soda. — The  Oaiionate  ef  Soda  a  a  nseral  antacid,  bat  it  is  not  mneh 
osed  in  vrterinaiy  practice.  The  CUorida  of  Soda  is  not  so  adBcaciovs 
for  the  mnoral  of  unpleasant  smeQs  and  all  infection  as  the  oUorido  of 
liuip ;  but  it  is  exceedingly  usL'fuI  in  i-hmgiwg  auligBaittaod  oorrodingand 
dcstnictiTe  sot«s  into  the  state  of  simpla  nloan,  mm  ta  «le«n  that  are  noi 


k 


A   LIST  OF  IHE  MEDICiXES  CSED   IN 


mnlignnjit,  it  niUL'h  hiMtonk  tlio  care.  Poll-evil  kod  fivtnloiu  witlien  «n 
inuch  bt'iii-fitod  by  it,  uii<I  all  fonn'  ulciira.  It  is  used  ia  Uie  propoilioaW 
<Hu.'  purl  of  the  solutiou  to  tw«ELty-foar  of  vater. 

Soon  OuLuuiDuii,  Commmt  Bali,  is  tot;  «xl«anTely  sEaploTed  tonto- 
noary  procl.ico.  It  fonns  nn  ofScncioux  ■nenent  clywtor,  and  »  Mlntim  of 
it  hu  buon  givou  iia  uu  upuriunL  drink.  Sprinkled  over  iha  faajr,  or  in  a 
tnn«b,  it  is  very  jialalublu  to  aick  liorsixs;  and  in  tlial  Uufcnoraod  diuncE- 
oatiou  to  food  wLich  remain  a^cr  severe  illii«as,  few  things  will  w  soon 
recall  tlio  appetite  as  a  drink  composed  of  six  or  ci^ht  oudocs  of  aalt  in 
aulntiaa.  To  horsis  in  hcaJtbifc  i*  tooro  nsefnl  thaniagnDenJIjiauRiu^ 
aa  promoting  the  digesliou  of  tlio  food,  aud,  consequently,  conjlioii. 
In  the  propoiiion  of  an  ounce  of  sail  to  four  ounces  of  vrat(.-r,  it  is  «  good 
embrocation  f-n-  aore  sboiildoi-s  Knd  beurks;  Mid  if  it  docs  not  alwm 
diaperso  warbles  and  Lumonn,  it  tidcea  away  much  of  the  tcndomcas  of  tu 
akin. 

Soiu  Sdlphas, — Sulphate  of  SixJ^.— G/aaJn-'<  SaU. — ^Thia  modidaB 
is  seldom  UBcid  in  tho  trcalEuont  of  tbo  horso.  It  ftppoara  to  liaro  sotn* 
diuretiu  property, 

SoiF  is  supposed  to  possess  a  dioretia  quality,  sad  tliereforo  cnten  into 
tba  corapoaitiou  of  socio  diuretic  masses.  Soe  Resis.  By  many  pnscti- 
tioners  it  is  mado  an  ingrcdiont  in  tho  physicbsll,  bat  uselessly  or  erta 
injuriously  so ;  for  if  t!ie  aloes  urn  tinely  powdoTod  and  mixed  witli  pain 
oil,  Uiey  will  dissolve  readily  cuougb  in  tbo  bowels  williout  tho  aid  of  tha 
soap,  whilo  the  action  of  ttiu  eoap  ou  the  kidneys  will  impair  the  pargatiT* 
effect  of  the  aloes. 

SrARcn  may  be  sabstitated  with  ailvantagc  for  gmol  in  obstinate  ouH 
of  purginfj;,  both  m  u  clynltir,  ttud  to  support  tbc  strength  of  the  atiiniaL 

biapPiNOS  constitute  an  important,  but  too  ot>«a  neglected  part  of  staUt 
management.  If  a  horso  is  irregularly  or  seldom  workod,  his  fcvt  an 
deprived  of  moiKturo;  thoy  bi^umn  burd  and  unyielding  anid  brittle,  and 
disi)oau<l  tocom  and  ooutntctiun  aud  founder.  Thuvciy  dungof  ancelectcd 
ana  filthy  stable  would  bo  preferable  to  habitual  standing  on  the  i  Tiwiiiil 
littsr  withoat  stopping.  In  wounds,  and  bruises,  and  eoms,  moislare  is 
oven  more  noccssary,  in  onlur  to  Hupjile  tlio  horn,  and  n^lirvo  it«  pwaaaw 
on  tho  tvnder  parts  benoalb.  As  a  common  atop{>iug,  DuthinK  ia  bettor  thaa 
cow-dung  witli  &  fourth  pai-t  of  clay  weU  beaten  iuto  it,  aod  confined  with 
splints  from  the  binding  or  lai^or  twigs  of  the  broom.  In  caaeg  of  wonadi 
a  little  tar  may  bo  added ;  but  tar,  as  a  common  stopping,  ia  too  stisra- 
latint^  and  drying.  Pudii  made  of  thick  felt  have  lately  lieen  oontrivcd, 
which  m-o  Sttcd  to  tho  sole,  and  swelling  on  being  wetted,  are  BafficioBth 
confined  by  tho  shoe.  Having  been  well  Hitunited  with  wKter,  tluiy  wiB 
continue  moist  during  the  night.  Tliey  are  very  useful  in  gesUcKDeit'l 
stablca  ;  but  the  cow-duiig  and  clay  are  sulScitait  for  the  Gutucr. 

Strtcesu  is  obtained  from  the  seed  of  the  ttryehnot  titu  VDmieo.  li  is 
a  white  crystalline  substance,  without  odour,  but  with  an  intensely  tntter 
taslo.  It  is  but  slightly  soluble  in  water,  but  morv  so  in  dilute  alceboL 
It  ia  a  powerfully  puiHiinuas  ageut,  and  should  bo  given  with  great  CAotiMt 
This  drag  ban  frc<]ueutly  been  employed  » ith  decided  advantdfte  in  eust 
of  paralyos  in  the  dog ;  and  Utoly.  aud  with  decided  advaotage,  it  lias  beta 
adouaistorod  to  the  liorso.  Tbo  dose  is  from  ono  to  throe  gnuns,  gives 
twico  in  the  day. 

SiilFBitS,  or,  as  !t  is  fumiliarlv  known,  BrtnuUme,  is  foond  ia  eoiutider- 
atilt'  abundance  in  Sicily  and  otuer  volcanic  oonotries.  In  this  oouniry  it  is 
chieily  obtained  by  roasting  the  snlpbnrot  of  copper  and  ooUooting  the 
fames ;  it  in  then  purified  and  ran  into  moulds,  constituting  what  is  tenned 
nil  sulphur.     Sublimed  or  flowers  of  sulphur  is  obtained  by  hooting  roO 


TBEATMEST  OF    DISEASES  OP  THE  HORSE. 


497 


solphsr  Mid  collpcting  t,hc  vnponr.  Sniphnr  is  tho  basis  of  tlio  moat  dTee- 
tu!il  applioolionit  for  Iluu^^  It  ix  an  uxcvllent  altortiHTo,  combined  Dsoaltf 
with  uiUnioiiy  and  nitro,  and  partioularly  for  mange,  mirivit,  grcMO,  hide- 
1x>und,  or  want  of  ooadiUon.  Wlteti  ^vm  ftloiie,  it  aoetna  to  bftro  little 
effm-t,  oxctTpt  as  k  laxntivti  in  doMa  of  six  or  «ight  ounces ;  but  tbera  nra 
much  batter  npohonta.  Th«btiu:kNalpharoonsist8priDcipd]70f  tfaedrosa 
ftAur  tho  puni  RolpliDr  hwi  been  strpanited. 

Tjm  roolb^  iritA  an  M{iial  quantity  of  grvase  formn  tbo  nmiil  ttoppoiw 
of  tlw  fkrrier.  It  ia  a  warm,  or  slighttj  stiraalant,  and  therefore  uacfn^ 
dresaing  for  braised  or  wnnndod  ftvt ;  bat  ita  principal  rirlue  doe*  uot 
oouaist  in  prvventing  tho  ponotrnttoD  of  dirt  and  water  to  tli«  wounded 
part)  but  in  ita  Bodcmnff  propertiBa  on  tha  born  itaelf,  n;nd«rii>g  it  aol\er, 
mora  elaatio,  and  leaa  likely  to  bnak  away.  Aa  a  eommon  tttopninz  it  tuu 
been  coarid«r«d  objeetion»bla ;  bat  a  aniall  proportion,  mimd  wiiti  Hui 
cow-dnog;  ehoclta  ^at  dispoaition  to  thmxh  which  occasionally  fuUowa 
tbo  constant  nito  of  tliu  liittur.  Trtjta  its  dryiniz  propcrtioa  it  is  Oie  naaal 
■nd  proper  baaia  fur  tliruab  ointmeota;  ai»d  from  ita  adhnaircnesB)  and 
■lightly  atimalat'iDg  power,  it  ofkon  fonua  an  iuj^rediunt  in  upIicaitMiu 
fir  mange.  SomcpmctitionoragiTcit,  andndvant^eously,  wtth  tbewmal 
ooogli  inedioinc,  and  in  donca  of  two  or  tbreo  diaduns  tor  chronio  ooogb. 
Thooommon  tar  ia  ua  elTeclaal  aa  tbe Barbodoca  for  cyttry  veterinary  jmr- 
poaa.  Tbu  oil,  or  apirit  (rectified  oil)  of  tar  ia  iiainL-timca  nacd  alone  for 
the  core  of  mangti,  but  it  ia  not  to  bo  depended  upon.  The  agnrit  of  tar, 
iBixed  with  doable  the  qnantity  of  Gah  oil,  is,  from  it«  peculiar  peuetmt* 
inff  property,  fan  of  tlio  bi-nt  atiplioations  for  hard  nod  brittle  fifot.  It 
■houd  bo  well  rabbud  witli  a  bmali  erarj  night,  bolb  on  tho  cnut  and 
•ob'. 

TDtcrritta. — Tho  medicinal  proportiM  of  many  anbotanoea  are  extracted 
by  spint  of  wine,  bnt  in  nuinr  comm  in  sar-h  small  qnantitiea  aa  to  be 
ararccly  uvailiililc  for  tntvmal  nso  in  rvtcrinarj  practice.  There  are 
•rvcral  uu-pttuna  to  thia.  faon-ever,  aacbaa  tlie  ttno^ireof  opitini,  tinctaro 
of  auo&il«  andacTeral  others,  which  are  constantly  need,  and  produce  roiy 
powerfbl  effecta.  As  applications  to  wounds  or  inflamed  aurlkcea^  ttie 
tiDctarca  of  nloca,  digitnhs,  myrrh,  and  opium,  are  bigfair  uaefU. 

Tniuooo,  in  tho  baoda  of  the  akilful  TVterinariao,  may  be  ndvaatagoousljr 
employed  io  caaee  of  extreme  or  dangerous  oulio;  but  ahaald  nerer  M 
penaitted  to  be  osed  aa  aa  txtenal  application  for  the  cure  of  mange,  or 
an  internal  madidne  to  pronsota  a  fine  oont. 

Tones  am  valuabli'  medioinrji  when  judiciously  employed ;  bat,  like 
coftUala,  they, have  lx<en  felally  almaod.  Many  a  honw  raoorenng  iVom 
•ereie  dJaeaoo  ha«  been  deatnqred  by  thoir  too  early,  or  too  tn^o  use.  The 
TeterinaiyrargeonoocaaioRnllyndminisiorsthc'mii^jurioaaly,  inhiaanswiy 
to  gratify  the  impatiencoof  Ilia  eroplorcr.  Tho  mild  vegetable  tonics,  cha- 
momile, gentian,  and  gingvr,  and.  perh^ts,  the  anlpbato  of  iron,  may  aoroo- 
timea  be  givrn  with  benefit,  and  may  hnaten  tho  perfuct  teooTery  of  the 
patient :  out  thero  aro  few  principle*  more  truly  founded  on  reason  and 
etpcrieuce,  than  that  diwose  once  rem<n-cd,  the  powvra  of  na^ro  are 
snfGcMmt  to  m-catabtiah  health.  Againat  the  more  powerfiil  mineral 
tonica,  except  fbr  the  particular  purpoera  that  hai-e  bma  pmnled  out 
nnder  the  proper  heads,  the  horse  proprietor  and  the  veterioariaa  abould 
baODhia  guard. 

Toanmxx. — Tho  common  liquid  turpentine  has  been  deaeribed  as  one 
of  tbo  beat  dinrctica,  in  duaca  of  half  an  ounce,  and  made  into  a  ball  with 
Itnaccd  mnal  and  powdered  ginger.  It  ia  added  to  the  oalamiBe  or  any 
uther  luiltl  uintiBont  in  order  to  render  it  stimulating  and  digestito,  and, 
boa  ilo  adbeeiTonoaa  and  slightly  stimalating  power,  it  ia  an  ingredient 

K  C 


4M 


P0I80OT. 


in  inuuKe  ointmi^ta.  The  oil  of  turpt'iitios  i»  an  cxecUeol  tmtUpMmodic 
Forming  a  tin<:tart;  wHIi  cantharides,  it  is  the  Imais  of  the  aweatu^  bluler 
for  old  Hpnuni&ndswoUings.  As  n  Mifiter  it  U  &r  inforior  to  thecoaunan 
omtRKmt.  As  a  sHmnlnnt  frequently  applial,  it  mnst  bo  raffickoul; 
lowRKil,  or  it  mfiv  bWmiali. 

Wiz. — '11i»  Tcllow  w&x  is  iiMd  in  cbarges  and  SOBM  plaster*,  to  reoder 
them  \t*»  hritlle. 

Ztsc. — Tho  impnro  ciirbonivtx)  of  tine,  nndi-r  tiui  luuno  of  C^UaaMN 
PMBcfor,  is  nsccl  in  lh«  pnpftmtion  of  a  ralimble  healing  ointment,  aSki 
Tnrnvr'a  Ocn&te.  Hre  parts  of  lard  and  oneof  rean  an  mult«d  toaetlKr, 
and  when  these  begin  to  got.  cool,  tiro  parts  of  the  caUmino,  rodacea  to  sa 
inipaljiable  powiJor,  aro  xtirrod  in.  If  the  wonnd  is  not  honlthy,  a  snsU 
qoantity  of  common  tnrjwutin©  may  he  add^d.  This  salTti  jnirtly  t 
tVic  (lamfi  which  it  Las  gtuned,  'The  Elcaling  Ointment.'  The 
IN  Nomutiiues  sprinkled  with  adnmtogo  on  craclcod  heels  and  suf 
■urea. 

'rh«  mlphatA  of  siso.  While  Vitriol,  in  the  proportton  of  throo  gnin 
to  an  ouBce  of  water,  is  an  excellent  application  in  ophthalima,  when  A* 
iiifluffimatory  stnge  is  parsing  orcr;  and  quitter  is  most  saooesrfnll; 
treat«d  hy  a  stiliintt«d  aoliition  uf  white  vitriol  being  injected  into  IM 
BDOsen.  A  noliilion  of  wliite  vitriol  of  Itita  strength  forma  »  mtah  for 
groaiie  th&t  is  occosloDally  usefhl,  when  the  alnm  or  blue  vitriol  doo  not 
appi-ar  to  succeed. 

ZiNGiDEiits  Bamt, — Gini]tr  Hvot. — This  is  an  admirahlo  stimulant  aad 
carminntiTp.  It  is  nspful  in  loss  of  appetite  and  flatuhiit  colic,  irfaib)  it 
ronscs  tho  intestiual  caual  to  its  properaction.  TLc  cordial  inaM  rosovttd 
to  hy  the  best  surgeons  oonsists  of  equal  parts  of  ginger  and  gcntias 
beaten  into  a  mass  with  trmol*. 


f,  a  saaa 
mpeiMF 


CHAPTER    XXIV. 

POISONS 

^ita  poisona  by  which  the  horse  mnr  be  aSbct«d  are  divided  into 

riminrn.    vie.    auiinnl,  vegetable,  btiiI  mineml.      Tho  vimlont  effec 

nnimiil  poiHonN,  nueb  lui  tho  bito  of  vcniiinonM  reptilM,  are  lTe(]iientIr  oh- 
servi'tl  in  Lot  eliinat^a,  but  rarely  in  this  countiy.  I^o  vendible  tmisoa 
U  generally  the  result  of  tbo  animal  psrtaldng  of  it  in  eonnoction  with  Inl 
food.  Asarale,  ccTtnincluknict«rsai«po«e«BedbytheMpoiaonotia  pbwM^ 
which,  BssiKtcd  by  a  pticiiUar  instinct  on  th«  part  of  the  animal,  cwi 
him  to  avoid  tliom.  But  it  not  nufreqnently  happens,  partly  from  \ 
artificial  state  in  which  the  animal  is  kept  and  the  long-eon  tinned 
anoe  of  dry  food,  that  the  keener  instincts  of  his  oalnre  boconiQ  alt 
aad  aa  soon  as  he  is  tamed  ont  to  grass  or  tbe  opportunity  prcMtits  itwit 
heeacerlydevnon  almimt  any  green  saocnlontpKnt  that  come«  in  his  way, 
and  thtui  produced  injurious  aud  often  &lal  resaltn.  Tlie  poisonous  vBvcta 
of  the  third  divinion  or  mineral  poisons,  is  usually  oansvd  cither  by  tfaatr 
wilful  admiuistnLtioQ  or  by  an  overdose  when  given  as  a  mcdicutal  agoit 

Wo  cannot  do  better  thno  abbrovtafo  the  b'st  of  poisovoos  annits,  and 
the  means  of  averting  their  fulAl  influnnoo,  given  by  Profeaaor  Morton.  B 
wiQ  oooosionalty  be  exctxAaif^y  useful  to  the  proprietor  of  horvM. 

Ha  begins  with  the  Akimal  PoiEti:«s.  The  bite  of  Um  TmtR  h^  boa 
oooanonally  &taJ  to  dogs  and  sbeepi.    A  horse  was  btonght  to  tlieVotsri- 


FOIS0X8. 


«» 


iiMy  CoIIrb^  that  luwt  lic«n  bitlcn  in  iha  bind-lofi  while  hunting,  Tltfiro 
wa*  MiiuDdi-'niblL-  HWt'lliii;;,  And  Uii!  pluix'  of  tbi-'  bit«  wiM  ci-iiloiit  ODOOKb. 
Ur.  Ami^UODK  uiionbona  a  ca»e  in  wiuch  a  boi-M,  bitt«n  b7  u  viper,  sank 
into  a  kind  af  oomAt  from  which  bo  coiild  not  be  rotu«d.  The  aiitidat<H 
which  soldom  or  iwrcr  failii,  i*  iin  alkulitu)  sohitjon  of  ftlmosl  anj  kind, 
taken  iatomaUj  and  applic<t  extvmalljr.  Thcru  ui  no  cbomical  effect  on 
Um)  DirouhitiuQ,  bat  the  alkali  acta  aa  a  powerfol  oouater-irritnut.  la  very 
bad  caaes  opium  majr  be  added  to  the  alkaline  aolotioii. 

UoutTB,  Wicra,  &c- — ^Tboic  an  apokcn  oft  becaaso  thero  are  reoorda 
of  horaea  bwng  attacked  by  a  swonn  of  tham,  and  dcatrojrod.  The  oliro 
oil  IN  the  beat  extenial  applicalioa. 

CUTBAUDBS  oonatitate  a  ttaefal  dra^  io  eoine  caaea.  It  la  the  chief 
OOBstitnont  of  most  applications  nMtil  in  order  to  excite  the  proceaa  of 
bli«tf  rinr.  It  ia  occanonullv  (!iiipluy(.>d  ua  n  medicine  in  ■mail  qnaatltiea, 
and,  cmmnnod  nitb  veKetablti  tuuica,  it  hua  bwn  given  iu  atnnll  doaes,  for 
the  core  of  gLauden,  fare;,  acd  na»al  gleet.  It  ia  valoablo  in  canca  ol 
ftooanl  ma  extrem«  debility.  It  is  a  nsofal  general  stimulant  whim 
pdiounaljr  applind :  but  it  must  be  ^tch  in  small  discs,  and  Dever  exotpt 
nador  the  dirccliuu  of  a  skiUul  [irnctitiunor.  A  drm'hm  of  the  powdered 
flj  woold  destroy  almost  any  hone.  In  the  breedinfc  acMMm  it  iatoo  oiUsa 
BMnathttf  eiven  as  an  eacitant  to  Ute  horse  and  the  mara,  aud  many  a 
flhiable  animal  has  b««n  destroyed  li^  this  abominable  oracljce.  It  ia 
imalty  (pvon  in  the  fcmn  of  ball,  in  which  oaao  it  mny  bo  aetcct<<d  by  the 

Spcarnnoo  of  small  f-litur>iig  poi'tions  of  the  fly,  which  arc  sopsraled  on 
i  inner  nde  of  the  dtrng-ball  in  hot  water.  If  the  accidental  or  too 
aomatrfai  adnxiusbation  of  it  is  susnocted,  roconrsa  should  be  bad  to 
ueading,  pargioff.  nod  pisntiful  drvncJung  with  oily  and  demoloont  flaids. 

The  leaTcs  of  Uio  Yew  (Taxua  Baceata)  are  dangerooa  to  the  hone,  aa 
well  as  to  many  other  ammaU.  '  Two  horaea  thai  bad  been  employed  tu 
carrying  fodder,  were  thoughtleasly  placed  ander  a  large  yew-tne,  which 
they  cropped  with  nMracH.  In  threo  hosra  they  began  (o  stagger — both 
of  tbcm  djnppcd,  acii,  before  the  hanuMS  conld  bo  takt^n  off,  tucy  wera 
dead.  A  great  iiuantity  of  yew  leutea  v«ru  foond  in  ibe  Btumacbs,  which 
were  eontracU^d  and  inBaiaed.'  Ur.  W.  C.  Spooner  mcutiona  a  cnsc  of 
violent  suspicion  of  the  poiaoning  of  an  ass  aud  a  itinre  in  the  same  w^. 
On  the  other  hand,  Profosaor  Sowcll  saya  that  on  the  farm  on  which  M 
raddad  in  his  narly  yrjirs,  tbo  Iionti-a  and  cattle  liad  every  oppartnai^  nt 
Bating  TBw.  They  naatnicd  and  slept  under  the  shelter  of  yvw-trrca,  and 
were  oRea  obserred  to  browM  on  the  braucfaw.  Ho  tbiuka  that  th<ue 
MppoMd  oaaea  of  poisoaiing  hnTo  taken  place  only  whea  enormovs  quaow 
titida  C^tbo  nw  liad  been  eaten,  and  that  it  waa  more  acate  indigntiOB 
than  poisonuig.  There  are,  however,  too  many  casta  of  bones  dying 
afUir  uedinfc  on  the  yew  to  render  it  soifo  to  cnltivate  it  in  i1m  tieighWiir< 
hood  of  a  &rm,  either  in  the  form  of  tree  or  hedge. 

The  tnatmmt  sbooU  consist  in  the  admiuiattation  of  tar;^  donca  of 
olsaginons  pnrgntivca,  and  diffhuiUe  atimnlMiti^  snch  aatbo  spirit  of  uitrio 
otliar  or  arootttie  spirit  of  anmoaia  largely  diloled  with  water. 

Tht  Waiar  Drmwort  {CSnantkt  eroatta),  common  in  ditches  and  laanliy 
plaf— ,  ia  gntowy  nraaad  by  hones  ;  bnt  brood  marea,  with  appetite 
■jtuawhat  ntiatod  by  Iheir  bmng  iu  fual,  have  been  destroyed  by  it  Tlie 
antsdata  woold  be  vinanr  and  grael,  and  bleeding  if  there  uinflammalion. 

The  Bup^orbium,  or  Bpnrge,  BO  ootnnion  and  infantnns  an  ingrrdinnt  in 
the  Farrier's  Blister,  hae  daatrayed  many  a  liorac  from  Ibe  irritation  which 
it  has  set  np,  and  tlio  torlnro  it  boa  occuaioned,  and  shonld  never  find  a 
pUce  in  the  Veterinary  Pliarmaoopu-ia. 

Ctloeynlh  and  Elaleriwm  Eairty  rauk  anwog  tlie  sabetanocs  that  bx« 

a»X 


AM 


P01S0.V& 


jioiHonoiiK  ti>  tliQ  liomo;  nn(t  so  iloos  th«  Bryony  Root  (firaonfa 
nutwiUiKtnnding  tbut  it  ia  fruqii«iill}'  given  to  boraea,  in  munj*  parUof  tlw 
country,  as  &  great  promoter  of  condition.  Munv  »  yoDai;  hone  has  boen 
broogbl  into  R  stftto  of  artificinJ  conditioD  and  vi:i?itoiii«ni  hj  UMnieaf  tW 
Ilryony.  It  iv  onu  of  tho  ubotaiiikblo  Becr«t»  of  iLo  hurao-bniaker.  Tbit 
•rlute  of  exdtaliou,  bovreri^r,  boou  pUBsua  awiiy,  uid  ia  snocoeded  br  t«iu* 
porary  or  pennn.neDt  dimiiiutioa  of  vital  power.  We  have  oocuOMllr 
tnwinil  mni:h  mischief  to  thin  iiilanious  praclJcL-. 

Nolltiaa  iiijnriotis  is  the  Sniiin  (Junipprm  Sahina).  It  ifl  well  kn>oini 
&B  a  vermifuge  in  the  huinau  aubjuct,  aiid  it  in  occnaionaUj  given  to  the 
horss  for  tho  same  puiT>o8o  ;  bat  it  ia  a  fari>nrito  with  the  curtcr  and  tbv 
groom  ut  a  promoter  ol  condition.  A  very  preni  proportion  of  farmon' 
iorvautu  rt-'giird  it  aa  a  drog  elTrcting:  Romo  good  piupomn,  although  thoy 
can  si'HJvaly  iji'fjue  what  that  purfiusc  ia ;  and  there  ia  ausrcrly  a  oooBbr 
Btfthle  in  which  it  ia  not  occfiflioiwlly  found,  and  in  which  thf  hoi««  is  not 
rndiingcrod  or  porhnpg  dcstroyoal  by  its  uae.  It  ia  high  time  that  tha 
horao-mnotor  looked  moro  carefully  to  this,  and  auflorad  no  dntf;  to  ba 
adiuiniatered  to  hJa  horaoa  and  (Ntttte,  except  by  his  direction  or  that  of  tha 
medical  attendant.  The  &rmer  nnd  the  ^mtlnniian  can  eoarealT  coDoem 
to  what  an  abominable  extent  this  rile  prautJc«  prevails.  The  pr^wnce  ul 
nvin  will  bo  bc«t  dottM^lod  in  tho  atomach  of  «  hone  that  bns  died  nnd« 
snapioiouR  cirannwtancm,  by  tho  blarJi-eurmtU-lea/  smell  of  the  euiDlcnti 
when  boiind  in  u  little  wntcr.  or  Ijeiitcn  in  a  niart«^. 

Of  thu  MiNEiUL  Poisoss  it  will  be  utouaiuu-v  to  montioD  only  jhrrr. 
Artema  was  onoe  in  great  npote  as  a  toiuc  anj  rurmifngcL.  Laif^  doM* 
hare  been  gfiven  in  many  Tnatanona  with  impunity.  lusomecaites.  hovravw* 
the  dose  has  provH  too  poworfol,  and  tlie  animal  waa  deatroycd.  Uaar 
horses  and  other  aoirnnla  liave  also  bocn  dostroyod  by  the  araenjcal  ftnma 
givon  off  from  thu  tiii.bumiiig  houace  in  Cornwall  and  otborparta.  fHhtr 
castia  are  rcoordod  in  wlitoh  death  bae  resulted  from  its  wilful  adminisba^ 
tion,  and  also  throu);h  the  ij^oraoioe  of  the  wagmner  in  mixing  it  vith 
the  food  of  the  animal  with  a  view  of  ^rin^  him  a  sk«k  coat.  Tha 
following  symptonijs  will  gonpnilly  be  pressnt  in  poiaonioK  by  ataoiuo.— 
One  of  tne  earliost  indicatioria  la  a  ahtrurinff  lit ;  thcro  will  he  also  loM  of 
appetit«,  grout  proatration  of  strength,  a  ijuidc  hut  very  fvoble  pnlso^  uM 
eitrwnities,  purging  and  otiior  aymptoma  of  ahdominal  irritation.  Tka 
post-mortf'R)  appoiranois  will  gimfini.lly  indicateoousiderablctnflainniatiaa 
of  tho  internal  aurfaco  of  thu  stomac^h  and  bownls,  the  lining  meinhiane 
hfint;  eroded  iu  patchos.  The  anijdottia  in  a  uuao  of  poisoning  Inr  aneniD 
should  oonsiat  in  the  admin istmtion  of  lime-water,  cJialk  and  water  or 
soap  and  wnt«r  in  Urge  ({unntitica,  but  tlto  beat  romvdy  if  it  can  he 
obtained  is  tho  hydmlod  peroxide  of  iron.  Professor  Morton  aaya,  *thiB 
ia  to  be  given  in  large  quantities,  newly  prvpirod,  and  in  the  form  of  a 
Bod.  pnjite.' 

1'hc  following  tests  by  which  it  may  be  recopiiavd  arc  giroa  in  ProAnar 
Mortou'a  Mauufll  of  I'liarmacy; — 'ArwTiic,  if  mixed  with  oharooal 


heated,  emits  a  very  ptirceptible  ametl  of  garlic.  SuJphnreltod  hrdnm^ 
addod  to  a  WBt<Try  aolultun  of  arsenic,  throws  down  a  yellow  precipitator 
lime-water  a  whito  ono^^nd  the  ammonio-aolphate  of  copper  a  green 
one.'  There  are  also  two  other  -very  valnabla  testa  in  the  hasds  of  the 
chemist,  via.,  by  nast-ent  liydrogon,  by  what  is  termed  Marsh's  amwtatus, 
a  very  ddic^a  and  bcantilnl  modification  of  which  was  inbvanoed  bj 
Predfeaaor  Mntoo  a  few  years  ago.  Tbe  other,  which  ia  callod  Reiaaeli^ 
test,  consiats  in  obtaining  tho  -Ipposition  of  the  nnientc  on  fiae  capaee 
gnnsce,  and  atlirrwanla  rrdncing  it  in  a  tube  hy  means  of  heat. 
Omrotive  rS'HUinuit<  is^T«uw**>maUy,iuiduc<;aaionuily  with  advantage, 


'A 


POIROSS. 


»l 


I 

i 


» 


in  fkrey,  and,  m  an  extcmni  nppliottion,  it  is  nscd  to  dootrr^  Tonniii,  b> 
cure  nuuige,  tuid  ta  dispow  deep  »aA  Bstulons  ulcers  io  lie*). 

It  may,  bowcvor,  bo  mvea  io  too  large  *  dose,  the  aj-miitoioa  of  whioih 
m  loM  of  onpotita,  d{«eliiirgc  of  dnlim  fVnm  the  idodUi,  pawing,  lookint; 
m^orij  at  tho  flanks,  rolling,  pnifuiw  pcrspiraticiD,  Ihivmljr  potto,  r«pid 
nrcnkntw^  viuLcnt  purginff  and  KtmUiuij^,  eunynlaionii,  and  dcntJi. 

Tlie  sUMUuch  wi)lbefoiiDdintentii>l}'iDtIained,  with  patcbea  of  yet  ffRotti'r 
iuflaTninatioD.  The  wbolo  coiinw  ol'  the  inteslioe*  irill  bo  tDflamea,  with 
pnrtimlar  piirbt  hlnck  and  gnngt'i<noiiH. 

Thf  uulidol*,  if  it  is  not  too  latu  Ut  (ulmiiuafor  it,  would  be  tlic  white 
of  eggs  mised  with  water,  or  thick  starch  or  arrow-rm>t. 

Tho  following  alsn  n.nj  tlio  tcRls  of  corrosive  subKmate: — 'It  is  sublimed 
hj  heat,  loiTiiig  11(1  mndaum,  and  in  anliiblc  in  water,  alcohol,  and  Bnlphnric 
•ther.  Lino-wnter  BiTM  eithe^IlU■Inun•J'l^lI(>w  pnicinitato,  orabrick-dnKt 
red  one.  The  iodi£  of  potassiuui  ucvasions  a  §carW  precipitate.  Tlio 
most  canons  test  is,  however,  hy  means  of  ^Ivaniiiii].  A  drop  of  tlie 
aaspectcd  solution  is  pIiu;oil  oa  a  «omrci|i:D,  nnd  n  Nmnll  k«y  being  bronght 
into  oontact  simultiuicuajJy  with  both  thu  gold  and  tbo  solntion,  an  clec- 
trio  cturent  is  produced  wliich  dccomjioaen  the  biuldoride  of  nu.-rvarv,  for 
•ach  il  ia.  The  chlorine  nnitea  wiUi  the  iron,  and  the  raercurjr  witit  the 
goU. 

LmJ. — This  in  ita  mol&tlic  atato  has  little  if  anjr  effect  npoa  tho  horse, 
and  Hnmo  of  ita  aaltii  apnunr  to  have  been  givm  in  Tcrj:  large  <!oim  withont 
prvxluciii^  serious  r«sulttt.  Numurous  iiialauc««,  howevt-r,  are  recorded 
of  the  &tat  effects  of  Ibo  oxide  and  c^krhonate  of  this  metal,  open  boiwa 
and  cattle  in  the  ricinity  of  ti^nd-works  nml  rifle-botls.  The  ajraptoma 
gnnerally  Ext4.-tid  over  u  oonaidcTablu  lunfith  of  time,  and  nonsiat  in 
l^-ncral  dt-ronifi-iaeut  of  the  dij^mlivo  Sfntcin,  such  M  loss  of  appctiti?, 
falling  away  in  stivDgth  and  condition.  IVet^uent  ntlocka  of  colii\  with 
obatuiAto  conirt^ipntion  of  tho  bnwi-Is.  Tho  InttjT  is  not  atwaya  present, 
fant  aometimcj  continued  diiirrhtui.  The  animal  also  will  fn^nontly 
talbr  to  a  grvelvr  or  bns  i-itt-ul  trum  jjarBlysia.  The  rnncdiul  ufptnta  fur 
lead  poiaon  ohoold  oODsiat  of  active  pur^tivoa,  sulphate  of  niagiwaia  and 
croton  oil  being  tlis  beat;  this  shotild  be  followed  by  opinm.  If  diarrha'a 
be  |Hwsant  we  may  give  the  dilole  salpbnrio  arid  anil  opium,  with  on 
oeoaaiona]  doae  of  tnl ;  th«  aniiuni  iu  tJie  DteanliniB  bi-ing  kept  on  tbu 
BUMt  nntritioua  diet.  The  tests  for  the  lalla  of  lead  are  the  iodide  of 
potMsiaiD,  which  throws  down  a  yellow  precipitate  of  iodideofle*d.  dilute 
anlpbaric  acid  pnidiicot  an  abundant  white  prccipilnte,  and  hrdro*atpbunit 
cf  aaunociia  or  sulphureited  hydrogen  ms  oanwa  a  bruwn-bliurk  precipitiitu. 
80  deboale  is  tho  latter  tcei  tliat  Dr.  Taybr  asserts  that '  a  currutt  of  thJs 
vheD  properly  employed  will  rereal  by  toe  production  of  a  brown  tiiufe,  a 
«aart«r  nf  a  gntm  of  a  mlt  of  lead  in  a  gnlloo  of  water,  i.  e.  about 
I.300.000th  pitrt.' 

la  there  rt«Ily  occasion  fur  the  Oiwner  of  horma  to  be  acquainted  witb 
these  things?  Long  expcrieDceluBtaBghtthoMitlior  that  poisoning  with 
theae  drac>e  is  not  SOrarcaoircnnutaDco  mi  Momn  imagine.  In  the  farmer's 
stable  he  nos  oocnsioDaUy  been  compelled  unwillingly  to  decide  that  the 
death  of  one  or  more  hones  haa  been  altributabla  to  araenio  or  corrueivo 
sublimate,  and  not  to  any  peculiar  disease,  or  to  anything  wrong  in  tbo 
maoaer  of  feeding.  A  ecoondrcl  was  executed  in  1812  for  admiutstpring 
arsenio  and  eorroeire  sublimato  to  acvcml  hontcs.  Be  bud  been  ensased 
in  theeo  rnormitirx  during  four  long  yesn.  The  dianuded  or  oraMed 
carter  hae  wreaked  hia  rereago  in  a  aiBiilar  way ;  bat,  ofl«ner,  in  his 
isajtetnwa  to  get  a  mora  gleasy  ooat  on  his  horses  tlian  a  rival  servant 
coold  exhibit,  he  haa  tampered  with  these  dangerous  drags. 


50S  VICES  OF  THE  UOBSH 


P  CHAPTER   XXV. 

TBB  VICbft  ASn   DISAOREEABLE  OR   DANGBBOCS   ILAJItTS  Or   TUB 

UOU8B. 

Tbs  hone  hm  mnn^r  uxcelleut  qnalitiea,  bat  he  hu  IDcewLse  defects,  kiid 
tiiew  occuioiiully  ftniountii^  to  vices.  Sotno  of  thotn  may  be  ftttribotcd 
to  mtnmt  ti^i|i(.-r.  Tor  tlie  humaa  bong  aouiwly  diacovcn  more  pecutian- 
tiei  of  )uibit  and  (liapnsit.ion  thiui  docH  tbo  bonKi.  Tbo  tnnjoritgr  of  Ihi, 
liowever,  as  uerhapH  in  tlio  banuin  bvioft,  mn  ooitatHiuciKtia  of  a  fiuil^ 
edncattioD.  Tbcir  early  itmtmcUjr  has  been  ignoront  and  bruUd,  and  tliej 
lunboooma  ob*^iiat«  mid  vicioiu. 

SESTIVESKSS. 

At  Iho  head  of  tbc  vices  of  thu  bors«  in  niitTTTEXKSS,  tbo  most  umojinff 
and  till)  mo«t  Hanecrniii!  nf  all.  It  im  tliu  produce  of  bad  tMDpcr  and  worn 
education  ;  nnd,  like  ull  oth«r  h»btU  founded  on  tiaturo  and  irtjuDped  hf 
cdiifation,  it  is  inveterate.  Whether  it  appears  in  the  fonn  of  kiclnng,  or 
peurintt,  or  plnn^g,  or  bolting,  or  in  any  wny  that  thn-autua  danger  to 
the  rider  or  the  horBp,  it  rnrel;  (utmits  of  oarc.  A  dotermiuod  ridiir  maj 
to  a  ccrLiio  extent  siibjngnt«  tho  aninial;  or  tbo  honw  may  hare  im 
Rtvoiiritcs  or  form  hiK  attachmenta,  and  with  aame  [wrUicuLar  poraon  h« 
may  bo  compnrativcly  or  perfiK^tly  mana(;i?ablc ;  but  otbun  cannot  long; 
dqx-nd  upon  biiu,  and  even  his  muter  is  not  alwars  sore  of  him.  It 
i>  a  rule,  llmt  admits  of  very  few  exc^)taon«,  that  no  neither  dlt^jlaji 
Ilia  wisdom  nor  consalts  his  Ukfittj,  who  attompti  to  conquer  »  Rativa 
horse. 

An  exocllent  veterinary  sur|^n,  and  a  inao  of  (treat  expnrieacaiB 
borsi-M,  Mr.  Caatley,  truly  said,  in  '  The  Veterinarian,  — '  tVom  whatmr 
canao  ths  vicions  habita  of  horeea  may  ori^nato,  whetlior  (rom  some  mir 
tnanaframent  or  from  natnmi  badnRHK  (>f  ttimner,  or  fhom  whnt  is  catUed  ■■ 
YfAshiro  a  muMch,  whoneriT  tbeiw  aiiiinala  aeqnire  one  o£  tlwm,  aad  it 
ueoincH  in  some  degree  confirmed,  they  very  seldom,  if  ever,  altogatbv 
for^M  it.  tn  reference  to  driviof;  it  ia  so  tme,  that  it  may  be  takaa  m  ■ 
kind  of  aphorism,  thnt  if  a  horee  kicks  onoe  in  bamosa,  no  matter  Ihxn 
vrhftt  cauM),  be  will  In?  liable  to  kick  erer  afterwards.  A  good  ooarclimaa 
nutj'  drive  Uiiu,  it  is  irut.-,  and  innr  make  him  go,  bnt  be  cannot  make  him 
foi^-ct  bis  vice;  and  so  itis  iu  riding'  Yon  may  conquer  a  reettTe  faon^— 
vou  may  make  him  go  quiet  for  months,  nay,  almost  for  yean  togotkv; 
ont  I  afhrm  that,  nndor  other  oircnnistanccs.  and  at  some  ftitare  oppor- 
hiaity,  ho  wil]  bn  niro  la  rotura  to  big  old  trickis.' 

Mr.  C^tley  give*  two  aingnlar  and  eonclaiiiro  inatanoM  of  tlie  tnttfa  ol 
this  doctrine.  'When  a  very  yomi|{  nuui,'  Bays  he,  *I  lemember  put- 
ehaxing  a  horse  at  a  fair  ia  the  north  of  England,  that  «nu  eAtavd  raiy 
che«T)  on  aoconnt  of  his  boing  niunanagrable.  It  was  eaid  that  nobody 
OOOla  ride  him.  We  found  thai  the  animal  objected  to  have  anytliing 
placed  upon  hit  bnok,  anil  that,  wbm  madet«  idotc  forwatd  withnotliinff 
more  than  a  saddle  on,  he  inKtnntly  threw  himMlf  down  on  hia  aide  wiut 
great  violence,  and  would  then  ciid«*vour  to  roll  upon  hb  hack. 

*  There  was  at  that  time  in  Yorkshire,  a  famons  oolt-breaker,  known  by 
the  name  of  Jtimnit,  who  was  atmom  an  celebrated  in  that  connlry  for 
taming  riciout  bones  into  snhmiiutinn,  aa  the  famed  WnuiKUR  was  in 
Ireland.     We  pnt  this  tmiuud  into  Jumper's  bauds,  who  took  him  Kway, 


BESTIVENES3. 


m 


I 


koA  in  about  t«Ddkyabrou};Iil  Urn  home  aa^ii,oerl*iii]riioi  looking  w<>rn 
in  condition,  bal  perfocll j  suMoed  tuid  aunost  aa  obeoient  as  a  dog ;  for 
ho  wonid  tio  down  at  thi^  man's  bidding,  and  only  rise  again  at  hU  oou- 
mand,  and  cnrrv  donb!*'  or  uDjrtliing.  1  took  to  riding  him  mjaelf,  and 
tiiiy  suj,  Uial  I  wDa  never  bett«r  curric'd  fur  nix  or  (liglbt  nnoDtM,  dnring 
which  tinw  h«  did  not  show  the  least  vice  wlmU'wr.  I  then  aold  hiia 
to  a  l^cohishirv  farmer,  who  said  tha.t  he  would  give  him  a  nuuiaer'ii 
ran  at  graes,  and  show  him  aa  a  very  titio  horse  at  the  great  Uorncastie 
Ihir. 

'  Happening  to  BHM.>t  this  gcuUvnuui  on  tlut  following  yew,  I  naturally 
enough  nxnued  aft«r  my  old  friend.  "  Oh,"  aaid  he,  "  that  wiia  a  biul 
baaineea — um  horse  tnmed  ont  a  nd  rebel  lite  first  time  we  attviuj>t«Hl 
to  mount  hint,  after  goUing  him  npfrom  gross,  ho  in  an  instant  threw  th« 
nan  down  with  the  ffrcuti-xt  riolunoo,  pitching  him  savarol  yards  ov«t  his 
headland  aiU-r  tluit  ii«  threw  uvei7onathBiatfeamptod  tognt  on  hiw  bock. 
If  ha  ooold  not  throw  his  rider,  h£  tpoaht  Ibrow  hmteU  deim,  Wu  could 
do  BOthing  witli  him,  and  I  was  obliged  at  last  to  sell  him  to  go  in  a  stag«- 
coach."  ■ 

In  the  iwxt  story.  Jnmppr's  conntornart  and  imporior,  the  Irish  Whis- 
peicr,  in  bronght  on  thi-  xtnge,  and  although  ho  performed  wondcrit,  b« 
could  not  radically  cure  a  restive  horse.  '  At  Ui«  Spring  meeting  of  1804, 
Mr.  Wliallty's  Kiso  PiFPUt  was  broofcht  on  the  Curragli  of  Kild^  to  run. 
lie  wu  a  horsT  of  tbo  most  cxtTaordinniry  savage  and  vicions  di^wsittou. 
Hia  psffticnlar  pnijKnuily  wa«  that  o{  flyiity  at  and  teorrviotf  anv  pctrton 
who  caoH  within  hia  reauh,  and  if  be  had  an  opportunity,  lie  would  gitt  liis 
head  round,  seuw  his  rider  by  the  ley;  with  his  teeth,  and  drag  hint  down 
from  his  back.  For  this  reason  be  was  Always  ridden  with  what  is  called 
a  neord ;  which  is  a  strong  flat  stick,  having  ono  cad  attached  to  the  ohcak 
of  the  bridle,  and  th«  other  to  the  girtii  of  the  aadcUc,  a  contrtvanix  to 
prcvpnt  a  horse  of  this  kind  from  gvttinic  at  hia  rider. 

'King  Pippin  had  long  been  difficnlt  to  mati^;e  and  dsngerons  to  go 
near  to,  but  on  the  oci^asion  in  question  li«  could  not  be  got  out  to  mn  at 
alL  N(^>ody  coidd  put  the  briM*  upon  Aw  h^fid.  It  being  EasUr  Monday, 
and  oonsequontlr  a  great  holiday,  them  wna  a  large  conoonne  of  peoplo 
asaembled  ai  the  Conagh,  DODSistinfr  principally  of  the  neighboonng 
peasaatiy :  and  one  ooontiTiaaD,  mote  warloas  than  the  rest  of  the  lookan* 
on,  Ibi^otttng,  or  perhaps  norer  dreaming,  that  the  better  part  of  coura^ 
ia  disorotion,  roluntMriNl  hia  anrrires  to  bridle  tho  horse.  Ifo  aoonor  had 
ho  oonuniltcd  hiin««lf  in  this  0|)eintion,  than  King  Pippin  aeitcd  him 
soaiewliere  about  the  shoolders  or  chest,  and,  says  Air.  Watta  (Mr. 
Caatley'e  informant),  "  I  know  of  nothing  I  can  compare  it  to  ao  inuch  aa 
•  do;;  shaking  a  rat."  Fortunately  for  the  poor  fellow,  his  body  was  vei^ 
thickly  corrrcd  witJi  cluthea,  fur  on  unrli  ocxmsicinH  an  Irishman  of  this 
claM  is  fond  of  diiplayiiig  his  wardn>U>,  and  if  he  Aiu  Ihrte  trial*  ai  ali  w 
ho  is  Boie  to  pnt  them  all  on. 

*  This  eiicnDMtanoe  in  all  prabability  Karcd  tlie  individual  who  had  so 
▼olMStoOTcd  tho  fortoni  hope.  UispcmoD  was  ao  deeply  enveloped 
tonmonta,  that  tho  horse  never  gut  fairly  hold  of  his  akin,  aioA  I 
mtdantaad  that  he  eaeaped  with  hot  little  injury,  beside  the  sadly  reel 
and  totally  roiu>ed  atato  ofhia  holiday  tog^ry. 

'Thit  Whiqnrer  was  sent  for,  who,  having  arriviil,  wa*  nhnt  up  with 
ttia  hone  aUmghti  aod  in  Ow  mumingboeihibitrd  thishilbi-rtolcroeinuji 
■nimal,  fiiUowing  him  ulnul  tlie  oourse  like  a  dog — lying  down  at  his 
ooramaiKl — suffering  liis  mouth  to  bv  opened,  and  any  poraon's  hand  to  be 
intnidnoed  into  it — in  short,  aa  quiet  almost  as  a  aheop. 

*Ha  came  oat  the  same  meoting,  and  woo  his  raoe^  and  hia  docility 


SQ4 


VICES  OP  THE  nOESE. 


coDtinued  satisfactory  Tor  n  cnnnidcrikbl*  time;  buf  at  tKt  «nd  of  tlbtA 
thrsg  yean  hit  »!co  Tutumcd,  and  Uicn  bo  U  sud  to  have  IdUe^  a  moa,  Inr 
which  ho  was  doKtraycil.* 

It  initj  notbci  uuiiitvrestinfr.  in  coniiectioiiwttlithia,  togircsomeacnoat 
of  tbiei  tuuer  of  quadruped  vice.  However  stmnRa  and  magical  hia  powtr 
may  M-um  to  be,  there  is  no  doubt  of  the  truth  of  th«aovouitl  that  m  gim 
of  him.  TheEer.  Mr.  Townmnd.  in  his  .St-ntisti«il  Snn-ey  of  Cork,  fint 
introdiiirnl  liim  to  tlio  notioe  of  titc  [lublic  gnnr-ntllr,  although  hia  ftms 
bad  loiiii"  spread  OTer  that  part  of  Ireland.  We,  however,  givo  Um  fcl> 
]0Wiog  ortract  from  '  Croker's  Fairy  Legetids  and  Tradiliotm  of  Ir>?liii"l,' 
part  II.  p.  300,  for  bis  pcrformsjicee  eeem  the  work  of  sumu  elfin  simte^ 
rather  than  ofn.  nitle  and  ipnomnt  horsi> breaker. 

'  Hn  wan  ail  awkward,  igiiotiint  nistic  of  the  lowest  class,  of  the  nme 
of  Sullivan,  hut  belter  known  by  the  appelUtitm  of  tho  Whisperer.  Uil 
occupation  was  horae-breaklng.  The  niekiiume  be  u^rqairM  fmio  tfa* 
vn.lj,'ap  notion  of  bia  l>eing  able  to  comrniinicute  to  the  animal  what  bt 
wished  by  means  of  a  whisper ;  and  the  eingulnnty  of  his  method  aeennd 
in  aoino  degtvc  to  justify  the  snpposition.  In  his  own  neiirhboarhood  tbi 
notoriety  of  the  fuot  nuule  it  seem  k-as  remarkable,  bnt  I  doubt  if  any 
instancQ  of  similar  subjugating  talent  is  to  b«  faimd  on  rceord.  As  fiu-  a* 
the  sphere  of  his  control  eitended,  the  boast  of  vent,  ruli,  viai,  waa  Eoon 
justly  claimed  by  Snllirnn  than  «vcd  by  Coisar  himaelf. 

*  How  bis  art  was  acquired,  and  in  what  it  eonsisted,  is  likely  to  be  liir 
ever  unknown,  lis  he  has  labrly  (about  1810)  left  tlie  world withont  divnlginfr 
it.  His  sou,  who  follows  Uie  same  trade,  possMscs  but  a  smiill  portino  a 
the  art,  having  either  never  learned  the  true  secret,  or  beine  incapable  of 
putting  it  into  practice.  Tho  wonder  of  his  skill  consisted  in  the  CflrrityN 
of  the  operation,  which  wa»  pcrformod  in  privacy,  withoot  any  appuivat 
moans  of  coercion.  Ev«ry  ilaicrintion  of  horse  or  ovon  mah^  vrDetlief 
proviooaly  broken  or  uubandled,  wnuluver  tbdr  pMinliar  habits  or  tiom 
mi^ht  have  beeu,  submitted  without  show  of  reftistanco  to  tlio  nagical 
influence  of  his  art,  and  in  the  short  space  of  half  an  hour  beoomo  gentlt 
and  tractable.  This  effect,  tboueb  instantaneously  produeod,  waa  gtmnally 
durable.  Thongh  more  «ubmifisiTa  to  bim  than  to  others,  tbe  liiim»*t 
aeewed  to  have  acquirr^d  a  docility  nnknown  before. 

'  When  sent  fur  lo  tame  a  vicious  beast,  for  which  he  waa  either  paid 
according'  to  the  dislAuce,  or  generally  two  or  Lbruv  guineaH,  he  dircctod 
the  sitablp,  in  which  he  and  the  object  of  the  Mperiment  were,  to  be  ilial, 
witb  orders  not  to  open  tho  door  nntil  a  signal  was  given.  Ailer  a  Ul»^ 
lete  of  about  half  an  hour,  during  which  little  or  no  bnxtle  ivas  bcAid, 
the  signal  was  made.  and.  upon  opeuiug  tlie  door,  tho  bontc  ajipearod  lyinff 
down,  and  the  ninu  by  hisside, pUjiug  wilh  him  like  acbild  with  apa|^f 
dog.  Prom  that  time  ho  was  found  perieelly  willing  to  submit  to  any 
discipline — howeriT  repugnant  t-o  bis  nature  heforc."  '  1  once,"  couUnnaa 
Mr.  Crtiker,  *  Miw  his  udll  tried  on  a  horso,  which  could  ni-vcr  before  be 
brought  to  stand  fur  a  smitb  to  shoo  hiiD.  Tho  day  after  Sullivan's  faalf 
hour  It  lecture,  I  went,  not  without  some  iuereduhty,  to  the  emith's  shopv 
with  many  other  cnrioos  Bpectatoi-s,  where  we  were  eye-wilneasea  of  toa 
complete  success  of  his  art,  I'his,  too,  had  boon  a  troop  horse,  and  it  waa 
EUpposod,  not  withont  mumn,  tbnt  after  regimental  di«cipIino  bad  fiukd, 
no  other  woidd  bo  found  availing.  I  obicnrod  that  tlie  animal  appealed 
tviritied  whenever  SuUirau  cither  apuku  to  or  looked  at  him;  how  thai 
eztnordinary  ascendency  oould  havo  b«<uu  obtained,  if  difficalt  to  con- 
joctore, 

*  In  oonjnoa  cases  this  mystorioos  pivjiaration  waa  onncoMsary.  Ha 
seomod  to  poMeM  an  instinctive  power  of  inspiring  awc^  tb*  rtmlf.  per- 


BACKING    OR   OIBBtXO. 


SOS 


haps,  of  Riihiral  intrepidity,  in  which,  t  boliow,  m  ffreat  part  of  bin  int 
canmHtKdi  tlumg'li  the  oircutnitiuicp  of  tho  Ul*-A-lei<^  showv  that,  ou  pttr- 
tionlftr  oooMlon%  K»u«thiiiK  muru  niiiHt  linvn  hnm  iidtlod  to  it.  A  faculty 
like  this  would,  in  Bonii>  haiidH,  liavo  miult^  u  I'ortaDo,  iwd  1  nnderatand 
thnt  gra>t  offers  woro  mmio  to  biin  for  tlie  exurcuH!  uf  kid  art  alnxtad.-  Bat 
hantiiig  wu  his  |Nifiiion.  Ho  livi^d  »t  homo  in  the  fitjlomost  sgreuable  to 
liis  diiipiuiliuu,  tutd  nothing  uoald  indoco  him  to  quit  Dnltallow  aod  tho 
fo<-huuii<ta.' 

Mr.  (.'«stlpy  witnessed  tlie  totaJ  f^u.t«  of  th«  joungor  Sallivtui.  lie 
snys,  '  Wc  hftvo  in  the  regiment  a  remarkably  aioo  horse,  called  Loncgr, 
tliat  haM  ulwajTH  IxK-n  very  difficult  to  shoe;  vaktvnm  or  eight  yean  ago, 
when  ire  fint  got  him,  he  mn  downright  vtcions  in  that  reepect.  When 
tb»  regiment  was  etalioned  at  Cork,  the  farriQr>mttjor  songbt  ont  Kho 
present  SntUvaa,  the  oon  of  tho  celebrate  Whisperer,  and  firuugbt  him 
np  to  the  barracks  in  order  to  try  hin  hanii  npon  LancoT.  and  uuiko  bita 
men  peaceable  to  shoe ;  but  1  moat  (Ay  thio  [icnioti  did  not  »ppt<ar  U> 
poeWiS  any  particnlar  coiitroUitiK  [>ownr  over  Uui  animal  mom  than  any 
other  man.  Lancer  seemed  to  pay  uo  atleutiou  whatever  to  his  uharm, 
and  at  last  fairlv  beat  him  out  of  tho  tbrg«<.  Time,  however,  aud  a  loaj; 
pontovoimnco  in  kind  and  gvntle  tn^tmont,  hare  effected  what  force  could 
not.    The  bone  is  now  pretty  reaaonublo  to  shoe.' 


BICEIBS  OR   eUBtBO. 

One  of  the  first  kinds  of  rcstivcnc*",  taking  them  in  alphabotical  order, 
ia  backing  or  gibbing.  Tlic^su  am  so  closely  aliii^  that  wo  banlly  know 
how  to  Boparate  ttiem.  Somo  boriH-s  have  the  habit  of  bucking  at  fxni 
•tartiDg,  and  that  more  from  playftUness  than  desire  of  miscbiof.  A 
moderate  ^tpUcation  of  the  whip  wilJ  amudly  bo  effeottial.  Others,  oron 
aA«r  slartuig,  exhibit  considerable  obittinai^y  and  vicionsness.  This  is 
frvoncntly  tho  effect  of  bod  briKiking.  Etthur  the  shoulder  of  the  horse 
had  been  wning  when  be  was  fint  put  to  tlie  coUar,  or  be  bad  b«<tin  fuol- 
iahly  aooostomed  to  be  started  in  the  break  vp-hiU,  and,  tliereforc,  all  his 
work  coming  upon  him  at  once,  he  gradaaUy  acqoired  this  dangerani 
habit, 

A  biuily  and  pasuionntc  brenkor  will  often  make  a  really  good-tompervd 
youug  home  an  inveterate  tribber.  Every  Toung  borae  b  at  first  shy  of  the 
collar.  If  be  is  too  quickly  forced  to  throw  his  weigtit  into  it,  he  will 
poesibly  take  a  dislike  to  it|  Uial  will  ocpa«jonally  tJiow  it««lf  in  the  form 
of  gibbing  n«  long  as  he  tim.  The  jndicioas  lior«o-brc«kor  will  resort  to 
no  acrcrify,  ercn  if  tho  oolt  should  go  oat  sevtral  tira»*  without  even 
touching  collar.  Tfaoexarople  of  bis  companion  will  nltiinati'Iy  induce  him 
to  lake  to  it  Tolontarilj  aud  dToctually. 

A  large  and  heavy  stone  should  bn  pot  behind  tho  wheel  before  starting, 
wheo  tluD  horee,  6naing  it  more  difficult  to  buck  tban  to  go  forwwtl,  wUl 
gradually  forget  this  unpluasaot  trick.  It  will  tikowiw  be  of  adnntage^ 
an  oflcu  a«  it  oan  he  managed,  so  U  Start  that  the  horao  shall  hare  to  back 
np-hill.  The  difflcnl^  of  aocomptishiiie  tliii  will  aoom  make  him  nadilv 
go  forward.  A  Uttla  coaxing,  or  leawng,  or  moderate  ftagellation,  viU 
aasiat  in  aooampltdiiBg  the  cure. 

Whoa,  howavar.  a  oonc,  thinking  thut  bo  has  bad  eDongb  of  work,  of 
baa  been  improperly  cheeked  or  corrected,  or  bei^nnlng  to  not  the  painful 
peaanuv  of  the  collar,  swervM,  aad  gibo,  and  backs,  it  is  a  more  wrioaa 
natiar,  Pprmuion  abonid  flnt  be  tried ;  and  afterwards,  rcaaonable 
cuereian.  Lot  uo  cruelty :  for  the  farutulity  which  is  oAcd  ex«reisad  is 
•tton^ting  to  compel  a  gibbing  horsu  to  throw  hinaelf  habittuDy  into  Uw 


S06  VICES  OF  THE   UOUSB.         ^^^^^B 

ootlar,  never  yet  accomplieb^  th«  purpose.  The  horse  maj,  pednpt,  1» 
vrliippe<l  into  motion  ;  but  if  ho  hiu  ones  bc^n  to  gib,  he  will  hare  re- 
oourae  to  it  ngnin  whunowr  nay  drcanutanoo  dtsploMM  or  anuo78  him. 
and  the  habit  will  be  ao  mpiiUy  muL  completelj  formocl,  that  be  will 
become  inscosihle  to  all  soverily. 

It  is  Dselues  and  iiaii(,i>roaa  to  contend  vith  a  horse  detertnuMid  to  bujc, 
unless  there  is  pinnty  of  room,  and,  by  tight  reining,  the  drirer  can  mako 
him  bock  in  tfao  precise  direction  be  wiahn*,  and  cspocinllj  np-hill.  Sncb 
m  horse  sboald  be  immeiliaLi.'ly  sold,  or  turnMl  over  to  nnaiv  otlutr  mrit:. 
Xn  a  stage-ooach  aa  a  vhoeler,  and  poriiculurlv  on  the  near-wboolcr ;  or, 
in  the  middle  of  a  team  at  agricnltaral  work,  he  may  bo  aerrtoeaUc 
It  will  be  Qselusa  for  him  to  ntt<;mpt  to  gib  there,  for  he  will  be  drafnc<^ 
along  by  bis  oompiuiiunB  wlic4licr  bo  will  or  not ;  ftnd  finding  the  inutiliiT 
of  resistance,  he  will  aoon  be  induced  to  work  an  well  urn  any  hono  in  the 
team.  The  refonuation  will  loat  while  be  in  thus  employed,  bot,  like 
reeliveness  (^norally,  it  will  be  deloaive  when  the  horse  reluiita  to  lii* 
former  occnpn.tion.  The  disposition  to  annoy  will  very  soon  follow  the 
powor  lo  do  it.  Some  iMUunem  of  complete  rofonaMioa  ma;  have 
ODCorrod,  bat  they  ore  rare. 

When  a  horse,  not  ofleo  accustomed  to  e^b.bctrayH  a  relucbmce  to  voric, 
or  a  dotermiiiAtion  not  to  work,  coiniaoD  sense  and  hunuuuty  will  '*"""i"t 
that  some  con.tidcmtion  should  ^  taken  beforo  mnuorea  of  aererity  Me 
TdBorted  to.  The  honte  may  be  taxed  beyond  his  power.  I  [e  soon  dis- 
covers whether  this  is  the  ease,  iind  by  refuainR  to  prow-'ed,  tells  his  driver 
that  it  ia  so.  The  ntmost  cmelty  will  not  induce  many  horMMt  to  mako  the 
slightest  effort,  whan  th^  are  conscious  tlist  ihoir  strength  is  inadoqnale 
to  the  ta.4k.     SoraetiniM  the  withers  ar«  wmnp,  and  tho  sbouldcra  Mdlj 

failed,  and  the  pain,  wbic^h  is  intense  on  level  groond  and  witli  Imt 
rougiit,  b(M?oai«s  influ|)porLable  when  he  togs  np  a  steep  acolivi^.  TheM 
things  should  be  eianuned  into,  and,  if  possible,  reotified  :  for,  nndor  such 
oircumatances,  eruoUy  may  prodnco  obstinacy  and  vice,  bat  uot  willii^ 
obodioncc. 

Thtiy  who  are  aooualomed  to  horses  know  what  ■oomins'ly  trivial  cjrcso* 
stances  oueiiaiciially  produce  this  vice.  A  horse,  whose  uiouldcn>  ore  niw, 
or  have  ri'eijui'ntJv  been  so,  will  not  start  with  a  cold  collar.  ATlion  tke 
eoUar  bafl  ncqnirea  the  warmth  of  tho  pnrls  on  which  it  prcseca,  theoiuBinl 
will  go  without  rohictnnoe.  Some  determined  fibbers  hare  bnen  refiwned 
by  constantly  wearing  a  false  collar,  or  strip  of  dotli  round  tbu  shonldaM, 
so  that  the  coldness  of  the  usual  collar  should  never  be  felt ;  and  othsn 
liavebeen  cnmd  of  gihbing  by  kecpicgtlic  collar  on  night  and  day,  for  lbs 
animal  ia  not  able  to  lie  down  completely  at  Inll  length,  which  tlie  timd 
horse  is  always  ^lad  to  do.  Wliun  ii  home  gibs,  notat  atorttn^,  but  while 
doing  his  work,  it  has  sometimes  been  useftS  to  line  tho  oolUr  wiUt  cloUi 
instead  of  leather ;  the  perspiration  is  readily  absorbed,  tho  snbataace 
which  presses  on  the  Nhoiildcr  is  Koftcr,  and  it  maybe  far  more  aecnmtcly 
oa«cd  off  at  n  tender  place. 

Mr.  Ritrey'H  method  of  curing  the  pbbinghoT»«  is  of  tba  simplest  na> 
tare.  At  starting  he  pals  the  neod  and  uoai,  talking  to  the  horse  in  the 
most  soothing;  accents,  lie  then  stands  immediately  in  front  of  him,  takes 
the  bridle  reins  closo  np  to  the  bit  in  both  hands,  and  gently  indnces  the 
itniin^I  to  move  bin  fori!  tegs  alono  two  or  thrpu  pnccn  U>  the  left.  He  then 
paoeea,  oareiuies  the  horse  afix-tih,  and  movos  him  as  many  pooes  to  the 
right.  Mr.  11.  oonllunea  tliis  process  until  he  has  induoed  the  hons  lo 
novo  entirely  round,  or  as  much  as  possible  in  a  oirole  in  both  dinetioiM. 
By  that  time  tho  horse  will  have  borne  woll  upon  the  ooUor,  and  will  oot 
nbss  to  draw  in  any  diroctiuu.     Shvuhl  the  horse  evinos  dotsrminied  tmm^ 


I 


tbon  tho  tntnin^iuid  tnuning  systnn  mustborepcftt«dsevQrn]  timeeft-da/, 
or  ontil  the  borM!  has  became  porfcctly  tracUblo. 

Tliis  is  eit}i«r  the  consequence  of  luittunl  ferocity,  or  a  haHt  scunii«d 
froui  the  foolish  and  UsMng  play  of  grooius  and  Htable-bofK.  When  a 
hor«o  is  tickled  and  pinch«d  oy  thoughtleas  and  miaohioTous  j-onths,  ho 
will  fii»t  protend  to  bito  liin  toTmentorK ;  by  dwreee  he  will  proceed  farther, 
and  acluallj  bite  Ihom,  nod,  vitt  ■uon  lutcr  utat,  he  will  M  the  first  to 
vliallonga  la  tht>  combat,  and,  vrithoat  provocation,  mrxo  eotno  opportunity 
tu  gripe  tlic  ineantioiu  tormentor.  At  leu|^,  aa  Uie  tovo  of  miHchief  is  a 
■iropousitr  too  easily  acquired,  thia  war,  half  playful  and  half  in  cnmcst, 
Dndanwa  babitnal  to  him,  and  dDgnDontoe  into  abeolote  vidoimni. 

It  ia  not  poacible  to  enter  tho  alall  of  ■omoborsMwithoat  danger.  Tho 
aoitDiU  givt«  no  wamiiiK  of  bia  intontion  ;  heisaaoiDingly  qui«t  and  harm* 
Uias  :  but  if  the  iucaotioas  by<efaaider  oomea  E&irif  within  his  remch,  be 
darta  t^KMt  him,  and  seldom  Ula  to  do  some  miaohiuf.  A  ataJlion  addicted 
to  biting  ia  a  most  formidnbto  croatora^  He  tifta  the  iutrader — he  tOiakcJi 
lim — ho  attacks  him  with  hiii  f<^et — he  tnmpW  npon  him,  and  Uinrc  are 
many  iniitanoRs  in  wlucli  lieefTfctairrepamblcmisRhicf.  A  reaohit«groom 
may  eacapo.  When  he  haa  once  «■(  bin  bold  of  Uio  hood  of  the  hone,  ba 
tnay  back  him,  or  mantle  him,  or  naneas  hiia  [  but  ho  mnst  be  alw&ya  on 
hta  gaud,  or  in  a  mooMiDt  of  oarwloaaiMMe  he  may  be  aononaly  ininrvd. 

It »  aeldom  that  anvthing  can  be  dona  in  the  way  of  com.  Kindntm 
will  ngEmvato  tho  evil,  and  no  dugno  uf  aovcrity  will  correct  it.  *  I  hare 
aLirti,'  Mya  PrufeMor  Stvwart,  in  liia  '  Stable  Economy,'  '  bitors  poniahed 
Bntil  tb^  trembled  in  every  joint,  and  wen  ready  to  dro]>,  Init  have  never 
in  aay  ease  known  th«m  cnrod  by  this  treatment,  or  by  aoy  other.  Tho 
lash  is  forgotten  in  an  hour,  and  thn  horse  is  aa  ready  and  determined  to 
rvpeat  the  oflcnce  as  before.  Ho  appeura  unable  to  resist  tlie  temptation, 
and  in  ita  worst  form  bating  is  a  species  of  tuHauilr.' 

With  a  biting  bone  there  should  be  no  time  lost  tn  oomroencing  and 
eontiinuiv  tbe  taming  and  training  system  of  Iklr.  Itarey.  The  operator 
nqr,  ncaviy  ae  soon  as  ho  baa  thrown  the  horee  down,  confine  his  trcnt- 
inant  to  lifting  tho  hood,  bringing  it  close  to  his  own  bndyns  ho  sila  npon 
ihe  shon]d«r,  and  fordng  both  of  the  jnwn  into  imnvediiitti  and  rpp«at«d 
contact.  In  th«i  net  of  monuling  care  must  be  taken,  Llinl  n  ntmng  strain 
be  made  npon  the  off  rein,  so  that  Ihe  miuule  of  die  liorsc  be  well  inclined 
fixm  Ibe  limb  or  person  of  tho  rider.  In  approaohiug  a  biting  colt  in  a 
looaebox,  it  will  be  quite  neoeesary  to  be  nrmod  with  a  pliable  cutting  whip 
to  nse  npon  great  tmfrgeacj.    The  mnencn  of  throwing  the  lasso  would 

C3n  invahiabla  in  this  instance.  Fur  safety,  pinoe  ibocolt  in  a  loom  box 
nag  tfaa  balf-door  open.  Bemaln  by  the  open  door,  bat  out  of  nadt, 
OBti]  the  cnriouly  of  the  animal  be  excited,  and  be  approacbea  lo  smell 
tbo  open  hand,  then  proceed  to  baadle  him  in  the  gentlest  manner. 

Prmntion,  however,  is  in  the  power  of  every  proprietor  of  homa. 
While  bo  innsta  on  gentle  and  humane  LreatmeDt  of  bin  cattle,  be  skoald 
l^ttamalicaUy  Ibrbid  this  lunae-play.  It  is  that  which  ran  nerer  be  oon- 
aidered  aa  operating  as  a  r«ward,  and  Uioreby  rendering  the  lii>re«  tractable; 
nor  does  it  increase  tb«  affcotinn  of  the  animal  for  his  groom,  bocaoae  he 
is  annoyed  and  irritated  by  bring  thus  inceaaantly  teased 

OEITtlO   TH£   CBC£I   OF   THE    BIT   UTTD   THE    HOUTB. 

Some  borava  that  an  disposed  to  be  miachicvoas  tr^  to  do  tliis,  and  ai« 
expert  at  iL  They  soon  Ind  what  adrnntago  it  giroa  them  over  their 


SOS 


VICES   OP  TEIE   HORSE. 


driver,  who  hj  tliis  manceuvTu  loai-a  almost  til  ooromAnd.  Biuvh  trcKtoMBk 
is  hpro  flompktel^  out  of  the  que^ion.  AU  that  can  h«  done  ia,  by  aomm 
Ricohiinicul  coutrtvaoce,  to  render  the  thing  difficult  or  iiupoMible,  and  tlu 
may  be  luana^'ed  by  fasteoinK  n  round  pwco  of  Ukther  on  the  inside  of  ike 
chuek  of  the  bit. 

KICK  ma. 

This,  ns  a  vice,  is  another  conso^utiico  of  the  cntpnble  habit  of  groOBl 
and  xtablobnys  of  tnnfiing  the  horsr^.  'f  liat  which  is  at  first  an  indlcMiOB 
of  nniioj'unuc  nt  tlic  piiichiu|^  and  ticktiti^  iif  thu  groom,  and  withoat  mbj 
di-Biffii  to  iujnre,  gradually  becoin<!B  tliu  eipresiiion  of  sngcr,  atid  tbo  eflbrt 
to  do  mischief.  The  horse  hkewise  too  soon  reccgniaes  the  least  ap[>«atai>es 
pf  titnitlity^,  and  takes  odvnatAgo  ot  the  disooTory.  Tlutrr  is  no  core  Cbr 
ttiia  vice ;  and  ho  connut  bo  juHtififid  who  kcop*  a  kicking  hoTSS  in  ha 
stable. 

Some  horses  acqnire,  i^om  mere  irritabllilT  and  fidgetiness,  a  hahit  d 
kicking  at  the  stjill  or  the  hnil,  and  parti culnrly  at  niffht.  The  Qeighhomt- 
ing  horsce  nra  diitiirlH^  and  thn  kicker  gcta  t^appmi  Tiockn,  or  some  man 
8i.<riouH  injury.  Tliia  ia  iUko  a  habit  very  diQioiul  to  oorrvctt  if  Rnffered  to 
become  established.     Mares  are  tat  more  subject  to  it  than  horaca. 

Dcforo  tho  habit  is  inveterCLtsly  established,  a  thorn  bush  or  a  plooe  of 
fhrze  &«tenod  agniniit  the  partition  or  post  wilt  aomntinies  oSect  &  out. 
WJien  the  horse  fiuda  that  he  ia  pret^  severely  pricked  ho  will  not  long 
continue  to  punish  hJiiiaftf.  lu  coafirmed  cases  it  may  be  ncccssaiy  to 
have  recoorse  to  the  log,  but  the  legs  are  of^en  not  a  littlo  bmii*cd  by  it, 
A  nithcr  long  and  heavy  piece  of  wood  attached  to  a  chain  haa  hoen 
bueklo<l  above  tile  hiiuk,  so  as  to  reach  about  half  way  down  the  le^. 
When  tho  horao  attempts  to  kick  i-iok-ntly,  his  leg  will  rcoeiro  k  e9VM* 
blow;  this,  and  the  repetition  of  it  may,  alter  a  time,  teaoh  him  tob* 
quiet, 

A  much  more  serious  vice  is  kicking  in  hikmess.  From  tho  least  annoy- 
lUitm  about  the  nuup  or  quarters,  some  horses  will  kick  at  a  moflt  violent 
rate,  and  denlj'oy  the  hotloia  of  the  chaise,  and  oudanjjor  the  limbs  of  tbtt 
driver.  I'hoso  that  are  tidi,'oty  in  the  stable  are  most  apt  to  do  this.  If 
the  reins  should  poi'cbnDce  gi>t  under  tho  tail,  the  violenco  of  the  kialoff 
will  oftffn  bo  most  ont.i'ng>eous ;  and  white  tho  animal  prrssca  down  his  tail 
HO  tiifhtly  that  it  is  idtiioBt  inipusBiblu  to  extricate  the  reins,  bo  oontiniiM 
to  pluuj^'e  until  he  has  demulisht^d  everythinfr  behind  him. 

Thix  i«  a  vice  Htnndin!*  fori'mo^t  in  point  ot  danger,  and  which  no  In  at 
inent  will  idvmys  conquer.  It  tviil  bo  altogether  in  rain  to  try  coercioa. 
If  the  shafU  are  very  strong  and  withont  ibw,  or  if  they  arc  plated  witli 
iron  undemoath,  and  a  stent  Hcking-strap  resorted  to  whioh  will  barely 
allow  the  horse  tho  proper  use  of  his  hind  limbs  in  progression,  bnt  not 
pannit  him  to  raise  them  snificicntly  for  the  purpose  of  kicking,  he  may 
iMprerBntod  from  doing  mischief:  or  if  ho  is  barnoased  lo  a  lu»Ty  cart, 
and  UiuR  confined,  hia  elTorla  to  laah  out  will  be  teatrataed :  bat  it  is 
frequently  a  vory  unpleasant  thing  to  witness  these  allempta,  tHongb 
inenectaal,  to  demolish  tho  T^hiclo,  for  tho  shnfia  or  tho  ktcking^^Uap 
may  nofsiibly  break,  and  extrrmn  danger  may  enxne.  A  honie  titat  ku 
once  Degiin  to  kick,  whatever  nuiy  tmvi;  been  the  original  eauso  of  it,  caa 
never  be  depended  ui>ou  again,  and  he  will  be  vory  nnwisu  who  ventnrM 
behind  him.  The  man,  honeTer,  who  must  come  wiiliin  reach  of  a  kicker 
■ihonid  come  as  closo  to  him  aa  pomiiblo.  The  blow  may  Uios  beooma  a 
pusli,  and  seldom  in  injurionii.  ShoiUd  tlic  horse  commence  lackiof;  when 
in  harness  at  a  distance  fmm  homo,  and  the  leg-straps  not  at  hand,  tbca 
a  piuoo  of  rope  or  a  pockot-haudlEorcIuef  most  be  osod  (o  bind  up  tho  noar 


J 


KICK  ISO.— BSAEIKO. — BDSSISO  AWAT. 


•OS 


I 


P 


fnrolcg  without  loM  of  time.  Tlie  hana  miuit  bo  thnit  ilrimn  npon  throo 
leg*  furaotuedisUoce,  oruutillir?  bimbvcutuooumplutcly  tirodondnubducd. 
If  t]i«  Tic«  bo  exliibited  in  a.  auAiile  honv,  the  rider  m  munutUiK  ahonid 
BiwmyB  bond  tho  heiul  romid  nearly  to  bho  right  fl»p  of  the  nddle^  and 
will  Urn*,  hj-  the  strnin  DpoD  the  Tort«bnD  of  the  aer-k,  Rflbctaaltjr  proveut 
tfaoBninial  from  corapltttitiK  hiM  puntose.  In  npprom-hing  n  kicking  coH 
In  tlM  loose  box,  kavu  a  plJiublu  cutUu(;-wIiip  in  tbe  right  baud,  ao  tluit, 
tfxwM  be  tara  foddcitilj'  roaud  to  kick,  the  whip  may  smaclc  wril  apoa 
bn  hind  lega,  «iid  than  loakc  him  moro  frightened  tbaa  trait.  Tbo  wVip 
should  be  used  but  vviy  rKroljr. 

DVSTEADUrSSS   VHILK    BEUe   XOITRTCD. 

When  lliis  mprclj  nmnantu  to  pagcmcss  to  start  —  very  aoplcaeant, 
indeed,  »t  iimoM,  for  motiy  il  ndcr  bun  U-on  thrawn  ^m  liia  *cat  boforo 
liB  was  fiurly  &c«d  in  it — il  may  l>e  rt-medivd  bv  mi  actiri'  and  ftood  lionw* 
■MIL  We  havo  known  many  instance*  in  nluch,  whilf-  the  elderly,  imd 
inactive,  nnd  fonrfiil  maa  has  boon  lonking  more  th»n  one  ineffectual 
attempt  to  vftTdt  into  the  aeddle,  thn  hflnw  ha4  brf.o  dancing  nbont  to 
his  uiDOyftuoe  and  danger;  but  the  anJmnl  had  Doaoonor  boon  tranaferred 
to  the  taaaagenient  of  a  ^oun^r  and  moro  a^il^  rider  than  he  became 
porf^ctlj  Biibdiiod.  Seventy  will  here,  more  decidedly  than  in  any  other 
OHM,  do  harm.  The  ridor  should  bo  fourloae — he  should  carelessly  and 
Mifideutly  approadt  the  hontc,  mount  at  -the  &nit  effort,  and  then  rvatrain 
faini  for  a  wliilo :  jutMinf;  hiiu,  and  tiol  sufft-riiig  Lim  to  pruc(*ed  ilutU  he 
becomec  perfectly  quiet.  Horace  of  this  kind  should  not  be  too  highly 
fed,  and  uonld  bave  mfficaeut  daily  cxoroiM. 

BEAUNO. 

TliiB  temtOaim  resdte  from  playfolncas,  carried,  indeed,  to  an  tmpleamnt 
■nd  daagiimnu  extant;  bot  it  m  oftencr  %  deqwrato  and  oooaaionally  mo- 
ceaafnl  eBort  to  nnhnrMi  thn  ridor,  and  oonaoqneDtly  a  rioe.  The  honw 
Uiat  baa  twico  dl^cidl■dly  luul  duujiuTVUslT  reajied,  ahoold  never  be  tnuted 
agUB,  onkaa,  indeed,  it  ma  the  fault  of  the  ridiar,  who  had  be<>n  nsing  a 
dmp  vuh  and  a  sharp  Int.  Some  of  the  beet  horsaa  will  contend  against 
theao,  and  then  rearing  amy  bo  immediately  and  pormanently  cored  by 
nciiw  a  anofflc-bridle  alone. 

Tba  borae-brefdcer'H  rcmi.'dv,  that  of  pulling  the  liorae  backward  on  ft 
aoft  piece  of  i^ruuiid.  should  be  practised  by  reckless  and  bmtal  fellows 
alone.  Miuiy  norsce  hare  bocn  injn«^l  in  the  spine,  nnd  others  have  broken 
tlivir  nooks,  Itv  being  thnii  unddcnly  piillod  ofrr;  while  L-vrn  the  fellow, 
who  ftwa  no  aanKcr,  in  not  alwuyn  abb  tc  cxtricata  himself  from  the  tail- 
ing bone.  If  rearing  proceeds  frum  vice,  and  in  unprovoked  by  the  bruisine 
and  laceration  of  the  month,  it  ftilly  partakes  of  the  JnTetvraoy  wluoh 
kttends  the  other  dirisions  of  mitivcnciML 

A  n-uriug  boTMi  mit*t  bo  thuroutrhly  tamed  and  aabdnsd  br  a  ^f*^ 
Bomber  of  liiKMna,  ao  lliat  the  voice  of  tbo  operator  will  be  porfiictly  &uni  Uar 
to  his  ear.  lie  will  then  be  obedient  to  command,  and  will  doeist  from 
(Mring  on  tbo  inslnat  of  being  spokim  to. 

SDirKDtO  AWAT. 

Some  beadKtrong  bonea  will  occasionally'  endeavour  to  bolt  with  the 

■boat  rider.  Othera.  with  their  wonted  sagncity,  endeavour  tlius  to  dislodge 

tinud  or  uoskilfii]  one.  Some  on?  hard  to  bold,  or  bolt  only  during  tbo 

dtcment  of  tlie  chaso  ;  otliors  will  run  away,  ^mptrd  by  a  vidouspro- 

isHy  alone.     Tlumi  is  no  cerlatn  cara  h«rv.     Tbo  method  which  aflorda 

\ay  probahtUty  of  succms  ia,  to  ride  sach  a  horse  with  a  strong  curb  and 


*10  ^^^^  VICES   0¥  THE  HOESE.  ^^^^ 

shnrp  bit ;  to  have  liim  always  firmly  in  hand ;  uiA,  if  be  will  mn  awir, 
ftnd  tliu  i>lace  will  admit  of  it,  to  giv*  him  f  «|Mtriitg  udthar  corb^  whip,  niir 
Ipur)  a  great  deal  more  mnning  thmn  ho  like*. 

VICIOUS   TO   CLUa. 

It  wddIiI  aoorcely  bo  crodilo'l  to  whnt  an  oxtmib  thu  exiris  in  ■oms 
horaea  tliat  are  othorniKo  p4:rfci:tl}r  qnict  It  i*  onlj  at  great  haxwr!  tk»t 
tlidy  can  ho  clonnccl  lit  nil.  Tlio  on^n  of  tlua  ia  orobably  aomu  nmlttvat- 
innnt.  Tiwvf-  in,  bowuvcr,  a  f^teai  diiTorenoe  in  me  sennbilttj  of  the  *km 
in  (lifiufmit  liursue.  Some  acorn  as  if  they  ocnld  aearcotj-  be  made  to  feri 
tlie  wliip.  nhile  ottiora  cannot  boar  a  ^  to  ali^t  on  thntn  without  aa 
cxpiv-esion  of  annojnnc^ii.  In  yonng  hortea  the  akin  is  j>t<(;uliarly  doUcatr. 
If  they  tinvu  boon  curried  with  a  broken  oomb,  or  hardly  nibbed  with  aa 
BDeveD  bmsh,  the  recollection  of  the  tortui«  they  bare  felt  "ii^Vf  ihaa 
impatieait,  and  erim  vidoun,  daring  rmrr  anocceding  oparation  of  tha 
kiiid.  liaay  grooma,  likovriiie,  aMini  U>  take  delig'ht  in  prodncing  theia 
czhibitiona  of  nncuaintiaa  and  vice ;  allLousb,  wheti  they  are  vorri^id  a  littla 
too  Gir,  au<I  at  tbt>  hazard  of  tho  limbsof  the  groom,  the  animals  thathon 
been  abrioat  tutored  into  those  oxprcasiona  of  imtation  are  bratally  Ideked 
and  punished. 

This,  hovrovor,  i«  a  vicn  that  may  be  oonijttr'mcl.  If  tlio  hunm  in  Aittmi 
with  a  li^hUrr  hand,  and  wisped  mther  than  liniBL»<l,  and  the  phicoa  when 
the  akin  la  moat  aeusitive  aie  aroided  aa  much  as  thorough  cleaoltacaa  viD 
allow,  he  will  gradually  lose  tlio  rcc^llectioD  of  former  ill-treotmcDt,  mhI 
become  tractable  and  qniot  FIorsti<i  that  Ar«  tmiibluiiomn  to  clean  an 
rendered  quite  mtuingcablu  by  tJia  atrapping  up  of  thu  near  foro-lcig. 

T1CI0P8  TO  8H0K. 

Vbm  oonxiction  of  thia  in  lacmj  pcciiliitrty  tbt'  InuinuM  of  the  amith ;  yrt 
tilv  mMter  aboald  diliifuntly  concarn  hiniaulT  willi  it^  for  it  ia  ofl^ner  tha 
Oonaequeuov  of  injudieioua  or  bod  nSBge  than  of  natural  rice.  It  may  be 
expected  thai  there  will  be  some  diiBcnltv  in  shoving  a  horse  for  the  fint 
few  times.  It  is  an  opcrntinn  that  giToa  hun  a  littln  oneaaineM. — ^Tbe  nan 
to  -whom  bo  is  mnnt  occastDmed  ahoutd  go  with  him  to  the  forge;  and  if 
anothc^r  and  otfAdy  honte  ia  shod  befort'  him,  he  may  be  induood  man 
readily  t«  aubuiit.    It  cannot  ha  denied  that,  afler  the  habit  of 

tiiifl  Booeeaary  operation  ia  formed,  force  may  anmotimoa  be  qbOl 

reduce  onr  robolliona  aorrant  to  obodicniN) ;  but  wc  anhonilatiBgW 

that  the  majority  of  borxc*  vieiov*  U>  »koe  are  rendered  ae  by  horah  naage, 
and  by  the  pain  of  correction  being  added  to  tlie  oneauneas  of  ahontng.  It 
ahould  be  n  rule  in  every  forge  that  no  smith  shoold  be  pomitb-d  tt>  Ktriko 
a  horae,  much  tosa  to  twitch  or  to  &g  hiin,  without  toe  nuatt'r-rarrii^r'a 
order ;  and  that  a  young  hoiM  i^Knild  twver  be  twitched  or  atmck.  Then 
ore  few  horxoft  that  may  not  b»  gradually  rmdered  maaagvablo  for  thia 
purpose  by  niildneaa  and  firmuoas  in  the  oporalor.  Ther  will  soon  nndor- 
fltond  that  no  barm  is  tncnnt,  and  thoy  wilt  not  forgpt  their  osual  halnt  of 
obedienco ;  but  if  the  rcmcnnbmnca  of  corpand  pnnisbmcnt  ia  ooBnocted 
with  ahoving,  they  wilt  always  be  fidgety,  and  occovionally  dangunnu, 

Thia  ia  a  very  aerioua  vioc,  for  it  not  only  expoaea  the  ""■m'tl  to  occo- 
aional  soToro  injury  from  bis  ovm  stroegtos,  bat  also  from  tbe  oon«ction 
of  the  irritatiKl  tmith,  whow  Limbs  and  wboao  life  buing  tnjeopardy,  may 
be  forvivon  if  he  ia  aomiHinu.^  tt  httle  too  hard-handed.  Such  a  hone  ■ 
Tery  bable,  and  without  any  fault  of  the  amith,  to  bo  prickMl  and  lamed 
ia  abooing;  and  if  tbe  habit  ahould  be  co&Brmed.  and  ahould  inn  imii.  ami 
it  at  length  bcoomca  ncccvunry  tocMt  him,  or  in  put  him  in  the  tfvria,  iho 
owner  may  be  aasat«d  that  many  yi»ra  will  not  poaa  ere  mne  formidofale 


SWAL1MWI!«(I  WtTHOnr  ORINDIN'O. — CBIB-BITINO, 


Sll 


or  fatal  accident  will  take  pkco.  If,  Uierefoi*,  nuW  Ireatmeut  will  not 
correct  tluB  rioe,  t^  bone  oausot  be  too  booq  got  rid  of.  Uonca  that 
have  been  riciona  for  ft  Ufstime  aro  froqtiMitJ;  T«n<lin«d  aniot  to  shoo 
on  being  thrown  iliiwn,  luid  thoronglilf  handled,  when  in  vta  horizontal 
positioD,  tlie  smith  oun  «hou  tbe  borao  wiUi  Die  f^Tvalwt  earn. 

SWALLOVIKO  WITHOUT  O&QtDUO. 

Some  greedy  borae«  liabitiuJIj'  mrolltiw  tJidr  com  without  propctrly 
pinding  it,  and  Ui«  power  of  di)fe8tJou  not  being  adequate  to  the  diwiolr- 
ng  of  til*  hiutk,  no  Dutrimont  is  oztraoted,  and  the  oats  ore  roided  whole. 
Ttua  is  puiiRalnrlj  the  cho  wheo  horana  of  nnrqnnl  appetite  fc«d  from 
tlie  WDO  manger.  The  greedj  one,  in  Iun  eAgemuu  to  gtA  more  than  his 
dwre,  bolts  a  portion  of  hia  com  wbolo.  If  tne  former,  without  ouniddnr- 
■Us  inconTcnicnce,  could  conlriva  that  cTery  horse  shall  have  his  sejiar&le 
dirition  of  the  mnngor,  tho  one  of  smutlnr  appelito  and  slower  feed  would 
bare  tbe  opjiortnoitj  of  grinding  at  hia  teuiure,  without  tho  fcor  of  the 
gi««ler  ebwe  being  stolen  by  liis  neighbour. 

Some  hones,  however,  are  naturally  greedy  feeders,  and  will  not,  even 
wban  alone,  allow  t)inRieolvc«  time  to  chew  or  grind  their  com.  Id  cod- 
teqnBBca  of  tliia  tht-y  carry  bat  littlo  fli-ah,  and  are  not  oqnal  to  sovpre 
work.  If  the  nek  tma  supplied  with  I»>-  when  the  corn  was  pot  into  the 
.tmnger,  they  will  continue  to  eat  on,  and  their  atomjaclui  wiQ  Deconie  dis< 
tended  with  half-chewed  and  inditrestible  food.  In  consoquencc  of  this 
they  will  be  incapable  of  connidcmble  exertion  for  a  lung  time  after  foed- 
ing,  and,  occasionally,  dangerous  qrmptonu  of  staggcn  will  eoonr. 

The  lemixly  is,  not  to  le<t  BBOh  horses  fast  too  long,  llie  noee-bag  shonld 
be  the  companion  of  evory  oonindarable  jonmpr,  I'he  food  should  likewise 
bo  of  anch  a  oatore  &t»t  it  ennnot  be  rapidli,-  bnlti-il.  Chaff  should  be 
plentiftilly  mixed  with  tho  com,  and,  tn  sumo  otsvs,  and  Mpedally  in 
aoraw  of  slow  work,  it  should,  with  the  com,  constitvte  Ibe  whole  of 
tho  food.    This  has  been  txeated  on  more  at  largo  under  the  aiticlo 

In  trttrj  csM  of  this  kind  tho  teetb  ahomld  lie  carefully  examined. 
SoiM  of  them  may  be  undnly  lengthened,  particularly  the  first  uf  tJi« 

rdsn :  or  tliov  may  be  ragged  at  the  odg««,  and  may  abrade  and  wound 
dwdc.  In  the  lir«t  ouie  tbo  bona  cnanot  property  masticnto  bis  food, 
in  the  latter  he  will  not;  for  tlinxe  itnimalK,  an  too  (tRpn  hnppms  in  aore 
throat,  would  raUter  starve  than  put  thcmiwlTM  to  much  pain. 

CEIB-Brrmo. 

This  is  a  rety  nnpleatnnt  habit,  and  a  considcnble  defect,  althongh  not 
•0  nriooa  a  one  aa  some  have  repivaenled.  The  borae  lays  hold  of  tlie 
ntangor  with  hia  teeth,  violently  oxtendn  his  neck,  and  then,  after  some 
Gonmlsive  actMn  of  tbo  tlimiit,  a  iJight  grunting  is  heard,  aoeoni|iunied 
hy  a  mdciDg  or  drawing  in  of  air.  It  is  not  an  eflbrt  at  simple  cractation, 
uudnjr  fVom  indigestion.  It  is  tbe  inhalation  of  air.  It  is  that  which 
taicca  place  with  a!)  lands  of  diet,  and  when  tho  stomach  ta  empty  aa  well 
aa  vhoD  it  is  full. 

Tlw  affects  of  crib-biting  are  |daiu  cnougb.  The  teetii  ore  injured  and 
worn  away,  and  that,  in  an  old  horse,  to  a  very  eerious  degree.  A  con- 
siderable qnaoti^  of  com  is  often  lost,  for  the  lione  will  freqnrntly  crib 
with  his  mouth  niU  of  it,  and  the  gnnttcr  part  wiU  fiill  over  the  edn  of 
tlio  niADgor.  Much  nhva  eMsp«i  wbili>  the  manlier  is  Ibna  tbroibly  held, 
the  loss  of  which  must  be  of  serious  detriment  in  tmpairing  tho  di^estjon. 
The  orib-biting  lionu  is  notoriooaly  mora  subject  to  colic  than  other 
boraon^  and  to  a  specie*  difficult  of  trvattnent  and  ftv^ucntly  dangerous- 


i. 


S19 


TICE8  OF  THE  IIOBSB. 


Althoogl]  many  a  crib-bitor  is  sboni  ttnd  stroDg,  imd  capable  of  all  ordinai; 
work,  tlieae  horses  do  not  giaiemlly  carrj  no  taaeh  linsb  as  others,  snil 
bavo  not  their  enduriinne.  On  these  acoounts  cnb-bitine  luui  wry  pn>- 
pcrlf  been  decided  to  bo  ansoundneas.  We  must  not  lo<£  to  thu  sUktn  of 
the  diBLiisi!  ut  the  time  of  pnrchftse.  The  qosstion  ia,  does  it  esdst  kt  all  ? 
A  caae  wB^  tried  heforo  Lord  Ten t«rden,  and  thus  docid«d:  '  Afaorao  willi 
crib-biting  ia  nnBoiiiid." 

It  is  ono  of  thane  tncka  wli)i;li  are  said  to  be  exoeedinglj  conta^otts, 
nnd  every  oompaujon  of  a  crib-btt«r  in  the  same  stabler  u  oontnderad 
Iiki>lj  to  acqairo  the  liabit,  and  it  is  the  most  inveterate  of  ail  bsbita;  bat 
it  must  be  ponfessed  tluit  more  than  one  crib-biter  in  »  stable  is  a  TPry 
rare  occnrrenoii,  nor  cuq  tho  wriU.T  recall  a  aingto  instoncfl  in  which  ha 
boB  sc!on  two  together.  The  edge  of  the  maiigi-r  wiU  in  vain  be  lined  with 
iron,  or  with  ahevp-gkia,  or  inth  shc^p-skiu  covered  with  tar  or  aloes, 
or  any  other  nnplenennt  siihstanccn.  In  doliiuicc  of  tbo  annoyaooe  vhick 
these  Buiy  ot^ciiaion,  the  horse  vnll  persist  in  thn  attack  <in  his  maiwar. 
A  strap  buckled  tiglitlj  rooud  the  neuk,  by  conipreaang  the  windpips^ 
IS  the  tiust  means  of  prev^enting  tlic  possibility  of  this  triok ;  but  tba  strap 
Uinst  be  conetnntly  worn,  nnd  it-e  presi^uro  is  too  apt  to  produce  a  worae 
nfTectJon,  viz.  an  irritation  in  the  windpipe,  wbidh  temiinatcii  in  roaring. 

Some  have  recomiuuuded  tamiiig  ont  for  lire  or  Htx  months;  bnl  Uiis 
haa  never  succeeded  eicept  with  a  yonng  horse,  and  thea  rarely.  The 
old  crib-biter  will  employ  the  gate  for  the  same  purpose  as  the  eJfife  of  his 
BOftngcr,  and  wo  have  often  soon  him  pilloping  arrow  a  fiold  for  the  (ncTV 
objoct  of  hn\nng  a  gripe  at  a  mil:  M^edicino  will  be  altogutbor  tlmnm 
uwiiy  in  tliiti  atum. 

The  only  remedy  is  a  mnizle,  vith  bars  across  the  bottom ;  snfficiontly 
iride  to  enable  the  animal  to  pick  np  his  com  and  to  pull  his  haj,  but  not 
to  grasp  the  odgc  of  the  niaugcr.  If  this  ia  worn  for  a  considerable  period, 
tUp  horso  miiy  bn  tirtxl  of  nttcimpting  that  which  he  cannot  aocomptish, 
and  for  u  while  forget  the  liabit,  but,  in  a  majority  of  caaee,  the  denre  of 
crib.hitiug  will  return  with  the  power  of  gratifying  it. 

The  causes  of  crib-biting  are  various,  and  some  of  them  beyond  tlio  con- 
trol of  the  proprietor  of  the  horae.  It  is  oIlcD  the  result  of  imitation  j 
but  it  is  more  froqucntly  Uiv  oouseauence  of  indig«stion.  The  hivh-lad 
and  spiritod  honti.-  must  bo  in  mischief  tf  he  is  not  naefnlly  emplc^Bd. 
Sumetimea,  but  we  believe  not  often,  it  is  produced  by  partial  stanatioci^ 
vhrthcr  in  a  bud  straw-yard,  or  Irom  unpalatable  food.  An  oocAaMmal 
cnuie  of  crib-hiting  in  tho  frequent  custom  of  grooms,  eron  when  the 
weather  is  not  severe,  of  divHsiiig  them  in  tlie  ntuble.  The  borao  ciiber 
catches  at  the  edge  of  the  luauger,  or  at  tljnt  of  the  partition  on  each  side^ 
if  he  has  liccn  turned,  and  tbna  he  forms  the  habit  of  laying  hold  of  thisi 
snlistances  on  every  occasion. 

WmS-STICKTKO. 
This  bears  a  closo  analogy  to  orib-biting.  It  ariam  frora  the  naine 
cnnsefl;  the  same  purpoMu  is  acC'Omplished ;  and  the  E&mv  rcsnltA  folluw. 
The  horse  stands  with  his  neck  beat;  his  head  drawn  inward;  his  lips 
altemntely  a  little  opened  and  then  cloHed,  and  a  noise  is  heard  aa  if  h« 
were  sncking.  If  wc  may  ju<lgo  from  the  aume  compafatave  want  of  C04»> 
(iitiou  and  the  flatuleuoe  which  we  have  dcst-ribed  under  the  last  head, 
either  some  portion  of  wind  entire  the  stomach,  or  there  is  an  tnjsrioits 
loss  of  nUTa,  This  diminishes  t>he  value  of  the  horse  almost  as  much  as 
crib-Utrag ;  it  is  as  contaffiouH,  and  it  is^  inreterstc.  The  only  reuiedica, 
and  they  will  seldom  avail,  are  tying  the  head  up,  except  when  the  bone 
is  feeding,  or  putting  on  a  mozsle  with  sharp  sjiikes  towards  the  neck, 


^^■r  ItOT  LTI50   DOW.V,  ETC.,  ETC.  SI3 

and  which  will  priclc  him  wheneror  he  att«m)it«  lo  rcia  lus  bMtd  In  tar 
thv  parpooo  of  wind-sacking. 

HOT  ITIHO  DOWB. 
It  not  ancommonlj  happens  that,  n  hone  will  fM.-1(lam  or  nerer  lie  dawn 
in  th«  Klnhlc.  Ho  somotinirfi  roritinn<^8  in  apparent  good  hoftltfa,  and  foMla 
•nd  workii  wL'U ;  bat  gtmciulhr  his  IvgK  cnnll,  or  h^  beooniM  fntigaed 
soaner  than  another  hone.  If  it  b  inipOMiiblc  lo  lei  him  loose  in  tb« 
itable,  or  to  pnl  him  into  »  niaro  box,  w«  know  nut  what  is  to  be  done. 
No  mean*,  g:cRtU!  or  crurl,  will  fores  bim  to  tio  down.  The  Mcnt  i«  that 
he  ia  ti«d  up,  and  L-itli«r  hax  n«Tor  dared  to  lin  down  throagb  ttmr  of  tho 
eoalnement  of  the  ha]l«r,  or  li«  has  been  cant  in  the  night,  and  Bererelr 
injured.  If  ho  um  bo  anSbrod  to  ranso  th<.<  atahlo,  or  hiive  a  oomforiabb 
box,  in  which  be  maf  hn  tootv,  )io  will  nKuailr  lio  down  tlio  firat  night. 
Somu  few  horvL-a,  huwi-rpr,  will  liu  dowu  in  the  vbibto,  and  not  in  ft  looo* 
box.  A  fr«ah  waP-WMkle  bod  will  ^neralf  y  t«mpt  tlie  tired  horso  to  rcfrosh 
himself  iritb  sb^ 

PAWuro. 

Somo  hot  and  irritablo  horses  are  restleos  even  in  tho  Mtnblo,  and  p«w 
frmuently  and  viotentlj'.  Their  litf«r  is  drstroycd,  tlie  tloor  of  tlic  stable 
brotcpn  np,  tho  Hbooa  worn  ont,  tho  foot  hnuMd,  ftod  the  legs  aomotimcs 
■prainrd.  If  thin  habit  doeo  not  esijit  to  anj  civat  extent,  rot  tlie  stabte 
never  look*  well.  Shackles  aro  the  only  rpm^ify,  witli  a  chain  lafEciontljr 
long  to  enabi*  the  horso  to  Rhift  hia  postwv,  or  mcvo  in  his  stall ;  bat 
these  tnniit  I>o  taken  off  at  niffht,  otherrriae  the  animal  will  epldom  lio 
down.  Eioept,  however,  the  liorge  poSM^sH  peenliar  vsloe,  it  will  be 
bettor  (o  dinioee  of  bim  at  odc«,  than  to  submit  to  the  danger  and  ineoa- 
Teaienoe  thai  he  may  occasion. 

QVniDDtO. 

A  horae  will  somotimca  portly  chew  his  hay,  and  anfTor  tt  to  drop  from 
hi*  numth.  If  tbi*  doca  not  proceed  from  trregnlar  t««t)i,  which  it  will  ho 
the  Imiineas  of  the  velorinary  ntrgeoB  to  nsp  down,  it  will  be  found  to 
be  connected  with  sor«-throat,  and  thi-n  the  honui  will  exhibit  some  other 
l^nipitom  of  indinpoHition,  and  particularly  Uic  Hwallowing  of  watvr  will 
b(>  accompanied  by  a  peculiar  ^ping  effort.  In  iLis  caM  t)i«  diccaso 
(Cittun-b,  with  sore  throat)   most  bo  attacked,  and    tho  qtudding  wUl 


KOLUIO. 
This  ia  a  very  plwawi  and  ptn^octly  safo  amnscmcnt  for  a  horae  at 
emu,  hnt  cannot  be  inilnl(n*l  in  the  itublv  without  tlie  ohanoo  of  his  bei]u[ 
dungeroaKly  nntanglnl  with  the  collar  rein,  and  being  ca«t.  T«tv  atthou^ 
ihe  twne  is  cast,  uid  broiw<i,  and  half-stzandad,  ho  will  roll  again  on  iho 
followii^  night,  and  rnntiniio  to  do  so  as  mag  aa  he  lirca.  The  only 
D-niodT  IS  not  a  very  pleasant  one  lo  the  faoree,  nor  ala-nys  quite  nfe ;  yet 
it  nin*t  b«i  hiul  rccourae  lo  if  the  babit  of  riilling  is  invctcmto.  'The 
horae,'  says  Kr.  Castley.  'should  he  tied  with  length  enongb  of  collar 
to  lio  down,  but  not  to  allow  of  bis  boad  realiiig  on  tbo  ground  ;  bccaaao 
in  order  to  roU  over,  a  horae  is  obliged  lo  place  his  head  quit*  down  ttpon 

briefly  treated  of  tlie  cause  of  this  rice  at  pngo  1C5.  and  ob 
while  it  is  oAm  the  r««alt  of  cowanlioe,  or  pbyfnlncMi,  or 


51  ■! 


VICES  OF  THE  HOBSB. 


want  of  work,  it  is  nt  otIiAF  timw  du  conrnqacdKO  of  a  dofoct  t^  nff^L 
It  Uns  biX!ii  romarkt^d,  twd  wo  bnlioTo  very  traly,  tfant  sbjrii^  a  cAamerk 
vict.'  of  half  or  qu&rUrr-lirvil  lioraee  tlian  of  tboite  wlia  Ii&to  m  thani  mora 
of  tUo  guiiuint'  rociDg  blood. 

In  tho  trcAtmcnt:  of  shj-iDg,  it  is  of  grvnt  importance  to  distiii^ujali  b«- 
twMtn  Uimt  irliicli  lit  tho  coiuwquMioe  of  dufcHHiTD  aigbt,  nod  whirt  reeulia 
from  fuur,  or  nownees  of  objecU,'  or  mere  afleetuUon  or  stdttiAhiieti.  fv 
tlm  tirst,  thp  natiiro  of  which  wo  have  explained  at  pa^  166,  emry  aUoMr* 
nni^c  must  bn  uuulc-,  nnd  cure  mast  be  toikcR  tbnt  the  fcnr  of  coirectioa  it 
uotasaociiitcd  wJUi  tlio  itntigiiiccj  i-xielcnco  of  no jnt  terrifying  objocl.  Tbe 
si'vore  use  of  t}ie  whip  and  the  spur  canuot  do  |^d  hi.'rc,  and  ore  Ukdj 
to  ngi^dvat*!  the  rice  tcDfold.  A  wordhalf  cncoarsginff  ud  balf  Beoidins, 
witli  a  goiitle  prPMiiro  of  the  hec!,  op  n  slight  touch  of  the  Bpor,  will  twl 
the  Lorn  that  thcru  vtaa  nothing  to  fe&r,  aod  will  giva  htm  coniidoace  in 
his  rider  on  a  liiturt!  oocaaiou.  It  should  hv  remembered,  lioweTcr,  that 
atthoDgh  a  horse  that  shie-s  troia  dofoctire  sight  may  be  tan^^t  oonnder- 
abls  rchauco  on  his  rider,  )ie  ctui  ttcvor  hkro  tho  canso  of  tba  haUt 
remOTcd.  We  mny  urtificiitllj  Btreugthcn  tbe  Unmmn  sight,  but  thM  of 
the  horse  roust  be  left  to  itself. 

Tho  shj-iug  from  skittighiKias  or  nffcvtntion  is  quite  a  different  affair, 
and  must  bo  conqaered  ;  but  how  F  Suvority  is  nltogvtbor  ODt  of  place. 
If  be  in  forced  into  contact  with  the  object  by  dint  of  corroctioD,  tbe  dread 
of  puniflhmont  will  aft«rwards  be  associated  with  that  object,  and,  on  the 
noKl  occasion,  his  startings  will  be  more  &«qQont  and  more  duig«tMu. 
The  way  to  cure  him  is  to  go  on,  turning  iw  iittlo  a»  poiwible  out  of  tha 
roud,  giving  a  hnrgh  word  or  two,  and  &  gimtle  tonoli  with  tbo  sptir,  and 
then  i&king  no  mure  notice  of  tho  matter.  After  a  few  timnt,  irhatener 
may  have  been  the  object  which  be  chose  to  select  as  the  pretended  cause 
of  uffVight,  he  will  pass  it  almost  without  notice 

In  pngo  114,  nndor  the  licud  'breaking  in,'  we  deeoribod  how  thA  oolt 
m&y  bu  cured  of  tho  habit  of  sUjdng  &om  fuor  or  newness  of  ol;jeola ;  and, 
if  he  tben  ta  aiicnstomed  as  much  as  possible  to  the  ol^eets  among  which 
his  servictMS  will  be  roquirod,  he  will  not  possoss  thia  umojitig  tioc  when 
ho  erows  to  maturer  n^. 

Mr.  John  LnwroQce,  in  his  last  work  on  tbo  Hone,  Bays :  '  Th«Re  »w;w«al» 
ceuerally  liz  un  some  particular  shying  bntt:  for  example,  I  reooUed 
linving,  at  ditTurt'ut  periods,  throo  hacks,  all  very  powerful ;  tho  one  BUuls 
choice  of  a  windmill  for  the  object  or  butt,  tbo  other  a  tilted  waf^gzon,  and 
tho  last  a  jng  led  in  a  string.  It  so  happened,  howevor,  that  I  rode  tha 
two  former  when  amiss  fi-om  a  violent  cold,  and  thoy  then  paid  no  mem 
attention  to  oithor  windmills  or  tilted  waggons  than  to  any  other  olgects, 
oonviucing  mo  that  their  shying  when  in  health  and  Bpirita  waa  para 
aSectatlon;  an  alfectiLtton,  howcvor,  which  mity  bo  sneomly  united  with 
obstinacy  and  rice.  Let  it  be  treated  with  mnrki^d  dtipleasnre,  mingled 
with  goutlo,  bat  decided  firmness,  and  the  habit  will  be  of  abort  oa- 
doranoo.' 

*  Wo  will  suppose  a  cusc,'  writes  an  anonyntoua  corraspoadeni  ta  the 
first  volume  of  the  '  Yt-t«rinariati,'  'a  rery  common  one,  an  erery-daj  out: 
A  man  is  riding  a  young  horse  upon  tho  high  k»u1  in  the  coontry,  and 
mei>tB  a  st«go  coach.  What  mth  tho  noise,  the  bustle,  the  imposing  ap- 
|)cumiioc'  altogether,  and  the  slashing  of  tho  coachman's  whir,  the  aoimal 
at  its  approai^  emots  lua  bead  ajud  orest,  pricks  his  eara,  looks  aflVightod, 
and  no  sooner  comes  alongsido  of  tho  machine  than  ho  suddaoly^  atarts 
out  of  tbo  rood.  Bia  rider,  annoyed  by  thifi,  insiiuitJr  oommieaceB  a  nmiid 
of  oastigation  with  whip,  spur,  and  curb,  in  which  be  persiata  ontil  tha 
horae^  aa  well  aa  hinMelf,  has  lost  ha  temper ;  and  then  one  whipa,  spars. 


I 


I 


* 


SIITIKO.  -rrw^^^^^m-  f|f 

and  pnlU,  and  tbo  oth^r  jninp«,  nintiffo*,  (rota,  «tid  thrown  np  his  Ikoad, 
until  both,  prreUy  wuU  cjiluuuted  uy  t£u  oonfliol,  ktow  tnuu|uil  wnii)  ftod 
proceed  ou  tlieir  journey,  Lkoogti  not  for  eom«  tuno  an«rwanls  m  tlMir 
former  mntiwl  oOBfldenco  And  satis&ction.  Sbonld  tboy  in  thiMT  nwd,  or 
cwn  Oft  «  distant  dfty,  mn^t  witli  anoUior  coocli,  what  U  the  conaeqnonaa? 
The  botse  ia  not  onljr  mura  alarmed  Lhui  bofore,  but  oovr,  tbu  momont  ho 
haa  started,  beiuK  conscious  of  his  Gtall  and  expeeting  ohaaliaemenl,  ha 
jompa  abont  in  fmrfttl  agitAtion,  tn&kiiig  plougw  to  strike  into  a  gmtlop, 
and  atUstopting  to  run  iiwa)'.  So  limi  bjr  this  oorroctton,  inKtoad  of  ronilor^ 
in^  hit  honw  imuiuil  duriu;*  the  pMaagp  of  a  coaeh,  Uba  rider  adds  to  th« 
OTil  of  ahjing  that  of  Babteqiuntly  plunging,  and  porhapa  nutuiug 
away.' 

It  is  now  Kvni'nilly  admittad  fa;  all  ridin^-mastors  and  oulUbreaken, 
that  a  |?reat  deal  more  ia  to  bo  effocW  by  leotenl  tlum  hj  hareb  tmalnaai. 
Rewards  ara  loiind  to  oporato  mora  bauoficialljr  than  pumshDionts ;  and 
thcrvfora  Um  most  aoienttfio  and  ptaotiacd  rtdiag-mast«r*  adopt  methods 
based  npon  the  Ibrmur.  Qlio  writer  of  lh«  proaeni  work  rwaombcr^  a 
yen  rMoarkable  inatanco  of  the  ofBcacy  of  tbts  plan,  or  rather  of  its  vast 
■ltd  decadodsQporioril;  over  rioloDC*  of  tbo  wont  ilriicn|iti(>n.  A  vicious 
tboi<OBgh-brcd  ^rsu  mid  baflled  the  efforia  of  omry  unu  into  wliow  hands 
hiS  had  been  put  in  oid«r  to  be  tendered  tradable :  at  length  a  foretgiMr 
of  ooautdenble  repute  among  tha  eqaesbians  of  th«  '  Khool '  took  him  to 
make  a  trial  of;  and  in  the  oonne  of  a  twelvemonth  had  imdurvd  him  so 
quiot  that  not  only  could  any  penon  ridu  liim  with  tboatokOat  aafuly,  but, 
at  the  nmo  time,  oe  was  so  docile  and  bnctahio  that  be  could  be  indaood, 
hy  oertaiB  signs,  to  lie  down  and  pormit  his  ritUir  to  mount  bcfon  ho  raaa 
again.  This  sontloman  must  havo  been  the  Baroy  of  his  day.  Itiaanfi* 
cicnttr  prorea  to  na  now  that,  generally  Speaking,  ooHs,  and  most  bonPMk 
will  ear  at  strange  objocis,  bat  that  sa  soon  as  Uisy  ut*  smelt  at  and 
toitched  these  objects  with  their  nosev  the  fear  of  them  almost  instantly 
craar*.  Tlicrvfuro,  in  m^ptoaehins  an^  object  at  which  the  horse  ia  hkelj 
Li  be  alarruod,  or  in  bringing  soch  olgect  to  the  horse,  the  peraon  or  ndar 
■tnst  nse  the  groatost  eeDtlrooss  and  Ebrheflranoo,  and  permit  the  nninial 
to  gntify  the  poworfu  enriosity  inherent  in  his  uatore  in  bia  owa  way, 
aDdnot  to  add  to  his  timidity  by  ahnsive  tieatineal. 

The  same  forbearance  and  hnmaniW  hav«  boss  practised  with  the  iama 
beneficial  Ksolta  npon  shy  boTsea.  With  alt  such  peraons  as  are  heat  able 
to  giro  counsel  in  oases  of  al^meai,  tba  Iwtffi'HP  **  now-a-days,  '  Let  tbo 
hone  alon«,' — '  T^ke  no  BOtico  of  his  shyneos,' — '  Work  him  woll,  and 
aocostom  bim  to  the  objecta  h«  disUkas,  ud  in  time  bo  will  of  himsaU 
IcaTo  offhia  trick  of  shying.' 

^lis  is  good  advice ;  but,  let  it  not  be  misinterprated.  Let  it  not  ba 
underslood  to  mean  that  tlia  animal  ia  to  n»xivo  any  encootagemont  to 
shy ;  for  by  no  other  oxpresstoo  oaa  be  churwctfrised  that  etTonaaas  and 
fooUsb  practice  of  patting  the  horae,  or  '  making  mneh  of  bim,'  either 
Jnst  before  or  dnring  tha  tima  he  cringes  shyneM.  Tbo  fonner  is  bad, 
Wause  it  ^ws  the  attention  of  the  animal  to  the  ol^'act  he  droads;  the 
hittor  is  worse,  becatnae  it  filla  him  with  the  imprasston  aither  that  the 
ubiect  itself  ia  really  torriflc,  or  that  bo  has  acted  right  in  shying  at  it, 
and  oogbt  to  do  so  again. 

Wbotbcr  we  are  iipproudilag  the  frigltAil  object,  or  the  bone  is  actaatly 
shying,  '  we  should  let  him  alone  * — '  we  sluoald  take  no  nodoe  whatever 
of  uim  ' — aeitb«r  kitting  him  perceivo  that  wo  arc  aware  tliat  we  are  ad- 
Tancing  towards  anything  he  dislikcm ;  nor  do  more  with  him,  while  in  ths 
itctof  ahjjng,  than  ia  neoesaaiy  for  due  rt«truint  wilb  a  steady  hand  npon 
lie  nan.  Wo  may  dqwnd  npon  it,  that  battling  o:i  onr  port  wSl  otdy  aerva 


I 

i 


sie 


TICKS  Of  TUB  H0R3B. 


to  ftngtnont  fright  and  uonw  resistanoe  on  his,  and  tlkttt  (he  awst  jadiciou 
ooorto  wu  oaa  pnmio  ia  to  poraovcro  in  milil  forbcnnmt  aaaga, 

typing  on  eoiHMtif  ovi  of  the  liable  ui  n  hubit  tliat  can  rsrcly  or  Dftrer  be 
cured.  It  proceoda  from  tho  remembrance  of  somo  Ul-uKuge  or  hurt  wbiclt 
tho  nnimof  haa  received  in  the  act  of  procc«ding  from  tlw  at»blo,  Rttoh  m 
■triking  his  head  against  a  low  daor-war,  or  entaaglitig  (he  hwmroH  Co- 
crcion  trill  but  atwaciata  mvutor  fc-ur  ana  more  dotnrminod  rMutance  widi 
tlie  old  rcoolltwtion.  Ur.  Costiej  giveeaiiiiitt-reetJiiganeodote^  iriuchtcodi 
to  pruTij  that  while  Mverity  irill  be  worse  than  naeleaa,  even  Idnd  tnat- 
m«ut  will  not  always  break  a  coniimiEd  habit.  '  1  nmiember  a  rerr  fine 
grpj  niar«  tluit  had  gat  into  this  Iiubit,  and  niivcr  ooald  bo  persuaotd  to 
go  throogb  a  doorway'  withoat  ttikiug  au  iiumcnix!  itunn.  To  avoid  thiii, 
clie  servant  uaud  U>  l^ck  her  in  and  out  of  Ike  stable ;  init  tho  uiare  ha|^ 
poning  to  moot  with  a  severe  injniy  of  tho  Epino,  was  no  loiter  ablo  to 
bnclc  ;  and  then  I  have  seen  the  poor  creature,  when  broaght  to  tlte  door, 
mduavouriug  to  balance  hei'sclf,  with  a  sLagj^vrinK  motion,  npoa  her  halt 
paraljued  hind  extremities,  as  if  malciug  prcpamtiou  and  KummotuBg  op 
resolution  for  some  great  ofi'ort ;  and  then,  wheD  nrg^d,  ahe  woold  plnngt 
headlong  foi-ward  with  such  violence  of  eieHioQ  as  of\«n  to  loae  her  foota 
aud  luiublu  down,  altoget)ier  moat  pitiable  to  be  seen.  This  I  nMnh 
mention,'  he  coutinnea,  '  as  uue  proof  how  invcU-ntto  tho  habits  of  horaea 
RTO.  They  are  evils,  let  it  alwajs  be  remombered,  mon;  easy  to  pioreBt 
than  to  cure.' 

Whuu  the  onre,  however,  in  early  attcmptod,  it  may  be  so  far  orcraoow 
that  it  will  ho  unattvndi.-d  with  danger  or  difficulty.  Tbo  horse  ahonld  ho 
briilled  when  led  out  or  in.  lie  should  be  held  short  and  tiaht  by  the 
head,  that  he  may  feol  ho  has  not  liberty  to  make  a  leap,  and  thU  of  ilwtf 
is  on«n  siijiici<^nt  to  rrjtl.rikin  him.  Paniehmont  or  a  threat  of  ptmiahmcDt 
will  be  liighly  improgH--r.  It  ia  only  timid  or  high-spirit«d  iiorsea  that 
acquire  this  habit,  aud  rough  usage  invariably  inunKucM  their  ac^tation 
and  terror.  Some  may  be  led  out  qnito  at  leisure  wbim  bliniubldcd ; 
othors  when  thny  havu  tho  bameas  bridle  on  ;  some  will  best  tako  their 
owu  way,  aud  a  low  may  be  riddeu  through  tlie  doornar  that  oannot  bo 
led,  By  quietness  aud  kiudiieea,  however,  tho  horse  ipH  bo  taoat  ca4ilj 
Ikd  qniddy  eubduod. 

811PPISQ  THE  COUAB. 
ThiN  is  a  trick  at  whiph  many  horses  are  so  clover  that  aaoreaW  k  nivht 
pamifft  witliont  their  getting  loo«o.  It  ia  a  very  serious  habit,  (or  it  onaiUKa 
the  ho»e  aomutimea  to  gorge  hinuolf  with  food,  to  the  immineot  daogvp 
of  staggfra ;  or  it  exposes  him,  lui  he  waiidvni  about,  to  be  kicked  and 
iniiirod  by  the  other  horses,  while  his  resUeasneaa  will  often  keep  th« 
wliole  t«an)  awake.  If  tlie  web  of  tho  halter,  being  first  aeourateltr  fitted 
to  hi»  niu:k,  in  suffered  to  eliii  only  ono  way,  or  a  strap  is  attached  to  tha 
halt«r  aud  buoklod  round  the  neck,  but  uot  suQiciootiy  tight  to  be  of 
serious  incouvenieiice,  the  power  of  shpping  the  collar  will  be  taken 
away. 

TRtFFIBO. 

Ho  must  be  a  ekilfU  pmctitionor  or  a  mere  pret«nder  who  proDUMe  to 
remedy  this  habit,  If  it  ariHOS  from  a  heavy  fnroliand,  and  the  fore-leoa 
being  too  ninuh  under  the  horse,  no  one  oan  alter  tho  &at«ral  frwne  of 
the  animal :  if  it  nroceeda  iVom  tondemess  of  the  foot,  ^roggintes,  or  old 
lamenoM,  th«ao  Bumoots  tan  leldom  cnmd.  AIho,  if  it  la  to  bo  traoed  to 
habitual  eardeMncee  and  idleneas,  no  whipping  will  rouse  the  droiw,  A 
kaovn  stoabler  should  neTer  be  ridden,  or  driven  by  any  one  who  ralau 


raim  NO. — WE.vvixa. 


«r 


bi«  mfc^  or  liia  life.  A  tight  hand  or  a  strong  Ixwriiig  reiu  are  prccnu- 
tioam  that  Rhonld  not  bo  n^ectod,  oltliough  tliey  nre  gcin^rally  of  tilUa 
avail ;  Tor  the  inrctcimlD  irtaniblor  will  mrcl;  be  able  to  »nvo  hinmlf,  nnd 
this  tight  rein  may  sooner  aiid  briber  prcdpitato  the  rider.  If,  after  a 
trip,  Ulc  boreo  saddonly  starta  forward,  aud  endeaTonn  to  break  into  a 
•liar^  trot  or  cantor,  thp  ridor  or  driver  may  he  iissurod  that  others  bcforo 
hiro  nave  fmitlcMlT  endcartrarfd  to  remedy  the  naijuuKw. 

If  the  stnmbler  haa  the  foot  kept  aa  abort  and  the  toe  pared  tM  olOM  M 
■afoty  will  permit,  and  the  shoe  is  roonded  nt  the  toe,  or  has  tliat  shape 
given  to  it  whiuh  it  natnnilly  aoqnirvia  iu  a  fortnight  from  tbo  nocniinr 
action  of  Bueh  n  horse,  the  animal  may  not  ntnmhlc  qiute  bu  mnch  ;  or  if 
the  disctmp  which  produced  the  liabit  can  be  allevialt'd,  some  tnflinR  i:rood 
may  bn  doni-,  but  in  almost  cvorv  ens*  n  stnmbler  should  bo  got  rid  of  or 
pat  to  alovr  and  hoary  work.  If  the  latter  altfrmative  is  udopted,  bo  may 
trip  as  mnch  as  he  pleases,  for  the  we^ht  of  the  load  and  the  motion  oif 
tbe  other  horses  will  keep  him  upon  hia  legs. 

WEATUrQ. 
This  consists  in  a  motion  of  the  bead,  neck,  and  body,  from  side  to  nde, 
like  the  Nhnttlo  of  a  weaver  pMsing  thraogh  the  web,  and  hence  tJie  name 
which  is  ^vca  to  thin  prcaliar  and  inceinqutt  and  nnpleoxant  action.  It 
indioalM  an  iuipatient,  irritable  teinptr,  and  u  diidik?  to  the  confinement  of 
tbe  stable.  A  bone  that  is  thus  incessantly  on  the  fret  will  seldom  cany 
fleah,  or  bo  safo  to  ride  or  driven  There  is  no  cum  fcir  it,  bat  the  dose 
fying  np  of  tbe  animal,  or  at  Leoat  allowing  bim  but  one  loose  roiu,  exce|>i 
•t  fiwding'tiiiUL 


CHAPTER    XXVL 

ON   60UKDKESB,  AKD  TDK   PUBCQASB  AMD  8ALB  OF   U0B8ES. 

Tbrbe  are  few  sources  of  greater  nnnoynncc  both  to  tbo  purehasor  and  the 
•ollerof  Ibehorw  than  disputes  witli  n-KnnI  lothiMNmDdneeMof  tbesnimal. 
Althongh,  in  doKrihing  the  varioos  ptu-ta  of  thi->  bono,  wo  have  glanc«d  nt 
tlie  eonncctiooof  oettain  nataral  coaformationa,  and  some  altflratioits  of 
etnicture,  and  aocidonta.  and  diseoses,  with  the  qnestiao  of  BonndneOT  or 
nnsoandncm,  it  vmy  not  be  nnintonwting  to  tbom  for  whom  onr  noric  is 
designed,  if  we  now  bring  into  one  point  of  view  tbe  sabelanoe  of  that 
whicb  has  been  scattered  over  many  pn^n. 

That  horse  is  wnnd  in  whom  tbcru  in  no  diMase,  and  no  altcmlinn  of 
atraotniv  tfaat  impiiim,  or  is  likely  to  impair,  his  satoml  wseftdnf.  Tbe 
hone  ia  vneonnd  that  labonrs  nnder  diwsso,  or  has  aomo  alteratjoo  of 
tiraetsn  whkA  doea  inlrrfriv,  nr  in  likely  to  interfere,  with  his  natnml 
wnrflilnraa  Sinco  the  publicuiion  of  oar  tlrst  edition,  tliis  delimtioa  or 
mlc  aa  to  sonndncM  or  Bnsoondneas  baa  reoeired  very  high  Judicial  aaniy 
tion.  We  shall  adhere  (o  it  as  oar  teat  of  Boniidn«M  or  ntisciuidnna 
thron^ont  this  chapter,  not  forgrlting  that,  frecn  recent  dccinonN,  it  niny 
now  be  oonfidered  as  settled  law,  that  tbe  breach  of  a  warraoly  of  sound- 
SMi  docs  not  ontitlo  the  ponhaser  to  retara  the  borse,  bnt  only  to  ncovcr 
the  diflSurance  of  valoe  of  tba  horae  with  or  witbont  tbo  pirticnlar  nn- 
•oandncas.  Tbe  qneation  of  tamponuy  maladiea,  prodnoing  no  permanent 
deteriotatioB  of  tbo  animal,  would,  generally  speaking,  only  involve  a 


SIS 


OS  SOPSD.VESS,    AXD  THE 


light  to  damftgi's  merely  DomiiiaL  Tbo  term  'imfKral  nw^tilMM*  must 
be  borne  id  mind.  On«  horae  may  poMti  grcnt  (i|icm1,  but  !■  Mwn  kiiodc«d 
np ;  nnother  will  work  all  dsj,  but  oanaot  b«  )(ot  bejond  a  an&U'a  paoe ;  a 
thin)  with  a  Iic»tt  forekatiil  la  liable  to  etamblc,  mid  is  ooDtinaally  pultiii); 
to  basard  tbe  neck  oT  his  ridor ;  nnotber,  with  aa  iiritablo  ooitstitatioii 
And  a  loo9e  woshj  form,  to«es  his  appetite  and  bogtni  to  loonr  if  a  little 
extra  work  ts  exacted  &om  lijiii.  The  l«rm  nuaoundooas  must  DOt  be 
appliiKl  lo  either  of  these ;  it  worild  be  opening  &r  too  widely  a  door  to 
dispntatioQ  nnd  emdleas  wnuigling.  The  boycr  «an  diaocm,  or  oagbt  to 
know,  whether  tbe  form  of  the  horse  ts  that  wbich  wJU  render  him  Itkahr 
to  mit  his  porpose,  and  he  should  try  him  sufficientlj  to  aMertatn  hu 
natural  strength,  endurance,  and  manner  of  going.  UnsoondneM^  we 
repeat)  has  refarenco  only  to  diseafNt,  or  to  that  nltjration  of  stractsre 
wDii^  i»  ooitncotod  with,  or  will  produce,  disease,  and  l««sen  the  aurfnlixw 
of  the  snlina,!. 

The  principles  will  be  beet  illoetrated  by  a  brief  oonsidention  of  tlw 
nsnnlly  snmiMod  appeunncon  or  cnosos  of  tmsomulncss. 

liBOKEM  Knsbb  oertttinly  do  not  oouatttnt*!  unsotindni'^,  aEl«r  tho  woandt 
are  hr^ed.  unless  they  iiiterfcrre  with  the  action  of  the  ^iat;  for  tho 
horso  niav  hnve  fnllcu  trum  mere  accident,  or  throtigb  tbe  ftnlt  of  tbe 
rider,  without  tbo  slij^litcst  doniBge  moro  tiian  the  memish.  Ko  pevaon, 
however,  would  boy  &  liorsu  with  broken  kneea,  until  lie  had  thoroo^dy 
tried  him,  and  aallsGed  himself  as  to  his  form  and  Mtion. 

CaD'ed  Bocks  may  be  produced  hv  lying  on  an  WMTenly  paved  stable, 
witli  a  scanty  sujipty  of  litter,  or  by  icinldiig  gecemtly,  in  neiuur  of  wUoh 
coses  would  they  constitute  unBoiuidneas,  altlioughiu  the  lattoptb^y  would 
be  an  indication  of  vice  ;  but,  in  the  majonty  of  uulAooee,  they  arv  tlm 
consequence  of  sprain,  or  of  intent  injury  of  the  hock,  and.  accompanied 
by  Milnrgcmcnt  of  it,  would  con.itituto  nniioanduess.  A  spi^cial  wamnty 
eboulil  always  he  takeu  s^-uinsl  cauped  hocks. 

Contraction'  is  a  considerable  a^TiAtion  from  the  nattual  form  of  Um 
foot,  hut  not  ncncnMu-ily  cnnxtitiititig  unHoiindness.  It  roquirofl,  faowerer, 
a  raoNi  cuntful  t-uiinimttion  on  the  ptut  of  tho  porcbaaer  or  Tcterioai^ 
Burvcon,  lu  order  to  ascertain  tlitit  there  is  no  heat  about  the  <[aartor,  or 
ossification  of  ttio  rnrtilago— that  the  frog,  although  diminished  in  sixe,  i> 
not  discnsod— thiit  thu  horrn?  docs  not  slr^i  short,  and  go  b«  if  the  foot  were 
tender,  tind  that  tliore  is  not  the  sbgblest  tntoeof  huneneM.  tTnloes  tfaeae 
circnuigtanccs,  or  come  of  them,  are  detected,  a  horse  moat  uot  bo  pro- 
nounced to  be  unsound  bL>cause  his  fret  oro  contracted ;  for  maoj  honea 
with  very  contracted  feet  do  not  suflirr  at  alt  in  their  action.  A  special 
warranty,  bowuvor,  should  be  required  where  the  feet  arc  at  oil  con> 
tractod. 

CoKN.t  miuiifiutly  conKtituto  unKonndncas.  Tbe  portion  of  tho  foot  in 
which  had  ooms  are  situated  will  not  boar  the  ordinary  pretmrQ  of  the 
shoe;  and  accidental  additionnl  pressure  fVom  the  growing  down  of  tbe 
bom,  or  tho  intpiidiirl.ion  of  dirt  or  gravel,  will  rnuiw  wirions  lAmonctts. 
They  render  it  ticccfoiiiry  to  wear  a  tliick  and  hi-avy  slioe,  or  a  bar  shoe,  in 
order  to  protect  the  wi-akeued  and  diseased  part ;  and  they  are  rcry  wldom 
radically  cured.  There  mny  be,  however,  and  frequently  is,  a  diflertDnoo  of 
opinion,  as  to  tho  actual  exiotenoe  or  chnnwter  of  the  com.  A  r0t«ruiacy 
■urKcon  may  oousider  it  so  slight  and  inHi;^ilii-unt  as  not  appwwntly  to 
injure  tho  horse,  and  he  pronooncea  the  animal  to  be  sound  ;  tmthe  shoaU 
bccoQtioniiiforlhrroani  corns  of  ovo^shiide  and  ilpgree,  IVqm  the«ligfat«wt 
do-^-c  to  tlie  ninsl  serious  evil.  Thi-y  may  l)cBitiilightnndmanagr«!blea& 
tlioDgh  rangiii);  under  the  class  of  morbid  nlleratiuu  of  olruclaru,  vet  not 
to  diminish  tho  natural  UK-fidnt«s  of  the  liorrc  in  any  degTv>«.     Slight 


PCRCHASE  AND  SALE   OF  nORSES.  fill 

oems  tritl  dioappwir  on  the  homi  bctng  thai  with  OTtlinnry  iikill  ond  ctjn, 
CTca  without  an;  »lt*Tmtiuu  iii  OiM  Bhoe. 

Coccn. — This  is  a  diseaso,  and  conseqMDUy  UDaonindiiMS.  How«T«r 
slight  mtty  be  iiji  defpron,  and  of  what«T«r  snort  sUmdine  it  msy  b«,  altboneh 
it  maj  •omutiinea  tcarovlj  «cein  to  int«rfcra  with  thu  uMnilnma  of  uie 
bone,  7et  a  chan;^  of  stabliiu;,  or  alight  ezposiiro  to  w«t  and  oold,  or  the 
least  OTcr-ozortioo,  mnj-,  nt  other  times,  caiuo  it  io  dog»ica«f«  into  manj 
iaagarooM  Domplaiiito.  A  hone,  tlicirofotv,  Nhoald  ncvpr  bo  purchased  with 
ft  0(nigfa  opon  him,  without  a  apeoinl  wamtot/ ;  or  if— tiie  cough  not  boing 
lAttmi — ha  is  purchased  under  a  geaerw  warranty,  that  warrautv  is 
Uwire^  broken.  It  is  not  hiMt,  that  a  aorso  laay  be  rotumcd  on  brencJi  of 
tho  warranty.  The  sdUct  is  not  boaiid  to  take  him  book,  unless  he  bos 
ttiDlnotod  Ao  to  do ;  but  he  is  liable  to  daniagea.  Lord  EUeuboroufi^^k  has 
oompletdy  d«cidod  Ihia  malt«r.  'I  have  alwaja  held,'  said  ho,  '  that  a 
warranty  of  soundocfiM  is  brokon.irtlic  animal,  atthetijato  of  ssJo,  had  any 
ia6naity  upon  him  tliat  ruodered  him  IvM  6t  for  present  service.  It  is  not 
neoessary  t^iat  the  disorder  shonld  be  pvrmAuent  or  incurable.  Wliile  he 
tat  a  cough,  ho  is  unsound,  although  that  may  oitber  bo  temponu^  or 
prove  mortal.'  Tn  deciding  on  anotMrcase^  the  same  judge  ^d:  '  I  liavo 
■Iwnv  held  it  that  a  cough  is  a  Imch  of  the  warranty.  On  tbut  undci^ 
stUMiBgl  hare  always  actt'd,  and  think  it  quite  cluar.'  It  was  argued  oo 
Iha  otfaer  hand  that  two-thirds  of  the  horses  in  London  had  oon^l^  yet  sttQ 
thendge  mninininod  that  the  coueb  was  a  brcnch  of  warmnty. 

Bounto,  WnEEzrao,  Wmmnco,  being  the  raniH  of  altemlion  of  stmc- 
fare,  or  disease  in  some  of  the  air-passuee,  and  interfering  with  th« 
peafoct  freedom  of  breathing,  cspociaUr  when  Iho  borso  is  fiat  on  hip 
Rpord,  wilbont  doubt  ooniitituto  nnaounoDtiw.  Tliero  are  decisjons  to  the 
contran-,  which  are  now  luuTeisally  admitted  to  be  erTOncous.  Buoees 
W|3ID  is  still  more  d(>cidcdly  unsoundness. 

CitiH-sinxa.  —  Although  «om4i  Iramcd  judges  bavc  assortod  that  crib- 
biting  t*  simplr  a  trick  or  bod  haUt,  it  inuvt  be  regarded  as  nnsoundneaa. 
This  unnatural  racking  io  of  the  air  must  (o  a  oer^in  degree  injure  diges* 
tion.  It  most  dispose  to  colic,  and  so  intetfcro  with  ti^o  str^tngth,  nod 
nwifulticMi,  and  Htwlh  of  tbo  horse.  Sooio  crib-bitcm  are  good  gi>orii,  but 
they  probably  would  have  poeaeascd  more  endoranoe  had  U^r  not  aoqnired 
this  habit;  and  it  is  a  fact  wedl  niabUshed,  that,aaBooD«aanorMbeooinoa 
a  crib-hitor  h",  in  nine  cases  OQt  of  ton,  loses  coodition.  He  is  not  to  (ho 
cspcrirnocd  eye  (Jie  horse  bo  was  before.  It  may  not  lead  on  to  strongly 
mkiked  disesae,  or  it  may  rarely  do  so  to  any  couaideT»blo  degroe ;  but  a 
horse  that  is  morbidly  deficient  in  condition  must,  to  (hat  extent,  have  bis 
cnfinbility  for  excraordinaiy  work  diminiidi<^,  and  so  bo  bronght  witbia 
our  dL-linittim  of  unsoundness.  In  its  rrry  early  stage,  it  may  be  a  mere 
tTii^^-«oulinu<>d,  it  inati  have  produced  morbid  di'tunomtion.  The  wear 
of  the  front  tcclii,  and  the  occasionnl  hrcnking  of  thrm,  make  a  horse  old 
before  his  timc^  and  aomctimcN  rcmilur  it  dillieiilt  or  almost  impossible  for 
him  to  grsxe,  wbcn  Oie  iilate  of  the  animal  or  the  conTenHince  of  tlie 
owner  requires  that  he  shootd  l>e  tnmrd  out. 

CvtM  ooostitutes  unsoundness  while  it  lasts,  and  pethans  whUs  tlw 
swelling  n-niains,  althoi^  thio  inftanunution  may  hare  anbaded ;  for  a 
horse  that  has  once  thrown  out  a  curb  is.  for  a  wbiJo  at  least,  wry  Usblo 
to  do  so  again,  to  got  lami'  in  the  sano  ptaoe  on  the  slimiest  extra  exer- 
tion ;  or,  at  all  evenly  he  would  there  first  (nil  on  extntonlinsry  (ixertton. 
A  Ikonei,  however,  is  do*  returnable,  altliongh  ho  ahonld  spring  a  curb  five 
mtnatee  aft«r  tho  pmrcbasi; ;  for  it  is  done  in  a  momentt  sod  does  not 
neoeaasrily  indicatn  any  prcvKms  nnsonndn^-cs  or  weakness  of  the  part. 

CinTraa  nrtiiirm  a  bone  lislilr  In  Kcrioos  injury  of  the  lefp,  sad  radicates 


^m 


620 


OS  SOCSDSESS,  AXD  TUB 


W  OM 


tliit  be  is  either  weak,  or  has  aa  nwkwardtiMa  of  gut  inconn>ioiit  whh 
bxfL-ty.  Many  horsM  go  Inino  for  a  coniiideidila  period  nfl«r  cntttt^ 
t)ioiiisplve«  Ri:^vcTi-lv)  %nd  oUivrs  liarc  dropped  from  the  mddco  ftgoi^, 
imd  oDiliuigurcd  tin-'msulirua  uid  their  riders.  Although  perhaps  not 
TOtutitatiiig  DDsoiiDdDeM,  cutting  is  &  Bcrians  dcf<!Ct,  Mtd  Torjr  uud«n>l 
■>bj«ction  to  ft  horni;,  nnd  t^hpuld  thcrcfort!  alwftj'a  have  its  oonacqusaoea 
gnnrdcd  against  by  a  Boecitd  wurr^nty. 

Kniabged  Glands. — tLc<  eul&T;,'ci»ciit  of  the  gUnds  ondor  Uw  j*w  hu 

not  bocD  so  much  considered  a«  it  nuglst  to  have  bncn  in  our  estimate 

the  soundneM  of  tlio  )iorGc.     Sitiiplc  uutarrh  will  oocuioDallT,  aod 

■  HtTection  of  the  ohi.<at  will  guuerdliy,  he  sccompanied  by  sweuing*  of 

Briimds  which  does  not  subside  for  a  considerable  time  after  tho  OoU  or 

^bver  has  apparently  been  curod.     To  utigbt  iidur^iTtncntjt  of  ths  ^md> 

nadsr  thu  mw  muuh  aLkotiou  need  not  be  paid ;  but  if  they  aro  en  con- 

oderable  size,  and  especially  if  tlioy  are  Umder,  and  the  glands  at  the  root 

of  the  ear  pnrtako  of  the  enlargement,  and  Ui«  mcRibmno  of  the  noee  is 

i«ddcr  than  it  should  bti,  we  Hhoukl  hesitate  in  pmnouncinK  that  horse  to 

be  Mouxid.     We  most  consider  the  swolliug  as  a  Bymptom  oi  diaooao. 

ExciBUED  Hock. — A  horse  with  enlarged  hock  is  nnsonsid,  the  abuulure 
of  iJiis  complicated  joint  being  so  moteriaUy  affected  thoti  aIthoii|^  the 
horse  mny  appear  for  s  conNidorablc  time  to  be  oapable  of  ordinal^  vark, 
he  will  occasionally  fail  ev«n  in  that,  and  a  few  days'  hard  work  wQl 
always  'ame  him. 

Ths  Eyts. — That  inflammation  of  the  eye  of  tho  horae  whioli  umially 
icmiiniit«a  in  hlin<lniiEs  of  one  or  both  eyes,  hns  tho  pomliar  character  of 
rticfding  or  diB&ii]iearing  for  a  time,  once  or  twice,  or  Ihriei-,  bcforo  it  fully 
runs  its  course.  The  eye,  after  an  attack  of  inflauunalion,  regaiDS  to 
nearly  its  former  natnrnl  hnllinncy  that  a  person  even  well  acquainted 
with  horses  will  not  iilvniya  rvcogiiiee  tlio  tracer  of  former  diftcaoo.  After 
a  time,  howevor,  Ibo  inftainmatiuu  ruturus,  and  the  rosalt  ID  inevitable.  A 
horse  that  has  had  one  attack  of  this  complaiiit  is  long  aflerwarda  onconnd, 
liowcycr  perfect  tho  cto  mny  seem  to  be,  because  ho  carrioa  aboot  wtlh 
him  u  <!ificaEe  that  will  probably  again  break  out,  and  eventually  de6tn}y 
the  night.  TW'tlier,  Uiurofuro.  he-  may  ho  reji-ot^td  or  not,  dependa  on  tho 
possibility  of  provictg  an  attack  of  iofiHmmation  of  the  eye.  prior  to  the 
purcbnao.  Next  to  dinict  evidence  of  this  arc  nppcnranccs  about  the  eyc^ 
of  wbich  tbi-  vel«riuary  ncrgi^n  ut  leoet  ought  not  to  bo  iglKlitaBl. 
Allnsion  has  been  mndo  to  thorn  in  pag«  164^  Tbcy  couaist  chiefly  of  a 
puckering  of  the  lidx  townrds  tbc  inner  corner  of  one  or  both  eyco — a 
elilTercnce  in  tho  sia-  fif  thtt  cyrB,  nlthough  perhnps  only  a  slight  one,  and 
licit  discovorod  oicopt  it  lie  looki<d  fur — agloominvnuof  the  eye— adnlnoes 
iif  tho  iris — a  little  dulness  of  tho  transparent  part  of  the  ty6  KeneraUr— a 
minute,  fiunt,  dnitky  spot,  deep  )n  tho  oyo,  and  generally  with  httle 
iwlintionn  of  white  lines  proceeding  from  it.  If  than  symptoms,  or  the 
tniijuHty  of  them,  eziirted  at  the  time  of  purchase,  the  aoimid  had  aommdly 
been  diseased  befure,  and  was  nnsrmnd.  StarUug  has  beco  considered  mi 
an  equivocal  proof.  It  is  uxually  an  indication  of  dcfnctiva  ngbt,  but  it  u 
occawuniilly  a  trick.  Cunucctt^.  however,  with  tlie  appeanncea  jnal 
described,  it  is  a  very  strong  corrutxirative  proof.  Then  is  another  caoM 
of  blindness,  however,  by  whit^h  tho  inexpeHmeed  hoTMiaaD  stay  be 
wiiHiiUy  dcouivfd,  tbul  la^  OuUa  ttrmia,  or  ponilyiiis  of  the  opiio  aerre. 
In  this  irremediable  atTuction.  the  textures  of  the  eye  appear  natoral  and 
nnimpaired ;  there  ic  no  apparent  nlt«m(loD  of  structure,  do  cloudinaaa; 
no  opaoity,  the  only  indiottion  iK-ing  the  InrgiT  and  inimovuble  slnto  of  the 
pupils,  which  nunain  equally  distended  in  the  dusk  uf  evening  and  tfae 
glart)  of  tile  Boon-day  sna. 


PLTICUASE   AXD  SALE    OF   HOIKES. 


Ml 


liuastss,  from  whatcvnr  cauwi  aruotig,  is  ansonDtliiCKS.  Hawcvor 
tcraiionry  it  may  be,  or  liowever  ol«oiu«,  tburo  miut  bu  dia«aM  which 
Inaens  the  atilitj  of  lh«  horse,  and  r<>u<h<r8  Lim  unsound  (i>r  Uw  tinto. 
So  Wva  coiQiitoii  fonsp,  but  there  nro  contradictory  doci&iotu  ob  the  case. 
*A  honii:  hibuurtii^  under  a  li:inpomrjr  injury  or  hurt,  whicli  is  i^npahlo  of 
hf'mg  apeedilv  cuml  or  removod,  is  uol,  acuurding  to  Chief-Jnuttci!  Ejrre, 
(u  giTen,  2  k«pin.  Itcp.  G7S,  Oarment  v.  itoor*),  ui  unsooud  horso;  tiod 
'wboro  ft  wMTuuly  in  iDudo  Umt  tnch  u  horse  ia  toand  it  is  lotulo  witfaoni 
uij  Tieir  to  aucb  tvn  injaiy  ;  nor  ia  &  horse  bo  ciroamstanucd  within  tho 
ueftniug  of  the  wuronly.  To  ritiato  the  WKnadty,  tbu  injury'  the  horsa 
had  soetiiinod,  or  tho  malady  ondor  which  he  Ubourt'd,  onj^ht  bo  bo  of  « 
parmiuicat  nutum,  and  not  such  n>  mny  uHso  fri;ni  ii  tcinporiirf  isjniy  or 
accident.' 

Od  Hib  ovatnrj.  Lord  Ellonborougb  says  (4  Ciuupbvll,  251,  ElUm  r. 
AvjpJMi),  '  I  havo  alwa^  hehl.  and  now  hold,  that  a  wamo^  of  sonnd- 
noHU  broken  if  thaouDuilat  tho  time  of  solo  boa  ftnyinfirmi^  upon  him 
which  nmdvn  him  Iom  lit  for  preient  aorvioc  It  ia  not  neooaaary  that  tho 
dinurdvr  ahould  1m  prriuuoL-tit  or  insurable.  While  a  kotae  haa  a  oongh 
be  is  unsound,  although  it  may  cdtiier  be  temporary  or  may  prore  nortaL 
Tbe  horec  in  qiuuttion  hnring  boon  lame  at  the  timo  of  tuin,  when  he  was 
warranted  to  be  aound,  hi*  co.idititm  iiiib9><H]acntlT  i*  no  di-fLiicc  (o  the 
action.'  Tho  deciaiona  of  Jdr.  Itaron  Farkv,  uln-ndy  rufcm-d  to,  confirm 
tiuB  doctrine. 

HiViCDUi  Disetss,  however  alight,  rcndem  the  oninuJ  decidedly  on- 
Bound. 

NBDaoTOUT. — A  qoestioD  haa  arisen,  how  far  a  horse  that  has  undergoiie 
the  tqwiiktion  of  the  diri&ion  of  tho  nerve  of  tiic  U:g,  and  haa  rcvovered 
from  the  laatcncsB  with  wliich  he  wna  before  aSccteJ,  and  stands  lua  work 
well,  may  be  considered  to  be  aoond.  Chief-Justice  Best  held  such  a 
Iiorso  to  be  UQsonnd,  and  in  our  ojunion  there  cannot  be  n  doubt  about 
the  msttiT.  The  opomtion  of  nonrotomy  doc*  not  remorc  the  diaeeae 
cauning  ibe  Lameoeea,  but  only  the  aenaatian  of  paiu.  A  hone  od  whom 
thia  ofieralioD  lias  been  pctfonued  may  be  improved  by  it — may  onse  to 
be  tame — may  go  well  for  many  rears ;  bat  Uierc  ia  no  certainty  of  thta, 
and  ho  ia  nnanand,  within  our  uefinitioii,  uuleca  uatnre  gave  tho  nerve 
for  oo  uaefnl  purposc- 

OsstncATtCHi  or  nu  uteul  CixtiLiaa  (tide-bones)  coostitntea  hb- 
BoandDeas,  aa  interfering  irith  the  untoial  expansion  of  the  foot,  and,  in 
lionca  of  quick  work,  ahnoat  invariably  producing  lametieea. 

PnttCED  Foot. — When  the  onion  between  &0  homy  and  aensitivo 
laminw,  or  little  plates  of  the  foot,  is  woakened,  and  tho  eoffln-bone  is  lot 
down,  and  preNin  upon  the  colo,  and  the  aolo  yields  to  thia  nnnatunU 
weight,  and  becomva  rounded,  and  ia  brooghbin  oanlaet  with  the  ground, 
and  ia  bniisod  aud  iiyorad,  that  hone  mtial  be  uiuouDd,  and  unaound  Km- 
ever,  because  Ihei-u  are  no  means  hy  which  we  can  nuse  tho  ooffin>boDe 
again  iato  ila  pl»i:e. 

Qdidddto. — ^If  the  msalic^tioD  of  the  food  givca  pain  to  tlie  animal,  in 
oonsequmce  of  aoreaeaa  of  the  mouth  or  throng  he  will  drc^>  it  before  it  ia 
purft-ctly  chewed,  lliia,  as  an  indication  of  diwaae,  coiutittttca  unsouDd- 
ncH.  QniddinK  aomeiinic*  ariaoa  from  irreguIaHty  in  the  teeth,  which 
woond  Uwobedc  withthmrBbaro  edgea;  ore  proti-u  ding  tooth  rcndoni  it 
im^KMaiblo  for  the  hone  to  doee  nia  jaws  so  as  to  chew  his  food  thoroughly. 
QoiddingisunsouDdaaesforthetinMi  but  the  unsoundneaa  mar  ceaee  whan 
the  teeth  are  property  tiled,  or  the  aoreueaa  or  otlier  eanse  of  this  im|iarfeat 
chewing  Kniored. 

Qcnroa  is  ntauifutly  onaoandBeaa. 


fl» 


OS  SOUKDSESS,  AXD  TOB 


iBCOOUOiJ 


BtXQiKRiE. — AlUioDgh  wh«n  the  bonjr  tntnonr  is  sniAll,  Mid  on  one  Rile 
only,  there  is  little  or  no  bmieneaa — and  tbL-ro  arc  »  fow  uuIodcm  b 
which  ft  horsn  with  rm^booe  has  worked  A>r  tuauy  y«ara  wiUioot  iu 
return — jut  fixitn  the  action  of  tho  Sboi,  «Dd  the  stress  upon  liie  ftat,  tha 
maaiiuua.tion  and  tho  formation  of  booo  may  uoqnirv  a  tcikdoac;  to  spread 
to  r^idJjr,  that  wo  inust  pronounos  thi)  slightest  enku^gomcat  of  tlu 
pasterns,  or  aiwind  the  coronet)  to  be  ft  cause  of  unsoitadnest. 

8lNl>*CBA0K   is   manifestly    ansoiuidiieas.       It    ma/,   howerer,    oecar 
without  tho  slightest  waning,  and  no  borsft  con  bo  rqjocted  on  i 
ft  NUid-cruc.lc  thiit  fans  upmnff  afl«r  porchMs.     Its  nsniil  oaujM  is  too  i_ 
brittliMiL-Hii  of  the  omst  of  Ute  boot;   bat  then  is  no  in&Uibto  nwtfaod  ( 
detectiiiK  this,  or  the  dej^ree  ia  which  it  most  exist  in  order  to  ooostitnto 
onsoondiMies.      When  tbo  bom  mnnd  tho  bottom  of  the  foO't  haa  < 
off  so  mnch  that  onlr  a  skilfnl  smith  oan  fiuben  the  eboowitboat  pric 
the  hoRici,  or  omi  wh«n  there  is  &  tcodencj  in  Iho  horn  lo  chip  and  ' 
ill  a  much  leaa  dcfp'ee  than  this,  the  horse  ia  uosouDd.  for  this  brittl 
of  the  cmst  is  »  disoBso  of  tho  p&rt,  or  it  is  each  an  altvi^d  stmotan  i 
■a  to  intorfon  matorinlly  with  the  Dscfulncea  of  the  animal. 

SplTiH. — Bone  iipuvin,  comprehcuding  ia  its  largMl  soon  vwiy  bony 
tnmoDj*  on  the  hock,  ia  uiisoan<lii<.'«a.  If  the  tumour  afiecta  in  tba 
slightoRt  degree  thv  action  of  the  horse,  it  ia  unsomidDeea ;  eren  if  it  docs 
not,  it  is  Holdom  »n.fo  to  pronounce  it  othcrwiso  than  tmHOoadiiees.  But  it 
may  posxibly  be  (liki.'  Hpiiut  in  Iho  fore-leg)  so  sitnatcd  us  to  buTc  no  tea- 
dancy  to  aficct  tJie  action.  A  veterinary  siu^reon  cousnltwl  on  ths 
ptin^hnso  will  not  always  reject  a  horse  becanae  of  such  a  IxioMar,  bat  ho 
will  inviuiiibly  point  out  the  dcfbct.  His  evidence  on  aqnoBttoaof  aossd- 
nusB  will  dui)eiid  on  tbL>  Giets.  The  age  of  tho  animal,  tbo  sitoation  and 
Liatory  of  the  tumour,  may  bo  such  aa  to  enable  him  to  gire  &  docisivv 
opinion  in  a  horse  going  sonnd,  bnt  not  often. 

Bo(|  or  Blood  Spavin  is  uamiujidooBa,  bixiiase,  altbongb  it  may  not  ba_ 
t)roductivu  of  lami.-iuj!iH  at  slow  work,  the  rapid  aud  powerful  action  oft 
hock  in  quicker  motion  will  produce  pcnaancDt,  yet  perlu^w  not  oos 
able  lameiuwB,  which  can  scarcely  oror  be  with  certainty  roinoTed. 

6pi>ixt. — Striotity  speaking,  splint  constittitcH  unitoundneas,  bat  so  few 
horses  are  entirely  free  from  tins  disease,  that  it  would  be  bi^y  ii^jonou 
to  reject  erery  animal  for  this  defect.  It  depends  entirely  on  the  sib 
of  UiG  bony  lumoar   on  tbo   slinnk-boni-,  whothor  it  in  likely  to 

lanenesa.     If  it  ia  not  in  the  neighbourhood  of  any  joint,  so  as  to  int 

with  its  scfaOD,  and  if  it  does  not  press  upon  any  bgameut  or  tendon,  3 
may  not  cauMi  InmonoSB,  although  it  is  ofleu  very  nnsightly.  In  many 
caaasit  may  not  Icstnn  the  capability  and  vnlnc  of  the  animal.  This,bow- 
avar,  should  be  left  to  tbo  jaugnuTnt  of  the  vet^oinaiy  surgeon. 

Strivohai.t. — This  BiuKul'ir  and  very  unpleasant  action  of  tho  hiitd- 
Icg  ia  decidedly  an  unsoundness.  It  is  an  irregular  communioatioa  of 
BcrTDOS  onnvy  to  sonie  masdo  of  the  thi^  obscrrablo  when  the  hens 
ftrst  cornea  from  the  stable^  and  rtradualJy  c>:Aaiii2  on  eu-Trim.  tt  ba* 
usually  boon  accompanied  by  a  luoro  than  common  degree  of  otrcni^  and 
endnncoc.  It  must,  however,  be  traced  to  some  morbid  alteration  of  atsnc- 
tvra  or  function ;  anil  it  rarely  or  never  fails  to  deteriorate  and  gradually 
wimr  out  the  animal 

TRiCKsviNa  or  tus  Bice  Sqiews. — SoiGcient  attention  ia  not  always 
paid  to  the  finenrum  of  tho  legs  of  the  horse.  If  the  flexor  teakdons  have 
beao  sprained,  so  aa  tu  prodnoo  coosidorablc  tlucfcening  of  the  onUnbr 
substance  in  which  tb«ir  sheullia  ara  enveloped,  tliey  will  loug  aftorwards, 
or  )H>rha])«  Always,  lio  liftMo  to  ff]>rain,  from  cnnxrs  by  wbicli  ibtiv  wonU 
olbcrwise  be  scarcely  aSbctcid.      Tho  continuuico  of  any  otHUudembts 


pntmASE   ASD   SALE   OF   HORSIB. 


SiS 


tfaicknew  arauDil  tlic  sbmUis  of  tbc  tendons  indk»t«s  prerioiu  uul  rinlnit 

rtin.  Thitt  xviy  tliickuiiiiig  will  Mtcr  tbo  aetiain  of  tlie  tondoiis,  uul, 
r  mocb  quick  wori.  wilt  occosioiullj  ranew  the  inflimmntion  mmI  tbo 
lametiMs;  tLereforc.  «ach  n  home  cnnnot  be  soond.  It  requiroi,  howovcr, 
a  liitlo  ditcriminaUon  to  diiitinj[iMh  tbia  &cim  Uio  iTuinim'NM*,  or  rotuutnL'M 
of  leg,  pvcali&r  to  HOiue  broeus.  Tbiie  slxKilii  be  an  cridcnt  difibronoe 
between  the  iignred  li^  and  the  other. 

TBOEonounx,  exc<^  it  i*  of  grakt  nic,  vtA  ftttooded  with  l&meocM,  out 
hitrdly  bo  l«nnod  ansaiaadnH*;  bat  m  it  is  tfaa  ooDaeqaonoe  of  bftrd 
wnrk,  iukI  now  ttnd  Ibeo  doea  produce  Iuocumh,  the  hock  iluKild  bo  most 
ouvftilly  eiamined,  asd  there  should  bo  a  special  warrantj-  ngMnst  it. 

TBKVsa.—Thoro  nn>  Tivriotiit  cases  on  record  of  nctioaa  on  accoont  of 
tlini«bea  in  boivoa,  and  tb«  ilc«ijioiM  hav«  benn  nrnch  at  variuice,  or  per. 
fectlj  GODtndiolorj.  Tbroah  has  not  been  alvrnj-*  conndorad  faj-  Icgai 
men  as  nnaoudness.  Wo,  howovor,  decidedly  so  ouunder  it ;  an  being  u, 
disease  intarfbring  and  llkolr  to  tntcrrcro  with  the  uaefulneas  of  tli«  Iiotm. 
Tbrash  is  inAannMrtioD  of  ike  tower  irarfiico  of  tho  inner  or  aanaitive  ttitg 
—Hwd  the  HoretfOD  or  tlirowiii)^  out  of  puN — nitnoat  joTariablv  aocom> 
nuuad  bj  a  slight  deme  of  tand«raes8  of  the  frog  itaelf,  or  of  tbo  heol  a 
littiB  above  it,  and,  ifBafflacted,  loading  to  diminution  of  the  sabslaom  of 
the  bog,  and  Mpamtaon  of  the  bom  from  tho  parte  boneath,  the  pro* 
dnctioD  of  facguii  luul  canker,  and,  nltimately,  &  diseased  state  of  ths  foot, 
deatractiTo  of  the  preaant,  and  dangorons  to  the  fbturo  usefidneaa  of  tho 
hone. 

Wixoiuiu. — There  are  few  boniM  perfectly  fme  from  windfalls,  bot 
thoy  do  not  iutJirfiiro  wiUi  the  action  of  tho  felLuck,  or  oanae  btmencss, 
except  when  the;  are  nnmeivna  or  kirg*.  They  oonstitato  anKiandnaaa 
only  when  ther  caoso  Inmenoas,  or  aro  so  lai^  amd  nniaevoaa  M  to  render 
it  likclv  that  thrj  wilt  cause  it. 

In  t^'  pnnihuse  i>f  a  horse  the  bnver  usnallf  roeeirea,  embodied  in  tho 
reoeipt,  what  is  termed  a  wutfturrr.     It  afaoald  bo  thns  expressed  :^ 

'HnNimlorA.  B.  fiirtj  pound*  Ibr  n  gnj  taare,  wattMdsd  onl]' Bn  jwan old,  •ena't 
fri«  from  Ticp,  ssd  i{ciial  to  rid*  »nd  driTn. 

■*40.  'C.  t>.* 

A  Teeeipt^  including  m<-ivlT  the  word  'wamated,'  nctcnda  oul/  to 
aonndneas, — 'warranted  soand  '  gnea  no  fkrtbar;  tbo  acce,  fr^rdom  IVom 
noe,  and  qnietnoaa  to  lidu  and  drive,  should  be  eapeciaUjr  niuned.  Thin 
wananty  comprisM  every  eanse  of  nnsoniidneas  that  can  be  dct<:«teil,  or 
that  latlca  in  the  constitutMn  at  tho  timo  of  sale,  and  to  orory  Ticious 
habit  that  iJio  animal  bas  hitherto  Hhown.  To  eslabtish  a  breach  of  tlio 
waiTnnty,  anil  to  be  eoabled  to  tvodvir  a  rctani  of  the  horse  and  ncorvr 
the  diBnaoos  of  price,  tbo  parcbascr  mnst  prove  that  it  was  uasouDd  or 
▼ioiooaly  disposed  at  tbo  tune  of  sale.  In  case  of  confth,  tho  boiae  mnct 
have  been  heard  to  coosh  immediately  ttf\or  I  tie  nnrrhaius  or  as  he  was  led 
home,  or  as  soon  aa  be  had  entvroi)  the  MaiAc  of  the  pnroliaser.  Coughing, 
even  on  the  folluwing  morriini.',  will  not  bo  suHicuint ;  fur  it  is  poaabln 
that  be  might  haro  cangbt  cold  by  ofaanf^  of  stabhntf.  If  Im  ts  wne,  it 
mnst  be  proved  to  ariae  from  a  cwise  that  eiixti^l  before  the  animal  was 
in  the  purchaser's  poaseaaioD.  Ro  price  will  imjily  a  wamuitr,  or  bo 
eqairaleub  to  one ;  taero  mnst  bo  an  expreas  warranty.  A  fraud  most  bo 
proved  in  lbs  seller,  in  onler  that  ibe  bnjer  nuty  bo  onabled  to  return  the 
horse  or  riL^ntain  an  action  for  tliic  price.  The  warranty  ahoald  be  ginin 
at  tJte  tinti-  of  sale.  A  narrnnty,  or  a  ptntnian  to  wamuit  tlie  horse  ^rnn 
at  any  pe^od  anlrocdenl.  in  iim  ra\r,  is  invalid  ;  fur  iHMsellttsli  is  a  tery 
pmsbaUe  conunodi^,  and  the  eonatilutioD  and  nsefalness  of  the  animal 


i 


m 


OS  80CA1>SESS,  XSn  THE 


may  undorf^  a  ooiiBideriiblf-  dinnitit)  in  tiw.  opocc  of  a  few  dajB.  A  wftmn^ 
ftfUrr  the  ntU  w  invnlid,  for  it  is  Kiven  without  any  le^l  conndenlioii. 
In  order  to  completp  the  purcliase  iherc  ninBt  be  a  tntader  of  tlte  afiinal, 
or  a  roeTDOniuduin  of  agreement,  or  Iho  jwiynMnt  of  caraost-monrr.    Th> 
least  Bnm  wi\]  suflice  for  osnwat.     No  v(-rh»l  prnnuM  to  bnj  or  to  anil  ii 
binding  withont  one  of  ibettA.     The  moment  vitiier  of  tbi-se  la  eflect^d,  tb» 
li!giil  tmusfLT  of  proper^  or  delivny  is  mode,  and  nhaterer  may  iiapip^^ 
tu  ihc  home,  the  seller  retaine,  or  is  entitled  to  the  mono^.  IftbepardwHl 
CTordeos  nny  net  of  ownership,  by  nsing  the  antnwl  witboat  Ic&tb  of  flB 
vi-ndor,  or  by  hiivine  tiny  opt'ration  performed,  or  any  tnedicinee  nves  to 
him,  he  makes  him  hia  own.     The  varranty  of  a  servant  is  conmdered  to 
be  binding  on  the  master:  tho  weight  of  anfhnrity  denoting  that  the  tna*- 
tcr  in  bound  by  the  act  of  the  Bcrvant     Lord  Kcnyon,  however,  had  tom* 
donbt  on  the  subject. 

If  the  horse  should  be  aft«ri>rards  discorcred  to  hare  be«n  tUBOosd  at 
the  time  of  warranty,  the  buyer  may  tender  a  return  of  it,  smd  if  it  be  not 
taken  back,  mny  lirmg  his  action  for  tho  prioc ;  bat  tho  (ollcr  is  not  bossd 
to  rvNeind  the  contrw^t,  imluss  lie  hns  agrcod  ao  to  do. 

Although  there  is  no  legal  compulsion  to  gire  inmiediate  nolioe  Id  tba 
aellcr  of  the  discoverpd  nnsoundnL-ss.  it  will  be  better  for  it  to  be  dOM, 
1'he  animal  Hhonld  then  bn  leudcred  nt  tho  hnnnn  or  Ntabte  of  the  vendor. 
If  he  refunOH  to  receive  him,  tlm  animal  may  be  iient  to  a  liTory-Ktablo  lad 
sold :  and  an  action  for  the  difiereuoe  ia  price  may  be  hron^ht.    The  kee|i, 
however,  can  be  recovered  only  for  the  time  that  necessarily  interteaed 
between  the  tender  and  the  deti^Tninntion  of  the  action.     It  is  not 
nneesJiivTy  to  t<mdcr  a  return  of  the  home  ita  soon  as  the  nnaotuii 
diMcovcn-d.     The  animal  may  be  kept  for  a  reasonaMe  time  ai 
and  even  proper  medical  mcnnB  used  to  renore  tfae  ttnaomdoeM; 
ConrteNy,  and  indeed  jiistitM;,  will  reonire  that  the  notice  nhoold  be  p'^tP 
KM  Etoon  HM  possible.       Although  it  is  stated,  on   the   authority  of  uotd 
Loughborough,  that  *  no  length,  of  time  elapsed  after  the  sale,  wilt  slta 
tho  nature  of  a  contmet  originnlly  false,*  yet  it  seems  to  have  been  ontt 
tlionght  it  wns  neceiiiinrv  to  the  action  to  sive  notice  of  the  anaot 
in  a  reaaonublc  time.    The  cause  of  action  la  certainly  complete  on 
of  the  warranty. 

U  u«ed  to  be  supposed  that  tho  buyer  had  no  right  to  have  tlw  hene 
mcdieuJly  treah.'d,  and  that  be  wonid  waive  the  warran^  by  doing 
The  question,  however,  would  be,  hss  be  injored  or  dimimabod  the  "^ 
of  tho  horne  hy  this  ireatmect  ?     It  wUl  generally  be  pmdent  for  " 
rc-traiu  from  alt  niedienl  treatments  beeauso  tho  meaitf  adopted,  b'  _ 

akilAUly  employed,  may  have  an  nnfortannte  effect,  or  may  be  tnisrcfm- 
eented  i^  ignorant  or  interested  observers. 

Tho  porchuer  possibly  may  like  the  horse,  notwithstanding  Int  di^ 
OOVOTod  deft)Ot,Aiid  he  may  retain,  and  bring  his  action  fertile  depKctalBS 
in  value  on  uei;ount  of  the  nnsonndnosa.     Few,  howrvcr,  will  do 
because  his  retaining  the  borse  will  canee  a  mispiciou  tliat  tbo  defect 
of  no  grent  coescquence,  and  will  give  rise  to  much  cavil  about  the  quan- 
tum of  damages,  and   after  nil,  v(<ry  slight  damages  will  probaluT  b* 
obtained.      '  I  lake  It  to  he  cl<ar  law,'  says  Ijord  KIdon,  in  tho  caa« 
Curtif  V.  nnmiai/,  3  Bsp.  83, '  that  if  a  person  purchases  a  horsc  that  is 
warrantrrf.  and  it  afterwards  tnms  out  that  the  bone  was  nnaonnd  at  the 
time  of  the  warranty,  the  buyer  nuty,  if  be  pleatiea,  keep  tho  hone,  and 
bring  an  nation  on  the  warranty ;  in  wluoh  lie  will  have  a  right  to  recover 
the    dUTnvncc  between  the  value  of  a  sound  horse  and  one  with 
defect*  as  eiisfed  at  the  time  of  wnrrontr ;  or  he  may  return  the 
and  bring  an  notion  to  recover  tliv  full  money  paid :  but  in  the  inller 


nntCllASE  AXD  SALE  OF  IIORSBS. 


62S 


tbo  sclW  hiM  k  right  to  «<xpoct  thftt  tho  hono  shall  be  rdnniotl  to  him  in 
ibo  SBiiU)  Htato  hi;  vroit  whun  Hold,  and  not  bv  ftny  muiui*  ilintijiialuHl  in 
Tttlufi;  for  if  a  persou  keeps  tt  warrUttU'd  articlo  fi>r  any  Icn^h  oflJiiie 
ftftur  discovering  iu  defects,  and  when  lift  nturns  iti  it  is  io  »  vroiw)  Bt«t« 
thui  it  irould  linvit  Iwiti  if  rrtiimod  immadiittaly  mtUir  fuah  diatovniy,  I 
think  tho  piirty  cun  havu  uo  ilcfoiiw  tu  &n  iM:tion  for  tki;  prioo  of  tho  ar< 
tii^  ou  Lhu  ground  of  non-coiupliauco  mill  the  irarnrnty,  but  must  be  leA 
to  his  actioD  od  the  imrranly  to  rcoOTor  tho  difloreDCo  in  tho  T»Iao  of  tho 
arliclv  wtumntcd  nnd  iU  vnliic  whiin  sold.* 

Where  tkero  is  uo  wurmnty,  uu  iR'tiuu  mM'  he  brought  on  Qui  ground  of 
frnnd ;  but  this  ia  very  dilHcnlt  to  be  maiutaiuud,  and  not  olUni  nasaided. 
It  will  bo  ncorasaiy  to  prove  thnt  the  dealer  knew  the  <lefcct,  and  thftt  tho 

EorchoHir  wiui  impoMMl  upon  by  hi*  fiilao  r<rprp«cntation,  or  other  fnuda- 
lut  muaiu.  If  tlui  defect  waa  evideut  to  every  oy%  Uoe  purohaiier  h&a  no 
tvinedy — he  should  haT«lakon  more  cam;  but  if  a  warrantTwasgiven,  that 
ex1«iKlii  to  all  iiii»oiindnci««,  piljukble  or  oonc«aIod.  Althongn  s  pcnnn  should 
ignorantly  or  uurcliiiwly  buy  u  olind  hon»,warnintJ!d  noond,  he  nuiy  reject  it 
^-tbo  wumaty  in  hia  gnard,  and  pteveots  him  from  su  cluscly  examining 
the  boFM  Bfl  he  olherwiso  would  IwTa  done  i  but  if  he  buys  a  blind  horao, 
^hinlring  him  to  bo  Boond,  and  without  a  warrant}-,  ho  has  no  remedy. 
Ewrjr  otuf  ought  to  exi'-rciiKi  conunon  otranmnpeotioD  and  conunon  mdm. 

A  nuui  shoold  have  »  mor«  perfect  kuowkdge  of  horatui  Hiao  fatta  to  tiut 
lot  of  most,  aud  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  vendor  too,  who  vemtaiva  to 
bur  a  horso  without  »  warranty. 

If  a  pcrxon  tniyH  »  horia  wurranti'd  mnnd,  and  diiicovcHng  no  doffict  in 
him,  unci,  rvlyixiti;  un  tho  wwruuty,  nvitelU  hiiu,  and  tiui  unwinndnaa  i> 
diaooverod  by  the  xfcoud  purohaatir,  and  tJie  horse  nitumvd  to  the  fimt  pur- 
cfaaaor,  or  an  action  oominonci>d  against  him,  he  has  his  eUim  on  the  first 
seller,  an<l  mny  dcnumt  of  him  not  only  tho  nrico  of  tho  horee,  or  the  diffe- 
nnco  in  valuu,  but  erecy  expcnMu  thtit  may  have  been  incnrred. 

AlMolutd  exobaneeo,  of  one  hurso  fur  another,  or  a  nun  of  money  being 
pMd  in  addition  by  ono  of  tho  parties,  stand  on  the  same  ground  aa  aLnple 
aalcx.  If  there  in  a  wnmnty  ou  cither  aido,  and  that  is  broken,  an  acboa 
nutv  bu  inainlained:  if  tliere  bo  uo  wairauty,  doot-it  rauat  bo  provod. 

The  trial  of  horeee  on  aale  often  leads  to  diaputM.  Tho  law  ia  fNirfeoUy 
clear,  but  tbo  spplicatioD  of  it,  ua  in  other  matters  connected  with  horao- 
flrah,  attonded  with  gI<iHoaa  uncirrtjiinty.  Tho  infoudod  purchnsor  is  only 
liable  for  damage  duuu  to  the  horau  Uin>iif,'b  hi*  own  miaoonduot.  The  aollcr 
may  put  what  restriction  he  chooses  on  the  trial,  aud  lakes  the  risk  of 
all  aecidcnia  in  the  fair  aw  of  tho  horao  within  such  restriotioDa. 

If  a  honra  from  a  d<uiWa  stable  ia  galloped  &r  and  fiwt,  it  ia  probable 
that  be  will  aoon  show  diatnea ;  aad  if  bu  ia  poahed  farther,  inflammation 
and  death  may  enauo.  The  dealer  rarely  gttta  reoompaoaed  fur  thia ;  nor 
onght  he,  aa  ho  knows  tho  unfitncM  of  mii  honto,  and  may  thank  himaelf 
fur  pcrruitting  aodi  a  trial ;  and  if  it  should  oi-cur  aoun  uflor  tho  sale,  be 
rnna  the  riak  of  having  the  hone  ntumed.  or  of  an  action  for  its  price. 

In  this,  too,  bo  ia  not  much  to  be  pitied.  Tbo  raiaobiovoos  and  frnndnlent 
practica  of  dcator^  cHpeciaUy  in  Luiukin,  of  giving  thoir  horaoa,  by  over- 
feeding, a  &lao  apftearanoe  of  moaciilar  anbatanoe,  leada  la  tbo  rain  of  mauy 
a  valnable  animal.  It  wxmld  be  a  nsofol  laawm  to  have  to  oouteeb  inan 
action  or  two  tho  qacation  whether  a  horae  ovDrtoaded  with  fot  can  bo 
othorwiae  than  in  a  atulo  of  diaeaae,  aud  oonacqnently  unsonnd. 

It  ia  proper,  howercr,  to  put  a  limit  to  what  baa  been  too  fiwqnontly 
aaaertca  from  the  bench,  that  a  horao  warranted  sound  most  bo  taken  as 
fit  for  inmodiate  xum,  and  capable  of  beiiw  immediately  put  to  any  fiiir 
wvriL  tbc  owner  cbuoaea.     A  hunter  boncvtly  warnuited  aonnd  is  certainly 


am 


OS  SOUNDSRSS,  AKB  PCBCQASE  ASD  SALE. 


ooitnt  01 


vfttrrantt^d  U>  b«  in  immediate  condition  to  foUovr  tlic  hminda.  The  njf- 
teriea  of  condition,  &a  has  been  itliown  to  n  Eurmor  port  of  tbs  work,  tn 
DOt  eafficioQtl;  unntvellcd. 

Iq  Lotiiion,  mid  ia  most  ^rca.t  towns,  Uiere  are  repodloriee  for  the  |>erio^ 
icnl  aulc  uT  liunes  by  aucUoii.  They  fire  of  ^ront  coQvemeDM  to  tlio  Kflcr; 
»-lio  oou  at  once  gel  rid  of  a  horso  tritJi  vbicb  bo  vriduw  to  pKrt,  wHhool 
wai ting  mouth  iiflcr  montb  bufurc  bu  obt)un8ftpurolu«iir,aad  neisrcliavai 
frotn  t£o  nttiaance  or  fear  of  having  (be  anim*!  relomied  on  aeooiml  </ 
bruuch  of  tbe  warranty,  becanae  in  Uicae  places  ootj  tiro  days  are 
for  Uw  trial,  and  if  the  borso  is  not  returned  within  tLat  period,  lie 
bo  aftwwarda  rotnmod.  Tliey  arc  olao  conrcniout  to  tlio  porohMor, 
can  ttms  in  n  Wgo  (own  soon  find  a  liorau  that  trill  suit  buu,  and  i 
tram  thin  roelriction  as  to  rcturuiug  the  animal,  be  will  obtain  twei 
thirty  per  cent,  below  the  dealors'  prices.  AJtboncfa  an  aactioa  may 
to  oQ'ar  a  fair  and  open  competition,  tbcro  ia  no  puco  at  which  ib  is  tuart 
nooonary  for  a  piirsun  not  much  nocuiitomed  to  hones  to  talca  with  himia 
cxpariancud  Ixttrnd,  and,  wheii  there,  to  depend  on  his  own  Judnamt,  at 
that  of  his  friend,  heedless  of  bho  observatioas  or  manconvres  ot  lh«  by> 
standont,tho  oxnegtiratod  oomnieiidntion  of  somo  horses,  and  the  tlH^mij 
liiulta  found  with  otheia.  There  arc  always  iiii]nei<ouM  groam  of  bw 
dealers,  copers,  aud  chavntera,  whoso  boainess  it  is  to  deludo  and  i 
Very  difibrent  yiows  will  be  found  to  be  taken  of  th»  quMtion  oPi 
in  tixo  present  day  to  thone  existing  somo  ^roan  afgo ;  and  very 
conclusions  arc  nuw  dniwa  trom  tlio  indieations  of  diuaau  to  what 
then  have  1il-cu  done.  The  leading  point  in  all  cases  used  to  bo  to 
how  long  thu  diaeaw  bad  existed — if,  for  iitetance,  a  snaviu  ia 
in  an  animal  Iwo  months  nftor  nurcliase,  rnja  it  mQ»t  hiivc  oxisted 
time  uf  purchasn ;  if  a  young  [ilutlioric  auiinal  is  takun  from  a  dealer'i 
■table  some  dialonoo  hom^  and  a  few  days  or  a  week  afW  ia  found  to  be  iU 
— soffering  from  disease  of  the  throat,  longs  or  oheet,  which  diacaae  maj 
result  in  a  fatal  termination,  then  the  seeds  of  the  disease  mnst  hava  cxiskd 
prior  to  the  snle^  and,  that  lieing  the  case,  the  horse  must  hare 
unsound,  and  the  seller  must  bear  the  loss;  or,  n^'sjn,  the  nev  nun 
disoovered  to  be  a  roarer,  or  lame,  or  lonoff  his  condition  within 
wociks  of  the  trnnenction,  either  of  which  is  a  mest  grieroos  aDnoya; 
tho  purchaser;  but,  furtunutely  fur  him,  the  cause  vf  these  afilictiotts 
have  existed  at  the  time  of  purchase,  aud  therefore  the  ■"■'-lal 
ratBTDcd;  and  not  only  were  these  views  surmised  among  _ 
^ey  ware  too  often  adopted  hy  the  professional  man  by  whom  the 
is  examined.  Now  a  day,  however,  thoso  things  hare  allvml  a  lit 
question  no  longer  is,  how  long  must  tbeoanse  at  uasouDdneashftTe 
but,  in  how  iJiurl  a  tipnce  of  time  may  it  have  be«i  prodoced  7 
dtlTurenoa  in  the  modu  of  viewing  tho  matter  tuny  cause  remarkahly 
reut  results.  A  hone  may  have  a  xplint  developed  in  a  few  hours;  b 
eight-aiid- forty  he  may  become  a  marerj  a  spavin  ia  thrown  ont  ia 
course  of  a  day  or  two ;  a  cnrb  may  be  sprung  in  a  moment ;  and  dii 
the  throat  or  lungs,  which  may  terminate  fatally,  or  at  anv  rate 
detoriuTa(«  the  ralno  of  tho  hoiae,  may  have  commcnoid  witliia 
hunn  of  hia  leaving  the  stablo  of  the  seller;  and  theae  views  mnst  ban 
this  important  efleot,  the  abeolate  proof  of  the  State  of  the  atiiiaal  attbi 
time  of  sale,  for,  howover  shortly  alW  the  onsonndnsss  may  be  disoorerei 
to  exist,  there  bus  been  snfficiont  time  botb  for  ita  OomnKnoonteot  and  Ms 
development ;  and,  therefure,  unless  its  ejaatenee  ooa  be  clearly  proved  at 
the  tdmo  of  sale,  it  ia  not>  of  itself,  a  proof  of  anBOaadness  at  the 
of  purchnscL 


A 


ON   DRAUGHT. 


Tm  inrcfttigntioa  of  the  salijeiot  of  ilinnght  bj"  ftnimal  powpr,  to  whioh 
this  trofttuo  ia  dcTottvi,  and  wliJcU  will  fonu  aii  ap[>mpriiiit«  Katipli'incnt  lo 
fen  acoonnt  of  the  Hor«o,  h*8  freqacnlty  occQpi()d  tLo  altvution  of  tbeo- 
ntickl  uiH  pnicticftl  mco ;  to  mnch  ho,  tKnt  oar  object  will  be  to  collect 
what  ho*  l)ccn  muO  and  done,  and,  bjr  an-uigiiia  tt  motbodioaJljr,  to  sbow 
in  irhttt  mAiuiiir  Iho  infonnation  may  be  ap{£ed  and  rendered  necfut, 
nUher  than  lo  attempt  to  produce  anjthins  abaolutolf  new  npoo  the 
ntject.  NotvrithstAnding,  boworrr,  all  that  baa  beon  written,  if  wo  open 
aajr  of  tho  aiithoni  who  liavo  traifrd  the  auhjoot,  in  tho  bopo  of  obtiiMt»o(; 
direci  piaotical  iufonuatioa,  we  ahall  be  much  diiappoiiiUd. 

It  inig:ht  have  been  expected  that  the  particular  reanlt  of  oveij  method 
known  and  in  nae  Ebr  tho  oonvojance  of  a  load  from  one  spot  to  anotluir, 
by  aoiniat  power,  whether  br  alodgcA,  hy  whcol-cairingos,  or  b^  water,  as 
in  canula,  lii-iiia  to  cooj»tantly  and  noouMarily  a  matter  of  practical  <!Xpo- 
riment,  would  haTO  be«nacouatelyknown  and  recorded ;  btit  iho  ooutmtj- 
i>  too  mnch  the  oom. 

The  thooretical  inrwtigstioDS  bare  boon  made  with  too  tittle  rof«renoo 
to  wbot  nallj  takea  plnoe  in  ptaetioo ;  and  the  pnictiuat  portion  of  the 
•abject  haa  not  ^nemlly  been  treated  io  tbat  ueufnl  and  oomprehonairo 
mjuincr  vliicb  it  deeerres  and  d«mands. 

Id  Ihot,  there  is  hardly  a  qnoetioii  in  practical  mechauicti  on  which, 
tbouli  mnofa  bM  bor^  written,  opinion*  mis  apparently  loss  tiscd ;  or  on 
which  the  informatioD  we  do  posaeas  is  ia  a  mm  dcdncd  and  available 
Btale. 

One  grrat  object  of  research  haa  been  the  arsnge  foroe  of  traction  or 
power  of  tho  horM. 

If  we  Donault  the  most  approved  author*  and  cxprnmnntaUsta,  Desaeail- 
liiTit,  SmealoD,  &e^  we  find  this  power  Tariooaly  aUilvd  ua  equal  to  80  Ibe., 
100  Dm.,  \60  \\ia-,  uid  evsn  200  Im.;  wo  are  tlierelbre  leftahnost  aa  ignonnt 
as  beforo ;  bnt  tho  knowledge  of  this  avorage  powsr  is  fortonatalj  of 
littlo  importance  in  pmctioe.  It  is  the  knowledge  of  t)in  bc-st  afmlicataon, 
and  of  the  effect,  of  that  power  which  alone  la  nauful ;  aud  these  are 
gOTcraed  by  cinxunslanoiM  so  Twying  sad  dissiBiilar,  snch  as  tho  form 
■od  stoto  M  Uio  road,  the  atnclure  of  the  oarriage,  the  aiu  and  friction 
of  tho  wb(«hi,  Ac,  &C-,  tlat  Bcarcclv  any  two  caacs  of  drangfat  WofUd, 
■*  rogards  tho  effect  of  the  power  of  tho  honto,  present  the  aamo  rcaoita. 

Tbe  difibrenco  of  opinion  horo  numif cat  in  iitill  greater  when  existing  on 
a  purely  practical  qnoitian. 

In  the  enqnirius  in«l(tatod  by  a  committee  of  the  Bonae  of  Commons  in 
180C  aud  1806,  on  the  sabjoct  of  roads  and  carriages,  two  well-informed 
{mtotioal  HMD,  Mr.  Itosscll  of  Bzrtrr  and  Ur.  Dmoou  of  Islington,  the 
most  eztrosivo  corricn  in  England,  wcrre  examined  npon  ho  important 
qnestioD,  riz.  the  sdrantage  and  diBadTauta(;;e  of  a  paiiicalar  form  of 
wheoL  It  was  stated  by  one  that,  baring  ginm  the  wdmIs  in  question  a 
fewdTo  mouths'  trial,  he  found  that  thcgr  tended  to  iiyvrv  tho  road  and 


M» 


ON  DE&CUnT. 


increase  the  drouglit  in  Uic  proportion  of  four  to  fivo ;  wliilo  it  wu  staUd 
by  the  other,  wlio  lind  nlso  nuulu  the  vxpcnment  on  n  Inrgo  scale,  ttut  ho 
f'onnd  tli«j?  mnti'i-inll]^  aaaiated  iu  keeping  tlw  toada  in  repair,  and  dimie- 
islicd  the  ilruught  in  tbe  proportion  of  five  to  four. 

AiniiLit  such  conflicting  and  GODtmdi(^iy  opinions  ii  woold  appMr 
ilimcult  to  come  to  nny  uactiil  coticluxioii,  nnd  wo  Du'ght  nobiralljr  be 
disposed  to  adopt  &  veiy  coiuuiou  prucLice,  Uiat  of  tuning  an  vnm^ 
tvBult. 

A  little  coneideratioD,  bowerer,  will  show  that  thwe  apparent  diict^ 
piuicio-s  and  cotitradictiuna  nriBu  in  great  mcasura  from  attempting  to 
gimcruliMe  and  apply  to  prootiuu  tbe  resalta  of  exporimenta  made  is,  and 
therefore  applicublu  only  to,  particular  cases, 

The  rosiuts  of  experiments  thos  made  at  various  tunes  and  places,  and 
ivitlinnt,  that  idcnti^  of  condition  and  cirouButeooo  ■»  nocUMaiy  wlm 
nbunliLrJ  rulos  are  to  l>o  iluduced  from  them,  have  nevertlidnas  boon  naed 
fur  tliut  purposL' ;  and  this  circuDoatouee,  combined  with  the  variotj  of  di*- 
tiuot  points  to  bo  considorvd  before  yre  can  cstimato  aocDrat«ly  what  even 
cQnstitiitfiH  druitglit,  will  perhaps  occonnt  for  the  diaigrcom«at  among  die 
pmctical  and  Bcieiitilie  authorilttis  ulludod  to. 

We  mu£t  therefore  examine  strvcrndly  all  tlieae  points ;  and  tben,  fay  een- 
Htdering  their  relative  bearing  upon  each  other,  wo  may  hope  to  reoonola 
thii  diflerent  npinionK  ad  vanci^tl,  without  which  WD  cannot  oollsct  from  then 
any  Iiifurmatiou  whidi  will  lead  us  to  a  practical  and  beneficial  rasolt. 

We  shall  proceed  to  divide  the  subject  tinder  separate.*  and  distinct 
beads,  and  under  each  bead  to  examine  the  methods  or  means  now  in  tna, 
or  which  have  hoen  prapoMtd,  and  endeavour  to  c«tinuit«  their  compatatire 
ndviuittigoB  hy  avniling  ourselveis  of  what  is  alruady  written  and  known 
upon  each. 

It  will  be  necessaij  first,  hoivwcr,  to  explain  and  define  clewly  wbh 
t«rnis  which  will  nccnr  frequently  in  the  nonmo  of  this  paper,  and  o^edally 
the  word  '  driLiight,'  which  is  itself  the  title  of  the  trcattae. 

This  word  in  unvd  in  aooh  a  very  general  and  vague  sense,  that  it  would 
be  diiUciilt,  if  tiot  iuipeasible,  to  give  an  explanalioii  which  should  app^f 
equally  to  all  its  different  mcaniiigs. 

In  the  exprcHsion  '  draught  by  uniuial  j>owcr,'  it  woold  Kcnn  fo  tneas  tka 
action  itself  of  drawiiig ;  while,  on  the  Other  hand,  it  ia  fre»|Ufntly  used  to 
signify  the  amount  of  power  employed,  as  well  as  the  degroo  of  reatstaaes 
. — iLs  when  wo  Buy  the  dmught  of  a  boree,  or  the  drnagbt  of  a  camaf[e. 
■  Draught  power  ia  also  an  exjiressiou  used.  We  shall,  bowtiror,  confiM 
our  use  of  tho  word  to  the  two  ta^aJiixige~^rau</kt,  the  action  of  dragging 
— Slid  driinijhl,  the  amount  of  resistance  to  the  power  employed  to  orag 
any  tfivcn  weight. 

'turci'  of  traction'  is  another  expression  ret^uiriog  explaiialion ;  but 
here  we  must  euterinto  more  detail,  and  give  a  practical  illuatiati<]u  of  oar 
meaning. 

A  fi>rcc  ia  most  conveniently  mcasnrcd  by  tbe  weight  which  it  woold  be 
capable  of  raining ;  but  it  is  not  therefore  necessarily  applied  rcrtically,  ia 
which  direction  weijrht  or  gravity  acts. 

If  a  weight  of  lOO  Iba.  be  suspended  to  a  rope,  it  ts  clearly  exerting  npon 
thin  ropo  a  force  of  lUUlhs. ;  but  if  tbe  ro[ic  bo  passed  over  a  pally  void  of 
friction,  and  continued  borisonlally,  or  in  any  other  dirt-ction,  and  tibsa 
attached  to  eome  fixed  point,  the  weight  still  nets  npon  all  porta  of  this 
rope,  and  coiiHeqncntly  upon  the  point  to  wliich  it  is  fixed,  witli  a  force 
equal  to  lO)  tbs. ;  and  so  inversely,  if  a  hurai'  be  pidling  at  a  reps  with  a 
furce  whieh,  if  the  rope  wer«  piwinnil  Over  a  puUy,  would  raise  100  Ibo, 
the  force  of  traction  of  the  lioiw}  ■  in  this  case  100  Iba.    Spring 


Ji 


ox   6nAl'QHT. 


*» 


^*ynH«  Vin;;  now  ufimmonlj  in  aim,  we  mnjr  l»  pcmultod  to  refer  lo  th«m 

*x  uQurdintf  itnotJicr  flour  esem|>lificatii)ii  uf  our  mcnaiDg.     In  pnllin);  »i 

«  Ht«el.yard  of  tbia  dcBcrlption,  if  the  samo  force  bo  uvrtrd,  wlietlier 

borixonlftUyor  wrticnilv,  t.ho  index  vrill,  of  course,  bIiow  tliaMUitiianiotintt 

and,  oooa«qi)«>tljr,  if  tfui  atrfngtli  of  Ibo  horao  be  measured  bj  &tUivhiiig 

tlu)  traoM  to  oiiMi  of  tbese  »teel-yimU,  Uiu  number  of  poouda  indicat«d  ou 

iha  dial  will  be  the  extwt  nieosurc  of  tbe  str&in  the  liorso  exerts,  and  tbe 

wmcmat  of  «lroin  is  cnlW  his  *  force  of  tntction.' 

u       H»rtng  (ixnd  u  nciu-lj  m  po«siblc  the  meaning  of  tbette  temis,  wbich 

^BiriU  frequeatlr  occur  iu  tbo  coimo  of  our  prn^prcM,  vre  shsll  proceed  tu  tbe 

^^dirinoti  of  tbe  subject. 

^H      It  is  evident  llitit  theiv  nre  three  distinct  agenU  and  points  of  oonxiden^ 

^Htion  in  tbo  operation  of  dmnght,  which  are  quite  independent  of  m«b 

^Potbor.     Thigr  are—  Firs),  tie  moving  piiwcr  and  tho  mode  of  applyicfr  it ; 

Booondly,  tbe  vcbit'It-  for  conri-yiuK  the  wui^lit  to  bn  moved  ;  Tliicdly,  Ihe 

mai,  road,  or  railway,  or  what  may  K-  ((i>uorally  termt-d  the  channel  (j 

CDBTeyance. 

All  those  individually  influence  tbe  &moont  of  draught,  and  require 
Mpomto  ci^nfiHcmtion  ;  bnt  tlu:  mode  of  comhiniugf  thcM  diflerent  ag«ota 
ku  alio  a  ranlfriul  Hloct  n{ion  Uio  rcsali, — oonMqnootljr,  tbey  must  bo 
«OBtid«red  in  relation  to  eaeh  otb«r ;  and  to  obtain  the  miudmnm  ufi^fdl 
«f!Kt,  with  the  greatest  economy,  in  tbe  emploj^ueut  of  any  givtin  power, 
it  is  OTidcntly  nocoMury  that  tfaoso  dilToront  Agents  shoukl  ni>t  onl^  each 
bo  tbo  bcxt  ndaptnci  to  itn  purpose,  and  iicrfnrt  to  tbo  greatest  possiblo 
deme,  bat  also  tbut  they  shuuld  all  be  oomDii».>d  to  the  groatoat  advantage. 
We  shall  proceed,  tli^n,  to  examine  tbe  dilTerenl  agents  bow  employed, 
the  modee  of  applying  tJicm,  and  the  proportionate  efllccts  prodnoea. 

And,  first,  witti  regard  to  the  sneoioi  oFmonng  power  j—tltia  may  be  of 
two  kinds,  animal  ai^  mcchaiiieal. 

By  'anunal  power'  we  mean  the  dtreirt  application  of  tbo  ctntngtb  of 
aay  laboal  to  dracging  or  pulling,  im  in  the  simple  case  of  a  horco 
draCTiBg  a  cnrl.  By  '  mechanical,*  Uic;  lippUcation  of  any  power  throngfa 
thv  intiTn'cntion  of  machinery :  the  aourcv  of  power  in  this  utter  case  may 
still,  however,  be  animal  power,  or  a  poi^ly  mecbanioal  agent,  na  a  atcam- 
eoeuie. 

Tlui  latter  ia  the  only  specif^  of  mechanical  power  which  it  lias  bceu 
at(«mpt«d,  with  any  proapnct  of  nuccuut,  to  apply  proclii-nlly  to  lootv 
motion ;  and  therefore  that  alone  we  propose  to  oompare  with  tbo  animal 
power. 

Kow,  although  these  two  powers,  tiz.,  sonple  animal  power  and  the 
stean-engino,  may  in  raaRtin«tancc»  bo  applied  so  as  to  produce  the  same 
i-ffect,  and  may  thereibre,  to  a  snperfioMl  observer,  appi-ar  similar;  jot 
there  do  exist  Boch  essential  differences  in  the  niodeef  action,  or  tbenxnns 
by  which  theefTectiaproducod,  that  there  are  many  cases  in  which  the  one 
mAv  b(!  oasd,  wherein  tbe  other  may  be  totally  inapplicable. 

in  this  tr«t3«e,  dmuubt  by  animal  power  is  the  pcindpal  object  of  con- 
sideratiou  ;  but  an  threat  t'ifurts  baT»  osaD  made  tat  nSBf  years,  and  are 
still  now  persevenngly  made,  to  snpcntcdo  nnimol  power  entirety  by  m»- 
rbanical, — to  dismJM  oiur  obi  tervmtit  tht-  bone,  and  mpply  bin  ]>Iiicv  by 
the  steam-engine, — it  may  be  as  well,  in  justice  to  tbe  former,  to  aay  a 
few  words  in  bis  defence,  and  to  take  a  braf  view  of  tbe  distingoishing 
featorsa  of  the  two  agents. 

To  enter  into  all  their  rnspcctive  merita,  and  to  weigh  their  oomparalive 
advantages  in  all  circnmslanoes,  wonid  IdtoI  ve  as  in  many  questions  fetdgn 
to  that  under  our  immediate  oonsideiatioD,  and  would  embrace  eabjeots 
which  may  supply  matter  well  worthy  ofoarfntaroalteotioD.  Itissafficient 

X  M 


tSO  ^^"^  CHI   DHAUGHT.  ^^^^^^ 

for  onr  priiNirnI  purpofle  to  show  Uiftt  there  stilt  exist  (^rMkt  objeclioru  to 
th«  miivfrsal  applicntion  of  mnchiaery  to  drunffht,— object iong  which  do 
uot  equally  apply  to  thn  n.ic  of  nntmal  power ;  uM,  there  kto  tnkny  Bdrsn- 
taees  in  th«  luttOT,  which  are  uot  jet  obUuoed  by  (he  former ;  and  that 
animal  power  oouliauea,  for  all  tho  ordinAi;  pnrpoeu  of  traffio  upon 
votnioou  roada,  to  bo  tho  most  eimple  in  ita  application,  and  cortaia  in  lU 
effeot, 

Wo  iiball  ooufina  ourselves  partJOBlarly  to  the  couaideralJon  of  that  part 
of  tho  quealiou  which  relates  to  the  alow  traosport  of  hcAvy  goods,  aa  being 
tJie  most  important  branch  of  tli»  ntligaot^  wpacially  for  agriotiltoral  pnr> 
posps.  Kconomy  in,  of  noumc,  tho  gnuid  decidcrvtiun  in  tJio  ooasdenUiaa 
of  UitH  qntattion ;  oDOMquuntly.  the  comparative  expense  of  the  two  powers, 
auppoBiiifT  them  for  the  momt^nt  equally  oo&renient  and  applicable,  will 
first  dornand  our  attention. 

A  dillicalty  nriscs  horc,  howcvnr,  Irom  th«  wnnt  of  a  ccrlaiit  noomtn  of 
comparidon.  Thu  powc^r  of  a  one-horaci  engine  is  by  no  meana  exmeOj  tb« 
atime  thing  as  that  of  a  horse.  As  we  have  before  stated,  Ui«  mode  of  ap- 
plying thoni  being  diflcrcnt,  tbo  varintions  in  tho  ntsnltAnro  different,  and 
connc<qn<!Rtly  the  efTi^-'tti  do  not  br-ar  a  conrttont  proportion  to  oach  olher, 
in  difTereiil  uircumslaucee  :  wo  roost  therefore  bo  careful  not  to  fall  into 
the  mistake  which  wo  have  ourselves  pointed  oiit  as  a  tott  conuooa  sonroa 
of  oiTOr,  viz.,  the  drawing  general  ron elusions  from  data  obtained  in  a  par- 
tiiTulur  cnso,  We  shall  take  the  power  of  the  horse,  and  that  of  the  atean^ 
etigiiio  lis  asuertoined  pntetieully  on  ruitways,  when  the  offuct  of  each  is 
less  influenced  hy  accidental  cbcumstanoea, and  conseqaently oaa  bo b«tt«r 
asct'i-taincd  than  on  a  road.  Wo  shall  confioo  our  caloulatioDa  of  expansa 
to  tliis  particnliir  ciiDc,  and  thciL  endcavnar  to  dijcovor  bow  iar  the  saiM 
results  are  to  be  expected,  or  wtuvt  inoiiiljcntions  are  likely  to  tako  place, 
anil  what  alterations  are  to  be  made  in  the  results  under  diirLntnit  ciivom- 
stanees.  As  regards  tho  tirst,  vie.,  the  comparative  cost  of  ftnimal  and 
mechaniiinl  pnivrr  on  a  rnilway,  wo  cannot  do  bettor  than  quot«  UiB  words 
of  the  late  Mr.  Tnslftcitd  u[ion  this  subject,  and  we  acoordingly  extract  tke 
followiu);  passage  frotu  bis  work  upon  Railways : — 

'  The  relative  expense  of  difTerenl  movin);;  powers  for  ratlwaya  is  an 
intOTCJiting  cnqniry,  and  the  Raino  nintmalabeiAg  necesMrjtoestitnatatlia 
absolute  expense  lor  any  time  or  place,  itisdcnjablo  togirenomo  paiiien* 
lars  to  aid  the  roscnrchi^a  of  those  who  wi^  to  make  Knob  oomparatin 
ostimat^is.     The  annnal  oipcnse  of  a  boise  dfipeodn  on;— 

'1.  Tho  interest  of  piirolinBe-nioney. 

'  2.  Decrease  of  value. 

•  9.  Hn^nrd  of  loss, 

*i.   Vnlno  of  footl. 

'5.  ILimeM,  shooing,  and  farriery. 

'  6.  Rent  of  sljibling. 

'7.  ExpniHe  of  attendance. 

'  Aocordiug  to  the  avotage  daraUos  of  a  honro  in  a  slai«  fit  Cor  laboor, 
of  the  description  required  on  a  railway,  the  first  three  il«nu  may  be  e^ 
timntod  at  one-fourth  of  the  purcbase-rooney ;  the  food,  bameoB,  nbociag, 
&Q.,  included  in  tbu  4th,  £th,  and  €th,  wilt  most  lilc«ly  not  exceed  40L  Mr 
annum,  nor  yet  be  much  shni  of  Uiut  amount ;  and  supposing  tma  man  to 
attend  to  two  horsos,  this  would  add  161.  1'2<.  if  the  man'a  wiwot  were  St. 
per  day  ;  and,  at  this  ruto,  tho  labour  of  a  horse  of  tho  value  w  3(M.  wobU 
cost  6Ck.  12(.  per  year ;  or,  ainoo  tbem  arc  312  working  days  in  Vba  jwar, 
tiM  daOy  cxpeose  would  be  8^.  10^<I.,  or  166  farthiof^  Dnt  the  powvr  of 
a  boraa  is  about  125  lbs.  when  Imvelliog  at  tbft  rate  of  tlirov  uiles  per  hoar, 
And  Uie  daj'e  work  oightoon  miles. 


on    DRACGIIT. 


at 


'  Tho  umaal  «xpoDM  of  a  high-prouuiv  locomotive  engine^  or  aUmm 
cBrringift,  conaiBbi  of: — 

■1.  ThaintcraatofUiefintcost. 

'  2.  Deoreaae  of  T&lne, 

'3.  nosArdofaocidoDte. 

'4.  Vulno  of  coftl*  tmi  water. 

'  &.  Bencwikla  and  repaira. 

*6.  Expense  of  attenoaoce. 

'It  is  diiBcnlt  to  procuro  thMC  puticnlara  ftom  the  experience  of  thoM 
who  CDipla;  eneiDoa;  vro  will  tlinrnforo  anaez,  by  way  of  oiauple,  avcb 
•uina  an  we  tliink  Ukvlj' to  cover  Ikeoxpeciw.  Tho  liretooetof  Ifaio  enguw 
aud  its  carriage  may  Iw  etatod  at  !i(H.  per  Uomspowor,  und  it<  dccnam  of 
value  and  has&rd  will  r«ndcT  its  annnal  expense  about  unir-GflU  uf  itii  firat 
cost,  or  10/.  IKT  annum  ni?r  hone-powor.  Ilia  oxponso  of  fuel  and  water 
{M-T  ilajr  wit]  be  not  leu  than  one  buahel  and  a  half  of  coals  per  borse-powvr 
and  fuurteeu  cabio  feet  of  wator ;  and,  laldnd;  the  ooub  at  Cd.  per  bmih^, 
and  the  wator  and  loading  with  fbcl  at  Sd.,  tlie  anuiul  «ii>eiu«  will  be 
151. 12*. ;  the  renewals  and  repair*,  nt  SO  per  cont^  on  ibo  llrsl  coat  will 
bo  lOl.,  wIiiL'li  itt  Bs  little  as  can  be  expected  to  cover  them.  Attendance, 
Hnppo«e  oue  man  and  one  boj^  for  each  mx-bona  engine,  at  6«.  per  4ajr,  or 
Is.  per  da^  for  «Bcb  bors»<pow«r,  or  151.  lit.  per  annnm  ;  tlienTfcire  tlie 
low  ansna)  o^wbsd  of  one  horac- power  woald  be  5lt4f.,  or  158  farlbinKH 
per  daj.' — Tins  power  in  e<iuul  to  a  funw  of  trnctioa  of  166]  Iba.  for  tlw 
Htune  number  of  mllvs  per  day  aa  Uie  bor^e ;  bat  frum  this  gross  amonnt  of 
power  we  most  dixlnct  that  oecessaiy  to  move  tbe  subline  witb  iU  supply 
of  ooals :  tbis  will  rrdncc  it  at  least  tn  1.^5  lbs;. ;  consequent t_v,  in  the  one 
OMO  we  have  a  fortie  of  IraoLicm  of  12^  IbM.,  lit  as  I'xpmitn  of  186  fiirtbiagx, 
and,  in  tfae  other,  a  furoe  of  1&5  Ibe.,  at  an  expeiisu  uf  1&8  Esrtlungs  ;  and 
redonag  them  both  to  one  standard  qaantity  of  work  done,  we  and  tbe 
«zpai8eoftbe]ioraois<^H'=1.468,aod  of  the  lommotivo  oni^no,  1.019,  or 
about  H  147  is  to  100.  In  this  caae,  tliorefoTv,  tbure  appears  to  be  a  do- 
oided  eoonomy  in  Ibe  use  of  the  ateam-enKiue,  and  aooonsngly  its  i^jibca- 
tion  has  bn'oiue  vprr  ^niTral,  and  is  becoming  more  SO  every  day. 

Let  DB  new  examine  whnt  altemtiona  are  roquixito  before  wo  <xa  appty 
tluHo  cnleiilatwnia  to  the  case  of  dranght  ujiun  eonunon  roads ;  snuposing 
both  specii-a  of  power  etiiuUlj-coDventent  and  app[iosble,aad  con&mi^  our 
observations  merely  to  the  amoont  of  power  and  proportioakt*  Axpenae. 

The  force  of  traction  of  tbo  boTse,  and  tho  yearfy  cost,  will  remain  so 
nearly  the  san>e,  tbat  for  oar  present  parposc  we  may  consider  tbum  qnite 
onaltcred.     Not  exactly  to  with  tbo  locomotiri>  engine. 

All  the  parte  of  tlie  macliiiu)  must  bo  mstde  much  stronger  and  beavier, 
and  coQseqnently  more  expensive  for  rosd-worL  than  for  a  railway,  and, 
therefore,  tbo  first  cost  will  be  Kreater — tbe  wear  and  tear  will  abo  bo 
greater,  and  as  tbe  work  will  be  more  vaiiaUe,  the  eonsnnption  <^  (iiel 

"    speaking,  will  bo 


will  be  inareased  as  well  as  tbo  priee,  which,  i 

noeh  leas  ob  a  line  of  railway  than  it  can  possibly  be  eli 


here. 


Still  all  titpso  drenmetnnoes  will  not  iulluenoe  tbe  remit  so  ranch  as  tbtf 
incraassd  eflbct  of  tbo  weight  of  tbe  engine.  On  a  railway  with  the  cai- 
lii^e,  at  oow  eonstructed,  the  force  of  traction  is  not  mooh  mere  than  J„  m- 
^  of  tbe  woiKht  moved  ;  oODMOnsntly,  tbo  power  ocoesssty  to  aiove  the 
engine  ilsi-lf  is  not  eeir  ooBsidoiaUeL  On  a  rc«d,  however,  this  pniportum 
is  materiaUy  ahertd ;  bsra  tlio  avenge  ione  recpired  to  move  a  wi^l-t'on- 
stmoled  carriago  cannot  be  MtinalMl  in  practice  at  less,  even  when  the 
raade  are  in  good  repair,  tban^i  the  engnte,  aoeordii^to  the  ooBslnictioa 
of  the  best  looosBotiro  engines  now  in  use,  will  wmgn,  witfa  its  carriacD 
and  fb^atloastoac-half  Ion,  or  1120  lbs.perborse.powor,aiid  ^  of  llS) 

■ml 


fiSa  ^^^"^  OK  DBAffiliT.  ^^^^^^^^^^^" 

U  ne&rly  45  lbs.,  which  ym  have  to  doducL  from  the  gro«*  poircr  nf  tliv 
VOffnt),  imd  which  Imvcs  oul;  ISlj  Ibi,  aa  tiio  available  )>ow«r.  Tbe  imo- 
portionnl  ox]>mii(!  of  thu  Lorso  iuid  the  Bteam-engtne  ia  now  iherefore  about 
us  115  to  100,  audthis  without  taking  i]itoticconntthecirow«of  incroascd 
expuiiditore  already  nlliidrd  to  ax  rvgiLnU  the  prinifi  eo*t,  tlia  repaint,  and 
the  congiunptifm  of  fmil.  From  tlitw)  caleulutiooi  it  would  appear,  tlatt 
ovon  if  mochaaical  power  was  iband  as  convtiuieut  and  applicable  in  pnc- 
tioe  aa  horse-power,  still  no  great  economy  can  be  expected  from  the  en* 
ploymont,  vpon  conmion  rondA,  of  small  locomotive  cnoinM,  roch  fu  the 
host  of  thoHo  now  iii  usu,  und  known  to  the  publto,  itnleM  it  is  in  mwn 
where  other  meaua  tuny  tall  to  produce  some  paitical&r  effect  which  may 
be  required ;  if,  for  instance,  a  considerabto  Tdo<9ty  is  necessary,  the 
power  of  n  horsp  ig  Tery  nfitrly  exhausted  in  moring  his  own  body,  and 
then  thrrc  cilq  he  no  doulrl  tli^it  a  lacchnnical  Bf^^it,  in  whioh  power  amj 
nlwaj-H  be  cii-hiin^d  fur  a  [iroportioual  volocity,  will  have  some  ndnii- 
tiL^ea  on  «  veiy  good  ro^l,  which  in  fact  apriroocfaes  very  nearly  to  a 
railway.  Bnt  in  everj-  cuse  in  which  velocity  is  not  a  principal  object,  as 
in  tho  ono  now  under  cousidcrution,  and  where,  eonseqnently,  Uttio  mo- 
rottntum  ia  actiiured,  and  lj-<<queut  though  eUght  olmtructiona  ocenr,  a*  m 
au  ordinaiy  road,  an  nnimiil  appcArs  to  posscA^  decided  adrantafrea.  He 
ndiiptE  himself  ftdmintbly  to  the  wort:, inereiuiing or diiainishinghis efforts 
itcciirding  to  the  variattuns  of  the  draught,  resting  himself,  an  it  were,  and 
acquiring  vigour  where  hia  utmost  sti'eugth  is  not  called  for,  and  than  be- 
comes enabled  to  make  exertions  far  beyond  his  auero^  strcu)^th  when 
any  iiupediment  or  ohKtniction  is  to  be  overcomo.  Indeml,  he  apjN-an 
nither  to  iucreimc  tlic  average  eject  of  ki*  pomen  by  these  altcnuitions  of 
ext-rlion  mid  comjKiralivo  relaxation  ;  &nd  when  it  is  considered  that  the 
draught  will,  iu  an  ordinary  roiui,  frequently  vary  in  the  proportion  ofiiix 
or  eight  to  one,  and  that  tlicsii  cliiingcii  may  Kuccood  each  other  Baddcntf, 
the  imporliinuu  of  such  an  accomutodiiting  faculty  will  bo  immodiateqr 
Rprireciated. 

By  mechanical  power,  such  as  a  steam-enpne  affords,  them>  ailTantAgM 
aro  not  easily  obtained.  Without  great  weight  tir  rapid  motion  no  monum- 
turn  can  be  aequii'cd ;  nnti,  unless  when  the  enrriago  is  in  rery  m|>id  miv 
tiun,  a  very  small  obstruction  will  check,  and  perhaps  toteil/  stop^  thft 
machine.  For  instance,  snjiposiiig  the  carriaKO  to  be  advancing  steadily 
under  tho  cfTect  of  K  force  of  ti-oction  of  500  lbs.,  and  tliat  a  stono  ^r  rat 
Boddonly  causea  a  rcaistiinco,  nkieb  it  wonid  require  800  or  lOUO  lh«.  to 
overcome,  a  case  by  no  means  nu-eeveii  on  tolerable  roads;  if  the  iraprins 
or  momentum  of  tho  mass  be  not  sulhuiont  to  carry  it  over  this  obstno* 
tjon,  tlm  inaeliino  most  stop  until  some  increased  pow«r  be  ^vrn  to  it. 

It  '\i  also  to  be  remcmbnred,  that  what  we  are  accustomed,  in  ]irartKw, 
to  consider  as  the  avemgo  powiT  of  a  liomc,  is  the  avemge  escesa  nmuun- 
ing  over  and  above  that  necessary  to  carry  hin  own  body  ;  and  that  in  all 
ordinaiy  coses  ho  is  able  to  maintain  and  eonlJnuu  uctirly  thit  aatno  exef^ 
tions,  although  tho  compamtive  draught  of  the  carriaj^  be  conitidor»b1y 
inereiuied.  Thus,  if  tho  road  be  atightty  muddy  or  sandy,  or  newly 
gravelled,  tlie  draught,  ns  wo  ehull  see  mom  accurntt^Iy  laid  down  when 
WD  come  to  the  subject  of  wheeled  carrJap;^  will  bo  donldo  and  ernt 
treble  what  it  in  on  the  samo  road  whon  freed  from  dust  and  dirt  ;  bat  the 
nveraKe  puwcr  of  the  horiH:  remains  nearly  the  same,  and,  practiesllT 
speaking,  ciiual  in  both  circutustanoea ;  that  is  to  say,  tltat  tho  power 
necesBary  to  move  the  weight  of  the  horse's  body,  which  forms  no  tncon- 
sidemblit  nortion  of  bis  whole  pOfrer,  is  not  mnterially  iucrciuHxt  by  a  state 
of  road  which  will  even  trohlo  tho  dmught  of  the  carriage ;  comicqoenlly, 
tho  excess,  or  available  ]iortJou  t^  his  power,  remains  unimfwired,  and  the 


J 


^^^^^^^^r  OK  DRAV'GIIT.  ^^^F  K» 

fbll  boiK-St  of  it,  M  well  nc  of  taty  fncrriiAcd  cstrtions  of  thft  uiunal,  is  f«lt 
Mill  in  Applied  aolrl}'  to  ilnitnrinK  the  load. 

Nut  All  wiUi  a  looomolire  8t«am-«ng;iii«,  bccanscs  Vjond  tbe  power 
noccesary  to  perform  tbo  work  of  drftgffiDp  the  load,  n  larn  addidoDal 
power  mnst  lio  prnriclcid  to  movR  tJio  ongine  itaelf.  In  ot£(ir  wonU,  if 
•o  vnginf  of  teu-hurxc  {hiwct  be  vupnblo  of  drk^iog  a  certain  load,  ihe 
waglit  of  this  eiif^inc  fonuiuf;  a  portion  of  tbe  Iimm)  to  be  mored,  a  eorrv 
nMDdisg  portion  of  tho  power  is  nnprolitably  sbaorbed  in  moving  it,  and 
U9  coccoM,  or  rc^maininc;  powpr,  ik  alono  available  for  nxoAiI  pnrpofMi,  and 
mn  slunc!  l>u  compim-d  to  thu  anitna]  or  lione-power.  Now,  if  thu  drought 
in  auj^i'nti-d,  at  wu  b^Lre  just  supposed,  hy  an;  sand,  dirt^  or  rougluitaa  of 
tb9  rood  or  anj  other  impedimeDt,  the  force  requiied  to  move  tbe  dboIpm 
wvigbt  (of  tbe  on^at!)  is  pronortioRall;  inorcmod ;  it  ma;  tircn,  a>  wo 
have  ttated,  be  doubled  or  trebled ;  and  tUu  whole  ;>owcr  of  tlie  i-nffioe 
ranainiDg  tLe  sanic,  the  earploA  or  reinainiuj;  portion  is  couiidenbly 
dimiitishcd,  and  that  at  tbe  vetj  moment  vrbon,  as  before  staled,  it  pn^ 
docce  only  one-hnlf  or  onr-third  the  t^ffcct. 

Uoreorer,  if  at  any  purt,  of  tbe  loud  a  power  rqna]  (o  twenty  bonm  it 
required,  the  onjfiue,  aa  regards  its  couHtrudioii,  innat  he  a  iiO.horaa 
enj^e.  It  is  ori-oneoua  to  suppose  that  a  st<'ani-cu>;iDe,  because  it  iaA 
high -pressure  engine,  can  therefore,  as  occasion  rc<iuiros,  be  worked  R>r 
any  length  of  time  bovtmd  it*  nominal  power,  by  mOToly  raising  the  st<«in. 
Every  pitrt  of  a  roadiuui  i«  calculated  aud  arranged  for  a  ocrtam  prcasuru 
and  ootrcBponding  power,  and  tJiat  is  the  real  power  of  it.  It  ia  optional 
to  work  at  or  below  that  power,  but,  if  below,  it  will  bo  to  a  disadvantage, 
as  (ho  bulk  and  weight  of  the  miu^hiue  will  baaa  grmt  aatf  it  wersalway* 
worked  to  ila  full  extent,  and  boUi  have  to  be  earned  over  all  thooe  parta 
of  tbe  road  where  a  far  1m«  yoner  woald  be  aufficieot.  The  velocity  e( 
the  oaniage  might  iud>«d  bo  increased,  while  travclliDg  on  (be  good  and 
le^  portion  of  the  rood  -,  bnt  these  altcmntions  in  the  qwnd  nnil  power 
caaitoi  be  eSecInd  without  a  comiiilcrabto  <)egr<x!  of  comploxi^,  weight, 
and  expense  in  the  mnehinery ;  anil,  an  we  are  confiiung  ooraclTea  to  the 
eoosideiatioa  of  the  cane  where  vtlocUi/  u  net  reTuirei^  and  might  eTcn  bo 
an  inoonvenicDce,  the  exeess  of  power  will  be  wasted. 

These  otgectjooa  to  the  nse  of  merhanieal  power,  in  rerlain  eoHca,  are 
pointeil  ont,  not  as  being  imniTmoRnuhlo  obcitiielnt  to  tlio  ane  of  muehinery, 
but  as  serious  diflicnKiiii  whii-h,  in  praetjce,  have  not  yet  been  ororcome. 
In  foct,  thero  ia  uot  at  prMeut  any  pncLical  anbstitat«  for  horse-power  oa 
common  roads,  and,  as  far  as  the  public  is  coDcemed,  notluuf;  hsta  yet  been 
done.  We,  tbemfore,  mnst  eonsider  tb«m  as  objoction*  rcmatning  la  bo 
ovcnnme ;  and  wo  arc  eempelled  to  draw  thi!  conclnaion,  tliat,  at  tbe  pre- 
•cnt  meineul,  animal  power  (always  euufiuing  oarwdvealo  Uie  question  of 
tlw  eooiKmical  transport  of  heary  goods  upon  oommon  roads)  is  snnerior 
to  any  rasdtaiucal  agcDt,  and  that  Masts  of  diugbt,  and  partioiilarly  tbe 
borac,  althoegh  the  nmst  ancient,  still  remain  tbe  most  adfanlagWHM 
source  of  power. 

Long  experience  has  pointed  oot  Tarions  modiw  of  applying  animal 
power  1  but  it  is  frequently  ill  directed,  owing  to  the  want  of  an  udeqnale 
knowledge  of  the  meeliAnical  structure  of  the  animal,  and  tlie  manner  in 
which  he  exerts  bis  strength. 

In  the  most  powerful  steam-engine,  if  too  great  a  rtcistance  be  applied, 
orpiaetically  speaking,  if  we  attempt  to  make  it  domoTv  work  tliju)  it  is 
ca]eulaio<l  for.  there  ia  an  immediate  low  of  power,  in  consequence  of  the 
diminution  of  Telocity  caused  thereby  ;  nod  if  we  continue  to  oppose  a  fftiU 
greater  rrnninnne,  wo  reach  tbe  point  at  which  it  is  unuljle  to  overcome 
it,  and  it  ceases  to  prudncc  any  clTect.     Jigain,  a  very  small  obstacle  tnny 


134 


ON    DRACGIIT. 


be  60  ftpplied  n»  ([reatly  to  impede  an  enj^ioe  or  considci»blc  power,  or 
even  to  Htiip  it  olUii^ther.  Tlie  poiTcruf  an  cnf^c  is  liniiti?<l,  and  rvoBt' 
ance  miiHt  iilways  be  proftordonwl  to  it;  and  there  tsn  proportion  b(j«ad 
whicli  it  itt  useless  to  go,  and  lets  than  irhicli  would  not  absorb  the  wiiolo 
forw). 

An  fiiiimal  is  but  ci  beautiful  nierc  of  murfiiinTV,  and  altlirm^ti  ptTfrct 
in  its  constnictitm,  tuid  wuiuUTfullj-  aecommodiitiag  in  it>  nitivcmraUi,  it 
still,  like  thi;  engini.',  lias  a  limited  power,  and  luui  itti  pi>cnliur  mudoi  tt 
action,  it»  Klronur  and  its  feeble  parts ;  and  wo  must  well  L-ou»id(-r  ila  itrao- 
ture,  to  be  able  to  apply  the  resiBtaBC^  in  that  degr^,  aud  In  tliat  maaner, 
which  shall  enable  it  to  prodnc-o  tho  greateet  effect.  The  oonsideratKW<rf' 
the  comparative  eQ'ects  of  tho  pxeiiaons  of  n  imnn  nnd  n  horse  will  mt  <me» 
eiemplify  this,  and  lend  us  moro  clearly  to  tin-  kuowlodgo  of  tbo  pecnliu 
qualities  or  faculiics  of  tho  home. 

If  a  horsii  be  made  to  earry  a  hoary  weight  rapidly  np  a  steep  nucvntt  or 
if  a  man  bo  nrnjiluytid  to  dm^  nlowly  a  licavy  ciuriugo  alonfc  a  roagh  road, 
the  strc-ngtb  of  bolli  will  bi-  noon  exbauxtca,  and  tittle  uUM.'t  produced; 
but  if  a  man  be  made  to  carry  a  weigbt  up  a  ladder,  and  if  a  lior«e  dntw  a 
heavy  oarriane  along  a  road,  thoy  will  eaeb  prodau)  a  cousidsrabk-  vSlKt : 

J'et,  in  the  forctor  case,  the  horse  and  the  man  are  as  slrou^  ax  iu  the 
otter,  but  their  power  is  not  properly  applied,  aod  is  consequently  wast«d. 

These  diRercntrrMnhanrnctuiily  explained,  by  considering  the  mechanical 
stniuture  of  the  two  bodicn,  and  tbo  mode  iu  which  tlieir  muscolar  strengdi 
is  exerted. 

Tlio  action  of  putlinK  is  offectt'd  In  dtbcr  cane  by  throwing  tho  body 
forward  bi-Tond  llio  fit'l>  wliich  form  the  fulcrum, andallowingthowtHgbt 
of  the  body,  in  its  tendency  to  descend,  to  act  against  this  nwutaiKe 
applied  horizontally,  and  dmg  it  fomard  i  as  the  reautence  yielda,  tbo fiwl 
are  carried  forward  ;  and  tlm  action  renewed,  or  rather  oontiimed. 

Lot  A  (Jig.  I)  bu  the  centre  of  gravity,  or  tJi«  point  in  wliich  the  whola 


of  Uie  weight  of  the  body  may  b©  snpposed  to  be  accnmuUtcd,  tmd  B  Uw 
fnlorum,  or  point  of  rcnistanco ;  AC  tlie  direction  of  tho  power  to  bo  ovo^ 
come. 

If  tho  legs  art!  inflexible,  the  body,  acting  by  its  gmrity,  tends  in  iia 
descent  to  cloMcribo  a  circle  around  the  point  B,  but  is  uppowNl  by  tha 
resistance  AC ;  and  it  i«  demonxtrahlc,  by  the  law  of  th»  rciuilutkin  ot 
forces,  that  if  BD  bo  drawu  pura,llfd  to  AC,  tho  lengths  <rf  the  tinm  AD, 
AB,  and  I>B  represent  respectively  tho  proportions  between  the  weight  ol 
the  body,  the  strain  upon  tbo  point  of  Hupporl,  and  the  effect  pnKhiced ; 
that  in,  if  AD  be  taken  as  the  measure  of  the  winglifc  of  the  body,  th«n  AB 
ia  the  mwurarc  of  tho  strain  upon  the  K-g«,and  UDorAEthopowerpuUiitf 
ID  the  direction  of  AC. 

Consequently,  th«  effect  incrcocce  with  the  weight  of  tho  body  and  the 


OR  DRAUUIIT. 


ass 


L 


diatanoe  wliid)  it  Is  tbroiro  bej-oud  tbcleet,  and  is  limited  only  by  the  ca- 
pability of  resistance  ftt  D.  or  the  inugculsr  ntriTn^h  of  thn  legs. '  This  M 
endenlJr  tho  case  in  practice ;  for  eveu  Lf  the  hudy  were  brought  nonrlT 
borisontal,  vhcn  tt<  weight  wmild  net  to  the  (j^reotfiBt  sdvantsge,  still,  if 
tlia  Iccaftro  incHpnblo  of  nwintitiz  tho  ntmiii,  they  woold  yioM,  and  iu> 
tAetbe  prtiduced.  In  a  Bum,  tlua  mnacnLnf  «tr«>tig1h  af  tho  limhn  is  toij 
arestv  and  he  can  lid  or  carry  iuuaenso  wdshto,  nod  oaocnd  nwily,  even 
Joaded,  a  ladder ;  bnt  he  is  not  veil  adapted  to  tii«|>tirpoM  of  drag^i>g;  ■■ 
bia  own  -weight  is  unuJl  proportioiially  to  bis  strcoigthi  and  the  c»ntrc  of 
navity  is  low,  and  by  tho  onnKtmction  of  hts  body  cannot  bo  thrown  far 
D^ouu  the  fuloruiu  at  hia  feet ;  conneqnently,  however  cnpablo  hi4  \og» 
may  be  of  raosting  a  great  Stnin,  AE  remama  stuall,  aud  tus  muxctilar 
forco  ia  not  adTaatageoosty  broaght  into  action. 

A  hoTKc,  on  iha  contmry,  by  the  rormntion  of  tlia  body,  can  rrliofo  his 
wedght  partly  from  liiit  fon^-luga ;  and,  extending  bis  lund-lcgii  as  in^^V-  -■ 
throw  toe  centre  of  grarity  a  considerable  diiiluiiee  in  fixtntof  Iiia  fivt  B. 
AE  is  here  proportionnbly  mach  greater  than  in  the  former  ease,  and  the 
vrliole  of  his  forcn  is,  Ihoraforo,  aurantiigiioaaly  employed.  He  iSi  in  focl^ 
fay  his  mechanical  eonatniction,  a  buuct  of  drnoght. 

TbiO  BBme  train  of  leiaaomng  which  Ima  here  |M>iuted  out  tlie  speciea  of 
iTork  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  diflervnt  atmotorM  of  the  man  aud  of  the 
horw!,  if  continned  fnrthcr,  will  now  serve  ui  show  the  circoiR stances  in 
which  the  power  of  the  latt4M'  is  best  applied,  and  the  greatest  ofTcct 
psodnood. 

We  shall  here  consider  both  the  <{iiAlity  and  the  degree  of  the  drnnght. 

And  first,  it  is  to  bo  observed,  tbat,  althongh  the  wHght  of  tho  animal's 
}>ody  iM  tho  immudialo  causo  in  tho  action  of  nailing,  yet,  as  before  stated, 
it  is  by  tlic  action  of  the  tniuelea  in  advanouifc  the  le^  and  raising  the 
body,  that  this  caose  is  oonstently  renewed,  and  the  elTuH  continued.  The 
manner  and  the  order  of  aooceaaion  in  whicJi  a  boreo  thus  lifts  and 
adTonccs  bis  legs  mnj,  of  connie,  influoncii  the  movftnrnt  of  his  body,  and 
ongbt  therefore  to  he  exiuntned  into:  accordingly  vrc  find  that  many 
wnturs  npon  drangbt  have  tonched  upon  this  piri  of  the  subject,  but  they 
appear  to  have  contented  themselves  with  inventing  in  their  closet  cIm 
maoner  in  which  thegr  concoired  a  horse  must  have  movrd  his  lrg\  rathiv 
than  to  have  tolraa  the  trouble  to  go  out  of  di>ora  to  mo<i  what  rvally  did 
take  pliice,  and,  roDM-'qaently,  many  have  arrived  at  erroneous  conclasions. 
The  tuicii-nt  Kculpton,  wbo  gencntUy  studied  nature  so  biihftilly,  either 
Dtnlected  this  point,  or  otherwise  oar  modem  horses,  hy  oon8laat<  artificial 
tnming,  have  altered  their  slep  :  for  we  find  in  the  celebrated  friete  front 
the  I^uutenon  at  Athena,  a  portion  of  which,  now  in  England,  is  more  com- 
monly fcnown  nndcr  the  name  uf  the  Elf^iii  Marbles,  the  only  horses  whieh 
atv  represented  trotting  have  both  their  legs  on  the  same  side  of  the  body 
mimd  at  once,  the  other  two  being  dtra  npon  tbo  grannd — a  jXMiitMn 
vhich  homea  of  tho  present  day  never  asaome  while  tToltiog. 

In  the  case  of  these  relievos,  it  is  true  that  there  are  only  fonr  horees, 
oat  of  more  than  two  hnnttrvd.  which  are  in  tho  action  of  trotting,  all  tbo 
ollien  being  rcpreaented  in  a  canter  or  gnllop ;  tut<l  only  twi>  of  these  (bar 
an  flntirBly  ia  the  foregronnd,  and  distinct  frooi  the  other  Aguraa.  It 
mmld  not  be  safe,  thoMomf,  to  draw  too  general  a  oooclusion  tVom  this  ei' 
ample  alone  ;  but  wo  have  another  decided  proof  of  tho  remark  wo  hare 
mode,  in  the  case  of  the  four  horses  of  the  cnnrch  of  St.  More  nt  Veniee. 

Whrtbcr  this  wns  tlien  the  mode  of  trotting  or  not,  it  is  oertain  thai  U 
is  never  acvn  to  occur  in  nalaro  in  the  proacnl  day ;  and  indeed  it  appean 

Suite  inconaialent  with  tho  neoesMrr  balancing  of  the  body,  and  was, 
berefon,  more  probably  an  error  of  the  artist. 


S3G 


OS  DRAUQHT. 


It  periiAps  mny  linvo  htvn  found  difikult  or  troublrsome  to  watch  tl» 
movement.  >il'  ii  borni's  Ictgw  ;  but  n  very  liltlo  pTMCtitM;  will  onabltt  uiybody 
to  verify  wluit  wv  lire  nbout  to  s(«to :  by  keepiD);  near  the  »ido  of  n  horaa 
thtti  is  wulkiiidT,  it  will  ba  utkdiy  seen  thu-i,  iitiiuedialely  nftor  the  — 

vitlirr  of  lliu  liiud-le){8  (itiia  tui:  graim<i,  tliu  Ibre-leg  uf  Uiv  cnrrvtuniaiia^ 
itidi!  in  ulsu  raisod,  so  that  iliu  lattor  li'jivcs  the  ^roiuid  ju^t  bolurv  tlit 
forim-r  toucbos  it.  li'  th«  foro-k-gii  he  then  wntcbixl,  it  wUl  b«  aeva  tiiai, 
uumediately  ntltr  Uio  movcmool  of  eitliur  of  tlicsc,  the  b)tid-1«]t  upon 
the  o]>pi>Kit4!  side  is  put  iii  luitloti,  ho  thai  the  ordvr  of  eaoiMtfKiaa  auucttn 
to  bo  in  viklkiiig,  ua  iiuiubcrcd  iajti/.  3, 


Tf  tho  horse  bo  now  cxarniuud  tnna  a  idioii  dintnnce,  it  will  he  wen  Ui*t, 
when  ho  is  widkini;  fivi-Iy,  tlif  sucwnsive  nu)vrm<Tnt«  of  lUi?  l<-ga  Bt*  tl 
equnl  int,ervnls  ot'timr,  und  tliat  the  tnuttculitr  foroo  of  one  limb  only  is 
brought  into  iu)ii(>n  nt  Lliu  MVuit-  moment.  But  if  r  Iiotm  wliii^h  is  drag- 
ging n  loud  with  sioine  couaidci-ablo  exertion  be  wfttchcd,  it  will  bo  eeat 
tJiat  liu  tbcii  actji  longi^r  upon  hi&  Icf^,  aud  allows  a  len  itit«-rval  of  tjtn* 
for  raiaiitg  und  Advancing  them  ;  and,  nt  the  same  time,  tlw  ■vgnluritj  at 
the  movuiiiuiil  i«  (ti-iierally  destroyed  ;  tbo  limbs  on  the  sainu  wide  (^nendly 
being  moved  more  slmultaneonely,  or  at  neiirer  interval)!  of  time,  tliac 
those  at  the  oppoBit«  comorB ;  tbux,  t.lic  mtuicnlBr  forees  of  two  limba  an 
alwuyn  acting  together ;  tbi^  movemt^nt  of  the  whole  Iwdy  is  leu  continaed 
'.  uniform  than  in  the  formic  (.'umc,  hut  euch  impnlsv  is  more  poirerfiil, 
a  reitiiitiiiieis  wliit'b  winild  be  too  grt-iit  for  the  mnnclce  of  one  leg,  ii 
ercome  by  tlie  uuittd  exertion  of  two.  Weiibull  [xiintoul,  biTixvAer, 
tho  necessity  of  attandijitc  to  this  in  the  application  of  this  [xiwcr  to  dmoeht. 
In  trottin;;,  the  action  is  of  course  qnieker,  aud  a  Utta  »iiutaae«  wilT,aa 
might  bo  expected,  cause  the  horse  to  move  his  1^{S  at  two  int«rralji  in- 
st^kd  of  at  four  ec|ual  intervals  of  time :  indMd,  a  horse  amrustAmcd  to 
go  in  barnoM  generally  aei:|uirej>  thtf  habit  of  that  action.  There  in  tha 
striking  difference  between  trotting  and  wmlking :  in  walking,  wo  hare 
aeon  that  tlie  interval  between  the  nun-emcnt  of  tho  logs  On  tho  nune  Hide 
WM  leu  than  the  other  interval  of  time  :  in  trotting,  on  the  oOntmrv,  ibo 
U^  nttiDtcd  dingonnlly,  or  at  opposite  oonierH,  move  almoot  simtUta- 
nooiiily.  Owing  tn  rhd  vrlitcity  and  the  inomentttm  which  tho  body 
acqaire*  in  conK'iiuenve  of  that  velocity,  iu  trotting  fiLi^  the  aacceMiTO 
impulKCH  are  lens  di.itiuotly  perceptible,  aud  the  movement  more  continued 
and  uuifitrTTi  tbup  in  a  alow  trot,  or  in  walking. 

In  gallopinf,',  llie  niovomeut  is  totally  different :  the  fiw-e-tgn  are  thrown 
forwaid  nearly  simultanoonaly,  and  the  hind-lcga  brought  up  quickly,  and 
nmrijr  together-,  it  ia,  iu  foci,n  flucceasion  of  lMpe,1jy  farUo  grcUost 


OK  DBA'JGHT. 


MT 


iutMval  of  time  elitpeiuR  wbile  the  lege  nro  oxtvnclFd  afler  the  kap  b 
taken :  this  is  the  position,  therefon,  which  oatchm  tho  rvo,  and  which 
nnst  bo  pqir(w*ijfort  in  a  drawing  to  prodnce  the  eiTuot  of  a  hono  in  a 
gallop,  although  it  is  thn  mnmnnt  whvn  theannnal  is  ")*Vi|)g  no  exertion. 

Tm  eaiiti^r  in  to  tbo  gallon  vory  maoh  what  tho  walk  u  to  the  trot^ 
dioaf(h  probably  a  mor«  artificial  pom.  The  exertion  ia  much  l«aa,  the 
Bpring  [ms  distant,  and  the  feet  come  (o  the  grouiid  in  more  ivgnktr  sac- 
Cfiiuion :  it  is  a  paoa  of  ooso,  qait«  inconsistent  witli  any  exertion  nf 
dranght. 

Tha  oonsequenee  of  theaa  peculiar  laoTnmraln  in  the  limbs  of  the  ani- 
aial  ia,  that  a  ancoeasioa  of  impulaea  is  oouvcyed  to  tbo  body  ;  and  when 
the  BKtreinent  is  slow,  and  the  body  of  llie  hone  doea  not  aoiiaim  any 
conaidorabb  impctiu  or  momcntom,  tho  rvsiatanoe  dionld  be  «ioh  as  to 
n««ivc  raoh  of  tlioeo  impulses,  and  U«.vo  tho  horao  tinrestiBUied  io  tlM 
iut«r\-ala. 

It  mnat,  therefore,  he  a  rigid  reualanoo,  void  of  filastioitj. 

It  mnst  not,  however,  be  a  constant  niireraitted  tviaiatanoe. 

For  it  is  a  well-known  fnct>  tlui.t,  howL>ver  powerful  may  he  the  mnsclea 
of  a  limb,  th(r<r  Diti«t  not  bo  kept  coastantlr  on  the  stretch.  Thiu  k»  feel 
OTcn  inorv  Gitigao  by  standing  than  by  wnUdi^.becanaaoaenutioHlarBet 
of  mnaolea  is  toen  ku[it  constantly  exerted,  ft  ia  nvidont,  tnorcferc,  that 
tbe  nsi»taiice  or  drau^hl  mast  not  be  [x.-rfL'ctly  constant,  but  iihould  iklTord 
ftoqnant  opp<>rtnnities  of  relaxing  the  eQiiH«.  Neither  must  it  b«a  yield- 
ing nwistjuK!)!,  a*  in  thnt  ciuio  tho  nnimal  coiild  Dot  make  any  great  exer- 
tion ;  for  if  ho  applied  too  miuth  power,  bo  would  be  liable  to  fall  forward; 
and  should  he  at  any  tiinv  full  short  of  the  necwMary  exertion,  he  would 
be  dmwn  back  by  the  strain,  and  it  would  require  a  coosidcrahle  ellbrt  to 
restore  the  motion. 

If  n  hor»r  l)c  tniid«  to  dmg  a  ropo  paaoDg  over  a  pnlli^y  and  descending 
into  a  well  with  >  ccrtiiin  weigbt^  my  of  £00  Ib«.,  AttM-hcd  to  it,  it  is 
obvious  thut  he  oonid  not  make  an  effort'  greater  than  200  lbs.  without 
instantly  considerably  increasing  hia  Telocity,  which  would  be  a  waste  of 
power;  nor  most  he  for  an  instant  relax  his  efforts,  or  EsU  below  that 
murk,  for  W  wowld  Ihon  bo  nimble  oTcn  CO  msist  the  poll  and  wonld  bo 
OTcrccimo  by  the  wvii;bt.  Sach  an  extreme  oaao  as  this,  of  conntn,  is  not 
likely  to  occur  often  in  practioe,  but  lliu  disadrfentage  of  tho  principle  U 
obriooi. 

An  arrangement  of  this  sort  is,  indeed,  sometimes  made  ose  of^  for 
Rising  the  earth  from  exearations,  or  the  materials  of  a  bailding  ;  bat  the 
exertion  ia  continnod  only  for  a  f«w  aeoonda,  or  for  a  dintance  of  not  more 
than  ten  or  twimty  ynnti :  if  jnoton^vd,  the  inconvenienoe  woold  be 
eeriooiij  tuli,  an  it  is,  to  a  eerftun  degree^  in  towing  caaal  boats ;  the  length 
and  enm  of  the  rope  give  an  elasticity  to  tfaa  atrain,  and  the  nocaadtv  of 
kMiKBg  the  rope  ont  of  the  wat«r,  or  from  dragging  along  the  towuig- 
path  compitls  tho  animal  to  keep  np  a  couatant  imn!fuiltt<d  pall,  and  th^ 
too,  in  an  oblique  direction,  so  ua  to  throw  him  into  an  nn&ivaarnble  posi- 
liou.  Wo  aceontingly  find  that,  in  thcso  cirrnmstnnors,  the  arerage  work 
of  a  horse  is  eqaivawnt  only  to  aboot  foar-fi(Uis  of  that  given  by  Satoaton, 
Pnimiiilliiiiii,  and  olhcrs,  who  mttmated  the  |>owcr  of  the  horse  from  the 
wort:  done  in  a  hontc-mill,  wbcra  tho  reaistaoc«  is  inelastic  and  all  cir- 
enmatuDcca  farourablo,  with  the  exception  of  the  circular  [ntb. 

The  disadvantage  of  this  kind  of  roaisbuioo  is  well  known  bo  carmen, 
Uiottfdi  of  eoona  without  considoratioo  of  the  itaaon.  A  horse  is  said 
top^betierwbenheiscloaotohiswor^  thatistosay,  when  ho  ia  atteohed 
at  once  to  tlio  body  to  be  moved,  becaoao  orerv  exertion  ho  makca  is  then 
L-ommiinicatod  at  odco  to  the  mass ;  but  the  leader  of  a  team,  tinlmas  ha 


538 


ON    DKAt'CUT. 


kotipA  the  traces  coMtantly  on  the  Mtrctcli,  lanj  frcqnentlj  wut«  a  powci* 
fal  efToH  without  prodnciiig  much  oETccl  apon  Uio  carrui^o. 

Another  incoiivetuciict!  iviuJtmK'  from  narceanaK  lioni<»  in  a  totm,  «r 
one  bproro  the  oUiur,  is,  tlial  tlio  ii>ad«r,  hj  ti^liteniug  the  ti«cct,  is  oca- 
tiunnJlf  relieving  the  sti-aiti  ik>ia  the  body  horad,  ud  re«iproc»Uf  titt 
lindy  borae  from  the  Imdcr  ;  so  thnt  IhoM  horacn  Inbnnr  under  all  the  di«- 
lulvantsffes  of  n  long,  flftntic,  nnd  coinBtantly  ji«l<Liiig  oonncctioD  with  tlM 
load,  which  ia  not  only  futiguiug'  t4>  them,  but  in  RWtawhera  tfaarMJatuca 
is  vBfiahle,  prerents  the  lull  aud  uDit«d  effect  of  their  exortaons  bnag 
properly  oommunicated  to  the  cturi&ge.  Kor,  if  &  slight  obst«<de,  m  k  nt 
or  etono  in  n  roiul,  checica  tho  proeross  of  the  whiclc,  tho  ahaSt  hone  as 
imntedintdy  throw  his  wbolo  weight  into  tho  oollftr,  And  thti  nnited  tAM 
fit  his  etrcngth  and  impetus  is  coureycd  unimpaired  to  tho  rcUda^  sod 
Turcoa  it  over  the  obstacle ;  but  if  any  elasticity  la  iuleiroeed  bnttrwo  tha 
power  and  the  resistancEi,  as  in  tho  cose  of  the  tmcee  of  the  leader  of  a 
t^am,  the  whole,  or  the  gri-ntor  iwrt  of  tho  cHcct  of  itnpotns  ia  loot,  and 
tlmt  force  wliich,  if  concetitrutx^u  iu  one  cSbrt,  wouli]  effect  tho  ol^oct^  beiag 
lengthened  into  a  contiuuci)  aud  oompantivdy  feeblo  pull,  is  insnffidaat 

If  we  wish  to  destroy  the  impetus  of  a  body  morintf  with  violonec,  in 
rocoive  it  with  a  yielding  resistance ;  the  action  of  catching  a  criokei^wfl 
GxempUfioe  tliis  norfi.'ctly ;  tmd,  therefore,  if  tho  full  effect  of  momentaail 
wanU'd,  all  elasticity  in  the  direction  of  the  morcmont  •hmikl  bo  avoided. 

We  have  entered  rather  fiilly  into  the  conaidoration  of  this  nuticshr 
point,  because  the  principle  ia  not  only  applicable  to  the  mode  of  oominn- 
nicating  the  imnuidiate  action  of  the  niovine  pow«r,  but  will  be  foond  aba 
of  coDsideroble  importonco  when  we  amve  at  tlte  subject  of  wheal* 
carrii^*. 

A  cunaidomtion  of  these  Tarions  points  biings  us  to  tliia  conclosion,  thai 
the  drau)^ht  ought  neither  to  be  constantly  iitiifnnnnnnrithniit  Trmiwinn. 
nor  yet  yielding  or  einetic :  sadden  ahocks  or  violent  changM  in  Ihe  Ttlo* 
city  must  ntso  erideuUy  bo  disndvantngeous,  oa  tending  to  distieM  and 
iiyure  the  iiiiiimil. 

Having  detvrmiiicd  upon  the  neeesaarv  <|ua]ity  of  thereautanco,  wowiB 
proceed  to  examine  into  the  quantity  or  uie  degree  of  renstsnee  ordraagU, 
and  the  spE^ed  best  ai!npt4>d  to  the  exertion  of  the  animal,  Tbe  omAiI 
ell'ect  of  a,  hnrsn,  or  tlic-  work  done,  mujrt  eridcntir  depond  Open  tktM 
tliingH,  vix.,  the  rate  at  uhicb  ho  is  wadu  to  truvel,  Ine poteer  <^ traeHtm  k 
can  e^eii,  and  the  nvmlwr  of  houTt  lie  can  ctxiftnue  to  wrk  iaify  at  (ioi 
^ccd ;  luid  whcra  th<mi  is  no  6xod  condition  which  detcnnines  aay  one  of 
theae,  such  as  a  pariiuuliu-  loiul  to  bo  morod,  or  a  certain  rolocity  which  it 
is  desirable  to  attain,  or  a  limltod  time  to  perform  tho  work  in,  then  U« 
object  must  bo  to  search  for  those  proportioun  of  the  thnw  by  which,  at 
the  end  of  tho  day,  tlic  i^rnlcst  quantity  of  work  shall  hafa  been  produced. 

With  rospoot  to  thu  timt  two,  vir..,  the  speed  and  powor  azertul,  it  w  ~ 
be  obriona,  that  whcrre  a  horse  tmrcU  onloaded,  tlie  grfalciti  distance  ] 
can  go  in  any  givi-n  timu  for  several  daTN  in  sneoeaaion  without  ityunai. 
Ihtjgne  is  the  limit  of  his  velocity:  on  tho  other  hand,  the  load  may  beta 
eraat  that  he  can  scarcely  put  it  in  motion — this  ia  the  limit  o(  Im  powvr: 
in  both  COSTS,  tho  Ufipful  effect  is  nothinf;^.  But  between  tbeae  limits  of 
volooily  and  power,  therein  n  proportion  which  affords  tho  maximnmqaaa* 
tjty  of  effect,  und  which,  tbercfarc,  must  be  the  moat  Bdnmt4^fconB  for  Uh 
application  of  horse-power. 

ft  has  been  asserted  by  theorists,  and  the  tlieor^  appears  to  be  aupporied 
by  Gxpcrirnoc,  thnt  the  velocity  corresponding  to  this  maximiun,  or  thaiat 
which  a  hoinf  working  continniilly  a  certain  number  of  hours  per  day  wiU 
do  tbo  most  work,  is  equal  to  halt  the  cxtmno  or  limit  of  velocity  of  the 


BMuo  hciTM  it(rr]dng  the  aame  niunber  of  honn  nnloadod  ;  uul  Uwt  Umi 
fbroo  ot  Inctioa  comspondins  to  tliia  Bpeed  U  eqaal  to  ]utlf  Uw  limit  of 
fau  power.  Ftoringtuico^if  six  hoars  be  too  l«n^h  of  ft  day's  work  decided 
Bponi  Bod  if  II  krme  irorking  thnt  time  C)ui  go  nx  milm  p<rr  honr  nnloiuli?d, 
and  tlwrvforu  producing  no  luafal  (ttTi-ct,  tuiii  MujiiiOKing  tbu  timit  of  povrcF 
of  thf  *aiutt  hone  lie  eqaal  to  2^0  lbs.,  it  is  foniia  that  lue  will  do  Uio  modt 
work  ill  Oie  Barao  Donibor  of  hoars  when  drmwing  ft  load  at  Utc  rato  of 
balf  six,  or  thrcv  tnilcs  ppr  hour;  and  hiUf  of  !i60,  or  125  lbs.,  will  be  th« 
strain  oorrcupnndiDe  to  Uiis  spncd.  Our  m^xt  lAep,  then,  muiit  bu  to  fiiid 
these  iiimft:  now,  uie  liiuit  of  velocity  dt'jjt'nds  upon  the  lawth  of  time 
during  which  the  speed  is  kept  up ;  wo  subjoin  tbersftm  ft  Twle  deduced 
ft«m  tt^enaenta,  and  which  reonscDta  the  proportioiB  of  the  doMtion  of 
labonrMdmnximnjo  Yelooity  oftheftTnragoof  noracsaooBatopadto  thoir 
rHpectiro  Teloonties. 

Boon. 
DanUca  of  Uboar         ..        I        3        2        *        6        a        J        6      10 

"SC^l™'""*'"^"!"*   lOi     8*     T*     q     6      ii    H     *i 

This  within  tlio  nnga  here  ^vea  may  be  conndered  as  very  ixsrly  Uio 
law  of  decreaae  of  speed  by  increased  duration  of  labour;  and  at  the  fiivt 
f^lance  we  see  the  groat  aavnntago  of  rrdacing  tho  speed  and  proloii;;iug 
liio  cspHion.  There  are,  howoror,  many  caaxi-s  to  limit  tho  duration  of  » 
day's  work  of  a  hone.  Tredj^ld,  in  bis  ^ork  on  Roitwuya,  before  qnotvdi 
says ;  *  The  time  assip^ned  for  the  day's  work  of  a  horso  is  uBiuUy  sight 
bonrs ;  but  it  is  oorUin,  from  cxpori«nce,  that  some  advantage  is  gained 
by  ■horteiuiiK  the  bourn  of  laboor ;  and  "wo  hare  obserred  that  a  horao  is 
loasi  injured  by  bis  labour  whiirv  bjs  day's  work  is  performed  in  about  rix 
hoon;  where  the  same  quantity  of  labour  is  pcTfonuod  iu  leaa  than  six 
konre,  tho  over-exeHion  in  time  shows  itself  in  stiffened  joints,  while  the 
iraarying  efl't^ta  of  long-oonlinned  notion  br«omo  apparootf  if  tho  duration 
nf  tho  duy'a  work  be  proloDsed  much  be}-ond  eight  noma.  Indcnl,  nndw 
tho  inaiiaffement  of  a  p>od  driver,  a  fall  day's  work  may  be  cioin|)li-t<.<d  in 
the  time  before  mentionGd — six  boors — with  benefit  to  the  health  and 
Tioonrof  the  animal.' 

W'o  may  he  permitted,  howerer,  to  afaaodon  the  idea  of  improring  tho 
health  of  the  animal,  or  of  rtqidering  hia  boBDeas  a  pleasure  to  liim->«n 
attempt,  the  snecoss  of  wbinh  is,  wo  aboiUd  think,  ve^  qnestionable,  and 
content  onrsdrca  with  undvuvooring  to  chedc  the  barbmoa  practioe  of 
workinfr  hotaea  to  death  either  by  orerdriving  or  orcrtonding  thera;  and 
we  idiall,  as  is  genemlly  the  case,  consult  our  onm  inturcstii,  and  K>llow  the 
iintfttw  of  hnmani^  at  the  samr  timet,  by  not  injoring  so  useful  an  »"i'T"l  • 
and  w«  ibink  nxpencoco  pruvm  thnm  will  be  no  danger  of  doing  thb  hj 
working  eight  or  nina  hoan  a  day.  By  refraring  to  Um  fiirogoing  Table, 
we  see  that  the  maximiim  velocity  of  utc  average  of  boraea  oonresponding 
to  eight  lumr's  work  is  five  milc«  and  a  half  per  hour,  oonaeqnently,  the 
rate  at  which  bo  woald  travel  wbm  loodiMl  is  a  littlo  more  than  two  miloe 
and  a  half  per  hour.  There  is  nu  doubl  thai  some  lionoa  oonld  oon- 
TanieuUy  travel  Gssler :  bat  as  the  speed  must  generally  be  gorenMNl  br 
tlMt  of  other  hotwa,  Me  avara^  is,  in  this  caso,  tho  rate  to  be  adopted. 
TUm  force  oxoTtad  nndor  thaae  oircumstanoee  depending  upon  tho  qnatity 
of  the  horse,  it  is  very  diflicall  to  obtain  orea  an  approxinatto  value  of  it, 
anlcM  the  eqietiment  be  made  opoa  eaich  indivtdaal  hone ;  it  is  titrtn- 
nat«1y,  lumenr,  of  no  great  ooBBeqienoe  in  pmoticek  beoaose  if  we  feel  sura 

Itlutt  wo  are  employing  all  the  jMvesr  wo  can  eommand  to  tho  greatest 
•dvantngo,  it  is  not  of  any  very  gncat  importance  that  wo  shonld  know 
tho  (tfiuJ  ascocmf  of  that  power. 


5*0 


OS   DRACOnT. 


I 


In  compttrijig  aiiiuiat  borgc-powpr  with  that  of  the  steam-enginr,  wo 
wtunatotl  it  at  about  125  IbK.,  txil  wc  l)C!lii>\-e  that,  iriUi  tokrsbl;  good 
horWM,  it  may  gencniHy  hr  biki'n  at  mOT6  ihtm  tluit. 

We  have  thuR  fur  i-onfint-d  oup  stteulioa  to  the  cases  when?  rrJocify.  at 
well  88  dumtion  of  labour,  was  left  to  choice;  this  is  far  fraiu  being  alwsjt 
the  case.  I(i  stafjc- coaches,  or  other  cnnrryattom  for  pnseDOj^'rs,  Kpeti  i* 
nbNoliitt'Iy  neceeaniy,  and  it  only  rcnuiinH  to  lc«m  bow  that  speed  can  le 
oblatned  with  the  gnmtpst  ecouom^.  The  following  Tftble,  cxti«ct«d  boa 
Trcflgold,  will  show  the  great  reduction  in  the  effect  prodaoied  by  iiiiiiwiin^ 
the  velocity. 

The  first  column  being  the  Tolocity  or  rato  per  hour,  contiiiaed  for  ni 
hours  per  dny ;  the  seiKjnd  represents  tlie  force  ot  tmctioo  of  which  tlw 
animuJ  is  ciipdbic ;  and  the  third  the  compamtivo  effeota  pmdand.  A 
fori'e  of  tnu-'ticm  of  l'2o  lbs.  continued  for  six  hours  nt  the  rato  of  thrts 
miles  per  hour  being  taken  as  tbo  standard,  and  considered  eiqDal  to  Iha 
arbitrary  nnmbrr  1000. 

UIIh  pm  tioiir.  rant  et  tnMleii  Id  Ita  BOgc*  pradaMi, 
a                                        ISa  88S 

»  lis  lOOO 

■  U  l«  SJS 

■  4  aa  88S 

■  4|  Mk  7«0 

■  «  411  Cf» 

■  6|  3S)  MO 

If,  howcver,tiwllonre  of  labour  be  lessened,  laldBftbe  velocity  ron«epaiid* 
ing  to  the  gneimt  nselnl  effect,  the  results  wflQ  be  amch  greater,  nod  the 
velocity  may  be  rtiiscd  mDch  bigher,  as  wiU  be  ikor  in  the  following 
Table. 

Here  the  first  colnnin  is  the  length  of  day's  work,  the  second  th«  b«t 
velocity  corresponding  to  that  time,  or  half  the  limit  of  Telocity  ahown  in 
Tabic  (1),  and  tho  third  column  the  compnuitirc  ofl'cct  produoecl,  the  fore* 
of  traction  being  in  euch  cjise  125  lbs. 

DnnlJoD  ot  tnhoiic  In  lunn.       Tclooltr,  diUh  pa  boor.  gltwt  notacnd. 

3  6i  676 
1                                      *i  7M 

4  S]  WW 

e  s  1000 

7  il  loes 

8  3j  IlIO 

To  attflin  higher  velocity,  it  i*  ncoositary  still  fUrther  to  rednoo  the  loid, 
and  the  next  Tabic  is  cnlcutated  upon  the  mippoution  of  tlie  stnuo  beiw 
only  onL-btilf  tliu  last,  viz.,  62J  lbs. ;  this  iti  ahoat  tic  avcm^  excrtkoM 
C'ltcli  horse  in  a  four-horxc  licaTy-  stagc^CoacK 

Vtyodtj.  KOMt  fmluetd. 

013 
634 
43* 
It  MT 

In  mails  or  light  coaches,  where  ten.  eleven,  and  «v«d  elenn  and  a  *nV 
or  iwrhti  miles  an  hour  is  attained,  the  average  atnun  of  oftoli  hone  H 
barely  -iO  Iba.,  and  the  effect'  produced,  or  vslne  of  work  done,  not  mncli 
more  lliun  one-half  the  above. 

It  must  be  remembered,  that  thcxe  tables  are  all  cslonlBtod  upon  th* 
•nppoaitioD  of  tho  road  being  good,  and  the  work  rodi  aa  not  to  CMise  uij 
uniDcdiato  ininty  to  tho  iuiiuial.  anditi  adapted  only  to  the  average  qtinlily 
of  honKM.  Thoy  are  not,  therefore,  at  once  applicable  an  data  for  calcnU- 
tiona  in  all  ordinary  caacs,  bat  only  serve  to  show  tbe  comMtntiTe  fon«s 
which  may  bo  exerted  nudur  ditTorpnt  di^grcc.«  of  speed.      1,'ho  re«Bl(«  or 


i 

3 
■ 
1 


ox   nRAl'GIIT. 

ofltioU  of  this  FoKW  will  tlwajB  be  uiflncTicod  by  Ihe  qnalitj-  of  the  restst- 
ancci,  as  w«  have  already  obtwrvcd,  in  the  ca«ca  of  slow  Itiivc-llia^ ;  but  in 
T*pid  (niv«Iling  tbo  power  in  mnch  tnoro  expensive,  owiuf;  to  th«  ;{roat  \oe» 
which  wc  si'o  by  thp  ta\>\c»  ix  MUKUuiivt]  Ity  increased  velocity  ;  and  it  U, 
tborefoiv,  tbo  moro  importiuit  to  Htiwly  vroll  the  mmas  of  applying  the 
powtr  ID  (jacstion. 

In  thi«  npid  trarrlbng,  tliv  bod  coiuiiqucnccitof  n  nnifnrninnd  constant 
Ktrain  ix  Htill  more  felt  by  tlie  bursi-H,  and  tht-  iicc<!x!iity  of  Dt-cimiiitial  ittlicf 
u  Htitt  man  urgent  tlmn  at  low  VL-locitiea.  It  is  univcnally  admitu^d  by 
hofat^  propriotorB  And  iiuxtniaslot-s,  nhoso  interenU  make  them  peculiarly 
seru<ibli<  uu  thiH  point,  that  a  fUt  piece  of  road  ia  more  dostruolive  of  horaua 
tban  the  sainu  luiigLli  of  road  where  gmitio  riaes  and  nilornatci  flat  and 
KwvUin;;;  ground  ul-l'ut;  and  that  a  loDg  hill  i<  ooaiar  itnnDoant<<d  n-her« 
thvn>  are  occasionaJ  abort  levels,  and  oven  dcsoents,  than  when  the  whole 
in  ono  nDiform  ascmt. 

It  only  remains  tor  ns,  before  wo  dismiss  the  eubjoct  of  the  moving 

Eu»i'r,  to  conHider  the  particular  mode  of  applpng  it,  or  tho  manner  m 
arvtuaiug  till!  bones. 
UndL-r  Uiis  bead  comes  the  question  of  tlir  bit  t  direction  of  tho  traooBi 
or,  as  it  had  gunerally  but  loaM  I'.lcarly  bucri  called,  the  angle  of  inclination 
ol'  the  line  of  trai:lu>n.  Tlii«  ijacMtion  appuuH  to  hare  boon  always 
cnnnidoTcd  one  of  ^;n^<at  impurlauoia :  tlie  point  baa  been  froijniuitly 
diMiUMsrd.  and  Tarious  upiniuna  have  be*u  advanced;  aome  having  ro- 
dotnmcndcd  it  to  be  homontal,  others  inclined  -,  and,  aa  tbey  have  each 
in  their  tarn,  in  derooDstTHliiiK  the  corroctnom  of  thdr  own  theory,  prowd 
the  error  of  othors,  there  can  m>  no  prcnunipb'on  in  laying  tlii?m  all  nirido, 
and  ill  talking  a  diOorent,  buti  at  tho  Hniae  tinuv,  a  more  xitnplc  and  pmo- 
tical  view  of  Iho  auo.  Uy  referring  to  a  li)cure  stntiW  to  tJiat  by  which 
«ro  showed  tlio  mode  of  actioD  of  tbe  horse  in  pulliri);,  we  see  that  if  AD 
r^roaent  that  portinn  of  bis  whole  weij^ht  which  is  relieved  &om  his  fore> 
Ufpt,  and  AB  the  direction  of  the  traces,  then  AI^'  b  tho  moasuro  of  tbe 
lioriiont«l  pull  upon  tlie  carriage. 
Now,  At"  U^an  a  cun.-ttunt  propor- 
tion to  AB,  which  repr«HcnU  tlm 
attain  upon  Uie  Iq^ ;  Mid  AD  Iwing 
ootutUnt,  AB,  and,  conaeiiuently, 
AF,  incrcoso  or  diminish  accord* 
bag  od  Uie  angle  ADD  ia  tncreased 
or  dimtnishi-d:  that  ia  to  say,  the 
horizontal  jiull  i^iplicd  to  the  car- 
riago  ia  prt>portionat«  to  tJie  strain 
npon  the  IoK« ;  but  they  ore  both 
deprmdont  npon  tlie  angle  formml 
b^v  (In-  iracee.  increasing  or  dimi- 
lUHhiiig  a«  ili«  JnUor  ar»  tncliued 
duwnwanU  or  upwards  from  tlie 
collar ;  hu  tliat  wbcdter  the  tracea 
bt  incluiL-d  upwards,  as  Jiff.  4,  or 
downwania,  tut  /ta.  (>,  or  wbothcr 
they  be  hori/untul  a*  Jig.  5,  makw 
no  ■h'S'trrenee  in  the  manner  of 
pulling.  In  tbc  Gr«t  uaae,  a  por- 
tion of  the  animal's  weight  in  borne 
by  tho  traces,  and  is  tnuufrrrcd 
by  them  to  tlw  caniafto.  AP  ia 
here  amalt,  bnt  tlie  itrain  upon  the 


S42 


OH  DKAQGIIT. 


Ftg.e. 


lOM  AB,  is  also  I>r«portiniw 
nbt/  hsi  ihan  in  tbo  weeomi 
ewfte,  vriwTo  tho  tneet  m 
borittwital.  In^y  «,  wh«w 
tliv  Imccs  incliiui  down- 
wards, ICO  m>:  tliAt  the  kh 
riioutal  fgircv  AB  is  mDcli 
mora  ooiMidf  ruble ;  bat,  at 
tiie  Mmo  tiiue,  All  is  ia- 
crooaod,  and  oDDseqvvaUf 
tlie  miuoiilar  exertion  re- 
quirHl  in  iho  logs  is  pti>> 
portionately  groat ;  in  uct, 
beroa  portion  of  tbo  vntiglit 
of  tho  lodd  is  t.ransrcrrod  ta  bin  abookLaiS. 

Tbo  oomp«ir»tiv<!  luiviintagea,  thewfiwo,  of  the  tliroe  do  not  foDow  mj 
gWMini]  rol(t,  but  di-|jend  simply  upon  the  peculiar  qMlitica  of  thoparlMttlM 
unixnnl  omployiid,  and  liiu  relative  capabilities  of  lifting  and  patling,  or  the 
proporljoii  existing  betvroen  tho  wwight  of  hi»  htniy  uiul  Itis  muBcolajr 
Btreugth.  To  render  this  more  clew  to  our  own  fwaings.  we  vnU  take  Uw 
COM  of  a  in«n.  Wc  havo  alrwM^y  icon  Uutt  an  ablivbodifd  man  is  man 
ffldnptvd  for  lifting  than  pulling;  oooseqaenttj,  in  his  «i»e,  it  vonld  be 
iidwintaEi'oiiB  to  throw  a  ccrttun  porlion  of  tho  weight  upou  him,  by  makinB 
him  paliupwanibsMiii^^.  7,  or  what  we  are  laore  «ocortoaM)d  toecv,  •»* 


which  nmonntM  to  the  same  thing,  it}>plyiiig  his  strength  to  a  wheelhuTOV, 
J]<j.  8,  and  we  ha\'o  frequently  scon  an  orduuuy  man  whcvl  tSOO  Iba.  in  lliil 
manner. 

If,  however,  wo  tnko  a  pcrsnn  anacenstomoct  to  hnrJ  work,  and  «»• 
Mqunntly  not  so  Htpong  in  th»!  Irgn,  ntthon^b  ho  may  bu  uiiuhlo  even  to  i 
tho  whei'HxuTow  which  tho  other  moved  with  cmc,  kUII  he  rau}',  by  pua^  * 
hnriKontall y,  pnt  in  motion  a  conKiilernble  load ;  and  lastly,  in  the 
of  an  inralid  who  can  hnrnly  carry  his  own  weif^ht,  if  he  Wd  on  th«  I 
of  n  garden-chair,  he  will  not  e<dy  walk  himself,  but  push  on  Uic  cli 
or  a  child  who  m  yet  too  weak  to  stand,  can,  if  part  of  his  wtnght  bo 
supported  in  a  ff^cart,  not  only  movo  himself,  bnt  also  tbo  fivati  which 
■apporta  him.  These  are  very  familiar  and  hom«ty  onmparisons,  but  they 
ftrecasee  exactly  nmilar  to  the  thrau  poaitions  of  the  trncvs ;  ai>d  tha 
argoment  will  equally  apply  to  horwa  as  to  men.  It  is  tme,  we 
nse  fi>r  draught  ■  horse  iJint  cannot  stand  ;  but  the  case  ts  wry  | 
tluit  a  large  hcery  hmnic,  oihcrwinu  not  strong,  or  one  which  it  i 
di.'«nil>l<>  to  fatigno,  might  pull  bott«r  and  lotip^r,  if  part  of  tho 
was  bortio  upon  tho  carri^fo,  or  if,  in  other  words,  tbo  tracea  ioctiaBd 
npirards.     And  we  know  by  experience,  thai  in  tbo  case  of  stagu-ooadMi, 


w»a 


weii 


ox  DOAUOHT. 


U» 


,  owing  to  Ibe  speed,  Uie  wn^fht  of  the  horao's  hoiy  is  olmtdy 
MBOnUy  ft  bordon  to  hun.  it  ia  dwkdv&Qtagcous  to  inorcMO  thftt  weight 
iy  ioolnung  tho  tnocs  mach  doumwurda;  on  the  oootmiT,  where  w«  wuh 
to  obuuii  Qio  utmo*t  cnVct  of  &  powcrfiJ  hone,  or  «  »  hone  (hat  is 
uiuacnl&r,  but  without  inucli  weight  Torward,  it  ia  highly  stdTBUtagoouB  to 
Wgment  the  ofRwt  of  his  gnvvitj-  hy  inclining  the  trncrji  downwHdl  CTOB 
■amooh  us  15°,  or  nbout  1  apon  S[  tho  etruiu  upon  tlio  tmoM  wQl  be 
IhtTi  conHidi-rsbly  incnttW-'d,  ami  tLo  eSect  anituioDt^d,  provided  alwaya 
that  hi>  is  ablo  to  exort  the  Doccssaiy  etrength  in  his  legs.  As  far,  tbpro> 
forv,  as  Uie  tocro  force  of  tmcdoo  is  ooncentcd,  tluro  is  no  partiiMilar 
anglo  which  wilt  always  prodnou  tho  ffntttcet  ofivct — but  it  inunt  dt-pi-iid 
apoo  the  particalar  capahilit/  of  the  horse ;  and  thU  in  its  turn  Taries, 
and  is  affected  by  circumatanoes  ;  for  the  sano  horse  that  opon  a  lore) 
road  roqnirra  no  addition  to  his  weight,  might  be  isatorially  assistcu  by 
a  slight  addition  when  ascending  a  hill,  if  sot  codtiiiDvd  too  long  i  and 
must  horw«  would  be  benefited  considerably  by  the  opposite  arraiiKi^i'"'"^ 
in  a  descent>  tliat  is,  by  a  portion  of  their  weight  being  bomo  np;  they 
phnnM  at  least  have  no  additional  load  thrown  on  them  while  descending 
a  bill. 

There  is  also  a  time,  when  inclining  the  traces  downwards  is  almost 
iadispe&sable  ;  it  ia  when  dra^jgiug  a  Toor-wbcdcd  waggon  oror  a  rough 
broken  road.  If  the  finint  wheel,  which  ia  gvuerally  souill,  meets  with  an 
obstacle  by  falling  into  a  hole,  or  stopping  aeninst  a  stone,  it  reqnircs  no 
pro&ond  reasoning  to  show,  that  a  force  pulling  upwards  in  the  direction 


t>g.1t. 


AB,  fig.  9,  Trill  rise  the  wliolu  wheel  over  the  obstacle 
with  mo^  greater  lacihty  than  if  applied  borixon- 
tally,  as  AC;  this  is  the  only  circomstutco,  uncon- 
nected with  the  bomo,  that  ought  la  fmvern  the 
direction  of  the  truci's,  and  the  dt^gree  of  tno  inclinn- 
tioD  hero  most,  of  courae,  still  be  proportiimisl  to  the 
power  of  the  horse.  We  see  therefore  that,  in  pro. 
portion  as  tho  horse  is  atrongor,  or  that  we  are  dis- 
posed to  nuilci-  him  exert  a  gmmtor  effort,  the  traooe 
■hoald  he  tncUu«l  downwards  from  the  collar ;  with  agood  BTOTCge  he«so^ 
pertia|M  onewTth  or  ono-aeTentb  of  the  distance  from  tho  ooDar  to  the 
axtremi^  ;  with  a  horse  of  inferior  Cftpabilitiee,  arising  Irom  wMklMM  in 
tho  limb*,  and  not  want  of  wciKht,  or  with  an  ordinary  horm  when  travel 
ling  above  six  milrs  an  Unur,  tni>  tntcrs  Hhonid  be  nearer  the  hoHxontal 
liae,  eaeept  when  the  cironmstanco  of  a  rough  road,  before  allnded  to^ 
reqnirea  MOW  modification  of  this.  To  be  able  to  apply  those  mWgeneiBlly 
ID  pgactioe,  it  would  be  necwiy  to  b*Te  Bonui  hmobs  of  altenng  the 
liaoM  while  on  tbe  road ;  aa  we  hare  stated  that  they  dwDld  be  diflbrently 
arranged  according  tui  the  mad  is  level  or  roneh,  or  ascending  or  dctsccod- 
iDg ;  this  wonld  not  be  diffiLitlt  to  contrive,  and  baa,  indeed,  l»een  snfj^eeKd 
byMme  wrilifrs  npon  (hla  subject;  but  it  is  probable  that,  except  in  stage- 
waggons,  where  the  same  carriage  cnes  along  a  great  extent,  and  consa- 
fru'^t  variety  of  road,  it  will  be  snmcionl  to  adjust  the  tiaoes  seootdingto 
the  average  state  of  the  roads  iu  the  nei^hbonrhood ;  and  we  oannot  gnatly 
err,  if  we  i>ear  in  mind  that  inclining  the  ttaces  downwards  from  the  oolw 
to  the  carriagM  amounts  to  the  same  thingaatfarowingpartof  the  weight 
of  the  load  on  to  the  shafts,  a  thing  flvqiwiitly  done  in  two.wfaeeh>d  carta, 
and  a  naacBiiTro  whioh  all  good  eamten  know  bow  to  put  in  ptnotica. 
The  tnpoaribility  of  inclining  the  ttseee  of  the  leadeta,  owing  to  their 
diatanoe  from  the  caniage,  is  an  additionnl  reonon  to  those  given  bsfl>Fo, 
why  thay  (tba  leadstv)  onnnot,  when  reqaind,  exert  such  an  effort  as  tbs 
shaft-borse  or  whoolcr ;  and  on  rongh  oroas>roads,  ia  a  great  ai^nraent  in 
Duvour  of  harnessing  horses  abreast. 


^ 


H4 


OS    PRAL'QIIT. 


Trt  what  cftti  he.  more  contmry  to  the  rnlw  l»o»  taitt  d»wn  than  Uic 
linjudiciouR  tnotli.'  fivi|tii>ii(ly  adoplcfl  in  hamtiisnng  hotws  f  How  «m> 
iBtantlydo  wc  cwi  thi.'  ttQortA  oriionitw  ]>iuiiljrsvd  bjr  iDisappUcttliini  of  Uuj^ 


Fyuia 


f^.  11, 


respective  qa^^tiee !  In  tho  Mitiuxed  sketch  {flg.  10)  for  iiislftnc«,  wtudi 
represents  n  very  comiuou  KpiciBit^n  of  ihis,  the  liglit,  mugcubr,  tufe 
horsL',  wliicl)  ic  cnpable  of  cuuaidembid  exertion,  ia  ncArly  lifted  IVon  Um 
gTxiiiiic],  imd  piTvi'iil«d  fi-om  making  any  cxcrticm,  by  tho  traces  leading 
upwurds  ;  whilr  the  fm-blo  old  horse,  Bcarccly  cnpublv  of  c«m-inp  bb  own 
body,  in  uva.r\y  dru^i^d  to  tho  ground,  and  compelled  to  nmploy  tnn  wbob 
Htrtmgth  ill  carryiug  bimaelf,  and  ovcin  pnrt  ofUui  weight  of  the  Ii-ndcr ;  *o 
that  tlie  BtreDgtli  afthu  one  willing  nna  nble  to  work  is  not  eiapluycd,  and 
tho  other  is  so  ovoi'Ioadi-d  aa  to  bu  usclena. 

The  mode  of  attaching  th«  trUL-ca  does  not  admit  of  mncfa  voiicty.  Th» 
ahouldd's  have  alwaj's  been  madv  use  of  for  this  pur^Kiae. 

Uonm",  who  ia  Bup]K}sod  (o  have  lived  ahoot 
900  years  B.C.,  dcscribeB  vciy  minntely,  in  tli* 
twenty- fourth  book  of  tlw  Iliad,  tho  mode  of 
hnincssing  horses  nl  tli<!  time  uf  tho  *icgv  of 
Tiviy,  ncitrly  HOOO  ycon  a|^i;  but  if  wn  auppoM 
that  hin  dr.iRription  W«a  taki-n  from  the  hliiiMi 
ill  use  in  liin  own  time,  it  is  alill  referring  to  a 
period  about  twi-nty -seven  ceiitiirit*  back. 

A  simple  strap,  formed  of  sevcrat  thiekncMH 
of  leather,  so  as  to  Iw  very  sliiT,  and  fitu>d  wtll 
to  tlie  aeck  and  ehoulden^  aorred  as  a  coHar, 
tin  Kccn  nt  AA,  (jiij:  II,  1-).  A  accond  stntF^ 
BB,  p(iKH<!d  rimnd  the  body,  and  waa  nitocbod 
to  L)i<!  Khdutder-Ktnp  at  tlx!  witkunt.  At  thi« 
point  waa  6xed  the  joke^  CC,  which  waa  fixed 
to  tho  pole. 

A  pivir  of  liorm-n  were  Uius  yoked  topelher,  without  tmces  or  brecchinga^ 
aa  oxL-n  an^  He<?n  at  the  present  timo  in  many  parts  of  the  country. 

Thin  waa  a  simple  ai'mnfi;emcnt,  but  by  no  means  a  bad  one ;  and  it 
would  ap|)ear  lliat  they  performed  all  tlic  tnnncpuvros  of  carnlry  with 
chariots  and  horses  Ihoa  hamosscd.  The  pair  yoke<l  t"  tho  polo  wetw 
called  yoked  horses;  abreast  of  theao  was  frcfpii^illy  jilaovd  what  waa 
called  an  oat«T  horse,  with  a  simple  G)ioulder-!itra]>  or  oiillar  FF,  atui  a 
Kinglet  iTUce,  GG,  pwiiiing  inddo,  an  in,/t^.  13.  Sometimes  th<;n.'  wcro  two 
of  theSQ  horses,  uro  on  cajcb  «A»,  wa\^  taxuiilttol  with  bia  stru^  or  coUar 


OS    DRAUGIIT. 


J4i 


■nil  tmiv.  Thc*c  ^mps,  if  well  fittvd.  wotp  not  hnd  s  bbt  m  tlwr  »njt 
b«ru  jmaoicil  in  «>TnLMlogre«tipon  tbc  tliruat,  Uwycould  not  bo  oqual  to  tho 
CoUftr  of  the  >uk(.-d  horsos,  still  hfs  to  tin-  mltar  iit  ]>n»ctit  tuoo. 


In  moiv  modern  times  theae  flboaidor-strapa  nro  place  to  tho  (nvMf- 
etnp.  A  hnmc  nn  no  dioabt  exert  &  ooiisi<leral)l«  fittma  effaiiwt  nnch  a 
atrt^  bat  in  nctum  it  mast  impede  tlie  movcriM-nt  of  the  shoulder. 


In  eome  parts  of  Sontli  Americs  tho  trace  is  fisnl  to  the  pammol  or  tlio 
nddle,  which  in  ita  turn  is  well  Bccnrpd  to  the  honw  by  «a(tdli'-K''''hSi 
bnMl-«tnp8,  and  brecrhinini ;  "nd  we  am  itifomicd  Ilia)  horsi-a  in  tbia 
manner  djraff  rerj  oonaidrnihlo  toadii.  It  n^sNrmliUw  comnJrU'ly  the  hameM 
of  the  ancients,  with  the  addition  of  the  bn^-ohini^  It  ia,  of  dmrM:,  a 
mere  temporaiy  armRseinent,  convenient  only  a.i  rr<()uiring  no  pnr]Muiition. 
The  imon  io,  in  fai-t,  tlit'  laaeo  of  the  rider.  wlui.-Ii  im  alwaya  fiuitcti»l  t»  Uio 
Middlo;  and  whc-u  lie  hu entangled  it  roond  tliehonuiof  aboil,  umttjick-d 
it  to  anytiiiiijr  he  may  haTe  occasion  to  transport,  lie  (akoaoneor  two  turnN 
of  the  thonfr  round  tho  pnnttnel  of  the  nddle,  and  the  hone  will  at  full 
gallop  drac  the  lond  nl^cr  him.  Hero  tbo  load  being  generally  u|iun  tho 
grDDDd.  the  tnticv  mn«t  incline  oonstderably  downw^Is ;  and  itiiit,  added 
to  the  wmtrht  of  tho  rider,  will  perhaps  aooount  in  some  d«f;n.>u  for  tho 
extranrdinnrr  Hfc«l«  of  a  yonn^  powenbl  horse  goaded  to  tho  utmost,  and 
eoDtinuiuir  the  exi-nioTi  only  R^  a  BhoH  time. 

A  gcDtlcniau-who  liarclled  some  time  in  this  port  of  America,  and 

11  K 


S46 


ON    DBACCUT. 


frtiqiK'iiUj^  witui>iMud  (ho  pnwttiotl  DfTi-ote  of  tbis  armngimuint  ha*  wag- 
gTAtcd  tlie  pruprit-tyof  iiitrwlui'iiiif  il  into  tbo  Artillt^ry,  by  mvftiu  ofwtiidi 
■I  namlivr  of  liorsM  Dii^'lii  in  uii  iiiiitaiit  be  attached  to  a  (fan,  to  extricate  it 
(rum  Atiy  heavy  or  brokeu  gruuud  in  wbich  it  mifjht  b«>  «tilau);lMl.  Cw 
taioly,  the  longtli  of  thc^c  tiiicc-ii  would  «iinble  these  additioual  bonta  lo 
secure  a,  good  foutiug ;  and  nny  anmhttr  of  bort««  migbt  thoH  be  mMfe  (o 
lend  ibcir  tuwntauce  ui  tinii-  of  ncvtl.  Wu  do  not  prvtvnd,  however,  W 
jndgd  of  tbt-  pniiCticaJ  ntUity  of  Ihia  nicamitv,  bat  murriy  rcconi  tbsi 
tjon  of  anolliLT. 

Tbo  oollftr  now  i^nerally  used  i§  an   improveownt  apon  the  -. 
Bhouldor-stmp  described  by  Homer ;  and  it  is  probably  th«  beat  | 
mod«  of  attaching  the  tracer  to  the  horee«.     If  the  connection  is  : 
tha  proper  ptiic«  on  the  collar,  tlie  Intttr  bcnnt  6nt  tuid  evenly  upon 
»iu6L-lea  wbich  cover  the  colUr-booe-,  nnd  tbv  shonldcn  of  tbo  horso  are  I 
abuuat  asi  free  in  tbcir  nction  as  if  tlte  collar  wltd  not  there     Abonl , 
(Jinn.  14, 15),  is  tho|K)iut  of  the  shoulder  wbLTotlictrficVKbonld  come;  and 
Fig.  I*.  Fig.l&. 


a  btlJe  uiclmBtwn  dowuwnrds,  which  can  oaalv  be  eHfected  in  the  ca»i 
the  sliiift-hor.e  by  the  shafts,  and  in  tli«  otheri  bv  the  bellv-tmnd.  wilL  it 
MocoSHary,  prevent  the  collar  rising  up,  and  inconvenienmuit  thw  throat  rf' 
thu  honw.  ^ 

Kefli-cting  apon  (he  varioas  nircwMtancos  which  we  hare  iih<nni  to 
occur  m  Uh,  application  of  animni  power,  and  the  vftrious  conoluMoria  w 
have  drawn  while  considoring  th<;  fecal  a»d  most  ndvantagcoTis  appUcKlkB 
ot  this  power--and  we  ninstbo  excused  the  freqoMit  rcp<-titi«n  of  the  temi^ 
lor  the  (lake  of  tho  cleameM  gaine.1  by  it— it  would  appear  that  the  ndst- 
ani-.-«hwild  be  a*  much  as  possible  rigid  and  inclartJo,  so  aa  torwjein 
mun«imt4.1j'.  and  unimpaiml,  the  <l!roct  eSMa  of  the  B%hllT  irrwnUr 
exertions  of  ibe  ammai ;  that  this  resisiancw  shoold  not  bo  snch  a«  to  nsM 
directly  to  a  sudden  impulse ;  that  it  should  bo  no  far  uniform  aa  to  bo  fnw 
From  nolt-at  cbanftw.  or  sudden  shocks,  but  not  so  rmHlant  as  to  aUow  <rf 
no  njmuwoii,  uw  of  those  alternations  of  exertion  and  conipanttiTe  Telu>- 


OS    DRAflillT. 


t*r 


tloo  which  wo  hnrv  stafcd  to  1)C  A(lvBiitiigt.-ous  to  tlio  porfcol  dvrulopineut 
of  ikDitnnI  pciwcr. 

That,  aa  nrgords  the  dc^f]fT«e  of  ratist«noe  where  Telocity  is  not  reqoirad, 
ft  foroe  of  motion  of  from  100  lbs.  to  125  lbs.,  or  even  ISO  Iba.,  Booording 
to  the  strength  of  tbo  horse,  cantinnci]  for  eight  hoars  *  <Ujr,  at  tboat  two 
Rod  A  hnlf  ta  three  mitcM  iicr  hour,  u  tho  bent  proportion  of  qiukntitj  mkI 
dunuion  of  kboor.  Thu  load  whiuh  will  pradaou  ibis  amotint  of  dnught 
will  bo  dot«rmuiod  wb«a  we  cao&ider  lhi>  subject  of  tbe  road*,  od  tbo 
qtulity  of  which  it  will  bo  seoo  that  this  mninly  dvpcads;  Uml  whom  six 
or  oiglit  miJca  per  hoar  is  reqaii^l,  the  dunition  of  tho  d»j*s  work  aliould 
bo  riu>rt«iie<l  to  five  or  «tx  nonn,  uid  tho  draught  rMlsoed  to  60  lbs.  or 
lOO  lbs.  At  still  hitler  reloeitiM  the  drsogbt  mtui  not  exceed  £0  lbs.  or 
60  Ibe.,  and  the  time  of  workinK  two  or  three  hours.  Bat  this  speed 
can  only  be  attadtied  by  the  ncrinco  of  the  horae ;  and  coDMsqnontly  tho 
qnoiction  will  rather  bo  what  tiia  honw  is  mpnUo  of  dotag  than  what  oMi 
bo  cluno  with  Monooij- ;  and  it  beoomea  a  mittterof  ooJcnlation,  dqieisdiDg 
alMmther  opou  the  fint  cost  of  tbe  horae,  and  the  profits  arising  from  hu 

mUi  regpocfc  to  tho  mode  of  hamcMing  Ibo  boreci,  it  in  hardly  nccowory 
to  (ay  that  gmtoaro  shonld  be  ta^cn  in  fitting  tJiccoUur  luid  in  HlUchiug 
the  traces  to  the  proper  poiut.  As  to  the  dir«otiou  of  the  traces,  it  mnst, 
as  we  haYO  shown,  entiroly  depend  apon.  tbe  circamstancca  of  the  cose. 
Where  tho  dranght  is  hpuTy  and  idow,  if  tbo  mad  bo  good,  tho  ti-soM 
■hoald  bo  noBrly  norixontnl,  udIchi  tbe  journey  bo  tliort,  or  the  tmfliu  bo 
only  in  ono  dinicticin,  and  tho  cart  ivturu  emply,  or  unless  any  OlJtuir 
reason  reudcr  it  duairnbla  to  coinjiel  tbo  horse  to  exort  bimsolf  more  than 
1m  would  naturally  do  t  the  traces  ahoold  tbon  be  inclined  dovmward 
towards  tho  oarriago,  with  on  inclinatioD  perhaps  of  onu  upon  four  or  five, 
proridcd  always  that  the  bono  in  lapablu  of  continning  the  exertion  wliioh, 
by  the  additional  load  thrown  upon  lits  ahoulders,  be  is  tfans  callod  upcn 
to  make.  If,  in  the  same  oase  of  low  speed,  the  road  be  roiy  heavy,  or 
broken  and  roogh,  tho  proportion  of  drau^t  upon  woh  borso  must  be 
Icssenod  \n  diminishing  tho  toad,  but  tho  trtkoos  uhonid  he  utiadiod  rtiO 
lower  to  tha  carringc,  ul  a  alopu  of  ono  upon  three  or  foor,  by  whieh  madi 
greater  power  is  given  to  the  auimal  to  ing  tbe  load  otct  any  obstmctioa. 

At  alt  high  velocities,  the  traces  BbonU  genenlly  be  koritontal.  Th« 
oasoB  of  rough  roads  or  poworfal  boras*  may  sligbuy  affect  this  lurange- 
tnent,  u  at  low  rolocitiea,  but  not  in  so  great  a  degree^ 

We  will  DOW  proceed  to  cujuiuo  the  niodo  in  wluch  these  oonditions  are 
praotjcally  to  bo  fultUled,  and  tbe  temll  of  thu  application  of  the  principles 
which  we  havo  Inid  down,  by  omaideiing  the  subject  of  Ih*  vakitUt  /or 
Kotmieymg  the  tcvigttl  lo  bo  movML 

Those  in  present  nso  are  tmata,  as  oanal*boat%  aledgea,  aiul  vfawled 
oarriagce,  which  last  of  ooorse  include  every  speciea  of  carriage,  whether 
wugon  or  cart,  heavy  or  light 

Uual-boots  and  canals  we  sospoot  are  gradnally  going  out  of  nse,  and 
will,  excepting  in  nomu  peculiar  fasns.  or  unless  some  great  iniproruaent 
takes  place  in  tune,  bo  superadded  enUrely  by  railways ;  but  still  it  mnst 
be  manr  yeara  before  this  can  be  eflwtMl ;  and  in  tho  meactiino,  the  pro- 
duos  of  too  most  extensive  mannfactoriM  in  tbo  world,  and  tho  sopjihr  of 
tmnKnia  mossca  of  poopio,  will  bo  transported  over  these  beauUJuUy 
amootb,  level,  and  noMeloss  roads  ;  and,  oron  if  their  beds  were  dry,  and 
become  tiw  cosna  of  railways  (an  event  which  may  perhaps  bebU  aomo  of 
th«Ri),  wo  moat,  out  of  respect  for  tbe  extraordinary  beoafits  vr»  have 
dcrrrad  frora  their  ■sgistanoe.  and  tbe  afanost  ineradiUs  oflhet  thcv  hnva 
produced  npoathooommvrcoand  ricbcsof  tbecQUnirj,  bavoderotcaa  few 

»»3 


MS  ^^^^^"^         OX    DRAVOIIT.       ^^^^^^^^^^^ 

liiit'3  to  tiiAt  pari  of  ihoir  considcralioD  vrliich  bcnrs  apon  oar  snlgect,  ni. 
the  di-anglit  of  PAnal-lMiate. 

Tkn  (iTpiiit  iKlnuitiigtf  in  llin  tnuttinort  of  gnndii  hy  wsl«r  oonv«j-iuK«  i* 
the  Kinii  11  IK-US  of  tilt)  JKJWIT  ruquirei  A  Ijudy  flontiu^  iii  wiit«r  U  led  w 
vitry  fire  iii  its  mOYvmenle,  tluit  motion  maj'  bo  (p^oally  oommniiicawd 
to  it  by  any  powpr,  howcvoT  nnall— nt  least  tbo  limit  i«  vrry  for  n^nond  j 
biit  although  ft  VDIT  hIow  moremeat  lun^r  thtia  miiljF'  ^  obtained,  tl» 
slifrlitt'sl  iucrouae  of  s^x-til  cauBts  a,  very  groat  incrcoAe  of  mristanoo. 

The  ro««ta[ico  to  a  body  moving  in  a  fluid  ariaes  prinoipall}-  bum  Ae 
striking  of  tlie  particles  of  Uio  dnid  ttguiust  ibe  fVoDt  of  tJie  moving  bodjTi 
so  that  if  tho  iipoud  of  tlio  Tcxeel  be  iucrcasod,  not  only  docs  it  enccmaiat  a 
pruiiortioniLbly  greater  niunbi^r  of  pn.rticli?'*,  but  aim  it  in  utraclc  by  nadb 
witu  a  furcu  prujiorttooaiv  to  the  veWity,  and  coiuwiinnitly  the  rasutaBOD 
U  foond  to  iuurtiTLSD  as  tlie  square  of  Uie  velocity;  iLns  if  tlie  speed  of  Uie 
TDSSol  bo  trebled,  the  nombor  of  particles,  or  tho  quantjiy  of  vrat«r  wbick 
at  moats  in  its  progress  for  n  certain  space  of  time,  is  tn^lod,  and  tba 
resistance  of  ciicU  partiolo  being  aUa  tbree  iimvs  as  erettt,  owing  (o  tlis 
boat's  striking  it  with  treble  tka  velocity,  llie  oiulvd  efl«ot  is  niiia  time*u 
gnht;  Iben-foro,  if  in  the  GM  inatAnce  it  required  one  pound  to  dnw  Um 
T«MOl,  it  wnnid  now  rcqniro  nine,  but  nine  times  the  w«^ht  or  reostancoi 
moved  nt  three  times  the  vi^lncity,  will  require  twpnty-ncTcn  tisMiee  tbs 
quantity  of  pi>wer  iu  action ;  (lontKHjueiitly,  vto  see  that  tbe  rf«i«(Mica 
iucieaaea  as  tiio  Bqnare  of  tlio  velocity,  wid  the  power  reqnired  t»  bn 
eicrted  for  a  given  time  increases  as  the  cube  of  that  velocity. 

This  law  of  tlie  increase  of  resistance  is  modiGod  however  by  <rfW^fl 
caueeK,  vrhich  bare  bwn  observed  Rnd  deeply  invcKtignted  within  tli*  I^^H 
few  years,  and  which  produce  iiuofa  an  efTect,  that  with  boats  of  »  pacnBar 
form  n  diminution  of  riHiiHtAiice  actually  ixicura  at  a  certain  incrsMed 
velocity,  ami  very  high  mtes  of  ape«d,  such  as  even  10  or  12  milei  per 
hour,  have  been  attniued.  There  are  also  some  small  sonrcce  of  retubUM; 
snch  as  the  friction  of  l.ho  wnt^r,  which  do  not  incrooM  in  tho  ratio  above 
named,  but  at  moilcrnfe  VL^tocitics  the  rule  appliM,  and  an  yet  no  moaes 
liuve  Ixwn  diaoovered  by  wliicli,  with  the  pretttiit  dimeuxioud  of  canab  ami 
their  locks,  larger  quantities  and  weights  can  be  convoyed  at  any  bat  very 
low  ratos  of  speed.  The  draught  of  an  ordinal^  canal-boat,  at  the  velodiy 
of  i!J  miles  per  hour,  is  itbont^^  of  it«  weight,  that  is  to  my,  n  cauud-boat, 
with  its  loiul  weighing  33  tons,  or  78,920  lbs.,  is  moved  at  tbn  mio  men- 
tioued,  by  a  force  equivalent  to  80  lbs.,  Ixdug  p|(  part  of  the  load.  Tins 
is  found  by  Sir.  Bcvan  to  be  the  result  upon  ibe  Uraud  Jnoctioii  Cusl, 
and  a  fon-o  of  tructJon  of  80  Ibi.  U  here  found  to  bo  oquivnWnt  to  a  liors^ 
power.  The  arenign  power  of  an  ordinaiy  honw  is  certainly  istltar  non; 
and,  in  the  eommcnccmunt  of  tliia  paper,  we  mentioned  this  as  on  'if^n?'^ 
of  s  small  eOect  being  produced,  most  probably  owing  lo  the  pccnliar 
application  of  tho  power.  Wo  believe  it  to  bo  tb»  case,  and  tliink  it  IJkdy, 
tbat  if  the  disadvantages  before  allodod  to,  vising  from  tfae  modo  <■( 
applying  tho  power,  could  bo  removed,  the  effect  miglit  bo  ninod  100  Ibs^ 
or  120  lbs.  of  traction,  and  cousii-queotiy  the  load  moved  would  tlicn  bo40 
or  uO  tons;  this  is  an  increase  well  worthy  of  oonsidonitioB. 

We  ROW  ooiQc  to  the  eonsideration  of  the  means  of  traosporf  employed 
on  land.  Thc«o  are  sledge*,  roUero,  and  wliocl  carriagrau  Tbo  order  tn 
which  tliey  ait>  here  tneotioned  is  probably  that  in  wltieh  they  were 
iuvcnlod  or  first  employed.    A  sledge  is  oivtAinly  the  ndeat  and  most 

Erimitive  form  of  vehicle ;  the  wheeled  carriage,  and  oven  tfae  plaeioff  tbe 
tad  itself  apon  rollers,  is  thoeSbct  of  a  much  more  ndnuumi  state  of  tbe 
meofaamcul  utin,  niid  is  probably  of  much  later  dato  than  tlie  sledfte. 
Wbeo  nun  llnil  &It  tlte  nuoesatty  or  the  desire  of  transporting   onj 


I 


article  from  one  spot  to  ftnothcr,  bo  doubllr«e  ondcaTontvd  to  lift  or  cnrry 
it:  if  it  provvfl  too  heavy  for  him  to  carrj,  ho  vroold  nutumlly  vDilcavour 
to  dng  it.  Hcr«  frequent  cxperiiuvnts  would  *oon  hIiow  liiiu  how  muck 
Ins  kbour  wm  raqoired  to  drag  a  t>ody  with  a  amooth  surfhoe  in  contact 
vitli  th«  groiuid,  than  w-hoit  tlio  contrftrj'  ivas  tli«  ca»o;  and  if  tbo  bodjr 
to  bo  uorrd  did  not  itaelf  pruscnt  a  Baooth  unrfitcoonanjr  of  it*  nd<«,bat 
wna,  on  tlie  contrajT,  rough  and  angular  in  aQ  directioua,  li«  would 
natarallj  bo  lod  tointvipoMDOtw^nit  aiid  the  fpv]tmd§omo  plane  Biirfnoe 
irhidi  should  proroat  tho  angloa  and  projections  of  the  bodf  from  cntvring 
tht  gronnd  and  impeding  tho  progma ;  and  wo  mnj  pmnimc  that  alcdgtw 
ware  thus  very  early  brought  into  nae.  When  attempting  to  trunaport 
still  heaTJor  maasea,  the  occidental  presciice  of  round  sUmea,  or  of  a  piece 
of  timbar,  may  bare  nbown  the  advantage  of  interposing  rolling  l>odic«, 
and  Ibna  may  rollers  have  been  inrcnttxl  and  first  bronght  into  um>. 

Theao  steps  appear  natural  and  likely  to  liavo  led  to  tii«ae  results ;  they 
are  at  arty  nilo  EufticioDt  to  accoont  for  tbe  first  introduction  of  thcso  two 
neailB  of  bdlitating  tnmsport,  but  no  et«ps  of  this  kind  nppoor  capable  of 
liw1iii|i  III  the  bcaatifnl  yet  nmplo  eontrinnoe  of  a  tvhcct. 

A  rwer  is  by  no  means  an  imperiV-ct  whc«1,  aa  it  inay  at  first  appear  to 
-lie;  tb^  hare  notbing  in  comiDon  but  thotr  rotatory  or  revolving  action, 
bvi  the  effect  of  tliiK  molion  is  tdally  different  in  tlic  two.  In  a  roller, 
iHction  is  avoidi^d  nltogL'thcr  hr  it,  in  a  whcd  thin  fricti(>n  cxivU  as  com- 
plete^ as  in  a  sledge,  but  the  Bliding  suftoea,  being  at  tbe  oeutro  of  the 
irhecd  instead  of  on  tbo  grannd,  are  alware  tbe  same,  and  being  ondor 
oonti^  ou^  bo  kept  is  that  state  which  alinU  cause  oa  liitU  friction  as 
powblo  i  mravover,  tbe  friction  ia  at  a  point  where  we  havu  the  means  of 
ovCTComing  it,  by  acting  with  tbe  power  of  a  ooosidenble  Isrer,  as  wa 
shall  bereafter  show. 

There  is,  indeed,  a  kind  of  rollcir  which  partalcfiS  scouiwhat  of  tho 
cbsntctor  of  the  nhticl,  but  withont  possessing  tbo  advantagoa  of  it. 

This  Rpcdoa  of  roller  might  have  hocn  an  intoriDediato  step  between 
Ihc  two,  and  we  shall  therefore  describe  it  wheo  we  faaTo  dismissed  tbit 
subject  of  Bledgea  aad  roller*. 

In  England  iDedgw  are  at  the  present  time  very  little  in  am.  In  soma 
eomnwrciBl  towns  the  fturiUty  with  which  bolW  and  heavy  articles  can  be 
plaoed  i^poo  thorn,  without  bt^ing  raised  to  the  beiglit  of  a  carl,  has  caused 
uem  stOl  to  be  employed,  bat  oven  in  Ibeoa  cases,  they  are  in  general 
vaed  only  n^on  tbo  pavement  where  the  friction  is  not  oonsiderable,  and 
for  short  distances,  m  wbicb  case  the  saving  of  labour,  in  loading  and 
nnloadii^,  more  tluio  oompensatca  for  tbo  increase  of  power  absorlK>d  by 
the  drangbt.  Low-wheeled  trodcs,  however,  tn  tlieee  oaaei^  poaseea  tbo 
same  advantage,  and  hare  gradoaUy  bens  snbiit<tat«d  for  them,  wknro  this 
advantage  was  tndispeuaolo :  for  agricnltuml  paq>oau  they  are  aUnosb 
become  obsolete,  and  for  all  purposes  of  traffic  between  distant  points 
they  are  qnite  abandoned. 

It  is  only  in  tbe  North  of  England  and  in  soma  parts  of  Cornwall  that 
thej  an  sometimes  used  in  forms ;  bat  whererer  good  roads  exist,  and 
mechanical  art«  keep  pace  with  tho  improvements  of  tbe  a^  they  have 
given  place  to  wheel  carriagesL  An  examination  into  tfaeir  nature  and 
action  will  immediately  acooont  for  this. 

A  sledge  is  nierdy  a  frame,  generally  of  wood,  npon  which  tim  load  Is 
plaoed,  and  reatins  at  once  npon  the  grcnnd,  the  fricttoa  between  the 
nnder  surftce  of  the  sledge  and  tbe  ground  bears  a  considemble  ivopor- 
tioD  to  the  lood ;  but  if  tlie  gronsd  be  very  uneven  and  full  of  hates,  tbe 
aledgci,  by  oztLiiding  over  a  mat  snrl'ace,  a^'oids  Ihu  holes,  and  slidwa 
only  npnn  Ibr  cminrncos,  which  beinfr  nalnnUly  the  stones  of  t3ie  hard 
jHittiens  of  the  grvunO,  cause  leas  friction;  on  nueh  »  rooidf  a  vViKyaV-v^n^^ 


1 

J 


OM  ^^^^  OS    DRATOHT.  '  " 

bo  oonliuually  sinking  into  tlioso  holm,  knd  than  npposo  conndorkble  nant- 
ttnoe,  and  vonld  ftlso  «xpoaa  tho  load  to  freqnent  dan?or  of  iipM-nin^-. 

It  wonld  iq>p««r,  therwore,  Uutt  over  broken  ffround,  nr  oven  npoo  ■ 
very  bad  atirTMi  rood,  a  sled^  maj  Bom*>tiin««  be  mora  adr&nUgeona  Uiaa 
wheels,  ftud  its  ertmme  snnplioity  of  cottstmction  rendera  it  \erj 
ocoDOBucal  aa  rcganlK  Hnit  cost ;  hat  thit  frrotind  inant  indnod  b«  vt^rj  bad, 
or  the  conntrjr  be  very  poor  »nd  litt]i>  unftivated,  wbcm  th/<  formatioii  ctf 
rmwls  would  not  amply  repay  ihemaelTes  !>>■  allcwinfr  tlio  nuc  of  whucb; 
for  the  power  reqtiirwl  to  draw  a  loaded  elodge  will  bo  at  iMUit  four  or 
five  times  groator  thnn  that  required  for  no  eqoallf  loaded  cart  upon  a 
tolcrnblv  good  rood. 

Tho  JniDglit  of  a  iilc^gv,  evea  npon  tlie  paveinont,  U  about  one-fifth  of 
tho  load,  ao  that  to  draw  a  ton  weight,  reqmr«s  a  force  of  tractinn  of  nboot 
ibnr  buiidred  woii^ht ;  upoa  roadH  tho  friirtion  irill  be  macb  );mti-r;  it  it 
difflcalt  to  stnto  il«  nmoTint,  nit  it  mtiirt  <Icpci>d  no  mncfa  upon  tho  oalon 
of  tho  ground,  but  vrith  th<^  load  before  mentioned,  vii.  ono  ton,  the  fore* 
of  truvtion  will  probatily  vary  from  fire  to  aeren  bandred  wcieht :  otot  a 
atrou;;  rocliy  sorface  the  rceiatance  of  a  sledge  will  be  much  the  nunp  at 
on  jHtTOTDcnt.  It*  niio,  thrrFforr,  Taiwt  ho  oonliDod  to  tvtj  pvticnlarcaias, 
whiin;  tliK  alKCtiiiCL'  of  madii,  nr  the  want  of  mouu,  prcretits  the  adoption  of 
more  improved  rohiolea ;  and  these  eaoea  are  fortnnntvljr  too  rare  in  ^wbad 
to  render  it  worth  our  while  to  bortow  much  time  npon  ita  dcacriptioa. 

Sled^cx  nrc  ^OTicmlly  formed  of  two  loDntudinal  pieces  of  timber,  lb«r 
or  fire  finrt  »riurt,  with  thoir  lower  cdgi^  Nhnd  with  iron :  and  tran«wrM 
plnnka,  boltod  to  these,  furm  tlie  Soor,  and  they  am  thus  rflsilr  constmotcd. 
Tho  tmoea  should  be  more  int^linod  than  with  whceUd  eamagea,  hf^wtaw 
the  frlotioD  bearing  a  giv&tcr  proportion  to  tho  load,  it  ia  more  adna- 
t:ii;i?oua  to  throw  a  portion  of  that  lond  upon  tlie  borao.  and  boin^  wiad 
Rpon  nDOTan  ground  it  is  more  importunt  to  bo  ablo  to  lift  the  front  of  the 
iilod(n>  over  obsiaelei. 

AlthoufrU  in  this  country  thfs  use  of  sledgva  l*  rery  limited,  ia  many 
jMu-te  of  tho  world  they  constitule  the  beet,  and,  iniliwd,  the  only  tn«a»^^ 
of  convoyance.      Upon  ice  tho  friction  is  so  trifling  that  they  opwm  H^M 
ronatanoo  orcn  than  wheola,  for  tho  roOKins  before  elated,  of  tbor  conii^^ 
jng  a  lar({i-r  mrfhiie,  and  thereby  sliding  over  those  Bsperitioe  which  wooU 
impede  (h«  progrcaa  of  a  wheel ;  upon  aaov  tho  adrantogo  in  atjll  more 
decided:  icbore  a  wheel  wotiI<1  gink  a  coDsiderablo  dqith  and  become 
almost  immoveable,  a  aledge  wilt  glide  npon  the  thin  froien  ermit  witlioal 
leaving  a  ttacs^  and  with  an  eum  truly  wonderful.     In  all  cold  climates 
they  an  oonceqneotly  in  genemi  use- :  'and  tho  depth  of  winter  is  there  ti» 
HcafKtn  for  th<!  tifiusport  of  iiierchandJae. 

Tho  KMqnimnus  with  their  dogs,  the  Lsplandera  with  their  tvin-de«r, 
and  tho  KaiMianii  with  homes,  use  tho  alodgo  to  a  great  extent  in  the 
winter,  orer  the  frozen  rivers  or  the  liard  snow. 

lu  the  warm  climatea,  on  the  contraty,  not  only  ar«!  they  now  alnoat 
unknown,  but  the  rreords  which  refer  to  periods  eo  6ir  removed  as  8O0O 
ycnrs  make  no  mr-ntinn  of  *Tich  ronvoTanoes. 

Rolli<rH  comii  ni-xt  under  coniii deration ;  thny  corbunly  afford  tho  meaM 
of  transporting  a  heAvy  weight  witli  leaa  power  than  any  other  mrnai 
with  which  we  are  acquaintfid ;  their  motion  is  not  nooocaartlj  attoodtd 
with  any  friction.  A  cylindpr,  or  a  sphero.  can  roll  npon  a  phine  without 
any  rubbing  of  the  nurfacc*  whaterpr,  and  consoqueiitly  without  friction; 
and,  in  the  same  manner,  a  piano  will  roll  npim  this  roller  without  ft-iotioii: 
in  practice,  this  i»  more  or  leaa  the  c««e,  uecordinir  to  thu  perfti-tian  of 
workmanship  in  tho  rnrmation  of  tho  rollers,  and,  if  eyJindncal,  tJi«  care 
with  which  they  an;  ^lacod  nt  right  angles  to  the  dinction  at  wbii^  tbry 
Arc  to  more.     T hero  u  onVj  -luA  iK>>irc<:  '^'i  reu^tuuA  -wUch  fa  tnseparahln 


J 


OK   DRAUOIIT. 


Ul 


JF'v-  It. 


7     \ 


from  the  luo  of  roller*,  vi^.  tbo  nnercnaMS  of  tha  u^iM!/'<H'  the  yioklinff 
of  tbo  DUktoriiil,  vrhii'li  lunannU  to  tituirl^-  the  Mune  thing. 

A  circlw  r^wtiuK  u|ioii  k  ntmight  liiic  ciui  only 
touch  it  in  n  ninglo  (K>iul,  aud  tlie  canUct  of  ft 
Cijrlinder  with  a  plauf  is  merely  a  line  :  oovwe* 
qnently,  if  the  roaloml  <^  Uie  roller,  and  tJie 
■urlaoe  on  which  it  rolled,  ivere  perfoclljr  hard 
•nd  iselMtic,  such  nonid  he  iheir  contact,  vliat- 
ever  weight  mi^ht  be  placed  upon  the  roUor. 

But  in  pracboi  no  mich  material  can  be  oh- 
tainod,  and  rollera,  on  the  contrarj-,  mv  gvne» 
roily  iniidc  of  wood,  and,ivlivn  IouiIihI,  tlu^jr  mast 
jiieiA  until  llu!  sur&co  A  B,  fiy.  16,  in  tirvpnr- 
tionato  U>  tbo  prowiure.  Still,  if  tlw  sulMtanw 
were  jn-rfi-ctly  tlflstic;  that  is  to  say,  if  it  would 
rvtuni  to  iu  onifinal  lorm  witJi  the  same  foroe 
and  velocity  wlucli  wore  rcqoirod  to  distort  it, 
this  alteration  n'onld  not  caoBo  any  rcsietanoe  ; 
the  elasticity  at  K  wotild  tmd  tn  nSm  the  back 
of  the  roller  with  a  foroc  D  E,  Jty.  ]  7,  mnal  to, 
■nd  exactly  limilar,  bat  op^oiiitc  to  C  B,  and 
would  oonmqaontly  Imliuici'  it. 

Altiiongh  pcrfis-t  L'liuticity  ia  onattainablo,  yet  most  hard  mibKtances 
pOOWM  tliiji  (jiuklity  to  HOiuB  extent;  eonta(|uontly,  when  tho  lond  ia  not 
Fufltcii-nt  to  crnKh  Uic  ntutt^rials,  the  resistaiu^v  is  nut  vnach  incKMed  bjr 
even  a  conKiUoraklo  yielding,  prorided  thia  viitlding,  an  we  before  niOt 
ariMv  from  cJaBticity.  Tbna  if  a  bladder  bo  fulcd  with  air  and  nerd  as  a 
loUor,  the  reAstance  will  not  be  greater  tlian  if  a  perfcfCt  and  bard  crlindor 
ware  employed,  although  the  bliulHor  may  be  nearly  flattened  nnacr  the 
weight ;  but  tbo  pcrmancnl  comprowion  of  tii«  roller,  and  the  enuihing 
of  oust  or  other  extranootu  aubntanoca  lying  in  the  way,  am  tlui  Kreat 
impedimonta  to  it«  RioTcmcnta  ;  tbcae  cunntltnte  a  resiftanoe  in  Uw.'  direc- 
tion U  C,  whicb  iH  mit  countcrfanlanced  by  any  force  ariiing  frwin  i-buiticity 
on  tbo  opixMitd  side.  Tb«  t-Bcct  of  thia  reaiNtanoo  i»  drpoudoul  upon  the 
diamoter  of  tlio  ruUor,  dinuniahisg  when  tbo  latter  b  tncreaoed,  though 
not  in  KO  rapid  a  proportion. 

If  to  a  cdrclv  a  ho  riiontal  force  P  be  applied  at  0,/^.  18;  if  an  olwtacia 
be  plaoMl  at  K,  the  force  P  n-ill  (end  to  push 
the  roller  over  the  obctacio,  and  will  act 
with  a  lover  equal  to  ti  F,  and  for  nil  Email 
obstacles  G  F  may  be  cotmidcrctl  eqnnl  to  G  D 
(he  diameter.  The  weight  npon  the  roller 
pr«K>iiig  it  down,  acta  with  a  levar  equal  to 
E  F;  1ml  E  K  is  equal  ^/GF  X  -/FH: 
tlienifoTO  E  r,  which  is  equal  to  P  T),  rvmain- 
ing  oonstant.  and  the  dianHter  being  in- 
creased, EF  iacmascaonlyait  theaipiare  root 
of  diameter,  aiut  conMy|ai-Dt]y,  llie  force  ne- 
cessary to  advance  the  roller  is  inveraely  as 
tho  Bqnaro  root  of  the  diameter:  thai  ia  to 
say,  if  a  roUer  be  iaoiMBed  four  times  in  diameter,  th«  resuftaace  arising 

fVom  the  cauK*  now  ondor  considcro^n  will  be  redac«d  (o  —7    or  4, 

and  if  incnrascd  nine  timua  in  diameter,  the  Koatauoe  wrill  bo  only  equal 


^ 


SM 


OS   DBArRHT. 


I  the  tu-tion  of  a  roller,  it 


,  Tliix  being  tho  Only  source  of  i-esiatance 

caeily  bi'  (HiQi.'t.'iveii  that,  in  practici',  by  Isying  &  plank  or  any  oth«r 
Boriact!  uuon  ilie  gronnd,  and  prcymring  in  like  manner  the  lower  sni^ce 
of  the  boay  to  bo  moved,  nnil  interposing  rollew  Ixitwecn  the  two,  a  twj 
great  woij^bt  mny  he  riovmI  with  comiiftnilirL'ly  nnall  powtn* ;  but,  on  %be 
ottiur  hand.  Iher«  in  a  itcriouit  |inwrticiu  iiiconri-nifnce  utti-nding  the  n»r  nf 
the  roller,  which  priTveiita  ita  aduiaion  except  in  very  particular  ctuKn. 
A  weight  moved  upon  rollt-m  proceeds  at  tvrioe  Uie  rale  of  tJit-  rulk-r; 
for  if  C.  jiy.  13,  bo  the  centre  of  the  roller,  D  the 
point  of  contact  with  the  gratUMl,  and  E  that  wilh 
the  weight  to  bo  moved,  and  W  the  weigh^  if  ihit 
weight  be  put  in  motion,  tho  fioint  1>  is  for  an  in- 
stant stnti«nur\',  tuno<!  it  in  in  cbuio  onotnct  Wie- 
the givinnil.     Till'  diameter  E  C  D  moves,  thn<r4iM^^H 
round  thu  point  D  as  a  centre,  and,  o<iniieqn(!ntlj',  ^^ 
being  twioe  aft  fitr  from  D  as  C  in,  di'^cribc*  B  r 
twice  as  ffreat  a  distance  as   C  g  ;    frettli  pointa  an 
UU1V  hrou-fht  (o  the  summit  and  in  contact  with  ihe 
(fround,  and  a;,.'ain  the  latter  is  stationary,  while  tha 
former  mo-vee  twice  the  distnooe  which  the  point  0 
»  does.     Tbo  summit,  therefore,  or  that  point  whidi 

ia  in  imnK^diatc  contAct  with  tlio  weight,  always  moves  with  twic*  tba 
Velotity  of  thii  centre  of  the  roller ;  hat  the  voloo^  of  tlit-  ci-ntm  ia,  at 
OOUtBe^  tbat  of  the  ntlkr,  and  the  velocity  of  the  point  E,  which  ik  in  ooo- 
tact  with,  and  iM  inovtid  by,  tliewcit;ljt,  is  the  same  as  tliaiof  the  wd^t 
moved ;  therefore,  u^  the  weight  is  forced  forward,  it  Iiiot««  at  twice  Iha 
r»t«  of  thi>  roller,  it  will  gain  upon  the  rollers,  and  otliers  mast  be  eaor 
tinnally  supplied  in  front — an  inconvenience  much  felt  in  practice. 

Thin  confines  tho  use  of  the  roller  to  cases  where  the  dWoooe  ia  ttfj 
ahorf,  or  where  the  weight  convoyed  is  exceedingly  great,  and  redactka 
in  the  reniKtnnco  of  more  importiincc  than  tho  inconvenicnoe  alhlded  to. 

The  uiont  rL'miLrkablo  iniitanc-i'  of  the  ap)ilieiition  of  rollers  ia  the  trans- 
port of  the  roi'lc  which  now  nerves  aa  tho  peilestal  of  tlio  oqaestriaii  statue 
of  Peter  tbo  Qrait  nt  St.  Puluraburg. 


Tliis  rock,  a  single  block  of  grauilc,  was  discovered  in  the  centre  of  a 
bog,  four  milon  from  the  wntersifle ;  it  weii»hed,  afti-r  bi-ing  iTOt  into  a  eim- 
Teniont  Rhnpe,  121?  Ions,  NntwithManding  its  cnomKiuK  weight  it  wtw 
nusod  and  tamed  npon  iin  nidc,  nnd  placed  upon  a  irxmc.  A  r««d  waa 
node  aorosM  the  img,  nnrl  a  limhcr  railway  laid  don-n  ;  the  whole  ma  tlnm 
left  fin  Uie  depth  of  winlt-r,  when  (he  bc^ggy  groiind  was  fnincn,  mm]  the 


rffa 


OS  DR-irrrnr. 


ssa 


operatioDB  then  comnwmceii.    Ths  railway  conjtistcd  of  t1^olinwloftimllcr 
a  a  a  a,  ijig*.  20,  21,  2'J,)  fbmished  with  hard  metal  groovue ;  KimilHr  tmd 


J*ir-ait 


CorraBponding  metal  (grooves  irrre  fixed  to  tho  under  nde  of  the  Htirdge, 
and  betwetn  these  grooT(«  wpiv  plncod  the  rollers,  which  were  uphi'mi  of 
hard  bnM|  about  six  inohrs  diiimrtcr.  Ttio  impOBaibilitj  of  confinioff 
eylmdrical  rollm  tn  u  pitrfKttly  pitmllil  iliniHjon.  and  n-ithoat  which  tfaa 
fridioti  wnntd  hnvf  Ixwn  mnisiderable,  n.<ii<li<rcd  tbo  adoptioti  of  spherical 
rtilknt  or  butU  ruuuiuR  in  a  f^roore  a  uiatU'r  of  aceettkiiy,  u  othon«'ise  the 
una]]  surlace  njion  which  they  can  bear,  and  Uif  oonscqnent  danger  of 
onuhing,  or  nl  least  flattening  that  aurtact.-,  h  a  acnous  objection  to 
BuherM  ;  once  placed  npnn  the  mllors,  it  waa  diawn  bj  means  of  cajmlaiia. 
The  r«eislaiice  does  not  B{>pmr  to  have  lieeo  great*  iwnsiderinK  the  enor- 
mous weight,  since  tdxty  tium  at  tho  cupstnna  with  treble  porcliase  btookt 
moved  it  with  miso. 

The  transport  of  thin  mtormotis  rocit  nnder  gach  diwidvantagcoas  cir- 
canutoacea  of  conntrr,  over  a  diHtancc  of  four  miles,  and  iu  snbseqnent 
mtmga  of  tliutMn  miles  by  watur  in  a  vnut  oniiimn  or  rosml  constructed 
for  the  purpose,  was  a  work  sanuuwing  mnvlhint:  attempted  bj  the  anoienM. 
and.  indeed,  in  modem  tifntm  the  only  tiling  which  can  bt!  compared  to  it 
is  the  dragginga  ahip  of  ttui  line  np  a  nbp ;  t}ir  weiglit  t*  in  tlitH  cnno 
nearly  the  mmii  aa  that  of  tlie  nvk,  but  th<'  dtHtanoc  tmrcrsed  in  Hhort,  and 
tho  difficulties  to  be  orcroomc  mach  leaa.  A  plunc  of  ineliiKHl  ttinlicr  is 
MTpand  and  well  greaaed;  a  fiarae  of  wood,  lc<.-Imti.-ally  called  a  ciadli^ 
U  fixed  ondcr  tlic  vcimcI,  it  b  Boatod  <m  to  this  iuclioed  plane  and  drawn 
np  by  ibe  united  cflurta  of  a  niLiiiber  of  well-manned  capatanB,  with 
powerftd  tackle :  in  this  case  no 
rollan  ve  nsed  :  it  ia  a  sledgv,  th« 
Bar&oe  being  well  rHirenvT  with 
grease  to  lessen  thf  frietiim. 

We  have  alat«d  that  Ihoro  was  a 
particniar  oonMructwn  of  roller 
which  might  be  coniiidered,  aa  re- 
gards ila  form  merely,  an  inte^ 
mediate  titcp  between  the  roller  and 
the  wheol.  It  consists  of  a  roller 
wilh  iIm' diameter  oflheoKtrrmitir^ 
incrvaoed,  aft  tn/lif.  'J^I ;  the  only 
advanlafjie  of  this  mller  i*  tliat  the 
Iiody  nwto  opon  tlte  Mnnll  pari  of 
the  roller,  9<!ffiy.  2*,  anil  witcn  pnl 


5H 


05   DEAraBT. 


n:   25- 


is  ntotion,  will  not  gain  to  npidhr  on  the  roQen;  or  hi  Olher  woria, 
tlw  nDer  will  more  with  nuxe  Ibaa  half  the  ««locit]r  of  ths  hodf .    A 

mere  iiMpeolwn  of  jta,  S&  is  >dl- 
eieni  to  show  that  Uie  v«locHj  of 
tbo  oeotro,  C,  will  be  to  that  of  ih* 
bodr  raMirig  on  the  pomt  B,  ■•  C  D 
to  B  D,  aa  that  if  tha  sods  of  the 
TXilkas  ai«  twice  tbn  nnt  of  the 
intermediate  pari.  C  D  will  be  wml 
to  two^hjrfd  uf  B  D.  and  tbe  niDrr 
wiQ  more  at  cwo-tliinld  of  tbo  nU 
of  thebodj;  aless  noniber  of  ttdkn 
aro  therdore  roqoired,  and  the  n- 
f/Uttuot  ia  aomeirhat  dtmiuiohed  bjr  having  larger  rollets  in  oontBCt  witb 
flic  ground. 

In  using  a  ntQee  of  this  sort,  t]>e  idea  may  bare  strack  titr  workman,  >>r 
H  may  bare  ocmrred  accidental  I  j*,  to  confino  th«  spindle  of  the  rollor,  and 
cotnpct  it  to  move  with  the  body  ;  and  thn«  a  chu&i^  pair  of  whcwlK,  fixed 
to  a  Npindle,  woold  hnve  rranltnl  from  bit  expcrimtnL  Sack  a  rappon- 
tion  is  quite  gratnitoiw,  an  wc  hikro  no  record  of  taif  sach  oontnraiiee 
baTing  existed  before  wkLvU  wore  made ;  indeed  it  ii  udenor  both  to  the 
roller  and  the  whirJ  :  tbeuiilj  argamcnt  in  &Tonrof  aiidiatheorris,thal 
rollora  of  this  tort  have  been  emplojed  in  comoaratlTvly  modem  timea. 

At  Rome,  in  1&88,  an  obeliak,  ntneljr  feet  bigli,  of  a  single  Uock  atwlaae, 
weighing  npwardi  of  IW  tona,at>dwluchlta<tuHf:iaalIr  beenbrooicfat&am 
Kgjpt,  waa  remov^  from  ooo  sqnaics  in  which  ii  stood,  to  another  Bear 
the  Vatican,  and  there  again  ercotcd  in  the  spot  where  it  now  is. 

In  dragging  this  thnmgh  the  tttreets  of  Home,  it  wm  fixed  in  a  stroog 
ftmme  of  woo^  whieh  mrted  opon  a  enwller  frame,  whicli  wcro  fbmiahcd 
oacb  irith  a  pair  of  ralliTn,  or  itpiniltr",  of  the  form  above  n-ferred  to ;  they 
wen  tamed  (>y  ca]MtJui  him  :  mdiM^  thny  cannot  he  b<>tt<T  di-sicribed  than 
by  atating  thai  thi-'y  n.-<tc-tnhled  cxiu^tly  tbo  naroo  of  a  puir  of  cart>wh«ek 
(all  the  Hpokni  being  remored),  and  fixed  to  a  wooden  axle.  If  a  heavy 
waggon  lay  npon  a  pair  of  theae,  we  can  mnocire  that  bv  patting  ban  into 
the  mortifue  of  the  naves,  we  could  foreu  tbinn  ronnd,  and  thus  advance  the 
irufnton;  bnt  the  resislnnce  woold  evidently  be  greater  than  if  either  loUen 
or  wheels  were  pmployod. 

All  the  diflicnltin  ini-idcntel  to  the  Dse  of  the  nUer  appear  to  bo  enr* 
nioanled,  and  all  objcetiuns  mot,  by  the  oontrivanco  of  the  wheel. 

The  wheel  hmng  attwtlied  to  the  load,  or  to  the  carriage  which  oonlnint 
it,  movce  with  it,  iit  part  of  the  machine,  and  consoqnoDtly  as  we  reqoiie 
only  th<!  number  of  wboelx  immediately  neceomr  lor  the  support  of  the 
loud,  we  can  iitTord  to  couttlntct  thi-m  of  thnw  dimcnnons  and  uatenals 
beat  anited  lu  thf  purpnAo.  By  incrasing  their  diameter,  we  we  eitabled 
to  surmotul  impi'diintTuU  with  much  greater  facility,  M  we  have  ahowa  is 
the  caseof  the  roller;  and  ulilioufch  tkoreia  a  resialuiee  arising  from  fHetioa 
nl  the  axle,  which  does  not  exi^t  in  the  roller,  yet  dut  may  be  ko  n<daced, 
1^  iDcreaeing  the  diameter  of  the  whi-el,  as  to  form  an  inconndemblo  part 
of  the  whole  resistance,  or  draught  of  the  carriage. 

Or  the  first  introdnctinn  of  tlio  wheel  we  have  no  record  whaterer.  The 
principle  nppnirs  to  ns  so  ]i^iriple  as  to  have  been  ncocMBrily  the  reeolt  cf 
pom  invention,  almost  of  inKpinitinn  ;  while,  at  the  name  time,  it  ia  bo  ex-' 
coedingly  effeotire  and  perfect.,  an  hai'dly  to  lulmit  of  improvumont. 

Tbi-  grwit  aiitii)uity  of  wh(«'li'J  curriagwi  or  clmriuta  preclndes  all  hopes 
of  ilinrovcrinjf  tlieir  orit-iii.  Alioul  lirii-rn  hundred  years  before  the  Chrtfr- 
lian  era  tliey  appear  to  have  been  in  eommon  use  amongst  the  RgyptiMu 


as  DRACcnr. 


sx 


Id  llieir  warikrv.  Phamoh  d««pat(-hiHl  nx  hnndml  chosen  dwriotM  in  pnr- 
soit  of  the  IsraeUtos,  wliile  tli<>  mtt  of  tbe  annj-  foUoinid  with  oil  tho 
chariots  of  RG7|>t :  beni,  tbeivfoiv,  thi^r  were  in  (^neral  DSe,  and  serrinr 
»ii  the  mviilrj"  (if  the  pr(*rnt  Hay.  Moreover,  the  oklcst  ivcords  whion 
«ttit<!r  into  iinj-  dctnil  of  their  constmetiwn  dcscribo  chcm  as  in  a  verj  for- 
irarcl  aad  fM.'rf*wt  stata. 

At  Uiv  MVjio  of  Troy,  noarly  throe  tlioaiiand  ynur*  am,  tbvy  fonned, 
aecording  to  Hi>m«r,  the  cavalry  of  th«  Onwrkn  and  TrojanK ;  and  tvrrj 
officer  or  hero  of  good  blood  ponaevecd,  at  leaal,  a  pair  of  hotaeii  ai>d  a 
diarioteer. 

Tlimo  chariola  brinK  Imitt  to  mn  over  broken  g;rottad,  where  no  nada 
araBtod,  were  niado  low  and  hroad,  and  tber  were  bj  do  means  badly  con- 
trirrd  for  the  purpoae  for  which  they  were  intcoided ;  th«  wheels  were  con- 
iitmcli?d  with  a  nare  and  apoken,  felloes  and  tarea:  and  thepol«a.K>pc<trB 
to  hare  been  lixnl  on  the  azle-troe,  6,  in  the  manner  Bhovm  in  _fi^,  26. 


The  body  of  Uw  chariot  iraa  placed  open  tliis  fVame.  The  team  pencrally 
ConaiBtM,  as  we  hiivo  bcforpstntcd.  of  apuirof  hoi-wa,  ntiachcd  (o  the  pole; 
aix  and  oven  a  k'*""'''  nombcr  of  Immc*  were,  bowever,  frcniicnlly  liar- 
netwed  ahrMuit,  hut  in  that  rtwc  a  Ki;oonid  pole  was  gvnerally  affixed  to  the 
axlo-lroe,  so  ait  to  have  a  pair  of  Iiotmm attached  tocach  pot,  and  the  axlo* 
tn«  thomaelreB  were  always  made  nearly  as  long  as  the  whole  vridth 
oecniMcd  by  the  horse*. 

They  appear  to  hars  had  light  ohariola  for  more  domestic  ]>urpoKn>,  and 
fi>ur.wfa(«fed  camnge*  for  conveyance  of  h**vy  gonib ;  and  certainly  King 
Piium,  when  ho  went  to  the  Grecian  camp  to  raiiHi}m  the  bodv  of  hiit  Hon 
Hector,  travrlled  with  some  dtjirec  of  cnmfort and  laxui^ ;  ho  rode  himaelf 
in  a  '  tN^nntifal  new.boilt  trarelling  carringp,'  drawn  hy  faroarite  horaea, 
while  tbc  trcwnirtta,  intended  as  a  ranxora,  wc:^  conveyed  in  a  foiir-whe«t«d 
waggon  drawn  by  mole*.  All  thcso  details,  as  well  ae  the  dmkIo  of  haratMs- 
iuK  thi-'  hontw,  which  operotton,  it  mnrt  be  confessed,  waa  porfiirmod  bv 
Priaiu  hiiawlf  and  his  sons,  arc  fally  dutcribod  in  the  twenty-fourtli  hool: 
of  the  Iliad, 

That  Uomor  was  well  acquainted  with  the  conittraction  of  the  spoked 
wheel  naniD)^  freely  npon  tlie  azle>tree,  itiKJ.  pcrhape,  oven  witli  the  mode 
of  hanging  tli<'  body  of  the  carriage  0|>on  etnips  for  springs,  in  the  soma 
manner  as  the  piiWIiu  (siaclies  are  to  this  clay  in  nuiiiy  parts  of  Fmnca,  and, 
till  latetr,  even  in  tin:  nfinhbonrhooil  of  V»n*,  is  evident  from  liie  pasMgio 
in  whiiHi  he dcscrihea  Jane's  chariot.  Ho  therriuiys,  whileJonowaapnt- 
ting  the  golden  h>t>  to  the  horiw,  Hebe  fiurtcned  on  tlie  wheals  to  the  iron 
axles.  '  Thi^e  wheels  had  eight  biasen  Npokea,  and  tike  felloes  wore  of 
gold,  and  tbo  tirva  of  bnuu.' — '  The  amt  was  Eutened  with  gold  and  silver 
oorIs.' 

This,  of  ronr«M>.  gives  ns  Iloner's  iAfa  of  pcrfcvtion  in  a  chariot. 

All  Uw  epithets  which  coald  convey  ideas  of  nwinnewt  were  applied  In 
tluHiu  cluiriold  and  to  the  hordes,  bnt  we  have  ii<>  [xnitivc  infDnnuttiin  aH 
reganU  the  real  rulooitr  with  which  they  woaM  tmvel :  as  rouda  vrrre 


556 


OS   DRArOHT. 


team,  and  probablj  >t  bc«t  tattvly  ttada,  moeh  eooU  not  be  expected 
fton  TokiclM  ooinsteii()t«d  under  Boch  cueuutaBces :  Uw  whecj«  wn« 
■nwU,  &om  tirenfy  to  thirt;  inckM  diunetor,  oad  ftll  tLe  parts  of  the  ^ 
riota  ezoeanve);  beavr,  co  u  to  rout  Uw  rspMtod  shocia  to  which  Uu? 
wore  Bvlgect. 

Th«  chftriota  reprMepted  upon  the  SUen  of  the  Fuihcoaon, 
allailcd  to,  aod  which  iB  probftbly  upward*  of  2300  yean  old, 
light  in  their  conatractiop.  Mid  oitly  mat  inriBga  to  be  called  ^g*. 

Th«  ad  naoonicnt  of  all  tfa«  hrancbes  of  tM  mochaaicAl  aria  Ma ) 
•arilj  introdnoed  waay  aaprOTtmeats  in  Ota  detailn  of  tlw  oonatoicliaa 
the  wfa«et  itsdl^aa  weD  aain  that  of  the  ule  sod  the  mAof  ths 
aod  by  this  mMna  no  dotibt  inerewed  mj  ^raUly  the  nae  and  ad 
of  it ;  bat  it  is  a  ronnricable  fact  that  titim  UBpronmeBta  hare  been  coi»? 
fined  excloatrelj-  to  the  workmanship  and  """'«"!'»'  detail,  and  that  tha 
pTmcifJ«  has  remained  ezactl;  the  sacoe,  aud  baa  not  eren  recdred  my 
addihon  daring  this  immotisa  Insa  oftinw. 

trpwarda  of  3000  yconi  ago,  the  wheels  fvp"^  ^  }mv9  been  iodependcBt 
of  each  ether,  and  nmiiing  npon  fixed  auea ;  we  can  mj  ao  tDoiv  of  the 
mart  inprored  wheel  of  the  most  6nished  carriage  of  the  preacnt  da;. 

W«i  sr«  fur  from  intending  to  cast  anj  slight  on  modcna  inrentioo,  or  to 
coropani  tho  noaning  iixlo-lrrtw  ni\d  ctrakine  wheels  of  the  andenta  wilb 
the  noiselaaa  CoUin^'s  axli's  of  tlie  nioctoiintn  ccnttuy ;  hot  trnth  compels 
ua  to  adcnowledge  that  a  period  of  ibirty  ocnturiei,  mart!  than  bslf  tba 
tima  which  is  sappoM>d  to  have  elapeed  since  the  creation  of  the  world,  bos 
prodaoed  no  radical  chaDgio  nor  branght  into  action  any  new  principle  is 
the  CM)  of  the  wIum.4  as  Mplied  to  carriages. 

Tho  particular  form  and  oonatructUin  of  the  wheel,  as  well  im  of  ftll  the 
other  parts  of  the  carriage,  however,  admit  of  great  rurJety,  and  the 
draught  is  matorialty  aflectod  b;  their  variation.  We  shall,  iherefure, 
afttr  aaminlng  the  action  of  wlicnLi  in  geoenl,  describe  tlis  mode  of  OOB- 
■tmotion  now  adopted,  aud  then  endtttTOur  to  pointost  tho  adviudaam  and 
disadvantages  of  the  varioos  fonos  which  have  been  given  to  the  diffisrent 
parts  of  it. 

JFinb  let  ns  axamino  tho  theory  of  it,  and  snnposc  it  acting  on  a  loml  pIsoN 

The  whenl  being  a  circlo,  tliu  oontro  will  remain  always  at  tbo  saoM 
height,  and,  oonseqoently,  will  move  parallel  to  the  plane  in  a  perfectly 
level  Ime :  if  any  weight  be  attached  to  or  suspended  trota  its  ccnttv,  this 
will  alM  mora  in  a  continnod  *tnught  lino  without  rising  or  (idling,  and 
consequently  when  once  init  in  inuromcnt  there  ia  nothnw  to  chetrk 
gro^reas  (ncgleoting  for  tue  moment  the  slight  resistanoe  Ottlio  air), 
n  will  require  no  foroo  to  keop  it  in  motion  so  long  as  the  wheels  oontinne 
to  turn. 

We  have,  therefore,  in  this  case  only  to  examine  into  the  force  soceesafT 
to  tarn  the  wheels.  Tho  wheels,  if  left  to  themselves,  would  roll  on  with 
perfect  freedom,  whatovor  might  bo  their  woicht,  or  whntcver  weifilii 
mi^ht  bo  attnctind  to  tticm,  provided  nothing  in  thcmodoof  uttAching  that 

aht  imptrdcd  their  rnvulution ;  Init  in  practice  wo  cannot  adroit  of  the 
revolving  with  the  wLeol.  and  we  have  no  means  of  suapcniling  it  to 
tho  wheel,  exoopt  by  menus  of  nn  axle  fixed  to  tba  loatd,  and  passing 
throDgh  the  centre  of  tho  whei^l.  Thin  axlo  prnuiosnponthe  low«rBar6«e 
of  tho  hole,  and  oonseqoently,  when  tbo  wliocl  revolves,  oatmvii  a  frictioo 
proportionate  to  the  load  npon  the  axle.  This  friction  is  then  tho  only 
SDOioe  of  resistance  to  the  motion  of  a  wheel,  onder  the  circuurtances  here 
snpposcd ;  and  it  is  th«  action  of  thin  friction,  tho  degree  in  which  this 
afloots  tho  draught,  and  hy  whnt  nM«n«  thiH  ciTcict  is  tncrMued  and  dtnu* 
nuhcd,  that  wu  are  uovr  a)>ou>  (u  cunxider. 


and      , 


A 


OS   DB.\fOHT. 


tST 


Ijfit  C.jJ;;.  27,  bf-  the  centre  ofn  wIkvI,  of  whii-Ii  C  Di«  tlipradiiu,  nod 
C  A  llml  uf  Qic  oslc  [iMsing  thixiu|ili  tlii!  nliii-],  and  which  boiog  fixod 
to  tliv  load  doee    not    rcvolvo    with    tho  f,^,  27. 

If  a  force  C  B  bo  a^iplicd  to  the  oentro  of 
the  wheel,  tending  to  iidriinrc  it  in  tliiMtiroc- 
tiou  1),  the  puint  D  bniiifj!  in  c(iiiUu;t  with 
the  pronnd,  the  vrhf*!  in  ci»m|M'llt-d  tu  tnm 
or  roll,  utd  tlie  force  C  B  in  inmiiig  tliu 
wheel  ootA  with  a  levcrafie  equal  to  C  D, 
bnt  the  friction  between  the  axle  and  tlie 
wheel  is  at  the  point'  A,  and  in  prereDting 
thf  turning  of  the  wheel  it  acts  only  at  the 
exlremiiy  of  the  lever  C  A ;  consrqnentlj-  if  C  D  be  ten  timca  aa  great 
aaC  A,  tlie  fiirce  C  B  niM.-d  oidy  be  cqnal  to  one-tenth  of  the  amount  of 
the  frietion,  and,  ok  u  genc-ral  rule,  tho  ntdins  of  the  nilc  and  the  fViction 
nauuning  tlii'  canu;,  the  foree  nooensary  to  oTcroomo  the  reaiotance  arising 
from  thin  friction  will  be  mvertely  lu  ihe  rndtvt  or  the  HatMler  of  tlia 
vlift,  or,  in  ulher  ivords,  the  draught  will,  in  thi*  cnw!,  dinjinish  czaiCtly 
in  jmi[virtion  aa  the  ili»net«r  of  the  wheel  \a  inercuoud. 

Tlw  exact  amount  of  reaistance  occasioned  hy  friction  will  diipcnd  npon 
the  nature  of  the  Bubatancea  in  contaet  at  the  ajJe,  aa  well  tw  npon  the  pn>- 
portiouftU.-  diuiensiona  of  the  wheel  and  axle. 

The  friction  between  polished  surfiiom  hears  a  certain  proportion  to  tho 
nraaoare:  if  tho  pressure  is  ilonblcil,  tho  friction  will,  within  certain  limits, 
oe  also  doubled  ;  but  tho  pwiportiwn  Ix-twpcn  the  friction  and  Ihc  prassuro 
is  only  constant  so  hmg  tut  tho  MUne  unbabmirji  are  employed  ;  it  varies 
very  much  with  different  tmlmtonoeii.  ThuH  with  mf^  wood  ididing  spgn 
soft  wood,  thl^  friction  aniotuitii  lu  one-fonrtb  or  oii«*ttiird  of  the  prciwnn: ; 
whilo  botwoun  hard  bmita  and  iron,  tho  aurfacea  smuulb  and  oilod,  tho 
resistance  mar  Ik.' aa  low  as  j^  of  the  prt<»»ure.  The  relative  advantagea, 
tbtireforc,  of  dilTereut  materi^s,  as  appliod  to  the  Axle  and  box  of  ft  wlweJ, 
is  a  point  of  much  consequence. 

Ue44Us.  generally  speaking,  aro  the  beet  adapted  for  this  norposo.  Owing 
to  their  hudness,  tho  friction  beti^en  them  is  small,  and  tliey  will  bear 
without  injniy  a  gTeotcrpre3i!iTire,pn>portiotiably  to  thesnr&co;  and,  from 
their  slrengih,  the  axle  mity  ho  of  much  sdwIIdt  dimeoaons  tlmn  if  made 
of  wood ;  and  we  have  proved  that  a  n^ta'tiim  in  tho  diiuncter  of  tho 
Bxlo  cwUM  a  pruportiouuUr  n-dntTtion  in  Hiv  n-Hintnnoe  oaosod  by  IrictioD. 
In  oooaoquenee  of  thntu  advantages,  inm  or  Htoel  axloa,  working  in  irao 
boxen,  u«  now  almofti  univenally  adopt«d.  The  Motion  in  thi»  case,  when 
the  puts  are  in  proper  order,  greased,  and  the  predsurc  upon  (hmn  not 
exoeedre,  unOttDts  to  about  ODO-«igb(h,  or,  at  tlic  most,  one-fifth  of  tho 

Erassore  or  weight ;  snppoao  it  one-sixth,  and  if  the  dituneter  of  the  wheel 
I  to  that  of  the  azio  as  18  or  30  to  1,  whieh  is  about  tlir  proportion  in  a 
brgo  two>whce1e(l  cart,  tlio  whole  rediitanoe  anxing  from  fnctimi  at  tho 
«de  will  be  o^ual  to  ^  of  ^,  or  of  ,fg,  which  in  equal  to  -,ii  imd  ^ ), 
respecti\-ely.  So  that  to  move  one  ton  wtmld  not,  in  the  latter  oaM.nxjuiru 
a  foree  of  traction  greater  than  18^  lbs.  :  and  having  overcome  this  reiiiitl- 
ance,  the  foree  of  ttmctton  reqnir^  remains  nearly  Ihe  same  at  all  velo* 
citiea  i  that  ia  to  aay,  tnetion  is  not  materially  affected  by  velocity : 
thwoforo  the  ivatstance  arising  from  it  is  not  sensibiy  angnwoted  by  a 
conndmblo  increase  in  ibe  speed.  In  praeiioc,  however,  the  friction  at 
the  axle  Li  far  from  being  the  greate^l  impediment  to  Iho  motion  of  a  car- 
riage. We  have  bithert«>,  for  the  porponn  of  considering  friction  alone, 
siip[)oacd  the  saifaco  upon  which  tho    wlwel  morcd   as  perfectly  bard, 


fS8         ^^^r  ON  ^^^^^^^^^^^H 

sinooUi,  level,  and  |ilano ;  vrc  need  hwrdly  m.^  (but  sncb  can  Beror  bo  tlio 
ottae  Id  a  rond.  The  frictinD,  hovrcrcr,  remaiua,  tmctically  sjxAking,  the 
B&me,  and  the  ItLWs  vrLiuh  Rovem  the  amoont  and  the  «Sectfi  of  it  nanaiii 
Doaltorod ;  fund  wo  huvf  only  to  aacertUD  what  is  tho  ndditional  nOBtuoe 
arinng  frora  oUicr  sources,  to  obtun  thfl  vbolo  dniucbt  of  the  oaimn. 
We  hare  aln^adj  stAtod,  when  pomting  oat  tlie  diflbrcoioa  bctviwai  Uh 
roUor  and  the  wbi'el,  that  the  movement  of  Uio  latter  was  attended  vitli 
two  soiu'cuhi  of  n^giistauoc,  viz.  friaUon  at  tiie  ceotny  wliicli  ire  kavH  eoa- 
wJered,  and  auoUiiT,  which  is  common  both  to  tli«  wh«el  and  tlie  toiler, 
arising  from  irapodimonts  in  the  road,  or  th.e  Yielding  of  tho  lllitliiials 

Tbo  laws  which  aSnct  tko  ainQont  of  tins  lutter  ore,  of  coano,  tho  tuofl 
in  a  wlint'l  us  in  a  roller. 

We  havo  fontid  tliai  tlio  power  rcqnired  to  overcome  it  in  tnretself  m 
the  square  root  of  the  diameter ;  therefore,  hj  uxcnsamtig  the  diamotar  ol 
the  wheel,  the  cilbct  of  friction,  whidi  is  inversely  sa  tbo  diameter,  dimi- 
niahcs  mncb  more  rapiiUy  than  tliat  cauKrd  b^  impndimcnlA  in  Uie  raada; 
and  on  ordinary  roads,  with  ouiumoa  carts,  tho  amount  of  tbe  latter  n 
about  thret!  times  as  great  as  tliat  of  the  fonner,  and  wben  tfae  roada  an  at 
all  injured  by  woalhcr  or  by  nc^flcct,  or  if  tbey  are  natunllj  bcarj  or 
anndy,  it  bears  a  mnuh  greater  proportion.  A  tight  foQr>wheekd  cart, 
w«tgluug,  with  its  loud,  1,(X)()  lbs.,  was  repeatedljr  drawn  apon  difiermt 
sorts  of  roails.  The  esocrimetit  waa  not  mado  with  a  loan  of  exactly 
1,000  lbs,,  but  the  propurtious  of  tlii>  results  are  oalctUaled  to  tbia  itaadaro. 
The  public  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Bovan  for  these  aa  well  aa  for  a  gnat 
nnmbur  of  other  highly  useful  and  practieol  ciperimontfl  npoQ  tbe  e&ela 
of  powttr  in  various  cases.  Tho  average  of  a  nnmbcrof  exporintMBtagaTa 
the  ibllowiug  niBulta : — 

Tnrnpikp-road— hiird,  dty      ....        M|  lbs. 

Ditto  dirljr       .  .  .  .  S9 

Hard,  compnrl  lonm   ...,,&! 
Ordimry  Ly-roiid  ....  106 

Tornpiko-njftd — dbw  g;r*TaU«d  .  .      143 

Looiid,  «jini!;r  rund  ....  SM 

The  iridion  at  the  axles,  which  were  of  wood,  wna,  of  ooorae,  neari/ 
constant,  and  probably  absorbed  at  least  ^  of  tho  weight,  or  12|  Iba.  of  iba 
foToo  of  traction,  Ifnving,  tlicrffore,  for  tbo  rosistanoe  canaed  by  tlio  toad 

in  tho  diffiircut  casta,  an  under — 

Tumpiln-roiid— Iwrd,  ^17,  nlMiit  .  ,        It  Urn. 

Diiw  diHy  .... 

Ditto  now  grsTDllcd  .  .  .      1_ . 

IiOoia,  HLodj  rusd  .....  191 

So  that  in  tlio  lact  case,  on  0  by  no  means  of  rare  oocnrreDi»  in  manj  parti 
of  the  country,  tho  portion  of  drnn^ht  immediately  canaed  by  tbo  state  at 
the  road  wua  t«n  times  »s  Krout  as  on  a  good  tampiko-rv»iid,  and  aboot 
lifWn  times  «a  great  as  tliat  which  arose  bum  fricti<m  at  the  axlew.  It 
would  be  hopeless  to  attempt  to  remedy  ibis  by  iucn-aaing  tbo  aiae  of  the 
whool ;  tbo  experiment  was  made  with  n-heala  of  tho  onCnaiy  size.  To 
double  tlieir  iliamcter  would  evidently  l>e  attended.  In  praotioo,  witb 
inBirmoaDiable  diHSuultios  ;  and  yet,  ewo  if  this  weto  afibcted,  il  wotdd 
barely  reduce  tJie  total  amount  of  tbo  draught  !>>'  ono-fonrtfa  ;  but  tbe  form 
of  tho  wheel  mar  niat«rially  infloenoo  the  statv  of  tbo  road  i  ws  ahaO, 
therefore,  prooocd  to  consider  tbo  various  forms  employed. 

Some  yt-ant  ago,  when  tbo  principal  tnmpiko  roads  of  the  kingdom  wtrr* 
at  many  parts,  at  partiuular  aeaMu  of  the  ycor,  in  littb  bettor  ooaditHW 


ON    DBAl'GnT. 


iS9 


thun  tliat  on  w1ii<^h  the  lut  oxpcrimrnt  vntu  triotl,  rarious  attoDi)iU  were 
nuido  b)  reduro  the  i-PsiatniKrr,  by  luting  mmtow  wfa(«b.  T1i8m>  attcrapta, 
and  tli«  laws  whicli  it  wiw  fuanu  atentiMary  Ut  vnavt  ta  pmroiit  tho  euUnt 
dustnictioii  of  ths  rood*,  led,  ut  laM,  to  coriooji  rasnlta,  hAvine  gndwiljr 
eaoMtd  the  mtrodiictiuii  of  the  wor«t>f<aTned  wheel  wluch  conid  proteUjr 
be  invcniisl,  Mtbcr  M  regiards  incrmiaiQg;  the  dr»agbt  or  Uiv  <l«Biractiaa  of 
tbn  mitdit. 

To  uodetrtond  thc«e  nItt-nttioDs  clcttrljr,  WB  miut  deecribe  Uut  principal 
foatiLnia  of  the  wheel  now  in  oso. 

The  general  constractioo  of  it  pmmtii  a  strikinff  inBtance  of  Ntivngth 
arunnK  from  the  jadiciviu  nnion  of  HubatanocM  of  rety  diff«reiit  qualitiee — 
wood  and  iron. 

A  Btrone  cirrular  frame  of  wood,  compoacd  of  diffwrant  aegmentti,  called 
fellooB,  in  ixnuid  loxerher  by  a  hoop,  or  aeveral  hoopa  of  iron,  called  tiros, 
which  thnit,  ut  the  same  time  that  it  gives  great  etrength,  protects  the 
ontt^r  aur&ioe  from  wear. 

The  iiave.  a  cirvulnr  block  of  wood,  m  RiataiM»d  in  tho  ccntT«  of  this 
fnune  by  the  spokc^s  which,  instead  of  b«itig  in  tlut  plane  of  the  ftillocii, 
form  a  cone ;  thia  is  called  liie  dishing  of  the  whceL  The  object  of  it  i*  to 
KiTe  stiBbem,  to  resist  lateral  sboekB,  aa  when  the  wbeul  iiltpa  ndewa\-H, 
into  a  mt  or  hole.  A  reference  to  a  comparative  view  of  tltu  wIim.'),  with 
and  wiihont  di*hin^,  will  more  clearly  explain  onr  meamnK.  Fiy.  2B  is 
ft  wheel  with  the  tipnkrs  all  in  ono  piano ;  Jij,  129  a  wheel  with  u 
oaondcmblo  dcgnM;  »r  dinliing. 


f'f.  39. 


Here  it  is  evident  that  a  amall  protaare  on  the  nave  infy.  28  woold  bore 
a  tcodenoy  to  ptuh  it  throofrh,  and  would  meet  witfa  bnt  Itttla  rcsiatance. 
Jjijiy.  29,  on  the  oontrnty,  this  force  woold  bo  op- 
wwd  at  once  by  the  direction  of  the  itnokcA,  whii^h 
nmi  an  arcb,  or  dome,  tiiat  cannot  1>c  fliitli-nc*] 
wftboiit  banting  tho  fclloni,  or  tin*.  Tbir  iliJihinj;, 
thtr^an,  gives  the  wheel  a  very  Rteat  dt-t^-e  of 
■tintem  and  «trcugth,  which  it  would  not  otherwise 


In  eoB»eqiienc«  of  this  conical  form,  tlie  neooasily 
cf  keeping  Ue  lovrer  Bpokca  wliich  enpporl  the  weight 
aa  rertical  as  potsibloi  ha*  rv<|nirr<l  tltat  tho  whole 
wheel  should  be  phnxl  ohiiiine.  nnd  the  axle  bent 
dowiiwnrds.  as  in  Jiy.  30 ;  this,  aa  wo  ihadl  hereafter 
show,  is  attended  with  VD17  Bcnous  evils.  As  a 
wbed  isintondod  to  roll  o|iontfaegiound,  without  irictioD,  it  ianatanU  to 


£60 


OS   DRAL'Qirr. 


fig.  31. 


I 


snp(H>so  tbftt  Umi  ont<>r  mrfiioi;  of  Uio  lim  Alurald  bo  eyliudrical,  oa  it  k 
tiw  ouly  form  whiob  adinits  of  the  wlie«d  rolling  finely  in  a  aUaigbt  line; 
bat  it  is  nor^rthcli^s  the  form  of  (bia  sni&ce,  its  brcwllh,  and  U)«  degna 
of  dishing  which  have  varicii  so  mach  from  Uki  caaacs  b^ore  mentioacd, 
viz.  the  state  of  the  roads,  and  to  the  conaidenitioii  of  which  we  will  now 
retBrn. 

A  rood,  however  maoh  D«igIoct«d  and  out  of  ivpsirt  will  gvnerftll;  have, 
nt  acniiuu  depth,  a  bant  bottom;  aboTotbiH  will  bcu  coat  of  mad  or  loose 
iitui^  more  or  Ices  deep,  uccording  lo  tho  miitoriid  um^,  unil  tht!  iiXMiiieDcy 
of  repair  or  the  quantity  of  wet  to  which  it  may  l)o  u[)uai.-<L  Itiacmldng 
through  this,  until  it  rmwiii's  the  tiftrd  bottom,  tbul  cauaiw  tho  rccujrtancc  to 
tlM  inogtvss  or  the  nhcL'l :  whether  the  wbeej  be  vride  or  imrrovr,  it  murt 
squeeze  or  grind  its  way  to  the  bottom  of  thia  mud ;  a  narrow  wbitil  evi- 
dently iliypkcoM  lorn,  and  therelbre  ofTers  less  raeistanoe.  ThegT«atobj«ct 
of  ciirricrN,  thmi,  wiut  very  naturally  to  pbtce  as  great  a  load  as  ih^  eoold 
upon  whfL-la  which  wore  as  narrow  as  possible,  consistent  with  tha 
WL'ouwary  strength. 

It  was  soon  porceived  that  tho  entire  deatruetion  of  the  roads  wonld  bo 
the  couse<:|acncr>  of  this  system,  which  had  its  ori^  iu  the  had  8UU«  of  tlis 
roads.  A  certnin  width  of  tiro  propoHionato  to  tbe  load  waa  tlierefi>ra 
re<iiiiri-d  by  Ifiw.  The  endi;nvoar  to  eradc  this  law  was  tlie  caoae  of  iha 
nhsiird  fomi  of  whael  we  ntt)  idNiat  to  describe  and  to  condemn, 

la  upparcut  ohedii;iiue  to  tlie  law,  tho  fvllocsof  the  wheelit  wero  made  of 
an  execfsivc  brmdth  ;  but  <o  retain  the  adfaa* 
tagi-s  of  t}ie  narrow  wheel,  the  middle  tire  ns 
made  to  uroject  mo  &r  beyond  the  others  (sM 
%.  31,)  umA  it  in  lact  eonnlitutcd  Uie  wheel, 
tlie  others  heinKaddiH]  men-ly  togivoanoiniBal. 
and  not  a  real  width.  Tho  ononnonu  loada 
which  it  waa  found  adwitageoos  to  place  en 
these  wheels  rendered  it  nw-wiuu^-  to  siro  '^  -™ 
a  eonsidenkblc  dogree  of  diBliiiig,  to  rvsist 
shooks,  and,  besides,  the  carriers  were  by 
ini'aiis  enubled  to  give  a  great  width  of  floor  to 
tho  carriage,  stiU  keopinf-  tiiL-  yt- hic^Io  in  tho  common  tracts  or  mtaf  so  that 
tho  wheels  iiltimat*ly  assumed  tlie  fonn  raprosented,^^.  32. 

If  «udin  machine  Jiiid  iicen  coiititracted  for  tboexproaapanMee  of  grind' 
ing  tho  materials  of  tlm  road  to  powder,  or  of  sorvinK  na  a  clicvk  or  dng 
to  thr  wnggon.it  mii(hl,  iniici?d,  have  been  judidoDs,  hut  ux  a  wbet-l  it  ma 
inonstronR.  Yet  thin  is  the  form  of  wheel  npou  wlucb  the  contradtctof; 
ojiiniciiiH  i-efdn-ed  lo  in  tlie  first  page  of  tliis  treatise  were  given  befim  a 
Cvuimittce  of  the  House  of  Commons.     A  carrier  of  Exeter  wa«  in  Sironr 

of  these  wheels,  and  in  snpport  of  hin  o|nn>on, 
adopts  tbein  tothiRday.  But  a  fewdanaso 
wo  saw  one  of  his  nageous  with  wbeek, 
wbieh,  ultliuugh  only  abont  twelve  ioebM 
wide,  were  sis  inches  smaller  at  the  oataida 
thnn  at  Ihe  inside.  Such  a  cone,  ifnet  niUig^ 
and  left  to  itself,  would  run  ninnd  in  a  circle 
of  littJe  more  than  twenty  feot  diameter. 
Wliat  must  ho  the  grinding  ai>d  the  friction, 
thon,  when  it  is  conslanll  t  coiii{>('lliil  to  go  oa 
in  astmigbtlinoPyet  enough  tuutlxi'n  writtaa 
and  said  upon  this  subject  lo  mnrinrr,  wo 
should  irongino,  tha  most  prejudiced  of  tlw 
abanrdity  c?  tbe  aystem. 


laoe  en 
bytl^n^ 


OS  DBACGHT. 


set 


Wo  nhnll  ri-pniit  tlin  ]iriiicipal  ar^mcnta  wliich  iraJ^'-WMv  oso  of  ot  tbo 
Hmt!  otlhv  cimuiry  im-niioneil. 

Mr.  Cuiuiuins  took  antit  jtains.  by  consiructing  models,  to  Bhow  tliat 
conioftl  wheels  were  not  adnjitcd  for  roll- 
iag  la  a  straight  line,  hv  miiKins:  n  krihU 
conical  wluMil  ran  OTcr  longitndinnl  buns, 
aa  in  jij.  'J'-i.  It  nuB  occn  tliat  if  tho 
middlp  piirt  of  tbo  tire  ntlk-J  upon  llio 
cenlm  bur  witlmul  inoviiif;  it,  tbo  bar  A 
n-as  [iiiBbiNl  backwards,  whil«  the  bar  C 
vinA  pusbed  forwards ;  clearly  ehoirioff 
if,  instead  of  8li<lin!^  bars,  the  wheel  had 
tDOved  npon  a  romi,  how  much  it  niiiAt 
hare  gmnnd  tlio  mud,  and  whiit  a  tttnall 
portion  of  tbu  tiro  vm*  truly  foiling, 

Tliat  nui^h  must  buvc  bivit  the  cam  is, 
indeed,  easily  proved  without  a  mod«']. 
Wfl  will  take  only  ibrcre  diift-reiit  \iarM  of 
tiie  wheel,  and  consider  thorn  as  indef>en< 

dent  hoope  of  difTctvut  diamt>ter;  if  these  hoom  are  compoUi^  to  go  the 
awne  number  of  rcvnlnttons,  the  large  onp  will  evidfiDlly  gain  upon  t)i« 
Moond,  while  the  third  will  he  lefl  far  behind.  Now,  if,  iiutvad  of  ln-iuR 
independent  of  r-ach  otbi^r,  tlii-y  bt?  BxchI  to  tlio  wunv  axle,  and  couipellMl 
to  reroln!  togtither.  On:  liirgi^  uiii)  not  bctuu  iiblc-  to  advance  faster  thnii  the 
otlwr,  muMt  tinr  up  tha  ifrnuud.  Tlit'  mi»iler  one,  on  the  contrary,  being 
dra|{ged  furwunl  fudtor  than  it  wonld  nataratly  roll,  niuwl  dmg  np  th« 
grooiMl;  and  ibin  it*  what  must  take  pWe.  and  does  with  any  but  a  oylin* 
drical  wboel.  and  that  to  a  very  considernblo  extent. 

8tippo«e,  for  instance,  a  conical  wheel,  of  an  avrnigc  diameter  of  four 
feet  six  inchctt ;  that  is  to  «iy,  that  the  ccntrr  mlviitH-es  about  foarle«D 
feet  to  every  n-volution  of  thii  wheel.  If  t)ie  inner  tirv  be  six  inches 
lanrer  in  diamcbr  than  the  onlcr  titv,  tlie  ctn-'timfMvnce  of  it  will  be 
alxjut  oi^'bteeii  inclum  gn*t<'r;  lln-nifiirt',  at  eacli  revolvlion  of  the  wheel 
tlie  inner  tire  would  naturally  ailvance  ei(fhte*n  inebes  more  than  tbo 
ooter  tire:  but  they  are  compi'lled  to  go  over  the  same  distance  of  f^round. 
The  one  or  the  other,  therefore,  niiut  nave  distnrbed  the  (,T(nind.  or,  what 
is  nearer  the  truth,  npon  every  fourteen  feet  of  road  ran,  the  former  hAS 
passed  oror  nine  inches  less  gronnd  than  the  development  of  its  cirooin* 
fomioo,  tbe  btttor  nine  ioebes  mnre^tho  one  pnvhing  back  the  ground,  the 
other  (Iraggin^  it  forward,  or,  which  would  Ijc  wpiivnlcnt  to  the  dragging 
of  tbo  load  witJi  the  wliecl  locked— a  dislanco  of  four  and  a  half  inches 
ujjon  every  fourteen. 

Every  child  knows  that  the  front  wheel  of  a  carriage  goes  ofteuer  round 
than  the  hind  wheel.  If,  iben,  the  front  wheel  were  obiiged  to  make  only 
one  revolnlion  to  ereiy  revelation  of  the  other,  but  still  impidted  at  the 
same  rate,  it  must  be  partly  dragged  over  the  road.  If  these  wbpsls  be 
placed  liide  by  side,  instead  of  one  being  in  front  of  tlie  other,  tlio  oBbcIi 
most  be  the  same.  Now,  suppose  them  to  tw  tli«  outirr  and  inner  tire  of 
same  wliceJ,  tbo  cirmmstanceo  are  not  tlierchy  altered  ;  the  aroaUrr  circle 
and  tliv  larger  circle  cannot  both  roll  upon  the  groiud.  A  conical  wheel 
b  then  conKtanUy  twisting  the  mrfaoo  npon  whidi  it  rests,  and  lience 
ariaea  a  very  ooonderable  reaiitiuioe,  w  well  u  destructiou  to  tlie 
roada. 

If  tlMM  utgammta  ue  iwi  SBfloiaDt  fo  decide  tbe  point  cnmpletelr,  lei 
the  TMder  bear  in  mind  nmply.tbat  a  cone,  when  left  to  iiivlf,  will  always 
roll  in  a  circte.    Tbo  frastmm  of  a  cono,  A  B,  jS^.  34,  ia  only  a  portion  of 

o  0 


662 


OS  DRACO  [IT. 


F,y.  85. 


tho  cntiTA  cone,  ABC,  which  vill  roll  round  the  pa^t  C ;  if  thiK  cntinj 
coDO  be  completely  severed  iit  the  point  fi,  the  twa  porta  will  still  conttmic 

to  roll  rouud  the  same  pouit,nii(l 

'V-  "■  if  Uw  portion  B  C  be  now  t^ 

sbmctod,  the  motion  of  th«  >«• 

mnindor  will  not  he  alured.    If 

-c  ^     ^  A    wine-glsM   or   d«caater  — 

anything   which   is  not  of  the 

■una  nxs  nt  the  two  pnrta  which 

kn)  in  contact  with  the  mrfMe 

on  which  it  raata,  bn  rolled  apon  %  tnbht,  thow  who  an>  not  alrcndT  too 

Ihntiliar  with  tlie  fact  to  require  nn  illnstrstioii  of  it,  will  immediftt«ly  me 

the  tmth  of  this  sbntemcnt.    If,  tbm,  n  wbi>vil  thus  formed  would  mtanlly 

Juitthestrai^jlit  linu;  when  oom  palled  to 
ullow  it,  it  ifl  cie»r  thtX  cuictly  the  aame 
cfTt-ot  most  beprodnoodnswhenftcsdin- 
drical  mill-etonc,  u  in/j;.  35,  which,  if 
left  to  itcelf,  irotild  jitocmhI  in  »  strai^l 
line,  is  ronip);tliMl  to  follow  a  straight 
iitie,  uid  in  eon.itantlj  twistod  roand  tho 
contrc  C,  it  wtraltl  grind  ereiTthing  be> 
ncatth  it  to  powder.  Yet  thsM  Inn)- 
ling  grindMoncs  were  in  nae  npwnrd*  of 
twenty  y<«r8  to  t)ie  deatmclion  of  tlie 
roids,aiid  at  agrtut  cxpenM  of  power  to  tiioee  who  bare  persUtvd  in  em- 
ploying i.lirm. 

The  incrpMcd  etrain  npon  the  tixleo,  from  this  conRtnnt  tcndeacy  of  the 
whtnd  tfl  lie  twixted  ontwiutU,  with  tha  OOiueaaent  friotion,  iji  m  Mttroo  of 
roNintiini'u  ulmorbL-d  nnd  rendered  uomparatively  tnconaadenble,  by  the  br 
grMttcrr  friction  ou  the  ffround ;  but  it  ia  not  the  ]«m  a  oanae  of  gmal  in- 
frpiiMi'  of  draught,  and  the  union  of  al!  theoe  serious  diHadrantsges  JTMtifiet^ 
we  think,  our  assertion,  that  euch  a  wheel  ia  aa  injndieiona  a  oontrivnace 
as  could  poeaibly  be  invented.  AVe  trast  tbey  will  not  long  contjaoe  lo 
disgmce  oar  wht>el«Tiglilj(  and  injure  onr  roods. 

Tlie  cylin^Irienl  fonn  is  the  only  one  which  ought  to  be  admitted.  Aa  > 
wheel  miiitt,  howvver,  always  ba  liable  to  sink  a  little  int<i  lh<!  r««d,  and 
cannot  be  eri>t«ted  always  to  bi-ivr  porfwtly  flat  npon  tlwf  grcnm),  th* 
fiurface  of  the  ores  should  hi-  aHjfhtty  curved,  ami  this  <k1(ji«  ronnded  off,  ■« 
in^j.  SG.  Aa  the  ronodinEr  ia  rendfrtsl  mWMnrj-  by  the  yielding  ^^^  the 
road,  ita  degree  must  depend  upon  the  utate  of  the  rttad,  and  Uw  form  of 
Fig.  it.  uic  wheel  may  approach  more  nearly  to  the  true  eylinder,  tn 
a  6  proportiim  na  the  roads  approach  nearer  to  perfection  ill  potnl 
of  hnrdnom  and  flatacm.  When  tbe  roada  are  good,  a  very 
Utile  diiihing  will  be  mffident,  and  a  slight  inclinatinn  of  tw 
wheel  from  tho  vertical  will  nuiko  it  nonvfpond  vHth  the 
barrel  or  curve  of  the  rotul,  which  is  now  genemlly  my 
trifling. 

Next  to  the  form,  (lie  breadth  of  the  wheel  is  the  poial 
Ti  '^Hiring  meat  eonsidcralion ;  it  ia  one,  howuvor,  whii^ 
Ui'rxtnda  entirely  npon  the  stale  of  the  rood. 

We  hnve  wen,  thnt  tbe   displaoemenl   or  cnwhing  of  th« 
maleriftls  forming  the  upper  Burtnoe  of  tho  rond  18  one  of  the 
prin(-i|flil  ciiuKrH  of  rcfiisljince.     If  tlit^  whole  maM  of  th«  rood 
were  t'urmnl  of  a  yirlding  anlwtwicc,  into  whieh  th« 
•    i     wonld   aink  to  a  dejith  exactly    proportionate  to  tlw  i     __ 
bearing  npon  it,  it  ia  probable  that  great  hivndth  wonld  be  odvontaigeavl^ 


ON   DBAUOUT. 


I 


I 


I 


M  llml  tlio  wheel  mi|;1it  form  a  roller,  UTtdJn^  to  conm>l)dttt«  tiif  nukt«rik1s 
nUber  titan  canse  nny  pormftnent  disploctfrnent ;  l>ut.  in  Uie  improvi-d  Hlttto 
of  modem  rotutii,  it  mnv  Knfcly  ha  considered  that  such  is  novi-r  tint  cme. 

A  road,  u  wo  Imri:  bvforn  stntcd,  nlwnj-s  oonsisU  of  A  hard  bottom, 
oowrcd  with  a  slnttum,  ntore  or  lu.is  thick,  of  tioft,  yielding  material. 
A.  wfaad,  eran  modcmt^l)-  loaded,  mil  foi-oe  it«  way  Uirougb,  and  form  n  rat 
ia  this  Bppor  conHng.  The  reaiatancs  will  be  nearly  proportii>u>it«  t4>  tho 
breadth  of  this  mt;  tho  depth  of  it  will  not  incroaae  in  the  ntio  of  tho 
proMRm.  In  conxidurinr,  then,  *imply,  thrt  cnce  of  n  single  wheel  or  a  pair 
of  whovbi  forming  two  diatluirt  ruts,  it  in  evident  that  it  should  form  aa 
narrow  a  rut  aa  possible,  but  that  it  Bhonid  not  in  any  degree  ommh  or  de- 
range the  core  or  hard  bnsis  of  the  rood.  When  a  rut  ia  tlitiN  fonued, 
a  small  track  or  portion  of  iho  rend  is  for  a  time  rendorml  clrnn  and  liard, 
and  oonac<]nont)y  onpable  of  bearing  a  greater  loud  than  bRforp,  and  with 
luM  injury.  It  ia,  theu,  highly  unportont  i»  a  four-wheel  (uirriago  that  tho 
hind  wheels  should  follow  exactly  in  the  tract  of  the  front  wliucls.  If 
rollers  were  nccc-sxnrv  for  the  road,  as  if,  for  ins^nce,  it  was  merely  a  bed 
of  olay,  then  indei^d,  bnt  only  in  each  a  case,  might  it  bo  jadicions  to  cause 
ifao  wheels  to  run  in  different  tjuckK,  ns  has  been  proposM,  and  was  at  one 
time  carried  into  e^ect  nnder  the  enooorugement  of  un  Act  of  Parlinmcnt. 
Such  wheels  were  culled  st.raddlers :  they  mi^ht  have  bei-u  ncovKs>iy  tooln 
for  tbo  pre-nnrvation  of  Kuch  roads  ns  then  eidstad,  bnt  the  increased  drnughl 
soon  taught  the  public  to  evade  the  law  which  cncotuagod  them. 

Mr.  Deaoou,  one  of  the  priaeipal  cnrriurA  in  Eoglud,  in  an  excdicnt 
imotioal  work  on  whoel^carriagee,  pnbtishod  in  1810,  descrilnng  theae 
vheelSt  aays, '  If  tbo  axle  of  a  six-inch  wheel  is  of  that  length  to  caose 
tho  hind  wheels  to  make  tracks  6ve  inches  oabdde  the  tracks  of  the  fors- 
wheebi,  and  niiic-inch  wheels  noveii  incbcs  ontsido,  they  are  tlien  called 
straddlera,  and  are  allowed  to  carry  a  greater  wei^it  than  if  not  so.  The 
origiBal  intent  of  these  was  most  exoeE&nti  bnt th»«8bot  has  been  defeated 
by  tho  carrier  or  other  person  not  onlymaking  tbo  bed  or  axle  contrary  to 
what  wan  int^rndcd,  but  also  by  carrying  witn  thom  a  falac  collar,  with  a 
joint  therein,  to  put  on  and  take  olf  at  pleocote;  so  that  Uiey  have  no  great 
difficolty  ui  making  the  wheels  Btraddlcrs  a  little  before  Ihey  eome  to  a 
«|flfc™jr-in%e*iini',  °  "  '^  makinci  them  notaowhen  thry  have  passed  ttiesaiBO.' 

Ob  modam  roads  such  an  nrrangement  would  Ii.tnlly  be  boneficial,  omt 
to  the  rend  iltu-'lf,  and  would  nt-arly  double  the  amount  of  dranght. 

Too  great  care  and  prijcautiou  cannot  be  taken  to  insure  the  wliouls  ron- 
Blng  ia  the  earns  track.  Let  it  be  remembered  that,  on  a  good  road,  the 
fbrming  the  rat  is  tbe  cnnso  of  thi«e-fi>nrtlis,aad  oflcaerfire-8ixlbB,of  the 
whole  resistance.  Narrow  wheels,  thoroforo,  running  in  tho  same  track, 
withent  doubt  ofTiir  tho  Irost  resiatanee,  provided  then  is  snr&ee  sufficient 
to  bear  tlie  vreiKht,  with'rul  deatruction  to  the  foondatioD  of  tho  TOsd. 

Six  inchee  in  breadth  of  the  Rat  or  eylindrical  part,  a  6,  fig.  86,  indopoo- 
dent  of  the  rounded  edgrs,  will  be  quite  snfficient,  in  a  wbL-cl  of  ordinary 
Biu>,  to  boar  a  ton  without  iiijniy  to  tho  roads,  if  in  good  condition ;  and 
aroerding  aa  the  weight  opon  eoeh  wliecil  is  raom  or  kes  than  this,  the 
breadth  shooLd  be  proportionably  increased  or  duninishod. 

Tba  most  simple  innoTntion  upon  the  original  wooden  wheel  is  tho  <aKt- 
itOB  nave.  This  w<-  shontd  tliinlc  must  be  much  leas  liable  to  wear  than 
the  wooden  navn,  which  is  literally  honey-comhed  with  Uio  morticee  for  the 
spokes ;  and  a  wheel  of  this  sort  ean  be  repaired  by  the  moat  ordinarj 
whedwrifthb,  pnmded  he  has  one  of  tbo  castings  at  hand. 

We  abonld  ationgly  reoommond  that  tfaeeo  naros  should  he  made  with  a 
doable  row  of  sooketa  far  tbo  cpolces,  so  as  to  cross  the  dishing  of  them  in 
the  same  mannoras  thoeeof  thowrongfat-iren  wheekdeecribedalxiTOiand 

ooS 


SM 


OS    DR.\CGHT. 


we  tbiak  Ihrj  vonU  then  tona  m  Btroni^,  dmUe,  MiA  economia*!  wturL 
Tbve  nagbb  be  moma  danger  (ram  tbe  eSecU  of  wet  or  dunp  naaaimag  ia 
Ilia out-inmaoduti^UKlaltMldngtiM wood;  bat wc should thinkftMiiII 
liolftborad  into  thm  sodut  to  allow  tlienwiitim  loMope,  uid  oobbdob 
!■  Will  I  Mill  n>  painting  tlteae  farta,  wooM  ptevent  aaj  eril  eoniegpeBCM. 

With  nqiect  to  the  aite  ot  wli«ek,  w«  fakre  Aown  that  wbeala  of  In^ 
diameter  oertaiBl/  oSbr  lew  rmistancr  tliao  naall  on*a ;  bat  T*rff*  and 
weight  caoM  a  limit  to  tluN.  From  ■lft.9in.to&(i.6in.iin  Kpod  aisa 
fiir  Mrt-wbeeU,  and  in  about  ttui  liinit  wbere  anj  great  intnaaa  of  djamctor 
wooM  caaae  mora  iaoonraouoce  and  ozpen&e  than  wooU  be  oompenaated 
tor  hj  auj  adTaataga  nii>*d ;  and  if  nmch  less  in  dianaetcr  tfcaa  thia,  tlia 
draaglit  m  nnnocewianlj'  angmcntcd. 

Tet  ilie  front  wbeds  of  a  waggon  are  alwaja  below  thla  ataadanl ;  imrclT 
eoueediog  fonr  feet,  and  freqaently  nock  leas.  Tkia  is  a  aarioos  eril  attood. 
isg  tbo  n«n  of  four  wlioob ;  It  is  an  nnannuiant  or^inally  ntade  for  Uie 
pnipoic  of  cDubling  tbi-  front  wheel*  to  hxx  nnder  the  bodj  of  tho  wo^ggi^ 
wLich  inajr  iLuj  turn  lii  a  small  space. 

Now  it  mrolf  happona  that  a  waggon  ia  reqnirt^d  to  tarn  short  roOBd, 
and  it  rannot  ouiao  any  nriona  incoavenioDCo  if  it  bn  rendered  aHogathtr 
iucajittble  of  doing  so. 

In  this  respect  agreat  im^ ruvement  has  Ukeo  place  within  a  Grw  year*. 
In  tho  plnoo  of  thoao  monng  mouutaioB  which  were  formerly  dragged 
slowly  iilong  npon  inunsmaolr  hcftTT  nnd  broad,  but  low,  wha^  w«  now 
see,  particuurly  on  tho  roads  leading  northward  from  London,  »  graU 
nomW  of  light,  w«l1-bmlt  waggons,  wilfa  mnch  larger  wheels,  especially 
the  fVont  whools,  which,  instead  of  b«iiig  btiibII  enoagh  to  torn  nader  lbs 
floor  of  the  wnggnn,  are  nbont  four  foot  six  inches  in  diameter.  As  those 
waggons  are  nsed  prinmpally  on  tbo  road,  and  a»  norer  required  to  tnm 
In  a  small  eampass,  but  a  very  small  action  is  allowed  to  the  fore  axle,  and 
tba  floor  and  body  of  tbe  waggon  ia  coulinned  fram  end  to  end  of  aearly 
tho  Muno  width. 

A  waggon  with  pnrt  of  the  floor  and  body  cutaway,  so  as  bo  form  a  sort 
of  recess  for  the  fmut  whiwls  to  turn  into,  allovrs  of  oons>ilaf»blo  moro- 
rnont ;  and  by  this  arrant^mneiit  there  ia  ui>lhuiK  to  prevent  the  front  wli««l 
bHng  tjiadc  of  lai^or  diameter,  as  in  the  case  juat  described.  Our  present 
obji.<ct,  however,  is  notfaontorintoadoioiloddsseriptioaof  howweaboaM 
onild  a  wagKon,  but  simply  to  rooommond  tho  use  of  largo  front  wbcds,  as 
tending  much  to  diininitib  the  draught.  An  inUdhKeut  wheelwright  will 
always  know  liovr  to  (.'oiiiitruct  a  waggon  so  as  to  admit  of  this. 

The  consideration  of  Ihu  snbjeot  crfwheds  natnmlly  inclndcs  that  of  the 
cimpiintiTr  odranta^  of  two-wheeled  and  four- wheeled carriagea.  Upon 
thiH  jK>int  opinions  differ  as  much  as  upon  any ;  and  we  fear  that  w«  are 
not  likely  bo  liu  more  than  tn  nmngo  the  d^erest  opinioim  given  by 
other*,  without  advancing  any  of  oar  own.  If  we  sncnvfl,  liuworer,  in 
doing  this  dourly,  we  shall  havu  done  moch,  becanao  wo  may  thua  nnshle 
each  individaal  to  separate  tliose  arguments  which  itpfif  particularly  to 
hix  own  coNc ;  and  combining  thiwo  opinionn  with  his  own  judgment,  he 
win  bu  more  likt-ly  to  arriveata  jnidconctaHun  than  if  he  were  altogether 
unaidod  by  the  Qzperienoe  of  others. 

I'ho  aiivocntos  of  Ugbt  two-wheeled  carls  assert  that  a  horae  working 
ntonc  iH  oftpahid  of  performing  more  woric  than  when  fonnillg  one  of  a 
team ;  and  that  in  conaeqoenoo  of  this  inortaacd  eflbct,  there  is  a  saving  of 
expense  nearly  In  the  proportion  of  three  to  two,  or  ano>th!rd. 

Theadvocatos  for  waggons  assort,  on  the  oonlraiy,  that  it  requires  that 
each  horao  in  a  Kinglc-faono  cart  should  bo  of  n  superior  qnali^,  and 
tbeififora  more  uipensivu  than  those  of  a  team,  where  tho  avorsiga  pos 


t 


OS   DIUUQUT.  S6S 

onlf  in  connidiircil ;  tliitt  tho  yrvive  nnd  tour,  first  cost,  and  expeiiso  of 
attviuIancL-  of  rWirnJ  hiiiilH  <:»rlii,  iB  ^^itU'r  thiut  that  of  a  wnggoo  carrj'- 

^^    ing  the  »am«  losxl,  aud  that  in  coiisequonoe  thvro  ia  an  cconomj:  obtained 

^H    bjT  tho  lntt«r. 

^B  Nnmlicr  of  facto  and  tbe  rraalts  of  tong  ^xpciricnce  sre  ftddnced  on  either 
udu,  all  of  which  convry  mtioh  nwiifut  informatioiii  nnd  tho  subslnnce  of 
the  wholti  Bppeuni  (o  ho,  Lliat  irith  livbt  niigl6-bone  tvo-whnitL-d  cnrta, 
good  horses  are  able  to  draw  greater  loads,  trnd  do  more  work  iu  {irupor. 
tkm  thui  A  wnggoD  team ;  that  thcao  carts  nre  oa«ior  loMlnl  and  uidoad«d, 
do  leaa  injary  to  the  rotulit,  and  that  titej  do  not  rcqutro  mora  horaoa  in 
Action  Ukan  are  auffioicDt  fur  the  work  to  be  perfbnned. 

On  tho  oth«r  htind.  it  is  foaod  that  the  none*  tnnsb  be  atronger  and 
bottcr  fdd;  that  boiug  ontimlv  dqicndoot  on  their  own  exeiliona,  and 
douiK  moro  work,  thev  are  moru  &ti(ined  and  Booner  knocked  np ;  Ihnt  on 
roi^fti  roads  thev  ww  Jiuhle  to  be  shaken  and  Jnjoped  by  the  unddi-u  movc- 
in«uts  and  shocks  of  tho  cnrti,  all  of  Trhich  ar«  conrfiyed  bj  Ihe  shafts 
dinictlf  to  tho  horno ;  thnt  in  asccitding  «r  descending  hilU,  the  whole 
weight  being  above  the  ujclc-truu,  it  dL'Htroj'ft  the  baluni.')?,  iiml  iK  tlirowti 
too  ranob  upon  tlii-  hoi-8i>  iu  the  formor  oase,  or  toiida  to  rliao  him  from  Uio 
ground  in  toe  htttcr,  which  ercn  if  n,ny  alteration  of  the  balaoce  be  found 

^m    adnntagnnn*,  is  exactly  the  contmiy  of  what  woald  ho  neoMsnn'. 

^P  Tiat  with  a  waggon — the  average  power  of  several  hontos  ia  obtainod — 
lioneB  of  inferior  qunh'ty  may  therefore  bo  used ;  lliey  are  not  so  much 
btigned,  bcmnHe  by  ivlioring  onch  othnr  thry  can  nltomntoly  oxert  theni' 
selvcii  or  rchix.  Ormter  loads  can  ht»  carried  with  Irae  attcii<liiiico  of 
drirura,  and  they  uro  leas  liable  to  aocidcula ;  they  are  easier  withdrawn 
from  U7  hob,  or  forced  over  any  obstruction,  bocunso  only  half  the  load 
being  iipon  owih  pair  of  wlicrls,  the  wliolo  force  of  ths  team  is  appHM 
sncceativcly  to  each  huit  of  the  load,  conaequenlly  iu  any  bod  road  the 
ppwer  occaaionally  requirml  ia  lees,  nlthoogh  tbe  draught  of  the  carriage, 
properly  sp^ikiiig,  is  greater  than  ihnt  of  a  two- wheclod  cart.  These  various 
■rgnnumts  wonla  app<«r  lo  lend  (o  tliv  ovucluxion,  that  upon  good  roods; 
and  for  short  diHtunces,  with  good  borsa,  two-wht'uled  ainglo-ntnse  carts 
are  the  best;  but  that,  with  inferior  ronds  and  onliitniy  homes,  light  four* 
whe*led  waggons,  with  a  toom  of  tlireo  or  fonr  hones,  are  Uie  most 
sdvaDtagcons. 

Two-wheuled  cartd  wth  two  horses  are  demdedly  inferior  to  ntber  of 
tlieoe:  the  shaft  horee  suffers  all  the  inconvenieacee  complained  of  in  Om 
vingle-borso  cart,  and  tho  Iciwlcr  ilocs  not  p>rodace  more  effect  than  when 
in  ft  waggon  t«ua. 

It  is  unposaible  to  deoUe  geDenOy  apoo  Uw  eompantive  merits  of  tlte 
different  arraDgoments,  becvas*  the  rMHlt  doponds  entirely  upon  tbe  cir- 
ennutoDoca  of  the  coso. 

Wo  may,  however,  onduaronr  to  nuito  ia  some  degree  tfae  advantages 
claimed  br  botli.     The  draught  of  a  cnrt  is  less  tJian  tliat  of  a  wasgoD 

•  for  sevoial  reasons :  amongst  others,  bccnnso  the  wlieds  are  hu-ffRF,  and  tho 
horse  produce*  nuirn  ofloct,  Imvuiuu  his  fiiree  is  appli<<d  immciliiiUJy  to  tho 
resistance.  A  ligbl  waggon  with  large  front  wheels  wouhl  ivoi  iJe  much 
iufrrior  in  point  of  dningbt  to  tbe   enrt,  Oiul  two  horsrs  nbnisst  in  double 

IshaAs  would  work  with  cinal  advantage  to  the  single  horse ;  while  an 
additional  borse  may  always  Ik;  appliod  when  an  exoossive  kiad  or  the 
state  of  the  ttnads  should  n.i|uire  it. 
All  t]ut  wo  have  vid  with  rospwt  to  the  size  and  contrivance  of  wboeb 
b  equally  applicable  to  light  carnages  as  to  luavy,  and  we  shall  now  pro. 
coed  to  consider  tltc  diflrntnt  inudes  of  placing  Die  loads  upon  tbe  wheels. 
It  might  appear  at  first  sight  that  this  would  not  affect  the  amovnt  of 


L 


BU 


OS    DR.\L'GHT. 


the:  dntogUl ;  tliat  provided  n  weight  to  be  moved  vrcro  plnood  apon  ttie 
wlieels,  and  Uie  wlioels  put  in  motion,  thul  nothing  more  could  be  reqnired. 
Upon  »  porfectljr  lovol  smooth  plane,  Kud  with  a  constant  fiiroo  of  ti«o- 
tinn,  thia  wonld,  indiiod,  bo  the  ca^e ;  but,  in  prtetioe,  the  conditiona  am 
ttntinil}-  tUlcrvd.  liupedimcDtH  tav  contuinallf  met  with,  which  obstruct 
thv  progros)  of  Iho  wheels,  trad  tho  dnaght  i*  conntontly  variod  hy  the 
difl<Tent  tnolinntiotut  of  tbo  raiid  ;  it  in,  tlierofure,  neceasarj'  to  stodir  tba 
mcnnK  by  nhidi  iiap«diuii.-iiUi  ciui  bo  casMt  oreroome,  and  b^  whioL  tha 
runiBlaiice  Lbiks  caiuod  wLU  aBi-cl  the  animal,  which  ta  thssoiUM  of  power, 
in  tbo  laast  disadvnntogooiis  nuLnnor. 

Wo  haru  already  iitatnd  tlia,t  impctnx  is  neoeasary  to  overoomo  an 
ofaabuctiuii,  and  Uiat  elasticity  tin  tk<  direction  of  Ih*  wtowmenl  is  diHitmc- 
tive  of  the  full  t-fffct  of  impetus. 

Wbon,  therefore,  the  whWl  of  a  carringo  cocaes  in  contact  with  any 
impcdimi-nt,  it  is  mnst  offiwntiail  tKnt  tho  whole  of  the  imnetna  or  tnomvn- 
tura  which  tlio  turriaffo  hiw  iilrcmJy  olilaiiwd  should  be  DrouKht  into  full 
action,  to  force  the  wheel  forward-  To  efftict  this,  uo  elasticity  ahould 
interYeno  between  iho  wlicol  and  tho  lond,  at  lonst  in  tbo  dircctton  of  th6 
motion,  tJiut  in,  lon^tudinivlly ;  othcrwim.',  iM  wo  instonood  in  the  caeo  of 
cutohiiif;  a  criokel-liall,  a  force  which  would  bo  quite  irresiBlible  if  o)>po«cd 
by  a  rigid  rcflislnnce,  18  checked  wiih  ease  by  a  very  htlle  degree  of  ebw> 
tii;ity ;  so  with  !v  wli<!ol  mooting  B>  small  stono.  If  tha  load  were  so  pboed, 
or  bung  a]Min  the  wheuls,  aa  to  allow  free  or  oloiitio  action,  longitudinally, 
that  ta,  in  the  direction  of  the  movuiiit.-til.  the  wheel  btnn;;  ntopped  against 
the  stone,  the  whole  load  would  b«  gradually  checked,  aiid  bronght  to  a 
fiill  stop ;  wherpos,  if  Utis  Baroo  load  had  botin  fixed  Rnnly  to  the  wheel, 
its  impctns  would  have  carried  the  whocl  owe  the  stooie,  with  T017  little 
loss  ot  velouity. 

In  tbe  flral  cose,  it  wonld  be  necessaiy  for  the  horses  to  dntg  tbo  load 
OVLT  till!  BtflJio  by  tnoin  force ;  in  the  latter,  tlioy  wonld  only  have  to  aia)ge 
up  by  dcgrt.<cH  for  the  Ion*  of  velonity  which  the:  masn  hod  nuKtained  in 
passing  over  the  atone.  The  total  iptatUilg  of  power  rtiiuirwi  will  inilc<^ 
w  the  same  in  either  esse:  but  in  the  oue,  the  hoi-»eB  must  exert  it  in  a 
single  rfTort,  while  in  the  other,  this  momentary  exertion  is  borrowed,  a> 
it  wore,  irota  the  imjiotus  of  the  tulun  in  motion,  and  Ixdng  Ktirmd  orer  a 
greater  sjjace  of  time,  as  far  aa  the  bunea  are  concerned,  only  ananxmts 
in  a  small  degree  the  avemgo  r^si&laiice.  It  is  thus  Uial  the  fly>wfaeeJ  tS 
a  stcttu-Di^i^e  in  a  rolling-mill  nc-oi;mu1ate8  power,  sometimes  for  sercnl 
nunules  till  it  is  able  to  roll,  with  nppircnt  caac,  a  largo  mam  of  metal 
which,  without  tlic  effect  of  the  ily-wheel,  would  stop  the  engine  iinmo> 
diatuly  ;  or,  to  mention  a  csi«o  more  to  the  pointy  in  the  operation  of 
scuti-'liiug  a  wheel,  a  large  atone,  nnd  even  a  brick,  will  reader  ahnost  in- 
moreable  a  waggon  wbiim,  when  in  motion,  wmilil  pan*  over  tbo  eamestons 
without  any  sensible  altemUou  of  speed.  It  in  mutt  es*onttnl,  tlxnvfbrai 
that  the  o&ect  of  the  momentum  of  the  IomI  should  lu  no  way  bo  n:(lac«d 
by  any  longitudinal  doetieily,  arimng  either  from  tbe  ii^udiciuua  appli- 
oatiou  of  Hprings,  or  weakncNx  in  the  constmoUun  of  the  carriage. 

The  action  of  impetus,  and  the  ulTvct  of  an  injudidona  mode  of  hanging 
the  load,  is  of  course  more  aeusible  at  high  Uian  at  low  rcW-itieM,  and  in 
a  earriago  hung  npon  iipnngs  than  in  a  waggon  without  springs ;  bat 
allliough  not  so  sennible  to  Iho  eye,  it  nevertheless  aflbcta  tbo  dnutgbt 
materially  even  in  the  latter  oaae.  Caniagca  hui^  npon  Kprings,  aa  in 
pG.  37i  wliich  are  called  C  springs,  and  wliieh  admit  of  \taj  ooamder* 
able  longitudinal  movement  in  the  body  of  the  carriage,  are  notorioaaly 
Um  most  buivv  to  null ;  and  cahriololti,  which  are  hung  in  this  naoiwr, 
am  eKpTMriTely  galled,  in  the  •tabic,  horse- murderers,  umI  requira  hcttvy 


OS  DBACOHT. 


«T 


and  povi<Tfal  horses  to  drag  thi>in  i  while  li^hUr  nnmuJ§  are  able  to  drag 
macn  grMtsr  woigtit«  in  etutihopcs  and  spnng-carts,  which  do  Dot  ndmit 
of  tin  olavticity. 


This  is  one  of  tho  n^iwuiw  why  the  tiranght  of  a  two-whcelod  cart  is 
lew  than  that  of  a  wajf^on.  In  a  cart,  the  horno  piillx  ut  onoc  on  tlio 
sbaflA,  vLich  are  fixed  immediattfl;  both  l4>  lim  luud  and  to  thu  ax)elrcc>, 
BO  that  not  only  the  im^ictuB  of  the  load,  hot  alito  of  the  hunn",  a^-t*  ilirrctlr 
and  without  elasticity  upon  the  whonl.  In  a  wa^^i^n.  owing  to  the  nnalt- 
■ten  of  tba  front  whettU,  tlicir  i*  n  conxi<leml>l«  spiicc  between  the  foru-oxla 
Bud  tho  floor  of  th«  wm|f;{uii,  wliich  ik  filK-d  tt]>  nith  )>ircN-K  nf  timber  calkid 
bablan :  this  admita  of  (.'uunidi-nibk'  jiluy  in  llii-  jiurl.i,  wid  oxci-jH  in  ucw- 
boilt  or  vtry  Ktmng  watfROus,  (Lcro  is  uev«r  that  firm  coniMMrtion  betw(i«B 
tho  loud  tuid  the  wheels  which  wo  have  staled  to  be  BeoesBary.  l^*^9 
irbeeic  would  briii|>  the  axletrccs  much  nearor  tho  floors  of  the  waf^goni, 
and.  therefore,  admit  of  a  much  stnmger  and  tinner  modo  of  altaehment, 
which  woald  bo  found  to  prodaco  a  vny  considcniblc  clFect  in  diminisluiig 
the  dranght. 

Wc  hnvc  l>ecn  veiy  nortlCTiW  in  coufining  our  observatinns  to  longitn- 
diii»l  clu«tii.'ity,  or  yielaintf  in  the  direction  iu  which  tho  power  ik  applied, 
and  in  wliich  the  prepcaaiye  movement  IaIcl-s  place ;  because  claMicity  in 
anj  other  directioo,  uateod  of  iocteasioff  the  draai;ht.  t«nda  very  much 
to  diminish  it.  Let  us  snppoeo  tho  load  pjaceil  npon  )>rrfcc(Iv  eahy  sprinj^, 
which  allow  it  to  move  freely  in  oven'  dirtTlion,  except  longitDdinaUy, 
when  any  one  of  tlw  wheels  comes  in  rontiict  witli  n  ston*,  tho  elasticity 
of  the  Nprinif  will  allow  it  to  mn  over  the  irtone  without  sensihly  raising 
tho  load  whrch  is  upon  it;  and  the  forcx'  which  is  reqoimd  to  poll  the 
wheel  OT-er  tJie  stono  will  he  n«tor«d  airuut  by  the  descent  of  the  wheel 
from  (he  stoiie,  which  will  lend  to  impL-l  the  mass  forward,  with  ciactly 
the  sanui  force  as  was  required  lo  draw  it  np  to  Uut  top  of  this  impedi* 
uent.  Withont  this  clasticitv,  it  wonlil  Iw  ncce«»«ry  lo  raisKi  the  whob 
load  with  a  sudden  jeric,  an<l  thux  iiuttuntuneously  impart  raind  moTcmont 
to  the  whole  mnoa,  which  would  absorb  much  (tower,  and  which  would  t:^ 
no  mcaiiK  be  retumcd  liy  thv  load  fulling  down  horn  ()■«  atone.  We  aee, 
thi-rcforp,  that  tlte  use  of  sprinf^  ia  lo  enable  lli«  whcela  lo  rieo  and  fUl 
aeeordiii|r  to  tlw  ineqaalitics  of  the  pronnd,  whihi  the  load  oontinves  one 
cotuttuBt  equable  notion.  The  adraotagM  of  this  action  are  yvrr  olearij 
pOiDted  out  in  a  letter  Bildrp«t«d  to  the*  Coininittcc  on  the  Highwayn  of 
the  Kingdom,  by  Mr.  D.  Oiitdy,  and  (riv<'n  iu  ihe  Apptrndix  to  Uivir  fint 
Report,  printctl  in  the  yt«r  1K>8 ;  unJ  this  letter  exphina  ao  clearly,  and 
in  snch  few  wonla,  itiv  whuli-  tht«ry  of  whocis,  as  well  aa  sginng)!,  that 
I  wo  think  wo  cannot  do  better  than  quote  it  at  lco(ftfa :— 


s^ 


OS    DRAUGHT. 


■  Taking^  wheels  complcUily  in  the  abstract,  tbry  miut  ie  C<>iuiderv<(!  a» 
uisiTonDg  two  iliflcrcnt  purjiuicK. 

*  Pint,  th<^  IrnuHfur  Uio  Iriclton  wliicili  would  litlcu  jitiMM!  bctvreeo  » 
»1idiii^  \ytdy  auJ  Uiu  rougli  uneven  sarfaoe  over  whioii  it  slidM,  to  tbo 
suioutli,  oili-d  peri|ibcrie8  of  the  axis  a/ad  Ik>x,  aseast«d  by  tt  leveta^  in  tJw 
proportion  nf  dm  diiiiaetor  of  the  wheul  to  tho  axis. 

'  Sci^dtully,  thoy  procure  lueoluinicikt  adv&ntagv  for  oTcrcoming  obslAolei, 
by  iutroducmj^*  tiiuu  proporlioiied  to  the  bquaiw  roota  of  tbcir  diamoten, 
when  tho  obstacles  are  sdiaI]  om  compared  wilh  Uio  whecU  ;  will  th^  pMS 
ovr^r  transvcrao  rat«  or  hollowH,  Hmnll  in  the  «amo  oompariaon,  wilb  ui 
abnohiUi  udvuntagu  pri)])urtioDed  tu  tbnir  diiimi'lcrK,  and  ft  mechanical  ano 
proportionate  to  tbo  bquai-o  rooUi  of  tbe«e  diaiui-tj^rs. 

' Consoqaently  wheels,  thus  considored,  cannot  be  too  largo;  in 
pnurtir.o,  however,  they  are  linit«d  by  voight,  by  cxpcnsci,  iind  by 
I'xpi'ricnoc. 

'With  rer«rouce  to  the  preecrvatiou  of  roadu,  wb<!«l»  iihoald  be  taadt 
wide,  and  so  construeted  that  tho  whole  breiulth  may  hear  at  onoo; 
and  evory  portion  in  contact  with  tho  ground  ahonld  ro]]  ou  witbont 
Bity  Rliding. 

■  It  in  evidait,  from  the  weU-Vnown  propertiM  of  tli«  cycloid,  that  Ihit 
above  conditions  caonot  all  unite,  unkvii  tho  roadM  are  purfoctty  luuil. 
»mootb,  and  flat ;  and  the  felloes  of  the  wheels,  with  thi-ir  tire,  aru  nceuntv 
portiona  of  a  cylindLT.  Thcsd  forms,  Iherefore,  of  roads  and  wheels, 
would  aeuiu  to  bo  asymptotiw,  l^iw-ordit  which  they  iihould  alwBya  approxi- 
mate,  but  which,  in  practice,  they  are  never  likely  ti>  ruach. 

'  Itoads  must  have  somo  degree  of  eurvature  to  throw  off  water,  and  tho 
piiriphorios  of  whe»^l»  iihoiild,  in  their  IniiiHTcrec  section,  bo  as  lUttrly  o» 
|)oiKik)c->  tiinj;i'iit«  to  thii«  L'tirvc;  but  stin'o  no  exact  form  can  bonssifpijed  to 
roads,  and  ihcy  are  found  to  diller  aJiiiofit  from  nule  (i>  tnilo^  it  ic  prcsamed 
that  a  BRuitl  transverse  eonvcxtty  given  to  the  perii^ivriea  ol  ivIum-Is, 
otherwise  eyiindrical,  will  geneDiIiy  adapt  thom  to  all  rc«ds;  and  that  tlin 
pniKHurc  of  iiui-li  whecU,  gi'tnit<-9it  in  the  middle,and  Emdu.illy  diminishing 
tuwarda  thi;  aidm,  will  bu  tes-i  likely  to  disarrangv  onliiuiry  uiat«rial9,  than 
ft  pressare  suddeidy  discontinued  at  the  edges  of  whitda  perfcctlv  But. 

*  llie  spokes  of  a  whoel  should  ho  so  arranged  as  to  preseut  tucmselrrs 
in  a  strikigrht  lino  aoninat  the  greatwt  foroo  tboy  itra  in  common  catm 
likf^ly  to  sustoiu.  These  murt  evidently  be  oxertcd  in  a  dir<>ction  poiuliMt 
towards  the  carriage,  IVom  latertil  percustiiotis,  and  from  the  descent  of 
either  whiiot  below  tho  lnvcl  of  the  other ;  consequently,  a  certain  di^reo 
i>f  what  is  tenued  dixhing  mnxt  bo  advantngeous,  by  addinc  Htrength, 
whilst  this  foi-iD  is  rsttH-'ucd  useful  for  protecting  the  nBV«,BBaG>robrai^ 
injf  the  ill  effects  of  expansions  and  oontraotions. 

'  The  line  of  traction  is  theoretically  best  disposed,  when  it  lien  exactly 
parallel  to  thr  <lirection  of  motion;  and  its  power  is  diminished  at  any 
iiich'nation  of  th:vt  Une,  in  the  proportion  of  tho  nulius  of  the  wlieet  to  tbe 
cosine  at  the  an^^le.  Wheu  ohHtiLvk-H  fri-quently  occur,  it  had  bettor,  pcT> 
haps,  receive  a  small  inclination  upwai-d,  for  the  pur[>oste  of  acting  with 
most  advantogo  whon  tlicsc  arc  to  be  overcome.  Ital  it  ia  iwobable.  that 
diDerent  animalit  exert  ttieir  «trength  most  advantageously  in  diSeivnt 
directions ;  and,  therefore,  practiee  alone  cnn  dotcnuilM  what  pn^riso 
inolinutioQ  of  the  line  is  best  adapted  to  horaca,  and  wliat  to  oxen. 
Theae  oonsidoratioiiu  are.  howcrvor,  only  applicable  to  cattle  drawing 
imtnediatnly  at  the  cania^i :  and  the  convvnience  of  ttieir  dnkft,  as  con- 
naotod  witli  tho  inuirtion  of  the  line  of  traction,  which  coDtinacd,  oaght 
to  pass  thn>u;;h  the  axis.  in(rodn(M~t  another  limit  tolhesixoofthv  wbock. 

'Springs  wcvi  inall  hkblihood  fimi  applied  to  uirnagc*,  with  no  other 


ox    DR.VCOHT. 


im 


I 


I 


I 


Tww  than  for  tho  accomtnodstion  of  tmvrllunt ;  tliry  bare  since  bwn  timixi 
to  Miciror  wraral  importiuit  cndx.  Thcj-  conrertall  pcirciUKioiis  into  nii'ra 
incrooM  of  jgwiire,  thus  pretMirving  both  the  carriage  uul  tUi:  iniitcriaU 
i>r  the  ruuda  TriMn  tho  effect  of  blowe ;  etod  small  obstMlw  an  sarmoBnbNl 
wltuu  spring  allow  the  fnana  and  wbe«1s  trwAy  U>  ascend,  witlioat  soudbly 
inoTiDg  the  body  of  tbo  corriiLgv  from  ttn  pluoa. 

*  If  Die  wbole  wdfilit  is  supposed  to  bu  ooucentratAd  on  tprmgt  vpiy 
long,  estrcsnely  flexible,  and  with  tho  fmnie  and  wbe«ls  wbollf  dcToid  <>f 
iuertia,  tiiiB  panidozicAl  ooDclauon  will  mo«t  cortotnly  follow :  tiiat  such 
a  corriaeo  tnuy  bo  drawn  over  the  rongbuat  rood  witliont  atijr  a^tatioD, 
and  by  tbo  iimtiUwit  incream  of  force. 

*  It  Metna  probable  tbat  springs,  under  eome  modiScatlon  of  form  and 
material,  ma;  bo  appliosblo  nitb  iulnuitKg<i  to  tho  IwMviost  wagf;;ou.' 

And  there  cnn  ae  no  doubt  tliut,  iu  tLfi  wurdH  of  tbe  writer,  the  appUe** 
tion  of  springs  would  be  bi^bly  advaiita^p'OuB.  At  luffb  vtilcdtic*,  as  we 
haw  bdiire  said,  tlio  effect  of  spring*  is  still  greater.  What  wo  have  in- 
stanced aa  regards  springs  is  grix^mlly  wi-U  known  and  nnderatood.  All 
stuce-eoaclics,  and  many  tiuvi'lling  cnrriognx,  lumg  upon  ernsshopper* 
springs,  wbicb  alluw  of  perpi^udlcular  KitJiotit  nay  lun-Kituainal  action. 
It  would  bo  macb  lothoiuteri.-8(sof  horsemastArsifthemodtiofsuEipvnding 
post-cbuaee  werealiltlomorenttvodcd  to.  Tbemoreelnaticitj',  or  luollu-r 
words,  tbe  mora  actiun,  tbriv  is  in  gnwidiopper-qmnga,  ihc  more  eff«t  it 
will  produce  in  diminialiipg  tbe  drauKlit:  wttli  a  Caprine  »Tun-cr>iitmry 
eOi.-«t  is  prodaoed.  A  carnage  hunK  opon  C  springs  may  certainly  bo  mado 
the  most  comforlablo  to  tbe  rider;  but  nil  the  eiuic  that  can  be  required, 
Hnd  mach  more  than  is  foand  in  the  ^Dcrulity  of  pust-chftniw,  may  bo 
obtntDKd  by  welUconalruclvd  gru^ahopper-springs,  and  with  considuntble 
adrautage  to  the  heraea. 

The  pntctice  of  loading  coaches  as  high  a*  potsibto  to  make  them  ruii 
light,  as  the  conahmcn  hnre  found  by  cxpcrionOD,  in  only  a  nuKlo  of  assist- 
ing tlie  springs.  The  nasa  being  placed  at  a  greater  height  above  tho 
wlievls,  at  the  extremitr  of  a  long  lever,  ia  net  so  easily  displaood  liitcTully 
by  any  motion  of  tho  wheels,  wfaii^,  tbonforo,  rise  and  bU  on  either  side  a.i 
they  mn  over  the  stones,  acting  only  aa  the  springs,  which  restore  tbe  full 
prrssarvand  vctucily  iu  d«ec«ading,  from  tbe  obst»c]e  which  was  imputed 
to  tbem  in  ascending',  and  withont  prodocingany  sadden oonouaaions  upon 
tbe  lowl,  which  swings  to  and  fro  witli  long,  cosy  movements.  It  is  powit)]^ 
also,  that  tiio  weight,  being  tbn*  swunt[ln>m  side  to  nde^  may,  npon  f(ood 
modx,  <iimini«li  the  draught,  as  it  is  in  fact  gencnilly  numing  npou  two  of 
tli«  wheels  1  while,  in  the  otherdimction,  it  equally  admits  oitho  front  iind 
hind  wheels  moosMtrelr  passing  over  nny  impedunemts ;  and  yet,  'bv  tlio 
manner  in  which  it  is  fixed  upon  tho  wprings,  it  docs  not  admit  of  any 
kntnlndinal  elasticity. 

The  fact  of  coaches  thus  loaded  running  light  has  been  clearly  prored 
by  the  bihire  of  what  were  cnlli-H  Safety  Coaches,  in  which  tlic  onlr  differ- 
ence consisted  in  pliwing  tbo  lend  very  h>w.  Tltese  coaches,  nltboDgh 
oompktoly  answering  tht-ir  purpose  of  safe4T,  were  discontinaed  solely,  we 
believe,  from  their  being  found  destmctivo  of  tbe  horses. 

En>erimeats,  ncvertbeless.  have  been  made  to  prove  that  tbis  was  enlr 
an  idlo  projodicc  of  coachmen;  bat  nniTcrsnlly  received  opinions,  even  if 
leading  to  crroacoas  oonolostons,  genendly  have  soroe  good  foondation  ; 
and  coachmen,  although  tbey  may  net  have  been  ao  much  so  at  the  time 
theau  experiments  were  pnblishMl  fin  1817)  are  certainlv  now  mtber  an 
intelUgeni  dtus  of  men.  Wc  should,  thnrcforti,  fitnfnr  risking  a  theory,  if 
a  tlteory  wetre  aeoenary,  in  support  of  their  prcjndicos  ralber  than  in  0|>- 
positioo  to  Uiom.     Tho  oxpcrimculs  alliuled  to  were  not-  in  our  opinion. 


S70 


ox   DRAUGHT. 


mndo  niuliir  the  cirenmstancca  wlilofa  occur  in  practice.  Small  models  {th» 
wlieeU  ixt'mg  seven  incbts  in  diametor)  were  drawn  (tloog  a,  teUe  acrOM 
which  were  placed  small  stripe  of  wood  to  represent  the  obntmctioiia  met 
with  in  ft  roM  ;  but  these  etripx  of  wood  Cftmo  in  cotitoct  u-itli  uuch jdht 
of  wheoU  at  the  sunto  time,  luid  never  caused  any  lateral  uiotiou.  Thej 
produced,  tlierefure,  a  totally  diffbrent  effect  from  that  irhich  takes  plACa 
in  jL  rood,  wh^To  the  notion  mroly  affects  more  than  one  wheel  at  a  tun* ; 
oonKr^qavntly,  in  ttiv  muilcl,  ttiu  vrlicola,  in  puminy  oror  an  ab«traolioD, 
threw  the  wholf-  weight  backxrards  in  a  directaoa  eittctly  opposite  to  the 
movcmiMit  reqaircd  -,  while,  in  practice,  the  carriage  is  generally  thrown 
sidiiivnys,  whicli  dnps  not  atTcct  ite  forward  motion. 

Tho  conclosion*  drawn  from  these  oxpcrinicuta  bxk,  tliercfore,  as  might 
be  expected,  at  variance  with  practical  reftult«,  and  dincll;  contnt;  to  the 
«pinJon8  of  those  whose  daily  experience  ooght  to  «Babl«  th«n  to  judge 
oorrootly. 

The  ufll'eU,  hIko,  of  ^-elocity  and  momentnm  must  be  diffiealt  to  imitate 
in  mud  els. 

The  advantage  of  pincing  the  load  high  will  not,  howomr.oqDally  apply 
nt  low  vclooitaos,  still  lexH  when  K|iringn  arc  not  used  ;  it  may  &eqnently, 
iudetHl.  in  the  latter  ca«e,  pruducu  <iuiie  &  conlnuy  effect. 

Ill  a  rough  road,  the  ina-eaeed  force  with  wluchtho  load  would  be  tliroWQ 
from  Kido  to  sidii  mi^iht  prove  very  inoaoTeniBttt,  and  oroo  du^erooa,  aad 
would  L-ertuinly  bo  liable  to  iucn-use  the  mistanua  when  the  front  whoels 
meet  with  any  ohatruotion ;  bat  tliis,  it  must  be  particularly  remember 
is  only  true  in  the  case  of  low  velocities  and  carriages  without  sprin 

We  bave  now  considered  in  gnccesMon  the  varioos  parts  of  the  n 
for  conveyingthd  weight,  and  iiiiawn  in  what  moiinor  they  affect  thedranoht 
and  how  they  Hhonld  be  oonBtraoted  so  aa  to  dituiuish  as  much  as  ixxtubfa 
the  amount  of  this  dianghl.     We  have  cndcavouriMl  to  point  out  the  adranr' 
tngcs  and  net^Kfiity  of  attending  lo  the  cOQRtruet.ion  and  nixG  of  the  whccL 
Thus  it  should  bo  aa  nearly  (cylindrical  and  vertical  ma  puKsible,  and  at  aa 
large  a  diameter  oa  oau  conveniently  be  admitted.    2<lly,  That  there  should 
be  a  Brm,  uiijioldiiig  connection  iu  the  direction  of  tlie  movement  between 
the  power  employed,  the  weight  moved,  and  tlic  whwsU :  in  other  wordi^ 
that  tlu!  force  slianld  always  act  directly  and  witliont  elaaticity  both  upooj 
the  lotul  and  upon  the  wbeils ;  and  that  the  impetus  or  momentum  of  i ' 
load,  when  in  movem«nt,  should  always  act  in  the  same  manner,  with 

olastici^,  in  {tropolling  the  wbeots  ;  and  Isetlv,  that  it  is  highly  adi , 

tageons  to  interpose  aa  mucli  elusticitv  as  possible  by  means  of  springs  ii 
ft  vertical  direction  between  the  wheels  aud  the  body,  so  that  the  fbnne 
may  rise  and  fall  over  stones  or  irregolaritios  in  the  road  without  comma 
nicntins;  any  sudden  shocks  to  tho  load ;  and  we  believe  tluit  the  propesl 
application  of  Kjirings  in  all  cuaea,  even  with  the  huaviest  loads,  would  be 
found  productive  of  threat  ppad  effect. 

Attention  to  these  points  will  I«nd  to  diminish  considerably  the  amount 
of  draaght.  As  Ihr  as  neards  friction  at  the  axles,  and  the  Kci«^tanc«  in 
pasaing  oror  obstacles  in  uie  road,  it  will  assist  the  favoomble  applicat 
of  the Ibrce  of  traction  when  obtained  from  animal  power ;  but  that  wh 
we  have  shown  to  be  the  most  considerable  source  of  mistance  is  nnflbi^ 
tnnntrty  Iciut  att'ectcd  by  any  of  those  arrangements.  We  allndo  to  the 
resistance  ariaing  from  tlie  yieliliiiK  or  emshing  of  the  material  of  the  i 
we  h&re  seen  that  oa  a  good  tumpike-road  the  draught  was  iocreBsed  _ 
the  proportion  of  thirty  to  forty,  or  about  onc'thinf,  by  the  road  beiatf ' 
sliehtly  dirty ;  and  that,  on  a  honvy,  candy  rood,  tho  drant^bt  wim  increand 
to  xOS,  or  nearly  seven  times.  Sprinifs  will  not  aflbct  this;  and  nrrn  in- 
cnanngtbediametorof  tho  whvd  will  be  of  very  alight  astdslamoo;  nothing 


but  rciiiovinK  >t  once  t]ie  priino  9ioiirc<!  of  tbin  cxH,  improving  tho  roada, 
out  rwut'dy  ihia.  We  are  ihua  iiaturullj-  lid  to  the  thir<l  divtKiim  of  oor 
Mubject,  vi*.  lh«  road,  or  cUannel  of  couvevauot!,  lu  considering  tJiU  ii»  a 
branch  of  the  sobjecl  of  di-aa^hl  bj-  aninoai  power,  we  shall  mervlj  point 
oat  whftt  are  the  principal  desiderata  in  the  formation  of  a  pxHl  road,  and 
what'  a.Tv  the  rviU  principally  to  bo  avoided.  To  enter  into  nil  the  deUiilft 
of  thpir  conirtniction,  dpprndi,-nt  lu  it  is  on  tho  difTeivnt  materials  to  ho 
foand  in  the  licit;! ilxmrhocxl,  their  nommmtirv  cost,  the  <[Unlily  of  tho 
ground  over  which  tiiu  rmul  'm  miulc,  tuid  miitiy  other  pointK,  wonid  bo  to 
enter  upon  a  much  more  ext«iiaive  ficlil  than  in  ut  all  reqairrd  for  thv 
proper  conaideration  of  the  Mbject  of  dmuffht  by  animal  power.  The 
reqpifiitea  for  a  good  road  are  all  that  we  aluU)  indicate. 

Channelof  cODVeyancei  in  a  general  point  of  rie<v,  would  inclnde  canals, 
roftds.  and  rn.ilways.  Of  tho  first,  however,  we  Bhnll  eay  little ;  their 
omuitniotidn  dmii  not  mnti-rinlly  afl'ect  the  nmoimt  of  draught,  and  vro 
have  alnmdy  eiiuiiini-Hl  tin.-  niudR  iil'iipi living  tlic  poww.and  the  quantity  of 
cflect  pRtdueed.  We  shall  proueLil  tlienTfortt  at  once  to  thcqtitiitiimof  roudit. 

The  inqairy  into  the  best  form  and  coiiotrootiun  of  wli«-l  carriaK<^!i  liaa 
Uo^t  oa  what  wo  mif^ht  indeed  liave  foreaeen,  that  jwrffction  in  a  road 
would  be  a  plain,  level,  hard  surface  :  to  bave  Icanitd  thiw  only  would  not 
have  ndvanoed  ns  much,  as  siirh  pcrTcirtion  is  nnattaiunble  ;  bat  we  hare 
Icametl  aI»o  tho  oompanitivc  advantngnt  of  those  diftercnt  qualities  of 
lurdnecs,  imio»thii(-')u,  and  h^vel.  We  hiive  come  t*)  tliu  coticluxion,  that 
alight  mllenitions  of  level  whteh  iih&II  viuy  the  exertion  iviiuirvd  vf  the 
■miHftlj  without  at  any  time  causini;  exoeuive  fuii)fuo,  are  rather  advao* 
taffeoDB  for  the  fall  development  of  faia  power  than  otherwise ;  that  the 
inconvenience  of  roughness  is  obviated  ay  the  we  of  springs ;  and  that 
ei-cD  when  the  ordtnnrj-  carts  and  waf^ons  witJumt  springs  are  nsod,  still 
the  nwisUincn  ariKing  from  mere  nncvmnpss  of  KurfntK",  when  not  excessive^ 
is  not  nearly  so  prcnt  ua  tliat  which  ii<  ciiUM'd  by  the  yielding  of  tlio  snb- 
Dtanee  of  the  road.  UurJnf**,  tlierefure,  and  conKequetilly  the  oftwnM  t^ 
AvluiNfcftr/,  which  is  «&Uyoruabed  or  dUplaocd,  ia  the  ^reat  deddenttum 
ID  roads. 

Tn  satisfy  this  condition,  however,  smoothness  is  to  a  certain  degmo 
nqnisifc,  as  the  promiocnt  parts  woulil  bo  always  subject  to  abmmcn  mm! 
dcsmii'tion  :  for  the  same  reason,  even  if  for  no  other,  rats  nod  eTnything 
which  can  tmd  to  form  tJiem  muiit  be  avoided. 

A  TOWI  should,  in  ila  tnumverae  sectiou,  be  neitrly  (Int.  A  great  cnr>- 
vatore  or  barrel,  aa  it  ia  termed,  ia  nseleiM  ;  for  the  only  object  can  be  to 
drmn  the  water  from  it ;  but  if  there  are  mta,  or  hollow  plaoea,  no  pnu>- 
tlcaUe  cnrvalnre  will  effect  this ;  and  if  the  road  ia  hard  and  smooth,  a 
very  slight  inclination  is  snfGdcnt.  Indeed,  an  excess  of  cnrvatara  is  not 
only  nucleJts  with  the  nmcnt  conKtmetion  of  curringeit,  bat  laeilitatca  die 
i)c«tractiiin  of  the  road  ;  for  thi^re  nir  few  wbeeta  pcnsotly  cylindrical :  yet 
these,  whi-n  mnniiis_on  a  iMirrelled  or  curved  road,  cut  l>e»r  only  upon  one 
edge,  M  in )?(;.  38.     The  conical            Fig,  fi.  Flg.t». 

wlwelfl  ftni  in  oae,  altboogfa  ^ 
inndi  inclined  at  the  axle,  are 
neTOT  sufficiently  so  to  briu|t 
ika  lower  snrTare  of  the  wheel 
em,  horiiontnl,  and  Ihercforo 
■re  coostaatly  mnning  npon  tho 
edge,  na  in  fig.  'A*},  nntil  they 
bare  formed  a  rnl  coinciding 
with  their  own  shape.  In  a 
barrelled  or  ourred  road,  the -  --         , 

h - J 


67* 


OH^  DRACOUT. 


mischief  done  wQl,  of  courdui,  Iw  great  in  praporliou  to  Uiis  cnrmtan^ 
Thin  form  in,  therefore,  miKulu^voua  aa  well  bs  useless.  Six  inches  rite  in 
the  voutre  of  a  rood  of  tivenly  feet  vide  is  more  tliaa  safficient  to  gd^uiv 
drainai^e,  if  drainage  is  not  eftbctnnlly  prcrcnfwl  by  ruts  or  hollow  plaCM, 
srad  less  thiui  this  will  ani&cc!  wbcrc  Uiu  road  is  gnud,  and  in  k»[>t  in  proper 
order. 

The  luirdiieia  of  the  surface,  tlie  most  important  feature,  vill  of  ooarM 
prindpally  depend  npon  the  materials  nsed,  nnd  the  formation  of  tborosd, 
and  still  more  ii{K>n  the  Ktit«  of  repair  in  whirii  it  is  kept.  It  u  atBf  to 
form  a  good  rojid  when  tho  fouiidutioa  ifl  airwidy  laid  hj  tJiu  ext«t«noe  of 
an  old  one:  levelling  the  anrface — applyinf^  u  eorering  of  eight  or  t«in 
inches  in  thickness  of  broken  stones — having  as  few  round  or  smooth 
uni'Tnccs  as  posiiibic,  the  hnrdest  that  (ran  he  obtained  -~nnd  nbove  &U 
tbitigB  seeuring  pMid  dniiniigL-,  both  from  the  surfitcu  and  foim  tho  bottom 
— is  all  tbutiHi-c.-(juin'd;  but  constant  repair  and  uureiuittuig  attention  ftre 
neeessai-y  to  keep  a  road  tlms  fiirmcd  in  good  condition. 

These  repairs  and  attention  do  not  consist  in  laving  on  at  certain 
inlervnls  of  lime  largo  qnuntitim  of  matDrioIs,  but  in  coiurtantly  removing 
thu  siuid  which  is  fomwd,  and  v/luch,  in  wet  weather,  holds  the  v-otvr,  and 
prcvcots  drainage ;  in  filling  np  as  quidilr  as  possible,  witli  fresh  tna> 
txtriuls,  any  rats  or  hollows ;  nnd  particularly  in  keeping  clear  *U  Ike 
dniinN,  and  even  in  scraping  Kninll  draiuH  from  rata,  or  such  pnrts  of  tbe 
ruiul  tui  may  eontain  the  water,  and  which  it  may  not  be  pOMJbla  tnuaw- 
diatcly  la  liU  up. 

liy  attention  to  these  points,  those  who  are  inteir«tod  in  the  preoerratioin 
of  the  roads,  and  the  expenses  attending  it,  will  lind  that  economy  will 
nltimutvty  bo  the  renult;  and  tkuNO  who  are  intnreKted  in  diminishing  the 
labour  and  expense  of  drauKht.,  wo  sliall  only  rL-fer  agaiit  to  the  table 
(pago  5u3)  of  tboi'caistanccBof  a  waggon  npon  dilTerent  roads,  from  which 
they  will  sco  that  a  homo  upon  a  clean  road  will  do  one-third  more  than 
upon  one  slightlv  mnddy,  mure  than  liiur  tiniea  an  mm^h  hk  utmn  now>laid 
gravel,  and  nearly  seven  timus  tui  much  as  upon  a  lu'uvy  mtuly  matt. 

No  arguments  that  we  can  put  forward  can  at  all  Htrengthen  the  effect 
that  such  facts  must  produce ;  &nd  we  shall,  therefore,  qnit  the  subirct  of 
roitilii,  and  conclti<lu  our  ohHcrvatidnit  on  draught  by  a  few  words  es- 
pluualory  of  the  object  of  ruilroiwln,  and  their  cficcta  as  regards  diminisbiuf 
dranghU 

The  groat  dc]iidunituni  in  the  fomiation  ofs  good  road  is  the  fadlitAtina 
the  roUiug  of  the  wheuU.  Wo  havo  shown  that,  for  this  purjiose,  a  1 
smooth  surface  is  necessary  ;  end,  as  this  is  only  rocrairvd  for  the  vcl 
two  longitudinal  tracks,  of  snch  surface,  of  proper  width,  are  sofficiont  Rnf 
the  mcro  pnasage  of  tbo  can-iage.  If,  therefore,  there  is  a  conaidenUe 
trathu  between  two  points  along  a  Hnc  of  road,  irilbout  much  intermntioB 
from  cronaing,  all  the  tiualidcx  of  a  good  road  maj  be  obtained  in  Mi  reij 
Bui>etior  degree,  by  having  two  parallel  raila,  or  tracks  of  wood  or  iroo, 
raised  a  little  abo^  the  general  level  of  the  ground.  This  ts  a  railnwiL 
It  evidently  affords  the  means  of  attAining  any  deme  of  perfection  in  Uiosa 
cKscntinht  for  a  good  rood— hurdncM  and  smooUmsss  of  BsHhoe  for  the 
wheeU  to  roll  upon.  It  requires,  however,  that  the  carriages  should  be  all 
nearly  alike,  as  regards  the  widtli  and  form  of  Hie  wheels ;  and  esporieuce 
bas  proved  thntsnch  a  roatl  is  not  generally  worth  oonstroeting,  unless  ih* 
traSic  is  safBciciit  to  allow  of  carrinecs  being  bnilt  expressly  for  that  or 
similar  roada.  This  being  the  case,  uie  form  nn<)  dimennons  of  the  rmilx, 
and  the  general  eunatrociion  of  the  narriagi-ii,  ore  nncontrollod  by  any 
other  consideration  than  that  of  diniinishing  drnuglit. 

A  oonndoniblQ  intprfrvomcat  npon  this  point  may,  therefore,  be  u- 


ON   DRAUGHT. 


5T3 


IxTtod  in  tlip  railway  over  Uio  common  rond.  A  milway,  ns  now  cou- 
structtnl,  coDjiisM  ftiniply  of  two  pa.nillul  bam  of  iron,  baring  &  flat  upper 
fciirfnco  of  abont  two  nnd  n  half  inches  wide.  Wilh  llie  exception  of  thU 
■urfiw.'tf,  thu  forma  aJotjfct^  for  tho  bum  lU'o  vnrioos,  d«pendiiiK  prinin|M>lly 
vn  llic  mode  select^  fur  Kupixirtin^  tlii'm.  Homo  rastiiigon  and  secured  to 
blocks  of  stone,  placts]  at  intervals  of  about  three  feet— otHors  socnrod  in 
like  manner  to  'ulcppcrs,"  orl>wimsof  wood  which  ara  placed  tnuuverNcly, 
reetiiiR  on  the  [ground  ;  wliilo  ncmjrdin^  to  a  tliird  system  the  bara  are 
Mcured  eioa^  tLeir  whole  leu^h  to  louffitudiniil  timlxira.  The  wheels  at 
the  prawnt  tame^  genornlly  made  of  wrouf^Iit  iron,  njid  from  3  to  4  fttct  in 
diamotor,  are  made  siiglitly  conical  witlt  n  tinrigo  abont  one  inch  duep  on 
the  iniuir  nidi-.  Tbi*  Hlight  Utuign,  and  th<!  coim  of  the  wheel,  which  is  aluo 
viwj'  alight^  are  fouud  sulBeieut  to  keeii  the  wlieiJs  from  rannijDK  off  tbo 
ruls,  eren  at  tho  highosl  velocitiea,  Toia  brief  description  is  anmdmt  to 
giro  a  gcnnml  idea  of  the  comttniction  oF  railways,  which  ia  all  that  iji 
nocvaMiry  fur  our  prcMnt  porpoao.  It  will  be  caaily  conceived  that  hard, 
caat-irou  wheels,  ruuuiii^  upon  smooth  vdneii  of  iron  in  this  mntmor,  can 
uiee4  with  but  little  resistance  except  thabarisinii;  from  friction  at  tliRaxIi:. 

Accordingly  wc  find,  upon  a  well-constructed  railway  in  good  order, 
that  the  reniitunca  ut  mudurute  vclocitiua  does  not  cxccca,  in  any  sensible 
degree,  that  which  must  ari^e  from  this  canse.  It  hoa  been  fonnd  that  a 
force  of  traction  ef  1  lb.  will  pat  in  motion  a  weight  of  200,  800,  and  civen, 
in  tonw  ouea,  350  lb*. ;  ko  that  a  hoTM,  oxertin^  an  eifoii  of  only  125  lbs., 
would  diVff  on  b  level  12  »r  14  tuns.  This  is  t«;n  or  twelve  times  the 
ftTCMge  eOect  of  his  work  npon  a  good  conunon  road,  and,  oa  it  ariiM 
entxraj  from  the  hardness  and  smoothnera  of  th*  mrfacei  we  oaunot  cou- 
etude  onr  obKnn-ntions  by  n  morn  striking  nnd  nnancwentblo  argumeBt 
than  tliia,  in  proof  cf  tJie  immirnHe  advuntiL^  and  saving  of  expeDMirfaioh 
would  rcsalt  from  greater  attvution  to  the  stalo  of  tbe  rooidR. 


J 


INDEX. 


AXt 

ttSKUM  bone,  Iha,  18 
JtcaMbalnin,  datriplinn  ot  Ike.  3^3 

AaMta  hH,  Iu  propwttai.  t;t 

JWiirttnm.  (Inctom  *n4  nmni  of,  4'7 
ActixB  of  tl>(  hucknc;  <l«rriIiHi,  AT  J  liieb,  net 
ln<1li|mi>ble  in  Ibf  liackurr,  88 

^iliinp't  minonl,  in  ■lurntiw.  4S9 
Age.  Mluril.  "f  till  kiinr,  IIP  ^  af  lh«  hom 
H  inrlktti*!  bj  Ilia  IMlb,  SS3;  othtl  iclic*- 

tkiu  of,  ao« 

Air.  ■  ninilj  of  fan,  ntciwiry  for  ilie  hMltli 
oftht  bn«,  lUi  lirintlit  bnrl,  lOV 

AlMkal.  it*  Dolidtul  piopenM.  47G 

Alfnd,  hu  Alldilioa  u  lh«  iir|ini«i)ni<nl  of 
lb*  ban*.  35 

AlMi)  Bart>iJ<«t,  far  pnhrmbia  la  Ctpa.  47G-. 
docflptiun  of  Ilia  dllTfnnt  kind*  rf.  47Hi 
ptiactpail  ululltntloiia  of,  477;  tinelun  of, 
Id  tnuipaalign  tnd  D>r.  477 

AltrntliH.  (ha  bm,  47lJi  naltin  and  iffaot, 
47A 

Alum,  Iht  UH  of.  Id  mlniDin;  poiPiVi  478; 
•oloilw  of  ■  cmd  ■•ah  for  gruai.  478, 
bnml.  >  ttiaiuliDl  and  anutie  for  mundii 
478 

Amuinai*,  or  ealli  Mrtiu,  nitir*  and  |rM> 
ciMI  of,  194 

AnKTican  hone,  diadipiiiin  nf  iha,  41 

AmiDMia,  itiTfn  in  fU'.ilinl  cnlin,  4'Si  fipnut 
of.  ptfditifvllj  aaiFioald^l  fnm  dun^  anJ 
uriH^  Diual  injurioiu  ta  Iha  «^«a  aod  Ji'^IC'S 
478 

Aocbjlcdt  of  trxm,  iihat.  S4« 

Ao'ltnao,  Dr.,  hii  atonuiE  of  tb(  Oallowij, 
103 

Asinul  poimu,  *D  ucuual  of.  499 

Aainul  (Binr  tomfund  allb  Ihit  of  lb* 
•(cvii'iniiiiM,  SB9i  Ht  adtMUca  «Mr  ni»- 
ehulca^  ■mf(  vbara  ««lodv  I*  nqolnd. 
Ul 

Aniraib.  Mgl«|lMl  iMriM*  <  IM 

Anlai  iiai,  Iw  fttftntm,  4T8 

Aiit«4piMiwnM(K4w*Maa(fdMt  144 

ADlawDial  fovdar,  ■  fN<  MtUac*,  47* 

Anumrof .  bltc^  Ma^aMd^nivt  oC  nalboJ  tl 
■IflMling  taa  adolMWan^  47Vi  aaJ  aa  an 
abaratinh  4TV:  unariMd.uaid  a*  a  nanaaant 
diipkoMio  wd  w«m  nadiciM,  479 


mu, 

Anliipainiodla.  ntlar*  of.  479 

Afnploij,  nntura  itiil  ImluiaRt  nf,  171 
AqDr><Da  Smil,  nn,  nli;  pluod  in  tile  IslifiMb 
of  the  ttr.  Hi:  bumuut  of  Ikn  ijt,  dncrip- 
tiocof  Ika.  163 
Arab  brted,  Iho.  inimdnotj  bj  Jimra  I..  (4 
Ar«hia,  not  Ilif  orij^liial  tuu(iir7  of  Ilia  bona, 
3S I  few  food  b^r»ta  ihtit  cvtn  In  I  kio  kovenib 
cviittirj,  33 
Arabian    hunt,    bintor)'   ul    tbr.    S9;    Binlmp 
Uibrr'n  dowripiiKi  of,   96:  eninr«ritoii    l»> 
iwrto,   and    llia   Barb.  14i  prntnl   Ibrni  of, 
S4;  qualiliM  of,  94;  aoanlj  nauriihsiuil  of, 
17;  inatniMt  of,  97i  ■aiiatiaiof,  St 
Arabt,   atucbUHDl    of,    to   Uiiir    kons,   96i 
Taliia  ibclr  mam  mm  llian  tbrir  honaa,  ST 
Arrhnl  fdrln  of  Iki  ikull,  aitvantiKC  ef,  150 
Ann,   dtacnption   nf  ll».   394  i  action  of,  **- 
plaJDid  ou   ibo  prinriiilo   of  llit  kitr.  3bl, 
364;  Hlwifc.r  nimcloa  of   Iht,  366;  fluiir 
tnutclos  of  ibf,  366;  full  and  indJEin|{,  a*!- 
TUilajte  of,   366;   ihoiild    hi   inuicukr   and 
lone,  3CCi  fnolartol  Lbe,  490 
Anaoic,  tnaUnuil  uniler  niiHn  bj.  600 
ArUriaa,  itteriftim  at  Ibe.  139.  303 1  «(  tbt 

■nn,  3Mt  «ru»  (act,  199{  hkIe,  13S 
Aacsrui  attooDt  tf  Um,  331 
Am<«  rmn*.  \rogtU  of  ifa(,  74 
Aalngalni,  irmaDt  ollho.  .?SS 
AikrliUn,  hit  (liondtiD  to  ili«  lDij>niTemailt  <d 

iha  hoiH^  66 
AI]al^  analsm^  of  Iba.  )3G 
Autcfal,  Iba,  an  Anbiaa  bnti.  33 
AukoImUod.  tba  hnforlanca  nf,  HUG 
Aoiuallan  bona,  dHcflptlun  nC  ibt.  33 
A*)*,  (rietioii  tf  tbo,  daptndini  on  tba  nudtrial 
nnphTod,  »!U 


BACK,  |mnl  dntriptlan  of  tba,  149:  pn* 
pm  bna  U  tba,  t49:  Ions  ■"'  ■hot, 

rnnparadr*  adnatataa  *f,  t49i  knaloaij  of 

tba,  M9:  moaela  rf  tbe.  369 
BaalriDfr  af  Ibairil,  MS.  •  had  bibitof  lb* 

boraa.  oaqal  orisia  tl  it.  JIOS 
BMk-«(i»wa,  apruB  tt  Ui^  379;  Iblckrnlng  (I 

Um^  tmlitpliin  BRavunrinaaa,  S6! 
Balb,  tb*  Mannar  of  giring.  479;  Ltaa  mannw 

«CnakiD(,4«0 


376 


INDEX. 


BAR 


CM 


Dnih.  StmifOtm  at  III*,  IS.  911,  73;  Ti]ni]a(iun 

ltplw»rrt,  niid  til*  AFabi«».  24 
Rtihn  ot  iii;<>,  ImlnitRC  •■!,  333 
Bnrli.  Pnrutiiifl,  Ui«  j>n>|«ili<«  of  it.  iSO 
lUtl^  c<ni»i(i«eJ  111  tia!  for  lln  hoiw,  I3S 
Kirniclu,  lua  uf  Uii^  aa  >  mol*  at  tnUiiat, 

«sr 

Bu^lma,  da>ff!p(ton  anil  dm  sf.  <3; 

BiTirl,  |>n>pr  tLupa   ut  lln.  in  lh«    hunln, 

82 
Bin,  duciiption  iiid  I'ffic*  flf  ihn,  307;  fmp^c 

larinj  of,  for  >lnialnK.  S'JV,  (ollj  ^  riilUot 

llicFii  iwdf,  3'Jfl;  reinovnl  of,  ■  chum  a!  c<ia- 

iMOIioD,  39lt;  cunn.39S 
BniitiKFD  oinlmiml,  *S0 
Utj  hirxa.  d«orijiiiin  nf.  94.  34Tj  Multiih, 

iH»unt  of  him.  N 
Bpfltu,  j^n'ii  for  bardf/  wi^krd  hdnu,  latd  Ihjit 

liav«  a  IrDiIvpof  lit  |'>^r)£t^  134,  ]37(  ahinild 

nlwiifB  b"  cnjflhMl,  1^4 
Burin  c-i«iii.  ilii  a4  *ijil  BbaAV  of^  917 
Bi«I,  tlm  imlrilin  unlit'  in,  137 
B«]liaJOrui,  citiwl  of,  480 
UirriMi.  Juliuin,  ■utbuiw  of  Iha  Ent  batik  on 

Bible,  biil'ii;  of  tli«  hone  Id  tlit,  9 

Bilr,  lawiiit  of  UiD.  3IH,  313 

Bitniin  haiBp,  >i;wii>Dt  of  Ihc,  32 

Bithoping  ibv  I«lli.  ilrvripliun  "f,  !ZS 

Bitiui:,  ■  bad  liabii,  HriJ  bun  uauaUy  (icqalrad, 
SOT;  rvmtdrlbr.  I  lU 

Bil,  the,  oflra  too  iliirp,  317:  ih>  andent, 
10;  innxtiinw  ent  iolo  tb*  uivutb.  907 

Bittinjt  <if  (111  ciill,  114 

Blath  !i»rv*,  iincrLi>liiin  and  clianiitcr  of,  101, 
3*7 

BIjbIiIm.  i1«Piiplbn  of  ihft  339;  iiiflnirnnli'/n 
fif,  jijii]|ili.iitia  aiLf]  tnmiiniinE,  339;  tttck  of, 
340;  aluns  Inlhr,  3tU,  341 

Blcc'ilng,  hut  (ilMr  fur  gfirirnl,  418;  dirtoUow 
Tif,  459;  ffiim  v«i[4  fatlirr  iljan  arMrisi^ 
.lOG;  linear  aliuiiM  lii  an  Ibt  jiuW  dar<f>(, 
303;  Imjnrtinic  iif,  ia  iiifljuntua'inn,  SUB, 
4&9:  al  ili(  lAC  tlr*«ibnl,  4Q0;  ci»n|Biiaaii 
IciWHD  ilir  Qpim  and  luMOt,  4S# 

Bliiidnru,  ii>aiil  mfihad  of  iliioDmtai;,  163; 
di«cDwtr.i  ht  ibo  pupJl  nol  dllaiing  or  eoi.- 
trui-Iuic,  U.4;  nlnnttjt.  164 

Biiii'riiiK  all  miind  al  gnco,  laiboiii^  «ikI 
dj.r;il«  of,  4(19,  4SU;  aflor  Criog,  alwurd.lj 
■lid  i'i:iall>i'f,4ni.  4M 

BlJ'i".-.  l.r»i  ™.i[.,i.iii'>ti  of,  4I>I ;  ih*  dlir«r»i)l 
km.lH  aiTil  CM«  of,  4UI;  but  mod*  of  if- 
pljinK.  461;  uuliun  Kilh  regard  U  tlifir 
ap]>Uiili<>n.  441;  \he  pnn  i|ilf  of  thtir  *f- 
tiiiii.  4Sil;  UK"  of,  in  iiiSaminauaii,  4G1: 
ci>iri|Arii"n  bitaMn  tli<m  and  ivwcb  Mid 
Klaitit,  460 

Bluut,  cliaiiirn  in  (ftfc  (ilrciinE.  460;  nB^ula. 
Iiuti  of,  460;  ill-«'ni  nf  Hit  bl^l,  30S, 
iptiii,  iiiJuri  and  imlnicDI  of,  SSI 

Blind  iii>mH  \\Mt  lo  iwjlnoiaa,  410 

Bliulf  nriiK,  StSt 

Hot  ip.tin.  oalun  and  Ifmtnicnl  nf.  388 

llulo  Aminnivi,  ninliul  oh  of,  481 

Hum,  rnind.  3S3 

Sai»i|aT)n,  nolDm  ai"!  inalinont  of,  3M 


Bat*  Hi  th«  Mnmach,  satnnl  hiitorj  it,  3X1 1 
nni  niiuiillj  injorioiH,  3S1 

il'tnrtirju  ]inr*#,  dfimri|>linn  of  (br,  91 

Boirfift,  iE]fljHn;rwJoa  of  ilia,  39&j  <ali 
.rf  lb»,  830 

Bnin,  liMiriplliKi  uT  ihr,  ISO;  il>  (qftloll  and 
ciuinltna*  ciinEAiition,  l&l;  iha  <Aet  tit 
aach,  191 ;  caDcuniou  of  tba.  ICS;  pnttara 
oa  tbg,  169;  inBamuiation  oTllio,  tiS 

Bun,  aa  fool  fur  Iha  bun*,  134 

Bmkinn  in  ihuulil  oramoiua  IB  Ih*  atmol 
wiotar,  ll3;dai'Tiplion  (if  lUVBiloiu  (toeca, 
llSi  otttiHj  <A  pnilMH*  tot  fatlwca 
tn,  115;  at  llie  ttnucl'i  bona,  113;  «f  liN 
liuiiMf  or  bJxkiMT.  114:  Iha  South  AioBitan, 
38;  Cfuol  Artbian  mttliuj  of,  3HI;  Hr. 
Kioy'i  njilem,  116 

Bnjui.  miui'lM  of  itif,  3SI 

Brcaibjng.  ths  niachuiiim  of,  9SS 

Sneilmg.  93;  u  applitd  to  ttat  firtiMT'i  botM, 
93;  qnallUaa  gf  ihr  nun  aa  much  iispn. 
anca  w  tboa*  at  tbs  hoCM,  9;t.  lOS  ;  tb* 
paculiull}  of  tiom  and  omatitalinn  inb*rt*t. 
108;  In^luUil,  obauntiwi  OD,  109 

Bnwenf  honca.  ■wouDi  U  lliam,  101.  ponnit 
of  one,  103;  acconnl  of  tbair  bn*},  Ittl 

Bridle,  Iha  •ncicnt.  10 

Brukon  down,  vhht,  373 

Driikci)  knH4.  tmliuciil  af.  3C7;  mtlliod  cf 
Jodglug  of  Iht  danK«  of,  36^,  wfaas  IubM, 
not  ntuouDdnc**,  buT  Ihi  firm  anl  adio*  «f 
ths  hofM  ataoald  b»  unfuUf  tub  aiJ.  SIS 

Brokto  wind,  oMur*  and  ti*alni>Dl  of.  SfTi 
InHueiitwl  tnnrb,  ind  ofW  aasi  b;  It* 
manan'  of  flMditv.  199 

Bronoliial  lnb«,  4w(rifrlion  nf  Iha,  960 

Bronrhiliis  nilare  and  traalnaul  ut,  989 

Bronobenlc  lomantaf,  37>> 

Brood  nan,  dMOtiption  of  iha,  109;  ahoaU  oat 
bo  (00  old,  1 1 1 1  Injtmrat  bI,  af.ti  co*«tia{, 
1 1 1 1  after  (balioK,  1 1 1 

Bimn  liDiMa,  dtatnption  of,  347 

Bi7«Dj,  d«(i|;«raaj,  300 

BnwiDalot  innwlt,  dncripCioR  of  ll»,  300 

BanphiliM.  ancnDol  et.  9 

Bnriai^,  Lonl,  hit  opinion  of  hgnlint,  84 

Bub»quia>,  liii  iiilanaiinit  actamH  <f  lb* 
Tuikith  liutM,  36 


pABItAGE,  tha  DutritlH  mMUr  ia,  137 

"     C««um,  d™«ii[rti"n  iirih(i,SI7 

Calamin*  pii>di<r,  a«coiinc  of,  498 

Calcali  in  ill*  inliating*.  339 

CalkSu.  adraaUe**  aod  dioaltutacM  •€  Ult 

aliuutil  Im  pbuiad  on  bstli  hatia,  «33 
C*l"iuck  liunif,  daacriplioii  li  iha^  49 
C«"ipbi>r,  iho  maiiical  naa  <£  481 
CuNwti^ui  hunw,  d««tip<(i>n  of  Um^  41 
Caiikli,  •dvanligi'ri  and  di>a<lTauta[i«  tt,  54T| 

luulliinii  of  iriifft  nqolilu  toi  thi   ina> 

nilMiou  uf  ||uul>  b;  iliam.  548 
Canal-boat,  cakulatjon  of  tlM  4(u(hl  «C  8481 

Ih*  eu*  of  JrauRbi  of.  nufbt  h*  Inrr*— d  kj 

a  dilftnnt  mala  uf  apptjlaf  ih«  pB»ir,  b4t 
Cuikat  of  til*  fool,  Dilsra  Md  4r«t»t  << 

4!5 


IXDEI. 


S77 


CAM 


OOL 


CumoD,  or  gbuk-bonF,  dsacripUos  of  Ihc,  369 
CiDter,  letioD  of  U»  hone  daring,  937 
ODlharidri,   form  Iha  but  blister,  «SI,  439; 

giJtB  for  Ihe  cure  of  i^lnodfin,  4S1 
Cipa  of  Good  Hope,  the  honta  of,  31 
Cipillarj  Teueli,  tlw,  SOS 
CapJTi,  biluui  of.  484 

Cipp*d  bock,   niton  lod  tmtm«nt  oF,  399  { 
daoiiptim  of,  393;  ilthongh  Dot  alwiji  ua- 
■onLdnai  thart  thMLU  be  >  ipacid  wunntf 
■^iiul  it,  S18 
Capucnm  bcrriea,  ttaar  itimuUting  iBtet,  463 
CuiMnU*  of  iron,  ■  mild  Mae,  487 
Cuditii,3(>a 

Curanji,  a  good  aromatic,  4B2 
Cairiagt-honM  prodoctJ  b;  cmuuiig  Iba  Sat- 

folk  irith  a  bDDKr,  lOt 
Carriagn,  two  and  faur-nliMlid,  eooipariiian 
bttwHo,  967 1  light,  ihnuld  ban  no  longi' 
tudinal  aluliotj  in  the  banging  or  ipringi, 
968;  diiadiaotige  of  C  ipringi  in,  567: 
bong  OD  atrapi  or  apriaga  iu  tbe  time  of 
Hoioar,  544 
Carrota,  eiulltDt  tSrcla  of  in    diiiai»,  136; 

tba  nntrilix  matter  in,  137 
Carta,  l*D-iiliee1ad,  compDIation  of  tha  fHcliun 
<f,  SM;   cau  perform   propoitiimalilr  luoia 
vok  than  •ra^^um,  969  ;  auier  loaded,  anit 
do  not  M  m neb  injira  tharoida,  S65;  rsjuira 
batter  hortea  and  mar*  atUiuliiitB,  969;  the 
buret  eooner  knocked  up,  and  injured  bj  Iba 
abui:ka  of  tba  aldfta,  969;  on  good  roada  aiul 
for  abort  dutanc«*,iuperiorlo  waggwu,  965; 
vitb  tiroboriei,  diaadTanlage  of,  565;  bive 
l«a  dranght  tlian  waggons,  reaeon  whj,  569 
Carlilagaa  of  tba  foot,  datcripLiua  and  a^li^^ii  uf 
tba,  409;  OMaiGcatioa  of  Itit,  4^6,  931;  a 
canaa  of  unaoundDaaa,  S3I 
Canintula  lacTjmalia,  tlit,  189 
Cucarilla  bark,  a  tonio  axA  arumatic,  4B3 
Caailej,  Ur,,  on  reatlTanraa  in  the  hurae,  503 
Caat4ir-oil|  not  a  purgatiTe  (ta  the  boro^  483 
Canlnlion,  nielliod  of,  457  ;  jin/yti  period  for, 

4!i7;  Iha  operslioa  bj  toniuD,  458 
Cataract  m  the  ejt,  oalnie  uT,  191;  cannot  U 
apantad  on  in  tba  baiae,  191;   metbod  of 
■uniiDalioD  for,  191;  tbe  occauonal  ajiptai- 
aoca  and  diiappaaranca  of,  193 
Calurrb,   deiciiplion   and    liialment  of,  365; 
dintingnitbcd  fnim  inflainiiia1i<>ii  of  (ba  luugi, 
369;  apidaniic,  or  inButnaa,  371 
Catarrhal  fa««r,  nature  and  IreaLment  of,  369 
Citacbu,  a  gml  aittingaut,  uietbiid  of  giving, 

and  adollaraliona  of,  483 
Calhelar,  deacription  vToia,  341 
Caoatio,  an  acconnt  of  tba  beat,  483 
CaTalrj  hoiu,  daacriptioa  of  tin,  94;  aneoilolea 

of  tbe,  94 
Cawl,  deacription  of  the,  319 
Cenbellum,  deacriptiua  of  tlK,  191 
CertbruDi,  deaoipliun  u(  the,  191 
Chalk,  iu  niniiEmal  oaa  in  Iba  bona,  483 
Chaff,  attantiun  abonld  ba  paid  lo  the  gnodnaaa 
of  tba  ingredianta,  130;  bait  compoaitKa)  uf, 
131 ;  wben  giion  lo  tlia  bard  worked  boTM, 
lunch  tlina  iaiand  fiir  repoaa,  131;  qnanlilj 
a(  DMMMar}  fur  diSmnt  kiuda  uf  horaca,  131 

r 


ChaTnomlla,  a  mild  tonic,  483 

Channel  of  the  jana,  what,  231 

Cbarcoal,  naeful  in  a  poultice,  and  aa  an  anti- 

aeplic,  483 
Cbargei,  comjioailira  and  oia  of,  483 
Cbariota,  tbe  Gnt  acconnt  uf  tba  uge  of,  3 ;  ia 

Solumun'a  lima,  6;  Iba  Grtcian,  13;  der-riif,. 

tiua  of  that  of  Friam,  SSS;  that  uf  Jui^a 

daaoribtd,    555;  on   tbe  friaia  of  the  I'ar. 

thcDon,    dacripliun   of,    996  ;  uaad   bj  the 

Egjptlioa   1500  Jean  before  tba  Cbriitiau 

«ra,  994';  at  the  biege  of  Troj ,  599  ;  deaciigt- 

tion  of  Iba  aodenl,  999 ;  of  Iho  anciaota, 

could  not  mora  nilh  much  lelocilj,  599 
Cheat,  aoatomi  of  tbe,  343  ;  proper  fomi  of 

the,  344,  S46;  cut  of  the,  346  ;  tba  import- 

anca  of  depth  of,  245;  barrow  and  raunde.1, 

compariion  between,  34S;  the  broad  ciint, 

347;  dropej  uf  the  ekin  of  the  cbral,  393) 

pancentcaia,  or  tapping  tba  cheat,  473 
Cheenut  boreea,  Tarietint  of,  347 
Chillabx,  friendship  betwHn  him  and  a  cat,  73 
Chioeia  hone,  deacripuon  of  thp,  39 
Chinked  in  the  chine,  whai,349 
Chlorida  of  lima,  an  ezcelleni  diainbctant,  491  g 

of  uda,  umIuI  in  uohealtli]'  olcaia,  499 
Clicking,  319;  trtatnitnt,  330 
Choroid  coat  of  tbe  eje,  deacripticoi  and  ua  of 

tb^  161 
Chjie,  the  fbnnation  of,  316 
Cillarj  pcocaaaai  of  the  aja,  deacription  of  the, 

163 
CinaHUona  mattar  of  the  brain,  natura  and 

functioa  of  Iba,  153 
Circaaaian  horae,  daacnption  of  the,  30 
Cleietand  Baj,  dtacriprion  of  the,  93 
Clicking,  cauaa  and  rrmed)'  of,  415 
Clipping,  recoiTMnendalion  of,  344 
Clifa,  wbeu  nacetaarj,  433 
CivTer,  coobidercd  aa  an  article  of  food,  138, 

137 
Oljhien.  itaa  compoailion  and  gnat  naafuhma 

of,  483;  diiactiona  aa  to  Iha  aduiiniilratin, 

of,  483 
Clf  dndala  hcne,  dtacription  of  the,  101 
Ctawbai,  calcoUtion  of  the  power  of  bones  la 

drawing    acoording   to    their    speed,    940; 

loaded  high,  run  lighter,  especially  in  rapid 

tnrelliug,  969  (  aafetj,  beiM  dnught  uf, 

970 
Coach-bone,  daacriptim  of  the,  99;  beat  btaed 

of,  96 
Coat,  fioa,  [anans  much  too  aolieiloiii  lo  pn> 

cun  it,  138 
Cucldail  bene,  mode  of  docking,  468 
Coffin-bone,  deacrlpiion  of  the,  400^  Ihe  l*m«1l^, 

or  learea  of,  4U1 ;  fracture  of,  431 
Cii<Sn-juut,  tpfmin  of,  380 
Culd,  common,  dascripiioa  and  IrMtmaat  sfi 

3G3 
Colic,  Salnlcnt,  account  at,   334;  ajiaamodic, 

deacriplioo  uid  tnatmint  of,  333 
Collar,  the  beat  method  of  aitacbiug  Iha  tracaa 

lo   Uia  bone,  947;  pro]4r  adaplaliou  of  to 

tba  sbouUler,  940 
Colocjnth,  i>  pnaMwoa,  900 
Culcn,  daacnpLuo  of  Uw,  117 


E7S 


I.VDBX. 


aaL 


DOO 


Cdkinil,  portiut  of,  C6 1  ucDniit  of  lii*  fsrfor- 
inin(«e.  TT 

Colas',  nmiirkt  on,  34S 

Colt,  Milj  ir«fm«ni  of  [!i",  Ilgdnf. 

Ci^inpir'XuH,  mnjor,  iJiucripEiLiii  "i  llio,  3dflj 
miEiori  dncriptiun  at  iliv,  S3A 

Conraur -tMtiid  ulioi,  Ui>,  ilcacritxd  »nl  rMOm- 
Diwiiid),  434 

Ci>iuHln([B  huTaoi,  ducrlpiiiin  at  ihe,  41 

Cunlusl  obMli.  compurd  Willi  lint  on«.  5S9i 
•xlmm ktanrtU;  of.  SGI;  ■trmco  dcgrn  of 
McliManddnKiilng  Willi  tbcni.SGi;  >ff'."tl 
inVit  MltUn<:a  >ni1  dutto;  thf  rvJ.  SOI  i 
■n  in  fuct  tnntlini  ^rindiUinu.  S&3 

ConJonctI™,  doMiiplion  of  iho,  IGI;  npiOBr- 
kRM  ^.  hoR  far  a  (ul  of  LtiHaTnTnAlion,  Ifi  I 

CiHuumptiaa,  louant  of,  'i99i  inutmc.t  of, 
134 

Cuntnction  of  tha  foot,  niliiri'  of,  3!^!,  AlSi 
ihc  ]>ccDlUriL;  of  paniianniit  UmrntM  p'o- 
du«J  bj,  410^  bow  tut  ctmatcttd  itilh  tJifl 
Daricnlar  diwiu*,  413^  i*  nut  liii  nacmtmrnry 
cnnvqiioni.'fl  of  khuifij;,  407  i  pf&luceJ  *»y 
nuKl"^'  "f  i"""!*-  ****■  "••""(!  'bo  ihMitoo 
ln»g,  40Si  Hint  ol  Daluial  moUlurc,  4U9; 
Uig  (finavil  ol  tha  ban,  410i  not  u  much 
proJuced  by  tkiar  u  Imnginnl.  409;  th* 
CUIM  fftlher  ThftD  the  con«qiienco  of  thrush, 
410^  but  modo  of  tf^tUnv'.  41 1 ;  rirolj  per- 
mincQtlf  cund,  411;  dns  not  DtcvMriljr 
tnijily  uniouniliMHiSlfl;  illhoDjib  not  dkw- 
■■iily  untoundnfH,  aliould  hm  ■  tftcM 
mmntj  agiinBt  it,  AI8;  blind  honiH  vary 
tuhjHt  (0,  410 

Cotivniij  of  tho  »jiv  tb«  pnipn,  not  iB(!lci«ntly 

■ItlMiifH  tn,  ICI 
CnpAit«,  irroiint  1^  Ih*  rHin,  4A4 
Coppar.  Ilif  c-ninbJDmti[>ia  of,  a*od  hi  vototiAAiy 

prtctir",  4^4 
Coi<)«d  Tthi>,  vliiit,  113 

Cuidiult,  ihu  uic  iiii[l  aliiiM)  iif,  in  Ihabone.  4I<4 
Curnn,  il<i»[ipti»a  of  Ibc.  161 1  mode  of  ri- 

■minlnR  Iho,  16lt  lli  pnaJotaet  or  flutniw, 

16Ii  ihnuld  b«  prrfHIly  lniir|«nnt.  IGI 
Conu,  tbo  imtDrt  and  Irutmiiii  of,  49liprrw 

dnoid  bjr  cttlEinf  AWAy  tli*  lian,  491;  nitt 

Cring  cnt  tbu  fL»t  IwIw«d  lb*  rrutt  hikI 
m,  413(  picuurn,  43!;  »ry   dlllkult  tu 

cur*,  433;  runitiiuio  uDHundnou,  SIS 
Coroitirj  li|;a»ianl,  dctortpUon  rf  Ihib  397;  tlio 

criitl  principally  prodocod  fram,  897;  ring, 

ituKriptiiui  irftlio,  397 
Ooronat,  ifwciipUoa  of  th*^  397 
Cotmiri  tobliinnla,  IrMimrnt  unilir  poI>ad  by 

ftOO;  ■  KonI  tunir:  fur  lurry.  4S9,  iOO 
Caniian  hont.  kcwuul  "f  ihi>.  4S 
Coriiol  tabauiK*  rf  th*  brila,  douriptioa  and 

fnctnr*  of,  151 
Ccuaek  hunt,  dtmiMiod  tt  tlit,  49;  bnttn 

in  «  MM  br  Bngtid  blood  bunw,  41 
Omgli,  diraaia  utoro  wd  tnktmtRl  cif,  394 ; 

OoOttllDlH  ui»oundnw>,  Alt;  Iha  oncuioiul 

diObalty  with  nt*ri  la  thb>,  533 
Cow  hwk<,  dpKiiplion  of,  .193 
Cndlf,  a  nf*   rottninl  upaa  lb*  burw  «li*n 

Uirt««l,  4111 
C^HIp,  lb*  lalure  and  Iraalnont  of,  IB3 


Crram-nloiirad  hurMi,  useuM  af,  344;  ftat- 

linrity  in  tliiir  ayiwi,  1S3 
Crrnm  of  Urtar,  a  iiiild  diordii^  493 
Cmaola,  its  lua  in  Talariaafj  (SMlint  *^ 
Crib-bitibf,    d*Kriptioii  of,  Sll  i  mow  and 

eDi«,  5tSi  injariooa  to  lb*  bvM,  SI9;  eaa> 

(tlluin  iiiiuiouilnra  S19 
Crii'kit  hall,  iho  Milan  I'alehinK  ■,  S3(t 
Cric^  carliligt  of  iJiB  windpipa,  the,  SiT 
Cromitcll,  Ollvir,  bii  ttod  ol  iac*-b*nM,  M 
Crapping  off  ibo  tar,  ikwrdilj  of,  IH 
Craua,  lb*  brim  of,  Uid  ••  phytic^  4(5 
Cnuadara,   lb*    ImponoMat    at    iba    bna 

ntflccitd  by  Ibsffl,  69 
Croil  of  lb*  foil,  dwriptlon  nf  tha,  395;  no. 

paiiltDn   of  lh»,  396t  «on«liling  Mlbin  of 

ngmerniiB  horny  ptUa,  MSt  >l*f«i  Aapw 

of  It.  lUntinf;,  39Si  prapH  fhiAiMB  tf  Ifa^ 

3Mi  briltluMB  of,  nnwdy  fur.  336:  ■&■ 

eaoM  otundonck.  413 
CryaUllin*  ]rnt,  dMrription  of  tb*,  169 
Coboid  bono,  dMctiptinn  tt  lb*,  39) 
CanfltiinD  bnnai,  diHRriptJon  •£  Ibt,  39B 
Curta,  Tutiirt  and  IraatmaBt  <£,  UTi  h««dl- 

larj,  93i  romtitulo  imouinlaBB,  81* 
Culinia,  dancrijniun  of  ihr,  3*1 
Culja,  or  Uua  akin,  account  uf  ibe^  34 C 
Cut<i»if.  i^iUM  and  cor*  lA,  360.  eamlilw 

iinuiindnM.  S19;  away  til*  loot,  nnbunjad 


^ 


r\AKDIllFF.  the  nalan  tt.  343 

^     Darlvy  Anbim,  accoDH  of  the,  tS 
batimnoc  ponira,  dawtiptJoii  and   anwioto  tf, 

Dtafona.  19S  I 

bmwn.  llr.,  hi*  o^ninn  db  tb*  forriu  of  abatb, 

ft37.  nfl3 
Daiiham.  Uijur,  ioIonatloG  aoMODl  of  tlw  laa 

ofhiihof.*,  ur 
Dcjirtiaor  libii  iufnioili  mmcl^  dMcstptisa  rf 

tilf,SOO 
Duftt  borHB,  account  of  Ihlh  SI 
Ulabeto.  lb*  natun  ud  ircMmtot  ol,  334 
Uiamcltr  ni  nLgrli,  tha  tSM  «f  Ini  i  mitm,  Iha, 

ass 

tNaphontica,  ifarir  ntturo  auj  dbtti.  493 
OlkpbrMtn.  dtacriptioa  of  Um^  134;  ipaoa  ol 

tb*.  laS;  ruptnroot  UHi  iMMOMMMaaU 

nafHralliin,  3AS 
Dit:qlir>ii,  Iha  proeaat  of  it  tetribcd,  SIS 
Uiljvuire  otfaiu,  aaatomy  wl  diaaiaaa  at  tba^ 

311 
tllt:>»li*«.  il'rir  nalun  and  «*•,  48S 
Uigluba,  hiic''l7  rKoininandad  in  coida  and  •■ 

Inflamniiiury  coinplaintu,  4M 
DlUUt  miKini  laiaralii  Tiiimla,  ilnril[iCa«i  if 

Ibl,  100;  nam  lalorabi  max)*,  daaatatiM 

(rftb*.auo 

Jtmnf  of  whatli  deicrlbcd.  anJ  oAet  af,  MOt 

bolb  iuwanl  and  oulwird  tdlM  of,  SM 
DiiRnnrd  bnnp,  tmimnit  of  Ibc,  99 
Dioralio  ninlirmn,  il<o  dm  ud  abiBa  of,  41 
DorkinjE.  trir.Lhnil  of  pffrfoiuiiaf,  40S 
Dii|^  daD|;iT  uf  *niwura|;i>ic  llxai  ataw 
aubli,  176 


IXDKT. 


n> 


I 


Dosr 

Daoular  tourM,  ili*  t«i|^b  at,  It 
ItalfaU  ban*,  dncripliiin  af  lit,  IT 
DnDcbl,  IbaBrf  of,  HtT|  liu  not  bi*n  lufli- 
ciuillj  u(iIiiMd,  537.  Mi;  inipliu  tlia 
inorlDC  jonr,  Uic  Ttbicl>,ind  Ihiiiwl,  i37: 
Iht  ino'iiin  pofsr  putlicalntlj  conildirn!. 
S3J;  toniidtra]  Id  n*[icel  ol  Iha  ruiiunn, 
B32;  cdooUlim  of,  MOwdiDg  to  Telocil;  anil 
Itirir,  MS;  maoh  liifliiuiMd  bf  tha  directioD 
«f  ll»  truB.  M7;tbe  liiMof,  tlnuld  tw  («- 
■IIbI  (d  th*  JlTMtioD  of  motinn,  33^;  in  cutU 
tb(mU  tarn  Ibronub  III*  ul*  «!  th«  kIuvIh, 
53V;  ID  lad  road*  inAj  bitt  m  vli^bl  incli" 
iiDtKD  D|i*ard,  MO;  Naiiuns*  of,  iliinilJ  la 
n  ninch  M  jviuibls  Enn  and  tDdiiUe,  US; 
bow  inenwnl  bj  tba  attt*  nftlMTOid,  GTI; 
of  boal*.  dllficali^  oT,  iDanuiogfapMll;  wlib 
lb*  «<I(«i[r.  M8;  ralcuIalloD  of  iha  paworof. 
54Bi«f  iho  tit-ift,  G48;  of  tha  rellM,  S4Ui 
hom^  tba  h«T7,  V9i  barm,  (b<  infariot  oca 
about  the  mciroiaitii,  Kialclitd  nMla  of,  lUS 

Dm;  hona.ptOT*'  '"'"i  "'  "'*>  "^1  ■  '''^  i*'').''*! 

liTtd  b  Lincnlnahlrr,  103;  ukuaII;  Icu  Iar|-a 

andbiaTj,  IflS 
Drii'La,  bow  M  *ilintDi>tiir,  487;  eompariiiw  b«< 

tnan  U»in  and  ball*,  48T 
Dnfaj  of  Um  iklo  of  Ibocbaal,  9SS:  imUntnt 

ii,3M:  aTlhacbsI.  391;  (/tlja  hMn,301 
Drum  of  tha  «r,  ilacriplioD  an<l  uie  of  tha^ 

155 
Don  bona.  (Moaut  of  ib^  MC 
OnDr-taUa.  330 
Diwdfnuin,  dncriiitioD  of  lb>,  316;  iliMuatof 

lba,3ie 
Data  maMr,  daaeriptlao  ofth^  ISO 
DiUtk  htnt,  dncilpUga  ol  Ihi,  M 


PJUL dtMrlption  of  tha  manul  rnrta,  lUi 

*^    inlcrnal  ftitM,  I5}[  boan  ot  IM,  dmrriy- 

tioo  and  OH  of,  155;  labjrinlb  of  tb*,  tS5i 

iodtcaljva  of  tha  brmprr,  ]  54 ;  dipjiifif  And 

BiBcainc,  crvtUf  rf.  I5J);  traalmmt  afiroDDd* 

iirhraiM*  oF,  104-.  ciudujvHiloBiDnlht,  193 

E«M  IDiIUd  bone.  4a«ilpIiao  of  the.  SO 

Kflint,  [b*pcdlgr««Bndbuu>T0(.7O(aec«anl 

of  bla  Rofuniaw,?! 
EdiTud  11.  inlradocad    Lmnbardj  honw  iaio 

EbkIuu),  58 
Eil*vd  IIE^  Iba  bnad  at  boran  mocb  imprvml 
bj,  S9;  Inltodocad  S|>ai>iAh  buns,  59;  had 

randDf  bgma,  39 

Bpfk M*MU>I  <(  tbt  boFw  uF.  3.  IT 
nCZi^jj.1^1.^ 1., L.   149 

El*l«riniii,  p«iMn«M,  BOO 

Elbow,  tha  pfO[v  fntm  and  incTinaliiio  af,  3M ; 

nppad,  363;  [racIano'.4S0iFiUiotnnd,3A5 
Eliatinb,  Qaam.  >iia  sumbar  and  ralin  of  borua 

mncb  dJuiinMbal  whrn   ab*  ni|;iMd,  1)3 ;  a 

ttauocb  hoBtnH,  81 
CtDMic  Imrtat,  uaad  aa  a  DanHaDt,  diapbarrUs, 

•nil  worm  nnlitiac,  479 
Envnal  of  tba  taiib,  Maodtt  of  ikt,  SIS 
Engliih  i;iu.  liltUrr  af  (b«,  M;  >nl  tfmti 

it  tba  Ibraau,  SSt  (■!«»»■<  tf  AlhabUa, 

»t  WOUni  lb*  CoMDmr.  3«i  .1401, 38 


rPi 


KotanEtrtmantor  lhiin(Mlin>«,dt*(Rptiaa«f,33(l 
KrI"Uu.  accuont  of,  3S5,  -tSA,  aiid  337 
Epidamic  catarrh,  »Iu»  aod  Irealninil  -d,  STS; 

fnalijtntnt.  nitiirt  aud  intUiirtit  ol,  379 
Ef^tlultia,  dncHpUiMi  of  Ib^  357 
ItplMpij,  nature  IDd  ItMIOMDI  «f,  174 
Epaom  ulu,  ami  u  ■  purgallva.  491 
t|aoin  conno.  iba  lanitlb  of,  74 
EiEol  oF  ijr,  (h«  adlon  of.  499 
Elhmnid  bDiM,daaniplioa  of  ^i«,  110 
Elhiopiin  luKa*^  loooBBt  of,  IS 
Euphoibiuia,  tha  ■baminablB  dm  of  il,  499 
Kn-oack,  unai|bll!iua(  and  iticoDtaiiiiiioa  of, 

S38 
Eiobanm  of  bam*  lUod  on  tha  Hma  {tiiund 

Zjrrrist,  dmrlloni  far,  IS9;  tiw  dOomiIV  of 

trgnUr,  luS,  Btiit  of  l>TBdiulagp«M(t9S9] 

mem  injur;  joaa  \ij  tbt  huI  af  it  lh*B  bf 

tbabardaalooik,  199 

Simoor  ponj,  daaon)itian  of  tba,  lOS 

Kifazminn  alir^r.  daaeription  and  ua*  of  tlia,  4-^ 

r.ajt"|]ka  uf  Fiorif,  oalnlaljoii  of  tba  aonuaj,  M-t 

Cjg,  aocrlpIiLJD  uT  Ih^  I6S;  cut  of  tha,   160; 

fractor*  of  till  orbit  of  Uit^  1^9;  baaltb;  ap- 

paarancsuF  tlia.  IJOi  dbuata  ot  lb*,  lB8j 

Inflammiillon  oF,  CammOD,  189;  diltOb  *»clB(V 

IW;  diuo.  (woita.  19S;  ditlo^  madMaTlTWU 

nwit-'l'.  19S,  193;dilt<^  Dninetabia  natun 

crT,  l93;ilitlo,eaiiMqoaiieaaot,  193,in3^il>itn, 

inarlu  of  laeaM,  310;  ditM,  cMutilntn  dd> 

aoaDdDOM,  590;  dillo,  banditat^,  l«;  indi- 

«uino(  lbttMn|ar,  IM;  tba  pU  atafr*,iD- 

dintlN  Oftba  1^  146;  UDMlii  «f  ib^  166 

Ejobnira,  •DbatlUiM  for,  167 

Efalaabaa,  deacrlptlon  of,  l>7t  loll;  «f  ali^iaag 

ibcm.  157 
E}(lid,  diarription  of.  136,  IH 
Ejatidi,  4tua*a>  of  tba,  ISO 


FACE,  diacripliun  of  Ibe,  IHS^  cut  of  ll>* 
nittKltB.  nama,  and  liWJ.iawiali  uf,  193 

Fallini  b  if  ibe  foot,  uliil,  40C 

FalM  -{lunar,  natnns  and  Irtaimtut  ot,  416 

Fan;,  a  dkoin  of  iht  nt-HirbRiia  of  Iht  ■kin. 
91),  SlS;OoniKrIiHl  'iih  Klandcri,313;  t«lb 
eaMMad  tad  iifKliqui,  UI4;  ijmiil^riii  of, 
Slt|  traatnaDt  or,S15;biidi,iihi.t.  3IS;  tba 
tflkt  ot  (sntharidaa  id,  SIS;  dmiodida  of 
cqip(T,9tS 

Fanoar'a  bona,  'daKription  at  tha,  S3;  Et  for 
ridinf  ai  vall  ai  draoKht.  92 ;  Iho  Jttoinl 
IWoitWfiWl.  of  91 1  no  blanilihtd  <t  Doaoond 
inafi  n  ba  Mad  For  brniiac.  33 

Feodinj!.  hifb,  ronnactdl  willj  f^rcoH,  389; 
nci'lar  r'tiidi  uf,  nKaaailr  of  airnidlnn  Ic^ 
137;  inaniumf,  hu  much  iuflurnMoD  btokaa 
ttind,  399 

Faali»i  of  Iha  mouth,  CMutant,  indiipteMbla  is 
tha  |ood  ridar,  BS 

FaM,  ;iood,  iniportaoco  of,  in  lha  buntar,  83;  tba 
ftMnI  Dianairpmrnt  of,  4!6;attmlln<ito,aad 
itopplDt  ■!  iiight.  momntoidad,  436 

Fdl  mUt,  dMCflpUos  and  DM  of,  438 

FaDU,  fnwtnta  «f  lb*.  490 

FeUack,  tecriptiw  tt  tbi,  979 


on 


IXOEI. 


FEV 


OKI 


F(>f  I,  iiliopilhic  or  linn,  308  i  >jr  III jiUimi  c(,  308  j 

■fii.pliiiniilic,  M» 
Fibula,  diucdpllnii  uf  llin,  3S3 
Finland  laurnv,  dfioi'fipLuiii  cif  iLo^  52 
KUiujti  Ih*  prUicipic  mi  whiuli  maiipJ  lo,  4CJ: 
iiiiidi  ur  iptil^ii^K.  4li2-.  •Imiild  doi  pi'Dcmta 
thu«kiii,4G5,  jLlditrdit^  and  cruelty  ut  bli^icr- 
Jug  ultcr,  4G1 ;  borH  >)iouJct  iioL  bo  ujiad  for 
kame  mi>uchj(  tfiar,  4G$ 
Fimuti  luTjiniilii.  IS^j^  in  ths  loll,  340i  fi>- 

tulotu  wiibgn.'JJ::  ;  11iiIuleutiwliii,3S4 
FiUi  »jci>v''i»'">  ciii»i-i'.  iTid  tiwtiDMil  of.  in, 
FUnlin  liuta*,   dasctijiUnn   of  Itm,  I03i  vur 
Iiut;  dnttichl  hontu  >di>uIaj[*UiMlji  iuwmJ 
*iUi  il,  103 
KItfjiiiE  And  ZuiKvr,  riifn|)Hri<ni:  b"l*mi  iliuin,  45S 
FleinJHli  hunu^  ki-cuuile  ur  Itjo,  M 
Fbur-dii'l.i*.  Afi'uuul  of  bor  {«ifjniuiTKVi,  77 
Kluor  of  tbn   u-in,  <](ii:i i pLiuQ  of   itw.  Mi; 
incuiUdl   tiiuidc,   duK-riptiiui  at  lbs,  Sii4i 
pedii  pcffwjiLU,  lbs  lerfwniud  miuclt,  do. 
■ormlibii  of  Ujd»  A72-.   fi^Lti  \'crfiiruit,  lti« 
IwifDnltng  miuclr,  dHcriptioD  of  (be,  S71l( 
ipnin  dI  Ibc  flotor  latidmio,  379 
FIf  iue  Cliibjan,  u  tcimiiii  ••(  linn,  SS 
Full,  nirlj  tmtnirnl  of,  113:  •silj  hujdling 
at,  iui^^iniint,  11 3  nEH|flttaucv  uf  bbor^l  f«J-. 
inj;  of,  IIS^  tiiiis  for  Hii&iiiLi|;.  Hi 
Fiifutri[Mlioii>»  liiiKift  and  tu«  af,  46H 
FoihJ  vf  Ilia  bgmt,  obkHrYKlioiiiL  emi.  130;  *  U*l  cf 
tlie  tiBua]  urticlM  vt,  132,  133;  tibuuM  lit  Ap- 
JiHIiuued  lu  lb*  wurk,  133 
Fool,  docriiititiaaf  lhi>,33SitbguiiKiii>lde!*nn 
oT,  11;  dlwuM  li  Ibv,  403l  mikcr,  4>((; 
VDini.  4tl;  DonlruuUoii.  407;  faliii  •guuici, 
416;  luundir,  atulp,  4rtS;  •■btuiln  Uuitiiitia, 
4U0;    iiillafliUKtIun,   403;     mvicuUr    Joint 
diaMH.  41^;  oveirudl.  4IS;    Dilcll,  4ll>t 
pmi.lct^l,  4U6:quiliar.  417;  Muicrack.  4l3i 
Ihitub,   433i  um4.  416;   wuIiiim,    4iii 
wound*.  4111 
Fonbetd,  Iba  diflgnnt  (mm  of,  in  ths  ox  iKiJ 

llOTM,  111 

Furr-laKii  dnciijiliiH)  of,  3SH;  diHUM  cf  ibein, 
370  i  ptiijur  |i»iiion  of  Ihtm,  990 

FointUi,  (u  uiiuiij^Ja  uf  tin  onaUiloa  of  llu 
hum,  7S 

TouiiJir,  u'utr,  tjini^uint,  ciaxa,  uid  I'Mlmcnt 
ul.  403;  iiLruDiu,  tutuca  aiid  Inatitjwil  oF,  4U3 

Fraglon,  uLRKiflr  neMOmwd^d  in  oolda,  4ad  all 
higr^  48fi 

Fnclumif  Ibtiliall,  Irtitlmml  sf,  168.443; 
ftotiAl  ubii«riraUoEL«  (in  frv-1«rvB,44l;  ofthii 
kkull,  44-1;  iitbit  oF  ibi-i^i',  444,  niiul  bmiHi, 
444;  tupcnor  nMailla'y  ur  nji^irr  j^iV'bon*^ 
44&;  iutmiir  JiIlu,44Si>p>l>(^4-lfi;  iib^447i 
ptl*i4.44B;  Uil,  449;  liuibi,  449;  KnpuU. 
449;buintnu,449;  nvliiu,  4S0;  uliii,  450; 
fiiiiiaf.4S0;[»Ullii,4Sl-,  Lbia,4Sl;  Uiou  uf 
UiehoclE,4&I;  Idit.  4S2;  laainuid  bonu,453; 
|iuUrD,433;  Iviei  ^u»ru;  4S4;  Cvflin  buae, 
4Ii&;  naiioulu  l-uiii,  436 

Fnush  boix;  dtutlpUuii  (f  tin.  44 

FrictiiaifCoui^lius  uC  ID  1^  wbeulanJ  rullar, 
MS  I  on  tU  ulf,  dipeuduil  on  ibt  iiib1«ikI 
«ii)>lujrHl.  }71^ii  no!  tnilctlkllf  incrrueJ  by 
Ut  nUjIJ,  971;  rcilutitJ.  m  tlic  diauielsl 


o(lh«  uU  U  dimiuiih&t.  STl;  1 

(be  dUm«[«r  of  ib«  n^nL  371 
Fruii.  haraj.  JfKtipUiHi  sf  Ibv,  401i  Hlulltt*, 

dtacriplliiii  of  ibr,  4U2 ;  dilliv  irlun  and  i 

of  lIlD,  4CU 
FtoduI  tuHiu.  dtMriftli'in  at  lit,  I4S;  nootM^^ 

dcKtiplian  of  the,  I4<1 
Fune,  eobiidim)  ■>  tn  u;!!]*  of  (l»d>  ISr 


GALL,   Mminl  af   lb^  310;  blkldv,  Ui* 
hom  hu  oonv.  3 1 S 
Oil1a)iiqE,  ihouiwi  of  (Id  lioni*  duiliif:.  &3G 
Gatlowa'.  ductijiliun  of  Um,    103i  ■oendoIN 

fenJ  ^foriiiUkUA  uf  tbd,  103 
Cillvlouw,  333 
Giucbo,  III*  Saulb  AniiHcaniJaiiicrij^iDB  id,  St| 

bi>  iiinlbal  of  UkiiiK  aod  biMktiiK  Ui*  ■iU  f 

liuru,39;  bin  boult,  Guiu>iLtauuufac4an«C  j 

89 
(nnt'UD,  Ul.-  bot  Ionic  fdr  lh«  bona.  4$9 
(fibliiog,  ■  W  bukt,  UUH  vf,  wd  uuwu  (f 

tuawiiag.  eos 

GiE>,  braiatiiJO  <rf,  334 

CinKH'.uiaMllaiil  ■ruiDilicind  Ud1c,488.0T 

Gloudtit.  niior*  oF.  103. 30G  :  ■•inpiaiii,  30<i 
•M»,  irlU;  >|iw  pii>f:na>  nf,  UM.  30«i  Kf 
)<Hi*iiDa  of  lilt  aw*  in,  tu3.  IOC .  Lrti  dw- 
liiiguiilitd  from  eaUnli,  30ti.  diiM  fnm 
tlnn|;lia,  30A;  cuiiii«t*<l  iritli  Uni,  ItOtij 
SOS;  tmlinuni  vt.  911;  aoMi,  S0»:  bolhj 
tpucm«l  iitd  cofiU^iun*,  )I0;  oRmiI 
ducdl  b;  <iupn>|w  lULk  iiuutupciiirut,  Si4«1 
909;  moilaof  couii»aituiUiOEi.  110,S11;  [ 
leution  of,  3 13 ;  Mtnuul  of  lU  ipHJ; 
puriDCf,  lOS 

GUiid*,  wiliaignl,  Il  drF*iii)i  «  nuiif  drenn 
MnUiMs  wliclliel  Uuf  cooiMiM  aoi 
530 

Gtau-ejr,  nalun  >nil  UMtmciil  of,  IM 

UlHUbiir'i  ult.  It*  tffMI,  49fi 

GlAEieoiiii,  Damn  of.  194 

Glulai  aiUM.']».  d^MTJpliun  r^  lh«,  377 

Uudolf^bin  AFAbian,  hii  uvoiuil  ol  iIm,  73 

Quulu-d's  ulnO,   llM  IM  «f  U  miuk 
»l<Md,  490 

Oraina,   oscuioBall]'  iubI  ((c  kmaa  ef 
work,  13» 

GnfjH  an  llio  bnls  tiMlmaat  of,  Sit 

OttMUit,  Dfglact  of  ih»  lanaM  *■  lo  IW  Kf*' 
Diixtun  of,  ISA 

Gtwibop|vr*tirinE4,dncriplkaar  BSB; 
bKiliwitWBiuTjadopUdia  nt-«bU*»,a 

OtMw,  nitun  mid  inaUMOl  0^  SAii  ohm 
354;  furiutiB   bone   DM  M  Ml|)Mt   I*  It  i   . 
Dtbin, 33&i  geucntlj  •■DM* local  0(iiB|l<urii^ 
3U 

Gmn,  oiulr  dooiMilntioa  of  t^  bwa*  fat,  fl; 
(ht  lioiM  iolrodiuxd  ibar*  (ma  Eupl,  t 

Gr<7  boraci,  uouuul  a(  Iha  diffmat  afaadM  ^ 
3(G 

Griudrn,  conil  rnciinn  of  Iba,  3X1 

GriudiDC,  of  ibr  fnl,  Mcuuifdalwd  by  UWM^' 
Ebauiain  of  tli*  joiDt  uf  lb>  lj*tr  ja*,  190; 
■waliowiuif  VLEbovl,  511 

Cnim;iMH,  aceiuul  uf,  379 

OMOttm,  ■*  lUipunMii  4  tiMt^at  lo  Uia  I 


INUl^. 


«t 


oso 


UOR 


118;  nptni  ttia  [wiri  iif  Ih*  akin,  ind  giTf* 
■  Sat  ml.  I3fli  illnclinni  fur,  1J3 
GmiiKr.  ihr,  nnwumi,  BID 
<<iillit,  dMOiptioB  of  Iht,  311 
tiam-ariibie,  for  wh*l  (larfgac*  OHi!,  4TS 
Gattk  MMCi*.  Dunn  uul  truuntiit  oF,  1 M 


TTABIT^  li^tnni  or  iljiiii^niTui,  501 

-'1     H»r  kni-T,  dfwriptinn  "f  il>»,  ST;  iu  pfo- 

tvr  iiriiim,^^:  ■nrriiiilHof  (lit,  BT;  cudia, 

•KiMinl  of.  Ofl 
Hair,  BrmnciL  of  lb*,  345{  qaotion  of  oBtling 

it  frnin  Ihi  h«tls  3M 
lU'Tiilim,  Dnin  it,  th>  CI;i!ndi,la  bor«M  am 

Ib'ir  origin  Id  liLrti,  100 
HirtuMiat.  Ih*  bnt  muls  u  tt|:i>nli  drioelil, 

MTi   rnHhod  <f,   io   ih*    llm*  «t   Honicr, 

544 
Uumcli,  JMcrii/ioR  nf  Iha,  SSI ;  wi(l^  adrui- 

Uf   of,    383l  injurin   uf  ihe,  S»2;  joint, 

tinfslw  atrinclti    ot  il,   381;    ilu  of  ibe 

tllifb  tntm,  •iliii.tit);*  of  ihi  Dbli>|ii*  dint- 

lkinof,3Sfl 
Hull,  inrioqi  nwhinlini  of  (b>,  ItOi  dU*»a> 

of,  IfS:  ■tnuiilii;  inj  cmtltj'  at  dnin^mi 

It,  leo 

En.cBMfitml  u  fenl,   13)  :  mo*1<anit,  in< 

jDrioiu,  l3Si  dJ  pnfitiliU  la  no*.  133 
Hw.   iniToinr  a(  Ihe,    149  :    tfas  nDniinuii 

bcna  coa>j<ibin£  1<,  Ibr  mmn  of  lliii^  14^; 

•Mlioa  of  ibr.  l*i:    Imporiane* of  lb*  pro- 

pa  Kllini:  Ml  of,  83;  baHiliful  pmtitioa  liir 

iWtaprort,  148 
Hmt,  Capliin,  hit  wmnnt  of  lb*  Smilb   A(n*> 

Ticmab«>a,38 
HMlinjc  aintmial.  HonnDt  of  :h*.  4VS 
KraRiif  of  ib«  bum,  tli«  ntj  (ru'i^  IM 
Hrmvy  b)»  k  bitr*«A  Bcronnt  of,  101 
Hnrt.iiracrlpiiiin  (4  I  In,  300)    iti   Klion   ilg- 

MriWd,    300;    inflaTnmuinn   of   ibr,  301; 

drap7  ot  lilt,  301;    nrdilii,    SCS;  RiBMn- 

Mtlim  of  ihg  llmiiK  at  ilio  burl,  303i  dll>. 

tirlm,   303;   oHifioiiiun,  301;    >Jr  in  th* 

\t*n,  M3  ^  hjptmvpli/  of,  303 
B>b*r.  EU*h«p,  Ma  icoiain  ef  Ibt  Anbun.  38 1 
BMbb  qoMran  •(  euUag  tb*  bilr  ft«g  tban, 

SMi  loir,  (linJfafib>s*ar,4S>|  pnfwpu- 

bg  of,  te  (bacin;,  tStP 
HflMcn,  bbtfc,  lu  tu*.  488 
BhiIkL  rmn  in  iafiiuiiiDittlDn  4  tbt  «b«li 

M* 
B(ar^  Vni-,  Ifnnidrtl  rac'tiioiu  nactnunn 

lb>  liDiH,  bi  him.  60 1  Uw  biwd  of  lb*  ban* 

Ddt  cwifKitllj  ittprnrird  bj  him,  tl 
I!>^i<i>,iutuniM  imtmant  itf,  394; 
Ilimii,  Iha  nitur*  tail  Imtm^  of.  3Sti  Bift> 

ball(al,333 
Rld*-bfaBd,  Ibi  uturr  snil  ItMUrmtuf,  >49 
Blch-U*nr,  ■  toerifLian  of  tfao^  IMi  i(  ■•■ 

■«aD4,aiB 
mibliDd  fimj,  imttpdim  o(  ih*.  lot 
HM  l«c^<1«crtr(ioa«f  IKMI 
Bisd  ■twtt  ahoaU  MIm  tW  {MOV  ifitt  tl 

lb*  Ion  OHI,  S8S 
Hip-joJat,  Ibt  mM  MnuiOi  of  Ib^  »»t 
Hip^  nfpd,  WW,  Ml 


Himtr,  Ihr  E»l  India  Ciimpui>V  m1*  sf  lianas 
■t,3l 

tlohhln,  ttKiiftUlO  of  Ibt  bnt.  456 

Hncfc.  tb*  ad«wilaglo(  lia  nuiiitiuua  Mpvida 
honn  and  IIkiimbIi,  SSi  -  U(^(nl,  393  ; 
tow,  393!  d»of' [><'"«  o(  Lh>.  3H6;  «il»ri»- 
n>i<nl  of  ihr.  nalora  of.  and  bi»  iJCrriti^ 
anutiHnoH,  3HG,  fJO;  iiiflammatiaa  of  lb* 
■iiinil  bnnn  nf,  ■  frMgnpiit  tiaw  of  Uawiwa^ 
3Sdj  lb*  pnDri)«]  Hat  uf  Unwntaa  btbind, 
3S7i  lamoDMi  «  it,  ailbool  apfianni  caiua, 
S93i  (rMtanoT.Wt 

Huf'a  Ur^l,  priip«rti4  of,  478 

HoltlaJQ  b€tr>i4,  account  of  Iha,  St 

Uomcr,  bii  nmuntof  tba  rnrlhinl  nf  TiaiKaMiiii 
honica,544 

Ban]  (t  aria,  S3? 

Hoof,  cul  uf  lh^  39S;  d*art>ption  of  lh(%  396 

MnrlEonlaMiiacIiaDof  lbnIne>iii,iihcnp''oprr,547 

Horn  ^f  tho  ctuii,  aai-rwud  prinoi|«ll7  bj*  iba 
(W0IUU7  ii(tioinL  398i  one*  uiatalnl  frum 
tha  aenntM*  [*krt  vithin,  iriU  nvaof  a^in  m'tLa 
Rlth  lr,33a 

Ootntt,  iliN(  uf  Ilia,  499 

Uona.  lb*  foit  alluiion  la  him.  I ;  tuH  kana 
In  Canaan  ■[  an  r^rlj  priio<l,  3i  dcacriptioa 
of.  In  Parlf  timra.  14,  IG;  AnvrirJii.  41;  cat 
tho  Dalno  or  Araliia,  4;  Arahian,  n.  Aniie- 
niiin.  7;  Anairinn,  47;  KnEli-li.  SI;  iUrt^ 
iti  BirTDUi.31^  Ui>a/]iou, £1 ;  Caj>padKiaTi, 
7]  fint  iuaJ  tn  lbs  cavalry  Hrvl».  3i  cbadct 
rafvfl  formf^  part  ihf  ihe  O^jmpk  ca"iM^  13] 
CHlcolalion  of  lb*  annual  eipFiiia  of,  540; 
C)iihi>r,  ?3  ;  Circaman,  30;  wai  iniiMd  la 
d™ui;}ii  lirfin  he  Haa  mounteJ.  6;  Coiieb, 
frnjm  tatin,  qoaliiin,  brwt  of.  9J;  lb*  dif< 
ftniit  colaun  uf  tU  dllTtnnt  biHda,34lli 
CiHiiran,  46;  Cnauck,  34;  I>iir,f:>l^  17| 
Diiti-li,  it;  ohtn  liiii  domaaliratid  tn  Ekt^I 
■nil  Cjin^an.  3;  nol  dcini«>1iiratKL  uDTil  afiof 
nmnjr  oibar  aniiiAla,  3;  (H>t  fnund  in  Kcjpi 
In  Ibo  T«r7  tarlj  pahuda,  1 ;  Kaat  Inlinn,  3Uj 
111*  Saab  of,  (Mto.  34;  Il»i:tiJih,  iiUUii}  «f, 
84;  rarawni',93;  Ktului!,^!;  ni'mi>h,34i 
hii  (oaall  nmalna  tannd  iu  t><t7  part  of  ib« 
vwid,  I;  FrviM^ii,  44;  iho  f^rtirml  usatitf^ 
EUBut  of.  133;  a^iioTi£  Iha  Orarka.  4;  faoavj 
black,  101;  tiiy  amplutni  in  bunliai-  tiM 
aMricb,  1;  b«M7  dnaKhL,  99;  ijrwiiiiral 
Ntvlalton*  napaeltof,  tf  Elai.rj  VDL,  80j 
l^j.  til*,  <A  ^  Bdvard  Antnibiia.  83;  hir- 
ing, f't]' ncolaliawaf,  (C  OS;  iluiiKanan, 
4»;  bcUnd,  OI|Jr*b,  107;  li-U<i,  48| 
•gblinw  aonuDi  of  br  Job,  3;  inurb  im- 
pmnd  bf  Jibo,  U;  LonUnlj,  ohtii  Crat 
intradocnl  tot*  latland,  Uj  inaikM,  Bnl 
KcMUrt  of,  tTi  tbtUMbsri,  U;  Kubito, 
IT;  Ftftblao,  S|  rsrlatvaa,  48;  ffaiiNi. 
49;  Prnslaii,  03;  ICarwi<iu^  &lt  flniam 
S,  tSt  tb*  Mrif  pka  tC  Si  >Co^t>^  bh 
aa*d  fc*  tbaptoi^lB  oatlj  tlni«»,  66;  yar, 
eakalalba  of,  si,  0,  37;  prk*  af.in  M*. 
Mti'*  Una,  S;  pnca*  of,  U  dllTtraM  lafWa, 
66,  C4;  rUtal.  lb*  AM  M«am  of.  S;  ••- 
CKllr  «l  W;  «M  •■•  alMHt  b  telfaMw. 

Tail  hfHitaB.  d»t  Sm»i  AwMku,  S7: 
dh(*t  ImiImI  Md  i^Kltr  tC  V]  naa^» 


SS2 


rnjEt. 


now 


ini 


rntnt  of,  la  Sanlh  Amtrlck.  88 ;  Sptnitb.  43  i 
SwHtlih.  SI:  Tintntr,  31;  Tbfwaliin,  Si 
Tooikoniiin,  36;  Turkioli,  30;  wild,  3*.  37; 
English,  improved  under  Wil]i>m  ilii  Con- 
queror. iS.  toolmcieal  d>«cn]<tbn  at,  HI': 
ioimfnn  cnnibor  ol,  in  ilx  armiiiK  uF  h\inm 
ADMQI  CBtttfU  nuxunlUi  3;  nunirODt  to 
BitUla  n  th*  ionaloii  of  Ih*  Bnniaaa.  M 
Boirdl  Ibt  0«<d,  bla  Um  mjaalag  Ilia  bune, 

Htunnnu,  dmrtiili'm  uf  Ih*,  3AE 
Hunt^mrun  hoTM,  JucrlpMon  of  tb*,  4S 
BnsUr,  tliKi  K'uvnl  Mcouol  of,  Bli  propir  il»- 
I7H  or  Ul<u!  in,  B I  j  fono  of,  61 1  iinril  of, 
83;  MKiluiiH  uf,  SSi  ia»ui(«mu>l  of,  84i 
■;mplou»  af  iluigcrsiu  dlilrau  in,  BS; 
ln>iijit:onitn(  nf  the.  vtieD  iliiiiaHxd.  8G; 
mrnia(ring  ef,  86;  iliiic,  doicnpUoa  of  U», 
«T 

BrdaiidtlattwcninUairl^,  lU 
Hjrdiucfuiic  uld,  lu  sMuioDkl  good  urvlce, 

njdr'pii  prrlrnrdii.  or  i]rf<[*j  nf  the  hmrt.  301 
Qfdtotliam,  ajmptiiini  tad  inMiDfiit  of,  Sil 


ICKLANI)  hunt,  i)««cn|>ltDQ  of  Um,  91 
tl#uin,  dffidnpIiDfi  of  tbf,  316 

lofljiininjitlua,  niituffl  of,  305;  tftii1in«T>t  of, 
306 1  (lol  nr  roU  ippliCHliuu*  to  ^^uidff  in  thv 
cliuiiw  of,  307;  imjiorUDC*  gf  biiwlii-.s  in, 
306,4S3i  itlwn  proper  to phjiiio  In,  300 :  of 
\ba  liuwcia,  336i  ditto,  duiini^liDn  UtwMn 
ll  and  colic  313;  (irajii,  ITS;  tjv,  199  i 
foot, 403;  kldot;>,337i  lujnx,  2CG;  tu»f>, 
SS3,  irulin,  9«7;  Teiai.a4li  hout,  301; 
Yati.  334 

Inflamu,  naturt  ind  tmltmnt  of.  9TI 

Inftuion*,  miniirr  of  RitVmi;  tliein,  4B9 

lultroMUl  moHlH,  dHDniJlioii  of  Um,  14C 

laiMtiDM,  dwcriptios  of  tbt,  31S.  31G,  3I7i 
infiiinmitiaa  of  tfaa,  335 

InlroaxmpliaD  of  lilt  iotatinM,  traiUnuit  of, 
33(1 

ImnriDtiritigd  iiiIri*U,  nhil,  139 

ladint.  uxfulniu  of,  in  rodndng  4Pliir|«d 
Ctudd,  4VU 

IimnM  bom,  drtcrigition  iif  lb>,  30 

Iria,  dscrij'Iioe  of  ti>«,  IA3 

Irinh  boTM.  dauripUoU  u[  Ibi,  1U7 

tiilJs.  IBU 

Irnn.  iIh  cttlKimla  of,  «  mild  uid  nwifal  Imte, 
48';  lulpliala  of,  ■  tlnmgn  tonip,  4S7; 
diiu,  mumumidfd  fee  Ifaa  oarc  of  gltndon, 
487 

llAii&n  h^rM,  dworipEinn  of  tbr,  40 

llcJiiufo  of  lbs  •k]D  iliauid  ilwijt  b*  r*gvdtd 
ollli  (oipicioD,  3S3 


TiU[£S  I.  nUbliubkl  tb«  End  r*£uUtio(u  fir 
^     iwioj;,  eti   iutrvductiBO  <i(  llit  Anbiu 

blood  Vj  liim,  64 
JtniFi'i  fowder,  473 

JmrAicr,  ijinpifii/ii  >nd  lr«itmrot  ol,  335 
Jin,  Llie  lowti,  ndmlitU*  oiKhuiiua  <^  319, 

9>0i  Upper.  dnoripiloD  of.  117 


Ja'snum,  datoriplton  of  Iht^  316 
Jflha,  tb*  broad  of  boTMO  Iropnied  Inr,  AS 
Jointad  abo^  tiirs  dtMiiptfoo  uHt  ua  tif,  4AS 
Jii[nlir  Tain,  I^aMhj  of  ibo,  460 

Jompar,    at  bHH-t>n*ticr,  UKcdotea  at  hl« 

powat  DHt  uninmU  GO! 
Jonipar,  oil  of,  utt  A,  490 
Judo,  bn  rbiiii<(  aaunbed,  SSG 


KADIRCKI,  ta  ArabUn  bnad  of  bonii.  33 
Kicking,  a  bad  and  inviMraM  habll.  50S 
Eidntf*,  dcacriptlon  of  tba,  336;  InHamniaiiuo 

of,  ijiDptama  and  traatnitDt  of,  337 
King  Pippin,  uMcdolsaf  bla  ■aUloitntlng  tba 

inrsiaralnaM  of  rieton*  haUta,  S03 
Kniw,  an  analomlaal  deaerlpiOD  of  Ibt,  96$; 

brukaa,  traatnnnt  of,  367,  M 
Kodilani.  an  AiabljkD  bnol  e(  bMaaa,  SS 
KnoHledga  of  tba  lior»a>  bow  ae^ oind,  1 14 


T  ABTItlKTH  of  th«  tw.  diociiplioai  ml  mm 

iJ    o(  Iha,  195 

LMhr^mal  duel,  daaorlption  of  Iba,  198;  (Iw^ 

deacrifUoS  atid  lur  of  lb«,  Mtt 
Lunelba  or  luoinv,  hnrnj.  acmsst  of  tb«^  SM; 

fleahf,  BOGOtint  nf  lh(,  39%;  imgU  af  tba 

bone,  anpportfd  li;  tli",  39S 
LarD'QMt,  «hi>ii)<l>r,   inrlhod    «f   »acatt«ialm. 

3G3;  frvpin  wltHtvvtr  ranjaa,  iuiuttidnaaa,A3] 
LampM,  nHtnrt*  mA  tnitiTirnl  of,  SlQj  crual^ 

of  ban^iiLC  Iho  ban  fir.  S19 
Lamiui  of  !!■  ("l.    Sa*  Ijmatin, 
Ldnot  and  UtaRi,  conparlwa  batai 

l^jilind  hont,  acomnt  of 'b^  M 
Lar^ngilla.  chronic  and  oiau.  366, 1 
Larjni,  daMXlptJon  of  Jh.  357;  ' 

of  the,  166 
LuaOk  doacriptioo  ol  tba,  39 
Laudasnni,  tba  naa  cf  in  Tdarinaij 

493 
Load,  Um  companiula  of,  u—i  in  ntminMj  fat- 

t'w,490 
iMhac  tolaa,  dHniplioa  and  n>*  of,  433 
Laf,  cut  of  Ilia,  470;  ImaijOaa  of  Ilia,  38*: 

fnctun  of  tha.  491 
Ltgi,  fun,  tba  altaatlda  of,  358;  Uod,  aMloat> 

eal  dwcuplion  of  Uw,  353;  of  tb*  kadCMT. 

ataonU  uoi  ba  lifted  loo  kdgh,  88;  ■<rilB4 

893 
LcraUr  bnmwi  mnaolc,  dottiplia  «f  iht,  SD, 

M7 
Ltm,  moMolar  wttbD  aiplaind  on  tha  Mi^ 

ciplaofil,UO 
UgUDanl  of  Ibo  OKk.  daasriptua  amj  ihiUiWi 

«f    Uhv    149;    iiupKiaar/,  Uai<«»    gf    Om, 

379 
U^lit,  ihf  ifn*  of,  in  tb*  atibla^  IM 
Liebtnaai  is  band,  of  (Banlial  otanqMora  in  • 

bnaltr,  SI 
Mmlav  fratlaia  at  tb*,  449 
Uiw,  Ihachlvtidt  0^  tlModincIf  Oaafri  ferhaJ 

aimltiuK  woundii  Ice,  491;  th*  tUandaaC 

ralubH  In  cleanaiog  ilablan  from  lafwian, 

491 


6.SGT  ^H 

nujfaMlkjH 


ISDEX. 


SM 


UH 


I 
I 


I.liiocOnthin^   Ihi    lirfnl  IwATj  bltA   hotiM 

ini  ID.  1 09 
LiaiiDMilik  tlw  camfAiiion  *nj  nw  of,  491 
I  iiiiwl.  (a  inllulua  i>r  uir^l  in  utirrh.  13$, 

491  i    RHhI   lorvit   till   littl   pi)!tl«,   491, 

434 
tJf,  aulMnr  and  am  of  ibr,  tl3:  Up*  lln 

Imndi  ur  till  hone.  31S 
Litur.  lilt,  aotiot  be  tna  fminontljr  rmioi«d, 

115;  propornbiiuKW*  liic.  IVOi  itFnmatiaa 

gat  »  iDDiili  pradacnl  (7  il  M  miaif  iaugior, 

410 
L{*rr,  tho  UJilDmT  And  dv*  flf  it,  3IA;  diBfajma 

of  Ua,  3S4i  >>iI\>»ii>K  >iid  ttijitum,  334i  iu- 

AnamMian  of  ihi,  -tM 
^inpju^  uoRitil  nf  lilt  «aan*  at,  TS 
T^f?W^  Jav,  a^tiipUiuiji,  caoaa,  and  Inatmeat  of, 

Ijbiu,  dvcripllon  of  Ih*,  IM 

LombuiTj    lii>Tji^    ttie,    vhaa    iiilfDdD»4  intd 

Eotland,  W 
LonglMlmiu  itoni  musc1»,  diicriptiaa  of  llwi 

an 

Laetni.  Muidtrwl  v  an  urticld  of  fan),  I  .IB 

LanbriooB  ttna,  tlia,  331 

Luna'  cauwic,    a    nrj   cie)11*BI  ■pplication, 

479 
Lsnirt,  d»cti|i[iun  ot  ibt.  36t>;   aroiplom*  of 

iiriluBnialiuu   ill  ilia.  SRll;  taniia  uf,  2S4; 

toiuniUEiMCa   uf.  1S6;    ticitmant    of.   26' i 

Umiiat  la,  ISS  -  blitlua  pitftcabie  to  ronli 

tt  MMu  in,  S89 


]\I 


I 


,.,AI>!JES8t  tbo  armplatiu  and  tnalimnt  ot, 

^''      IJi 

Hacnnia,  ilia  lulphata  of,  491 

Ijabiatti  l;ana,ac«iunivf  tba,  31 

Mallaadin,  Iba   liloaiian  of,  3ATi  ibt  naton 

and  (natflinit  of,  3ST 
Uamnulia,  Ibt,  an  iinpoilartl  cUh  <d  uliul), 

I» 
Vmtbmttr,  uaoat  of  iba  coom  at,  79 
HaBlL  dwehptioa  and  dm  of  tiMv  1, 139 
Ungt,   doMrlptko   «ad    tiMMMt  of,  350; 
«MM*  of.  SSI;  cdntaniil,  rrdpa  lor.  331: 
highly  inbcliaiM.  3Slt  malbul  of  pinning 
lb*  Mahia  >(Ur,  3SS 
Mnc"  f^'Di:,  <>M  adrantaca  of,  130 
Itan^pui  li>  tiia  Iiona  iDooarlj,  111 :  ^pt"ri<tra* 
tk4t  ill,  100;  bar  {m\iti  funii,  109;  br«Hlit)|^ 
la-and-in,  109;  Ihiia  uf  l»iflj  al  Iiaal.  Ill ; 
UUM  of  t»Og  Oilb   fud,  HI;   boat  tliirl  fur 
Ooraiar,  111;  inana(am«i  of.  wbaa  aitb 
bal,  1 1 1 1  maucHncol  of,  atiai  tialinc.  Ill: 
man  eooiwtnd  than  ilw  bono  in  bticdniE, 
V»t  prrfMaU*  M  taUliw  tx  lb*  hraMt,  tl  ^ 
•alar.ina  of,  tot  bntiiiig.  93 
Sink  U  t)H  iHib,  *b>l.  UU 
JtvkUvri'H  Arabian,  «a  jux^nnl  nf,  ft4 
llini.  ibr  Bin  uf  miaj  tl  tlia  Ntw-Ginatan, 

1(M 
HaUMa,  inurtaiM*  rf   tb«f  ox,  4)1;  bati 

oMMi  of  mabiHt  Ibm.  4M 
MuartfT  antch,  imeriflUm  af  Ua^  l»».  131 
Utilllu7  UtBM,  analatnj  of  tlt%3l7i  IocUvm 


Uaad'iw     rraaan,    th>    qnanlitj    tt    nobllln 

mallet  iu,  131 
Mxhanical    ponr,  objoctluna  to  tba  dm   i( 

333 
Uackltnbnrt  boraaa.  Meonnt  of,  Si 
Hadtdnia,  a  Hit  «f  lbs  iiiut  uhIUI,  4M 
UeiDllary  lubilanca  of  tb*  btaio,  ita    nalun 

and  function,  ISO,  iTil 
MfEritnt.   ranae.  174;  i^inploina,   174;  iMat- 

tnrnt,  ITI;  aj<l  to  ntoni,  174 
M^It,  dncriplton  of  tb<v  319 
3i*iiiotT  of  ih*  bnTW,  initanCM  of,  90 
^iircarial  ointniaal,  tb*  uaa  of,  in   *«l«rinuj 

inotio^  4H9 
Miicui}'.  ill  UM  in  tpiJtmic  cutwrb,  9*9 
&)silin.  tb*  tin  of  miuj  or  Ibt  WtUb  poniti, 

104 
Uawilatj,  dacripllan  of  th<^  SIB 
Uotclurt,  want  0^  *  taiwa  uf  eimlnctioD,  409 
MuJionUa  han«,  dnctiption  of  tho.  30 
tlooD-bllBdnoa^  lb*  naini*  of,  190 
Monllinc,  tb*  prof  of,  348;  tbo  boiw  Bisall; 

Unpaid  al  tb*  tUn*  of,  340;  no  t'.iinulaDi  or 

ipioM  thoald  b*  pna,  3*3;  mods  of  in*i- 

uifnl  ondcr,  34S 
UoniJi  of  ibo  hvrw,  daoripiloB  of  tb*  bom  of, 

217;  ibiiulit  bn  aloafa  Mt  liEbl);  ID  ridini, 

317;  iiiipirum'*  of  ila  muiblil}',  lilt,  ft  17 
UontiurDl  btf  moriuai,  133 
Murialic  aoid,  It*  propaniaa,  47fi 
Miuolm,  dawriptioo  «  Ibr,  141 
ttnacliM  uf  tb*  li«k,  ileKrlptiun  of  thr,  SSS; 

liniiil,  diltii,  3M  \,  ri",  ililli^  I6S1  fiH.  aitbi. 

139;    n><^k,    itWi,   V»7,    ribi,   djllo^   146: 

aiioultl-f.liU.li,    3S9 ;     towrr    bow    of    tli* 

ahcjuljdf,  3^9;  lb«  jLfIirj?iIa|:4«ii»  dirntiun  of, 

mur*  luipartant  Ibu  Iliiit  bufk.  339,  301 
MiuciLJai  aciian,  IJia  pnnciplt  of,  3C1 
Mkiatdid,  Iba  lue  of,  491 
Minh.  tbe  nio  of.  fiJi  amka  and  vouBdi^ 

491 


^TASALIS  Ubii  tap*rwrii  mtuclo^  laanlplioa 
'     afth*,9M> 
Ktati  biinn,  frKtiin  of,  444 
„     K'"*'.  »0I 

„   p>t;i>iu,  aoo 

Nam,  cm-ina,  to  ohHla,  adnnta^  of,  3M  i 
•iMcripiion  of  lb*  b*M  MOMruolion  of.  iM 

NaTiralu  bona,  dncriplloa  of  tha,  401  i  tbo 
xnka  Mri  ■*•  of  ll,  491 

KartinlM  dIMHa,  natun  and  inatOMM  «f  Ih*, 
4)1;  how  far  conntctnl  wiib  emamlk^ 
413;  lb*  tan  rrty  anrcrlain,  413^  tratUu* 
of,  49A;  niwiuiidniut.  Ml 

Koapolitu  hint,  dracnplion  of  lb*,  43 

Kacfc,  aoaloin}  (iiJ  dlmuoa  of  tb*,  asd  ntl|h- 
boniinc  iwu,936;  daacnptioo  ol  lh«  tiaatr 
nuali  of  Iba,  139;  daocripiron  of  itaa  nt^ 
*f  Iba,  340;  boHBof  tbivOTi  UBadoa  urf 
prD|n  caaformalim  of  Ibo,  197;  oampanaai 
hHsnn  tiia(and>lior\937:1>a*.  i>baC,138 

Kaphritia,  nalijrt  aiui  It^UijoiiI  of,  337 

Kuna,  lln  aanlructiui  aiid  Ihooij  tf.  143: 
^0*1,  lb*  tompMiiHl  naton  of,  M9;  nt  ibo 
laOLllS 


^k 


KXD 

Ncaretani;,  or  mft*  «p*ril4M,  Ajtit  and  (Skc 
of  it,  469;  tniiuiir  cT  fwfsfniiiie  il.  470i 
cmtn  in  whidi  it  ibiiild  or  tbould  dM  b* 
pnfnruMd,  471 ;  a  nMip  «( tlw  {vltonwan 

•(  il,  lOnlilalM  DUDUMMMI,  4(9 

Mtmutia,  the  Dak*  of,  Ut  ODpoulioa  ta  tlo 

iotndaction  o(  tbt  AnbUo  bind.  64 
yrr.lBiitltr,  dawijptlon  <j  ib'.  lot 
XonniulMI,  nOB  Htiblubnl  *t,  b;  Chula  U 

61;  diMliplioiioftbtdiffenotmutmU,  110 
KlcJoDc,  Uia  mrlbod  ol  p(Hi)f<nin^4GTi  unloM 

(twllj  uftf-D  morlsd  to,  440 
nin^  •  iijiiabig  cooliDg  Dwdicino,  ud  mitd 

4tw«il«,4n9 

KUicaaid,  futwimt  implojiid,  4Tft 

Hirio  Klmr,  fjnril  of,  ■  mild  MinnUiit  ami 
diiin'iv.  4»9 

KariT'afi  borvo,  dMonplion  of  Ihff,44 

N'^'fipfijiii  bar**,  df«fripri(ia  ariliHt  53 

Kfh«,  Llfvfiplion  «f  (lix  btmia  ul  Uj^,  1QA;  111* 
itnjiTrUnc*  of  iTH  lining  maiiiEjraJitr,  197,  SS-fl; 
Iho  nuH  sf  lb*  Uom  tilt  tu  iiicrtnia  bi>  niiid, 
199;  iinfujiuiiM  irf'  tlii  cuiuui  of  llio  inmii- 
bruu  ol  ih^  in  Judging  id  tnlB  dtoaoMO, 
198 

KoHl«g,  importmc*  of  [hiy  138 

Hwiiilj,  dMCtipiioa  at  tbt.  196;  tlio  mem- 
bnm  of,  imporiant  in  unruining  diicuo, 
900,  94:  impMtanM  of  u  H[aad«l  acia, 
198  ;  (lit  bj  HDio  nalioiia  Is  IncnaM  tlio 
itUid  of  ibt  lion*,  198 

Hubi:in  bIIII^  wtannt  of  th^  17 

Kali'munT,  t)io  qwiaHij  of.  containtd  in  tlw 
diScraal  uliola  of  Ibud,  13T 


AAT3,  lb*  iMul  fool  of  111*  lionr,  ISS.  137: 

V     ilioolit  U  old  bntj,  dr/.  mid  MtiM,  133; 

kilo-diifd,  iiijgriou  loibi  faiinii-,  13*  g  |ira]iu 

qunliij  of,  for  >  Iiihw,  I.17 
Oatoioil,  BiCBlliint  ^r  gntl,  uiJ  )ui»iiiiiM  OMd 

u  *  juullica.  133 
Ooci^Tal  biiriff.  ilbf  rTfilion  of  th^,  1 46 
(Eiisuthg  liiiuliaa.  imiaoin'iii.  I'JU 
(£i"|iliAgu9L,  dw^nptioti  of  Ehi^,  31} 
(rKtltf,  ColODol,  viMdoUil  al  bim,  and  Etlipso, 

70 
Olfaclury  nrnw,  t!ii  importuiot  of  Ibgm,  197 
Olrto  ''i.  aniiilulltODt,  4911 
Oljnipii,  lilt  mcrt  &t.  13 
Oumntuiu.  dtaf  r^piiun  nl  tbt,  319 
Opaciij  of  Iho  cjt,  the  naluia  imd  tmlniont  of, 

191 
OpnslioBK.  dMCiipllon  of  Ibo  moat  in>|aniRl, 

4tfli  iIm  draadfol  onoi  cauod  hj  ciuij  tnKt> 

■null  and  diillng^S? 
Opblhalpila,   iliiiplt,   lOBj    (pcclSc,  or  uiikid- 

bliiidDaoi,  190 
OjMuiii,  iw  g«t  Talo*  in  ntoriurr  (nctleo^ 

493:  iidult(Tilioiua(iI,493 
Orbit  uf  Ihc  (Tt,  Inaan  of.  16tt 
Oi>il)i:aii"ii  ol  Ibo  uiliiigH,  cadh  and  Rval- 

ln?DI  of.  4JG 
Om<T»rb.  ih<  natart  and  tnalmoDt  of,  413; 
odra  pndancg  wid.eiMfc  w  awtta,  41S, 
4U.4I7 
Ouua,  ■oeoont  of,  101 


HH. 

DAQE,  lb*  (bet  of,  lo  nnialif  tkt  batat, 

PadhTdannaU,  as  ordor  of  aiiaia^  140 

Park-borw,  dAvrriition  of  tb*,  IDS 

Pack-»al.  dniriptiao  of  tho,  149 

PriU;».llj(,U18 

Piit;,  tli(  citi'*^  anil  imtmai  <d,  IH 

Paoc^rru,  dHiripliaa  ol  tfa«,  319 

Pamiioaliaa  oamniu  mniola,  313 

I'apa  or  bub*,  133 

I'montvit  tbotJO'i.  openlira  of.  4T3 

I'ariMal  boon,  drKiii'tioii  ofli*,  146 

raiine  not  of  ihi-  foot  for  niiiiiin,  ilii  icllrwi  tit. 

4S9  ;  hoelivt  of.  a  gaoi*  of  «MilnctHa.  408 
i'amiid  eluHl,  dsonptioD  of  ttx^  aad  tM  dlailMi, 

200, 233 
Pannijn,  till  nntriiin  mallar  la,'IST 
['■rtbincm.  drKlilitioD  of   the    ''■-•V**   M   tb* 

frin*  of  il.  bin 
ruttrn,  uj'jin',  fTUtar*  of,  431 ;  bv>r.  fticlua 

of.  4S4;  d(«ciipliua  of  tlw.  ST'i  bttm  of 

Ibo.  378;  tat  of  Uw,  378,  f^r  oHifoil} 

of  tbt,  STA 
Faleilaor  atiUc  Ltar,  dMrifliM  of  Hm^MSi 

dlaloution  of  tbt,  334 
ranini;. nmidjr  for,  SI3 
Taiininl  df  Ibo  •iiialloat  oam  Mcnfbtaa  lb* 

punbvc  of  a  liWK,  S33 
Peu.  BoDctiDM*.  uwd  H  (bol,  bot  iba^Id  b* 

oiMhaJ,  134.  137 
riKtanli*  moiclM,  dMOlptba  of  tb«,  SSI 
P*l«il,  ftaotunof  tbo,  44tl 
Panaliliii,  or  ton  (bint,  371 
Poriovditia,  3i)l 

C«iardiiiRi,  dnrriplian  of  tbt,  Soa 
PmiaD  boTM,  dMoriptioo  of  thr,  39(  "Mlini 

inmt  of,  SS 
PiniaDraTB,  dwcriplioo  of  a,  99 
PanpintioD,  innDDdbl*,  so  nWdJciiMi  >m 

IBlnlj'  incnaa*  il,  343 
Poltr  lb*  Gnat,  Ih*  iinnicaa  Vetk  (f 

euuiintinc  lb*  pal****!  of  hi*  Ata^ 

morod,  fiST 
PharjiUI,  aiwiamj  of  iIh^  311 
Ph renin*,  I7S 
I'lilhiiii  pulmoniii*,  d*«cri{4ioB  of,  CM; 

tnml  J,  334 
PliviJo  ball*,  motbodofcumpHiadiiif  lb*  baat, 

477 
Pli.DJcking.  tult*  for,  338 
Pia  iiiu«r,  dawriptiiiD  of  tba,  ItO 
FM  bone.  acooDiit  of  lb^  346 
PigmntDin  nisruni.  aocoanl  of  tb>,  163 
I'll   of    tliii    ryt,  tb*,    inditaliire  af  tb*  tgli 

146 
Pilcli,  ita  UM  fur  charpi*  a;id  pliabtr*.  493 
rittainK  a  tanuian*  nolbod  of  ilaaUojine  »i.i»n.i. 

S36 
Plourn.  ducriplion  of  tba,  S6I 
i'iiu.'bj,  lb*  natuiB  aud  tnutiMOt  of,  SSt 
Ponunool^  tb*  ealuia  aad  tiaatmiM  tj,  SSS 
I'oiwoi^  Keonnl  of  Ifaa  noM  ftafaan^  4BSi 

teal*  of  lb*  difftnnt  on**,  SOI 
Poll  cTil,  lb*  (aoM  and  tmtatni  tf,  940 ;  im- 
p«ruiiDt  of  tb*  fro*  «Kap  U  tba 
941 


J 


ISDEI. 


085 


Pony,  TurifVm  of  ttm,  103 

Furier,  Sir  R  Kti,  hU  KCOnnt  of  thi  P*r»iia 
bono,  39 

PortnicDaM  horn,  lh(,  43 

Pnt,  tbi  fint  blatiliihmMit  of  it,  7B 

PnMhsiMi,  grutboppcr  tprinm  winid  bt  ad- 
iuiis|;f<>ii*l]r  adoptnl  lor,  567,  96B 

PcaU*  ApiQittu  diucIb,  dncriplioo  of  tbfl,  343 

I'otABh,  tba  compound  of,  493 

PoUIoH,  ouiMidored  u  an  irlicit  of  food.  137 

Punllins,  their  ruiong  cwnpoaiLioiii,  nwnuer  of 
acling.  and  gnu  OM,  494 

ftmricn,  eomfaruoD  botnwD  itfrni  and  baltn, 
494 

Pomr  of  dnncht  ia  tht  botM,  lllutrmtioDa  of, 
B8;  calcnliiUoa  of,  S30  ;  compued  with  Ibit 
of  tbo  hamui  bung,  534  i  coinpurd  vith  thai 
of  A  i1catn-«ngiD«  on  nilwijn,  S31  ^  oa  com- 
tnoD  roadt,  533;  on  lud  roadi,  03!!;  diipcnd- 
ant  on  bia  iraigbt  and  muacniar  furca,  533^ 
hov  diiiiiniab«l  whrn  tawinn;  a  bait  dd  a 
canal,  UT)  glHtar  "beo  ctOM  to  hii  work, 
537i  Ibia  dipands  on  hia  gtnngib  and  tba 
tima  hi  ran  (lart  it,  538 ;  Iha  dimliotian  of. 
ucoiding  to  bia  aptfd,  tabla  of.  S39 

Pnaanra  on  tba  brain,  tScct  of,  IG9 

Priam'a  cbaHot,  a  daiciipti.ia  of,  SSS;  ha  bai- 
niaatd  hit  own  honaa,  553 

PriDta  of  bonga  at  diStaaul  parioda,  56,  iS,  99, 
BO 

Priok  Id  tba  foot,  traatmant  of,  419;  iDJoiioua 
mathod  of  IcmoTing  Iba  born  in  aaarching  for, 

4ai 

I'nualan  bona,  accoant  of  the,  S3 

Pnffiiig   tba  jiliau,  a  trick  of  bandulant  hona- 

daalari,  146 
Pulling,  tba  arlioii  of,  ciplained,  S34 
Paha,  tba  naiunl  itamlanl  of  tba,  304 ;  Tariatin 

of  Iba,  304i  importanea  of  attention  to  tba, 

193,  304;  the  moit  eonTeoiant  place  to  faal 

it,  304;  Iba  Gngai  on  tba  ptilia  dnring  the 

bitediag,  309 
Pumiced  lt»t,  delcription  and  tnalnwDt  of,  40S ; 

do  not   admit  tt  cun,  406;  coaatitnte  nn- 

•onndneaa,  S!l 
Pupil  of  tbeefa,  dtacriptioD  cf  tba,  163;  moda 

of  diBcoieriag  blindnoia  in  it,  1 64 
Porchaaa,  to  compltli  tba,  ibere  mnat  be  a  me- 

moranjom,  or  pajmeot  of  aooia  audi,  how- 

arer  amall,  523 
PnrgatiTu,  398 

Purging,  Tiulent  traalmani  of,  335 
Purpaia  Iiamorrbagiea,  309 


QUAIiTEBS  of  Iba  bona,  deaeription  ot  tba, 
3S1 ;  importanca  of  tbeir  mnic'.ilaritj  and 
deplb,  389^  foot,  deacriptioD  of,  39S;  Ibe 
inner,  rrnit  thinner  and  weaker  al,  393;  fiillj 
of  l<iwering  Iba  cruat,  397 

QaidilinE  tlie  I-r,t.  cauaa  of,  SI3;  unaoaDdoeai 
wbileit  luta,  sai 

QuinitM^  the  iuij^iiie  of.  -180 

IJaillor,  Iba  Datura  aiiJ  traalimntof,  417;  the 
(raaimant  oflaD  long  and  difficult,  aiarciiing 
tba  patianea  both  of  tba  practitiovar  anJ 
gWBcr,  419:  ila  nnaoondneea,  S31 


BOA 

UABIES,  ajmptoitia  of,  ITS 

'-''     Baca-cooraea,  difftrent  lent^tha  of,  74 

Racaa,  airlj,  men  nmuing  on  train  scant,  64 ; 
frajiWDt  emaltj  of,  73,  77;  diArant  kinda 
of,  daaeribed,  74;  ragnlir,  Grat  aatablitfaad  at 
Cbaster  and  Stamford,  63;  ragnlatiina  (at, 
eatabUahed  hj  Jam«  I.,  64;  patrtniiad  bf 
Charlet  I.,  64;  Paiaian,  detcriptim  of,  39; 
tb*  great  lergth  of  (he  old  connaa,  74;  cod- 
aeqnencee  of  ibe  intnductioa  of  ehort  raoea, 
74,  7B;  tba  diflemit  langtha  that  an  mo, 
75;  tba  racea  at  Smilhfield,  57 

Kaca-bona,  bia  biitoty,  61;  tbim,  68;  aetica, 
73)  emnlilioa,  76 

Backa,  do  opaDings  bIiodM  ba  atlnwed  abora 
iham,  12S 

Badioi,  daaeription  of  tba,  384 ;  fractnra  of  tba, 
450 

Sagged- hipped,  what,  389;  no  impedimant  to 
action,  38 9 

BailiTa79,inecbiniCHladT(DtageDf,  98,556;  thtj 
immeruelj'  increaoalba  po^er  oftbebone,573 

Bearing,  a  dangeroni  and  inrttenta  habit,  S09 

Bacti  tnuiclaa,  of  Iba  neck,  deeeriptinn  of,  93B 

Beetnin,  deaeription  of  the,  317,  318 

Baina,  deaeription  of  tbe  proper,  317 

Beain,  ita  use  in  Teterinarj  praclloe,  494 

Beeistanca  in  dnnght,  obKrialioDa  OD,  53B 

Bftpiratian,  deaeription  of  tba  mechaDlam  and 
effect  off,  "SS 

Beapiralorj  organ*,  anatoin}'  and  diaaaaca  of, 
a54inerT»,  the,  153 

Baatireneaa,  a  bad  hatul,  and  DCrer  cnrad,  1H)S[ 
anecdotea  in  proof  of  ita  iateteratencaa,  503, 
S03 

Beiina,  defuiplion  of  the,  IBS 

Retnctor  ranacle  of  lliaefr.dawription  »f  it,  166 

Bbeumabam,  Dilnn  and  treatniantuf,309,  310, 
311 

Bibbrd-bome,  adrantage  of  be ing.  948 

Biba,  anatomj  oftlia.  943,  946 

Biclitrd  C(Bnr-dr-Lion,  account  of  hii  AnUao 
hctaaa,  98 

Bichmond,  Dnka  of,  bia  metbodttf  braadinggood 
carriage  brnca,  100 

Biding,  directiona  for,  BB 

BiD^boBe,  tbe  lulure  and  Iraalmant  of,  380; 
eoiialitatea  unwundDos,  593 

Bingwonn,  nature  and  treatment  of,  353 

Bu«)h- backed,  what,  9 SO 

BoaJa,  bow  affnted  bj  different  •hreli,  560; 
buw  iiiflucDcing  tba  proper  brtadtb  of  Iba 
wbecla.  STO;  ilie  gnat  extent  to  which  Ihef 
affect  tba  draughl,  971;  aoft  and  jieUii^g, 
tar  more  diudTutagama  than  rough  ODaa, 
971;  alight  alterationa  in  tbeir  larel  advao- 
tagoDua,  571:  hanlneea.  tba  giam!  deudcr- 
atnm  in,  571;  abould  be  nearij  flat,  971; 
DecraaitT  of  conatant  npalra  and  atteation  to 
tbein,  579;  cilculalion  of  tbe  degnebjwbich 
■lie  raaiatance  ia  iDcmied  by  bad  oaea,  571 

Boan  honn,  account  of,  346 

Buanng,  the  natun  of,  'JB8;  cnricu  bistair  of, 
369;  CMUiitutn  DDaonndDaaa,  919  ;  noni 
tight-rriiiing,  370;  from  bnctliof  in  crib 
biting,  S70;  tnatnunt  of,  373 


S8G 


ISDEX. 


Ballar*.  CDlcnliUnti  nf  Ih*  dnnthi  of,  SSO{  how 
prutiibljr  gnt  inmilml  ot  bmugbl  IdIo  iuc, 
SiV:  (om|Hriii>n  "(  ihdr  ponr  ullh  thit  of 
whseln,  iSi;  mijcluuiiim  ud  prtnrlpta  of, 
933;  putignlu' ctnuiiiatuiM  in  vliicb  Ihcir 
DM  i*  xiTulairKUii,  &bZ:  ibt  vtiRhl  nioT«i 
will)  dnulil*  ilx  idIdcIIj  <sI  lliem.  mi  Ihati' 
fnni  ftWi  jiill»r»  inuil  be  mj'plin)  in  fronl, 
Sba;  till  hiiniMiH  hlcck  «(  inu'bin  it  St. 
FMwtbnrg,  ducnplifta  ol  iu  bsi'ie  motDd  un 
then,  GG3 

EEolliu^.  iIiiiiK<T  of,  remcdT  frr,  &t3 

Rom&ii  Dut  In  the  lionv,  whut,  l<*6 

Rome,  tliouickonl  rton  il^  15 

RmDil-boiiF,  Ihf,  em  KJirc>Jjr  b*  iliilixkted, 
3H3 

Rotrcls  TKBixipr  i>f  iiiifirlir]^,  and  ihcir  opor*. 
lion.  494.  iT'B'iuirikaii  l«li>«n  llicm.  bll>l«», 
■ud  tetany  4flA 

Rnnuini;  »wai'  'iM'bod  at  nfln'miiig,  309 

Itii]>tiins  tmlmcut  of,  332;  of  ihs  nu|fliiMrj 
1>),-Kii>«nl,  37  S 

RuiaUii  Imnir,  tcomM  of  ihr,  40 

Sjt-graat,  conudeicd  ■■  u  iiticla  of  ton). 
)3« 


SADDLES,  ibe  Hieient,  11  -,  ih»  proptr  wn- 
uniolinm  of,  193.  >M 
S*d<ll*.huk«l,  KbM,  saOi  i^Iia,  mtuniini  of, 

3S9 
SwUlinKtliacalt.  Ill 
Saftlf  cnkoliM.  tli«  Iimrji  dria|[hl  of,  £70 
SkJ^tnitJ  nf  Uin  Ii4]n4,  Hit 
Hainfnln  nxml  u  intiticlf  of  looi,  I3C 
SaL  iijiimiiiruu',  lh«  lUBilicB]  UH  oT.  470 
IhIivii,  ill  naliin  3i]d  ux.  !9I 
Ikliriir;  cluiil*,  ilEion|ittiin  of  iji^  S39 
Sallriiilnn,  natoNMiHl  ircklinial  of,  93T 
Sail,  BH  o(  Id  TMn-iuifT  Diuliw,  496;  nlo» 

ot,  iniB|l*d  \o  ttw  r«od  of  uiima'F,  1:16 
bodt),  Mr.  rmlT*r>.  440 
Sknd-uaclr,  mlnn  and  Ugdmnil  of,  419;  moBt 

dilWtfoDa  nben  prncadiujt  fium  lnad,4l4; 

Gibh  lo  MiiRi,  ddIhb  tb>  britllsuoi  uf  Un 

hoof  ia  niiwdind,  4IS;  Colutilalea  UDiQsiid- 

on,  913 

iutiImiui1ion*,iM<>«ntoftli«,  it 

Siititi,  dangiroai,  SOO 

Soiiiila,  -tncriptian  ol  ih*,  39S;   firMtOM  tt 

llic.  449 
Sc1aratk«.  dfKn|jti»n  of  the,  191 
Siciil*  Mrnulam.  tlia  tffnl  of,  499 
tinlatiTM,  k  4iil  of  itaem,  and  Ibcir  moda    of 

■cliuD,  499 
Seirafiu  Dujor  maMlo,  dtanijitiDn  of  th«,  144, 

9S8 
tilllllwH  boon,  ulminblp  uu  of.  in  obviating 

ttMnwoD,  9*01  IntUat  ot,  493 
SttOMb   DMd*  o(  loliBluciiiCt   *^^i   «■••■    in 

wbich  ihtf  n«  Indjcaicd^  4G9;  C0rn|iaHiu)D 

kM«wn  tbtin  uid  rvurla  and  blialon,  4GB 
Shai^-lxma,  tha,  369 
^Htlaml  puf.  ducTiptioa  of  Ibt,  106 
Bb'ua,  ma^  STt 
Stini  tb*  «Biicam.Mal*<l,  col  at,  434 ;  Jacrfbad 

■nd  rMomrotndtd,  4S4-,  tlitiDumtt  Id  whicb 


III*  old  sua  •houlJ  Id  lakra  oK  430;  lb* 
I«1t)ii(on  of  the  ihiif.  431;  it  thonU  b* 
llllcd  la  Iha  foot,  imd  hoi  ibo  fnodailMahM, 
431;  dnchptlonof  the  bind(f,439i  tb«Mi- 
Itlonl,  or  ODD  llite  lailod  iboe,  49S;  lb*  W 
hbc*.  437;  tbo  tip,  438i  iha  badlll«,4a7( 
(bo  jf^ntnt,  or  txpuiiion,  438 
Sboe;nf.  not  ntiHuidj  pnducllt*  cf'eMlrae- 
lion.  410;  pnpantion  of  ttia  dot  for,  4M, 
tbo  pnhcipln  of,  430 
Short- licdied  lunwa.  vboo  lalnablf.  H 
Shualdor.  aiialotntcal  doKilplJOB  ef  tht,  399; 
(laniini!  dincli'in  of  Ibc  kdnot^Mat,  399; 
wbnn    rt  ihoulrl   b*  oUiqtMi  and  nbw  op- 
riKlil.   361 ;    iiiraln  «f  tba.  9£3i  luncMa. 
niiihud  if  iKHtuniiig.  SUj  tntltn  tllin, 
449 
SbuiiMi-r.hliflr.    maai^W    of   tb*,    399j    tihj 
nniud  ifl  ilw  cbnt  \>f  muarla  liaat,  M; 
Invar   luna    of    tlii^    ileacripUon   o^    Ml: 
inuKlBarfIh*,9S9 
fihj'ini,  Ih*  pnlabl*  cann*  nf,  IG9.  913;  trait- 
niml  of,  919;  ea  (xamB|[ool  of  UmiuU*, 
dg*criptinn  at,  516 
SLi)*-ban«,  or  a«lScaliaa  of  lb*  cwtPifN^  41< 
inilt-lii]*,  dMcrtptLoa  id  tbc.  456 
Sgbt,  lb*  acute  MOM  of.  Id  lb*  hsiM^  IM 
SiXtBt,  th«  nitnl*  of,  M)  Meilioel  cuMkv  ITS 
Sinic tut.  retommcniiaitlaii  of,  348 
Slifaiia,  ■nalmcnt  of,  999 
Sktliton  it  ibt  han«.  daKripIlon  of  U*,  140 
Skin,  anatomiral  dracripiioa  o'  tbo,  34t;  hn^ 
tioD  and   am  of  il,  U4t;  pofv  of  it,949: 
wbon  Iho  inimiJ  ia  in  btalib,  b  atlt  «m 
oIjuIIc  943;  colour  of  lb* akin, 949 1  Udc 
boond,  949 ;  diMUM  of  tb*  iUb,  MS 
Skull,  uiitotnlei]    taoitption    «f    Itm,    IMj 
Kcbad  tina  of  tb*  mot;  190;  fnCUtn  4r 
Iba^  1(8,444 
I>niilhfiald  narlnt,  tarlj  uteDiit  of,  5T 
SledftH.  talcaktion  of  lb*  dr*D|bl  of.  548 ;  It- 
acriplioQ  of  tba  OMokaaiilD  aod  ■*•  ef,  549; 
whoie  inon  Bdnntag*on*  lb*a  •k*«K  ••' 
Khoro  nr/  dindnnUEvn*.  990;  «al(ak> 
tioQ  of  ibt  powvi  of,  990;  Uxh  »dnBt*(*  it 
iraTcllinj;  mtr  ic*  vmI  uidw,  390)  Cijd 
miiu.  (0  aiiRAiTil  ottb*,  591 
8IJpHn£  tb*  «]liar,  ntnt^j  fcr,  916 
Sni'll.  Iho  uiut  acJ  ical  of,  IST;  tvij  *Bal* 

in  tb*  burw,  197 
Sniitiut.  ill..  Iiit  adiooKjr  of  dEjfin(,  348 
&ap,  111  n>B  in  lertrinii;  pfanl»,  449 
Suda.  clilorlJo  of,  it*  ua*  ia  ulcn,  4VS;  isl 

pliiti  of,  496 
Sola. Ih* honif, daerlptini  d^USS;  daaoMi^ 
398;  pnptr  fona  of,  998;  mMMfMntol  d, 
In    ihocinc,  399;  in  t«ulUTct40l;  Mt  M 
Inlhcr.  Ihdr  nic,  498 
Solaaiini  importoii  bono  from  Etjpt.  * 
Sort'lbroat,  ■jmptamiBDd  tfWUMU  it,  IM 
SoundnHB.  conaiela  in  llion  bNBC  M  diaoM  (t 
■llanlinn  of  atriMlar*  Uul  4Hia  or  la  llkdij 
to  iuiplc  tb*  otafalMHcf  lb*  bane,  ftlTi 
tonaiJend  «itb  nftroM  U  Out  f«Mpl 
eaoM*  of  Bnaaanfc^i  918 
lioulb  Americao  hjtm,  dtMrittion  *f  it,  tUf 
nianapmuit  ctf  il,  3S 


ISDEX. 


KT 


m 


TE* 


I 


I 


SfaumuJic  culic  nalur*  and  ln*tfi)nl  Of*  331 

S|«nni  bliKi],  ilx  iiMur*  and  MatOMal  of,  SBBi 

it  utiuiuiiiluBM.  SSti  bog,  eiiiM,  utiin  taS 

ImtiHDI  sr,  388^  bona.SSS;  vhj  iratil'*}'* 

•cmnpuitd  lij  bnwnui,  3SBi  U  uniound 

■MM,  531 

SfBtuMd  htna,  Ih*  klnj  of  work  tlisf  m  u]b 

*Uisr,SBO 
Tij— I  of  lb*  bona  nnrincn  npiJ  dlminmisn 
«r  pawer,  MS;  cna  timg  of  Ul>"ur.  l)ir  mtct 
tdranugwiu  fmfimiao  ef,  &39 — i'l  I  i  ili4 
MfridM  of  th*  ham  in  «ulHTuiirin|;  to  ob- 
lUd  it.  ftU 
SpwIr-rat.WRni'it  of,  371 
Spbnoii  boot,  dMcHg/ion  of  Ihn,  ISO 
fljiinalu  dona  aiiurl^  clmfripEJun  of  lbe»  S6S 
Sp>e*,diBCriii(isnorOi«.  349i  fnclan  of,  44G 
Sflma,  dMcripliaii  iif  iht,  S 1 9  ^  dlMUc*  of  lli*.  336 
Spladua  iiidm]i,  d«KTi|«iaii  of  tb«.  33T 
SpliDt,MtmaBdtnainaitot.970;  wbm  ««a- 
■UtdllDit  aniouniiiMH.  Mi;  bonn,  duciip. 
Um  «f  lb(,  370 
8[ndn  «f  tlu  buk  wooiri.  Inattnml  of.  373; 
MOMIiMN  Nqal»N0ling,  374 1  *nj  t«ni«ii. 
Id(  thkhmiiiK gmitltBtw  nuoaDdma.  iO; 
■pnio  oitbo  •linuldn.  363 
8jvim  ilMl-Tinl,  'hg  fata  of  Ituliaa  lilnt- 

InMdbf.&Sa 
SfiriBn  H  eirriicM.  IbMi;  of  thoir  tttrrt,  368  -, 
•ilk  MBM  nioddeaiiaiu  mlglil  bo  idniiiid  to 
lb*  bMTiol  wigtOM,  6*9;  fnM  idioai*; ■■ 
of,  ia  npid  tnnJIlBE.  Saa;  gnNbopper.  do- 
■rtpliDTi  of.  SG3;  C,  dlmltBiiUeio  of,  S69 
)i^pltr,  llio  tnrionl,  II 

'  Mn,  d*ik.  ui  ocnuioiul  (WIH  of  inlLm' 
■>ltw  iif  lbs  070,  IVii  bit  *nd  foal,  m  f». 
qMrt  «■  of  inflimnxiinn  of  tlia  ot^  lEIlt; 
Alio.  IsREh  ItlU:  diiu,  cludan.  SOS,  SO*; 
tboold  b*  iiCK'.  nim|arHJ  viik  tba  agmlwof 
bocw^  12S]  Uit  iziHi4(*iiiU]i  of.  too  macb 
airiwaJ  bj  tb>  oKiHi  d'  Ihi  IiDnt.  1S3;  tb« 
culu  of  ohonld  Ix  {'luloml,  If  thcrs  n  ■ 
loftaEoT*!,  ISSj  Uniibl  ba  w  coaUiitd  IhU 
iIm  dtIm  will  ran  off  lii;  tbo  lUllt  iliould 
aN  ha*B  loa  mu.-b  dicJint;.  126i  ibuaM  bo 

fittuwi,  MomMh,  qapMiro.  rtiur.  lud  Imt- 
■nnl  «r,  IW.  IMi  otMif,  (jniptami  and 
tmtuat,  170.  IJli  outl,  ajniptam*  and 
tn«Bdwl.  17« 

BbfajclinfeiabnaMUdtraaUMiit  oif,  &3«i 

SuHioii,  daaoiptioo  of  Iba  pnmr,  fur  bnndiae, 
IM 

IBaiiifl'iil.  tiea  Ent  alabliahBl  at.  63 

Smcb,  aMfnl  ■■  •op«yiirt*t>w>,  49S 

SMi-|>Hr,  tba^  138 

StaMBCiaih  confulMa  of  llto,  vltb  Uw  awt- 
tkaa  «fMttMl|Dwor  OD  nilmn,  U3;  mn- 
ln«nnM&  Sn^  uculiUono/  ibo  u|caar. 
Ml:  Hidl,  hiw  litlia  idraDUga  in  tiptuM 

OTtf  OOfN  pOMVt  ftSS 

B»npli  *Mi.  iwtiiiHw  «ni  woawa  rf  it.  IT 

BtvniB,  ar  lirwWVw*.  aaawi|i«ka  cf  Iba^  S43 
8Uaa,da>cfiplMrflhii,«ni  qniirftbt,384 
Sbn*!^  tb*  indwt,  II 


Sl9ini(^b,   dwcrijilinn  nf  1b>,  313,  314;  nr; 

MEtuIi  (11  Ihi  biuar.  314;  rupLiirA!,390;  pump 

nmmmanded  in  agiiiplrif .  1 43 
Slooo  in  tba  tiUddar.  >f  lapUxsa  and  tnaluwdl 

of.  HO;  kldnoy.  339 
8tapplnK>.  tho  bMt  eompalClm  of,  lud  Ibtir 

gnmt  OH.  4»T 
Slraddlcn,  whsli  ao  ctlttd,  dueriplion  of,  663; 

objctlion  lo  thoRi,  663.  mulliud  uf  erading 

tba  U«  MDcaniing.  663 
Strain,  nciforni  and  couiaDi  ja  dnnghl,  b«d 

CDnHqagnoaa  of,  S43 
SlranKlM.  ifmptoinaaiid  ttMlmont  of,  334;  dia. 

tiiUniibKl  from  lUadon.  306 ;  tbi  im|arlaiic« 

at  bll>tBin|[  oulir  in,  SU 
Stnatatf,  pradoc*]   b;  bliaterin;.  4t3i  Inal- 

ninil  of.  463 
Siraibarry  tior>«.  aruunt  of  tli«.  34S 
S(rln;lh>lL  nalura  uf,  183;  ia  dKidnll  j  uiuounil- 

neaa.  U6,  S2S 
SiruFlDn  it  tho  horia^  impoiianet  of  akaoii- 

lode*  of,  144 

Strrchnia.  nci^Duiit  of,  496 
StvEu-niuillaria  moacK  daacriptionof  Ilia.  199 
till bl instill  (■lanJ.dncrlptios  o(tbo.334 
tiuli>iuii]1u7  ctandv  dacilptloa  of  ifao.  SS3; 

sriarj,  ducriplion  of  Iba.  300 
Sub-uapuJu  lijuidaoa  ntucla,  dawriptioD  of  Um, 

199 
Sofljlk  punfh,  daacripiiiiR  uf  iha,  n^  hooMtj' 

and  oonlbuanct  1/  llx.old  braad,  M 
SD^ar  of  loid.  iu«  of.  490 
SvlliTan,  tha  Iriih   KMapanr,  anacdalaa  of  Ma 

pottvr  17*1^  iho  hur9«.  603:  ilia  ^DoBgcr.  ilid 

ant  iobiril  the  powm  of  bii  falbor,  antcdula 

flfiiiii.  sua 

Salplial*  of  coppor.  ui«  of  la  (•Mriaarr  prac- 

tin,  464i  iruo.  4i1,  nMcnaali.  401;  tloe. 

•4*8 
Salpdnr.  an  anattnnt  altaralira  and  incTodiHit 

in  all  applicalioaa  lor  diuv*,  496 
Sammarioc  of  tha  tanaitr,  eanaidantian  of,  M 
Sarlail,  dMcriptioo  and  Iraaltatal  of,  8M  i  im- 

portanca  of  blaadrng  in.  330 
Saafuaiiij  llgamam,  boautlfnl   macbiaiini  of 

Uia.376;  raplnio  of  ibo.  37.1 
Susponaoi;  muwlo  uf  tlior|a,  dtaerlpliaBaf  tba, 

166 
SvaJIqwiiijf  wiilinat  GTiadin^.  511 
Sirolith  bntf.  dHorijilino  ef  tho,  61 
ftvilM   l>|p,    isuaa  and  InatmMil  of,  393 ; 

iridal    f:i.^Eieullj     cmoacUd    with    dabi^y, 

StraaOftaal.  datcriptlOD  tfllM,  SIB 
SjiofUSMM  urnnt,  imaiftlM  of  1^  )S3 


k. 


TAtU  vulaatf  of  th*.  US:  bulnr*  tf  that 
44Bi  diDdtiag,4M|  Biokb^  467 

Tar,  iu  DM  ia  nCariaafj  >not>t*,  497 

Taita,  a  BMritiaa  aad  bnllliT  food.  I3< 

Tailar,  own  af.  4*3 

Tartanu  bofM,  daacriflaaa  of  Uh<,  M 

Tatuaa  bova,  daairipcioB  of  Iba^  34 

Tram,  diaailvanla^n  of  dnajfht  in,  1  iplajail. 
i37  ;  i)iair  utiiinl  ]ia«ar  iiol  a>iVa)  lo  Iba 
MlcukUon  uf  to  tun;  liorrta,  997 


S8>t 


IM)EI. 


TU 

TcM»,  lhei«ef«llon  nod  Mtnr*  of  l)i«h  IM; 
liaw  ccn*t;(J  19  lb«  na»,  IMIi  ■oiigaliniM 
iihtil  I17  Ihs  tions  from  pun  buI  gfief.  ISS 

TMlh,  dewriptinD  nf  iha,  lu  coDDWUd  irlth 
iita,1l3l:  *t  birih.aah  I  ni"nthi,V^3:  II 
manihf.  333;  IS  muull^i,  213;  ih*  Iront 
lomsllmn  (milird  oul,  thU  tha  n*l:t  [«ir 
iFiij  Monnr  »|>p*»r.  ird  Iht  lior»  tt«n  lo  b» 
older  ihiii  hi  It,  SUI;  3  r»'^  ^^4.    »} 

j«n,  S!6^  6  T«r>,  UV7:  7  Jonns  33)1:  8 
;■*».  !!S;  clirniRc  of  tlio,  331.  rnntiipl  nf 
lli*,Saa;  IrrtKulnf,  inFimvi-nidicr  unii  riiine"r 
or.  330;  miTk  of  llir,  333  i  fnud*  ptuclinul 
ivitlir*tpki'lIoIhr.I31|  diMU«"f,330 

T'Uipif  dcnolnl  b;  Ibg  fjr,  IftS;  ii]  tli*  uc, 
tC4 

TfHipcrature.  Doddim  rhmti;!!  of,  iiijarinua  In  ill 
efoct,  m 

Ttmponil  bonn,  dMrri[ilion  et  iJw,  I4S 

TdiifoTn  of  lh»  l»e,  870 

Ttlnnut,  Fj'iiiiiluiii]^  i-aucii  and  ttuilnuat  of, 
178 

Thowtiari  liuriH*,  tcCOUl  o(,  10 

Thii^k  Hind,  nalon  and  trMtment  c-t,  396; 
Dnan  fuund  in  nund'cliMled  lionci.  397 

Thi(h  aiid  lunnth  b-ni»»,  dfjcripllon  of,  383; 
(Mrm  uf,  'tS3;  should  ba  loij>;  and  muacaUr^ 
383;  dbi:rtptLon  of  lE>e  muAclo,  of  tho  maldo 
nf  lh»  up]«[  l»no  <'f.  383.  do.  of  the  ouuide, 
383i  in«hui)e«l  Datculatlsn  v(  tbnr  pontr, 
S!T 

Tbaniuitb'brfd  bona,  ihe  qailitjp  of,  hu  oM 
(Itltneraled,  (i7 

Thniougti-pLTi,  tlif  nBlar*  and  InatnifOt  of, 
.1S4;  IS  nol  untcnindnsH,  3113 

'I'liruih.  Dalurs  tnd  tnslmont  of.  4$S  1  tha 
(onuqooni'i!.  miliar  ihan  itin  tuai  of  con- 
InuIiiMi.  4S4|  ita  wriom  natim  aod  «aiif». 
qoVDca  l]"l  fiiffidtflntlv  cotiiiidar*d,  434  i 
coutilutn  untountlniu,  A33 

Thyroid  oarlilagtofllii  wiudpipa,  daacripLion  of 

ihai,  9i7 

Tihia,  i.vDonI  of  Iha,  393,  368 ;  fraclurt  uf,  43* 
TiorluKM,  atfnum  of  tli*  bear,  49T 
l'i{«.  dvKFigiilun  and  uie  of,  438 
Tobaiwii.  wlitn  uinl,  4i)7 

TonglWi  analamT  of  Ihr,  33 1 ;  liiicaaH  of.  33li 
UaddcTB  aloDR  the  andec  pat:  uf,  132 

Toidoi,  BD  «e«iDnt  of  iba  bnl,  497:  (hair  liM 
ttbi  dangrr  in  Tcteriimrj  pra«I]»,  497 

TogrkoniaD  hom.  dMcnplien  of.  30 

Tonloii,  Ilia  mwle  uf  uiltalion  by,  351^  for- 
nfa,  deasriplim  of,  3}? 

Trana.  the  dirrotim  of  Uinp.  nrj  impottaat 
in  dtaogbt,  341,  S43i  pn>|«r  aniile  of  Ihf, 
SIS  I  lb*  pro|*ir  inclinalion  •  f  tbeta,  d(f*nd- 
ing  on  llm  kind  nf  hum  aad  the  road,  343: 
iHf  ab^tulii  I4  ihdiEin]  Hf>nEiHjird  on  rovgii 
nade,  i*3;  iiidlnv'l  dsirnxiird.  the  um*  aa 
throwinjt  a  part  of  tha  irvi^ht  on  tba  abftfta* 
S42{  diNctiDD  uf  Ihain  ranlj  alitndaJ  t>^ 
!i4$i  Iha  inoiiar  of  aSIiinj;  ibeui  ia  Soath 
Ainarica,  btS 

T>Mb(a,at  «ii>l)spa,  daaoriptJoD  of,  taSi  io- 
BamniBiionaf.lBT 


TlBOlMMmnf,  4TS;  o|«nittnn  iiT.  473 
Traotloa,  Iha  binw  of,  illstnlad  ^  nGmnttU 

tbaiprbg  aWalj'atd^BSSi  lb*  ivaiar  liaa  si, 

mj  Important  In  dfiDitbt,  S4T 
Trapnlnm  bone,  deMii{ilii]n  of  Iba,  3tT 
Tnielling.  diffurtnl   rata  tt.  at  difbrniE  tioiaa, 

94:Tum[iariion  of  rapM  and  (Im>,  MO 
Tread,  nalure  and  tnatninttef,4IS;  oftasfta- 

dntine  eand -crack  or  qoltlot,  415 
TiedKold,  Mr,,  hii  co»<priHD  af  moiriDg  po«r 

in  dianeht,  340 
Tripi^ine,  an  inTtterite  htUi,  SIS 
Tmrbanin  of  the  tbi|;b,  deaerlptko  t4  tlie,3U 
Trwhirarig  mawK  a,e.  1Q7 
Troi  trr,  Iha  porfotriunce  of  tha  hcdiM;  ai.  SO 
Troltini:.  truel  eihibilioni  at,  91;  MtioM  oftb* 

linraa  dntliTE,  339:  pwittOD  af  tb*  Uoibt  in, 

unfuiEhfuE]^  reprMantad  in  Iba  SIgin  lltftbl*^ 

and  Ilia  I'humli  of  St.  Muk,  333 
Turbinated  bonnn,  dcucriptiaii  of  tha.  ItT 
I'urklili  hone,  dMriijiilnn  of  Iha,  9C 
I'nrner,  Mr.  'I'.,  nii  elippinc,  MS 
Turnip*,  coniidcml  a>  an  artio!*flF  Riod.  I3T 
Tuipeniine,  the  boat  dmrrlu,  336i  a  aatfti  ka> 

^rnllent  in  niafi)'  ninliiianla,  4ST 
Ttuheo,  ilejcfipticin  of  ihe,  136 
T»>ich,  dMCiiplioit  of  Iba,  4ST 


ULCERS  ia  Iha  rnoulb,  tnaijnaM  of,  SOT, 
Sai,  333 

Dloa,  daacrlplioD  of  iba,  364 

Dngnlcnlala,  a  lilba  of  nnlnula.  139 

Vngulata.  a  triba  of  animali,  130 

DnIlalenJ  ahaa,  433 

DiiaoondMiii,  eomractlon  4oaa  Mt  ilamjt  ama 
il,410i  baJne  diacnamred,  lb*  Milmal  AaaU 
ba  lenderad.  334i  dlllo.  bnt  Iba  tesde*  arm- 
tarn  ont  leEnll;  ntaaaHj,  334;  tba  batM 
m*y  be  rrlninrd  and  x^ion  ttfiHigbt  Ited^ 
prrciaiinn  in  inino,  but  Ihia  IM  aJiiaakb^ 
M4;  medical  maaui  may  ba  adaplrd  (*c«n 
Ibo  bunx,  tliey  are.  honern,  baliar  datlinal. 
Int  in  aa  unfinuniia  lbdo  «f  tba  «■■■  lb*} 
ahonld  ba  inierij>iMentnl.  314 

tFulaadinaia,  wliiUi  mnaniinc,  rtardjCgr,  Mt 

Urina,  albaminoiiH.  339 ;  biwdj,  39t 


VASTUS  maKlr,  dncrij^linn  of  tl^  US 
'      V'alinn,  tha  obeliik  id  Iba,  oanad*  MR 

nf  innTiiie  ii,  .134 
Vebii'W  of  draaiibt,  oompariain  of  tba  bo« 

3«S,  e67 
Viina,  daaariplian  of  Iha,  303;  inllai^BUiM  J 

Iha,  tmlinaat  of,  341 
VeWii;,  tatoalalion  of.  &39,  SIO 
Vena  (uilanim,  Ihi^  318 
Ventilallen.  lui{iirlaiia  tt  allawlaa  lo^ia  ■!>• 

blaa,  133 
VantlSiia,  an  unnriaiu  me^na,  «haa  giiM 

lDt«rMllf,  484 1  ■  nuU  oaiwUt^  4S4 

Vemla,  atoonnt  of.  337 

Vrr.ibr*,  tha  doCHl  wl  Iwnbv,  S4« 
Verlebialel  aioiuh  «tM,  199 
Vice*  al  boraai,  anowit  of  ibe,  KB 
VvMUt  to  daaa,  a  bad  babU  UlM  ibaaU  ba  1 


INDIUC. 


tn 


I 


va 

fiMrrd.  8I0|  10  ibiir,  •  Ini]  biblt   tliat  mij 

kh«  be  conqutred,  MO 
Vintpr,  id  ■>•  in  rrt«riu»T  piwlin,  479 
Vtoa*.  Ur..  tii>  (u*  of  th*  Spwitb  tijr  ia  ffu)' 

Vipn,  uiaunt  of  lb*  biu  of,  498 

ViUM,  Umst  of,  161 

VltrNOi  haiDouruE  tli<*f«,ircnautiif  Ib>.  IAS 

VUda),  blw,  UH  sT,  ia  roUiinuj  lumclicv,  434 


WAOGON  ban*,  lb*,  lOO 
■'  Wtfgniw,  intRiur  l:grui  (luj  lie  ohJ  Id 
(bem,  conipand  villi  orLi,  SGS  :  bnmu 
dnwinj^  cut  »>  t>li|[ueit  •*  In  ouU,  SGS; 
Nqoir*  fiirtr  drinn.  enil  en  nuE  (o  liible 
to  aecidttiktB,  £G£;  «Jlb  infmor  nmia  Ant) 
ord^iiarf  liusd  prtferuble  lo  ctLrU,  &C5;  itiUi 
kric*  fiuul  nliHli,  «JnDti^>  of.  i&l;  pir- 
licubrlf  wilb  t'o  bunw  abrnut,  frSt ;  rriwin 
•rbf  ib(r  hen  man  ilnught  Uun  Ido-wIimM 
tefM.B66 

Valkliit  moTMieDt  uT  ita«  kpi  in,  MO  i  iitrt- 
mK  miM  dnaiiii;  ■  lotd.  ASS 

Wia-«J«d  bonu.  ttbu,  1(3,  irbMbtr  tb*r  b» 

««a*  Mind.  1  <I4 
Ver-hdiH.  dmriplinii  of  lb«  unriimt,  AS 
Wairuijr,  tl>r  lonii  nf  >.  SS3.  biooli  of,  buo 
MUUidwJ.  i93  i  Du  |irl«  K  ill  mytf  il,  G33 ; 
vbn  Mtn  ie   DDne.   Ibe  •c^iifU    luu&t   bo 
bm^bl  on  j^aod  of  baud,  5S3 
Wwtf,  mMlwd  i>r  ceU  u|  rid  g(,  3fi7 
Wad^  banw,  daer>|*leii  and  tiiMiflienl  a(,  3IT 
Waqa,  tcMUMal  gf  Iba  (tin;  of,  499 
VlMm,  gnunUj    given  ue  *f«niiglr,  IM  t 
naauMDMU of  (HJ  ajouriieir.  I3U;  (litdiffv- 
*MB  In  iSHt  tMHMii  bird  and  loTt,  ISSi 
■prtn(  prtodpaUj  ii^uriniDii  au  awoudI  of  lU 
cmMu»*,I30;  BluOKih  orlll<lwi«•,lh^  3IT 
Walw  bn7.  Utui*  uu)  IthUimL  of.  SI4 
Walw  OMttiTaim,  usiIIm**  ■/  pmer  nagoind 
M^   MS  :   f«BtU»»  la,  incnaaw  willi  ili« 
■^oan  of  (b«  trlnutj,  MS:  |Kiii(r  Is  ii*  h- 
tnid  M  ioorMM*  aa  Iba  cgba  ul  lb*  wludlf , 
M» 

WaMF'dfcp'o^  t  jmJHDUU*.  4VD 

Was  aaei  laihitft:^  and  fUtlflr*,  4dS 

WMkMi*  ol  lb*  lool,  irbal.  417 

WoaiiEC  iodieatifiE  an  imUble  Umpet,  and  M 
mm  far  il,  6IT 

W«(bi|  (akuUiiuu  of  ih*  ponir  <if  tbe  bune  to 
■nnaina,  SS.  £34.  S38 

WeOalay  Anbiin,  mcouue  of  Ih*.  73 

Witfab  )«f ,  dowriploD  of  tbe.  1 04 

VfaMt,  aoMcrad  aa  foal  t.,r  ibe  bariK.  133, 
137;  lacaomiKaH  and  dm^  gf  ii,  133 

Wlwda,  lb*  printli^  on  whifh  thrj  ad  «• 
fUnod,  U7;  «aKt  rftMWtiojt  ttig  diani^ 
tirof  ibt^BTOi  BO  Hwrt  «f  tha  lima  af  Ihrir 
iDTcDiiia.  iii  1  •(skad,  known  to  Umiit, 
Hi;  liuia  im^ruTtuienl  gf  Uu  priilipU  rf, 


zro 

from  iIji  Corliul  liniH.  iFiS:  piincipb  «(.  on 
B  Wei  aurfaor.  G6G ;  tboot';  of  Iba  ttfitt  of 
friolion  atUnding  thttn.  5iT;  friction  of  on 
tbe  ailD,dof«itdeiit  oti  Iho  material  Hiplojad, 
Af^T;  ?0Daid?nlKi1  ol  tbe  vurioui  foruji  of. 
A^%i  dLihin/  irf,  deacntwj,  .'iGlf;  advauLi^ra 
ef,  &eu,  nuikal  and  fill,  calcolUloD  tatneen 
th*  tUnlM  of,  SG9.  371;  obliqiul)'  plaad,  ill 
cotiM^gviiON  of.  361  ;  urrao  and  bctud, 
eoniimiiea  IjotirMn.  SCOi  conieaL  ilnDe* 
difna  of  friMlea  and  dncglui:  with,  titil 
tiardliDit  fiiuUlaiw.  96  li  oylindrial,  lb* 
bent  tiirta,  861 ;  dnEtijiiion  of,  and  {irajMr 
ruandlnit  of  Ibe  Bl|[*a.  563;  bnt  iiiOuamad 
b;  ibe  etata  of  ibo  road,  963:  bind,  iibould 
(ollu*  tbe  praciM  trade  of  lb*  for*anni,&G3i 
C(ill>idct*4  u  M  ibeii  (llcul  on  Ibe  luml.  SG3i 
■inddloi*,  dMcrlpUtn  ui,  uJ  ilwic  eScft, 
M3i  proper  bimdib  of.  In  pn>|uniaii  tu  ihe 
l.>ad.9<!4,  wiibMit.iri«Mi<«.B64iainor, 
£64:  ajraulage  of  Utft  (not  one*,  &G4; 
Bbould  haTe  Elie  ipokce  «0  Amnged  >a  to  pre- 
HDI  tli«iuicl>e»aKaliiiitliegnaWilfin«,S63 

Wliwwr.  uoioiind,  S19 

Whip,  acrUAtomin^  llir  ruU  1o  llri^  115 

Whipping,  gound,  cruellf  of.  98 

Wli»i«n>r,  tbe,  UKdolea  of  bit  pmw  Met  th* 
bur.1.  91)3 

Wblilki,  uouiuiid,  91tl 

U'tiili  'I'u'li,  aovniil  uf  Ibr,  64 

\('lilta  load,  \ua  of,  490i  •iiriol,  ila  nee  ia 
»ri«iiii»ij  pr«tiM.  4S8 

Wild  botie.  ilacriptiuu  gf  ilie.  34,  37 

WUIIiin  Ibe  Cunqueror.  iiuptiiriiiwul  t&elad  la 
ibe  KciKliib  bine  li;  biui,  36 

Wind,  brokaD,  ulure  and  traatnuil  of,  MTi 
£.illi,d»orit>tUin  and  KMdniMI  at  878 1  dlUc^ 
Duouudneae  irbeq  tbe;  oaUM  lanMmM,  or 
M*  likiljr  to  do  •«,  S33i  thkh,  unin  and 
Imlmonl  of.  S06 

WinilpiF^  ilMcrii^inn  cf  Ibci  XSSt  abould  ha 
ptuouuent  nod  Ium,  339 

VTiad-ewbiiy ,  natar*  of,  nnd  itOMdf  for.  91S 

Wiibn,  danaipiioii  of  U>%  SAOi  bigh,  adraniage 
of.  331  i  Eelakn*.  IraalsMot  vl,  MH 

Wink  of  Um  biina,  tUsuld  not  (mad  lii  honn 
]■(  disn,  S3S 

Wiume,  dllTmnt  kituli.aod  Maluiest  of,  331 

Wuuuda  in  Ibi  fed,  InaUnaol  of,  41V 

V  ENOPUOX,  Ul  ttmat  of  tbe  bocs^  It 

VCI-LOWS,  ijinptoaii  and  InatniMl  tl  tb«| 

Tew,  tbi  loans  of,  poieraoiu,  49V 

^INC,  ill  ni*  in  aieiliciM.  498 

"     ZvuliiEiUil  ckwiliBBtiau  oF  tbe  horw,  107 

Zjifmialie  aicb.  noaoa  of  tbe  Blrmg  atuuitfc 

tuA  111  lilt,  147 
ZjiEWUtitiu  tuwc]*,  daeuipliau  cttijt,  ISft 


LOJlKttti    nlTTtV    ST 


Fin  On  VoLina,  Sto.  witk  Git  lucmuTioaa  nngntTixI  on  Wool,  prio*  IS*,  clolh, 

A   TREATISE 

ox 

'horse-shoeing  and  lameness. 


JOSEPH    <3-AM<*EE. 

Vkiwhskuit  SraamH,  romiEBiT  LiCtuukn  ox  Tna  Paixnri.K*  Axn  Piucnoi  or 

FtBUOIIIT    IH    Tint    N'HW    VXIHBIIUUT    C>ILL>I)E.    KtllMlllTklin, 


PABTL 


Ion. 

L  tu  Komi  bud  Poiidliou. 
lIloFou!. 


'(i«OM. 


PAIIT  II. 
On  LuaHBH. 
t.  PwllBi'imy  DbHrmtnu  on  laiimniM 

IlL  DHoriBtWa  0*  ■»■  Bt  ihkfaauOafml  San- 
?'^y-jl.™g"L**fth.''gP'g''?-'^"?''* 

*v'  STnlii^^?^*^***' 
nl  Il«£!ta  at  ^an«L_  mardod  in  nlMUm  ta 
,  AADtkm  «f  ih*  PcM. 


Vol  lllin|tri|Ji»ii»for  ltd  PMJ  ■nil  tin  Ihif. 
%  fiiiM  ■ImmiIiii  III  lliiii|Tilii«  rrii  Mil 

'Look  in  our  alniiU;  niniult  nwrniri  iir  hiir>i»i,  miil  vhit  it  (he  mull  t  L«in«D«n,  (ha 
eMnmon  effoct.  which  (lkniu;»  anJ  dntruyi  uior*  liorics  thou  «ll  (ho  oUier  diwuM  put 
lomTthui  bi  ohicb  the]'  iru  lulilc,  Thf  cnuw  ■■  had  KhonnK  i  Ui*  mnnSy  miut  b*  ituod 
rtudnii.'  This  ratrniTl  frnm  ihi-  lirat  RliajilTr  roav«ya  Ibi'  pith  ot  the  Aulhor'i  inqobT'  into 
(b«  Mim  of  JUVS.TSIU  in  llOlitc\  aiiil  thdr  remftl^.  lie  hM  irHlal  (ho  raMwI  idM* 
rifleiltr  mi  |inctiCAllv.  giving  'Oii  nniutta  of  tli*  ■tud^  uixl  iiWrvXioiu  of  nfly  yMH, 
iwtiiMillj  «|ii  nr  in  lh«  prn-lio"  nf  ihi>  n<[rriiu>nr  art— tli«  prrnnitiun  k\A  «imof  lunciMWi 
Ktf  vaan^  whick  oninprUa  ptriaiU  at  apDroKlWiIp,  papUagv-pnatin,  ud.  \mm\j.  of  pnodM 
OBntoiMd  wMli  teadiiiif{.'  Tlio  hUlory  m  hilr«»  nhn^n^  liia  firm  »ai  taactiont  at  Ihr  hom^a 
Ibat,  anil  tvrry  bnnch  o(  the  nt  of  making,  flUiOA  and  apptjriiu  hoiw-vtaom^  ara  (n«l«>l  in 
vpcntn  clisiilcri  of  Ihs  tott  port  of  (he  worii.  Vtxt  II.  it  ipwlallT  ikTotnl  to  Lurncei 
Kumcfniti  wiiulniu  illuatnU  tti*  tsxt.  which  ia,  no  fiir  ■■  ]viMil>]<i.  frun  fniin  tnehntcal  azpna- 
aluoi^  and  ulapi^-l  to  iiutrnct  the  ^Hignl  puUio  aa  Wfll  a*  vaturinary  targtaot  and  hon»> 
I  on  ■  laaiict  at  to  Ditch  natiooal  oonocRi  ai  the  Creedom  (Mm  lameneai  of  boMfc 


iraisaDii  Mr.  Q.iaii»'>  tmtUfc 
_  ,  _. jB*  aD  ths  AuvoBM  It  <in>«rT*L  Bad 

I  M  ■■•  II  Id  lb*  liauila  el  tna  wvitaat 

U  Oa  UDlud  KUudDm.  aa  wall  a*  *nri 

jh*  MuaOiiv  «  artdaBlv  anrs 

aSiiiiaiain  and  Innr  iwuinal  tivt- 

_-_al  to  aeaoil  ooiUDnn  KaWi     Tba 

miiiaiailiiiii  an  aoaiaTOU  and  owallaat.  In  a*«n 
ttaunaa  ^alptni  tb  aiplaUi  tba  tait  and  aon<~  ~ 


In  lamouaa— hov  Umanau  niHWU  (b*  v<o«sl 


I  naantna'^ 


(li««s(  nuH*  elnnr  to  II 


X 


I  tODWWrt 
TwWa 


'Mr,  <lia«a,  a  rMann  la  ntutnav  wlaaoa 

ftwaawfMaonaharinhaar.twtoflnWBWlga 
iwrfaB.  ^^M  oklwt  ba  k  ihoMt^bfr  iBOMaiKC 

tana  jSaToB*'*  tool,  lu  lomanS *aa(i(loai  b* 
&MH  bov  to  napan  Hia  toot  nc  tfc*  ilwa  aiuTtba 
ZMtetkalBH,  ba  MUa  tow  laaaf.tta  ahaf 
and  bM  to  £11  on.  Ha  !■■  mnWaZahMa,  mI 
wo  kH<*  aokao^a  iha  ailnlnli4F<a>amM  llnna* 
ttaaa  JfaalMi  id  U>  liawiWiMWIa  .  ftaJtta 
aba- 5SSI^™.J^^%«-{3a 


>  on  < 


■laHlillinhafTi 

■tM  took  li(l«lBadt«f  BlllMa^JitaHnaHeB 
and  «n«<aoa»^ta  A^Lort  «f«oiMnUla>  he 

dTiiiahB  VMto.  7lt  to  nau  raaiHla  a  iBBMr. 

jlnT^a  nreoMn  fad  jao*  «.  »»» 


baatUi  ot  ttan  Imrat  t  ui J  lutv  iKiir  UiiMMia  and 
lia  namaniiu  ilia  •»  M  ba  atoldM,  Kr.  Oun 


•toldM,   Mr.  Ounaa 

dSBlBlEUa  tt 

-   lalril  and 

.  ._.  opUoata 

mwojn«wS"S^ 

a  iba  ubaiA  tfiSiiMiLiHy  prahaic^a 
_  au  laiTlm  and  ownara  af  hajiai.   u  ti  a 


bM  Boe  BOfM  u  oiadaaarof  ib*  dsBiB 
hia  iDtilaM.  ,B*  hia  aa«  Uwn  all  lairi 
tvnwdr.  and  nm  neoMdad  la  our  opia 

:!sV)SroiVffid*?%;--^£:.£sa...bb 


£" 


<  oannia 


Keinnon  KnaioAi  Joeuuk 

Mmtt  wUita  Iwi    ----'-- 

aMMir  oftet  iMityih  ii  mnwbon 
mimtf  U  ■Dilp.n  iSa  f 

■o  alilin     MBWIWta 
MlTOoEaana 


u'a 


loaa  (•Siinr  (bin  iKt  aM  «■■ 

•itftcjj-asa-™^ 


Loodon,  LONGMANS  Jf  CO. 


IVETT  WORIt  on  the    DISEASES  ol   CA.XXLE. 


In  crown  8vo.  irith  numcroiu  Ulustrationii,  priac  7a.  6if. 

THE     OX: 

HIS   DISEASES  and  THEIR   TREATMENT: 

With  an  Essay  on  Parturition  In  the  Cow. 


By    J.    R.    DOBSON. 

Uuiniu  ur   tm  Hotu.  Cuujeuk   ur   VcTEnutAHT  Svnamx*. 


SEOOISTD      SJDITIOW,      T  ^O  StO  WO-HI.  Y        BBVISKD. 


H 


Sixcu  Uic  eUtxintla  work  tt  Ui«  Iitl«  Ur.  Youatt,  do  cotDplelo  btatiM  «poB  ibt 
DiHiHDs  uf  iliv  (Ji  liim  liMii  attatBplad;  And  it.  u  iii  uum*  mauxun  to  aapfjjr  thii 
di'llcii-ucjr  llu<l  111!'  Autbur  liM  nutunHl  npqn  th*  puUlitntion  of  tits  loUoiriag  liiniiit 
His  iiifurmstiou  i>  ikrired  from  nearly  AAmu  yoanc  cxpaiauM  io  oonabj  pmetie«L 

Tlio  Author  bu  cndoitTouKd,  u  foe  oj  powubls,  to  ftr<u4  tbo  om  of  (oeluik*!  Una^ 
■0  BO  to  rnndur  th<  wtirk  r>inij>ni!irn«ibl(i  to  llioM  fur  vlium  ll  U  dtioflj  «nn*n — Uw 
fiimwr  iind  >iuck.kH'ppr.  Ur  liU',  al  tbr  iuiidp  tjinu.  no  wltili  la  m«k«  '  miry  una  hi* 
(urn  cuttlr.<locitii,'  tnlJng  mnnaccd  ihut  tboac  biMt  coaBult  tbvir  uwn  intrrral*  vho  in 
all  «ase*  of  difficult;  or  duugrr.  at  anie  oxA  va  ibo  ^vi  of  the  prop<rljr.^ii«lifi«d  ^n^ 
fcuioiinl  man. 

EXTRACTS    FROM    REVIEWS. 


'To  ianDtn  and  brmltin  of  slock  tliiti 
book  will  U  of  Ki«t  utiliif,  u  in  it  all 
tli«  ilU  to  which  the  Uitido  upccioa  \» 
linblo  BM  dwcdbud  ill  IiiiiituHttu  iiiiclliKiblo 
to  all.'        MiiiiiAHD  Cooi'iH  JIkhald. 

■  Every  fnnnir  and  rtoik-krei'tr  •bould 
potMcM  bimutf  of  llti*  tivaiiii',  .  .  .  Bjr 
■U  mMu  let  iiur  hrnimit  iwd  iiock-kutp- 
Uig  MfndH  |iut  rhiH  Ufjrl  ufnij  ihiur  iHlf li^v 
rvndy  ft»r  j^^ruhJtl.'  LcirK^TKH  Aiis'^ilI'im^k, 

■  Thu  Aiiiiiiir  biit  nu  wiili  Io  Rmko  troij 
ii]iiii  hill  Dwa  mttlo-ductor  ^  bui  it  ii  for 
IIju  Iatiikt  aud  aUick-kei^r  tbol  bu  book 
ba*  bMu  rbiiiflv  «riti«],  and  il  will  ccr. 
tniuljr  DUulilc  tftum  iittuD  la  liiriilu.  wiiliniii 
prol'ewionul  iidvii.'i>,  vpia  Ibo  tr'atuiuDt 
•bicb  tbeir  liro  ituik  may  reiiuirp.' 

ATHKXXrM. 

'  III  Lho  nork  burora  iih  wrtiudnvi'iylbinit 
rriquiird  to  bi  knuwa  by  Uic  Etock-brivilcr, 
Mr.  VouBtt  wtDto  aQ  acclUnt  book,  it  ia 
tnu.upoDthiiniljccI,  l>ul  it  itnian  ndapttd 
kt  tba  vclvriiinry  •urtrvmi  ibiiii  tliu  farmnr, 
who  nijuirca  a  trcali&c  dixttul  UH  niudl 
«a  |«»ubla  of  Uchiiiod  tsims.  Il  ii  th« 
TW}r  book  to  be  in  tha  liandaof  tTcryiutrl- 
ImhuU  &Rner  in  tha  kiiuidnni,  na  it  w«ll 
BupptiM  a  daOoivDcy  vlucb  boa  long  b«t4i 
Ml.  fiuiM  Rsmaixs. 


■  A  wutk  lull  of  pracliatl  advka  to 
Januiin,  j^taiurn.  aud liniiymt^' 

ilamxuta  Van. 

'  nia  iDl^nlion  n>,  ho  lan,  la  Bak*  hit 
U;ok  caniptvliVDMbtii  bj  lli*  famar  aal 
■tuck-klwnor,  and  wa  Ihink  h«  haa  tuitf 

•  We  couaidw  tbo  work  b«fon>  ua,  IVob 
It*  cbnnicirr,  it*  nnToDieal  aiaa,  Md  tit 
Ininlvm  liuiu  miMfitofj  iMihaicalitia^ 
likclr  to  {>n>TD  vKvotioKl*  uatfol  ia  tha 
haoiu  of  btvcdtn  and  nlock-kccpMa.' 

Bku,'*  WKEKLr  HaHotxMa. 
'  Tbo  pnarDt  volume  ooslaina  iLa  noat 
nodcru  and  apjiravid  nrtbodt  uf  cuir,  cs- 
pi*(s*d  iu  ainplv  laaEuafik  natMeni  a* 
much  aa  potubla  wtUi  t«clwul  tanaa, 
wbich  ivndon  n  the  moM  ftenptabl*  to  tLt 
ftviirnl  mtdar.'    Maks  hi.**  ExriuM. 

*  Tbo  Aulbor'a  dirrciioDa  are  plaia  nd 
popubr.  Tb«  Cartattaai  stock- kct^xr.  ftr 
wluoo  tlio  work  ia  ctpa^iiv  iotandad  and  , 
*<|]i{>ii<l.  will  bnv«  DO  liovbl*  in  faUowiag 
Mr,  liuDsuN  >D  his  doMTtpIioiia,  aa  w«3  m 
in  bin  diK«tioii«,  diagouaia,  luid  pnauU- 
tioDi.  The  reunnuy  pnctittonar  or  iba 
ctiW'ktrjHiT  who  hna  DOl  Nad  Mr.  UoaauVt 
book  haa  niucL  to  Irizii  is  liia  prafaaaianai 
calling.'  Moiwuiu  Avrmmruiim. 


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%  vtU.  Smi.  viti  ta»  A/aft,  141. 

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By  the  Rev.  Geo.  IV.  C&x. 
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Alexander  the  Great. 

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The  History  of  the  Peh- 
ponnesian  War,  by  Thu- 
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Persian    War,   from    the 
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By  Rev.  G.  W.  Cox,  M.A. 

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PlxUarcL 

Revised  atid  arranged  by 
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from  the  Fomtdation  of  the 
City  to  the  Fall  of  An- 

gustultts,  B.C.  753 — AJ). 
476. 

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vale,  D.D.  Dean  of  Ely. 

IfitA  5  flfaf/,  fmvn  8«v.  ji.  M 


History  of  the  Rotnans 

under  the  Empire. 

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The  Fall  of  the  Roman 

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Encyclopedia  of  Chro- 
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and  W.  L.  H.  Cotes. 

Tlte  History  of  Rome. 
By  Wilhclm  Dine. 

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Caiiiul  EdilioH,  2  vtli.  tmutt  8t^  l&i. 

Introduction      to      the 

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Cnam  ivo.  14*. 

Socrates  and  the  Socratic 

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Life. 

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By  I.  Brunei,  B.C.L. 

WUM    Pirtrttit,     PiaUi,     and    H'toAti/l. 

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Lord  George  Bentinck ; 

a  Political  Biography. 
By    the    Right   Hon.  B. 
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Mrs.  Austin. 

Essays  in  Ecclesiastical 
Biography. 

By  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  y. 
Stephen,  LL.D. 

CtOUut  EdUitM.     CmwH  6vi>.  71.  6d. 

Leaders  of  Public  Opi- 
nion in  Ireland;  Swift, 
Flood  Grattan,  CfConnell. 
By  W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  M.A. 

Crvw*  iva.  7/.  id. 

Dictionary   of   General 

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Wellington. 

By  the  Rev.  G.  R.  Gleig, 
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Croam  8iw.  mitk  Perinat,  Jf. 

Felix  Mendelssohn's 

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sary Laws  0/  Tltmtgkt :  a 
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By  the  Most  Rev.  W. 
Thotttson,  D.D.  Arch- 
bish<^  of  York. 

Ninth  Thmmd.   Cnam  8m.  y.  &/. 

An  Introduction  to  Men- 
tal Philosophy,  on  the  In- 
ductive Mel f tod. 
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8ml  xti. 

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a  tvb.  ikv.  i&. 

^/>  IVilliam  Hamilton  ; 
Being    tlu    Phiiosopfiy    of 
Perception:  an  Analysis. 
By  7.  H.  Stirling,  LL.D. 


Ueberweg's    System    of 
Logic,     and    History    of 
Logical  Dodrines. 
Translated,  with  Noies  and 

Appendices,    by    T.    M. 

Lindsay, M.A.  F.R.S.E. 

8n>.  i&. 

The  Senses  and  the 

Intellect. 

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ofLogie,  (Iniv.Aberde^. 

Scv.  15/. 

Mental    and    Moral 

Science;  a  Competidimn  of 
Psychology  and  Ethics, 
By  A.  Bain.  LL.D. 

ThirJ  EJHien.  Cronui  Scv.  ttu.  6J.  Or 
ifMrtfh:  r^rt  I.  AttmlalSeuntt,  6t.  6^ 
Ar/  II.  Mtr^  Stirmt,  J^.  U. 

The  Philosophy  of  Ne- 
cessity, or.  Natural  Law 
as  applicable  to  Mental, 
Moral,  and  Social  Science. 
By  diaries  Bray. 

SectnJ  Editisn.    St«.  9«: 

Humes  Treatise  on  Hu- 
man Nature. 
Edited,  ji'ifh  Notes.  &e.  by 

T.  II.  Green,  M.A.  and 

the  Rev.    T.   H.   Grose, 

M.A. 

%  ot/t.  Stv.  ait. 

Hume's  Essays  Morale 

Political,  and  Literary. 
By  the  same  Editors. 

X  ivii.  StVL  lit. 

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Short  Studies  on  Great 

Sub/ecis. 

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T/te  Rev.  Sydney  Smithes 

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A    Dictionary     of    the 
English  Language. 

By  R.  G.  Latham,  M.A. 
At.D.  Pounded  on  the 
Dictionary  0/  Dr.  S. 
yohnson,  as  edited  by 
the  Rev.  H.  J.  Todd, 
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iions  and  Additions. 
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Ideas,and  assist  in  Literary 

CompfositioH. 

By  P.  M.  Rogei,  M.D. 

Crtan  Scv.  icu.  6i*l 


English  Synonymes, 

ByE.y.  irha/e/y.    Edited 
by  Archbislwp  Whately. 

Fifth  Sdi/ii/H.     Fcf.  Siw.  3/. 


Handbook  of  the  English 

Language.  Por  tlu  use  of 
Students  of  the  Universities 
and  tlte  Higlur  Classes  in 
Schools. 

By  R.  G.  Latham.  M.A. 
M.D.  &c.  latepellowof 
King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge:  late  professor  of 
English  in  Univ.  ColL 
Lond. 

rHi  XintA  etHtifn.     Omm  Sm.  6. 

A  Practical  Dictionary 

of  the  pyench  and  English 

Languages. 

By  Leon  Contanseau,  many 
years  I'remh  Examiner 
for  Military  and  Civil 
Appomtnutits,  t3V. 
r»a  Sw.  loj.  (k/. 

Contanseatis  Pocket  Dic- 
tionary. French  and  Eng- 
lish, abridged  from  Su 
Practical  Dictionary,  by 
the  Author, 

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M.A.   and  Dr.    C.  M. 

FriedliindfT. 

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yi  Dictionary  of  Roman 
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guages;   or,   the    Art  of 
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By  Thomas  Prendergast. 

^  Practical  English  DiC' 

tionary. 

By  fohn  T.  White.  D.D. 

OxoH.  and  T.  C.  Dofikin, 

M.A. 

AvOkal  frritA  DiOmutrj. 

\/m  tlnfrtu. 

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Dean  of  Christchurch-, 
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Dean  of  Rochester. 

A  Lexicon,   Greek  and 

English,  abridged  for 
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Edited,  with  fnirodtution, 
by  Rev.  G.  Butler.  M.A. 

Imjmrial fuartf,  y.  W,  mim/j  y.  tUd>, 

The  Public Scltools  Atlas 

of  Ancient  Geography. 

Edited,  v/il/i  an  JtUroduc- 
tion  on  the  Study  of  An- 
cient Geograp/ty,  by  the 
Rev.  G.  Butler,  M.A. 

Imjiariat  QuarU.  [/«  Uttfrm. 


ASTRONOMY  and  METEOROLOGY. 


The   Universe  and   the 

Coming     Transits ;      Re- 
Starclies    into    and    New 
Views  respecting  ttie  Con- 
stitution of  the  Heazvns. 
By  R.  A.  Proctor,  B.A. 

H  i/i  it  CkittI  and  33  Diagram.   8iv.  l6f. 

Saturn  and  its  System. 
By  R.  A.  Proctor,  B.A. 

StA  tnlA  14  fUta,  14/. 


The  Transits  of  yenus; 

A  Popular  Account  of  Past 
andComing  Transits,  from 
tlte  first  observed  by  Hor- 
rocks  A.D.  1 639  to  the 
Transit  of  A.  D.  aoia. 

By  R.  A.  Proctor,  B.A. 

WilkitiP'.atri  (it  Ctlttira/t  anJ  aj  Ifhtf 
eatf.     CrwH  8n>.  Si.  V. 


Essays  on  Astronomy. 
A  Series  of  Papers  on 
Planeis  and  Meteors,  Ihe 
Sun  and  SHU-sttrrounding 
Spacfy  Stars  and  Star 
CtoudUls. 
By  R.  A.  Procior,  B.A. 

WiA  toPUtemaJM  ITMnHt.    &w.  t2i. 

The  Moon  ;  her  Motions, 

Aspxi,  Scenery,  a7td  Phy- 
sical Condition, 
By  R.  A.  Proctor.  B^. 

inik  nun,  Ctarli,  lytvJaiti,  ami  Lunar 
JtthgrafAi.     CrvMiSsv.  ty. 

The  Sun  ;  Ruler,  Light, 

Fire,  and  Life  of  the  Pla- 
netary Sysfem. 
By  R.  A.  Proctor,  B.A. 

Sfit»d  EJitim.   rtata  ohJ  U'c*iiaM.   Cr, 
Siv.  14/. 

The  Orbs  Around  Us;  a 

Series  of  Familiar  Essays 

on  the  Moon  and  Platiets, 

Meteors    and   Comets,   the 

Sun  and  Coloured  Pairs  of 

Suns. 

By  R.  A.  Proctor,  B.A. 

Stand EdMon.wM  CAnrtairJ^Dii^nHiu. 

Other  tVorlds  than  Ours: 

The  Plurality  of  Worlds 
Studied  under  the  LiglU 
of  Recent    Scientific    Re- 
searches. 
By  R.  A.  Proctor,  B.A. 

TkinI  EJititm,  aiih  U  /OuilnMcml.     Cr. 
Stv.  101. 6J. 


Brinkley's    A  stronomy. 

Rn'ised  and  partly  re-writ- 
ten, Kith  Addittottal  Chap- 
ters, and  an  Appendix  of 
Questions  for Examinalion. 
By  fohn  \V.  Stuhbs,  D.D. 
and  F.  Brunnoto.  Ph.D. 

WUh  49  Diagrami.    CVvtnvStv.  61. 

Outlines  of  A  stronomy. 
By  Sir  f.  F.  fV.  Herschel, 
Bart.  M.A. 

Sftiarf  tratati  Sn*.  tai. 

A  New  Star  Atlas,  for 

the  Library,  the  School,  and 
the  Observatory,  in  1 2  Cir- 
cular Maps  {wiih  2  Index 
Plates). 
By  R.  A.  Proctor,  B.A. 

Celestial  Objects  for  Cmn- 
nton  Telescopes. 
By    T.    IV.    Wehb,    M.A. 
F.R.A.S. 

A'm  EJititm,  wA4  Maf  ef  On  Mmt  vU 
WMttUt.    Crmn  %m.1».^ 

JLargerStarA  tiasjbrthe 

Library,  in  Tivelve  Cir- 
cular Maps,  pltotolithch- 
graphed  by  A.  Brothers, 
F.R.A.S.  With  2  Index 
Plates  and  a  Letterpress 
Introduetiott. 
By  R.A.  Proctor,  BA. 

Set«ad  SMifM.    Small /tli*,  ay. 
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eoHsiiUred  in  con  na'ion  luith 
tke  Qrdinary  Moventcnts  of 
the  Atmospltere. 
TraHslaiedby  R.  H.  Scott, 
M.A. 

Siv.  lof .  6J. 

Air  and  Rain  ;  the  Be- 
^nnings    of    a    Chimi£al 
Climatology. 
liy  R.  A.  Smith,  F.R.S. 

Stw.  34/. 

Air  and  its  Relations  to 
Life,    1774-1874.     Being, 
v/ith    some    Additions,    a 
Course  of  Lectures  deliver- 
ed at  the  Royal  Institution 
of  Great  Britain    in  the 
Suntnier  of  1874. 
By  IValter  jVoet  Hartley, 
F.C.S.  Demonstrator  of 
Cliemiitry     ai     King  s 
College,  London. 

t  Vtl.  tmall  81V.  trirt  Jtliutrairathnr.  , 
[.V/arfy  nWj'. 


Magmtism  and  Devia- 
tioH  of  the  Compass.  For 
the  use  ofStudetUs  in  Navi- 
gcUum  and  Scienee  Schools. 
By  7.  Merrifuld.  LLM. 

Nautical  Survey ing,  an 

Jntrodmtiott  to  the  Practi- 
cal and  Theoretical  Study 
of 
By  7.  K.  Laughton,  M.A. 

•SlHUUVSiv.  &. 

Schellen  's  Spectrum  A  tia^ 

lysis,  in  its  Application  to 
Terrestrial  Sndstanees  and 
tlte  Physical  Constitution  of 
the  Heavenly  Bodies. 

Translated  6y  7ane  and 
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LL.D.  F.R.S 


NATURAL 


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T/te  Correlation  of  Pfty- 
sieal  Forces. 

By  tlte  Hon.  Sir  W.  R. 
Grove,  F.R.S.  &e. 

Sxti  Silknm,  arit*  <>t»fr  Cmtriiulitpi  ta 
Sdtmet.     8wi.  isr. 


Professor  Ilclmhott. 

Popular  Lectures  on  Scien- 
tific Subjais. 
Translated  by  E.  Atkinson, 
F.C.S. 

ifM  manv  Jlluttnttifc  ICmJ  fwrnte*. 
8ev.  13^.  6< 


Ganofs  Natural  Philo- 
sophy for  General  Readers 
attd  Young  Persons;  a 
Course  of  Physics  divested 
of  Maiiumaiical  Formula 
and  cxpresud  in  the  lan- 
guage of  daily  life. 
Translated  by  E.  Aikituon, 
F.C.S. 

Ganofs    Elementary 

Treatise  on   Physics,  Ex- 

perimenlal   anti  Applied, 

for  tlu  use  of  Colleges  attd 

Schools. 

Translated  and  edited  by  E. 
Atkinson,  P.C.S. 

A'/w  £JMm,  arfi  a  CWiVim/    Pt^f  and 
716  WttJaiti.    finS  Siv.  151. 

Weinholds  Introduction 

to  Experimental  Physics, 
Theoretical  and  Practical  ; 
including  Directions  for 
Constructing  Physical  AP' 
paratus  and  for  Making 
Experiments. 
Translated  by  B.  Loewy, 

F.R.A.S.     mth  a  Pre. 

face    by    G.    C.   Foster, 

FRS. 

tiv.  frit*  ill.  W. 

Principles    of    Animal 

Mechanics. 

By  the  Rev.  S.  Haughton, 
F.R.S. 

Strtnd  EJiHm.     6m.  ati. 


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C.  W.  Merrifield.  F.R.S. 
an  Examiner  in  the  De- 
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Aiidcnon'i  STniigti  tf  HtMeri^i.  y.  f>J. 
BImmb'i  MOmli,  %!.  id. 
CootlcTo**  MrAaniti,  jt.  id. 

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Griffis't  Algftra  6*  n>Brmnftry,  y.  6d. 

A'ola  en  lituimr,  teitA  Stiuiimi.  y.  id, 
rmkin's  EIrttriiity  ir' Afagnrtiim,  31.  fid. 
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Edtted  by  C  W.  MmUdd,  F.R.S. 

Armitroog's  Or^nii  Cirmiilry,  y.  6d. 
Thorpc't  QiuittiMht  Ana^vi,  4/-  <^ 
ThOfH  and  Mslr"*   ^tahUt»t  Antfym, 
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Fragments  of  Science. 
By  fohn  Tyndall,  F.R-S. 

Arm  f-A'/ioK.  iM  itf  frtil. 

Address  delivered  before 

the    British     Association 
assembled  at  Belfast.     . 
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Heat  a  Mode  of  Motion. 
By  yokn  Tyndall.  F.RS. 

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CVhwi  Sti«.  ICtf.  6/. 

Soufid. 

By  John  Tyndall,  F.R.S. 

TTiir J  Edition,  iniladint  RkchI  Rismnhti 
en  Fug-SignaitiKg ;  hirlrail  and  H^toJ- 
mtt.     Crvn'n  S;v.  lai.  bJ. 

Researches  on  Dianiag- 
netistn  and  Afagne-  Crystal- 
lie  Action :  including  Dia- 
magnetic  Polarity. 
By  John  Tyndall.  F.R.S. 

With(tFiiiUt  and  many  Wtodaitt,  %ve.  I4J. 

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fultir  P/iysics   in   the  do- 
main of  Radiant  Heat. 
By  John  Tyndall,  F.R.S. 

WUA 1  J^ata  aud  n  HVulru//,    8m,  i&. 

Six  Lectures  on  Light, 
delivered  in   Ameriea    in 
1872  and  1873. 
By  John  Tyndall,  F.R.S. 

Set»nd  BdiHfn.  •aiith  PiirlraU,  tHatt,  and 
59  Diagraml.     Civwh  Siv.  Ji.  bJ. 

Notes  of  a  Course  of  Nine 

Lectures  on Light.delivered 
at  tlu  Royal  Institution. 
By  John  Tyndall,  F.R.S. 

Cnam  9tv.  u,  snxd,  rr  u.  6d.  tti/ti. 

Notes  of  a    Course   of 

Seven  Lectures  on  Electri- 
cal Phenomena  and  Theo- 
ries, delivered  at  the  Royal 
Institution. 
By  John  Tyndall,  F.R.S. 

CrvwH  8m.  VI.  lauai,  tr  u.  6J.  tUrA. 


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trial. 

ByH.Lhyd.D.D,  D.C.L. 
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Elementary  Treatise  on\^ 

the  Wave-Theory  of  I^ight. 
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Ah  Elementary  Exfiosl- 

/ion    of  the    Doctrine  of 

Energy/. 

By  D.  D.  Heath,  M.A. 

Post  Sjp,  4/.  &/. 


The  Comparative  Ana^ 

tomy  and  Physiology  of  tlu 

Vertebrate  Animals. 

By  Richard  Ouvtt,  F.R.S. 

irMi,4j2  IVMdctiii.  jvoit.  Scv.  ^3. 1^1,  W 

Sir  /■/.  Holland's  Frag- 

meniary  Papers  on  Science 
and  other  subjects. 
Edited  dy  the  Rev.  J.  Hol- 
land. 

9v9.  frier  t4f. 

Light  Science  for   Lei- 
sure Hours ;  Familiar  Es- 
says OH  Seiettti/ie  Su&j'eets, 
/Natural  Phenomena.  &c. 
By  R.  A.  Proctor,  B.A. 

FirtI  and  Saiind  Seriti.    a  »//.  ^mrm  Sm 
Ji.  6d.  tati. 

Kirby  and  Spencers  hi' 

trodtution  to  Entomology, 
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' Homes  tuilltonl  Hands' 
By  Rev.  7-  G.  Wood,  M.A. 

flames  without  Hands  : 

a  Deuription  of  the  Habi- 
tations of  Animals,  classed 
according  to  their  Principle 
of  CoHslruction. 
ByRn;.  7.  G.  fVood.M.A. 

Out  0/  Doors  ;  a  Selec 

tioH  of  Original  Articles 

on  Practical  Natural  His- 

tory. 

By-Rev.  J.  G.  Wood,  M.A. 

WUA  6  nhutnSomJnm  Onpttai  Dftigiu 
fugrmsri  ft  Wftd.    Cmm  8tv.  Ji.  tU, 

The  Polar  World:  a 
Popular  Description  of 
Man  and  Nature  in  the 
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gions of  (he  Globe. 
By  Dr.  G.  Hartwig. 

aiU.    8i«.  lOL  A/. 

The  Sea  and  its  Living 
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By  Dr.  G.  Hartwig. 

Fmrik  EJitwn,  tnltrgrJ.     Sevt  vitl  mamy 
IBmlrUimi,  lOi.  6tf. 

The  Tropical  PForid. 

By  Dr.  G.  Hartwig. 

Wtii  aim/  100  Hlmtrationi.   Scv.  tor.  &/. 


The  Subterranean  IVorld. 

By  Dr.  G.  Hartwig. 

WiiM  Maps  and  WxJctU.    &«.  tot.  &£ 

The  Aerial  World;   a 
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tlie  Atmosphere. 
By  Dr.  George  Hartwig. 

Wilh  Map,  %  Ckivt—jtyttgrafAl,  aiU  6a 
Wtadiatt.     Stv^  frUr  314. 

Game     Preservers    and 

Bird  Preservers, or '  Which 

are  our  Friends  ? ' 

By  George  Francis  Morant, 

late  Captain  1 2th  Royal 

Latuers  &  Major  Cape 

Mounted  Riflemen. 

CreWH  %ct.  frut  y, 

A  Familiar  History  of 

Birds. 

By  E,  Stanley.  D.D.  late 
Ld.  BisJiop  of  Norwich. 

Ftp.  Sew.  vUk  WtnlaiO,  Ji.  U: 

Insects  at  Home;  aPopU' 
tar  Acamni  of  British 
Insects,  their  Structure 
Habits,  and  Transfortna- 
tions. 
By  Rev.  y.  G.  Wood.  M.A, 

WUiHfwirdi  !</•{<»  \V»oJaiii.     Sew.  3i«. 

Insects  Abroad :  being  a 

Popular  A  ceoitnt  of  Foreign 
Insects.  theirStructure,  Ha- 
bits,  and  Transformations. 
By  Rez:  y.  G.  Wood,  MA. 

r4^  w/turaCi  y  TOO  IKoirfmA.    Sw.  tit. 


NEW   WORKS    puBu«Hed  BY    LONQMA 


Rocks  Classified  and  De- 
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By  B.  Von  CoHa. 

Em^iih  Ei&KM.  iy  V.  H.  I^WRemce  {xeith 
BigltA,  Gtrnma,  »md  FrrMei  Syne- 
HTMia},  rauiJ  ty  tht  Aiaktr.     PmI 


Heer's  Pnmcsval  IVorid 

of  Svdtzerland. 

Trajtslatcd  fy  IV.  S.  Dal^ 

las,  F.L.S.  and  edifed  6y 

jfames  H^w&od,  M.A. 

F.R.S. 

3  wA.   few.  wi/i  niuHaxm  Jllmitrathm. 
\Jn  thi  freu. 

The  Origin  of  Cimiisa- 

tion,  and  the  Primitive 
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tal and  Social  Condition  of 
Savages. 

By  Sir  y.  Lnbhik,  Bart. 
ALP.  F.R.S. 

T^SrJ EditiHifVilAliWetdaiti.  Sn>.  i& 

The  Native  Races  of  the 
Pacifu   States  of  North 
America. 
By  Hu^t  I/otw  Bancroft. 

fW.  /.     WiU   TrOti,    Ihtir    MattHtn 
am/  Cmilemt ;  mi/A  6  .Vajv.    Stx.  15). 

Vp/.  II.     Katm  Raeet   tf  ikt    PaeiSt 
SMa.     )S>. 

•»•  Te  it  tvmflttid  tarty  in  tke  yatr  187*, 
«>  Thrtt  mtn  Vtlmma— 

Vb!.  Itf.     Mvlhtitfy  and  Lauguaga  0/ 
ieli  Sofagf  and  CadlH^  NatHmt. 

VH.  IV,     AnIifKitks  and  AnkilKliiral 
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Pletnents,  We&pons,  and  Or- 
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iVitk  1  I^M  aad  476  Wttdewa.   Sn\  aSr. 

The  Eletiicnts  of  Botany 

for  Families  and  Sehools. 

Eleventh   Edition,   revised 

by  Tlumias  Moore.F.L.S. 

Fff.  8w.  nil*  in  «'*»A™».  1/.  W. 

Bible  .Animals;  a  De- 
scription of  every  Living 
Creature  menttcned  in  toe 
Scriptures,  from  the  Ape 
to  the  Coral. 
By  Rev.  f.  G.  Wood.  M.A. 

HUi^yil  too  VignMa  on  IV-H>d.  SnMU. 

The     Rose     Amateur's 
Guide. 
By  Thomas  Rivers. 

Taitk  EditMH.     F<f-  &v.  4/. 

A  Dictionary  of  Science^ 

Literature,  and  Art. 

Re-edited  by  the  late  IV.  T. 
/frandefthe  A  uthor)and 
Rev.  G.  W.  Cox,  M.A. 

Nme E^tittt,rfiitci.  Jtvfi.Kudmm 

On    the    Settsations    o 
Tone,  as  a   Physiological 
Basis  for  the   Theory   of 
Musie. 

By    H.    Helmholtz,    Pro- 
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the  University  of  Berlin. 
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Musu.  a  Course  of  Lec- 
tures delivered  at  the  Royal 
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tain. 

By  yo/iH  Hullah,  Pro- 
fessor of  Vocal  Music  in 
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ford College,  and  Organ- 
ist of  Charterhouse. 

New  Ediliim,  I  m/.  /vu  %tu.  [/n  Ihifrea. 

The  Treasury  of  Botany, 

or  Popular  Dictionary  of 

tlie    Vegetable    Kingdom ; 

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a    Glossary  of  Botanical 

Terms. 

Edited    by    y.    Lindley, 

F.R.S.   and    T.  Moore, 

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mik  274  »'«MbMlf  and  aa  SMt  Jtala. 
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cal Anatysis,  chiefly  Inor- 
ganic. 
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WUA  33  IVscJaili.     Crtmi  8c«.  lai.  fid. 

Todd    and     Bowman's 

Physiological  Anatomy, and 
Physiology  of  Man. 

Vel.  II.  xcilk  HHKiDui;  JlJuitrMmu,  sp. 

Vifl.  /.  Xiw  Sditiait  by  Dt.  LtONKLS. 
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Health  in    the    House, 

Twenty-fii^e  Lectures  on 
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Outlines  of  Physiology, 

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By  y.  Marshall.  F.R.C.S, 
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sity College  Hospital. 

a  tW*.  tr.  S*v.  wM  133  HVn/orA,  jn. 


The    FINE    ARTS    and    ILLUSTRATED 
EDITIONS. 

Poems. 
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I.  Battadi  and  Tata.  J/.  Studia  fivi 
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XL-iih    Chapters    on    ike 

Chemistry  of  the  Metals, 

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Gwilfs  Encyclopedia  of 
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N.A. 

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Piftk  EJkan.    Siv.  \it. 

An  Introduction  to  the 

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T.  P.  Boultbee,  LL.D. 


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Lttut  EJMm.    Fcf.  ftw.  ^ 

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32 


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in  Ceylon. 

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"jfoumey    all    round   the 
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forttia. 

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F.R.G.S. 

iruA  Uiiittyfa  and  H'tMtmO.     Si*.  341^ 

Tlie  Dolomite  Moun- 
lains.  Excursions  through 
Tyrol,  Carinthia,  Camiola, 
and  Friuli. 

By  y.  Gilhert  and  G.  C 
Churchill.  F.R.G.S. 

Wili  HlmtratUm.     Sj.  it.  Stv.  21/. 

The  Alpine  Club  Map 

of  the    Cltain    of    Mont 
Blane,  from  an  actual  Sur- 
vey in  1863-1864. 
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T/ie  Alpine   Club  Map 

of  the  ValMlitif,  the  Val 
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Survey. 

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nici  6j.  mi  «/«  Stm/  Dr,nviag  /\tfi^,  «r 
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Untrodden    Peaks    and 

Unfrequented   Valleys ;   a 
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WilA  Bimtraii  IllnttrtUitni.       &iv  31/. 


The  Alpine  Club  Map 

of  Switzerland,  with  parts 
of  the  Neighbouring  Conn- 
tries,  on  the  scale  of  Four 
Afiles  to  an  Ineh, 

Edited  by  R.  C.  Nichols, 
KS.A.  F.R.G.S. 

In  /vir  Siedi,   in   JM/Um,  fric^  42^ 


The  Alpine  Guide. 
By  fo/in  Ball  M.RJ.A. 

late    President    of    llu 
Alpine  Club. 

/W  &».  ttHi  Atafi*Kd9Uitr  /Umfnitmu. 

Easlertt  Alps. 


Central  Alps,  including 

all  the  Overland  District. 

Ptkf  J*,  w. 

IVestern  Alps,  including 
Mont  Blanc,  Monte  Rosa, 
Zermatt,  &c. 

Prict  6f .  w. 

Introduction  on  Alpine 

Travelling  in  general,  and 
on  the  Geolo0-  of  the  Alps. 

tftk€  'A/fiat  Gui.it'  m.iy  h  MaJfriik 
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ia  Ton  ufamtt  Vaxit,  w  ttiUritts,  friet 
ai.  6<f.  tad. 

Guide  to  tlte  Pyrenees,  for 
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in  English    History   and 

Poetry. 

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Staf"!  AUnumrHt.'  <>v.    tttlh  TlimMnd. 

f^  Siw.  y. 
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dn  end  ikr  IiiuiJ,'  ^t.    yk  T^naamJ. 

hf.  Siw.  5'. 

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! 


M 


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in  6  iW/.  >f/.  &w.  /niY  tlA 


77/e  ^Etieid  of  Virgil 
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Verse. 
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• 


RURAL    SPORTS,    HORSE    end    CATTLE 
MANAGEMENT,    &c. 


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nardson. 

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Youatt's    IVoris  on   the 
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tVUkt^Plalatf  lUtalratifta.  S(i>.  KM.M 

The  Dog  in  Health  and 
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Pill  Stvf.  I/.  6j. 

The  Fly-Fislters  Ento- 

molo^: 

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TAe  Materttal  Manage^ 

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Ptf.  I5(«.  Jr. 


INDEX. 


Aclotit  Modrrn  Ct>oIu;ry — 38 

AirSs  Rtflckilonv  Econginisci) 39 

Alpine  Club  M.ip  o(  Sivita^rlBnd  33 

Aliiim;  Giliili-  (Tlic) 33 

Arnei!  lurnpnirtrnce lO 

PriiiiLT  of  tlmConMilution 10 

Auderws  i  Strength  of  MnicriaTa  ,....^ 19 

Anxftrviyg' s  Orn.iiiii;  ('lii'mislry  19 

ArHvliii  (Dr.)  Chtiiinin  l.t(r 09 

!.w:turcJ  on  Modern  HlMO^y  a 

Ml5celknr«in  Wiitkk   la 

Scliool  S.-t7nom 38 

■      (T.  I  Manual  ot  l^ngllth  I.Ui-oUiue  11 

Atlnntone  Priory 34 

Anlumn  HoHdnys  of «  Couniry  I'lirum  ...  13 

Ajrti  Tn.'asurj  of  Bible  Koowledsc 38 


lljioa'i  Eisly),  tiv  WA^ilfly 10 

• \Mi:iiaA\jaKn,by  SfedJiHg  ...  lo 

Works ™.,  10 

B'ximi  Mental  und  Moral  Science... ii 

on  the  Senna  nnd  tnlvllccl ti 

Bakiri  Two  Woriu  on  Ceylon 33 

Haiti  Guide  10  the  Ccnlriil  Alp*  33 

Cuiili;  to  llic  Wrilcni  Alp* 33 

Guide  10  llic  Ijislcm  .•\lp> 33 

Bcattvfl'i  Niitlvc  Racrt  of  Ihi'  hKiliu » 

BtdKrt  Chatklnand  Gnllui 54 

tf/<i<^<f/'rrcaiiic  on  Hrcwing  ^...  38 

Blacihy'i  Grrman-Enuliih  Dictionary 15 

/1 1.1  mi  I  Kural  Sporti 36 

BivitJm't  Mculi 19 

Bitiill6ttan  39  Anicln at 

Boiimi'i  Citechiim  of  the  Sisiin  Engine  .  37 

H.tndbooL  of  Slc«m  Kn|[inc 17 

Trralijc  on  ibcStnun  Knglne  ...  37 

lmi>rovtmcnti  In  lliewinc a? 

Bi'BnIUr'j  F.Mnily  SA-it'fr-irt 36 

Br-iiali^i/Mrfj  Six  Slitcn  of  Ihc  Vullry ,  36 
BnmJt  1  Dicliuniiyof  Sviunoe,  LitnalUR, 

and  .\il   .........,.,.,,. 33 

lir\i/i  t'liilowphy  of  Xcccuily 1 1 

BrntUtft  AMrooomy 18 

Avw«/>Eipo)lilon«f  thc39AniGla aS 

BrHHtTt  Ltrvot  finutt  J 

BticUti  Huloty  of  C"lillii.ilion 3 

l'ojt!iuiiioin  Ki-in.-iinl ig 

iiaiUani  Uc.ilth  in  llic  Home 34 

Bitlti  llintiia  Motliert 39 

M.-itrnial  MjiiAirrmmi  of  Childivn.  jg 

tlu(|;oTn aster's  Family  in"'! .—■ .  34 

B»rkt'i  Kihe  of  (irnii  F.iiiiilira  ,. B 


Burial  Viciultudcsof  FannUa 8 

Butt'i  Follc-lorT«f  Romt ...._««_« 34 

.VoUcyi  of  Tirol    .^.._...__..    ja 


Cxtiinrl  f.in'jiT. ........i...  3I 

Oimfftlii  Numny M 

C'l'di  Hiogninluisil  OklJoitwy... » 

nnd  iro.iiAi'dr./'i  Eno)Xla|a!4u  ...  j 

Ch»ngnJ  A^iiKIB  lit  Unclmngcd  TMhi ...  13 

Clusniyi  Indian  I"olity  « j 

Moilcra  Millury  Blognphy % 

Waterloo  Camp«i|;ii 3 

CAmM  on  rrom-tion    .._.... 39 

CAwfA'f  LivTi  frum  riiitarch.. ..„.,„_„„„  4 

(WfiM^toHi  L)(e  ind  I^lien  7 

CtiltMJo  on  KtonliltC  Intone  &i-. jt 

• '1  IVntnieuch  and  Dook  of  Josliua.  31 

Sp<akn'»  llilile  f.'iimmelilniy 31 

Caaimfi  Vtnpectwt 96 

Commonplace  I'luloaophn-  m  Tovn  >ad 

CauniTT,  by  A.  K.  K.  B.  ..................  u 

CmUi  [NmIiItc  Polity   0 

CoHgm'/i  Et*fiiyi... 9 

I'oliUci  of  Anttollc  10 

CVfli'ni/Aw'i  Traintlauon  of  Vlr^s  JKxii:^  36 

MinHlaiwoni  Wniio£» _  13 

CoAAiiiJuir'/'l'wo Flench  Dicliourio  ...  14 
CeHytr,trt  snd  //intam'i  Ijfc  und  Epiwks 

or  Sl  [MuI s» 

Counwl  and  C'Atnfutl  from  *  <.'lly  I'ulplt..,  13 
Crfi  (G.  W.)  Aryan  My tbolOQr... „.,._,  4 
Criuadei 


■  Hlstonr  ofGmico 

-  ScIkioI  (Into 

■  Tiilo  o(  the  Gmu  Ptnuin 

Wm. 

-  Tittci  at  Aockni  Gnccc  ... 

-  and  J^4ii  Teotook  Talcs 


CratBiiy'i  Thucyditfrs 

Crtatfon  Briliui  Cunstitiilion  .............. 

Crtsy'i  Encydopsdla  o(  CtuS  KngtoKKinf 

Criliml  Ki<i.ij«  of  n  Country  Hirwn tf 

Cnwlvi'i  Clitmicnl  Analnu u 

• Uyetng  and  (Iii!i(o-p>lalla{; „..    » 

C«'/o''jHindb90kofTrlr|[niphy....„..._.    si 


Deul  Shol  (tlw).  by  Ahriimam  _  „  g 

Vt  CtiiJH  »bA  IJ  MMmfi  lUtMay  ..,...„  q 

/>r  JUn^iir'i  [^midowt  ....„  tj 

0<  Ta/fMpi/Wt  Itenocruj  in  HumiI  ■  9 

DiirMift  Ijsril  Ocot|:r  Fi-nlmrl! .  ( 


Ihinu/i'i  Kovcb  Mid  lUnt  ■•■— 

tK^itm  on  Ihc  CH »„».._.......  36 

ZX^r'j  Law  oF  Fiorina „„..,.,....„__„.  18 

IX'/U'i  h'4lr/Und „„,.,.,.,...._«.  as 

Dna'i  Reiwnjol  f'jilh __...  09 


fdj/Jdt/i  Hlfiu  on  Houscbold  Tiuti! a6 

EAmrJii  KARiblrs  nmonc  the  Dtdomlta  ^ 

Kicmenlsot  Botanr M 

FIlir'Mei  Conunenlary  on  Kpheitaiu (9 

Gtibiliuni  >9 

— ■ Piiitoral  Epiil.  99 

-  IlilUppliuiv&c. 


-ThouJoaont . 


39 


-  "  — ■  Ltciiins  on  Life  of  Cbmt 

Svam/i  Ancuml  Stona  Iin|ilrini^U  ■• 33 

AmVi  lliiiotyof  Unci  30 


F.tirt4ir^$   AppScMlon   of    Cvn    aoA 

Wfoivlit  Iras  to  ButMlng...  37 

lDf«niiBtH>n  (or  Ensln«tn 37 

-lYeaitM  OB  Mltb  nnd  UlUwork  *7 

7'jmir'i  ChBp(a«  on  Laagiiff ij 

. FcmllinorSpMdi  .»> IJ 

/■'ilnexgrum  OR  Hanaaed  SUtila-...— .  3$ 

rvrM'f  '1*«'0  VeMS  In  FIJI 39 

/■'■mUr't  Collicrfct  and  ColUen „.  jS 

fnittiii  Kiihlng  Book '- 36 

Fmmjmt  Kliuoical  Oeogntphj  of  Euraf«  d 

Fnikfiilii  Imlian  Alp* 3a 

Pnadi>  Knctlih  In  Itcland    «.._.».  • 

HKionr «(  Ei^bsd  — a 

—  -       Short  si>iA(»...^.M.~. _....  I  a 


GaMut^t  lloiun  of  UbouUt  and  Vork  e 

(^MHt'i  KlEmenuuj  PhjiiLS  19 

—  —  ■     Nmiial  tTiiloinpliy  ■  19 

Gtritmft'i  ItucklnEhain  and  Chvlci  3 

niirty  Venn- W«r  2 

Gilitrti.tiACkarfkiirt\>ti«iBA\'a    3) 

Gir^lff-'i'i t  IUtit«  Syiiunynii 39 

(huAiVi  Mcclumiu .„, ig 

■                MacbonbRi  „ 49 

Graati  EOiks  of  Ariitalk lo 

CnuTrHnathttofaCouniiyPATsan \\ 

CmilWi^narmA 1 

Orijtm'i  AUcctn  uid  Tntonunmnr ao 

(nnMireo Condition o(  nymaXronr*...  is 

CMJTiBncfcloiNEdkKriANlituciim 36 

//iirrtkui't  OnlcT  Mid  Pragfos o 

/A>r<jr/ on  the  Air  „ . „,  iS 

Hirhtt^i  AouJ  Woriil ^x—.  ai 

PoWWeiU  31 

SoaaadilsU'inic  WoAdcn  -..  ai 

■  SubWWWKlUl   WolU SI 

Tropk-lWochl at 

//«^M'>AidB>)M«clBain.. 19 

//^riMrrf-iBhicraidilcalaadCrlikalEnnp  ; 

/lettk  on  BnoST -~-- ■•.•-. .«.  oo 

//Mr'i  »^iKftoBi:   a* 

Hilmhus  on  T«a»  __..  aa 


/^f/aUf^i'iSckQtlfivLcKlurck  .„ _.  I« 

tMmtiiji  Treo.  Shrubs  and  Hcrtnofoui 

nanls _ „.  H 

lliruktrt  Outline*  of  AMronoinr  ~ It 

MiUia^f  Kia^nontary  Papcn _..»...  ao 

Rcooliectioni y 

Httoittt  ViiiU  lo  RunaikablD  PlaotS 3a 

HallaM'i  H inoiy  of  Modem  Miuk    03 

/tmtr^iEaajt  „....  |( 

T<taij«f  en  Kmnim  Nwwb 11 

/lUf'i  HiiUxT  of  Rente •>.... 5 

/agticm'i  PoaoM  .«,.....„._,.__ _  J5 


yiimtmi'i  t.TR«ni3s  ol  &un(i  and  MniljTt.  aj 

I^Cgendi  of  the  Madoniut. as 

Ixpfndi  of  llw  Munatlic  OkIctv  »S 

Lt^mds  of  the  &iviaur. as 

7t^  Ein  C'anfculon 19 

ftatin'i  EltKHtiaij  ami  UagDrtnm 19 

Tfrram'i  l.ycSdu  of  JblJIton    35 

^nuVjLlftofNapotean..... i 

rdAaotan'i  Gtograt^cal  DMIoMtY. 16 

rmU/l  Typa  «t  Cen^  „ 30 

~  on  Second  DaMb „ 30 


Ifj/iiti'i  (Joiniiimuty  oil  l)ir  Uilrle 30 

JCritk'i  B*tdcni>!  c(  I'loi^iccy    30 

AVi7<  MetjUlurity.  Iiy  (.mlmtiui  /iM/ig.  tj 

KiHrJ.-»  on  (fommuntoa    _....»..i..«»^..  3a 

h'ir^  and  SftK^/i  EtoBioloKy  ............  a» 

KMat/Umll-Hmgiatm'i     Whlipcn     froB 

FUir-Ldad _ 34 

LiKlmaacfc  Churdiah  *c  by  A.  K.  R.  a  13 

Ztfw'tbauk  and  Lyrics _....  35 

Zof&Mi'j  EosUi  tHctiaurr .-.. ■« 

Huidbook  of  Ihe  Ensluh  L.aD- 

Lit^gUmi  Nautical  SBVtcjrlilg tB 

L*iirt»it  <m  Kocin 3a 

tAtt^t  tlMory  of  Eoraptan  Mookb 5 

lUUoMlian s 

t^cMknof  ENAiUc Opinfan.^ i 

UiNBD  Houn  U  Ton.  by  A.  K.  H.  R...  13 

LanMiofUldncAH.byA.K.It.U....  13 

l^mrtt  tUoonplacal  Tlutory  of  t^ikuoiihy  6 

JLidUU/andAAMTilintfe-B^uhLetwons  13 

LiiMn  and  hkarit  Tioannr  d  Bo«mi*...  ai 

U^'i  MagMWn .......  ■» 

WiiKV-Tlnanp  of  tljln  .............  an 

£Mnua'/ C'hmOpeninn 39 

UdwdUWlWd a 

IjrctinnoslliitarTolbiabad  a 

Old  MKl  Nm  St.  PndZ!:. ad 

tmmdoa-t  i:DCTdopiBdi3  of  AKTkollult  ._  iS 

■ -fiMdMlBc « 

^^^-— ^^~^— ^^  iiantk ^3 

l^mtin'i  Eacinatr**  Handbook ■* 

^«MM>l'iOfl>tno(ClvlUiMlo> aa 

t.gm  RnmatMa    .»..«.,» «..»,......  31 

\ 


a 


NEW   WORKS   MLMMo  mt   LONQMANS   ft    CO. 


JfocruJa/i  (Lord)  Essa.ys » 

History  <rf  Engtand    ■■  " 

LaystrfAaciaHRoPieas.as 

_ Life  and  Lettcn 7 

^ Mueellaneous  WiilingS  i  a 

«. Speecbe* " 

W(Hb  a 

MeCalleck'i  DiHionanr  of  Commeitt l6 

UiuUaSs  Principles  <»  Eoonomical  Philo- 
logy    ><> 

TheiOT  and  Practice  of  Banking  38 

Mademoisdle  Mori 34 

MalUs>n's  Genoese  Studies    3 

Xatire  Stato  of  India 3 

tiarshalls  Phniology 04 

Martkmaiis  Hiatory  of  India 3 

UfcofHavelock   8 

Manintau's  Christian  Life 3' 

Hymns 3' 

J/iiBKtfir'jKc^capbical  Treasury 37 

Gec«nphical  Treasury  37 

Hialorical  Treasury 38 

Scieniiiic  and  Literaiy  Treasury  37 

Treasuryof  Knowle<(ie  37 

Treasury  of  Natural  History  ...  38 

iiajnodii  Theory  of  Meat 19 

May's  Hiaory  of  Democracy a 

Histray  of  England  a 

MihiiiUi  Digby  Grand  Jt 

General  Bounce 34 

Gladiators    34 

Good  for  Nothing 34 

Hotoiby  House  34 

Inletpreter  34 

Kale  Coventry   34 

Queen's  Maries  34 

iiauUlisakit  I  IjeUvn  B 

MtMiia'    Forest    Trees    and    Woodluid 

Scenery  '3 

AftrivaUs  Fall  of  tlie  Roman  Republic  .,.  4 
General  History  of  Rome  4 

Romans  under  ihe  Empire 4 

Afirri/tltfs  Arithmetic  and  Mensuration...  rg 

Magnetism  iS 

UiUi  on  Horse's  Fool  and  Horse  Shonng  37 

on  Horse's  Teeth  and  Slables 37 

MHl  (I.)  on  the  Mind 10 

(J.  S.}  on  Libeny 9 

-»  Subjection  of  Women............  9 

on  Koprcsent-ltive  Govern  mem  9 

Utilitarianism 9 

'1  AulolMi^raphy  7 

Dissertations  and  Discussions 9 

Essays  on  Religion  &c.    aS 

Hamilton's  Philosophy     9 

System  of  Ixjgic    9 

Political  Economy    9 

Unsciiled  Questions 9 

Millit'i  Elements  ol  Chemistry   114 

InoiganiC  Chemistry 19 

MinlD's  (Lord)  Lifeand  Letters 7 

AfilclUU'i  Manual  of  Assaying aS 

Modem  Novelist's  Library 34 

MoaalTs  'Spiriiu,!!  Songs'    31 

Moort'i  Irish  Melodies,  illustialt'd   a;,35 

Lalla  Rookh,  illuslmlL-d 33.33 

.Moi'iint'i  Game  Preservers. ai 

lilortiri  Klcmenls  of  Psychology  .......-.■<-  II 

.Mental  Philosophy 11 

Mklltr'i  chii)s  from  a  Gorman  Worksliop.  la 


imOti'i  Seience  of  Language  

Science  of  Religion 

New  ReCormalHiD,  by  Thr^hlont  

New  Testament.  Illustrated  Edition 

NiTthcolfs  Lathes  and  Turning    

O'CiMur'^  Commentary  on  Hebrews 

Romans  ....... 

St.  Jidin  

Oatii's  Comparative  .Anatomy  and  Pljysi 
logy  of  Vencbraie  Animals  .... 


PacUi  Guide  to  the  Pyrenees   

/"ijWiHWi'j  Casaubon 

Pnyttis  Induurial  Chemistry 

/'(loi'Mr'i  Comprehensive  Specifier  

/Vifr*'j  Chess  Problems 

/*/*■**/■!  Travels  in  the  Alps 

/Wc'jGameof  Whist 

pTtmdtrwCi  Mastery  of  Languages    ... 
Present-Day  Thoughts,  by.  A.  K.  H.  B. 

/VaAw'j  Astronomical  Essays  

^^^— ^^  Moon.. 

Orbs  around  Us 

Other  Worlds  than  Ours   

Saturn 

Scientific  Essays  (New  Scries)  . 

Sun    

Transits  ot  Venus    

Two  Star  Atlases 

^— ^.—  Universe 

Public  Schools  Atlas    

— Modem  Geography  .  — .. 

Ancient  Geoj^phy  

SawlimOHS  Partliia 

f^Lssanions  ...................... 

Recrealions  of  a  Country  Parson 

^(rfjjww'jDienonaiy  of  Artists   

*«&7'i  Map  of  Moni  Blanc 

Monte  ROS.-1 

RcrcAy'i  Memoirs 

SrjmarisoK  I  Dou-n  the  Koad    

fli(k'i  Dictionary  ofAnliquilies    

River's  Rose  Amateur's  Guide  

Saters's  Eclipse  of  Faiih 

Defence  of  Eclipse  of  Faith    .... 

Essays. 

SiV'fs  Thesaurus  of  English  Words  nr 

Phrases   

KokjISi  Fly-Fisher's  Enlomology    

Rollachildi  Israelites  

RusiiUaa  the  Christian  Religion 

• 's  Recollections  and  SuK<-''tioni  . 


ijjfi/iirj'j  Jujlinian's  Insliliilf^  . 

S,n-iU  on  Apimritions 

on  Primitive  Fill th  


SilutUii's  Speemira  Aiul)r>i> - '8 

Stef'  t>CEiu[«s  CD  the  Fuie  Aila 94 

Pownif    "j 

PjipcTson  Citil  Rneinrcrif^t  — 9V 

Sraiide  Muiing,  by  A.  K.  1!.  B.  *i 

SaMmii  Oxford  KdtitniBni  ut  149! S 

PniMJiJuii  Rgvolmion  5 

SfBMlti  Paninc  Ttiouithu  cm  Kvligion 3i 

PrepBntiloo  lor  Communion  31 

SWriei  and  TaIps  34 

liiouBhts  for  llic  Aj^o  jt 

MfUi/i  Wot&hop  Ai>piian«s  .._..„ 19 

SHorti  rimnh  lllitoiy  ..>.»>.■•■.— ■  4 

Simftfu'i  Mteiinj:  ^h■^  ^un......._ ....■•>-—  3» 

SiKitKi  (Sydney)  Ruiys W 

■              Lift  *nd  L«lfn, 8 

Mi  toellanfoiik  Works   ...  i* 

Wtt  nnd  Wisdom t« 

(l>r.  R.  A.)  Air  «nil  Rain  18 

SffKlJtefi  Dodor  13 

PocUiailWoikS. a 

Sunliy'i  History  ol  Rnll&h  Blrdj M 

£Mb»'i  Kcclcuullcal  Diognphy ~.  8 

Sdrtiv''StmlalHfS'^l  - H 

.      Sir  William  Hjmll«a  tt 

Sft-iut^iiX'  on  Ihc  Doj; 36 

. on  Ihc  GrcylKiund 36 

Suiuliiy  Aficmooni  »  lbs  rariih  Chntch  ot 

J  U.uwTvly  (-iiy.  by  A.  K.  H,  B.  ..--  13 

^iijifmatuml  RcIi(;ion ■■  31 

SimM/vam/i  HiClnrc  Logic  «« 

Tarbr'i  [tulury  of  Inilia  -.-  3 

Mmiuil  of  Anoi-iil  Hlnory  6 

Miinii.il  ul  Modrrn  Hiiinry  6 

. (7,^My)Wo(U  edited  by  AA».  31 

TeM-BooEi  of  Stienoc „ 30 

TAMihMi'i  Lnmol Thought it 

Ti^Yfti  giuuunatira  AniUyti* 19 

. gjiil  Afua'i  QuaUl«lti«  Aiulytil  ~  19 

TinU  (A.)  on  ftuluimenlitryGovannlelH...  a 
—             and   Jhwmjm'i   Analomy   and 

PhyBOlojy  of  Man  »4 

T'rnmi'i  Realiii«ot  Imh  Ufn la 

Tn/Sat^t  Bxrdicucr  Tmnn.- 36 

. Waidcn     _ -...  JfS 


7V«i6i//j  Aiiicitcui  LcctBTWon  Ugta  ...  ao 

ISdflal  Adrlrrw  19 

[)i.iTnaj{Deltifn t...  ao 

^-^— —  FcngtYivnuof  Science • 19 

. I.octum  on  Etretridly HO 

Lcctiirm  on  Light *> 

I.Mturu  on  Sound   » 

Ht»»  a  Mode  of  Motion  9» 

~-  Moltcnkr  Ph)tio» ■* 

UtitrUHit'  System  of  T*itiO " 

Uni  r>ktioii*ry  ot  Art*,  M«iiuf*cnif« 
luid  MUics ~ - - t 

Wdrinf/on'iEdwartliheThlid   6 

(Vdfnur'i  GnjmBiry "■  '9 

M'j/ff'fDitllDiiiiryafthcmulry  -.-.  M 

Wiih'i  Obt«u  for  Common  lekaoopa .-  " 

H'n-'lu/i/^i  Kiptnmental  Phy»ic». »» 

WtUmpeHl  UU.  Iiy  OUii  » 

WhiMyi  Engllth  Syaonymn ~ >4 

Loeic   »» 

Khclolic - "» 

VVIUU  nnd  D^niini  Encliih  Dictionary...  IS 

nnd  RtddWt  Latin  nicllonifl**   -.-  IS 

PfjAixij'i  S(«-I'"iiih«inaii ....„..™...  Jo 

tfV//iiiMi'i  Arijlollr'i  Ethica. ..■.• N 

Williii  I'rintiplaol  McchxnUni...- a* 

Wm^Higk^t  (Lidy)  Diary » 

Wal>£lWAe^XUXasia — M 

Homnwiihoat  tliAdt  ..^_... — -.  %t 

■   Injtclsai  Hoinu .■....-.—  ■■ 

Inaeclt  Abroad  ......... ...4. ..■.■■.■•  gt 

Out  of  Duon _....- u 

SiMngc  DwtlUnsi  „~ — .~-» M 

y«iuVt  EncUdi'Oratk  Ixxtmra  _ ISIS 

Henoe ■    U 

VmmA  on  tha  Doc ** 

on  the  Ifonc  - 3^ 


Zak^$  SoeriU*  .. -..-... 

Stcici.  Epicurauu,  and  Sectxln... 


StIHnmf  *-  <*i.  iVMm  «r»««w«*r-w.  t-** 


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