iORSE BREEDING
IM THEORY AND PRACTICE
B. Von OETTINGEFS
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HORSE BREEDING
IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
JOHN p. GRt E R
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2009 with funding from
Lyrasis IVIembers and Sloan Foundation
http://www.archive.org/details/horsebreedingiOOoett
HORSE BREEDING
IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
BY
BURCHARD VON OETTINGEN
I,ANDSTAI,I.MEISTHR AND DIRECTOR OF THE
ROYAL STUD OF TRAKEHNEN
TRANSLATED FROM GERMAN
LONDON:
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & CO.
1909
vr)
NEW BOLTOti
J5
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Sij
PREFACE.
THE wish has often been expressed that i^ractical men should make
known more generally their experiences in horse breeding, but in
desiring this it is easy to lose sight of the fact, that when a practical
man commences to write he at once steps out of the bounds of the practical.
Moreover, it has to be taken into consideration that practical experience
is only gained bv long years of labour, whilst mere theorists may write
their works when even quite young and practically without experience, but
being gifted with criticism, intellectual insight, and inspiration. 1 must
also point out that mv work at the Trakehnen .Stud has kept me alwavs so
actively employed that, unfortunately, I have not been able to spare the
necessary time to go thoroughlv through the large mass of material which
I have accumulated in the cinirse of man\- years, and to treat same in as
exhaustive a manner as an expert ought. In writing the last chapter on
" The Establishment of .Studs " my time was ver\- limited indeed, and I have
had to be satisfied with simplx' giving an outline.
The short historical sketch on the development of the Ihoroughbred
is the result of notes made from racing calendars and stud books, and the
chapter on the alteration of weight differences is lilcewise the outcome of
investigations made in the same quarti-r. it was onlv when 1 came to the
conclusion, from the present work, that there .seemed to be a deterioration
in the Thoroughbred, commencing fr<ini about the middle of llie nineteenth
century, that 1 again went through ihe Racing Calendar, and .Stud Book,
in order to more closely investigate tiiis apparent deterioration. In this way
originated the chapter comparing the capabilities (Leislungsfahigkeit) of the
Thor(jughbred of to-da\- with that of an earlier [)eriod, and the deductions
arising therefrom. The higii regard whicii 1 ha\c for (lie Thoroughbred has
not stopped, but rather stimulated me to in\estigate and ex]jress candidh- the
ideas got from studying the present state of the Thoroughbred. 1 have
taken nothing toi- granleii. '{"he results of these inxcstigations ha\c once
again vindicated the nature of " I'ublic Opinion "' .so well described by
Ranke. It has a true .sen.se f>f what is needed, but has not the slightest idea
vi. Preface.
of how to supply what is wanted. .As to whether the means which I propose
for improving the Thoroughbred will be efficacious or not it is indeed difificult
to prophesy. Experience alone will prove this.
The chapter on " Inbreeding " is a modest attempt to come to a logical
conclusion in this interesting, but as yet unexplored, region of thought.
Without doubt the study of this question is in its veriest infancy. Up to
the present time there has not been demonstrated the influence exerted by the
bases of inbreeding, we do not yet know what is due to the own inbreeding
of the base and what is due to its sex. Is it possible that the great prepotency
of Melbourne, as shown in his female descendants, should be accounted for
in the fact that the famous Termagant was the base of Melbourne's
inbreeding? The computation of " Inbreeding " has entailed much labour,
as unfortunately the necessary material has neither been collected n(jr
published anywhere, and I know very well that in this difficult work many
errors have crept in.
In the chapter on Heredity, as well as in the practical part on Horse
Breeding, much has been left out, as I take it for granted that only
breeders and lovers of horses will read this work, who already know
and are well acquainted with the elementary laws of horse breeding and
sport racing. .\.ny man may make a mistake, and I claim this indulgence,
but it has been mv earnest endeavour to take from the practical what I have
recognised as right in practice. I do not lay any claims to completeness
as regards the whole principles of breeding, such as is claimed in several
books on this subject, as writers of these latter are often led into the error
of copying ridiculous blunders of other, often injudiciously chosen, writers,
and in this way spread incorrect teachings in this as in other branches.
For a period of twelve vears in Trakehnen the long w inter evenings were
shortened and brightened by these hippological studies, the results of
which I give to the public in the present work, with the sincere hope that it
will promote the love of that noble creature, the horse, its breeding, and
trial on the race course.
BURCHARD VON OETTINGEN.
Trakehnen. October 1st, 1907.
INDEX.
Part I. Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse
and its value in the Breeding of Half-breds.
CHAPTER PAGE
1. Sources fur Tracing- the Dcvflopiiiciu of ihc Thoroughbred and
Race Trials in England 3
2. Development of tiie Tliorougiil)red and Racing Trials in England.
Most Important Events 9
3. Origin and Cliange in the Weight Tables, and th ■ Conclusions
to be drawn therefrom 32
4. General Obser\ations on the X'aliie of the Thoroughbred for other
Breeds 50
5. .V Comparison of what Thoroughbreds ha\c done pre\ioiisl\- and
w hal they are doing at the present time 101
G. Conclusions and Pro])ositions as to the Imprcjvement and Breed-
ing of Thoroughbreds 194
Part II. Heredity.
1. General Observations on Ih'redily 209
2. The Transmission of .\cf|uiied Ch.'iracters 21-'5
3. The Doctrine of Constan(\- and lndi\idual I'reiiolenc\' .... 220
4. Inbreeding 22;")
5. Hereditary Faults 321
6. The 'Transmission of Coat Colour 329
7. The .\rt of Mating 333
viii. Index.
Part III. The Practical Part of Horse Breeding.
CHAPTER PAGB
1. Judging and Treating [breeding Material 339
(a) Judging Co\ering Stalli(jns 339
(b) Judging Brood Mares . 343
(c) Age and Treatment of Covering Stallions 345
(d) The Stallion whilst Covering " 347
(e) Age of Brood Mares 350
(f) Twins 351
(g) Firstlings 361
(h) The Treatment of Broud Mares 366
(i) Covering of Brood Mares 367
(k) Fertilisation 372
(1) The Time of Pregnane}' of Brood Mares 374
(ni) Abortion and Joint-illness 376
(n) The Birth 380
(o) Treatment of the Brood .Mare after the Birth 381
2. The Judging and Treating of Foals 383
(a) Judging Suckling Foals 383
(b) Treatment of Suckling Foals up to the time of Weaning . 385
(c) Treatment of Weanlings 389
(d) Treatment of the Skin and Hoofs of Weanlings .... 393
(e) rhe Treatment of Yearlings and Older Foals 397
3. Training 399
(a) The Training .Methods 400
(b) Stable Regulations and Instructions for Rubbing Down
Horses 406
(c) Food whilst Training 407
4. Establishment of Studs 409
5. Tables for Comparison of Various Measurements 422
6. Tables showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line 427
I
I.
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse and
its value in the breeding of Half-breds.
CHAPTER ].
Sources for tracing the development of the Thoroughbred
and Race Trials in England.
There is no breed in the world which places at the disposal of the
investigator such an abundant and autiienticated mass of material for the
examination of the various problems on breeding as does the English
Thoroughbred, but, unfortunately, up to the present time this material has
been made very little use of.
It is to be found chiefly — as far as 1 know — in the following : —
1. The General Stud Book by James Weatherby (Iveeper of the Match
Book, and Secretary of the Jockey Club, as successor of Tutting and
Fawconer). X'olume I. appeared in 1793
improved and enlarged in 1S91.
\'olume
the .5th Edition, \ery much
•2. .An Inlroducti
1I..J821. -Ith Ediiion, L89i.
HI. 1827. 4th ■ ,, 1883.
IV. 1836. 4th ,, 1899.
V. 1845. 3rd ,, 1889.
VI. 1849. 3rd ,, 1881.
VII. 1853. 3rd ,, 1894.
VIII. 1857. 2nd ,, 1883.
IX. 1861. 2nd ,, 1903.
X. 1865. 2nd ., 1893.
XI. 1869. 2nd ,, 1904.
XII. 1873.
XIII. 1877.
XIV. 1881.
XV. 1885.
XVI. 1889.
XVI 1. 1893.
XVIII. 1897.
XIX. 1901.
XX. 1905.
n It) a General Stud Book by James Weatherby had
already appeared in 1791, consisting of various collections of I'edigrees
gathered from Racing Calendars and .Newspapers.
4 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
3. The Turf Register and Sportsman and Breeder's Stud Book by
William Pick.
Volume I. appeared in York 1803.
11 ]805.
" \\\- " " " loL jbv R.Johnson.
,, IV. ,, ,, ,, 1867. J -
In this Turf Register the pedigrees and racing performances of the most
prominent stallions and mares are very clearly arranged. There are also
many valuable notes added on Breeding.
4. The Ancestress of the English Thoroughbred, by Hermann Goos,
1885. 4th Edition extended by Dr. A. de Chapeaurouge, 1907.
5. Frentzel's Family Tables of English Thoroughbred Stock, 1889.
6. Modern Pedigrees by Antwerp and Lamplighter, New York, 1895.
7. Tables of Pedigrees of Thoroughbred Horses by Ch. Wackerow.
Volume I., 1900, from the earliest accounts to 1897 inclusive. Volume II.,
1904, from the earliest accounts to 1902 inclusive.
8. Historical List of all the Plates and Prizes run for on Clifton and
RawclifTe Ings, also since being moved to Knavesmire, near the city of
York, etc., appeared in 1748 at York. It contains the Reports of the Races
at York from 1709 to 1747.
9. The first Racing Calendar appeared in 1727, and was called : An
Historical List of all Horse Matches run for in England and Wales, by John
Cheny, 24 Volumes covering the period from 1727 to 1750. From 1741 the
Races in Ireland were also included.
10. After Cheny's death appeared the Continuation by Reginald Heber
under the same title, 18 Volumes covering the period from 1751 to 1768.
11. After Heber's death there appeared the Continuation, under the
title of : The Sporting Calendar, by William Tutting (Keeper of the Match
Book at Newmarket), and Thomas Fawconer (Secretary of the Jockey Club),
4 Volumes, covering the period from 1769 to 1772. In the volumes for 1771
and 1772 the Races in Jamaica are included.
12. The Continuation appeared under the title of : Racing Calendar,
edited by James Weatherby (Keeper of the Match Book at Newmarket and
Secretary of the Jockey Club), 135 Volumes, covering the period from 1773
to 1907.
Up to 1800 the Races in Ireland are included, but from 1801 there is
simply an abstract from the Irish Racing Calendar given, and in 1903 and
1904 the Races in Ireland are left out altogether. Of Foreign Races are
included : 1770, the Races in America (Annapolis, Philadelphia and New
York), 1773, 1776, 1777, the Races in Jamaica; 1776, the Races in France
at Sablon and Fontainebleau ; and in 1792 and 1793, the Races at Moscow.
Since 1864 there has always been an Abstract of the important Races on the
1. Sources for Tr.icirii;' the Development of the Thoroutjhbred, etc. 5
Continent included. Since the Autumn of 1867 the Hurdle Races have been
left out, and since July, 1871, the National Hunt Flat Races have been
omitted. Up to 1840 the Reports on Cock Fighting were included.
13. Irish Racing Calendar, 118 Volumes, covering the period from 1790
to 1907.
14. Turf Annals of York and Doncaster, by John Orton, appeared 1843,
and contains in one volume the Races at York and Doncaster from 1709 to
1843.
1-5. Bailey's Racing Register appeared in 1845 in three thick volumes,
and gives in a very convenient and lucid manner an abstract of all the great
Races in England and Ireland from 1709 to 1842.
16. The Racing Calendar Abridged appeared in 1829, and contains in
one volume the important Races in England and Ireland from 1709 to 1750.
17. Pick's Racing Calendar, 49 Volumes, covering the period from 1709
to 1826, containing all the Races in England and Ireland, appeared first
under the title of : The Sportsman and Breeder's Vademecum, then as
Racing Calendar. Since 1803 as The Annual Racing Calendar, since 1811
as Pick's (.\nnual) Racing Calendar. The lirst Editor, \V. Pick, died in
1816.
18. The Sporting Calendar, by John Pond, 18 Volumes, covering the
period from 1751 to 1768, containing the Races in England and Ireland.
In the Appendix of the volume for 1751 all the Matches which were held at
Newmarket from 1718 to 1751 are included.
19. The Pocket Racing Calendar for the Races in Great Britain from
1821 to 1840 ( ?)
20. .A.n Historical List of Horse Matches, Plates and Prizes in Great
Britain and Ireland, bv B. Walker, 2 Volumes, covering the years 1769 to
1770.
21. The Sporting Magazine. First year of circulation, 1792. A
competing paper appeared in 1839 under the title of " The Sporting
Review," by Craven, and was amalgamated from 1847 with the " Sporting
Magazine." Also, the competing papers " The Sportsman " and " New
Sporting Magazine," appeared in 1831. Since 1855 the " Sporting
Magazine " appeared with the addition : United with the Sportsman, Sport-
ing Review, and Sporting Magazine.
Bailey's Magazine, commencing 1870 (86 Volumes up to and including
1906), may be considered as a continuation of the Sporting Magazine (156
Volumes), which finished 1870.
22. The Steeplechase Calendar. A cf)nseculive chronicle of the Sport
in Great Britain from the great match over Leicestershire in 1826 to the close
of 1844, to which is added the Irish Sport from the Autumn of 1842.
Anonym, London, 1845.
23. Supplement to the .Steeplechase Calendar. The Sport in (ircat
5 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
Britain, Ireland and France, from [anuarv, 1845, to the close of the season
1846, by Corbet.
The following appeared under the title of : The Steeplechase Calendar,
etc. The next and last volume by Corbet appeared under the same title, but
did not include the Races in France.
24. The Steeplechase Calendar, by Joseph Osborne, 18 Volumes, cover-
ing the periods from 1848-49 to 1865-66.
25. The Racing Calendar Steeplechase Past, by Weatherby, 40
Volumes, covering the periods from 1866-67 to 1907.
26. The Olde New-Markitt Calendar of Matches, Results and Pro-
grammes, from 1619 to 1719, by J. B. Muir, 1892.
27. Raciana, by J. B. Muir, appeared 1890, and gave various interesting
notes on the few Matches at Newmarket and York, as well as the rider's
colours.
28. Gentleman's Magazine, 116 Volumes, covering the period 1731 to
1846.
29. The Sportsman's Dictionarv, bv experienced Gentlemen. London,
1778.
30. History and Delineation of the Horse in all his varieties, compre-
hending the appropriate uses, management and progressive improvement
of each, with a particular investigation of the character of the Racehorse,
and the business of the Turf, by John Lawrence, 1809. This ran through
14 Editions.
31. How to Chase, Ride, Train and Diet both Hunting Horses and
Running Horses, by Jessis Markham. London, 1599.
32. The Complete Gamester, or Instructions how to play at Billiards,
etc., together with all manner of usual and most gentle Games, either at
Cards or Dice, to which is added the Arts and Mysteries of Riding, Racing,
Archery and Cock Fighting. 1680.
33. The Gentleman's New Jockey. Farrier's Approved Guide: con-
taining the Exactest Rules and Methods for Breeding and Managing Horses
in order to bring them up in the best manner for Profit, Pleasure, Service
or Recreation, especially in what relates to Racing or Running, Coursing,
Travel and War, etc. 3 Editions, 1696.
34. The Post and the Paddock, by The Druid. London, 1857.
35. Scott and Sebright, by The Druid. London, 1862. ^
86. Silk and Scarlet, by The Druid. London, 1862.
37. Field and Fern (South), by H. H. Dixon. London, 1865.
38. Field and Fern (North), by H. H. Dixon. 1865.
39. Saddle and Sirloin, by The Druid. London, 1870.
40. Life and Times of The Druid (H. H. Dixon), by Hon. Francis
Lawley. 2nd Edition, London, 1895.
1. Sources for Tracing the Development of the Thoroughbred, etc. 7
41. A Treatise on the Care, 'IVeatment and Traininp of the English
Racehorse, by R. Darvill. London, 18-28.
42. History of the British Turf from the Earliest Times to the Present
Day, by J. Ch.' Whyte. 2 Volumes, 1840.
4:3. Horse Racing: Its History, and Early Records of the Principal
and Other Race Meetings. Anonym, 1863.
44. The History of Newmarket and Annals of the Turf, by J. P. Hore.
3 Volumes, 1886.
45. Portraits of Celebrated Race Horses of the Past and Present
Centuries, by Th. H. Taunton. 4 Volumes, 1887.
46. The Horse : How to Breed and Rear Him, by W. Day. London,
1888. 2nd Edition, 1890.
47. The Racehor.se in Training, by W. Day. London, 1880. 7th
Edition, 1892.
48. The Racehorse, by W'arburton. London, 1892.
49. Racing Life of Lord George Cayendish Bentick, b\ fohn Kent.
1892.
■50. Ashgill, or the Life and Times of [ohn Osborne, by J. B. RadclifTe.
1900.
51. Breeding Racehorses by the Figure System, compiled by the late
C. Bruce Lowe, bv W. Allison. London, 1895. Translated into German,
1897, by V. Kirschy.
52. The British Thoroughbred Horse : His History and Breeding,
together with an Exposition of the Figure System, by W. .\llison. London,
1901. 2nd Edition, 1908.
53. The Horse Breeder's Handbook, by Joseph Osborne. 1889.
54. Royal Ascot, its History and its Associations, by G. J. Cowthorne
and R. S. Herod. 1902.
55. From Gladiateiir to Persimmon, by Sydenham Dixon. London.
1901.
56. The English iurf, by Charles Richardson. London, 1901.
57. A History of the English Turf, by Th. A. Cook. 3 Volumes, about
1905.
58. The British Turf and the Men who haye made it, compiled by the
" Sporting Life." London, I90G.
.■)9. On the Laws and Practice of Horse Racing, by .'\dmirai Rous.
London, 1852. 2nd Issue, 1866.
60. Horse Racing in England, by Robert Black. London, 1893.
61. Kingsclere, by John Porter, edited by Bvron Webber. London,
1890.
g Trial of the Thoroui^hljn-d on the Racecourse, etc.
62. Eclipse and O'Kelly. Being a Complete History, so far as is
known, of that celebrated English Thoroughbred " Eclipse " (1764-1789),
and of his breeder, the Duke of Cumberland, and of his subsequent owners,
William A\^ildman, Denis O'Kelly and Andrew O'Kelly, now for the first
time set forth from the original authorities and family memoranda, by Th.
A. Cook. London, 1907.
63. Heroes and Heroines of the Grand National, by Finch Mason.
London, 1907.
64. The Romance of the Derby, by Edward Moorhouse. 2 Vols.,
London, 1908.
CHAPTER U.
Development of the Thoroughbred and Racing Trials in England.
Most Important Events.
Going back to the time when England was ruled by the Romans, Anglo-
Saxons and Normans, we find that Oriental blood was employed for (he
purpose of breeding Racehorses in this country. Shortly afterwards the
Crusades again gave the opportunity of introducing (Oriental blood, and as
early as 1509-1547 Henry \'I11. had special paddocks made in his stud at
Hampton Court for the breeding of Racehorses. During the reign of James
I. (1G03-16-25) the importation of Oriental stallions increased very much, and
during the reign of Charles II. (1660-] (585) ;-iO-40 Oriental mares, called the
■'Royal Mares," were brought nwr. We have reason to suppose that u]3 to
1750 about 60-80 Oriental mares had been imported to England, whilst the
number of stallions imported from the East was much greater. It seems that
only a very few of these Eastern stallions and mares were pure bred Arabs.
The greater part were Berbers and Spaniards, whilst some were Turkish and
others Persians. Also the home-bred English horse, so much praised by
Ciesar, and after him by many other writers on this subject, on account of
its staying powers and speed, contributed very largely to the building up of
the English Thoroughbred. These native-bred horses in England and Ireland
had the character of the wild horses of the Steppes, and are mentioned as
living in the forests as late as the seventeenth century, with the remark that
they were better and more capable than any other breed in Europe; whilst
nowhere was there to be found such good, nourishing grass, as in England
and Ireland (see the Sportsman's Dictionary, 1778). In the fourth part of
the first volume of the " General Stud Book " there are 102 Eastern stallions
given which have been used in the building up (if ihe Thoroughbred, but
besides these there were many otiier Eastern stallions imported and used
by breeders in England and Ireland (although the results, as far as the
Thoroughbred is concerned, were probably very meagre), as can be gathered,
for instance, from the publications in the old Racing Calendars. Of the 102
Oriental stallions which, according to the Stud Book, were imported, about
65 were imported before the famous Godolphin Arabian. It is worthy of
note that, of the many Oriental stallions which were brought over to England
_[() Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
after the famous Godolphin Arabian (probably a Berber), imported via Paris
in 1730, none of them exercised any striking influence on the Thoroughbred
of that time. Of the Oriental stallions imported from 1730 to the end of the
eighteenth century (at least 40), probably the Cullen Arabian, imported
in 1745, was the best, and even he did not leave behind any son of note,
although many of Cullen Arabian's children won races, amongst which was
Exotic, born 1756, up to the age of twelve inclusive, and although a son,
called Camillus, born 1748, begot some race-winners, vet there has been
nothing imperishable left behind. Of the many daughters of Cullen Arabian
there are only two out of Lady Thigh in Fam. 12 a, one Foundation mare in
Fam. 2 (born 1756), and one Foundation mare in Fam. 42 (born 1760) which
can be said to have left an-\-thing lasting as breeding stock.
In the following list are given the 36 Oriental stallions which have played
a very conspicuous part in the breeding of Thoroughbreds, and which occur
very often in the pedigree of every Thoroughbred of our time.
We give below a list showing the probable year of their importation : —
1. 1635 Lord Fairfax's Morocco Barb.
2. 1660 Place's White Turk.
3. 1665 Dodsworth's (Mother imported in foal).
4. 1670 The Darcy Yellow Turk.
5. 1675 The Darcy White Turk, or Sedbury Turk.
6. 1680 The White-Legged Lowther Barb.
7. 1680 Shaftesbury Turk.
8. 1680 The Helmsley Turk.
9. 1687 The Stradling, or Lister Turk.
10. 1689 The Byerly Turk.
11. 1689 Oglethorpe Arabian.
12. 1690 Pulleine's Chestnut Arabian.
13. 1690 Leede's Arabian.
14. 1690 Fen wick Barb.
15. 1690 The Taffolet, or Morocco Barb.
16. 1695 The Marshall, or Selaby Turk.
17. 1700 Curvven's Bay Barb, or Pelham's Barh.
18. 1704 Holderness Turk.
19. 1706 Chillaby.
20. 1706 Darley's Arabian.
21. 1707 The St. Victor Barb.
22. 1708 Honywood's .Arabian, or William's Turk. 9
23. 1708 The .\kaster Turk.
24. 1709 Alcock's Arabian.
25. 1711 Bethel's Arabian.
26. 1712 The Strickland's Turk, or Carlisle's Turk or Barb.
27. 1713 Woodstock, or William's Arabian.
28. 1716 Bassett's Oxford Bloody-Shouldered Arabian.
2. Development of tlu- Tlioroughbred, elc. H
29. 1717 Wvnn Arabian.
30. 1718 Hall Arabian.
31. 1719 The Belgrade Turk.
32. 1720 Cyprus Arabian.
33. 1723 Lonsdale Hay Arabian.
34. 1723 Hutton's or'Mul.so Bay Turk.
35. 1725 Bloody Buttocks.
36. 1730 Godolphin Arabian.
Horse-racing as a popular amusement was indulged in even in the times
of the Romans, and during the four years which King Severus passed at
York (206-210) the Roman soldiers arranged races with Arabian horses at
W'etherby, near York. King Athelstan (924-940) was presented with race-
horses, which had been bred in Germany, b\' his brotiier-in-law, Hugo
Capet, Duke of Burgundv, later King of France.
The first race in England of which we iiave a reliable description took
place in 1377. Unfortunately, the place is not stated.
This race was a match between the Prince of Wales (later Richard II.)
and the Earl of .Vrundel. In all probabilit\- it took place at Newmarket.
But already in 1309, and probably earlier, races (tournaments) had taken
place at Newmarket (founded 1226, after the Plague had destroved the (jld
market). Further, according to reliable information, races took place at the
following periods : —
1511 at Chester (the Silver Bell, since 1609 Silver Cup).
1552 at Hattinglon (Scotland).
1574
1585
1.587
1588
1576 at Richmond.
1585 at Salisbury. The Earl of Cumberland won the Golden Bell in a
tiiree-mile race.
1590 at St. James' Park.
1590 at York.
1595 at Doncaster.
1599 at Carlisle (tiie Silver Bell).
1601 at Teviotdale.
1602 at Huntingdon.
1605 at Newmarket in presence of James I. (1603-1625).
1607 in November a hunting match or steeplechase took place at
Huntingdon, between Lord Haddington and Lord Sheffield.
1617 at Woodham .Moor, and at Lincoln races for the Cup took place in
the presence of the King, James 1.
1620 at Paisley (.Scotland), the Silver Bell.
1632 at Harleston (Silver Cup).
at Croydon in presence of the Oueen.
12 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
1634 The establishment of the Gold Cup at Newmarket, the first winner of
which, in 1719, was the Duke of Rutland's mare, Brown Betty, born 1713,
b)- Basto (see Fam. 5).
1661 at Epsom, formerly called Banstead Downs, in the presence of King
Charles II. (1660-1685). Epsom was formerly famous as a health resort on
accoimt of the healins; properties of its waters, and race meetings were held
there even in the reign of James I. (1603-162-5).
1672 at Liverpool.
Towards the end of the seventeenth centurv race meetings were held
regularly at Newcastle, Northamptonshire, Winchester, and many other
places, and somewhere about 1635 a match, described in detail, took place
in Hyde Park, London.
From 1654 to 1658 races were forbidden by Oliver Cromwell for political
reasons, although he himself was a breeder and owner of racehorses.
There exists an exact register of the horses at the time when the Royal
Tuttbury Stud in Staffordshire was handed over to the Parliament in 1649.
There was in the Royal Stud at that time :
•23 Brood Mares with
23 Sucking Foals,
15 Brood Mares without Foals,
22 One-year-old Colts and Fillies,
17 Two-year-old Colts and Fillies,
16 Three-year-old Colts and Fillies,
23 Four-year and older horses.
After the Restoration, Charles IL (1600-1085) established in 1665 the so-
called King's Prizes, known as The King's (Queen's) or His Majesty's
Plates — also called the Royal Plates. Run over the new round course at
Newmarket, R. C.= 3 miles, 6 furlongs, 93 yards (now R. C. = 3 miles, 4
furlongs, 187 yards), with heats under 12 stone.
These King's Plates have played an important part in the testing of the
breeding material, and thev still exist, but without heats, and over shorter
distances.
Under the reign of James IL (1685-1688), Gentlemen's Races took place
in Newmarket, as, for instance, in 1688, under 12 stone, over 4 miles, with
3 heats. Towards the end of the seventeenth century there were races with
conditions for sale.
It can safely be taken for granted that as earlv as the beginning of the
seventeenth century regular races were held at different places for the purpose
of testing breeding material, whilst the races which took place before this
time were more in the character of popular amusement.
The first breeding tests with which we are acquainted arose from matches,
about which we have an account in the collection published by Muir in 1892,
2. Development of tlie Thoroughbred, etc. 13
covering the period ]fil9 to 1719, but, unfortunately, in many cases the
names of the horses are not given.
The riders at that period were often Gentlemen, and sometimes even
Kings. Charles II. and \\'illiam III. ran and won many races. Of one
race in 1674 the report reads as follows : —
" Yesterday His Majesty (Charles II.) rode himself three heates and a
course, and won the Plate — all fower were hard and nt^er ridden, and I do
assure you the King wonn by good horsemanshipp " (see Olde New-Markitt
Calendar, by Muir, page 19).
The distances were generally 4-6 miles, 1681 once 10 miles, 1708 once 12
miles. Most of the races had to be run and won twice, that is to say, the
races were run with " heats." The age of the horses on the racecourse was
generallv over 6 years, the weight usually 8-l'2 stone.
Newmarket was the chief racing place for all the best matches, and was
famed as such, so that even Peter the Great expressed the wish to become
acquainted with this sporting place.
In 1698 the Czar visited Newmarket in the company of William III., and
participated in a race meeting at that place.
The following horses were winners of the races of that earh' period, and
were used for the building up of the Thoroughbred : —
1. Old Careless, born about 1()90, bv Spanker and a Barb mare, ran
and won 1698-1702 at Newmarket, over 5 and 6 miles.
2. Honeycomb Punch, born about 1692, by Taffolet or Morocco Barb,
ran and won 1699 at Newmarket, over 4 miles.
3. Basto, born 1702, by Byerly Turk and the Bay Peg, ran and won
several times 1708 and 1709 at Newmarket, over 4 miles.
4. Duke of Bolton's Bay Bolton, born 1705, by Grey Hautboy —
Makeless, ran and won 1712 and 171.3 at Newmarket, over 5 and 6 miles,
having already won the Gold Cup over 4 miles at York in 1710.
5. Snail, born about 1710, by \\'hynot, ran several times at Newmarket
in 1718, over 4 miles.
6. Flying Chiiders, born 1711, by Darley's .Vrabian and Betty Leedes,
won as a six, seven and eight-year-old, five matches at Newmarket, over 4
and 6 miles.
It was only after the year 1728 that a few races were arranged for four-
year-olds; at Ilambledon, 3 miles without heats, 10 stone, and at Scar-
borough, 2 miles with heats, 9 stone.
In 1732 Blacklegs won a match as a four-vear-old.
The first four-year-old winner of importance, as regards breeding, was
Starling in 1727, by Bay Bolton (at Ilambleton).
A sweepstakes for four-year-olds at Newmarket look place in October,
1730, and since 1734 the same were arranged several vears in succession,
4 miles without heats, 8 stone, -5 lbs.
24 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
In order to give the small horses more chance in the races, in 1713,
according to authority (but probably even earlier), the weights in special races
were fixed according to the size of the horse. The races were called the
" Give and Take Plates." Before 1750 the standard measurement for a horse
was 12 hands high=122 cm.; normal weight 5 stone, and for each increase
of 1 inch ^ stone more. Also 7 lbs. was allowed for each year under seven
years. In 1751 therp were fifteen races for the King's Plates, and likewise
fifteen for the Give and Take Plates. Whilst the races for the King's Plates
are still in existence, the Give and Take Plates gradually disappeared in the
first half of the nineteenth century. The qualifications for these latter were
published for the last time in the Racing Calendar of 1858. In the eighteenth
century these races were important, in so far as several of the winners of the
Give and Take Plates were the source from which came the material for
the building up of the Thoroughbred. They were as follows: —
1. Grey Grantham, born about 1710, by Brownlock Turk, won 1717 at
Newmarket.
2. Y. Cartouch, born 1731, by Cartouch, won four times as a five,
seven and eight-year-old.
3. Squirt, born 1733, by Bartlet's Childers, won as a seven-year-old in
Give and Take Plates with heats.
4. Ankaster Starling, born 1738, b\- Old Starling, won as a nine-year-
old twice, as a seven-year-old unplaced.
5. Dormouse, born 1738, bv Godolpiiin .Arabian, won as an eight to
eleven-year-old, four races with heats.
6. Cub, born 1739, by Fox, won as an eight-year-old once w ith heats.
7. Torismond, born 1739, by Old Starling, won as a seven-year-old
once.
8. Othello, born 1743, b\ Crab, won as an eight-}ear-old.
The races for the King's Plates, established by Charles II. in 1665,
formed, from about the beginning of the nineteenth century, the main trials
of young Thoroughbreds, corresponding to our present so-called fi\'e classical
races — Derby, Oaks, St. Leger, 1,000 and 2,000 Guineas Stakes. At first
the King's Plates were only for six-year-olds under 12 stone, and over 4 miles
with heats, but later both older and younger horses were admitted. Since
1750 a part of the King's Plates were also open for four and five-year-olds,
over 2 miles with heats, under 9 and 10 stone respectively.
These King's Plates at first consisted of siher dishes of the value of ^TOO,
upon each of which was engraved the name and pedigree of the w inner. It
was not until the time of George I. (1714-1727) that, instead of these prizes,
money prizes were given. This mone)' was partly raised by gentlemen who
themselves had no racehorses, with the express idea that this money should
go to the Crown, for races over long distances with heats and heavv weights,
in order to improve the breed of Hunters, and not merely for breeding horses
2. Development of the Thoroughbred, etc. 15
with beautiful forms and great speed. (See the Gentleman's Magazine,
April, 1739.)
The most prominent winners of the King's Plates up to 1850, as well as
those which have played an important part for breeding purposes, were the
following : —
1. Coneyskins 1712 by Lister Turk.
■2. Cade 1734 by Godolpliin Arabian.
3. Regulus 1739 by tiodolphin Arabian.
4. Tartar 1743 by Herod.
o. Shakespeare 1745 by Hobgoblin.
6. Eclipse 1764 by Marske (or Shakespeare).
7. Conductor 1767 by Matchem.
8. Woodpecker 1773 by Herod.
9. Highflyer 1774 by Herod.
10. Mercury 1778 by Eclipse.
11. Waxy 1790 by PotSos.
T2. Gohanna 1790 by Mercury.
13. Stamford 1794 by Sir Peter.
14. Sorcerer 1796 by Trumpalor.
15. Dick Andrews 1797 by Joe Andrews.
16. Penelope 1798 by Trumpator.
17. Orville 1799 bv 13eningbrougli.
18. Walton 1799 bv Sir Peter.
19. Sir Paul 180-i by Sir Paul.
•20. Whalebone 1807 by Waxy.
21. Catton 1809 by Golumpus.
22. Master Henry 1815 by Orville.
23. Langar 1817 b\' Seiini.
24. Guiccioli 1822 'by Bob Booty.
25. Little Red Rover 1827 by Tramp.
26. Priam 1828 by Emilius.
27. Birdcatcher 1833 by Sir Hercules.
28. \'enison 1833 by Partisan
29. Bees Wing 1833 by Dr. Syntax.
30. Harkaway 1834 by Economist.
31. Lanercost 1835 bv Liverpof)l.
32. Clarion 1836 by -Sultan.
3.3. Alice Hawthorn 1 8:38 by Muley Mnloch.
34. The Cure 1641 by Physician.
35. Elleidale 1844 by Lanercost.
36. Canezou 1845 by Melbourne.
37. Fiatcatcher 1845 by Touchslone.
38. Kingston 1849 b\- X'cnison.
39. '! orment 1850 bv Alarm.
40. Rataplan 18.50 by The Baron.
X6 Trial of the Thoroutjhbred on the Racecourse, etc.
The racing trials for iiorses in matches, which had been very costly for
the owners, gradually became cheaper through tiie Sweepstakes, which were
introduced at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and also by the
increase of different Plates. In this way, and through the Handicaps, which
were introduced in 1791, the participation in racing sport grew very consider-
ably, less rich gentlemen now being able to participate in it. According
to the statement of .'\dmiral Rous, there were for instance : —
Matches. Sweepstakes. Plates.
176-2 .... 19 88 205
1807 . . . . 189 203 269
1843 .... 86 897 191
The further development of racing sport in England and Ireland can be
seen from the following dates : —
1709. The first Racing Report of the Races at Clifton and RawclifTe
Ings, York (see Bailey's Racing Register). Gold Cup, 4 miles with heats,
12 stone — 4 starters. Since 1731 the races take place at Knavesmire, York.
1710. Bay Bolton won the Gold Cup at York over 4 miles with heats, as
a five-year-old, under 12 stone, the weight for six-year-olds.
1711. On the 11th of August, the opening of the new racecourse at Ascot
in the presence of Queen .Vnn (1702-1714). A ;^50 Plate for six-year-olds,
12 stone, 4 miles with heats — 7 starters. Winner, Duke of St. .\ibans'
chestnut colt, Doctor.
The racing reports gathered from newspapers and letters, covering the
periods 1711, 1712,1713, 1720, 1722,1724 ana 1726, about the races held at
Ascot, were first published in 1902 (see Royal Ascot, its History and
Associations, by G. J. Cawthorne and R. S. Herod).
1712. First race for five-year-old colts at York. The Ladies' Plate,
10 stone, 4 miles without heats. The proposition of this race, later called the
Great Subscription, remained unchanged until 1758, that is to say, they
remained unaltered for a period of 49 years. Since 1759 only the weight was
reduced to 9 stone.
1715. First race for five-year-old mares at (Black) Hambleton. His
Majesty's Gold Cup, 10 stone, 4 miles without heats — 15 starters. This race
had always stronger fields than that for five-year-old colts at York. 1716, 12
starters (winner, Brocklesby Betty, foundation dam of Fam. 23); 1717, 21
starters; 1718, 19 starters; 1719, 31 starters; 1720, 18 starters ; 1721, 20
starters; 1722, 22 starters; 1723, 19 starters; 1724, 26 starters. The
proposition of this race remained unchanged, with the exception of the name,
as long as the races were run at Hambleton, that is, up to 1775. After 1776,
when these races took place at York, the racing propositions for three-years
remained the same as for five-year-old mares; 10 stone, 4 miles — that is to
say, they remained unaltered for a period of 64 years.
1716. First racing report of the races which took place at Newmarket
'2 Development of the Thorouyhbied, etc. 17
(apart from the matclies from 1619 to 1719, which have already been men-
tioned above, and in tiie special collection b\- Muir).
1719. Bonny Black, foundation mare of the Fam. 39, won the Gold Cup
at Hambleton as a four-year-old under 10 stone, at the weight for five-year-
olds, over 4 miles, in a field of 31 starters. Bonny Black had already won a
match as a three-year-old at Newmarket.
1725. First racing report of the races at Riciimond.
1727. On the 12th of March, Trcgonwell Frampton, Manager of the
Royal Racing Stables under William 111., Queen Ann, George I. and
George II. died, at the age of 86. He was called " The Father of the Turf,"
and was interred at Newmarket.
1727. Appeared the first Racing Calendar, under the title of: "An
Historical List of all Horse Matches and of all the Plates and Prizes run
for in England and in Wales (of the value of ;i{^10 or upwards) in 1727," by
John Cheny. From this year there has appeared regularly up to the present
time a Yearly Racing Calendar. In the first Racing Calendar were included
the races run at 112 places, amongst which the following are well known
to-dav : Ascot Heath, Epsom, Hambleton, Liverpool, Nottingham, Rich-
mond, Lewes, Lincoln, Ipswich, Stamford, Oxford, Peterborough,
Winchester, York.
1728. First race for four-year-olds at Hambleton, Bishop Auckland, and
Hunmanbv, at Hambleton, 10 stone, 3 miles — 1-5 starters; 1729, 13 starters;
1730, 17 starters; 1731, 15 starters; winner, Old Starling, born 1727 by Bay
Bolton, first four-year-old winner which played an important part in the
breeding of the Thoroughbred, and shortly afterwards in the first years of
these races for four-year-olds the following are noteworthy : —
Sedbury 1734 by Partner (won at Hambleton).
Fox 1735 by Partner (won at Malton).
Traveller 1735 l)y Partner (won at HanibicKjn).
17.30. First race for four-vear-olds at Xcwmarket, S stone, 5 lbs., 4 miles
— 4 starters.
First racing reports in the Racing Calendar of the races run at :
1728. Doncaster.
1729. Chester.
1731. Canterbur\-.
1733. Manchester.
1741. Curragh of Kildare (Ireland).
From 1741 no races could be held with a prize of less than ^50, excepting
the cases where the prizes were specially bequeathed (i.e., left as bequests).
.\t the same time the following weights were agreed upon for the " King's
Plates " : —
For five-vear-olds 10 stone.
For six-vear-olds 11 stone.
For seven-year-olds 12 stone.
c
"[g Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
1750. jockey Club established at Newmarket.
1751. 15 King's Plates were run for in England as follows: —
10 for six-year-olds, 12 stone, 4 miles with heats.
1 for five-year-olds, 10 stone, i miles with heats.
1 for four-year-olds, 9 stone, 2 miles with heats.
1 for four-year-olds and older, 4 miles with heats.
2 for five-year-old mares, 10 stone, 4 miles with heats.
15 Give and Take Plates.
In Ireland : 3 King's Plates, 4 miles with heats.
Altogether there ran in England and Ireland 681 horses, of which
winners were : —
21 four-year-olds.
34 five-year-olds.
26 six-year-olds.
36 older.
64 age unknown.
According to the Sporting Calendar b\- John Pond, onlv 490 horses ran,
of which winners were : —
IS four-year-olds.
33 five-year-olds.
24 six-vear-olds.
45 older. •'
12 in Give and Take Plates.
1752. First known steeplechase match in Ireland over 4i miles, between
Mr. O'Callagnan and Mr. Edmund Blake.
1756. P'irst race for three-\'ear-oId colts, mares and geldings, on the
4th of October at Newmarket — 2 miles, 8 stone, 7 lbs. During the next
thirteen years this was the only race for three-year-olds, and there were
always good fields.
There were run :
18 King's Plates in England.
5 King's Plates in Ireland.
There ran altogether, in England and Ireland, 924 horses — 779 in
England and 145 in Ireland — of which winners were :
1 three-year-old.
45 four-year-olds.
45 five-year-olds. 0
33 si.x-year-olds.
49 older.
73 age unknown.
1760. The establishment of Tattersall's in London by Richard Tattersall,
who in 1779 bought Highflyer for ^,'2,500, and thereby laid the foundation
of his fortune.
2. OevL'Iopiutnt uf lliu ThuiDii^'hbred, clc. 19
17G2. Second Orlnbcr Meeting at Xewmarket.
1763. First winner in the rare for three-year-olds which played an
important part for bn-eclint: purposes, viz., \Mrago (see Fam. 9, dam of
Hollandaise L.).
1764. On the 1st of April Fciipse was Ijnrn in the Duke of
Cumberland's stud at Windsor (born 1721, died 17(')5), wliere already Crab,
Marske and Herod iiad been born and kept as stallions.
1765. First race for three-\ear-olds in Ireland; Scplcniber, Curragh.
'2 miles; 7 stone, 7 lbs.
1766. The first Classical Cup-Race, which is still run at the present
time : (Gold) Cup at Doncaster, at first for five-year-olds and older, 4 miles
with heats; since 1772 for four-year-olds and older, 4 miles without heats;
since 1786 for three-year-olds and older, 4 miles; since 182-5, 2 miles, .5
furlongs; and since 1891 to the present time, 2 miles.
1771. July Houghton and Craven Meeting in Newmarket. For the first
time the Craven (Trial) Stakes for three-year-olds and over, about 1\ mile- —
a very popular race, with very strong fields. For instance : 177;"), 29 starters;
1776, 2G starters; 1777, 29 starters; 1778, 29 starters. Up to 1812 no three-
vear-old was able to win the race. At the beginning there were many
classical winners, viz. : Pantaloon, \\'oodpecker (three times), Pot8os,
Buzzard (twice), Hambletonian (twice), Selim, Rubens, and others. Since
1878 the race has been only for three-year-olds, over 1 mile.
1771 and 1772. Races in Jamaica were included in the S{)orling
Calendar.
177.3. First volume of the Racing Calendar, by \\'eatherby, including
also the races in Jamaica.
I'irst race for two-vear-olds and older al Xewmarkei in Xoxcmbcr, but
in which )W hvo-y ear-olds took part.
Two matches between two-year-olds and four-\- car-olds at X'ew inarkcl, of
which the two-year-old colt Baby won, over 4 miles.
Sir Ch. Bunbury (since 1768 Steward, the First Dictator of the Turf,
born 1740, died lcS21), Lord Bolingbroke and Mr. J. Shafto were the
Stewards who had already sanctioned ihc races for I wo-year-olds in 1770,
about which there were very different opinions.
19 King's Plates in I'ingland, of which were:
7 for six-vear-olds ; 12 stone; I miles willi heats.
1 ,, six-year-olds; 12 stone; 3^ miles with heats.
1 ,. fi ve-}ear-olds ; 10 stone; 4 miles with heats.
1 ,, five-year-olds; 10 stone; .'i miles with heais.
1 ,, five-vear-olds ; 9 stone; 3 miles with heats.
2 ,, five-\ear-olds ; <S^ stone; 3 miles with heats.
1 ,, four-year-olds; 9 stone; 2\ miles with heats.
1 ,, four-vear-filds and over; I miles with heats.
20 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
1 for five-year-old mares; 10 stone; 3j miles without heats.
1 ,, five-year-old mares; 9 stone; 1 miles with heats.
1 ,, four-year-old mares; 8|^ stone; 2 miles with heats.
10 King's Plates in Ireland, of which were :
6 over 4 miles with heats.
2 without heats.
Altogether there ran l,0fi9 horses in England and '206 horses in Ireland.
1774. By special command of the King, from 1774 all King's Plates
were to be run at York without heats.
1775. October, Newmarket, 1 mile match, one three-j-ear-old, 8i stone,
beat a two-year-old, Fron ti no, 6|^ stone.
1776. In the Racing Calendar, the races in France (at Sablon and
Fontainebleau), as well as those in Jamaica, were specified.
From this time onward all races at Newmarket were to be run without
heats.
First race for two-year-olds October, Newmarket; h mile; 7 stone,
10 lbs. ; 3 starters. Sweepstakes of £?)Q for each.
First St. Leger (convened as a sweepstakes) at Doncaster; 2 miles,
colts, 8 stone; fillies, 7 stone, 12 lbs. The distances were later: Since
1806, 1 mile, 6 furlongs, 193 yards; since 1826, 1 mile, 6 furlongs, 132 yards.
Weights since :
1790. 8 stone, 2 lbs., and 8 stone respectively.
1826. 8 stone, 6 lbs., and 8 stone, 3 lbs. respectively.
1839. 8 stone, 7 lbs., and 8 stone, 2 lbs. ,,
1862. 8 stone, 10 lbs., and 8 stone, 5 lbs.
1884. 9 stone, 0 lbs., and 8 stone, 11 lbs. ,,
1777. The races in Jamaica were specified in the Racing Calendar.
The first winner in a race for three-year-olds which had an important
bearing on breeding, viz., Highflyer.
1778. First St. Leger under this name at Doncaster — 8 starters. Named
after Lieut. -General Anthonv St. Leger, of Park Hill, neighbour and friend
of the Marquis of Rockingham, who became Prime Minister in 1782, and
owner of Alabaculia, which was the first winner of the St. Leger, 1776.
1779. First Oaks, on Friday, May 14th, at Epsom ; 8 stone, 4 lbs. ; IJ
miles — 12 starters. Named after the estate belonging to Lord Derby, called
the " Oaks," not far from Epsom.
Distance since 1872 : 1\ miles and 29 yards. *
Weight since :
1787. 8 stone.
1808. 8 stone, 4 lbs.
1842. 8 stone, 7 lbs.
1862. 8 stone, 10 lbs.
1892. 9 stone.
2. neveIo[)nipnt of the Thorouj^Iibrcd, etc. 21
1780. First Derby, on Wednesday, the 4th of May, at Epsom.
Colts, 8 stone; fillies, 7 stone, 11 lbs.; 1 mile — 9 starters.
The distances :
Since 1784. li miles.
,, 187-2. IJ miles and -Ji) yards.
Weights since :
1784. 8 stone, 3 lbs., and 8 stone respectively.
1801. 8 stone, 3 lbs., and 7 stone, Ti lbs. respectively.
1803. 8 stone, -5 lbs., and 8 stone respectively.
1807. 8 stone, 7 lbs., and 8 stone, 3 lbs. respectively.
1808. 8 stone, 7 lbs., and 8 stone, -2 lbs. ,,
1862. 8 stone, 10 lbs., and 8 stone, 5 lbs.
1884. 9 stone, and 8 stone, 9 lbs., respectively.
The greater number of the races at Epsom were still run with heats.
October, Newmarket, three races for two-year-olds; one for fillies only,
7J stone; and two for colts and fillies, distance 1 mile, iieside these, several
other races for two-year-olds and over were held.
1781. 19 King's Plates in England.
12 King's Plates in Ireland.
Only 8 of these were run without heats, and 13 over 4 miles with heats.
Altogether 1,069 horses ran in England and Ireland. The winners were :
9 two-year-olds.
77 three-year-olds.
100 four-year-olds.
58 five-year-olds.
•38 si.x-year-olds.
39 older.
30 age not known.
."Xmcjugst the two-^ear-old winners was Assassin, winner of the next
year's Derby, and also Ceres, winner of next \ear's Oaks.
Afterwards (in 1785) Fidget won three races as a two-year-old, and
later became sire of the nameless Derby winner of 1797. Besides this.
Wren won five races as a two-year-old, and in 1790 became the dam of
Bellisima, winner of the Oaks. At this time ihe races for two-year-olds
became very popular.
1786. First classical race for two-year-olds : July Stakes at Newmarket.
Colts, 8 stone, 2 lbs; fillies, 8 stone; offspring of Eclipse or Highflyer,
3 lbs. extra. (This extra weight for Eclipse and Highflyer's oflspring was
customary in many other races, just as at an earlier period Herod's ofTspring
had to carry 3 lbs. extra). Distance, T. Y. O. C. = o furlongs, 136 yards =
1,130 m. — 7 starters.
1790. The first races in Ireland for two and three-year-olds together.
First volume of the Irish Racing Calendar.
22 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
1791. First Handicap: The Oatlands Stakes, at Ascot; 2 miles — 19
starters. Prize, 2,950 Guineas. Winner, Prince of Wales' six-year-old,
Baronet, 8 stone, 4 lbs. The famous Escape, six-year-old, 9 stone, 10 lbs.,
not placed. The three-year-old Vermin, 5 stone, 3 lbs., had the lightest
weight, and started as favourite. The race was very popular, and there must
have been about 40,000 people at Ascot. The following year this Handicap
was removed to Newmarket, and in 1870 was won by the three-year-old,
Adonis, 7 stone, 2 lbs., over the Cambridgeshire course. In 1804 it was
won by Penelope, a six-year-old, 9 stone, 1 lb.
1791. \'eterinary School founded in London by Charles Vial de
Saintbel, a Frenchman, who became known in England through the
dissection which he made of Eclipse in 1789, and the publicity caused by
same. He was made first Professor of the Veterinary College of London.
1791. First race for two-year-olds in Ireland (at Ennis) ; f mile. There
w-as also a race for two-year-olds in the following year at Curragh.
First match with yearlings, October, Newmarket ; 8 stone. Distance,
Y. C.= 2 furlongs, 147 yards=.524 m. \\'inner, the one-eyed grey mare of
Mercury — Herod, which ran once again as a two-year-old not placed, then
up to 14 years was used as a riding and carriage horse. After that gave
birth to nine foals, amongst which were three foundation mares of the Fam.
5 b. She was foundation dam of the Marigold, and when she was 27 bore her
last foal.
The yearling, Cash (later Ariel), b}' Ready Rhino — Herod, won two
matches in October at Newmarket against three-year-olds. Distance, Y. C.
The racing of yearlings was first ofticially forbidden in 1876.
The two-year-old, Anthony, (1789) by Diomed and the Golden Rose,
ran fourteen races and won in eleven (including one w. o.).
1792. Three races in Moscow, Russia, were included in the Racing
Calendar.
First known steeplechase in Leicester, over 8 miles.
1793. First j-ear's circulation of the Sporting Magazine.
From this date the lengths of the different courses at Newmarket were
stated.
First race for yearlings, sweepstakes, at Newmarket, October; 8 stone,
2 lbs. Distance, Y. C. — 3 starters.
Besides this, two matches took place between yearlings.
Already in April a race had taken place at Newmarket for two-year-olds,
7 stone, 4 lbs. Distance, J mile — I starters.
22 King's Plates in England, and 13 in Ireland, of which 16 were over
4 miles with heats, and only 8 were over 2 to 4 miles without heats.
Altogether there ran in England and Ireland 923 horses. Winners were :
3 one-year-olds.
28 two-year-olds.
2. Development of the Thoroughbred, etc. 23
'J;j tliree-ycar-olds.
79 foiir-\ear-()lds.
45 fivc-vcar-nlds.
84 six-vpar-olds.
88 older.
.'id age unl<nci\\ ii.
Also, there were specified in tlie Rariny Calendar three races which were
lun at Moscow (the eiijht-\ear-old (irev Dionied, by Diomed, won the
Cup Prize, over 4 miles with heats).
First volume of the General Stud Book.
1795. One sweepstakes for yearlings at Newmarket, October; 8 stone,
•2 lbs. Distance, Y. C.
In consequence of the political unrest of the period, the breeding of
Thoroughbreds and racing trials was neglected. It was not until after 1815
that it again commenced to recover.
On account of the Rexolution, a part of the races in Ireland did not take
place. In the linglish Racing Calendar it is stated, erroneously, that no
races were held, but some, as a matter of fact, did take place. In Ireland,
the Racing Calendar for 1798 and 1799 appeared later in one volume.
1799. On the ioth of March, at Newmarket, took place the famous match
between Hambletonian, 8 stone, 3 lbs., and Diamond, 8 stone; distance,
B. C. = 4 miles, I furlong, 138 yards. Both seven-}'ear-olds. Hambletonian
won in 7J minutes.
1800. In September, at Doncaster, race for t\\o-\ear-old C(jlts, 1|
miles (later 1 mile) ; 8 stone.
1802. I'irst Racing Report, about the three days' meeting at Goodwood.
1804. The famous match for lOUO Guineas on the 'J5th of August, at
\'ork. Over 4 miles, without regard tcj weight: Mr. IHint's Brown I'lmrn-
ville, seven-year-old, by X'olunteer. Ridden by the ow ner. — Colonel lliorn-
ton's Vinagarella, about twenty-year-old, by Woodpecker. Rider, .Mrs.
Ihornton. In the last mile the aged Vinagarella became lame, and iherelore
Brown Thornville won easily in 9 minutes, 59 seconds.
1S05. On the 24th of .August, at York, the famous match for 700
Guineas and a Cuj); 2 miles: Colonel Ihornton's six-year-old, Louis<-, by
Pegasus, !) stone, (i lbs., rider, .Mrs. Ihornton, and Mr. Blomfield's six-\ car-
old, Allegro, bv Pegasus, 13 stone, (1 lbs., rider, I-'rancis Buckle. Amidst
till' unequalled enthusiasm of a iremendous crowd of spectators, such as had
never before been seen at York, the famous ladv rider beat I'Vancis Buckle,
the most noted jockey of that period, after a very e.xciting struggle, by half a
neck.
1807. Fitzwilliam Stakes, in .September, at Doncaster; IJ miles, for
two-year-olds and older. .Since LS50 Handicap.
For the first time the second classical race for two-vear-olds, the W'oodcot
24 Trial of the Thoroug-hbred on the Racecourse, etc.
Stakes, at Epsom, at Derby time; i mile, for two-year-olds. Colts, 8 stone,
3 lbs.; fillies, 8 stone.
For the first time : The Gold Cup at .\scot, for three-year-olds and older,
2J miles. 1845-1853 the prize was given by the Czar of Russia.
1809. For the first time : 2,000 Guineas Stakes at Newmarket, three-
year-olds. Colts, 8 stone, 3 lbs. ; fillies, 8 stone. R. M.= l mile — 8 starters.
Distance the same up to the present time. Weight now: Colts, 9 stone;
fillies, 8 stone. 9 lbs.
1813. For the first time : The Wokingham Stakes (Handicap) at Ascot,
f mile.
1814. For the first time : 1,000 Guineas Stakes at Newmarket, three-
year-old fillies, 8 stone, 4 lbs. D. .M.= 7 furlongs, 178 yards. Distance
since 1873 R. RI. as in the 2,000 Guineas Stakes. Weight now 9 stone.
1816. For the first time : Gold Cup at ^Manchester, for three-year-olds
and older.
18'23. For the first time : The third classical race for two-year-olds. The
Prendergast Stakes, at Newmarket, October, T. Y. O. C.
1824. For the first time : Chester Cup, for three-}'ear-olds and older.
1825. For the first time : Goodwood Gold Cup, for three-year-olds and
older; 2 miles. Since 1833 7 lbs. allowed for horses whose dam or sire was
Oriental (including Persian or Turkish). Since 1834, 14 or 28 lbs. allowed,
according as one or both parents were Oriental. Since, the allowance was
raised to ]8 and 36 lbs. respectively. In 1897 this allowance was done away
with, as Orientals did not take part.
1826. For the first time : The Clearwell Stakes, at Newmarket, October,
for two-year-olds — 11 starters.
On the 31st of March, 1826, Capt. Ross won the first steeplechase match
which is recorded in the Racing Calendar, at Leicester, over 4 miles, with
his famous Hunter, Clinker, by Clinker — Sancho — Fidget, and the Lily of
the Valley, bv Eclipse. A detailed description of this match is to be found
in the Sporting Magazine, volume 68, page 42.
1827. 26 King's Plates in England, 16 King's Plates in Ireland— 17
over 4 miles with heats, 16 without heats.
1829. For the first time : The Criterion Stakes, for two-year-olds, at
Newmarket, October.
First year's circulation of the Sportsman.
1830. F"irst steeplechase, at St. Albans, for Cavalry Officers — 16 starters.
1830-46. Lord George Bentick (born 1802 at Welbeck, died 1848) had
100 brood mares, 60 racehorses, and 3 training establishments. He was the
second Dictator of the Turf, and he cleared the racecourse of defaulters.
1830. For the first time: The Lavant Stakes, at Goodwood, August;
J mile. 15th September, opening of the first railway in England, from
Manchester to Liverpool, in the presence of the Duke of Wellington.
2. Development of the Thorouf^hbrcd. etc. 25
1S31. The Racing Calendar recorded the famous bet of Mr. Osbaldiston
(born 1787. He was a celebrated sportsman, and also well known on account
of his duel with Lord Bentick), who, on the 5th of November, rode, at New-
market, R. C, with 11 stone, -2 lbs., 200 miles=322 km., in 8 hours, (-2
minutes, using 29 horses, which he changed every 4 miles.
1S34. In the Spring Races at Newmarket the age of ihc horses was
reckoned, as at the present time, from the 1st of January, instead of the 1st
of Mav. For all other racing places up to 1858 the following held good : —
" Horses take their ages from May Day, i.e., a horse foaled any time in
the year 1830 will be deemed a year old on the 1st of May, 1831."
183G. On the 29th of February, first Liverpool Grand National Steeple-
chase; 12 stone, 4 miles, gentlemen riders — 10 starters. Winner, Capt.
Becher, after whom, later, the famous water leap was called, and over which
Capt. Becher tumbled with Conrad. It was at first arranged as a Sweep-
stakes with selling conditions, and was run 1836-1838 over a course at
Maghull, and only since 1839 over the course at Aintree, as at the present
time. Since 1843 as a Handicap.
1S37. On the 25th of October, auction at Ihimpton Court of the
Thoroughbreds (5 stallions, 43 brood mares, 13 colts, and J.s fillies, sold for
15,692 Guineas).
1850, the stud of Thoroughbreds again established, and in 1894 disposed
of for the second time.
1S;JS. For the first time : Gold Vase at Ascot.
1839. For the first time, the two famous Handicaps at Newmarket : The
Cesarewitch Stakes (the Russian Grand Duke Alexander gave /,'300), and
The Cambridgeshire Stakes.
184-0. For the first time : The Coronation Stakes at Ascot, three-year-old
fillies, 8 stone, 7 lbs., 1 mile; and Stewards Cup (Handicap), f mile.
The last reports on cock fighting in the Racing Calendar.
1842. At Epsom still five races w ith heats ; at Goodwood three races with
heats; at Doncaster two races with heats. At the smaller racing places most
of the races with heats.
1843. For the first time : The Royal Hunt Cup (Handicap) at Ascot,
for three-year-olds and older, 1 mile— 24 starters.
1848-49. First volume of the Steeplechase Calendar, bv J. Osborne.
1851. For the first time : The City and Suburban Handicap at Epsom,
IJ miles — 16 starters.
1853. For the first time: The Lincolnshire Handicap, li miles, in
March, at Lincoln. Still the first great Handicap of the year.
1855. Admiral Rous, "the third Dictator of the Turf," became
Handicapper of the Jockey Club. The number of the two-year-old racing
horses increase, and since 1856 outnumbers the three-year-olds.
185(J. Jn November, at Shrewsbury, races for yearlings. Colts, 7 stone.
26 Trial of the Tiiorouf^hbred on the Racecourse, etc.
7 lbs. ; fillies, 7 stone, 4 lbs. ; j mile — 7 starters. Winner, Heroine, founda-
tion mare in Fam. 2 b ; 3rd, Saxony, foundation mare in Fam. 14; unplaced,
Polly Peachum, foundation mare, Fam. 9.
1857. In November, at Shrewsbury, races for yearlings, as in 1856 — 4
starters. Winner, Tomboy, bv Idleboy and Alexina. There were also
several hurdle races with heats, of which the well-known half-bred mare,
Heads or Tails (born 1854, by Sir Hercules, 27 years old), won a few.
1858. In November, at Shrewsbury, races for yearlings, as 1856 — 4
starters.
All the King's Plates in England without heats, and only one over 4
miles.
1859. Lord Jersey died. He was the greatest opponent to races for
two-year-rjlds, and would not let his own two-year-olds run. He won the
Derby three times: l<s25 with Middleton, 1827 with Mameluck, 1836 with
Bav Middleton. He won the Oaks once with Cobweb in 1824, and the 2,000
Guinea Stakes five times: 1831 with Riddlesworth, 1834 with Glencoe, 1835
with Ibrahim, 1836 with Bay Middleton, 1837 with Achmet. He won the
1,000 Guinea Stakes twice : 1824 with Cobweb, 1830 with Charlotte West.
1859. In November, at Shrewsbury, races for yearlings : The Anglesey
Stakes, as in 1856 — 9 starters. Winner, Little Lady, foundation mare in
Fam. 2 c, dam of Camballo 2.
33 King's Plates without heats in England, and 17 King's Plates in
Ireland, of which one only was with heats.
Only at fifteen small racing places were races with heats still run.
1860. The proposal of Lord Redesdale to fix the minimum racing weight
at 7 stone was rejected h\ the Jockey Club, and the minimum weight was
fixed at 5 stone, 7 lbs., w hich was raised to 6 stone in 1889.
1803. The establishing of the National Hunt Committee.
1804. The Derby winner, Blair Athol, ran his second race in the
Grand Prix at Paris, and was beaten with two lengths b}' Vermouth.
Since this year a small portion of the most important races on the
Continent have been recorded.
1806-67. First volume of the Racing Calendar for Steeplechases, by
Weatherby, as a continuation of tiiat issued by J. Osborne.
1800. For the first time: The Middle Park Plate (1,000 Sovereigns,
given by Mr. W. Blenkiron) for two-year-olds, at Newmarket, October; 6
furlongs — 15 starters.
1873. For the first time : Jockey Club Cup, at Newmarket, Cesar.
Course — 6 starters. Winner, Flageolet.
1872. Middle Park Stud was sold after the death of the Manager, Mr.
W. Blenkiron; Blair Athol to the Cobham Stud Co., newly established.
2. Development of thu Thoroughbred, etc. 27
for 12,500 Guineas; Gladiriteiir for 7,000 riiiincas to (apt. Ray; and
Brcadalbane for 6,000 Guineas to Germany.
1874. I'or the first time: {"he Brorklesby Stal<es for two-year-olds;
i mile, at I,incoln, in Marcii — IS starters. First rare in the year for two-
year-olds.
1875. For the first time : Dewhiirst Plate for two-year-olds, at New-
market; 7 furlongs — 11 starters. Winner, Kisber.
1878. First Race Meeting at Kempton Park (three meetings).
1879. For the first time : The Hartwicke Stakes for three-year-olds
and older; 1^ miles, at Ascot.
Disposal of the Gobham .Stud Co. which, after many a change, finally
came into the possession of the International Horse Agency and E.xchange,
46a Pall Mall, London, S.W., under the management of Mr. W. Allison.
1880. In England all the King's Plates were run over a two-mile
course, but in Ireland there were still six over a three-mile course and two
over a four-mile (as at present).
1886. The first ;^T0,000 race : Eclipse Stakes, for three and four-year-
olds, at Sandown Park; 1^ miles — 12 starters. Winner, Bendigo.
1887. The Royal Stud for Thoroughbreds was established at
Sandringham.
1888. Ormonde was sold for ;£,'30,000 to the Argentine, and afterwards
to Mr. .Macdonough, California, Menlo Stud Stock Farm, near Francisco,
for ^'31,000, where he died.
1889. For the first time : The Newmarket Stakes for three-vear-olds.
Distance, A. F.= i mile, 2 furlongs — 17 starters. \\'inner, Donovan.
1894. The second ;{,T0,000 race : Princess of Wales', at Newmarket,
for three and four-year-olds. Distance, B. M. = l mile; July — 7 starters.
Winner, Isinglass. .Since 1901 for four-vear-olds and older. Distance
since 1902, Suff. St. C.= U miles.
1897. Commencement of the American Jockey invasion.
In October Tod Sloan (born 1873) came to England, rode in fifty-three
races and won twent\-. On the last racing dav he rode five races, won four
times, and once came in second. In the f(jllowing year Sloan came to
England in September, ran ninety-eight races and won forty-two, among
them the .Middle Park Plate with Caiman, beating I-'lying Fox. In 1S99
Sloan ran 343 races and won lOM, came second with Caiman in the 2,000
Guineas, and in the .St. Leger. In th(> Derbv the I-'rench grey colt, Holo-
causte, broke his fetlock in struggling with i^'lying Fox.
In June, 1899, came the two brothers, L. Reiff and J. Reiff (14-year-old);
and in 1900 D. Maher (18-year-old), from .\merica to England.
1898. Introduction of the .Vustralian starting machine for two-year-old
races, and in the following year also for three-year-t^id races.
28
Trial of the Thorouirhbrecl on the Racecourse, etc.
1900. Of the ten most successful jockeys who had won more than 50 races
five were Americans, of whom L. Reiff stood at the head with 553 mounts
and 143 wins. The most famous EngHsh jockc}- up to this time, S. Loates,
followed with 809 mounts and 137 wins; then J. Reiff, with 604 mounts and
124 wins. The American style of seat at race-riding was now generally
accepted. In the following table are named the champion jockeys of
England in the last 50 years.
Wins.
1859 G. Fordham 109 1884
1860 G. Fordham 146 1885
1861 G. Fordham 106 1886
1862 G. Fordham 166 1887
1863 G. Fordham 73 1888
1864 J. Grimshaw 164 1889
1865 G. Fordham 142 1890
1866 Kenyon 126 1891
1867 G. Fordham 145 1892
1868 G. Fordham 121 1893
1869 G. Fordham 95 1894
1870 W. Gray 77 1895
1871 G. Fordham 88 1896
1872 T. Cannon 88 1897
1873 H. Constable 109 1898
1874 F. Archer 147 1899
1875 F. .Archer 172 1900
1876 F. .Archer 207 1901
1877 F. .Archer 218 1902
1878 F. .Archer 229 1903
1879 F. Archer 197 1904
1880 F. .Archer 120 1905
1881 F. .Archer 220 1906
1882 F. Archer 210 1907
1883 F. .Archer 232 1908
Wins.
F. .Archer 241
F. .Archer 246
F. .\rcher 170
C. Wood 151
F. Barrett 108
T. Loates 167
T. Loates 147
M. Cannon 137
M. Cannon 182
S. Loates 222
M. Cannon 167
M. Cannon 184
M. Cannon 164
M. Cannon 145
O. Madden 161
S. Loates 160
L. Reiff 143
O. .Madden 130
W. Lane 170
O. Madden 154
O. Madden 161
E. Wheatley 124
W. Higgs ' 149
W. Higgs 145
D. Maher 139
1900. Twelve yearlings from Eaton were sold by auction for ^"45,465,
amongst which were: Sceptre, for ;^10,000 to Mr. Sievier; Flying Fox, a
four-year-old, for ^^39, 375= roundly, one million francs, to Mons. E. Blanc.
2. Development of the Thorouerhbred, etc. 29
\tinil)cr (jf Horses whicli ran in Enijland and Ireland.
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
In the
There
In the
Year
Years and older
ran
Year
Years and older
There
ran
Number of Winners
1741
—
—
—
—
—
1751
—
—
—
21
160
1756
—
-
1
45
200
1757
—
—
1
51
166
17.58
—
—
1
58
215
1773
—
1
—
—
1781
—
9
77
100
165
17!«
3
28
93
79
153
1795
1
31
90
ft4
132 t
Number of Horses that ran
1797
—
67
191
142
312
1802
—
39
142
123
346
1827
—
158
390
250
570
184!)
—
264
419
254
378
1856
7
527
457
275
376
1857
4
508
500
251
mi
1858
4
601
436
280
318
1859
9
576
496
240
324
18()0
—
608
521
:i02
286
1861
--
061
550
214
at2
1802
—
626
528
291
381
1863
—
643
510
291
393
imi
_
664
548
298
4:i8
1S65
—
659
572
364
447
1866
—
729
572
359
449
1867
—
752
661
408
«i-
18(IS
844
631
418
617
1869
—
842
673
402
617
1870
—
807
709
442
611
1871
—
732
740
450
501
1872
-
699
627
:J82
390
1873
—
1874
—
4(17
1875
(Wl
1876
_
!)24
1877
—
885
1878
_
931
1879
—
1275
1880
—
106! 1
1881
—
!)2:^
1882
—
834
188:^
—
1884
—
1885
—
712
1886
—
m)
1887
—
1368
1888
—
1315
1889
—
1642
1890
—
1624
1891
—
16:-!!)
1S!)2
1645
18!)3
1717
18!)4
1767
1895
isai
lSi)6
—
i,s;i7
1897
—
1948
1898
—
20)2
l.S!)9
—
21(1!)
1900
—
24.")S
1901
—
i-.lii
1!H)2
__
■SM
1903
1
2.V)!)
1904
i
2l.s:{
1!K)5
—
2(J!)S
liJ06
—
(>94
710
784
769
805
873
844
820
800
840
859
840
88:^
880
908
949
986
9:« '
1062
1091
1108
1255
1297
1276
1.369
ism
14:«
1528 [
1445
la-jl I
602
:i5<>
572
320
5.50
354
5!)2
:«i
(i04
318
612
321
(i:«
314
610
313
587
304
553
252
607
292
572
294
578
279
.593
293
523
290
566
287
.V)3
276
607
273
&43
296
772
:«6
727
399 '
779
417
900
417
868
459
965
616
1039
517
1059
558
1116
589
1179
614
1070
647
127
:«i
396
:«)
330
291
322
28;s
279
271
312
276
293
310
286
321
316
290
.314
365
:«4
455
475
511
6(J6
651
6i)8
688
719
762
not given
1297
1001 1 576 '
677
1»18
981 1 525
6SW
207!)
v.m
2084
20.->4
2057
2097
2113
2026
1970
1916
2070
1982
2o:«
2076
2(X)7
212:^
2131
2105
21^5
25(U
2(il8
2!)IK>
:nm
3114
:i")5()
:i-)7l
a)2i
3957
38:«)
:i->5i
:i>l4
Since Aiitiinin, 1807, the Hurdle Races, and since July, 1)^71, (he
N'ationai Hunt l-'lat Races, are nut given in above tigures.
30
Trial of the Thorouijhbred on the Racecourse, etc.
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5 :; 3 13
CHAPTER III.
Origin and Change in the Weight Tables, and the
Conclusions to be drawn therefrom.
In the beginning and middle of the eighteenth century, i.e., up to about
1760, the difference in weight of horses of various ages was calculated
generally at the rate of 1 stone=14 English lbs. per year. For instance :
4 year-olds 9 stone.
5 year-olds 10 ,,
6 vear-olds 11 , ,
Older 12 ,,
1759 to 1765. October. Newmarket, so-called weight scale according to
age for distance, B. C. = about 4 miles.
Difference
4 year-olds 6 stone, 11 lbs. | i stone, 7 lbs.
" } 1 stone.
5 year-olds 8 ,,
4
6 year-olds 9 ,,
4
Older 10 ,,
} 10 lbs.
1766. So-called weight scale according to age at Newmarket. October.
Distance, B. C. = 4 miles.
Difference
4 year-olds 7 stone, 7 Ibs.j i stone, 2 lbs.
5 year-olds 8 ,, 9 ,, ) ^^ .,
6 year-olds 9 ,, 7 ,, .[ ""
Older 10 ,,_,,) 7 lbs.
At the establishing of the Gold Cup in 1768 at Newmarket, to be run in
October, over 4 miles, the weights were :
Difference 4^
4 year-olds 7 stone, — lbs. | i gtone, 5 lbs.
5 year-olds 8 ,, ^ „ | ^^ ibs
6 year-olds 9 ,, 3 ,, | ""
Older 9 ,, 10 ,, / 7 lbs.
At that time there was no universally accepted scale of weights, and the
following examples show the average differences in weights in 1775 :
3. Ori),'in and ("li.int,'e in the Weif^ht Tables, etc.
33
In July, at Xewmarket, over 2 miles :
Difference
1 Stone, '2 lbs.
12 lbs.
5 lbs.
2 lbs.
Difference
3 year-olds (; stone, -- lbs. I i ^^^^ne, 7 lbs.
•4 year-olds 7 ,, 7 " • j]^ i^g
5 vear-olds 8 ,. 1 ,, .
} 8 lbs.
3 year-olds fi stone, 11
4 year-olds 7 ,,13
5 year-olds 8 „ 9
G vear-olds 9 ,, —
Older 9 „ 2
bs. y
)
In August, at Newmarket, over 4 miles
() vear-olds 8 ,, ]2
Older 9 ,, 3 ,, ) ^ lbs
In October, at Newmarket, over 4 miles :
Difference
4 year-olds 7 stone, 3 Ibs.j. i stone, 2 lbs.
5 year-olds 8 , ,
(i vear-olds 9 ,,
Older 9 ,,
(
" '1
J
9 lbs.
.-) lbs.
Hereafter the differenct-s in wcitrht were, on the a\erage, about as
follows :
1775.
3 year-olds
4 year-olds
5 year-olds
G j-ear-olds
Older
1 st(jne, 2 lbs. to 1 stone, 7 lbs.
10 lbs. to 1 stone, 5 lbs.
') lbs. to 1 stone, 2 lbs.
2 lbs. to 8 lbs.
2 year-olds |
3 year-olds
4 year-olds
5 year-( ilds
G vear-olds
Older
1800.
I stone, 12 lbs. to 2 stone, 2 lbs.
I stone to 2 stone.
7 lbs. to 1 stone, 2 lbs.
I lbs. to 10 lbs.
•J lbs. to () lbs.
1830.
2 year-olds | i stone, 12 lbs. to 2 stone, 3 lbs.
3 year-olds
4 year-olds
5 year-olds
G \ear-olds
O'lder
1 stone to 2 stone.
7 lbs. to 1 stone, 1 lb.
2 lbs. to 9 lbs.
0 to 3 lbs.
34 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
1850.
2 year-olds | i gtone, 12 lbs. to 2 stone, 3 lbs.
3 year-olds j ^ ^^^^^^ ^ j^g_ ^^ o stone, 6 lbs.
4 year-olds ^ _ ,, , -,ri iu
_ ■' ,j f 7 lbs. to 10 lbs.
5 year-olds :
6 year-olds { - l^s. to 6 lbs.
Older ) 0 to 1 lb.
1900.
2 year-olds j i stone, 1 lb. to 2 stone, 5 lbs.
3 year-olds , ^ lb. to 1 stone, 13 lbs.
4 year-olds ^
5 year-olds ( « to 8 lbs.
Older } 0.
On page 35 is given the weight scale worked out by Admiral Rous in
1873. This scale has been frequently altered, and holds good at the present
time. From 1832 the weights for the King's Plates were fixed for the
different racing places in the Racing Calendar. At Newmarket alone were
the weights for the King's Plates fixed by the Stewards. In the Racing
Calendar for 1861 appeared for the first time the universally accepted weight
scale for the King's Plates, which we give below. It was not until 1881 that
the first copy of the weight scale worked out by Admiral Rous appeared in
the Racing Calendar. A special table is given herewith for comparison of
the weights from 1881 and of those from 1906.
3. Origfin and Chatifje in the Weight Tables, etc.
35
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38 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
In order to arrive at a fair comparison of the weights carried formerly
with those carried at the present time, hereafter will be given the weights
for definite yearh- periods, distances, seasons, and, of course, only for races
without heats.
The first race for two-year-olds and older horses in November, 1773, at
Newmarket, distance D. J. = about 2 miles, stipulated as weight for two-year-
olds, 4 stone, 8 lbs., and for three-year-olds, 6 stone, 7 lbs., that is, a
difference of 1 stone, 13 lbs. According to to-day's scale the difference would
be 4 lbs. more, i.e., 2 stone, 3 lbs. It is very interesting to note how exactly,
even at that time, the capabilities of the two-year-olds were valued against
those of the three-year-olds. For further comparison of the weights for two-
year-olds, as well as three-year-olds, the following examples will serve : —
1777. October. Newmarket. Distance | mile Ab. M.= 6 furlongs.
3 year-old, 8 stone (won). ) Difference,
2 year-old, 6 stone, 8 lbs. J 1 stone, 6 lbs.
According to the present day scale : 1 stone, 7 lbs.
1777. October. Newmarket. Distance Ab. M.= l mile.
3 year-olds, 8 stone. ] Difference,
2 year-olds, 6 stone, 8 lbs. (paid forfeit), f 1 stone, 6 lbs.
According to the present day scale : 1 stone, 12 lbs.
1781. October. Newmarket. Distance J R. M. = 4 furlongs.
2 year-old, Assassin, 7 stone (won). ] Difference,
3}^ear-old, Puzzle, Sstone, 3 lbs. j 1 stone, 6 lbs '
According to present day scale : about 1 stone, 1 lb.
Assassin, winner of the next vear's Derby, and the three-year-old. Puzzle,
were racing horses of almost equal value, and Puzzle won directly afterwards
the — at that time — classical Perram Stakes at Newmarket.
1800. October. Newmarket. Distance D. J. = about 2 miles.
Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 1 stone, 12 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 2 stone, 3 lbs.
1800. July. Newmarket. Distance 2 Y. O. C.= . 5 furlongs, 136 yards.
Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 2 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 13 lbs.
1800. October. Newmarket. Distance, 2 Y.O.C.= 5 furlongs, 136 yds.
Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 1 stone, 7 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7 lbs.
1800. October. Newmarket. Distance D. J. = about 2 miles.
Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 1 stone, 12 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 2 stone, 3 lbs.
' Taking into consideration the usual 3-lbs. allowed for fillies.
3. Origin and CInange in tlie Weiglit Tables, etc. 39
1830. July. Liverpool. Distance 2 Y. O. C. = about 5 furlongs.
Difference in weight between "2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 2 lbs.
M ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 11 lbs.
1830. September. Doncaster. Distance IJ miles.
Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 4 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 2 stone, 3 lbs.
1850. July. Goodwood. Distance 2 Y. O. C. = 6 furlongs.
Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 2 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 13 lbs.
1850. July. Liverpool. Distance 2 Y. O. C. = about 5 furlongs.
Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 11 lbs.
1850. September. Doncaster. Dist. Red House = 5 furlongs, 152 yds.
Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 8 lbs.
1850. October. Newmarket. Distance 1 mile.
Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 4 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 12 lbs.
1850. October. Newmarket. Dist. 2 Y.O.C. = 5 furlongs, 136 yards.
Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 1 stone, 11 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7 lbs.
1850. October. Newmarket. Distance J Ab. M. = 4 furlongs.
Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 1 stone, 10 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, lib.
1850. October. Curragh. Distance Red Post=l mile, 6 fur., 3 yds.
Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 11 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 2 stone, 2 lbs.
For comparing three and four-year-olds the following examples will
serve : —
1775. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs,
44 yards.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 7 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7Jlbs.
1775. July. Newmarket. Distance 2 miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 2 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 4 lbs.
1775. August. Newmarket. Distance 4 miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 7 lbs.
,, ,, according In to-day's scale, 1 stone, 9 lbs.
1800. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 fur-
longs, 44 yards.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 2 stone.
M ,, according to to-day's .scale, 1 stone, 7 J lbs.
40 Trial of the Thorouffhbred on the Racecourse, etc.
1800. ' May. Newmarket. Distance 2 miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 12 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, Tibs.
1800. July. Newmarket. Distance D. J. = about 2 miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 5 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 st<jne, 4 lbs.
1800. July. Stockbridge. Distance=2 miles.
Difference in Weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 3 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 4 lbs.
1800. July. Stamford. Gold Cup. Distance=4 miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 7 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 10 lbs.
1800. August. Ireland. Distance=4 miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 3 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-dav's scale, 1 stone, 9 lbs.
1800. October. Newmarket. Distance=2 miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 13 lbs.
1807. June. Ascot. Gold Cup. Distance=2J miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 4 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7^ lbs.
1830. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs,
44 yards.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 2 stone, 4 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7i lbs.
1830. May. Liverpool. Distance=2 miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 6 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7 lbs.
1830. May. Epsom. Craven Stakes. Distance=lj miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 2 stone.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 4 lbs.
1830. June. Ascot. Gold Cup. Distance 2J miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 6 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7J lbs.
1830. June. Manchester. Gold Cup. Distance 2 miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 13 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 6 lbs.
1830. July. Liverpool. Croxteth Stakes. Distance Ij miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 8 lbs.
. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 1 lb.
3. Oriffin and Chanjje in the Weifjht Tables, etc. 41
1830. .Viigiist. York. Distatife 2 miles.
Difference in weigiit between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, -2 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's .scale, 1 stone, 1 lb.
18.30. September. Doncaster. Cup. Distance '2 miles, 5 furlongs.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 3 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, IJ lbs.
1830. October. Epsom. Metropolitan Stakes. Distance IJ miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-filds, 1 stone, 4 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 9 lbs.
1850. April. .Xewmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs,
44 \ards.
DitTerencc in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 12 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7J lbs.
1850. May. Epsom. Craven Stakes. Distance 1^ miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 2 stone, 2 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 4 lbs.
1850. June, .\scot. (jold Cup. Distance 2^ miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 9 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day'r. scale, 1 stone, 7J lbs.
1850. July. Liverpool. Croxteth Stakes. Distance IJ miles.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, Bibs.
,, ,, according tfi to-day's scale, 1 stone, 1 lb.
18-50. September. Doncaster. Cup. Distance 2 miles, 5 furlongs.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 5 lbs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 1^ lbs.
1850. October. Xewmarket. Distance, T. Y. O. C.= 5 furl., 136 yds.
Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, Tibs.
,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 4 lbs.
Those examples, which may serve as a comparison, are, especiallv in the
years before l.SoO, often ditticult to gather, as most racx'S then were run with
heats, and are therefore unsuitable as comparisons with tiie present time,
and because only few races were set apart for horses of each age. The many
Handicaps for hcjrses of each age are very difficult to manipulati; as com-
parisons. From above examples one easily can see, however, that the weight
difference between two and three-year-olds as well as between three and
four-year-olds was, up to the year 1800, nearly according to the present
scale of weights, and that they often were somewhat smaller for longer
distances. From bSOd to about 1850 these weight differences increased some-
what, viz. : The differences between two and three-year-olds less (about 2-7
lbs.), those between three and four-year-olds .somewhat more (about 3-11 lbs.).
In other words, the proportion of weight carrying capability has been
approximately the same up to about 1800 as it is to-day for two, three and
42 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
four-year-olds, whilst after about 1800 up to about 1850 the three-year-olds
and the four-year-olds especiail}- were expected to carry more, according to
the table just quoted. It appears that the races for two-year-olds, which took
place at that time in a reduced degree, and not too early in the year (which
races became popular after Assassin's Derby victory, 1782), improved the
capabilities (Leistungsfahigkeit) of the future three and four-year-olds, whilst
after about 1850 the increase of races for two-year-olds, especially in the
early part of the year, seems to have annulled gradually this favourable
effect.
The changes of weight differences between four-year-olds and older horses
are shown by the following examples, in their historic development : —
1775. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs,
44 yards.
Difference in weight : According to present scale :
4 year-olds \ g ibg 4^ lbs.
5 year-olds 1 ^ rv
b year-olds [
7 vear-olds [ ^
O'lder 1 2 0 ,,
1792. July. Newmarket. Distance 2 miles.
Difference in weiglit : According to present scale :
4 year-olds \ iq lbs 3 lbs.
5 year-olds \ ^ n
6 year-olds / ' " "
Older } 2 0 ,,
179"2. October. Newmarket. Distance 2 miles.
Difference in weigfit : According to present scale :
4 year-olds | jo ibs 0 lbs.
5 year-olds ,
6 vear-olds / "^ ' ^ "
o'lder } 3 ,, 0 „
1792. October. Newmarket. Gold Cup. Distance 4 miles.
Difference in weiglit : According to present scale:
4 year-olds | n ibs 6 lbs.
5 year-olds ^
6 year-olds / '^ " ^ "
o'lder ! 1 '> 0 ,,
1800. June. Ascot. Distance 2J miles.
Difference in weight : According to present scale :
4 year-olds | iq lbs 5 lbs.
5 year-olds \ n
6 year-olds ' " "
Older } 3 0 „
3. Origin and Chang-e in the Weight Tables, etc. 43
1800. July. Newmarket. Distance 2 miles.
Difference in weight : According to present scale :
4 year-olds | g lbs 3 lbs.
5 year-olds ^ , ,^ r.
6 year-olds ) ^"^ ' ^ "
Older j ^ " ^ "
1800. October. Newmarket. Distance 2 miles.
Difference in weight : According to present scale :
4 year-olds | 7 ibg 0 lbs.
5 year-olds ^ „
6 vear-olds f '
Older ,0 0 ,.
1807. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs,
44 yards.
Difference in weight : According to present scale :
4 year-olds | 9 jbs . 4^ lbs.
5 vear-olds 1 ^ n
6 year-olds [
7 year-olds ^ '^ ' '
Older / 2 ,, 0 „
1807. June. Ascot. Gold Cup. Distance 2^ miles.
Difference in weight : According to present scale :
4 year-olds \ iq i^s .5 lbs.
5 year-olds -)
G year-olds J " "
Older ) 0 0 ,.
1830. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs,
44 yards.
Difference in weight : According to present scale :
4 year-olds j 9 j^s 4J lbs.
5 year-olds 1 ^
6 vear-olds ■> ' "
O'lder 1 4 ,, 0 ,,
1830. iNIay. Epsom. Craven Stakes. Distance l\ miles.
Difference in weight : According to present scale :
4 year-olds | 9 jbs 3J lbs.
5 year-olds ^
6 year-olds » ' " *^ "
Older ) 3 ' 0 .-
1830. June. Ascot. Gold Cup. Distance 2J miles.
Difference in weight : According to present scale :
4 year-olds j jq lbs 5 lbs.
5 year-olds ,
6 year-olds J "^ " ^' '•
Older } 0 0 ,,
44 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
1830. June. Manchester. Gold Cup. Distance 2 miles.
Difference in weight : .According to present Malt :
4 year-olds | g 155 4 lbs.
5 year-olds \ .
6 year-olds f ■* " ^ ,,
Older ) 0 ,, 0 ,.
1830. August. York. Distance 2 miles.
Difference in weight : According to present scale .
4 year-olds | g ib^ 2 lbs.
5 year-olds 1
6vear-olds I * " ^ "
older } 0 ' 0 „
1360. September. Doncaster. Gold Cup. Distance 2 miles, 5 furlongs.
Difference in weight: .According to present scale:
4 year-olds | 7 15^ 3 ,^5.
5 year-olds \ ,
6vear-olds J ' ^ "
Older } 0 ,, 0 „
1830. October. Newmarket. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards.
Difference in weight : .According to present scale :
4 year-olds | 7 ibs. ...... 0 lbs.
5 year-olds \
6 year-olds / " ^ "
Older j 0 0 ,,
1850. April. Xewmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance ] mile, 2 furlongs,
44 yards.
Difference in weight : According to present scale :
4 year-olds | 9 jb^ 4^ lbs.
5 year-olds "i
G year-olds ^ '' ' '^ "
Older } 0 0 ,,
1850. May. Epsom. Craven Stakes. Distance 1^ miles.
Difference in wciglit : According to present scale ;
4 year-olds | g lbs. ...... 3^ lbs.
5 year-olds ^
6vear-olds .» " ' ^ "
Older } 0 ,, 0 ,,
1850. June. .Ascot. Gold Cup. Distance 2J miles.
Difference in weight : .According to present scale :
4 year-olds | 9 ibs. ...... 5 Ibs.
5 year-olds ^
6 year-olds I "^ " ...... .0 „
Older } 0 ,, 0 .,
3. Orif,nn and Chanj^^e in the \\Vi,y;lit 'I'ables, etc. 45
1850. September. Doncaster. Gold Cup. Dislance 2 miles, 5 furlonp;s.
Difference In weight : Accordinj; to present scale :
4 year-olds \ 7 i^g 3 lbs.
5 year-olds ^
6 vcar-olds ' ' "
Older } 0 0 ,,
18-50. October. Newmarket. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards.
Difference in weiglit : Accordinf! to present scale:
4 year-olds | 5 |bs 0 lbs.
5 year-olds ^ „
/» ij_r ^ »t '-' ».
Older 1 0 0
6 vear-olds f
)
1851. May. York. Match. Distance 2 miles.
Difference in According to
. i» ,.■ o » 1 weifjht: present scale :
4 vears \ oltigeur, S st. { ^, °, ' ,,
5 years 1- lying Dutciiman, S st., b^ lbs. (wnn) J
It is difficult t(i cnmpile examples of the King's Plates wliich can be of
any use, as most of the King's Plates were formerh- run w ith heats, and those
without heats were onlv iield for liorses of tiic same age. The few suitable
examples wliich follow will suffice, however, -for our purpose : —
1820. .-Vugust. York. Distance 4 miles.
Difference in DifTerence in weight as per scale of
weight: IStil and 1881
4 year-olds | j stone, 2 lbs. 9 lbs. .5 lbs.
,5 year-olds ) o ., n
6 year-olds / '^ " " " " "
Older } 2 ,, 0 ,, 0 ,,
1832 to 18-50. May and June, in Chester, Ascot and Manchester.
Distance 3 miles.
DifTerence in Difference in weight as per scale of
weight: IStil and 1881
3 year-olds \ 2 stone 10— 13 lbs. 9— 10 lbs.
4 year-olds ,
-5 year-olds J '
6 year-olds and older } 5 lbs. 2 .. 1 ,,
1850. August. York. Dislance 2 miles.
Differenc-e in Difference in weight as per scale of
weight: 1861 and 1881
• 3 year-olds | 1 stone, 3 lbs. ] stone, 2 lbs. 1 stone, 1 lbs.
4 year-olds if. - o
5 year-olds { ^ " • n " n "
6 vear-olds { ^ " ^ " ^ "
older ) 2 „ 0 ,, 0 ,,
46
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
From these weight differences it can be seen that the abilities of four, five
and six-year-olds changed very little up to 1850. An improvement of horses,
on the other hand, after six years old ceases gradually altogether. In other
words, the influence caused by two-year-old races and mentioned on page 42
with the weight-differences between two, three and four-year-olds, has not
affected the carrying capacity of four, five and six-year-olds, but has stopped
the further improvement of six-year-olds. Accordingly horses at six years
old reached the height of their capabilities (Leistungsfahigkeit).
The preservation of the capabilities of four, five and six-year-olds up to
1850 in the same proportion to each other (in spite or in consequence of the
two-year-old races) is all the more remarkable, as in the same time (shown
above) a progress in the development of three-year-olds, and still more of
four-year-olds, must be assumed on account of the weight differences. From
this we might suppose that the improved four-year-old would more closely
approach the five-year-old and older horses, which ought to be seen by a
diminution in the weight dift'erences. As up to about 1850 this diminution
did not take place, the continued improvement of five-vear-old and older
horses must be all the more appreciated. After 1850, or even later, the
frequent and very early two-year-old races seem also here to have impeded
the favourable development of horses after their fourth year.
As a further example to confirm above conclusions, let me here mention
the Thoroughbred Fitzwilliam Stakes, at Doncaster.
This race was founded in 1807, and set apart for two-year-olds and older
horses, over a course of 1^ miles, with the following weights :
According to present scale :
2 Stone, 3 lbs.
11 lbs.
2 year-olds
3 year-olds
4 year-olds
5 year-olds
6 year-olds
Older
6 stone.
Difference in weight :
8
9
9
9
lbs.
}
2 stone.
9 lbs.
6 „
4 „
0
0
0
Two-year-olds in this proportionately long distance of IJ miles had no
chance (Oiseau was in 1811 the only two-year-old winner). Therefore the
following changes were arranged in 1826 : —
2 year-olds 5
3 year-olds 8
4 year-olds 9
5 year-olds 9
6 year-olds and older 9
stone, 10 lbs,
6
10
}
Difference in weight :
2 Stone, 4 lbs.
1 „
6 lbs.
4 „
The weight difference between two and three-year-olds is here only 1 lb.
more than according to present scale. In this race from 1834 two-year-olds
are left out. The weight difference of 1 stone (11 lbs. to-day) between three
and four-year-olds remained stationary till the race became a Handicap in
3. Origin and Change in the Weight Tables, etc. 47
1850. The weight difTerence, however, between four and five-year-olds
increased in 1834 to 6 lbs., in 1838 to even 12 lbs., and decreased in 1839 to
7 lbs., whilst according to the present day scale the difference is nil. The
weight difference between five and six-year-olds in 1834 came down to 2 lbs.,
and remained so to 1850.
In the celebrated race between the three-year-old, Voltigeur, with 7 stone,
7 lbs. up, and the four-year-old. Flying Dutchman, carrying 8 stone, 12 lbs.,
over a course of 2J miles, in the Doncaster Cup, on the 20th of September,
1850, there was a weight difference of 1 stone, 5 lbs., against 1 stone, IJ lbs.
of the present scale. In the year later, in that well known match of the 13th
of May, 1851, at York, over a distance of 2 miles, the four-year-old,
Voltigeur, carried 8 stone, the five-year-old. Flying Dutchman, 8 stone,
8J lbs. The w-eight difference was therefore 8J lbs., against 5 lbs. according
to present scale. There was each time a close finish. In the Doncaster Cup,
Voltigeur won by half a length, and in the Match, Flying Dutchman won
by one length. We may, therefore, assume that the then existing weight
differences corresponded with the average capabilities of three, four and
five-year-olds.
Therefrom follows that the present four and five-year-old racehorses are
each 3J lbs. worse than those in the middle of last century.
Against these conclusions one may, however, answer that it is just in con-
sequence of the many and early two-year-old races, as well as in consequence
of the progress made in the art of training in the second half of the nineteenth
century, that the weight carrying capability of two and three-year-olds has
been much improved, and that, therefore, three-year-olds have almost
approximately reached that point of weight carrying capability which was
formerly only held by five and six-year-olds.
The consequences, therefore, would of course be that the four-year-old
and older horses could not improve in such proportion as to justify the
greater weight differences which were formerly extant. Therefore, the
weight differences between three, four and five-year-olds must become less.
In other words, the zero point from which we count, i.e., the weight carrying
capability of two and three-year-olds, would become much higher. If this
were so, then, with the assumed quicker and better development of two and
three-year-olds, the weight difTerence between these two ages ought also to
have become larger. This, however, it is remarkable to have to say, is not
so. In the gradual building of the weight scale, one point is very noticeable :
that the weight differences between two and three-year-olds are almost the
same to-day as they were at the end of the eighteenth century, when two-
year-old races were just beginning. On the other hand, the above-mentioned
increase of weight differences of 2-7 lbs. between two and three-year-olds
speaks for itself for the healthy development of two-year-olds in the years
from about 1800 to 1850. Furthermore, it is very doubtful whether the
present two and three-year-olds are really better than they were in the middle
4:g Trial of tlie Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
of the nineteenth century. We have no proof of this. Such horses as
Touchstone, Cotherstone, Orlando, The Baron, Surplice, Flying Dutchman,
Voltigeur, Stockweil, West Australian, Fisherman, Blink Bonny, Thor-
manby, etc., are they reall}- worse horses than our present day champions?
All these said racehorses yet belonged to those times in which there approxi-
matel}' existed for difTerent ages that difference of weight which we have
mentioned above for 18-30.
Finally, we ha\e only to deal with one point, namely, that two-year-olds
themselves are much better than they were before. If this reallj- be the case
to such a great extent as to justif)- the above mentioned large weight differ-
ences, then the progress in the average records of time should be more
remarkable than the comparisons show hereafter. As the weight difference
between t\»o and three-year-olds as above-said are the same as they were one
hundred years ago, the records of three-year-olds suffice for comparison.
The increase of weight differences between two and three-year-olds after
1800 has been shown above to be a result of the improvement of three-year-
olds, probably in consequence of the races for two-year-olds.
There is yet the possibility that the two-year-olds became worse,
and that, therefore, the weight differences could rise. There is, however,
no plausible reason for this possibility, whilst the assumed improvement of
three-year-olds, through training and racing as two-year-olds, appears very
probable. It is, rather, to be assumed that as everything improves, two-
year-olds also impro\e in course of time. This, however, need not be at
the expenses of three-year-olds.
In breeding, where only two-year-olds improve, one can hardly speak
of a general progress. I seem, therefore, to be justified, for the sake of com-
parisons, in taking the capabilities of twd-year-olds as a standard, although
an improvement, h(»wever slow, in the course of time is desirable, and also
appears probable.
The weight differences in the scale for King's Plates from the vear 18G1
are, as can be seen by comparison, considerabl)' higher than to-day. The
weight differences of the lirst weight scale of Admiral Rous of 1881, compared
with those of the scale of 190G, show, as can be seen from the figures of
the table printed in larger type, that also in the last twenty-five yeaps, a
diminution of weight differences has taken place.
If one takes, therefore, the capabilities of two-year-olds as a standard, in
comparing with the capabilities of other ages, one must consider the
diminution of weight differences always as a sign of deterioration of
stock.
According to above comparisons of weight differences in 1861, 1881 and
190G, from 1861 a gradual deterioration of stock appears probable if looked
at from this standpoint.
Even if the pretended greater capabilities of present two and three-year-
olds were approximately right, there still remains a grave doubt whether the
3. Origin and ("hanf^e in llie Wciicht Tables, etc. 49
lessened development capability of four-year-olds and older horses has also
produced a lesser resisting power, as we show later on, in the chapter on the
capabilities of the Thoroughbred formerly and now.
Taken altogether, these f)bservati()ns justify us in assuming that,
considered from the standpoint of the altered weight differences, the improve-
ment of racehorses took place about up to ihc middle of the nineteenth
cenlur\-, and also speciallv, that a favourable development of four-year-old
and older horses up to the sixth year existed. Furthermore, that simultane-
ouslv with the frequent occurrence of races for two-year-olds partly in the
beginning of the }-ear, and with the existence of the many short Handicaps, a
retrogression of the development of racehorses after their third year began
soon after the second half of the nineteenth centurv. The time in which the
ninnber of two-\-ear-old racehorses began to exceed the nimiber of three-
year-olds, denotes the turning point.
CHAPTER IV.
General Observations on the Value of the Thoroughbred
for other breeds.
The prominent position occupied by the Thorouc^hbred in the breeding of
half-bred horses^ has no equivalent in the breeding of any other animal.
Breeding carried on for two hundred years and for a set purpose, as it has
been done in England and Ireland, where soil and climate constitute an
environment admirably adapted to horse-breeding, has produced the
Thoroughbred of the present day. Breeders of other animals have also done
great things in the same time, but in the breeding of horses one very great
factor has co-operated which is more or less absent in the breeding of other
animals. This mighty factor was passion. Battle and sport are the found-
ations of horse breeding. These two have as if bv magic produced a
passionate love for this breeding. This love works with more power,
wisdom, ingenuitv and industry than all book wisdom of the wisest heads and
all conscientiousness of the most industrious of men. To horse breeding, as
well as to all that lives, the words u{ the Apostle St. Paul apply: "The
greatest of these is Love."
That this passion, otherwise so useful, may also lead to erroneous paths,
is without doubt true in horse breeding. If this happens, and, unfortunately,
it happens often, then wise counsel must step in; but this counsel must not
kill the principal lever for the breeding of Thoroughbreds, namely, the just-
mentioned passionate love.
The facility with which the horse acclimatises itself everywhere has
produced the spread of breeding of Thoroughbreds all over the world.
All half-bred horses of the old and new world., even the Trotters, have,
by mingling with the Thoroughbred, produced the required steel in
their breeds, which otherwise could not have been produced as well and
as quickly. Even the breeds of the Steppes of Russia, America and
' In Germany all improved light breeds of horses, save the Thoroughbred, are called "edles
Halbblut," which means "high quality Half-breds." All of these light breeds as well as the
Thoroughbred itself are also called warm or hot-blooded horses, as contrasted with the cold-blooded
heavy or draft breeds of horses, which are summarized in Germany under the general term " Kaltblut."
4. \',ilur cif ilu- ■rhoniui;hbi"0(.l lor Oilier Brucds. 51
Australia, have, with the aid of Thoroiijjhbrod stallions (often, unfortunately,
of very low quality), influenced the capabilities (I.eistun<;sfahig;keit) of their
horses. When the celebrated Cossack officer, Hetman PlatoiT (the celebrated
stallion, Iletman Platoff, born 1830, was called after him), about a hundred
years aj^o, durino- the fitrht for liberty aj,^ainsl Napoleon in the West of
Europe, learned lo know and to esteem the Thoroughbred, and other tine
breeds derived from same, he caused to b(' imported many Thoroughbred
stallions of good, and of the best class, into the Cossack breeding stables
near ihe Don, and the neighbouring Steppe breeding places. The conse-
quence was that l\ussian ca\alr\- soon after, in fact, up to the middle of the
last centurv, were mounted on the best horses an army ever possessed. That
was a time in which (here were often matches belween Co.ssack horses and
Thoroughbreds. The most celebrated of these races took place on the 4th of
.\ugusl, lS-i5, near St. I'etersburg, distance 75 versts, i.e.. about SO kilo-
metres. Two Cossack horses started against two rhoroughbreds. The
Thoroughbred, .Sharper, born 1819 in the stud of Lord ligremont, by
Octavious and ^'. .\mazon, won easil\- in '2 hours, 48 minutes, although he
carried 40 lbs. more {'■] stone). The race took i>lace on the high road, and the
rider of Sharper broke a stirrup in the middle of the race. In Kngland,
.Sharper had won as a three-year-old, a small selling race, as a four-year-old,
two small Handicaps and a walk-over, and as a tive-ycar-okl, (lircc races,
inclusive of two King's Plates.
The good results which haxc been ol)tained, especialU- in the S(]Utli uf
I'Vance, bv the mixed Anglo-. \rabic breeding, seem to lead lo the con-
clusion that one could ])erhaps also improve th<' Oriental horse, including
the .\rabs, in their own homes, by the introduction of Thoroughbred
stallion:s. If the small mistakes made in breeding Thoroughbreds were
avoided, it is more than probable that in future original Oriental breeds
could be im|3roved bv Thoroughbred stallions than vice versa. Lately, in
lingland, the\' ha\'e tried to improxi- Thoroi:ghbreds b\- the infusion of
.\rabic blood, but in \ain. It is \er\- remarkable, after the importation of
Godolphin .\rabian in 1780, that no Oriental stallion c<iuld produce any
great influence on the breeding of Thoroughbreds, although in man\- races
Oriental blood was f;i\<)ured by lighter weights, whilst, on the other hand,
for exami^le, the offspring of lu'lipse and llighflver had in main races to
carry about 3 to 5 lbs. more, according to proposition. In the (ioodwood
Gold Cup .\nglo-.\rabic hor.ses were favoured from 1885 to 189() with 14 lbs.
less weight, later with 18 lbs. less. Thoroughbred Orientals, inclusive of
Turks, Herbs, etc., iiad in this race at lirsl -JS lbs. less to carr\-, later 36 lbs.,
without having any success, 'i'hese fads and figures (3() lbs. less) are not
suitable enouglt to recommend larger importations of Oriental blf)od for the
breeding of light horses.
The most important spheres of action of the Thoroughbred have been
mentioned pretty exhaustively above, namely, ILalf-breds, Trotters, Steppe
52 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
horses, and Oriental breeds. There still remains to be mentioned the coarser
crosses of Thoroughbreds on some Coach Breeds and Heavy Breeds. In
these cases also the Thoroughbred has been successful, and the successes
would probably have been more frequent if the said breed had not become
spoiled and too heterogeneous through pampering without trials.
That the heavy horse breeds have not amongst themselves produced a
" Thoroughbred " drafter (sit venia verba) as a representative of what they
are capable of, is the regrettable consequence of the breeding which was built
up for show without testing capability. There has not been sought for pro-
minent performances, but rather for zoological attributes. As long as the
breeding of drafters is carried on in this one-sided way, one cannot expect any
progress in the capabilitv for employment (for use and breeding). The so-
called earl)- maturity of the cold-blooded stock, together with early decav,
rests on its effeminating method of rearing. It is not quite the same as what
is called in the breeding of other animals early maturity. Neither as regards
its earlier capability nor as regards its earlier breeding capacity, is the
drafter earlier mature than the Thoroughbred. The expression, " early
maturity," ought, in my opinion, to be eliminated in the breeding of horses,
for within every breed the so-called earlv maturity can be obtained in a short
time by a corresponding practice, without at the same time causing the
shortening of life which accompanies early maturity.
One often speaks of the better use of food with heavy horses, but I
think this is based on a wrong idea. Apart from the motion of exorbitant
loads, as it is required, for example, in different industries and in the beet-
root districts, the Half-bred, and also the Thoroughbred, perform the daily
slow work of the drafter in agriculture, with considerablv less food — a fact
which I have noted at Beberbeck with teams composed of drafters and Half-
breds. With quicker work, however, in trotting, the draft horse falls still
more behind. He requires still more food, and finally gets off his feed. To
make good use of food when doing nothing, or working at a comparatively
slow rate, does not mean much. That the drafter of to-day, in spite of his
irrational breeding, can, on account of its heavv weight, carry a larger load
than a Thoroughbred, is unquestionable.
There is also no doubt that the Thoroughbred will bear a load correspond-
ing to its weight, viz., 20 cwts. (which, considering the usual weights of
practice, is a large load, a good Belgian horse carrying about 80 cwts.) quicker,
at longer distances, and over worse roads. In a Thoroughbred, through many
generations, more muscle power, energy, etc., has been amassed than in the
present dav drafter. Of course, it is to be expected that a reasonable breed-
ing of cold-blooded stock, based on performance, will also here beat the
Thoroughbred. The great popularity and spread of the heavy breeds is
based principally on their easy temperament, which has been bred into them
by pampering them. That a drafter bred on performance will be just as
easy in temperament as the actual draft horse is highly improbable, because
4. Value of the Tliorous^hbred for Oilier Breeds. 53
it is very difficult to Cdinbinc two qualities which arc so different and so con-
tradictory as is the case with powerful energy and comfort. This ease,
demanded only by easy workmen, will always influence the good quality of
the material. 'i'he great mistake made in comparing different breeds of
horses is always the consequence of unjust parallels, as, for example, want
and use of food, quiet and restless temperament of light horses at ()uick work,
and of heayy horses at slow work. The same unjust comparison is often
made with the so-called Thoroughbred knacker and a picked prominent
Half-bred. Within the light breeds the same difference in the temperament
of horses is observable. The most pleasant and most reasonable tempera-
ment as a riding horse is in most cases the Thoroughbred when it has left
the track, and the most difficult, violent and nervous temperament is found
in Half-breds when they are taken seriously into training. The less highly
bred the horse is, the more the above symptoms show themselves. If the
work which is required from a horse in training often reaches the limits of
its capacity, or even exceeds it, it is natural that a certain fear to do the work
shows itself. Thereby nervousness ensues, which in Thoroughbreds shows
itself most with the worst of them. I have seen Kinscem, Ormonde, Flying
Fox, .\rd Patrick and others, as quiet and reasonable before a race as after
one.
Of all Half-bred horses which so far have been trained for races in
Trakehnen, I have only observed three which remained absolutely quiet and
reasonable up to the last quick gallop, namely, Morgenstrahl, born 189G, by
Blue Blood and Moba, winner of the Fanfarro Race, 1900, in Insterburg;
and the two Cadiz fillies, Jagdkonigin and Kastanie, both winners of the
Breeders' Races in KiJnigsberg. These three horses were stj superior to
their comrades that the limits were reached neither in racing nor in training.
In consequence of its hard training, the Thoroughbred acclimatises itself
very easily in different districts, whilst the softly raised draft horse is most
sensitive in this regard. Pure-bred Percherons, which I saw in the year 1887
in the magnificent Steppes of the Russian Royal stud at Derkul, Government
Charkow, soon lost their type, and had already in the second generation an
Arabic appearance, thereby reminding one of their ancestors. In the form of
croup one could still distinguish the Percheron ; in its noble bearing, in the
vivacity of its temperament, one seemed to recognise the Arabian cross-bred.
The pure-bred Sufff)lks and Clydesdales reared there were soon stunted in
their growth, and could not stand the rock\- meadows and strong sun. The
long marches, which are necessitated by the life on the Steppes, from the
meadows to the distant watering-places, did not offer them the comfort which
they were accustomed to, and which is necessary to their growth. Drafters
bred on performance would very likely, if recjuired, stand the life of the
Steppes, just as the Thoroughbred can be raised in a low, watery district.
Of course, neither the draft horse on the Steppes nor the Thoroughbred on
the marsh would prosper.
A real breed of heavy horses founded on performance tests would not
54 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
produce tlie powerful dimensions whicli are, unfortunately, to-day still
demanded, and even rewarded. The judging^ of horses only b}' measure-
ments expressed in figures, whether it be for weight or dimensions of certain
parts of the body, is not sufficient, and often dangerous. For many years the
measuring of cannon bones has pla\ed the leading part, which, as a matter
of fact, is often very useful in helping the eye when judging of the strength
of the fundament within the same breed. The comparing of cannon
measurements of different breeds of horses has become a modern sport.
Often incommensurable \alues are compared. The fore foot of a drafter
which has become thick through doing nothing or only light work, is
most probably (without science showing it definiteh) of a softer texture,
therefore less capable of resistance than that of the Thoroughbred or Half-
bred, grow n hard through hard work. The examinations of different cannons
by Professor Kramer, in I3ern, seem to confirm the above supposition. I
here observe that comparative examinations on this subject lose in value if
the bones are not bones of well-known horses. One must know genealogy,
age, as well as the feeding and training of hor.ses, if the bones are to be used
for experiments in pressing and bending, as well as for showing specific
gravity. One only may compare results if they are taken from horses of the
same breed, same standard quality, same age, same state of health, especially
as probably small differences may have a great importance in these experi-
ments. If the quality of the cannons is of equal value, one must first answer
the question how advantageously the weight of the body is supported, i.e.,
how much weight rests on a definite square measurement of supporting
surface. This question is answered by putting the square of the cannon
girth in proportion to the body weight which it supports. If, however, the
question is put how easily the supporting column (in this case the cannon)
can break or bend, the cube of the cannon girth must be put in proportion
to the weight.
Apart from the different quality of the mass of the bones in different
breeds, of the larger marrow cavity of the cannon in drafters, etc., I believe
that these measures often lead to mistaken conclusions. Practical use and
experience will often lead to <jther and more correct results. In any case,
the present horses of draft blood are the most unsuitable breeds to create in
warm-blooded Half-breds, strong, good and firm fore legs. In the breeding
of drafters, as well as in that of man^- Half-breds, one may observe that a
soft method of rearing \yith little movement, and then only at a slow rate,
is eminently suitable to produce strong (i.e., big) fore legs.
Against all these errors and dangers there is only one remedy, namely,
performance tests. The isolated attempts to introduce at exhibitions and
shows performance tests of heavy horses will become general, if only the
general public rightly honours same and requires them. ]'ulgus vult decipi,
ergo decipiatur — till it is undeceived.
In the year 18G7, at the last Napoleonic Exhibition in Paris, several
4. \'aliic iif llu' 'rii(ir()Lit;lilMril l(ir ()llu-r Ur<T(ls. fjy
prizes were oiven for iKirscs wliitli coiikl carrx- the largest If)ad in proportion
to their own weigiit. A \cr\ excellent idea. The prize (1 believe the first)
was not won, however, i)\- a draft horse, bnt h\ liie coll Wapsikas, bred in
Torgel (l-'stland), (>() degrees latitud<', lalcr for a long linn- ihc Royal stud
stallion in Torgel. i'lirelv Ivstlandii , i.e.. of light breed — a small, well-
|>roportioned horse, similar to a small liast Prussian. This unexpected
result, however, has, so it appears, prevented a repetition of this proposition.
The knowledge that sham is easier and cheaper to produce than the real
thing, and the fact that there are still people enough who are deceived by
sham, has just as much a deteriorating influence in the producing of wine
and tobacco and other things as in the breeding of horses. The claims of the
consimiers on the capabilities, and the interest of the producer to produce as
cheaplv as possible, will always be difficult to meet. I'he craftiness of the
breeder to produce showy stock \ery cheaply has often made greater
progress than the expert knowledge of the consumer. Experts of cattle
breeding complain about the same thing. Finally, one would think that
the real thing. Truth, wtiuld pre\ail in the end. The breeding of
Thoroughbreds and Trotters bred for performance is genuine, as well as,
for example, the unfortunately dying out breeding of the Russian
Steppes; the breeding of horses for the Russian soldiers, formerly in
tlie L'kraine, now at the .Manitsch ri\er, was very much based on it. Since the
cultivation of land, and with it the breeding of cattle and the use of the
plough, have driven away the breeding of the Steppes from the magnificent
Ukraine to the Manitsch river, and from thence still further and further into
the unsuitable salt-containing I^astern Steppes; even Russia, so rich in
horses, is forced to establish a modern swstem of horse-breedincf in order to
produce horses for its soldiers. The hope to get thereby just as nice-looking
cavalry horses as the other great nations is a sop to \anitv, and suppresses
the knowledge that horses lose thereby in capability. The difficultv of the
organisation of a successful breeding of horses, like we have in East i'russia,
is perhaps thereby under-estimated, and the c|uality of the breed of horses
produced with a beautiful sham appearance is over-estimated.
That one has to fight against this production of the beautiful sham, ext-n
in the breeding of Thoroughbreds, one can see in many Ivnglish studs which
breed for the yearlings' market. In this respect, in the course of the last fifty
years, things have gone verv much to the bad in luigland, as now more than
half — according to some authors e\en nine-tenths — of all Thoroughbred
yearlings are brought up for the yearlings' market. .Mthough this showy
stock very seldom becomes also breeding stock, f)n account of the race tests —
in any case, not breeding stock which has an important influence on the
breeding of Thoroughbreds — it is a pity that through human sin much good
material is wasted w hich was destined by Divine Nature to be chosen material.
Apart from the performances obtained by no other breed than the
Thoroughbred, over anv distance and under anv weight, the 'I'horoughbred
5G
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
is also superior to all other breeds in various breeding performances. This
is an eloquent proof that the tests to which the Thoroughbred is subject have
also had a good influence on its fertility and longevity (as will be shown
hereafter by many examples). The number of dams which, according to
the statement of the General Stud Book, have produced sixteen living foals,
is such a large one that for want of space they have been left out of the
following lists. We only mention brood mares which have produced seven-
teen and more living foals. As the first volume of the General Stud Book
only appeared in 1793, the foals born in the eighteenth century are only
given in so far as they were known through the Racing Calendar, the chief
basis of the Stud Book. It is clear, therefore, that in the first book many
living foals are not mentioned, as they have not appeared on the racecourse.
Therefore, the number of brood mares which in the eighteenth century
produced seventeen and more living foals is less in the following list : —
Register of Thoroughbred Mares in the General Stud Book which have had
not less than seventeen living foals.
r- "^
2,^
No.
Names of the Mares.
Sires of the Mares.
o 3
t; a-
Remarks
1
Sister to Sampson
172:^
Greyhound
20
Dam of the
Fam. 12 a
2
Prntt's Old Mare
1750
Squirt
17
Dam of the
Fam. 24
3
Mare
1777
Matchem
18
Fam. 15
4
Mare
1780
Y. Marske
18
Dam of the
Fam. 34
5
Nimble
1784
Florizel
17
Dam of the
Fam. 32
6
Heiress
1786
Paymaster
17
Fam. 12
7
Mare
1788
Adamant
17
Fam. 3
8
Amelia (Grand-
daug-hter of No. 2)
1788
Highflyer
17
Fam. 24
9
Beatrice
1791
Sir Peter
17
Fam. 7
10
Mare
1791
Y. Marske
18
Fam. 9
11
Platina O.
1792
Mercury
19
Fam. 5 b
12
Bay Javelin
1793
Javelin
17
4 year-old first
Fam. 3a
foal
13
Mare
1795
Skyscraper
17
Fam. 2e
0
14
Miss Gunpowder
1797
Gunpowder
20
3 year-old first
Fam. 34
foal
15
Rosamond
1798
Buzzard
17
Fam. 5 a
16
Carthaj^e (Firstling)
sister to Hannibal D.
1798
Driver
18
Fam. 3
17
Grey Duchess
1799
PotSos
19
4 year-old first
Fam. 6
foal
4. Value of the Thoroimhbrcd for Other Breeds.
57
No.
Names of the Mares.
j Sires of the Mares.
Remarks
18
Miss llaworth
1802
Spadille
17
3 year-old first foal
Fam. 29
10
Mare
1802
Precipitate
18
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 5
20
Bronze O.
sister to Castrel
1808
' Buzzard
17
Fam. 2d
21
Mare
180:5
' Star
17
Fam. 23
22
Mare
1804
Hanibletonian
18
or
19
Fam. 18
23
.Maniac (Firstling) in
19 rears
1806
Shuttle
19
Fam. 4 b
24
Mare
1807
Shuttle
18
Not in the
Goosschen Table
Frentzel Fam. 46
25
Barrosa (Grand-
daughter of No. 5)
1808
Vermin
out of Nike O.
17
Fam. 32
26
Ladv of ' he Lai<e
1809
Sorcerer
17
Fam. 43
27
Mare
1810
Sancho
19
3 year-old first loal
Fam. 18
28
Wire
1811
Waxy
17
Fam. 1
29
Miss Cantley
1812
Stamford
out of Sister to Silver
17
Fam. 5b
30
Mare (Kirsthng)
(Daughter of No. 24)
1812
Dick .'\ndre\vs
17
3 year-old first foal
Not in Goosschen
Table
Frentzel Fam. 46
31
Clinlierina
1812
Clinker
18
Fam. 8
32
Mare
1812
Shuttle
20
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 15
33
Sister to Corduroy
1812
Shuttle
20
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 5
34
Nancy
1813
Dick .Andrews
17
Fam. 9
35
Coquette
1814
Dick .Andrews
18
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 12
36
Filagree
1815
Soothsayer
18
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 1 b
37
Mare
1815
Election
17
Fam. 2 a
38
Mare
1815
Orville
18
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 12
38
Velocipede's dam
1817
Juniper
18
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 3c
40
Marion
1819
Tramp
17
Fam. 5a
41
Snowball
1810
Prime Minister
18
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 2a
58
Trial of tlit- ThoroLiphbred on the Rncecourse, etc.
No.
Names of the Mares.
?" c
Sires of the Mares.
o =)
a a-
Remarks
42
Arinida
1819
Rinaldo
17
Fam. 15
43
Bequest
1819
Election
17
F'am. 3 a
44
Emma
1819
Orville
18
Fam. 3a
45
Mare
1819
Rubens
17
Fam. 27
46
Adeline
1821
Soothsayer
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 11
47
Katherine
1821
Soothsayer
18
Fam. 22
48
Monimia
1821
Muley
17
Fain. 12 a
49
Mary
182:^
Friday
19
Fam. 5a
50
Mare
1823
Merlin
17
Fam. 10
51
Miss Thomasina
1823
Welbeck
17
Fam. 15
52
Mare
1824
Cervantes
17
Fam. 1
53
Emma
1824
Whisker
17
Earn. 7
54
Mare
1825
Phantom
17
Fam. 1
55
Banter
1826
Master Henry
17
Fam. 14
56
Marg-ellina
sister to Memnon L.
1826
Whisker out of
Manuella O.
19
Fam. 11
57
Europa
1829
Reveller
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 2 e
58
Medea
1831
Whisker
18
Fam . 8 a
59
Mare
1&32
Whisker
19
Fam. 1
60
La Belle
1833
Voltaire
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 17
61
Manilla
1833
Mulatto
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 26
62
V'alentine
1833
Voltaire
17
Fam. 12 a
63
.Annette
1835
Priam
19
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 16
64
Parade
1835
Pantaloon
18
3 year-old first foal
Fam. 2e
65
E.xccutrix
1836
Liverpool
18
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 4
66
Mare
1836
Muley
18
3 year-old first foal
Fam. 8
67
Lapwing'
1837
Bustard
17
3 year-old first foal
Fam. 19
68
Martha Lynn
1837
Mulatto
18
Fam. 2c
69
Mare
1837
Pantaloon
18
Fam. 14
70
Palmyra
1838
Sultan
17
Fam. 12 a
71
.\rethusa
1839
Elis
18
Fam. 20
72
Bohemienne
1839
Confederate
18
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 8
73
Equation
1839
Emilius
18
Fam. 7
4. \';iliic i)f the Tliiirdiii'hliicd for Oilier Breeds.
59
_^.
^2
No.
Names of the Mares.
'-' -t
Sires of tlie Mares.
?3
Remarks
7+
Florence
l&id
Velocipede
20
Fam. 2a
75
Mare
18:«
Sir Hercules
19
4 year-old first lo.-d
Fam. 2
76
Treacherous
1839
Pantaloon
17
Fain. 2
77
Mare
1839
Plenipotentiary
17
4 year-old first toal
Fam. 10
78
Barbarina
1840
Plenipotentiary
18
Fam. 23
79
Titania
1840
Emilius
17
Fam. 3c
80
Boardiiii;-Scliool-.Miss
IHll
Plenipotentiary
17
Fam. 3b
81
Emerald
1811
Defence
17
Fam . 3 a
82
Phvsalis
1841
Bay Middleton
17
Fam. Ha
83
Mare
1841
Plenipotentiary
18
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 1 a
84
Black Bess (Grand-
daughter of No. 45)
1842
Sheet .\nchor
17
3 year-old first foal
Fam. 27
85
Stamp
1842
Emilius
17
Fam. 1
86
The Duchess of
Lorraine
1842
Pantaloon
18
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 2
87
Little Finch
1842
Hornsea
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 29
88
Eulogy
(Daughter of No. 68)
1843
Euclid
19
Fam. 2c
89
Jocose
(Daughter of No. 55)
18t:^
Pantaloon
17
Fam. 14
90
Queen .Mary (Firstling)
1813
Gladiator
19
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 10
91
Tour de Force
1843
Sir Hercules
17
Fam. 22
92
Defenceless
1844
Defence
19
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 6 a
{«
Irregularity
1814
Birdc.-ilcher
18
3 year-old first foal
Not in Goosschen
Table
Frentzel Fam. 72
94
Sister to Leaconfield
1844
Hampton
17
Fam. 2 a
!(5
Makeless
18W
St. Martin
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 2d
96
The Prairie Bird
1844
Touchstone
20
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 1 a
97
Sultana
1844
Hetm;m Platoff
17
Fam. 6 a
98
Themis
1844
Touchstone
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 9
99
Contraction
1845
Emilius
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 43
UJO
Nourmahal
1845
Lanercost
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 2e
fiO
Trial of the Thorout^hbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No.
Names of the Mares.
Sires of the Mares.
- c-
Remarks
101
Troica
1845
Lanercost
17
Fam. 3 a
102
Midia
1846
Scutari
17
Fam. 3 a
103
Sacrifice
1847
Voltaire
17
Fam. 4 d
104
Sunflower
1847
Bay Middleton
18
4 year-oUl lir^t foal
Fam. 1 c
105
.■Xgnes
1848
Pantaloon
17
Fam. 28
106
Plush
1848
Plenipotentiary
19
Fam. 1 a
107
Bav Rosalind
1849
Orlando
20
Fam. 11
108
Butterfly
1.S4!)
tonight of the Whistle
18
Fam. 20
109
Gossamer
1849
Birdcatcher
17
Fam. 19
110
Miss Conyngham
1849
Slane
18
4 year-old lir^lt foal
Fam. 1
111
.Amazon (in 18 year>)
1850
Touchstone
18
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 4
112
Latona
1&50
Lanercost
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 3
113
Georgiana
1851
Touchstone
17
Fam. 7
114
Black Cotton
1852
Faugh-a-Ballagh
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 6
115
Jeu d 'Esprit
1852
Flatcatcher
17
Fam. 7
lit)
Mare
1&52
Jon
19
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 8a
117
Defamation
imi
.lago
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 14
118
Stuff and Nonsense
1,85:^
The Libel
18
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 1
119
All's Well
1854
The Cure
17
Fam. 5
120
Christabelle
1854
Fernhill
17
Fam. 3c
121
Countess
1854
Slane
18
3 year-old first foal
Fam. 8
122
Countess of
Westmorland
1854
Melbourne
19
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 3
123
Daisy
1854
Touchstone
18
Fam. 12
124
Media Noce
1854
Weatherbit
18
Fam. 5b
125
Electra
1855
Touchstone
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 2e
126
Mare
1855
Melbourne
18
Fam. 5 a
127
Emotion
1856
Alarm
17
Fam . 1 a
128
.Amethyst
1857
Touchstone
18
Fam. 11
129
Codicil
1857
The Cossack
19
Fam. 6 a
130
Emma
1857
Storm
18
3 year-old first foal
Fam. 19
131
Lambda
1857
I'mbriel
17
Fam. 19
i:?2
Spring Blossom
lS.-,7
Touchstone
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 14
4. \'.iliR- iif the Tliurouirlibri'd for Other Breeds.
61
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
Charniione
Lady Blanche
Miss Fanny
Tartlet
Verijiss Mein nicht
Dewdrop
Entreniet
Mare
Leda
Pompadour
Mare
144 Amaranth
145
Bonnv Bell
146
Crucifixion
147
Last Love
148
Novara
149
Old Orange Girl
150
Pimpernel
151
The Doe
152
Mystery
153
Tomfoolery
154
Mare
155
Agile
156
Lady Charlotte
157
Money Spinner
168
Danisli Rose
150
Delilah
180
Laura
161
Lina
162
Murcia
1858
1&58
1858
1858
1858
1859
1859
1159
1859
1&59
1&-J9
1860
1860
1860
1860
186(J
1860
1860
1861
1861
1861
1861
1862
1862
1862
1863
1864
1864
1864
1864
Orlando
Voltigeur
Vanderdecken
Birdcatcher
Flying Dutchman
Mildew-
Sweetmeat
Lambton
VVeatherbit
Stoclvwell
y. Melbourne
Newminster
V'oltiijcur
Pelion
Annandale
Weatherbit
Kingston
Sweetmeat
Turnus
Augur
King Tom
Wild Dayrell
Gibraltar
Fandango
Marsyas
Surplice
Thormanby
Lambton
Stockwell
Lord of the Isles
17
Fam. 2 c
17
Earn. 2d
19
Fam. 8
19
Fam. 21
17
Fam. 9
19
4 year-old first
Fam. 8 a
foal
17
Fam. 2e
18
4 year-old first
foal
Not in Goosschen
Table
Frentzel Fam. 83
17
Fam. 2a
18
4 year-old first
Fam. 2e
foal
17
Fam. 9
17
3 year-old first
Fam. 20
foal
17
Fam. 10
17
Fam. 27
18
4 year-old first
Fam. 4
foal
19
Fam. 2
17
Fam. 7
17
Fam. 2c
18
Fam. 8
17
Fam. 2e
17
Fam. 2
17
4 year-old first
Fam. 3b
foal
17
4 year-old first
Fam. 3
foal
17
4 year-old first
Fam. 8
foal
17
4 year-old first
Fam. 16
foal
17
4 year-old first
Fam. 12
foal
18
4 year-old first
Fam. Ic
foal
18
Fam. 17
18
4 year-old first
Fam. 7
foal
18
4 year-old first
Fam. 6
foal
62
Trinl of tlie Thoroui^hbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No.
Names of the Mares.
Year of
Birth.
.Sires of tlie MareS.
2,2
o 3
a a-
Remarlcs
163
Ninna
1864
Buccaneer
18
3 year-old first foal
Fani. 11
164
Queen l^sther
1864
Warlock
22
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 4 c
165
Perea
1865
Voltigeur
17
Fam. 3
166
Siluria
1865
Caractacus
17
Fam. 1 a
167
The Sphynx
1865
Newminster
18
Fam. 2 a
168
Thrift
1865
Stocku.-ll
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 10
169
Jenny Diver
1866
Buccaneer
20
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 20
170
Night jar
1866
Wild Daxrell
19?
Fam. 15
171
Cestus
1867
Newminster
17
Fam. 3b
172
Performer
1867
.Adventurer
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 1 c
173
Canonical
1868
Cathedral
20
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 11
174
Furiosa
1868
Orlando
17
Fam. 45
175
Lady Mortimer
1868
Kettledrum
18
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 10
176
Claretto
1869
Claret
19
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 25
177
Eva
1869
Bre.idalbane
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 2c
178
Wee Lassie
1869
Scottish Chief
18
Fam. 2 a
179
True Blue
1870
Oxford
20
Fam. 32
180
Cherry Duchess
1871
The Duke
18
Fam. 27
181
Mirror
1871
Speculum
17
Fam. 49
182
Pillase
1871
Cambuscan
19
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 8
183
Pomona
1871
Skirmisher
18
Fam. 19
184
Turn of the Tide
1871
Mandrake
17
Fam. 18
185
Enig^ma
1872
The Rake
17
Fam. 2a
186
(Daughter of No. 167)
Katrine
1872
Blair .\thol
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam . 5 b
187
Katrine
1873
Blinkhoolie
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 9
188
Orchestra
1873
Trumpeter
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 12
189
St. Editha
1873
Kingley Vale
18
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 16
190
Stone Chat
1873
.Adventurer
17
4 year-old first foal
Fam. 16
4 Value uf llu- 'I'hiiiouijhlin'il lor Oilier Breeds.
m
No.
Names of the Mares.
-I ^
Sires of tlie .Mares.
Number
of Foals.
Remarks
191
iMiss .Maniieriny;
1874
Blair .\lliol
19
4 year-old lirst
Fam. 43
loal
102
Palinllower
1874
The I'.dmer
17
Fani. 20
198
hihalemuc
1874
O.xford or The Duke
18
4 year-old first
Fam. L'd
loal
194
kill 11
1876
Rosierucian
18
Fam. 4
195
.Mrs. Knight
1876
Kni,L;ht of the Garter
17
3 _vear-old first
Fam. 4b
foal
196
Osmunda
1876
Sterlinjj
17
Fam. 2 a
197
Festival
1877
Sterling
17
4 year-old first
Fam . 1 b
foal
198
lUumiiiata
1877
Rosierucian
18
4 year-old first
Fam. 1 c
foal
199
.Miss Mabel
1877
Knight of the Garter
17
Fam. 11
200
Pink Thorn
1877
Cathedral
18
4 year-old lirst
Fam. 2 a
foal
201
.Sciph\'
1877
St. .Mbans
18
4 year-old first
Fam. 12
foal
202
Celandine
1878
King Tom or .Macaroni
17
Fam. 1 c
203
Eus:enie
1878
Pero Gomez
17
Fam. l(i
204
I^oving; Cup
1878
Brown Bread
17
4 year-old first
Fam. 23
foal
205
Rent Day
1878
.Macgregor
17
4 year-old first
Fnm. 3 b
foal
•m;
True Love
1878
Sterling
18
Fam. 3c
207
Bonny Rose
1879
Rosierucian
18
Fam. 31
208
Biserta
1880
Lord Lyon
17
Fam. 22
209
Fisher Lass
188')
Exminster
18
4 year-okl first
F.-mi. S
foal
210
Hall Mark
1880
Standard
17
Fam. 2 b
211
Jennie Winkle
(I)auj,'hterof No. 109)
18«0
Mr. Winkle
17
4 year-old first
F;im. -JO
foal
212
Dnnt^ola
1883
Doncaster
18
4year-olil lirst
Fam. G a
fo;il
213
Red riove
1883
.Sterling
17
4 year-old first
Fam. 3 b
foal
I know u( no lior.sc bri'cd wliicli c.-in .show, even ai)proxiniat('l\, sii(-li
breeding merits as tlic I"!nf;Iisii hncil of 'riioroughbrcds, accordini; to the
alcove li.st. in 'IVakelinen only two cases liave tal<en place, in more than 100
years, in which one hoise has given birth to 10 living foals. To the following
li.st I have to add that twf) Thf)roiigIibred dams with l.'~l foals each are not
nicnlif)ned.
54 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
List of Brood Mares in Trakehnen having; prodiued 17 and more living foals.
No.
Names of the Dams.
Born.
Sires of the Dams.
Number
of Foals.
1
Lemma
1810
Oronocco I
17
2
Duellona
1814
Rodrich
17
3
Des-Jemona
1815
Caril
17
4
Junia
1815
Rodrich
17
5
Bazilia
1817
Caril
18
6
Crab
1818
Oronocco I
18
7
Czarina
1818
Oronocco II
17
8
Zoraide
1818
Rodrich
18
9
.Anta
1819
Pretender
19
10
.•\rcade
1819
Pretender
18
11
Persienne
1819
Teheran ox
19
12
Angloise
1820
Scrapall xx
17
13
Ultima
1820
Blackamoor xx
17
14
Victory
1820
Blackamoor xx
18
15
Doris
1821
Scrapall xx
17
16
Masora
1822
Eminlik ox
18
17
Olympia
1823
Blackamoor xx
17
18
Collina
1826
Trafalgar
17
19
Alzire
1828
The Cryer xx
17
20
Hipponome
1834
Acarnas
17
21
Jupine
1834
Sterling IV
17
22
Medina
1838
Big Ben xx
17
23
Vecordia
1839
Black Hambleton xx
17
24
Antha
1852
Paragone
17
2.5
Perina
18(il
Promoter
18
26
Injurie
1863
Venerato
17
27
Lava
18a3
Grezano
17
28
Herz
1866
Duplicat
17
29
Harmonica
1874
Journey
17
30
Atella
1883
Fliigel
17
In order to fully appreciate the work of Thoroughbreds not attained also
in Trakehnen, as regards the living born foals of one dam, I add a list of
brood mares, of Half-breds having produced 17 and more living foals.
I. Beberbeck. Stud Book, Volume I. 342 brood mares.
1. Lolly 1862 by Hipparch 17 foals.
2. Custozza 1867 bv Thanat(3s 17 ,,
3. Gurly 1868 by J. Harlequin 18 ,,
II. Ostpreussen. Stud Book, Volume IV. 4.060 brood mares.
1. Kunzine 1881 by Mercos No. 4868 ... 17 foals.
2. Granate 1882 bv Dativ No. 2763 .... 17 ,,
3. Viva 1883 by Vivat No. 2073 17 „
Besides these only 11 dams which had 16 foals.
\'alue of the Thorouq-hbrecl for Other Breeds.
65
[II. Hannover. Stud Book, Volume III. 3,527 brood mares.
1. Godelinde 1872 bv Goldoni No. 2399 . . 18 foals.
■2. Xumana 1873 by Xord No. 107 .... IS ,,
The superiorit\- of the English Thoroughbred over all Ilalf-breds and
draft breeds is perhaps shown still more clearlv from its special work at a
great age, or under diflirult circiunstances, as can be seen from tiie following
examples. I ha\e tu add that there are numerous cases in which English
Thoroughbred mares 22 to 29 years old have still brought fortli living foals.
In the following list only such cases are specially mentioned where the off-
spring of these aged mares have shown themselves to be reall}- good horses,
either on the racecourse or in the stud.
Special Breeding Performances of Old Thoroughbred Glares in England.
No.
Name and Pediijree. B(irn.
Breed! US' Performances.
Brown Farwell
b}' Matheless — Brimmer.
4 ' Look at Me Lads
by Grasshopper — New-
ton's Bav Arabian.
Spinster
by Partner out of Bay
Bloodv Buttocks.
1710
Sister to Sampson 1723
by Greyhound — Curwen
Bay Barb
Little Hartlev Mare 1727
bv Bartlett's Childers out
IT.M
1735
16 foals, 7 of which were Pedigree Mares in
Fam. 4. One born in the 2Uth year (had 16
foals); one in its 21st year (dam of Sweep-
stakes) ; one in the 22nd year (dam of Dor-
mouse) ; and
Matchem).
one in the 25th year (dam of
20 foals. In its 26th year Sally, a g-ood
racer, 4 to G years, and a good Brood Mare
(11 foals).
13 foals, of which were : Tortoise, Janus,
Blank, Old England, Trimmer, Shakespeare
(according to Lawrence sire of Eclipse). In its
24th ye.'ir Miss Meredith, Foundation Mare in
l""am. 1.5, and in its 25th year, a mare with
good progeny.
As a 6 year-old, at Newmarket, King's
Pl.ites, ran, not placed. Had first foal when
20 years of age. 12 foals, amongst which
were: in its 21st year. Lottery by Blank; at
24 a mare by Ancastor Sterling, Foundation
Mare of Fam. 14; at 30, Whisper by Blank, a
good racer; at 32, Amazon by Blank, a good
racer and brood mare; at 33 its last foal.
Won the King's Plates as a 5 and 6 year-
old at Newmarket. First foal at 8 years of
age; Spinster (Foundation Mare in Fam. 4), 11
foals. At 25, Golden Grove, Foundation Mare
of Fam. 4 d.
6(3
Trial of the Thorouc-hbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No.
Name and Pedigree.
iBorn.
Breeding Performances.
10
11
12
13
14
15
Sister to Regulus
bv Godolphin Arabian out
of Grey Robinson.
Miss Wilkinson
By Regulus out of Miss
Lay ton.
Duchess
by Whitenose out of 19
year-old Miss Slanierkin.
Spiletta
by Regulus out of Mother
Western.
Cypron
"by Blaze out of Salome.
Pratt's Old Mare
by Squirt — Mogul.
^Nlare
by Rib out of Mother
Western.
Polly
by Black and All Black
out of Fanny.
Mare (chestnut)
bv Tartar— Mogul
1743
1747
1748
1749
1750
1750
1751
1756
1757
Calliope
by Sloutch out of Lass of
the Mill.
1763
16 foals, of which were : at 23, Grey Mare
by Snap, Foundation Mare in Fam. 11 (Bird-
catcher); and at 27, Mussulman, a famous
racer.
Won a race as a 4 year-old. First foal when
8 years old. 10 foals. At 25, Mare by Syphon,
Foundation Mare in Fam. 43.
Ran 4 — 7 year-old 16 times and won 12 times.
First foal at 9 years old. At 23, Pyrrha,
Foundation Mare in Fam. 7, which had
Beatrice when 20 years old, dam of 17 foals.
Not run. First foal at 10 years old. At 23,
Garrick (own brother to Eclipse), and at 25,
Briseis.
Not run. First foal at 5 years old. 16 foals
without a break, amongst which was Herod.
Not run. 17 foals, amongst which were 12
good racers. .At 24 Purity (by the 25 year-old
Matchem), dam of Rockingham and 12 other
foals. Lived to 27 years old. Fam. 24.
Not run. Five grey foals, amongst which,
at 24, was the Foundation Mare of Marsyas,
Kingston, Archibald, Hermit, etc. Fam. 12.
3 year-old ran once. First foal at 8 years
old. 14 foals, amongst which were : King
Fergus, at 20; Fanny, Foundation Mare in
Fam. 6; and at 25, Cast-off (a good racer).
Did not run. First foal at 6 years old. 16
foals, amongst which were : 10 chesnuts by
Eclipse; at 21, Mercury; at 23, Volunteer; at
28, Queen Mab, a famous Foundation Mare in
Fam. 9, with 16 foals, amongst which were
Remembrancer L., and at 20, Remembrance,
Foundation Mare in Fam. 0.
4 — 6 year-old ran six times, won twice.
First foal at 7 years old. 10 foals, of which
were : at 18, Omphale L. ; at 20, Sir John Fal-
staff, a good racer; and at 25, a Mare by
Phonomenon, that gave birth to living twins,
amongst which a Foundation Mare in Fam. 2
4. Value of the Thorousrhbrcd tor Other Breeds.
67
No.
Xanie and Pedigree.
Horn.
Breeding Performances.
16
Jo
1767
Ran as a 3 and 4 year-old four times, won
by Spectator — Blank.
once. First foal at 11 years old. 10 foals.
At 20, Patriot, a very fine racer, winning 2 —
8 year-old.
17
Mother Brown
1771
4 — 12 year-old ran 39 races and won 20.
by Trunnion — Old Eng-
-As 8 year-old, and in foal, won a race over
land.
4 miles. As a 9 year-old, after foaling, ran
again four times and won four times (amongst
which was one King's Plates). As a 10 year-
old ran six times, winning five times (one
King's Plates). .Xs an 11 year-old ran six
times, winning twice. .'Xs a 12 year-old ran
once, not placed. Had 6 foals. .At 21, Toby,
a good racer, in Ireland; at 25, Jerry Sneak,
a splendid racer in Ireland, won as a 13 year-
old, and was the sire of many good racehorses;
at 26, Mare by Bagot, grandmother of
Nabocklish, Fam. 4. Was about 30 years old
when it had last foal.
18
Cypher
by Squirrel out of 23 year-
1772
4 year-old ran once. 12 foals. 3 Foundation
Mares in Fam. 3 a. At 24, Alfred by John
old Mare by Regulus.
Bull.
19
Termagant
1772
First foal at 12 years old (Edmund 2nd in
by Tantrum out of Canta-
L). 11 foals by 10 different stallions. At 19,
trice.
Evelina, dam of Orville, P.iulowitz, and
Cervantes; at 27, Sparrow Hawk (3rd in L).
20
Mare
1772
Did not run. First foal at 10 years old. 10
by Syphon out of 25 year-
foals without a break, last foal in ils 27th year.
old Miss Wilkinson.
Foundation Mare of Fam. 43.
21
Calash
1775
4 vear-old ran six times, winning five times.
by Herod out of Teresa.
First foal at 8 years old. 11 foals, amongst
which as Firstling Paragon L; at 14, Whiskey;
and at 24, Lady Charlotte, dam of Cwrw 2.
22
Calia
1775
3 year-old ran once. 14 foals. At 23, High-
by Herod out of Proser-
land Fling by Spadille.
pine (own sister to
Eclipse).
23
Miss Hervey
1775
3 and 4 year-old ran eight times, won twice.
by Eclipse out of Clio.
First foal at 8 years old. 13 foals. At 22,
Haphazard by Sir Peter, and at 23, a Marc by
Sir Peter — Foundation Mare of Fam. 35.
24
Fan 11 V
1776
Not run. First foal at 11 years old. 14
bv Eclipse out of 20 year-
foals, of which was Volante O., Fam. 6.
old Pollv.
OS
Trial of the Thorouarhbrecl on the Racecourse, etc.
Xo.
Name and Pedigree.
Born.
Breeding Performances.
25 Mare
by Matchem (28 year-old)
— Syphon.
26
27
28
29
m
31
32
m
34
Hnratia
by Eclipse out of 28 year-
old Countess.
Camilla
by Trentham out of
Coquette.
Expectation
by Herod out of 21 year-
old Mare bv Skim.
Faith
by Pacolet out of
Atalanta.
Luna
bv Heft-od out of
Proserpine.
Maria
by Telemachus out of 20
year-old A-la-Grecque.
1777
1778
1778
1779
1779
1779
1783
Nimble 1784
bv Florizel out of Ranti- i
pole.
Pewet L.
bv Tandem out of Terma-
i^-ant (No. 19)
Prunella
bv Highflyer out of
Promise.
1786
1788
3 year-old ran seven timel^, won once. 18
foals, of which were : Eager D, Fidget,
Bustler ; at 24, Professor (ran twice as a 3
year-old) ; at 25, Sinbad (later Rainbow, ran
as a 3 and 4 year-old four times, won twice);
and at 27, Fan (ran once as a 3 year-old, and
had 8 foals). At 32 last foal.
3 — 5 year-old ran nine times, won three
times. First foal at 8 years old. 15 foals.
At 19, Archduke D, and at 25. Paris D.
3 — 6 vear-old ran seventeen times, won six
times. First foal at 9 years old : Y. Camilla,
a famous Foundation Mare in Fam. 11. 12
foals, at2S, Jerboa, Foundation MareofVenison,
The Little Wonder D, St. Simon, Ornue, etc.
5 year-old ran twice. First foal at 8 years
old. Spinster, Foundation Mare in Beberbeck.
13 foals. xM 23, Anticipation, Foundation Mare
in Fam. 4 (Executrix, Vanessa, Manganese,
Alice Hawthorn, etc.).
Ran and won 3 — 7 year-old, ran as 8 year-
old, not winning. First foal at 11 years old.
9 foals. At 18, Marcia; at 22, Vesta, Founda-
tion Mares in Fam. 2 a ; at 24, Camillus.
Not run. First foal at 8 (?) years old. 14
foals. At 24. Cardinal Puff by Cardinal.
3 and 4 year-old ran eight times, won twice.
First foal at 8 years old. 10 foals. At 15,
Marianne, dam of Octavius D and Caroline
O ; at 22, Marybella, Foundation Mare in Fam.
23; and at 24, Breslaw, a famous racer.
2— 6 year-old ran 36 times, won 19 times.
First foal at 7 years old. 17 foals, of which
were once twins, Nike O, and at 23, Donna
Clara, Foundation Mare for Fam. 32.
3_(3 year-old ran thirteen times, won four
times. First foal at 8 years old. 9 foals. .At
16, Sir Paul; at 18, Pauline L; and at 26,
Clinkerina (dam of Humphrey Clinker).
3_6 year-old ran eleven times, won three
times. First foal at 8 years old. 12 foals, of
which 9 were very fine. .\t 23. Prudence,
Foundation Mare in Fam. 1 a.
4. \'alue of the Thorouirhbred for Other Breeds.
09
No.
Name and Pedigree.
Born.
Breeding Pcrforni;iiKi^.
So
Sister to Silver
1790
Ran and won as a 1 year-old at New niarliet.
by Mercury — Herod.
Was used for many years as a riding and
carriage hor.se, and had only one eye. First
foal at 14 years old. 9 foals. M 22, Miss
Cantley; at 23, Belvoirina, both Foundation
Mares in Fam. ob (Marigold). In its 27th
year it gave birth to a foal with one eye, and
was shot when 28 years old.
3(j
Evelina
by Highflyer out of Ter-
1791
3 — .3year-old ran eight tijiics, won three
times. First foal at 7 years old. 12 fonls. .\l
magant (19 year-old).
22, Paulowitz by Sir Paul.
37
Platina O.
1792
Ran once as a 3 and once as a 4 year-old, O.
by Mercury — Herod (own
First foal at 5 years old. 19 foals. At 25,
sister to No. 33).
.\delicia (ran as a 2 year-old and became a
good brood mare); at 27, .Akarius (a very good
racer 2 — 4 year-old, won twice as a 2 year-old,
was not placed in the -St. Leger), and lived to
28 years of age.
38
Mare
1794
Not run. First foal at 7 years old. 12 foals.
by PotSos out of Editha.
once dead twins. .\t 24, the grandmother of
Neville, Fam. 3 c.
30
Mare
1795
Not run. 17 fonls. .\t 2.">, \\'ise;icre. ,i good
by Slcvscaper out of
racer.
Isabel'.
40
Mare
1796
Not run. First foal at 8 jears old. 16 foals.
by Precipitate — Wood-
.\t 2-3, -Monimia, a good racer and Foimdatiun
pecker.
Mare in Fam. 12 a; at 27, The Captain, a
good racer.
41
Mare
1797
Ran three times as a 3 year-old. First foal
by Ruler out of Tree-
at 12 years old, Oiseau by Camillus. 13 foals.
creeper.
.\t 25, Miss Crachami, a good racer, and
I'oundation Mare in Fam. 42.
42 V. Lalage
j by Chocolate out of 21
year-old Lalage, which
I 4 — 12 year-old won races.
43 Marcia
bv Coriander out of Faith
(3-7).
1797 R.in four times as a 2 and 3ye,ir-old, won
once. 11 foals. .At 27, De \'erc by I'cramor/,
a famous racehorse in Ireland.
1797 3 — 9 year-old a splendid racer, ran twenty-
eight times, won nineteen times. I'irsi foal at
11 years old, 7 foals, amongst which were :
Marciana (Foundation M:irc in l"am. 2 a,
grandmother of Hetman Platoff and Don John
L). .\t 20 had her last foal.
70
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No.
Name and Pedigree.
Born.
Breeding Performances.
44
Rosamond
1798
3 and 4 year-old a good racer, ran nine
by Buzzard out of Rose-
times, won three times. First foal at 6 years
berrj'.
old. 17 foals. At 22, Barefoot L, and 26, a
JNIare by Tramp, Foundation Mare in Fam. 5 a.
Lived to 31 years of age.
45
jMandane
1800
Ran six times as a 2 and 3 year-old, won
by PotSos out of Y.
twice. First foal at 4 years old. 13 foals,
Camilla.
amongst which were : Mannella O, Altisidora
L; at 20, Lottery by Tramp; at 21, Brutan-
dorf by Blacklock ; and at 22, a Mare by
Whisker, dam of Liverpool. Lived to 26 years
of age.
4G
Parasol
by PotSos out of Prun-
ella (No. .34)
1800
Ran and won 3 — 8 year-old, at 8 years in
foal, ran foiu" times and won twice. First foal
at 9 years old. 12 foals, amongst which were :
Partisan, Pindarri 2; at 19, Pastille 2, O; and
at 24 her last foal.
47
JMare
1802
Not run. First foal at 6 years old. 15 foals.
by Delpini out of Tipple
Cyder.
At 20, Wildwood, and at 21, Sir Catton, both
good racers ; at 23, The Colonel L, and at 24.
The Captain, a famous racer.
■IS
Thomasina
by Timothy out of Violet.
1804
A verv good racer 2 — 5 year-old. First foal
at 8 years old. 16 foals without a break.
49
Remembrance
by Sir Solomon out of
1805
A very good racer 3 — 5 year-old. First foal
at 8 years old. 13 foals. At 26, Oblivion, dam
20 year-old Queen Mab.
of Springy Jack and grand-dam of Daniel
O'Rourke D, Foundation Mare in Fam. 9.
50
Little Folly
by Highland Fling out of
180(5
Ran three times as a 3 year-old, won once.
First foal at 6 years old. 13 foals. At 24,
Harriet.
Folly, I'oundation Mare in Fam. 5 (Miami,
Rosicrucian, etc.).
51
Lisette
1806
A good racer 3 and 4 year-old. First foal at
by Hanibletonian out of
7 years old. ]4 foals. At 24, Clearwell 2.
Constantia.
52
Snowdrop
1806
.A good racer 2 — 4 year-old. First foal at 7
by Highland Fling out of
years old. 11 foals. At 22, Galantine 1.
Daisy.
53
Miss \\'asp
1807
Won as a 2 year-old. First foal at 7 years
by \\"axy out of Trum-
old. At 21, Y. Muley, and at 23, Vespa 6.
petta.
54
Mare
1808
Not run. First foal at lOyear-old. 11 foals.
by Walton out of 19 year-
At 23, Black Agnes, Foundation Mare in Fam.
old Y. Noisette.
28.
4. Value of the Thoroutrlibretl for Oiher Breeds.
71
No.
Name and Pcdiijree.
Born.
Breeding Performances.
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
6;^
61
Manuella O.
by Dick Andrews out of
Mandane (No. 45).
1809
Lady of the Lake 1809
by Sorcerer out of 20
year-old Mare by Salt- I
ram.
Bella 1811
by Beningbrougli out of
Peterea.
\Mre (sister to Whale-
bone)
bv Waxv nut of Penelope.
Mare
by Orville out of Miss
Grimstone.
Sister to Corduroy
by Shuttle out of 18 year-
old Ladv Sarah.
1811
1812
1812
Octaviana
bv Octavian-
^Shutllt
Sihcrtail
bv V. Gohanna-
~Or'
Mare
by Comus — Delpini.
Lacerta
bv Zodiac out of Jerboa.
1815
1815
1816
1816
3 — 5 year-old ran thirteen times, won three
times. First foal at 8 years old. 15 foals with-
out a break, amongst which were : Memnon
L, Belzoni, Margelina (had 19 foals); at 20,
Nitocris, Foundation Mare in Fam. 11 (Fisher-
man, Strathcona, etc.); at 21 and 22, two good
racers, Belshazzar and Belluno.
3 — 4 3'ear-old a good racer. First foal at 6
years old. 17 foals. At 22, Ophelia, Founda-
tion Mare in Fam. 43, and last foal at 27 years
old.
Ran twice as a 6 year-old, won once. First
foal at 8 years old. 13 foals. At 24, Bellona,
Foundation Mare of the Fam. 44; at 25, last
foal, ran in race.
3 and 4 year-old a good racer. First foal at
8 years old. 17 foals. At 22, Verulam ; at 26,
her last foal. Lived to 28 years of age.
Not riui. 14 foals, amongst which were :
Tranby by Blacklock ; at 22, Miss Bowe, and
at 25, a Mare by Priam or Zinganee, the two
chief Foundation Mares in Fam. 21.
Not run. First foal at 4 years old. 20 foals,
the first 19 without a break, at 24, the last foal
by Waverley (ran as a 2 year-old, had 11 foals,
and became Foundation Mare in Fam. 5), and
lived to 26 years old.
2 and 3 year-old a good racer. First foal at
5 years old. 15 foals. At 22, Crucifix O. 2. 1,
dam of Surplice D. L.
3 — 4 year-old a good racer. First foal at 6
years old. 15 foals. At 24, Bonney Bonnet,
Foundation Mare in Fam. 2d.
Not run. First foal at 14 years old. 8 foals.
At 22, Miss Lydia, Foundation Mare in Fam.
9; at 24, Nutwith L.
3 — 4 year-old moderate racer, then w.is used
as a riding horse. First foal at 10 years old.
15 foals. At 21, Little Wonder D, and at 25,
Little Fairy, grand-dam of St. .Angela, St.
Simon's dam, Foundation Mare in Fam. 11.
Trial of the Tliorousrhbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No.
Name and Pedigree.
Born.
Breeding Performances.
65
67
70
71
Mare (Velocipede's
dam)
by Juniper — Sorcerer.
Electress
by Election — Stamford.
Mare
by Rubens out of Tippity-
wichet.
Guiccioli
by Bob Booty out of
Flight.
1817
1819
1819
1823
Mare i 1824
bv Cervantes — Camillus.
Clari
by Smolensl-:o-
Precipitate.
Greenmantle O.
bv Sultan out of Dulcinea.
1821
1826
Not run. First foal at 4 years old. 18 foals,
of which 7 were Foundation Mares in Fam.
3 c. At 24, Merope, grand-dam of Galopin D,
Moslem 2, and Knight of the Crescent.
2 — 4 year-old a good racer, once slipped twins.
First foal at 9 years old. 11 foals. At 16,
Vauban ; at 19, Miss Twickenham (dam of
Teddington); at 20, Mare by Sir Hercules
(Foundation Mare in Fam. 2 and had 20
foals); at 22, Splitvote (grand-dam of St.
.Albans L, Savernake and Gang Forward 2);
last foal at 24 years old.
2 and 3 year-old ran twice, was second in O.
First foal at 6 years old. 17 foals, amongst
which were: Phosphorous D, May Day 1; at
20, Firebrand 1 ; and at 23, Ratafia, Founda-
tion Mare in Fam. 27.
2 — 6 year-old a very good racer. Ran as a
6 3'ear-old, after foaling and again in foal (pro-
duced a healthy foal), si.\ times, won twice, in
the King's Plates, over 4 miles with heats, in
September, in Curragh (6 starters), and in
Northumberland Handicap in October, at
Curragh (11 starters, amojigst which were
such good horses as Skylark, a 3 year-old, and
Napoleon, a 5 year-old). First foal at 6 years
old. 13 foals, amongst which were : Bird-
catcher and Faugh-a-Ballagh ; at 21, living
twins, one of which was Gramachree, Founda-
tion Mare in Fam. 11 ; and at 24, St. John
(later Carlo w), a good racer 2 — 7 year-old.
Not run. First foal at 8 years old. 17 foals
without a break. Foundation Mare in Fam. 1.
Not run. First foal at 5 years old : Clara,
2 — 5 year-old a good racer, and Foundation
Mare in Fam. 6 a. The next 7 foals were
used in Ireland as riding horses. 13 — 18 she
was a riding horse, and afterwards, 19 — 27,
she had 7 more foals, the greater part of which
were good racers. Altogether she had 13
foals, and lived to 29 years of age.
2 — 4 year-old a very good racer. First foal
at 8 years old. 13 foals. At 24, Kernel,
Foundation Mare in Fam. 6 a.
4. Value of the Thorou£jhbred for Other Breeds.
73
No. I Name and Pedigree.
Born.
Hreeding Performances.
72 ! Catherina j 1830
by Whisker out of Alecto.
n
76
77
79
Black Agnes 1831
by Velocipede out of 23
year-old Mare by Walton.
Burletta
by Actiion out of Comedy.
1&32
Bee's Wing 1833
by Dr. Syntax — Ardrosean.
Miss Bowe
by Catton out of a 22
year-old Mare by Orville.
Garland
by Lanjjar out of Cast-
steel.
78 Red Pape
by Rowton out of Pigmy.
Pocahontas
by Glencoe out of Mar-
pessa.
1834
1835
ia35
1837
A splendid racer, ran 2 — 11 vcar-old 17G
times and won 81 times, 12 times as an 11 year-
old. First foal at 16 years old. 9 foals, of
which 6 were good racers (Sweetheart, winner
in July Stakes, and Phaeton, winner in the
Criterion Stakes). At 22, Y. Catherina
(Nagara), Foundation Mare in Fam. G a ; at
27, last foal, which ran a race as a 3 vear-old.
Ran once as a 3 year-old. First foal at 17
years old. 7 foals, amongst which was, .^s a
firstling, .Agnes by Pantaloon, Foundation
Mare in Fam. 28, and dam of the four off-
springs of King Tom : Oueen-of-the-\'aIe.
King-of-the-A"aIe, Dalesman, and Fvelina.
2 — 8 year-old a very good racer. First foal
as a 10 year-old. 14 foals without a break,
amongst which were two good Foundation
Mares in Fam. 23 (of which one was a first-
ling).
2 — 9 year-old a splendid racer, ran 64 times,
won 51 times. First foal at 11 years old. 8
foals, amongst which were : Nunnvkirk 2,
Newminster L, and three splendid I'oundation
Mares in Fam. 8.
Ran nine times as a 3 and 4 year-old, won
65 times. 16 foals, amongst which were :
Iris O, Longbow, De Clare, Bowstring, and
at 23, Tom Bowline.
3 — 6 year-old ran 24 times, won 6 times.
12 foals. .\t 24, Vertumna, Foundation Mare
in Fam. 19, grand-dam of Moorhen, Oalli-
niile's dam.
Not run. Covered at 3 years old. 16 foals
without a break. Nothing known after.
2 — 5 year-old ran nine times without win-
ning, Criter., O., Gcp., Cs., Cm., not
placed. First foal at 6 years old. 1.5 foals,
amongst which were : Stockwcll L, 2, Rata-
plan Dcp., King Tom, The Knight of Kars,
.■\yacanora; at 21, Knight-of-St. -Patrick ; at
24, .Auricula (dam of Nuneham and Blanford);
at 2.J, .Araucaria (dam of Wcllingtonia,
Camelia 1 O., Chamont 2, and Rayon d'Or L,
Cd.). Lived to 33 years of age.
74
Trial of the Thoroujrhbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No.
Name and Pedigree.
Born.
Breeding Performance^^.
80
Lapwing
1837
Not run. Covered at 2 years old, had first
by Bustard — Muley.
10 foals without a break. Altogether 17 foals,
the last in her 29th year : Sir Niel.
81
Alice Hawthorn
1838
3 — 7 year-old a splendid racer, ran 71 times
by Muley Moloch out of
and won 5O5 times, which included 17 King's
Rebecca.
Plates, Gcp and Dcp twice. First foal
at 11 years old, and had 7 foals without a
break. Afterwards she slipped and had 3 more
foals, that is, 10 foals altogether, 3 splendid
Foundation Mares in Fam. 4 c, of which were
Terrona (grand-dam of Queen Esther, which
had 22 foals); afterwards, after she had
slipped, at 19, Thormanby D, and also Lord
Fauconberg, Oulston and Findon.
82
Mare
1838
Not run. First foal at 13 years old. 12
by Beiram out of Addy.
foals, amongst which was Christabelle, grand-
dam of Aspirant. Lived to 27 years of age.
83
Florence
1839
2 — 3 vear-old ran ten times, won three times.
by Velocipede out of Mar-
First foal at 5 years old. 20 foals without a
g-arette.
break.
84
Revival
ias9
Not run. Covered at 2 years old. 8 foals
by Pantaloon out of
without a break. Altogether 16 foals, in spite
Linda.
of having made a journey to France and back.
85
Boarding'-School-Miss
1841
A good racer 3 to 5 year-old, ran 22 times.
by Plenipotentiary out of
won 6 times. First foal at 7 years old. 17
Marpessa.
foals without a break, amongst which were 6
Foundation Mares in Fam. 3 b, then killed.
86
Physalis
1841
2 — 5 year-old ran 22 times, won 6 times.
by Bay Middleton out of
First foal at 7 years old. 17 foals. .\t 23.
Baleine.
Legacy, Foundation Mare in Fam. 8 a.
87
Mare
1841
Not run. First foal at 8 years old. 15
by Little Red Rover out
foals, amongst which were : Buccaneer; at 22,
of Eclat.
Lady .'\udley (Touchet's dam), and at 24,
Stars-and-Stripes, Foundation Mare in Fam. 14.
88
Jocose
1843
Ran four times as a 4 year-old, won twice.
by Pantaloon out of
First foal at 6 years old. 17 foals, amongst
Banter.
which were: Macaroni 2 D, Dcp., and at 24.
Flippant, Foundation Mare in Fam. 14.
89
Queen Mary (Firstling)
1843
Not run. First foal at 4 years old. 19 foals
by Gladiator out of a 3
(and one dead foal), amongst which were :
year-old Mare by Pleni-
Blink Bonny D.O., at 21, Blinkhoolie, and at
potentiary.
27, Bonnie Doon, Foundation Mare in Fam. 10.
Lived to 29 years of age.
4. \'aluc of tho Thoroushbifd for Oilier Breeds.
75
No.
Name and Pedigree.
Born.
iireedinjj Per for ma nee n.
90
Ferina
1844
Not run. First foal at 5 years old. IG foals.
by Venison out of
At 22, Pretender 2 D.
Partiality.
91
Maid of Masham
1845
3 — C year-old a very good racer. First foal
by Don John out of Miss
at 8 years old. 14 foals. .\t 21, Faraway; at
Lydia.
22, Lady .Masham. both Foundation .Mares in
Fam. 9, the latter also dam of the two own
brothers, Peter Hrd. and Timothy .\cp.
92
Haricot (Firstling)
1847
3 — 7 year-old a very good racer. First foal
bj' Mango or Lanercost
at 8 years old. 13 foals, amongst which were :
out of the 4 year-old
Caller Ou L; at 21, Lady Langden (dam of
Queen Mary.
Sir Bevys D and Hampton Gcp. Dcp.); at 24,
.NLare by Kettledrum, Foundation Mare in
Fam. 10; at 23, Lentil (ran four times as a 2
year-old).
93
:\Iai-c
Bv Birdcatcher — Hetman
PiatolY.
1850
Not run. 10 foals, amongst which was
Solon. .\t 22, Xenophon.
94
Catliarina Ha}-cs O.
by Lanercost out of Con-
1850
2 — 4 year-old a splendid racer. First foal at
6 years old. 13 foals, .^t 22, .Marquise de
stance.
C.iUN, Foundation Mare in F.ani. 22; last foal
at 2"). Lived to 27 years of age.
95
Gertrude
by Hautboy out of Middle.
1850
Not run. First foal at 9 years old. 12 foals,
amongst which were two Foundation Mares in
Fam. 3. :\t 22, Carnation ; last foal at 25,
Reflex (ran as a 2 and 3 year-old, won once).
96
Xoi.sette
l&V)
2^9 year-old ran 91 times, won 17 times.
by Nutwilh out of .Mar-
Won once as an 8 year-old. .\s a 9 year-old.
mora.
in foal, ran four times without winning.
First foal at 10 years old. 9 foals, amongst
which WMS .\cceptance, I'oundation Marc in
Fam. 2. Last foal at 21.
97
Mi.s.s .\gne3
1850
Ran 2 — 4 year-old, won once. First foal at
by Birdcatcher out of
6 years old. IG foals, amongst which were six
.\gnes.
prominent Foundation .Mares. .\t 23, .\gnes
.Sore], Foun^lation Mare in I'ani. 16. Lived to
27 years of ;ige.
S)8
Torment
1850
.As a 2 and 3 ye;ir-old a very good racer.
by .Marm — Glencoe.
First foal at 5 years old. 14 foals, including
living twins, B Flat and F Sharp, 7 Founda-
tion .NLircs in I'am. 10, 'i'ormentor O. and at
22, Peine de ("ivur fdam of Despair and Caris-
sima).
76
Trial of the Thorousjlibred on the Racecourse, etc.
No.
Name and Pedigree.
Born.
Breeding Performances
-L
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
Blue Bell
b}' Heron — Zimmerman.
1851
Nelly Hill 1851
by Springy Jaclv out of
Anne Page.
Katherine Logie 1853
by Flying Dutchman out
of Phryne.
Christabelle
by Fernhill — Beiram.
Bathilde Cm.
by Stockwell out of
Babette.
Anonyma
by Stockwell out of Miss
Sarah.
Lady Sefton
by West-.'\ustralian out of
Clarissa.
106 Palmflower
by The Palmer out of
Jenny Driver (had 20
foals).
1854
1858
1859
1861
1874
Not run. First foal at 5 years old. 14 foals.
3 Foundation Mares in Fam. 25. .At 25, .Aura
(dam of Orcan). Lived to 34 years of age.
Ran 2 — 4 year-old and won as a 3 year-old
four times. First foal at 6 }ears old. 14 foals.
.\t 23, Jessie, Foundation Mare in Fam. 17.
Ran 3 — 6 year-old 61 times and won 11
times. First foal at 8 years old. 13 foals,
among which were : Bothwell 2, King o'
Scots, and at 23, Pompeja, Foundation Mare in
Fam. 3.
Not run. First foal at 5 years old. 17 foals,
amongst which were three Foundation Mares
in Fam. 3 c. .\t 23, Sorcery (dam of -Aspirant
OD, and See Me OO).
Ran 2 — 6 year-old 24 times, won 5 times.
First foal at 8 years old. 14 foals. .At 20,
Lowland Chief, and at 24, Queen Bathilde,
Foundation Mare in Fam. 23.
Ran 2 — 5 j'ear-old 14 times, won 4 times.
First foal at 7 j'ears old. 15 foals, amongst
which were four Foundation Mares in Fam.
21. .At 23, Lonely O, and at 24, Hawkstone.
Ran once as a 2 and once as a 3 year-old.
First foal at 5 years old. 14 foals, a«Tiongst
which were : Sefton D, two Foundation Mares
in Fam. 25, and at 24, Quid Pro Quo by
Isonomy.
Ran 2 — 4 year-old 13 times, and won 4 times
as a 2 year-old. First foal at 7 years old. 17
foals without a break, amongst wdiich were :
El Dorado, St. Florian, three Foundation
Mares in Fam. 20; at 22, Musa O, and at 23,
Palmaro (ran and won as a 2 and 3 year-old).
Special Breeding Performances of Old Thoroughbred Mares from abroad.
No.
Name and Pedigree.
Born.
Breeding Performances.
1
Vittoria
by Milton out of Geane,
Meudon Stud in France,
owned by L. Napoleon.
1823
First foal at 7 j'ears old. 18 foals, amongst
which were : Nautilus Cd. three times, and
Romulus F.D., at 23, Vergogne F.O., at 25,
last foal.
4. Value of the Thoroug-hbred for Other Breeds.
77
No.
Name and Pedigree.
Born.
Breeding Performances.
2
Miss Furev
by Whalebone — Sooth-
sayer.
1824
.\t 20. Donna Sol (dam of Negresse), Earn.
18.
3
Maid of Honor
by Champion out of
1829
.\t 22, Kohinoor U., at 23, Darinoor, Fam.
14.
Etiquette.
4
Mermaid
by Whalebone out of .Miss
Emma.
1829
.\t 23, Seahorse Hr., Fam. 12.
.5
Ivory
by Humphrey Clinker out
of Ildegarda.
1832
At 29, CoUingwood IT. l^.
0
Jessy
by Emancipation out of
Eliza.
1835
At 24, Belle Etoile, Fam. 25.
7
Alice Carncal
1836
12 foals, amongst which were Le.\ington ;
hy Sarpedon out of
I^wena.
at 21, Umpire, and at 23, .Annette. Fam. 12 a.
8
Dolphin
by Priam out of Mermaid.
1836
.\t 21), Shark Hn., and at 22, Chingachgook.
Fam. 12.
9
V'ictoria
by Elizondo — Saracen.
1840
.\t 22, Vera Crux, and at 23, Victorieuse
F.O. Fam. 1 c.
10
Bathiide
by V. Emilius out of
Odine.
1842
M 24, Orpheline (dam of Era Diavolo, F.L.).
Fam. 5 a.
U
Ennui
1843
14 foals, amongst which were Saunterer and
by Bay Middleton out of
Loiterer; at 24, Constance. Fam. 11. .
Blue Devils.
12
Belle de Xuit
1844
.\t 23, Good-Night (dam of Pourquoi Gl.).
by V. Emilius out of
Fam. 5a.
Odine.
13
Officious
1847
At 21, Dami B.B.. at 22, II. .Miistro B.B.
by Pantaloon out of
Fam. 8 a.
Baleine.
14
Sunrise
by Emilius out of Sunset.
1848
.\t 23, Succes. Fam. 3.
15
Partlet
by Birdcatchcr out of
Gipsy.
1849
.\t 25, Patriarche. Fam. 19.
16
Vcrmeille
1853
13 foals, amongst which were : Vermouth
by The Baron out of Fair
G.P., B.B., and Vertugadin Gl., B.B., at 24,
Helm.
Extra (dam of Excuse Cd.). Lived to 29 years
of age. Fam. 3b.
78
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No.
Name and Pedigree.
Born.
Breeding Performances.
17
Thrift
1865
Covered 3 years old. 17 foals and
once
bv Stockwell out of
twins; at 24, Avoir. Fam. 10.
Braxey.
18
Clotho RO.
by Bois Roussel out of
Ladv Clocklo.
1866
At 20, Cleodore Prd., at 25, Cloture.
8 a.
Fam.
The Thoroughbred also seems to have the superiority over the Half-bred
as regards longevity, as can be seen from the three following lists.
Of the Half-breds known to me, the Royal Country Stallions in Celle have
reached bv far the greatest age, but even these are inferior to the Thorough-
bred regarding their maximum performances, etc., as the last of the three
tables following shows.
Register of the Thoroughbred Stallions born in England which have
attained the age of -25 years and more.
No.
Names of Stallions.
Born.
Sires of Stallions.
Age
reached.
Years.
1
The Lister Turk
abt. 1680
abt. 32
2
3
Bay Bolton
abt. 1702
1705
Byerly Turk
Grey Hautboy
abt. 28
31
4
The Belgrade Turk
abt. 1710
abt. 30
5
6
Flying Childers
Partner
1715
1718
Darley .'\rabian
26
29
7
Crab
1722
-Mcock's .Arabian
28
8
9
The Godolphin Arabian
Monkev
1724
1725
Lonsdale Bay Arabian
29
29 A.
10
The Bolton Starling
1727
Bav Bolton
29
11
Young Cartouch
1731
Cartouch
28
12
Sedburv
1734
Partner
25
13
14
15
16
17
18
The -Vncaster Starling
Regulus
Blank
Jolly Roger
Sampson
Janus
1738
1739
1740
1741
1745
1746
Starling
Godolphin Arabian
Godolphin -Arabian
Roundhead
Blaze
Janus
26
26
29
31 A.
32
34 A.
19
Matchem
1748
Cade
33
20
21
22
Marske
Snap
Svphon
1750
1750
1750
Squirt
Snip
Squirt
29
27
least 25
23
24
The Godolphin Colt
JNIatchless
1754
1754
Godolphin .Arabian
Godolphin Arabian
27
abt. 32 A.
4. Value of the Thoroughbred for Olher Breeds.
79
Age
Xo.
Names of Stallions.
Born.
Sires of Stallions.
reached.
Years.
25
Squirrel
1754
Traveller
26
26
Engineer
1756
Sampson
26
27
Centinel
1758
Blank
26 A.
28
Jalnp
1758
Regulus
29
20
Bay .Malton
1760
Sampson
26
30
Tantrum
1760
Cripple
least 26
31
Coriolanus
1762
Whistlejacket
least 29
32
Morwick Ball
1762
Regulus
25
3:^
Pilgrim
1762
Sampson
26
34
Chrysolite
1763
Blank
25
3o
Pacolet
1763
Blank
25
36
Ranthos
1763
Matchem
31
37
Eclipse
1764
Marske
25
38
Goldfinder
1764
Snap
25
30
Phlegon
1765
Matchem
25
40
Trentham
1766
Sweepstakes
abt. 26
41
Faggergill
1766
Snap
25
42
Paymaster
1766
Blank
25
43
Solon
1766
Sampson
27
44
Shark
1771
Marske
25 A.
45
Voung Marske
1771
Marske
29
46
PotSos
1773
Eclipse
27
47
\\'oodpecker
1773
Herod
25
48
Jupiter
1774
Eclipse
28
49
King Fergus
1775
Eclipse
36
50
^^"easel
1776
Herod
25
51
Diomed
1777
Florizel
31 A.
52
Drone
1777
Herod
29 A.
53
Ruler
1777
Y. Marske
30
54
Dungannon
1780
Eclip.se
28
55
Messenger
1780
Mambrino
28 A.
56
Delpini
1781
Highflyer
27
57
Alexander
1782
Eclipse
20
58
Trumpator
1782
Conductor
26
59
Driver
1783
Trentham
28
60
Meteor
1783
Eclipse
28
61
Windlestone
1783
Magnet
29
62
Sir Peter
1784
Highflyer
27
03
Star
17a5
Highnyer
26 A.
61
Traveller
1785
Highflyer
28
(!5
Competitor
1786
Eclipse
30
66
Cocker
1786
Trentham
26
67
Grog
1786
Tandem
27
68
Star
1786
Highflyer
25 A.
69
Dragon
1787
Woodpecker
25 A.
80
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
Age
No.
Names of StaUions.
Born.
Sires of Stallions.
reached.
Years.
70
Gohanna
1790
Mercury
25
71
Waxy
1790
PotSos
28
72
Parrot (ran 2—5 years 28
times and won 9 times)
1791
Dungannon
36 D.
73
Diamond
1792
Highflyer
27 F.
74
Hambletonian
1702
King Fergus
26
75
King Bladud
1792
F'ortunio
27
70
Stamford
1794
Sir Peter
26
77
Whip
1794
Saltram
31 A.
78
Bobtail
1795
Precipitate
27
79
Eagle
1796
Volunteer
30 A.
80
Sorcerer
1796
Trumpator
25
81
Quiz
1798
Buzzard
28
82
Orlando
1799
Whiskey
25
83
Orville
1799
Beningbrough
27
84
Walton
1799
Sir Peter
26
85
Remembrancer
1800
Pipator
29
86
Sir Oliver
1800
Sir Peter
29
87
Castrel
1801
Buzzard
26
88
Sir David
1801
Trumpator
27 K.
89
Sir Walter Raleigh
1801
Waxy
30
90
Grimaldi
1802
Delpini
28
91
Fyldener
1803
Sir Peter
26
92
Hollyhock
1804
Master Bagot
25
93
Waxy Pope
1806
Waxy
25
94
•■Xd Libitum
1807
Whiskey
30 V.
95
Bluster
1808
Orlando
26 A.
96
Grimalkin
1808
Chance
26 D.
97
Hamlet
1808
Hambletonian
27 F.
98
Phantom
1808
Walton
26 D.
99
Rainbow
1808
Walton
26 F.
100
Comus
1809
Sorcerer
28
101
Muley
1810
Orville
27
102
Tramp
1810
Dick Andrews
25
103
Bijou
1811
Orville
25 F.
104
Dr. Syntax
1811
Paynator
27
105
Captain Candid
1813
Cerberus
25 F.
106
Elector
1813
Election
25 D.
107
The Cryer
1814
Sorcerer
28 D.
108
Gaudy
1814
Peruvian
27 D.
109
Talma
1814
Sorcerer
28 R.
110
Allegro
1815
Orville
29 B.
111
Oracle
1815
Sorcerer
27 D.
112
Spectre
1815
Phantom
26 F.
113
Dr Eady
1816
Rubens
26
4. \"alue of tlic Tliorduijlibred fur Otlier Brccils.
81
No.
Names of Stallions.
Horn.
.Sires of Stallions.
Age
reached.
Years.
114
Tandem
1816
Kubcns
25 F.
115
Cavalier
1817
Lambton
27 D,
116
Parchement or Tring
1817
Thunderbolt
25 F.
117
St. Patrick
1817
Walton
26
118
Trance
1817
Phantom
29 P.
119
Minister
1818
Prime .Minister
26 F.
120
Belmout
1819
Thunderbolt
29 F.
121
Marcellus
1819
Selim
25 F.
122
Abrou
1820
Whisker
25 F.
123
Emilius
1820
Orville
27
124
General Mina
1820
Camillus
26 F.
125
Lottery
1820
Tramp
25 F.
126
Middleton
1822
Phantom
25 R.
127
Sir Geoffrey Peveril
182:^
Whalebone
25 D.
128
Royal Oak
182:3
Qatton
26 F.
129
Mameluke
1824
Partisan
25 F.
13(J
Pantaloon
1824
Castrel
26
131
Terror
182;)
-Magistrate
25 F.
132
Velocipede
1825
Blacklock
25
133
Aaron
1826
Moses
26 AU.
134
Lawnsleeves
1826
Dr. Syntax
25 R.
135
Sir Hercules
1826
Whalebone
29
im
Birminj;ham
1827
Filho da Puta
27 R.
137
Giovanni
1828
Filho da Puta
26
138
Minster
1829
Catton
26 F.
i:«
Trustee
1829
Catton
27 A.
140
Emig^rant
1831
Tramp
25 AV.
141
General Chasse
lasi
-Actaeon
25 R.
142
Glencoe
18:^1
Sultan
26 A.
14;^
Touchstone
18.31
Camel
30
144
Safeguard
18:fi
Defence
26
145
Sheet .Anchor
18.32
Lottery
31 D.
146
Birdcatcher
1&33
Sir Hercules
27
147
Langford
1833
Sir Hercules
25 n.
148
Slane
18.3:^
Royal Oak
25
149
Y. Confederate
18:i4
Confederate
25 D.
1.50
1 larkaway
18.34
Economist
25
1.51
.Melbourne
18:^
Humphrey Clinker
25
1.52
Mickle Fell
1834
Catton
28 D.
1.53
Yorkshire
18.34
St. Nicolas
25 A.
154
.Sportsman
18:i5
Flexible
25 D.
1.55
Bloomsbury
1836
Mulatto
25 n.
l;5<i
Oroonocko
1836
Camel
26 I).
157
Polydorus
18:«
Priam
25 D.
1.58 1
Sampson
iKia
Cetus
25 D.
83
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
Age
No.
Names of Stallions.
Born.
Sires of Stallions.
reached.
Years.
159
Sovereign
18:S(>
Emilius
26 A.
160
St. Swithin
mil
Velocipede or St. Nicholas
27 D.
161
.'Vlonzo
1837
Alpheus
28
162
Satirist
1838
Pantaloon
20 D.
163
Consternation
1841
Confederate
25 A.
164
The Cure
1841
Physician
25
165
Orlando
1841
Touchstone
27
166
Weatherbit
1842
Sheet Anchor
26
167
King- of Naples
1844
Slane
28 n.
168
Springy Jack
1845
Hetman Platoff
25 D.
169
Surplice
1845
Touchstone
26
170
Voltigeur
1847
Voltaire
27
171
Harpsichord
1848
Touchstone
26 D
172
Stilton
1849
Cotherstone
26 D.
173
Captain Cornish
1850
J ago
25 D.
174
Sittingbourne
1850
Chatham
27 D.
175
.Arthur Wellesley
1851
Melbourne
25
176
Epaminondas
1851
Epirus
25 D.
177
King Tom
1851
Harkaway
27
178
Marsyas
1851
Orlando
25
179
Professor Airey
1852
Mathematician
27
180
Bonnie Scotland
1853
Jago
27 A.
181
Cotswold
1853
Nevvcourt
26 o.
182
Forbidden Fruit
1853
Birdcatcher
29 o.
183
Kentucky
1853
Mickey Free
31 D.
184
Leamington
1853
Faugh-a-Ballagh
25 A.
185
-Amsterdam
1854
The Flying Dutchman
25
186
The Attorney General
1854
Melbourne
26 D.
187
Gunboat
1854
Sir Hercules
29
188
Wardermarske
1854
Birdcatcher
26 D.
189
Kelpie
1855
Weatherbit
27 AU.
190
Flash in the Pan
1&56
Pontifex
25
191
Gaspard
1856
Daniel O'Rourke
26 D.
192
The Speaker
1856
Filbert
25
193
.\thos
1857
Prime Minister
25 AU.
194
Buccaneer
1&57
Wild Dayrell
30 o.
195
Mainstone
1857
King Tom
28
196
Thunderbolt
1857
Stockwell
31
197
Carbineer
1858
Rifleman
25
198
Don John
1858
Wild Dayrell
25
199
Kettledrum
1858
Rataplan
27 o
■200
Drummer Boy
1859
Rataplan
28 D.
201
The Marquis
1859
Stockwell
27 AU.
202
Victor
1859
Vindex
27
203
Conrad
1860
Kingston
25 AU.
204
Grimston
1860
Stockwell
26 D.
205
Macaroni
1860
Sweetmeat
27
4. \'aliie of the Tlior<>ui,'hl)recl for Ollu-r Breeds.
83
No.
Names of Strdlions.
Born.
•Sires of Stallions.
Age
reached.
Vear>.
200
.Mail Train
IStil
(jros\'enur
27 AU.
207
The Dart
1863
Lord Fauconberg
25
2()S
Lecturer
1 18G3
Colsterdale
25
209
\'espasi;ui
1863
Newminster
27 Af.
210
Xi
186;^
General Williams
26 I..
211
Friponnier
1864
Chevalier d'Industrie
25 I..
212
Hermit*
1864
Newminster
26
218
Pathfinder
1864
Thormanby
29 1).
214
Tibthorpe
1861
Voltigeur
26
21.5
Tynedale
1864
Warlock
26
216
Bold Dayrell
186;-.
Wild Dayrell
26
217
Rosicrucian
ISO.-.
Beadsman
26
218
Tregeajjle
1865
Wild Dayrell
26 AU.
219
The Drummer
1866
Rataplan
26 AU.
220
Dutch .Skater
1866
The Flying Dutchman
25
221
Goldfinscli
1866
Audubon
26
222
The Bobby
1867
Loiterer
26
22:s
King Cole
1867
King Tom
26 AU.
224
Lord Glasgow
1867
Rapid Rhone
25 D.
225
Syrian
1867
Mentmore
26
22C
Grandmaster >
1868
Gladiateur
31 AU.
227
Rapture
1869
Dioplantus
25 A.
228
.\nteros
1870
Loiterer
25 AU.
229
Gang Forward
1870
Stock well
28 AU.
■2S0
.Ascetic
1871
Hermit
26
231
Controversy
1871
Lambton or The .Miner
25
2:^2
George Frederick
1871
Marsyas
25 A.
233
Friar Tuck
1872
Hermit
27 A.
-m
Galopin
1872
Vedette
27
235
Hampton
1872
Lord Clifden
25
2:^0
The Muleteer
1S73
.Mogador
26
237
Spendthrift
1873
Blair Athol
27
238
Springfield
1873
St. Albans
25
2:^0
L'mpire
1873
Tom King
2(5
240
.Midlothian
1874
Rataplan or Strathcona
28 A.
241
Beauclerc
1875
Rosicrucian
25
242
Thurio
1875
Tibthorpe or Cremorne
27
243
Charaxus
1876
Distin
20 A
2+4
Bend Or
1877
Doncaster
20
245
Prestonpans
1877
Prince Charlie
27 A
25 Ar •
210
Leamington
1878
Fnugh-a-Ballagh
247
Despair
1879
See Saw
25
248
1
St. Simon
1881
Galopin
27
240
Kendal
1883 j
Bend 'Or
2i-. A.
A Died in America.
n = Died in (
"lermany. F Died in Franc(
O Died in .\ustria.
R Died in I
Russia. AT Dieil in Aust
ralia.
"In General Stud Book, \'ol. X\'II., pajje 938, the age of Hermit is wrongly given as 29 years.
J34 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
Register of the Thoroughbred Stallions born in America which have
attained the age of '25 years and more.
1. Celler 177fi by Janus was -28 years old.
2. Jolly Friar 1783 by Janus ,, 25 ,, ,,
3. Old Friendship 1788 by Apollo ,,33 ,, ,,
4. Centinel 1800 by Diomed ,,25
5. Peacemaker 1800 by Diomed ,, 27 ,, ,,
6. Sir Archy 1805 by Diomed ,, 28 ,,
7. Eclipse 1814 by Duroc ,, 33
8. Manalopan 1828 by Johnson's Medley ,, 25 ,, ,,
9. Wagner 1834 by Sir Charles ,,28 ,, ,,
10. Grey Eagle 1835 by Woodpecker ,,28 ,, ,,
11. Y. Langford 1840 by Langford ,, 35 ,,
12. Revenue 1843 by Trustee ,, 25 ,,
13. Star Davis 1849 by Glencoe ,, 27 ,,
14. Lexington 1850 by Boston ,, 25 ,,
15. Wild Irishman 1850 by Glencoe ,,26 ,,
16. Brown Dick 1851 by Margrave ,,28 ,,
17. Rifleman 1855 by Glencoe ,, 28 ,, ,.
18. Asteroid 1861 by Lexington ,, 25 ,,
19. Norfolk 1861 by Lexington ,, 29
20. Ansel 1862 by Lexington ,, 29 ,,
21. Baltimore 1862 by Revenue ,,26 ,,
22. Morris 1863 by Lexington ,, 26 ,, ,,
23. Pat Malloy 1865 by Lexington ,, 25 ,,
24. Vauxhall 1865 by Lexington ,,25
25. Exchange 1866 by Endorser ,, 25 ,, ,,
26. Glenelg 1866 by Citadel ,, 31 ,.
27. Enquirer 1867 by Leamington ,, 28 ,, ,.
28. Longfellow 1867 by Leamington ,, 2() ,, ,,
29. Lyttleton 1867 by Leamington ,, 26
30. Regent 1867 by Bonnie Scotland ,, 25
31. Bigaroon 1868 by Bonnie Scotland ,, 25
32. Eolos 1868 by Leamington ,, 29
33. Nathan Oaks 1868 by Bonnie Scotland ,, 26
34. Spindrift 1868 by Bonnie Scotland ,, 25
35. Joe Daniels 1869 by Australian ,, 27
36. Springbok 1870 by Australian ,, 27
37. Grinstead 1871 by Gilroy ,, 25
38. Big Sandy 1872 by Australian ,, 25
39. Fiddlesticks 1874 by Lexington ,, 26
40. Himyar 1875 by Alarm ,, 30
41. Falsetto 1876 by Enquirer ,, 28
4. \aluc of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds. ,S.5
42. The Jacobite 1870 by Prince Cliarlie was 29 years old.
43. Irish King 1,S7(; by Lonf^feliow ,, 2r> ,,
44. Foxhali I.S78 Ijy Ivino- Alfonso ,, 2(i ,, ,,
4-5. Onnntiau;i 1^19 by I.eamino^ton ,, 2-') ,, ,,
Register of the Ixoyal Country StalMons in Celle wliich attained tlie
age of 2-5 years and more.
No.
Name of Stallion
Born.
.Sire.
Age
reached.
Years.
1
Prevenant
1788
unlvnown
27
2
Unique
17!»8
Unique
26
3
V. Ambush
1811
.\mbush II.
29
4
Faustinus
1815
Kitzlichen
31
5
Torador
1817
Grossvenor xx
2(>
6
Nil
1820
Gim
32
7
Tancred II.
1821
Herodot xx
26
8
Diomed
1822
Stallion in Ivenaclc
25
9
Bundler
1824
Coriander xx
26
10
Dorado
1824
.My
28
11
Gomul
1824
.Xntonius
27
12
\Vhisl<er
1824
Gilfi, .Araber
27
13
Brig^adier
1825
Romano
26
14
Galks
1S25
Gallas
26
15
Goblet
1825
Y. Bobtail
i5
16
Hotspur
1825
Oberon
27
17
Paroli
182.5
Y. Sebastian
2Jt
18
Malcolm
182(i
.\mbaldo xx
27
K)
Trajan
isai
.\nthrax
27
21)
Abelard
1827
.\mbaldo xx
25
21
Britannicus
1827
.\drast XX
25
22
Bucephalus
1827
.\mbaldo xx
25
•2:i
Helote
1827
Robin Hood xx
28
24
Phonix
1827
Robin Hood xx
30
25
Mambrino II.
1828
Rubello
26
2<i
Radical
1828
W Sebastian
25
27
Beiram
1829
Hercules
28
28
iMamelucU
1829
.\nthrax
2(i
20
Montrose
1830
Hanibal
26
an)
Robuste
i8;n
Mori SCO XX
i'.
31
Claret
18'«
Cavalier xx
28
32
Fiesco I.
18:«
I van hoe
25
33
Muff
is;«
Brutandorf xx
26
■M
.Musquito
\im
Bahrain xx
26
35
Negociator
18:il
Cavalier xx
25
:«
Hector II.
1835
Tancred
27
37
Heron
1835
Cavalier xx
2.5
S6
Tri.il of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No.
Name of Stallion
Born.
Sire.
Age
reached.
Vears.
38
Hermes
18:38
39
Mercur
18:38
40
Cabrera
18:39
41
Client
1839
42
Farmer
1839
43
Ragazzo
1839
44
Standard
1839
4.5
Walter Scott
1839
46
Dromedar
1840
47
Magnet
1840
48
Alliwal
1842
49
Ajax
1813
50
Norfolk
1843
51
Cardinal
1844
52
Ebor
1844
53
I wan
1 1844
' 1844
54
Ninus
65
Palafox
1845
56
The Smuggler
1845
57
Zernebog
1845
58
Telegraph
1848
59
Totness
1848
60
Ulysses 11.
1848
61
Baucher
1849
62
Champion
1849
63
Martaban
1850
64
Blue Bird
1851
65
Cregane
1852
66
Nathan
1851
67
Alhambra
1855
68
Harry
1856
69
Jason
1857
70
Martell
1858
71
Flick
1861
72
Zampa
1861
73
Watson
1864
74
Kahland
1865
75
Altona
1866
76
Nord
1866
77
Siid
1866
78
Jeremias
1866
79
Folk
1867
80
Kumpan
1868
81
Weissenburg
1869
82
Y. Claringo
1809
unknown
unknown
Gomez xx
Protector
Morisco
Gustavus XX
Cavalier xx
Sir Walter
Crown Prince
Grey Orville
unknown
Crab XX
V. Seymour
Neptun
unknown
Demetrius xx
Belus XX
Palafox
Black Shales
Jupiter XX
Apropos
unknown
Neptun
Cardinal
Coachman
Sampson xx
Phonix
Old Cregane
Y. Gameboy
Sebras
Beiram
Sheridan xx
Gladiator
Zernebog
Predictor
Holderness
Champion
Y. Rustic
Norfolk
Norfolk
The Prophet
Norfolk
Champion
Norfolk
Claringo
26
25
25
26
24
26
25
26
27
25
28
27
28
26
26
26
28
26
26
26
27
26
27
26
29
28
25
27
26
28
25
26
25
25
28
25
26
29
27
26
25
26
25
V'akie of the Thorouirhbrcd for Olher Hreeds.
87
No.
NaJiie of Stallion.
Sire.
Ago
reachfcd.
Years.
83
Averberg
84
Nadock
85
Tellus
86
Y. Norfolk
87
Norman
88
Nornick
89
Nordlicht
90
Norval
91
Figaro
92
Granada
93
Derwisch
94
Nording
95
Jessick
96
Juli
97
.Augur II.
i)8
Jaspis
}»
Julianus
26
27
25
26
26
25
29
26
27
2S
25
28
25
27
27
26
26
The fol](;\ving instances of tliL' performances uf 20 year-old and older
Thoroughbred stallions in the production of first-class racing and breeding
stock show very clearly that a great age in Thoroughbreds is no detriment
to a good heredity power. In this respect other light breeds, and more
particularly heavy breeds, are a long way behind Thoroughbreds.
1870
Norfolk
1870
Norfolk
1871
Duplicat
1871
Norfolk
1871
Norfolk
1871
Norfolk
1872
Norfolk
1872
Norfolk
1873
Flick
1873
.Alhambra
1874
Lord Derby
1875
Nord
1876
Jeremias
1877
Julius
1878
Belfort XX
1878
Jason
1878
Julius
No.
Name of the Stallions. ]Born. Age.
Produced the following; progeny.
1 Byerly Turk
^ I Flying Childers
I
•^ Partner
Hobgoblin
1680
21
Jigg and Basto
1715
20
Snip
22
Brown Basto, Fam. 9. 6
1718
21
Little John
21
Jenny Spinner, Fam. 12 b. 9
22
Marc born 1740, Fam. 4. 7
23
Calia, Fam. 23. IJ
23
Mare born 1742, Fam. 4. 8
24
Lady Thigh, F.im 4 a. 8
•M
Tartar
26
.Mare born 1744, Fam. 4. 8.
27
Harris' Eclipse (.\merira)
28
Mare born 1747, Fam. 23. 0
29
M.ire born about 1748, Fam. 37. 8
172i
20
Shakespeare
88
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
Godolphin
Arabian
Regulus
Blank
Born.
1724
1739
Age.
Produced the following progeny.
1740
10
11
Old England
Turner's
Sweepstakes
Sampson
Matchem
1741
1743
1745
1748
23
25
28
29
29
21
22
23
23
23
24
20
20
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
24
24
24
25
26
28
28
28
28
28
24
22
22
20
27
28
20
20
Sophia, Fam. 21. 5
Cripple
Daphne, Fam. 33. 5
Miss Windsor, Fam. 18. 7
(Later Silvia)
Matchless (lived to 32 years of age)
Miss Ingram, Fam. 19. 7
Morwick Ball
Queen Elisabeth, Fam. 37. 8
(Dam of Bourbon L)
Figurante, Fam. 1. 9
.A-la-Grecque, Fam. 23. 9
Phoebe (Dam of Eclipse in .\merica)
Ruth, Fam. 13. 8
Cloudy, Fam. 4. 10
Principessa, Fam. 12 a. 11
Mare born 1762, Fam. 1. 9
Sappho, Fam. 36. 4
Mare born 1763, Fam. 2. 10
Pacolet
Sophia, Fam. 13. 9
Rachel (Dam of Herod), Fam. 13. 8
Charmer, Fam. 13. 8
Lily, Fam. 4. 10
Mare born about 1765, Fam. 2. 11
Paymaster
Ancaster Nancy
Cunegonde, Fam. 42. 7
Rantipole, Fam. 32. 8
Rutilia, Fam. 13 a. 8
Mare born 1769, Fam. 4 a. 10
Mare born 1769, Fam. 37. 9
Mare born 1766, Fam. 2. 11
(Dam of Imperatrix L)
Trentham
Mare born about 1766, Fam.
Cantatrice born about 1766,
(Dam of Termagant)
.'Mabaculia L, Fam. 4. 9
Flycap born about 1774
Giantess, Fam. 6. 10
Mare born 1769, Fam. 31. 7
8. 10
Fam. 8.
10
4. Value of the Thorouj^libred for Oilier Breeds.
89
No.
Name of the St.Tllinns. I'orn. Age.
Produced the following progeny.
12
Marske
13
14
Snap
Syphon
15
16
Wildair
Herod
20
21
22
2t
24
25
25
25
26
26
'
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
1750
20
20
20
20
22
23
1750
20
21
21
23
23
1750
20
21
21
22
24
1753
22
17.").S
20
20
20
20
20
Echo, (?) Fain. -.'.i. --
.Mfred
Monimia, Fain 1. 10
Mag'num Bonuin
Mare born 1773, Fain. 2. 11
Purity, Fam. 24. 8 (Dam of Rocking-ham)
Mare born 1774, Fam. 2 f. P
Mare born 1774, Fam. 21. 7
Espersykes
Hollandaise L
Tetotum O, Fain. 26. 7 (Firsllinj^)
.Sincerity Fam. 3. 7 (P'irstliiiij;)
Puzzle, Fam. 1 a. 10 (lived to 32 years of age)
Miss West (Dam of Quiz L by Muby)
Cora, Fam. 23 a. 11
Oranpe Girl, Fam. 31. 7
Mare born 1777, Fam. 4 a. 9
IMare born 1777, Fam. 9 b. 9
Mare born 1777, Fam. 1.5. 9
Mare born about 1777, F;im. IS. 9
\. Marske
Folly, Fam. 8 c. 10
Magnolia, Fam. 5. 6
Mare born 1771, Fam. 4 b. 11
Mare born 1773, Fam. 23. 10
Mare born 1774, Fam. 17. 9
Madcap, Fam. 1-5. 7
Lisette, Fam. 18. 8
Middlesex, Fam. 3. 6
Miss Euston, Fam. 13. 9
Mare born 1774, Fam. 24. 9
.Mare born 1771, Fam. 17. 9 (had 15 foals)
Mare born 1772, Fam. 15. 7
(Dam of Tommy L)
Mare born 1772, Fam. 43. 7 fh.-id ]fi foals-
first foal at 11 years old)
Tandem
Miss Pratt, Fam. 31. 7
Tommy L
Expectation, Fam. 4. 12
Luna, Fam. 12. 8
Mare born 1779, Fam. 4 a. 10
M.ire born 1779, Fam. 24. 9
Mare born 1779. Fam. 37. 10
90
Trial of the Thorouijhbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No.
Name of the Stallions.
Born.
Age.
Produced the following progtny.
21
Phoenomenon L
21
Bagot
y
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
Maid of the Oaks O, Fam. 3 b. 7
Macaria, Fam. 4. 9
Mare born 1780, Fam. 5 a. 6
Mare born 1780, Fam. 5 a. 7
Mare born 1780, Fam. 5 c. 6
Mare born 1780, Fam. 7. 6
Editha, Fam. 3. 6
17
Eclipse
1764
20
Queen Mab, Fam. 9 b. 9 (out of the 28-year-
old Tartar Mare)
20
Violot, Fam. 13. li
21
Bobtail, Fam. 3 b. 7
21
Serpent
18
Florizel
1768
20
20
21
Tartar L
Lucy, Fam. 2. 13
Ninety-Three L
10
Y. Marske
1771
21
22
22
23
Shuttle
Mare born 1794, Fam. 2. i:;
Mare born 1794, Fam. 23. 11
Mare born 1795, Fam. S d. 12
20
PcjtSos
1773
20
20
22
23
24
25
25
Mare born 1794, Fam. 1 12
Mare born 1794, Fam. 3e. 7
Mare born 1796, Fam. 17. 11
Champion D and L
Dabschick, Fam. 12. 10
Tyrant D
Grey Duchess, Fam. 6. 11 (had 19 foals, and
lived to be 28 years old)
21
Woodpecker
1773
20
Chesnut Skim, Fam. 5d. 7
20
Mare born 1794, Fam. 11. 9
21
Catherine, Fam. lib. 9 (Dam of Golumpus by
Gohanna)
23
Ephemera O, Fam. 3 b. 18
24
Mare born 1798, Fam. 6. 12
24
Mare born 1798, Fam. 12 a. 13
24
Mare born 1798, Fam. 24. 10
22
Diomed
1777
23
27
28
Ball's Florizel
Sir .-\rchy
Duroc
23
, Saltram
1780
24
Mare born 1805 (Dam of Timoleon)
24
j ;\IeN«'nder
1788
20
22
Persepolis, Fam. 12. 10
Berenice, Fam. 3 b. 9
■i. Value of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds.
91
Xo. NaiiiL- of tile Stallions.
Born.! Age.
Produced the following proj^eny.
25 I Trumptitdr
-<> Dun Duixiitt
27
■n
Sir Peter
2s \Vax\
2!) Gdhnnna
Hambletonian
Stamford
22 ; Berenice, Fam. IJ. 10
24 Boadicea, Fain. 14. 10
2(i Thalestris, Fam. 2 c. 1.5
27 Delta, Fam. 2 f. 14
1782 20 Mare born 1803, Fam. 9. HI
21 Woodnymph, Fam. 4 h. 14
23 Mirth, Fam. 26. 9
2."> Pawn, I-"ani. Id. 11
2<i ' Prue, Fam. 11. Id
1784 21 t'ervantes
21 Pea Blossom, Fam. 12 a. 16
j 21 Zoraida, Fam. 2-5. 10
22 .Amadis
1784 I 20 Petronius L
20 Clinker (2nd in L.)
20 Isis, Fam. 2 f. l.S
20 Plover, Fam. 27. 10
21 Peruvian
21 Fadladinida, Fam. 13. 11
21 Jametta, F"am. 1. 14
21 Opal, Fain. 3 b. 7
21 Zaida, Fam. 25. 0
17i«J 21) Blucher D
20 Wire, Fam. 1 b. 12 (had 17 foals)
20 Prudence, Fam. 1 b. 11
21 Whisker D
21 Minuet O, F"am. 1 a. 12
24 Corinne O, Fam. 2. Iti
24 Loo, Fam. 1 b. 12
2t Mare born 1815, Fam. 3 a. 10
24 Mare born 1815, Fam. 23. 13
26 Duchess of York. F'am. od. 9
26 Fmmeline, F"am. 12 a. 16
2(5 I Pawn, Jun., Fam. 1 d. 12
27 Didcamara, Fam. 12 a. 16
17S)(j 2) j Wasp, Fam. 3d. 8
23 i Harp.ilice, Fam. 3 c. 10
2'J I .Mare born 1814. Fnm. o a. !)
nit2 2(1 ; .Mare born 1813, Fam. S e. 15
2.3 Cherub, Fam. 16. 6
1794 j 20 Chromatica, Fam. IB. 13
22 rHanbietonia, Fam. 18. 13
25 Mare born aboBt 1820, Fam. 4 b. 14
92
Trial of the Thorout,''hbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No.
Name of the Stallions.
Born. Age.
Produced the following progenw
32
33
31
35
36
37
38
Sorcerer
Haphazard
Ouiz
Orville
1796
1797
1798
1799
Walton
Castrel
Selim
® Whalebone
1801
1802
1807
20
20
21
20
20
22
25
20
20
20
21
24
24
2.5
25
20
27
27
20
21
21
23
23
23
•£i
2ii
24
25
21
22
20
21
22
20
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
23
23
iMare born 1817, Fam. 18. Vi
Hazardess, Fam. 10 b. 7
Figaro
.\rbis, Fam. 12. 11
The Odd Trick, Fam 6. 12
Globe, Fam. 5c. 9
.'\rethis:-a, Fam. 12. 11
Bizarre
Kmilius D
Ftiquette, F"am. 14 11
Georgina, Fam. 32. 12
Souvenir, Fam. 12 a. 17
P'dmund
Manille, Fam. lb. 13
Zoe, Fam. 11. 12
.Mare born 1826, Fam. ID. 12
Mare born 1827, Fam. U b. 11
Mare born 1827, Fam. 19 a. II
Miss Fannv, Fam. 12. 12
The Twinkle, Fam. 19. 12
Mare born 1821, Fam. 2.5. 11
Galena, Fam. 23. 14
Miss Patrick, Fam. 4 b. 16
Mrs. Fry, Fam. 15. 11
Mare born 1823, Fam. 19. 11
Mare born 1823, Fam. 9 b. 12
Miss Emma, Fam. 12. 12
Rosalia, Fam. 19 a. 11
Castrellina, Fam. 3 a. 11
Pantaloon
Nanine, Fam. 3a. 10 (Dam of Cilaucus)
Mare born 1824, Fam. 9 b. 11
Turquoise O, Fam. 1 b. 12
-Spaniel D
Miss Petworth, Fam. 3 c. 11
Naiad, Fam. 9. 12 ^
Dryad, Fam. 3 c. 11
Gretna Green, Fam. 3 c. 11
Mermaid, Fam. 12. 13
Myrrha, Fam. 10. 8
Baleine, Fam. 8 c. 16
Bodice, Fam. 8 c. 16
.Mare born 1831, Fam. 10 b. 8
4. Value nf the 'riinroLii^librcd fur Other Breeds.
93
No.
Name of the Stallions.
Born.
Age.
PnuliK-cd tile following progeny.
411
Catton
lS()i)
20
22
24
Anne, Fani. U. 11
iMiindig^ D
Azalia, Fain. 42. 12
24
Miss Bcwe, Fani. L'l. 12 (lived to 29 )«ars
ase)
of
41
Com lis
1809
21
21
24
24
25
Birdlime, Fani. 2 f. 12
Mare born 1831, Fam. 12. 13
.Mare born 1834, Fani. 2 a. 16
Mare born 1834, Fam. 2 a. 15
(irey Momus
25
25
25
26
26
26
.Shire Oaks, Fam. 6. 14
Mare born 1835, Fam. 8 b. 17
Mare born 1835, Fam. 17. 13
Mare born 1836, Fam. 8 b. 17
Mare born 1836, Fam. o b. 11
.Mare born 183(3, F"am. 47. 7
42
Muley
ISKI
20
2ii
25
26
27
Muliana, Fam. 9 b. 14
Rachel, Fam. 2 b. 17
Mare born 1836, Fam. 8 b. 15
Little Wonder D
Mare born 1838, Fam. 19 a. 12
43
Tramp
1810
21
21
23
21
24
24
Fury, Fam. 4 e. 16
Gipsy, Fam. 19. 13
Game Lass, Fan.. 42. 13
Caroline Elvina, Fam. 2 f. 12
Trudtje, Fani. 6 a. 15
Mare born 1S,S5, F",im. 7 a. 1(1
44
Dr. Syntax
1811
21
Bee's Winj;^, Fam. K a. 16
2(5
20
26
27
27
Bee's Winjif, Fam. 1 d. 14
Syntaxina, Fam. o c. 11
Mare born 1838, Fam. 1 c. 13
The Doctor
Dorothy, Fam. 6 .i. 15
45
Partisan
ISll
21
21
21
22
■£i
\'enison
(iladiator
Cyprian O, Fam. 23. 15
Mare born 1834, Fam. 6. 14
Constance, Fam. 22. 10
.\I. are born 1835, Fam. 11a. 14
48
American Eclipse
1814
21
Brawner's Eclipse
47
{''anlaloon
1.S2I
20
21
21
21
M.ire born 1845, Fam. Ha. 13
Batw ing, Fam. 14 .i. 13
Cl.irissa, Fam. 25. 12
C.iricature, Fam. 14 a. 13
94
Trial of the Thoroufrlibred on the Racecourse, etc.
No.
Name of the Stallions.
Born.
Age.
Prdductd the folldwins^ i'f'it
nv.
21
Legerdemain, Fam. 3 a. 11
21
Raillery, Fam. 14 a. 12
22
Windhound
22
Molly, Fam. 2 b. 17
23
Aurora, Fam. 2 c. 17
23
Agnes, Fam. 28. 14
23
Miserrima, Fam. 3 a. 12
24
Sabra, Fam. 3. 13
26
Crystal, Fam. 2 f. 16
26
Lady Audrey, Fam. 6 a. 15
48
Velocipede
1825
23
King of Trumps
49
Sir Hercules
1826
20
23
27
27
27
28
28
28
Subterfuge, Fam. 9 b. 14
Ada, Fam. 1 c. 15
Gunboat
Gemma di Vergi
Macaria, Fam. 4 a. 15
Lifeboat
Lady Langford, Fam. 2 f. l(i
Miss Hercules, Fam. 12 a. ?fl
50
Voltaii :;
1826
20
20
20
21
Voltigeur
Sacrifice, Fam. 4 a. 16
Mare born 1847, Fam. 34. 13
Vivandiere, Fam. 2 e. 17
51
Touchstone
1831
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
Lord of the Isles
De Clare
Rifleman
Bracelet, Fam. 4 e. 17
Artillery
Scalade, Fam. "20 a. 13
Minie, Fam. 8 b. 16
Tourn.'unent
Lady Ann, Fam. 18. 15
Lady Harriet, Fam. 4e. 17
Rosa Bonheur, Fam. 3 c. H
Bessie Bell, Fam. 4 e. 17
Electra, Fam. 2 f. 14
23
Oakleaf, Fam. 19 a. 14
#
23
Sprightliness, Fam. 22. 13
23
Terrific, Fam. 20 a. 13
23
Tunstall Maid, Fam. 18. 15
34
Griselda, Fam. 1 e. 15
24
Miss Digby, Fam. 13 a. 17
iii
Prelude, Fam. 19. 15
25
Wambi
4. Value of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds.
95
No.
Name of the Stallions.
liorn.
Age.
Produced tlie following progeny.
25
.\iiiethyst, Fain. 11. 16
26
Atherstone
26
Lady Macdonald, F.iin. 4 e. 17
26
-ScrubbinpT Brush, Fain. 2 f. '(!
26
'I'zaritza, Fain. 4 e. IS
27
Marionette (2nd in D.)
27
Sillvstone, Fain. 5. 12
27
Theresa, Fam. 4 e. 18
28
Soapstone
28
.Mcestis, Fam. 4 a. 17
52
Birdcatcher
1&S3
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
22
23
23
23
24
24
24
25
.Saunteier
.\yacanora, Fam. 3 c. 14
Beatrice, Fam. 1 b. l.^j
Josephine, Fam. 4. 17
.Steel Pen, Fam. 2 b. 19
Queen of the East, Fam. 12 1). IS
SUycutter, Fam. 7 a. 12
Mare born 1854, Fam. r>b. ]'.'.
Delight, Fam. 5 a. 12
Perfection, Fam. 11. 15
July, Fam. 28. 16
Red Eagle Cm.
Oxford
.'\minette, Fam. 3. 14
Lady Trespass, Fam. 8 b. 20
Folkestone (won 10 r.-ices as 2 year-old
Clearw. St.)
Cantatrice, Fam. 22. 12
Tartlet, Fam. 21, 16
Humming Bird, Fam. ,S c. 15
53
Gladiatfir
1833
21
Ventre St. Gris
54
Caravan
1834
24
Souvenir
55
Melbourne
1834
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Mentmore
The Peer
V. Melbourne
Blanche of Middlebie, Fam. ,'^ a. 12
Fascine, Fam. 20 a. 14
Go-ahead, Fam. 7. 11
Nelly, Fam. 18. 15
Mare born 1855, Fam. 5 b. 13
21
? Honey, Fam. 8 a. 18 (or by The Cossac
k)
56
Newcourt
1»W)
22
Cecrops
57
Orlando
1841
20
20
Chattanooga
Fairyland, Fam. 3d. 12
9fi
Trial
the Tliorouirhbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No.
Name of the Stallions.
Born.
Age.
Produced the following prog
eny.
20
Kate Hampton, Fam. 10. 12
20
Lay Sister, Fam. 20 a. 14
20
Pulsatilla, Fam. 27. 17
20
Venus, Fam. 2e. 18
21
Bessie, Fam. 1 b. 16
21
Matilda, Fam. 22. 13
21
Mrs. Stratton, Fam. 5. 14
22
B. Flat (a twin), Fam. 10 b. 11
22
F Sharp (a twin), Fam. 10 b. 11
22
Nike, Fam. 3 c. 15
24
Flower Girl, Fam. 11. 17
24
Miss Evelyn, Fam. 20 a. 14
24
Miss Foote, Fain. 19. 15
25
Biretta, Fam. 5. 13
26
Furiosa, Fam. 45. 9
26
Gung-a Jee, Fam. 5. 14
58
The Cure
1841
23
24
Polly .Asnes, Fam. 16 a. 11
Pharmacopeia, Fam. 27. 17
iJ9
Weatherbit
1842
21
21
22
22
22
24
Brown Tommy
Mandrake
Agnes de Mansfeld, Fam. 16. 12
Frolicsome, Fam. 24. 17
La Belle Jeanne, Fam. 36. 11
Miss Merryweather, Fam. 4 c. 20
60
Voltigeur
1847
22
Voltigouse, Fam. 2. 21
23
Sweet Violet, Fam. 21. 17
24
Nelly Moore, Fam. 36. 13
25
Incognita, Fam. 23. 18
26
Tea Rose, Fam. 8 a. 20
61
Stockwell
l&iO
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
Doncaster D
Gang Forward 2
Cantiniere, Fam. 2 e. 19
Corrie, Fam. 3 e. 14
Wild Myrtle, Fam. 13. 21
Lucebit
Posthuma, Fam. 12 a. 21
Stockdove, Fam. 2 c. 19
62
Rataplan
1850
20
Ben Battle
#
20
Irma, Fam. 15. 15
20
Isabel, Fam. 11 b. 15
63
King Tom
1S51
20
? Coomassie, Fam. 10 b. 11 (or by
Norlh
Lincoln)
20
Princess, Fam. 11. 16
20
Queen Margaret, Fam. 3 a. 13
20
Mare bcrn 1872, Fam. 15. 19
4. Value of tlie Tlv)roua:lihi-t'd for Oilier Breeds.
97
No.
Name of the Stallions. Born.; .\s<e.
Produced the following progenv.
*'>i Bonnie Scotland 185:^
'>•'> Leamins:ton
iw Gunboat
•37 Saunterer
<i8 Toxophilite
m Buccaneer
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
24
24
25
26
26
185:^
21
185.3
21
21
23
21
24
24
25
25
1854
21
23
1854
22
1855
20
20
21
22
•£i
24
24
1«57
20
20
23
24
25
25
27
28
2!)
Coltness
Great Tom
Skylark
.Ag-nes Sorel, l"am. 16. 11
Belle .\i.;nes, Fam. 16. 12
Oueen of Cyprus, Fam. 23. 17
Lady Goligtitly, Fam. 27. 19
Nitocris, Fam. 20. 14
Queen Marion, Fam. 10 a. 13
Tribute, Fam. 2 a. 19
King-cup, Fam. 3 c. 16
Blue Blood
Discovery, Fam. 11. 16
Italian Oueen, Fam. 19. 16
? Celandine, Fam. 1 e. 16 (or b\ .Macaroni)
? Miss Hannah, Fam. 10 b. 12 (or by Favonius)
Bramble
Jaconet, Fam. 4 a. 20
Perfection, Fam. 4 a. 20
Sensation
Iroquois D
Spinaway, Fam. 11 b. 16
Wyandotte, Fam. 4 a. 22
Francesca (which had at 25 year-nUl .\mos
Fudd by Howland)
Onondaga
Torpedo
Frigate, Fam. 20. 16
Elegance, Fam. 12 b. 19
B.iy Archer
Lancastrian
Belphiibe I., Fam. 13a. 17
Princess Mary II., Fam. 8c. 20
Lady Peregrine, Fam. 9 a. 18
Dracena, Fam. 3e. 1.5
Lady Paramount, Fam. 10. 13
Balvany
Vederemo
Vinea
Budagyongye N.D.
FenellO.D.U.
Ollyan-nincs P.L.
Talpra Magyar
Kins-or
Kincs
98
Trial of tlie Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No.
Name of the Stallions.
Born.
Age.
Produced the following progeny.
70
Thunderbolt
1857
20
20
20
21
22
23
25
26
27
Meteora, Fam. 11 b. 17
Select, Fam. 10. 14
Mare born 1878, Fam. 19. 16
Damages, Fam. 3d. 13
Dart, Fam. 3. 15
6 (2 year-old winner in England)
Thunderstorm
Krakatoa
Poudre ;\ Canon, Fam. 3. 15
71
Adventurer
1859
20
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
Tabor, Fam. 13. 22
Borneo
Hirondelle, Fam. 10. 13
Pinta, Fam. 2. 22
Linda, Fam. 11. 17
Planchette, Fam. 7. 13
Black Agnes, Fam. 27. 19
Wheatsheaf , Fam. 1 d. 17
72
Dollar
1860
22
24
24
Upas
Brocage
Dauphin
73
Blair Athol
1861
20
20
20
20
20
21
Child of the Mist
Chiming Bells, Fam. 8 b. 19
Chiquitta, Fam. 20. 15
Glenrosa, Fam. 8 d. 19.
Insignia, Fam. 9 b. 16
Cyclopaedia, Fam. 10 b. 13
74
Norfolk
1861
24
Emperor of Norfolk
75
Savernake
1863
23
23
Bandit
Nickel
76
Hermit
1864
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
.'\strologer
Friar Balsam
Hazlehatch
Bella Donna, Fam. 10 a. 12
Devote, Fam. 4 a. 19
Fleur de Marie, Earn. 8 c. 21
Hermia, Fam. 19. 17
Seraphine, Fam. 10 b. 13
20
Sly, Fam. 11a. 18
•
21
Melanion
21
Australia, Fam. 1 c. 19
21
Seclusion, F-am. 2 c. 19
21
Single Barrel, Fam. 9 e. 18
21
Spoleta, Fam. 2. 20
22
Heaume
4. \'alue of the Thcirouijlibrccl for OtluT Breeds
99
No.
Name of the StalHons.
Born
Age.
Produced the fiilIo\vi[ig pri
)i4fny.
22
.Xstroloi,'-)-, Fain. 9 a. 18
22
Cushat, Fain. 2 c. 20
22
Heresy, Fam. 10 a. 14
22
La Cloche, Fam. 19. 17
22
Lina Market, Fam. 7. Itj
22
The Blvthe, Fam. 4 b. 21
22
St. Olave, Fam. 22 a. 14
I
22
Mare born 1887, Fam. S c. I'l
23
Cinderelle, Fam. 2d. 22
23
Lady Hermione, Fam. 10. 14
23
23
2i
Silver Sea, Fam. 13 a. 18
Star of Fortune, Fam. 9 a. 17
Nun Nydia, Fam. 9 a. 19
24
Priestess, Fam. 12 b. 21
24
St. Cicely, Fam. 7. 16
24
St. Odille, Fam. 4 b. 20
23
? Minervn, Fam. 9 a. 19 (or bv G.
ilopin)
26
Missal
26
Corea, Fam. 3. 15
26
Great D,-ime, Fam. 10. 14
77
Rosicrucian
1865
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
22
23
25
Ab.uiico, Fam. 31. IG
Bonnie Mom, Fam. 31. 16
Doreuse, Fam. 1 b. 18
Evanthe, Fam. 3d. 14
Kenej^ie, Fam. 5 b. 15
Pythia, Fam. 4. 18
Queen Berenf,'aria, Fam. 4d. 20
Rose dWniour, Fam. 20 a. 16
Dalberja:
Rosa May, Fam. 2d. 21
Symbol, Fam. 14. 18
Gay Duchess, Fam. 31. 10
Rose Root, Fam. 2 c. 20
Last Love, Fam. 2 c. 20
78
Kintj Lud
1869
20
Boudoir
79 Ascetic
j
^ Hampton
1871
25
.\scetic Silver ^
26
Lord .\bbot
1872
20
Bav Ronald
20
Hurry, Fam. 13. 19
20
Lettice, Fam. 3 a. 14
20
Capraria, Fam. 1 e. 19
21
Happy Return, Fam. 14 a. 18
23
.Abovne, F^am. 28. 18
23
Helen Hampton, Fam. 16. 16
100
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
I'nidueed the following progeny
81
Galopin
1872
82 W'aisenknabe
83 Kisber
84 ' Sprinpfield
85 Chamant
8fi I Master Kildare
1872
1873
1873
1874
1875
23
23
23 I
24 i
20 I
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
26
21
21
22
20—2;
20
20
22
24
23
Stub-Hampton, Fam. 10b. 13
Thames \'alley, Fam. 4 b. 21
Gadfly, Fam. 22. 16
Inquisitive, Fam. .3 e. 17
Galopin Lad
Ganache
Galeazzo
Galata, Fam. 13 a. 19
Pindi, Fam. 4 b. 20
Flitters, Fam. 1 b. 17
Grafton
Guerrier
Briseis, Fam. 2 d. 2'd
Galatia, Fam. 13 a. 19
Gelatine, Fam. 10 b. 13
Goletta, Fam. 22 a. 16
The Message, Fam. 20. 19
Galopade II., Fam. 8c. 22
Miss Primrose, Fam. 1 b. 18
Brio
Disr.aeli
Canter, Fam. 16 a. 13
Dainty, Fam. 20 a. 16
G.nrtinthia, Fam. 7 a. 15
Galopin Lassie, Fam. 14. 17
Galandra, Fam. 20 a. 17
.\tbarra, Fam. 3 b. 18
Merry Gal, Fam. 5. 16
Nattie, Fam. 3. 16
.Aida, Fam. 9 a. 19
Galicia, Fam. 10 a. 16
? Alijhabet, Fam. 14. 19 (or by Friar's
Balsam)
Bogdany
.Sperbers Bruder
Cromlix, Fam. lib. 15
(only 5 unimportant winners)
Habenichts
VoUmond
Pomp
Letzter Mohikaner
Ostende Express
CHAPTER V.
A comparison of what Thoroughbreds have done previously
and what they are doing at the present time.
The importance of a solid and lasting formation of legs in th(^ breeding of
Half-breds, and the confession of Thor(.)Ughbred breeders that an improve-
ment of this fundament by the infusion of Thorougiibred is very seldom if
at all possible, raises the question as to why in tliis respect, which is so
important, the Thoroughbred ma\' not be improved, or, in other words, how
one can breed Thoroughbreds which are able to give the necessary stamina
for the fundament. The answer to this question leads, first of all, to that
well-known querv, whether our present day Thoroughbred has nut bi-ccjine
worse during the last centur\-, especiallv in respect to fundament.
We have not got enough exact and reliable statements of time of the
races in former years, to compare them with the performances of to-day,
and, therefore, cannot answer this question from records impartially. ihe
records of Flying Childers at Newmarket over the Round Course and the
Beacon Course were until now incorrectlv said to be the best, and even
unsurpassed records of Thoroughbreds on a racecourse. This erroneous
opinion probably originated by a wrong division, which William Pick makes
in his Turf Register, Vo]. 1., p. 12, where he reckons out the record of
Flying Childers to be nearlv a mile a minute, that is to say S-2\ feet =
about '20 metres, in a second, whereas from a correct calculatiim IcjIIows a
record of t)nl\' l-j metres in one second. Hesicles, even an exact and reliable
measure of time would not be a safe guide as to the different cajoacity,
because the distances for which horses were traini'd lia\e changetl so much,
and formerlv the tests nearlv ah\a\s took- jolace in several heats, ll is t<i lie
assumed that the present dav Thoroughbred for a distance of 1 [n ]\ Ivnglish
miles is quicker than the Thoroughbred of a hundred vears ago. This alone,
however, would not be a sutificient proof of the improxcment ot the
'I'horoughbred in general, especially as regards its adaptability to imimive
Malf-breds, as we ha\c no records to go through as to how (|uicklv the
former Thoroughbred could cover distances of 1 to 1.^, h'nclish miles il
102 Trial of the Thoroufjhbred on the Racecourse, etc.
trained bv the method in vogue to-day, wliicii is without doubt an improved
one, especially if it had been trained for races for that distance, and not for
4-mile heats.
Also, the measurements of time which we have for classic races ft)r about
the last fifty years, are insufficient to go on. Of the Derb}- and Oaks at
Epsom we have the time from the year 1846. Of the Doncaster St. Leger
from the year 1810. The tables given on the next page are characteristic.
As the measurement of time can only give a correct measurement of
proven performances for races of steady motion (as I have already shown
mathematically in 1899 in my treatise entitled, " Das Vollblutpferd in seiner
Bedeutung fur die Halbblutzucht "), it is not at all surprising that the above
measurements are an insufficient criterion for the capacity respecting the
quality of hf)rses. For example : according to these measurements, the very
moderate Cicero would be a by far better horse than either OrmondCi Per-
simmon, Flying Fox, Ard Patrick; and of the Oaks winners, Cherry Lass
better' than La Fleche, Sceptre, and Pretty Polly, and the celebrated Wheel-
of-Fortune would be the worst. The times given for the St. Leger would
make us believe that Troutbeck was the best of all, and that Challacombe
was as good as Pretty PolI\-, and much better than Ormonde, Galtee More,
Persimmon, etc.
According to the Derby time, Ormonde ought to be worse than his
predecessors, Melton and Kettledrum. Furthermore, Sir Tatton Svkes, born
1843, ought to be much better than Ormonde, Persimmon and Galtee More.
.A.S a matter of fact, from these measurements we can see that the Derby
and Oaks times have become considerabh- shorter than those for the longer
distance St. Leger. The reason probably is, that with the invasion of the
American jockevs, the quicker getting off made more difference in the
shorter races than in the longer St. Leger, or perhaps the speed of the
present day Thoroughbred has not improved so much for longer distances
as for shorter ones. Or, again, it is possible that the changing of the
starts for the Derb\- and the Oaks, which took place in the year 187-2, has
effected an impro\ement of the time, as this alteration caused the first incline
to be less difficult. Of course, one must not lose sight of the fact here that
since 1872 tlie Derb\- distance has been lengthened bv 23 metres, and the
St. Leger distance (in 1820) has been shortened by 56 metres.
'IV> draw a definite conclusion as to capability, even from the latest,
reliable measurements of time seem to be out of question, especially when
these measurements have to be compared with those of a hundred years ago.
Most measurements of olden times are given in Orton's Turf Annuals,
especially for the York races. A great deal of these measurements has,
unfortunately, been given for races in which insignificant horses ran. The
following examples (from the earliest times to 1832) give the best record
performances 1 ha\e found : —
5. The Thoroug^hbred in the Past and Present.
103
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03
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104
Trial of the Thonuis:libred on the Racecourse, etc.
1. Distance -1 miles = 6437.2 m.
Mill. Sec.
17-59.
1759.
1759.
1764.
1766.
1793.
1801.'
1802.'
1803.
1805.
1809.
1810.
1804.
1815.
1824.
1827.
1829.
1830.
1809.
1824.
182G.
1826.
1827.
1827.
1828.
1829.
1830.
1804.
1804.
1824.
1826.
1827.
1832.
Cade 5 year-old by Cade, 9 stone 8
Silvio 5 year-old by Cade, 10 stone 8
Careless 9 year-old b}^ Regukis, 9 stone 8
Beaufrement 6 year-old by Tartar, 8 stone, 7 lbs 7
Bay Malton 6 year-old by Sampson,. 9 stone 7
Huby 5 year-old by Phoenomenon, 8 stone, 7 lbs. ... 7
Sir Solomon 5 year-old by Sir Peter, 8 stone, 7 lbs. ... 7
Alonzo 4 year-old by Pegasus, 8 stone, 7 lbs 7
Haphazard 6 year-old by Sir Peter, 8 stone, 10 lbs. ... 7
Saxoni 5 year-old by Delpini, 8 stone, 4 lbs 7
Petronius 4 year-old by Sir Peter, 7 stone, 9 lbs. ... 7
Theresa 5 year-old by Ilambletonian, 8 stone, 5 lbs. . . 7
2. Distance 2 miles = 3218.6 m.
Witchcraft 3 year-old by Sir Peter, 8 stone, 2 lbs.
Catton 6 year-old by Golumpiis, 8 stone, 2 lbs. .
Fair Charlotte 6 year-old by Catton, 8 stone, 10 lbs
Mulatto 4 year-old by Catton, 8 stone, 3 lbs. . .
Velocipede 4 year-old by Blacklock, 7 stone, 12 lbs
Fortitude 4 year-old by A\"hisker, 7 stone, 8 lbs. .
3. Distance 1^ miles = 2816.3 m.
Sheba's Queen 3 year-old by Sir Solomon, 8 stone
Sandbeck 6 year-old bv Catton. 8 stone, 3 lbs.
APAdam 3 year-old by Tramp, S stone, 5 lbs. .
Belzoni 3 year-old by Blacklock, 8 stone, 5 lbs.
Medoro 3 year-old by Cervantes, 8 stone, 5 lbs.
Maleck 3 year-old by Blacklock, 8 stone, 5 lbs.
Velocipede 3 year-old by Blacklock, 8 stone, 5 lbs
Sir Hercules 3 year-old bv Whalebone, 8 stone, 5 lbs
Chancellor 3 year-old by Catton, 8 stone, 5 lbs.
7
8
51
30i
m
8
32
28
25
30
Min. Sec.
3
3
3
3
3
8
40
33
28
34
33
29
Min. Sec.
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
20
13
17
21
12
17
20
15
18
4. Distance 1^ mites = 2414 m.
Min. Sec.
Quid 3 year-old by Star, 8 stone 2 54
Lady Brough 3 year-old by Stride, 8 stone 2 47
Abron 4 year-old by Whisker, 8 stone, 6 lbs 2 51
Helenus 5 year-old by Soothsayer, 9 stone, 6 lbs 2 49
Mauto 3 year-old by Tiresias, 8 stone, 3 lbs 2 50
Retainer 3 year-old bv Jerry, M stone, 7 lbs 2 47
' These two races were run at Doncaster, all the others at York.
5. The Tlioroufjlibred in the Past and Present.
5. Distance 1:^ miles = 201l.6 m.
105
Min. Sec.
18-28. Laurel 4 year-old by BlacUlock, 8 stone 2 15
1632. Mare 3 year-old by Figaro, s stone. -2 lbs 2 12
6. Distance 1 mile =1609.3 m.
Min. Sec.
1811. Bethlem Gaber 3 year-old by Sorcerer, 8 stone, 2 lbs. . . 1 40
182G. Brother to .Miss Fanny 3 year-old by Walton, 8 stone, 0 lbs. 1 43
1827. Tom Jones 3 year-old bv Abjer, 8 stone, 5 lbs 1 47
1829. Voltaire 3 year-old by Blarkiock, 8 stone, 5 lbs ] id
7. Distance Redhouse at (Doncaster) = .5 furlongs, 152 yards =1145 m.
Min. Sec.
1820. .Moonshine 2vear-c)ld bv Grey .Middleham, 8 stone, -j lbs. 1 12
8. Distance T. Y. C.= 5 furlongs, 44 yards= 1046.2 m.
1808. Middlethorpe 2 year-old by Shuttle, 8 stone, 2 lbs
1824. Androgeus 2 year-old by Minos, 8 stone, 5 lbs.
1827. Wlocipede 2 year-old by Blacklock. 8 stone, 5 lbs
1827. Slut 2 year-old bv Tramp, 7 stone, 11 lbs. . .
1828. Mare 2 year-old by Jack Spigot, 8 stone, 2 lbs.
1830. Chorister 2 year-old by Lottery, 8 stone, 5 lbs.
1830. Clarence 2 year-old by Comus, 8 stone, 5 lbs. .
Min. Sec.
1 20
1 15
1 9
1 14
1 14
1 8
] 11
Besides the above, the following interesting performances are well
know n : —
1. Distance 6120 m. at Newmarket, Round Course = 3 miles, 6 furlongs, 93 yards.
Min. Sec.
1721.' Flying Childers 6 year-old, 0 Stone, 2 lbs (3 48
2. Distance 6764.6 m. at Newmarket, B. C. = 4 miles, 1 furlong, 138 yards.
Min. Sec.
1721." Flying Childers, (5 year-old 7 30
1755.' Matchem 7 year-old, 8 stone, 7 lbs 7 20
1792.' Hambletonian 7 year-old, 8 stone, 3 lbs 7 15
.\t Eclipse's time several horses 8 —
3. Distance 1610 m. at Newmarket, R. ^1.= ! mile, 1 yard.
1773.''' Firetail 4 year-old l)y S(|uirrcl, .S stone
Min. Sec.
1 4J
' .Sporting Calendar bv J. Pond, \ol. I., ]7.)1, p. 21;^.
" Turf Register by Pick, \"ol. I., p. 12.
■■ Turf Resirister by PicU, \o\. !., p. VM].
' Kaciana by Muir, p. 162.
' Racing Calendar 1773, p. 14; Turf Register by Pick, Vol. H.. p. 327; Morning
Post and Daily .Advertiser, 19th .April, 177.'?; and Sporting Magazine, Vol. IV., p. 32.5.
106
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
The time measurement in the race of Firetail at Newmari^et over a mile
shows a record performance of almost 25 m. in the second, and appears to
me to be incorrect. Possibly' a printer's error crept in the " Morning Post,"
and the others took the report from the newspaper. The remaining- time
measurements show the following maximum performances : —
Distance
Meter.
Year.
Place.
Name of Horse.
Age
\Yeight.
.Meter in
Year.
St. lbs.
1 Second.
6764,6
1702
Newmarket
Hanibletonian
7
8 3
15,55
61.37,2
1802
Doncaster
.Monzo
4
8 7
15,04
6120
1721
Newmarket
Flying- Childers
6
9 2
15,00
3218,6
1824
York
Fair Charlotte
5
8 10
15,41
2993
1818
Doncaster St. Leg-.
Reveller
3
8 2
15,35
2816,3
1827
York
Medoro
3
8 5
14,67
2414
1804
York
Ladv Brough
3
8 0
14,45
2011,6
1&32
York
Mare bv Figaro
3
8 2
15,24
1609,3
1811
York
Bethlem Gaber
3
8 2
16,09
1145
1826
Doncaster
Moonshine
2
8 5
15,90
1046,2
1830
York
Chorister
2
8 5
15,38
The best known record performances in F.noland during the last twentv-
years are as follows : —
Distance
-Meter.
Year.
Place.
Name of Horse.
Age
Year.
Wei
St.
ght.
lbs.
Meter in
1 Second.
4224,6
1880
Doncaster. Cup.
Dresden China
4
9
17,24
3646,6
1881
Newmarket. Ces.
Foxhall
3
7
12
15,12
3646,6
1880
Newmarket. Ces.
Robert the Devil
3
8
6
14,05
2937
1904
Doncaster. St. Leg.
Pretty Pollv
3
8
11
15,88>
2414
1905
Epsom. Derbv
Cicero
3
9
—
15,18=
2414
1905
Epsom. Oaks
Cherry Lass
3
9
—
15,28=
1609,3
1885
Lincoln. Hdcp.
Bendigo
5
8
5
16,62
1407,4
1882
iSLanchester. Hdcp.
Toastmaster
5
9
6
17,28
1206,9
1882
Epsom. XA'oodc. St.
Beau Brummel
2
8
12
15,91
1006
1882
Manchester
Chislehurst
2
8
10
15,1^
The proportionately little dilTerences iii time in the classic races show
that these times are the most reliable, and, therefore, the most suitable for
' Best time in the St. Leger.
' Best time in the Derby.
' Best time in the Oaks.
5. The Thoroughbred in the Prist and Present.' 107
making comparisons. A little more than 15 metres to the second seems to
be about the distance which the better kind of racehorses of former, as well
as of the present time can do. Just aliout the middle of this period lived the
celebrated West Australian, l)orn Ls5(), winner of the Derby, St. Leger, and
•2,000 Guineas. Also its record for tin- St. Leger was 15.41 metres, for the
Ascot Gold Cup (distance 3.982 metres) 15.11 metres. In liie Ascot Gold
Cup of 1.SG8, Buckstone's record, as a four-year-old, with 8 stone, 7 lbs.,
after a dead heat, was IG.IO metres, and in the year 1897, Persimmon's
record, as a four-year-old, 9 stone, was 11. 08 metres.
The compilation of the i)esl n-curds (if ancient and modern times, after
taking into consideration all acces.sories, show therefore, neither a progress
nor a retrogression in tiie capability of the Tiioroughbred. Only within the
last few years tiie American nieliiod <if riding, with its (luick getting oft",
and its quick pace all along, .seems to have affected a little the shortening of
the time, and to prevent greater differences of time as happened previously.
However, the English race calendars show that there exists a marked
dift'erence in the endurance of older horses. The difficulties of training
racehorses, and especially the difticultv of bringing .so-called tirst-class race-
horses after their fourth or fifth vear again on the track, are well known,
and are caused bv the insufficient resisting capacits' <>f (he fimdament of the
present day Thoroughbred.
I'^very sportsman will acknowledge this regrettable fact, i.e., that the
galloping ciipahilily of the present cla\- Thoroughbred lias l:)een more
developed than the less develoijed fundament can stand.
In order to get an actual basis to compare the performances of older
Thoroughbreds of former times with those of the present time on the flat, I
have compiled, in the following tables, beginning with the most ancient
times up to the time of the celebrated l-"isiierman (therefore about the middle
of the last century), the most ])rominent performances of (jlder horses on the
flat. .\s a rule, 1 have (jnly taken such horses that have won flat races as
eight-year-olds and above that age. (u-ntlemen's flat races are not men-
tioned, but the more celebrated steeple-chasers 1 have noted. I have
compiled on the basis nf (he male ascent. Of the ligures given under each
hor.se, the one on the left shows the age at wliich the hor.se first started
racing, and the one on (lie right shows the age at which it won last on the
flat. Sires of horses which h;i\e won races ;il a great age have also their own
performances mentioned in the same manner as a comparison.
To judge of the influence of the early and frer|uent two-vear-old races, 1
have given, with the sires as well as with the ci.ims of the respective race-
horses, in which month they first ran as iwo-year-olds, and how often
altogether as two-year-olds. Where the dam did not run at all as a two-year-
old I ha\e not mentioned her at all.
108 Trial of the Thoi-ouylibred on the Racecourse, etc.
The Provost ]S3() bv the Saddler
•2 (May 3 times)— 6.
Alp 184G by The Provost
3 — 8 Dam 2 y. August twice.
means, The Provost ran as a two-year-old first in May, and ahogelher as a
two-year-old three times, and won at last as a six-year-old. Alp ran first as
a three-year-old. Its last win was as an eight-year-old. Its dam ran first
as a two-year-old in August, and altogether twice as a two-year-old.
Darley's Arabian bom 1702.
1. BRISK 1^11 by Darley's Arabian.
5. (Half-brother to Conejskins.)
Foxhuilter (Cole's) 1727 by Brisk.
6—9.
MOSES 174(j by Foxhunter (Cole's).
4.
Otho 1760 by Moses.
4—7.
1. COXCOMB 1771 by Otho.
•3 — 4, then up to 18 year-old used as a hunter, at 17 year-old won a
Match over 2 miles witjli heats at St. Ives.
Blackcock 1782 by Coxcomb.
3—8.
2. ALEPPO 1711 bv Darlev's Araliian.
5.
Hobi,'ObIin 1724 by Aleppo.
.5—9.
SH.4KES1'E.4RE 1745 by Hobi^oblin.
4—8.
Piiielitr 1705 by Shakespeare.
4 — 9. (Half-Brother to King' Fergus).
3. FLYINCJ CHTLDERS 1715bv Darlev's Arabian.
6—8.
1. SeCOIld 1732 by I'lyin;.; ("hilders.
.5—11.
2. Blaze 1733 by Flyin.i;- Chllders.
5 — 7 (up to 10 year-old without winning).
1. SAMPSOS' 1745 by Blaze.
5 — 7.
1. Elijfincj'r 1755 by Sampson. ..
.5—10.
MAMBRINO 1768 by Engineer (s. tn America).
5 — 8 (up to 11 year-old without winning).
2. Bay Maltoii 1760 by Sampson.
4—8.
3. Piljjrim 1762 by Sampson.
4—12.
.3. ']"Ik- Thorouglibrcd in the Past and Present. JQQ
4. Solon 17(56 by Sampson.
4—10.
2. SCRUB 1751 by Blaze.
4—10.
Cllilllfrcliii!; 1767 by Scrub.
4—10.
3. Snip 1"36 by Flyinj,' Cbild.rs.
•5.
SX.4P 17.">() by Snip.
6—7.
1. I.alliom'.s Sliill) 17.^i) by Snap.
4—8.
STARTIXC TDM 177-2 bv Latbom's Snap.
4—10.
2. Mefapliysiciaii 17(i.i bv Snap.
4—8.
.'?. (ioldtlnder 1764 by Snap.
4-6.
1. KNIGHT ICh'hWNT 1774 bv Goldfinder.
5—8.
2. DOCTOR 1776 bv (loldfinder.
3—9.
4. Prize 1767 bv Sn.ip.
5—9.
5. Mexican 1775 bv Snap (s, tci N'irsj^inia).
3—8.
4. B.VRTLKT'S (or lilci'dini;-) C'hilders .-dHUit 1716 by Darley's .Arabian.
(Not run).
]. Squirt 1"32 by Bartlet's Childers.
5 — 8 (up to 11 vear-old without wijinini^-, .also in (live and Take PI )
1. SYPIIO-X 17;50 by .Squirt.
4.
1. Sweet AVilliam 176S bv Svphon.
4—8.
2. Sweetbriar 1769 bv Svpbon.
4-6.
1. CHOCOLATE 1777 l.v Sweetbriar.
3—5.
Jrrry Sneak 1796 by Chocolate out of 25 year-old Mother
2 (October, once)— 13. [Brown. 4—11.]
1. Fitzjerrv 1807 bv lerrv SneaU.
2-9.
2. 11 n 1 1 y m o u n t 1M2 liv Jerrv Sneak.
4—10.
2. A-.\f7.S7::.U.1.V 1781 bv Sweetbriar.
8—12.
2. .M.iUSKK 17,30 by Squirt.
4 (5 and (5 year-old without winninj;).
1. Eclipse 1761 Iiv Marske.
5—6.
-[IQ Trial of the Thoi-oui^hbrtd un the Racecourse, etc.
1. ]A VELIN 1772 by Eclipse.
4.
1. Chance 178U by Javelin (s. to Russia).
4— S.
2. Helmet 1788 by Javelin.
3—10.
3. 1'. Javelin (later .Antrim) 1795 by Javelin.
2—8.
2. POTSOS 1773 by Eclipse.
4—10.
1. Coriander 178G by PotSos.
3—8.
Marcia 1707 by Coriander.
3—9.
2. Telescope 1786 by Pot8os.
3—8.
3. Alderman 1787 by Pot8os (s. to Virg-inia).
3—9.
4. Druid 1790 by PotSos.
3—8.
5. Waxy 1790 by PotSos.
.3—6. D.
1. Waxy Pope 1806 by Waxy.
• 3—6. D.
1. Noble 1816 by Waxy Pope.
5-9.
2. Gossoon 1818 by Waxy Pope.
4—9 (Half-bred).
3. Starch 1819 by Waxy Pope.
3—8.
Confusion 1832 by Starch.
7—10.
4. Skylark 1826 by Waxy Pope (1836 s.
3 — 8. to America).
St. Lawrence 1837 by Skylark (or
2—10. Lapwing).
(10 year-old Chester Cup).
2. Whalebone 1807 by Waxy.
3—6. D.
1. Waverley 1817 by \\'halebone.
3—5.
1. The Saddler 1828 by Waverley.
2 (Sept., twice)— 6. Dcp.
1. The Provost 1836 by The
2 (May, 3 times)— 6. [Saddler.
Alp 1846 by The Provost.
3 — 8. Dam 2y. Aug., twice.
2. Shadow 1836 by The Saddler.
2 — 11. Dam 2 y. April once.
3. Inheritress 1840 by The Saddler.
2—10.
5. 'IIr- Tliuruuyhbrcd in the I'asl and Present. JU
4. Radulphus 1843 bv The Se.ddlei-.
2—14.
5. Sir Peter Laurie 1873 by The Saddler.
3. .\ famous Steepler.
(1852 3rd in Liverpool Grand National.)
Hall Court 1859 by Sir Peter Laurie. A
famous Steepler. 1865 and 1869 2nd in
Liverpool Grand National.
6. Vesta 1843 bv The Saddler.
2—9.
2. The Bard 1833 by Waverley (s. to Russia).
2 (June, twice) — 4. (Own brother to The Saddler).
Miss Burns 1840 by The Bard.
5—9.
3. Sambo Sutton 1834 by Waverley.
' 6 — 10. Dam 2y. April, once.
2. Camel 1822 by Whalebone.
3—5.
1. Abbas Mirza 1831 bv Camel.
3.
The Widow 1839 by .\bbas Mirza.
7 — 9 (lOyear-old without winning, 8 vear-old
Cm.)
2. Touchstone 1831 by Camel.
2 (Sept., twice) — 6 L. Acp. 2 x Dcp. 2 x
1. Cotherstone 1840 by Touchstone.
2 (Oct., twice)— 3. D. 2.
Bordeaux 1847 by Cotherstone.
2 — 9. Dam 2y. Sept., once.
2. Orlando 1841 by Touchstone.
2 (Juni, 6 times) — 5. D.
1. Octavia 1849 bv Orlando.
3—8.
2. Fractious 1853 bv Orlando.
2—8.
3. Ithuriel 1841 by Touchstone.
3.
Sir I'towland Treiichard 1848 by Ithuriel.
2—8.
3. Sir Isaac 1831 by Camel.
(Not run).
Yardley 1840 by Sir Isaac.
.3—8. Dam 2y. July, twice.
4. Caravan 1834 by Camel.
3—7. (2nd D.) Acp.
5. Camelino 1836 by Camel.
2—8. Dam 2y. July, twice.
6. Queen of the Gipsies 1840 by C.iiiiel.
2 — 9. Dam 2 y. June, once.
3. Busk 1824 by Whalebone.
2—8.
112 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
4. Sir Hercules 182G by Whalebone.
2 (Oct., once and 1 w. o.) — 4. (.Sire of man)' good
steeplecliascrs).
1. Birdcatcher 1833 by Sir Herculfes.
2 (Oct., once) —4.
1. The Baron 1842 by Birdcatcher.
3. L. Cs.
Zouave 1855 by The Baron.
3.
The Lamb 1862 by Zouave.
A famous Steepler.
1868 and 1870 winner in Liverp.
Gr. Nation.
2. Kingfisher 1842 by Birdcatcher.
6—8.
3. Blarney 1847 (or 48) by Birdcatcher.
7—12.
4. Knight of St. George 1851 by Birdcatcher.
2 (Sept., 4 times) —3. L.
Dan O'Connell 1858 by Knight of St.
(Not run). [George.
The Liberator 1869 by Dan
[O'Connell.
3 — 5. 6 — 15 y. Steeplechase.
1879 winner in Liverpool Gn-ind
National. Ran as 17}'ear-old in
Liverpool Grand National.
(Dam 2y. Sept., twice).
2. Magnum Bonum (later Discount) 1838 by Sir
4. Famous Steepler. [Hercules.
1844 winner in Liverpool Grand National.
5. Merman 1826 by Whalebone.
3—9.
6. The Sea 1830 by Whalebone.
3. Later in .Steeplechases.
1848 also in Liverpool Grand National.
Freetrader 1849 by The Sea.
2—5.
185G winner in Liverpool Grand National.
7. Bodice 1831 by Whalebone.
3— S.
3. W h i s k e r 1812 by Waxy.
3—6. D.
1. Memnon 1822 by Whisker (s. to Russia).
2 (Sept., twice) —5. L.
1. Seventy-four 1833 by Memnon.
3. A famous Steepler, twice 2nd Liverpool
Grand National.
2. King Cole 1833 by Memnon.
2—9.
■5. The Thorouirhbrt'd in the Past and Present. HJJ
2. CattericU ISL'l' bv Whisker.
3.
1. Jerry about 1830 by Catterick.
A famous Steepler. (Half-bred).
1840 winner in Liverpool Grand National.
2. Uodcricic Random about 1832 by Catterick.
.\ famous sleepier. (Half-bred).
3. Catherina 1S30 b\ W'hislver.
2—11.
(J. Doriclcs 1790 by PotSos.
4—8.
7. Oliver 1791 b.\' Pot8os.
3—8. Dam 2 y. July, 3 times.
8. Thereabouts 1702 by PotSos.
4—9.
9. Trijfle 1795 by Pot8os.
2—8.
10. Parasol 1800 by PotSos.
3—8.
3. SATE LUTE 1774 by Eclipse.
3 — 6 (up to 9 year-old without winning;).
Keren-HappHch 1789 by Satellite.
3-8. (Half-sister to U"axy).
4. JUl'ITER 1774 by Eclipse.
3 — 4. (Own brother to N'olunteer ajid Mercury).
1. CarJoch 1785 b\' Jupiter.
2—9.
2. Halkin 178G by Jupiter.
3—8.
4. A7.V(; FERGl'S 1775 bv Eclipse.
3—6.
1. Benin sihroui^li 1791 b\ Kin^j I'eri^us.
3-C. L. '
1. Orville 1799 by Hen infifbrousjh.
2 (Auijust, twice) —8. 1..
1. Midey I'^IO l>y Orville.
5.
1. Morisco 1819 by Mulev.
3—5.
Taurus 182f) by .Morisco (or Phantom)
11839 s. to (lermnny).
3 (and u[) to 7 year-old without winniiifj).
1. John oTiaunt 1>*3S by Taurus.
3—7.
Hunijerford 1848 by John o'Gaunt.
2 — 8. Dam 2 year-old, June, once.
2. Oakley 1838 by Taurus.
3—7.
2. Atlas 182fi liy Muky.
4— n.
124 Tn.ii of tlie 'I'lioroughbrcd on the Racecourse, etc.
3. iMuley Moloch 1830 by Muley.
2 (May, twice) — 5.
1. Alice Hawthorn 1838 by Muley Moloch.
3_7. Gcp. Dcp. 2 X . Mother, Gran^I
mother, and Great-grandmother not run.
2. Morpeth 1841 by Muley Moloch.
2—8.
4. Dulcimer 1836 by Muley.
3.
Dulcet 1842 by Dulcimer.
3—10.
2. Fitz Orville 1R12 by Orville.
3—6.
Gondolier 1826 by Fitz Orville.
3—8.
3. Master Henry 181.5 by Orville.
2 — 7 (7 vear-old, G races, won).
Dam 2y. July, twice.
4. .Andrew 1816 by Orville.
3—4.
Cadland 182.5 by .Andrew.
3—6. D. 2.
Miss Kitty Cockle 1834 by Cadland.
4 — 9. Dam 2 y. Sept., once.
.5. Bizarre 1820 by OrviIli>.
5—6.
1. Nike 1830 by Bizarre.
3—8.
2. Mus 1833 by Bizarre.
3—8.
3. Bellissima 1835 by Bizarre.
3—9.
6. Emilius 1820 by Orville.
3—4. D.
1. .St. Nicholas 1827 by F.milius
2 (Sept., twice) —3. (1840 s. to (lermany).
1. St. Lawrence 1833 by St. Nicholas.
2 (.Aug., twice.)
Grillade 1852 by St. Lawrence.
4—9.
2. California 1833 by St. Nicholas.
(Not run).
Romeo 1850 by California. ^
2—10. 12 y. 3rd in Liverp. Gr. Nat.
2. Priam 1827 by Emilius.
3—5. D. Gcp. 2 X .
1. V. Priam (later Wild Hero) 18.30 by Priam,
2 (Oct., 3 times.)
Tom Tough 1840 by V. Priam.
3—8. (Half-bred).
6 The Tlioroughbred in the Pasl and Present. JJJ
2. Zoroaster 1836 by Priani.
'2 — 8. Dam 2y. Uine. twice.
•2. .Scud 1S04 bv Benini^bioLi-li.
3—4.
.-\ctaon 1822 bv .Scud.
3—6.
Aimwell 183o b\- .Actiion.
2—9. Dam 2y. .\pril, ojicc.
2. Hamblclonian 1792 h\ Kinij Ferj^us.
3—8. L.
1. W h i t e I o c k 1803 by llamblctonian.
4.
Blacldock 1814 by WhitelocU.
2 (.\us;., 3 times) —5.
1. Bi-utandorf 1821 by BlacUloek.
3—6.
1. Hetman PlatolT 1826 bv Brutandorf.
3—4.
1. 'I'lic Cossack 1844 by Hetman PlatolT.
2 (July, once) —3. D. (up to 8 year-old
without winnini,', but very good).
..Mcibiade 1860 by The Cossack.
3. 1865 winner in Liverp. Gr. Xat.
2. Timothcus 1848 by Metman Pl.-itoff.
2 — 9. Dam 2y. June, once.
2. Physician 1829 by Brut.-mdorf.
2 (Oct., once) —5.
.Aristotle 1839 bv Phvsiciaii.
3—8.
3. .Arctic 1833 by Bruland(.rl.
4—10. (Half-bred.)
4. Gay Lad about 1833 b\- Brutruidoif.
.A famous Steepler (Half-bied).
1842 winner in Liverpool (irand N'ation.d.
2. Brownlock 1822 bv Blacklock.
3—9.
3. Velocipede 182.^ by Blacklock.
2 (.April, 4 times) —4.
1. A'alentissimo 1832 bv \'cloci|)etle.
2-8.
2. Hornsea 1832 by Velocipctle.
3—4. Gcp.
Cataract 1840 bv llornse.i.
3—5.
Waterfall 1848 bv Cataract.
?— 8.
3. .\Liid of 'I'e.-im X'.dliy IS46 by Velocipede.
2—9. Dam 2 y. .\pril, once.
1. ^■. Blacklock 1825 bv Bl.icklock.
3.
l^g Trial of the Thorout;hbi-(Hl on ihe Rncecoiirse, etc.
Mas^pie 1804 by Y. Blacklock.
"2 (Sept., 3 times, and 1 w.o.) — 5.
Lough Bawn 1848 by Magpie.
3—10.
•5. Traiiby 1826 by Blackloclc (s. to .America).
4 — 6 (ran as a 5 year-old in the famous bet of Mr.
Osbaldeston).
I-ani-not-aware 1835 by Tranby.
2 — 9. Dam 2y. June, 6 times,
li. Flacrow 1826 by Blacklock.
3. Famous Steepler.
7. Voltaire 1826 by Blacklock.
2 (.'\pril, twice) —3.
Charles XII. 1836 bv Voltaire.
.3—7. L.
1-ittle Charley 1848 by Charles XII.
A famous Steepler.
1858 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nat.
2. C a ni i 1 1 u s 1803 bv Hambletonian and Faith.
3. ' 3—7.
1. Oiseau 1809 by Camillus.
2 (.April, 5 times) — 7.
Revolution 1827 by Oiseau.
3—8.
2. Magistrate 1814 by Camillus (s. to Russia).
3—5. (H.'df-brother to Fleur de Lis.)
1. Coroner 1825 by Magistrate.
3—9.
2. Terror 1825 by Magistrate.
3—9.
3. Gar us 1812 by Hambletonian.
3—9.
4. .Anticipation 1812 by Hambletonian.
.3—7. Dam 2y. May, once. (Half-brother to Clinker).
Presentiment 1821 by Anticipation.
2—8.
3. Hipponci 1794 by King Fergus.
4—8.
4. Wartcr 1704 li\ King l-'ergus.
3—8.
5. Oiieeiishcrry (Later Picadilly) 1794 by King Fergus.
5.
K a t t V l" 1 ,-1 n a g h a n 1792 by Oueensberry.
4—9.
6. TIFFANY 1775 by Fclipse.
4—8.
7. FLAMEU 1770 by Fclipse.
5—9.
8. MERCURY 1778 by Fclipse.
3— fi. (Own brother to Jupiler and X'olunteer).
5. 'I'hf 'riiuioui;libi\-d in llie Past aiul Presenl. 1 17
1. UU Cold 17S7 bv Mcjicuiv.
3—8.
2. Precipitate 1787 by Mercury (IHO:< s. U' \'iii,'iriia).
3 — 5. (Own brother to Golianiia).
1. Bobtail 179-3 by Precipitate.
3—10. Dam '2y. July, 4 times.
2. M a t ra n n e e 179-5 bv Precipitate.
3—8.
3. R o 1 1 a 1797 bv Piecipil.ite.
2—8.
4. L a n s' I o n ]S(I2 by Precipitate.
3—10.
3. Gohauna 1790 by .Merciirv.
3—10. (Own brother to Precipitate).
1. G o 1 u m p u s ]S()2 l)y rioliaima.
(Not run).
Catton 1809 by (ii.biinpus.
3-8.
1. .Mulatto 1823 by Caltoii.
3—6. Dcp.
1. Discord 1837 by .Mui.ato.
5 — 8. Dam 2y. June, twice.
2. African 1839 by Mulatto.
3-8.
2. Ciironet 182.") by Catton (1837 s. In \'irijini;i).
3—11. Dam 2y. May, twice.
3. Cistercian 1826 by Catton.
3—10. (Own brother to ("he Nun).
4. The Poet 1820 by Catton.
.■\ famous sleepier.
•5. The C'JKuicelior 1827 bv Catton.
3-8.
fl Diana 1828 bv C.-itton.
2—8.
7. The Nun 1829 by Catton.
7 — 9. Later a famous Steepler up li^ 11 vear-
old. Twice Leam. St. Ch. won.
8. David 1829 by Catton.
.3 — -5. (Half-brother to Despot).
Crnbbs 1844 by David.
3-9.
2. Cerberus 1802 by (iolianna i-. to Russia).
3 — 9. (Sire of many i;ood racers).
3. E 1 e c t i o n l'<04 bv (Johanna.
3—7. D. Dam 2 y. Jime, 4 times.
1. Leah Is] 4 by Election.
3-9.
2. Manfred 1814 by Election.
3-5.
Bilberry lS2(i by .Manlred oi by lledley (b>
4-9. • |(i()b,u)iia).
lift 'I'rinl (if tlie Thorous^hbreii on the Racecourse, etc.
4. Z u 1 e i k a 1810 by Gohaiina.
4 — 8. (Dam of Helenus).
4. Brii^adicr 1792 by Mercury.
4—10.
.■). Sha-c'cr (earlier Little U'irley) 1792 liv Mercurv.
6—10.
9. JOK ANDREWS (earlier Dennis O!) 1778 by Eclipse
4-9.
Dick Andrc'Li's 1797 by Joe .'\ndre\vs.
3—6.
1. C \v r w 18119 b\ Dick .Andrews.
3—7. 2.
2. T r a m p 1810 by Dick Andrews.
3—4.
1. Lottery (earlier Tinker) 1S20 by I'ranip (1833 s. to
3 — 6. Dcp. [France).
(.'V large progeny by Lottery winiiing up to 7
vear-old, half-brother to .^Itisidora and Brutan-
ilorf).
1. Lottery 1829 by Lotter\'.
5—16. -Steepler. (Not in the Stud Book, but
ought to be a Thoroughbred).
1839. Winner in Lvp. Cr. Nation.
2. Zohrab 1831 by Lotterv.
3—10.
3. Sheet .-\nchor 1832 b\' Lottery
3 — 4. (s. to (ierniany).
1. Collingwood 1843 by Sheet .\nchor.
2—7.
2. U'eatherbit 1842 by Sheet Anchor.
3—4.
Weathercock 1851 by Weatherbit.
A famous Steepler. 1857 and 1858
2nd in Liverpool Grand National.
2. Little Red Rover 1827 by Tramp.
3—7.
3. Traveller 1828 by Tramp.
2—9.
4. W'lgrant 1828 by 'I'lamp.
3—10.
5. Liverpool 1S28 by Tramp.
2 (Sept., oiice) — 5.
1. Lanercost 1835 by Liverpool.
3 — 7. Cm. Dam 2 y. Oct., once.
\"an Tronip 1844 by Lanercost (s. to Russia).
2 (July, 3 times and 1 w. o.) —5. L. Gcp.
Prince of Orange 1853 bv \'an Tromp.
2—8.
2. Nauorth 1837 by Liverpool.
2—9.
5. The Tliorourjlibrcd in the I'ast and Present. HQ
3. A Brilish Yeoman 1S4(I by Liverpool.
2. (May, 6 times).
Bourtreois 1850 by .\ lirilish Yeoman.
3—11.
4. Birlcenlie.nd 1J^43 by I.iverpmil.
(Not run).
New Briii^'hton 1850 ljy Birl<eiilie;id.
4—10.
10. SALTI^AM 1780 Ijy Eclipse (1793 s. to Russia).
.3-5. D.
Whiskey 1789 by Saltrani.
3—4.
1. Eleanor 1798 by Whislcey.
3 — 7. I). O. (Half-sister to Sorcerer and dam of Muley).
2. W h i r 1 i g- i s 1798 by Whiskey.
4—8.
3. R u m b o 18(10 b\- Whiskey.
2—11.
4. S p y 1803 by Whiskey.
3—10. Dam 2 y. July, 4 times.
11. VOLLSTEER (later Cornet) 1780 by Eclipse.
,3 — 5. (Own brother to Mercury and Jupiter).
1. Magic 1794 by Volunteer.
4—5.
M o u 11 t a i n e e r 1802 by Masjic.
3—11.
2. Eagle 1798 by \"o!unteer (s. to Yirtjinia).
,3 — 9. (Own brother to Spread Eagle D., half-brother to
Didelot D.)
.\ s m o d e u s 1807 by Eaijle.
3—9.
12. ERASMUS 1781 by Eclipse.
3. (Own brother to .AleNander and Don Qui.xote).
Esher 1795 by Erasmus.
6—8. (Half-brother to Peijasus).
1.3. ALEXANDER 1782 by Eclipse.
3 — 7. (Own brother to Erasmus and Don Quixote).
Bucephalus 1802 by .Alexander (s. to Russia).
3—8.
14. METEOR 1783 by Eclipse.
3—7.
1. Meteom 1802 by Meteor.
3-8. O. Dam 2 y July, twice.
2. Ainhn 1809 by Meteor (or by Diamond).
2 (Oct.. once) — G.
1, i s t o n 1>^21 by Ambo.
3—13.
l.j. GL'SPOWDER 1784 by Eclipse (s. to Russia).
.3 — 9. (Own brother to Soldier 1779 by Eclipse).
3—7.
X20 Trial of the Thorouglibiecl un ihe Racecourse, etc.
16. PEGASUS 1784 by Eclipse.
4—7.
1. King Ed'jjard (earlier Shum .Sheer Jung) 1795 by Pegasus.
6—8.
2. Novice 179-5 by Pegasus.
?— 8.
3. Parnassus 1797 by Pegasus.
o— 11.
4. Laura 1800 by Pegasus.
2—8. (Dam of Dr. Eady by Rubens).
5. Hippomcncs 1802 by Pegasus.
2—8.
17. DON QUIXOTE 1784 by Eclipse.
.3 — 8. (Own brother to Erasmus and Alexander).
1. Sancho 1801 by Don Quixote.
3—4. L.
Cannon-ball 1810 by Sancho.
3 — 9. (Half-brother to Grinialdi and sire of many good
hunters and Steeplers).
Counsellor 1821 by Cannon-ball (or by Childc Harold).
.5—8. (Half-bred).
2. Artichoke 1802 by Don Quixote.
3—8.
3. Amadis 1807 by Don Quixote.
4.
1. P a 1 m e r i n 1816 by .Amadis (s. to Russia).
2 (May, once) — 4.
.\ggravator 1832 by Palmerin.
;>— 12. (Half-bred).
2. Magic about 1820 by .Amadis.
A famous Steepler. (Half-bred).
18. SERPENT 1786 by Eclipse.
3—10.
2. Stripling 176-j by MarsUe.
4—8.
3. Y. Marske 1771 by MarsUe.
4.
1. RULER 1777 by Y. Marske.
.3 — 5. L. (Half-brother to Rattler and Magnum Bonum).
Hii;h Eagle 1790 bv Ruler.
■3(?)-9.
2. TRIMMER 1788 by Y. Marske.
3—8. 0
3. SHUTTLE 1793 by Y. Marske.
3—5.
1. Cambric 1807 by Shuttle.
2 — 8. (Ran and frequently won several times in a day).
Dam 2 y. July, twice.
2. Engraver 1807 by Shuttle.
3 — 6. (Ran and frequently won several times in a day).
5. Tlu' Tliorouslibred in the Past and Present. 121
4. Hepliestioii 1771 by Marske.
4—9.
•_'. MISS PKOCTOK (or Smallhopes) 1733 by Bartlet's Childers.
0 — 11. (I'p to 13 year-old without winning).
Byerly Turk bom about leso.
1. B.iSTO l"^>-^ by Byerly Turli.
6 — 8. (Sire of Old Ebony, I-'oundation .Mare in Fam. 5).
2. sum about 1702 by Byerly Turk.
(Not run).
Partner (Mr. CVoft's) 1718 by Jigg.
r> — S. (Up to lOyear-okl without winning).
1. P.4RTXi:i{ (Grisewood's) 1730 by Partner.
5 — 14. (15 year-old without winning).
(Sire of Miss Elliot, Grimcrack's Dam, Foundation Mare in Fani. 23).
2. SEUBURY 1734 by Partner.
4—10.
TantiTy 1749 by Sedbury.
4—11.
3. OLD TR.4VELLEK 17.3-5 by Partner.
4—7.
1. Skim 1748 by Old Traveller.
4—8.
2. Dainty Davy 17.32 b\ Old Traveller.
4—11.
DAVID 1766 by Dainty Davy.
4 — 12 (also in Give and Take Plates).
3. S(|uirre! 17.54 by Old Traveller.
4—7.
1. WEASEL 1766 by Squirrel.
5—11.
2. FLRIBASD 1767 by Squirrel.
3 — 10 (also in Give and Take Plates).
3. SLIM 1771 by Squirrel.
3—10.
4. LITTLE JOliX" 1740 by Partner.
4 — 8. (Up to 10 year-old without winning).
5. TART.4R (earlier Partner) 1743 bv Partner.
5—7.
(Kins) Heroii 1758 by I'arlar.
5—9.
1. FLORIZEL 17(is by llirod.
4—6.
1. Dioiued 1777 b\ l-"lori/cl (s. to America).
3—6. D.
1. G r e V D i o m c d 17S5 bv Dionied.
3—8.
;[22 'I'rinl of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
1. G 1 a u c u s 178G by Dioiiied.
3^10.
3. A g a 111 e in n o ii 179l> by Diomed.
3—12.
2. Ulysses 1777 by Florizel (s. to \':rginia).
3—10.
Play or Pa y 1791 by I'lysses (s. to N'irginia).
3—9.
3. Fortunio 1779 by Florizel.
3—10.
Sir F e r d i II a n d (later King Bladud) 1792 by Fortunio.
2—12.
4. Bustler 1784 by Florizel.
2—9.
5. Prizefighter 1784 by Florizel.
2—9.
Swords m a n 1796 by Prizefighter.
4—7.
1. Fencer 1807 by .Swordsman.
4.
Vivian about 1824 by Fencer.
1834—1843 a famous Steepler.
2. Spartacus 1808 by Swordsman.
3—9.
2. MAGNET 1770 by Herod.
4—9.
1. Noodle 1781 by .Magnet.
3—8.
2. Windlestone 1783 by .Magnet.
3—8.
3. Shovel 1785 by .Magnet.
4—9.
3. BACCHUS 1771 by Herod.
(Not run).
1. Rutland 1783 by Bacchus.
4—9.
2. Kitty 1785 by Bacchus.
3—9.
3. Bacchus 1788 by Bacchus.
3-S.
4. WOODPECKER 1773 by Herud.
4—7.
1. Seagull 1786 by Woodpecker. ^
2—8. w
2. Chanticleer 1787 by Woodpecker.
2 (.'\pril, 6 times) —8.
1. Traveller 1797 by Chanticleer.
2—9.
2. B o b B o II t V 1804 by Chanticleer.
2 (Sept., twice) — 4.
Napoleon 1824 by Bob Booty (1833 s. to France).
2—9.
TliP Tlioroushbrcd in tlu- Past nnc! Present. 123
3. Jiuzziud 1787 by W'oddperker (1S()4 s. to Aincricn).
2 (Oct., twice) —~.
1. Quiz 1798 hv Hii/zard.
.3— i). L.
1. Roller ISM by Oiiiz.
3 — 11. (Sire of many Jjood Steeplers).
2. Euphrates ISlfi by Quiz.
G— 1.3.
•J. 1) r c a d n o ii u; li t 18(KI by Uiizz.-ird.
3—8.
3. B r a i n u o i- ni 1^(11 by Buzzard.
2—8.
1. Bust ;i r d l^ol liy Buzzard.
2—10.
."). (" a s t r e I Isdl by Buzzard.
3—4.
1. Btislard lM:i by Castrel.
3-5.
Remnant 1833 bv lUistard.
4—10.
2. .Merlin 1815 by Castrel.
2 (.\u£;-., 3 tjmcs) —4.
I.ancastrian 1825 by Merlin.
2 (Oct., twice, 1 w. o.) —8.
Miss Mouliray about 1843 by Lancastrian.
(Halt-bred) ls52 winner in I.iverp. Or. Nation.
G. .S e 1 i m ls02 by Buzzard.
4—6.
1. Champion 1812 by .Selini.
3.
Donnini;ton 1828 by Champion.
3—10.
2. .Sultan 1810 by Selim.
2 (July, once) - - 8.
1. Despot 1830 by Sultan.
2 s. (Half-brother to D.-ivid by Catton).
2. .\lpheus ls:lii hy Sultan.
3.
1. John Oor) 184() by .-Mpheus.
3—9.
2. .\Ionzo 1847 by .\lphcus.
3-9.
3. Ishmael 1S30 by Sultan.
3 year-olil in raciny; stable of Lord Jersey, but not
.Sire of many i;ood Steeplers. [run.
1. .\bd-el-Kader about 1840 by Ishmael.
.\ famous Steepler. (Half-bred).
Is.'iO and 1851 winner in Liverp. fir. Nation.
2. 'riu- Switcher 1842 by Ishmael.
.\ famous Steepler.
124 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
4. Caliph 1832 bv Sultnn.
■2—10.
•">. Hampldii 1833 by Sultan.
3.
Lady Flora 1838 by Hampton.
3—11.
(). .-Vdrian 1834 by Suhan.
3—13.
7. Jereed 1834 by Sultaji (1846 ?.. to Russia).
2. (.^ug., twice).
1. Greatheart 184n by Jereed.
3.
Gaylad 1846 by Greatheart.
3 — 10. (Hall-bred, and half-brother to
Gaffer Green by Obadiah).
2. Ui.sho|) of Romford's Cob 1840 by Jereed.
3—10.
3. Thurgarton 1841 by Jereed.
•5 — 10. (Half-bred) and in Steeplechases.
3. Langar 1817 by .Seliiii.
2 (Oct., twice) —9.
1. Philip I. 1828 by Langar.
2. (Sept., twice, and 1 \v. o.).
lMont;\giie 1846 by Philip I.
3—8.
2. Potentate 1832 by Langar.
2—12.
3. Leander 1832 by Langar.
3.
The ^L■lrchioness 1846 by Leander.
.3—9. (Half-bred).
7. Rubens 180-3 by Buzzard.
3—5.
1. Gainsborough 1813 by Rubens.
3 — 7. Dani 2 year-old Oct., once.
2. VVouvermans 1815 by Rubens.
4 — 8. Dam 2 ye;ir-old June, twice.
3. Dr. Eady 1816 by Rubens and Laura 2—8
6 — 12. Dam 2 year-old June, twice.
4. Hampden 1819 by Rubens.
3—5.
Guildford 1S26 by Hampden.
2—9. 0
5. Vandylce 1828 by Rubens.
•3 — 10. (Half-bred, also in liurdle races).
11 year-old in steeplechases.
4. Olive 1787 by Woodpecker.
2—10.
5. Y. Wood[>fc!:cr 1794 by Woodpecker.
(Not run).
o. The Thorour'-libix'd in the I'ast and PresCMil. 125
1. \V o I) d m a n lyd" by V. Woodpecker.
3—8.
Charity 1830 by Woodman.
5 — 9. (I l;df-bred). 14 year-old, steeplechases. .A famous
1S41 winner in Liverpl. (Jr. Nation. [Steepler.
•2. S 1 e n d e r Hill \- ISlis by Y. Woodpeclcer.
3—9.
G. Brother to \ iraldi 1799 by Woodpecker.
4 — 8. (Sire of many i^ood iuinters).
.5. blTZHEROD 177:5 by llerod.
(Not run).
Mujti 1783 by Filzherod.
3—9.
(J. IL'MIO 1774 by llerod.
3—5.
Scorpion 178.5 by ll'mio.
3—12.
7. JCSriCE 1774 by Herod.
3- 4.
1. Trijlc 1782 by Justice.
3—9.
2. A'li.s/icT (l.-iler Ooiii^las) 17s2 by Justice.
3—9.
3. Mentor 17s 1 liy Justice.
3—11. (Half-brother to Sweetbriar).
4. Miitnii;lit (later Whip) 1792 by Justice.
2--11).
s. LABIRXL'M 1774 b\ Herod.
4—9.
9. HIGinn.YF.R 1774 bv llerod.
.3—5.
1. h'orhini^lutni 1781 by Hishnyer.
t- 7. Dcp. (G year-old. 17 races won).
1. P a t r i o t 179(1 b\ Kockini^ham.
2—8.
2. B e n n i n l; t o n 1791 bv Rockini^hani.
3—8.
2. Delpini (earlier H.ackwood) 17^1 bv llii^bllver.
.3-5.
1. G r i m ;i I d i 1802 b\ Oelpini ( I l.-df-brolher lo ( 'aniion-ball).
.5—8.
1. Orinialdi 1820 by (irim.aldi.
1832— 183G ;i famous Steepler.
2. Panloinime 1820 by (irim.ddi
4— IG in Hunter Stakes.
(Half-breed, s. Sportinij Mn.<,';i/ine, \dl. 89).
2. Bustle r ]'<07 by Oelpini.
4—6.
The .Major 1*22 by RuslUr.
3—10.
3. R p p e r s t o n 18(i8 bv Oelpini.
4—8.
[■2{', Trial of tht- Thoniui^hbi-cd on the Racecourse, etc.
3. Harlot (earlier Connilnss) 1783 by Higliflyer.
4—13.
4. Sir Peter 17S4 by Hii^htlyer.
3—5. D.
1. A m b r o s i o 1793 by Sir Peter.
3—6. L.
Huntintjdon ISOO by .Ambrosio.
4 — 9. (Ran only in unimportant races ayainst very
inferior horses). Dam 2 year-old .May, 10 times.
2. Mr. Teazle 1793 by Sir Peter.
(Not run).
Y. Vestris 1806 by Mr. Teazle.
3.
Mathew 1838 by Y. Yestris.
6 — 9. .\ famous Steepler.
1847 winner in Liverp. (Jr. Nation.
3. S i r Sold 111 o n (earlier Tankersley) 179(1 by Sir Peter.
3—6. ■
Cambrian 1804 by Sir Solomon.
3—11.
4. Haphazard 1797 by Sir Peter.
3—9.
1. Don Cossack 1810 by Haphazard.
3—5.
1. Prosody 1818 by Don Cossack.
3 — 10. (Often many times in a day).
2. The Tartar 1821 by Don Cossack.
6—8. (Not in Stud Book).
3. Reform 1829 by Don Cossack.
3 — 9. (Often many times in a day).
(Not in Stud Book).
2. Filho da Puta 1812 by Haphazard.
2 (Sept., once, rmd 1 \v. o.) — 4. L.
1. Troy 1820 by Filho da Puta.
3.
Pumpkin 1829 by Troy.
3—9.
2. Conductor 1820 by Filho da Pul.i.
3-4.
Oswald 1832 by Conductor.
3—10.
3. Forester Lass 1.821 l>y Filho da Put.-i.
6—8.
4. Haji Baba 1821 by Fillio da Put.i.
3-9.
.5. Orthodox 1821 by Filho da Puta.
3 — 11. Dam 2 year-old May, twice.
6. Dr. Fau-itus 1822 by Filho da Puta.
.3—9.
1. Jesuit 1834 by Dr. Ivaustus.
A famous Steepler. (Half-bred).
Ran and won at 24vear-old?
'I'lu' Thoroui;hbn-d !ii llie Prist and Pix'sent. 127
2. Obadiah 1834 by Dr. Faustus.
•J (Sept., once, and 1 \v. o.) — 3.
Sailor (lator Gaffer Green) 1839 by Obadiali.
6—14. (Half-bred, and half-brother to
Gaylad by Greatheart).
(Often many times in a day).
3. Tiipsley 1S37 by Dr. Faustus.
3—4.
Huntsman 1853 by Tupsley.
3—4.
1862 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation.
4. The Chandler 1836 by Dr. Faustus.
.A famous Steepler. (Half-bred).
1848 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation.
7. Joclco 1823 by Filho da Puta.
3—9.
>!. Chico 182.5 by Filho da Puta.
3—11.
9. Independence 1820 by I'ilho da Puta or by .Sher-
2—9. I wood 1820 by Filho da Puta.
10. Giovanni 1828 by Filho da Puta.
3 — 7. (8 .year-old 3 times very well rtni).
(Half-brother to Potentate by Lan-ar|.
3. Victorine ISIG by Haph.izard.
4-9.
4. Fisaro 1819 by H.-iphazard (1831 s. lo Alccklenburi;).
3—6.
Isaac 1831 by Figaro.
2 — 14. (Up to 15 year-old, rdso in lun-dle races).
5. W ;i 1 t o n 1799 <by Sir Peter.
.•!--6.
1. Phantom 1808 by Walton (1832 >. lo .Mecklenburi;).
3—4. D.
1. Spectre 1815 by Ph.-intom.
3-5.
Granby 1823 by Spectre.
3—8.
•2. Vanish 1825 by Ph.intom (183(i s. to F.isi Prussia).
2 (.June, 4 times) — 7.
.Sunbeam 1833 by \'anish.
2—8.
2. Partisan 1811 by Wallon.
3—5.
1. .M.amelukr 1S2I bv Partis.m.
.3—5. D.
Zcthus 1S31 by .M.imelnUe.
3—10.
2. Patron 1826 bv Partisan.
3. 2.
lOg Trial ut the Thorous'hbred on the Racecourse, etc.
Peter Simple about 1839 by Patron.
A famous Steepler. (Half-bred).
1849 and 1853 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation.
3. Venison 1833 by Partisan.
2 (July, once) — 4.
1. New Forestdeer 1841 by Venison.
3—10. (Half-bre'd).
2. Herbert 1846 by Venison.
2—8.
4. Gladiator 1833 by Partisan.
3. (2nd D).
Napier 1840 by Gladiator.
2 (Sept., 3 times) —3.
Indian Warrior 1849 by Napier.
2—8.
3. Waterloo 1814 by Walton.
3.
1. Conquest 1822 by Waterloo.
3 — 5. (Ran and won often several times in a day).
2. Caleb 1828 by Waterloo.
2—8.
4. St. Patrick 1817 ijy Walton.
3—4. L.
1. Daniel 1832 by St. Patrick.
3—9.
2. St. Francis 1835 by St. Patrick.
2—8.
3. Garry Owen 1837 by St. Patrick-.
2—10.
t). Ditto 1800 by Sir Peter.
3—7. D.
Luzboroufch 1820 by Ditto.
4—8.
7. S i r Paul 1802 by Sir Peter.
.3—5.
Paulowitz 1813 by Sir Paul.
.3—7.
1. Cain 1822 by Paulowitz.
3—5.
1. Ion 1835 by Cain.
2 (July, 4 times) — 4.
Poodle 1849 by Ion.
2 — 9. Dam 2 year-old Oct., once.
2. Barney Bodkin 1830 by Cain.
2—8.
2. Little Boy-blue 1825 by Paulowitz.
2—9.
3. Changelins 1828 b\- Paulowitz (or Swap).
3—9. Dam 2 year-old Sept., once.
S. C a r d i n a 1 York 1804 by Sir Peter.
3—5.
5. The Thi)r(Hit;libred in the Past and Present. 129
Advance I8I0 by Cardinal 'S'orli.
3—0.
1. Vani^uard 1835 by Advance.
4. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred).
1843 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation.
2. Pioneer 1840 by .\dvance.
A famous Steepler. (Half-bred).
1846 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation.
U. P o u I t 0 n 1805 by Sir Peter.
3—8.
10. C I i n I< e r 1805 by Sir Peter.
3 — 4. (Half-brother to Anticipation).
ClinUer 1806 by Clinker.
A famous Steepler.
5. Star 1785 by Hif^hflyer (1811 s. to America).
•2 (Oct., once) —6.
.M r. Gundy 1804 by Star.
3—9.
6. Skyscraper 1786 by Highflyer.
3—8. D.
7. Walnut 1786 by Highflyer.
3—5.
Lignum V i t a e 1797 by Walnut.
3 — 8. (Sire of many good racers).
8. Phaeton 1787 by Highflyer.
3—11.
9. St. George 1789 by Highflyer.
3—10.
T o p s y - T u r V e y 1805 by St. George.
7 — 10 . (Died at 16 year-old through physic in training for
Welter Stakes in Bibury).
Nimrod 1820 by Topsy-Turvey.
6—10.
10. Sling 1789 by Highflyer.
3—11.
11. Tidy 1789 by Highflyer.
3—8.
12. Grouse 1790 by Highflyer
3. (4 and o year-old w'ithout winning).
First Fruits 1797 by (irouse.
2—9.
13. Diamond 1792 by Highflyer (s. to France).
3—8.
1. Q u e e n of Diamonds 1809 by Diamond.
3 — 7. (Own sister to King of Diamonds).
2. King of D i a m o n d s ISIO bv Diamond.
3—8.
King of Trumps l>^27 by King of Diamonds.
;3— 8.
14 Lark 1792 by Highflyer.
3—8.
130 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
15. Louisa 1792 by Highflyer.
4—9.
16. Ddamcre 1793 by Highflyer.
3—8.
10. BOURDEAUX 1774 by Herod.
4 — 6. (Own brother to Florizel).
Highlander 1783 by Bourdeaux.
3—9.
11. GUILDFORD 1775 by Herod.
4—9.
12. BOXER 1776 by Herod.
3—8.
13. ROVER (later Tom Tug or Tug) 1777 by Herod.
3—9.
Cornet 1792 by Rover.
3—9.
14. GOLDEN DUN 1777 by Herod.
3—11.
15. DRONE 1777 by Herod (s. to .\merica).
3—10.
16. ANVIL 1777 by Herod.
4—9.
17. FORTITUDE 1777 by Herod.
4—7.
John Bull 1789 by Fortitude.
3. D.
.Admiral Nelson 1795 by John Bull (s. to America).
3 — 8. Dam 2 3'ear-old July, 3 times.
18. PHONOMENON 1780 by Herod (1803 s. to .-Xmerica).
3—5. L.
Htiby 1788 by Phenomenon s. to Russia).
3— S.
Driver 1798 by Huby.
3—9.
19. BAGOT 1780 by Herod.
4.
1. Master Bagot 1787 by Bagot.
3—5.
1. Dawdle 1795 by Master Bagot.
2—8. (Half-bred)'.
2. Hollyhock 1804 by Master Bagot.
4—8.
Hesperus 1820 by Hollyhock. 9
4—10.
2. Loyal 1796 by Bagot.
3—8. (Half-bred).
2. Soldier 17.5S by Tartar.
4—9.
5 The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 131
Godolphin Arabian bom 1724.
1. CADE 1"34 by Godolphin Arabian.
6. (7 to 11 year-old witliout w inninjf).
1. 'rnillllioil 1"47 by fade.
-1 10.
1. MOTIIKKX HKOW.N 1771 by Trunnion (Dam of Jerry Sneali)
4—11.
■J. TITAXIA 1774 by Trunnion.
4—11.
2. Y. Cade 1^47 by Cade.
(Not run).
1. HACHI'LOK 17,-)S l>y V. Cade.
4—9.
2. HrxrAMUNCA 1759 by V. Cade.
7—11.
;!. DA.MKL 17i;i.' by V. Cade.
4—10.
4. I'ARABIXEEU 1765 by V. Cade.
4-10. (Half-brother to MorwicU Ball by Regulus).
3. CliailHt'lillj:; 1"47 by Cade.
t). (Own brother to Matchem).
LE SAN(; 1759 by Changelinj,--.
4—8.
1. Scainpstoil Cade 1"47 by Cade.
VOl"X(; DAVY 170O by Scamp>.lon Cade.
4—10.
5. JIatollCIU i:4S by Cade.
5-10.
1. TTRF 17(;n by .Matchem.
4— (3.
Mpiitiir 177:i b\ Turf.
BUFFER 1784 by Mentor.
4—10.
2. HAXKKR 1761 by Matchem.
3—9.
Tj-^ress 1770 by Banker.
5—11.
3. CONrXDRI'M 17(>-2 by .Matchem.
4 — 8. (16 year-old without winning;).
Tlieffonl 1772 by Conundrtnn.
4-9.
4. RAXTHOS 1763 by Matchem.
4—9.
5. CHYMIST 17fi5 by Matchem.
4—6.
] 32 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
l)ruf;gist 177o by Chyniist.
4 — 8. 7 year-okl (iold Cup !ii Chester and 6 other races.
(5. PANTALOOK 1767 by Mntcheni.
4—6.
1. Merry Andrews 1783 by Pantaloon.
•2—9.
•2. Buffer 1784 by Pantaloon.
4—8.
7. GOLDFINCH 1767 by Matchem.
3—10.
>^. C0NI»11CT0R 1767 by Matchem.
4— G.
1. Imperator 1776 by Conductor.
3—8.
PIPATOR 1786 by Imperator.
'2 (July, once) — 7.
Remembrancer 18l)U by Pipalor.
3—4. L.
R e c o r d o n 1807 by Remembrancer.
3—5.
Welcome 1819 by Recordon.
(Not run).
.Sir William about 1830 by Welcome.
.A famous Steepler. (Half-bred).
1838 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation.
2. Truinpator 1782 by Conductor.
3—4.
1. /I/.l/.4rOA' 1790 by Trumpator (s. to Russia).
3—8. (Half-brother to .Ximwell D).
2. PAYNATOR 1791 by Trumpator (s. to Russia).
2 (July, 4 times) —9.
1. Offa's Dyke (earlier Occator) 1807 by Paynator.
5—9.
2. Marksman 1808 by Payniitor.
•5—18.
3. Dr. Syntax 1811 by Payn.ator.
3—12.
1. B e e's W i n 8 1833 by Dr. Syntax.
2—9. Dcp.
2. T h e Doctor 1834 by Dr. Syntax.
2—9.
3. A j a X 1838 by Dr. Syntax.
3—8.
4. F a m a 1838 by Dr. Syntax.
3—8.
5. S y n t a x i n a 1838 by Dr. Synta.x.
2—8.
6. Hope about 1838 by Dr. Syntax.
.\ famous Steepler. (Half-bred).
5. 'I'lif Thorous'librt'd in tin- Past and Present. I33
3. REPEAT OR 1791 bv Trunipator.
3—9.
4. SORCERER irSKi bv Truni()ati)r.
3-5.
1. Soothsayer 18(»8 by Sorcerer (1S23 s. to Russia).
3—5. L.
1. W e 1 1> e c k 1815 by .Sc.otlisayer.
{Not run).
Bedlamite 1823 by WVlbeck.
3—4.
Saul 1835 by Bedlamite.
3—10.
2. H e 1 e n 11 s 1821 by .Soothsayer (1835 to Germany)
3 — 8. and ZideiUa 4 — 8
2. Comus 1809 by .Sorcerer.
3-4.
1. Reveller 1815 by Comus.
3—8. L.
1. Oberon 1827 by Reveller.
3—11.
2. Bosphorus 1836 bv Reveller.
3—8. •
2. (' o r i n t h i a n IsU) b\ fomus.
3 — 5. (Half-brother to Jerry).
Russel 182f) by Corinthi.in.
3-8.
3. H u m p h r e \ C I i n k e r 1822 b\ Comus.
3—5.
Melbourne 1834 by Humphrey Clinker.
3 — 5. (6 year-old very j^ood but did not win).
Sir Tatton Sykes 1843 bv .MelboLirne.
3—4. L. 2.
Mr. Sykes 18.50 by Sir Tatton Svkes.
2 <). (Half-bred).
3. S)»ole)isko IMIi bv Sorcerer.
3 — 4. D. 2. (.Sire of many racers which frequently ran
several races in one day. as, for instance, Tlioriisrove,
1827).
1. B a n k e r ISIG by .Smolensko.
3-7. I),im 2 year-old .\uffust, twice.
2. \ ;i u },' li t y T o ni m v l'<20 b\- Smolensko.
(i— 11.
3. j e r r y 1821 by Smolensko.
3. [,. (Sire of many 2 year-old winners).
Tomboy 1829 by Jerr\.
3—5.
Nutwilh Is 10 by Tombo\.
2 (June, 3 times) —3. L.
1. Noisette 18.50 bv Nulwiih.
2—S.
134 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
2. Knight of Kars I800 by Nutwith.
3.
1. The Colonel 1863 by Knight of Kars.
A famous Steepler. (Half-bred).
1869 and 1870 winner in Liverp. Gr.
Nation, (s. to Germany).
2. New Oswestry 1864 by Knight of
(Half-bred). ' [Kars.
A famous Steepler, and sire of many
good Steeplers, amongst which were :
1. Zoedone 1877 by New Oswestry.
1883 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nat.
2. Savoyard 1878 by New Oswestry.
1887 2nd in Liverp. Gr. Nat.
4. Bourbon 1811 by Sorcerer (s. to Russia).
3—6.
1. C o m t e d'.-X r t o i s 1820 by Bourbon.
3—8.
2. -Alder m a n 1822 by Bourbon (s. to Russia).
2—7. (2nd L).
3. Fleur de Lis 1822 by Bourbon.
3—8. Dcp. Gcp. 2 X (8 year-old Gcp.).
5. VEKNATOR 1796 by Trumpator.
3—5.
Romeo 1804 by \'ernator.
4—9.
6. REBEL 1796 by Trumpator.
3 — 9. Dam 2 year-old Oct., once.
7. CHIPPENHAM 1796 by Trumpator.
3—8.
8. SIR DAVID 1801 by Trumpator (s. to Russia).
2—9.
9. ALFHEI) 1770 by Matcheni.
4. (Own brother to Conductor).
Tickh- Toby 1786 by Alfred.
4—9.
10. CRITIC 1771 by ALatchem.
3—11.
11. MAGNUM BONUM 1773 by Matchem (s. to Russia).
Riitler 1784 by Magnum Bonum.
4—9. (Half-brother to Ruler by Y. M;irske).
12. ESPERSYKES 177-5 by Matchem.
(Not run).
1. Coii(|ueror 1779 by Espersykes.
4—11. (9 year-old Gold Cup. Chester).
2. Sir Peter Pellet 1780 by Espersykes.
.3-8.
6. Sportsman 1753 by Cade.
4—8.
5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 135
7. HfTO (earlier Slape) 1753 by Cade.
.5-13.
1. KKI.4K 17()8 by Hero.
4 — 11. (Sire of many good racers).
2. AUOXIS 1772 by Hero.
5—11.
3. LAL.4(iE 1776 by Hero.
4—12. (Dam of Y. Lalage 1797, s. p. 69).
8. Northumberland I'W by Cade.
4—5.
BUFF 1766 by Nortliumberland.
4—12.
9. Silvio 1"54 by Cade.
4—11.
10. Sprillj^htlv 1"'54 by Cade.
4—9.
11. Fl.vlax 1756 by Cade.
6—11.
1"2. ElllilillS about 17.56 by Cade.
MAYDUKK 1765 by Emilius.
7 — 13. (Also in Give and Take Plates).
2. DOKMOrSE 1738 by Godolphin Arabian.
7 — 11. (Also in Give and Take Plates).
1. Villiailt 17.55 by Dormouse.
4—10.
•2. Doriniont 1758 by Dormouse.
4 — 10. (Sire of many good racers).
3. KEI;L"LL'S 1739 by Godolphin Arabian.
6—7.
1 . Cato 1748 by Regulus.
4—11.
2. Trajan 1748 by Regulus.
.5—9.
3. Careless 1751 by Regulus.
4—9.
4. Dioiiysius 1752 by Regulus.
4—9.
FORESTER 1765 by Dionysius.
4—12.
5. Apollo 17.55 by Regulus.
4- 10.
JOLLY BACCHUS 1768 bv Apollo.
.3—9.
6. Sultan 1757 by Regulus. ,
6—9.
7. Morwiek Ball 1762 by Regulus.
4 — 7. (Half-brother to Carabineer by Y. Cade).
]^36 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
1. CAYENDISH (earher Ouintus) 1784 by Morwick Ball.
3—8.
2. GliSTATUS 1785 by Morwick Ball.
4—8.
8. SejailUS 1764 by Regulus.
4. (Half-brother to Herod).
CHEROKEE 1780 by Sejanus.
4—10.
9. Bucephalus 1"64 by Retjulus.
4^9.
10. Denmark 1764 by Regulus.
4—8.
4. THE GOAVER STALLION 174f) by Godolphin Arabian.
(Not run).
^^^(>f pi^fakeS 1"49 by The Gower .Stallion.
5—10.
5. BABRAHAM 1740 by Godolphin .Xrabian.
6—9.
1. AlcideS 1753 by Babraham.
5—7.
TOJfZER 1768 by .\lcides.
4—9.
2. BosphorUS 1"54 by Babraham.
4—9.
3. Traplill 1"'>4 by Babraham.
4—9.
4. AmericUS 1"55 by Babraham.
4—11.
5. Cardinal Puff 1760by Babraham.
4—9.
6. Fop I'^O by Babraham.
4—11.
6. BAJAZET 1740 by Godolphin .Arabian
5—10.
Selim 1760 by Bajazet.
5—9.
7. BL.iXK 1740 by Godolphin .Arabian.
5—10.
1. Lottery 1752 by Blank.
5—11.
2. Contest 17*3 by Blank.
5—9.
3. Horatius 1756 by Blank.
4—9.
4. AntinOUS 1758 by Blank.
4—9.
5. Pancake 1759 by Blank.
4—10.
G. Chatsworth 1762 by Blank.
4—9.
5. The Thoroufjhbred in the Past and Present. 137
7. Tacoh't 1763 by Blank.
4 — 7. (.\lso in Give and Tal<e Plates).
Y. I'ACOLET 1780 by Pacolet.
3—4.
Citizen 1785 by Y. Pacokt.
4—9. (s. to India).
8. I'aTIliastfr (earlier Jesmond) 17()(i by Blank.
4 — 8. (Sire of many fjood racers).
9. AllOaster 17()8 by Blank.
5—10.
8. OLD E>'(iL.VM> 1741 bv Godolphin .\rabian.
5—8.
AniarailtllUN 17(J6 by Old England.
4—9.
\}. MCXil'L 1741 by tlodolphin .Arabian.
WhiiStlcjackct 1749 by Mo-ul.
4—11).'
COKIOLAXUS 1762 by Whistlejacket.
4—7.
Coquette 1783 by Coriolanus.
5—8.
10. AVHITEN'OSE 1742 by Ooddphin Arabian.
8.
11. MIRZ.V 1749 by Godolphin .\rabian.
6—9.
12. CRIPl'LE 1750 bv Godolphin Arabian.
6. ?
1 . (iillicrack 1760 bv Cripple.
4—11.
2. Tailtrilin 1760 by Cripple.
8 — 10. I, Sire of Terniasjant 1772).
COPI'KRnOTTOM 1776 by Tantrum.
3—10.
13. LOFTY 1753 bv Godolphin Arabian.
4 6.
Slim 1762 by Lofty.
4—11.
Alcock's Arabian born about 1703.
1. CRAB 1722 bv Alcock's Arabirui.
5—7.
1 . (■rasslu»|)|M'r 1731 by Crab.
5 9.
•J. Crah (Youth's) 1736 by Crab.
•V 9. (Cp to 12 year-old without winninff).
:i. Rih 1736 by Crab.
6—9.
-J. Bustard 1741 by Crab.
6—8. (Beaten by Othello as a 9 year-old ; own brother to Othello and Oroonoko).
238 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
1. fiAMAHOE about 17.58 by Bustard.
1. Noble 1767 by Gaiiiahoe.
4—11.
2. Hippolitus 1767 by (jamahoe.
4—13.
3. Olympus 1767 by Gamahoe.
4^8.
4. Croniijhoo 1774 by Gamahoe.
4—6.
1. DUCHESS 1785 by Cromaboo.
3—8.
2. SHAMROCK 1789 by Cromaboo.
3—11.
5. Oljinpla 1777 by Gamahoe.
6—11.
6. Waterman 1779 by Gamahoe.
6—10.
7. Farmer 1779 by Gamahoe.
6—8.
8. Raiiiiiiciiliis 1782 by Gamahoe.
4—10.
2. LENNOX 1766 by Bustard.
•5-7.
1. Tom Turf 1781 by Lennox.
4 — 7. (Up to 9 year-old without winning).
2. Peeping; Tom 1782 by Lennox.
3—9.
5. Othello ('^r Black and .All Black) 1743 by Crab.
5 — 9. (Also. in Give and Take Plates),
fi. Why Not 1'44 by Crab.
•5—8.
7. Crab 1744 by Crab.
4—12.
1. MILKSOP 1760 by Crab.
S— 13.
2. CHAMPAKJNE 1764 by Crab.
4—10.
8. OrOOlloko I'^S by Crab.
FLASHING MOLLY 17.56 by Oroonoko.
8—11.
9. Shcphenrfs (rah I'J" by Crab.
(Not run).
SPY 17.59 by Shepherd's Crab.
4—8.
10. Spectator 1'49 by Crab.
1. SULPHUR 1762 by .Spectator.
4—9.
0. The TlionHii,'hhi(d !ii the Past and Present. ]39
2. MARK ANTHONY 17(57 by Spcclator.
.•5—9. (Half-brother to Highflyer).
1. George 1780 by Mark Anthony.
3—8.
■>. Mark-lio 17S.S by Mark .Anthony.
3—8.
3. DAMPER 1769 by Spectator.
4—1(1.
11. Brilliant 1">(1 by Crab.
1 ti.
1. NABOB 17(J-_' by Brilliant.
4—9.
2. BKI.I.ARIO 17(J3 by Brilliant.
3— S.
3. KICHMONI) 1763 by Brilliant.
4 8. (.Sire of many ^ikk] racers in Irel.ind).
2. (iKNTLE.M.VN 1723 by .Mcock's .\rabian.
.5 11.
The Darcy White Turk b.im about kjto.
(or Sedbury Turk).
HAl THOY about 1690 by Darcy White Turk.
1. iil'fy IlillltlMiy about 1698 by Hautboy.
I. BAY BOLTON 1705 by Grey Hautboy.
5.
1. (Godolphin's) \YliilfliM)» 1719 by B.iy Bolton.
.5—9.
MOLOTTO 1736 by Whitefoot.
5—8.
2. Fearnought 172o by Bay Bolton.
3. Old Starliiii; 1727 by Bay Bolton.
4—7.
1. AS'CASTER STARI.IXG 1738 by Old Starling.
•5 — 9. (.Also in Give and Take Plates).
2. rOIUSMOND 17.39 by Old Starling.
') — 7. (.Also in Give and Take Plates).
3. SKIM 1746 by Old Starling.
4-6.
Tiiicy 17.')6 by Skim.
4—13.
4. JEXyy JESSAMY 1748 bv Old Starling.
.5—9.
•5. I'ERSEIS 17.-.4 liy ()1<I Starling.
.5—9.
4. I.oohy (Bolton) 1728 h^• B.iv Bolton.
•3—12.
2. I.AMI'KIK 171.5 by Grey Hautboy.
7 — 10. (I'p to 10 year-old without winning. Own brother to Bay
[Bolton.)
|_)|) 'I'rinl of the Thorouj^libred on the Racecourse, etc.
12. CluillSl'V iil'O'-it 1700 by Hautboy.
1. OLD FOX 1714 by Clumsey.
5—9.
1. Ooliiih 1730 by Old Fox.
G.
1. CHA.\[I'IC>N 173!) by GoHah.
5—10.
2. HUNTS JIGG 1741 by Goliah (Mare with— 1 Irec
4 — 10. [generation.)
/'i'i' f/ /'A'.'.'-''' l'^^ Ijy Hunt's Jigg (and the dam
4—7. |by Hunt's Jigg).
2. Merry Andrew 1730 by Old Fox.
5 — 11. (Up to 13 year-old without winning).
FRIBBLE 1746 by Merry .\ndrew.
G— S.
3. Cub 1739 by Old Fox.
.5 — S. (.Also in Give and Take Plates).
CI.ERICl'S 1763 by Cub.
4—11.
2. rOX (TB 1714 by Clumsey.
8.
Ihiiikirk 172.5 by Fox Cub.
G— 11.
;i. 01(1 Willdliam 1719 by Hautboy.
5—11.
1. CINNAMON 1722 by Old Windham.
6 — 7. (Up to 9 year-old without winning)
1. ni.snial 1735 by Cinnamon.
5 — 8. (Up to 10 year-old without winning).
2. Bri.«k 1737 bv Cinnamon.
5—8.
2. fiRFA'LEGS 1725 by Old Windham.
5 — 6. (I'p to 10 vear-old without winning).
Belgrade Turk bom .ibout itio.
Y. BELdiRADK about 1729 by Belgrade Turk.
1. A'oIllIltCPV 1735 by Y. Belgrade.
6—8.
2. Old Standard 1736 by Y. Belgrade.
5—6.
JASON 1749 by Old Standard.
4 — 11. (Sire of many good racers).
The Thorouslibrcd in the Past ainl Present. 141
Lister Turk i..irn .ihcut lesn.
1. (LISTKR) SNAKK about 17t)o by 1-ister Turk.
DrivjT (Beavers) 1732 by Lister .Snake.
LITTLE UKIVEK 1743 by Thriven.
.5-12. (Give and Take Plates).
1. Y. Driver 17.")8 by Little Driver.
4 — 7. (.\lso in Give and Take Plates).
2. Cicero 176-) by Little Driver.
4—10
2. rON'KVSKINS 1"12 by Lister Turk.
.5 — 7. (8 year-iild without winnini;).
Holderness Turk born about i698.
HARTLKV'S KMM) HORSE --ihout 172f) by Holderness Turk.
Forester (('r(»ft"s) l"-^'i ^y Hartley's Blind Horse.
(3.
1. (JUST.iVrS 174.5 by Forester. .
.5—11.
2. RIPON 1740 by Forester.
•5-11.
Oxford Bloody-Shouldered Arabian b,.rn ..bout irin.
1. BOLTON SAVKKI'ST.VKKS l"-2 by Bloody-Shouldered .\rabian.
.5—6. (L'p to 11 year-old without winninij).
Turner's Sweepstakes l'-43 by Bolton Sweeepstakes.
(Not run).
TREXTH.4M 17(i(i by Turner's Sweepstakes.
a— 10.
Driver 1783 liy 'I'rcntliam.
4—8.
2. BRISK 1725 by Bloody-Shouldered Arabian.
5. ( I JJ to 9 vear-old without wiiinini,')-
If in above sclu'diile all hor.scs burn before JNOO and all .steepleclia.sers arc
left out, there remain.s -214 liorse.s which have won at seven years and older.
132 of them have parents which did not run as two-year-olds. .53 come from
sires which ran as two-year-olds (only H of them before June), 21 come from
dams uliici) ran as two-vear-olds (onlv ! of them before June), and on]\- in
8 cases did both parents run as two-year-olds. Of the.se 8, 2, namely Master
Menrv and I.nnercost, won races up to the ape of onlv seven inclusive.
142 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
p-urther, the sires and dams ran on an average less than twice as
two-year-olds. Horses which only won up to the seventh 3'ear inclusive are
only mentioned in exceptional cases, i.e., Alice Hawthorn, whose sire, Muley
Moloch, ran as a two-year-old in May, but the dam, granddam and great-
granddam of Alice Hawthorn did not run at all. Such and similar com-
pensations may often be found in the cases mentioned above.
I do not claim that the above tables are complete, and mistakes ma)- have,
here and there, crept in. Everyone who has studied old horse-race calendars
w ill know how difficult and wearying such tables are, and that mistakes are
verv difficult to avoid. Taking it altogether, however, we may safely draw
the following conclusions from the above-named dates; —
1. Performances on the flat at a great age are more certainly inherited
from sires and dams who did not run themselves as two-3'ear-olds than from
those who did. The rimning as two-year-olds in more than two consecutive
generations seems to deprive the parents of the suitability to produce race-
horses who run for long with success.
2. The using of horses on the racecourse up to a great age seems to
strengthen their breeding power in producing first-class racehorses and
prominent stud stallions. The most significant examples of this are
the following champions of Thoroughbreds which appear almost in
every pedigree of our present day Thoroughbred horses several times,
namely, Regulus, ^^'oodpecker, Buzzard, Pipator, Election, Paulowitz,
Master Henry, Little Red Rover, Lanercost and Collingwood, won up to
their seventh year inclusive. Imperator, Chanticleer, Hambletonian,
Orville, Catton, Reveller and Sultan, won up to their eighth year inclusive.
Herod, Mark Antony, Joe Andrews, Paynator, Haphazard, Ouiz, Cerberus
and Langar, won up to their ninth year inclusive. Matchem, PotSos and
Gohanna, won up to their tenth year inclusive. Squirt, grandsire of Eclipse,
and Mambrino, foundation stallion of the American trotter, ran up to their
eleventh year inclusive, although thev only won up to their eighth year
inclusive. Dr. Syntax, sire of Bee's \\'ing, which as a nine-year-old won
four races, won again as a twelve-year-old three good races. Out of the
great number of the chief founders of Thoroughbreds which won as six-3'ear-
olds, let me here mention onlv the following eight : Eclipse, Waxy, Whale-
bone, Whisker, King Eergus, Beningbrough and Touchstone.
3. The use of stallions with race performances at a great age for breeding
purposes decreases more and more during the first half of the nineteenth
century. In spite of the increase of Thoroughbred breeding, the examples
of prominent performers at a great age already diminish before the middle
of the nineteenth century (see tables, pages 108-141).
4. The most famous steeplechasers in the first half of the nineteenth
century are descended, with few exceptions, from parents which did not run
as two-year-olds.
5. Most stallions and mares which ran as two-}'ear-olds, and yet pro-
5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 143
duced horses which could run for long successfully, ran as two-year-olds late
in the year, and seldom more than once or twice.
As in our time nearly everything which is healthy runs as a two-year-old.
it is remarkable that in examining the question from this point of view,
there are still actually brought out points which speak against two-year-old
races, especially against the early and frequent ones. In the last ten years,
up to and inclusive of 1906, 63 horses born in England or Ireland still won
flat races as eight-year-olds and older. The number 63 is a very small one
considering that the breeding is to-day five to ten times more extensive.
Therefore a retrogression in this respect is distinctly recognisable. Of these
63 horses, 27 have dams which never ran as two-year-olds. Of the remain-
ing 36 dams, only 14 ran before the 1st of June, generally only one to three
times ; 3 ran seven times ; 2 eight times, and 1 ten times. The above 63 horses
have 50 difterent sires, of which 9 did not run as two-year-olds. Of the
remaining 41 sires, only 19 ran before the 1st of June as two-year-olds.
Osbeck ran and won longest — up to its twelfth year. He was born in 1895
by Common, who did not run as a two-year-old, and his dam Alibech ran
once as a two-\ear-old in September.
Also, several American and Australian horses won in England as eight-
year-olds and older. Amongst the latter is especially to be mentioned
Australian Star 1896, by Australian Peer and Colours, who won as an eight-
year-old a Handicap in Alexandra Park, IJ miles, 9 stone, 12 lbs., against
five four-year-olds, with 8 stone to 9 stone. Further, Merman 1892, by
Grand Flaneur out of Seaweed, who, as an eight-year-old, won the Gold
Vase at Ascot, 2J- miles, carrying 9 stone, 4 lbs., against the four-year-old
Scintillant, and Perth (under 9 stone), and three others. Australian Star,
as well as Merman, come from dams which did not run as two-year-olds.
Also, Australian Peer, the sire of Australian Star, did not run as a two-year-
old, and Grand Flaneur, a marvel on the Australian racecourse, and sire of
Merman, ran and won as a tw-o-year-old only once, in Januar\-, which
month, for the sake of comparison, corresponds to our July.
To further show the hardness and stamina of the Thoroughbred up to
about the middle of the nineteenth century, the following examples of excel-
lent performances on the flat may serve. Of course, there are some horses
given which, from the point of \ie\v of the regular racecourse frequenter,
belong to an inferior class.
144 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No. 1. Partner 1730 by Partner.
ran 5 year-old 2 times, won -2 times.
■1
> It -• M
) ') J- )!
! >I ^ 1)
M 0 ,,
o
) I> -• •!
) M t^ )!
1 M "1 1»
„ 0 M
ran 38 times, won 20 times.
So. -2. Black Chance 173-2 by Button's Bay Barb,
ran 5 year-old 2 times, won 2 times.
6
6
7
3
S
G
9
3
10
3
11
4
12
3
13
4
14
3
15
J
6
0
0
M
only in King's PI
7
3
0
1 »
incl. 1 King's PI.
S
(5
()
M
9
4
•2
n
10
1
1
M
11
without report.
12
2 times,
won
1
»>
13
1
11
' »
1
)»
14
3
'.
1 »
o
M
ran 28 times, won 22 times.
No. 3. Sedbury 1734 by Partner.
ran 4-year old 2 times, won 1 time.
, ,, 3 times.
,, 4 ,, incl. 3 King's PI.
,, 6 ,, incl. 1 King's PI.
M 0 „
, ,, 3 ,, agst. 5 y. Oronocco
1 11 J- 1 »
■J
»»
3
<)
1 y
()
7
»)
()
8
M
•2
9
f f
3
0
^
1
ran 23 times, won 18 times.
No. 4. 1744 Match at Lincoln 14 miles = 22,530 m.
Mr. Southcote Parker's 6 year-old horse won with one length in 89
minutes, against Mr. Gilbert Colecut's 21 year-old horse. See " Westminster
Journal," the 23/6/1744.
5. Tho Thoroui^librcd in the Pnst and Present. ] )')
Nf). 5. Gusta\'us 17-l-"i hv C'nil'i's I'drrcstcr.
ran o year-old J tinit-s, won 1 time.
,, n ,, (') ., ,, -J time.s.
,, 7 ,. ■.] ,, ,, 3 „
,, S ,, 8 ,, ,, .'i ,, incl. 1 King's PI.
,, 9 ,, 4 ,, ,, [ ,, incl. 1 King's Fl.
,, 10 ,, I ,, ,,4 ,, incl. 1 King's PI.
,,11 ,, -I ,, ,, -2 ., incl. 1 King's PI.
ran '24 times, won ±2 limes.
Xo. (■). Cabbage 1757 by South.
ran 1 \'ear-old '^ limes, won (i times.
5 ' •' 1
,, 6 ,, 5 ,, ,, 3 ,, Match at Newmarket, 13 St., 5 times
R. C". = 3ll,-")n(i ni., in "(.-i minutes, 30
sei'onds.
.,7 ..1 .. ,. 0 ,.
ran II times, won 4 times.
Xo. 7. Iluncamunca 17")1) hv V. C'ade.
ran 7 \ear-oId 1 time, won 1 time. King's P!.
,, .s ,, ;i times, ,, 2 times incl. 1 King's PI.
,, 9 ,, 2 ., ,. 2 ,, 2 King's PI.
,, 111 ,, 2 ,, ,, 2 ,, incl. 1 King's PI.
,,11 ,, 2 ■_' ,, 2 King's PI.
ran Id times, won 9 times.
Xo. S. Ciimcrack I7(ill b\ (.'ri|)ple.
ran 4 vear-old 7 times, won 7 times.
(■) ,, won in i'^rance the bet •_'.!-] miles in one hour.
.,7 ,,7 times, won -'l times in (ii\e and Take i'l.
,, s ,, fl ,, ,, 4 ,, '1 limes in (ii\eand T.nke PI.
,, 9 „ r, ,. ,, 4 ,. Xewm. R. C".-3 .M. (\ I'url. 93 Y.
9 St. against 9 horses of a good class.
., ]0 ,, 3 ,, ,, I ,. \ewm. n. C. . I M. 1 Furl. 13S Y..
against s \car-okl Pilgrim.
,, 11 ., 1 ,, ,1 ,, Xewm. R.C\-=3M. (i I'url. 93 Y.,
' '.) St., against N horses of a good
(lass, amongst which were Bellario
s year-old. Sportsman ."i year-old,
Teloiuni li \'ear-old.
ran 3-"j timi's, won 2') limes.
146
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No. 9. Trentham 1766 by Sweepstakes.
ran 4 year-old 6 times, won 6 times.
5
3
6
9
7
7
8
4
9
0
0
3
3
9
1
3
o
o
and twice as second,
incl. Jockey Club PI. Newm. B. C.
4^\.l Furl. 138 Y. 4 behind.
ran
37 times, won 26 times.
No. 10. Mother Brown 1771 by Trunnion.
ran 4 vear-old 2 times, won 0 times.
,, 3 „
,, 3 ,,
o
!, 1
,. 4
., 5
•2
M 0
ran
5
5 ,
6
7
7
5 ,
8
3 ,
9
4 ,
10
6 ,
11
„ 6 ,
12
1 ,
was in foal.
incl. 1 Kind's PI. after foaling.
incl. 1 King's PI.
and 4 times as second.
.39 times, won 20 times, and had 6 good foals, amongst which
at 25 years Jerry Sneak, s. No. 24.
No. 11. PotSos 1773 by Eclipse.
ran 4 year-old 5 times, won 0 times, twice second in big races.
and twice second
and once second.
,, 5
7 ,,
M 5
,, 6
,, 7
., 7
,, 7
., 11 „
,, 8-
M 8
7
,, 6
,- 9
9 ,,
.. 6
10
incl. Craven St. at Newm. and jockey
Club PI. at Newm., and 3 times
second.
at Newm. B. C. = 4 M. 1 Furl. 138 Y.,
against 7 year-old Nottingham.
ran
49 times, w^on 33i times.
No. 12. Titania 1774 by Trunnion.
ran 4 year-old 5 times, won 3 times, and once second.
■J
8
M 7
and once second.
6
4
,- 1
and 3 times second
7
2
,, 0
and once second.
8
2
,. 1
9
2
2
5. The Thorous'hbrcd in the Past and Present. ] 47
ran 10 year-old 'J times, won 'J times. Kiny's PI.
,, 11 ,, 2 ,, ,, 1 ,, 4 miles with lieats, 3 behind, incl. one
6 vear-old.
ran 21 times, won 17 times.
0
' 1
b
6
» '
.0
7
w
8
»»
■2
9
M
5
10
1 »
7
11
»»
3
12
,,
fi
No. 13. !.ala,t;e 177() by Hero.
ran 4 vear-old 7 times, won 6 times, incl. 1 ivino's PI. and once second.
5 ,, incl. 1 King's PI. and once second.
o
withotit report.
•2 times, won 1 time, and once second.
,, 5 times, incl. 1 King's PI.
,, ,, 5 ,, incl. 1 King's PI., and twice second in
good company. 6 \-ear-oid Cherokee
beaten twice.
,, ,, 1 ,, King's PI. and once second.
,. 4 ,, incl. 1 King's PI. in good company,
and once second,
ran 38 times, won 29 times.
Xo. 14. Ouibbler 1780 by Minor.
ran 4 year-old 2 times, won 1 time.
,, 5 ,, 3 ,, ., 0 „
,, 6 ,, 11 ,, M 7 ,, incl. 1 King's Pi., 4 Miles, Heats, and
.Match at Newmarket, 4 st. 7 lbs., 23
Miles ( = 37 km.) in 57 min., 10 sec.
,,7 ,, 7 ,, ,, 1 ,, at Newmarket,
ran 23 times, won 9 times.
No. 15. Exciseman 1781 hv Sweetbriar.
ran 8 year-old ."J times, won 3 times. ( t miles \\ith heats, against, 4, 5 and
,, 9 ,, (■) ,, ,, 2 ,, J 6 year-olds.
,, 10 ,, 11 :, ,, 8 ,, Newm.2 Y.O.C.= Furl. 13G Y. 9st. 7
apst. 2 3 year-old 7 st. 4 and 7 st. 5
3 4 year-old 7 st. 9—7 st. 11
2 5 year-old 8 st. 2 and 8 st. 9
(Serpent b\' Eclipse)
1 older 9 St. 7
against M horses.
„ 11 ,. 10 ,, ., 4 ,, on the 12th .Mav, Newm. 2 V.O.C.=
5 F. 136 v., 8 St. 4, against 4 year-
old Hector, 8st.
on the 22nd May, Epsom, 4 .M., Heats,
3 Heats second and 1 Heat first.
148
Trial of the ThorouErhbred on the Racecourse, etc.
Newm. 2 Y. O. C. = 5 Furl. 136 Y.
Rst., against 5 year-old Stallion by
n.spersvkes, 7 st. 8.
Newm. 2 Y. O. C.= 5 Furl. 136 Y.
8 St. 12, against 3 year-old Mare by
Jupiter, 7 st. 10.
ran I",' year-old 12 times, won 7 times. Xewm. 1 Mile, 8 st. 12, against 4 year-
old Peggy, 8 St. 4.
Xewm. 3 Miles, 8st. 12
agst. 3 4y.-o. 7 st. 11 — 8st.4.
2 5 y.-o. 7 St. 11 and 8 st. 13.
(Eager D).
On the following dav,
2 Y. O. C.= .5 Furl. 136 Y., 9 st.,
against 3 y.-o. 7 st. 2 (Brother to Sir
John).
At Warwick, 1 Mile, Meats,
against 6, 3 and 4 3'ear-olds and one
older.
On the following day,
4 Miles, Heats, 8 st. 9, against
2 6 year-old, 8st.7 and 8 st. 12,
and 5 times second.
ra n
4-1 times, won 24 times.
No. 16. Mentor 1784 by Justice.
ran 3 year-old '■> times, w
4
, 10
0
8
6
9
7
9
8
4
9
6
10
4
11
1
on 1 time, in Derby not placed.
4 times.
4
.5
3
3
4
o
incl. 1 King's PI.
an-d once second,
and once second,
and twice second.
■2i Miles, 8 St. 7
against 1 3 vear-old, 6 st.
1 5 vear-old, 8st. 4.
2 older 8st.l2.
ran
56 times, won 27 times.
ran
\(i. 17. Huby 1788 by Phonomenon.
3 vear-old 2 times, won 0 times, second in the St. I.eger.
■J
6
I
5
8
3
4
incl. 1 Kino-'s PI
'Flu- Tlmroiiirhbrcd in the Past and Present.
] 19
ran 7 year-old 4 liint-.s, won 1 tinu'.
,,8 .,7 ,, ,, 3J ,, in the best company, of 8, 4, ■) and (>
year-olds. Dead heat, 8 st. 3, at
Lewes, with the o year-old Her-
mione O., 8st. 1, which won o races
in the samp v(>ar, and twice second.
ran
38 times, won IGi- times.
ra
No. is. St. Cieorge 17.S9 by Ilij^dillyer.
1 3 \ear-old 5 times, won 1 time, in Derb\- not placed.
4
5 ,
fi
6
()
7
fi
H
fS
„ 10
incl. I Kins^'s PI.
Jockev Club PI. at Xewni. H. C.=
4 AI. 1 Furl. 138 Y., 8st.ll
attain St 1 4 year-old, 7 st. 2
1 ') year-old, 8 st. 3
•2 older s st. 11
ahd 3 times second,
against 3, 4 and o year-olds, further
against 7 year-old Paynator and 8
year-old .Vimator
and 3 times second,
and once second, 1, 5 and t' year-<jlds
behind.
ran
'rl times, won 19 times.
Xo. 1'.). . Vimator ITDo b_\- Triimpator.
ran 3 \ear-(jld 4 times, won U times.
3 ,,
5 ,,
3 ,,
3 ,,
M 4
4
,, 0
8
,, (•)
<;
M 7
(■)
.. «^
, 7
11 — M
(J
C"ra\en St. at .Xewni. against O \-ear-
old Spread Eagle D'. and against 9
3, 4 and y year-olds ami oldi-r
and twice second.
in l)ig I landicaps.
ran
40 titiies, won ](> times.
Xo. -Jil. (iohanna 1790 by Merciirv.
ran 3 year-old s times, won Ci times, second in Derbv.
,, 4 ,, 12 ,. ,, 7 ,, incl. I King's PI.
,, •'5 ,, 7 ,, ,, 4 ,, incl. 2 Kino-'s PI.
150
Trial of the Thorouijhbred on the Racecourse, etc.
ran 6 year-old Ti times, won 3 times, incl. 2 King's PI.
7
8
5
1
1
1
„ 10
2J Miles, at Lewes, 8st. 7
against 1 4 year-old, 7st. 11
2 6 year-old, 8 st. 2
1 older, 8 st. 7
1 Mile, 9 St.
against 2 4 year-olds, 7 st. 8
1 5 year-old, S st. 6
1 6 year-old, 8 st. 6
and twice second.
2J Miles, at Lewes, 8 st. 7
against 2 5 year-olds, 7 st. 12 and
8 St. 4
ran
48 times, won 26 times.
No. 21. Hambletonian 1792 by King Fergus.
ran 3 year-old 6 times, won 6 times, L. Dcp.
Dcp.
,, 4
11
4 „
yj
4
M -5
' 1
7
11
7
., 6
1 '
not
,, 7
M
2 times,
won
0
,, 8
M
1 ,,
»»
1
4 Miles, at York, 9 st.
against 5 year-old Dion
and 6 year-old Timothy, 8st.l0,
both first-class racehorses which won
good races in the same year.
ran
ra
20 times, \\ on 20 times.
No. 22. Bobtail 1795 by Precipitate.
3 \-ear-old 3 times, won 2 times, in the Derby not placed.
3
1
7
3
4
4
7
0
■2
6
, 7
7 ,
. 5
8
, 7
Newm. 2 Y. O. C.= 5 Furl. 136 Y.,
8st.7, against 5 year-old Muley
Moloch, 8 St. 4
Newm. 1 Mile, 8st. 4
against 6 year-old Surprise, 8 st.
Newm. Hdc, 1 M. 2 Furl. 44 Y., 9st.,
agst. 4 y.-o. Northampton, 7 st. 3
o y.-o. Eleanor D. O., 8 st. 12
5 y.-o. Flambeau, 6 st. 12
6 y.-o. Georgiana, 8 st. 10
5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present.
151
ran !) year-uld 7 times, wcjn 4 limes. Xcwm. D. J. = 2 M. 97 Y., Sst.lO,
agst. 1 3y.-o. 7st.4
6y.-o. Dick Andrews 9 st. 4
6y.-o. Surprise 7st.]3.
Xewm. 1 M. 2 Furl. 44 Y., 8 .st. 9,
agst. 7 y.-o. Lignum Vitae 8st.
Newm. 1 'i\I. 2 Furl. 44 Y., 8 St.,
agst. 6 y.-o. Penelope 8 st.
ran
ra
ran
yS times, won '24 times.
No. 23. Eagle 179r) by Volunteer.
3 vear-old 5 times, won 3 times, third in tiie Derby.
4
1
. 1
5
•)
.J
6
.)
, 1
7
.)
, 1
8
/
, fi
Xewm. 2 Y. O. C., = 5 F. 136 Y., 9st.,
agst. 6 y.-o. Eleanor D. O. 7 st. 9
Xewm. 1 Mile, 9 st. 7,
agst. 4 y.-o. Dreadnought 5 st. 8.
X'ewm. 1 Mile, 9 st. 4,
agst. 6 y.-o. Marianne 7 st. 6.
in times, won 17 times.
No. 24. Jerry Sneak 179G by Chocolate.
(As a racing horse also called Toby and Y
1 2 vear-old 1 time, won 0 times, in October.
incl. 2 King's PI.
incl. L Kinij's P
Toby).
3
, 1
times,
o
4
, (•)
M 4
5
, lU
„ 2
6
, 12
,, 10
7
2"'
,. 10
8
, 11
M 4
9
, 15
M 5
M
10
n
1
1»
11
» J
4
'1
12
M
not
»>
13
» y
10
3 Miles, 9. St. 7,
agst. 5 y.-o. 8 st. 10 & 4 y.-o. 7 st. 8,
15 June, at Curragh, 4 Miles with
Heats, second to 6 y.-o.. Blacklegs,
Traveller behind, and won on the
same day Malcii, I .Miles, 18st.=
114.3 kg., against a Hunter 18 St.,
in 9 min. 27 sec". (7 sec. quicker than
the Hunter). Covered 1805 56
mares, of which onlv 3 were barren.
I Miles, agst. 6 \'.-o. Midas.
I Miles, agst. 8y.-o. .Midas.
ran
'.)9 tinii-s, won Hi times.
\^o Trinl of the Tliorous'ibred on the Racecourse, etc.
ra
No. 25. Marcia 1797 by Coriander.
3 vear-dld 1 time, won 0 times.
4" ,,
5 ,. 7 times, won 2 times, incl. 1 King's PI.
C-i ,, 5 ,, ,, 4 ,, inrl. 2 King's PI.
/
4
8 ,, -5 ,, ,, -5 ,, (iold Cup at Newcastle, Gold Cup
York, Doncaster St., 4 M., 8 st. 10,
agst 3 3 y.-o. 6 st. (amongst which
was Sir Paul), and 1 4 y.-o. 7 st. 7.
9 ,, 4 ,, ,,4 ,, always against \-oung horses incl. 1
King's PI., 8st. 9,'
agst. 3 y.-o. 6 st. 7
and 4 v.-o. 7 st. 7.
ran 28 times, won 19 times.
No. 2G. Rumbo 1800 by \\'hiskey.
ran 2 year-old 2 times, won 1 time.
,, 3
5
M 4
9
M 5
1
,, 6
M 7
M 8
5
M 9
6
times, incl. 1 King's PI
,, 2 ,, 2J Miles at Ascot, 9 St.,
agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 9
and 4 5 y.-o. 8 st. 5.
10 ,, 11 .,, ,, 7 ,, Gold Cupat Newm., 1 M. 2F.44 Y.,
8 St.,
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 11
7 4 y.-o. 7 St. to 9 st. 7
3 5 y.-o. 7 St. 12 to 10 St.,
amongst which many good racers.
11 ,, 2 ,, ,,1 '. -i- Miles at Ascot. Selling race,
agst. 2 6 y.-o. and 1 older.
ran 41 times, won 20 times.
No. 27. Sir David 1801 by Trumpator.
ran 2 vear-old 2 times, won
M 3
7
„ 4
9
,, 5
9
„ 6
5
,, 7
4
M 8
7
1
time.
5
times
6
9
5
1
3
Newm. 1 M. 2 F. 44 Y., 8 st. 4,
agst. 5 y.-o. Eaton 8 st. 8.
5. The ThoruUi,'hbrL-d in the Past anil Present.
153
Newm. -i Y. O. C.= r> F. m\ V.,
8 St. 10.
agst. 4v.-o. Morel O. 8 st. -l.
mil !) year-old 'J times, won 1^ limes. Newm. 3 Miles, 8st. 7,
agst. -J v.-o. Vanclvke 8st.
Newm. 1 !\I. -2 F. 44'Y., 8st. 7,
at 7 v.-o. Deceiver 8 st. 4,
Dead heat.
ran
4--) times, won :JU timrs.
ra
No. -28. I.angtiin ISd-J by Precipitate.
n 3 vear-old 4 times, wcni 8 times.
4
5
6
7
8
M 9
„ 10
12
8
(i
10
6
-J
■5
4
5
3
1
o
»» — *i
Oali. St. at Newm. 2 Miles, 9 st. 11,
agst. U young liorses 3 — 6y.-o.,
and 8y.-o. ^leteora O. 8st.
Gold Cup at Newm. 1 Mile, 9 st. 7,
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 5 st. 12
1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 10
4 5 v.-o. 8 St. -J to 8 St. 10
1 6 y.-o. 9 St.
1 older 8 St. 12,
agst. cS horses.
Newm. 1 Mile, 9 St. G,
agst. 6 younger horses,
and on the same da}- a race, 4 Miles,
third, 2 behind, started as favourite.
Newm. 3 Miles, si st. 7
agst. 4 v.-o. 7 St. 9 and 5 y.-o. 8 st. 3
ran
■V) limes, won 27 times.
No. 29. Cambric JS(I7 bv Sluitlle.
ran 2 year-old 5 times, won 2 limes, first race, July .Si. at .\e\vm.
against 7 horses.
Oct. Newm. 2 Y. O. C. = 5 F. 186 Y.,
second to X'ulture.
and on the same dav wdu over
2 Y.O.C. = 5 F. ]'3() Y.
3
4
10
18
!) 2 ,,
)) 13 ,,
July at Bath, 2 .Miles.
ag.st. 2 3 y.-o. and 2 4 y.-o.
1 54 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
4 July, 2 Miles, Heats,
agst. 1 3 y.-o.,
and immediately afterwards 4 Miles,
Heats (3 times),
agst. 2 4 y.-o. and 1 6 y.-o.
16 July at Winchester, 1 Mile,
second, 3 behind.
17 July, -2 Miles, Heats, 8st. 11,
agst. 1 4 3^-0. 8 St. 8.
6 August, Oxford, 4 Miles,
second, 1 4 y.-o. behind.
8 August, 2 Miles, Heats,
not placed.
5 September, 2 Miles,
agst. 1 3 y.-o., 1 4 y.-o. and 1 older,
and immediately after 3 Miles, Heats,
8 St. 9,
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 12.
18 September, 3 Miles, Heats,
agst. 1 4 y.-o. and 1 6 y.-o.
24 September, 4 Miles, Heats,
agst. 1 3 y.-o.
2 October, 3 Miles, Heats,
agst. 1 4 y.-o.
ran 5 year-old 1 lime, won 1 time. Oatlands St. at Newm., 2 Miles,
agsl. 8 good racers.
„ 6 „ 8 ,, ., 0 ,.
,, 7 ,, not.
,, 8 ,, 3 ,, ,, 1 ,, 3 -Miles, Heats,
agst. 1 •") v.-o. and 1 6 y.-o.
ran 45 times, w(jn 19 times.
No. 30. Marksman 1808 by Paynator.
ran 5 vear-old 4 times, won 1 time.
6
1 )
3
7
) >
5
8
} 1
9
9
M
8
10
yy
9
11
M
3
12
1 )
7
J.
3
times.
3
5
"
agst. 3, 4, -5 and 6 y.-o
incl. 1 King's PI.
5
1 )
agst. 4 and 6 y.-o.
2—3 Miles.
agst. 3, 4, 5 and 6 y.-o.
II M ^ >»
,, 3 ,, 2—3 Miles,
agst. 4 and 5 y.-o.
13 ,, 8 ,, ,,2 ,, agst. 3, 4 and 5 y.-o.
and 4 times second.
5. Thu Thorouslibrc'd in the Past and Present. 155
ran 14 year-old 4 limes, won 1 time, at Basingstoke, 8 st. 10. Selling race
agst. 4 3 \-.-o. 7 St. 1 to 7 St. 4
1 4y.-o.8st.3
-I T) y. -0.8 St. 9 and 8 st. 1]
agsl. 7 lif)rses.
,, 15 ,, 0 ,, ,, 3 ,, at Lewes, 9 St. 4,
agst. 3 y.-o. 6 st. 11
1 y.-o. 8 St. -2
at Basingstoke, 9 st. 1
agst. -2 3 v.-o. 7 st. 1
1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 12
1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 6
1 6 v.-o. 9 St. 4
I .ilder 9 St. 1
agst. (J horses.
16 ,, 0 ., ,, 3 ,, 2 Selling Races at Lewes.
at C'anterbiirv, 2 Miles, with Heats,
9 St. 8,
agst. 2 4 y.-o. 8 st. 6
17 ,, .J ,. ,, 1 ,, The Town PI. £'>0 at Tunbridge
Wells. 3 M., with Heats, 9 st. 11,
agst. 1 3 y.-(i. 7 St. 4
1 ■} y.-o. 9 St. 11
and twice second.
18 ,, 3 ,, ,,1 „ The Yeomen's PI. at Ahford, ;^50,
2^ .Miles, with Heats,
agst. 13 y.-o. (Honeysuckle by
Whalebone)
I 4 y.-o. (Jack Bunce by Y.
(johanna)
1 6 y.-o. (Roderich Randow
by Regent)
agst. 3 horses, which had won races
in the same \-ear,
and twice second,
last race 11 Sept., at Hastings, the
Town PI., 2 M., with Heats, ;^50
3 y.-o. Honeysuckle 7 st. (i . . 1.
18 y.-o. Marksman 9 st. N . . . 2.
n y.-o. Barbarv sst. 13 .... 3,
ran /ti tunes, won 32 times.
156
Trial of the 'riiuroiii^hbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No. 31. Cannon-ball 1810 bv Sancho.
ran 3 year-old 2 times, won 2 times.
,, 4
6
M 3 ,1
„ 5
,, 10 ,,
1, 8 ,,
,, 6
) > 5 11
1, 3 ,1
M 7
9 ,,
M 1 M
„ 8
,, 8
1, 4 1,
beat Catton, Langold, Viscount,
\\'anderer,
Diamonds.
Ski
and King of
Oatl. St. at Xewm., 2 Miles, 9 st. 3
agst.4 4y.-o. 7st. 5 to 7 st. 12
1 5y.-o.8st.6
2 6y.-o.8st.8
agst. 7 horses (amongst which were
the 4y.-o. Waterloo and 6 y.-o.
Anticipation).
Jockey Club PI. at Newm. B. C.=
4M. 1 F. 138 v., 8 St. 11
agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 2
1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 3
agst. 3 good racers.
King's PI. at Newm.,
agst. 4 y.-o. \\'aterloo.
Hdc. at Newm., 2 Miles, 9st. 4
agst. 3 3 y.-o. 7 st.
1 4 y.-o. 8 St. 7
agst. 4 horses,
and twice second at Newmarket.
Crav. St. at Newm., 1 M. 2 F. 44 Y.,
9 St. 7
agst. 7 3 y.-o. 5 st. 10 (inch Wou-
vermans).
5 4 y.-o. 8 St.
4 -5 y.-o. 8 St. 9
agst. l(j good racers.
King's PI. at Newm.
agst. 6 y.-o. Skim and 7 y.-o. Anti-
cipation.
Jockey Club PI. at Newm. B. C.=
4^M. 1 F. 138 Y., 8 St. 11
agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 2 (Sam. D) and
7 St. 5 (Wouvermans).
and twice second at Newmarket.
ran
48 times, won 24 times.
5. The Thoroughbred in the Past .ind Prt'seiit.
157
No.
3-2
Dr.
Syntax
1811 by Paynator.
1 3
vear-old
8
tinu's,
won
5
times.
4
7
, ,
, ,
(;
5
•J
» 1
, ,
1
6
4
, ,
, ,
0
7
4
» 1
, ,
1
8
4
M
» »
3
,, ("lold (.'up at
„ 10
M 11
]2
ran
ncaster, 3 M., 8 st. 1-2
agst. () \-.-o. Paiilowitz 8st.l2
Gold Cup at Preston, 3 M.. 8st.J'2
agsl. ■'! \'.-u. (') St. (J
once .second Gold Gup at IviclTmond
4 young Iiorses behind.
4 ,, ,, 4 ,, Gold Cup at Lanca.ster, 3 M., 8 st. 12
agst. 2 4y.-o. 8 St.
Gofd Cup at Preston, 3 M., 8 st. 12
agst. 2 4 y.-o. S st.
Gold Cup at RichmiMid, 4 M., 8st. 10
agst. 3 3 v.-o. 6 St. 10
-I 1 y.-o. 8 St.
1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 7
agst. 8 good racers.
4 ,, ,,3 ,, Gold Cup at Preston, 3 M., 8 St. 12
agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 St.
and liy.-o. Reveller L. 8 St. 12
• Gold Cup at Richmond, i M., 8 st. 10
agst. .5 y.-o. 8 st. 7
.second in the Gold Cup at Lancaster
to i'l \-.-o. Re\-ellcr L.
4 ,, ,, 2 ,, C-old Cup at Richmond, 4 .M., Sst. 10
agst. 4 y.-o. 8 st.
Gold Cup at Xorthallerston, 4 JVl.,
?) St. 1
agst. 2 .'i v.-o. (■) St. 7 and (i st. 12
1 .5 y.-o. 8 St. 12
1 older 9 St. 1
agst. 4 liDrses,
and twice second in the Gold Cup at
Preston
and in the (iold Cup at Lancaster.
.5 ,, ,, 3 ,, Xewcastle, 2 Miles, 9 St.
19 times, xvon 3(i limes, agst. 1 3 y.-o. G St. 10
and 1 4 v.-o. 8 St. 3
Gold Cup a"t Pontefraci, 2 M., 9st. 1
agst. I y.-o. 8 St.
158
Trial of the Thoroutrhbred on the Racecourse, etc.
Gold Cup at Richmond, 4 M., 9 st.
agst.2 3 y.-o.6st.l0
1 4y.-o.8st.
1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 9
agst. 4 horses.
In this last race Dr. Syntax fell down immediately after winning, but
without damaging itself.
,. 4
3 ,,
,, 2 times
M 5
,, 11 ,.
,, 8 ,,
., 6
9 ,.
,, 4 ,,
,, 7
9 ,,
2
„ 8
8 „
,, 3 ,,
No. 33. Euphrates 1816 by Quiz,
ran 3 year-old 5 times, won 1 time, D. and L. not placed 2, third.
Gold Cup at Cheltenham, 3 M., 9 st. 4
agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st.
and 2 5 y.-o. 8 st. 11, amongst
which were Sharper bv Octavius,
who won the race in St. Petersburg
over 75 versts.
Oxfordshire St., 2 Miles, 8st. 12
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 St. 8
3 4 y.-o. 7 St. 11 to 8 st. 1
1 6 y.-o. 9 St. 3= Escape
agst. 5 horses.
Gold Cup at Lichfield, 3 M., 8st. 12
agst. 4 y.-o. 8 st.
Gold Cup at Newton, 3 Miles, 8 st. 12
agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st.
8 5 y.-o. 8 St. 8
agst. 4 horses.
Gold Cup at Worcester, 4 M., 9 st. 4
agst. 2 4 y.-o. 8 st.
1 6 v.-o.9st.l
13
agst. 3 horses.
Cup at Wolverhampton, 3 Miles, 9 st.
agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 2
2 5 y.-o. 8 St. 10 •
agst. 3 horses.
Gold Cup at Lichfield, 3 Miles, 8st.6
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 6
3 4 y.-o. 7 St. 10 to 7 st. 12
apst. 4 horses.
5. The ThoroLiijlibred in the I'ast and Picsenl. 259
Gold Cup at Oswestry, 3J M., 9 st. 2
agst. 4 y.-o. Buttler 8 st.
and 5 y.-o. Hesperus 8 st. 9
ran ]() year-old 11 limes, won a times. Kint^'s PI. at Chester
agst. 5 4 y.-o.
Gold Cup at Lichfield, 3 M., 8 St. 12
agst. 4 y.-o. Cain 7 st. 12
and 5 y.-o. Longwaist 8 st. 6
Gold Cup at Oswestry, .3^ M., 9st.2
agst. 2 4 y.-o. 8 st.
,, 11 .. 8 .. .,3 ,, King's PI. at Lichfield, 4 M., Heats,
agst. 1 4 v.-o.
1 6 V.-o.
1 older
agst. 3 horses.
Gold Cup at Oswestrv, 3 Miles
agst. 4 y.-o. .Mayfly.
Town PI. at Oswestry, 3J M., Heats,
9 St. 2
agst. 4 y.-o. Mayfly 7 st. 10
and 5 y.-o. Cymb'eline 7 st. 12
and 3 times second in good races with
large fields.
., 12 ,. 10 ,, ,, 5 ,, King's PI. at Chester 9 St. 10
agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 2
and 1 5 y.-o. 9 st. 6
Gold Cup at Ludlow, 3 Miles, 8st. 12
agst. 3 y.-o. Alcaston 6 st. 6
and 8 y.-o. Hesperus 9 st.
Gold Cup at \\'orcester, 4 M., 9 st. 1
agst. 1 4 v.-o. 8 St.
andl 6 y.-o. 8 St. 12
Gold Cup at Wrexham, 9 st. 7
agst. I I y.-o. 8st. ;5
and 2 -j y.-o 8 st. 9 and 9 st.
and twice second.
•• i;^ .. 9 . „ 3 ,, Gold Cup at Ludlow, 3 Miles, 8 St. 12
agst. 3 y.-o. Melody G st. 5
and 5 y.-o. Sampson 8 st. 10
Cup at Wolverhampton, 3 .Miles, 9 st.
agst. 4 y.-o. Mufti 8 st. 2
and fi y.-o. Euxton 9 st.
King's PI. at Lichfield, i .M., Heats,
12 St.
agst. 7 y.-o. .\Iderman 12 st.
and .; times second.
ran 96 times, won 42 times.
1(^0 'IVial r)f the Thoniuslibred dp tlie Racecourse, etc.
No. :U. Prosody ISIS by Don Cossack.
ran 3 year-old fi times, won 2 times, at Goodw. -2 Miles, second, and im-
mediately after 2 Miles with Heats,
also second.
,,4 ,, ]1 ,< ,, -T .. -1 times winner two days one after the
other over 1 and 2 INIiles with Heats.
,, .5 ,, 18 ,, ,, 10 ,, and 4 times second.
1 July, about 2 Miles with Heats,
second,
2 July, 3 Miles, first,
and won the same dav*
about 2 Miles with Heats, first.
6 August, 2 Miles with Heats, first.
7 August, 2 Miles with Heats, first,
and immediately after
2 Miles with Heats, first.
13 August, 2 Miles with Heats, third,
and on the same dav 1 \l\le, first.
27 August, 2 Miles with Heats (three
times), first.
28 August, 4 Miles with Heats (three
times, once dead heat, twice first),
first.
17 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, first.
18 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, first.
,, 6 ,, 11 ,, ,, 4 ,, and 5 times second.
Won the 3 first races with Heats, then
2-5 August, 2 Miles, second,
and 2 Miles with Heats, third.
26 August, about 2 INIiles with Heats,
second,
and immediateK- after
about 2 Miles with Heats, second.
4 Sept., 2^ Miles with Heats, second.
15 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats (3 times),
second.
4 October, 2J ]\Iiles with Ileats, not
placed.
5 October, 25 Miles with Heats, first.
,, 7 ,, 11 ,, ,, 7J ,, and once second.
7 July, 4J- Miles with Heats, first.
13 July, 2J Miles, second,
and immediately after
I3 MiJes with f-Ieats (3 times), twice
dead heat.
5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 161
3 August, 4 Miles with Heats, first.
•25 August, 2 Miles with Heats, first.
7 Sept., about 2 Miles with Heats,
first,
and on the same day
about 2 Miles with Heats, first.
15 Sept., 2J Miles with Heats, first
(Gold Cup at Exeter, 4 behind).
1() Sept., about 2 Miles with Heats,
first.
ran 8 yt^ar-old 13 times, won 8 times, and twice second, always against
3-ounger horses.
23 August, 2 Miles, second,
and immediately after
2J Miles with Heats, not placed.
24 August, about 2 Miles with Heats
(3 times), first against 1 5 3'.-o. and
1 4 y.-o. on the same day.
1 Mile with Heats, not placed.
5 Sept., 3 Miles with Heats (3 times),
Second.
6 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, first,
agst. 1 5 y.-o. and 1 4 y.-o.
12 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, first.
13 Sept., 2J Miles with Heats, first,
agst. 1 5 y.-o. and 4 y.-o. Conquest.
,,9 „ 6 M .. 1 .. 15 August, 21 Miles, third.
16 August, 2J Miles, second.
28 August, 2J Miles with Heats, first,
9 St. 4 agst. 2 3 y.-o. under 7 st. 1
and 7 st. 7
29 August, 2J Miles, second.
12 Sept., about 2 Miles, third.
13 Sept., 2\ Miles with Heats, second.
,, 10 n 7 ,. ,.2 ,, 24 July, about 2 Miles with Heats,
ran 83 times, won 39i limes, first, agst. 2 5 y.-o. and 2 4 y.-o.
and on the same day 1 Mile with
Heats (4 times, once dead heat,
once first), second, 1 5 y.-o. and 2
4 y.-o. behind.
6 August, 2^ Miles, second,
and on the same day about 3 Miles
with Heats (3 times), second 1
6 y.-o. and 2 5 y.-o. behind.
21 .4ugust, 3 Miles with Heats, first,
8 St. 11
16-2
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
„ 5
,, 12 ,.
,, 6 ,
„ 6
M Ifi .,
,, 8 ,
,, 7
M 14 ,,
,, 4 ,
., 8
9
,, 2 ,
,, 9
,, 10 .,
M 6 ,
10
13
agst. 1 5y.-o.8st. 5, and
1 3 y.-o. 6 St. 7
3 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, third.
4 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, second.
Was covered at 11 years old, and had 6 foals, of which several won good
races.
No. 35. Hesperus 1820 by Hollyhock.
ran 4 year-old 3 times, won 0 times.
agst. 4, 5 and 6 y.-o. horses.
under a high weight against younger
horses.
City PI. at Chester, 9 st. 2
agst. 4 y.-o. Grimbald 8 st.
Gift of Earl Grosvenor at Chester, 2
Miles, 9 St. 2
agst. 2 5 y.-o. 8 st. 12
Gloucestershire St. at Cheltenham,
8 St. 7
agst. 5 4 y.-o. 7 to 8 st.
and 3 5 y.-o. 7 st. to 8 st. 8
agst. 8 horses.
Gold Cup at Worcester, 4 Miles,
9 St. 2
agst. 3 4 y.-o. 7 st. 12 to 8 st. 2
Handicap at Wrexham, 2 Miles,
Heats, 9 St. 5
agst. 3 3 y.-o. 7 st. to 7 st. 3
1 4 y.-o. 8 St. C)
1 6 y.-o. 8 St. 12
agst. 5 horses,
.and 6 times second in good races.
ran
77 times, won 33 times.
No. 36. Liston 1821 by Ambo.
ran 3 year-old 1 time, won 0 times.
,, 4
•4
times.
won 3 ,,
,, 5
8
» r
„ 5 „
„ 6
,, 14
)»
„ 9 „
M 7
„ 16
»»
,, 10 ,,
„ 8
M 11
M
,. 5 „
Oxfordshire St., 2 Miles, 9 st. 5
agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 5 and 6 st. 12
and 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 7 and 8 st. 2
agst. 4 horses.
5. The Thoroughbred in the I'ast and Present. 1C,3
Gold Cup at Warwick, 4 Miles, 9 st. 5
agst. 3 4y.-o. 8 st. 3
Cup at Abingdon, 3 Miles, 9 st. 2
agst. (iy.-o. Jocko 9 st.
and 3 times second,
ran 9 vear-old C times, won 3 times. Selling Race at Abingdon, 3 Miles,
9 St. 2
agst. 3 4 y.-o. 8 st.
and 2 5 y.-o. 8 st. 9
agst. 5 horses,
and once second.
,, 10 ,, 7 ,, ,,3 ,. Cup at Newport, 3 Miles, 8 St. 13
agst. 4 y.-o. Paradox 8 st. 7
Selling Race at Abingdon, 2 Miles,
agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 3 4 y.-o.,
and 3 times second.
,,11 ,, 12 ,, ,, G ,, \\'()n 3 Selling Races, over 2 Miles,
agst. 3 6 y.-t). horses.
Salperton St. at Cheltenham, 2 Miles,
9 St. 7
agsl. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st.
and 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 7
and on tlie same dav
Cup, 3 Miles, 9 st.'l
agst. 5 y.-o. Thorngrove 8 st. 11
,, 12 ,, 8 ,, ,, 5 ,, Handicap at Bath, 1^ Miles, 8 St. 10
agst. 3 5 y.-o. 7 st. 10 to 8 st. J
(Sinbad)
and 2 (i v.-o.8 st. 2 and 9 st. 2
(iJryan)
agst. 5 horses.
2 Selling Races, IJ and 2 Miles,
agst. young horses.
Beaufort St. at Cilnucestcr, about 2
Miles, Heats,
agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 1 fiy.-o.,
and on the follow ing da\-
City Member's I'i., 2 Miles, Heats,
agst. 6 y.-o. Harry.
). 13 ,, 7 ,, ,,1 ,, Selling Race at Batii, 3 Miles, 9 St. 2
agst. 4 y.-o. 7 st. 13
and second in Gold Cup at Newporl.
ran 90 times, won 50 times.
|g4 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
No. 37. Fleur de Us T82-2 by Bourbon,
ran 3 year-old 4 times, won 3 times, L. not placed.
,, 7 ,, Dcp.
4
M
7
5
yi
(5
6
M
5
7
»»
C-,
ran 31 times, won ■22 times.
4 „
3 „
4 ,, Gold Cup at Goodw., 9 st. 3
agst. 5y.-o. Mameluke D. 9 st. 3
and 4 others.
1 ,, Gold Cup at Goodw., 9 st. 9
agst. 8 horses, amongst which were
5 y.-o. The Colonel L. 10 st.
0 ,, second in the Gold Cup at Goodw.,
9 St. 11
agst. 4 y.-o. Priam D. 9 St. 5
behind 4 y.-o. Variation 8 st. 11
which had won 4 good races in the
same year.
No. 38. Conquest 1822 by Waterloo,
ran 3 year-old 3 times, won 2 times. Altogether Races with Heats,
„ 4 „ 11 „ „ 7 „ 2-2J Miles.
.5 ,, 19 ,, ,, 12 ,, ran and won on August 9 at Salisbury
— 33 times, won 21 times, 'i 3 races, one after the other with-
out a pause, with fresh opponents,
viz. : —
1. Sweepstakes, 2 Miles, 8 st. 7
2. The City Member's PI., 2 Miles
with Heats.
3. The City Bowl, 2A Miles with
Heats.
Ran on the 16th August at Blandford
the following 3 races :
1. Dorsetshire St., 2 Miles, not
placed.
2. Selling Races, 2^ Miles, won, and
immediately after
3. Member's PI., 2^ Miles, second.
Won on the 23rd August at Taunton,
2J Miles with Heats, against 3 good
racehorses.
Won on the 24th August in the Town
PL, 2| Miles with Heats.
Won on the 28th August in Bridg-
water Ladies' PL, 2i Miles with
Heats,
5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 105
and on the -JOth August at the same
place Member's PL, 2J Miles with
Heats (3 times),
and on tiie 12th Sept. at Exeter Mem-
ber's PL, -2^ Miles with Heats.
Ran on the 13th Sept. at the same
place Handicap PL, 2J Miles with
Heats, not placed,
and was victorious immediately after-
wards in the City Member's PL, 2\
Miles with Heats.
Ran on the 2r)th Sept. at Dorchester
Tradesmen's PL, atioiit 2 Miles with
Heats, not placed,
and won on the same day in the
Ladies' PL, about 2 Miles with
Heats (3 times), against 4 good race-
horses,
and ran on the following day at the
. same place Yeoman's PL, 2 Miles
with Heats, against 3 good race-
horses, won the first Heat, but fell
in the second Heat, injuring itself
inwardly, and had to be killed.
No. 39. Tranby 1.S2G by Blacklock.
November 1831. The famous bet of Mr. Osbaldiston to ride 200 miles in
10 hours, any number of horses. Won in 8 hours, 42 minutes, with 29 horses,
amongst which was the 5 vear-old Tranby by Blacklock, which had to go four
times, 4 miles eacJT time, with about one hour's pause each time. Tranby
took for the : —
1st 4 Miles 8 Minutes, ID Seconds.
2nd 4 Miles 8 ,, —
3rd 4 Miles 8 ,, !'>
4th 4 Miles 8 ,, 50
In the next vear Tranbv ran and won twice at Newmarket in a well con-
tested race, then became Sire of " I am not aware," who won races 2 — 9 year-
old, and was then sold tn America, where he got renowned as sire of
V'andal's dam.
\o. 10. C'alhrrina 1830 by \\'hisker.
ran 2 \ear-old 2 times, won 0 times, twice second.
,, 3 ,, 111 ,, ,, I ,, O. not placed, L. second.
„ 4 ,, 17 ,, ,. 10 ,.
„ r, ,, 19 „ „ 11 ,.
,, n ,, 20 ,, ,,11 ,. incl. twice King's PI.
166 Trial of the Thorou};hbred on the Racecourse, etc.
ran 7 year-old 18 times, won 6 times, incl. once King's PI.
1,8 ,, 1~ ,, ,, 5 ,, The Tradesmen's Cup at Manchester,
21 Miles, 8 st. 7
agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. and 7 st. 12
1 5 y.-o. 7 St.
1 older S st. 5
agst. 4 horses.
1 King's PI. agst. 2 4 y.-o.
and 4 times second.
9 ,, 25 ,, ,, 10 ,, The Tradesmen's Cup at Burnley, 2J
Miles, 8 St. 11
agst. 3 4 v.-o. 8 st. 2
1 older 9 st.
agst. 4 horses.
10 ., 25 ,, ,, ]2 ,, Ladies' Purse at Chester, ahout 2
Miles with Heats
agst. 3 3 y.-o.
1 4 y.-o.
1 5 y.-o.
agst. 5 horses.
Lancashire St. at Burnley, about 3
Miles, Heats
agst. 4 y.-o. The Shadow and 5 y.-o.
St. Leonard
and immediately after
A free PI., about 3 ]\liles. Heats
agst. 2 4 y.-o. and 1 5 y.-o.
Sweepst. at Chesterfield, 2 Miles
agst. 1 4 y.-o. and 1 5 y.-o.
and on the following day
Sweepst., about 2 Miles
agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 1 4 y.-o.
and immediately after
The Town PI., 2 Miles, Heats (3
times)
agst. 2 3 y.-o.
1 4 y.-o.
1 5 v.-o.
agst. 4 horses.
The Tally-ho St. at Welshpool, 2
Miles, Heats (3 times), 11 st. 5
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 8 st. 7
2 4 y.-o. 9 St. 5
1 5 y.-o. 10 St. 10
1 older 11 St. 5
agst. 5 horses,
5 The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 167
atid on tlie foUowinj; day
The Innkeeper's Purse, IJ Miles,
Heats (3 times)
afjst. 1 3 v.-o. and 2 5 v.-o.
ran H year-old:28 timrs. won U times. The All-aged St. at Tenbiiry, 2 Miles,
Heats (4 times), 8 st. 11
agst. 2 5 y.-o. 8 st. 7 and 8 st. 10
3 older 8 st. 11 to 9 st. 3
agst. 5 horses.
Svveepst. at Bridgnorth, about 2
Miles, Heats (3 times)
agst. 1 4 y.-o., 1 5 y.-o. and 1 older,
and on the following day
A Gold Cup, about 2 Miles
agst. 1 4 y.-o., 1 5 y.-o. and 1 older.
On the 30th August second in Race
over IJ Miles with Heats.
On the following day third in a Race
over 2 Miles, and on the same day
second in a Race over l\ Miles with
Heats.
On the 28th Sept. second in a Race
over about 3 Miles,
and immediately after winner in
Pottery St., about 2 Miles, Heats
agst. 2 4 y.-o.,
and on the following day winner in
Town St., about 2 Miles
agst. 2 3 y.-o.
On the 6th October Sweepst. at
Knutsford, 2 Miles
agst. 1 4 y.-o.,
immediately after not placed in Race
over 2J Miles,
and on the following dav second, ]J
-Miles with Heats (3 times), 3 be-
hind.
On tlic Mth October third in a Race
over 2 Miles with Heats,
and on the same dav
Tally-ho St. at Welshpool, 2 Miles,
Heats, 11 St. 5
agst. 4 y.-o. Hautboy 9 st. 11
and on the following day
Innkeeper's Purse, IJ Miles, Heats ([
times), 9 St. 8
168
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
agst. 1 3y.-o. 7 st. 3
2 older 9 st. 8 and 9 st. 13
(amongst them Kitty Cockle)
18th October Moorland St. at Leek,
about 2 Miles, Heats (3 times)
acrst. 2 3 v.-o. and 1 older.
ran
176 times, won 81 times, and had 9 good foals.
No. 41. Isaac 1831 by Figaro.
ran 3 year-old 2 times, won 1 time.
., 4
3 „
., 5
„ 8 „
., 6
M 14 ,,
,, 7
,, 16 ,,
„ 8
M 23 „
2 times.
1 time, King's PI
9 times.
10 „
18
Handicap at Coventry, IJ Miles, 9 st.
agst.l 3y.-o. 6 st. 4
1 4y.-o. 7 St. 4
2 5 y.-o. 8 St. and 8 st. 6
agst. 4 horses.
Handicap at Bath,
1
Mile,
H
eat
8 St. 12
agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st.
4
and 6 st.
12
2 4 y.-o. 7 St.
6
and 7
St.
10
1 5 y.-o. 9 st
2
1 older 8 st.
1
agst. 6 horses.
Worcestershire St., 2 Miles, 8 st. 10
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 4
1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 10
and on the same day
City Member's Pl.^ 2 Miles, Heats,
9 St. 6
agst.l 3 y.-o. 6 st. 10
2 older 9 st. 4
and on the following day
Gold Cup, 3 Miles, 9 st. 4
agst. 5 y.-o. Modesty 8 st. 13.
Oxfordshire St., 2 Miles, 8 st. 3
agst. 1 5 y.-o. 9 st. 11 (Caravan)
1 6 v.-o. 9 St. 2
1 older 6 St. 9
agst. 3 horses,
and on the following day
Cup, 21 Miles, 9 st.
agst. 1 5 y.-o. 9 st. 11
3 6 y.-o. 9 St. to 9 st. 5
agst. 4 horses.
5 The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 109
Leamington St. at W^arwick, 2 Miles,
8 St. 3
agst.2 4y.-o. 6 St. 7 and 7 st. 7
1 5y.-o. 7 St. 13
2 6y.-o. 8 St. 5 and 8 st. 10
(KinCT Cole)
agst. 5 horses.
On the following day second in the
W^arwick Cup, over 4 Miles, T) y.-o.
Caravan behind.
On the following da\'
Stand St., 2 Miles, 8 st. 10
agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. and 6 st. 5,
and immediately after third in King's
PI., 2 Miles, Heats.
King's PI. at Leicester
agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 1 4 y.-o.,
and on the following day
Gold Cup, about 3 Miles, 9 st. 4
agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 1 5 y.-o. Ci st. 7
and 9 st. 1.
Gold Cup at Shrewsbury, 3 Miles
agst. 5 y.-o. Caravan,
and on the following day
King's PL, 3 Miles
agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 2 5 y.-o.
Cup at Oswestry, IJ Miles, not
placed, 5 starters.
Immediately after
w. o., li Miles
and
Member's St., U Miles. Heats (3
times), 8 st. 13
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st.
and 1 4 y.-o. 7 st. 11
ran !) year-old ].') times, won T) times. Worcestershire St., 2 Miles, 9 st. 5
agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 4 and 7 st. 10
Cup at Oxford, 2^ Miles. 9 st.
agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 13 and 8 st. 2
1 Gy.-o. 9 St. 5 (Caravan)
agst. 3 horses.
Ifith Sept. at Shrewsbury, 2 Miles,
not placed.
17th Sept. second Gold Cup, 3 Miles.
18th Sept. King's PL, 3 Miles
agst. 5 good horses,
Trial of the Thoroiifjhbred on the Racecourse, etc.
and on the same day second in Mem-
ber's Pi., about 2J Miles, Heats.
Gold Cup at Wrexham, about .3
Miles, 9 St. 1
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st.
1 4 y.-o. S St. 1
1 6 y.-o. 9 St.
agst. 3 horses.
Handicap at Newm., 2 Miles, 9 st. 1
asfst. 4 3 y.-o. 5 st. 3 to 6 st. 9
4 4 y.-o. 6 St. 7 to 8 st. 5
2 5 v.-o. 7 St. 7 and 8 st.
1 ofder 8 St. 7
agst. 11 horses.
In the Cesarew., 8 st. 5, not placed,
ran 10 year-old 13 times, won 1 time. Handicap at Warwick, 2 Miles, 9 st. 4
agst. 6 4 y.-o. 6 st. 12 to 8 st. 4
3 5 y.-o. 7 St. 8 to 8 st. 10
1 older 7 St. 7
11
12
J>
4
13
M
3
14
M
4
15
) »
1
agst. 10 horses.
On the same day in Handicap second.
Ran further in many big Handicaps,
in small and large Handicaps,
and twice second in Kino-'s PI.
I in Hurdle and Himtcr Races.
ran 3
M 4
M 5
M 6
„ 7
111 times, won 54 times.
No. 42. Zohrab 1831 by Lottery,
year-old 6 times, won 3 times.
8
6
10
7
17
4
3
8
4
11
1 King's PI.
Victoria St. at Cheltenham, 2 Miles,
9 St. 7
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 12
and 2 5 y.-o. 7 st. 12 and 9 st. 2
Ladies' PI. at Kelso, 2J Miles, 9 st. 2
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st. 7 "
1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 7
1 5 v.-o. 7 St. 8
1 6 y.-o. 8 St. 3
agst. 4 horses,
o. The Thiiriiiitjhbrt'd in llic Past aTid Present.
171
(jften ran and won twice on the same
day.
ran 0 vear-old 11 times, won 'J times. Gold C"up in Hylinton Park, 2i Miles,
1'2 St. 4 '
agst.-2 6y.-o. 1-2 st. 4
(Cardinal Puff)
1 older 12 st. 4
often ran twice on the same day.
,, 18 ,, ,, (3 ,, often won twice on the same day,
mostly- in Races with Heats,
last Race at Kelso, 1^ Miles, 9 st. 9
agst. -2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 13
1 5 v.-o. 9 St. 6
1 older 9 St. 3
agst. 4 horses.
„ 10
r;in
S3 times, won -'iC) times.
No. 43. The Potentate 1832 bv Lansrar.
ran
2v
1 »
3
M
4
»»
0
, ^
n
1 »
7
M
8
,-ear-old 3 times, won 0 times.
o
]]
19
23
13
13
1
4
11
15
4
and twice second (Derby at York and
St. Leger at Liverpool).
incl. twice Kinej's PI.
incl. 3 times King's PI.
Goodwood Cup, against 19 horses of
a good class (of which were Epirus,
EucHd, Retriever, Verulam).
mostly in big, well contested Races.
The Glasgow Cup at Paislev, 2 Miles,
8 St. 8
agst. oy.-o. Rejected 7 st. 12
last Race, A free Handicap, 1 .Mile,
Heats (3 times), 8 st. 9
agst. 2 G v.-o. 7 St. 3 and 9 st. 2
ran
01 times, won 39 times.
No. II. Hee's Wing 1S.33 by Dr. Syntax,
an 2 vear-old 3 times, won 2 times.
.3
.1 5
.)
L. not placed.
8
'■' ,.
incl. 1 King's PI.
9
'' M
incl. 1 King's PI.
fi
M 12
11 ,,
incl. 3 King's PI.
., 12
10 ..
incl. 1 King's PI.
17-.
Trial of the Thorous"hbred on tlie Racecourse, etc.
ran 8 year-old 10 times, won 9 times. Trial St. at Chester
agst. 2 3 y.-o.
1 5 y.-o.
1 older.
agst.
4 horses.
Gold Cup at Newcastle, 2 Miles, 9 st. 3
agst. 4-y.-o. Calypso 8 st. 5
and 6y.-o. Lanercost Acp. 9 st. 3
Gold Cup at Stockton, 9 st. 8
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 11
1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 7
1 5 y.-o. 9 St. 5
agst. 3 horses.
Cup at Doncaster
agst. .5 y.-o. Shadow.
Gold Cup' at Ascot, 2J Miles
agst. 2 4 y.-o.
and 2 older (of which were
Lanercost Acp.)
agst. 4 horses.
Gold Cup at Newcastle, 2 Miles
agst. 6 y.-o. Charles XII. L.
Gold Cup at Doncaster
agst. 3 y.-o. Attila
6 y.-o. Charles XII. L.
and 6 )'.-o. Shadow
agst. 3 horses.
ran
64 times, won 51 times.
No. 45. Adrian 1834 by Sultan,
ran 2 year-old 10 times, won 1 time.
,, 4
9 „
0
,,
,, 5
, 12 ,,
1
» •
„ 6
3 „
0
, ,
M 7
, 14 ,,
5
times.
M 8
, 18 ,,
8
M
,, 9
, 20 ,,
4
M
„ 10
, 14 ,,
2
»»
,, 11
, 7 ,, ,
0
M
„ 12
4 ,,
3
» »
M 13
3 ,,
0
M
Ran chiefly in Races over 1^ to 2J
Miles with Heats, and beat many
younger horses, often in Selling
Races.
\ also in Hurdle Races.
114 times, won 28 times.
■5. The Thoroui,'hbrod in the Past and Present.
173
No. 4(i. The Sli;ido\v ]S8(; by The Saddler.
ran -I v ear-old -1 (in
3
4
5
6
7
8
4
10
19
■2^
17
10
cs, won -2 times
18
.2
2
7
13
n
]-2
t)
9
O. not placed.
incl. twice Kind's PI.
inch 3 times King's PI.
incl. once King's PI.
Gold Cup at We.stern Meeting, 2 M.,
8 St. 13
agst. 1 3y.-o. 7 st. 5
and 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 5
and on the following day
A Plate for all ages, 2 .Miles, Heats.
A Plate of £50 at Perth, 2 Miles,
Heats
agst. 1 4 y.-o. and 1 5 y.-o.
and on the same day
Member's PI., about 2 Miles, 10 st. 2
agst. 4 y.-o. Armytage 9 st. 9
Cleveland Cup at Wolverhampton, 3
Miles, 9 St.
agst. 1 3 y.-o. Coer de Lion 7 st. 2
1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 6
1 0 v.-o. 9 St. 7
1 G y.-o. 9 St. 11
agst. 4 horses.
King's PI. at York, 2 Miles
agst. 3 3 y. o.
and 2 ~j y.-o.
agst. 5 horses.
-Member's PI. at York, U Miles,
Heats, 9 St. 2
agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 7 and 7 st. 10
King's PI. at Leicester
agst. 1 3 y.-o.
King's PI. at Donraster
agst. 1 3 y.-o.
.\ Plate at Dumfries, 2 Miles
agst. 2 3 y.-o.
A Plate of jCoO at Perth, 2 Miles,
Heats
agst. 1 3 y.-o. and I 1 y.-o.,
and on the same da\'
.Member's PI., about 2 Miles
ag.st. 2 3 y.-o.
171
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
ran 10 year-old 7 times, won 1 time. Handicap at Aberdeen, IJ Miles,
9 St. 5
agst. 1 6 y.-o. 8 st. 1
and 1 older 8 st. 4
,, 11 ,, 3 ,, ,,1 ,, Welter St., Gentleman Rider, 1 Mile
atjst. 3 older.
ran
113 times, won 61 times.
No. 47. St. I>awrence 1837 by Skylark or Lapwing,
ran 2 3'ear-old 6 times, won 2 times.
incl. 5 times King's PI.
in the best company.
Tradesmen PI. Handicap at Chester,
7 St. 10
agst. 29 horses of a good class,
amongst which were : Mendicant
4 y.-o. 8 St. (second), Newcourta
7 St. 10 (third), Annandale 5 y.-o.
7 St. 13.
In the C'esarew. 8 st. 2, not placed.
3
G
.1
4
16
M 9
5
4
M 1
6
17
M 13
7
■5
,, 1
8
4
,, 0
9
0
M 0
0
0
M 1
62 times, won 29 times.
No. 48. Lady Flora 1838 by Hampton,
ran 3 year-old 4 times, won 2 times.
,, 4
15
7 ,.
„ 5
8
0 „
M 6
24
12 ,.
,. 7
24
12 ,,
M 8
19
6 ,.
„ 9
16
5 ,,
M 10
14
•5 M
M 11
8
.1
Almost all in Races with Heats Ij
to 3 Miles, against younger horses.
Also ran in Hnrdle Races.
132 times, won 51 times.
No. 49. The Sailor (later Gaffer Green) 1839 by Obadiah.
(Not in Stud Book, a Thoroughbred nevertheless).
ran 6 year-old 6 times, won 4 times.
7 n 4
8 24 7
5. Tlie Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 175
ran 9 year-old 15 times, won 4 times, and 5 times second.
Chester Handicap, f Mile, 5 st. 12
agst. 3 3 y.-o. 4 st. 12 to 5 st. 3
7 4 y.-o. 5 St. 11 to 0 st. 13
1 older 7 st. 8
10 ,, 15
agst. 11 h(jrses.
Shrewsbury Handicap, li Miles,
G St.' 12
agst. 1 5 y.-o. 7 st. 6
3 6 y.-o. 7 St. 2 to 7 st. 12
1 older 8 st. 10
agst. 5 horses,
and on the same day
Handicap, about 1 Mile with Heats,
5 St. 7
agst. 1 4 y.-o. 5 st. 4
2 .5 y. o. 5 St. 6 and 5 st. 7
1 older 5 St. 7
agst. 4 horses.
,, 4 ,, Chester Grand Stand Cup, about li
Miles, 8 St. 2
agst. 5 3 y.-o. 4 st. 12 to 6 st. 10
2 4 y.-o. G St. 11 and 7 st. 10
2 5 y.-o. 7 St. fi and 8 st. 2
1 6 y.-o. 8 St. 10
1 older 8 s(. G
agst. 11 horses.
Shrewsbury Sev. St., 1 Mile with
Heats, 7 st. 7
agst. 2 5 y.-o. 5 st. 11 and G st.
Newport Handicap, 1 Mile, 8 st. 7
agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 6
1 5 y.-o. 7 St. 13
agst. 3 horses.
Leominster V'olka St., U Miles with
Heats (4 times), 8 st. 12
agst. 4 4 y.-o. G st. 10 to 7 st. 10
I G y.-n. 7 si. l:i
agst. .5 horses.
li >> 20 ,, ,, 1 ,, Ran in good Races and in good
company.
Wrexham Handicap, IJ Miles with
Heats (4 times), 7 st, 9
176
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st.
3 4 y.-o. 6 St. 13 to 7 st. 11
2 6 y.-o. 8 St. 1 and 8 st. 7
agst. G horses,
ran 12 year-old 10 times, won 0 times. Ran in good Races and in good
company.
,, 13 ,, not rim.
,, 14 ,, 8 ,, ,,1 )i in several big Handicaps in good
company.
Walsall Member's St., about IJ M.
with Heats (4 times), 8 st. 11
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st. 1
and 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 13
ran
109 times, won 25 times.
No. .50. Inheritress (Foundation Mare of Veilchen) 1840 by The
Saddler.
ran 2 year-old 4 times, won 1 time.
., 3
0
„ 0 „
„ 4
„ 10 „
,, 4 times
,, 5
n 24 ,,
„ 14 „
,. 6
., 1-7 ,,
„ 7 „
M 7
,, 15 ,,
„ 9 „
18
„ 11
incl. 4 King's PL, 2 Miles, Heats,
incl. 2 King's PL, 2 Miles, Heats,
incl. 3 King's PL, 2 Miles, Heats, and
3 Miles.
Liverpool Cup, 2 Miles
agst. 16 horses,
second in the Gr. Metrop. St. at
Epsom, 22 horses behind.
The Cheshire St. at Chester, 1 Mile
3 Furl., 8 St. 9
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 5 st. 2
1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 2 (The Swallow)
1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 10 (Pyrrhus I D.)
1 older 7 st.
agst. 4 horses.
Handicap at Nottingham, 2 Miles,
8 St. 9
agst. 2 3 y.-o. 5 st. 4 and 5 st. 7
1 4 y.-o. 6 St. 9
1 older 7 st. 11 (Yardley)
agst. 4 horses,
and on the following day
The Chesterfield Handicap, 1^ Miles,
8 St. 10
agst. 2 3 y.-o. 4 st. 12 and 5 st. 6
o. 'I'liu 'rhoixiiii;lil>rcil ill iIk- I'.i>t aiul Present. 177
and on the same dav
King's PL, -2 Miles, Heats, 10 st.
aysl. 1 .'jy.-o. 8 St. 2
1 4 y.-n. 9 st. 4
1 (■) y.-o. 10 St.
ajjst. ■'! horses.
Second in the \\V)l\'('rhanipt()n St.,
'2i Miles, 3 behind,
and im tiie following dav
'i'hc C"lc\('land Cup at W'oherhanip-
ton, :] Miles, 9 st. 6
agst. 1 '■] v.-o. 6 St. 0
J 4 y.-o. 8 St. 2
Dundas St. at York, IJ Miles, 0 st.
agst. 3 3 y.-o. 6 st. 8
1 4 y.-o. 8 St. 2
agst. 4 horses.
Caledonian Handicap, 2 .Miles, 8 st. 13
agst. 2 3 y.-o. -5 st. 11 and ('> st. 2
I r, y.-i). S St. (Plaudit)
agst. 3 horses.
Richmond Handicap, 2 Miles, 0 st. .)
aqst. 4 3 v.-o. o st. 12 to (1 st. 4
1 4 y.-o. 6 .St. 4
1 older 7 st. 13
agst. fi horses,
twice King's PI.
Ce.sarew. 8 st. 8, not ]:)laced.
ran !» year-old II time-,, won 1 time. Handicap at Nottingham, \l Miles,
8 St. 7
agst. 1 4 v.-o. 7 St.
1 times second and
in 3 big Handicaps not placed.
., 10 ,, n ,, ,, 1 ,, llandicaj) at W'ohcrhampton, IJ, M .,
7 St. •')
agst. 1 3 v.-o. .") St. ()
and 1 () y.-o. fi st. 4
and in 1 big Handicaps not placed.
lan 101 timi>s, won 18 limes.
No. ."il. Dulcet JiSl2 by Dulcimer,
ran 3 vear-old Ci limes, won 1 time.
.,4' ,. in ., ,, 12itimes.
,. i", .., 3 ,, ., 1 ,,
fi ^ 0
178
Trial of the Thoroui^hbred on the Racecourse, etc.
ran 7 year-old 5 times, won 0 times.
10
11
Handicap Newm. 2 Y. O. C.= 5 Furl.
136 Yds., 7 St. 8
agst. 4 3 y.-o. 6 st. 4 to 7 st. 7
1 4v.-o.8st.5
1 6 y.-o. 8 St. 9
agst. 6 horses.
Cobham PI. Handicap at Epsom,
f Mile, 7 St. 7
agst. 2 3 y.-o. 5 st. 12 and 6 st. 12
2 4 y.-o. 7 St. 9 and 8 st.
2 5 y.-o. 7 St. 7
1 6 y.-o. 7 St. 10
agst. 7 horses
twice second in big Handicaps.
Cesarew. and Cambr. not placed.
Berkshire St. at Reading, 2 Miles,
6 St. 13
agst.l 3 y.-o. 6 St. 3
4 4 y.-o. 6 St. 10 to 8 st.
1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 1
agst. 6 horses.
Handicap at Newm., 1 Mile, 6 st. 5
agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 12 and 7 st.
1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 12
2 5 y.-o. 7 St. and 8 st. 8
(Russborough) second
1 6 y.-o. 7 St. 7
agst. 6 horses.
Once second and once third in big
Handicaps.
In the Tradesmen's PI., 43 Starters,
not placed.
In the Royal Hunt Cup at Ascot, 30
Starters, not placed.
ran
58 times, won 21i times.
No. 52. Radulphus 1843 by The Saddler.
ran 2 year-old 1 time, won 0 times.
6 times, won 0 ,, twice not placed.
3
4
5
6
7
5
» J
„ 3
4
M
„ 1
14
, ,
M 7
9
o
incl. 1 King's PI.
5. The Thoroughbred in llic Past ami IViscnt. ]79
ran 8 year-old 7 times, won 4 times. Handicap at York, IJ Miles, 8 st. 12
agst. 4 3 y.-o. 5 st. 2 to 5 St. 12
and 4 4 y.-o. 7 st. 2 to 8 St.
agst. 8 horses.
Fitzwilliam Handicap at Doncaster,
1 Mile, 8 St. 12
agst. 5 3 y.-o. o st. 9 to 7 st. H
and 3 5 y.-o. (J st. 5 to 8 st.
agst. 8 horses.
Handicap at Richmond, | .Mile, 9 st. o
agst. 4 2 y.-o. 5 st. to 6 st. 10
and 1 5 y.-o. 7 st. 10
agst. 5 horses.
„ 9 ,.8 ,, ,, 2 ,, Craven St. at York, 1 Mile, 9 St. 3
agst. 3 y.-o. Lady Agnes G st. 10
and 4 v.-o. Iris 8 st. 4
.,10 ,, 11 ,, ,, 2 ,, Trial St.'at Airdrie, IJ Miles, 9 St. 5
agst. 2 3 y.-o. 7 st. 4
1 4 y.-o. 8 St. 4
2 5 y.-o. 8 St. 10 to 9 st. 1
1 older 8 St. 9
agst. 6 horses.
Sweepst. at Paisley, IJ Miles, 9 st. 7
agst. 2 3 y.-o. 7 st. 4
., 11 M 9 ,, ,,4 ,, Member's PI. at Paislev, 2 Miles,
9 St. 5
agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 9
andl 6 y.-o. 9 st. 2
Trial St. at Lanark, 1^ Miles, 9 st. 2
agst. 2 3 y.-o. 7 st. 4 and 7 st. 9
and 1 older 9 st. 2
>• 4 ,, Selling Race at Epsom, IJ .Aliles, 9 St.
agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 13 to 7 st. 5
1 5 y.-o. 9 St. 2
1 older 9 St. 3
agst. 4 horses,
and on the same day second in
Railway PL, | Mile,
5 3- and 5 y.-o. behind.
Handicap at Warwick, 5 Furl., S st. 2
agst.l 3 y.-o. 6 st. 9
1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 6
1 older 8 st. 7
12 „ 10
agst. 3 horses.
13 ., 9 ,, ,,0 ,, in big Handicaps.
ISO
Trial lit Ihe 'riinrdiiijliljrfd on tlid' IvacfCuLii'M',
ran 14 vcar-old 12 times, won 4 limes. Selling Race at Ripon, about 1 Mile,
7 St. 11
agst. 1 3 y.-o. 5 st. 9
andl 6 y.-o. 7 st. 11
agst. '2 luirses,
and won 2 Gentlemen's Races at New-
market over i Mile.
ran
105 times, won 33 times.
Xo. n;;. Alonzn 1SI7 b\- Alplicus.
4 times. D. not placed.
ran
3
vear-old '.1
lim
•s.
won
4 tim
4
5
fi
7
,. 11
,, 12
M 7
1 ,.
■5 ,,
8
M «
•2
,. 0
,, in
11
n
St. Liz. Handicap at Xortlwmpton,
U Miles, 8 St. 4
agst. 1 3 v.-o. 5 St. 6
0 4 v.-o. 5 St. 10 to 7 St. 3
1 6 y.-o. 8 St.
agst. 7 horses.
Handicap at Ludlow, 1^ Miles, 8 st. 3
agst. 3 3 v.-o. 6 st. 6 to 6 st. 12
3 5 v.-o. 6 St. 12 to 8 st. 1
2 r/v.-o. 7 St. 8 and 7 st. 10
agst. 8 horses,
and 3 times third in good Handicaps.
St. Liz. Handicap at Northampton,
11 Miles, 8 St. 2
agst. 8 3 v.-o. 4 st. 10 to 6 st.
7 4 v.-o. 5 St. 12 to 7 st. 7
1 5 y.-o. 6 St. 10
1 older 7 st. o
agst. 12 horses.
Welter St. at Worcester, 1\ Miles,
11 St. 3
agst. 1 3 v.-o. 8 St. fi
1 4 v.-o. 8 St. 6
1 5 y.-o. 9 St. 11
agst. 3 horses.
Lancaster Cup, IJ Miles, 8 st. 7
agst. 3 3 y.-o. 5 st. 7 to fi st, 5
and 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. and 7 st. 12
3 times second.
not placed in good Handicaps.
ran
70 times, won 21 times.
5. 'I'lif ThdiuLii^hbrfd in tliu I'ast aiul IVesenl.
181
No. 54. Foodie 18^9 by Ion.
ran 2 year-old 3 times, won 2 times.
„ 3
, 11 ,,
M 4 ,,
M 4
, 13 ,,
,. 1 ..
., 5
9 ,,
,, 3 ..
,. 6
9 .,
o
M 7
(5
.1
M 8
. 11 • ,,
M 3 ..
Gr. .\Jrlr(ip. Si. al I'lpsom, -2] Miles.
8 St.
agst. 8 3 y.-o. ~> st. 2 to (i st. 8
2 4 y.-o. 8 St. 4 and 9 st.
(Fisherman)
1 (iy.-o. 8 St. s (Winidield)
1 older 7 st. 13
agst. 12 iiorscs.
Handicap at Xewm., 1 Mile, 9 st. 2
agst. 4 4 v.-o. (j St. 9 to 7 st. 9
1 r, y.-o. 8 St. 3
1 iildcr 8 St. 7
agst. fi horses.
King's PI. at New market
agst. 2 4 \-.-(j. and
•) V.-(l.
„ n
and in the Cesarew., 8 st. 8, not
placed.
Hibury Si., 1.] Miles, (ientlemen
Riders, 10 .st. 8
agst. 2 4 y.-o. 8 st. 13
and 1 .■) y.-o. 11 st.
in the Cesarew ., 7 St., not placed.
ran 71 times, won 20 limes.
No. 55. Mr. Sykes (Half-bred) l.s;,n |)\ Sir Taimn S\kes
C'esarewitcli, (\ st. S (:]-\ horses).
King's Pi.
Roxburgh Handicap, li Miles, 7 st. 6
agst. 3 3 y.-o. 4 st. 10 to 5 st. 13
3 4 y.-o. (') si. () to 7 St. 2
4 5 v.-o. 5 St. 11 to 7 St. 10
1 older 7 St. 12
a^ysl . I 1 horsrs.
an J. \ cai
-IIIU U (Mil
es, won
1
time.
,. 3
M 11
0
times
M 4
.>
0
, »
)) 5
M 11 ,
.3
„ 6
,.11
1
>i 7
3
0
,, 8
9 ,
1
in the Cesarew., 7 st. J^, and in the
Cambr., 8 st., not placed.
IQ2 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
ran 9 year-old 13 times, won 2 times. City Handicap at Lincoln, IJ Miles,
7 St. 9
agst. 8 3 y.-o. 4 st. 10 to 5 st. 9
3 4 y.-o. 5 St. 12 to 7 st. 6
1 5 y.-o. 6 St. 10
1 older 7 st. 2
agst. 13 horses.
,, 10 ,. 3 ,, .,0 ,, in good Handicaps.
ran 65 times, won 10 times.
The most imposing performances of the above 55 examples from 1730 to
1850 begin with Marksman, born 1808, and slowly decrease after Inheritress,
born 1840. In spite of the enormous increase of Thoroughbred breeding
after 1850, we do not find any examples in the second half of the nineteenth
century which can show better performances in this respect, and only a few
with anything like these performances. According to the above examples,
the best time seems to have been 1830 to 1840, as in this period the follow-
ing horses, which accomplished extraordinary performances, were born,
namely : Catherina, Isaac, Zohrab, Potentate, Bee's Wing, The Shadow,
St. Lawrence, The Sailor, and Inheritress.
All these facts go to prove that the hardiness and endurance of the
Thoroughbred, and especially the resisting capacity of its foundation,
decreased about tlie second half of the nineteenth century. \\'hether at the
same time the speed of the Thoroughbred, for distances up to li English
miles, increased, cannot be clearly shown, but it is probable. Height and
appearance have been improved, or, as the classical defender of the present
day racing s\stem. Admiral Rous, says, " We have bred more for size
and strength." Yes, we have obtained that in our highly improved light
breeds, but also at the same time a retrogression in the performing capacity
which is required outside the racecourse. The celebrated Gimcrack, born
1760, No. 8 in above list, to which Admiral Rous points somewhat con-
temptuously as a " generally small horse," is supposed to have been only
14 hands; according to other statements, 13 hands, 3J inches, equalling 141
cm. Admiral Rous contends that in 1700 the average height was 13 hands,
3 inches, and that since then this average height has risen every twenty-five
years by 1 inch, and ought therefore to be now 15 hands, 3 inches, equalling
160 cm'.
5. The Thoroug-hbred in the Past and Present.
183
The following list gives the sizes of tlie most important Thoroughbred
stallions whicli 1 liave been able to obtain.
No.
Names of Stallions.
Born.
Sire.
Hands.
Size in
Inches.
cm.
1
Darlcv Arabian
Mixbury
1702
noi
15
152,4
i:^,2
2
The Curven Bay Barb
13
2
3
i
Godolphin Arabian
Sampson
1724
1745
15
15
152,4
l.-)7,5
Blaze
2
5
Matcheni
1748
Cade
15
1
i:>l,9
6
Herod
1758
Tartar
15
3
1()0,0
7
8
9
Eclipse
Sir Peter
Gohanna
1764
1784
1780
Marske
Highflyer
Mercury
15
16
15
2
1
157,5
102,6
151,9
10
11
Sorcerer
Orville
1796
1799
Trumpator
Beningbrough
16
16
H
1(«,3
1()2,6
12
Castrel
1801
Buzzard
16
—
162,6
13
\\'halebone
1807
Waxy
15
*
153,7
U
Partisan
1811
Walton
15
2
157,5
15
Dr. Syntax
1811
Paynator
15
—
152,4
16
17
Filho da Puta
Lottery
1812
182f)
Haphazard
Tramp
16
16
I
1(52,6
162,6
18
Camel
1822
Whalebone
15
2
157,5
19
Mulatto
1823
Catton
15
2
157.5
ai
21
22
23
21
Little Red Rover
Plenipotentiary
Touchstone
Mundig-
Sheet Anchor
1827
1831
1831
1832
1&S2
Tramp
Emilius
Camel
Catton
Lottery
14
15
15
15
16
3
2
2
3
1
149,9
157,5
157.5
l(i0,()
165,1
2.5
26
27
2S
29
Birdcatcher
Harkaway
Don John
Bloomsbury
Nutwith
1833
1834
1835
ias6
1840
.Sir Hercules
Economist
Tramp or Waverley
Mul.itto
Tomboy
15
16
15
15
15
3
2
3
3
21
160,0
l(i7,6
160,0
160,0
1.58,2
30
Newminster
1842
Touchstone
15
2
157,5
31
Chanticleer
1843
Birdcatcher
16
—
162,6
32
The Cossacl<
1844
Hetman Platoff
15
2
157,5
33
Daniel O'Rourke
1849
Birdcatcher
15
2
157,5
Ai
Stoclvwell
1849
The Baron
16
—
162,6
:io
Lexington
1850
Boston
15
3
Kio.o
36
Saunterer
1854
Birdcatcher
15
3
16n,0
37
Buccaneer
1857
Wild Dayrell
15
3
160,0
38
Macaroni
1860
Sweetmeat
15
3
160,0
39
Blair Athol
1861
Stock well
16
-
1(!2,6
40
Lelio
1862
West .\ustralian
15
2
l.-.7,5
41
Rosicrucian
1865
Beailsman
16
—
162,6
42
1 Prince Charlie
186i»
Blair Athol
17
—
172,7
184
Trial of tln' Thdi-duyhbrt-il mi the Racecourse, etc.
Size in
No.
Xanies of Stallions.
Horn.
Sire.
Hands.
Inches.
cm.
43
Hector
1872
\"iri,nlius
15
2
157,5
44
Petrarch
1873
Lord Clifden
15
3
160,0
4.5
-Sprinj;- field
1873
St. Albans
16
—
162,6
46
Chamant
1874
Mortemer
16
—
162,6
47
Beauclerc
1875
Rosicrucian
15
3
160,0
48
Isonomv
1875
Sterling
16
—
162,6
49
Charibert
1876
Thormanby
15
3
160,0
o()
Bend Or
1877
Doncaster
16
1
165,1
51
Despair
1879
See Saw
15
2
157,5
52
St. Simon
1881
Galopin
16
i
163,9
58
Esterlinj;-
1882
Sterling
16
—
162,6
54
Melton
1882
Master Kiklare
15
3
160,0
55
.\u,t;hri]ii
1883
Xenophon
16
■—
162,6
56
Kendal
188:^
Bend Or
16
1
165,1
57
Minting;
1883
Lord Lyon
16
i
163,2
58
Ormonde
1883
Bend Or
16
1
165,1
59
Gallinule
1884
Isononiy
16
—
162,6
60
.\vrshire
1885
Hampton
16
—
162,6
61
Carbine
■ 1885
Musket
15
3i
161,3
62
Winktleld
1885
Barcaldine
15
8
160,0
63
.\mphion
1886
Rosebery
15
3
160,0
64
Donovan
1886
Galopin
16
1
165,1
65
Enthusiast
1886
Sterling
16
—
162,6
66
Melanion
1886
Hermit
16
—
162,6
67
H adder
1887
Petrarch
16
1
165,1
68
Marta^on
1887
Bend Or
Ki
—
162,6
69
Sainfoin
1887
Springfield
15
3
160,0
70
St. Serf
1887
St. Simon
16
3
170,2
71
Common
1888
Isojiomy
16
1
165,1
72
Orme
1889
Ormonde
16
1
l(w,l
73
Suspender
1889
Muncaster
16
2
167,6
74
Red Prince
1880
Kendal
15
3
160,0
75
Childwick
1890
St. Simon
16
—
162,6
76
Isinglass
1890
Isonomy
16
1
165,1
77
Grey Leg'
1891
Pepper and Salt
15
2
157,5
78
Ladas
1891
Hampton
16
—
162,6
79
Sir Visto
1892
Barcaldine
16
1
165,1
80
Persimmon
1893
St. Simon
16
2
167,6
81
Galtee More
1894
Kendal
15
3i'
162,©
82
Velasquez
1894
Donovan
15
3
160,0
83
Flying Fox
1896
Orme
16
■2
163,9
84
Ard Patrick
1899
St. Florian
16
—
162,6
85
-Maintenon
1903
Le Sagittairc
16
3J
171,5
5. 'I'lic 'rlKiriPUi^lilii-fcl ill iIk- Past ami I'reseiit. ],S5
In order to arrive at a fair comparison, it is necessary to take six ol tiu'
most important stallions from the above table tor tliree different periods, and
we then i^et the follow ine; interesting results :
Isl I'eriod— Second Half of tile l-!ighteenth Century.
-Matchem horn 17-18 lo4.'.) cm. size.
Herod ,. 17.3K 160.(1 .,
l-iclipsi- ,, 17()4 1-j7.") ,,
Sir Peter „ 1784 in-J.C. .,
(Johanna .. 1790 V>4.9 ,,
Qrville ,. l7tH) Wvlj; ,,
.\verape, 1 o hands. -Ji inciies= 15N.7.") cm. size.
•Jnd Period — Middle of the Nineteentli Century.
Touchstone born lis81 I'u.'t cm. size.
Birdcatcher ,, 1.S33 160.0 ,,
Xewminster ,, 184'J 107. •') ,,
StocUwell ., LS49 16-2.6 ,,
Buccaneer ,. 18.')7 160.(1 ,,
Macaroni ,, ]>S(;0 160. tl ,.
Axeraye. 15 hands, 3 indies ^^ ]-V.).(i cm.
■']rd Period -The Last ■!') Years of the XineteeniJi Century.
lsonom\' horn 1S7-"J 16'_'.li <'m. size.
Bend Or ,, 1877 16-5.1 ., .,
St. Simon ,, issl 163.'.) ,,
Ormonde ,, LS.S3 165.1 ,.
Gallinule ,. 1SS4 16-J.6 ,,
Persimmon ,, iSH.'i 167.6
Ax'erage, 16 hands, 'l inc]i~ll)4.5 cm. size.
h'roni aho\c it can be seen that tiie heigiit of tlie Til o rough bred in
England has increased somewhat (|uicker than Admiral Rous supposed.
rile desire to increase the height seems to me to be dangerous, and will
probablv verv soon onh' be possible at the expense of the fundament. The
present dav situation of racing and iireeding seems to be apnroaching iidlciis
volciis a furtiier increase of height.
To iudgi- rightJN' of the relmgressive nioNt-ment in thi' breeding ot
Thoroughbreds, as regards their general capabilities (Leistinigsfiihigkeit),
one must take into consideration that the races r)f to-da\' are rim over shorter
distances, and without heats, and on an average at a considerably quicker
pace than was the cast' 100 years ago, and also that the increased pace makes
greater demantis on the fundament. One must, therefore, expect that the
resisting strength of the fimdanieiit will be more (juickly used up. To the
more intensive use of racehorses in a shorter time, due to railways, anil the
numerous racecf)urses, as well as to the many short rates, wiiich require a
quick getting ofl', must he attributed the fact that the nerves and health are
more C|uickly destroyed. The (luestion as to whether tile Thoroughbreds
of 1(10 vears ago would not also have deteriorated (piicker if they had had
186
Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
to undergo present day methods, and as to whether the present day
Thoroughbreds, on the other hand, would not have held out longer under
the conditions of 100 years ago, may be answered as follows : Both cases
can only happen slowly, i.e., if the supposed causes have lasted and had an
influence for several generations. On the basis of physiological observations
and practical experiences, we must assume that the present over-exertion,
especially of the younger Thoroughbred stock, for many consecutive genera-
tions, has an unfavourable influence on the constitution. These unfavourable
effects, which are an especial consequence of the many earlv races of two-
year-olds, are distinctly recognisable, also outside the course, bv manv
retrogressive signs. The most conspicuous of these consists in the fairly
regular decrease of the percentage of pregnant mares, from about 80 per cent,
in the year 1851 to 70 per cent, in recent vears.
The following list, the figures of which are taken from the General Stud
Book, gives an exact summary of this retrogressive movement : —
Year
Foals Born
Colts [ Fillies Total
.Aborted
Barren
Total
Covered
Pregnant
.\borted
%
1851
538
597
1135
43
302
1480
79,59
3,65
1852
536
538
1C74
71
a34
1479
77,42
6,61
185:^
574
558
1132
42
:^9
1543
76,09
3,71
1854
619
582
1201
35
440
1676
73,75
2,83
1855
610
609
1219
73
480
1772
72,91
5,65
1856
705
650
1.S55
61
448
1864
75,97
4,31
1857
691
679
1370
58
452
1880
75,96
4,06
1858
756
736
1492
64
424
1980
78,59
4,11
1859
745
722
1467
77
484
2028
76,13
4,99
1860
7.38
';26
1464
85
498
2047
75,67
5,49
1861
750
749
1499
73
52.5
2097
74,96
4,64
1862
718
763
1481
68
562
2111
73,38
4,39
1863
783
757
1540
88
5.56
2184
74,54
5,41
1864
756
811
1567
95
.5:17
2199
75,58
5,72
1865
786
799
1585
136
55()
2277
75,58
7,90
1866
851
855
1706
96
686
2488
72,43
5,33
1867
893
964
1857
84
645
2586
75,06
4,:iS
1868
972
949
1921
127
719
2767
74,02
6,20
1869
1009
1041
2050
113
669
2832
76,:«
.->,22
1870
983
t)65
1948
125
727
2800
74.04
6,03
1871
928
968
1896
147
693
2736
74,67
7,20
1872
881
888
1769
94
6t)4
2557
72,86
5,04
1873
862
858
1720
74
621
2415
74,29
4,12
1874
857
870
1727
72
657
2456
73,25
4,00
5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present.
187
Year
Foals Born
Colts Fillies Total
Aborted
Barren
Total
Covered
Pregnant
.'\borted
1875
824
910
1734
86
634
24^4
74.16
4,73
1876
879
863
1742
121
636
2499
74,55
6,55
1877
941
915
1856
105
722
2<i83
73,09
.5,35
1878
926
t»9
1H95
168
72:s
2786
74,0.5
8,14
1879
1002
952
1954
108
798
2860
72,10
.5,19
188<l
969
954
V.r£i
161
801
2885
72,24
7,73
1881
928
1063
1991
110
826
2927
71,78
.5,24
1882
i»20
996
1916
140
818
2874
71,54
6,81
1883
1U(J6
958
1964
121
748
2833
73,60
5,80
1881
1001
956
1957
127
801
2885
72,23
6,09
188.5
1019
1061
2080
129
7.53
2962
74,58
.5,84
1886
1100
1066
2166
i:«
791
3096
74,45
0,03
1887
106:^
l(Mi9
2132
135
861
3128
72,47
5,96
1888
um
1141
2210
129
m)
3178
73,60
5,52
1889
1201
1159
2360
146
940
3446
72,72
.5,83
189()
1213
1290
2.503
144
10<J2
3649
72.54
■5.44
1891
lim
1419
2787
192
1120
40}H)
72,68
6,45
1892
1517
1523
3040
258
1206
irm
7.3,24
7,82
1898
1662
1613
327.5
1.56
1412
4843
70,84
4,55
1894
16.51
1562
3213
184
1400
4797
70,82
5.42
189.5
1674
1557
3231
124
1327
4682
71, (T)
3.70
law
16.52
1652
:«04
144
1287
47.3.5
72.82
4.18
18il7
1785
175:^
3538
1.50
1S«
5(J21
73,45
4.07
1898
1774
1762
.35.36
149
14.V)
5ia5
71,76
4.04
1899
1706
1808
a514
147
1405
.5066
72.27
4.02
190(1
17.">^
1674
3427
169
1310
4tK)6
73,:#l
4.70
1991
1748
1697
;«4<)
138
1416
4994
71.65
3.86
1902
1797
16.51
:«48
138
1380
4966
72.21
3,85
19(H
1629
1.564
3U«
12:^
i:»4
4&S0
70. .^.5
3,71
1994
1.565
L542
3107
132
1272
4511
71.80
4,08
l!)0o
1812
1461
2773
124
1091
:«)88
72.72
4,2S
l!KXi
1418
i:isi
27i)9
117
115.3
4069
7<i.I7
4.01
This fairly uniform decrease in tlie perrentage of pregnant mares begins
just at tile time at whicii, looked at from the standpoint of ciianged weight
difTerences, the decrease of the capabilities (LeistungsfahigUeit) of the
Thoroughbred seems to commence. In the chapter relating to the changed
weight differences (looked at from this one-sided point of view), a slow
improvement of the Thoroughbred stock is supposed to have existed in the
first half of the nineteenth century. Corresponding with this, the percentage
188
'IVial of tlie 'rh()niLii,'hl)red on tlie Racecourse, etc.
of foalino- ninres seems also to have increased in the first half of the nineteenth
rentur\-. According to some superficial tests, I have found that the per-
centage of foaling mares varies in the years 1820 to 1840 from 74 to 75 per
cent. The statistics in the General Stud Book begin onl\- with the year 1846,
and are as follows : —
Year
1^
Stallions
oals Born ■
Mares Total
1
Aborted
Barren
Covered
Pregnant
%
Aborted
1846
491
481
972
41
310
132:8
76,57
4,a5
1847
48(i
4ill
977
47
808
1327
77,17
4,59
1848
48:^
498
97fi
57
804
13:87
77,20
5,52
1849
—
—
—
--
—
—
—
—
ISoO
504
537
1041
51
282
1374
79,48
4,67
(he culminating point in this
The \ear is.jl, therefore, seems to be
respect .
The list of riioroughbred mares in I'-ngland which have produced 17
and more living foals, shows from 18-j(l a distinct retrogression, in spite,
of the double to fourfold nmnber of brood mares in the second half of the
nineteenth centur\-, the breeding jjerformances have decreased in this
respect, with the exception of the extraordinary performance of Oueen
I'^sther, born l.s()4, which produced -J-J foals. The number of mares with 17
and more foals is far from having increased proportionateK-, and the highest
performance of ■_'(! toals becomes more scarce, in the last thirteen \ears,
from ls71 to l88y, the abo\-e list (pages (vi and (ui) onl\- shows 84 mares,
none ot which have produced ■_'(• foals, and onh- -2 (Pillage, born 1H71, and
Miss -Mannering, born 1874) ]9 foals- ^whilst previouslv in the thirteen
vears from 1S'&2 to liS44 (in which tirlie there were onlv a cjiiarter of the
brood mares existing as compared witii bs71 to 1888), 4(J mares are men-
tioned, of which -2 mares (Florence, born lM8i), and Prairie Bird, born 1844)
have produced 20 foals, and (i mares (Whisker-mare, born 188'2, .Vnnette,
born 1835, Sir Hercules-mare, born l.s:i9, luiltjgy, born 1848, Oueen Mary,
born 184:i, and Defenceless, born 1844) produced 19 foals. It is also note-
worthv that from about 1850, in the cases of most mares with 17 and more
foals, thi' mares had been mated when three vears old oftener than before
1850.
Also, the performances of old mares under difiicult conditions, as
previouslv indicated (pages (i5— 7(i), show from about 1850 a decrease both
in the nimiber of extraordinary performances and in the importance of
same. After Pocahontas, born 1S87, .Mice Hawthorn, born 1838, Oueen
Mary, born 1843, Haricot, born 1847, we do not find in the subsequent
years an\- breeding performances to equal them.
5. Tllc 'riiiirovii^'libml in the P.isl ;iiul rrcscnt. 189
Tlic decreased pertOrniaincs nt brood marcs as rcj^artls the miml^cr uf
foals, as well as tJTeir special performances al a s^rcat aj^c, must be laken to
verifv the fact that the loni^evily of the mares in the second half of the
nineteenth ceiitiirv has somewhat decreased. I 'nforlunately, I am not able
to give a suflicieiillv loiit;- list of the loiii^cvity of the mares as a proot, but
one mav well assume that the leni;th of the lives of the mares has decreased
just as much as liiat of the stallions, and this fad is pro\ed by th(> list given
on pac^es 78 — S-'S. This conspicuous decrease of the length ot the lives of
the stallions is all the more remarkable, as the jirogress of hygiene, improved
Stabiintf, and other conditions, as well as the more reasonable training;: of
horses, would lead one to expect loneei- li\'e^. As a matter of tact, this has
taken place in the Inniian race. .\ chani^c in the lenj^th of the lives of
English born stallions in the first half of the nineii-enth century is not
recognisable from tlie abo\'e list. In the middle of the nineteenth century,
however, these \ong li\es seem once again to occur, as shown bv the
following five examples, in the short period of \'\\r \-ears : —
l-'orbidden l'"ruil horn IS-')-'!, tlied at -JU vears.
Kentucky
, , 1 .s.-):i
,, ■n
(lunboat
., ls:)4
•29
Huccaneer
,, ]S57
,, 30
Thunderbolt
,, }sr,7
31
After iNfil) the length of life decreases slowlv but distincti}-, and the
number of stallions which have attained •2-'J \ears is much too small in pro-
portion to the remarkably increased breeding. The number of stallions
which ha\e att;iined '2~> \cars antl more has been in no tlecade greater than in
that of IS.JO to 18-59, namely, :iU. Alread\- in the following two det-ades a
distinct decrease is recognisable : I8()U to isdl), 2-1 stallions, and 1870 to 1^79,
20 stallions.
From th(- list of American born Thoroughbred stallions (page m4), we can
also gather that the length of their lives has decreased. One can distinctly
recognise this decrease about ten years later than in I-'ngland, but it is more
sudden and more apparent, especialU' if thi' eiioimous increase in Thorough-
bred brei'ding is taken into consideration.
I'Vom a fu»ther consideration of the table (i)ages S7 to IDO) we can glean
that the capability of the sires to produce excellent breeding and racehorses
has also decreased from about their twentieth year, since the middle of the
last century, and that considerably. The middle of the nineteenth century
shows also in this respect a distinct culminating point. ( )f the stallions which
have excelled after IftriO through prominent production, I can i>nl\- mention
i in the abo\e table, namelv, l^osicrucian, Hermit, Hampton, and Cialopin,
and here I may make the following remark-: (I) Rosicnician is a son of
190 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
Beadsman, which only ran twice as a two-year-old, the first time in July.
All his ancestors in the male line never ran as two-year-olds. (2) Hermit is
a son of Newminster, which did not run as a two-year-old. (3) Hampton is
a son of Lord Clifton (by Newminster), who only ran three times as a two-
year-old, the first time in June. (4) Galopin is a son of Vedette, who only
ran twice as a two-vear-old, first time in August.
Of the remaining stallions which lived a long time and produced pro-
minent stock at a great age, one may mention, after 1860, the following
horses in England : Springfield, Beauclerc, Bend Or, and St. Simon.
Springfield, born 1873, attained 25 years, but produced in the last six years
only o unimportant winners. Beauclerc, born 1875, also attained 25 years,
and in the last six years produced only 1 unimportant winner. Even St.
Simon, who reached 27 years, seems after his twentieth year to have
deteriorated with regard to his former very prominent breeding power, as in
the last eight years he could not produce any winner of importance. In the
case of Bend Or, born 1877, 26 years old, the remarkable phenomenon blood
of Old Stockwell seems to have had some effect still, as at the age of 24 he
could still produce two such good horses as Golden Gleam and Rouge
Croix, and as a 25-year-old, Radium, and Gold Rioch.
Not only in theory, as I mentioned in the chapter about weight-differ-
ences, but also various statistics (as already given), point repeatedly to the
middle of the nineteenth century as a period from which the retrograde
movement in the development of Thoroughbred breeding in England seems
to have begun. It is worthy of note that it is just at the time when the
almighty Third Dictator of the Turf, Admiral Rous, who first of all became
celebrated by working out the scale of weights, became Handicapper of the
Jockey Club (1855). The number of short races (1 mile and under 1 mile)
begins to be more than half the races run, and the number of two-year-old
racehorses (see page 29) begins to exceed the number of three-year-olds
(1856). The impatience of many racing stables anxious to get money, and
the power of the bookmaker, are finally the causes of the races for yearlings
being held for four consecutive years (1856 to 1859). The most energetic
opponent of the races for one and two-year-olds, Lord Jersey, died in 1859.
Buccaneer, born 1857 (who still could produce as a 24-year-old Buda-
gyongye N.D., as a 25-year-old Feneck OD, U., and Ollyannincs PL.,
and as a 27-year-old Talpra Magyar), ran as a five-year-old his last race
at Salisbury with 9 stone, 5 lbs. up, the mile in 1 minute, 38 seconds ( = 16.42
m. per second), and therefore beating any mile performance before or since.
Certainly Bendigo ran in 1885 a mile in 1 second quicker (=16.62 m. per
second), but he carried, also as a five-year-old, 1 stone less). Abd-el-Kader
won in 1850 the Liverpool Grand National, in the largest field (32 com-
petitors), and as long as the race was run, on the then existing track, in the
shortest time (9 minutes, 57^ seconds). In 1849 Stockwell was born, the
5. Tlio Tlioiouf,'hbred in the Past and Present. 19J
champion of the whole English Thoroughbred breeding.' Leamington,
born 1853, is most probably the last Thoroughbred stallion born in England
which as a ■24-year-old could produce an Epsom Derby winner, namely,
Iroquois. The number of pregnant mares reached the never before attained
number of about 80 per cent. (1851). The number of foals born exceeds 1850,
the first thousand (1,041 foals) and in 1859 the second thousand (2,028
foals). English Thoroughbred breeding was in every respect in the zenith
of its performances, and England herself had become the first world power
after the Crimean war ! In this decade were produced such a great number
of racecourse champions and never-to-be-forgotten pillars of Thoroughbred
breeding as has never occurred before or since in such a short period. The
following examples demonstrate this : —
1. The Flving Dutchman D. u. L. 1849.
■2. Voltigeur D. u. L. 1850.
3. Teddington D. 1851.
4. Xewminster L. 1851.
5. Stockwell 'J u. L. 1852.
6. West .Australian 2, D. u. L. 1853.
7. Rataplan Gold Vase Asc. 1853, Dcp. 1855 u. 18 King's Plates.
8. Wild Dayrell D. 1855.
9. Blink Bonny D. u. O. 1857.
10. \'edette 2 u. Dcp. 1857.
11. Beadsman D. 1858.
12. Saunterer Gcp. 1858.
13. Fisherman Acp. 1858 and 1859.
14. Thormanbv D. 1860.
15. St. Albans L. 1860.
16. The Wizard 2. 1860.
Amongst these 16 champions I have also numbered Fisherman, who
nc\er attained classical honours, but who has become famous because
' Stockwell's proj^^eny has won 17 times classical races in Enj^land (amongst these
the Derby 3 times, and the St. Leper 6 times) and 16 times ran as seconds. The 3 first
places were occupied by Stockwell's prof^-^eny 1862 in the 2,000 Guineas, and 1866 in the
Derby. Even at 20 years of age, Stockwell had a breeding power so as to produce in one
year the winners of the Derby and the 2,000 Guineas, as well as the seconds in the Derby,
St. Leger, and the Oaks. .Amongst these was one of the greatest heroes, namely, Don-
caster. Isinglass, St. Gatien, Iroquois and Doncaster were the last Derby winners who
could still win big races as five-year-olds. Doncaster did not run as a two-year-old!
.Stockwell is in modern times most nearly approached as a sire by St. Simon. The St.
.Simon progeny has also won up to now 17 classical races, amongst them twice the
Derby and 4 times the -St. Leger, but were only 10 times seconds. One must, however,
consider that St. Simon reached 27 years, while Stockwell, unfortunately, died six years
earlier, that is, as a 21-year-old (5th of May, 1870). Stockwell, furthermore, has produced
209 winners, who have won 1,147 races. St. Simon, on the other hand, only 160 winners
(up to 1907 inclusive), who have won 506 races. In their best years Stockwell's progeny
won 132 races, and St. Simon's progeny 47 races in one year.
192 Trial of the Tlioiduj^libred mi the Racecourse, etc.
between the age of twu and six he ran in !J9 races and won 09. lie is per-
haps the last representative of tliat hardiness and toughness wliich are,
imforlnnately no longer in the same degree, the attribute of our present da\'
Thoroughbreds. Old Tom Parr used to sav verv characteristieallv of
Fisherman : " Me would nexer begin to go imtil he had rim two miles, and
then he would wear the heart out of anything on four legs; how he could
be trained on a turnpil^e rf)ad, and raced ever\- dav, and nexcr leave a grain
in the manger, (hough he ate more solid corn than an\- othrr hnrsc."'
It is \\(.irth\- of note that also in American Thoroughbred breeding the
king of all Thoroughbred stallions, corresponding to our Stockwell, was
born at almost the same time, namely, Lexington (18-j() In" Boston and Alice
C'arneal), sire of about GOO horses, amongst which -JSG winners. The
Americans, who are believers in time performances, were especiallv
astonished at Xew Orleans, in LS-j-"), b\- the hitherto imattained performance
of Lexington in the match against time (4 miles in 7 minutes, 19f seconds,
carrying 103 lbs.). I must here remark that Lexington became blind as a
six-year-old, verv likel\- in consec|uence of an inflammation of the e\-es, first
in the right eve, and then in both. During his 21 x'ears acti\itv at the
stud this defect was not inherited b\' his piogenv-, but thm- \er\- plainh-
inherited his longe\'it\'. Also the trotter king in .\merica was born at the
same time, namely, Hambietonian 1849 bv Abdallah.
Soon after this high tide mark of English Thoroughbred breeding, more
and more notice was taken of ideas which tended to a deterioration of the
Thoroughbred. The classical and \-er\- clex'er adxocate of Thoroughbred
breeding. Admiral Rous, published in |N-r2, in the preface to his book,
" On the laws and practice of h(jrse racing," and 1870 in Bailey's Magazine,
\okmie 18, " Racing Past and Future," a defence of the present racing
svstem with its short distances, light weights, and manv bets. Me admits
the numerous and earlv breakdowns of 4"horoughbreds, biU attributes them
to the too frequent starts caused bv railwaws. Me further priints out the
greater pace, which has increased wrv much in consequence of the shorter
distances, and of the larger fields. Finallv, the Admiral points to the same
champions of Thoroughbred breeding as mentioned above, and concludes
therefrom that the Thoroughbred has nexer been as good as now . Admiral
Rous (born 179-j, died 1877) passed his best years just at the height of
Thoroughbred breeding, which had greater attractions than the starting
point of the retrograde movement could have.
Against the opinion of Admiral Rous we have the interesting judgment
of a practical man, who also li\-ed in the times preceding and succeeding the
above-mentioned zenith of Thoroughbred breeding. I am speaking of the
well-known jockev, John Osbf)rne, bf)rn 1833, who rode his first race in
1846 and his last race in 1892. Osborne says (viilc Ashgill & Radcliffe, page
428) : — " The method of training horses in the present da\- is quite ditTerent
to what it was when 1 began. Morses are \-er\- much lighter now; they
5. The Thorouglibied in the Past nnd Present. IQ.'J
have neither the bone nor the substance tliat Thoroughbreds luid fifty years
ago. Of course, in the old times they were sweated a good deal. Heavy
cloths were put on them, and they were galloped three and four miles in
them. That plan has been discontinued for many years. I don't know
tliat sweating is weakening to a horse. Old John Scott was a great believer
in sweating and bleeding. I am certain that the constitution of horses of
the pre.sent dav would not .stand .sucii work; the modern breed is neither so
robust nor so strong. Formerly it was quite a common thing for horses to
run three and four mile heats. If the\- were subjected to that now they
wouldn't lie able to come out of the stable for a month after. 1 ha\-e had
some experience m\"self of riding horses in heats — two mile heats; and 1
have ridden in four mile races but never in four mile heats. I am fully
convinced the constitution of horses of the present day is not as strong as
it was fortv or fiftv vears ago. It puzzles me to account for the degenera-
tion in the stoutness of the modern racehorse; really, I cannot point to the
cause of it."
The well-known Malton trainer, Charles Lund, speaking about this
(|uestion in the vear 1899, expresses him.self as follows (.\.shgill, page 430) :
" Racehorses in the olden days were, on the average, 2 stone hea\ier than
those of the present day. Now , horses like Touchstone and West Australian
were, if one might sav so, twice the size in substance and power in
comparison with the present day racehorse, most of which are light of bone
and substance, and comparati\ely weedy in appearance. Present day
trainers havi- gone in for speed too much, with the result that the great
majoritx' of the horses are too finel\" built."
The following points show that Thoroughbred horses in England have
deteriorated from the middle of the nineteenth century as far as capabilities
(I-eistungsfahigkeit), hardiness, and the whole constitiuion are concerned : —
(1) Diminution of weight differences between weights for horses f)f
different ages.
(2) Decreased capabilitv of the older racehorses on the flat.
(3) The decreased percentage of pregnant mares.
(4) The decrea.sed number of foals.
{')) The decreased breeding performances of the brood mares at a great
age and under diflicult circumstances.
((')) '{"he shorter lives of Thoroughbreds and the decreased prepotency at
a great age.
CHAPTER VI.
Conclusions and Propositions as to tlie Improvement and
Breeding of Thoroughibreds.
The great and important duties wliich the Thoroughbred accomplishes in the
breeding of other light horses, justified, and even also obliged, those people
who stood outside the domain of Thoroughbred breeding, to criticise
the basis of all its performances, and breedings, on which it is built up,
and on which it continues. Our present day Thoroughbred is the outcome
of race propositions, and of the manner of breeding and training, which
those propositions entail. These propositions are made on human under-
standing, and are influenced by human misunderstanding, and what is
much worse, by many side interests. Only by clever and purpose-answering
race propositions, as w-ell as by reasonable breeding and rational training,
shall we be able to still more improve our Thoroughbreds. After the
observations made in the previous chapters, there seems to be no doubt that
our present day Thoroughbred needs improving, and its room for improve-
ment is just as certain as agreeable.
The chief attacks which have been made up to now against the Thoroug*h-
bred may be summed up as follows : —
1. Faulty conformation.
2. Want of endurance for long distances.
3. Want of cleverness.
4. A too weedy and light fundament.
5. A want of capacity to carry heavy weights.
6. Nervousness, difficult temperament, and the bad use of food.
1. — Faulty conformation. This oldest reproach against the Thorough-
bred, rests partly on the fact that we over-estimate our knowledge of this
matter, and partly on our inexperience in the judging of horses in training.
1 call to mind the opinion of the Landstallmeister von Burgsdorf, expressed
in 1817 in a special brochure. He went on to say that most English
Thoroughbreds had spavin, and that the English Thoroughbred must shortly
disappear. We must not forget that from chipping come chips, and that of
course every kind of breeding must produce a certain percentage of fault v
G. Conclusions and Propositions as to the Inipnivenient. etc. 195
indi\iduals. Trainini^ and racing, moreover, show up many little faults in
form which would not have been noticed when merely looking at a horse
as, for example, at shows. Nevertheless, it is interesting and instructive to
see that the Thoroughbred, even with such great faults, is still capable of
performing very astonishing things, whilst a non-Thoroughbred with the
same faults in most cases could not do anything. If with faulty conformation
it is still capable of doing well, the substance used must be very good indeed.
The so-called Biedenweg's instructions for judging horses competing for
State prizes, which are still in vogue in the Prussian State, but probablv very
rarely followed, can, in my opinion, be dispensed with. One cannot lay down
laws to judge the conformation of a horse to suit all cases. The views as
to what form a horse should have differ, and are, as history teaches, also
changeable. There have been times in which long-legged horses were
preferred to short-legged ones, and in which long shin bones were considered
an advantage. I also believe that many so-called faults in a horse of 100 years
ago were more dangerous than they are to the present day horse, and vice
versa. In short, our doctrine as to the conformation of a horse will always
have its limits, and will often change in the future, according to the experi-
ences which we gather from the racecourse and from the other uses to which
the horses are put. Races and other tests of performances will in themselves
destroy what is useless. If, however, Biedenweg's instructions exclude
a priori certain conformation, we rob those horses which are supposed to be
better of the opportunity of showing that they can perform better things.
The better form has not been proclaimed as such by the vacillating
opinions of judges, but acquired for itself the right to be judged as such b_\'
beating competitors. The history of Thoroughbred breeding teaches that
even without such police rules as Biedenweg's instructions are, faults are
finallv eradicated automatically. The best example of an effective elimination
of faults bv racing is perhaps the walk of the Thoroughbred. I know of
no breed which produces so many horses which walk so correctly as the
English Thoroughbred. Where is the half-bred stallion in Germany which
without freshness walks as correctly, gracefully and beautifully as Ard
Patrick, who, besides, won the Epsom Derby, and beat the four-year-old
Rock Sand, and Sceptre? The eradication of horses with irregular walk is
not done in England, as in the breeding of Half-breds, or as they do when
buying horses for 'military mounts, by picking out the regular walkers for the
stud or military service, but by training and the struggle on the racecourse.
Military commissioners can be as strict as they like in refusing to buy
irregular walkers, but they will never be able to judge as keenly and as
correctly as the winning post. Anybody can prove this statement if he will
only examine the same horses two years later at the troop after manneuvres.
He will find there arc more irregular walkers than in the racing stables. The
regular walk of horses that have not worked, but are well led in, disappears
very often with working as butler melts in the sun.
190 Trial of the Thorouf^hbred on the Racecourse, etc.
Race propositions must therefore offer sufficient opportunity to eradicate
tliese different faults, and not protect, for example, the roarers, not leave too
niuch to chance, and not damasje the temperament of young horses by too
many short races. Those handicaps, so much loved by the bookmakers, for
horses of all ages, with the light weights, for distances under 1 mile, have
also no value for breeding, and should be much more restricted than is at
present, unfortunately, the case in England. The making of racecourses,
for example, over uneven ground (as more detailed in No. 3), mav also have
a favourable effect on the form of Thoroughbreds bv eradicating everv
unharmonious conformation of racehorses.
2. — Want of endurance for long distances. This reproach is the most
common, and not to use a stronger expression, a very ill-considered one.
\\> have proved that no other race of horses has attained the endurance of
the Thoroughbred in many long distance races. Generally the above
reproach is applied to the former long races over 4 miles with heats, as thev
took place in the time of Eclipse. \\'e must, however, emphasise that the
remo\-al of these long races with heats was the first step towards progress.
The errors made must be found somewhere else, and as we shall soon see,
one did not go far enough in the shortening of distances.
Not only representatives of Half-bred breeders, but also breeders and
admirers of Trotters and Thoroughbreds, have always rightlv aimed at the
production of a horse with the greatest possible endurance as the goal of
their breeding efforts. As history shows us, however, thev were wrong in
demanding performances over too great distances in order to reach this goal.
They forgot that races shoHjld not only prove which is the best, but that the
object of this test, and of the training for this test, should be to improve
(he stock. A flat race, for example, over -20 kilometres or more (in Moscow
there exists one for 20 versts) does not improve the stock but ruins it. The
breeders of Trotters in America tried in the middle of the last century to
get 100 miles covered in 10 hours. After that they wanted 20 miles doing
in 1 hour. Thev also attained this result. They, however, observed at the
same time that the health of the horses suffered, that is to say, that horses
did not improve, but rather their value as breeding stock depreciated. The
practical Americans soon found that the right distance for testing breeding
stock is the one on which one can train horses, i.e., prepare them without
damaging their health, and thev found — and I think thev are right — that
this right distance is 1 English milt. Russian Trotters kept to their
long distances. The result is, firstly, the American Trotter has improved
its record in 1818 of 3 minutes per mile to 2 minutes to-day; secondly,
the American Trotter to-day shows more endurance for every distance
than the Russian. The improved record of Russian Trotters since 1860
(there are no reliable statements for former years) is mainly due to the
establishment of good racecourses (hippodromes instead of roads), and to
the intrr)duction of sulkies instead of the four-wheeled droskies, which
6. Conclusions and Propositions as to the Iniprovcintnt, etc. ]97
WL'iglied two and more puds heavier. In 18G0 the six-year-old W'ehsar from
Chrenowoi, ran in a four-wheeled drosUy 2 versts in 3 minutes, 27 seconds,
and in 189G the best record was in a sulky, 2 versts in 3 miniites. i3J seconds.
Since 1893, the year in which sulkies were generally introduced, tl>e record
performances of Russian Trotters have made very little progress indeed;
for example, in 189G the best record for 11 versts was 2 minutes, loi seconds,
and in 1907 the best record for the same distance 2 minutes 14 seconds.
Trotting races for distances over more than 1 mile are justified and useful
as a test for an individual horse in use, just the same as all kinds of long-
distance rides for Thoroughbreds and Half-breds. As a matter of principle.
one ought to distinguish tests for breeding stock from tests for stock in use
The former have for object the improving of the production of capable
breeding stock, whilst the latter serve to show what the maximum per-
formance is. and how it may possibly be best attained, if need be, wiihout
considering whether the stock is herebv damaged or not.
The question, what distance, looked at from the above point of \ie\\, is the
right one for flat races, still requires solving. At the time of Eclipse the chief
races were run over distances of 4 miles. The classical Derbv is now run in all
countries over about 2,400 metres. The Grand Prix dc Paris over 3,U0i) metres.
The Doncaster St. Leger 2,937 metres. The longest races are in I'rance, in
the Prix Gladiateur, 6,200 metres. In England there are now no races over 3
miles. In Ireland there is still one over 4 miles, and two over 3 miles, and in
Germany, Second Class Autumn Meeting in Hoppegarten, I, sou metres.
In the course of time the art of training has, of course, made much progress,
and trainers have learned that gallops for more than 2,000 to 2, 101) metres,
also in preparation for the Derby and longer distances, are bad. The gallops
which were still in force twenty years ago, and which were often run lik«
a race over the Derby distance, have almost totalh- ceased. .Most trainers
incline to the opinion that such long gallops do not improve the condition
of the horse, but rather the reverse. If that is so, it is a mistake to have
flat races for longer distances than about 2,400 metres. It is a mistake to
have races over distances which do not improve the rightlv trained stock,
but rather do it harm. To fix the right limit with certainty is very diffi-
cult, but the Derby seems to be the utmost limit for a useful race distance.
Mv own opinion is that for three-year-olds 2,000 metres, and fur iwo-vcar-
olds 1,200 metres is the correct and most useful test distance, aiul I should
consider it a sign of progress if all so-called classical races, i.e.. such as
serve for breeding stock, were raced over these distances, as is the case with
the American Trotters. Training would not onlv be facilitated thereb\',
but the horses would also prosper more. To train horses for diflerent
distances at the same time, and especialh for verv short distances of 800
to 1,400 metres, as is now demanded, is of no use whatever for breeding
stock. Races held for long and short distances, in order to use stock which
is not usi'd for breeding, mav be useful and instructive, as long as the nimiber
198 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
of these races is kept in moderate bounds and suitable to the requirements.
For the same reasons there should not be too many sehing races and
handicaps.
It is wrong to believe that races of 2,000 metres for three-year-olds and
1,200 metres for two-year-olds would give little chance to so-called stayers,
and would thus endanger the aim and end, namely, the breeding of
horses for endurance. What is called generally a horse with plenty of
endurance, and therefore one specially suitable for long distances, is not
the same as what is^ called a sta3'er on the racecourse, as opposed to a
flyer. I really believe that flyers are often more suited for long distance
rides and other feats of endurance, as well as for steeplechases, than stayers.
The quickest pace in which a horse can gallop a certain given distance
without endangering the speed necessary for the finish, I would like to call
its special pace. This special pace diminishes in the case of every horse
with the growing distance. In the case of horses which we call stayers,
this diminishing of special pace is less than in the case of those which we
call flyers. At the same time the former have to put in a less speed than
the latter. The scale at which this decrease takes place, and the amount of
reserved speed, show in which degree the horse is a stayer or a flyer. Here
1 would like to further remark that the stayer can increase its speed only very
little or not at all after a pace which is under its special pace.
The special pace t of the stayer is greater than the special pace ti of the
flyer. The stayer, therefore, gains on the way per metre a distance equal to
M. On the whole distance d the advantage of the staver amounts to d M.
If s equals the speed of the stayer, and Sj equals the speed of the flyer, the
question is whether
d. j\I. > Si — s or d. M. < Si — s
i.e., whether the flyer on a gi\'en distance can, through its superior speed,
gain the advantage which the stayer has obtained on the way (about to
the distance) on account of its greater special pace. If this be not the case,
the flyer will have to increase somewhat its special pace, but onl)- in so far
as s' — s becomes larger than d.M.
The pace in steeplechases is limited by obstacles and the ground. The
stayer therefore in steeplechases is prevented from full}' developing its chief
force. The fl\'er, on the other hand, can make use of the pace necessitated
by the ground, which perhaps just corresponds to its special pace, and put
on a better speed at the finish. The less the obstacles, the more even the
ground, the more advantage there is for the stayer. Jf
In races of such great distances as in the above-mentioned 20 verst race
at Moscow, the racing galloping ceases more or less, and the special pace
of the stayer as well as of the flyer (ceteris paribus, viz., in horses of approxi-
matel\- ec|ual class) becomes prettv equal. For this reason, in case of such
unraceable distances, the flyer will very often have the advantage.
The above comparisons applv in general only to horses of approximately
6. Conclusions and Propositions as to the Improvement, etc. 199
equal class. A horse of the first class, for example, wiiich is at the same
time a staver, may have a greater speed than a horse <jf the third class which
is a typical flver. In a race between the two, therefore, the latter will not
have need to imt on his better special pace. In the case of such champions
of the course as Gladiateur, Kincsem, Ormonde, Plaisanterie, Isinglass, etc.,
it will be verv difficult, for want of a reliable standard, to decide whether
they are stavers or fivers. The best proof as to whether two horses belong
to different clas.ses will be found in the fact that one of them can beat the other
with the tactics of the stayer as well as those of the flyer. As a rule, I would
sav that racehorses between whom there is more than a stone belong to two
different classes.
3. — ]]'ant of cleverness. This reproach has a certain justification, as it
very likelv is possible to still further increase the cleverness of the Thorough-
bred bv a different method of rearing and other tests. In consequence of
their peculiar rearing up, for example, the Steppe horses, or the horses
brought up in the Mauerpark of Sababourg (Beberbeck), are certainly
superior to the Thoroughbreds in cleverness. It is reasonable to expect and
also probable, that the race tests for many generations only on flat, level
tracks, mav cause neglect of several useful and important qualities of the
horse in use (riding horses, school horses, hunters and military horses). To
these qualities belong chiefly cleverness, which is best cultivated and tested
in steeplechases. But also the shape of the flat racing track may have a
favourable influence in cultivating and rewarding cleverness. Quite level
and flat tracks, as, for example, those of Newmarket, are not suitable. Of
the classical courses which I know, the Derby Epsom course is the most
suitable for testing and rewarding the ability to go up and down hills and
to pass such sharp bends as are fcnind on very few steeplechase courses.
The Epsom Derby course is kncnvn as a hard and very reliable test. Its
chief value consists in the following :
1. The verv strong incline, about iialf a mile from the slari, demands
so much from the horse, that roarers, unfit horses, and those of inferior
qualitv and without sufficient stamina, drop out very early or have finished
with the last incline before the winning post.
•2. The uneven and often varying ground, with its several sharp bends,
requires great elYorts in the cleverness of the horses.
3. A one-sided capacity does not avail. Such a one-sided capacity iiiighi
e.xist, for example, in the special cleverness to climb up a hill well; it
is possible over-built iiorses with strong hind quarters migiit excel here. Or,
again, such a one-sidcdness might enable them to go better down hill, which
shows a better developed fore part than hind part. I-'inaily. this — at Epsom
unavailing — one-sidedness might be a too long galloping-stride (Galopp-
sprung). It is possible that this too long galloping-stride results from a
conformation that has not the necessary symmetry, which enables the horse
to adapt in time the pace to an uneven ground and to sharp corners. This
200 Trial of llie Thoroiij^hbred on the Racecourse, etc.
lack of symmetry would be less troubling on a le\el and straight course lik-e
Newmarket; perhaps it should even be of some use.
In the breeding of Half-breds, Steeplechasers have often been used with
good results. In Beberbeck, The Colonel, twice winner at Liverpool, has
produced well, and from him are derived the good and strong limbs which,
through Optimus and Obelisk (the dams of which were daughters of Colonel)
one often finds in Trackehnen. The number of Steeplechasers which have
been successful in English Thoroughbred breeding is indeed verv small.
The best known example is Touchstone's grand-dam, Boadicea (Banter's
dam), who, between its seventh and twelfth year proved itself an excellent
hunter, and as a 19-year-old produced Touchstone's dam. A great mistake
in all propositions for steeplechases both here and abroad is that geldings
have to carry 3 to o lbs. less weight, instead of having to carry .5 lbs. more.
Such classical steeplechase races as the great Liverpool National should only
be for colts and fillies, weight for age. Then also steeplechases would supply
more useful sires. Everybody who has seen the Grand National steeplechase
at Liverpool, run over a distance of 7,200 metres, with its 3'2 jumps, of which
each is a great performance, and who could admire the 11-year-old Manifesto
coming in as a victor for the second time among 28, and 19 starters, carry-
ing 12 stone, 7 lbs., will at once admit that such a performance is just as
imposing as a Derby vict(jry, and the only thing to be regretted is that
Manifesto, like many other steeplechasers, was a gelding. The mare
Empress by Royal Blood, who ended her career as a steeplechaser as a winner
of the Grand National Steeplechase in 1880, produced still 9 good foals,
among them in 1889 Red Prince by Kendal, winner of the Lancashire
Handicap Steeplechase, one of the best known sires in Irish llunter breed-
ing, and an ideal mating stallion for Half-bred mares.
The value of steeplechases as a breeding test depends on the kind of
track. Steeplechase tracks like Auteuil are less suitable for testing breeding
stock, because the kind of obstacles and the ground there admit of nearly
the same pace as in flat races, besides, the distance, according to the observa-
tions just made, is too long to be a i:seful test for fiat racing. Steeplechase
courses like Auteuil ruin the material more than difficult tracks like Liver-
pool, for example. Perhaps this accounts for the fact that the same horse
(Peter Simple, Abd-el-Kader, The Colonel, The Lamb, Manifesto) has \\on
and obtained places more than once in the Liverpool Grand National,
whilst only one horse (Wild Monarch, won I87S and 1879) has done the
same feat in the Auteuil great steeplechase. An obstacle course which has
to be used also for the test of breeding material, ought to consist of difficult
obstacles, and varying, if at all possible, uneven fields with sharp corners.
The distance ought to be in proportion to the topography and soil, about
6,000 metres, with a run in of at most 500 metres. Obstacles as well as
the ground should prevent an uninterrupted flat race pace, and admit at
most only of a good hunting gallop up to the distance (the finish), which,
6. Conclusions .-mil I'lnpositions as to the Iinprovenient, etc. 'J()I
of course, must admit uf a real struggle in tile best pace, just as in a llal
race. Such tracks would, of course, demand a much more careful prepara-
tion for riding and jumping than is the case at Auleuil. Whoever buys
the winner of the great Auleuil steeplechase hoping to get a go(»d hunter
will very likely be deceived. Morses who have chanced to win on such
tracks as I ha\e just described, must be so far prepared that thev are alwavs
well in hand antl always willing to suit their pace' to the ground. Thev
must be very carefully jumped, so that thev may be able to get over large
and variT)us olistacles safel\- at the retjuired pace and without giving too
much away. JMnaliy, after lia\ing surmounted the last obstacle, the\- must
still ha\e enough speed left for the final struggle. A test over such a course
is, naturally, different to a test on the flat. The latter will certainh- measure
more correctly the galloping capacity, whilst the former makes more demand
on the cleverness, df)cility, temperament, successful training, and, finally,
on the speed of the horse. All these (jualities have great influence in the
IJractical breeding of horses, especially of military horses. 1 consider it
an advantage that on such courses so-called fleers have a greater chance of
winning than sta\ers, especiallv as the flyers are more symmetrically built,
and have more energv than the slavers. It is verv noteworthx' and interest-
ing that the development of a great speed over short distances recjuires a
horse to be sxnimelricall v buih. One will find more often amongst stayers
high-legged and narrow horses with upright shoulders and straight pastern
than amongst flyers. Moreover, we do not here speak about flyers which are
onlv ver\' quick o\-er -"JOd metres, liul about such which, carrving 80 kilos,
iifter a gallop of G,()()U and more metres, and over about 30 different jum]Ds,
still retain enough energy, force and breath to be able to put on enuugh
speed to succeed in the final struggle. The.se are not only performances
worthy of recommendation, but they are also guarantee for characiers, which
are especially valuable for all noble llalf-breds.
I'nforiunately, such steeplechases, .so important as tests of breeding-
stock, are becoming more and more scarce, especiallv where bookmakers
•'xerci.se much influence on racing propositions, like thev do in KnglancI,
even tor flat racing propositions (many handicaps and short selling races).
It is very clear that the special trainers are afraid of the work and
preparation necessary for horses for such steeplechases, especiallv as verv
few of them are sufficiently conversant with it. This work belongs par-
ticularly to gentlemen riders, and here Germany is probablv on top. This
work will al.so cultivate the love and knowledge which are essential to the
future breeder of Thoroughbreds and Ilalf-breds, and, finallv, iliis work will
produce and animate the love of sport and the daring which soon disappears
in long periods of peace, and without which everv people wtiuld soon decay.
The further .spread and reserve of steeplechases, especiallv for gentlemen
riders or officers, might ahso prevent a modern return of the times of ancient
Greece and Rome, in which slaves did the fighting and dancing, whilst the
Grand .Seigneurs looked on and api)lauded.
\
•202 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc.
4. — Faulty and too light fundament. This reproach, iinfortunatelv
justified, is the weak point in the whole Thoroughbred breeding. Everv
Half-bred breeder knows how difficult it is to improve by the infusion of
Thoroughbreds the important fore-legs, and any rider who knows the
Thoroughbred outside the racecourse will confirm that the galloping capacity
ot the same is a greater one than the fundament will stand. Whoever has
ridden Steppe horses will know what good fore-legs can stand. In this
respect, next to the Steppe horse come the Irish Half-breds. We have seen
in Germany several such Irish Half-breds on our steeplechase courses.
Certainly they broke down now and again, but they were put right and won
races again, and they did performances on three legs which a classical
Thoroughbred can very seldom perform. As typical examples of these kinds
of performances, let me mention the following Thoroughbreds and Half-
breds :— Red Nob (Half-bred) 1866 by Neville, Et Cetera 1884 by Town
Moor, Teviot 1886 by Marden or Lucebit, Gardenia 1888 by Reveller^ Handv
Andy (Half-bred), Sixpence 1889 by Man-of-War, Balrat'h (Half-bred) 189"y
by Alban, Sportsman (Half-bred) 1894 by the Dethroned, Scotch Moor 1895
by Town Moor.
It is fairh' clear from the observations made in the chapter on weight
differences, as well as from the list of horses whose fundament admitted of
their successful use on the racecourse up to their eighth year, and even
beyond that, that the two-j'ear-old races, and especially those which are
run early in the year, ma}- be considered the chief cause of a general retro-
gression in the capabilities (Leistungsfahigkeit) of the Thoroughbred, as well
as of the special deterioration of the fundament. A sequence of the earlv
two-year-old races, as well as of the many early entry closings, is the break-
ing in of the yearlings, which often takes place in July, and the dangerous
trials of same in autumn. The yearlings lose through these causes the
benefits of grazing, which reall}^ cannot be over-estimated. How much the
long-extended grazing influences the production of good fore-legs can best
be seen with the Steppe horses and Half-breds in Ireland. It is clear that
the movement connected with life on the Steppes, on hard meadows (in
summer day and night), produces better, i.e., stronger, drver and firmer
fore-legs than the 2 hours' training and the 22 hours' rest in the stable of the
yearlings. Besides, the American training method, to keep them in motion
twice daily, and to give them plentv of walking exercise, seems in this
respect to be very effective, especially as it a^•oids the effeminate treatment
which is resorted to in Europe without any advantage whatever. In
America in 1893 I thought that the American Thoroughbreds possessed
better fore-legs and a more regular walk than our horses, perhaps smce then,
however, even there the steady increase of races for two-year-olds in the earl}'
part of the year (even beginning in January), may also have had a bad
influence in this respect. The law which has been in force in France since
1867 that two-vear-olds must not be run before the 1st of August is verv
6. Conclusions and Propositions as to tlie Improvement, etc. -203
reasonable. Unfortunately, this law has been extended since 1907, so that in
Itih- also, races may be run for two-year-olds (at most two on each race
dav), for a prize up to .5,000 francs, for a distance not over 1,000 metres.
In German}-, since 1905, the Snd of June has been fixed as the earliest date
for two-year-old races. The above particulars on changes in weight differ-
ences seem to prove that the few two-year-old races not run too early in the
vear have had a favourable effect on Thoroughbred breeding. Yet I believe
that the complete elimination of t\vo-\-ear-old races would be the best means
to improve Thoroughbred breeding, ruid especially to improve the funda-
ment. As long, however, as the bookmakers and their following are so
powerful as thev have been hitherto, a change will scarcely be possible in
England in this respect. One mav expect the unfeeling energy necessary to
carrv out such a trenchant rule, together with prudence and careful work,
only in France and Germany. In Germany, first of all, one might attain an
improvement by forbidding two-year-old races before the 1st of September,
and also to ofter the best prizes for four-year-olds and older horses, for
distances of 2,000 or 2,400 metres.
If one, however, objects to this, the fact that most classical winners of
about the last fiftv years are derived from dams who ran and won as two-
year-olds, the question seems to be Justified, as to whether these dams have
produced so well, in spite of, or in consecjuence of, the two-year-old tests.
Those fillies as well as colts which can stand the two-year-old race tests are,
especiallv if they come out as winners, witlKjut doubt by nature the best and
hardest horses, and can therefore produce well in spite of two-year-old races.
That the t\\o-\ear-old races are a good thermometer as to hardness, health,
and quality of young horses can be taken for granted, just as surely as
we can accept their directly injurious influence. Besides, these young
horses, through their early training, lose benefits which nothing can replace,
such as the one year's grazing, which is especially useful for the whole con-
stitution, and more particularly the fundament. Moreover, against the fact
that most classical winners are derived from dams which have also run as
two-year-olds, we have the other fact, which I have discussed above, that
horses w ith prominent performances at great ages, as well as the champions
of steeplechases, are derived in the majority from stallions and dams which
did not run as two-year-olds. If two-year-old races are altogether abolished,
I would recommend, and especialh' for countries in which grazing is inter-
rupted by a long winter, to break in the vearlings late in the autumn, to work
them well through the winter, and to send thoni again as t\vo-\-ear-()lds in the
summer to grass.
0. — ]]'ant of capacity for carrying heavy iveights. I do not consider
this reproach justified. The statement so often heard that horses carried
heavier weights formerly is only correct in so far as the so-called King's
Plates are concerned, in which five and six-year-olds and older horses were
tested under great weigius up to 12 stone, mostlv for 1 miles with heals.
'j(J4 Trial of the Tiiurouglibred on the Racecourse, etc.
Besides, in the 11 King's Plates, the never beaten Eclipse carried, for ex-
ample, as a tive and six-year-old, in its remaining 8 races, only S or 9 stone.
In the second half of the nineteenth century 8 stone, 7 lbs. was the usual
weight for four-year-olds. The weights of the Derby, of the St. Leger, and
the Oaks, have been increased by 1 stone since their inauguration. In the
first races for two-year-olds (1780) the weight for colts was 7 stone, 9 lbs.,
and in the first classical races for two-year-olds (1786), 8 stone, 2 lbs., against
9 stone of to-day. In Germany the Derby weight is the highest, namely,
58 kilos. Then follows England with .57.15 kilos. France and Austria with
56, America and Russia with -54.9. A greater weight than 58 kilos for
three-year-olds in classical tests does not seem to be desirable, especially as
the danger to the legs would thereby be increased without obtaining any
advantages. A great mistake, however, are the feather weights, which are
still usual in England in many handicaps and selling races. English earnest
hippologists have often tried to do awav with this, but the power of the book-
maker has always prevented it.
6. — Xcrvousncss, dilYiciiIt tcmperaiuciit, dud bad tise of food. I only
mention this altogether unjustified reproach on account of completeness. If
a chronometer must go as well as it ought to, you must handle it in a proper
manner, and the same thing applies to the Thoroughbred. The worse and
more unreasonable the rider, the less is he suited to handle a capable
Thoroughbred. The Thoroughbred demands onlv a reasonable, not a
tender treatment, and no good Thoroughbred can bear, for example, to
stand a whole day or longer in the stable. In right hands, the Thorough-
bred is neither nervous nor difficult, and uses his food better than any other
race of horses, especialh- when it works hard. The above reproach is a
characteristic judgment of people who do not know the Thoroughbred
thoroughly, and who cannot distinguish the racehorse in training from the
Thoroughbred in use.
On accoimt of the above observations, I make the following proposals :. —
1. Forbid two-year-old races before the 1st of September, also under
1.000 metres.
2. Regulate distances for three-Acar-olds and older in breeding races to
1,600—2,400 metres.
3. Establish well-endowed races for four-year-olds and older for 2,000-
2,400 metres.
4. Lav out flat races over uneven ground with sharper turnings than is
usual in Germany up to now, after the model of Epsom.
5. Arrange steeplechases as breeding races for four-year-olds and older
colts and fillies on courses with great obstacles, varying and uneven ground
and sharp turnings, for 4,000 — (),000 metres, with age w-elghts for gentlemen
riders.
6. Abolish all races under 1,(100 metres, all handicaps for two and three-
year-olds, all hurdle races, and the so-called Biedenweg rules.
0. Coiu-kisioiis ami l'n)|)ii>iiii)ns as to the Impiovemt-ni , clc. -JO.";
7. — -Abolish the early cnlry tlosinys, ;is thcv lead to U«t i-ari\- (rials, puL
heavy taxes on breeders, and are the laiise that i^ood horses often cannot run
in important races.
8. Increase breeders' rewards, so that more breeders niav participate
in the earnings <>f races, anil in'ci'ease the interest in the brecdinfj of hard\'
}'earlings.
If, however, the representatives nS ThonjUi^hbred breeding;" will decline
to reorganise the race trials in the above-described or a similar manner, and
will persist in going on as they have done up to now, and if, further, as is
iinfortunatel\- the case in lingland, the influence of bookmakers and nther
business people should increase in the framing of racing propositions, the
proud words, " prd repiiblica est diim litderc vidcmur," will soon he no
longer true as regards race tests. Half-bred bri'eders will then be forced to
apply to their own breeding tin- care and expense which has been the cause
of the origin of the Thoroughbred, and thev will be forced to demand from
their own breeding stock those tests of performances which have made the
Thoroughbred so capable. In other words, Half-bred breeders will them-
selves have to produce a sort of Thoroughbred. Of course, that is a long
way off, and several generations will have to work before that standard can
be reached to which the Thoroughbred of fo-da\' has attained.
II.
Heredity.
chapti:r 1.
General Observations on Heredity.
TnK most inipciitaiit and diriioult work of llu' hrcfdcr is the mating of brood
mares. It is aciiiiowledged that the breeding of horses is more diflicidt tlian
liie breeding of our other domestic animals. Darwin contends that only few
people have an idea what an amount of natural capacity, and how many
vears' practice are necessarv, to become an expert breeder of pigeons. Mow
much more difficult, more complicated, and above all, hcjw much more weari-
some, is horse breeding I Judging from the results of mating, not onl\- many
\ears' practice, but also a sharp eye and an impartial consideration are
essential. Uesides the breeding material and the soil which are ;it the disposal
of tire breeder, mating and tlie manner of rearing are the fundamental factors
in horse breeding. F.\en if we have to acknowledge that the first worlc.
namely, mating, is the more difficult part, yet, on the other hand, the mistake
which most frequently occurs, not only in the breeding of horses, but also
of our other domestic animals, is that one expects everything from the sire
rind its mating, and omits to gi\e tliat care to the rearing without wliich,
(•\-en with the wisest mating and the best lireeding material, iiotiiing great
is produced. Tiie lireeder's t-vr must be able to distinguish wiiat is du« to
the mating and what is due to the rearing with respect to the soil.
We do not know an\- genera! rules or laws indicating which characters
are generally or m(»stlv transmitted b\- the sire and which by the dam. Tiir
former doctrine that the sire usually transmits the forequarters and the dam
llii' liind(|uancrs is noi correct. \\\rn if there are .sires who nearl\- alwavs
transmit certain parts of the bodv or intellectual characters, there are, on the
other hand, dams who generallv transmit the same characters, ihere does
not exist a fixed regularity of transmission, either on the part of the dam or
on that of the sire. Generally, other things being equal, both dam and sire
have the same pr{jncness to transmit the peculiar characters of tlu-ir body and
temperament down to the minutest particular. .\lso, they mav transmit,
more or less, (|ualities which tiiev do not themselves possess, but which (as
Darwin contends) one of their ancestors as far ba<k as the twelfth gener.-ition
liossesscd.
210 Heredity.
Transmission works like the memory — often far distant, unimportant
matters are recalled, often nearer and more important ones are passed over.
In physiological psychology they speak of a muscular memory, even of a
memory of matter. The supposition that transmission is also somewhat
determined bv the memory of the germ plasm is in the same manner justified.
In contrasting, for example, different growths of the real and grafted picea,
pungens, argentea, one can distinctlv see how memorv acts in transmission,
as the ingrafted branch, remembering too much its position and duty on the
mother tree, does not therefore attain that regular straightness which dis-
tinguishes its mother type, and which only can be produced by grafting
with the top shoots.
Even if both parents generally take equal shares in transmission, yet in
every instance different combinations of the mutual heritages will arise.
This is the consequence of the results of the fights which are fought out
between mutual heritages in the segmentation nucleus (fertilised egg). And
these results cannot always be foreseen, and often change. The innumer-
able combinations which are thus possible are the cause of the different fine .
shades of individuality and, finallv, also of variations.
In the Goos tables we find many examples of dams which had con-
spicuously cleverer sons than daughters, and vice-versa. There have also
been many stallions whose transmission differed in the same way, for
example, Stockwell and Newminster were distinguished principally on
account of many good sons, while Melbourne and King Tom produced more
good daughters. This peculiaritv in transmission often continues through
many generations, as, for example, through Melbourne to Wizard and
Odoardo, down to the Half-bred stallion Optimus, which excelled very
conspicuous!}' through having better daughters than sons. In Trakehnen,
the Journey-mares excelled in their splendid produce, whilst the daughters
of Venezuela succeeded very seldom. On the other hand, Venezuela's sires
were much better than the sons of Journev.
Sexual characters are also transmitted in the same equal manner by the
sire and dam. Stallions which fertilize badly, for example, also produce
dams which conceive badly, and bad covering stallions also produce dams
which come badly and seldom in heat. Even the qualities to produce twins
are not transmitted bv the dams only, but also by sires descending from
families where twins have often been born. Sunflower, born 1813, for
example, descended on its mother's side from a family in which there had
never been twins up to its foundation mare, Lavton, Barb Mare (fam. 4).
But her sire, Castrel, was own brother to Bronce, winner of the Oaks 1806,
who produced twins four times, and transmitted this quality several times,
down to Rigolboche, sire of the Derby winner Cremorne, and even later.
Sunflower also produced twins, and transmitted this quality to four con-
secutive generations, and perhaps still further. In this case we must suppose
that her sire, Castrel, transmitted this quality. It was the same case with
1. General Observations on Heredity. 'ill
Crystal (born 1851 bv Pantaloon), who was inbred to Castrel, and Selini, her
dam, to Rubens and Selim, produced twins twice, again transmitting this
qualitw vet no ancestor on her mother's side ever had twins.
If a dam M. has produced by a sire B. a prominent sire product M.I.,
and with several other sires less good dam products have been produced,
the retention of the blood of the dam M. by her son M.l. is to be recom-
mended, as his daughters, if well done, are taken as brood mares to the stud.
They will transmit the best part of the blood of dam AT. improved by B. It
is therefore not absolutel\- necessarv, in order to preserve the blood fif a well-
proven dam, to breed alwavs from her direct daughters. The same purpose
is attained — a generation later — by breeding from the daughters of her son.
The correctness of this procedure stands and falls, of course, with the
generally acknowledged doctrine that sire and dam, all things being ec|ual,
take equal share in the transmission.
The equal value of sires and dams in transmission is contrarv to the
doctrine of Bruce Lowe, i.e., that certain breeding characters (Running and
Sire families) are for several generations always transmitted bv the dams.
It can be seen already from this that the breeding theorv of Bruce Lowe,
from the Figure system, is untenable. In any case, Bruce Lowe over-
estimates the effective power of transmission which a good brood mare can
maintain for following generations, notwithstanding the conse(|uent influence
of other blood. If the Bruce Lowe theory that there are special Sire and
special Running families were true, the transmission power of dams must be
totallv difYerent to that of sires, and that is not the case. Besides, Bruce
Lowe has not figured out the Sire-families in the same way as the Running-
families, but has estimated them without figures. In the book published in
1901 by W. Allison, " The British Thoroughbred Horse," he gives on page
101 the number of stallions w hich have been produced by each family as sires
of classical winners. The families according to that are as follows : —
Familv 3 with 72 stallions.
1
,. 50
0
,, 40
11
„ 34
12
„ 32
6
,. 31
8
,. 30
14
„ 30
etc.
It is therefore quite evident that the Bruce Lowe Sire-families (3, 8, 11,
12, 14) are totally different to those ascertained bv figures. Besides, the above
table shows that the great difference affirmed by Bruce Lowe does not exist
between Sire and Running-families. The three best Running-families, 1,
2 and 3 (which according to Allison, 1901, range 1, 3, 2), are, according to
■212 Heredity.
the above table, also the three best Sire-families, and the two Running-
families, 1 and 2, are, as regards the production of sires, far superior to
Bruce Lowe's Sire-families, 8, 11, 12 and 14. Even the outside family 6, is
just as good as the celebrated Sire-family 12, and better than the Sire-
families 8 and 14. Thereby the affirmed difference between Running and
Sire-families is wanting. Moreover, this fact gives, if looked at from a
special point of view, an interesting figure proof of the above contention that
both parents, sire and dam, have an equal influence on their progeny. If
the Bruce Lowe doctrine were true, then in the case of the present day race-
horses of about the 2.jth generation, the one foundation mare ought to have
a greater influence than the other about 17,000,000 ancestors, and she ought
to be able to seal her Sire or Running-character on her family. Ver\-
interesting — if it were true !
In the figure estimate of the different families as regards the production
of classical winners in Running-families, as well as of sires of classical
winners in Sire-families, we must take into consideration that a classical
winner can only be counted once, or at most three times, according as it has
won one or three classical races. A sire of classical winners, however, can
be counted one to about seventeen times, according as he has produced one
or seventeen classical winners. Stockwell, for example, is sire of three
Derby winners, six St. Legers, one Oaks, four 2,000 Guineas, and three
1,000 Guineas winners — altogether seventeen classical winners. As a winner
in the 2,000 Guineas Stakes and in the St. Leger, Stockwell is marked with
two numbers in the running quality of family 3, and with seventeen numbers
in the sire quality of the same family. A classical winner can only obtain
number three for the running quality of his family, but for the sire quality he
can, like Stockwell, obtain seventeen or even a higher number. This shows
distinctly that the value of the figures which determine the quality of
Running or Sire-families cannot be taken as a standard. Statistical com-
parisons of the figures which represent the classical winners and of those
which represent the sires of classical winners, are, therefore, n(jt justified, and
lead to wrong conclusions. The followers of the Bruce Lowe doctrine, when
judging of the pedigree of a prominent racehorse whose sire does not
come from a Sire-familv, surmount this obstacle bv saving that perhaps
the best sire blo(jd was brought bv the sire <»f the mother or by the sire's
sire. Tills does not. however, reconcile itself with the fundamental idea of
the contended transmission of sire or running qualities onlv through the
dam's side. The proportion of running, sire, and outside families changes
in the pedigree of a horse witH every generation so much that the value of
a horse differs according to the generation which is taken as a basis. Accord-
ing to one's wish, one could, from this point of view, judge a horse favour-
abh- or unfavourablv. .Vccording to Chamant, for example, the proportion
of sire and outside families changes as follows : —
1. (ieiuT.il ObstTVMlidiis (in lU-ruditv.
!l.t
Runiiinjj-
fainih .
If. (Jencratidn, -J Ancestors. 1
HI. ., 4 .. ■>
W. ,. 8 „ H
V. .. 10 „ 4
VI. .. 3-2 ,, 9
Vn. .. G4 .. 19
XVII. ,. 05,530 ,. T.iT
+ The numliur ut l'";miilv ;1 is tci \>l- >imilarl\ aildiil in tlic Kimiiinyf .nicl Sirt^-l.-unilies.
Sin-
I-'.-miily
Outside
family.
family
I
o
0
3
8
0
13
^•2
5
2«
1,439
t
03,303
If Ciiamant liad prodiui'd b;iciK', imr cciuld have made lln' cxciisi- that lit*
had, in tin- sciond and tliird gcncratiim, iiiort* running blood tlian .•sire blood.
If he prodiues well, it is evident from the seventeentii generation (or even
earlier) that he has more sire blood than running blood. These different
ways of judging liorses are indeed alwaxs possible for our pn-scnt dav
horses, but not for the three foundatiim sires of the luiglish liioroughbred,
for Eclipse, a marvel on tiie raeeeourse, iiad, just lii\e Ilerod, who between
the ape of -J to 9 vears won in 0 r.'ices, no running blood whatever in his
pedigree, whilst Mateiiem, who between the age of 5 to 10 vears won in ]0
races, can sItow \er\- little running blood (onlv famil\- 1) and no sire blood
at all in his pedigree. .\11 this ought to be suftirieni to show how untenable
Bruce Lowe's breeding theorv w ith the number svstem is. I*!ven if cleverness
in the grouping of figures and diverse statistical tables often sei-m to support
the Bruce Lowe theorv, one onh' needs to be reminded that tiguro pro\e
anything, and often give verv remarkable answers to foolish or unjustitied
questions. With the same justification we could also divide the blood of
the sires into Running and Sire-families. Bruce Lowe's breeding theory, with
its figure system, belongs to those errors which are fairlv harmless, with
this advantage even, that breeders now trouble themselves more with the
pedigree of the breeding material than formerly. Charles Richardson ("The
l^nglish Turf," page 'J'JT) rightlv settles the whole Bruce Lowe doctrine bv
saying : " 1 had some thought of criticising this figure system theorv, but.
never seriouslv taken up bv breeders, it is alreadv a dead letter, succumbing
through sheer inanition."
The influence of sires and dams on their jirogenv varies in realiu trom
the fact that the sires are, on the average, more important representatives of
their race than the much more numerous dams c.'tn ever be. It is. therefore.
to be assumed that the sires will oftener imprint their individuality than the
dams. From this point of view can be explained the justitlcation and the
especial value of the tables of breeding sires in the male line, as I have shown
in the tables which follow. The recognised Goos tables in the female line
up to the respective foundation dams are pre-eminentlv suitable for the correct
judgment of Thoroughbred dams. The breeding tables of brood mares, com-
214 Heredity.
piled according to tlie families on the dam's side, in the same manner as the
Thoroughbred dams in the Goos tables, are used to serve this purpose in the
stud books of the Royal studs at Trakehnen and Beberbeck. In these tables
all dams which have produced nothing great are left out. The classical
winners in the Thoroughbred tables correspond to the Royal stud and country
stallions. As in all breeding of animals, bv far more female than male
animals are necessary, the stallions will on an average excel the brood mares
in qualitv. The chief thought expressed in the Goos tables, as well as in
the tables just mentioned in the stud books of Trakehnen and Beberbeck,
is therefore based on the claim that a division of the blood on the mother's
side mav also take place. Through it the practical breeder will obtain an
easy means to judge rightly and quickly the chances of a good heredity in
ever}' single instance, and the investigator obtains an easy survey and insight
in transmission affairs. It is a mistake, therefore, to conclude that the dam
has a greater influence on the progeny than the sire, whilst from the above,
it onlv follows that a good or prominent mare has more, i.e., more favourable
influence, than a mare of less value, and that it is therefore important to use
as good a dam as possible. It is taken as a matter of course that the stallion
is good, especiallv as he can be more easily obtained, i.e., for a single
covering, than a good mare.
CHAPTER II.
The Transmission of Acquired Characters.
The ingenious Darwin theory of natural selection in breeding has latterly
been mucii attacked. Critics, however, have not yet substituted it by any-
thing better. The development of the genus horse is a proof of the Darwin
theory. The destruction of the unfit is, according to Darwin's theory, eas\-
to prove. The creation of the fit, which he speaks of, is explainable by the
transmission of acquired characters, without it, it remains an enigma. The
controversy as to the transmission of acquired characters seems to me to
have become a war of words, just like the controversies about pure breeding,
constancv and individual prepotency. The opponents of the doctrine of the
transmission of acquired character admit that those acquired characters of
the body, which when acquired influence also the germ cells, or, to speak
more correctly, the corresponding so-called "determinants" oi the germ
cells, can be transmitted. The question therefore arises, which of the
characters acquired bv the body do not influence at the time when they are
acciuired corresponding these germ cells? The above opponents admit also
the eftccts rjf climate and food, for example, on the bodv and on the germ
cells and the transmissi(jn of characters thus acquired. The transmission of
immunities has also been proved by Tizzoni, for example, in the case of
raby-proof raiibits and tetanus-proof mice, and by Ehrlich, in the case of
rizin and abrin-proof mice. .Mares which have suffered from severe glanders
and got over them seem, as far as m\' observations at Beberbeck and
Trakehnen go, to transmit a certain immunity. Of course, it is possible that
this transmission of immunities by the dam is deceptive, and has only been
transmitted to their progenv by the milk of the dam. 1 have never been able
to prove that sires transmit such immunities.
.\!1 characters acquired by the body exercise an irritation tiirough the
acquirement. We must, therefore, assume that the germ plasm nourished
by the body, and thus connected with the same, is subject to every such
irritation, even if only in a very small degree. The cutting off the tail, as in
the case of dogs, very likely produces an irritation of the germ cells, which
is, howc\er, not strong enough, and nut nf .such a kind that (ransmission
2ir Heredity.
witliDUt a tail follows, 'llie cutting; oft the tail in the case of dogs belongs,
as a matter of fact, just as little to acquired characters as the circumcision of
Jews ; both are changes made from the outside, not acquired characters. Only
irritations which for a long time and regularly, especially in earl\- years,
have led to the acquirement of certain characters, as, for example, the trotting
training of Trotters, which commences when thev are weaned foals, will be
able to influence the corresponding " determinants " of the germ cells in
such a manner that a favourable aptitude for the characters accjuircd from
the parents is more or less transmitted. Thus is explained the transmission
of changes produced bv the continuous influence of ground. The best
example for this which I personally know is th<- previously mentioned change
of the Percherons in the Russian Ciovernment Stud, Derkul (Government
Charkow ), which was caused bv the Steppes, and transmitted. Darwin has
especially emphasised the great influence which groimd, climate, food and
manner of living exercise on the complete organism of animals in every kind
of breeding. Important changes in the breeding stock may be effected by
changes in the mode of living, which breeders can bring about. Practical
horse breeding is based on these important and fundamental truths, and
reckons w ith the transmission of many acquired characters. To these belong
first of all, health, power, hardiness, habits, action, and the construction of
the skeleton, combined with the action and changed by certain exercises.
For example, the firmly established and early begun galloping exercises of
the Thoroughbred have transff)rmed the previous more curved hind legs into
more straight ones, and the less developed withers into prominent ones. On
the other hand, the trotting exercises have, in the course of several genera-
tions, produced straighter pasterns, longer middle, and flatter withers.
Likewise the more upright shoulders of the draft horse, so suitable for draw-
ing heavy loads, have been produced by degrees and transmitted in conse-
(juenceof constant practice in drawing heavy loads through many consecutive
generations. The deformation of the skeleton, which the Frenchman, De
Gaste, takes to be the result of exorbitant trotting exercises, consists for the
most part in a prf)longation of the ilium, a stunting of the ischium, and the
diminution of the shoulder angle.
Foals from parents which have been harnessed in their youth are more
easily broken to harness than foals from parents which have never been har-
nessed. It is more difficult to break in ff)r riding foals the parents of which
have not been ridden or \(T\- little than those from parents which have been
ridden for a long time. This is most noticeable in the case of breaking in
young horses for jumping. In Trakehnen the brood mare Pirna, probably
in consequence of an accidental opportunity, had accustomed herself not to
be fastened up, or if she were fastened up, to get loose by cunning or
force. Pirna transmitted this quality to several of her progeny, in the
celebrated stud Palo Alto (California). October, 1893, 1 noticed as a very
remarkable thing in the meadows that the foals of Trotters, unlike foals of
2. 'I'lu- 'IVansinissiuii of Acquired ("haracters. 217
riK.roughlKods. nearly always Inittrd. if they were urj^'cd on by a liandki-r-
ohief'or whip. There was only one foal which i^allopcd nmre than trotted,
and that foal was the product of a Trotter stallion out of the Thoroughbred
mare Satanella. As is well Unown. the Americans liked until recently to
infuse Thoroufrhbred blood into their Trotters. The stallion I'alo Alto and
mare Maud S. are the best examples of this experiment. Briefly, the trans-
mission of habits flnd faculties is in horse breeding a fact provable by many
fxamples, and the most inifxirtant means for the impro\rmciit ot the breeds.
.\s Darwin has proved by many examples, Imwever, not only habits and
cleverness are transmitted, but all those characters which arc acijuired by
continuous exercise of the same and according to the effect of the acquire-
ment thev mav either injure or benefit the breed. In the following are given
a few examples showing that the explanation of progress or retrogression in
breeding by variation and selection alone seems to be insutificient.
In August, I'.KIC), in TraUehnen, among the two-year-old fillies which
were destined to become brood mares, the following ten fillies, by reason of
their ancestry and conformation, were put to training for the llalf-bred breed-
ing races 1907 in Konigsberg : —
1. .\cl<erdrossel by Pomp and Achtbare by Optinrus.
•1. I.autenspielerin by (icheimrat and T.aute by Lehnsherr.
3. Leibeigene bv Pomp and Leibrente by Optimus.
4. Poesie bv Geheimrat and Poststrasse by Lehnsherr.
5. .\rt b\- Pomp and .\rgolis b\- ]-!h\in.
(■). Jutizratin bv Geheimrat and Justicia by Pass\an.
7. Julisonne b\- Greif and Julia b\- Orcus.
H. Hf)hkonigsberg bv Poniji and ilohle h\ Ap\s.
9. Lore bv Pomp and Louisa by L'Ifenbein.
10. Fleimatlose bv Pomp and Heid<'nelfe by l^lfenbeiti.
If we consider the three different Thoroughbred sires (Pomp, Geheimrat,
and (ireif) of the above ten fillies of equal value, we should have, first of all,
to judge the sires of the dams of these ten fillies in order to rightly estimate,
by reason of the ancestry of the mares, their racing chances. If we believe
in the transmission of acquired characters, we must assume that the two Ilalf-
bri'd sires, Optimus and Lehnsherr, both of which were brought up in the
.Mauer i'ark of Sabahurg, near i^eberbeck, had there ac{|uired b<'tter faculties
for going, hardiness, and stronger heart and lungs, and all things being
e(|ual, ought also to have transmitted these characters better than the stallions
Orcus, Apis, l-'lwin and Ivlfenbein, which were brought up in Trakehnen,
and therefore had less chance of exercise and galloping from their earliest
youth. Looked at from this standpoint, the merit of the ten fillies in the last
autumn trial, lUOli, was about in the same order as show n by the above table.
The last four were soon after taken awav from race training. In the summer,
1007, Nos. •") and (i were the sk)west. l-'inallv there f)nlv remained the four
218 Heredity.
grand-children of Optinnis and Lehnshcrr. On account of influenza in
Trakehnen, in July, 1907, we were unable to send any horses for racing to
Kijnigsberg. The race took place, therefore, on the 20th Julv, 1907, at
Trakehnen, and there the four fillies passed the post in the same order as
above list.
The well-known American Trotter, Mambrino Chief (II.) by Mambrino
Paymaster, had alreadv been used as a stallion for breeding of Trotters
before he was trained for trotting races. He produced badh', however, and
his progeny were not able to win any trotting races. Mambrino Chief was
then trained several years for trotting, and afterwards transmitted so well
the faculty for trotting that he became one of the most favourite trotting sires
in Kentucky.
We can find many similar examples of this in horse breeding, and it
would be somewhat artificial to explain this striking fact by variation and
selection alone. Above all, time necessary for variation and selection is
wanting. It is also unjustifiable to explain by variation and selection alone
the retrogressive movement in Thoroughbred breeding — as illustrated above
— as a consequence of the many and early two-vear-old races. The deteriora-
tion of the fundament of the Thoroughbreds, which increases slowly from
generation to generation, remains a puzzle without the transmission of
acquired characters. Selection will, for all that, always try to avoid horses
with bad fundament as much as possible, and a bad fundament can scarcely
be considered as a necessary accompaniment of variation, which produces at
the same time racing capability in early youth. The fact that racehorses
possessing such a good fundament that they still win flat races as eight-
year-olds and older are mostly derived from parents which did not run as
two-year-olds can, without a transmission of acquired characters, only be
explained if a good fundament were an obstacle for successful racing as two-
year-olds. On the contrary, we find in the above tables (pages 108 — 141)
many examples proving that horses which did not run as two-year-olds, but
up to their eighth year and older, successfully produced progeny which dis-
tinguished themselves as two-year-olds on the racecourse. Dr. Syntax, for
example, ran and won between the age of 3 and 12 years, and produced from
several mares which had not run as two-year-olds, two-year-old winners,
amongst them the celebrated Bee's Wing. How is it, then, that the reverse
happens so much more seldom? All these and similar occurrences can be
much more easily and more naturally explained if we accept the theory of
transmission of acquired characters.
In the history of Thoroughbred breeding, one may give as an example
for the transmission of acquired characters, the fact that many Orientals
which were imported into England after Godolphin Arabian, i.e., after 1730,
did not inherit the capability for running in the same measure as the children
and grand-children of Godolphin Arabian (Cade and Matchem), or as the
descendants of the already earlier imported Bverlv Turk, Darlev .Arabian,
2. The Transmission of Acquired Characters. 219
and many others. In spite of the less weiglits wliich were accorded to the
offspring of Oriental parents in several races (in the Goodwood Gold Cup,
for example, 3G lbs.), the later imported Orientals could not compete any
longer against the progeny of the earlier imported ones. On the other hand,
the offspring of Herod, Highflyer and Eclipse were given in many races
extra weights of about 3 to 5 lbs., as a contrast to the offspring of Matchem
and Conductor, as descendants of Godolphin Arabian, who was later imported
than Bverh- Turk (foundation sire of Herod and Highflyer) and Darley
Arabian (foundation sire of Eclipse). In consequence of the transmission of
acquired characters, the heritage, with respect to racing capability, has
slowly increased. The other explanation of this fact, i.e., by variation and
selection, is.iif we consider the few generations and the not too numerous
individuals coming into consideration for selection in which the difference
of transmission was alreadv distinctly recognisable, somewhat artificial,
unless we suppose that the variation of the germ plasm has been at least
guided by the acquired characters of the body. Finallv, the followers of
W'eissmann's theory may sav that it is not the acquired characters of the
body which have guided the formation or variation of the germ plasm, but
that the activity necessary to acquire new characters had a direct influence
on the germ plasm. In my opinion, the whole controversv about the trans-
mission of acquired characters seems to terminate on this or that wrangling.
The belief in the transmission of acquired characters is for the breeder
the chief stimulant to diligent and well-considered work. Without this
belief there would be a great danger of breeding material being neglected.
The breeder would have much less pleasure in his work once the most
interesting part of stud work disappeared.
CHAPTER 111.
The Doctrine of Constancy and Individual Prepotency.
'I"im:ri: has been niiRh dispute over tiie question as to ho\v surely the
characters of breeding stocl\, and especially the just-mentioned changed
characters of same, are inherited. \\'ith the exception of a few extravagant,
shfjrt-lived doctrines (as, for instance, that of Bufifon), the unimportant deria-
tions of the diflerent df)Ctrines from one another are just as remarkable as the
great disagreements of the doctrinaires. Even in ancient Greece, about 300
years B.C., Aristotle taught in his celebrated work, Historia Animalium, if
somewhat less tlKiroughlv than it is tauglit to-da\', the same theory of con-
stancy and even individual prepotencv, just as later the professor of the
\'ienna veterinary school, johann Ciottlieb Wollstein (born 1737), and his
eminent disciple the Imperial Stud Inspector, Johann Christoph Justinus
(died l)S"2l), did. The doctrines of the old justinus (Allg. Grundsatze zur Ver-
vollkommung der Pferdezucht, W'ien 181j), which are considered classics still
at the present time, have been later partly rearranged more precisely but at
the same time have been impaired by vf)n Weckherlin, H. v. Xathusius and
Settegast. There are often onlv wtirdv wars, and doctrines expressed care-
lessly and regardless of correctness, causing a long book war. It is difficult
to decide who was the original author of the doctrine of individual prepotency.
Of course, the teachers of the present time have the advantage of regarding
these questions from the pedestal of the latest biological researches, and they
are therefore enabled to give to these questions more precise and more explicit
answers, which, above all, are scientifically better founded.
Heredity in horse breeding is all the more sure, i.e., all the more corre-
sponding to the purpose of horse breeding; in short, is more constant the
longer the line of ancestors which has been trained in serviceable management
to acquire the intended performance, and which has been favourably tested.
Of course, the word " constant " admits progress in the intended capabilities,
and only designates the constant direction of the breeding. II. V. Xathusius
calls the products of capable parents " highlv bred." According to this the
3. The Doctrine of Constancy and Imliviilual Prepotency. OO]
above sentence eould be sumined up as follows : 'I'lie heredity in horse breed-
ing is all the more constant the more hiohly bred ancestors are found in the
pedigree of both parents. In so far as in so-called pure breeds a guarantee
is given that their ancestors are highlv iired, liie al5o\'e sentence could ais(( be
read: The hereditv is all the more coiist;int the purer the breed is bred.
Puritv of breed is, of course, not meant in the zoological sense, as H. V.
Nathusius retpiires. According to this we could not call the Merinos, with
their obscure origin, and not e\-en the presrnt da\- Thoroughbred, [lure bred.
The purit\- of breed coming here into consideration does not onl\- require a
pure pedigree, as recorded in the stud book', but also the proof of a ratitjnal
rearing, as well as of sufficient [performances of their respectixe ancestors.
I'or example, 'I'horoughbred breeding would lose e\cry prospect of success
if breeding material were used which had been pampered without training
and tests, especialh- if it is continued for sc\fral generations. Such breeding
stocU would not transmit constantly in the sense of their breed, but by trans-
mitting their own acquired characters, idnsisting in effeminac\- and lack of
capabilities, thev would transmit a character opposed to the object of breed-
ing, /.('., the\' would not transmit constantb' in the sense of their race. In
natural breeds, as, for example, Stepjie horses and Arabs in thefr own
homes, purity of breed, as regards pedigree and capabilities, is guaranteed
more or less b\- local conditions and especialh- b\- natural selection in the
tight for life. Ihe surer this guarantee is tin- more can one rel\' on a con-
stant hercdit\- of these natural breeds. In e\ery breed where the method of
management is irrational, at first the intended capabilities disappear, after-
wards constant heredity, and finally, after several generations, more or less
the so-called zoological attributes, i.e.. the breed degenerates. The exclusive
attention paid to a recorded pure pedigree (and as long as it is possible of the
just-mentioned zof)logical attributes, without taking into consideration the
lierformance, which reallv is the base of all) has. with the jiid of imreasonable
shows, alreadv ruined manv formerlv capable breeds, as, for example, the
Suffolks, the C"le\eland Ba\s, and in recent times perhaiis also a part of the
Clydesdales.
I'!\(T\' sensible i)reeder of Thoroughbreds or Troiters can obtain from
the stud book and race calendar the necessarx' information for the correct
judgment of the breeding stoc-k from which he ma\' expect a constant
heredity, i.e., mie which serxcs the purj^ose. In the breeding of IFalf-breds
judging is, of course, somewhat more dil'licult, as there are no race calendars,
but it is just as necessary, and will geiierallv be based on the manner of
rearing and the conditif)n of the soil. In recent limes some stud books of
Half-breds give some information, as the\- record especialh' the brood marcs
which have received prizes at shows. These horses which have been
rewarded at shows cannot generally be recommended when breeding for
performances. There are horses which, for example, according to their
22'2 Heredity.
pedigree, are pure Trakehners, but having been irrationally reared (perkaps
they have not been taken to grass, or had not suflicient exercise), they cannot
be taken as pure-bred Trakehners. That breeding with such stallions in
Trakehnen cannot lead to good results, therefore cannot have a constancy,
In spite of so-called purity of breed, is a priori probable, and I have
experienced it myself at Trakehnen. The performances and other characters
required in every kind of horse breeding are much surer of being transmitted
the longer the line of ancestors which have been bred on favourable soil in
connection with a rational method of raising, as well as of the selection of
the most capable stock for breeding. By improving the soil and other
things, the intended characters of the products can also be improved. The
heritage, which in this way becomes more valuable, is the cause of progress
in all kinds of breeding. Neither Justinus nor the other old teachers of the
doctrine of constancy have ever believed in unchangeable breeds in the sense
of the progress of their performances.
The chances of success in crossing different breeds depend on the com-
patibility of the most important characters which the two breeds possess,
and on the possibilities of realising the new breeding form aimed at by cross-
ing and its performances to be produced. Unreasonable wishes will remain
wishes here, as everywhere else. Cross breeding, even if it otherwise mis-
carries, acts on fertility and good constitution just as favourably as fresh
blood. The best example of a successful cross breeding in the history of
horse breeding is the mixing of the American Trotter and Thoroughbred.
The chief characters of Trotters and Thoroughbreds which are required to
be combined are hard sinews and bones, well developed lungs, strong heart,
action, and healthy nerves. Coarse crosses of either English or Oriental
Thoroughbreds on Draft breeds may be prominent products well adapted to
certain practical uses, but not to breeding. Darwin writes about cross breed-
ing and its success as follows : " The possibility to form different breeds by
cross breeding has been very much exaggerated. Certainly many cases are
known which prove that a breed can be modified by an occasional crossing
of certain individuals carefully chosen, and which possess an intended
character. It would, however, be very difficult to produce a new breed which
would represent a good average of two different breeds or kinds. Sir J.
Sebright has made special experiments in this respect, buf without success.
The progenv from the first crossing of two pure breeds is, as I have found
in the case of pigeons, fairly, and sometimes extraordinarily, alike in char-
acter, and evervthing seems to be simple. If one, however, pairs these cross-
breds for a few consecutive generations, scarcely two of their progeny will
be alike, and one gets a clear idea of the great difficulty of success."
There are breeds which are not related to each other, but which pursue
the same purpose and have attained approximately the same results.
According to what I have just said, there would be no objection to the mixing
3. The Doctrine of Constancy and Indivitlual Prepotency. O03
of such breeds. On the contrary, such a mixing, especially with a breed
which ranks higher, on account of performance, would act favourably as an
infusion of new blood, i.e., it would tend to favourably influence constitution,
energy, vigour and fecundity. Such mixings between the Thoroughbred
and the different noble breeds in all parts of the world have taken place with
good results. The use of Thoroughbred sires in the Steppe breedings of
Russia has led to very good results. Arabian and Persian stallions have
producetl well in the East Prussian Military Studs. In the same way also,
the mixing of a military horse bred perhaps in Australia, and possessing
the necessary characters, with the East Prussian horse breed, would prob-
ably have good results. On the other hand, however, it seems to me that a
mixing of the Russian and American Trotters \yould be very precarious,
not on account of the various blood which predominates in these two breeds,
but on account of their very different training, caused by different race
propositions. The manner of rearing these two Trotting breeds is just
as different as their conformation. The characters of the American Trotter,
trained for the mile, cannot be so easily mixed with the characters of the
Russian Trotter, trained for longer distances. These two breeds are not of
equal value regarding the kind of their performances, they possess different
forms, and cannot therefore be classed as of wholly equal breed. The mixing
of the same would not be an infusion of fresh blood, but almost a cross, with
all its dangers, but yet not without prospects for a final success after long
and systematical breeding.
In every breeding, may it be ever so pure, and ma\- the rearing of its
progeny be ever so rational, one will always find individuals which transmit
the desired breed characters particularly well, and, on the other hand,
individuals which transmit them badly. The ability of breeding stock
to transmit the characters desired in the case of every breed in a prominent
manner is called individual prepotency. Sires as well as mares may have
a special individual prepotency, even when (if only exceptionally) they do
not themselves possess in a prominent manner the character which thev
prominently transmit. On the other hand, there are sires and dams which,
although themselves possessing in a high degree the desired breed char-
acters, transmit the same very seldom or not at all. There have been
Thoroughbreds which belonged to the best on the course, as, for example,
lli(- twd champions of the racecourse, C'otherstnne and (".ladiateiir, and vet
their progeny performed little or nothing at all. I have known horses with
excellent hocks, and again others with a splendid action, nevertheless, their
progeny was noted for bad hocks, or a bad action. Of course, this lack of
transmission is not the rule.
One of the most important tasks of the breeder will be to get prominent
sires with sp>ecial individual prepotency. Whether those individuals which
excel by new formations of nature (according to Darwin's single variation)
•224 Heredity.
are — as Settegast says — endowed with a special individual prepotencv, is a
question which, as far as horse breeding is concerned, cannot as vet be
detinitely answered. In any case, male products in horse breeding are more
prone to take on individual variations than female products. The aggregate
of tilly yearlings is therefore always more equal than tlwt of colt vearlings.
Of course, one will naturally prefer to use stallions with indixidual varia-
tions or modifications which appear favourable for the purpose of breeding,
and to establish and make the greatest possible use of these characters by
inbreeding. It is possible that generally such stallions are specially endowed
with individual prepotency.
CHAPTER IV.
Inbreeding.
The investigations of scientists in biology and transmission have made, not
only in Germany, but also in other civilised countries, especially in England
and America, most considerable progress. Numerous regularly appearing
periodicals have lately been created regarding this subject, amongst which is
one that is especially worthy of notice appearing in England since 1901 under
the name of " Biometrica " (Professor Pearson), in which — as the name
already indicates — all mathematically tangible phenomena of biology and
transmission are discussed. Laws of inbreeding are, however, to my know^-
ledge, neither formulated in our country, nor in the just-mentioned
" Biometrica." It appears to me the reason is that the material for such
investigations in animal breeding is available to a sufficient extent only for
the English Thoroughbred breeding, and this field is, unfortunately, up to
the present not wholly familiar to the scientists. Even the book by Daven-
port (" Principles of Breeding"), published in America, 1907, which gives
many \ery interesting insights into the mathematically-expressed laws of
transmission, leaves somewhat to be desired in its chapter on inbreeding.
From the Thoroughbred of to-day are already known 20 to •2-3 generations of
their genealogy. We could therefore make their pedigrees, with 1 to 17
millions of ancestors, whose abilities and capabilities are to be seen in the
racing calendars since 200 years. It show-s how enormous is the material we
possess in the Thoroughbred, and that it is without equal in any other breed !
Common ancestors constitute the basis of inbreeding. By " free genera-
tions " is meant the number nf generations between the common ancestors
and the sire on the one side, and between the common ancestors and the dam
on the other side. In the following example of Stockwell, the common
ancestor, Orville, is removed from the dam, Pocahontas, by two generations,
and from the sire, The Raron, by three generations. Therefore the common
blood of the basis, Orville, must altogether run five generations before
entering the blood of Pocahontas and The Baron. From this is derived the
S
226
Heredity.
term " five free generations." It can also be seen from the same example
that Waxy and Penelope form the basis of a different inbreeding with six
free generations, three on each side. We further can notice that The Baron
himself has four free generations to Waxy and four free generations to
Penelope, and accordingly supports or increases the inbreeding of his son
Stockwell on the same basis.
Stockwell
Pocahontas
The Baron
Marpessa
Glencoe
Echidna
Birdcatcher
Clare
Muley
Tramp-
oline
Sultan
Miss Pratt
Economist
Guiccioli
Sir
Hercules
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If sire and dam come from the same stallion (mating of brother and sister),
that is an inbreeding with 0 free generation, and when it happens that a
stallion is sire and grand-sire on the dam's side, that is to say, when he pro-
duced a foal out of his own daughter, that is an inbreeding with — 1 free
generation. In fixing the number of free generations, no notice is taken to
which side they are allotted. On the other hand, in giving the number of
removes, it is seen at once how many free generations are on the dam's side
and how many on the sire's side. For instance, Stockwell is inbred to
Orville in the fourth and fifth remove. It is usual in this designation to
count both parents, commencing with the dam. It seems to me, however,
improbable that finer shades in the laws of inbreeding can be detected by the
help of removes than by that of free generations. I personally have not
succeeded. In making these attempts, one is apt to run into the danger of
getting together certain interesting geometrical groups, and to shape out
fanciful and imaginary things, and in this way lose sight of the real facts.
4. Inbreedinj^. 227
1 myself know of no law of brfedintj wliicli cnn be settled or confirmed b\' the
system of removes.
Both parents, as well as all ancestors, ha\e heredity shares on the off-
spring. The question now arises iiow great is the siiare of eadi of them.
The second generation consists of two parents, both of which possess ec|iialh'
great shares. To eacii of the parents mav be therefore ascrilied half. Now
the question arises how much of this half eacii parent indi\idually transmits,
and how much of it he transmits as mediator of his ancestors. The heredity
share coming from eacJT parent must therefore be considered to consist of
two parts whicii — as is shown at once — must be equally great. At first a
still unkniiwn fraction e is supposed to be the individual heredity share of
one parent. Both parents therefore individually possess 2 e shares, and
figure as mediators of the remaining part 1 — 2 e, which is ascribed to the
total of the ancestors. Thereby follows the demand that the fraction e is also
valid for all former generations. Accordingly the four grand parents have
the share 2 e . 2 e = 4 e", the eight great grand parents 2 e . 2 e . 2 e =
8 e' etc. The total heritage will thus be represented bj' :
2 e + 4 e= + 8 e-' + 16 e' — = 1. 1.)
in which the 1 figures as the entire heritage. The value of this series quickly
decreases until the\' soon become infinitesimal. From the above equation 1)
one can eliminate 2 e and write instead :
2 e (1 + 2 e + 4 e= + 8 e-' — . . . .) = 1 2.)
.\s the value contained in brackets near the ] is equal to the series in equation
1), it follows by substitution 2 e (1 + 1) = 1, therefore e = 1/4 3.)
Thereupon follows that each parent individually transmits only the half
of its total heritage, while the other half, also = 14, is transmitted on the
offspring b\' each parent as mediator of all his ancestors. This is known in
England as the so-called Gallon's law of ancestral heredity. But whether
and in what manner Galton has furnished a mathematical proof of it is
unkm iwn to me.
Table I. gives a scheduled classification of the heredity shares for 10
generations, and Table II. the same in a lucid pedigree form. One sees that
not quite 4-millionth represents the heredity share of an ancestor in the tenth
generation. ,\s it is inconvenient to count with fractions, one can multiply
all numbers by 262144. Thereby the heredity unity is the share of an
ancestor in the tenth generation, accordingly =1 = 2" and the heritage of
the offspring equals 262144 = 2 ". The last column in Table I. shows the
heredity share of the various generations. One sees that each higher genera-
tion has the half of the share of the preceding one. Below is show n the total
of all generations up to and including the tenth. If one adds the remaining
heritage of the still further removed generations of 512 the whole heritage of
the offspring = 2 " is obtained.
Heredity.
Tablk I.
in
C
[fl
(Quantity of blood or Heredity shares of the offspring
>
and of the ancestors of the generations.
n
o
E
Offspring
= 2"
Offspring = 2'" Offspring =
OI ^^
o
1
I.
0
1
•)o
2(52144 2'»
262144
'>i h
11.
1
i =
2-2
655:« = 2'"
131072
2'^
III.
2
tV =
2-->
l(3:iS4 - 2"
65536
2 1'.
IV.
3
■,h =
2-"
409G - 2'^
327(58
2^ ''
V.
4
531? ^^
2"'
1024 - 2">
16:iS4
2'*
VI.
.5
tjiVj =
2* '"
2.J0 2"
bl92
213
VII.
6
HTUr, =
2-12
(54 - 2« 1 4096
212
VIII.
7
^T,r,s-i =
2-1 »
16 2* 1 2048
2"
IX.
8
iTiiir =
2-1.1
4 = 2-1 1024
21"
X.
0
»<riVi4 =
2-1 -
1 2" 1 .512
29
lutal
Remaining heritage
Offspring
2(51(532
.512
262144
2'*
The question is n<i\v io fined for the different inbreedings a measure for
their effect in transmission, i.e., the inbreeding amount. From a simple
mathematical consideration it follows — as is shown below — that the inbreed-
ing amount cannot be in any case a total, i.e., also not equal to the transmitted
quantity of blood, or what is the same, equal to the total of heredity shares of
the basis of inbreeding. These quantities of blood are not at all the same for
the same number of free generations, but change very much according as the
removes are allotted to the two sides of the pedigree. From Table III. one
sees, for instance, that in the case of 6 free generations = totalling 10
removes, the quantities of blood transmitted by the basis of inbreeding in-
crease from 512 to 6.5,5.37, while — as may be here mentioned in anticipation
— the product of the heredity shares remains equally great, i.e., -J ^^ . 2 ° =
'2 11 . -2 2 = -2 12 . 2 " = 2 1° . 2 ^ = 2 8.28=2 l^ therefore independent of the
different removes in the case of immutable free generations (for information
see Table II.).
If a 1 and aH represent the heredity shares of the basis of inbreeding, and
J 12 the corresponding inbreeding-amount, it follows that
Ja,2 = F(ai, all) 4.) #
If a 1, or a n becomes infinitesimal — i.e., in the case of far removed in-
breeding— it follows that J 1,2 also becomes infinitesimal or 0, although the
quantity of blood as such remains existing but not operating as inbreeding.
It is therefore certain that
F (a 1, a 11 ) = a 1 + a n 5.)
is no equation.
4. Inbreeding
229
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230
Heredity.
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4. Inbreeding.
•231
The simplest functinn wliirli fulfils the condition that J 1,2 becomes 0 if a ^
or a '1 = 0 reads as follows :
J
1,2
6.)
in words : The inhreedino; amount ec|uals the product of the hi redily shares
of the basis. Accordintjly Table I V. is constructed. The unity to be chosen
is an arbitrary one, as a unity to be absolutely described is unconceivable.
The heredity shares are powers to -2, therefore their product also indicates in
powers to -2 the inbreeding; amount. Accordingly, not the quantity of blood,
but the inbreedino- amount as settled by the free generations, is the eftective
agency which asserts the influence of the common ancestor in memory and in
transmission with the power of the inbreeding amount. I'-rom the number
of free generations, one can calculate at once the inbreeding amount F as
p = 22 (fi-n 7.)
in which f 1 = that number of free generations to which the inbreeding
amount is supp<:)sed = 1. One can convince oneself of the exactness by re-
garding the values in Table IW, for instance according to ccjlumn iii., there-
fore f 1 = (5. It follows in case of
•J free generations: F == 22(6-2)= o 8 = 256
G free generations: F = 22(6-6'= 2 0 = 1
Accordingh- the free generations are a practical and simple means for the
calculation of the inbreeding amounts.
Table IV.
Inbreeding amount in the case of
c
I.
II.
III.
IN'.
^■^
0 ZJ
>
tS. (
f the lOttl
tS. of the 7th
tS. of the (ith
tS. of the 10th
c
c
generntion=2"
generation=2"
generation = 2"
generation =2-'"
1^ "
Offs
)ring=2"'
=262144
Offspring=2'-'
=405)6
Offspring =2>°
= 1024
OITspring=2''
-1
3
2=°^-
107:^741824
2'-= 202144
•2"- UXiSi
2-« = A
0
4
2' 6 =
2(KS4:i">4r>6
2"= 65536
2'-'= 4000
2- =-- a^r
1
5
2'"' =
ti71<).SS(>l
2>*= IGim
■ 2'"= 1024
2-"'= m'li
2
6
2^« =
]077721(i
2"'- 4096
2" = 256
2->'= i,^.
8
7
2"-
4194»l4
2"' 1024
2" = 64
2 ■'= ,t,Ut
4
8
2="
l(ll.S.">7(i
2« = 256
2* = 16
2-"= ^J,,
5
9
2'-
2ii2144
2« = <U
2- = 4
2-"'= tWtt.
6
10
2>« =
65i-.:«!
2' 10
2" 1
2~"'= njTim
7
11
2>* =
I(i8St
2^ - 4
2-'= J
2-"=mii«
s
12
21-
■llKKi
2" - 1
2-'- h
2-'' = ,,tt'-i^
tS. = licredily sli.-ire of nm- anccsior (^see lables Land II.).
232 Heredity.
There is yet a broad and unculti\'ated field before lis for furtlier mathe-
matical considerations. I will here only point out that if the basis of
inbreeding; occurs oftener than twice in the pedigree the inbreeding amount
cannot be ecjual to a ^ , a ^^ . a ^^^ .... but is equal to a^ . a ^^ + a ^ , a ^^^ + a^^
. a m + for which we can also write :
J 1,2,3 = J 1.2 + 'I ^^^ • B 1,2. where B 1,2 = cjuantity of blood = a ^ + a ^i.
Thereupon we could still establish special values for the inbreeding sup-
ports. Another consideration would be necessary for the inbreedings with
more than one basis.
In every kind of animal breeding, one has sought and attained improve-
ment and progress by inbreeding to prominent^ ancestors as a basis. It is
evident that the merits of a prominent ancestor have more chance of being
transmitted, if this prominent ancestor appears as a basis of an inbreeding,
in the pedigree of the product, for the breeding of which the mating is made.
If we construct the case theoretically that two animals are mated w ith each
other, which neither in themselves nor in mating with each other, can show
any inbreeding whatever, we must ascribe to each separate ancestor of a
generation, for example, therefore, to each of the 128 ancestors in the seventh
generation, the same possibility and chance of the thorough heredity of its
characters. As amongst these 128 ancestors there are very probably several
of inferior value, there is just as much probability that the inferior ancestor
thoroughly transmits as well as the prominent ancestor. Only on the basis
of inbreeding the prominent ancestors is a better chance of transmission to be
expected. If all ancestors were faultless and equally prominent, every in-
breeding would be dispensable. The inbreeding of any developing breed
must necessarily be very close at first. The question now- arises how close
useful inbreeding shall be to-day, and how often it shall be repeated.
Furthermore, on which ancestors as a basis the inbreeding mu.st be founded.
Too much inbreeding in Thoroughbreds as well as in Half-breds has often
ruined good tribes. In Thoroughbred breeding I recall the too frequent
inbreeding undertaken by Lord Derby (9 times with 0, 6 times with 1, and
9 times with 2 free generations) with the daughters of Papillon, dam of the
Derby winner Sir Peter. The best part of the female progeny of the cele-
brated Papillon was ruined by it. Much of the blood of Eclipse has been
spoiled by inbreeding too, and we have lost at Trakehnen in the same way,
as will be shown later on, a great part of the blood of Thunderclap. Whilst
the inbreeding mania of Lord Derby was a distinct fiasco, the breeding of
the Duke of Grafton, undertaken almost at the same time, in the reasonable
limits of at least 2 free generations, has produced from the valuable blood of
Prunella, and her daughter Penelope, the most celebrated family of all
Thoroughbreds.
As further examples for the failure of inbreeding with 0 free generation
the progeny of following mares will serve : —
4. Iiibi-et-diiii,'. 233
1. Sister to Rfqulus 174:i 1)\- (<odol. Arabian, with 16 fuals, amongst
which () with 0 free generation.
2. Maid of all \\'orl< ITsfi hv Highflyer, own sister to Cowslip I., and
dam of Meteora O.
3. Sister to Parrot 181'i bv Walton, with 8 foals, amongst which 4 witii
0 free generation.
The progen\- of the products with 0 free generation is omitted in Goos'
tables. There are vet many other examples in which this exaggerated
inbreeding would have had a favourable opportunity to manifest its eventual
merit. Its failure is the most plainly recognised through their progeny — as
well as in the case of the children of Papillon — not having played the role
to be assured of a place of honour in the Goos' tables.
There has been also much damaged by exaggerated inbreeding in the
American Thoroughbred breeding. Among the many instances of 0 free
generation I ha\e not found a single one in the American Stud Book which
has been of importance to breeding. I have onlv found one good racehorse
in the American breeding, and that is Henrv 1819 bv Sir Archv-Diomed
(i.e., 0 Diomed), celebrated by his famous match with the American Iiclipse
in Xew York, 1823. The sire of American Eclipse — equally prominent on
the racecourse as at the stud — was Duroc 1806 bv Diomed — Grey Diomed.
As Grey Diomed is a noted son of Diomed, Duroc also appears to be bred to
Diomed with 0 free generation. The excellent performance of Duroc on
the racecourse and at the stud made me sceptical, and exact investigation in
the American Stud Book proved to me, therefore, that the aforesaid Grev
Diomed is not descended from Diomed, but from .Medlev, a son of Gimcrack.
A sire as well as a mare mav be the basis of inbreeding, but as the stallion
will, of course, have a more nimTerr)us progeny, his good characters can be
recognised much more easily and C|uickl\- than those of a marc, especially
if she has only produced well by one stallion. Generallv, therefore, in
mating one will aim at inbreeding to a stallion. As, nioreo\er, in most cases
good stallions have produced several good olTsprings, whilst most good
mares have produced a few good offsprings, it often happens that good
mares give place to the nearest good son as a basis for the inbreeding. Good
mares will only be able to serve as a basis for an inbreeding in those cases
where, as for example, with Penelope, Termagant, Banter, Pocahontas, etc.,
they, with two different prominent products on each side of the pedigree,
determine themselves the closest limit of the inbreeding. The few mares
which serve as basis of inbreeding belong to the most prominent. Veloci-
pede's dam, for example, the basis of St. Simon's inbreeding, must be
specially mentioned as the mother of 18 foals, of which 9 are mentioned in
Goos' tables, a fine performance indeed ! But, as will be seen from the
above, in most cases the stallion forms the basis of inbreeding.
234 Heredity.
In order to correctly estimate the most successful inbreedings in Thorough-
bred breeding, we have classified the following examples of the best stallions,
according to the degree of their inbreeding. We find them : —
With 1 free generation 11 stallions (on'y 3 or 4 successful)
,, 2 free generations 23 stallions
3
51
4
78
5
61
6
33
7
12
8
1
Total 270 stallions.
The figures of the free generations and the basis of same are given for
every stallion indicated and also for its parents. In every case, not only the
closest inbreedings, but also the more distant ones, up to 5 free generations,
are added. Six and more free generations are only mentioned where no
closer inbreedings exist, or where the same appear necessary to give a com-
plete and correct idea of the whole inbreeding.
A clear table of the inbreedings of the best sires and their parents seems
to me to be the best means for arriving by nearer critical considerations at
practical and useful conclusions. In a few exceptional cases I have added
the inbreedings of grand-parents. A more comprehensive consideration of
the pedigree of the best stallions, especially of the so-called basis and its in-
breeding, may be interesting and also instructive in the case of some horses.
I do not believe, however, this way to be suitable for arriving at useful
statistical results. I fully appreciate the difficulties of finding the right
examples from the whole Thoroughbred breeding. It is certain that I have
often overlooked a better stallion and added a worse one instead. Further-
more, as I have also taken into consideration American and Australian
Thoroughbred breedings, and have also mentioned the most important repre-
sentatives of olden times up to Eclipse, a correct selection of stallions has
been all the more difficult. I am quite aware that I have mentioned amongst
stallions witi: 1 free generation several less successful, but this was necessary,
as otherwise their number would have been too small from which to draw
statistical conclusions.
As an interesting example of incest breeding with — 1 free generation, I
may mention, besides Y. Paragone 1852 by Paragone and Lanterne bv Para-
gone, produced in Germany, and which ran as a three-year-old twice un-
placed, also Jigg-of-Jiggs of English Thoroughbred breeding. He was born
1745 by the three-year-old Hunt's Jigg (ran four to ten years of age) out of
a mare by Heneage's Jigg, who was the dam of Hunt's Jigg, and was herself
bred to a Jigg mare with — 1 free generation. This Jigg-of-Jiggs, so closely
4. Inbret'dinff. O.SS
inbred, was a ^ood racehorse, ran and won between the age of four and seven,
ran as an eight-year-old without winning, and was tlien used as a stallion
for Malf-bred breeding. His own brother Ileel-and- Toe ran between the
age of four and seven without winning.
I have yet found in the General Stud Rook Regulus, born 1704, by
Regulus out of Sappho by Regulus, with — 1 free generation, a moderate
racehorse, of whom is asserted that he knocked his hip when in embryo, and
that had this not happened he would probablv have been much better than
his less closely inbred brothers and sisters (see Family 4;3). In any case, he
has been of no importance in Thoroughbred breeding. He was set apart as
covering stallion in ixichmond in Yorkshire for 8 guineas. As I never
found recorded a foal by him, the supposition is that he was infertile.
.Vniong the stallions with 0 free generation the following 13 (up to
now I found no more in the General Stud Book) are worthv of mention as
good or moderate racehorses : —
1. Siiverleg 1743 by Cartouch — Old Cartouch.
0 Old Cartouch. 13 h. 3i inches = 140,3 cm. of hcii^ht. Ran and won
between the age of four and nine, also in Give and
Take Plates, and beat Little Driver.
■2. Trap 17;'59 by Blank — Godol. Arabian.
0 (joil. Arabian.
3. .Sharper 1700 bv Bajazet out of Sister to Regulus.
0 God. -Arabian.
4. l-'ilch 17r)l by Bajazet out of Sister to Regulus.
0 (lod. -Arabian.
5. George 1793 bv Dungannon out of Sister to Soldier.
0 Eclipse. .Sire of 5 unimportant winners.
(i. Lucan 179(5 by Sir Peter out of Brown Charlotte.
0 Highflyer.
7. Robin Redbreast 179() by Sir Peter out of Wren.
II Papillon. Sold as stallion to -America .ind worthy of mention
there as grand-sire in the female line of .Suniptcr,
1818, by Sir .Arcliy.
8. Agonistes 1797 by Sir Peter out of Wren.
0 Papillon. .Sire of 2 unimportant winners.
9. Cocoa-tree 1797 by Woodpecker — Herod.
0 Herod.
10. Hedley IKOJ by Sir Peter out of Maria.
0 Highflyer. (Not to be confuted with I kdloy by Gohaiina born
1803).
11. Brown Stout 1804 by Sir Peter out of Bnjwn Charlotte.
0 Highflyer.
1'2. ivanhix- |N17 bv Phantom ■mt of .Sister to Parrot.
U Walton.
•236
Heredity.
13. Cedric D. 1S21 by Phantom out of Sister to Parrot.
0 Walton. As a three year old remarkable racehorse, ran nine
times, amongst which the Derbv. As a five year old
was set apart as stud stallion in Lambton Grange,
Durham. Have never found recorded a foal by him.
Of the stallions with 0 free generation I only know the following four
which have had an}- influence on Thoroughbred breeding : —
1. Turner's Sweepstakes 1743 b}- Sweepstakes.
0 Mare by Basto.
He was sire of : 1, Trentham, born 1766; 2, Mare, born 1760, Foundation
mare in Fam. 8 and dam of Sharper 1788 by Ranthos; 3, I^adv, born 1758,
who had 11 foals.
2. Omar 1752 by (jodol. Arabian.
0 Godol. Arabian.
He was sire of: 1, Miss Spindleshanks, Fam. 9; 2, Nisa, who had 9 foals;
3, Marplot's dam; 4, Confidence's dam; 5, Blemish, who ran and won be-
tween the age of three and nine.
3. Babraham Blank 1758 b\' Babraham.
0 Godol. .Arabian.
He is also worthy of note as being the sire of Carbuncle.
4. Milo ]802 bv Sir Peter.
0 Papillon.
He was half-brother to the winner of the Oaks, Bellissinia, ran and won
as a three and four-vear-old, and was the sire of many good racers, among
which Rosalia, grand-dam of Ithuriel (Fam. 2d), and Eryx born 1816.
Stallions with 1 Free Generation.
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
1
Barcaldine
1878
Solon
Ballyroe
1 Darling^'s dam (by
5 Whalebone (Grand-
3 Birdcatcher
Birdcatcher)
sire of Birdcatcher
5 Touchstone
and Touchstone)
G Wa.xy
6 Penelope
2
Delpini
1781
Highflyer
Countess
#
1 Blank
.5 Sister to Mi.xbury
p
7 Darley's .Arabian
fi Darley's .Arabian
.S
Flying Fox
1896
Orme
Vampire
1 Galopin (by Ved-
5 Pocahontas
2 Vedette
ette)
G Birdcatcher (Grand-
G Birdcatcher
6 Stockwell
sire of Stockw.)
7 Pocahontas
Inlirecdins.
237
No.
Xaiiics (if Stallions
Horn
Sire
Dam
4
Friponnier
1864
Clu'valier
'Pension
1 Orlando
d' Industrie
.5 Walton
7 Orville
.5 Orville
6 Whalebone
7 Walton
6 Waxy
5
IIi£,fhland Flinq-
1798
Spadiile
Calia
l' HlTO.I
4 Partner
4 Re^ulus
a Darley"s Arabian
6 Betty Leedes
«
Kniplit of St.
1851
Birdratcher
Maltese
Gtnjrpo
.) Woodpecker
4 Sorcerer
1 Sir Hercules
C lu'lipse
.5 PotSos
G PotSos (by F-:clipse)
7
The Miner
1861
Rataplan
Manganese
1 Birdcatcher
5 Orville
7 .S'ir Peter
7 Orville
fi Waxy
7 Trunipator
7 Waxy
G Penelope
7 Penelope
8
Xinetv Tlirce
1790
Florizel
Xosegay
1 Herod
4 Flyini; Childers
3 Snap
6 Flyini: Childers
G Bartl. Childers
Orest
1857
Ore.ste.s
Ladv Louisa
1 Touchstone
4 Selim
4 Waxy
4 Penelope
10
Paulowitz
1813
Sir Paul
Evelina
1 Hijih flyer
4 Re^ulus
4 Regulus
1 Termagant
(by God. Arab.)
4 Godol. .\rabian
(3 Godol. .\r.d)i,in)
•J Snip
4 Blaze
G Refjulus
11
Wellingtonia
186i)
Chattanooga
.\raucaria
1 Pocahontas
4 Whalebone
o Selini
2 Touchstone
.5 Orville
6 Waxy
6 Penelope
Stallions with 2 Free Generations.
.\mphit)n
2 Newminster
Bob Booty
2 Herod '
5 Cade (by Godol.
.\rabian)
.5 .Stiuirt (by Bart.
Childers)
1880 Rosebery
3 Touchstone
1804 Chanticleer
') Godol. Arabian
(l-l. Childers
\Bart. Childers
Suicide
7 Whalebone
lerne
. /"Fl. Childers
"(.Bart. Childeis
■2-6S
Heredity.
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
10
11
Boston
2 Diomed
.5 Eclipse
6 Marslxe (by Squirt)
Brutandorf
2 PotSos
5 Herod
Cap a Pie
2 Wa.w
Cardinal York
2 Herod
5 Resfulus
Cohan na
2 Tart.^r (by Partner)
4 Squirt
.5 Mosul (by Godol.
Arabian)
6 Godol. Arabian
( Bart Childers
6\F1. Childers
Galopin
2 Voltaire (by Black-
lock, and grand-
son of Phantom)
Columpus
2 Herod (by Tartar)
5 Cade (by Godol.
Arabian)
Hannover
2 Vandal
7 Emilius (by Orville)
Humphrey Clinker
2 Sir Peter (by High-
flyer and out of a
Mare by Snap)
4 Trumpator
7 Eclipse
1833 I
ill
Americ»
1821
1837
1804
1790
Timoleon
5 Trentham
7 Squirt
Blacklock
3 Highflyer
4 Herod
4 Eclipse
The Colonel
3 Highflyer
4 Eclipse
4 Herod
Sir Peter
3 Regulus
4 Godol. Arab.
5 Flying- Childers
-5 Fox
Mercury
4 Godol. .Arabian
Mare by Ball's
Florizel
5 Marske
Mandane
•I C:ade
Sister to Cactus
5 Eclipse
Charmer
1 Herod
Mare by Herod
3 Partner
rBart. Childers
^\F1. Childers
1872
Vedette
Flyingf Duchess
3 Blacklock
4 Phantom (by
6 Walton
Walton)
6 PotSos
1802
Gohanna
Catherine
2 Tartar (bv Partner)
4 Godol. Arabian
4 Squirt
.5 Partner
5 Mogul
6 Godol. .Arabian
1884
Hindoo
Bourbon Belle
in
America
6 Emilius
7 Orville
1822
Com US
Clinkerina
5 Herod
5 Regulus
5 Snap (by Snip)
6 Snip
6 Cade
' 6 Eclipse
4. Iiibreediiiir.
•239
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sil-L-
Dam
12
Janissary
1887
Isonomy
Janette
2 Stockwell
3 Birdcatcher
3 Touchstone
5 Touchstone
6 Bee's Wing's dam
5 Melbourne
13
Muley IMoloch
183()
Muley
Nancy
2 Benini^'broutjh (by
4 Eclipse
3 Eclipse
King Fergus by
5 Herod
4 Herod
Eclipse)
4 Highflyer
o Eclipse
14
Orville
1799
Benincjbroue^h
Evelina
2 Herod (by Tartar)
3 Tartar
4 Blaze
6 Regulus
4 Miss Slamerkin
4 Regulus
6 Ruby Mare
6 Godol. Arabian
4 Godol. Arabian
15
Partisan
1811
W^alton
Parasol
2 Highllvcr (by
3 Herod
5 Regulus
Herod)
3 Snap
6 Godol. Arabian
3 Eclipse
4 Regulus
4 Snap
6 Partner
6 Regulus
16
Petrarch
1873
Lord Clifden
Laura
2 Touchstone
6 Paj'nator
4 Whalebone (Grand-
7 Selini
sire of Touchstone;
5 Selim
17
Priam
1S27
Emilius
Cressida
2 Whiskey
3 Highflyer
3 Herod
5 Herod
4 Eclipse
3 Matchem
5 Eclipse
18
The Saddler
1828
W'averley
Castrellina
2 Waxy
3 Highflyer
4 Herod
4 Sir Peter
5 Matchem
4 Eclipse
5 Highflyer
5 Highflyer
Grand-sire : 3 Herod
Grand-dam : 4 Herod
19
Sainfoin
1887
Springfield
San da
2 Stockwell
5 Sultan (Grand-sire
3 The Baron"! Parents
3 Pocahontasjstockwcll
6 Touchstone
of Pocahontas)
G Catnel \ p,,,„,.„f
f) Banter j Touchstone
20
Le Sa^ittaire
1892
Le Sancy
La Dauphine
2 Strathconan (by
3 Windhound
5 Touchstone
Newniinster)
3 Alice Hawthorn
5 Melbourne
6 Melbourne
5 Touchstone
240
Heredity.
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
21 Saltram
2 Regulus
(Bart. Childers
■^iFl. Childers
5 Sister to Old
Country Wench
6 Bay Bolton
22 Sorcerer
2 jMatcheni
6 Partner
23 Wisdom
2 The Baron
2 Pocahontas
.3 Emilius (by Orville)
178()
1796
1873
Sire
Eclipse
3 Sister to Old
Country Wench
4 Snake
Trumpator
4 Godol. Arabian
4 Partner
Blinkhoolie
.J Whalebone
6 Orville
Dam
Stallions with S Free Generations.
1791
Australian , ^^^
3 Whisker (by Waxy
and Penelope)
Beadsman 1853
3 Tramp
5 Orville
7 Buzzard
8 Trumpator
8 Eclipse
Beningbrough
3 Tartar (by Partner)
4 Miss Slamerkin
6 Godol. .Arabian
,fFl. Childers
'\Bart. Childers
Blacklock 1814
3 Highfl^-er
4 Herod
4 Eclipse 1
Buccaneer 1857
3 Edmund (by Orville)
.5 Paynator I
Buzzard 1787
3 Cade (by Godol.
.Arabian)
5 Partner
6 Flying- Childers
7 Bald Galloway
6-
West-Australian
6 Trumpator
Weatherbit
3 Orville
5 Y. Giantess
6 Woodpecker
6 Trumpator
King Fergus
/FI. Childers
^\Bart. Childers
6 Bav Bolton
Whitelock
3 Herod
3 Eclipse
3 Alatchem
Wild Dayrell
4 Selim
Woodpecker
6 Darl. .Arabian
Virago
3 Mare bv Basto
Y. Giantess
•5 God. -Arab. "I Grand-
^ _ r sire ot
•J Partner J Matchcm
Aline
.5 Orville
.J Whisker
6 Whalebone
Emilia
4 W'axy
4 Penelope (by
Trumpator)
Mendicant
6 Eclipse
6 -Alexander
6 Sir Peter
6 Buzzard
6 Mare by .Alexander
Mare by Herod
3 Partner
.5 Fl. Childers
.5 Confederate Filly
Mare by Coriander
1 PotSos (by Eclipse)
2 Herod
3 Snap
Mare by Little Red
Rover
4 Beningbrough (Sire
of Orville)
Missfortune
4 Godol. .Arabian
6 Bald Gallowav
4. Iiibrefdiiig.
241
No. Xanu-s of Stallions Bcirn
Sire
l).,m
1(1
11
12
13
Cain
3 Hi^hnyer
6 Blank
Carbine
3 Brown Bess (by
Camel)
5 Touchstone
The Colonel
3 Hii^h flyer
4 Herod (by Tartar)
4 Fclipse
7 Blank (by Godol.
Arabian)
Conductor
3 Partner (by JitT")
Domino
3 Le.\ini,'ton (by
Boston)
7 (Ilencoe
Eclipse
3 Sister U) Old Coun-
try Wench (1 Haut-
boy) by Snake
4 Snake bv Lister
Turk
r> Hautboy
7 Coneyskins by
Lister Turk
Emiliu.s
a lli.irhllyer (by
Herod)
4 Kclipse
6 Blank
(by Godol. .Arabian)
1822 Paulowitz
1 lliirhflyer
1 Termapfant
C Retrulus (by Godol.
.\rabian)
1885 Mu.sket
4 Touchstone
4 Camel
1825 Whisker
3 Herod
4 .Snap
6 Cade (by Godol.
Arabian)
^''^ Matchem
o Mare bv Spanker
1891 Himvar
In I -- A i I
AmeiicH I I A 111 lev
I'** Marske
o Hautboy (Grand-sire
I of Old Country
I Wench and Snake)
o Lister Turk
Grand-dam (Rubv
-Mare)
3 Coneyskins
4 Hautboy
182() : Orville
2 Herod
; () Retfulus (by Godol.
i Arabian)
Mare bv Pavnator
4 Racliel (Dam of
HiRh fiver)
5 Blank '(l)y Godol.
.\rabian)
The Mersey
3 Touchstone
4 Camel
Mare bv Delpini
5 Tartar
5 Blank
6 Rctrulus
Mare by Snap
4 Partner's dam
6 Bverlv Turk (Sire
lj.v.liRf,')
Mannie Grey
2 I^e.xini^ton
Grand-dam
1 Reel (by
Cilencoe)
2 Boston
Spilletta
3 Snake
5 Hautbov
Grand-d,am
Western)
3 Hautboy
.5 Brimmer
Emilv
3 Eclipse
4 Herod
4 Blank
.Mother
242
Heredity.
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
14
Emperor of Norfolk
3 Glencoe
6 Emilius
6 Tramp
7 Sir Archy
1885
America
Norfolk
5 Sir Archy
3 Sumpter (by Sir
Archy)
Marian
5 Emilius
15
Epirus
3 Sir Peter
(by Highflyer)
4 Diomed
0 Herod
5 Eclipse
1834
Langar
4 Highflyer
Olympia
3 Herod
16
Fitz James
3 Touchstone
5 Pantaloon
(by Castrel)
1875
Scottish Chief
o Orville
6 Selim (by Buzzard,
Sire of Castrel)
Hawthorn Bloom
6 Muley
7 Buzzard
17
Flying Dutchman
3 Selim
6 Sir Peter (by High-
flyer)
1846
Bav Middleton
4 "Sir Peter
4 Arethusa
Barbelle
5 Eclipse
o Highflyer
18
Gallinule
3 Stockwell
5 Touchstone
(by Camel)
6 Birdcatcher
1884
Isonomy
3 Birdcatcher (Grand-
sire of Stockwell)
Moorhen
7 Selim (Grand-sire
of Camel)
Grand-sire : 4 Camel
19
Galtee More
3 Thormanby
4 Stockwell
1894
Kendal
4 Birdcatcher (Grand-
sire of Stockwell)
5 Pantaloon
Morganette
5 Pantaloon (Grand-
sire of Thormanby)
20
Glaucus
3 Sir Peter
(by Highflyer)
5 Eclipse
1830
Partisan
2 Highflyer
3 Eclipse
4 Snap (Grand-sire of
Sir Peter)
Nanine
4 Highflyer
5 Eclipse
21
Gunnersbury
3 Touchstone
(by Camel)
5 Sultan (by Selim)
1876
Hermit
4 Camel
6 Selim
Hippia
3 Sultan
22
Hackler
3 Orlando
5 Melbourne
1887
Petrarch
2 Touchstone
Hackness p
3 Orlando
23
1
Ion
3 Evelina (by High-
flyer)
5 Sir Peter (by High-
flyer)
1835
Cain
3 Highflyer
Margaret
5 Highflyer
4. Inbreedinef-
243
No.
Naiiu's of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
'M
Isononiy
1875
Sterling
Isola Bella
3 Birdcntclicr
•3 Whalebone (Sire of
4 Sir Hercules \ Parents
, ,, . ... >otBird-
4 GuiCCloh j catcher
Sir Hercules)
Grand-dam :
2 Sir Hercules
25
King Alfonso
1872
Phaeton
Capitola
3 Glcncoe
Americh
6 Orville
.5 Orville
3 Mulcy (by Orvillo)
26
Lexinijton
1&50
Boston
Alice Carneal
3 Sir' Aich_\-
ill
Ainericii
2 Diomed (by
6 Highflyer (by
(by Diomed)
Florizel)
Herod, Sire of
6 Sahraiii (by Eclipse)
5 Eclipse
6 Marske
Florizel)
27
Lottery
1820
Tramp
Mandane
3 Eclipse
3 Eclipse
4 Cade
4 \Voodpecl<er
4 Herod
/Regulus
(Sister to Regulus
(by Herod)
4 Trenthaiii
5 Herod
28
Melton
1882
Master Kildare
Violet Melrose
3 Stoclvwell
4 Birdcatcher
3 Touchstone
5 Touchstone
4 Pantaloon
6 Bee's Wing
Grand-dam :
3 Touchstone
29
Muncaster
1877
Doncaster
Windermere
3 Birdcatcher
6 Blacldock
7 Orville
6 Banter
7 Whalebone
7 Buzzard
m
Orlando
1841
Touchstone
Vulture
3 Selini (by Buzzard)
4 Alexander
3 Buzzard ">
. _ , 1 Parents
3 Mare '. ot
o Alexander
o Buzzard
(by Eclipse)
o Eclipse
by Alcxand. ) ^•=^'"'
6 Sir Peter
5 Sir Peter
4 Sir Peter
(by Hislinyer)
6 Highflyer
31
Paynator
1791
Trumpator
Mare by Mark
3 Snap (by Snip)
4 (iiidol. Arabian
.\nthony
5 Godol. Arabian
■1 I'arlner
3 Godol. Arabian
4 Mare by Basto
(dam of Snip)
32
Pero Gomez
1806
Beadsman
Salamanca
3 Lady Moore Carew
3 Tramp
4 \'eIocipede
(by Tramp)
5 Orville
5 Camel
33
Privateer
1878
Adventurer
La Favorita
3 Touchstone
4 Orville
3 Touchstone
6 Orville
6 Orville
244
Heredity.
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
34
Rosebery
1872
SpecuUim
Ladylike
3 Touchstone
6 Orville
5 Orville
6 Orville (by Benins;-
6 Beningbrough
brouffh)
Xi
St. Blaise
1880
Flermit
Fusee
3 Touchstone
4 Camel (by Whale-
.5 Whalebone
(by Camel)
bone)
5 Waxy
G Whalebone
6 Selim
5 Penelope
m
St. Gatien
1881
Rotherhill
St. Editha
3 Newminster
(or The Rover)
3 Birdcatcher
'5 Birdcatcher
2 Touchstone
37
Le Sanc}'
1884
.Atlantic
Gem of Gems
3 Windhound
7 Orville
4 Touchstone (Grand-
3 Alice Hawthorn
7 Buzzard
sire of Windhound)
5 Touchstone
7 Mare by .Ale.xander
Grand-sire :
2 Touchstone
Grand-dam :
2 Pantaloon (Sire of
Windhound)
:-!8
Selim
1802
Buzzard
Mare by Alexander
3 Herod
3 Cade (by Godol.
5 Regiilus (by Godol.
5 Matchem (by Cade)
.Arabian)
.Arabian)
6 Retfulus (by Godol.
5 Partner (Grand-sire
6 Godol. .Arabian
Arabian)
of Herod)
|o\vn brother to
Castrel and Rubens]
3S)
Silvio
1874
Blair Athol
Silverhair
3 Birdcatcher
6 Whalebone
7 PotSos
0 Partisan
7 Orville
7 Orville
40
Sir Arciiv
1805
Diomed
Castianira
3 Herod"
ill
Amarii'fi
4 Crab
6 Godol. Arabian
0 Blank (by Godol.
4 Partner (Grand-sire
6 Regulus
.\rabian)
of Herod)
7 Childers
4 Godol. .Arabian
.5 Childers
41
Sir Peter
1784
Hisfhflyer
Papillon
3 Resulus
/Fl. Childers
[Ban. Childers
(■Fl. Childers
^\Bart. Childers
4 Godol. Arabian
o Flying Childers
5 Sister to Mixbury
4 Bay Bolton
5 Fox
42
Tramp
1810
Dick Andrews
Mare by Gohanna
3 Eclipse
4 Blank
3 Eclipse
4 Herod
5 Regulus
3 Herod
4. Inhrecdiiii
215
No.
Names of Stnllions
•ti
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Tibtliorpe
3 Mulatto
4 BlacUIock
Vedette
3 BlacklocU
G Walton (by Sir
Peter)
Vertupadin
3 Partisan
6 Whalebone
7 Renint;broutjh
Walton
3 Snap
3 Herod
4 Retfulus
6 Partner
\\"eat!ierbit
3 Orville
5 Y. Giantess
6 Woodpecker
(by Herod)
Whalebone
3 Herod
4 Snap
6 Cade (by Godol
Arabian)
Whitelock
3 Herod (by Tartar)
3 I':cli])se
3 Mali-lieni
\\'hisl\er
3 Herod
4 Snap
6 Cade (by (iodol.
Arabian)
W'iiullioiind
3 IVruvian
5 Mare by Alexander
(by Ivdipsc)
5 Buzzard
Born
Sire
Dam
1864
1854
1802
1799
1842
1807
1803
1812
1847
Voltigeur
o Haiiibletonian
(Grand-sire of
Blacklock)
V'^oltig;eur
o Hambletonian
(Grand-sire of
Blacklock)
0 Sir Peter
Fitz Gladiator
■J Sir Peter (Grand-
sire of Partisan)
o Buzzard
5 Mare by Alexander
5 Gohanna
Sir Peter
3 Rej^ulus
5 Fox
/) Flyinfj Childers
Sheet Anchor
5 Woodpecker
6 Highflyer
G Mercury
Waxy
.5 Godol. Arabian
6 Partner (Grand-sire
of Herod)
Hambletonian
4 Tartar (by Partner)
o Kej^ulus
g Crab
6 (iod<il. Arabian
Waxy
o Godol. .Arabian
6 Partner ((jranil-sire
of Herod)
Panlalonn
■I Kclipse
4 IMkIi liver (Grand-
sire of Peruvian)
o Herod
Little .\o;ne.s
7 Orvillr ((jrand-sire
of Mul.itio)
Alr.s. Ridoway
6 Pot8os
Vermel He
4 Whalebone
o Orville (by Beninjj-
brouj^li)
Arethiisa
3 Rei;ulus
5 Partner (Grand-sire
of Herod)
Jlis.s Lcttv
1 Orville'
G Herod
Penelope
3 .Snap
6 Partner
6 Godol. .\rabian
Ro.salind
4 Partner
(irand-dani :
3 Partner
Penelope
3 Snap
6 Partner
G (iodiil. Arabian
Phrvne
4 Waxv
'246
Heredity.
Stallions with 4 Free Generations.
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
1
Sire
Dam
1
Abercorn
1884
Chester
Cinnamon
4 Paratfuay
in
Austral.
5 Sir Hercules
4 Sir Hercules
(by Sir Hercules)
5 Emilius
2
Adventurer
1859
Newminster
Palma
4 Orville (by Bening-
5 Beningbrough
1 Orville
brout,'!!)
5 Trumpator
4 Sir Peter
6 Stamford (by Sir
Peter)
3
Arbitrator
1874
Solon
True Heart
4 Touchstone
o Whalebone (Grand-
.5 Orville
8 Orville
sire of Touchstone)
5 Com us
4
The Bard
1883
Petrarch
jMagdalene
4 Melbourne
2 Touchstone
6 Comus (Grand-sire
7 Defence (by Whale-
7 Selim
of Melbourne)
bone, Grand-sire of
6 Sultan (b\' Selim)
Touchstone)
6 Whalebone
.5
The Baron
1842
i-5irdcatcher
Echidna
4 Waxy (by PotSos)
5 Woodpecker
.5 PotSos
4 Penelope
G I'A"lipse
6 Highflyer
6 Herod
6 Phoenomenon
(by Herod)
6 Highflyer
(b>-^ Herod)
6
Bay .Middleton
1&33
Sultan
Cobweb
4 Sir Peter (by High-
4 Highflyer
3 Y. Giantess
flyer)
4 Herod (Grand-sire
(by Diomed)
4 Arethusa
of Diomed)
5 Highflyer
7 Eclipse
4 Ecli|3se
6 Eclipse
6 Herod
7
Bill of Portland
1890
St. Simon
Electric Eight
4 Pocahontas
G Sultan (Grand-sire
3 Birdcatcher
6 Birdcatcher
of Pocahontas)
4 Touchstone
8
Bonavista
1889
Bend Or
Vista
4 Pocahontas
G Tiiuclistone (Grand-
4 Banter (Dam of
5 Windhound
sire of Windhound)
Touchstone)
5 Alice Hawthorn
4 Pantaloon (Sire of
7 Touchstone
Windhound)
9
CambiiS(-an
1861
Newminster
The Arrow
4 Whalebone
!y Beningbrough
4 Beningbrough
ij Orville (by Bening-
'} Trumpator
brouL^h)
0 Beninglirough
4. Inbreedin.Sf.
247
No.
Names of Stallions
1
Born
Sire
Dam
10
Camel
1822
Whalebone
Mare by Selim
4 Ilitjhnver
3 Herod
3 Hishllyer
5 Herod
4 Snap
4 Herod
5 Eclipse
5 Eclipse
6 Snap
11
Catton
1800
Goiumpus
Lucy Gray
4 Herod
2 Herod
3 Herod
4 Eclipse
5 Cade (by Godol.
6 Godol. .Arabian
5 Matclieiii (by Cade)
Arabian)
6 Blank (by Godol.
Arabian)
6 Refjulus (Grand-
sire of Eclipse)
12
ChildwicU
1890
St. Simon
Plaisanterie
4 Pocahontas
6 Sultan (Grand-sire
6 Lan.i,^•lr
5 Voltigeur
of Pocahontas)
0 Velocipede's dam
Grandsire :
1 Pocahontas
13
Count SclTombers^
1892
Au_£;;hrim
Clonavarn
4 Stockwell
4 Birdcatcher
4 Touchstone
5 Birdcatcher
5 Sir Hercules
5 Birdcatcher
5 Orlando
5 Touchstone
5 Touchstone
14
Cyllene
1895
Bonavista
Arcadia
4 Stockwell
4 Pocahontas
6 Touchstone
5 Xewminster
5 W'indhound
(by Tiiuchstone)
5 Alice Hawthorn
5 Pantaloon
7 Touchstone
15
Le Destrier
1877
Flageolet
La Dheune
4 Gladiator
•J Partisan
5 P.-irlisan
(by Partisan)
16
Diclc Andrews
1797
joe Andrews
Mare bv Highflyer
4 Blank (by Godol.
4 Godol. Arabian
3 Blank
Arabian)
5 Bart. Childers
6 Flyinij Childers
5 Regulus
6 Snip (by Fl.
ChiUlers)
17
Dif)med
1777
Florizel
Mare by Spectator
4 Crab
4 Elyiiiff Childers
5 Darley's .\r.ibian
4 Ciodol. Arabian
4 Partner
5 Flyintc Childers
(by Darl. Arabian)
I
248
Heredity.
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
18
Dollar
1860
Tlie Flying
Payment
4 Cattoii
Dutchman
5 Sorcerer
6 Beninsbrough
3 Selini
6 Beningbrough
6 Evelina
6 Sir Peter
7 Sir Peter
7 Sorcerer
19
Economist
1825
Whisker
Floranthe
4 Herod
3 Herod
3 Herod
4 Eclipse
4 Snap
3 Eclipse
5 High liver
21)
Energy
1880
Sterling
Cher.-y Duchess
4 Sir Hercules
5 Whalebone (Sire of
4 Sir Hercules (Sire
4 Birdcalcher
Sir Hercules)
of Birdcatcher)
5 Touchstone
5 Touchstone
5 Melbourne
6 Sultan
6 Bay Middleton
(by Sultan)
21
Fisherman
1853
Heron
Main brace
4 Orville
G Eclipse (Grand-sire
3 Mandane
5 Dick Andrews
of Dick Andrews)
7 Highflyer (Grand-
sire of Orville)
(by PotSos)
22
Flatratcher
1845
'I'ouchstone
Decov
4 Waxy
4 Alexander
2 Sir Peter
5 Sir Peter
(by Eclipse)
o Eclipse
6 Eclipse
5 Eclipse
5 Sir Peter
23
Florizel
1768
Herod
Mare ijy Cygnet
4 Flying Childers
7 Hautboy
3 Flying Childers
7 Byerly Turlc
7 Spanker
7 Leedes Arabian
5 Basto (by Byerly
Turk)
24
Galliard
1880
Galopin
Mavis
4 Birdcatcher
2 Voltaire
6 Blacklock
5 Voltaire
Grand-dam :
(by Blacklock)
4 Blacklock
25
Gladiator
1833
Partisan
Pauline
4 Prunella (by High-
2 Highflyer
4 Trunipator
flyer)
3 Eclipse
5 PotSos ♦
4 PotSos (by Eclipse)
4 Snap
6 Eclipse
6. Highflyer
26
Goiiverneur
1888
Energy
Gladia
4 Touchstone
4 Sir Hercules
5 Smolensku
7 Whalebone (by
4 Birdcatcher
6 Waxy
Waxy and Penelope)
5 Touchstone
/) Melbourne
6 Penelope
4. Inl)reedin£j.
•249
No.
NaiiK's of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
28
29
30
81
32
33
H
:« i
Hambk'tonian
4 Tartar (by Partner)
o Crab
G Gcxliil. Araliian
Hanibiirp
4 I-exin^lun
f) Glciicoo
Hannibal
4 Touchslujit
4 Stocliwell
Haphazard
4 Rfi^iilus (by Godol.
Arabian)
fBart. Cliiklers
\F1. Chilclers
Hertnit
4 Camel
6 Paynatiii-
(by Trumpator)
6 Selim
7 Orville (by Beninff-
brou.qh)
Joe Andrews
4 Gudol. Arabian
5 Bart. Childers (by
D. Arabian and
Betty Leedes)
Kendal
4 Birdcalcher
3 Pantaloon
Kingston
4 Smolensko
5 Sir Peter (by His;h-
flyer)
7 Kclipse
Kingston
4 Nielbournc
.5 Glencoe
5 Touchstone
1792 King Fergus
I ^ ( Bart. Childers
''[]■']. Childers
1895 I Hanno\'Pr
America
1891
1797
18tU
2 N'andal
(by (llencoe)
1778
1883
1849
1884
III
Amrrlca
Trachenberg
7 Bustard
Sir Peter
:i Rei^ulus
4 Godol. -Arabian
5 Fl. Childers
.J Fox
Xewminster
.J Triinipator
•3 Beiiinybrough
lie! ipse
,S Sister to Old Coun-
try W'encli
4 .SriaUe
Bend Or
6 Touchstone
6 .Muley
V^enison
o Fclipse
G Ilcrud
Spendthrift
o lunilius
6 Selim (Grand-sire
of Glencoe)
Mare by Highflyer
4 (iodul. Arabian
4 Partner
Lady Reel
3 Le.\ini,'ton
3 Glencoe
tir.iiRl-dam :
2 Lexinijton
Zama
3 Touchstone
5 Camel
Miss Hervev
4 Ciodol. .\r;ibian
4 Bart. Childers
Seclusion
.3 Sulian (bv Selim)
7 Orville
.\ ma ran da
3 (iiidol. Arabian
4 Partner
G Oari. Arabian
G Betty Leedes
Windermere
7 Buzzard (Grand-
sire of Pantaloon)
7 Orville
Queen Anne
C Hij-hllvcr
Kapanga
6 Black lock
7 Wh.ilebonc (Grand-
sire of Touchstone)
250
Heredity.
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
36 Lambton
4 Orville (by Bening-
broug'h)
6 Wliiskey
7 Sir Peter
37 Lanercost
4 Gohanna
5 Wondpeclcer
(by Herod)
5 Highflyer
(by Herod)
5 Trumpator
6 Eclipse
38 Liverpool
4 Eclipse
5 Highnyer
(by Herod)
5 Woodpecker
(by Herod)
5 Trentham
6 Herod
39 Lonei'bow
4 Orville
7 Highflyer
7 W'oodijecUer
iO Marsyas
4 \^^^xy
4 Penelope
41 Master Kildare
4 Birdcatcher
8 Blackiock
42 Meddler
4 Newniinster
48 Melbourne
4 Termagant
5 Highflyer
(by Herod)
5 Trumpator
6 Eclipse
1850
1835
The Cure
6 Sir Peter
1828
1849
1851
1875
1890
1834
Elphine
2 Beningbrough
5 Sir Peter
Liverpool
Otis
4 Eclipse (Grand-sire
3 Wood|)ecker
of Gohanna)
4 Herod
5 Woodpecker
Grand-dam :
5 Highflyer
2 Herod
5 Trentham
3 Eclipse
6 Herod
Tramp
Mare bv Whisker
3 Eclipse
1 PcitSos (by Eclipse)
4 Herod
4 Herod
Ithuriel
5 Buzzard (by Wood-
])ecker)
5 Mare by Alexander
Orlando
3 Selim
5 Alexander
Lord Ronald
G Whalebone (Grand-
sire of Birdcatcher)
7 Blaclvlock
St. Gatien
3 Newniinster
5 Birdcatcher
Grand-sire :
3 Melbourne
Humphrey Clinker
2 Sir Peter (by High-
flyer)
4 Trumpator
7 Eclipse
Miss Bowe
5 Highflyer
6 Herod
6 Eclipse
Malibran
5 Herod
Silk
6 Blackiock
Busybody
5 Venison
Grand-sire :
2 Touchstone
Mare by Cervantes
4 Eclipse
5 Herod
Inliretiliiii;
251
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
44
Mercury
4 Godol. Arabian
1778
Eclipse
3 SistL-r to Old Coun-
try Wench
4 Snake
i
Mare by Tartar
5 Curwens Bay Barb
45
Mortemer
4 Partisan
1865
Compiegne
G Whalebone
Comtesse
1 Emilius (by Orville)
(by Walton)
7 Bii/zard
6 Sir Peter
6 Orville
7 Mare by Alexander
7 Sir Peter (Sire of
Walton)
46
Muley
4 Eclipse
4 Herod
5 Matchem
1810
Orville
2 Herod
Eleanor
3 Herod
3 Matchem
47
Musket
4 Touchstone
1867
Toxcjphilite
7 Sir Peter
Mare bv West-
Australian
(by Camel)
7 Woodpecker
2 Camel
4 Camel
48
The Nabob
4 Selini
1849
The Xob
4 Buzzard
Hester
0 Woodpecker (Sire
4 Orville
4 Mare by
Parents
of Buzzard)
4 Penolopc
Alexander
(by Eclipse) _
• of
Selim
6 Eclipse
4 Prunella
49
The Xob
4 Buzzard
4 Mare by Alexander
4 Prunella (by High-
llyer)
6 Sir Peter
1838
Glaucus
3 Sir Peter (by High-
llyer)
5 Eclipse
Octave
4 Highflyer
SO
Nordenfeldt
4 Melbourne
5 Touchstone
1882
In
Auatral.
Musket
4 Touchstone
4 Camel
Onyx
',) Touchstone
51
Pantaloon
4 H i If h flyer
1824
Castrel
3 Herod
Idalia
■2 Highflyer
(by Herod)
•5 Matchem
3 Eclipse
4 Eclipse
6 Regulus
6 Regulus
5 1 1 erod
52
Phantom
4 Herod
1808
Walton
3 Herod
Julia
3 Herod
4 Eclipse
3 Snap
3 Matchem
o Snap
t Rci,'ulus
252
Heredity.
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
53
Phonomenon
1780
Herod
Frenzy
4 Blaze
7 Leedes Arabian
7 Hautboy
7 Spanker
4 Godol. .Arabian
51
Plenipotentiary
1831
Emilius
Harriet
4 Sir Peter (by Hifjli-
3 Hit;ht1yer
4 Hifjh liver
flyer)
4 Eclipse
6 Eclipse
5 Hif;hnyer
7 Eclifise
55
Plutus
1862
Trumpeter
Mare bv Planet
4 Eniilius (by Orville)
4 Selim
3 Sultan (by Selim)
6 Seliin
5 Orville
■5 Penelope
56
PotSos
1773
Eclipse
Sportsmistress
4 Godol. .\r;iljian
3 Sister to Old Coun-
tr\' Wench
4 Snake
5 .Ancaster Turk
57
Rayon d'Or
1876
Flageolet
Araucaria
4 Touchstone
5 P.artisan
5 Orville
5 Selim
58
Rosicrucian
1865
Beadsman
Mad. Eglentine
4 Priam
3 'J'ramp
4 Phantom
5 Whalebone
5 Orville (Grand-sire
6 Buzzard
7 Selim
ol Priam)
fowii brollier to The
7 Buzzard
PalmerJ
59
Royal Hampton
1882
Hampton
Princess
4 Pocahontas
7 Whalebone (Grand-
4 Sultan (Grand-sire
6 Touchstone
sire of Touchstone)
of Pocahontas)
5 Whisker
60
Saphir
1888
Chamant
Sappho
4 Pocahontas
5 Enn"lius
6 Touchstone
6 Touchstone
() Orville
Grand-sire :
6 Gladiator
2 Pocahontas
7 Emilius
Grand-dam ;
4 Touchstone
61
Sir Hercules
1820
W'iialebone
Peri
4 Eclipse
3 Herod
3 Eclipse
5 Herod
4 Snap
5 Herod
5 Hi!4hnyer
7 Snap
62
Sir Hercules
1843
Cap a Pie
Paraguay
4 Waxy (by PotSos)
In
AHstr«l.
2 Waxy
4 PotSos
4 Penelope
4. Inbreeding.
253
No.
\anifs of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
ea
1 Sir Paul
1802
Sir Peter
Pewelt
4 Uetrulus (by Godol.
3 Regulus
3 Regulus
Arabian)
4 Godol. Arabian
4 Godol. .\rabian
5 Snip (by FI.
.5 Fl. Childers
6 Fl. Childers
Cliilders)
.-5 Fox
Gr;ind-dam :
3 Godol. .\rabian
ftt
Smoli-nsko
1810
Sorcerer
W'owski
4 Herod
■2 Matcheni (b\- Cade)
1 Herod
5 Snap
3 Snap
0 Cade (by Godol.
5 Godnl. .\rabian
Ar.abian)
65
Sultan
1816
Selim
Bacchante
4 llerod
3 Herod
3 Herod
4 Hit,'h flyer
5 Matchem
3 Eclipse
(by Herod)
4 Dclipse
m
Sweetmeat
1842
Gladiator
Lollvpop
4 Walton (by Sir
4 PutSos
0 Blacklock
Peter)
4 Prunella (by Hish-
0 Sir Peler (by H
gh-
6 PotSos
flyer)
flyer)
7 His,H'.nyer
67
Touchstone
1881
Camel
Banter
4 .Vlexander
4 Highflyer
4 Eclipse
(by Eclipse)
3 Eclipse
5 Eclipse
.J Herod
.5 Sir Peter (by High-
flyer)
0 Buzzard
C II it,'h flyer
68
Tranby
1826
r^lacklock
Mare bv Orville
4 Kini,' Fergus
:! Highflyer
3 Her6d
4 Hi.i?hnyer
4 Eclipse
4 Eclipse
.5 Herod
4 Herod
60
Trappist
1872
Hermit
Bunsh
4 Camel
4 Camel
G Selim (Grand-sire
of Camel)
4 Lottery
70
Trumpator
1782
Conductor
Brunette
4 Partner
3 Partner
4 Partner
4 Godol. .Vrabian
."j Rroun Farewell
254
Heredity.
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
71
Trumpeter
1856
Orlando
Cavatina
4 Selini
5 Orville
3 Selim
5 Alexander
4 Buzzard "1
, ■.. , Parents
4 Mare bv - of
Alexand. J ^elim
5 Penelope
4 Bening- "j
. , Parents
brough I of
4 Evelina J ^"'"^
72
Vermouth
1861
The Nabob
Vermeille
4 Emilius (by Orville)
4 Orville
4 Whalebone
4 Partisan
4 Penelope (Dam of
5 Orville
5 Whalebone
Whalebone)
4 Selim
4 Prunella
73
Vir.^il
1864
Vandal
Hymenia
4 Tramp
in
Amerii'd
7 PotSos (Grand-sire
^
6 Orville
of Blacklock's dam)
6 Black lock's dam
74
Virgilius
4 Orville
1858
Voltig:eur
5 Hambletonian
Eclogue
5 Sir Peter
6 Waxy
6 Sir Peter (by High-
5 Highflyer
7 Sir Peter
flyer, Grand-sire of
7 Higjhflyer
Orville and Hamble-
tonian)
7 Highflyer
75
Voltaire
1826
Blacklock
Mare by Phantom
4 King Fergus
3 Highflyer
4 Highflyer
5 Highflyer
4 Herod
4 Eclipse
5 Eclipse
76
War Dance
1887
Galliard
War Paint
4 The Baron
4 Birdcatcher
4 Touchstone
(by Birdcatcher)
6 Voltaire
(out of Banter)
7 Banter
77
Wild Dayrell
1852
Ion
Ellen Middleton
4 Selim
3 Evelina
6 Sir Peter
7 Sir Peter
5 Sir Peter
78
Yattendon
1861
Sir Hercules
Cassandra
4 Partisan
in
Austral.
(by Cap h Pie by
4 Whiskey
6 Waxy
Colonel)
4 Waxy
4 Penelope
4. Inbreeding.
SUillions with 5 Free Generations.
255
No.
Names of Stnllions
Born
Sire
Dam
1
Alarm
1842
Venison
Southdown
5 Prunella (by High-
5 Eclipse
5 Spadille
flyer)
6 Herod
(by Highflyer)
o PotSos (by Eclipse)
6 Highflyer
6 Maria (by Herod)
(by Herod)
G Eclipse
2
Alarm
1869
Imp. Eclipse
Imp. Maude
5 Sultan (by Selim)
4 Sclim (by Buzzard)
.5 Blackloclv
6 Bustard (by
o Tramp
Buzzard)
7 Buzzard
3
Aurum II.
1894
Trenton
Aura
5 Fisherman
in
Aii!^tral.
6 Touchstone
6 Marpessa
7 Touchstone-
6 Camel
4
Ayrshire
1885
Hampton
Atalanta
5 Touchstone
7 Whalebone (Grand-
3 Birdcatcher
5 Bee's Wing
sire of Touchstone
Grand-sire :
6 The Baron
and Birdcatcher)
2 Voltaire
(by Birdcatcher)
Grand-dam :
6 Voltaire
3 Touchstone
5
Birdcatcher
1833
Sir Hercules
Guiccioli
5 Woodpecker
4 Eclipse
2 Bagot (by Herod)
(by Herod)
o Herod
Grand-sire :
6 Eclipse
o Htfjh flyer
2 Herod
6 Herod
Grand-dam :
6 Highflyer
3 Herod
(by Herod)
6
Buccaneer
1888
Privateer
Primula
5 Touchstone
3 Touchstone
3 Pocahontas
4 Redshank
5 Touchstone
7
Chamant
1874
Mortemer
Araucaria
5 Emilius (by Orville)
4 Partisan
5 Orville
6 Orvilk-
6 Orville
Grand-dam :
1 Emilius
5 Selim
Grand-sire :
4 Orville
8
Chanticleer
1787
Woodpecker
Mare bv Eclipse
•5 Godol. .Arabian
6 Darley .Arabian
2 Regulus (by Godol.
.Arabian)
9
Charibert
1876
Thormanbv
Gertrude
•5 Touchstone
G Orville
4 Sultan
6 Whalebone (Grand-
sire of Touchstone)
•256
Heredity.
\o.
Nnnies of Stallions
Born '
Sire
Dam
10 Chester
5 Sir Hercules
5 Emiiius (by Orville)
6 Siillan
6 Whisker (by Waxy)
11 Com US
5 Herud (by 'I'artnr)
5 Snap
6 Cade (by Codol.
Arabiaji)
12 Cowl
5 Whiskey
5 Y. Giantess
7 Sir Peter
(by Hi-IiHyer)
13 Defence
5 Herod
5 Hishfiyer
(by Herod)
5 Eclipse
/Alfred
\ Conductor
14 Desmond
o \'oltis:eur
(by \'oltaI-re)
1874
ia
AJistiMl.
1809
1842
1824
1896
15 Despair
5 Defence
6 Whalebone
(by Waxy)
6 Touchstone
16 Dr. Syntax i 1811
5 iMatchem (by Cade)
6 Snip
6 Cade
7 Crab
Vattendon
4 Partisan
6 Waxy
6 Buzzard (Grand-sire
of Sultan)
Sorcerer
2 Matcheni (by Cade)
ro Partner
Lc Godol. Arab
an J
I3ay Middleton
4 Sir Peter
4 Arethusa
7 Eclipse
Whalebone
3 Herod
4 Snap
St. Simon
6 Sultan
6 Velocipede's dam
Grand-sire :
2 Voltaire
1881 See Saw
7 Waxv
Paynator
3 Snap (by Snip)
5 Godol. .Arabian
Lady Chester
3 Economist
(by Whisker)
5 Orville
Houghton Lass
5 Blank (by Godol.
.Arabian)
5 Tartar (by Partner)
5 Re^ulus (by Godol.
.Arabian)
Crucifix
6 Highflyer
6 Herod (Grand-sire
of Whiskey)
6 Eclipse (Grand-sire
of Whiskey)
Defiance
4 Herod
4 Hii^-h flyer
4 Eclipse
5 Alfred
L'.Abbesse de
Jouarre
4 Touchstone
5 Banter
Grand-dnm :
4 A"oltaire
Peine de Coeur
5 Partisan
C Whalebone
Mare by
Beninpbrousfli
5 Cade (by Godol.
.Arabian)
5 Reg'ulus (by Godol.
.Arabian)
7 Mare by Basto
(Dam of Snip and
Crab)
4. Inbrecdiiii.
•257
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
17
Donovan
1886
Galopin
-Mowerina
5 Bay MitUlleton (by
2 \"oltaire (out of
3 Touchstone
Sultan — Pliantom)
Phantom Mare)
o Muley
5 Birdcatcher
6 Sultaii
18
Faugh-a-Rallagh
1841
Sir Hercules
Guiccioli
5 WoodpecUer
4 Eclipse
2 Bagot (by Herod)
(by Herod)
o Herod
(irand-sire : 2 Herod
6 Eclipse
5 Highflyer
(jrand-dam : 'A Herod
6 Herod
6 Highflyer
(by Herod)
1!)
Fitz Gladiator
1850
Gladiator
Zarah
0 Buzzard
4 PotSos (by Eclipse)
4 Sir Peter
5 Mare by Alexander
4 Prunella (by High-
6 Eclipse
(by Eclipse)
flyer)
6 Herod
5 Sir Peter
(by Hii^h flyer)
o Gohaiina
20
Flacjcolet
1870
Plutus
La Favorite
•5 Partisan
4 Eniilius
o Whalebone
(by Walton)
(irand-tlam : 3 Walton
7 Whalebone
21
Flibustier
1867
Buccaneer
Sweet Katie
5 Tramp
3 Edmund (br Orville)
■5 Tramp
6 Sultan
0 Pavnator
6 Orville
7 Orvillc [own brother
of WaisenUnabeJ
22
Fulmen
1880
Galopin
Li^litninij
5 Birdcatcher (by
2 Wiltaire
•5 Sir Hercules
Sir Hercules)
•ja
Glencoe
1831
Sultan
Trampnlinc
5 Mercury
4 Herod
4 Highflyer
6 Eclipse
4 Eclipse
4 Eclipse
6 Herod
4 Highflyer
o Herod
6 Hif,'ht1ver
24
Harkawav
1834
Economist
Mare bv Nabocklish
5 PotSos' (by Eclipse)
j
4 Eclipse
4 Highflyer
6 Highflyer
4 Herod
(by Herod)
7 Herod
1
0 Highflyer
Grand-dam :
2 Highflyer
Great Grand-dam :
2 Herod
258
Heredity.
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
25
Highflyer
5 Sister to Mixbury
6 Barley's Arabian
1774
Herod
7 Leedes Arabian
7 Hautboy
7 Spanker
Rachel
1 Godol. Arabian
6 St. Victor's Barb
6 Grey U'hynot
26
Jerry
5 Herod
6 Matchem (by Cade)
1821
Smolensko
4 Herod
5 Snap
6 Cade
Louisa
3 Highflyer
5 Herod
•5 Matchem
27
Isinglass
5 Birdcatcher
5 The Baron
(by Birdcatcher)
5 Pocahontas
6 Touchstone
1890
Isonomy
3 Birdcatcher
Dead Lock
4 Touchstone
28
Ithuriel
5 Buzzard
5 Mare by Alexander
(by Eclipse)
1841
Touchstone
4 Alexander
5 Eclipse
5 Buzzard
5 Sir Peter
Verbena
4 Sir Peter
5 Highflyer
29
King Tom
5 Waxy (by PotSos)
5 Penelope
1851
Harkawav
5 PotSos" (by Eclipse)
6 Highflyer
Pocahontas
5 Gohanna
(by Mercury)
6 Mercury
(by Eclipse)
30
Ladas
5 Touchstone
5 Queen Mary
5 Melbourne
1891
Hampton
7 Whalebone (Grand-
sire of Touchstone)
Illuminata
4 Touchstone
31
Lamplighter
5 Glencoe (by Sultan)
6 Emilius (by Orville)
6 Touchstone
6 Sultan (by Selini)
1889
in
Araerici
Spendthrift
5 Emilius
6 Selim ?
Torchlight
4 Touchstone
7 Orville
Grand-dam : 3 Sultan
32
Marslie
5 Hautboy
5 Lister Turk
7 Leedes Arabian
7 Mare by Spanker
1750
Squirt
Grand-dam :
1 Hautboy ■
Ruby Mare
3 Coneyskins
(by Lister Turk)
4 Hautboy
33
Matchem
5 Mare by Spanker
1848
Cade
Mare by Partner
5 Darcy's Yellow
Turk (Sire of
Spanker)
4. Inbreedint;.
259
No.
Names of .Stallions
i
Horn
Sire-
Dam
•M
Mintincj
1883
Lord Lyon
Mint Sauce
o Birdcatcher
6 Selim
7 ("astrel
5 Touchstone
6 Whalebone (Grand-
7 Comus
5 Glencoe
sire of Birdcatcher
Grand-dam :
I'Selim
and Touchstone)
M 'I'ouchstone
"\CastreI
:i"i
Morion
1887
Barcaldine
C'liaplet
5 Touchstone
1 Darling's dam
4 Priam
7 Whalebone
5 Touchstone
5 Whalebone
:s(i
Mulatto
182:^
Cat ton
Desdemona
5 Florizel (by Herod)
4 Herod
2 Hif,'hflyer
.5 Hifjjhiher
4 Kclipse
5 Marske
(by Herod)
5 Matchem
C Herod
6 Kclipse (by MarsUe)
;^
Newminster
lats
Touchstone
i^ee's Wing
o Beningbroug-li (by
4 Alexander
G Eclipse
KinjT Fertjus |by
5 Eclipse
G Herod
Rclipse] and a
5 Sir Peter
Herod-Mare)
C Highflyer
•") Trumpator
(by Herod)
38
Xorfollv
1861
Lexington
Novice
5 Sir Archy
111
America
3 Sir Archy
6 Saltram (by Eclipse,
CIrand-sire of Waxy)
5 Buzzard
6 Wax>
Grand-dam :
2 Sir Archy
Great Grand-dam :
1 Sir Archy
3S)
Orme
188t)
Ormonde
Angelica
5 Pocahontas
5 Birdcatcher
6 Sultan (Sire o
(by Glencoe)
5 Pantaloon
Glencoe)
6 Birdcatcher
C Velocipede's dam
M\
Ormonde
188;-!
Bend Or
Lily Agnes
5 Birdcatcher
6 Touchstone
6 'Blacklock
5 Pantaloon
Grand-sire :
f Selim
(by Castrel)
G Blaclvloek
\Castrel
7 Banter
41
Persimmon
1893
St. Simon
Perditta IL
5 Voltigeur
6 Sultan (Grand-sire
3 Melbourne
(by Voltaire)
of Pocahontas)
C Voltaire ->
t ?
6 Pocahontas
6 Velocipede's dam
C Martha Lynn /f -|
7 Bl.icklock (Sire of
G Pocahontas
c »»
Voltaire)
Grand-sire :
2 Voltaire
260
Heredity.
No.
Names of Stal
Born
Sire
Dam
42
43
44
45
4(5
47
48
4i)
Perth
.5 Newminster
.5 Stockwell
(by The Barun)
Pyrrhiis the First
5 Buzzard
(by Woodpeclicr)
5 Mare bv .Alexander
(by Eclipse)
Rataplan
o Orville
6 Waxy
6 Penelope
Sheet Anchor
5 \\'oodpecker
(by Herod)
6 Eclipse
6 Mercury
6 Mare by Herod
Sir Visto
o Pocahontas
.5 Newminster
6 Banter (Dam of
Touchstone)
St. Florian
.3 Ion
6 Bay Middleton
(by Sultan)
Saunterer
.5 Waxy
o Penelope
1896
1843
1850
1832
1891
1S54
Scottish Chief 1861
5 Orville (by Benins'-
brouffh)
6 Sclim
7 Buzzard (by Wood-
pecker)
War Dance
4 The Baron
7 Banter
Epirus
3 Sir Peter
4 Diomed
5 Herod
5 Eclipse
The Baron
4 Waxy
4 Penelope
Lottery
3 Eclipse
4 Trentham
4 Woodpecker
0 Herod
Barcaldine
1 Dar'insj's dam
(by Birdcatcher)
.J Touchstone
St. Simon
G Sultan
Birdcatcher \
■'} \V'oodpecker i
G Eclipse (Grand-sire
of Waxy)
Lord of the Isles
5 Buzzard
5 Mare by .Alexander
(by Eclipse)
6 Benintjbroush
Primrose Dame
4 Newminster
4 Stockwell
.5 Touchstone
6 Birdcatcher
Grand-sire :
2 Touchstone
2 Bee's Winij
Fortress
1 Whalebone
4 Hifjhland Flinij
5 Buzzard
6 Woodpecker
(by Herod)
Pocahontas
.5 Gohanna
6 Mercur\'
7 Highflyer (Grand-
sire of Orville)
jMorgiana
2 Y. Giantess
6 Herod
6 Eclipse
Vista
4 Banter
4 Pantaloor
Palmflower
o Bay Middleton
o Touchstone
Ennui
5 Waxy
.T Penelope
6 Whiskey
6 Sorcerer
Miss Ann
7 WoodpecI<:er
7 Mercury
(by Eclipse)
4
Inbreedini;.
or,)
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
50
Solon 1
1861 j
West Australian
Darling's Dam
5 Whalebone
6 Trumpator ((irand-
.-. Waky
(by Waxy)
sire of Comus)
G PotSos
5 Comus
7 Trumpator
G Waxy
6 Penelope
(by Trumpator)
51
Spendthrift
1876
Imp. Australian
Aerolite
5 Eniilius
111
Aoiertca
•A Whisker
?
G Selini
6 Selim
7 Waxy ^p„e„,sof
G Evelina (Grand-dam
1
G Penelope j Whisker
of Emilius)
7 Stamford (Grand-
sire of Emilius)
52
Springfield
1873
St. Albans
Viridis
5 Sultan (by Sellni)
G ^^■halebone
4 Camel
6 Camel
4 Lani^ar (by Selim)
(by Whalebone)
5 Selim
G Banter
53
Sterling
1S6S
Oxford
W'iiispt'r
5 U'halebone
7 \^■axy 1 p^^^,„^ „f
7 Penelope jWha'cbone
5 Whalebone
G Waxy
54
Stockwell
1849
The Baron
Pocahontas
5 Orville
4 Waxy
5 Gohanna
G \\'axy
4 Penelope
6 Mercury
6 Penelope
7 Iliyhtlver ((Ir.-ind-
sire of Orville)
55
Timoleon
1814
Sir Archv
Marc by Saltram
5 Trenlhani
Id
America
3 Herod"
4 l\e.i,'-ulus (by Godol
7 Blank (by (iodol.
o Blank
.\rabian)
.Arabian)
Grand-sire :
4 Godol. .\rabian
Grand-dam :
G Godol. .\rabian
G Re.trulu>
(inmd-sire :
> 2 Re.y:ulus
(i rand-dam :
4 Ret,'ulus
56
Van Tronip
1844
I.anercost
Barbel le
5 Buzzard
4 Gohanna (l)y
G Woodpecker
(by Woodpecker)
Mercury by Eclipse)
G Eclipse
G PotSos (by Eclipse)
.5 Woodpecker
C Herod
G Gohanna
5 Hi.uhllyer
.5 Trumpator
6 Eclipse
•262
Heredity.
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
57
Velocipede
o Highflyer
1825
Black-lock
8 Highflyer
Mare by JunipcM-
o Eclipse
(by Herod)
4 Eclipse
6 Herod
5 PotSos (by Eclipse)
4 Herod
6 -Matchem
7 Matchem
58
Venison
5 Eclipse
6 Herod
7 Snap
1833
Partisan
2 Highflyer
(by Herod)
3 Eclipse
4 Snap
r£i\vn
4 Herod
5a
Voltigeur
5 Hambletonian
1847
Voltaire
4 King Fergus
Martha Lynn
4 Sir Peter
(by King Fergus)
5 Highflyer (Grand-
6 King Fergus
6 Coriander
sire of Hamble-
6 Sir Peter (by High-
tonian)
flyer)
7 Highflyer
m
Waxy
5 Godol. Arabian
6 Partner (by Jigg)
(B. Childers
'\F1. Childers
1790
PotSos
4 Godol. .Arabian
Maria
4 F'lying Childers
4 Fox
6 Byerly Turk (Sire
of Jigg)
(ii
Xenophon
•3 Whalebone
(by Wax.\)
1872
Canary
3 Camel
(by Whalebone)
4 Selim
o Orville
Mare bv Birdcatcher
5 Waxy
Stallions with 6 Free Generations.
Beauclerc
6 Whalebone
Bend'Or
6 Touchstone
6 Muley (by Orville)
7 Selim (by Bu/zard)
1875
1877
Rosicrucian
4 Priam
o Whalebone
Doncaster
a Blacklock
7 Whalebone
7 Stlim
Bonny Bell
o Walton
Grand-dam : ,
3 Whalebone
Rouge Rose
G Orville
6 Buzzard
() Mare by Alexanider
7 Waxv
4. Inbreeding.
•263
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
1
j Sire
Dam
:i
Blair Athol
1861
Stofkwell
Blink Bonny
6 Whalebone
o Orville
G Evelina (Dam of
7 Orville
6 Waxy ~1 Parents
Orville)
7 Evelina
6 Penelope / whalebone
6 Sir Peter
7 Trunipator (Grand-
sire of Whalebone)
7 Hig-hllyer (Grand-
sire of Orville)
Grand-dam :
3 AX'halebone
4
Compiegiie
1858
Fitz Gladiator
Maid of Hart
6 Whalebone
.5 Buzzard
G Sir Peter
7 Mare by .Me.xander
5 Mare by Alexander
6 Benini^brouijh
7 Buzzard
5 Sir Peter
G Waxy
7 Sir Peter
o Gohanna
G Evelina
7 Beninsbrouf;h
7 Gohanna
5
Cremorne
1869
Parmesan
Rigolboche
6 Tramp
6 Waxy
•5 Tramp
7 Selim
C Penelope
•3 Selim
8 Waxy
G PotSos
8 Penelope
0 Prunella
8 PotSos
0
Doncaster
1870
Stockwell
-Marigold
fi Blaclclock
.5 Orville
4 Humphrey Clinker
7 Whalebone
6 Waxy "> Parents
6 Penelope J wha°Ibone
G Selim
7 Selim
7
Favonius
1868
Parmesan
ZepluT
6 Whisker
6 Waxy ^ Parents
6 Penelope / vvhtlker
6 Prunella \ Grand-
6 PotSos / '^^^
•5 Wliiskcr
8
Grand Flaneur
1877
Yattendon
First Lady
C Sir Hercules
4 Partisan
•5 Pantaloon
(by Whalebone)
6 Waxy (Sire of
Whalebone)
■5 Camel
(by Whalebone)
U
Hindoo
1878
Virgil
Florence
6 Eniilius (by Orville)
AtnriicA
4 Tramp
•J Emilius
7 Tramp
6 Orville
6 Orville
10
King Fergus
1775
Eclipse
Pollv
6 Bay Bolton
3 Sister to Old Coun-
try Wench
4 Snake
6 Hautboy
0 Byerly Turk
264
Heredity.
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
11
Kisber
1878
Buccaneer
Mineral
6 Sultan
3 Edmund
1 Birdcatcher
7 Orville
(by Orville)
5 Paynator
7 Orville
12
Leamington
1853
Faugh-a-Ballagh
Mare by Pantaloon
6 Woodpecker
5 Woodpecker
4 Buzzard
6 Alexander
6 Eclipse
(by Woodpecker)
(by Eclipse)
4 Mare by Alexander
13
Lord Clifden
1860
Newminster
The Slave
6 Paynator
5 Trumpator
5 Golumpus
(by Trumpator)
5 Beningbrough
7 Orville
(by Beninsbrough)
14
Lord Lyon
ism
Stockwell
Paradigm
6 Whalebone
5 Orville
5 Selim
6 Selim
0 Waxy "( Parents
0 Penelope / whallbone
5 \\'axy
7 Orville
6 Orville
15
Lord Ronald
1862
Stockwell
Edith
6 Whalebone
5 Orville
5 Whalebone
7 Selim
6 Waxy )^ Parents
6 Penelope j whalebone
6 Selim
7 Orville
16
Macaroni
1860
Sweetmeat
Jocose
6 Sir Peter (bv High-
4 Walton
3 .Alexander
flyer)
(by Sir Peter)
(by Eclipse)
6 Orville (Grand-son
6 PotSos (by Eclipse)
4 Highflyer
of Highflyer)
4 Buzzard
6 Buzzard
.5 Sir Peter (by High-
6 Mare by Alexander
flyer)
17
Matclibox
1891
St. Simon
Match Girl
6 Bay Middleton
G Sultan
3 Orlando
(by Sultan)
18
Parmesan
1857
Sweetmeat
Griiyere
6 Waxy (by PotSos)
4 Walton
3 Waxy
6 Whalebone
6 PotSos
3 Penelope
6 Penelope
6 PotSos
6 Prunella (Dam of
Penelope)
#
19
Phaeton
1865
Kin£j Tom
ftlerry Sunshine
6 Orville
America
5 Waxy
1 Touchstone
7 Waxy
5 Penelope
5 Orville
7 Penelope
0 Castrel
rCastrel
^ISelim
4
Inbrecdins'.
•2f)r,
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
20
Rustic
6 Whalebone
18(53
Stockwell
5 Orville
6 Waxy "J Parents
6 Penelope / whaflbone
Village La.sb
5 Whalebone
21
St. .Mbans
6 Whalebone
(own brother to
SavernaUe]
ia57
Stockwell
.j Orville
6 Waxy ) Parents
6 Penelope j \Vha"lebone
Rriberv
6 Sir Peter
6 Statu ford
6 Woodpecker
22
St. Frusquin
6 Bay Middleton
(by Sultan)
1803
St. Simon
6 Sultan
Isabel
6 Touchstone
6 Emma
23
St. Simon
6 Sultan (by Selim)
6 Velocipede's dam
7 Blacklock
1881
Galopin
2 Voltaire
(by Blacklock)
St. .\npela
C Selim
24
Salvator
6 Selim
6 Orville
1872
Dollar
4 Catton
C Beninfj- "1
, , Parents
brouq-h '- ot
6 Evelina j °--""=
Grand-sire : 3 Selim
Sauvagine
4 Selim
Grand-dam : 3 S
elim
25
Speculum
6 Orville
1865
Vedette
.3 Blacklock
Dora! ice
4 Or vi Ik-
2«i
Teddinnrton
0 Stamford
(by Sir Peter)
7 Trumpator
7 Sir Peter
1848
Orlando
3 Selim
o Alexander
(by Eclipse, Grand-
sire of Stamford)
C Sir Peter
Miss Twickenham
5 Sir Peter
Grand-sire :
3 Trumpator
27
Tiiormanbv
6 Orville
7 Woodpecker
(by Herod)
1857
VVindhound
3 Peruvian
5 Buzzard
(by Woodpecker)
.5 M.ire by Alexander
Alice Hawthorn
3 Dick Andrews
4 Benini^brouy^h"!
4 Evelina
(by Hii,'hnyer) j
■0
28
Trenton
6 Touchstone
6 Camel
7 Whalebone
1881
In
Allstrsl.
Musket
4 'I'ouchstone
4 Camel
Grand-dam ;
2 Camel
Frailty
5 Sir Hercules
f; Whalebone
2S)
Tristan
6 Sultan (by Selim)
7 Whalebone
8 Orville
1878
Hermit
4 Camel
(by Whalebone)
6 Selim
6 Paynator
7 Orville
Trieft
5 Tramp
f) Whalebone
G Whisker
r> Orville
•266
Heredity.
No
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
30
Wen lock
6 Whalebone
1869
Lord Clifden
: 6 Pavnator
7 Orville
Mineral
1 Birdcatcher
7 Orville
31
West Australian
6 Evelina
(by Highflyer)
6 Trumpator
7 Eclipse
7 Sir Peter
(by Highflyer)
1850
Melbourne
4 Termagant
5 Trumpator
5 Highflyer
6 Eclipse
Mowerina
3 Waxy
3 Penelope
(by Trumpator)
6 Sir Peter
6 Eclipse
32
Woodpecker
6 Darley Arabian
1773
Herod
7 Leedes Arabian
7 Hautboy
7 Spanker
Miss Ramsden
3;^
Y. Melbourne
6 Sir Peter
(by Highflyer)
1855
Melbourne
4 Termagant
5 Trumpator
5 Highflyer
6 Eclipse
Grand-sire :
2 Sir Peter
Clarissa
4 Buzzard
4 Mare by Alexander
•5 Sir Peter
Stallic
3ns w
ith 7 I''ree (Jeneration.'-
1
Atlantic
7 Orville
7 Buzzard "i
« AT , Parents
( iMare by I of
Alexander J ^elim
1871
Thormanby
6 Orville
7 Woodpecker (Sire
of Buzzard)
7 Sir Peter
Grand-sire : 4 Evelina
(Dam of Orville)
Hurricane
3 Sultan (by Selmi)
Grand-sire : 4 Selim
2
Hampton
7 Whalebone
1872
Lord Clifden
6 Pavnator
Lady Langden
3 Liverpool
7 Whalebone
3
Herod
7 Spanker
1758
Tartar
6 Old Peg (Dam of
Spanker)
Cypron
3 Darley 's Arabian
4
Himvar
7 ^Iuley (by Orville)
1875
iu
America
Alarm
o Sultan
Hira
3 Emilius (by Orville)
5 Sir Archy
5
Iroquois
7 Waxy
7 Penelope
1878
Leamington
6 Woodpecker
6 Alexander
Maggie
6 Selim
4. lnl)rei'dint;.
267
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sue
Dam
Kinotishcr
7 Orville
7 Sir Petet
8 Walton
Oxford
7 Waxy
7 Ponelopt
1 See Saw
' 7 Orville
7 Waxy
8 Trunipatiir
9 I Toxophilite
7 Sir Peter (by llij^li-
llyer, Grand-sire of
Orville)
7 Woodpecker
I
10 Trachenbercj
7 Bustard
8 Orville
11 I Vandal
j 7 PotSos (by liclipsel
8 Hisrhf^yer
8 Herod
War Dance
7 Dick Andrews
7 Orville
1867
111
Aiiii-rli'i
1857
1865
1855
1879
1850
1859
III
AmerlcM
Lexinjjlon
3 Sir Archv
liirdcatclier
o Woodpecker
0 Eclipse
G Herod
G Hij^hHyer
lUicraneer
3 Edmund
(by Orville)
5 Paynator
(by Triimpator)
Lonojbow
4 Orville
7 Woodpecker
Flibustier
o Tramp
G Sultan
7 Orville
Glenrne
o Mercury
li Eclipse
ti Herod
G Hisjh flyer
C Woodpecker
Lexington
3 Sir Archy
6 Saltram (by Eclipse.
Grand-sire of Dick
Andrews and
Gohanna)
I^ltliam Lass
(i Walton
7 Orville
Honcvdear
3 Orville
4 Selim
.Margery Daw
•J Wa.xy
5 Penelope
(by Trumpator)
G Orville
Legerdemain
2 Peruvian
(by Sir Peter)
5 Woodpecker
Grand-dam :
2 Sir Peter
Dirt Cheap
3 Camel
6 Buzzard (Grand-sire
of Bustard and
Sultan)
.Marc" by Tranbv
7 Hip^hflyer
Reel
o Gohanna
•Mis.sel Trush
8 Glencoe
8 Banter (Dam of
Toudistone)
8 Bav Middleton
Stallions wiiii S I'-r
18S>7
Generations.
Orme
•3 Pocahontas
(by Glencoe)
G Birdcatcher
i'hrostle
4 'I'ouchstone
Grand-sire :
2 Touchstone
Grand-dam :
4 Bav Middleton
208 Heredity.
From these examples may be drawn the following conclusions : —
1. The greatest number of approved sires are to be found amongst those
with 3, 4 and 5 free generations. Also the sires and dams of the above-men-
tioned 270 stallions with 1 to 8 free generations, have, as a simple calculation
will show, on an average, 4 (exactly 4.13) free generations. This is a very
remarkable and interesting result, and may be taken as a proof of the
example. We here again see it confirmed that 4 free generations repre-
sent the most favourable inbreeding for successful breeding material.
2. In former times we find more successful stallions with close inbreed-
ing than in modern times. Of stallions with 1 free generation in modern
times, only Barcaldine and Flying Fox can be considered really successful.
It seems to me to be an open question, in any case it has vet to be proved,
whether either of them will be the founder of such a successful line as
Paulowitz, born 1793. .Among the stallions with 2 free generations in the
past, the following may be mentioned as especially prominent : Brutandorf,
Gohanna, Golumpus, Humphrev Clinker, Orville, Partisan, Sorcerer, etc.
As equal to these in modern times we can onh- mention Galopin, Wisdom,
and Sainfoin. In the case of 3 and 4 free generations, ancient and modern
times are about equal. In the case of 5 and more free generations in former
times are specially to be mentioned : Herod, Highflyer, King Fergus,
Marske, Matchem, Waxy, and Woodpecker. The great majority of the
horses mentioned in these lists are the \-ery best stallions of the more and
most recent times.
3. .\s regards the repetition of closer inbreedings, it can be seen that
the sires of stallions w ith 1 free generation had at least 4 (on an average 45)
free generations, i.e., a little more than the remaining stallions with further
removed inbreeding. We can therefore come to the conclusion that a
repetition of such close inbreeding has not been successful. .Also amongst
the many examples with only 2 free generations, Golumpus is the only one
that can be mentioned in which the sire also had only 2 free generations, but
the further removed inbreeding on the basis of Godol. Arabian is strongly
supported on the dam's and sire's side.
4. In the case of the most successful stallions with a close inbreeding
(1 and 2 free generations), a further removed inbreeding of the same is sup-
ported in nearly every case hv a corresponding inbreeding of the parents,
for example, with Paulowitz (1 Highflyer and 1 Termagant) the more
removed inbreeding of the same is most strongly supported, viz., (3 Regulus,
as well as by the sire Sir Paul (4 Regulus) as by the dam Evelina (4 Regulusj.
Also in the case of F"lving Fox (1 Galopin), the more removed inbreeding of
same, i.e., 6 Stockwell and 7 Pocahontas, is strongly supported by the sire
Orme (5 Pocahontas and 6 Birdcatcher) and a little bv the dam Vampire
(2 Vedette and C^ Birdcatcher). In the case of Friponnier (1 Orlando, 7
Orville, 7 Walton) the more removed inbreeding is strongly supported by
the sire (•'j Orville) and bv the dam (:") Walton). In the case of the Derby
4. Iiibrccdint;. ^i'l'J
and -2,000 Guineas winner Cadiand (1 Sorcerer, 1 llighnyer [by Herod], 4
\\'oodpeei<er [bv Herod]) also, the more removed inbreeding is supported by
the sire Andrew (5 Herod) and by the dam Sorcery (5 Herod). Among the
stallions witli -J free generations, in the case of most, and those the very
best, the support of more removed inbreeding is visible' by a corresponding
inbreeding of the parents, as, for example, with Partisan the more removed
inbreeding to Snap and Regulus, with Hanover the more removed inbreed-
ing to iMiiilius, with Petrarch the more rcnio\i-cl inbreeding to Selim, \\ilh
Priam to Herod, witii The Saddler to Highflyer, with Wisdmn to Orville,
with Janissarv to Touchstone, etc.
."). Inbreedings of the best stallions arc Mipported by the inbreedings of
sire or dam, or bolli, on the same or related basis. If the inbreeding is a
close one, i.e., under 4 or '> free generations, it is advantageous not to sup-
port this close, but more removed inbreedings, if such exist, as is explained
in No. 1. It is therefore always advantageous to have several inbreedings,
each on a different basis. Such stallions are also easier to get at for mating.
One of the best examples of this is Ivclipse himself (see No. TJ, page ■241 ), in
whose case also the closest inbreeding (3 Sister to Old Country Wench) is
not directh' su]iported bv the inbreedings of the parents. The following
more removed inbreedings : 4 Snake, 6 HautboN', and 7 t"one\'skins, are
supported by the inbreedings of both parents and both grandmothers. This
support of thi' inbreeding of prominent stallions bv the inbreeding of their
parents is also often strikingK' visible in the case ot stallions with 7 and
more free generations, as in the case of Atlantic, etc. The Derby winner
lroc]uoi'^, himself a prominent racer, but not (|uite as successful at the stud,
does nol show (he supi^ort of his inbreeding which is re(|uired abo\e, as is
to be seen (page iOO, Xo. --)), but his best son, 4"ammany, has again (lie
recpiisite supyDort of his inbreeding bv H dliMiccje, and his dam, 4 (jlencoe.
In llie following table of the most important male blood lines the above
rule of inbreeding support is distinctlv recognisable. .Stallions in the cases
of which these inbreeding supports are especially \isible, outlast in their
progens' intermediateU- one generation without this support, as in the case ot
Rclipse himself, whose sons, PotSos, .Mercurv, and ixing i'ergus, have stood
well one generation without this inbreeding support. 4"heir sons. Waxy,
Gohanna, iieningbrough, and Hambletonian, siiow already distinctly the
desired supports, [oe Andrews is the onlv son of I^clipse who answers him-
self the above demands. In contrast to l-iclipse, the other two foundation
sires, Herod and Matchem, as well as their sons (with the exception of
Florizel, sire of the first Derb\- winner, Diomed), show a mu( h smaller, and
in some ca.ses no inbreeding support at all. This is probablv the cause of
the l-'clipse progenw in sjiite of the manv good rac(4iorses which Highflver
has also produced, excelling most others as regartls breeding value. l*!clipse
left behind him lour impcjrtant male lines, Highllver and Woodpt'cker oii/y
one ctu'h. Here folKiwed two consecutive generations (llemd aiul his two
270 Heredity.
sons, Highflyer and Woodpecker) \vitlK)ut the requisite inbreeding supports.
Nevertheless, Herod and his son Highflyer have proved themselves to be a
very good basis of every inbreeding. The Herod blood only commences to
produce more sires for Thoroughbred breeding with the much better bred
Sir Peter, born 1784 by Highflyer, and Buzzard, born 1787 by Woodpecker.
The Matchem blood has undergone a similar experience, as his son. Con-
ductor, did not possess sufficient inbreeding supports. Trumpator, born
1782 by Conductor, as well as his two sons, Sorcerer and Paynator, were the
first to succeed in influencing Thoroughbred breeding to a greater extent,
as only in their pedigree the requisite inbreeding supports became significant.
From the following list of male blood lines we can further see that the
Herod and Matchem lines possess Eclipse, or Eclipse progeny, more rarely
as the basis of their inbreedings than the Eclipse line itself. In the Herod
line, for example, the first Eclipse inbreeding, even yet little supported,
occurs in the American bred Boston. The Sultan-Glencoe line, well sup-
ported by Eclipse inbreeding, has also had its chief importance in America.
Europe onlv retained Glencoe's celebrated daughter Pocahontas. In the
Bay Middleton-Fl. Dutchman line, which remained here, the Highflyer
inbreeding prevails, and in the Highflyer line, which also remained here,
there is no Eclipse inbreeding at all (page 282). Only the Pantaloon line
(page 285) shows some Eclipse inbreedings, but generally inferior to the
Herod connections. The A\"alton line (page 283) has been more fortimate.
The latter and the Pantaloon line have also produced the best representatives
of the Herod blood in Sweetmeat, Chamant, and Thormanby.
A similar picture is found in the .Matchem line (page 280). The
Smolensko-Jerrv line, as well as the Paynator and Dr. Syntax line, does not
show any Eclipse inbreeding at all. The Sorcerer-Comus line, beginning
modestly with Humphrey Clinker, showed the first somewhat eflectively sup-
ported Eclipse inbreedings in the case of Melbourne and West Australian.
This is very probably the reason that Melbourne is the only remaining scion
of the Matchem line, whose best son. West Australian, was early sold to
France. F'ortunately, West .Australian left behind him in England a stallion
well strengthened b\- many Whalebone, Waxy, PotSos (all Eclipse's pro-
geny) inbreedings, i.e., Solon, sire of Barcaldine. The efficacy of inbreeding
supports can be most instructively seen in the long male line from Highflyer
down to Eels (page 282). Only in the case of W^ild Dayrell and Buccaneer
is this support somewhat deficient, and, in consequence, one had to wait for
a son of Buccaneer endowed with a more distinct support of inbreedings in
order to effectively continue this line. Kisber was not such an one, but
Flibustier (and his own brother Waisenknabe), with his double connection
over Tramp and Orville. See Saw was perhaps sufficient regarding the
building of the pedigree, but of too little class. Kisber was the third member
of a male line built up with insufficiently supported inbreeding. On this
account his heredit\- did not come up to expectations which were founded on
4. Inbreedinpf. gy-j
liis great raci no: form. In lingland, l-libii.stier, and perhaps also VVaisen-
knabe, with Kisber's cliances, might have been a great success. Buccaneer
with his inbreeding (8 1-dmund and 5 Pa\-nator) was certainly difficult to
handle so as to obtain the required inbreeding support. Also Fenek (6
Tramp, 7 Sultan, dam ', Cervantes), Good Hope (6 Tramp, 6 Sultan, 7
Orville, dam 7 Orville), and Pirat (5 Cain, 6 Sorcerer, dam 3 Comus, 5 Sir
Peter), had not suflicient inbreeding supports in the building up of their
pedigrees. Nil Desperandum was bred a little more favourablv, but not
sufficiently so: 4 Bay Middleton. f, Orville. 7 Pavnator, dam 2 Touchstone,
■> W halebone.
272
Heredity.
Eclipse Line.
1. I'otSos by Eclipse
1773. 4 Godol. Arabian.
2. Waxy 5 Godol. .\rabian.
1790. 6 Partner (by Jigg)
3. Whalebone 3 Herod.
1807. 4 Snap.
I 6 Cade (by God. Arabian).
4. Camel 4 Highflyer. 5 Eclipse.
1882. o Herod. 6 Snap.
.■). Touchstone 4 .Mexander (by Eclipse).
1831. .J Eclipse.
•J Buzzard.
o Sir Peter.
(j Highflyer,
li. Newiiiinster 5 Beningbrough (by King Ker-
1848. 5 Trumpator. [gus-Herod).
j
ij. Hermit 4 Camel.
1864. 6 Paynalor (by Trumpator).
j 6 Seiim.
7 Orville (by Beningbrough).
8. Tristan 6 Sultan (by Selim).
1878. 7 Whalebone.
4. Sir Hercules bv Whalebone
1826.
Birdcatcher
1833.
The Baron
1842.
8. Stockwell
1849.
4 Eclipse. 5 Highflyer.
.5 Herod. 7 Snap.
.5 Woodpecker (by Herod).
6 Eclipse.
6 Herod.
6 Highflyer.
4 Waxy (by PotSos).
4 Penelope.
5 Orville.
6 Waxy.
6 Penelope.
8. Blair Atliol 6 Whalebone (by Waxy and
1861. Penelope).
7 Orville.
Dam
Dam
Dam
4 Fl. Childers.
4 Fox.
6 Byerly Turk (Sire of Jigg).
3 Snap.
6 Partner (Grand-sire of Herod).
6 Godol. .Arabian.
3 Highflyer.
4 Herod.
Dam 4 Eclipse.
Dam 6 Eclipse (Sire of King Fergus).
6 Herod.
Dam 3 Sultan (by Selim i.
.5 Beningbrough.
Dam 5 Tramp.
6 Whalebone.
6 Whisker.
6 Orville.
Dam 3 Eclipse.
5 Herod.
Dam 2 Bagot (by Herod).
Dam 6 PotSos.
6 Phonomenon.
(1 Highflyer (Grand-sire of
Penelope).
Dam 5 Gohanna.
6 Mercury.
7 Highflyer (Grand-sire ot
Orville and Penelope).
Dam 6 Evelina (Dam of Orville).
6 Sir Peter.
7 Trumpator (Grand-sire of
Whalebone).
7 Highflyer (Grand-sire of
Orville).
4. Inbreeding.
273
6. Ithuriel by Touclisionc
1841. 5 Buzzard.
5 Mare by Aicxaiukr.
7. I,oiiah(nv 4 Orxilk' (2 Ilorod).
1849. 7 UixidiH'clver (by Herod).
S. Toxo|>liilit(' 7 Sir I\>tt-r (by Highflyer,
18.55. Graiid-sirc of Orville).
7 \\'(ioil|>ucker (by Herod).
9. .>Iusket 4 Touchstuiiu.
1867. 4 Camel.
If). Xordeiifeldt 4 Mellxmrne.
1882. .5 Touchstone.
Dam 4 Sir Peter.
5 Highflyer.
Dam 5 Highflyer.
6 Herod.
G Kclipse.
Dam 2 IVTiiviaii (by Sir I'eter).
5 VVoodpeclver.
Grand-dam 2 Sir Peter.
Dam 2 Camel.
Dam .3 Touchstone
111. Trenlitii by Musket
1881. 6 Touchstone.
6 Camel.
W'lialebone.
Dam .3 Sir Hercules.
6 Whalebone.
10. CarbiiU' by Musl^et
1885. 3 Brown Bess (by Camel).
o Touchstone.
Dam 3 Touchstone
4 Camel.
11. Spearmint 4 Stockwell. 6 Orlando Dam 3 Stockwell. 5 Orlando.
6 Melbourne. (by Touch.). 3 V. Melbourne.
6. Orlillldo by Touchstone
1841. 3 Selim. G Sir Peter.
I o Alexander.
Dam 3 Buzzard ^ Parents of
3 Mare by . Alexander J Selim.
4 Sir Peter.
7. Triiini»fter 4 Selim.
]a56. 6 Orville.
8. PIntus 4 Emilius (by Orville).
1862. 6 Selim.
9. Flaireolet -5 Partisan (Ijy W'.dton).
1870. 7 Whalebone.
10. liP beslrifi- I (iladiator (by Partisan)
1877.
Dam 4 Buzzard "| Parents of
4 Mare by .Me.xanderJ Seliin.
4 Beningbrough ") Parents of
4 Evelina J Orville.
Dam 3 Selim.
Dam o Whalebone.
(irand-d.im 3 W;dton.
Dam J Partisan.
274
Heredity.
6. Newiuiiister by Touchstone
1848. 5 Beningbrough (by King Fer-
gus [by Eclipse] and Herod-
Mare).
.5 Trumpator.
". Lord Clifteii 6 Paynator (by Trumpator).
1860. 7 Orville (by Beningbrough).
Dam 6 Eclipse.
6 Herod.
Dam .5 Golumpus.
8. Hampton 7 Whalebone.
1872.
Dam 3 Liverpool
7 Whalebone.
9. Lad.as 5 Touchstone.
1891.6 The Baron.
I 6 Pocahontas.
10. TroHtbeek 6 Stockwell.
1903. 7 Touchstone.
Dam 4 Touchstone.
Dam 3 Thormanby.
4 Stockwell.
6 Birdcatcher.
7 Banter.
8. Petrarch by Lord Clifden
1S73. 2 Touchstone.
j 7 Selim.
9. The Bard 4 Melbourne.
1883. 7 Defence (by Whalebone).
Dam 4 Whalebone (Grand-sire of
Touchstone).
5 Selim.
Dam 6 Conius (Grand-sire of Mel-
bourne).
6 Whalebone.
6 Sultan (by Selim).
7. Caiiibuscan by Newminster
1861. 4 Whalebone.
o Orville (by Beningbrough).
6 Beningbrough.
Dam 4 Beningbrough.
7. Adventurer by Newminster
18.59. 4 Orville.
6 Stamford (by Sir Peter).
Dam 1 Orville.
4 Sir Peter.
7. Eclipse by Orlando
.'\mer. 18o5. 4 Selim (by Buzzard).
Dam 2 Phantom.
8. Alarm .5 Sultan (by Selim).
1869. 6 Bustard (by Buzzard).
9. Himjar 7 Muley (by Orville)
187.5. [2 Herod].
Dam 5 BlacklocU.
5 Tramp.
7 Buzzard.
Dam 3 Emilius (by Orville). ^
5 Sir Archy (3 Herod).
10. Uomino 3 Lexington.
1S91.
Dam 2 Lexington.
11. Commando o Lexington.
1898.
4. Inbreeding'.
275
6. Oxford by Birdcatclier
1857. " Waxy.
7 Penelope.
7. Sterliiiir J W'lialtbone (by Waxy and
]S68. Penelope).
Uam 3 Orville.
4 Sclim.
Dam .3 Whalebone.
6 Waxv.
8. Isonoiiiy ,3 Birdcatclier (by Sir Hercules and Dam 1 Sir Hercules.
1875. Guiccioli). 4 Guiccioli.
9. Isillirlass 5 Rirdcatcher. 5 Pocaliontas.
1890. o The Baron. G Touchstone.
Dam 4 Touclistone.
9. Galliiiule by Isonomy
1884. 3 StocUwell. 6 Birdcatcher.
I 5 Touchstone (by Camel).
10. SlifTi' (■ullioii 6 Stockwell. 7 Touchstone.
1904. 7 Pocahontas. 7 Voltigeur.
Dam 7 Selim (Grand-sire of Camel).
Grand-sire 4 Camel.
Dam 2 Galopin (Grand-son of Volt.).
7 Pocahontas. 7 Touchstone.
9. Janissary by Isonomy
1887. 2 StocUwell.
I 3 Touchstone.
•J Melbourne.
10. Jethiuli (J Touchstone.
1895.
Dam 3 Touchstone.
Dam .J Banter (Dam of Touchstone).
8. Energy by Sterling
1880. 4 Sir Hercules.
4 Birdcatcher.
5 Touchstone.
9. GouVenieur 4 Touchstone.
1888. 7 Whalebone (by Waxy and
Penelope).
Dam 4 Sir Hercules,
o Touchstone.
Dam 5 Smolensko.
6 Waxy.
6 Penelope.
5. Faugli-a-Ballagh by Sir Hercules
1841. 5 Woodpecker (by Herod).
I 6 Eclipse.
6. Leamington (3 Woodpecker.
1853. 6 .\Iexander (by Kclipse).
7. Onon<1a!;a 7 Buzzard (by Woodpecker).
1870. 7 Mare by .•\lexander.
8. Lofoliatclie 3 Lexington.
1889. 6 Glencoe.
Dam 2 Bagot (by Herod).
Dam 4 Buzzard (by Woodpecker)
4 Mare by .Mexander.
Dam 7 Dick .\ndre\vs.
Grand-dam 2 Tramp.
4 Buzzard.
Dam 4 Pocahontas (by Glencoe).
9. Caiman 5 Stockwell.
1896.
Dam 2 Stockwell.
276
Heredity.
8. Doncaster by Stuckwell
1870. 0 Blacklock.
7 Whnlebune.
7 .Sflini.
9. Bend Or 0 Touchstone.
1877. 6 Muley.
7 Selim (by Buzzard).
10. Ornionde 5 Birdcatcher.
1883. .5 Pantaloon (by Castrel).
I 7 Banter (D.-un of Touchstone).
Dam 4 Humphrey Clinker.
6 Selim.
Dam 6 Orville.
6 Buzzard.
Dam 6 Blacklock.
( Selim.
1 Castrel.
11. Orme 5 Pocahontas (by Glencoe).
1889. 6 Birdcatcher.
12. Flying: Ft'X 1 Galopin (by Vedette).
1896. 6 Stockwell.
7 Pocahontas.
13. Ajax 6 Flyintj Dutchman.
1901.
Dam 6 Sultan (Sire of Glencoe).
6 Velocipede's dam.
Dam 2 Vedette.
6 Birdcatcher.
Dam 5 Flying Dutchman.
6 Pocahontas.
8. St. Albans by Stockwell
1857. 6 \\"halebone.
9. Sprinsfl»ld fi Sultan (by Selim).
1873. 6 Camel (by Whalebone).
I 6 Banter.
10. Sainfuiu 2 Stockwell.
1SS7. 6 Touchstone.
Dam 6 Sir Peter.
6 Stamford.
6 Woodpecker.
Dam 4 Camel.
4 Langar (by Selim).
5 Selim.
Dam 3 The Baron "i Parents of
3 Pocahontas j .Stockwell.
8. Lord Lyon by Stockwell Dam 5 Selim.
1863. 6 Selim. 5 Wa.xy.
6 Whalebone (by Waxy). 6 Orville.
7 Orville.
9. Minting' .5 Birdcatcher. ^ ('Selim. Dam 7 Castrel.
1883. .5 Touchstone. '^(Castrel.
.5 Glencoe.
8. Lord Ronald by Stockwell
1862. 6 \\'halebone.
7 Selim.
7 Orville.
9. Master Kildare 4 Birdcatcher.
1875.
Dam 5 Whalebone.
6 Selim.
Dam 6 Blacklock.
10. Melton 3 Stockwell.
1882. 5 Touchstone.
Dam 3 Touchstone
4 Pantaloon.
4. Inbreedinsr.
277
10. Kl'inlal by Bend Or
1883. 4 Birdcatcher.
I 5 Pantaloon.
11. Galtee More 3 Thormanbv .
1894. 4 Stockwell.
Dam 7 Buzzard
(Grand-sire of Pantaloon).
Dam -3 Pant.-iloon
(Grand-sire cif 'I'hnrm.-inlty).
10. Bonarista by Bend Or Dam 4 Banter.
1889. 4 Pocahontas, o -Alice Hawthorn. 4 Pant.iloon.
5 Windhound. 7 Touchstone,
(by Pantaloon).
11. Cyllt'lll' 4 Stockwell. Dam 6 Touchstone.
1895. 5 NewminstLM- (bv Touchstone).
3. Whisker by Waxy
1812. 3 Herod.
I 4 Snap.
6 Cade (by Godol. .\rabian)
4. The Colonel 3 Highflyer.
1825. 4 Herod (by Tartar).
4 Eclipse.
7 Blank.
5. Cap-a-1'le 2 Waxy.
1837.
Dam 3 Snap.
6 Partner (Grand-sire of llerod).
6 Godol. Ar;ibian.
Dam 5 Tartar.
5 Bl.mk.
6 Rei;ulus (( ir.ind-sire of
Eclipse).
Dam 5 Eclipse (tir,-unl-sire of Wa.xy).
6. Sir Hercules 4 Waxy (by Pot8os).
1843. 4 Penelope.
I
18(jl. 0 Waxy.
7. Yatteildoii 4 P.irtisan.
Dam 4 Pot8os.
Dam 4 \\'hisk
8. (jlraiid Flaneur G Sir Hercules
1877. (by Whalebone).
9. Patron 4 Stockwell.
1890. 6 Melbourne.
Dam 4 Pantaloon.
5 Camel (by Whalebone).
Dam 2 Fisherman.
4 Melbourne.
4 Bay .Middleton.
5 Marpess.-i ((jrand-daui of
Stockwell).
9. Merman by Grand Flaneur
1892. 5 Pocahontas.
5 Sir Hercules.
Dam 5 Bay Middleton (by Sultan,
Gr.Mnd-sirc of Poc.ihontas).
8. Chester by Yattendon Dam 3 Economist (by Whisker).
1874. 5 Sir Hercules. G Sultan. 5 Orville.
I 5 Emilius (by Orville). 6 Whisker.
9. Abercorn 4 Parajxuay (by Sir Hercules). Dam 4 .Sir Hercules.
1884.
278
Heredity.
3. Whisker by Waxy
1812. 3 Herod.
4 Snap.
6 Cade (by Godol. Arabian).
4. Economist 4 Herod.
1825. 4 Eclipse.
5 Highflyer.
5 Harlianay 5 PotSos (by Eclipse).
1834. 6 Highflyer.
7 Herod.
6. King- Tom 5 \\'axy (by PotSos).
1851. 5 Penelope.
7. Phaeton 6 Orville.
1865. 7 Waxy.
7 Penelope.
rCastrel.
(^.Selini.
8. King Alfonso 3 fUencoe.
1872. 5 Muley (by Orville).
9. Fox
1878,
xiiall 3 \'an
dal (by Glencoe).
Dam 3 Snap.
6 Partner (Grand-sire of Herod).
6 Godol. .Arabian.
Dam 3 Herod.
4 Eclipse.
Dam 4 Highflyer (by Herod).
Dam 5 Gohanna (by Mercury).
6 Mercury (by Eclipse).
Dam 1 Touchstone.
5 Orville.
5 Castrel.
Dam 5 Orville.
Dam 7 Orville.
1. Mercury by Eclipse
1778. 4 Godol. Arabian.
2. Gohanna 2 Tartar (by Partner).
1790. 4 Squirt.
I 5 Mogul (by Godol. Arabian).
C Godol. Arabian.
rBartl. Childers.
1^ Flying didders.
3. Goliinipus 2 Herod (by Tartar).
1802. 5 Cade (by Godol. Arabian).
4. Catton 4 Herod.
1809. 4 Eclipse.
I 5 Matchem (by Cade).
6
o. Mulatto 5 b'lorizel (by Herod).
1823. 5 Highflyer.
6 Herod.
6 Eclipse.
Dam 3 Partner.
fBartl. Childers.
4- .
(Flying Childers.
Dam 4 Godol. Arabian.
5 Partner.
Dam 3 Herod.
6 Godol. Arabian.
6 Blank.
6 Regulus.
Dam 2 Highflyer.
5 Marske.
Inbreeding.
279
1. King Fergus l)y F.clipst'
1775. ^fBai-tl. Childers.
^\l-'lying- Childers.
6 Bay Bolton.
2. Benin a:l)r(Hi!>li 'A Tariar (by Partner).
1791. 4 Miss .Slainerliin.
( liartl. Cliilders.
1^ !''lviii!^- Childers.
(j (iculol. Arabian.
3. On
6
lie 2 Herod (by Tartar).
1799. 6 Reyukis (by Godol. .Arabian).
4. Eniilius 3 Mii;hnM-r (by Herod).
1820. 4 Eclipse.
I n Bhutk (by Godol. .\rabian).
Dam 3 Partner.
5 Fl. Childers.
5 Confederate Filly.
Dam 4 Regulus.
4 Blaze (by Childers).
4 Godol. .\rabian.
Dam 3 Eclipse.
4 Herod.
4 BlanU.
5. Pritini .5 Whiskey.
1827. .3 Herod.
5 Eclipse.
Dam 3 Herod.
4 Matchem.
2. Hambletonian by Kin:; l\rt;us
1792. 4 Tartar. 5 Regulus.
I 6 God. .\rabian. .5 Crab.
3. Wliitelofk 3 HiTod (by •j'anar).
1803. 3 Eelip.si-.
! 3 -Matchc-in.
4. Blaeklofk 3 Ili-hllyir.
1SI4. 4 ML-rod.
4 Eclipse.
5. Vollaire 4 Kint; l'"iri.;ii> (by Eclipse).
1820. o Hii,dillyer.
6. Velocipede -j Mi-hilytr.
182.3. o P0I80S.
7 Matchem.
Dam 4 Godol. .\rabian.
Dam 4 Partner (Sire of Tart.-ir).
Dam 1 PotSos (by Eclipse).
2 Herod.
Dam 4 Highllyer.
.3 Eclipse.
Dam 5 Eclipse.
6 Herod.
6 Matchem.
.5. Briilandorf by HIacUlock
IS2I. 2 PotSos.
j 5 Herod.
6. Hetnian IMatdtt' I P.it.Sos (by Eclipse).
1837. I Coriander (by PotSos).
j .3 Eclipse.
7. The Cossark 3 Y. Gi.-intess.
1844. o Sorcerer.
;3 Stamford (by Sir Peter).
7 Eclipse.
Dam 4 Cade.
Dam 2 Sir Peter.
5 Eclipse.
Dam 4 Y. Giantess.
6 Sir Peter.
7 Eclipse.
280
Heredity.
6. Voltigmr by Voltaire Dam 4 Sir Peter.
1847. 5 Hambletonian (by King Fergus). 6 King Fergus.
6 Sir Peter (by Highflyer).
7 Highflyer.
6 Coriander.
Vedette 3 Blackloclv.
1854. 6 Walton (by Sir Peter).
Dam G PotSos.
Gcalopiii 2 Voltaire (by Blacklock).
1872.
9. St. Simon 6 Sultan (by Selim).
1881. 6 Velocipede's dam.
7 Blacklock.
10. St. t'loriail 5 Ion.
1891. 6 Bay Middleton (by Sultan).
Dam 4 Phantom (by Walton).
6 PotSos.
Dam 6 Selim.
Dam 5 Bay Middleton.
o Touchstone.
11. Ard Patrick .5 Cowl (by Bay Middleton).
1899. 6 Pocahontas.
Dam 5 Pantaloon.
6 Sultan (Grand-sire of
Pocahontas).
10. Matchbox by St. Simon
1891. 6 Bay Middleton (by Sultan).
Dam 3 Orlando
(3 Selim).
10. Persimmon by St. Simon
1893. o \'oltigeur (by Voltaire and
Martha Lynn).
6 Pocahontas.
Dam 3 Melbourne.
6 Voltaire.
6 Martha Lvnn.
10. St. Frusquin by St. Simon
1893. 6 Bay Middleton (by Sultan).
Dam 6 Touchstone.
6 Emma.
9. Donovan by Galopin
1886. 5 Bay Middleton (by Sultan).
.5 Birdcatcher.
10. Teliisquez 5 Pocahontas.
1894. 5 Touchstone.
Dam 3 Touchstone.
5 Muley.
(3 Sultan.
Dam 4 Banter (Dam of Touchstone).
8. Speculum by Vedette
186S. 6 Orville.
Dam 4 Orville.
9. Ko.sebery 3 Touchstone.
1872. 6 Orville (by Beningbrough).
Dam o Orville.
6 Beningbrough.
4. Inbreeding.
281
1. Joe Aiidrt'us by Eclipse
1778. 4 Godol. Arabian,
o Bartl. Cliiklers.
2. Dick .Viulrens 4 Blanlv (by Godol. .\rabian). Darn 3 Blanlv.
1797. o Rcf^ulus. 6 Flyiny Childers.
I () .Snip (by FI\inj^' Childers).
3. 'J'ramit 3 Eclipse.
1810. 4 Herud.
Dam 3 Eclipse.
3 Herod.
4. LiverjKM)! 4 Eclipse.
1828. .5 Iliijhnyer (by Herod).
5 Woodpecker,
o Trenthani.
G Herod.
Laiiercost 4 Gohanna.
1835. 5 Woodpecker.
•5 Highflyer (by Herod).
.5 Trumpator.
6 Eclipse.
V€in Troinj) .5 Bu/zard (by Woodpecker).
1844. 5 PotSos (by Eclipse).
Dam 1 I'ot8os (by Eclipse).
4 Herod.
Dam 3 Woodpecker.
4 Herod.
Dam 6 Woodpecker.
6 Eclipse.
6 Herod.
4. Lottery by Tramp
1820. 3 Eclipse.
I 4 Trenthani.
4 Woodpecker.
5 Herod.
.3. Sheet .liiclior .5 Woodpecker (by Herod).
1832. G Eclipse.
6 Mercury.
6 Mare by Herod.
6. Weiitherbit .j Orville.
1842. 5 Y. Giantess.
I G Woodpecker (by Herod).
7. Beadsninil 3 Tramp.
1855. 5 Orville.
' 7 Hu//;ird (by Woodpecker).
8. Rosicruciaii
1865. 4 Priam (Grand-son ot Orville).
j 5 Whalebone.
7 Selim.
9. BeailfleiT <; Whalebone.
1875.
10. Cliisleslmrsl G Partisan (by Walton).
1880. 7 Whalebone.
8 Orville.
Dam 4 Cade.
("Sister to Regulus.
\Regulus.
Dam 6 Herod.
6 Eclipse.
D.im 1 Orville.
6 Herod.
Dam 6 Bu/zard.
Dam 4 Phantom.
6 Buzzard.
Dam 5 W'.illon.
Dam 5 Orville.
6 Waxy | Parents of
6 Penelope j Whalebone.
282
Heredity.
Herod Line.
1. Higliflyei- by Herod
1774. 5 Sister to Mi.xbury.
fBartl. Childers."
4-
[ Flying- Childers.
2. Sir 'Peter 3 Regulus.
1784. 4 Godol. Arabian.
5 Flyini'- Childers.
3. Sir Paul 4 Regukis (by Godol. .Arabian)
1802. .5 Snip (by F'lying Childers).
4. Paiilowitz 1 Highflyer.
1813. 1 Termagant (by God. Arabian).
6 liegulus.
•5. Cilil'l 3 Highflyer.
1822. 6 Godol. .\rabian.
6. Ion 3 Evelina (by Highflyer).
183.5. 5 Sir Peter (by Highflyer).
7. Wild Dayrell 4 Selim.
1852. 7 Sir Peter.
Dam 1 Godol. Arabian.
Dam j-Bartl. Childers.
\ Flying Childers.
Dam 3 Regulus.
4 Godol. .\rabian.
5 Flying Childers.
Dam 4 Regulus.
4 Godol. .Arabian.
Dam 5 Highflyer.
Dam .5 Highflyer.
Dam 6 Sir Peter.
8. Buccaneer 3 Fdnuind (by Orville).
1857. 5 Paynator.
9. Flibustier 5 Tramp.
1867. 6 Sultan.
7 Orville.
10. Traclieiiberi; 7 Bustard.
1879. 8 Orville.
8 Whalebone.
8 .Selim (by Buzzard).
11. Hannibal 4 Touchstone.
1891. 4 Stockwell.
6 Ion.
12. Fels 3 Hermit.
1903. 7 Ion.
7 Pocahontas.
Dam 4 Beningbrough (Sire of
Orville).
Dam 5 Tramp.
6 Orville.
Dam 3 Camel (by Whaieb.).
6 Buzzard (Grand-sire of Bustard
and Sultan).
6 Selim.
Dam 3 Touchstone ^
5 Camel.
7 Sultan.
Grand-dam 4 Camel.
4 Touchstone.
Dam 5 Voltigeur.
6 Ion.
Grand-dam 4 Touchstone.
Inbreeding'.
283
Walton by Sir Peitr
1799. 3 Snap. 4 Rc,i;ulus.
I 3 llerod. G Tartner.
I'arti.^ilii 2 lliy^iiflyer (by Herod).
1811. 3 Eclipse.
4 Snap.
6 Kei^ukis.
(iliKlialoc 4 Prunella (by Hit;hflyer).
1833. 4 I'otSos (by Rclipse).
Sweetmeat 4 Wallcm (b\- Sir Feler).
1842. G PolSos.
I 7 Hiijh flyer.
Parinesnii (1 W.ixy (by PotSos).
18.37. G Penelope.
Dam 3 Kegulus.
5 Partner.
Dam .3 KeL;ulus.
6 Godnl. Ar.ibian.
Dam 4 Trumpator.
.3 PotSos.
6 Eclipse.
G Hit;h flyer.
Dam 0 BlaclilocU.
6 Sir Peler (by Hiirhflyer)
Dam 3 Waxy.
3 Penelope.
FaTonills G \\bi>l<er (by Waxy and
1868. iVnelope).
Dam 5 Wliisker.
Jlacaroni by Sweetmeat
18G0. G Sir Peter.
() Orville ((irand-scjn of High-
flyer).
6 Buzzard.
G Mare b\ Alexander.
Dam 3 Alexander.
4 Buzzard.
4 Hii^hflyer.
.3 Sir Peter (l)y Ilii^hflyer).
Fitz Uladiator by Gladiator
18.50. 5 Buzz.-u-d.
y Mare by Alexander (by Eclipse).
.3 Sir Peter (by Hi^bflyer).
o Gob.anna.
('oiiipieyiie (I Whalebone.
18.58. 7 Buzzard.
7 .Mare by Alcx.nider.
7 Sir Peter.
7 Bening'bruin^h.
7 Gohanna.
7 PotSos.
Jlorteiiier 4 Partisan (by W.dton).
186.5. G Orville.
Dam 4 Sir Peter.
6 Eclipse.
G Herod.
Dam G Sir Peter.
G Benint^brouijh.
G Waxy (by PotSos).
D.am 1 I'Imilius (Ijy Orville).
G Sir IVler (Sire ol W.illc.n).
Clianuilit .3 I'jiiilius (l)\ Orville).
1874. G Orville.
10. Sapliir 4 Pocahontas.
1888. 6 Touchstone.
6 Gladiator.
7 Emilius.
11. Desir !} Pocahontas.
1904. .3 Stockwell.
Dam 3 Orville.
•3 Selim.
Grand-sire 4 Orville.
Dam G Touchstone.
Gr.-md-sire 'J Poe.ihontas.
Grand-d.am 4 Touchstone.
Dam 3 Slockwell.
284
Heredity.
1. Florizel by Ileiod
1768. 4 Flyiiit;- Childers.
I 7 Byerly Turk.
2. Dioiiied 4 Partner.
1777. 4 Godol. Arabian.
4 Crab.
5 Flyiny Childers (by Darley
.Arabian).
3. Sir Arch) 3 Herod.
1805. 5 Blank (bv Godol. .Arabian).
I 7 Childers.
4. Timoleon 5 Trenthani.
1814. 7 Blank (by Godol. .Arabian).
I 7 Squirt.
5. Bo.ston 2 Diomed.
1833. 5 Eclipse.
I 6 Marske (by Squirt).
6. Lexington 3 Sir .Archy (by Diomed).
1850. 6 Saltram (by Eclipse).
Dam 3 Flying Childers.
5 Basto (by Bj'erly Turk).
Dam 5 Darlev .Arabian.
Dam 6 Godol. .Arabian.
6 Regulus.
Dam 4 Regulus (by Godol. .Arabian).
Dam 5 Marske.
Dam 6 Highflyer (by Herod).
Grand-sire of Diomed).
7. Norfolk 5 Sir Archy.
1861. 5 Sumptcr.
Dam 5 Buzzard.
6 Waxy.
Grand-dam 2 Sir Archy.
2. Bnzzjird by Woodpecker
1787. 3 Cade (by Godol. Arabian).
1 5 Partner.
6 Flying Childers.
7 Bald (jnlloway.
3. Selini 3 Herod.
1802. 5 Matchem (by Cade).
[ 6 Regulus (by Godol. .Arabian).
4. Sultan 4 Herod.
1816. 4 Highfiyer
I 4 Eclipse.
5. Glencoe 5 Mercury (by Eclipse).
1831. 6 Eclipse.
6 Herod.
6 Highflyer.
6. Tandal 7 PotSos (by Eclipse).
1850. 8 Highflyer.
I 8 Herod.
7. Tirgil 4 Tramp.
1864. 6 Orville.
Dam 4 Godol. -Arabian.
6 Bald Galloway.
Dam 5 Regulus.
6 Godol. .Arabian.
Dam 3 Herod.
3 Eclipse.
Dam 4 Eclipse.
4 Highflyer.
5 Herod.
Dam 7 Highllver.
Dam ?.
8. Hindoo 6 Emilius (by Orville).
1878. 7 Tramp.
9. Hannover 2 Vandal (by Glencoe).
1884. 7 Emilius (.5. Orville).
10. Hamburg 4 Lexington.
1895. 6 Glencoe.
Dam 5 Emilius.
6 Orville.
Dam 7 Orville.
Dam 3 Lexington.
5 Glencoe.
4. Inbreeding.
285
3. Castrel by Buzzard
1801. 3 Herod.
5 iMatchem.
6 Regulus (by Godol. Ai-.-ibian).
4. Pantaloon 4 Hij^htlver.
1824. 4 Eclipse.
5 Herod.
.5. Wiiidlioiiiid ^^ Peruvian (by Sir Peter).
1847. ') Mare by .Alexander (by
Eclipse).
5 Buzzard.
6. Tliornianby 0 Orville (by Beningbrough).
185". 7 Woodpecker (by Herod).
7. Atlanlic 7 Orville.
1871. 7 Buzzard (by \\'oodp.)1 Parents of
7 Mare by Alexander J Selim.
8. Le Sancy 3 W'indhound.
1884. 3 .Mice Hawthorn.
5 Touchstone.
9. Le Sajrittairi' 2 Strathconan.
1892. 6 Melbourne.
Dani 5 Regulus.
f) Godol. .\rabian.
Dam 2 Highllyer.
3 Eclipse.
Dam 4 Wax v.
Dam 3 Dick Andrews.
4 Beningbrough.
4 Evelina
(in- Highllyer).
Dam 3 Sultan (by Selim).
I Parents of
Orville.
Dam 4 Touchstone (Grand-sire of
^^'indhound).
Grand-sire 2 Touchstone.
Grand-dam 2 Pantaloon (Sire of
W'indhound).
Dam .J Touclistone.
o Melbourne.
10. Maiutenon 5 Newminster.
1903. 5 Stockwell.
7 Melbourne.
Dam a Touchstone.
9. Le Justlcier by Le Sancy
1892. f> Touchstone.
Dam 3 Gladiator.
o Touchstone.
o. Bay Middleton by Sultan
1833. 4 Sir Peter (by Highflyer).
I 4 .^ethusa.
I 7 l-)clipse.
6. The Flylntr Dntrhnian 3 Selirn.
1846. 6 Sir Peter
I (by Highflyer).
7. Dollar 4 Catton.
I SCO. 6 Beningbrough.
6 Evelina.
7 Sir Peter.
7 Sorcerer.
Dam 3 V. Giantess.
•J Highflyer.
6 Eclipse.
D.im .3 Highflyer.
•J Eclipse.
i )am o Sorcerer.
G Beningbrough.
286
Heredity.
1. Triiiiipator by Conductor (by Matchem)
17S2. 4 Partner.
I 4 Godol. Arabian.
2. Sorcerer 2 Matchem.
1796. re Partner. T
I Le Godol. Arabian. J
3. Comus 5 Herod (by Tartar).
1809. .3 Snap.
I 6 Cade (by Ciodul. Arabian).
6 Eclipse.
4. HumplnTy I'liiikcr 2 Sir Peter (by Highf.)
1822. 4 Trunipator.
I 7 Eclipse.
5. MelDoiiriie 4 Termagant.
1834. o Highflyer (by Herod).
3 Trunipator.
6 Eclipse.
6. AVest .4\istriiliiiii 6 Trunipator.
1830. 6 Evelina (by Highflyer).
7 Eclipse.
7 Sir Peter (by Highflyer)
7. Solon 5 Whalebone (by Waxy).
1861. 5 Comus (Grand-son of Trunipator)
6 Waxy.
6 Penelope (by Trunipator).
8. Barcaldiiie 1 Darling's dam (by Bird-
1878. o Touchstone. [catcher).
9. Morion 5 Touchstone.
1887. 7 Whalebone.
Matchem Line.
Dam 4 Partner.
Dam 5 Godol. .\rabian") Grand-sire of
5 Partner J Matchem.
Dam 5 Blank (by Godol. Arabian).
5 Tartar (by Partner).
5 Regulus (by Godol. Arabian).
Dam 3 Regulus.
6 Snip.
Dam 4 Eclipse.
3 Herod.
Dam 3 Waxy.
3 Penelope (by Trumpator).
6 Sir Peter.
6 Eclipse.
Dam 5 Waxy.
6 PotSos.
7 Trumpator.
Dam 3 Birdcatcher.
Dam
4 Priam.
5 Whalebone.
9. Sir Tisto by Barcaldine
1892. 3 Newminster.
3 Pocahontas.
6 Banter.
Dam
4 Banter.
4 Pantaloon.
3. Smolensko by Sorcerer
1810. 4 Herod.
3 Snap.
6 Cade.
4. Jerry 3 Herod.
1821. 6 Matchem (by Cade).
Dam
Dam
1 Herod.
3 Snap.
3 Herod.
5 Matchem.
2. Paynator by Trumpator 3 Snap (by Snip). Dam
1791. 5 Godol. ."Xrabian.
3. Dr. Syntax 3 Matchem (by Cade). Dam
1811. 6 Snip.
6 Cade (by Godol. .\rabian).
7 Crab.
3 Godol. .\rabian.
4 Mare by Basto (Dam of Snip).
3 Cade.
5 Regulus (by Godol. Arabian).
7 Mare by Basto (Dam of Snip
and Crab).
4. Inbreeding. 287
A few of the chief lines in American Trotters.
1. Mcsscnoer xx born Hngl. 1780 by .Mambrino xx — 'I'lirf xx.
3 Cade (by Godol. Arabian), Dam: 3 Godol. Arabian, 5 Bay Uollon.
•J. Mambrino xx ? born Amer. ISOfi by .Messenger xx — Soucrout xx.
5 Cade (by Godnl. Arabian), Dam : 3 Godol. Arabian, Grand-dam : 3 Godol. .Arabian.
3. Abdallah I. born .\mer. 18-23 by Mambrino xx ? and \mazr)nia.
1 Messenger xx, Dam ; ?.
4. Hambletonian (10) 1849 by .Abdallah I. and Charles Kent .Mare.
3 .Messenger xx. Dam : ?, Grand-dam : 0 Messenger xx.
•5. George WilUes (519) 1856 by Hambletonian (10) and Dolly Spanker.
Rek. 2,22 (insufficient pedigree of the Dam).
6. Patchen WilUes (3550) 188-2 by George Wilkes and l\itty Patchcn.
Rek. 2,294. 5 Mambrino xx ? Dam: — 1 Mambrino Patehcn (Great Grand-son of
.Mambrino. Grand-dam: 0 Mambrino Chief (Sire of Mambrino Patchen).
7. Joe Patchen (30-239) 1889 by Patchen WilUes and Josephine.
Relv. 2, 01 J p. (insutTicient pedigree of tlie Dam).
8. Dan Patch (373-23) 1896 by Joe Patchen and Zelica.
Reli. l,56i p. 3 George Wilkes (by Hambletonian [10]). Dam : 4 Hambletonian (10).
1. Hambletonian (10) 1849 by .Abdallah I. and Charles Kent .Mare.
3 .Messenger XX, Dam: ?, Grand-dam: 0 .Messenger xx.
2. Electioneer (125) 1868 by Hambletonian (10) and Green Mountain Maid.
3 Abdallah I, Dam: ?.
3. Mendocino (22607) 1889 by Electioneer and Mano.
3 H.'imbletonian (10). Dam: 4 Hambletonian (10).
4. Idolita 1896 by Mendocino and Edith.
Rek. 2,09J. 2 Hambletonian (10), Dam : 5 Mambrino (Grand-sire by Hambletonian).
1. Hambletonian (10) 1849 by .Vbdallah I. and Charles Kent Mare.
3 Messenger XX, Dam: ?, Grand-dam: 0 Messenger xx.
2. Hanjld (413) 1864 by Hambletonian (10) and Enchantress.
(.Sire of Maud S. born 1874. Rek. 2,08J) 0 Abdallah I, 2 Bellfoundez xx? Dam : ?.
3. Vasco (10996) 1882 by Harold and Vassar.
2 H.imbletonian (10) (by Abd.illah I). Dam: ?.
1. Baron Wilkes (4758) 1882 by George Wilkes and lielle Patchen.
Rek. 2,18. 5 Mambrino xx? (Grand-sire by Mambr. Chief), Dam : 1 Mambr. Chief.
2. Moko (24457) 1893 by i^aron Wilkes and Oiiecn luhel.
2 llambleloni.ni (10), Dam: 1 Hambletonian ( 10).
3. Franko (33991) 1899 by Moko and Fraulet.
4 Hambktoni.in (10), G M.imbrino Chief, Dam : -J llambletoni.in (10), 5 M:imbrin('
Chief.
288 Heredity.
1. Hambletonian (10) 1849 by Abdallah I. and Charles Kent Mare.
3 Messenger xx, Dam: ?, Grand-dam: 0 Messenger xx.
2. Abdallah (15) 1852 by Hambletonian (10) and Katy Darling.
5 Mambrino xx?, Dam: ?.
3. Major-Edsall (211) 1859 by Abdallah (15) — Hambletonian (2).
Rek. 2,29. 5 Messenger xx. Dam: ? (0 Messenger xx).
4. Robert McGregor (647) 1871 by Major-Edsall (211) and Nancy Whit-
man n.
ReU. 2,18. 6 Messenger xx. Dam: 6 Messenger xx.
5. Crescens (26217) 1894 by Robert McGregor (647) and Mabel.
Rek. 2,02i. 4 Abdallah (15), Dam : 2 Mambrino Chief (11), Grand-sire : (.-Mlie West).
1 Mambrino Chief (11),
A few examples of Russian Trotters.
Polkan III. 1817 by Lofki I., his best son Duschak 1825.
2 Bars I (born 1784), 3 Bars I.
Suriosni I. 1806 by f.ubesni I., his best son Ladin 1821.
0 Bars I. 2 Bars I-
Scharodei Hi. 1862 by Polkan, his best son Lofki 1874.
4 Bars (born 1835). 3 Barsik (by Bars), Dam: 3 Bars.
The question of inbreeding in the case of mares is less easy to handk-
than in the case of stallions, because there are so man)- of them, and
secondl}', because a dam can only produce a limited number of foals.
I have only found the four following examples for a coarse inbreeding,
i.e., incest breeding, with — 1 free generation : —
1. Bay Peg born about 1690 by Leedes .\rabian and V. Bald Peg by
Leedes Arabian, was the dam of the two celebrated sires, Basto 1702 by
Byerly Turk, and Fox 1714 by Clumsey.
2. A mare born about 1690 by Spanker and Old Peg (Spanker's dam),
produced five celebrated foals, amongst them Jigg by Byerlv Turk, and
Cream Cheeks, grandmother of the two Childers (see Family 6).
3. Old Lady born about 1702 by Pulleine's Chesnut Arabian —
Pulleine's Chesnut Arabian, foundation mare of the Fam. 24 (Gohanna,
Camel, The Baron).
4. A mare born about 1730 by Heneage's Jigg and the dam of Heneage's
J'gg by Jigg, produced one filly of which there are no further reports, and
six colts which became good racehorses, amongst them Hunt's Jigg (page
234), who also was bred with — 1 free generation.
Of the many mares with 0 and 1 free generation which have been suc-
cessful at the stud or have been prominent performers on the racecourse, tlic
following may be mentioned : —
4. liibi'iM'din}^.
Mares with 0 Free Generation.
289
\ allies of Mares and
llieir Families
Born
Sire
Dam
1 BeS3 Kam.3a
0 TotSos
6 Godol. Aialiian
I (5 Partnei-
2 Brown Russet l''-i'"- 3
0 Hii,'litlyer
0 raijilloii
Biitlerflv Fam.4
0 Hairot
.) Cade (by Gudul. Arabian
6 (jntlul. Arabian
Chesnut Skini Fam.Sb
0 Herod
() Bay Bollon
Goldenlocks I'am- 38
0 Crab
Grev Sliim l"ani.5b
0 Herod
Harlot Fam- 45
0 Herod
5 Ciodol. Arabian
180(i
1802
1804
1794
1758
1793
1783
Waxy
•3 Godol. Ar:
6 Partner
ibian
Juliana Fam. ob 1810
0 Mercury
■J Herod (b\- Tartar)
10
11
Lollvpop l".i>ii- ^1
0 Blaekl.ick
fi Sir IVlrr (by Hii,dillyer)
Marparetta Fam.2c
0 Hi.i,dillyer
•3 Reg^ulus
(by Godol. .\rabian)
7 Flying Childers
7 Fox
Mi.ss Elliot
0 Parmer
Fani. 23
1S;«)
1802
1756
Sir Peter
3 Regulus
4 Godol. .Arabian
5 Flyini^" ("liilders
.3 I'ox
Master Bagot
•3 Godol. .\rabian
Woodpecker
(i Oarlev .\rabian
Oroonoko
Woodpecker
6 Darley .\rabian
Highflj'er
4 Darley .\rabian
4 Betty Leedes
Gohanna
2 Tartar
,3 .Mo<jul
(i (iodol. Arabian
(Starch) or Voltaire
4 Kintj Ferj^us
5 Hiirhfiver
Sir Peter
3 Re^'ulus
4 Godol. .\rabian
.3 Flying C"hilders
.3 Fox
Grisewood's Partner
•3
Vi.xen
3 Ref,adLis (by (iodol.
.\rabian)
o Bart. Childers
G Partner
Brown Bess
3 Refjulus
4 Godol. .Xrabiaii
•3 Flying;- Childers
.3 Fox
Mare bv Bagot
3 Cade
4 Partner
Mare by Herod
4 Flyinjj Childers
.3 Sister to Mixbury
Mare bv Crab
■>
Mare bv Herod
y
Mare bv Herod
3 Partner (Grand-sire
of Herod)
Platina O.
Belinda
.3 Kins; Fer.tcus
.3 Hii,'^hnyer
6 Eclipse
6 Heroil
Mare bv Highflyer
4 Goilol. .\r.ibi.in
4 I'artncr
Calia
290
Heredity.
d
Z
Names of Mares and
their Families
Born
Sire
Dam
12
Old Ladv Fam. 17
0 Bald Galloway
About
1715
Bald Galloway
The Wharton Mare
13
Mare Fam. 15
0 Little Hartley Mare
nm
Shakspeare
Miss Meredith
'J
14
Valentine Fam. 12 a
0 .Mare by Phantom
(Dam by Voltaire)
6 PotSos (by Eclipse)
7 Highflyer
1833
\'(;iltaire
4 King Fergus
(by Eclipse)
5 Highflyer
Fisher Lass
4 Sir Peter (bv High-
flyer)
4 y. Giantess
6 Eclipse
15
Mare Fam. 24
0 Herod
3 Cade
1798
\^'oodpecke^
6 Darley .\rabian
-Mare by Herod
3 Partner
fBartl. Childers
'•■(Flying Childers
Mares with 1 Free Generation.
1
Bellissima O. Fam. 3
1 Herod
5 Regulus
(by Godol. .Arabian)
6 Fo.\
1795
Phoenomenon
7 Darley .Arabian
7 Fo.\
Wren
4 Godol. .Arabian
2
Blood Red Fam. l c
1 Ellen Home
5 Touchstone
fCastrel
'^Iselim
1875
Lord Lyon
6 Whalebone
6 Selim
Rouge Rose
6 Orville
fCastrel
"^l Selim
3
Charmer Fam. 4
1 Herod
5 Regulus
(by Godol. .\rabian)
1790
Phoenomenon
7 Darley Arabian
7 Fox (Grand-sire of
Herod)
Mare bv Fitz Herod
3 .Miss Partner
3 Cade (by Godol.
.\rabian)
4 Partner
4
Comtesse Fam. i
1 Emilius
6 Sir Peter (by Highflyer)
6 Delpini
1855
(The Baron) or
Xuncio
0 Sir Peter
o Delpini
6 King Fergus
6 Highflyer
Eusebia
5 Highflyer
5 King Fergus
0
5
Mare Fam. 2
1 PotSos
2 Herod
5 Snap
6 Regulus
(by Godol. .\rabian)
1799
Coriander
4 Cade (by Godol.
-Arabian)
6 Partner (Grandsire
of Herod)
Wildgose
4 Blank (by Godol.
.\rabian)
5 Godol. .Arabian
5 Little Hartley Mare
5 Regulus
4. Inbreedirii:;;^.
•29 J
g Names of Mares and
^ llieir Families
Born
Sire
Dam
1
1
6 Flora Fam. 31
1768
Lofty
Riot
1 Godol. Arabian
y
",)
7
Fortress
1830
Defence
Jewess
1 Whalebone
5 Herod
5 Mare by 1 Irrod
4 Highland
5 Hij,'h flyer
5 Mercury
5 Buzzard
■J Eclipse
(by Eclipse)
6 Woodpecker
5 Woodpecker
6 Hi.yhllyer
6 Eclipse
8
The Jewel Fam. 28
1864
Stockwell
Julv
1 Birdcatclier
•J Orville
5 Waxy
5 Muley (by Orville)
6 Waxy
6 PotSos
8 (Johanna
G Penelope
(by Trunipator)
6 Prunella
6 Gohanna
7 Trunipator
9
Lizzie G. Fam. 23 a
1857
War Dance
^lare by Lecompte
1 Keel (by (ilencoe)
Id
AiiierlcH
4 The Baron
2 Glencoe
2 Boston
7 Banter
10
Mandrapora Fam. 4 b
1860
Rataplan
Mant;anese
1 Birdcatcher
.5 Orville
7 S'ir Peter
7 Orvillc
0 Waxy
6 Penelope
7 Trunipator
11
Maria Fam. 23
1791
Highflyer
Maria
1 Herod
5 Sister toJMixbury
4 (iodnl. Arabian
3 Ke^ulus
6 Darley .\rabian
4 .Starlirii,'
4 Godol. .\rabian
•J Crab
7 Bart. Childers (by
6 Flyini,' Childers
Darley .\rabian)
12
Milliner Fam. 4 b
1869
Rataplan
.Manganese
7 Sir Peter
1 Birdcatcher
5 Orville
7 Orville
6 Waxy
6 Penelope
7 Trunipator
13
Minaret Fam. 4 b
1866
Rataplan
Manganese
7 Sir Peter
1 Birdcatcher
o Orville
7 Orville
6 Waxy
6 Penelope
7 Trunipator
14
Mineral Fam. 4
1863
Rataplan
.Mangane.se
1 Birdcatcher
o Orville
7 .Sir Peter
7 Orville
6 Waxy
6 Penelope
7 Tru?ii[).itor
15
Miss Letty 0. Fam. 12
mu
Priam
.Marc bv Orvillc
1 Orville
2 Whiskey
1 Hurod
6 Herod
6 Eclipse
5 Herod
5 Eclipse
1 Eclipse
■* I. Proserpine
■292
Heredity.
• Names of Mares and
o
Born
Sire
Dam
/C their Families
16
Mare F--""- 3
1853
Orlando
Brown Bess
1 Camel
3 .Selim
4 PotSos
4 Selim
5 -Mexander
17
Palma Fam. 12
1840
Emilius
Francesca
1 Orville
3 Highflyer
4 Highflyer
4 Sir Peter (by Highflyer)
4 Eclipse
5 Eclipse
6 Eclipse
18
Pazmanita Fam- la
1875
Hermit
Nyl Gau
1 New minster
4 Camel
2 Touchstone
19
Mare Fam. 24
1788
Phoenomenon
Matron
1 Herod
7 Darley .\ra'bian
4 Partner
5 Squirt
(Grand-sire of
4 Godol. .Arabian
7 Godol. .Arabian
Squirt)
7 Fox
20
Rachel Fam. 13
1768
Blank
Mare by Regulus
1 Godol. Arabian
?
?
21
Rantipole Fam. 321 1760
Blank
Joan
1 Godol. .\rabian
P
P
22
Red Flag Fam. 1 c
1871
Lord Lyon
Rouge Rose
1 Ellen Home
6 Whalebone
6 Orville
5 Touchstone
6 Selim
/Castrel
■*! Selim
fCastrel
7 Orville
■^Iselim
23
Red Rag Fam. ic
1870
Lord Lyon
Rouge Rose
1 Ellen Home
6 Whalebone
6 Orville
5 Touchstone
6 Selim
r Castrel
n Selim
/Castrel
■^L Selim
24
Ruth Fam. 13
1761
Blank
Mare by Regulus
1 Godol. .Arabian
P
P
25
Rutilia Fa.-n. 13
1769
Blank
Mare by Regulus
1 Godolphin -Arabian !
■>
P
2(i
Sister to Old Fam. lli 1717
Snake
Grey Wilkes
Country Wench
y
P
1 Hautboy
27
Mare Fam. 11
1822
Whisker
Mandane
1 PotSos
3 Herod
4 Cade
4 Herod
4 Snap
6 Cade
6 Godol. .Arabian
28
Wowski Fam. 18
1777
Mentor
Maria
1 Herod
0 Godol. .Arabian
3 Godol. .Arabian
3 Snap
.5 Godol. .\rabian
4. Inbreedini,^
•293
For the purpose of Judging of the iiKjre removed inbreedings of approved
brood mares, 1 have arranged 60 of the best according to the degree of their
inbreeding, so as to avoid anv confusion bv giving too manv iwamples.
The choosing of tiiese 60 mares is not only a ditlficult task, but one about
which one may have very different opinions. I have only gone into the deter-
mining of their inbreedings after having selected the mares. The result was
as follows : —
W
ith 2 free generations 8 mares.
» <j 11 M 15 ,,
, 4 ,, ,, 16 ,,
, o ,, ., io ,,
. 6 ,, ., 6 ,,
Total 60 mares.
As a great number of the best brood mares are already given in the tables
of stallions, there will only be given the 36 best of the chosen 60 brood mares
in the following tables of mares, .\ccording to the degree of their inbreed-
ing they are arranged nearly the same as above, viz. : —
With 2 free generations 6 mares.
3
n
9 „
4
» »
11 „
5
» 1
, 7
6
M
3 .,
Total 36 mares.
Mares with 2 Free Generations.
Names of Mares and
their Families
Born
Sire
Dam
1
Annette I'^am. 16
1835
Priam
Mare bv Don Juan
2 Orville
2 Whiskey
3 Kini; l-"er,i;us
5 Sir Peter (by Highflyer)
.5 Eclipse
4 Hi.t;hllvir (( .rand-
5 Kinjj Ferj^'us (by Eclipse)
o IKrn.l
sire of Orville)
6 Eclipse
■2
Mare l'"am. 3
1812
Canopus
Mare bv
2 Woodpecker (by Herod)
2 Herod
Y. \\'oodpecker
2 Mercury (by Eclipse)
5 C'iide (by Godol.
Arabian)
1 W'oodpccUer
2 Eclipse
5 Snap
5 Miss Bclsea
(by Kcijulus)
•294
Heredity.
6
Names of Mares and
tlieir Families
Born
Sire
Dam
3
Decoy Fam. 3
1&30
Filho da Puta
Finesse
2 Sir Peter (by Highflyer)
3 Eclipse
2 Highflyer
5 Eclipse
4 Herod
5 Snap
4 Eclipse
5 Snap
♦
Filagree F"am. 1
2 trumpator
1815
Soothsayer
5 Herod
Web
3 Herod
4 Hig-hflyer
6 Snap
4 Snap
5 Herod
6 Cade
6 Matchem (by Cade)
5
Prunella Fam. 1
1788
Highflyer
Promise
2 Blank (Grand-son of
5 Sister to Mixbury
4 Bay Bolton (by
Bartl. Childers)
(Dam of Partner)
Grey Hautboy)
4 Partner
6 Darley .Arabian
4 Sister to Mi.xbury
5 Fox (Grand-son of Haut-
6 Betty Leedes
(Dam of Partner)
boy)
5 Flyini;- Childers
5 Darley ^ p^^^,„^
.Arabian <'f
„ -Fl.Cnilders
5 BettV and BpTtl.
Leedes J ^^"'""^
6
Violet Fam. 15
1787
Shark
Mare by Syphon
2 Squirt
5 Darley .Arabian
3 Bartl. Childers
(by Bartl. Childers)
o Betty Leedes
(by Darley .\rabian)
6 Bay Bolton
5 Bay Bolton
3 Crab
Mares with 3 Free Generations.
.Mice Hawthorn Fam. 4
Gcp. Dcp. 2x.
3 Dick .\ndre\vs
4 Beningbrough
4 Evelina (by Highflyer)
6 Eclipse
Arcot Lass Fam. 9
3 Volunteer (by Eclipse)
5 Herod
^1 .-Vrethu.sa Fam. 7
3 Regulus
(by Godol. .Arabian)
o Partner
1838
1821
1792
Mulev JMoloch
2 Beningbrough
4 Highflyer
.5 Eclipse
.\rdrossan
2 Eclipse
3 Herod
5 Snap
Dungannon
4 Godol. .\rabian
5 Bartl. Childers
Rebecca
4 Eclipse
5 Herod
■5 Highflyer
Mare by
Cramlington
4 Highflyer
4 Eclipse
5 Herod
Mare by Prophet
1 Regulus
4. Inbreeding.
•295
6
\.-i[nes of Males and
their I''aniilies
Born
Sire
n.am
4
Cobweb 1. O. l-"am. 1
1821
Phantom
Filagree
3 V. Giantess (by Dionied)
4 Virago
2 Trunipalor
5 H it; h liver
4 Herod
4 High liver
6 Eclipse (Ijy Marslce)
4 Eclipse
5 Herod
6 Herod
o Snap
6 Marske
5
Mowerina l'"am. 7
1876
Scottish Chief
Stockings
3 Touclislojie
o Orville
5 Whisker
5 Muley (by Orville)
G Selini
G Whalebone (Grand-
6 Snllail (liy Srlim)
7 Buzzard
sire of Touchstone)
6
Penelope V-mw. 1
1798
'I'rumpator
Prunella
3 Snap (by .Snip)
4 ( iiidol. .\rabian
2 Blank (by Godol.
6 Godul. .\r.tbian
4 Partner
.Arabian)
6 Partner
•3 Brown Farewell
4 Partner
6 .Soiith's d.iin
(by Makeless,
Grand-sire of
South "s dam)
5 Flying ("hilders
(Sire of Snip)
5 Fo.x
7
3 Melbourne
1881
Hampton
Hermione
Perditta II. l-"am. 7
7 Whalebone
4 Pantaloon
6 Poc.aliunl.is (by Cilencoe)
.5 Glencoe (by Sultan)
6 Tlie Baron
6 Sultan
G \'oItaire
G Marih.i l.ynn
8
Oueen .Marv Fam. 10
1843
Gladiator
Mare by
~3 Wh.alebon.j
4 Prunell.L
Plenipotentiary
.5 Sir Peler (b\ llii^htlyer)
4 I'otSos
.3 Sir Peter
.J PoiSos
G Highllyer
0 Prunella (by 1 lii;hll\er)
.3 Selini
9
Termagant '"'a'"- 8
1772
■{"antrum
Can (at rite
3 (jodol. .Xrabi.'in
3 l-"l\ing ("hilders
6 Grey Wilkes
4 Piyinj,' Childers
(by Hautboy)
6 Bay Bolton (Grand-son
-
6 Snake (Grand-son
(if Hautboy)
of H.-uilhoy)
Marcs with 4 Free Cenerations.
Banter Fani. 14
4 Eclipse
/Old England
^\ Blank
6 .Matchem (by Cade)
1820
.Master Henry
3 Highflyer
4 Eclipse
.3 Herod
G Bl.ink (by Godol.
.\rabian)
l)(iadicea
5 Godol. .\rabian
6 Bartl. Childers
(Grand-sire of Old
England and Bl.-ink)
296
Heredity.
d
y.
Names of Mares and
their Families
Born
Sire
Dam
2
Cinizelli Fam. 2
1842
Touchstone
Brocade
4 Alexander (by Eclipse)
4 Alexander
3 .Mexander
5 Buzzard (by Woodpecker)
5 Buzzard
4 Sir Peter
5 Mare by Alexander
5 Eclipse
5 Woodpecker
6 Maria (by Herod)
.5 Sir Peter
6 Herod
6 Sir Peter
6 Highflyer
3
Electress Fam. 2
1819
Election
Mare by Stamford
4 Eclipse
2 Herod
4 Snap
5 Herod
0 Cade
5 Blank (by Godol.
5 Matchem (by Cade)
.Arabian)
6 Cade (by Godol. Arabian)
6 Godol. .\rabian
4
Emma Fam. 7
1824
Whisker
Gibside Fairy
4 Eclipse
3 Herod
5 Herod
4 Brunette
4 Snap
6 Cade
5 Herod
6 Cade (by Matchem)
5 Conductor (by Matchem)
5 Highflyer (by Herod)
6 Matchem
5
Mandane Fam. 11
18(X)
PotSos
Y. Camilla
4 Cade (by Godol. Arabian)
4 Godol. .\rabian
4 Godol. .\rabian
6 Grey Robinson (by Bald
6 Bald Galloway
6 Bald Galloway
Galloway) .
6
Martha Lvnn Fam. 2
1837
?iIlllattO
Leda
4 Sir Peter (by Highflyer)
5 Highflyer
5 Highflyer
6 King Fergus (by Eclipse)
.5 l-"lorizel (by Herod)
.5 Eclipse
6 Woodpecker (by Herod)
6 Eclipse
6 Herod
5 PotSos
7
Papillon Fam. 3
1769
Snap
Miss Cleveland
4 Bay Bolton
3 Bay Peg (by Leedes
6 Hautboy (Grand-
5 Darley .\rabian
Arabian, Grand-sire
sire of Bay Bolton)
5 Betty Leedes
of Betty Leedes)
5 Byerly Turk
8
Mare Fam. 27
1819
Rubens
Tippitvwichet
4 Eclipse
3 Herod
3 Herod
4 Herod
5 Matchem
5 Squirt (Grand-sire
5 Curiosity (by Snap)
6 Cade
of Eclipse)
6 Snap
6 Snap
5 Snap
6 Cade
9
Thistle Fam. 4
1875
Scottish Chief
Th" Flower Safety
4 Bay Middleton
5 Orville
6 Orville
(by Sultan)
6 Selim (Sire of
5 Muley (by Orville)
Sultan)
4. liibrticliiii.
297
5 Names of Mares ami
''■ their I'aiiiilifs
Horn
Sire
Dam
10
Vermel lie Fam. 3
ISSi
The Baron
Fair Helen
4 Whalebone
4 Waxy ^ Parents
4 Penelope j WhiSebone
5 Hif,'hflyer (Grand-
o Orville
sire of Orville)
G Kclipse
11
Vista Fam. 4
1870
Macaroni
Verdure
4 Banter
6 Sir Peter (Great
5 Muley (by Orville)
4 Pantaloon
firanil-sire of
Pantaloon)
'
6 Orville (Grand-sire
^
of Banter)
1 Araucaria
o Orville
i 5 Selini
Mares witli ;"> I'ree (jenerations.
Fam. 3 1862 A in b rose
4 Orville
21 Barbelle Fam. 3
o Eclipse
.5 Hiijhflyer
G Herod
^ ^lorganette Fam. 5
[ o Pantaloon
i 6 Touchstone
I G Sultan (by Selim)
4 Paradigm Fam. 1
5 Selim
.5 W.ixy
I 6 Orville
5( Pocahontas Fam. 3
5 Goh.inn.i (by Mercury)
6 .Mercury (by Eclipse)
7 Hiijhilyer (by Herod)
8 Sweet Katie
I o Tr.inip
6 Orville
' 6 Whisker
l'"aiii. .5 b
1830
1&S4
1852
18:^7
1801
Stockwell
.3 Orville
G W.ixy ^
Parent!
of
G Penelope J whi.kcr
Pocahontas
5 Gohanna
G Mercury
7 Hij^hflyer (Grand-
sire of Orville)
Sandbeck
Darioletta
4 Hiyh liver
3 Eclipse
•J liclipsc
4 Grecian Princess
'i Herod
5 Highflyer
o Herod
Springlield
Ladv Morgan
■'} Sultan
JSelim
G Camel
(by Whaleb
G Banter
) -
2 "
2 ;
^(Castrel
7 Whalebone
7 Orville
Paragone
Ellen Home
.5 Orville
4 Selini
G Sir Peter
5 Benini^brough i => ?
5 Evelina ) =~i
(by Hi-hllyer)
6 Highllyer ((irand-
sire of Orville)
Ciie-ncoc
Marpessa
■j Mercury
2 Whiskey
G Eclipse
4 Diomed
G Hi.:;h liver
G liiclipse
G Heroil
G Herod
Kathleen
G (Johanna (Grand-
sire of Tramp)
G PotSos
298
Heredltj'.
6
Names of Mares and
their Families
Born
Sire
Dam
7
Y. Giantess Fam. 6
5 Godol. Arabian
5 Partner
179()
Diomed
4 Crab
4 Godol. Arabian
4 Partner
.5 Flyins" Childers
Giantess
2 Godol. .Arabian
.3 Partner
5 Bald Galloway
Mares with G Free Generations.
Bee's AA'ing
6 Eclipse
6 Herod
Bribery
6 Sir Peler
6 Stamford (by
C Woodpecker
Fam. 8 1833
Fam. 2
Sir Peter)
1851
Crucifix -2. 1. O.
G Highflyer
6 Eclipse
G Herod
l-"am. 2
1837
Dr. Syntax
5 Matchem
6 Cade
G Snip
Tlie Libel
4 .\le.\ander
4 Buzzard
5 .Sir Peter
Priam
2 Whiskey
•5 Eclipse
5 Herod
Mare by .\rdrossan
5 Eclipse
5 Herod
5 Old Tartar Mare
6 Marske
6 .Ansjelica (by Snap)
Splitvote
.5 Sir Peter
Octaviana
4 Highflyer
5 Herod
5 Eclipse
.3 Marske
It can be .seen from these examples that the same rules as regards inbreed-
ing, and especially' inbreeding supports, apply to the most approved mares
just as well as to the stallions. .Among the approved brood mares with more
than 6 free generations I only know, unless I have made a mistake, the
following nine with 7 free generations : —
1. Jamaica (dam of Foxhall) — 7 Orville.
2. -Manganese (dam of The Miner) 7 Sir Peter and 7 Trimipator.
3. Mint Sauce (dam of Minting and The Lambkin) 7 Castrel and 7
Com us.
4. Miss Aitn (dam of Scottish Chief) 7 Mercury and 7 Woodpecker.
5. Moorhen (dam of Gallinule) 7 Selim.
6. Silverhair (dam of Silvio) 7 PotSos and 7 Orville.
7. ;\Iare by Tranby (dam of X'andal) 7 Highflyer.
8. Suicide (dam of .\mphion) 7 Whalebone.
9. Windermere (dam of Muncaster and Kendal) 7 Orville.
This ntmnlDcr is, in comparison with the above-mentioned twehe approved
stallions with 7 free generations, a verv low one. With more than 7 free
4. inbreeding. 299
jjeiicrations I only know llymonia, dam of \'irgil, and Aeroliii-, dam of
Spendthrift. Perhaps the further removed inbreedings have been less suc-
cessful with mares than with sires. The very dose inbreedings, conse-
quentiv. seem to be less harmful with brood mares than with sires. I do not
know of one single important sire with 0 free generation. On page 23fi
are named tiie four stallions with 0 free generation of which I know. These
four sires have not plaved any important part in Thoroughbred breeding.
Amongst mares witii 0 free gcncralion, iiowe\er, besides several good
foundation mares, we find a few willi excellent hri-eding performances,
amongst them the followinp; : —
1. liutterflv, dam of Xaixicklish.
•2. C"hesnut Skim, dam of l-'lcction 1).
8. [uliana, dam of Matilda F,.
■I. Loll_\'pop, dam of Sweetmeat.
5. Margaretta, dam of \\'a\erley.
fi. Miss Elliot, dam of Grimcrack.
7. X'alentine, dam of War Hagle Dcp. and Snd in (he Derby.
8. Mantieuvre, dam of Lioness Cs.
D. Mare ITH/i b\- Shakespeare, dam of Sweetbriar and Mentor.
.■\s the nimiber of brood mares used for breeding is much larger than that
of stallions, the absolute figures alone, of course, cannot be taken as equal
measures of comparison. Conspicuous, howexer, is the fact that the number
of sires with 1 free generation which have done well in Thoroughbred breed-
ing is, as above shown, onh- \cry small (really onlv Paulowitz, Barcaldine,
and perhaps l^'lving I'ox), whilst scxcral prominent stallions ha\(' been born
of mares with onl\- \ free generation, amongst which are the following: —
1 .\dventurer, -2 Apologv, I. O. I.., :i Blacklock, 4 Cardinal York, 5 Drome,
6 Foxhunter, 7 General Peel, -2 Dcp., 8 Cioldfinder, 9 Grey Robinson.
10 Hannibal D., 11 Highflyer, 12 Kisber D. GP.. nV Knowsley.
14 Liverpool, l-j Mandrake, Hi .Mark .\nthonv, 17 Mortemer .\cp.,
18 Padischah S.O., 19 Phaeton. 20 Przedwit OD., 21 Pvrrhus 1. D..
•22 Ruler L., 23 Schwindler l". XD., 24 Smolenski 2. D., 25 Squirt,
26 Statesman, 27 Theodore L., 2.s Thunderbolt, 29 W'enlock L.. .30 Weather-
bit, 31 Fl. Childers, 32 Bart. Childers.
In order to judge the inbreeding C|uestion with ILalf-breds, I have men-
tioned in the following list 01 ILnlf-bred stallions which were born in
Trakehnen, with their own and ihcii- parents" inbreeding. I have onlv left
oiU a few stallions, as tiiey had pr;ictically no remarkable influence in the
Trakehnen breedings. I'nfortimatcly, I have also had tf> leave out the
following 9 stallions because their basis of inbreeding could not be deter-
mined, partly on account of their insuiruient pedigree: F.deling, I*!lfenbein.
Grezano, Fritter, Hirtenknabe, Lauer, Leporello, Paschal, and 'ihunder-
clap. The remaining HI Half-bred stallir)ns are divided as follows: —
300 Heredity.
\\'itli 1 free generation 2 stallions.
,, 2 ,, ., (i
M 3 ,, ,, 6
M 4 ,, ,, 15
,, r, ,, „ 11
.. 6 „ ,. 11
,, 7 ,. ., 7
., S .. ., 3
Total Gl stallions.
Unfortunately, in the Trakclinen Stud Book' we Unci manv failures with
still closer inbreeding than 1 free generation. A wealdv constitution, light
bones, tenderness, and finally sterility, have been also in the breeding of
Trakehnen Half-breds the consequences of too close inbreedings. Als(; in
the Thoroughbred breeding we find the most robust and the strongest
individuals among those with more removed inbreedings. Among the close
inbreedings we find many light boned and small horses. With the natural
breeds, as, for example, the breeds of the Steppes, endowed with a more
robust constitution, a close inbreeding with ] or still less free generations
may be carried on longer without bad consequences than with the modern
improved breeds. Even within the modern improved breeds themselves, the
more hardened amongst them, as for example, the Thoroughbred, seem, as
above shown, to stand a closer inbreeding better than most Half-breds,
especially the pampered ones.
Although the dangers of carrying inbreeding too far have been known
for a long time, yet we find breeders (also in Half-bred breeding) who ignore
the experiences of their predecessors, till ihev themselves, but generally too
late, find out from their own breeding that their great, imagined cleverness
has cost them very dear owing to the mistalces thev have made. The evil
experiences which Trakehnen suffered in the first half of the last century on
account of exaggerated inbreeding should be a lessf>n to all who care to learn
from the experience of others and who do not w ish onlv to appear themselves
clever. In the first volume of the Trakehnen Stud Book we find many
examples showing distinctly the deterioration and final destruction of pro-
minent breeding material caused by exaggerated inbreeding. Thunderclap,
born ISJO by Mikle Fell and 'I'oise, was perhaps the best Half-bred stallion
ever bred in Trakehnen. He was used for -21 years as Royal Stud stallion,
but by an exaggerated inbreeding much less has remained of him than one
might have expected after 21 years' use. Thunderclap should perhaps have
been the first sire of Half-breds of whom one might have been able to say
that every Half-bred in East Prussia has his blood in him, even if not quite
to the same extent as it has that of Eclipse. The list below gives a summary
of the results of exaggerated inbreeding in Trakehnen.
4. lnhiee(lini,>-. 301
In tlic first volume of llie 'rrakcliiu'ii SUid l>ook, unless I lia\e inade a
mistake in counting, tliere are 54 cases mentioned in wliich tiie stallion has
covered his daughter, i.e., the breeding has been tried with — 1 free genera-
tion. In the following list (jnly the stallions are given who have covered
their daughters.
,- ,., Of which were
.. r o. 11- i)aui<hters
Names of Stallions , ,'i,„,i ^- •
covered ,_^ f^^.^, stallions Brood Mares
Thunderclap 24 times. 13 If '2
Oronocco 1 14 ,, 11 — — •
Caril r, ,, 6 2 —
Scrapall xx 4 ,, 4 1 —
Snvders xx 1 .. 1 1
Meteor X 1 ,. 1 — 1
Culblanc 1 1 .. 1 — —
Ormond 1,. 1 — —
Oromedon 2 .. 2
Total 54 times ff 40 5 3
t By Thunderclap or Daunius.
■It Including 5 cases in which other Stallions had also covered the Mare.
The five stallions which were produced from this breeding belonged to a
very inferior class. The best was Fra Diavolo, and he had two sires and was
very likely a progeny of Daunius. The three brood mares were : —
1. Humanita 1863 by Thunderclap, Familv 68. who has not produced
anything special and is in danger of dying out.
2. Theresa 1815 bv Meteor, was sent to dradiz and died there without
producing anything.
3. Favora 1849 bv Thuntlerclap, also sent to (iradiz, died without pro-
ducing anything.
An inbreeding in which sire and dam are bv the same father, i.e., a
breeding with 0 free generation, is mentioned in the first volume of the
Trakehnen Stud Book 367 times (84 times with Thunderclap). From this
covering the mares became pregnant 264 times, and produced 44 country
stallions and 40 brood mares. Of these 14 country stallions only one may
be classified as of a better class, and he was mixed Thoroughbred, viz.,
Triumphator x 1811 bv Allahor x. Of the 40 brofid mares 20 have died out,
some without progeny, and some without special performances. Onlv two
of the extinct lines could show better performances by producing the two
Royal Stud stallions Igor and Dorimont. 'i"he following four families also
threaten to die out, viz. : Lubinka, Fionda, Orsclska, and Somma. Only
three families seem to be able to remain of anv use in Trakehnen, viz. :
Teresina (Fam. 220), Costarika (Fam. 65), and I'-laute (I■^-^m. 137). Two
302
Heredirv.
mares came to Gradiz : Mary 1815 by Oronocco II., and Prima 1850 by
Oromedon, and died tliere without progeny. Two mares came to Neustadt :
Aurata 1854 by Ibarra, and Campelli 1857 by Ibarra. The iirst died tliere
without progeny, and the latter died finally in Beberbeck, with her grand-
daughter Clara, without anv special performances.
Stallions with 1 Free Generation.
Xo.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
1
Hipparch
1 Blackamoor xx
1 Cyane
(bv Oronocco I.)
1842
Transparent
Mercedone
3 Oronocco I.
2
Leo
1 Reprobate
1867
Duplicat
3 Waterman xx
5 Rodrich
Lewa
Stallions with 2 Free Generations.
1
Ackermann
2 Ambos
1899
Hirtenknabe
Accurate
5 Eurxdanius (Great
Grand-sire of
Ambos)
2
Dorimont
2 Blackamoor xx
4 Oronocco I.
1848
Eurydamus
2 Oronocco I.
Dairymaid
4 Sorcerer xx
(Grand-sire of
Blackamoor xx)
4 Oronocco L
H
Eurydamus
2 Oronocco I.
i8a3
Praetor
Gabrielle
4
Heniochus
2 Sorcerer xx
(by Trumpator xx)
1834
J. Whalebone xx
2 Trumpator xx
Pupille
5
Journey
2 Leporello
4 Blackamoor xx
4 Pretender
1862
Promoter
4 Oronocco I.
(Grand-sire of
Leporello)
Jessonda
4 Oronocco I.
5 Sorcerer xx
(Grand-sire of
Blackamoor xx)
6
Molorchus
2 Sorcerer xx
ims
The Cryer xx
5 Matchem xx
(Great Grand-sire of
Sorcerer xx)
5 Herod
Egisthe
3 Sorcerer xx
4. Inbreeding.
Stallions with '4 Free Generations.
303
Names of Stallions | Born
Apis
3 StocUwell xx
6 The Cryer xx
Djalma
3 Trafalgar (75% xx)
o Ormond
Duplicat
3 Waterman xx
5 Rodrich
Eckstein
3 Eurydamus
6 Blackamoor xx
(Grand-sire of
Eurydamus)
Ehvin
3 Vorwarts
Hydriot
3 Fritter
■J Eurvdamus
1884
1853
l&->9
1870
1887
1895
Paladin
G Touchstone xx
Oromedon
4 M. Farthings Turc
xx? (Grand-sire of
Trafalgar)
■5 Sir Peter .\x (prob-
ably Grand-sire of
Trafalgar)
Djalma
3 Trafalgar
.3 Ormond
Venerate
•3 Oronocco I.
Grand-sire :
2 Blackamoor xx
Passvan
•5 Snyders xx
Fiirstenberg
6 Ganges x
Apanage
("Whalebone xx
I Whisi'ier xx
Deducta
8 Eclipse XX
Daja
7 Eclipse XX
Echo
2 Eurydamus
5 Blackamoor xx
•J V. Wiialebone xx
Emilia
p
H3'dra
3 Eurydamus (Grand-
sire of Fritter)
•3 V. Whalebone xx
Aal
4 Pocahontas xx
•5 Stilton XX
Antenor
4 Sorcerer xx
4 Oronocco I.
Calcas
4 Trumpator xx
o Alexander xx
(by Eclipse xx)
Epaminondas
4 V. Whalebone xx
4 Tigranes x
Stallions with 4 Free Generations
188:
Tunnel
6 Camel xx
l&io Leporello
1^^ I Scrapall xx
.3 Eclipse XX
1872 Inspector X
6 Sorcerer xx (Grand-
sire of Tigranes x,
Y. Whalebone xx,
and Blackamoor xx)
Grand-sire :
4 Sorcerer xx
Allbekannte
7 Whisker xx
8 Tramp xx
Ancitia
I\Ioira
Epocca
3 Blackamoor xx
6 Sorcerer xx
304
Heredity.
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
Flug:el
4 Vega
6 Catton xx
7 Orville xx
7 Thunderbolt xx
(by Sorcerer xx)
8 Sorcerer xx
Hanno
4 Emma xx
(by Whisker xx)
Ibarra
4 Caril .
7 Trumpator xx
Jemim
4 Ganges x
5 Leporello
(by Tigranes x)
Jenissei
4 Vecordia
10 Massa
4 Vega
7 Thunderbolt xx
(by Sorcerer xx)
11 Merlin
4 Whalebone xx
6 Sorcerer xx
(by Trumpator xx)
^^ Morpenstrahl
4 Pocahontas xx
4 Teddington xx
5 Orlando xx
7 Camel xx
(by Whalebone xx)
13 Oromedon
4 Mr. Farthings
Turc XX?
5 Sir Peter xx
■>
1869
1861
1818
1876
1888
1873
1860
1896
1836
Vorwarts
6 Orville xx
6 Sorcerer xx
Danseur xx
(^ Whisker .xx
(^Whalebone xx
Thunderclap
Pless
7 Thunderbolt xx
7 \\'halebone xx
Venezuela
6 Emilius x.n:
Vorwarts
6 Sorcerer xx
6 Orville xx
Sahama xx
5 Buzzard xx
5 Evelina xx
6 Trumpator .xx
(Grand-sire of
Whalebone xx)
Blue Blood xx
7 Selim xx (Great
Grand-sire of
Pocahontas .xx)
f Whalebone xx
6
\Whis
J. Driver
fi Herod x.x
Flasche
■>
Grand-dam :
5 Sorcerer xx
Harriet
Jupine
Jessica
5 Tigranes x
Jemba
3 .\ntenor
4 Ganges x
Materna
9 Sorcerer xx
Grand-sire :
6 Sorcerer xx
Morea
1 Y. W'halebone xx
Grand-sire :
2 Sorcerer xx
Moba
6 Camel xx (Grand-
sire of Orlando xx
and Great Grand-
sire of Teddington
XX)
Grand-dam :
5 Camel xx
Trulla
4. Iiibieedinij.
305
No.
Names of Slallioiis
Horn
Sire
Dam
11
Pom pejus
4 X'esta xx
7 Whalebone xx
1871
Inspector x
6 Sorcerer xx
Pomette
4 ICnima xx
(hy Whisker \x)
15
Promoter
4 Oronocco I.
fi Sorcerer x\
1&J2
luirvdanuis
2 Oronocco I.
Promise
l-iberliard
5 Snyders xx
.3 \'eK'a
5 Gyare
Emporer
5 Pocahontas xx
FisrlicrUnabe
o Pocahontas xx
Stallions with ") l-'rcc (Jcncrations
1877 Fliiije]
4 Vetja
fi Catton XX
Graniciis
.5 Melbourne xx
1887
Juli
o (llailia'tor xx
1880
Malteser
5 Ivninia xx
Ihy W'hisUer xx)
7 Wlialebone xx
1872
189S>
1901
Matador 1843
o Waxy XX
■} Penelope xx
(own brother to !
Maroeeo \ Muliis) ,
Nisos ; 1874
5 V. Whalebone xx
(by Whalebone xx)
Passvan | 1881
•5 Snyders xx
6 Kninia xx
( Miindii,' xx
VMickle F.'ll XX
l.ehnsiierr
a Touchstone xx
Obelisk
7 Ihniiphrey ( linker xx
Kilicdom XX
.") Sultan XX
') Camel xx
Priponnier xx
1 Orlando xx
[.elio XX
;! Camel xx
(by Whalelxme xx)
:i Banter xx
G Waxy XX ) ^l^^';^
r. Penelp. xxl-;'^;'":-
'rininclcrclap
\'enerato
•") Oronocco I.
I'liipel
4 \eKa
(i C"atton XX (Sire of
.Miindij; xx and
Mickle Fell XX)
Elba
Emifjrantin
o Sahtima xx
Fisclierin
.) Pocahontas xx
Gradlitz
7 Whalebone xx
7 Hai^dadly ox
Jacke
'J
Malafjamba
4 V. Whalebone xx
I) 'I'ijjranes x
Muta
Nixe
(i Camel xx
(by Whalebone x\l
(irand-sire :
:i Whalebone xx
Palme
(> Emma x\ ( Dam ol
Miindii; xx and
Mickle Fell xx)
306
Heredity.
No.
Names of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
10
Poet
1904
Morgenstrahl
Polynesia
0 \"oi"\varts
4 Pocahontas xx
8 Touchstone xx
6 Pocahontas xx
4 Teddington xx
Grand-dam :
6 Stockwell XX
o Orlando xx
3 Stockwell XX
8 Orlando xx
7 Camel xx
Grand-sire :
6 Camel xx
11
Wnerato
1852
Dorimont
Vecordia
o Oronocco I.
2 Blackamoor xx
■>
7 Sorcerer xx (Grand-
4 Oronocco 1.
sire of Blackamoor
Grand-dam :
XX)
4 Sorcerer xx
1 Discant
6 Camel xx
Stallions with (i Free Generations
1877
Fiirstenberg
6 Ganijes x
7 \Mialebone xx
Orcus
6 Camel xx
(by Whalebone xx)
Paladin
6 Touchstone xx
Pardo
6 Orville xx
C Rubens xx
I^Selim XX
Polarsturm
6 Pocahontas xx
Principal
6 \Mialebone xx
Prinz Optimus
6 Pocahontas xx
6 Melbourne xx
(by Humphrey
Clinker xx)
1878
\m>,
1874
1863
1900
1868
1898
Fltigel
4 Vei,'a
Am bos
3 Eurydamus
4 Y. Whalebone xx
Friponnier xx
1 Orlando xx (Grand-
son of Camel)
7 Whalebone
Adonis xx
0 Sultan XX
Vindex xx
3 Selim xx
5 Orville xx
4 Waxy XX
4 Penelope xx
Optimus
7 Hiniiphrey Clinker XX
Vor\yarts
6 Sorcerer xx
6 Orville xx
Optimus
7 Humphrey Clinker XX
Diana
Fulda X
5 Sir Hercules xx
(by Whalebone xx)
Orelia
{Whalebone xx
Whisker xx
Grand-sire :
4 Whalebone xx
Palme
6 Sorcerer xx
Perilla
5 Sorcerer xx
Povona
8 Touchstone xx
Grand-sire :
3 Pocahontas xx
Principessa
3 V. \^'halebone xx
4 Tigranes x
Prinzess
3 Sahama xx
4 Stilton XX
4. Inbrcedinij.
307
N\).
Name* of Stallions
Born
Sire
Dam
9
Tunnel
187+
The Duke nf
Tlltli
6 faniel xx
Edinbouri;li xx
6 Camel x\
(lix- Whali'lioiu' xx)
6 Whalebone xx
Grand-sire
r W'lialcbonc xx
3 Whalebone
XX
1(1
\'eneziiela
1878
i lector XX
Viereck
6 Eniilius xx
6 Blaeklock xx
(; \. Whaleli
>ne XX
n
\'()r\v;irts
185!)
Sahania xx
\'eif)rdia
G Sorcerer xx
o Hvelina xx (Dam of
y
(by 'I'ruiiipalor xx)
Orville xx)
6 Orville xx
o Buzzard xx
6 'IVumpator xx
6 Sir Peter xx
Orand-dam :
4 Sorcerer xx
(irand-sire
L' Orville
Stallion.s with 7 Free Generations.
1 I Alter Herr
7 Pocahontas xx
7 Melbourne xx (by
I lumphrey CliiiUcr
x\l
Amtsvorstcher
7 Touchstone xx
Duduck
7 Waxy xx (Sire of
Woful xx)
Elton
7 Camel xx
fiistizminister
7 Touchstone xx
Panzer
7 Pocahontas xx
(Dam of Stock well
XX)
1902 Optinnis
7 Humphrey Clinker
XX
1899 Fanfarro
S Whisker xx
1863 r.ierhtning xx
4 Sorcerer xx
(by Trumpator xx
Grand-dam :
3 Waxy xx "j p^^„
3 Penel. xx - „.>'f
(by I rump.) j xx
1888 The Duke of
Edinbourph .xx
() W halebone xx
7 Selim xx
7 Buzzard xx
7 Mare by .Mexander
XX
I
1898 j Boulevard xx
4 Birilcatcher xx
rrnt.s
I
liW-i j Greif XX
5 Stockwell XX
.Vlmuda
7 Birdcatcher x\
7 Eurydamus
7 Sahama xx
Anisette
4 Pocahontas xx
Dai.sv
3 W'aternian xx
(by W.ifLd XX)
Elpis
G Camel ^x
I ustltia
7 Touchstone xx
Panzerkette
4 N'ecordia
4 Fritter
308
Heredity.
No.
Names cjf Stallions [?orii Sire l~)ani
7
Pless 1870
7 Thunderbolt xx 1
(by Sorcerer xx) !
7 Whalebone xx
Vorwarts
(i Sorcerer xx
G Orville xx
Petze
4 Tiyranes x
Flock
8 Orville XX
Stallions with S I'Vee (ienerations
1875 Ructic XX
H Orville xx
Popilius
8 Waxy xx
8 Penelope xx
Tliebaner
S Whalebone xx
1873
1876
Lahire xx
3 Whalebone xx
(Irand-dam :
1 Whalebone xx
Pless
7 Whalebone xx
Flamme
4 Vega
C Catton XX
7 Orville xx
7 'rhiniderbolt xx
Pocke
3 Deluge (by Water-
man XX, Grand-son
of Waxy xx)
Theresia
7 Whisker xx
Grand-sire :
4 Whalebone xx
From liu'se Gl examples one may draw the following conclusions: —
1. 'I'iiat the greatest number of R(jyal Stud stallions (just as is the case
in Thorouglibred breeding) are amongst tiiose with 4 free generations. Yet
the most fa\ourabie limit for Half-bred breeding seems to me to be wider
than with Thoroughbreds, as not 3, 4 and 5, but 4, 5 and G free generations
show the best results. Besides, the merits of Half-bred stallions with 5, and
especially with 6, free generations are much superior to those of the other
stallions. Amongst the manv stallions with 4 free generations there are only
three good ones, namely, Flugel, Mt)rgenstrahl, and Oromedon. Of these
three Morgenstrahl (94J%) is very near to Thoroughbred, and very likely
the other two would be also very near to Thoroughbred if one could only
determine their pedigree more accurately. The two stallions with 1 free
generation were very inferior. Amongst those with 2 free generations only
Dorimont and Journey may be classified as important, but both became
Royal Stud stallions only on account of their black colour. The final con-
clusion to be drawn is that the most favourable inbreeding for Half-breds
is 1 to "2 free generations more removed than is the case with Thoroughbreds,
and that perhaps only very noble Half-breds prefer a closer inbreeding up to
4 or 3 free generations, just like Tlioroiighbreds.
2. The inbreeding supports seem to be just as useful in Half-bred
breeding as in Thoroughbred breeding. In many cases, unfortunately, the
4. Inbiwdin-. 309
pcdi^R'c is Ml iiHomplcIc thai many iiilorccdinps cannot l)e asceriained.
Precisciv the vcrv bcsl stallions, as for example, Fiirstenbcicj, Malteser,
Morgonstrahl, Orciis, Passvan, 'I'linncl, X'enerato, X'orwarls, etc., show the
same inbrci'dini; supports either on tlie part of their dam or of their sire,
or of both, as is shown in the case of the best Thoroughbred stallions.
Several of the most important mixed Thoroughbred stallions which are not
mentioned liere show these inbreeding supports very clearly, as tor example,
the best of them, Inspector \ with 6 Sorcerer xx and the sire : 4 Sorcerer xx,
further, Ganges x with I Sorcerer xx and sire : 4 Sorcerer xx and Nobleman
X with 2 Tigranes x, C, \\'ax\- xx and () Penelope xx (by Trumpator), sire:
4 Sorcerer xx (bv Trumpator and grand-sire of Tigranes) dam : (5 Trum-
pator XX. Finaliv, to give an example from the racecourse, the at present
best Half-bred Steepler, Ready, born Hanover 1899 by Lorbeer (Beberbecker)
and Rosamunde, with 7 Melbourne xx, sire: 4 West Australian xx (by Mel-
bourne), dam : :i V. Melbourne xx.
As an example for an unsatisfactory heredity of an oliierwise lirst-class
Half-bred stallion, on account of insufticient inbreeding supports, I may
here mention Apis (l^age 308. No. 1), just as I mentioned lrof|uois for
Thoroughbred breeding.
Half-bred stallions, excellent in their cont'ormation but with insuflicient
inbreeding support, as for example, Optimus (7 Humphrey Clinker |b\-
Comus], sire 8 Comus, dam 7 Whalebone and It) Sorcerer [sire of (."omus]),
are often very difficult to mate to get the best results. Melbourne (by Hum-
phrev Clinker) and Pocahontas are the two cardinal points in Optinnis"
pedigree. Probablv, therefore, one would obtain the best results with mares
inbred to Melbourne or Pocahontas' blood.
3. When mating the parents, of course, it is to be understood that only
prominent ancestors common to both should be chosen as basis of inbreed-
ing, as we have already pointed out w hen dealing with 'Thoroughbred breed-
ing. As in the pedigree of Half-breds, Thoroughbreds are generallv the best
ancestors, it is recommendable in Half-bred breeding tfi direct the inbreed-
ing, as far as possible, to a Thoroughbred ancestor. Half-bred is, however,
in this respect often verv dif'HciiIt to handle. Yet the statistics of above Gl
Half-bred stallions show that in -19 cases 'Thoroughbred (inclusive of mixed
.ind questionable 'I'horoughbred) has served as a basis of inbreeding, and
Half-bred in 12 cases only. All the 11 stallions with H free generations
have 'Thoroughbred as basis f)f their inbreeding. Of all lietier stallifjiis,
inl\- two ar<' inbred to Half-bred as a basis, and these two were the black
stallions lournev and Wnerato, which on account iif their colom- could claim
n more indulgent criticism.
In bn^eding Half-breds in which a certain type, say a line ligmc, is more
important than capabilities, as for example, with coach horses (Oldenburg.
Tlolstein, and part of Hanover), an inbreeding to typical Half-bred ancestors
will often be advisable. When breeding purely for conformation it is very
:U0 Heredity.
r-ssential to Unow ihe great influence which the exterior of tlie basis of in-
breeding often exercises. High legs in the heredity of a stallion (for example
Geheimrat) are, according to experiments which I have here made, mcjre
surely remf)ved by a close inbreeding to a short-legged ancestor than bv
mating with a short-legged mare (for example .Moba), without thereby attain-
ing the close inbreeding to a basis characterised bv short legs.
In all breedings for military and riding horses, capabilities are the most
important tiling, and breeding must, of course, be directed to that end.
Besides, in riding and military horse breeds, the t\pe to be obtained is in no
way opposed to that of the Thoroughbred, but so nearl\- related to it thai
by the increased and well-chosen addition of Thorougiibred blood the Half-
bred type can only be impro\ed. Xeither Thoroughbred breeders nor
Half-bred breeders ought to be frightened awa\- from (heir main purpose,
i.e., capabilities, by fear of a change of type. Capabilities will automatically
form the most suitable type in Thoroughbred as well as in Half-bred, if
only the breeder will mate and rear his animals chiefly with respect to
capabilities. 'i"he strength of the Half-bred, which is so desirable, and
rightly so very much esteemed, would be diminished by the earlv training
usual with Thoroughbreds. An extended grazing, lasting up to the third
\ear, increases that strength, which gives type and value tf> the Half-breds.
From the list given below of classical male and female winners, it follows
that the inbreeding has been a useful factor in the production of good stock
in use, i.e., in this case of successful racehorses. It is surprising that 4
free generations seem to be the most fa\-ourable limit of inbreeding with the
best racehorses just as well as with the best breeding horses. The idea of
producing breeding material with special individual prepotency bv a very
close inbreeding, as for example, in the case of l''l\ing l-'ox (1 Galopin), or
by a close and repeated inbreeding with distinct inbreeding support, as for
example, in the case of Blacklock (8 Highflyer, I Herod, Sire: '■) Herod,
dam : 2 Herod), is based on a lack of reflection. Should a stallion even be
inbred as much and as often to Herod as a basis, he can never become ulti-
mately more Herod than Herod himself was, and therefore cannot transmit
more Herod peculiarities than Herod himself did. The indi\idual pre-
potencv has nothing to do with close inbreeding. The most stallions who
have shown a special individual prepotency had a propoitionately far
removed inbreeding, as for instance, Birdcatcher, Buccaneer, C'hamant,
I'libustier, Xewminster, Perth, Rataplan, Stockwell, V'olligeur, and many
others with -5 free generations each, and Bend Or, Doncaster, F.ord Clifden,
St. Simfni, Thormanby. West Australian, and many others with fi free
generations each. In Half-bred breeding, Optimus can be mentioned as a
stallion cndDwcd with unusual individual prepotency, and he also had a very
far remoNcd inbreeding, i.e., 7 Humphrey Clink-er.
4. Iiibrft'dlns,'.
311
'l"hc nialf and t'cinalr winiiiTS of ihc Dci-by, Si. Leger, and Oaks,
arranged according to tlic nunilicr of free generations : —
0 Free Generation.
C'oi.is Kii.i.iKs
]. Odric I). IS-JI bv Pliantom.
1 I*"ree Generation.
J. Xinety-Tliree L. 179U by I'lorizel. 1. TriHe O. 178-2 by Justice.
■J. .\sluon I.. 1806 by Walnut. -I. Bellissima O. 1795 by Phoeno-
3. Cadland D. 18-2.5 bv Andrew. nienon.
4. Knigiit of St. George I.. iS;")] by 8. Ivplieniera (). 1797 bv W'ood-
Birdcatcher. pecker.
••). I'lvinu l"o\ i:>.f.. isQi; bv Orme. 4. )liss Lt'ttv (). 18:54 bv Priam.
•_' I'ree Generations.
1. Sallrani 1). 17S(ibv I-lclipse 1
2. Noble D. 17s;i bv Higbflver -2.
3. Colt D. 1794 by Fidget ' :!,
4. Cocktighter L. 179(i bv Overton I,
5. Quiz !.. 179s l)v Buzzard ^>.
Pi. Orvillc I,. 1799 by Beningbrough C,
7. Cardinal lieaufort 1). 1S()2 by 7,
Ciohanna S,
8. Flection I). |.si)4 bv C.oiianna 9.
9. Petronius L. i8().5 by Sir Peter 10.
10. Pan 1). isu.-, bv St. Ceorge
11. Pope I). IsKC, l)v Waxy I I.
1"2. William I,, l.sn bv (lovernor
l:{. Fbor 1.. I.SH bv OrvilJe |-2.
14. Sailor I). IsiT by Scud 1:!.
15. Theodore I.. Isl9 bv Woful I 1.
Ifi. M.-mnon I.. |s-22 bv Whisker
17. Mamrliik.- !). l,S-24 bv Parti.san ir>.
18. Priam I). 18-27 by l-lniilius Hi.
19. Blue Gown I), ist;.-) bv lieatlsman 17.
20. Ilawthorndi-n I.. |s(i7 b\- l.oril bs.
Clitden 19.
21. <;ill<i|»iii I). 1^72 by Wdi-tic 20.
22. I'ftrai-rli I.. I.s7:i bv l.(jrd C lifdcn 21.
23. Siiiiifoiii I). is,s7 bv .Springlield 22.
24. Sir lliii,'., I). |s.sObv Wisdom
Stella O. I7«l bv Plunder
Annette O. 1784 bv Fclipse
llippolyta O. 1787 b\- .\ler(-ur\-
Portia O. 1788 b\- X'olunteer
ilermione O. 1791 bv .Sir Peter
Platina O. 1792 bv Mercurv
Parisot O. 179:5 by Sir i'eter
.SV^.//(/ O. 1799 bvDelpini
Pelisse O. ISOl by Wlliskev
)Iai Ila O. 1809 bv Dick
Andre\\ s
Altisidora 1.. ixlo bv l)i<k
.\ndre\vs
.Music O. islo hv Waxy
Minuet O. IS 12 by Wa.\y
The Duchess I.. is|:i bv Cardinal
York
Xi-va O. |s| 1 by C'ervantes
Shoveller (). 18'lC, bv Scud
Galata O. ls-29 by Sultan
Feu (Ic Joi O. IS.V.) by l.ongbow
'I'onneiitor O. |s(;:(b\ King'iOm
diimos O. 1S()7 b\- .Saunterer
'I'lichiiis O. 187s by Hermit
Seubrceoe O.L. 1885 b\ l.sonomv
312
Heredity.
3 Free Generations.
1. Bourbon L. 1774 b\- Le Sang 1.
•2. Tommv L. 177G by Wildair 2.
3. Ruler L. 1777 by Young Marske 3.
4. Sir Peter D. 1784 by Highflyer 4.
5. Bt'iiiiiirbroiiirli I.. J 791 by King
Fergus .j.
6. Spread Eagle 1). 1792 by 6.
Volunteer 7.
7. Sir Harrv D. ]79:'3 by Sir Peter 8.
8. Symmetry L. ]795 bv Delpini 9.
9. Archduke I). 1796 bv Sir Peter 10.
10. Ditto I). ISOO bv Sir Peter 11.
11. Stavelev L. 1802 by Shuttle 12.
12. Paris D. 1803 bv Sir Peter 13.
13. ^Vlialeboiic D. 1807 by Waxy 14.
14. Octavian L. 1807 b\- Stripling 15.
15. Bliichcr D. l.sll bv'Waxv ' 16.
16. IVhisker D. 1812 "bv \^'axv 17.
17. Filho da Puta L. 1812 by " 18.
Haphazard 19.
18. Azor D. 1814 by Selim 20,
19. Sam D. 1815 bv Scud
20. Reveller L. 1815 by Comus
21. Tiresias D. 1816 by Soothsayer
22. Antonio L. 1816 bv Octavian
23. St. Patrick L. 1817 by Walton
24. Jack Spigot L. 1818 by (Ardros-
san) or Marmion
25. Einilius D. I,s20 by Orville
26. Tarrare L. 1823 bv Catton 28.
27. The Colonel L. 1825 bv Whisker 29.
28. Frederick D. 1826 bv Little John
29. Rockingham L. 1830 by ' 30.
Humphrey Clinker
30. Elis L. 1833 bv Langar 31.
31. Phosphorus D. 1834 by Lamp- 32.
lighter 33.
32. Don John L. 1835 by (Tramp) or 34.
\\'averlev 35.
33. Satirist L. 1838 by Pantaloon
34. Cotherstone D. 1840 by Touch-
stone
Hollandaise L. 1775 bv Matchem
Tetotum O. 1777 by Matchem
Imoeratrix L. 1779 bv Alfred
3Iai«l <»f the Oaks O. 17^0 by
LIer(jd
Cowslip L. 17b2 bv Highflyer
Penett L. 1786 b\ Tandem
Tag O. 1786 by Trent ham
Volante O. 17.S9 by Highflyer
Ccilia O. 1790 by Wilunteer
Eleanor D.O. 1798 bv Whiskey
Theophania O. 1800 by Delpini
Bronze O. 1803 by Buzzard
Briseis 0. 1804 by Beningbrough
Morel O. 1805 by St)rcerer
OrianaC). 1807 by Beningbrough
Laiidseape O. 1S13 by Rubens
Corinnc O. 1815 b\- Waxy
Pastille O. 1819 by Rubens
Zinc O. 1.S20 by Woful
Colnvelt O. 1821 by Phantom
Tiir«(Hoise C). 1825 by Selim
Cyprian O. 1833 bv Partisan
Refraction (J. ls42 by Glaucus
Cymlia O. 1845 by Melbourne
Butterfly O. 1857 by Turnus
Hippia i). I.s(i4 b\- King Tom
Marie Stuart O.L. ls70 by
Scottish Chief
Camelia J O. 1873 by Macaroni
Jannette O.L. 1875 bv Lord
C'lifden
Wheel of Fortune O. 1876 by
Adventurer
Slwlovcr D. 1879 bv Hermit
Minii O. 1888 by Barcaldine
Our Lassie O. 1900 bv Ayrshire
Cherry Lass O. 1902 by Isinglass
GlassDoll O. 1901 bv Isinclass
4-"). St
4. llll)l■el■.lill^^ 313
3."). .\ul\sitli L. Js|ul)\- ■I'limbov
3(;. Orlando D. 1811 hv Touchstone
37. riir M.Tiv MniK.rch 1). 1S4-2 hv
Slanc
3S. Sir ■|"alt()n Svkcs L. I.sl3 hv
Mi'Ihi lurnc
39. The Kl.viiii.' IMifchmaii D.I.. ISir,
In- Hay .Middlcton
111. Ucadsinaii D. \^'>') by XWaihcrbii
41. I'l-cli-iultT D. iSCiC) bv .Xdvcntiircr
4'2. Pero (jonifz 1 , . iscdbv licadsman
13. Silvio D.L. Ls74 by lilair .Xthol
14. St. Blaise D. 18,S() bv Ilcniiil
TIarvfsicr .} D. 1881 bv .Sterling
St. (Jatieii i D. 18sl bv Rother-
' hill (IT rill- Roxcr
4fi. The Lambkin 1.. hss] bv Cam-
hallo
47. Helton D.L. jssj bv Master
]\ildare
18. ^h-rry Mamptmi D. 1 S.s | hv
riampton
49. (iaIteeMore D.L. Is'Jl hv Kendal
■">(). ^'(lur Majestv L. lOOo hv Per-
simmon
4 ["ree fenerations.
1. Dionietl I). 1777 b\- i'lori/.el 1. Bridp-t O. 177(1 by I L-rod
■2. V. Lclipse D. 1778 by ivrlipse -2. Faith O. 177.s by Herod
3. Assassin D. I 779 bv .Sw.'cthriar 3. Serina L. 177.s by (ioldfinder
4. I'hoenonienon L. 17s(tbv Herod 4. Ceres O. 1779 by Sweet William
."). Serjeant 13. 178] bv i'lchpse o. Omphale L. 1781 by Hiirhflyer
(). .Aimwell D. 17S2 by Mark .\ntonv H. Nightshade C). 1785 by Pot8os
7. Paragon L. 1783 hv Pavmaster 7. V. Vlora L. 17.s."j by Highflyer
8. Spadille L. 1 7.s I by HigliHyer 8. \ike C). 1794 by .Xlexander
9. Sir 'I'homas 1). 178.J hv Pontae 9. Bellina O. 179(; by Rockingham
1(1. Skvscraper D. 17S(; bv Highflyer K). >lete(»ra O. l^dj hv Meteor
11. Eager V). 17s,sbv I'lorizel ' 11. rauiina L. 1804 by Sir I'eter
12. Tartar L. 17.s9 In I-'lori/el 12. .Maid of Orleans 6. 180C, bv
1.3. ITaniitlctonian L. 1792 In King Sorcerer
i-'ergus 13. Sorcery O. 18I)N by .Sorcerer
1 L Amhrosio L. 179.3 bv Sir Peter 14. Medora O. 1811 hv Selim
I'l. Lounger L. 1791 b\- Drone 15. Caroline (). 1n17 by Whalebone
Ki. Champion D.L. 1797 In Pot8os l(i. .Vuirusta O. IMs h\- Woful
;J14 Heredity.
17. Tyrant D. 1799 by PotSos 17. Lilias O. LS-23 by Interpreter
18. Remembrancer L. 18U0 by Pipatur 18. Ox.yjteii O. 1828 by ICmilius
19. Sancho L. 1801 bv Don Quixote 19. (aiiiziiee O. 1838 by Pantaloon
•20. Phantom D. ISOSby WaUon iO. Blue Bonnet I>. 1839 bv Touch-
21. Octavius D. 1809 by Orville stone
22. Otterington L. 1809 by Golumpus 2L. Poison O. 1840 by Plenipoten-
23. Sniolensko D. islO bv .Sorcerer tiarv
21. Gustavus D. 1818 by Election 22. The Princess O. 1841 by Slane
25. Moses D. 1819 by VVhalebone or 23. :>nanii O. 1844 by Venison
Seymour 24. iris (). 1848 by Itlniriel
26. Barefoot L. 1820 by 4'ranip 2-5. Catherine Ha.ves O. 18.)0 by
27. Middleton D. 1822 by Phantom Lanercost
28. liirminqham L. 1827 b\- Fiiho da 20. Siimnierside O. 1S')C) bv West
Puta Australian
29. Ciiorister L. I82.s by Lottery 27. Heine O. 1869 by Monarque
30. .Mar£rrave I.. 1829 by Muley 28. Spinaway O. 1872 bv Macaroni
31. Plenipotentiary i).'l831 by 29. Piacida O. 1874 by Lord Lyon
Emilius 30. Bunny Jean O. 1880 by Macaroni
32. Touehstone I>. 1831 by Camel 31. Reve d'Or O. issl bv Hampton
33. Miindio- D. 1832 by Catton 32. L'Ahbesse (le JonaiTe O. 1886 by
34. Bay )li(ldlet(»n D. i883 by Sultan Trappist
35. Amato V). ls:j5 bv Velocipede 33. Throstle \.. 1891 bv Petrarch
36. Little Wonder D.' 1837 by Muley 34. Limasol O. 1894 by Poulet
37. Launcelot L. 1837 by Camel 35. .Virs and 4«raees O. 1895 bv Ayr-
38. Coronation D. 1838 bv Sir shire
Hercules ' 36. Keystone IL O. 1903 by Per-
39. The Baron L. 1842 by iiirdcatcher simmon
40. Surplice D.L. 1845 b\- Touchstone
41. Wild Oayn-ll D. 18.5'2by Ion
42. Hermit D. I.s64 by Newminster
43. Sefton I). 1875 by Speculum
44. Sir Bevis D. 1876 bv Favonius
45. Rayon *Vi)r L. I>i76 bv Flageolet
46. Rock .Sand D.L. 1900 bv Sainfoin
47. St. Amand D. 1901 bv St. Frus-
C|uin
48. Challac(jmbc L. 1902 by St. Serf
49. Spearmint D. 1903 by Carbine
50. Orbv D. 1904 bv Orme
Inbrcfilint;.
315
s.
9.
10.
II.
1-2.
i:!.
14.
15.
]r..
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
2a.
24.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
81.
32.
Radaniantluis D. 1787 bv Justice
Ambidexter L. 1787 by Phoeno-
menon
Y. Traveller L. 1788 bv Kin.a:
Fergus
Waxy D. 1790 by PotSus
Dadalos I). 1791 by Justice
Didelot D. ]79;5 bv Trumpatiir
Soothsaver L. ISOS by Sorcerer
Prince ' Leopold d". 18l:i bv
Hedley
Jerry L. 1821 by Smolenslco
I.apdop D. 182H by Whalebone
Row ton L. I Slid bv Oiseau
Spaniel D. bS-JS bv Whalebone
St. (hI.-s I). bS-J9 by Tramn
Danj^erous I). ls:t() bv Trani]!
Mango L. 1834 bv Hmilius
Charles Xil. L. 18:ir, by \'oltaire
Attila D. 1889 bv Cohv'ick
Faiii.'li-a-Ballii;:ii I.. 1841 by Sir
Hercules
I). bS48 bv l':pirus
D. 184 1 bv llrtnian
i.s4 I b\' Lanercost
1847 by \'oltaire
18)8 bv Touch-
Pyn'hus I.
The Cossac
Platoff
Van Troiiip F.
A'oltiirciir D.I
Nt'wmiiister I
stone
Stockwcll [.. 1849 by The Baron
Andover I). IS.*! bvBay Middle-
ton
Saucebox L. 1852 by St. Lawrence
Musjid D. ISoC) bv Newminster
Kettledrum I). IS.j8by Rataplan
Caractacus I). IS59 bv Kingston
The Marquis I.. IK59 bv Stock-
well
Cladiateur D.L. 18(52 by
Monar(iue
Kingcraft D. 1807 by King Tom
5 Free Generations.
1. Alabaculia !,. 1773 by Sampson
•_'. Mulilda I.. 1824 by Comus
3. (rliiliiarc (). 1824 by Smolensko
4. (irceii :»Iaiitle O. 1820 by Sultan
5. Variation O. 1827 bv Bustard
6. Vespa O. 1830 bv Mulev
7. Pussv O. 1831 bv Pollio
s. ({neen ol" tlie Trnnips O.L. 1832
bv V'elocipedc
9. rndiistry O. 1835 bv Priam
1(1. Lady Kvelyn O. 1840 by Don
|ohn
11. Rhcclycinu O. 1S47 by Wintonian
12. Sonitstrcss (). 1849 by Bird-
catcher
13. Man-liinness O. IS.VJ by Mel-
bo Lime
It. Mincepie O. 1853 by Sweetmeat
15. Ini|»»'ricns<' L. 1854 by Orlando
10. Caller (hi L. 185s by Stockwell
17. Qnecn B<'rtlia <). isiidbv Kings-
ton
is. Heiralia (). ISIVJ bv Stockwell
19. Brigantine O. IStJO bv Buccaneer
20. Hannah 0.[,. ISOs bv King Tom
21. A|»oloi;y O.I.. Is71 by
-Vdventurer
22. I'jiguerrande JO. 187:! b\-
\'<Tmouth
23. Jenny Howlef O. ls77 by The
Palmer
2 I. (■elieimnlss O. ls79 bv
Rosicrucian
25. Dutch Oven 1.. Is79 by Dutch
Skater
20. Hnsyliody (). Is.sl by Petrarch
27. Mrs! Hntferwick ().' isOO by St.
Simon
28. .\miable O. Is9l bv St. Simon
29. La Sajjessc O. 1892 bv Wisdom
.30. Caiilcrluiry Pil'irim O. 1893 by
Tristan
316
Heredity.
33. C.eorge Frederick D. 1871 by
Marsyas
34. Robert the Devil L. 1877 by
Bertram
35. OrmoiHlc D.L. ls,s3 by Bend Or
36. Ayrshire D. 188-5 bv Hampton
37. Poiiovaii D.I,. 1886 by Galopin
38. Common D.L. 1888 hv Isonomy
39. Isiiiirlass D.L. 1890 bv Isonom'v
40. Ladas D. 1891 Idv Hampton
41. Sir Visto D.L. 189-2 bv Barraidine
42. Persimmon D.L. 1898 bv St.
Simon
43. Jeddah D. 189.") b\- Janissary
44. Wildfowler L. 1895 bv Galhnule
45. Diamond Jubilee D.I,. 1897 by
St. Simon
46. \^olodyovski D. 1898 by
Florizel II.
47. Doricles L. 1898 bv Florizel II.
48. Ard Patrick D. 1899 by St.
Florian
49. Wool Winder L. 1904 by
Martaeon
31. Cap and Bells II. O. 1898 by
Domino
3-2. Pretty Polly O.L. 1901 by
Gallinule
33. Signorinetta D.O. 1905 by
Chaleiireux
6 Free Generations.
1.
2.
3.
4.
John Bull D. 1789 by Fortitude 1.
Hannibal D. 1801 bv Driver
Teddiiiiitoii D. 1848 by Orlando 2.
Daniel O'Rourke D.' 1849 by 3.
Birdcatcher 4.
6. West .Viistraliaii D.L. 1850 by 5.
Melbourne fi.
6. Ellington D. 1853 bv Flying
Dutchman 7.
7. Gamester L. 1856 b\- The Cossack .s.
8. Thormaiihv D. 1857 by (Mel-
bourne) or Windhound 9.
9. St. Albans L. 1S57 by Stockwell 10.
10. Macaroni D. 1860 by Sweetmeat 11.
11. Lord Clifden L. i860 by New-
minster
The Yellow Filly O. 1783 by
Tandem
Winsjs O. 1822 by The Flyer
Deception O. 1836 bv Defence
Cnieiflx O. 1837 bv Priam
Our Nell O. 1839 by Bran
Mendicant O. 1843 by Touch-
stone
Mincemeat O. 1851 by Sweetmeat
Blink Bonny D.O. 1854 by Mel-
bourne
doverness O. 1855 bv Chatham
Sunbeam L. 1855 bv Chanticleer
Fille de L'Air O. 1861 by Faugh-
a-Ballagh
-t. hibiL-oiliiii;. :3]7
1-2. Blair Atliol DA.. lyCil by Stock- H. Achii-vniit'iu I., isdl by Stock-
well ««"1I
1:!. Lord Lvoii D.l.. lSfi3 l)v Stock- I'i. Korinosa O.L. hsii.j by Buccaneer
well ' II. L(>iu'l.v (). lsS-2 by Hermit
14. Favoiiiiis 1). ls(')S hv Parmesan 1"). Miisa O. 189G by Martagon
1."). Crciiutriit' n. isiiO b\- Parmesan Ki. La Roche O. 1897 by St. Simon
](■). W'enlock L. Is(i9by LordClifden 17. Sceptre O. I.. 1899 by Persimmon
17. Doiicastt'i- D. 1870 bv Stockwell
is. C'raio- Millar L. 1872 bv Blair
Athol
19. Kisltcr D. 1K7;3 by Buccaneer
20. Bend Or D. 1877 by Doncaster
21. Ossian L. 1880 by Salvator
22. Kihvarlin L. 1884 by .Arbitrator
28. C'icero D. 1902 by Cyllene
21. Troutbeck L. 1903 by Ladas
7 Free Generations.
1. i^lo,,nisbury D. 1836 by Mulatto I . Brown Duelicss O. 18-58 by
2. Warlock L. 18.53 by Birdcatcher l<"lving Dutchman
3. Iroquois D.L. 1878 by Leaming- 2. Miss Jitmniy O. 1883 by Petrarch
ton -3. Memoir O.L. 1887 bv St. Simon
4. La Floche O.L. 1889 by St.
Simon
The names of stallions and mares printed in heavv tvpe in above list
distinguish those successful in breeding. As this classification is especially
difficult with mares, a number of same are further distinguished bv printing
in italic type as doubtfully succe.ssful. There is still to be noticed that the
stallions and mares born after 18!)') have not come into consideration, as the
time of tlieir activity is still too short to righlh' classify them.
318
Heredity.
Xuinber of male and female winners of Derby, St. Leger and Oaks
arranged according to free generations.
r.
Burn before and
in 1905.
l^orn before and
in 1849.
Born between 1850 and
1905 inclusive.
'^
Colts. Fillies.
Total.
Colts. Fillies.
Total.
Colts.
Fillies. Total.
II
]
1
1
—
1
—
—
—
1
.5
111
4
(11
3
4
7
2
(1)
—
2
(1/
2
24
22
(1)
46
(1)
18
17
.•55
6
5
(1)
11
ID
3
50
(4)
(3)
(7)
m
(ii
24
(1)
63
(2)
11
(3)
m
(2)
214
(5-
4
50
36
86
40
24
64
10
12
22
(31
i3j
(2)
(2)
(1)
111
5
49
(9)
(6)
81J
(14)
24
(1)
12
(1)
36
(2)
25
(8)
204
454
(8)
6
24
17
41
4
6
10
20
11
31
13)
(•■i)
«i)
yi)
(31
(6)
7
3
4
(2j
7
(2)
1
—
1
2
4
|2)
6
(2)
Total
206
1,5(J
:i56
130 ' 87
217
76
63 139
(■20)
lU)
(34)
(4)
(2)
(6)
(lli)
(8)
(24)
The figures in brackets indicate the number of winners in two classical
races. Each of the winners in dead-heat races is counted with J. From the
above unfortunately small statistics of the above table one can draw the
following conclusions : —
1. On the whole the most of the classical winners are found among the
4 free generations, next to which follow 3 and 5 free generations.
•2. Up to the middle of the past century the 4 free generations pre-
dominate also. The 3 free generations, however, excel remarkably the more
removed inbreedings with 5 free generations, as also the 2 free generations
do the (3 free generations.
3. From the middle of the past century up to now tiie whole picture has
been changed in favour of a more removed inbreeding. Here the 5 free
generations appear to be the most favourable only, after which follow the
more removed inbreedings with 6 free generations, and finally that with I
free generations.
4. Lastly, it is worthy of note that the winners of two classical races
have been more numerously represented with the more removed inbreedings.
The same change in favour of the more removed inbreeding is sho\yn
in the following table, in which the percentage of stallions and mares most
successful in breeding is reckoned from the above list. Accordingly, the
4. In breed ill!.
3T.)
prrccnlage of stallions iiiosl succL'ssful in brcctiino' iiicicascs wilii the nunibcr
of free generations up to 6 free generations, in the rase of nlal•|^s cxen up U;
7 free generations. .Mtliough the statistics arc somewhat small for these
conclusions, and tiie right assessment of the stallions, and cspeciallv of the
mares, with regard to their successful acli\il\- at rlie slud, is often verv dil'li-
cult, the regular increase is still \vorth\' of not<-. There is \ei to be
mentioned that every doubtfully successful mare has been countetl in the
following table on!\- with i.
The male and teiiiale winners of l)erl)\-, .Si. Leger and ()aks
born until the \ear 18!!") inclusive.
Colts.
Killi.-.
Free
Generations.
Number.
Anuiiij.
successful
Number.
si which
in breeding.
- %
Number.
.\mongst which
successful in breeding.
Number, j %
II
1
II
0
1
4
0
II
4
1 -s.
■)
24
5
20.8
22
6 21, -2
H
45)
12
24.5
32
m («l,!l
i
47
12
25,5
:«
224 M,2
5
44
14
31,8
»)
204 6S.-'^
fi
22
13
59,1
14
lit 71,4
1
:-;
I
:«,8
4
:i 7''."
Total
1U4
57
29,4
141
824 1 58,5
In the above list of classical winners also proved in breeding is omitted
Flying Fo.\, as he was only born in 189C). He was bought bv .Mr. Blanc
for a million francs at the auction. His successes on the racecourse were
remarUable, and at the stud, at least at the commencement, he was strikinglv
successful. His exj^cnsive purchase further proved to be a good business.
Many breeders have been induced by this example to risk such clo.se inbreed-
ing (1 free generation) in the hope of obtaining similar successes. .\n exact
study of the Thoroughbred breeding, and an impartial consideration of this
case, would have been able to provoke manv scruples. Flying Fox was a
grandson of the marvellous horse Ormonde, and his father, Orme, who, as
is well known, nearlv died of poisoning shortlv before the Derby, was just
as remarkable a horse. Bred in England's best stud, trained bv the past-
master. Porter, on the hilly training-ground of l\ingsclere, and .set apart as
stud stallion in France's best stud, F'lying Fox has been bred to as man\-
first-class mares as perhaps any other sire in England or F" ranee. His olT-
:3'20 Heredity.
springs were reared and trained regardless u( cost, and finall\' ridden in an
excellent manner by the best jockey' we had in Europe since the death of
\rcher. All these things are powerful forces, which ought to increase much
the chances of the offsprings of Flving Fox and repair much that exag-
gerated inbreeding had damaged. If I'^lying I-'ox should (jnce — which J
doubt — leave behind in his jjrogeny imperishable pillars of Thoroughbred
lireeding, he would be, bv the side of manv miscarried attempts, the third
successfid one of this group (with 1 free generation). Paulowitz, born 1813
by Sir Paul, foundation sire of Buccaneer, was the first, but even his suc-
cess commenced first with his grandson, Ion, when the latter produced the
Derby winner Wild Dayrell. The second is Barcaldine, born 1878 by
Solon, and sire of W'hitefield, Morion, C.oodfellow (sire of Chalereux).
Espoir, Wolf's Crag, Sir Visto, and Marco. If Flying I-'ox became at an\
time the third in this group, perhaps the natural power of the virgin soil or
the excellent horse pastures of Argentine, where two of his sons now breed,
will cause this. Where and what are, however, the four own brothers and
two own sisters of Flying Fox? Exempla docent!
CHAPTER V.
Hereditary Faults.
First of all llie (luestion to be answered is, What is transmitted?
Incredible small details and shades in the build, the walU, and teni])erament
are transmitted. Above all, the proportions of the individual parts of the
bodv are transmitted, as well as llie leni,nh and smoothness of hair, small
hair-curls, couraj^^e and timidit\', maliLjnit\- and conlidence, bad or f,'ood
fertilitv, even immunity apainst certain illnesses; longevity, habits, acquired
faculties; in short, nearl\- ever\thing'. So-call(>d hereditary faults, however,
as blindness, spavin, biting, broken windedness, roarin<j, etc., are more
seldom transmitted, sometinies not at all.
In s[)ite of the intentional use for nianv \ears of breeding; material which
sufYered from |)eriodic ophthalmia (moon blindness), we did not find in
TraUehnen anv examples of the transmission of bliiulness, or of llic dis-
position thereto, arisinjj from ]ieriodi(" o]ohth;dmia. In nian\' low-lvinj;
distric-ts (in Trakchnen, the Kalpakin h'arm), and especi.-ill\- b\- cloxcr hav
fnjm undrainecl tiflds. horses arr often afflicted in dani]) vears with periodic
ophthalmia, which frecpientiv leads to blindness. Accordins^ to experiences
at 'Irakehnen, foals of blind mares are no more subject to the periodic
ophthalmia than others, perhaps tMcn less so. .\ccordin<^ to the latest
researches into the nature of ,spa\in and periodic oi^hlhalmia, scientific men
(in the first ranl'C Professor DieckcrholT in a lecture in 1001 on the subject of
hereditary faults in brci'dinj:;^ lK)rscs) lia\-e ijronounccd aLTainsl their
inheritance.
In the tollowiny list, the names of -J.") brood mares in Trakehnen are
given, which, in conscijin-nci' of periodic ophthalmia became blind of one
eye. This blindness usuallv occurs w ith brood mares before their sixth \ear,
often even in llK'ir first year. In some cases the brood mares mentioned
also became, in the course of lime, blind of the other eve. These brood
mares have up to the summer of lOUT. produced 1M1 living foals, of which
up to nf)w (August, 1907) only 2 have sulTered from periodic ophthalmia.
/.(■., firstly, ihecoh jiirn I'hl b\- Optimus out of |esi (No. 10 of (he lisl). born
X
322
Heredity.
List of Brood Mares at Trakehnen which became Blind in consequence
of Periodic Ophthalmia (Moon Blindness).
Names of Brood
Sires of Brood
Of
which were
No,
Mares
Born
Mares
Living
Foals
Country
Stallions
Brood
Mares
1
Ecke
1871
N'enerato
16
3
3
2
Ebbe
1876
Venerato
8
2
1
3
Instanz
1879
Journey
16
4
4
i
Hydra
1881
Journey
13
4
7
5
Trojanerin
1881
Hector xx
16
4
6
6
Pragr
1882
Tunnel
13
4
2
7
Pereskie
1884
Furstenberg-
7
2
2
8
Alda
1885
Tunnel
12
1
3
9
Veglia
1891
Barometer
5
—
1
10
Jesi
1893
Hirtenknabe
8
2
2
11
Pyrotechnik
1893
Euphony xx
6
2
—
12
Ibiza
1894
Mirmidone xx
8
2
1
13
Jugendliebe
1894
Leporello
6
—
2
14
Learose
1894
Leporello
5
1
1
15
Daniela
1895
Orcus
5
—
1
16
Handarbeit
1896
Euphony xx
7
1
1
17
Livonia
1896
Mephisto xx
6
—
—
18
Jedwede
1897
Euphony xx
5
1
—
19
Andacht
1898
Fanfarro
3
—
—
20
Gunst
1898
Le Borda xx
4
—
—
21
Arche
1899
Larifari
4
—
1
22
Marterbank
1899
Moeros xx
1
1
23
Arende
1900
Larifari
3
Still too
24
.^rtistin
1900
Piper
2
j young
25
Paarunsf
1900
Piper
2
.
Total
181
sa
38
Including :i
Royal Stud
Stallions
29th of March, 1903. The first attack occurred on the 8th of April, 1903, and
the second, 8th of October, 1904. In both instances it was in the left eye (the
dam was ill and became blind also in the left eye). These two attacks were
completely cured. As a three-year-old, Jorn Uhl was found to be sound of
eye, and was sent as a country stallion tf) Gudwallen, where he stands still
to-dav. The second is a case of a colt, Thronerbe by Optimus out of
Trojanerin (No. 5 of the list), born 16th November, 1903, Thronerbe was
the 16th foal of Trojanerin (23-vear-old), who first became blind in the left
eye, and later on blind of both eyes, caused bv periodic ophthalmia. He
caught periodic ophthalmia on the 12th of November, 1903, and was cured,
the disease leaving a small cataract behind. In damp years, periodic
o. Hereditaix l".iuUs. :i2'3
ophthalmia is fairly frequent in Trakehnen. From the Ist of April. lUOJ, to
the Lst of February, 1904, for instance. 4.s horses (chiefly weaning foals,
yearlings and two-vear-olds) caught the periodic ophthalmia. Of the 4N ill
ones, 17 were cured without leaving behind any abnormal changes in the
eve. Also in the case of brood mares which suffered from fjcriodic
ophthalmia, but w hich did not become blind, and were cured of same w ithout
leaving behind some abnormal changes, there was not observed any trans-
mission of a disposition to this disease in their progeny. On the contrary,
as in the case of the 25 blind mares, there seems to occur the transmission of
a certain immunit\- against the disease mentioned.
1 Unow several cases in East Prussia, which go to show that tln' breeding
use of stallions which have become blind, through periodic ophthalmia,
is harmless. I await with special interest the results of two stallions
(Elfenfels 1901 bv Obelisk out of Elisenau, and Musensohn 1901 by Optimus
out of Mumme), each of whom became blind of one eye in Trakehnen,
through periodic ophthalmia, and who have been covering since 1905 up to
the present time in the Livland vStud, Torgel. I also still await the result
of Roval Stud stallion Ingrimm, who has been covering since 1907 in
Trakehnen, and who became blind of his right eye in 1904, through periodic
ophthalmia.
The scientific researches into the nature and causes of spavin and ring-
bone have so far succeeded that neither of them may be taken as a uniform
disease. The researches and opinions on spavin of horses published by
Professor Eberlein (Berlin, 1897), have been verified by many celebrated
scientists. One may easily accept Eberlein's views as to the nature and
origin of spavin, also for ringbone, just as I myself do hereafter, without
wishing to give even an approximately exhaustive explanation of the many
variations and differences of spavin and ringbone.
Spavin as well as ringbone are caused either by contusion of the joint
bones or by a stretching of the ligaments which hold the joint bones together,
or, in other words, always by a traumatic cause. .Spavin or ringbone in
consequence of a rachitic disease happens very seldom in our modern im-
proved breeds. I, at least, have never come across such a case. In the case
of spavin or ringbone caused by contusion, there ensues, in consequence of
a strong and sudden pressure on the bone substance, an inflammation of the
bone, at first becoming loose and then tight {ostitis rare facials ct con-
densans). In the case of spavin this inflammation of the bone will prin-
cipally affect the cuneiform bones {os ccntralc and as tarsalc 111); in the case
of ringbone it will afTect the long pastern bone and the short pastern bone.
In consequence of the inflammation of the bones, the nourishment of the
articular cartilage suffers; there ensues an inflammation of articular cartilage
(chroiiditis), and thus are caused the exudations and proliferations of bone
originating in the articular surface, assuming very different dimensions,
attacking the neighbouring pcriost, and afterwards developing into bone
:3-24 Heredity.
substaiu-e (formation of Osteopliytes). Thus arises the real spavin or liie
articular ringbone.
In the case of spavin caused by stretching (periarthritis), or ringbone
{periarticular), the exudations of the bone begin from the appendage pieces
of the torn ligaments, and not from the joint surfaces. They may then spread
round the joint, and in serious cases also attack the jf)int surfaces, which
they destroy, just as in the case of the articular form of the disease. Spavin
commencing at the joint ligaments and the periost is very rare. This mav
be explained by the fact that, in the case of the so-called small ankle-joints,
the joints are very tight (as opposed to the coronet joint), admitting of no,
or at least \ery slight, sidewa\- movements. If the spavin originates at the
appendage of the side ligaments or the periost, a push or a blow has gene-
rally been the cause of it. Perhaps the so-called break (in German Absats),
which is so frequently found in the case of covering stallions, belongs very
often to this periarthritic form of spavin. According to Professor Eberlein,
the proportion of the frequency of spavin caused bv pressure to that caused
by tearing, is as Oo to 5, while in the case of ringbone (according to LMrisky)
the frequency of articular to periarticular is as 60 to 40.
Professor Mberlein writes about the transmission of spavin as follows : —
" The question, May horses attacked with spavin disease be used for horse
breeding or not? is a verv important one for horse breeding. Against the
previousU- held views, Dickerhoff rightly emphasises that every genuine
case of spa\in deserves a special judgment in this respect. As I have shown,
when discussing Aetiology, the primary Ostitis rare facieiis of the small
tarsus bones owes its origin to a mechanical contusion of the small tarsus
bones, and may arise even in the best formed hocks and thighs from outside
causes. Therefore spavin is in itself not hereditary. Scientifically it is
proved, however, that a deficient formation of the hocks and a faultv position
of the thighs, which predispose a horse to this disease (causa interna) are
transmitted. Thus it follows that with regard to spavin, onlv horses with
defective hocks or a faulty position of the thighs on the one hand, and badly
constructed bones on the other hand, must be excluded from breeding."
I fullv subscribe to the view of Professor Eberlein, and extend the same
also to ringbone, which, in mv opinion, in itself is just as little transmittable
as spavin. With regard to ringbone, I should like to mention yet that
horses with short and upright pasterns are more liable to be attacked by the
articular ringbone arising from contusion, while horses with long and
sloping pasterns are more exposed to tiie periarticular ringbone arising from
tearing.
The certainty with which scientists and laymen have believed in the
undoubted transmission of spavin, ringbone, and moon blindness, shows
very clearly the low standing of horse breeding as a science. I do not
know of any recognised practical example as a proof of the transmission of
spavin, neither have 1 ever met anyone who could point out to me such an
5. Hereditarx l-'aults. ;{-J5
CN.'implc. As far as I Uikiw, llu- follow in j,"^ horses had llu- opporliinitv to
transmit spavin : —
1. Pcrcival, born TraU. 18()7. bv Lahin* xx and Peran<jfa bv Oromcdon,
was for four vcars rountrv stallion in Gudwallan. and was stabk-d at
Riiseninijken. In 1S72 he was set aside because he distint'th- showed spavin,
and was used very much afterwards as stallion at (u-orj^'eniiuri; up to J.ss."),
at that time the pri\ate stud of Herr von Simpson. Tin- two iiocks of
Percival are preserved in the Trakehncn hippoloy^ii al musciiu), and show
thai he siitTered from spa\in, caused iiv C(»ntusion. Amonj^ his \rrv
numerous foals (about 200 militar\- remounts. .')() brood mares, and •_*•") counir\-
stallions). I have heard of non*- beinj,' suspected of spaxin. Amoui^ the
sons f)f Pcrcival, C'apitain, born Inn], later stallion in ("ieori,'enburn;, must
be specialh' mentioned, because he was used verv extensix'elv for tnc \-ears
in Cleore;enburj^, was then sold as stallion to .Miinich. and was the sire of
the chestnut stallion lilondel. born lSN(i, which won a prize in HiTlin in l.s*.)(>
at the <j;reat horse show, and was afterwards sent to Heherbcck as i\o\aI
Stud stallion. Amonj.;' the whole of his prosj^env I ne\cr hc'ird ot one sus-
pected of spavin.
•1. The well-known l)erb\ winner Miindii,', Ijorn l.s;j-J, jiccordiny to the
description of the prepared left hock j,'i\en h\ the stutl inspector. Kutzbach
(published in a hand-book for horse breeders bv Count I.ehndortT. pa<xe 1-).S).
undoubtedlv suffered from spaxin causi-d b\' contusion, just as Percival
tlid. Miindii; was for the years Koyal Stud stallion in Trakehnen, and
aflervvards for four vears in the private stud of Julienfelde, in Mast Prussia,
with \er\ i-xcellent results. I lis proij;en\' showed no sii^ns of spavin.
8. Optimus, born IKSO, bv Odoardo and Optima bv The Colonel, had
spavin on the near hind, as can be tlislincth' seen from the skeleton, preserved
at the hippolopical museum at Trakehnen. Amon^r his \er\- numerous
proj.H'n\-, I do not know one case of spavin; on the contrarv, the Optimus
pro^env excel, like their sire, in their ver\ j.rood and stront,' h(Kks.
4. The Thoroufjlibred sire, The (iem-ral. born I>^N'J. b\ Childeric and
Coturnix, suffered alr(>ad\- from spavin when Koval .Siutl st;illion at
Trakehnen, and was afterwards alwavs lame of spavin. Neither at
Trakehnen, nor during his sixteen vears' acii\it\ at (iudwallan, h;ts he. as
far as I know, produced anv progenv with anv suspicion of spavin, lie
was for manv vears the Thoroughbretl sire in the Ciudw.-illan district, which
has produced most militarv remounts (about .'ioil). MorroMr, In- has pro-
duced in Trakehnen 1") countrv stallions and H* brood ni.ircs, and in (iud-
wallan about l'O brood mares afterwards registered in llu- l.;i>i Prussian
Stud Book.
."). 'The i)erl)\ winner Hermit, liorn iMil, had spavin on the near hind,
as his skeleton, which is preserved in the London X'eierinary .School, dis-
lincth' shows. I lis verv numerous progenv, howev<-r, excelletl in j^'ood and
strong horks. I do not know of on«- single offspring of llermit suflering
from .spavin.
326 Heredity.
G. The Trakehnen brood mares, Aqua, Emina, Ina, and Juniata,
suffered from spavin (the hocks are in the Trakehnen Museum), and of their
very numerous progeny none was suspected of spavin.
The Thoroughbred staUions, Bkie Blood born 1876 by King Tom and
Marigold, and Elsass born 1870 by Napoleon and Esther, suffered from
ringbone (Periarticular). The respective preparations of the two stallions
are in the Trakehnen Museum. Blue Blood has not transmitted this disease
in Trakehnen, and I am assured the same thing about the progeny of Elsass.
I believe, however, that the disposition to articular ringbone is often trans-
mitted, as the upright pasterns, bulging out somewhat to the front, lend
themselves easilv to transmission. In some breeds of horses there are whole
families which are addicted, more or less, to articular ringbone, whilst I do
not know a similar case of periarticular ringbone or spavin. It is difficult
to work- horses lame from spavin. Their development without work is
unfavourable. This is the only reason that horses which are lame from
spavin when \oung are little suitable for breeding purp(3ses.
The crib-champing, gasping, tongue-sucking bad habits, to which for
the most part only very tough and durable horses are addicted, are, accord-
ing to experiences in Trakehnen, transmitted by the sire to about o per
cent, of his progeny. 1 ]5resumc that brood mares also transmit these faults
to about the same extent. 1 do not kncjw of anv actual examples as, in spite
of using for many years fi\e brood mares which were crib-champers, not one
of their foals has inherited it. I must here remark that gasping and tongue-
sucking are transmitted just as seldom as crib-champing. I have known
some cases, on the other hand, in which nearlv 50 per cent, of the foals of
a brood mare, who herself was not a crib-champer, became alreadv as foals
crib-champers, without tiieir parents or grandparents having been addicted
thus. It is an old rule that stallions which are crib-champers do not transmit
it if burnt on account of a break'-down. This is right in those cases onlv
in which the stalli(in has acquired this habit through ennui after a break-
down, during the repose which follows the burning and which lasts for manv
weeks. This crib-champing is not transmitted as easily as that which foals
acquire whilst grazing, without any reason. Finally, 1 consider that the
chances of transmitting crib-champing, or the disposition thereto, is so very
small that the breeder need not to take it into consideration. If the lameness
caused by spavin, or blindness, or broken wind, interferes with the gymnastic
development of the body, and if crib-champing often causes attacks of colic,
F would not, of course, recommend such animals for breeding material.
The question on the transmission of roaring is more difficult. In the first
ijlace, roaring seems to be more general in certain breeding districts. The
damp and foggy climate of England produces more roarers than France,
but in .Vmerica and Australia thev are the exception. The early born foals
are in I-'ngland said to be more inclined to roaring than the late born ones.
Roaring is a consequence, principally, of the break-down of the hindmost.
5. Herediuiiy Faults. 327
mostly left, aspcrgilliim nuisck- (rrico-arylaenuideus) or its nerve, which
affects the movement of the aspergillum cartilage necessary for easy breath-
ing. If this break-down has been caused by severe glanders, influenza, or
by over-exertion from racing, only at the end of the third or fourth year, as
in the case of Ormonde, a transmission of roaring is not to be expected. I
do not know of anv roarer in the progeny of the roarer Ormonde. Prince
Charlie has not transmitted this roaring in America. Pocahontas and
Chamant were roarers. The former did not transmit it at all. and the latter
verv seldom. The well-known Iliunphrev Clinker of former times did not
transmit his roaring at all, and the most popular stallion of modern times,
Gallinule, does not seem to transmit his roaring either. If the roaring,
however, commences without anv special exertions in racing, and especially
SO soon as in the second year, ont' nia\- reasonably assume that the general
weakness of the horse is the cause. Weakness in horse breeding is the only
real hereditarv fault which is transmitteti with certainty, and it should be
eradicated b\' the most se\ere meaNures from the breeding material. I once
knew a verv much jjampered stallion which apparently was not a roarer,
at least not when galloping the pace he could well perform, but of his
progen\- about '>() per cent, were roarers when they were trained tor a few
months as two or ihree-vear-olds. The more tenderlv the horses of a breed
are reared, the "more roarers will ai)pear. I'^or this reason the Drafters,
which are reared under the pressure of unreasonable shows, mostly become
roarers. After these come the dilTerent llalf-breds, according to the tender-
ness or se\erit\- of the method of rearing, and the fewest roarers are found
amongst Ste|)pe horses and 'I'horougiibreds. The only difl'erence is tiiat,
in consecjuence of i^ublic races of 'i'horoughbreds, every roarer is recognised
and be<-omes known, or that man\- become roarers on account of the too
great exertion, which is not expected from other breeds of horses.
The same thing applies to horses whose sinews have l)rokcn down
through oxer-exertion in training or racing. Horses which break down
alread\- as two-year-olds in racing, or even in training before racing, may be
suspected of weakness. The worst, however, art' those which are so bad
that the\- cannot break down l^ecause they lack the energy and the stride,
without which th<'v are not subject to those shocks which produce the break-
downs. Of such horses the Ivnglishman says, " 'I'hey can never go quite
fast enough to trouble themsehes."
All dis])ositions to disease and constitutional weaknesses, such as
biliousness, bonv excrescences, soft and deformed hoofs, as well as all other
diseases connected with innammalor\- swelling (I-'inscluiss) are transmitted.
Broken-w iiidedness belongs also to constitutional weakness, and is easily
transmitletl 1)\ stallions which suffered from it in their early years. In con-
sequence of illness, and other unknown causes, the transmission by stallions
difl'ers in certain \ears. I'or example, after inffuenza, ;i mon- unfavourable
transmission has l)een often noticed. Horses which h;i\i- run much transmit
328 Heredity.
their charaoters sometimes worse in their early years. Ormonde, however,
produced in his first covering year his most important son, Orme, and the
latter again, in his first covering year, four winners, amongst them the tough
Ameer, and in the second covering vear Flving Fox, who in his turn pro-
duced in liis first covering vear Ajax and Gou\ernant. Wild i^avrell
produced in his first covering year as a four-year-old his best son, Buccaneer,
and Florizel, who ran up to the age of seven \ears, produced in his first
covering vear the first I^erbx' winner, Diomed, his best son. Old stallif>ns
are said to produce more stayers, and young ones metre flyers.
Just as weakness may be considered the onlv real hereditary fault, in like
manner hardiness is to be looked upttn as the most important hereditary
advantage. With hardiness is combined robust health, the most important
qualitv of all breeding animals. Avoid weakness, improve hardiness, and
the Alpha and Omega of horse breeding is obtained for producing capable
horses^ and not horses simpiv fit for shows, or horses which during their
whole existence are alwavs onlv sold, but reallv ne\er made use of; and there
are many such !
As, of course, no stud can possess faultless breeding material, one must
try to equalise faults in the conformation of brood mares by mating them
with stallions which are especially good in these respective parts. Then it
will be found that high-leggedness, narrowness, and bad temperament, are
faults which are most difficult to remove bv mating, and therefore belong
to the most serious faults. Mares which feed badlv are little suitable as
brood mares, because in all probability thev will also feed their foals badly.
Mares which are inclined to corpulency, also, feed as a rule badlv, and are
not to be recommended. The same faults are to be blamed in the case of
stallions, I:)ut thev are less dangerous.
CMAI'TKK VI.
The Transmission of the Coat Colour.
What com-erns the heredity of the coat colour ? There is, 1 suppcj.se, a yet
unknown orig^inating force which causes a distinct deviation from all other
laws of h(Ti-dit\ . The sex, too, appears to play a particular i:)art, and the
atavism has perhaps no influence at all. Whereas, it is remarkable that a
distinct atavism is often e\'iclent in the transmission of white marks and
particular spots. As in the Royal Stud of Trakehncn, for o\er a hundred
years, in three special studs, blacks (in (jurdszen. W to lod brf)od mares),
browns (in Danzkehmen, 70 to .S(» brood mares), and chestnuts (in Jonasthal.
oO to (HI brood mares) have been bred, and in two studs (in Trakehncn Wl to
100 brood mares, and in liajohrp-tlUn (H) to 70 brood marcs) all colours are
represented, and mixed with each other, we have plenty nt material at hand
from which to construct laws as to the transmission ot coat colour.
There exists a distin<-t ret^ulariiy with grays, chestnuts, and blacks as
regards transmission. This regiilaritv is as follows: gra\s and chestnuts
mated only to their own colour, produce either chestnuts or grays, and
black with black about N jjer cent, chestnuts (often dark chestnius). the rest
always blacks, never black-brown f)r dark brown. Here we must menticjn
tliat rubican horsi-s (also rubican chestnuts) also produce at times grays, as
for examjile, Proserpine (gray) lOO-'i by C'hittabob (chestnut with rubican)
and C'ybele (chestniM. but 1 cannot say if with rubican).
In till- General .Stud Rook. X'olunic XX.. 1 have found two casi-s, ;ind in
V'olume III. three cases, in which hrown foals ha\f hci-n [)rothiied by
chestmu parents :
1. OITcrtorv II. (iirown) IMI'.I h\ Kirkham out of (loUl Wave.
•_'. Wavemore (brown) 10()-J bv Ocean Wave out of Make More.
:!. C'.-iptain Candid (brown) iSbS bv Cerberus out of Mandane.
•1. hllba (brow n) Isl.'j bv Stripling out of .Maniac.
.'). liiarnest (brown) iNOr) by Blizzard out of Mandane.
Referring to the first ca.se, it must be nK^ntioned that (lold Wave is by
mistake given as a chestnut in \'olunie XX. of the C.eneral Stud Hook. In
\olume X\T1., page '_'J, (lold Wave, at that time still unnamed, is rightly
put dow n as a bro\\ n.
330 Heredity.
Referring to the second case, the colour of Wave More, who never trod
on a racecourse, is either wrongly given, or the dam, Make More (chestnut),
has been confused with her own sister, born 1891, who was brown.
In the third case, I suspect that Orville (brown), who during the two
years previously covered ^landane, also covered her again in 1812 as well
as Cerberus, and that the owner of Cerberus did not mention this covering,
which, it seems, was formerly, for different reasons, often omitted. Captain
Candid ran second in the St. Leger.
Referring to the fourth case, it must be mentioned that Elba is bv mistake
given as a brown in \'ol. III., page 139. In Vol. III., page 07, and in the
Racing Calendar 1818, pages 55 and 147, Elba is rightlv put down as a
chestnut.
In the fifth case, I suspect that Whiskev (brow n), who covered Mandane
in 1803 and 180-j, also covered her in 1804, and that the owner did not mention
this covering.
Many cases in the private studs of East Prussia, in which brown foals are
said to be the offspring of chestnut parents, have proved, on closer examina-
tion, that their respective dams had been also covered by another stallion
who was of a brown colour. Also that this second stallion, either b\- mistake
or for certain reasf)ns, was not mentioned in the certificate of serving (only
the covering for one stallion, and that the dearer one, is paid for).
In the appended pedigrees of the best known Thoroughbreds. I have
given the colours where possible (only in the German edition). I have not
come across anv case in which chestnut parents had no chestnut foals. The
remarkably certain transmission of the chestnut colour is even completely
independent of the colour of the ancestors. There are also cases in which all
four grand-parents were browns and %et the two chestnut parents always
produced chestnut foals, as for example, with Kincsem, The Biddy (grand-
dam of Regalia), and many others. With Maintenon (a chestnut) it must
be pointed out as a remarkable circumstance that of the four grand-parents
two were brown and two grays, and with Rouge Rose, also a chestnut, three
grand-parents were brown and one black. The certain transmission of the
chestnut coat colour can still be more clearly recognised with the following
chestnuts : — Diomed, Gladiator, Favonius, Hermit, Trampoline, Cambus-
can. Pilgrimage, and Merrv Sunshine, where not only the two parents, but
also the four grand-parents, were brown. In the three last-mentioned cases,
of eight great grand-parents, only one of each was a chestnut. The case of the
chestnut Le Sagittaire is remarkable, whose sire, Le Sanc\-, was a grav, and
the dam. La Dauphin, was a roan (not a grav as given b\- mistake in the
French Stud Book). Also Dryad (chestnut, and great grand-dam of Delphos),
whose two parents, four grand-parents, and eight great grand-parents, were
either brown or gray. In the case of Old Heroine, born 1775 (in Bird-
catcher's pedigree), we may well take for granted that one of the grays was
a roan, or that Old Heroine was a rubican.
C. The Transmission of the Coat Colour. 331
When both parents are brown, foals may be of any colour, also gray if
one parent is rubican. The majority of foals, however, will likewise be
brown. If the parents are of different colours, in most cases the lighter
colours are more easily transmitted than the darker ones. Grays transmit
their colour the most frequently and blacks the least frequently. Chestnut
and black produce most often browns, chestnuts less frequently, and least
seldom of all, blacks. Brown and black produce more browns and dark
browns or brownish blacks than blacks. Chestnuts and dark browns produce
more chestnuts. Chestnuts and lir;ht browns produce more brown, and often
a dirty chestnut colour. Chestnut colour is the most suitable to get rid of
the gray colour. Some of the foals will be brown.
In consequence of the very sure transmission of the chestnut colour, the
chestnuts are easiest to renew in Jonasthal. They need not give anything
away from their production, and are even increased bv additions from the
black and brown stud. The Royal Stud of Trakehnen in East Prussia is
about 11, 200 acres large, and is composed of 12 stud farms, among which,
Ciurdszen, with 90-100 black mares; Danzkehmen, with 70-80 bay or brown
mares; Jonasthal, with -jO-GO chestnut mares; Bajohrgallen, with 60-70
mares of difl'erent colours; and Trakehnen itself, with 80-100 mares of all
difi'erent colours, also grav, roan, and piebald — total 350-110 brood mares;
with all foals — riding, carriage, working horses — altogether 1500-1700
horses.
Kemarkable to sav, these statements are in opposition to the fact that
the chestnuts do not increase amongst Thoroughbreds, and are always in the
minoritv, although the most celebrated foundation sire, liclipse (of two
brown parents), and his four sons, PotSos, King Fergus, Mercury, and
Alexander, were chestnuts; just as the famous stallions which appeared
later, i.e., Birdcatcher, 'I"he Baron, Stockwell, Blair Athol, Doncaster, Bend
Or, St. Albans, Sainfoin, Thormanby. Hermit, and many others, were also
chestnuts. In the three principal English races, the coat colour is distributed
as follows to the winners and seconds, up to and inclusive of 1907 : — -
Derby Winners: 94 Browns, Seconds: 90 Browns
32 Chestnuts, 30 Chestnuts
1 Black, 3 Blacks
1 Grav, 5 Grays
Total 128 horses as winners and 128 horses as seconds.
Oaks \\'inners: 95 Browns, Seconds: 85 Browns
31 Chestnuts, 37 Chestnuts
1 Black, 5 Blacks
1 Gr;iv. 2 Grays
Total 129 horses as w inners and 129 horses as seconds.
332 Heredity.
St. r.cgcr Winners: 102 Browns, Seconds: 98 Browns
27 Chestnuts, " 31 Chestnuts
1 Black, 1 Black
2 Grays, 2 Gravs
Total 132 horses as winners and l.'(2 horses as seconds.
This uniform distribution of the coat colour seems, especially when we
consider the certain transmission of the chestnut colour, to point to a special
racing capability in connection with the brown colour. .V classification
according to decades shows a regular diminution of the chestnuts and an
increase of the browns among the winners and the seconds. It is remarkable
that the predominant colour of the North-African horses was bav or brown,
and that, especially in recent years, the most important and best influence on
the building up of the Thoroughbreds is ascribed to the North-African
horses, it is furthermore remarkable that chestnuts mated to each other
produce more colts, and black- liorses more fillies.
cii\pri-:R VII.
The Art of Mating.
Till-: most iiiipoilant ihiiig in i>ra(tical iTialini; at a sUid is for the breeder
to favour the brood mares more tiian tiie rovering stallions, i.e., in the case of
each brood mare he must consider witli which of the available sires she has
the best chances of producing a good foal, and not vice-versa. People are
\-er\- much inclined to give to the favourite sires the best mares, although
the former are still untried, whilst the latter have already shown their breed-
ing capabilitN'. One verv often forgets the natural demand that before
mating, especialU- in Half-bred breeding, the special breeding result to be
attained in each single case must be clearly pointed out, instead of which
people often think that according to the result of the production one can fix
its mission in excry case afterwards. The uncertaint\- thereby caused in the
judging of the special factors of mating jjrevents a clear considera-
tion of all necessar\- points of view. One must endeavour to equalise the
■faults of the brood mares bv corresponding merits of the coxcring stallions.
These faults which have to be equalised do not onlv consist in a faulty con-
formation, as for example, misplaced fore-legs, weak hocks, a too long
middle part, liigli-leggedness, nanowness, etc., but also in defects of con-
stitution (hard and tender), of temperament (iiasty, idle, good-natured,
malign, courageous and cowardly), of walk (wide at the knees, narrow at
the knees, slow, and full of action), of performance (stayer and flyer, action
in galloping, trotting, walking), of the use of food, and, finally, in lack of
(|ualitv, beautv and vigour. Statistics seem to recommend the mating of
old sires with ycjung mares, and vice-versa. In order not to lose sight of all
these points of view, it is not only necessary to have an exact detailed know-
ledge of the brood mares and their previous foals, of the available sires and
their progenv, but also of thi' ancestors. The reversions to grand-parents
and great grand-parents (.\ta\ism, as it is called), are so frequent that a
breeder who does not duly consider them will have manv bitter experiences.
I'urtliermore, a knowledge of the ancesir)rs is ref|uircd as tar as to rightly
334 Heredity.
judge of the ancestors occurring on both sides — representing, so to speak,
a barb — i.e., to righth' estimate tiie basis of inbreeding when intending in-
breeding with 3 to 6 free generations, which is most favourable for
Thoroughbreds as well as for Half-breds. The more prominent, and the
more suitable in any special case for a desired cjuality, the common ancestors
are as a basis, tiie closer the inbreeding may be. It is specially favourable,
if, as shown in the chapter on inbreeding, several inbreedings with different
basis are possible in one mating. Furthermore, certain blood mixings, which
experience has already proved to be good, must be preferred. This last
point of A'iew is especiallv important in breeding of Thoroughbreds, unless
one breeds Thoroughbreds not for racing, but for riding and hunting.
When mating Half-breds, one must first of all consider which breeding
result, even which shade within the given breeding lines, seems to be most
probable and most attainable in the case of each single brood mare. The
object must not be too far removed from the type which the mare herself
possesses. .\ very noble, wiry mare does not recommend herself for the
production of a Carossier, and vicc-vcrsa, unless the foal is considered as the
final product, and is not to be used for further breeding.
\^'hen mating, it is advisable to look at first onlv for the most suitable
sires according to the pedigree of the brood mare and of the available
stallions. For Thoroughbred breeding especially, the compilation of the
pedigrees of the mares and of the sires, as well as of the basis of all their
inbreedings, in lucid tables, is recommendable, so that one can easilv see
the possible and the best approved blood mixings, and that the possible
and desirable basis of the inbreedings attained bv mating ma}- be found.
When doing this, one will mostlv find several sires which appear suitable.
They must then be arranged according to the applicability which is recog-
nised as the most suitable in exclusive consideration of the blood mixing.
Then weigh the chances of same according to the other above-named points
of view (deficiencies of conformation, constitution, etc.). Now begins the
most difficult part of mating, the part which is considered an art, and for
which no other advice can be given than to weigh exactly the advantages and
disadvantages of each case of mating, and not to sacrifice in one case any
more important thing than may be gained in the other. If the result of a
mating decided on for good reasons does not turn out well, it is advisable
not to proceed at once to another mating, but to try the same mating at least
once more. Even with the best mating and the best breeding material, a
small percentage will alwa3'S go wrong. The fertilisation of brood mares
is also surer if the covering stallion is not changed. We find the longest
series of foals for the most part where the covering stallion has been changed
very seldom, or not at all. Even old Fugger is of the opinion that mares
conceive easier from that stallion they have been already bred to than by
another. I consider the doctrine of so-called saturation wrong, for if it were
right, for example, in the case of Thoroughbred breeding, many more half-
7. The Art of Maliii},'. 335
sisters and brothers should have won classical races than own sisters and
brothers, especially as the number of half-sisters and brothers is larger than
that of own sisters and brothers. The following table shows that this is not
the case : —
1. Derby Winners.
(a) Own Unilhtrs and Sisiers.
1. Radamanthus 1787 | , , .
n T-v-j 1 ir-ni ( bv ustice and Myer.
2. Dadalus 1/91' • ■' ■'
3. Archduke 1796 1 u c • .^
^ Paris 1803 ' ■' teeter and Horatio.
0. Whalebone 1807 \ , ,,, , t^ ,
6. ^^•hisker 1812) ''-^ ^^ '''^>' ""^ Penelope.
7. Lap Dog 1823) , .... , .
8. Spaniel 1828' ''•^' ^^ '-"alebone-Canopus.
9. Persimmon 1893 | , .■ f ■ t^ ,.
10. Diamond Jubilee 1897' ''>' •^'- ■^'"^"" ^"^ Perd.tta.
(b) Half-brothers and Sisters^.
1. Spread Eagle 1792 by Volunteer
r)
Didelot 1793 by Triumpator ' ~ Highflyer.
3. Ditto 1800 bv Sir Peter | , , ,
1. Pan 1805 bv St. George I ""'"^ Arethusa.
5. St. Giles 1829 by Tramp |
6. Bloomsbury 1836 by Mulatto i ''^"'^ "^'■'^°^ "-^^S-
7. Galtee More 1894 by Kendal \ , ,,
o \ J r> * • I Torvn u' c» 1-1 ■ I 'ind -Morganette.
8. -Vrd Patrick 1899 by St. Morian J ^
2. St. Legcr Winners,
(a) Own Brotlicrs .nid Sisters.
1. Spadille 1784 1 , „• ua ^ c,
-, ,. r-1 ir-o-i bv Highrlver and Flora.
2. \ . Flora l(8r>l ■ '^
3. Touchstone 1831 ) , ,.
, T , ^ Toor- f bv Camel and Banter.
4. Launcelot 183 ( >
5. Lord Lvon 18631 , c- , ,1 , t^
n X u- ' .. ion A I bv Stockwfll and Paradigme.
0. Achievement 1864 -> *
7. Memoir 1887 \ , ,- ^. , ^ .
or n-1- 1 100a I bv St. Simon and Ouiver.
8. La Fleche 1888' ■
9. Persimmon 1893 \ , r- ,-. , t-. ••
,,, T^. , T ,., -lon" i bv St. Simon and Perditta.
10. Diamond Jubilee 180/ '
'_ [(h) llalf-brothcrs and Sisters.
1. Van Tromp 1844 bv Lanercost 1
2. The Flying Dutchman 1846 by Bay Middlcton ' ''*"" liarbelle.
3. Common 1888 by Isonomv 1 , .,-, . ,
4. Throstle 1891 by Petrarch / ''^"'^ '^''''"-
<*36 Heredity.
3. Oaks Winners.
(a) Own .Sisters.
1. Musis 18101 , ,,.
2. Minuet 1812^ ■ " '''^y ^"t' ^Voodbine.
3. Memoir 18871 . c c-
4. La Fl^che 1888/ "^' ^'- ^'"^"" '"'"^ Quiver.
(b) Il.Tlf-sisters.
1. Rhedycina 1847 bv Wintonian 1
2. Governess 1855 bv Chatham / ~ Laurel.
3. Spinaway 1872 bv Macaroni 1
4. Wheel of Fortune 1876 by Adventurer / ^''^^ Queen Bertha.
III.
The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
CHAPTER I.
Judging and Treating Breeding Material,
(a) Judging Covering Stallions.
From each breeding horse, be it stalHon or mare, one must demand, first
and foremost, certain distiiict merits, i.e., prominent parts. Only a breeding
horse possessing specially prominent characters is justified in having a few
faults, and the less faults it has the greater they may be. The only un-
pardonable fault of a breeding animal is bad health and weakness connected
with it. A too great fear of other faults, which cannot really always be
avoided, is the surest way to inferiority. Of course, one will estimate the
faults of breeding material differently, according to the object of the breed-
ing" in question ; further, in consideration of the characters of the other
breeding material ; and finally according to sex.
In Half-bred breeding, a Thoroughbred sire which has little quality,
and which was a distinct cypher on the course, is just as little to be recom-
mended as a Half-bred stallion which is too light in the bone and not of
sufiiciently correct build. The former ought to transmit to his progeny
principally capabilities and quality, and the latter strength and correctness.
I mvself prefer an untried Thoroughbred to a proved cypher. A\*ith the
former there is always a chance that he perhaps might have done something
of note on the course. Such an untried Thoroughbred stallion which has
produced prominently in East Prussian half-breedings was, for example,
Cicero born 1882 by Chamant out of Liane, and perhaps also Kcrl born
1885 by Lord Colney out of Oceana. In Thoroughbred breeding only a few
similar examples are known. At this moment only Golumpus and V. Mel-
bourne occur to me. With Thoroughbred as well as Half-bred stallions,
one great fault is less injurious than several small ones, especially if there
are great merits together with the great fault. The best known example of
former times for this is Soothsayer, born 1808, by Sorcerer out of Golden
340 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
r.ocks, who had a coarse club foot (Lymphangitis chronica). Only Bay
Middleton, born 1883, whose dam, Cobweb, was a grand-daughter of Sooth-
sayer, produced a few foals which also acquired a club foot. Furtlver, the
following are to be considered as great faults to be passed over : — A strong,
misplaced forefoot, as in the case of Stockwell ; a bad hock, as in the case
of Birdcatcher and Saxifrage; roaring, as in the case of Chamant, Gallinule,
Hawkstone (Euphony's sire), Vorwarts (Half-bred in Trakehnen), crooked
fore-legs, as in the case of The Wizard (grand-sire of Optimus) and
Hannibal; crib-champing, or gasping, as in the case of Euphony, Moros,
and Mirmidone; strong wind-gall, as in the case of Marsworth; bad
temperament, as in the case of Barcaldine, Friponnier, and Flugel (Half-
bred in Trakehnen), etc. The progeny of the above stallions, in Thorough-
bred and Half-bred breeding, has shown that even great faults may be
combated with success, and that the blood streams of first-class stallions
have been thus rightly preserved for breeding purposes. A great fault in
walking — for example, a much misplaced fore-foot — is easier to eradicate
by correct mating than an undecided walk without a great fault, as in the
case of the Derby winner Ladas, who seems to walk sometimes close at the
knee and sometimes wide at the knee, and who, almost without exception,
transmits a bad walk. The fear of faults, especially distinct faults which
any fool sees at once and criticises, has just as stagnating an effect in
breeding as-elsewhere in life, political or scientific.
Thoroughbred as well as Half-bred stallions must show the breeder
distinctly for which parts he may expect a prominent transmission, also
specially suited for improvement, and for which parts he must be particular
about when mating. One mav obtain success in one direction, but seldom
in several directions at the same time. A pronounced sire with a distinctly
sharp build, a free movement from the shoulders, a courageous eye and
good health, together with a thin mane, a thin, well-carried tail, shows at
once a good covering stallion. Without going into the well-known demands
for exterior, I would like to brieflv mention that I prefer a too short neck to
a too long one, and pasterns which are too long and soft rather than those
which are too short and upright. Further, straight hind legs rather than
those which are too curved, and a knee which is a little protruding to a knee
which is too tapered.
From the table on page 185, it can be seen that the height of 15.3
hands to 16.1 hands is apparently the most favourable for Thoroughbreds.
The same heights are also the best for Half-breds, if the object of the
breeding is particularlv aiming at capabilities. Greater heights are often
demanded in many studs in order to satisfy customers, but, unfortunately,
at the cost of capabilities. Here we again come across the old fight between
appearance and the real thing. One may here see the danger; how that
vanity, folly and want of taste may drive breeders into the production of
1. jiicls^iiif; and Trentins; RrcediiiCT Material. 341
appearances by producin^^ exagfjeratcd lieiijlus, whicli all modern improved
breeds nolens volens aim at.
In Half-bred breeding; as well as Thoroughbred breeding, I prefer, all
things being equal, the flyer to the pronoimced stayer. For Thoroughbred
breeding it is certainly more important that the stallion can travel c|uickly
over short distances than that he can stay for long distances. The best
stayers of recent times were : (jladiateur, Thurif), Foxhall and Sheen, who,
although they had good, and even the best chances, only transmitted mode-
rately. The phenomenal stayer. Fisherman, lias not left one first-class sire
behind him in Australia. Pronounced flyers over one mile who have trans-
mitted well are, for example, Buccaneer, Isonomy, Gallinule, Energie and
Hannibal, etc. On account of their high class, flyers have also frequently
won longer races, as for example, Isononn- as a four-vear-old. Also
Chamant, who has equally well transmitted in Thoroughbred and Flalf-ljrcd
breeding, was a distinct flyer, and proved himself as such, especialiv when
winning the 2,0(3(3 Guineas, against the subsequent Derby winner, Silvio.
Even the great C)rmf)nde won liis races generalix- l)v the tactics oi a flyer.
The best selection of chief covering stallions for Half-bred breeding is
especialh- difficult, because the objects to be attained are much mt)re
manifold than in the breeding of Thoroughbreds, which only are wanted for
winning races. Of course, these difll'erent objects in Half-bred breeding
can easily be simplified by talcing as the final aim of breeding a satisfactory
supply of tlie country studs with country stallions, and not tlie sufficient
capabilities and endurance of cavalry remounts. The latter, however, is the
chief and final purpose of the most important part of Prussian Half-bred
breeding. Here again, however, as so often in life, especially in oflicial life,
the question arises : Shall the affairs be so conducted that people are first
contented and cause no unpleasantness, or shall they be so arranged that
one expects to gain the greatest advantage for the public welfare to man's
best knowledge and belief? The first method is the one usual in America,
where men laugh at an idealist who desires to further the cause, and, as
they sav, wants to make man happier than he can comprehend.
The less Tlioroughbred breeding produces good and strong fuiuiaments
the more burning becomes tlie question lo (lie Half-bred breeder as to in
which way he nia\- do justice to this most important retfiiirement in Halt-
brcds. The history of Half-bred breeds in (lermany, as well as in other
countries, sliows how bad — almost ruined many studs iiave become by
refinement and deterioration of the fundaments. Tiiat is the heol of .\chilles
in our HaH-hreds, for one can scarcely over-estimate the importance of a
good fundament for a soldier's horse. The work of the breeder in this
respect is the most important, as well as the most difficult one.
Unfortunately, one has tried almost everywhere cross-breeding with
Draft breeds. The favourable results which have often in the first genera-
342 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
tion been attained by this coarse crossing, have induced many breeders,
even some Irish Hunter breeders, to continue breeding on this line. Even
Irishmen, however, on their admirable breeding grounds, soon found out
that the progeny of these coarse cross-breds was a failure, because it is just
the coarseness and the weakness of the Drafter, and the light fundament of
the Thoroughbred, which most surelv are transmitted. Irishmen have, in
good time, got together the remains of their ancient old Half-bred, called
draft horse (not cold blood), the best of which are foimd in Countv
Roscommon. In more recent times they are again trying, with the help
of the remains of their former native Half-bred horse, to produce the same
good and strong fundament which their horses formerU- possessed to a
greater extent, but which had been spoiled by mediocre Thoroughbreds and
coarse Drafters.
In this strengtiiening of breeding material, it is at first necessary, in
Ireland as well as in Germany, to improve the fundament of brood mares
— a very difficult, unpopular and unpoetical work indeed; because, if one
strengthens, there is also brought into the breeding many ugly, unavoidable
traits. One must not forget, however, that the ennobling and beautifying
is afterwards the easiest work in Half-bred breeding. The most difiicult
work is to find or breed Half-bred stallions which may be used for the above-
mentioned purpose. According to the actual constitution of our Half-breds
and Thoroughbreds, the use of Thoroughbred stallions alone is not sufficient
for maliing good progress. I further do not believe that one will be able
to breed such a strong Half-bred stallion with the desired fundament direct
from a Thoroughbred stallion. In my opinion two generations will be
necessarv to obtain bv right mating, feeding and exercise, what is wanted.
If the mating has succeeded and the soil furnishes the necessarv bone-making
food, one will be only able to obtain a good and strong fundament, such
as we have in the Steppe horses, to perfection, by grazing lasting as long
as possible, bv exercise in the summer, and bv a systematic dailv long
exercise in the winter.
If the breeder has succeeded in producing such a Half-bred stallion with
;i strong fundament, he must also have the courage to make good use of
him, in spite of some faults which he may undoubtedly have, and which
the merest dilettante can easily recognise. These faults which must be
passed over will be mainly lack of beauty, harmony and quality, also,
unfortunately often, a bad wallc. The swinging and correct walk will most
certainly be bred in later, at the same time as the breed is ennobled
by Thoroughbreds. Such a bony Half-bred stallion which has become big
and strong in work will always, especiallv in its younger vears, look angular
and ugly. Such a stallion will rarelv gain the affection of young breeders.
These latter will for the most part trv to attain agreeable ideals, such as
are embodied in the noblest Thoroughbred, and will trouble themselves less
with the wearying cares just mentioned.
1. Judsinfr nnd Trcniinjj Breeding' Material. 313
(b) Judging Brood Mares.
W'liat I have said aiiout stallions may also be said about the conformation
of Ijrood mari'S ; yet in the case of tlie latter a greater length of trunk is
allowed, even if the middle part siiould siifTer thereby. The f(>minine
ciiaracter alwavs finds distinct expression witii good brood mares. \'ampire,
the dam of I'lying Fo\', uitii iier conspicuous stallion neck and unfeminine
coarseness, belongs to the exceptions, and besides the 1899 Derbv winner
has not produced anything useful. Mares with pronounced hooked teeth
are nearly always bad dams, and \ery often barren. Statistics further teach
us that small, wiry mares arc preferable to large, so-called show mares. If
the dams of classical winners are divided according to their conformation
into the three military classes — Cuirassiers, Uhlans and Hussars — the most
approved brood mares will be foiuid in the last lot. Good brood mares of the
Cuirassier class are few . X'ergissmcinnicht and Pulcherrima, perhaps the
best approved brood mares in Graditz, were only Hussar types, just as
Sweet Katie (dam of I'libustier, Amalie von Rdelreich and W'aisenknabe),
i.a TraNiata (tlani of Hauenfanger and Hochstapler), La Fille du Regi-
ment (dam of Grimston and Primas), Cantata (dam of Hymenjeus), Gorse
(dam o{ Goura and Goodhope), Dirt Cheap (dam of Trachenberg), B Flat
(dam of Paul and Flatterer). Of Fnglish mares mav here be mentioned
Perditta (dam nf two Derbx- winners), also Mcdora (dam of Zinfandel). Of
Cuirassier t\pe> which ha\e produced a Derbv winner or similar, I onlv
know — in I'lngland, St. Gntien's dam, St. Ivditha; in Ireland, Morganette
(dam itf Galiee .More and Ard Patrick): in France, \'al D'Or's dam,
W'andora, and Jardy's dam. Airs and Graces; and in Germany, Zama
(ilannibal's dam). Ilippia, herself an Oalvs winner, is also a big-framed
Cuirassier lK)rsc, and yet she could not produce anything better than
Gunnersbur\- by such a good sire as Hermit. I have made the same observa-
tions in the Half-bred breeding at Trakehnen. The so-called light riding
liorses in Trakehnen suppK- ilu- best co\cring stallions. The strongest
brood mares in Gurdszen suppiv fewer good covering stallions, and more
seldom still chief stud stallions. 'i"he dams of the chief stud stallions
Polarsturm. i'rince Optimus and Alter Ilerr, had scarcely the calibre to be
put even in the class of brood mares for so-called light riding horses. Moba
al.so, the dam of Morgenstrahl, belongs to the Hussar tvpe, and the heights
of some celebrated brood mares given below support this theory. I'nfwr-
Umatelv, I know onlv the height of a few of ihem, and even these few, when
com|)ared with the heights of prominent stallions given on page !>>.").
show that the most favourable size for brood mares is about 1.5-') to IGO cm.
(15 hands 1 inch to 1.") hands ."i inchesi, iherefore at least o cm. less than the
most favourable height of stallions.
344
The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
Heights of Famous Thoroughbred Mares.
Size in
No.
Names of Mares
Born
Sire
Hands.
Inches.
cm.
1
Oiieen Mab
ITS.-.
Eclipse
11
3
149,9
2
Maniac
18(X5
Shuttle
15
2
1.57,5
3
Velocipede's dam
1817
Juniper
15
—
152,4
4
Emma
1821
Whisker
15
H
156,2
5
Bee's Wins
183;^
Dr. Syntax
15
2
157,5
t)
Crucifix
1837
Priam
15
3S
162,(J
7
Pocahontas
18:^7
Glencoe
14
3
149,9
8
Ghuznee
1838
Pantaloon
14
3
149,9
9
Miami
18U
Venison
15
1
154,9
10
Lady Evelyn
1846
Don John
15
14
156,2
11
Bhnk Bonny
1854
Melbourne
15
•■^i
158,3
12
Imperieuse
1854
Orlando
15
3
160,0
13
Pulcherrima
1873
Beadsman
15
i
153,7
14
Pearlina
187.5
Brown Bread
15
1
l.'>4,9
15
Perditta II.
1881
Hampton
15
2
157,5
1(5
Haseljius
1882
Elibustier
15
14
156,2
17
Morifanette
1884
Sprin}jfield
16
1
165,1
18
Vitarba
1884
Rosicrucian
15
1
151,9
19
Sappho
188(i
Wisdom
15
n
l.V5,5
20
Vision
1886
Elibustier
15
u
155,5
21
La Fleche
1889
St. Simon
16
—
162,6
22
Medora
1890
Bend Or
15
2
157,5
23
Festa
1893
St. Simon
15
2
157,5
24
Hehii
1893
Morion
15
3S
162,0
25
\'ictoria
1904
St. Simon
15
24
l.Vi.S
When purchasing or judging Thoroughbred brood mares, one must
tabulate their pedigree in the female line for about four to five generations in
order to easily and righth' estimate them. As a contrast to Goos' tables,
not only the classical winners, but all products of the female blood stream
which have won races are noted, showing how often thev have run and won.
Of course, the classical winners are specially mentioned. Thereby one will
often be surprised to find how few of the many offsprings in the respective
female blood stream remain in the case of most mares. I give as an example
of this the estimating table for the mare White Xun, formerly thus con-
structed. For want of space I have only gone back two generations. The
type in bold letters means also ran or won as two-vcar-olds. Everything
which had not won up to the sale of White Xun has been left out, except
where the progenv of a non-winning mare has won ; for example, Wingrave
Lass, as dam of Windthorpe. The sires of White Nun, Lady Blanche, etc.,
stand above the respective mares.
1. Judgiiifj and Treating,' Bifcdin;,' Miitcri.il. 3-4o
Hermit Thunderbolt Venjjeance
\Vhitc\uji.2;).4. Lady Blanche 27. 12. C'ordeha 15. 1.
1882 1868 1862
1874 Winsjrave Lass by Wingrave 0. 0. 1870 Thunderer by Robin Hood 38. 4.
1883 Windlhorpe by Tibtorpc 31. 5. 1876 Goneril by Thunderbolt 0. 0.
1880 Spectre by Speculum 9. 1. 1880 DuUe of Albany K. 3.
1883\Vhitefriar by Hcrmi< 18. 0. ]ss:l Duchess ul Albany 14..'{.
(Gratw. St. Goodw.)
(c) Age and Treatment of Covering Stallions.
I cannot recommend the use of stallions for covering purposes before
tlieir fourth vear; firstly, because the stallions generally suffer in their
development bv reason of this early covering; and secondly, because also
in Half-bred breeding I have never yet seen good foals produced by three-
vear-old stallions. In Thoroughbred breeding also, I do not know a case
of a successful use of a three-year-old stallion. Only in American Trotter
breeding I must mention the remarUable example of Ilambletonian (10),
born 1849, who produced as a two-year-old in LSoJ Abdallah (Ij). Abdallah
(15) became the foundation sire of the celebrated Crescens, born 1894, with
a record of S.O'ii. The question, up to what age the stallion may be used,
depends onlv how long he can cover and still fertilise. 1 have never yet
observed at Trakehnen a diminution in the quality of the foals due to the
great age of the stallion as long as he remained healthy and was not used too
much. In Thoroughbred breeding, however, the power of transmission
seems to have decreased lately from the 19th to the -JUth year, as may be
seen from a previously given table (page 87), especially if one compan-s
them with the performances of 19-vear-oids, which are not here mentioned,
but which are verv favourable. In Half-bred breeding statistics are so
incomplete that one cannot arrive at anv real conclusions. Many breeders
in England contend that old stallions produce more stayers; further, old
stallions and stallions which are much used produce generallv more colts.
When stallions are verv much used, as sometimes happens in country studs,
I have now and then observed that the foals become somewhat lighter, as for
example, in Gudwallen with Halm and Harnisch, and in Trakehnen with
Optimus. Fertility decreases easily if stallions are too much used in their
youth, otherwise old stallions fertilise as long as they are healthy even often
better than young stallions (as already Aristotle and I'ugger have taught
us). The often observed worse transmission, as well as worse fertilisa-
tion, on the part of young stallions, especially those who have run much and
for long, is, in my opinion, caused by the fact that liic transition from the
course to the stud is too sudden, and therefore injurifuis to health. The
sensible and good treatment of young covering stallions (especially at Iiaton
Hall, the Duke of Westminster's stud), has led in the following cases to
good results in the first covering year : —
34C The Practical Part of Horsebreeding^.
1. Donraster — Bend Or — Ormonde and Kendal.
2. Ormonde — Orme, Llantony and Goldfinch.
3. Flving Fox — Ajax and Gouvernant.
4. Galtee More — Irish Lad.
5. St. Simon — Memoir, Semohna and St. Serf,
f). Persimmon — Sceptre and Cheers.
7. riapeolet — Rayon D'or.
8. \V\\d Dayrell — Buccaneer.
9. Orlando — Teddington.
10. Florizel — Diomed.
11. Highflyer — Rockingham.
The health of the covering stallions is, therefore, one of the most
important problems of the breeder. Firstly, there must be a sensible tran-
sition from the condition of training to that of covering. Stallions which
have been accustomed to rugs must be slowly broken off the habit, of course,
in the warm season, and always with the proviso that the stable temperature
in winter does not sink below 5° C, and is not generally less than 8° C.
Furthermore, a liorse in training is used to much work. The sudden stop-
page of all work is therefore injurious to health. When, of course, quick
work may be left out without injury, the young covering stallion ought to do
sufficient slow work-, [n which also short canters belong. To sum up. the
voung co\ering stallions must do dailv fully 2J hours' exercise. As long as
Old Chamant was in Beberbeck he did his canters daily up to his 20th vear;
but, of course, I do not wish in implv that ever\- stallion should do cantering
work up to that age. Mere again the indi\idualising breeder's eve must
decide how much worlv would be beneficial to anv single stallion. If, for
example, such a full-blooded and phlegmatic stallion as Minting, when he
commenced covering, had done iiis cantering work for the 2i hours neces-
sary daily, he would not have got founder, and he would ver\- likel\- not
have failed in his first vear as a co\ering stallion, and would verv probablv
have transmitted better according to his magnificent form as a racehorse and
to his perfect exterior. Fngland sins most in this respect, bv often taking
things too easilv, I believe, and many excellent Thoroughbred stallif)ns have
perished early in conseciuence of having had too little exercise. Old W'oll-
stein alreadv speaks energeticall\- against the insufficient exercise of covering
stallions, and says finally : " If you make doctrines, make them so that you
\-ourselves are not ashamed of them, and that you do not injure the animals.
Ask the beast itself, and from it you will learn." If cantering does not seem
any more necessar\- for tin- covering stallion, the best thing to recommend is
to lead him in comp£in\- with another stallion, and in summer to put him in
a paddock' w ilh an adjoining iitjx. It is wvv useful for the co\ering stallions
to be able to see, in the box as well as in the paddrjck, their neighbouring
stallions. Xf)thing is so conducive to make covering stallions vicious than
complete isolation. For Half-bred stallions I consider it very useful t« con-
1. Judging; nnd Treating Bieecling Malciial. 347
tiinie the trainiiiJi of four and five-\eai--(>lds for about four mimths after the
covering season, in order to prevent premature ayeini,' and fattening, to wiiicii
the best and healthiest Half-bred stallions are mostly prone.
The quantity of food, as well as exercise, must be regulated to suit
individual cases. During the covering season 1 recommend dail\- 10 to at
the most 15 lbs. of oats (1 lb. of oats= about 1 litre) in four rations, and about
10 to l.j lbs. of meadow hay (not clover hay); twice weekly, wheat bran,
about 2 litres, as a mash, with oats mixed for the evening fund. Ivarly in
the spring, for about four weeks w hilst casting tiieir coats, daily abwut J lb.
linseed grcjund or roasted (about a handful tn each feed of oats). After the
covering season in summer, about (i tu K) lbs. <if oats, and as hmg as it is
available, green l.ucerne, or green clover with Timolhee. In the case of
green food special attention must be paid to its being chopped twice daily
and eaten fresh at once. During green food seasrtn leave oiu the wheat bran.
Young Half-bred stallions which are still kept in training get, of course,
more oats, just the same as horses in training. Thev must, however, get the
green food just the same as the others, imless racing is intended. In the
autumn, w lien green food is no longer available, gi\e them, for about four
weeks daily, about H to 8 litres fresh carrots I'lnely chopped. Of course, a
change frcjm one ration to another must be gradual.
'&^
(d) The Stallions whilst Covering.
In my opinion, it is most advantageous that one attendant should lead the
stallion when covering. If two attendants, one on each side, guide the
stallion with a cavesson rein, they must both be well trained, sensible and
attentive in order to avoid awkward or tr)o sudden pulling or tightening of
one or both cavessons when the stallion has tf) be taken or kept bzick. Not
f)nly is it easy for accidents to happen with twf) attendants, but a stallion gets
vexed much easier, as the most important personal and friendl\- relation and
agreement is only possible with one attendant. It is especially much better
to ha\e only one attendant leading when teaching young stallions. IJesides
the leading attendant and the man who holds the mare, there is only another
attendant required tf) stand at the right side of the mare and give the neces-
sary assistance. Me must pull the mare's tail to one side before the stallion
mounts, and when nccessarv help on the right thigh the stallion whilst he
covers, whilst the leading attendant helps him on the left thigh. To guide
the penis of the stallion into the \agina is the dnt\- of the leading attendant,
but only as far as is required, and with tlu- view of gradually educating the
stallion to do it finally himself. The old precept of leading the stallion once
before the covering in a circle round the mare is verv sensible. This action
has the eflect of quietening and educating the stallion, tin- mare does not
become so easily frightened, and the covering is done f|uieily and in the
place desired and prepared. \'erv likelv this old i)recepi was originallv
348 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
based on the idea that the good-looking stallion would influence the mare in
producing a tine foal. It is, of course, essential that there should be the
greatest quietness during the covering, and that there should not be many
people, and no dogs, etc., about. I would like to mention one thing more,
viz., that mounting is facilitated if the mare stands with her fore-feet on
higher ground. Of the about 200 stallions which I have seen taught to
cover according to the above rules, I have never vet found one which did not
learn it in one or two davs, with one exception, when it took eight davs.
Finally, in all these things, old stud attendants have more experience, and
in difficult cases always more practical remedies than I am in general able
to propose. In order to prevent the possible transmission of infectious
matter of abortion by the penis of the stallion, I recommend that same
should be thoroughly washed immediately after covering with wadding
soaked in a solution of chinosol 1 per 1,(HI(), for which purpose the penis must
be drawn out long with the hand. Of course, during fhis manipulation one
cannot expect too much patience from the stallion at first, and must accustom
him to it by degrees. I never yet found a staflion which did not get used to
it in a very short time. To merelv rinse the penis with an irrigator is not
sufficient disinfection.
The best time for covering is about half an hour after the stallion has
been exercised, viz., in East Prussia, in winter about 9 o'clock, and in
summer about 7 o'clock in the morning, and if twice covered, in the after-
noon at 3 or y <j'clock. Stallions must not cover immediatelv after having
had their oats; there must be at least an interval of pne hour. When
stallions first begin covering it is advisable to let them cover only three or
four times per week. Later on, in the case of most stallions, it is most
advantageous for most stallions to cover once daily without missing. A so-
called rest day, i.e., when no covering is done, results in most cases in the
stallion making more effort than is necessary the dav after, which does him
more harm than the rest day has d(jne him good. A rest day might be useful
on the day following that in which the stallion has covered twice. Four-
year-old stallions should never be expected to cover more than once a day in
their first year of covering. Older stallions ought not to mount twice a dav for
more than two weeks together, as after that period it would do them harm.
After several days with one mount per day, two mounts daily can be repeated
for two consecutive weeks. Here again, however, individuality must be the
deciding factor. In the cases of especially valuable chief covering stallions
I would recommend never to let them mount twice daily for more than three
to four days consecuti\ely, and then for the same number of days once dailv.
The over-exertion of stallions by covering twice daily for several months
together, which is frer|uently unavoidable in many country studs, not onl}'
causes an early infertility of the stallions, but, as already mentioned, their pro-
geny becomes lighter. I">oni their -JOth year the productive capacity of most
stallions gradually decreases, and for that reason valuable stallions which
1. Jiidgitisj and Treating Breeding Material.
3-19
are 28 years or older must only in exceptional eases (two to three limes
monthly) be allowed to cover twice in one day. Stallions are most liable to
refuse to cover dark coloured mares, especially hlacU' mares. It is therefore
advisable to iMive a light coloured mare, for preference a grey mare, to get
the stallion ready, and at the last moment turn him on to the black mare; a
trick which in most cases is successful.
Performances of Hambletonian (10) at the Stud.
In
the
^■ear
Age
in
Years
Number
of
Covered
M.ires
Foals
Born
Alive
Per-
centage
of
Foals
Amongst which arc the following Celebrated
Sons.
1851
2
4
3
75
Al.dallah do), Billy Denton (65) :-
1852
8
17
13
76
185:^
4
101
78
77
\'oIunteer (o5)
1851
5
ss
62
70
Edward Fverett (81)
1855
6
89
64
72
George Wilkes (519)
1856
7
87
64
74
Dexter Record : 2. 17i !
1857
8
S7
ftS
72
1858
»
72
.54
75
1859
10
95
66
69
Robert Bonner (270)
1860
11
106
72
68
Bruno
1861
12
98
68
69
1862
13
158
111
70
Administrator (357), Dictator (113), Happy
Medium (400), Harold (413), Chester,
Sentinel (280)
1863
14
150
92
61
Jay Gould (197), Prosper (907), Idol (44),
V. Brimo
1861
15
217
148
68
Knickerbocker (200), Messenger, Duroc (106),
Rysdyk (653)
1865
■ 16
198
128
66
.\berdeen (2"), General Stanton (2545), Socrates
(287), Strathniore (408), Small Hopes
1866
17
105
75
71
Banker (4114), Bismarck (67), Blackstone (72),
Deucation (889), Florida (482), Bolton (7C),
Sweepstakes (298)
1867
18
72
42
58
Cuyler (100), Electioneer (125), Enfield (128),
Masteriode (595), Drift (.322). \\"altham (687)
1868
10
not
given
1869
20
22
18
82
1870
21
22
16
73
.\uditor (773)
1871
22
30
26
87
1872
23
30
24
80
.\rthurton (365), .\rtillery (750), Kisber
1873
24
31
20
65
.Meredith (1307)
1874
25
32
24
75
Egbert (1136)
1875
28
24
2
8
Total
li«0
1S«
350 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
As example of the capabilities of a stallion in the case of reasonable
management — as is found oftener in America than in England and Ireland —
the above-mentioned Trotter, Hambletonian (10), born 5th May, 1849, by
Abdallah I., is worthy of note. It may be especially noticed in the table
on the preceding page that the percentage of fertilisation and the quality of
transmission has not decreased after the 20th year in spite of very great use
(15 years old 217 mares). Hambletonian died in March, 1876, when 27 years
old, and left behind 150 sires, with 1,490 descendants, which had a record of
2.30 and better, as well as 80 brood mares, with 110 descendants, which had
also a record of 2.30 and better.
Furthermore, the Thoroughbred stallion, Red Prince II., by Kendal,
has, for example, covered as a 19-year-old in four and a half months in
Trakehnen 74 mares in 88 servings, and fertilised 66 of same, i.e., 89.2 per
cent. Hereby it must be mentioned that Red Prince came to Trakehnen from
Ireland only on the 8th January, during a temperature of 30° C, and the
covering season finishes at the end of May.
(e) Age of Brood Mares.
The best age at which to cover mares is three years, except in cases where
three-year-old Thoroughbred mares are still in training and have to run
races, then it is better to put off the covering for another year. The same
applies to Half-bred mares if thev as three-year-olds are still subject to
regular training, or as riding or carriage horses do so much work that they
do not get fat and come too often in heat, in spite of good food. The best
results as regards the number of foals and perhaps also as regards their
quality are, as previous tables (pages 56 — 63) show, found on an average
with mares which are covered and were in foal as three-year-olds. This
applies to Thoroughbred as well as to Half-bred breeding. I only know one
mare in Germany which has dropped 20 living foals, namely, B Flat, which
was covered with success as a three-year-old. According to experiences at
Trakehnen, mares which produce the first foal in their fifth year, or
later, remain in the following year barren much oftener than mares which
have been successfully covered as three-vear-olds. Besides, the latter are,
almost without exception, better nurses. Wollstein thinks that mares which
bear their first foal as four-year-olds have the following advantages when
compared with mares which have been covered later in life : —
1. The births are easier.
2. Mares are more fertile and have more milk. 0
3. The foals are bigger and stronger.
The most prominent products of mares, on an average, are produced
between their eighth and thirteenth year, as can be easily seen for Thorough-
bred breeding from the Goos' tables. Goos says in the preface of his cele-
brated tables that the winners of the five classical races in England are
distributed as follows : —
1. Judi^ini,' and Treating: Breedinj,' Material. 351
of classical winners.
3 to 7-year-old dams 17 per cent. '
8 to 13 ,, ,, 55
14 to 18 ,, ,. 21 ,.
19 to 25 ,, ,, 7
As experience at Trakeiinen shows, 8 to 13 years of age is also the best
and most fertile time for Half-breds. In Half-breds, however, the brood
mares, up to their 7th year inclusive — as opposed to Thoroughbreds — -seem
to be much more fertile than between the age of 14 and 18. 20-year-old brood
marcs have up to now produced three Royal Stud stallions only, those older
than 20 none at all.
Miscarriage or barrenness of mares in the first three to five years of their
being made brood mares is less dangerous than if occurring in later vears.
Of course, this is always bad. Brood mares at the age in which, as above said,
the best products are expected from them, i.e., 10-year-old and over, have
more seldom the power to overcome these unfavourable derangements of
their breeding career than younger mares. Prominent products of Half-bred
mares over 20 vears of age are not known to me, whilst, as shown in the
previous tables (pages 65 — 78), in the breeding of Thoroughbreds also, 24-
vear-old and older brood mares have produced classical winners or other
prominent progeny.
(f) Twins.
Mares which have produced twins, dead or living, are in most cases,
however undesirable any single case mav be, considered specially valuable
brood mares, from which prominent progeny may be expected. Unfortun-
ately, twin births frequently recur, as for example, with the Oaks winner
Bronce, four times; with Legend born 1825 by Merlin, and grand-
daughter of the celebrated Prunella, three times consecutively; and with
Fairv Ring l)orn 1878 by Macaroni, also three times consecutively. This
quality is often hereditary, and there are many examples of it in Thorough-
bred breeding as well as in Half-bred breeding.
In the last twenty-five years, from 1874 to 1898 inclusive, 33 Royal Stud
stallions have been born in Trakehnen, of which the following 11 stallions
are derived from dams which also had twins : —
1. Tunnel, born 1874 by The Duke of Edinburgh and Tutti.
•J. Paladin, born 1874 by .\donis and Palme.
3. Discant, born 1877 bv Fliigcl and Diana.
4. \'enezuela, born 1878 bv Hector and \'icreck.
5. Elfenbein, born 1879 by Marsworth and Ellis,
(i. Passvan, born 1881 bv Fiiigel and Palme.
7. (iranicus, born 1887 by Kingdom and CIradlitz.
8. Jenissei, born 1888 by Venezuela and Jemba.
9. Ilydriot, born 1895 bv Fiirstenberg and Hydra.
10. Morgcnstrahl, born 189() by Blue Blood and Moba.
11. Justizminister, born 1898 bv Boulevard and Justicia.
352
The Practical Part of Horsebreedinar.
There can as yet be no final judgment about the later born stallions, as their
dams are still alive and are too young. Of the 1,297 brood mares mentioned
in the Second \'olume of the Trakehnen Stud Book, only 136 have up to now
produced twins; nine mares twice, and two mares three times. In the First
\\)lume of the Beberbeck Stud Book, 34-2 brood mares are mentioned, of
which only 13 bore twins; amongst these 13 being the celebrated Optima,
dam of the best stallion which Beberbeck has produced, namelv, Optimus,
who was for eight years up to his death used as a Roval Stud stallion in
Trakehnen. Perhaps the best son of Optimus, born in Beberbeck, was
Cardinal, born 1895 by Optimus and Cedar, who commenced with twins.
Only one brood mare (Lucca) has produced twins in Beberbeck twice. In
one case both li\ed, of which one (Lollo) became a brood mare and also
produced twins. Ajax, a twin born in Beberbeck 1800 bv Dreadnought and
Augusta, became stallion in Xeustadt. As already mentioned, only one mare
in Germany has produced 20 living foals, amongst them the Derbv winner
Paul, and that was the Thoroughbred mare B Flat (born 1864 by Orlando
and Torment), wiio herself was a twin.
The number of twin births, according to observations made at Trakehnen
in the last twelve years, varies very much — from J per cent, to 3 per cent.,
average about IJ per cent, of the mares in foal, and is higher in those years
in which fertilisation has been favourable. It is worthv of note that in human
twins also the average is just over 1 per cent.
In the General Stud Book, in the first sixteen volumes, 1,085 mares are
mentioned which ha\e produced twins. Of these 413 mares are mentioned
in Goos' tables (3rd edition), a sure sign that they are amongst the most
prominent for breeding purposes; an exceedingly good state of affairs. More
than 80 prominent foundation mares in the Goos' tables are dams which have
produced twins. From the following list of mares which have produced
twins and also performed well in breeding, it can be seen that in England
13 Derby winners, 15 Oaks winners, 9 St. Leger winners, 10 Two Thousand
Guineas winners, and 10 One Thousand Guineas winners are offsprings of
mares which have produced twins.
A Few Thoroughbred Brood JMares in England wiiicl
Produced Twins.
have
No.
Name and Pediirree
Born
Family and Prosrenv
Horatia I I'ioS
by Blank — Flying Childers
Letitia 1783
by Highflyer — Matchem
Nimble 1784
by Florizel and Bantipole
Famous foundation mare of Fam. 6
Grand-dam of Dionied D. and
Y. Eclipse D.
Foundation mare of Fam. 46
17 foals
NiU6 O.
Foundation mare of Fam. 32
1. Jiuli^iiitr ■'iml Treatin£j Brccdinq' Mnterinl
353
Xo.
Name nnd Ftditrree
Born
I'aniily and Proi^cny
4
Maid of Ely
by Tandem — Merod
1785
13 foals
Foiindatio[i marc of Fam. 4.5
5
Palmflower
by Weazle and ("okimlia
Twice twins
1787
CocUfishter L.
Fam. 2
C
Mare
by llii,'-htlyer — Goldfinder
1788
12 foals
Pensioneer 1795 by Dunfjanon
Afjnes 1805 by Shuttle
Fam. 26
7
Mare
by Trenlham and Cytherea
nso
Pantina (dam of Bliiclicr I).)
Fam. 4
8
Y. Giantess
bv Diomed and Giantess
1790
Sorcerer
Fleanor D. O.
9 Rallv
by Triimpator anil Fancy
10 Woodbine
by Woodpecker and Puzzle (lived
to 32 years old)
Twice twins
Half-sister to Hornby I,ass
11 .Mare
by PotSos and Fdillia
12 j Mare
by Precipitate and I.ad\ Harriet
13 Hornby Lass
by Buz/ard and Puzzle (lived to
.32 years old)
Half-sister to Woodbine
1-^ Lady Jane
by Sir Peter and P.iulina
Own sisicr lo Ilerniione O.
!■> Mare
by Precipitate and V. Tiffany
Twice twins
Julia (dam of Phantom I).)
Cressida (dam of .\ntar 2. and
Priam D.)
Mare by Walton (dam of Xicolo 2.
and Lanfjar)
Fam. (j
1790 Famous foundation mare of Fam. 6a
1791 Music O.
Minuet O.
Fam. 1 a
179i 12 foals
Famous foundation marc of Fam. 3e
1705 Wizard 2.
Fam. 12 a
1706 12 foals
Morel O.
Fam. 1 a
1790 Briseis O.
Miss Tooley (jrrand-tlam of HarUa-
way Gcp. 2 x )
Fam. 2
1797 Bourbon isll by Sorcerer
Mare by .Sorcerer (dam of JacU
Spiffot I-)
Fam. 5 a
354
The Practical Part of Horsebreedinc'.
No.
Name and Pedisfree
Born
Family and Progeny
16
17
18
19
20
23
21
26
27
28
Violante
by John Bull — Highflyer
Bronce O.
by Bu^/.nrii — Alexander
Twice twins
Own sister to Castrel, Selim and
Rubens
Henrietta
by Sir Solomon — Woodpecker
Lady Grev
by Stamford — Bordeaux
Mare
by Walton and Y. Giantess, whc
also had twins
]\Iare
by Shuttle — Drone
Scheherazade
by Selim and (21-year-old) Gipsy
Selima
by Selim and a Mare by PotSos
who also had twins
Miss Craigie
by Oryille and Marchioness
Twice twins
Sunflower
by Castrel — Alexander
Mare
by Clinker and Bronce O., who
herself had twins four times
Mare
by Catton and Altisidora L.
Sylph
by Spectre and Fanny Legh
29 I Turquoise O.
by Selim and Pope Joan
Famous foundation mare of Fam. 3 a
Grand-dam by Decoy
Mulatto 1811 by Sorcerer
Busto 1812 by Clinker
and 2 good foundation mares in
Fam. 2d
Tarrare L.
Fair Charlotte
Fam. 6
Gustavus D.
Fam. 7
Nicolo 2. (twins)
Langar
Fam. 6
13 foals. Famous foundation mare
in Fam. 13
Foundation mare in Fam. 10 b
Famous foundation mare in Fam. 3e
1802
1803
1807
1806
1808
1809
1810
1810
1811
1813
1816
1823 Ralph. 2. Cm. Acp.
Fam. 11
1824 I Lugwardine
Xewcourt
Lady Lift (dam of Consul FD.,
Mazarin, Le Marechal)
Fam. 35
Birmingham L.
I'oundation mare of Fam. 34
Foundation mare in Fum. 4 a
Famous foundation mare in Fam. 2 d
30
Variation O.
by Bustard and Johanna Soutli-
cote
1825
1827
Jericho
Fam. 1 b
Pompey
Elphine, famous foundation mare in
Fam. 9 b and dam of Warlock L.,
Phantom, etc.
1. Jucl,L;iiis' and Trcatiny;' Brcediiit,'' Material.
355
No.
Name and Pedi,u:rec
Born
Family and Progeny
31
Zarina
by Morisco and Ina
1827
The Prime Warden
The Cur Cs.
F'am. I"
32
Progress
by Lang-ar — Blacklock
1833
Attila 1).
Fam. l-j
33
j\Iiss Kitty Cockle
by Cadlan'd and Maid of Mansfield
Twins twice
1834
Truth Cm.
Fam. 11 b
34
Virginia
by Rowton and Puccllc
18:3o
^'irago 1. Gcp. Dcp. and .Sacrifice,
pfrand-dani of Devotion, famous
foundation mare in Fam. 4 a
35
Black Bess
by Camel — Scud
1837
Hernandez 2.
Bataglia, good foundation mare in
Fam. 6 a
36
Crucifix -2. 1. O.
by Priam and Octaviana
1837
Surplice D. L.
Cowl
Chalice (grand-dam of Placida O.)
Fam . 2 c
37
^lonstrositv
by Plenipotentiary and Puce
18;^
The Cgly Buck 2.
Foundation mare in I'am. 4 a
38
Moonbeam
by Tomboy and Lujiatic
1838
Manganese 1.
Fam. 4 c (grand-dam of .\pology
I.O.L., Wenlock L., Kisber D.',
Sch windier U. ND.)
39
Peggy
by Muley Moloch and Fanny
1840
1.J foals, amongst others .Musjid D.
Fam. 6
40
Emerald
by Defence and Emiliana
1841
Mentmore Lass 1.
Fam. 3b (dam of Hannah ]. O. L.
and grand-dam of Favonius D.)
King of Diamonds
41
The Landgravine
by Elis and The Mar{4:ravine
1841
Landgrave Cm.
Sittingbourne
Maid of Kent
F'ani. -5 d
42
The Princess O.
by Slane — Phantom
1841
The Great L'nknown
Fam. 1 c
43
Bridle
by The Saddler and Monocda
1844
Habena 1.
Lady Sophie, famous foundation
mare in Fam. 9
44
Ellen Home
by RedshanU and Delhi
1844
P.iradigm (dam of Lord Lyon 2.
D. L., .Achievement 1. L.)
Rouge Rose (dam of Bend Or D.)
Fam. 1 d
356
The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
No.
Name and Pedigree
Born
Family and Progeny
43
Gaiety
by Touchstone and Cast-steel
1844
Gamester L.
Gadabout (dam of Scamander)
Doncaster
Fam. 19
46
Mare
by Hampton — Muley Moloch
1844
Gaspard
Odd Trick Cm.
Mad. Stodare
Fam. 2a
47
Mainbraoe
by Sheet Anchor — Bay ^Middleton
1844
Fisherman .Acp. 2 x
The Peer
Fam. 11
48
Prairie Bird
by Touchstone and Zillah
1844
Famous foundation mare in Fam. 1 b
England's Beauty
Bonny Blink
Vitula
49
Hybla
by The Provost and Otisina
1846
Mincemeat O.
Kettledrum D.
Fam. 3d
oO
Legerdemain Cs.
by Pantaloon and Decov
Own sister to Sleight of Hand,
Van Amburg and Phryne
1846
Toxophilite
Sagitta 1.
Fair Star
Fam. 3 a
51
Mrs. Hobson
by Bay Middleton and Vitula
1846
Orestes
Pylades
Janus
Fam. 21
52
Bassishaw
by Prime ^^'arden and Miss
Whinnie, whose grand-dam by
Shuttle had also twins
1847
Ben \^'ebster
Isoline Gcp. (dam of Isola Bella,
who also had twins,
St. Cristophe GG., Braconnier)
Fam. 19 a
53
Figtree
by Envoy and Azora
1848
Palm (dam of Vauban 2. Gcp. and
Duke of Parma Cs.)
Siberia 1. (dam of Cecilia 1., who
also had twins)
Westminster Cm. ^
Fam. 2 ^
54
Frolic
by Touchstone — The Saddler
1848
Frolicsome (dam of Frontin FD.
GP.)
Lady Sophia
Fam. 24
1. Judfjinfj and Treating Brectlini:; Material.
357
No.
Name and Pedifjree
Born
Family and Pr(iL;env
55
Indiana
by Muley .Molucli and Pocahontas
1848
Kentucky
Humminif Bird
Fam. 3 c
56
Mare
by The Cure and Elpliine
1849
The Wizard 2.
Fam. 9 b
57
Mentmore Lass 1
by Melbourne and Emerald
1850
Hannah 1. O. L.
Zephyr (dam of Favonius D.)
Fam. 3 b
58
Torment
by .Alarm-Glencoe
1850
Tormentor O.
B. Flat (twins and had 20 foals)
Laura (Sire Petrarch L.)
Fam. 10 b
59
Villaije Lass
by Pyrrhus I. and Maid of Hart
1851
Rustic
Countryman
Bittern
Fam. 2e
eo
Chalice
by Orlando and Crucifix 2. 1. O.,
who also had twins
1852
Pietas (dam of Placida O.)
Fam. 2c
61
Homily
by Surplice and Blue Devils
1852
Good foundation mare in Fam. 27
6-2
Rambling Katie
by .Melbourne and Phryne
1852
Queen of the (jypsies (dam of Paul
Jones)
Chamberntaid (dam of Brocken NL.
Hr. BB.)
Fam. 3a
63
The Heiress (firstling)
by Birdcatcher and Inheritress
(Firstlintf, ran and won
up to its 10th year)
1853
Vanessa (dam of Das \eilchen,
Wagehals, etc.)
Jeannie (dam of \\"him HZ.)
Fam. 4
64
\'erona
by Orlando and jodine
1854
Thurio GP.
Lucetta Cm.
Villafranca
Fam. 2
65
Souvenir
by Chanticleer and Rininlay
1850
Strathcona
Fair Unknown (who also had twins)
Fam. 11
66
Heroine of Liirknow
by Nutwith and Pocahontas
1856
Famous foundation marc in Fam. 3c
358
The Practical Part of Horsebreedincr.
No.
Xame and Pedigree
Born
Family and Prosjeny
67 Diana
bv Hartneitstein and Iris
Feu de Joie O.
by Longbow and Jeu d 'Esprit
Lady Alice Hawtliorn
by Xewminster and Lady Haw
thorn
70 Mrs. Wood
bv V. Melbourne and Phvsalis
71 Pompadour
bv Stockwell and Marcliioness O
Queen Bertha O.
by Kinijston and Flax
73 Barchettina
bv Pelion and Cvmba O.
74 Battaplia
by Rataplan and Espoir
75 Breeze
by King- Tom and Mentniore Lass
1, who also had twins
76 No Name
by Teddington and Queen of
Beauty
77 Rifjolbociie
by Rataplan — Gardliani
1858
1859
1859
1859
1859
1860
1860
1861
1861
1861
1861
Miraflora Hn.
Neudan (dam of Tartar OD. L".
\D.)
Wild Huntsman
Fam. 8 c
Alumette
Hollandaise (dam of Solange FO.)
Fam. 7 a
Famous foundation mare in Fam. 4d
Little Sister (dam of Thunderstorm,
Krakatoa FL. Cd., Fousi Yama
Cd.)
Fam. 8 c
Advance (dam of Alexander SD.,
CJisar ND., Gallus)
Fam. 2 f
Spinaway 1. O.
Wheel of 1-^ortunc 1. O.
Grandmaster
Queen's Messenger
Gertrude
Fam. 1 c
The Abbot 1877 by Hermit
Marden 1879 by Hermit
Canoe 1881 by Hermit
Fam. 2
Lord Gough (the best son of
Gladiateur)
Fam. 12
Foundation mare in Fam. 3 b
Nameless (dam of Geheimniss O.)
Fam. 14
Cremorne D. GP. .Acp.
Earl of Dartrey
Mabille
Fam. 2 d
1. Judgint: and Treating Breeding Material.
359
No.
Name and Pedigree
Born
l-"aniily and Progeny
78
Mare
by Y. Melbourne and Brown
Bess
1801
Ouiver (dam of Memoir O. L. and
La Flechc 1. O. L.)
Fam. 3
79
Wild Agnes
by Wild Uayrell and Little .\gnes
1802
Little Agnes FO. FL.
Brown .Agnes
Fair .Agnes
Wild Tommy
Fam. 16
80
Bounccawav
by Zuyder Zee and Press Forward
1864
New 1 (nllaiid Gcp.
Tripaway
Fam. 22 a
81
Parma
by Parmesan and Archeress
1864
Isabel (dam of St. Frusquin 2. Ec.)
Biserta (dam of Goletta)
Fam. 22 a
82
Lady Coventry
by Thormanby and Lady Roden
1805
Yorkshire Bride
Farnese
Lady Golightly
Lady of Mercia (grand-dam of
Ragotsky FD. GP.)
Fam. 27
83
Pearlfeather
by Xewminsler and Bess Lyon
1865
Paraibl (dam of St. \\'olfgang,
PradoTr. NZ., Lilinokalani OO.)
Fam. 4 b
84
Thrift
by Stockwell and Braxey
1865
Tristan .\cp. llrd. 3 x
Fam. 10
85
Adelaide
by V. .Melbourne — Teddington
1866
Peregrine 2.
Queen .Adelaide
St. Alvere
St. Alvere
St. Mary (dam of La Sagcssc O.)
Fam. 9
86
Poinsettia
by V. Melbourne and Lady Haw-
thorn
1866
Famous foundation marc in I'am. 4d
87
W'lieatear
by Y. Melbourne and Swallow
1867
Harvester D.
Skylark
Fam. l.j
88
Isola Bella
by .StocUwell and Isoline
1868
Isonomy Cm. .\cp. 2 x Gcp. Dcp.
F'ernandez
Fam. 19 a
360
The Practical Part of Horsebreedins
No.
Name and Pedia:ree
Born
Familv and Protrenv
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
Cicely Racket
by Le Marechal and Meg^ O 'Mar-
ley, who had also twins as well
as her dam
Light Drum
by Rataplan and Trinket
1869
1870
Enigma 1872
by Tlie Rake and Tlie Sphynx
Spinaway 1. O. 1872
by Macaroni and Queen Bertha
O., who had also twins
Bonnie Agnes
by Blair Athol and Little Asnes
Hermione
by V. Melbourne and La Belle
Helene
Thistle
by Scottish Chief and The Flower
Safety
1875
1875
1875
Lucetta Cm. 1876
by Tibthor|3e and \'erona, who
also had twins
Wheel of Fortune 1. O.
by Adventurer and Queen Bertha
Three times twins
Atalanta
by Galnpin and Fcrojiia
1876
1878
Hackness Cm.
Fam. 7
Little Duck FD. GP.
Lapin Cd.
Fam. 13
Florence BB. Cm.
Tact (dam of .Amiable 1. O. and
Manners)
Gravity (dam of William IIL)
Fam. 2a
Busybody 1. O.
.Arcadian
Waltz
Fam. 1 c
Bonny Jean O.
Agnostic
Fam. 16
Perditta IL (dam of Florizel IL
Gcp., Persimmon D. L., Diamond
Jubilee D. L.)
Bride of Netherby
Fam. 7
Common 2. D. L.
Goldfinch
Throstle L.
Fam. 4e
Silver
Gold .\cp.
Speed
Luciana
Fam. 2
Oberon
Fam. 1 c
.Ayrshire 2. D. Ec.
Melanion
Troon
Fam. 8 a
1. Judsini; ;inJ Treatinj,' BiXfdiiit,' .M;itfrial
361
No.
Name aiul Peclii^iue
Born
inil\ and Progeny
ysj Sanda
bv W'ciilcicU and Samial
100 St. Maro-iierite 1.
bv llcrnilt antl Devotion
1"1 Matilda
bv Hfauclerc — ("ntln-dral
102 Match Girl
bv Plebeian and Fusee
103 Virginia Shore
; bv lohn Davis and Distant Shore
1 - ■'
loi Lady Loverule
by Muncaster and Nellie
lOo Ornament
, by Bend Or and Lily .\i;"nes
l'>5 Moth.-r Sieo-el
bv Friar Balsam — (lalopin
J878 . Sainfoin D.
I Golden Garter
I Sierra, BlacU Sand Cs.
Fani. 2 b
1879 , Seabreeze O. I-. Lc.
Valauris
I I,e Var PWst.
Roquebriine (dam o( Rock Sand 2.
D.L.)
Fam. 4 n
188(1 Nunthoipe Kp.
Oueen's Birthday Dcp.
Fam. 11a
1882 Matchbox
.Matchmaker
Fam. 22 a
1881 Whittier E.
Lady Minting
Fam. 9 a
1SS8 St. .\mant D. 2.
F'am. 14 a
1887 Labrador
I Collar Hrd.
I Sceptre O. L. 2. 1. Fam. 16
1S97 Minc.ru 2 D. Fam. 5.
(g) Firstlings.
If we look more closely into the Stud Books, \vc lind amongst the firstlings
of brood mares more good animals than was generally supposed, owing
to observations in studs whcrr the brood mares were very poorly fed.
Tiie firstlings of brood mares at Trakehnen formerly were .seldom good
when ptjor ftjod was given to the brood mares, esijeiiallv before 1870. In
Half-bred as well as Thoroughbred breeding, it is a remarkable fact that
part of the best progeny were firstlings, hiu niilv in those studs where the
brood mares got good food and plentv cd ii. In Heberbeck we can mention
as firstlings the two Roval .Stud stallions, ()]5timus, born 1880 by Odoardo
and Optima, and Jubelgreis, born ISO'I b\ l.amberg and julie. Since the
existence of iieberbeck as a Roy;il chief stud, we have possibh- produced no
better Royal -Stud stallions than the two named firstlings. In the last fifty
vears, of 78 Ro\al .Stud slailions iirodncccl thcrr, the following 11 were
firstlings : —
36'2 Tlu' rraclical Part of Hnrsebreedins;
1. Norton, Ijorn IS04 b\- Stilt(.)n and Xovell
0.
o
Fritter, born 1S.)() by Xobclmann and Faucette.
3. Grezano, Ijorn ]s.")7 b\- Stilton and Giralda.
4. Eckstein, born 1.S7U b\- \'enerato and Fcho.
5. Fiirstenberg, born 1878 by Ambos and Fulda.
0. Wnezuela, born 1878 by Hektor and Viereck.
7. Ehvin, born 1887 by Passvan and Emilia.
8. Elton, born l.S,s8 by Duke of Fxlinburgh and Elpis.
9. \'er.such, born 189(1 by Anarch and \'estitur.
10. Ethelwold, born 1893 by Euphonv and Etruskerin.
11 . Amtsvorstcher, born 1899 bv Fanfarro and Anisette.
V2. Iloffnungsstrahl, born 1900 by Piper and Iloffnung (co\ered as a
3-year-oId).
13. Fischerknabe, born 1901 by Obelisk and Fischerin.
1-1. Panzer, born 190-J b\- Greif and Panzerkette.
In the same period the dams of tiie follo\ying 19 Royal Stud stallions
were firstlings: — 1 Antenor, -2 Elfenbein, 3 Ethelwold, 4 I-'ischerknabe,
5 Fliigel, fi FLirstenberg, 7 Granicus, 8 Grezano, 9 Hirtenlcnabe, 10 Hoff-
niingsstrahl, 11 Insurgent, I'J full (out of a 3-vear-old covered mare),
13 Justizminister, 14 Lauer, 1') .Malteser, 16 Nisos, 17 Orcus, 18 Pless,
19 Tunnel (oiU (jf a 3-vear-old co\-ered mare).
In Thoroughbred breeding the following are the firstlings which are
noted as classical race winners : —
1. Derb\- Winners.
1. Spread Eagle, born 1792 by \'olunteer — Flighflyer.
2. Daniel O'Rourke, born 1849 by Birdcatcher and Springy Jack.
3. \\'ild Dayrell, born 185-2 by Ion and Ellen Middleton.
4. Favonius, born 18G8 b\- Parmesan and Zeph\-r.
2. St. I.eger Winners.
1 . Tommv, born 177(1 bv W'ildair — Syphon (covered as a 3-year-old).
2. PhiJnomenon, born 1780 b\' Herod and Frenzy.
3. Paragon, born 17S3 by Paymaster and Calash.
1. Ashton, born l8(jri b\' Walnut and Miss Maworth (covered as a
3-year-old).
■"). Otterington, born 1809 b\' Golumpus — Expectation (covered as a
3-year-old).
C). Filho da Puta, born 1n12 b\- Haphazard and Mirs. Barnct.
7. Touchstone, born 1831 b}' Camel and Banter.
8. The Baron, born is 12 b\- l->irdcatcher and Echidna (co\ered as a
.3-year-old).
9. Wool Winder, born 1901 b\- Martagon and St. Windeline.
]. Jiiili^iiii;" and Troatinu; IJrri'din:,'' Material. 363
•2,0(10 Guini'jis Winners.
1. Tlic L'glv Huck, Ixirn l''~ill 1)\' N'mison ami MimslrDsity (covered as
a 3-ycar-()lcl).
2. W'dt'tte, born IS.")'.) bv N'olliyeur and Mir.s. Ridj^way.
3. Surcfoot, born 1S.S7 by Wisdom ■ — C.alopin.
(_)aks Winners.
1. Ijridqel, i^orn ITTfi b\- Herod and jeniima.
•2. Teloluni, born 1777 b\- Matchein (2S-vear-old) and Lady Bolintj-
broke (10-year-old).
3. Soreer\-, born bSOS b\' Sorcerer and C'obbea.
4. Poison, born ls|() b\- Plenipoteniiar\- and Arsenic.
5. Mincemeat, bom IS-M b\- Sweetmeat and llybla.
1,000 Guineas Winners.
1. Marc, born 1S12 by Selim Cesario ?
2. Arab, bf)rn bS2l by Woful and Zerd.
The following are to be mentioned as lirstlings which ha\T won other
important races or whicii have otherwise become famous : — •
A. Stallions.
1. V. -Merlin 17-"J7 by Merlin and Molly Long Legs.
2. Gimcrack 17(10 b\- Cripple and Miss Flliot (covered as a 2
or :'i-vear-old).
3. Paymaster 17(5^ b\- Blank and Snajjciragon.
4. Trentham 17()() b\- .Sweei)stakes and Miss South.
5. Conductor 17()7 by Matchem Snaj^.
6. Mark- Anthon\' ITtu bv S]:)eclator and Rachel (co\cred as a
:!-\-ear-oId).
7. Pantaloon 17(57 i)y Matchem and Curiosity.
8. Pyrrhus 17(57 bv SprigluK Snip.
9. Telemachus 1770 bv ilei-od Skim.
10. Poti~!os 177."} b\- Iulii)se and .Sporlsmistress.
11. Joe .\ndrews 1778 by Iuli[)se ant! .\maranda.
12. Dungannon 1780 by F.clipse and Aspasia.
13. Rockingham 1781 bv llighfixcr and Purity.
14. I'idget 1783 by I'lorizel — >Latchem.
lo. (ire\- Diomed 17.s'5 by Diomedand (jrey Dorimant (covered as
a 3-year-oid).
10. Bustard 1789 l)y Wcjodjiecker and .Matron (covered as a
3-vear-okI).
17. Litll(> fohn I7-'~;!) bv Dungannon and I'airv.
364
The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
18.
Oberon
1790 bv
19.
Sorcerer
1796 bv
20.
Catton
1809 b"v
21.
Blackamoor
1811 b'v
22.
Doctor Syntax
1811 bv
23.
Scrapall
1812 b'v
24. Sultan
181G bv
25.
Young Phantom
1822 bv
26.
Royal Oak
1823 b'v
27.
Robin Hood
1824 bv
28.
Sir Hercules
1826 by
29.
Taurus
1826 bv
30.
Liverpool
1828 b'v
31.
Alba
1831 bv
32.
Heron
1883 b'y
33.
Melbourne
1834 bv
34.
Drone
1835 b'v
35.
Jon
1835 by
36.
The Provost
183G bv
37.
Robert de Gorham
1839 b'v
38.
The Cure
1841 b'v
39.
The Libel
1842 by
40.
The Great Unknown
1845 bv
41.
E 1th iron
1846 bv
42.
Newport
1846 by
43.
Kingston
1849 bv
44.
Orestes
1850 b'\-
45.
Arthur Wellesley
1851 bv
46.
Fandango
1852 by
47.
Tournament
1854 by
48.
Pizarro
1855 bv
49.
Newcastle
1856 bv
50.
Vanquisher
1857 bv
51.
Mandrake
1864 b\-
52.
Paul Jones
1865 bv
53.
Hampton
1872 by
Highflyer and Queen Mab.
Trimipator and V. Giantess.
Golumpus and Lucy Gray.
Stamford — Sorcerer.
Pavnator — Beningbrough.
Granicus — Young Whiskey (covered as
a 3-year-old).
Selim and Bacchante (covered as a 6-year-
old).
Phantcjm and Emmeline.
Catton — Smolensko.
Blacklock and Marion.
Whalebone and Peri (covered as a
3-year-old).
Phantom or Morisco and Katherine.
Tramp — \\'hisker.
Nigel and Therese.
Bustard — Orville.
Humphrey Clinker — Cervantes.
Pantaloon and Decoy.
Cain and Margaret (covered as a 3-year-
old).
The Saddler and Rebecca,
Sir Hercules and Duvernay.
Physician and Morsel.
Pantaloon and Pasquinade (covered as a
2-year-old).
X'oltaire and The Princess.
Pantaloon and Phryne.
Epirus — Zimmermann (covered as a
2-year-old).
X'enison and Queen Anne.
Orlando and Mrs. Hobson.
Melboin-ne and Lady Barbara.
Barnton and Castagnette.
Touchstone and Happv Queen (covered
as an 8-year-old).
Blonmsliury and Marina.
Xewminster and Mary Aislabie.
Wjltigeur and Eglantine.
Weatherbit and Mandragora.
Buccaneer and Queen of the Gvpsies.
Lord Clifden and Lady Langden (covered
as a 3-year-old).
1. Jud^iii.y; aiul Trial in:;' Bictdin.y: Material.
365
54.
55.
56.
Perplexe
Bendigo
Le Nord
57. Espoir
Tuting's Polly
\'irago
Flora
Frenzy
Y. Camilla
Virgin
Maniac
8. Katherina
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
IS.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Mermaid
Marpessa
Pocahontas
Monstrosity
(Covered as a 2-year-
old, dam of Ugly
Buck 2.)
Pantalonade
1872 bv X'crniouth and Perip^tie.
1880 by Ben Battle and Hasty Girl.
1887 bv Tristan and La \oce (covered as a 3-year-
nld).
1889 bv Barcakiint' and Bel Esperanza.
B. Mares.
1756 by Black and All Black and Fanny.
1764 by Snap — Regiilus.
1768 by Squirrel and Angelica.
1774 by Eclipse — Engineer.
1787 bv W'liodpccker and Camrlla (covered as an
8-y car-old).
1801 by Sir Peter — Pot8os.
1806 by Sluittle and Anticipation (covered as a
.'i-\ear-old).
1817 bv Wdful and Landscape O. (covered as a
l'i-\ear-nld).
1829 bv W'liale-biinc and Miss Emma.
1830 by Muley and Clare.
1837 bv Cilencoe and Marpessa.
1838 bv Plenipotentiary and Puce (covered as a
3-vear-old).
1839 bv Pantaiddii and {"estival (covered as a
•_'-\car-(ild).
Inheritress 1840 by The Saddler and Executrix (covered as a
3-year-(iId).
Eulogy 1843 by Euclid and Martha Lynn.
Queen Mary 1843 by (jjadialor — Plenipotentiary (coxered as
a 2-yt-ar-f)ld).
Honey Dear 1844 bv Plenipotentiary and Mv Dear (covered as
a 2-year-(ild).
Haricot 1847 by Mango or LaniTccxst and Queen Mary
((•()\ered as a 3-year-olcl).
\'esuvienne 1847 by (iiadiatnr and \'enus.
Little .\gnes 18-56 by The Cure and Miss Agnes.
Lady .Mice Hawthorn 1859 by Xewminsier and Lady Hawlhorn.
Budagyongye 1882 by Buccaneer and Kincscm.
366 i'le Practical Part of 1 liirscbrecdiiicr.
(h) The Treatment of Brood Mares.
It is, as a matter of course, essential that brood mares outside the grazing
time should talve gentle exercise for about one and a half hours dailv up to
the day of foaling, and about ten to fifteen days after the foaling, along with
the foal, commencing with a quarter of an hour, till finalh' they do one hour.
This is just as necessary as is in spring the' gradual transition to grazing.
Like many other things in horse breeding, the food rations of the brood
mares should vary according to the characters of the mares, and according
to the soil on which the stud stands and the food grows. I now give the
rations as approved of in East Prussia. After the grazing time brood mares
in foal are given in three rations 6 lbs. of oats and about 15 lbs. of hay;
barren mares 4 lbs. of oats and about 1'2 lbs. of hay. Supposing that oats
and hav are of the very best quality, and that there is an ample spread of
healthy rve or summer straw, I consider that a larger ration, especially of
oats, is only necessary in a few exceptional cases. To these exceptional cases
belong, for example, mares C(n-ered as three-year-olds and having become
pregnant, also Thoroughbred mares in foal for the first time, and some mares
— mostly older and barren ones — which feed with difficulty, to whom an
additional 3 to -5 lbs. of oats and the same quantity of hay may be given.
Good Lucerne or Sainfoin hay is, of course, by far the best, and particularly
to be recommended for Thoroughbred breeding, while for Half-bred breed-
ing clover hay is to be recommended, together with meadow hay, in order
to produce stronger bones. In many parts, as for example, in East Prussia,
wheat straw, especially new, is not suitable for brood mares, as colic and
abortion are easily caused thereby. After grazing time, it is recommend-
able to add to the oats twice weekly 2 to 3 litres of wheat bran for the evening
meal in the same manner as it is given to stallions. The last two to three
weeks before foaling it is advisable to give this additional wheat bran three
times weekly, or even daily, as many breeders do. In the spring, at the
beginning of grazing, wheat bran is left out. To give extra food to the brood
mares immediately after foaling is not advisable, because the after-pains
are thus unnecessarily increased. In the case of the mare foaling shortly
before her feeding time, it is advisable to reduce this first feeding somewhat.
In the case when the mares are not in boxes, but are together with several
others in loose boxes, they should be separated at once after giving birth, and
remain with their foals alone for about eight to fourteen days. About eight
days after birth suckling brood mares must have about 2 to 3 lbs. of oats and
5 lbs. of hay more, i.e., 8 to 9 lbs. of oats and 20 lbs. of hay. \\'heat bran
three times weekly, or even daily, is given up to grazing time. I recommend
that young Thoroughbred brood mares and four-^-ear-old mares should be
given, after foaling, 12 lbs. of oats, but no more. The foal of a Thorough-
bred mare (Noran, a very good eater) to whom I gave before foaling 12 to 16
lbs. of oats and after foaling IS lbs. of oats, sickened soon after of bone
1. jinlt^iiii;- aiul Ti-iMliiii;' Brfeiliii;;- Malcrial. 307
disease (Osleoporoxis chronica universalis) and died roiisc(|ucntly wlicn five
years of a^e (Xapoleon, the sUeleton is in the Trakehnen Museum). 1 reeum-
mend that bad feedin.<,Mnar('s should be triven an addiliunal 3 lbs. of ground
bariev. In the ease of the above-mentiont-d oat rations, it is taken for granted
that the suckling foals, as staled below, get the oats extra. Sail and chalk
must ahvavs be in the crili. Pregnant mares must never lie given carrots.
.Artiln-ial feeding sliilTs, chemical preparations, phosphoric aciti calcium,
etc., arc not to i)e recommended. Opening pills seem to be dispensable. I
have never used ihem, and never known the need of them.
During grazing lime suckling mare.s must get G lbs. of oals in two rations,
barren and weaned mares -J lbs. of oats (early in ihe morning). If the grazing
is not rich, especiallv in lale autumn, an additional -'3 lbs. of hay in the morn-
ing, and if that is not sunicient in the evening also, is neccssarw To keep
brood mares, e\en in the summer when grass is plentiful and good, without
oats, has proved to hv a failure in Trakehnen. Also, night grazings, which
were found to be good at Beberbeck, proved to be iiad at Trakehnen. 'i'hese
and many other things must be managed according to the different experi-
ences obtained locallv. The more open air exercise the breeding material
can be allowed without bad consequences, the more suitable is the soil for
breeding. Grazing on frosty grass is tcj be a\dided. \'oung clover must
only be grazed when in bloom.
(i) Covering of Brood Mares.
The (|uestion in which nionlh mares should be co\-ered must be answered
according to local conditions. In lingland and .Vmerica late b(jrn foals have
excelled. West Australian and Blue (jown, for example, were born in June.
.Man\- contend that I'inglisli early horn foals are specially inclined to roaring.
Prince Charlie, born in January, is a well-known example of this. John
Porter savs " he never knew a roarer born in May." The question has there-
fore been raised in l-'nglaiul, to calculate the age from the 1st of March
instead of from the 1st of January. In Kasl Prussia and in C'ourland, how-
ever, earlv born foals are stronger and healthier than late born ones. The
age of llalf-bred foals in Ivast Prussia is now reckonetl from the 1st (j1
November. The reason is as follows : In East Prussia the grazing continues
till about the middle of October, after which follows the so-called stabling
of the broodmares, and winter life commences with 11 hours' exercise on the
track and '2'1^ hours standing in the stable. Xow also come the short davs,
so that in December mares must stand about Hi hours out of the '21 in a dark-
room. I'eeding is also less fa\'ourable, exercise less complel<', aii', sun and
wind, with all their benefits, very limited. It can be easilv understood that
the fo;d in the womb also suffers from these unfavourable innuenccs, especi-
ally as these unfavourable changes coincide with the last and most important
time of its fivtal life. The shorter, therefore, this unfavourable time is from
.3GS The rrnctical Pnrt of Ildrscbi-eedint,^.
the Stabling to the foaling, the better for the foal. The disadvantage of earlv
born foals in East Prussia coming to grass only when weaned may be
modified by regular daily and ample exercise of the suclclings with their
dams on special tracks, and is less great than keeping pregnant mares for
months in the stable. Moreover, early bcirn foals are greatlv favoured bv
passing one of the most important and most dangerous times of their lives,
namely, weaning, during the most favourable time of the year, i.e., the time
of the first and most nourishing green food, whilst late born foals only get
weaned off when green food ceases or has lost alreadv a little of its nourishing
power. The early born foals, in like manner as early hatched chickens, can
make more intensive and better use of all the benefits which the short East
Prussian summer gives. For late born foals the summer benefits, with their
light days of IG hours' sun, offer more good things than so young foals can
take advantage of. The early born foals can get about five months fresh
Lucerne or clover, and this will ampl\- counterbalance the disadvantage of
getting a smaller C|uantity of milk from their dams before grazing. On
account of these reasons coxering begins in Trakehnen on the l-")th of
December and finishes at the end of Mav.
The most favourable day for covering foal-mares is tin- ninth dav after
foaling. Breeders of every country are agreed on that point, but views differ
over any further necessary covering, especially of barren mares. It is
possible that in different countries different rules have been observed with
regard to mares in heat, and with regard to the readiness of mares to
be served. I give my views here, based on long experience in East Prussia,
and I must add that these have been confirmed bv mv experiences in Beber-
beck and Courland. My visits to the Thoroughbred studs in England and
France have, on the whole, verified my experiences in this direction. In
exceptional cases I have had foal-mares covered even on the seventh or eighth
day after foaling when they have showed themselves distincth- in heat alreadv
for several days, sometimes even beginning on the third da\- after the birth.
Otherwise, the foal-mare is tried on the afternoon of the eighth dav after foal-
ing, and if she, as often happens, is not vet well in heat, I have tried her
again the following morning, and got her covered if she was well in heat.
If the mare is not well in heat she is tried daily until she is. Many mares
come regularly in heat only on the tenth or eleventh dav. I have never had
mares forcibly covered which were not in heat. Neither do I know a stud
which successfully uses such a forced service, as recommended bv Schwarz-
necker. Furthermore, it mav happen that foal-mares come distinctly in
heat already on the third, fourth or fifth day after foaling, but are no longer
in heat on the seventh day, when, as above stated, it was desirable to cover
them. I consider this heat in nearly all cases a false one. without ovulation
(removal of a ripe egg from the ovary), especially as these mares are mostly
in heat about the ninth day, and also conceive. If the foal is born more than
fourteen days too soon (i.e., the time of pregnancy is less than 319 days), the
1. Judgiii}^ and Trealiiif,' Breeding; Material. 369
first ln-at is passed over, if the mare comes in heat as is usual tlie ninth day
after the birth, which generally happens. The next heat is usually three or
four weeks later. There are mares, however, which after premature births
are always in heat at a later date, i.e., instead of on the ninth day, only on the
fifteenth or twentieth day after foaling, and which, according to my experi-
ence, may be covered at once without injurious consequences. If the too early
born foal does not give the impression of not being fully developed, or if the
conception of the mare is probably not attributable to the last, but to a
previous covering, she may, even after premature births of less than 319 days
of pregnancy, be covered the ninth day after foaling. If the mare has foaled
in the night before the first of a month, she is covered, if everything is all
right, on the ninth of the month, then tried nine days later on the morning
of the seventeenth, and if she is in heat is covered again. The foaling day,
or the day of the first covering, is always reckoned in order to get the right
ninth day. These, and the following instructions for covering, are founded
on the assumption, based on long experience, that the regular heat lasts nine
days, and that if tlie mare has conceived in the first covering, the heat stops
at latest on the ninth day after the first covering. There are numerous cases
in which a mare after the first covering remains in heat even up to the eighth
day. comes off on the ninth day and shows signs of pregnancy. These cases
happen particularly with so-called foal-mares, i.e., mares which come in heat
on the ninth day after foaling, and which have been covered at the right time.
On the other hand, it is probable that the mare still in heat after the first
covering up to the ninth day, then covered again, has conceived by the
second and not bv the first covering, which can easily be seen from the many
practical examples of properly kept service registers and stud books; firstly,
by comparing the number of days between the covering and the foaling with
the usual time of pregnancy of the mare; and secondly, by considering the
colour and f(irm of the foal when a dilTerent stallion has covered the second
time. There are, moreover, many practical examples which prove that a
foal-mare in heat on the ninth day after foaling could only be covered the
ninth day after the first heat (as the stallion was not available), and conceived
from this covering.
If the mare has not conceived after the covering, she comes, as a rule, in
heat again three or four weeks later. After a strong heat the interval till the
next heat is usually a little longer, and vice versa. It often happens that
mares which conceive in the first heat come again in heat three or four weeks
or more later. This heat is, however, a false one, and can generally be recog-
nised, as the redness, swelling and moistness of the privy parts generally to
be seen with a mare really in heat is not apparent. In the wild Steppe studs of
Russia, where one stallion lives in the open together with twelve to fifteen
mares (called Kosjaerk), one can clearly see how the stallion avoids the
mares with a false heat pressing about him. He finds out the mares which
are really in heat and covers them. Young Thoroughbred stallions do not
A — 2
370 The Practical Part ol Horsebreediiifj;.
often understand this business in the first year, but learn it also gradually,
as I myself have observed. There are, however, mares who, although they
have not conceived, do not come in heat again for a few months, whilst others
come in heat again in a fortnight. In the interval between the first and
second heat mares should not be tried, as the many attempts often produce
false heat, and it is not always possible to recognise it as such. If a mare
visiblv remains continually in heat after the last covering, she should not
be covered again, as this heat is nearly always unnatural, and it is ver\' im-
probable that the covering would lead to conception. Several cases have
happened in Trakehnen where a mare, not conceiving easily, has been
covered two or three times during the period of one heat, has continued to be
in heat uninterruptedly for two or three weeks after the last covering, and
yet proved to be pregnant without being covered again. If such mares are
covered again they will very likely slip a small embryo, which in most cases
is not noticed, and the mare is then wrongly considered as barren.
In the case of suckling mares which have not conceived during the period
of the first heat, or which could not be covered, it is very uncertain whether
they will come in heat again after three or four weeks. The returning of
heat can only be expected after weaning, or in the case of sudden warm
weather. When the foal-mares are in heat for the second time, it is advisable
to serve them two or three times, the second covering on the third day, or if
the stallion be not available, the fourth or fifth day. In most cases this
period of second heat does not continue as long as the first, and it is therefore
advisable to have her covered for the second time earlier, and if the heat
continues to have the third covering on the eighth or ninth day, according
to experiences of previous years. The covering of barren mares must be
arranged in the same manner as that of foal-mares in the second heat, unless
previous experiences point otherwise. Covering of young mares must, how-
ever, be arranged as for foal-mares in the first heat, i.e., the first and ninth
day. In the interval there must be no trial. When covering barren or young
mares one must pay special attention that they are well in heat, and if that
be not the case, the covering must be deferred until they are. With foal-
mares heat appears on the ninth day after foaling, in most cases very
suddenly, and decreases generally in intensity after a few days. Therefore,
the covering of these mares is most effective at the beginning of their heat.
The heat of barren and young mares, however, develops very slowly, and
increases in intensity in the first two or three days. The covering of same,
therefore, is not the most effective on the first day, but only when the heat
has reached its culminating point. The second or third covering in this heat
on the third, eighth or ninth day is reckoned from the day on which the mare
Ihas reached the culminating point of her heat. The days before the
culminating point are not reckoned as heat days.
There are, of course, many exceptions to the above-mentioned rules.
There are mares which are only in heat one, two and three days. The stud-
I. Juili4in},^ and Treatinj; Breedinjj Material. 371
master must take note of such marcs, but, of course, lie must not wait till
the culminating point is reached, but must pet thcni covered as soon as thev
come in heat, and again on the following da\'. I'rom m\' own experience
I should recommend, in ditYicult cases, mares to be covered in the afternoon
and again on the following morning. In the ca.se of mares which will not
conceive. 1 would ad\-is<' (lu-m lo be covered with two stallions, one immedi-
ately after the other, and taki' the desired stallion for the second covering,
as I have observed that in this case the second stallion is usuallv the fertilising
one, if it succeeds at all. I recommend, moreover, that mares which con-
ceive with ditiliculty should be given a good trot about half an hour before
the covering, in order that they may get warm and heated, or that their
mode of living should be changed; i.e., mares which run about loose in the
stud should be put to hard work, and, on the other hand, mares which have
been at work should be let loose. Sometimes change of place also helps.
Lean mares conceive easier, but come in heat more difficultlw There are
mares which conceive with more difhcultv, or even not at all, from certain
stallions. In Half-bred breeding 1 would, therefore, recommend that the
stallion should be changed in the third heat, a thing which is often difticult
in Thoroughbred breeding. .Mares which are ridden or drixen usually con-
ceive with more difficulty. I would recommend that mares which do not
come in heat should be put in another stable, if pos'sible, together with
mares in heat, or in warm weather and sunshine should be let loose with
several others in a paddock, but should not be driven. The}- then should be
finall\- allowed to be present when other mares are covered. During the first
covering of \-oung mares everything should be avoided which might frighten
them. The mounting of a trial stallion is only advi.sable in e.xceptional ca.ses
with ver\- troublesome and bad-tempered mares and specially valuable
stallions.
Finallv, I recommend breeders to tr\- and get the mares [pregnant from
one covering ; at any rate from as few coverings as possible. There certainly
exists the danger of exciting the sexuality of the mares by too frequent
covering, and bv too many and too intensive trials, and of producing false
heat without ovulation. I have come across hysterical mares often in heat,
and freciuentlv without ovulation, mostly in studs in which the stallions had
not enough to do, and in which the mares were consequentK- covered too
often. Young mares e.specially are spoiled by too frequent covering. In the
case of suddenly occurring heat of foal-mares, usuallv on the ninth day after
foaling, the commencement of the heat very probably coincides with ovula-
tion, whilst in the gradually arising heat in the ca.se of barren mares,
ovulation probablv begins later, perhaps only when the heat is at its
culminating point. .\s a fertilisation without ovulation is, of cour.se, impo.s-
sible, the above recommended manner of covering of mares also complies
with this point of view .
37i
The Practical Part of Horsebreedin^.
(k) Fertilisation.
In order to compare the results of fertilisation, I have given in the follow-
ing lists the figures of the respective stud books, but not the figures of
country studs of the different provinces. It is too difficult for a countrj^ stud
to get reliable statements with regard t(j foaling, and conseciuentiv country
studs are not able to furnish statistically serviceable figures. In addition to
the statements of the German General Stud Book of Thoroughbreds, I must
say that the foaling results in many years — perhaps in all — appear more
favourable than they really were, iDecause all those mares about whose
foalings no information is given are not reckoned, but these mares may be
pretty certainly considered as barren or as having slipped their foal.
Moreover, the figures on the foalings have been asked for, sometimes with
more, sometimes with less energv, and this explains the striking variations
in the foaling results of Thoroughbreds in Germany.
The foaling results in Trakehnen have come out too favourably, because
mares which were covered and sold were not counted. The greatest number
of these mares sold, however, are barren, and this is generallv the reason
for their being sold in autumn.
Foaling results of Thonjughbred breeding in (iermanv.
Year
I-^oals
born
Total
Aborted
Barren
Total
Number
Pregnant
Of
Pregnant
Mares
Colts
Fillies
Covered
°/
Aborted
1885
118
127
245
16
80
::J41
76,.54
6,13
1886
141
118
259
27
87
373
76,68
9,44
1887
109
137
246
17
112
375
70,13
6,46
1888
136
137
272
16
123
411
70,07
5,56
1889
160
145
:so5
18
108
431
74,94
5,57
1890
140
149
289
29
131
449
70,82
9,12
1891
172
179
351
31
140
522
73,18
8,11
1892
177
193
370
34
162
566
71,38
8,42
1893
215
215
iSO
29
140
599
76,63
6,32
1894
•234
215
449
■S8
175
662
73,56
7,80
1895
272
241
513
:«
170
722
76,45
7,07
1896
257
253
510
41
188
739
74,56
7,44
1897
265
266
5:^1
47
164
742
77,90
8,13
1898
291
296
587
40
180
807
77,70
6.38
1899
298
■2m
561
37
221
819
73,02
6,19
1900
268
262
530
60
210
800
73,78
10,17
1901
279
285
564
38
236
838
71,84
6,31
1902
318
259
577
42
231
&50
72,82
6,79
1903
274
286
540
48
241
829
70,9:3
8,16
1904
266
253
519
54
227
8(J0
71,63
9,42
Total
4:«9
4259
8648
701
:«2(5
12675
73,76
7,50
1. Jutlsiiii; and Treatintf Breeding Material.
373
Foaling resullb in Trakehnen.
Year
Foals born
Total
Colts I Fillies
Aborted Barren
[ Total
Number
Covered
Pregnant
Of
Pregnant
Mares
Aborted
l>esides
Twins,
part living,
part dead
1895
1896
1897
1898
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
124
126
12ii
145
126
119
148
163
152
146
144
144
l.V^
110
m
142
268
i:«
261
136
281
108
234
116
235
143
291
135
298
148
:«)0
138
284
163
mi
172
316
la-)
2SS
24
18
30
19
99
21
26
17
22
28
23
16
15
88
55
78
63
63
140
57
74
61
81
78
67
7->
34«
341
369
363
396
396
374
389
383
393
408
399
875
74,57
&3,87
78,8(5
82,64
8t,10
64,65
84,76
80,98
84,07
79,36
80,88
83,21
80,8
9,30
6,29
10,31
6,:«
29,73
8.20
8,20
5,40
6,83
8,97
6,97
4,82
4,95
2 Pair
-J , ,
5 „
1 „
4 „
3 ,,
10 „
5 ,,
8 „
9 „
5 ,,
5 „
1 ,.
Total 1813 I 17S4
3597
358
' 4932
80,19
9,U5
60 Pair
F'oaling results according to the East Prussian Stud Book, V'^ol. IV.
Year
Foals born
Colts
lotal
Aborted
I Total
Barren I Number
Covered
Of
_, Pregnant
Pregnant ^i!;^^^
Aborted
Besides
Twins,
part living,
pari deail
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1874
1544
2918
26t5
902 1
1471
1534
3005
258
lo:?7 <
1524
1612
3136
287
1041 1
1.522
1485
3007
294
11.56
1.5&5
1588
3153
.307
1077 '
4086
4;mo
4464
4457
4537
77,92
7.5,88
76,68
74,06
76,26
8,35
7,91
8,38
8,91
8.87
8 Pair
8 .,
4 „
6 „
8 ,.
Total
74.">(5
TTiK 15219
1412
.■>213
21SU
7(i.l4
s. lii
.M
Foaling results according to the IIano\er Stud Book, \'ol. 111.
Foals
bcirn
Total
.Aborted
Barren
Total
Number
Covered
Pregnant
Of
Pregnant
Mares
Aborted
7.
Besides
Twins,
\ ear
Colts
Fillies
part living,
part dead
1898
()H
(i:il
1272
SI
;is:{
173(i
77.91
5.99
2 P.iir
189t)
6.55
ft-,1
i:*M5
84
444
1834
75,79
6,04
2
1900
637
a5:^
1290
85
521
ISSX?
72,.52
6.18
I ,.
1901
621
«,->2
1273
79
5(i2
1914
70.64
5,84
2
19<12
«:?1
r,.->3
128t
75
(!82
1991
as.L>fi
."...">■_'
1 ,.
Total
■MS.;
.UK I
(»ii">
(1)4
2.M2
9H7I
.5,92
3 1',
374 The Practical Part of Horscbreediiii;.
(1) The Time of Pregnancy of Brood Mares.
The time of pregnanc\' of mares is on an average of almost exactlx' 11
months' duration — equal to 334 days. Male foals are carried on an average
'2 to 3 days longer than female foals. If the mares are well fed and their
state of health is favourable, the time of pregnancv is shortened b}- a few-
days, and vicc-vcrsa. For example, in Trakehnen early covered mares which
foal in November, December and January, carry on an average aboiU 3
days less than those foaling in February, March and April, which have had
for a longer time the less favourable winter food. Mares which work hard,
or suckle their foals for a long time, carry a few days more. In the modern
improved studs the time of pregnancy is shorter than in the wild Stepoe
studs. The so-called Kunters of Russia, Poland and Courland often carry
llj to 1'2J months. The improvement in meadows and prairies, and the
better feeding of the br(jod mares in Trakehnen has, on an average, shortened
the time of pregnancy by .5J days, namely, from 33-5.42 days for males and
333.38 days for females in the years 1868 till 1877, to 329.9 days for males
and 327.67 days for females in the years 1903 till 1907. The regularity with
which female foals are carried 2 to 3 days less can be seen more clearl\- from
the following special list for the years 1903 to 1907 inclusive : —
The time of pregnancy necessary in the case of :
Trakehnen
Bajohrgallen
(jurdszen
Danzkehmen
lonasthal
Colts
329.5
331.2
330.69
329.4
328.38
Fillies
327.37
330.36
327.95
326.46
326.24
There are mares which almost always foal 1 to 3 weeks too early, and there
are others which require the same time in addition to the 11 months, and
both often transmit this character for several generations. Young mares on
an average carry longer than old mares. Many Trakehnen foals, having
been carried onlv 315 to 320 days, have become prominent brood mares or
stallions. According to experiences at Trakehnen, however, foals which
have been carried more than 11 months have seldom become anything pro-
minent, and those which have been carried more than 346 days never.
The stallion also has an influence on the duration of pregnancy corre-
sponding to the peculiarities of his breed and family. Mares pregnant from
asses carry a few days longer ; twins are carried a few davs less (about 10 to
14 days), and are mostly premature births with an unripe appearance. Many
firstlings are not carried their full time, and are therefore similar to twins —
premature births with an unripe appearance. The dry statistics should be
carefully gone into in this direction. In order to produce the first foal well
developed the dam must carry it some days longer than the foals w hich come
after, but many young brood mares are not disposed to carry their first foal
longer. All prominent firstlings which I know , i.e., those that have become
Royal Stud stallions, country stallions, brood mares, etc., were carried 5 to
1. JiRlt,nni,' ;iiul Trcalint; Hreediiii,' Material.
375
10 days lonj^er tliaii otiier promiiu'iit prudiKts. In the case of marcs foaling
normally the time of pregnane)' often decreases a few days in the course of
years.
The Roval Stud stallions which have been born during my twelve years'
activitv at TraUehnen ranU according to their merits as follows : —
1.
Polarslurm .
. 32(5 days
carrying
time.
'2.
Morgenstrahl .
327
» )
8.
Fisclierknabe .
333
1 »
4.
Prinz ()])timus
319
1 )
5.
Poet . . .
329
, y
(;.
Panzer .
. 334
,,
7.
Alter Herr . .
324
M
8.
.\mtsvorstcher
323
, ,
9.
.\ckermann
324
J 1
10.
Hoffnungsstrahl
339
»)
11.
Emporer
330
) t
1-2.
Probstein
322
,,
13.
Justizminister .
336
,,
14.
Altgold . . .
340
1 )
15.
Lungerer
334
,«
ir..
Kthehvold . .
330
M
Other
Royal Stud stallion.
3 were :
1.
Jagdnarr
329 d
ays carrying
time.
.)_
Morgenruf .
325
M
» t
3.
Dachdecker
325
,,
1 1
4.
Hagel
327
» y
t «
5.
liandkuss . .
329
1 »
M
(Firstling)
(Only 1 covering)
(I^'irstling)
(Firstling, also a 3-
y.-o. covered mare)
(Firstling)
Of the above sixteen Roval .Stud stallion.s, the first eight best were carried
on an average 320.87 days, the remaining eight 332.62 days, the five sent
awav 327 davs. Brood mares (about 250) were carried on an average in
Trakehnen in the last five years 326.7 days, and the country stallions (about
200, including Royal .Stud stallions) for the same period 328.8 days.
From these unfortunately few figures one can .see — and this I believe to
have approximately observed al.so at Trakehnen — that 8 to 14 days under 11
mi>nths of pregnancy is better than 1 to 8 davs or more over 11 months.
I-'urther, on looking more clo.sely into the Trakehnen Stud Books, I find that
most mares which carried longer than 11 months were covered .several times
in one heat. It is vcr\- remarkable that mares which arc onl}- covered once
during one heat generally carry some days less than they do in other years
when they are covered several times during one heat. This is owing to con-
ception occurring immediately after covering, thus preventing a further heat,
376 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
and causing the immediate commencement of a healthv foetal development.
In the case of mares which are in heat for a longer period, the egg-fertilisa-
tion appears to take place only several days after covering.
The climate seems also to have an influence on the carrying time. In
Mesoheyes, Kisber and Babolna the average carrj'ing time is about 3 or 4
days longer than, for example, in Graditz (colts 338.33 davs, fillies
836.38 days), and in Trakehnen about 3 days less than in Graditz. Arabians
in Weil and Scharnhausen are said to carry on an average about 34-5 days.
Draft horse breeds carry about 3 to 5 days less than warm-blooded horses.
According to the statements of Rudolf Endlich (Untersuchungen iiber
physiologische Unterschiede edler und schwerer Pferde, 1895), colts of
Belgian breed on the Worbzig Estate in Anhalt were carried 331.1 days,
fillies 329.5 days; and the carrying time of Belgian and Rheinish mares in
Mankartshof, near Neufs, was 329 days, taking the average for three years.
The average carrying time of Percherons is, according to Tessier (Goltz
Handbuch der gesamten Landwirtschaft, Vol. III.), 322 days. Moreover,
I have found from different old stud books that the carrying time of brood
mares 150 years ago of all breeds was much longer. As warm-blooded
breeds reach a greater age than cold-blooded ones, and as the average age
of all horse breeds 150 years ago was higher than it is now, we must con-
clude, when considering the above comparisons of carrying times, that on the
whole a longer carrying time has as a consequence a greater age. The long-
lived Arabians are even to-dav a good example in this respect.
(m) Abortion and Joint-illness.
If the milk begins to flow some time before the expected birth it is a sure
sign that the foal is ill in the womb ; or if the mare carries twins, that one of
them is dying. Generally abortion follows. I have noticed several times,
however, that the milk again ceased to flow some weeks later, and that the
mare produced a healthv foal at the right time, so that one could not really
see the consequences of an illness doubtless existing, but which had been
fortunately surmounted bv the foal. In other cases a healthv foal was born
approaching the right time, and at the same time a dead twin of about the
size of a cat. I also know of (tne case in which one dead twin was foaled in
autumn and the other healthy twin in the following spring. As according
to the above, the abortion may be, however, expected in most cases, it
is better to separate the mare, at any rate during the night, so that she may
not slip in the same stable where there are other pregnant mares, which
might be infected by the undoubtedly contagious abortion bacteria.
Late covered mares are in North Germany more inclined to slipping the foal
than early covered ones. After abortion it is very important to protect the
mares against colds, which they are very apt to catch in this condition. I
therefore recommend that mares after abortion sliould he put in a warm
1. Judsjini,' and Treatinj; Breediiii,' Material. 377
Stable free from drauglit, and well cnvered up also. .Moreover, it is necessary
to wash the uterus twice daily with a lukewarm solution of C"hinos(jl to I per
1,000 for about 0 to 9 days, i.e., till the orifice of the uterus is completely
closed. I have chosen for these cleansint;s at Trakehnen the above solution
because it more surclv kills the bacteria tiian the solution of J per cent. Ly.sol-
Solution recommended bv Professor Ostertag and others. The latter has the
additional disadvantage of producing in many mares strong pressure and
vehement pains. As early as the beginning of 1890, the Chief Veterinary
Surgeon, Matthias, in Graditz, used such cleansings of uterus after abortion
at that time bv the aid of Creolin-Solution. This cleansing had such a suc-
cessful effect in 1893 with the Thoroughbred mare Sappho, amongst others,
that in the following vear she produced the Austrian Derby winner, Saphir.
According to mv experiences at Trakehnen, these cleansings have prevented
in most, if not in ex'erv case, repetition nf abortion, and ha\-e led to the pro-
duction, at the right time, of healthy and strong foals.
'I'he mare should onlv be covered after abortion when the normal carrying
time has pas.sed. If (he abortion takes ])lace after a pregnancy of 4 months
or still less, she can be covered, after having been properly washed, when
next in heat, which generally occurs 9 days later, with good results. 1 have
experienced this several times at Beberbeck as well as at Trakehnen.
The uterus of the mare should also be washed if the foals are joint-ill, or
if the premature births are suspected of Joint-illness. Mares whose foals
suft'er from jdint-illness should not he covered on the 9th day after birth,
but in the subsequent heat, i.e., :] to 4 weeks later, after the above-mentioned
cleansings, which should be used after birth for about 3 days, during the
first heat for about (3 days, and at the beginning of the second heat once or
twice. It is not generallv advi.sable to have as brood mares foals which have
suffered from joint disease but which have been cured. In Trakehnen only
one such mare (Trommel, 1899 by Jeni.ssei), which as a young suckling foal
suffered from a pronounced joint-illness (right hock inflamed), was made a
brood mare. She has up to now without interruption produced four good
and healthy foals. To prevent the transmission of abortion it is advisable:
1. To clean and disinfect the stable in which the mare has aborted.
•2. 4~o isolate the mare up to the close of her first heat, i.c, about 18 days.
3. To keep the mare warm during this time, and to pruti-ct her very care-
fullv from cold.
4. If the abortion has taken place in the pasture, to dig up the spot and
to discontinue the grazing of iirood mares on that part for at least
4 weeks.
Whilst nearlv all scientists still deny the a'tiological relation between
abortion and joint-illness of foals, all practical breeders, on the other hand,
agree with the point of view held bv C"ount LehndoriT in his handbook for
horse breeders, 1K81, namelv, that joint-illness is always inherited, i.e., has
arisen during the pregnancv in the womb. Professor Dieckerhoft intended
378 The Practical Part of Horsebreedin.af.
in the next edition of his special pathology and therapy to support the view
of Count Lehndorff as to the relation between abortion and joint-disease.
According to the clinical observations (without microscopic investigations)
which I have made at Beberbeck and Trakehnen, I consider Count Lehn-
dorff's view correct, although Ostertag's researches distinctly contradict it.
When making observations at Trakehnen in 1899 on the occasion of the
epidemic of abortion, the Chief Veterinary Surgeon, ^Matthias, in his report
on the abortion of mares and the joint-illness of foals, reports as follows : —
" The disease of joint-illness principalh- consists of an inflammation of
the joint which is connected with lameness. Hence this disease has always
been called 'lameness' ('Lahme')."
In my opinion, we are at the present only justified in speaking of joint-
illness ("Lahme") if there is an inflamed swelling of the joint, together
with general fever. According to Bollinger, joint-illness arises from a septic
infection of the navel wound, i.e., from a navel infection after birth trans-
mitted by the blo(jd. Accordingly, I ha\e found in nearly 80 per cent, of all
cases of joint-illness which I have come across, an inflammation of the navel
or navel veins, with their accompanying and subsequent symptoms. Many
authorities on joint-illness consider themselves justified in diagnosing for
joint-illness in the case where a foal has been born weak and dies with the
symptoms of general weakness. These authorities consider a yellowish tint
of the Sclera during lifetime as a pathognomonic svmptom ot joint-illness.
If the new-born foal dies soon after with all appearance of catarrh of the
intestines, they consider this also as joint-illness. If at the post-mortem
examination of the foal there is found a yellowish cokniring of the under-
skin, or if the same colour is found in the peritoneal covering of the intestines,
or if in the abdominal and thoracic cavity and in the pericardium there is
found a quantity of 3-ellowish fluid, and the musculature is greyish-yellow
and crumbly, the diagnosis is for joint-illness. The same pathological
changes may be found with prcjducts w hich have been slipped in consequence
of epidemic abortion, or with foals still-born as a consequence of abortion,
or finally, with foals which were born alive but soon died of weakness. .A.11
these things are, as I have been well convinced at Trakehnen in 1899, con-
sequences of epidemic abortion, the cause of which has been proved bv Pro-
fessor Ostertag to be a distinct coccus.
It has been asserted that " epidemic abortion and joint-illness are caused
by one and the same germ." This is contradicted by the fact of Professor
Ostertag having found in cases of joint-illness a different coccus, with which
he could by innoculation produce the appearances of joint-illness. He did
not find this strepto-coccus in aborted foals. There is, therefore, no valid
reason to consider both diseases identical. I, however, believe that I shall
be safe in saying that the greater part of the so-called cases of joint-illness,
which lead to death without metastatic inflammation of the joint, are really
nothing but the consequences of abortus coccus.
1. JiKli^inir .itul Trcaliiii; Bit (.iliiii,' Mattrial. 379
1 liave just stated tlial I tuiiiiil in at Ii-ast 80 per cent, of all cases nf joint-
illness a navel illness. One may, therefore, consider it here proved, without
further discussion, that the strepto-coccus has penetrated to the body from
the navel wound after birth. The (|iiestion now arises whether there also
exists an intrauterine orij^^^in of the joint-illness. In about 20 per cent, of the
cases of joint-illnes.s 1 have found no pathological changes of navel and
navel veins. To take the.se cases as a proof of intrauterine infection .seems to
me too daring, for the strepto-coccus may easily have entered into the body
of the voung animal by .s(jme other wav (feeding or breathing), or the illne.ss
of the navel mav already have gone on so far that it can no longer be proved
in a rough anatomical way.
If the joint-illness had alrcadv originated in the womb, then one would
expect al.so ca.ses of hereditary joint-illness, i.e., hereditary acute, py;emic
inflammations of the joint. \o authority living at the present time has seen
such a case of hereditar\- joint-illness. .Supposing that the three cases of
hereditary joint-illness (compare Worz Uber Staats-oder Landcspferdezucht-
Anstalten Wurtten-bergs, page 10-5) extracted by Profe.s.sor Sohnle from the
complete literature on joint-illness have been rightly noted and interpreted,
then there mav, of course, be a possibility of an intrauterine origin of joint-
illness. At the same time, one mav, ho\\e^er, conclude therefrcjm that this
sort of origin of joint-illness b\- intrauterine infection is very rare.
It has been observed that in the \ears of epidemic abortion cases of joint-
illness are more frer[uent. Of the about '290 foals which are born yearly in
TraUehnen, taking an axcrage of five years, 8.4 die of joint-illness and G.6
of weakness. In the abortion year 1899, 10 foals died of joint-illness and 19
of weakness. The loss by joint-illness did not in this year, therefore, exceed
the axcrage ver\- much. In tiie case of a great number of foals suffering from
joint-illness, however, there may have been about 1-5 cured of the illness, in
these latter cases the illness began very late, even 6 weeks after birth, and an
illness of the navel could not be pro\ed. The fact of joint-illness beginning
.so late is no proof of intrauterine infection, in spite of the non-existing navel
illness.
Concerning the combating of joint-illness, good results have without
doubt been obtained by carefully attending to the navels of the new-born
foals. The cleaning of the uterus of the mare and the washing of the penis
of the stallion have cerlaiiiK- produced satisfactory results in fighting
epidemic abortus. .\s an example of this, I may say that at 'i'rakehnen in the
epidemic year 1899, there were 93 abcjrtions and C still-births. In the follow-
ing year there were, after this treatment, only 19 abortions and -2 still-births.
The yearly average of abortif>ns and still-births in Trakehnen is '21. The
cleansing of the uterus and washing of the penis have not led to a further
derrea.se in ca.ses of joint-illness in Trakehnen. This is another proof against
intrauterine infection.
380 The Practical Part of Horsebreediiig-.
Whether there is an intrauterine existence of joint-iUness or not, in any
case it is recommendable, as is d.jne in Trakehnen, to clean in the same
manner as in the case of an abortion the uterus of all those mares whose foals
die under symptoms of weakness, or show signs of weakness and illness
shortly after birth, or suffer from joint-disease.
We have seen that the coccus of abortus does not in every case lead to
abortion, but, nevertheless, it hinders the development of the foals in such
a manner that they are born weakly and ill. Even if, as I suppose, these are
not cases of joint-illness, nevertheless, the coccus of abortus which is in the
uterus is destroyed by washing. If the orifice of the uterus is already
closed when the foal shows signs of illness, the uterus must be washed at the
first heat. The penis of the stallion must be washed after every covering.
The most effective manner of combating joint-disease is, however, to take
especial care of the navel. Complete extermination of joint-disease and of
abortion will scarcely be attainable in larger studs where the greater quantity-
of brood mares produce such a great deal of epidemic matter, for the h3^giene
of confinement in stables is far from perfect, neither can the cleanliness of
the stableman who acts as midwife alwavs be relied upon. Judging from the
successes of Trakehnen, however, even in large studs one may succeed in
limiting sufficiently the losses caused b\- joint-illness and abortion.
(n) The Birth.
A normal birth occurring at the right time causes no difficulties, and
seldom lasts longer than 15 minutes, reckoned from the beginning of the
first visible signs of the approaching birth labour. Under normal conditions
the birth itself lasts about ^i minutes. Three men are sufficient to assist.
Above all, these men must keep Cjuiet, and make their observations standing
far apart, so as not to disturb the mare whilst she chooses the place which
best suits her for foaling. Only when the mare, on account of the first
stronger birth throes, has laid down and stretched herself out, should the
studmaster see whether the head and the two fore-legs of the foal are in the
right position. According to experiences at Trakehnen, irregular position
of the foal in the womb, needing the assistance of a veterinar\- surgeon, is
very seldom, as the studmasters are generally very capable. As soon as the
head and the two fore-legs can be seen as far as the knee after the bursting
of the so-called bladder, clean straw, which should be at liand, must be put
behind the mare as a bedding for the foal, and the skin of the o\"um must
be torn far enough to enable breathing to commence. Simultaneously with
the labour pains, the men must begin to pull at the fore-legs if need be with
ropes round the pasterns, generally in the direction of the hocks, i.e., away
from the anus. When the birth is complete, at Trakehnen the navel is dis-
infected as follows: — The navel string is cut with a pair of scissors which
have been kept in undiluted lysol, at a distance of about 3 fingers width from
1. Judging and Tre;)(ing Breeding Material. 381
the belly o( the foal. After the blood has been properly pressed out of the
stump, the latter is washed with a solution of a 1 per 1,000 sublimat, then it
is dried with wadding and painted on all sides with a 10 per cent, solution
of blue pyoktanin in spirits.
.As soon as the navel has been disinfected, the foal is carried to the head
of the mother, and she will then commence to lick the foal. The attendants
should now leave, only one remaining in the stable, ob.serving the mare from
a short distance. .\s soon as the after-birth has been removed, which gene-
rail v takes half an hour, the wet straw i^ replaced by dry.
In the twelve foaling years which I have spent at Trakehnen (from 1896
to 1907 inclusive), apart from all abortions, out of 3,388 births, only 38 have
been difificult births (including 1-2 breech-births), where the assistance of a
veterinary surgeon was necessary or desirable. Of these 38 difficult births,
23 ended with the death of the foal alone, 2 with the death of the dam and the
foal, and 2 with the death of the dam alone — altogether 27 mishaps.
.Accordingly, 3,363 foals were born without mishap, of which 1,689 were
colts and 1,674 fillies. Twin births or abortions of twins happened in these
twelve vears oir^, times.
(o) Treatment of the Brood Mare after the Birth.
if the foal dies, the mare should be used, if possible, as a nurse. When
this is not done, she will suffer in her health, and give less milk in the ne.xt
year. If the foal at the beginning is too weak to completely emptv the udder
of the dam, the udder must be carefully milked at least three times dailv.
This happens to nearly all foals, in consequence of a slight stomach illness,
when they are two or three days old. As one does not like to lift the feet of
the mares up in order to round their hoofs abfiut two or three months before
they foal, this must be done after foaling. The .same thing applies to the
cleaning of the stables. The observations made at Trakehnen show that
very often a few days after the cleaning of the stables abortions took place,
and this seems to confirm the old df)Ctrine that the smelling nerves of
pregnant mares are very sensitive, and that evaporation of the dung and the
smell of tar cause abortions, in Thoroughbred breeding it is, therefore,
advisable to remove daily all dimg, t<igether with the wet straw, and to
spread what fresh straw is required, as in the race stable. It is advisable to
remove at once after foaling the fresh dung, to prevent the foal from eating
same, a thing which they like, but which is dangerous. Foals should be
weaned after IJ to 6 months. .\ longer suckling time is neither good for the
mare (even if barren) nor the foal. .After the foals are weaned is the best
time for finding out mares which have not conceived, and, if there is time,
to get them covered again (with two coverings, evening and morning, or on
the first and third day). In my opinion, there is no benefit in omitting to
cover good mares for a year in order to spare them and improve their further
;53-2 The Practical Part (il Ilorsebreeding'.
products. According to observations I have made, this has not been success-
ful. To cover mares every second year as is done in some countries produces
very bad fertilisation results. Barren mares are easily recognisable in autumn,
even if they are not in heat, by their less smooth hair, and by their worse feed-
ing condition. After six months' pregnancy the movements of the foal can
easily be felt, especially during and after drinking. In the case of younger
barren mares, light work up to covering time is in most cases very useful.
For mares which do not easily conceive, in most cases plentiful, but not
quick work, is useful, especiallv if they are inclined to be fat.
CHAPTER II.
The Judging and Treating of Foals.
(a) Judging Suckling Foals.
It is safest to judge tlie exterior of sucivling fcjals one or twf) da\-s after l)irtli.
Eight or fourteen days later one can, perhaps, judge more safel)' as to
whether they will turn out well, but in most cases the judging of the exterior
has then become more difficult. Just as one can judge better the real cap-
abilities of Thoroughbred yearlings by the autumn trials than by a few
gallops as two-year-olds, so in the same way it is safer to judge the extericjr
immediately after birth than when the foals have been weaned, or as year-
lings. To rightly judge a young suckling foal one must catch it at a moment
when it stands in a natural position, and as far as possible equally on its four
legs, and holding the head at a height natural and convenient to him. This
moment will nearly always be brief, and the slightest changes of the centre
of gravitv give a wrong impression. If the centre of gravity is pushed too
far forward, i.e., if the foal stands with the fore-legs somewhat under it, it
appears perhaps bow-legged, and if the head is held too high, it appears often
to have a swaying back. If the fore pasterns are still very upright, it appears
high-legged; if they are very sloping, it appears over-built, etc. One must
also know that suckling foals often grow out of some of their bad characters.
To these belong, first of all, the X-legged position of one or both fore-legs.
There are stallions, like Chamant and several of his sons, whose progeny,
almost without exception, were born with X-shaped fore-legs, and who
already as yearlings stood and walked perfectly straight. .\ son of Chamant,
Panther, never transmitted this X-shaped position of the fore-legs, hut most
of his progeny stood with turned-out toes and had an irregular walk. As a
rule, it seldom happens that foals born with X legs walk irregularly later.
Further, foals generally grow out of the following defects: — Too long, soft
pasterns, long hind-legs standing out behind, polished knees or bending
back, as well as long, upright fore-pasterns, all sideway leanings, as well as
all misplacements (in the womb) of the fore and particularly of the hind-legs.
The bending of one or of both hind-pasterns, which occurs so frequently and
often very pronounced, nearly always grows normal. The other proportions
of the body do not alter. One thing remains to be noted, i.e., that foals
384 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
always appear to be liigher legged than they are when they become fully
grown. The proportion of the length and the width of the body, especially
of the back and crupper, strength of joints, very high or deficient withers,
good or bad crest, remain the same. Short necks remain short, but are not so
conspicuous in a fully-grown horse as with a suckling foal. The same thing
applies to upright and to sickle hind-legs, which change little, but are not
so conspicuous in a fully-grown horse as in a \'oung foal. Outwardlv placed
pasterns often become all right if this outward position only consists of a
bend of the pastern joint round a horizontal axle. If, however, the outward
position consists of a twisting of the whole fore-leg commencing at the elbow-
round a perpendicular axle, this fault cannot be remedied. Most narrow-toed
positions of the fore-legs consist of the twisting of the \\hole leg round a
perpendicular axle, and therefore do not improve. Often, and usually between
the second and the third year, this position becomes much worse. Only
if both pasterns deviate to the same side, i.e., if the one leg stands wide-toed
and the other narrow-toed, one may assume a twisting round a perpendicular
axle, and therefore an improvement of both pasterns, including the inwardly
placed one, is probable. W^hether the crooked fore-legs will grow straight
again can only be verified if one knows the development of foals of certain
parents. For example, the progeny of Optimus born with crooked fore-legs
retain same, whilst nearly all the progeny of Perfectionist were born with
crooked fore-legs and became straight without exception. .\11 the progeny of
Hazlehatch are always born with straight fore-legs, which later on, however,
generally become crooked.
High-leggedness, already recognisable in the suckling foal (of course,
the above-mentioned upright position of pasterns must, if necessarA', be taken
into consideration when judging), nearly always remains. Faulty position
of the ankle joint (tied in below hock) is ver)' seldom got over so completely
that traces of it cannot be perceived later, but the most distorted hocks, how-
ever, often improve remarkably, especially if the connection is broad. No
improvement can be expected, however, if the upper part of the hock
(calcaneus) is inclined too far forward. It is often verv difficult and unsafe
to rightly judge the hocks of foals born verv much misplaced (in the womb).
There are stallions, like Pomp and Morgenstrahl, whose progeny were born
mostly with their hinder parts very much misplaced and crooked, but in the
short space of two to six months they grew out of the seemingl}- impossible
twists, almost having the appearance of curbs. One can onl\- judge
approximately correctlv if one knows the manner of development of the
progeny of certain stallions. Optimus' progeny, for example, which were
born with hocks a little ill-shaped (which, however, seldom occurred),
scarcely ever lost this fault. The same thing applies to the progeny of
Hazlehatch. Generally speaking, the chance of growing out of weakly
supported and improperly set hocks is least if there is no misplacement (in
the womb) connected with these faults, and vice-versa. Furthermore, small
2. The Jiids^ing nntl Treating- of Foals. 385
l)()rn k)als grow out of llu-ir faults less ofirii llian bijj born ones. The former
have £jenorallv sufficient room in tlie womb and, therefore, do not pet mis-
placed.
'i"o corrccllv jnds;e the nobility (jf the foal, one must not fors^'i-t that this
is a point whieJi chanijes very little, i.e., thev will never look nobler than they
do as voiMig suckiint: foals. The young age is very apt to hide coarseness.
In Judging the strength of bones of foals, one must not be deceived b_\' the
long hairs on tlu' legs. A big, dry head indicates a strong bone develop-
ment, whilst the fairlv small head generallv indicates thin, cannon bones.
I'oals born with short, smooth and shining hairs on the legs look- lighter than
thev jirc, and must be judged favourably, as one may expect from them
C|ualilv. drvness, hardness and health. Short and dull-looking hair is a sign
that the foal has been born premature and unripe. I have ne\er yet known
a case where such premature births have developed into first-class hor.ses.
The so-c-alled over-built foals, which is mostlv to be seen with one and two-
vear-olds (nearlv all progeny of X'olapuk), nearly always grow normally.
In judging earlv the exterior, one must, of course, take into consideration
the health \' development of the foal, for without such this growing out is not
onlv not to lie expected, biU rather a relapse in manv parts may be feared
uhirh were originallv normal. The back especialh- gives way most easily,
and becomes, even during the suckling, or immediately after the weaning,
a low back, on account of disturbed development and nourishment, the
causes of which are iifleii hidden. Low backs which suddenly originate after
a severe illness, such as glanders, often completely disappear, whilst those
arising from no visible acute illness never get all right. The most con-
spicuous exarnple of this which I know is the Royal Stud stallion Emporer,
born 1S90 bv T.ehnsherr (bv C'hamant) and Hmigrantin, who as weaning foal
got a verv bad knv bark commencing immediately behind the withers after
a verv severe attack of glanders. He was transferred in the spring of 1900
to Guddin to the geldings. In the course of about nine months the low back
disappeared completely. In the autumn he was put to training as a two-
year-old, and is to-dav Royal Stud stallion in Trakehnen. He has a faultless
back, and his progenv also. Generallv speaking, the foals of high-blooded
stallions, especiallv Thoroughbreds, develop better than those of coarser
stallions. For this reason ihe former grow out of their faults better than the
latter.
(b) Treatment of Suckling Foals up to the time of Weaning.
The first or so-called Colostrum milk is especially useful to the foal on
account of its somewhat opening effect, thus hastening the getting rid of the
first fecal substance of the foal known as Meconium. This Colostrimi milk
must not, therefore, as unfortunately often happens, be milked off. The
Meconium passes away under normal conditions in the first twelve to twenty-
B — 2
3SG The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-.
four hours, and in many instances two hours after birth. If this happens
too rapidly it is often not a good sign. Diarrhoea follows, frequently a sign
of weakness, or beginning of joint-illness. A delay of this important
remoyal causes meconium colics, which may very easily become dangerous.
This disease generally attacks foals carried more than eleyen months, and
male foals more frecjuently than female foals. I haye neyer yet noticed this
meconium colic in foals carried less than 320 days. In Trakehnen in 1896
the chief veterinary surgeon, Dr. Topper, first applied very successfully the
3tIeconotorium, constructed by ^lasch, for the purpose of artificially remov-
ing the Meconium. As this instrument can be easily handled by non-
professionals, I here state what Dr. Topper says about it : — " The operator
sits on a chair, and the foal is held in a proper position. The instrument,
and the first or second finger of the left hand, are oiled. A left finger is care-
fully inserted, and with it the -Mecotorium (the convexity of the spoon
downwards). If one presses the handle down the spoon presses into the
meconium, and it is then possible to bring it out in parts as far as one can
reach forwards. One g. calomel with -50 g. rizinus are afterwards given for
the final removal, and an injection of luke-warm water made. The instru-
ment may be had from Hauptner-Berlin." I would like to add that the spoon
must be used with the greatest care, for the rectum of the foal is not capable
of much resistance, and if it were pierced with the spoon death would always
follow.
A slight harmless diarrhoea of the foal announces the first heat of the
dam. For a continuous or malignant diarrhoea the f(jllowing treatment has
proved successful in Trakehnen : —
If it is a case of the dangerous grey stinking diarrhoea of foals, the
intestines must be completely emptied as cjuickly as possible. To obtain
this result, give the foal 50 to 100 g. rizinus oil in one dose (an ordinar\'
spoon contains about 10 g.). The day following give it again in one dose
10 to 20 g. tincture of opium (a spoon contains about 1-"J g.) with four times
as much mother's milk. If necessary, this treatment with the tincture of
opium, gradually increasing from 10 to 20 g., is continued for several days,
and if need be even in two doses daily. If in the course of this treatment
the foal should suffer from inflated belly or colic, the treatment of opium
must be abandoned.
If it is a question of the ordinary watery diarrhoea, a dose of 50 to 125 g.
of rizinus oil given at the commencement often renders further treatment
superfluous.
Continuous doses of tincture of opium are essential if the diarrhcca con-
tinues for some time. As a foal soon gets into the habit of taking tincture
of opium, increase the doses slowly, from 10 to 25 g., and also from once to
twice daily.
Instead of the oats, which cannot be digested by the weakened gastro-
intestinal canal, it is advisable in cases of chronic diarrhoea to give a mixture
2. The Judging and Treating of Foals. 387
of oats and linseed meal ground very tine, almost to a mash, 1 cut. of oats to
about 5 lbs. of linseed. .Vccording to my experiences, a complete change of
food of the dam, as regards oats and hay, as well as of bedding straw, does
not have any influence on the diarrhoea of the foal.
The first nine days after birth the brood mare must be separated, along
with the foal, in cases where the mares are together with several others in
large stables and not in special boxes. Later on, when the foals are strong
enough, it is better both for dam and foal to be able to move about freely in
a large stable. Unfortunately, the arrangements in Thoroughbred studs, on
account of too great anxiety, are usually not calculated to give these great
advantages of freer movement, and to provide at the same time special places
for oats and hav for the foals. When it is fourteen days old the suckling
foal usuallv begins to nibble oats. It can be taken for granted that on an
average the foals can eat as many pounds of oats daily as they are months
old. Besides the oats, it is advisable to give the foals dailv as much fresh
hay as possible, also clover hav. A four months old suckling foal must have
daily 4 to 5 lbs. of oats, and almost as much hay. If the dam gives too little
milk, and it is possible to teach the foal to drink cow milk, which is often
very difficult, an addition of about 3 to 5 litres of fresh undiluted cow milk
(three times dailv 1 to IJ litres direct from the cow) is to be recommended.
I have never vet found that this addition of fresh undiluted cow milk had any
bad effect on suckling foals. Stunted weaning foals, as well as suckling foals,
whose dams die suddenly in giving birth or somewhat later, must have daily
6 to 9 litres fresh undiluted cow milk. One litre every two hours during the
day and everv four hours during the night is the right quantity. It is
reckoned that a good brood mare gives about 10 to 1-2 litres daily.
About four to six weeks after birth the foal's hoofs must be attended tf).
The foal must, however, have been already accustomed to being led for a
short distance and held by the halter. This care of the hoofs, which is so
important for the whole life of the horses, and which can rarely be recovered
later, consists in cutting at first the fivtal frog, which is provided with
unhorned, soft epidermal material, with a sharp knife, holding it level, in
such a manner that the hoofs get the necessarv form of frog, with a soft
depression in the middle and absolutely smooth surfaces. The remaining
spongy substance must be removed from the sole in such a manner that it
receives its proper depth. Then the wall must be cut down on the quarters
and toe as the form and position of the hoof necessitates. Frog and inferior
border of the wall must lie on one level, so that the frog also helps to carry
the body. The lateral lacunae of the frog must he kept smooth, and wide
open below. The small cracks in the lateral lacunae of the frog are removed
by so-called air-making, i.e., by a notch cut. However, under no circum-
stance must the strength of the bars be weakened. The most careful removal
of all, even the very smallest cracks, especially in the median and the two
lateral lacunae of the frog, is very important, because it is impossible to keep
388 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
them clean otherwise, and thev therefore easily become the means of causing
putridity. Everv hoof must be brushed over at once, after cutting, with tar;
of course, onlv the sole, including the frog. This must be repeated, in the
case of suckling foals, every four weeks before grazing time. It does not only
make the putriditv of the frog impossible, but also assures a strong and broad
development of the frog and of the hoof. During grazing this work is not
so often and so iirgentlv necessary as during the winter stabling, therefore
most necessar\- for earlv born foals. The wearing of the hoof caused by
plentv of exercise in the pastures, and this effect of the damp earth which
becomes fastened to the hoof, and which is beneficial to same, b}- its massag-
ing, widening and preventing putridity, does away with, to a great extent,
the above artificial treatment of the hoof. Wollstein says : " The reason that
foals in natural studs suffer so little with their hoofs is because they have
plenty of exercise." Even in Thoroughbred breeding the early care of the
hoof is, unfortunatelv, much neglected, and is the cause of so many con-
tracted hoofs with curved walls and atrophied frogs, which again in their
turn produce an early break down.
Simultaneously with the attention to the hoofs begins also the cleaning
of the foals. It is not necessary to put a halter round them or to hold them,
jis, if it is done sensibly, thev enjo}- it, and it is the first means by which
one can gain their confidence. The purpose of cleaning (of course, only with
a dandv brush) is not onlv to keep them clean and prevent lice, but also for
the verv beneficial scrubbing of the skin, which is especiallv good for foals
born early in the year. Later on during grazing, wind and rain do their
share in this beneficial massaging of the skin.
Foals get their first exercise in the open when they, 10 to 14 days old, go
with the dam two or three times daily to drink from the trough in the yard.
Verv soon afterwards, at the latest at the age of 6 weeks, they must be exer-
cised with the dam in the open, commencing w ith a quarter of an hour daily.
Of course, these exercises must take place regularly everv day, and in afl
sorts of weather, being extended to at least one hour daily, taking into
consideration wind and weather, so that the dams as well as foals get accus-
tomed to fresh air, weather and wind when the grazing commences. On
warm and sunny spring days it is advisable to let out at their leisure all the
brood mares with their suckling foals in the yard for an hour in the after-
noon, over and above the regular exercise as mentioned above. The
beneficial fresh air will strengthen brood mares and foals and cause them to
mix one with the other, which is very useful. Mares which have not become
pregnant will often come in heat on such occasions.
Just as important as this advice is — i.e., to have open air exercise in all
kinds of weather — for our Northern climate, so is it just as unnecessary for
England and France, admirable horse breeding countries, endowed with the
Grace of Ciod. Mv neighbours have often called the above method of foal
rearing an exaggerated and unreasonable attempt to become hardy. Never-
2. The Judging and Treating of Foals. 389
tlicless, I have proved that even the yoiinc:cst foals ran endure miirli more
exercise, frost, wind, rain and all sorts of bad weather than I and many other
people supposed. This hardening method of rearing is very useful in every
respect for all foals, and does much to improve their health, hardness, and
finally, performing capabilities. In my attempts at hardening 1 have not
even reached the limits at which a distinct advantage to the foals ceased —
not to speak of the limits at which thev might begin to suffer. Of course,
unreasonable altempls at hardening which do not avoid sudden and
unprepared changes would soon reacii those limits, but an observing and
individualising breeder will know how to act to avoid many dangers which
I cannot mention here, as for example, when exercising on hard ground,
foals with an inclination to upright hoofs should be suitably shod at the right
time.
After 4\ to .j months suckling foals lose their foal hairs, and mav then be
weaned. It is good for foals if the suckling time is extended to ')^ or (!
months, and this is at any rate advisable in the case of barren and late
covered mares. Before weaning — it is best to begin at the age of 3 months —
foals should be led by the halter, so that one may lead them without their
dams to their own stables or to other places on the farm. The best time for
weaning is towards the evening. Dam as well as foal become quiet much
more easilv than when they are weaned in the morning. Foals which cough
much, or suffer from glanders, must be weaned some weeks later, after having
overcome the illness. Suckling foals get over glanders sooner than weaned
foals. W'eaklv weaned foals, and such as have not yet lost their coat, may be
assisted for 1 or 2 months with cow milk, about G litres daily. To give cow
milk for a longer period, especialK- to Thoroughbred foals, has the dis-
advantage that it causes them to grow fat, and possibly somewhat soft,
therefore later more dilTicult to train. On the other hand, one must take into
consideration that weaned foals get over glanders more easily if they are given
cow milk during the time they ha\c the disease. Foals which are inclined to
grow fat may be given skimmed milk. In the case of brood mares which arc
barren, and therefore needing no protection for an embryo in the womb, it is
not advisable to suckle their foals longer than 7 months at the most, in many
Russian studs, where the suckling period lasts i-ven longer than 1-2 months,
I have found that this was not good for the foals. It seems to me that they
make iioorer use of the oats and hav when suckling so long,
(c) Treatment of Weanlings.
With a little tact and much loxc one succeeds in niaiiipiilating the wean-
ing process, so deepK- connected witli the whole life of the suckling loals, in
such a manner that no interrui^tion in their de\elopment occurs. During the
first 24 hours at least they must, unfortunately, be kept in their new stables.
In mv opinion it is necessary to separate the sexes immediately alter the
390 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
weaning, or a few weeks later. It is quite common for well fed six-month-old
colts to attempt to cover, and many fillies less than one year old are already
often in heat. In the stud Tammist, of Mr. B. v. Liphardt, Dorpat, in the
summer of 1868, a one-year-old filly (noble Half-bred) was covered whilst
grazing bv a one-3'ear-old colt (also noble Half-bred) and became pregnant.
As a two-year-old she had a living, but very small colt. The Thoroughbred
filly Experiment, 1842 by Bay JMiddleton out of Miss Craven, was covered
at 11 months old by Venison, and produced when she was 1 year and 10
months old a living colt, which died after 24 hours. In the following year
Experiment produced a filly bv Venison. Experiment was in Lord Bentinck's
stud, who had a special craze for such extravagant trials (see General Stud
Book, Vol. V].. and " Post and Paddock " by The Druid, page 208).
For weaned foals a rof)my, light stable, with constant fresh water and a
gf>od meadow close at hand is essential. The more foals are weaned at the
same time tiie sooner they settle down, and when in a few weeks the next
lot of weaned foals are put in the same stable, the weaning will be much
more easy. Tiie very best picked food, always attainable fresh water, and
association witii Iiorses of their own age, soon helps the foals to forget their
dams. During the time of their growing the fastest, young foals require
very urgently plentiful and frequent supply of water. If that is not possible
their development will be distinctly retarded. Weakly and backward foals
must be separated — at least in the stable — if they are badly treated bv their
more robust companions.
To good grazing also should be added fresh Lucerne, Sainfoin, or green
clover, with or without Timothy, ad libitum, especially in the evening, and
in the hot summer weather at dinner time also. I do not recommend the
giving of clover to Thoroughbreds, as experience has proved that foals fed
with clover, green or dried, look very well but are much more difficult to
train, suffer in the wind, i.e., have a thick wind. The best food for Thorough-
bred and Half-bred foals is certainly Lucerne, and the longer foals can be fed
with fresh, good, and not attacked by rust Lucerne (in East Prussia generally
from the middle of Mav to the end of September and the beginning of
October) the better they will develop. When the Lucerne or the clover
begins to blossom, then is the most favourable moment to commence with
green fofid. Before the blossoming foals do not care to eat Lucerne. Foals,
and particularly young ones, prefer, however, green clover to Lucerne. It
is not therefore advisable to substitute often Lucerne for clover. To obtain
an early second crop of Lucerne or clover, a part of it must be cut before
blossoming. This early cut part will then be ready as a second cut with
commencing blossom when the first part has been eaten up or become too
dry. In a few words, it is only with great care and a correct division of the
available land for food crops that one will succeed in obtaining an uninter-
rupted and regular supply of green food from spring to autumn. Those
2. The Judging- nnd Treating of Foals. 391
breeders possessing such good pastures that they do not need an addition of
Lucerne or clover are to be congratulated. In East Prussia we iiave not got
them.
For weaned foals (> li)s. of oats are sufficient at the commencement, and
for those who desire to, or must sa\c — for example, military horse breeders
— 6 lbs. are sufficient for the whole period, if green Lucerne or clover can be
added. Those wiio desire t(; breed breeding material or racehorses, or first-
class horses for use, must increase the oats monthly by 1 lb. per day up to at
most 12 lbs. 1 di) not consider that generallv a greater quantity is necessary,
not even in Tiioroughbred breeding. At Trakehnen 1 have never given on
an average more than 10 lbs. of oats. Of course, besides this average, an
addition of about 3 lbs. of oats is necessary for some backward foals, and
foals which eat verv little hay. The portion of oats is split up into three
meals — morning, noon and e\ening — for supper a little more. The foals
must always be fastened up when the oats are given, so that each one gets
its right quantitv and so that it can be seen which one has not eaten its
portion. It is verv useful to give weaned foals with every feed of
oats a iiandfui of ground or roasted linseed (about \ lb. daily). When in
autumn the green food is finished and the winter ration of about 1(1 ll)s. of
ha\- (Lucerne or clo\cr iiav) begins, it is advisable to give them for about
three to four weeks aliout Ci litres of fine chopped carrots daily, and after-
wards for the wiioli- of tlie winter twice weeklv about 2 litres wheat bran,
together witii oals. in those \-ears in which tlie hay has grown well in con-
sc(|uencc of a dr\- and warm summer, and has been well got in, having
therefore a greater nutritive value, we have, in Trakehnen, diminisiied the
share of oats for weaned foals, and given in autumn and winter at the most
9 lbs. to prevent fatness. A diminution of hav or clover would have a bad
effect on the formation of bones, as the hone-forming factors are not in the
grain biU for the most part in the ha\- and green food, which contains plenty
of lime. \'erv coarse clover or Lucerne hav produces in voung weaned foals
diarrlut>a, as it irritates the intestines, and it is better to keep same for older
foals. Three week's" feeding with meadow hav causes this diarrluwi of
weanlings lo disappear without anv other remedv. For a few vears weaned
foals ha\e in Trakehnen been gi\en :} lb. of rice along with their oats, with
the idea that the large (|uantil\' of phosphorus contained in same would
favourably influence the formation of bone. To give a definite result of this
is not possible \et. ihe more potash there is in the food of the foals, and
this is pariirularlv so in good grazing and with green Lucerne, llie more
salt is recjuired by the horses. (This can be demonstrated by a chemical
formula.) There ought always to be several large pieces of .salt in the
mangers.
.\s long as grazing is pr>ssible no difficulty whatever is experienced in
giving proper exercise to weaned foals, (grazing in I-iast Prussia, which,
unfortunately, only lasts about \\\c months, must he made the best possible
392 The Prnctical P.irt of Horscbrecdin^'.
use of, i.e., the foals must remain on the meadows as long as it is light, with
a short interval for the mid-day meal, which the\- should receive in the stables
in the form of oats, water, and if required, especially in tlie autumn, an
addition of green Lucerne or clover. On hot summer days this interval may
at times be prolonged to about three hours, with green food in the stable.
The utmost use of the grazing time also already for weaned foals is, for the
breeding of light horses, the most important and potent factor for the produc-
tion of healthy and capable stock, and yet this is a thing which is very much
neglected. The neglect and the final leaving off of grazing represents, in the
history of many breeding studs, the turning ]D()int in llie transfer from a
capable breeding stud to one which is contented only with the cheaper pro-
duction of showy stock. Those economical considerations which have led to
the limitation or the abolition of grazing endanger our modern improved
breeds in the highest degree. This applies to horses as well as to cattle.
The influence of grazing, which is so very great, and which cannot be sub-
stituted bv anything else, consists principally in the long, regular and slo\v
exercise in the open air on elastic, turfy groimd, and under the continuous
and beneticial effect of sun, wind and rain. The linest exercising place
cannot replace these advantages of grazing, jjrincipally because the exercis-
ing place lacks the required food-seeking stimulus necessary for the said
regular exercise. The healthy and useful feeding on the pasture is only of
second importance.
In winter, wiien tiiere is plentv ot snow, exercise nia\' take place in the
same pastures. In our climate it is in the sj^ring and autumn that the diffi-
culty of regular exercise is experienced, as of course the pastures must be
spared at these times. Horses have then to be exercised on the paved
grounds, perhaps covered over with straw, railed in and circular, or if it is
not possible to get exercise on such places on account of the ice or because
the ground is frozen, etc., horses must be exercised in half-covered circus-
formed rooms. This exercise must take place daily, about H to -2 hours in
the morning and a little less in the afternoon, if possible with shepherds'
horses, in order to get the regular trotting exercise. The regular exercise of
weaned foals, as well as of r)lder horses, whether on the pastures in the
summer, or on the coxcred or uncovered exercising places in the winter, is
the most important thing in the whole breeding of light horses. This point is
often ^•ery much sinned against, even in Thoroughbred breeding, especially
when horses are to be sold as yearlings. After the finishing of grazing time,
weaned Thoroughbred foals and yearlings recjuire a systematic, gradual and
progressive course of exercise. This consists in leading them for IJ hours
in the morning, and somewhat less in the afternoon, at a slow pace, and
galloping them daily on a railed-in track about 10 metres wide and about
500 metres long. To start with, special leading horses with a man up are
useful until the foals learn later on the purpose of it. 'i'hev then will gallop
the distance of about 500 metres without such help.
2. The Jiidsrins: and Trentins; of Foals. 393
Whilst ihc \v(>aiu-d foals arc fasicncd up for diniH-r, it is the most suitable
liiiu' to load tiu-m each dav on a neighbouring track, till they are quite fit
to be handled and are obedient for leading, as well as to place them in a
proper position to judge their exterior. This tirst and very thankful teaching
of the young and willing foals should only commence four to six weeks after
beine weaned. I'nfortunatelv, Thoroughbred foals vcrv seldom get this
verv useful schooling, because one does not like the trouble, and, moreover,
because one under-estimatcs the great advantages derived from this educa-
tion. In Half-bred breeding this would be the most opportune time to select
those colts for castration which are not suitable for breeding. The earlier
thev are castrated the easier the foals get over the operation, and the more
perfectly d<i thev develop into the desired type of gelding with thin neck and
broad croup. It is still more advantageous, in order to get fine geldings, to
castrate colts when thev are about four weeks old and are still with their
dam, as the testicles are then sufficientlv prominent. Foals which are early
castrated grow out of many exterior faults, such as high-leggcdncss, narrow-
ness, and even faultv action, often m such a degree that when looking at the
hor.ses when four-year-olds, one finds the reason for castrating only from the
n.'marks written about the exterior.
(d) Treatment of the Skin and Hoofs of Weanlings.
To ]3roperl\' look after \\e;mctl foals one mav reckon twelve to fifteen
foals to one attendant. Of coin-se, one man cannot clean fifteen foals properly
daily, biu that is not necessarv. not even in Thoroughbred breeding. I
consider it sufficient if each foal is simplv rubbed down each da\' in order to
take off the worst dirt. This is best done in the morning whilst they eat
their oats, and it requires two to three minutes for each foal. Besides this,
each foal must b(^ thoroughlv cleaned once a week. For this purpose every
disposable attendant is given in the morning or afternoon two to three foals
in the stable to clean whilst the rest are being exercised. At the same time
he kioks alter th(.' hoofs and kee]3s them in order b\' cutting ihem properly,
rounding them and tarring them once about two or three weeks. The
smooth cutting of the frog, and the air-making between the frog and the
heels (opening uji of the lateral lacunae of the frog), as alreach' stated in
connection with sucklings, are i-ontinued. In the case of i-ontracted heels,
the heel-edges must be cut sul'licienllv to enable one to draw the hoof
scraper through ilie lateral lacunae of llie frog from front lo hack with ease.
The stuil attendants must, of course, be speciallv taught this work, which is
not dill'icult, pariicularlv if the studmaster or manager himself understands
it. It this worl<, howe\-er, is gi\-en to blacksmiths, who niostlv have no real
interest in the work and are not always available, the proper keeping of hoofs
will never be obtained in the stables. This care of the hoofs lakes very
lilile time or trouble, but causes much anxiety, and is of the greatest
394 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
importance, especially for Thoroughbreds. From my many years' experi-
ence, I can confidently assert that if the hoofs are looked after in the manner
stated above, of course a rotten frog is not only made impossible, but strong
and resisting hoofs, with correct, broad, full and well-supporting frogs are
produced to such a degree as is so much wanted for the racecourse, but which
yet are so rarely found. The same order in cleaning and the same care of
the hoof is to be applied later for one and two-year-old foals.
In about ten to fifteen per cent, of weaned foals it will be necessar}' to
shoe them from time to time. In the first place, those foals which, on
account of tlieir straight pasterns, run too much on their toes, and which
are therefore inclined to form upright hoofs, must be shod with half-moon
shaped toe-shoes. It is generally sufficient to shoe twice every three or
four weeks. Further, on account of some misplacements originating in
the womb which have not been quite grown out of (the X-formed position
of the fore-legs belongs also to these), or in consequence of standing too
wide, together with a yet too narrow chest, or again because of some
crookedness in the pastern joint which may still' be rectified, some foals
are exposed to the danger of wearing their hoofs off obliquelv, and thus a
proper development is prevented. In such cases I would recommend that
the foals be shod according to the well-known rules for faulty standing,
and in this manner until they have grown out of the supposed causes of
faulty standing, and imtil there is no longer any fear that they will continue
to wear their hoofs off obliquelv. In manv cases shoeing for three months
will be sufficient, often, however, twelve months and even more are
necessary; in fact, some never grow right. A twisting round the vertical
axle of the leg, originating at the carpus or wrist, the so-called " knee,"
or higher (not to be mistaken with the X-legged position, which is easier
to handle), cannot be improved by shoeing. If these faults are not put
right bv shoeing, as unfortunatelv is so often the case in Thoroughbred
breeding, which despises the exterior appearance, one will often find that
whilst after about twelve months the formerly misplaced pastern, the narrow
chest and other faults have been grown out of and become normal, but at
the same time during this year an oblique hoof, i.e., contracted heel on
one side, has been formed, which it will, of course, now be much more
difficult to put right, especially as improvement by shoeing is very dangerous
for horses in training. For twistings round a vertical axle, which cannot
be put right, it is advisable, in the first years before training, to have a
shoe made to suit the particular case, as by this means the early develop-
ment of an oblique hoof is prevented, or at any rate the tendency to grow
oblique is lessened. The following instructions are given to our local
stablemen and shoeing smiths for the cutting and shoeing of hoofs in the
case of faulty positions : —
Looked at sideways, faulty hoofs mav be divided into pointed and blunt
hoofs. Pointed hoofs are those of which the long toe is conspicuously
2. The Judging and Treating of Foals. 395
oblique, and the heels too low, and the blunt hoofs are those of which the
short toe is conspicuously straight and the heels too high. Pointed hoofs
are to be found when horses stand with their legs very much in front of
the bodv, or if the fore-legs are Unock-kneed (calf or sheep-kneed), or if
the hind-legs are too angular, or if the position of the toes forms an acute
angle (in most cases with long or sloping pasterns). If it is desired to
favourably influence these faulty positions, the toe-wall of the hoof will
have to be kept short. On the other hand, the heels are to be spared as
much as possible. Blunt hoofs are found with horses whose fore-legs are
placed too far back or are over in the knees, or if the position of the toes
forms an obtuse angle (in most cases with short or upright pasterns).
In this case cutting of the hoof must be limited for the most part to the
too high heels, although in many cases the keeping down of the heel does
not effect a remedy. In cases where foals have a lot of exercise on hard,
sharp ground, the toe sometimes becomes so worn off that a pronounced
upright hoof is produced, and if not dealt with at once it cannot be remedied
later, and forms a so-called pincard or ramplin foot, or otherwise ring-bone
with its attendant lameness ensues. By a timely use of a toe shoe this
affliction may be completely avoided. If it is a question of young foals
whose hoofs do not permit of a toe shoe, I would recommend that the toes
be hardened b\- repeated applications of tar, and also that small leather shoes
be used. I mav here mention that in some rare cases a pincard foot may
arise with foals, apparently the consequence of diseased bones and sinews,
and this is incurable.
Looked at from the front, the faulty hoofs may be again divided for
the sake of simplicity into two groups — group 1. hoofs with wide-set toes,
and group II. hoofs with narrow-set toes. Hoofs with wide-set toes are
more or less pronounced in the following positions : standing wide,
X-legged and wide-toed. The hoofs of the second group arc found in the
following cases : narrow standing, O-Iegged and narrow-toed.
If it is desired that the foal sliall outgrow these faulty positions, the
hoofs of group I. must be cut as follows : Repeatedly cut down the (.)Utside
of the toes, quarters and heels. Cut horizontally so that the sole is, if
possible, in the same level with the inferior iDorder of tiie wall, 'ihe sole
must therefore be as little arciied as possible. i3o not shorten the infericjr
border of the wall on the inside, but from the sole so much horn must be
removed, and the inner bar .so far siiortened (shortened, not weakened) tiiat
the sole appears much arched towards the frog. This arching of tiie sole
of the hoof, too narrow at the inside in the case of a wide-set toe, aims at a
widening of the hoof on the inside by counter-pressure of the ground.
Group II., hoofs of tile narmw-set toes, as far as cutting is concerned,
are treated in exactly the opposite manner to group 1. The advantages
of cutting hoofs witii faulty positions can best be learned when foals are
exercising on soft, yielding ground. If tlie exercising ground is rough
396 The Practical Part of Ilorsebreedinj,'.
and hard the hoof soon wears to the shape necessitated by the position of
the legs. In such cases the only thing to counteract this is shoeing.
Shoeing should be used not before an age of six months, but usually not
before they have reached the age of ten months, except in the case of
upright-hoofed suckling foals, when they should be shod earlier. It is,
of course, taken for granted that only a hrst-rate smith, perfectly acquainted
with this kind of shoeing, does the work.
The shoe for the hoof of the wide-toed position must be as follows : An
outer thin and an inner thick branch, the outer branch tapering towards the
end, which should have the thickness of the blade of a knife. The support-
ing edge of the thick branch is sloped outwards in the region of the quarters
and heels. The nail holes in the inner thick branch should be made as
far to the front as possible. The thin outside branch, the edge of which
must be kept narrow, must iac fitted on tiglit and nailed as far as the end.
The inner strong branch must be kept long, and must be fitted on large.
The inferior border of the wall on its su]Dporting surface, which slopes
outwards, is inclined by each weight to slip outwards, the C(jnsequence
therefrom being an early recognizable widening of the hoof on the inside.
The hoof of a narrow-standing requires a shoe exactly opposite in make.
Of course, the shoe must be changed at the right time, and it is to be noted
also that the faulty position cannot be remedied at once by a too strong
one-sided cutting down (if the inferior l^order nf th(» wall, nor can it be
forced by a too great difference in the strength of tiie shoe-branches; both
things must be done gradually, and siowh- increased. It depends on how
bad the faulty position is. the shape of the hoof and the results obtained,
as to how long tiie siioeing ought to be continued. As so(jn as the animal
is put to hard \\(irk it must be shod willi straight shoes, but even then it
is advisal^le when preparing the hoofs for siioeing to see that they retain
the breaking of the toe axle produced by artificial shoeing, as well as its
regular form, so ver\' laborioush- acquired.
The advantages of a proi:ier cutting and good shoeing for the form of
the hoof and the pt)sition of the legs does not only help the foal to outgrow
a faulty position well and quiokly. but docs more, i.e., instead of an oblique
hoof, which is always the consequence of a fault\- position, a regular
shaped hoof is formed, l-'or t'xample, in the case of wide-set toes, the hoof
is very oblique, i.e., the inner walls incline too much to the inside, are low
and pushed under, and the whole inner half of the hoof is too narrow.
If these measures are n(jt made use of, these evils will remain, and in
most cases this hoof will become later on a one-sided contracted hoof (narrow-
heeledness), otherwise it will not be able to overcome quitters, seams, etc.,
and the value of the horse is accordingly very much reduced. But even
this does not exhaust the advantages of the breaking of the toe axle. Horses
for whom nothing has been done to remedy their wide-toed position will
knock themselves as soon as they are taken in use, and they are useless for
2. The Judg-iii;,' and Tifatins: of Foals. 397
carriage, etc., worU. I-'oals witli wide-set toes, whose toe axles 1d\- correct
shoeing have acquired the desired breaking, very seldom hit their legs when
put to work.
Many experts say, and with sonic justilication, that the doubtless
unnatural breaking of the toe axle may also cause damage. On the other
hand 1 must state that many experiments in this direction have been made
for many years, most likely only at Trakehnen, and thev have demonstrated
that a slow breaking of the toe axle can be endured bv voting horses without
injury.
If the Lithuanian peasant, or the military horse breeder, a few days
before a sale prepares the hoofs in an artificial manner, this ruse has nothing
to do with the real methods of improvement, which are verv good and useful
for horses.
.A. too sudden break of (he toe axle of a threq-vear-old ma\- be disastrous
to young animals owing to the tearing of the ligaments and spraining of
the joints, particularly so if the attempts to improve are made bv shoeing.
The hoof which has been shod does not so easilv overcome the sudden break-
ing of the toe axle as an unshod one does, as the wearing off of the too high
bearing part of the unshod hoof is better accomplished, and consequently
nn damage arises from the breaking of the toe axle.
(e) The Treatment of Yearlings and Older Foals.
Treat and feed yearlings up to the beginning of grazing time in the same
manner as I have already pointed out for weaned foals. \\'hen the grazing
is good about 4 to C lbs. of oats are sufficient for militar\- and other horses
in use. For breeding material, about G to 8 lbs. of oats, with a simultaneous
addition of green clover or Lucerne, is required. Thoroughbred yearlings
require 10 to L2 lbs. of oats, and in addition green Lucerne. Half-bred
yearlings which are given when grazing more than 6 to 8 lbs. of oats will
eat less clover or Lucerne, and will therefore not become so strong. In some
instances, as for example, where foals are growing fast, or do not feed well,
a special addition of 3 to fi lbs. of oats may be advisable.
After the grazing period. Half-bred yearlings destined for use are given
about (i lbs. of oats and 12 lbs. of hay. Horses destined for breeding stock
are given about 8 lbs. of oats and 15 lbs. of clover or Lucerne. Thorough-
bred \carlings shr)uld be brol<en in during grazing time late in the summer
(about li hours dailv), and in aulunm after finishing the best grazing they
sliould be turned into training for racing.
In the case of two-\car-nlds, those bred for use receive during grazing
time 2 lbs. of oats (earlv in ihc morning), or if grazing is good no oats; and
those required for breeding stock about I to (> lbs. of oats, and in both cases
green I>ucerne or clover in additif)n. If Lucerne is very good and plentiful,
1 lbs. of oats arc c|uite sufficient: more would be detrimental, as it would
398 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
cause fattening. When autumn grazing is finished, the breeding material,
colts as well as fillies, should be saddled and trained. At Trakehnen we
give two and three- vear-old colts and fillies in training about 9 to 12 lbs. of
oats. After grazing is finished 6 lbs. of oats and about 12 lbs. of hay is
sutilicient for two-year-olds intended for use. In the following summer the
three-vear-olds at Trakehnen get during grazing time 2 lbs. of oats, but if
grazing is very good none. W'hen grazing is finished the three-year-olds
are broken in, and get until the spring auction 9 lbs. of oats and about 10 to
12 lbs. of hay.
The above indicated food rations are only sufficient if the quality,
especially of the hay, is very good. In damp years the hay is less nourishing,
and it is then advisable to increase the oat ration. On the other hand, the
beneficial and bone-forming qualities of hay well got in dry years may be
used in more plentiful quantities at the expense of the oat ration.
A part of the oat ration can be replaced by beans or peas, say about 2 lbs.
daily. By this means the formation of the bones is favoured, but at the
same time the disagreeable gall formation appears, especially in the hocks.
Beans and peas can therefore only be recommended when foals have at the
same time plenty of exercise.
Every expert will know, of course, that these rations, which are ordinarily
speaking used at Trakehnen, must very 'often be modified according to the
soil of the stud and the particular requirements of individual horses. A
fixed standard to suit all the different conditions— harvests, illnesses, etc. —
cannot be given. The eye of the breeder, especially when it works with
pleasure, wHl itself perceive all the necessary shades in the treatment of foals.
CHAPTF.R III.
Training.
1 iiAXE already mentioned in previous chapters the importance of
individiialisation in the treatment of both breeding material and foals. It is
quite evident that when training horses, whether for the purpose of racing
or hunting or other performances, it is most important to individualise, and
it is therefore impossible to give a hard and fast rule. I only intend to give
general points of view, ideas and experiences, from which each individual
breeder must build up his own theory according to the particular require-
ments of his available material, the training track and climate, etc. The
dit¥icultv of the art of training lies in the fact that its object, the horse, like
all other living creatures, is endowed with many powerful characteristics,
rendering a maciiine-like and uniform treatment impossible. If the horse
were a machine, then training would not be an art, and racing tests to the
lifeless clock time would be all that would be required. Furthermore, the
work of the trainer is made difficult by the task of having to obtain the
highest passible degree of fitness by a fixed time, i.e., the race day. The
iibject of all training consists in removing all superfluous fat and connective
tissues, in strengthening the muscles and sinews, and in clearing the wind.
In order to obtain this result the horses must be watched carefully and
correctly every day and properly dealt with. The trainer's eye is the cause
of horses being fit or unfit.
The suitable Hnglish and Irish soil, as well as the admirable racing tracks
— given bv the grace of God — especially at Newmarket, has led the English-
men also in this branch into the comfortable and tenacious conservatism
which is just as dangerous and hostile to all progress as was the former
conservatism of artillerymen with reference to breech-loaders not invented
bv them. It has taken a long time before the simplest doctrines of hygiene
could remove much of the evil in English training. The distinct successes
of the Americans in training and riding during the course of the last ten
years have caused Englishmen to think and reform where necessary. In
both training and riding, Americans, who are not bound down by tradition,
100 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding'.
and who are not spoiled by Englisdi pastures and galloping grounds,
obtained great successes through their practical ideas and almost incon-
siderate leaning to what is natural. Moreover, the Americans have reason
to be proud of the fact that Old England, with its long historx" of classical
races, has had to learn such a rough lesson from them !
(a) The Training Methods.
The training methods of the eighteenth centurv, that is, at the time of
Eclipse, born 1st April. 17G4, had to adapt themselves to the following-
circumstances : —
1. There were only a few attainable racecourses for each horse, and the
racing season was much shorter than it is to-day, often onlv three months.
2. In most cases onlv four-\ear-old and older horses ran. Three-vear-
olds only since 17-50, and two-year-olds only since 1773.
3. There were no railwavs, and consequentlv the visiting of the different
racecourses entailed long journeys on foot.
4. Most races were run for a distance of 2 to 4 English miles, with
heats, the weights for six-vear-olds being 12 stone.
At that time it was verv usual to keep horses in training for only three to
four months, and to send them for the rest of the time to grass. After the
grazing, training began with weekly physics and bleedings. Then the
horse received about two sweating gallops weekly, over distances of 2 to f>
English miles. During the sweating gallops with woollen rugs, some parts
(jf the body which had too much flesh very often — for example, the neck —
were covered with extra heavy rugs. In these gallops the last quarter of
a mile had to be ridden a little more quick, that means at half speed. After
the sweating gallop the nose and mouth were washed, then the horses were
brought into the stable or in the so-called rubbing-down house, and there
covered with several woollen rugs until the sweat oozed out in sufficient
quantities. The sweat was then removed with a sweating knife, and the
horse rubbed dry by four persons with woollen cloths, then covered with
fresh rugs and given walking exercise for half an hour. Some days a week
complete rest davs were usual, whilst long walking exercise, as is common
today, was almost u-nknown. Tiie usual daily canter or gallop was over
2 to 4 English miles, often without a leading horse, and in any case at a
slower pace than is usual to-day. The word " canter," meaning a quiet
gallop, arises from the slow manner in which the pilgrims walked to the
grave of .\rchbisliop Thomas Becket at Canterburv, murdered 1170.
The development of training in the last century, after the coming into
prominence of the classical races for two and three-year-olds, proceeded as
follows : —
1. .Vccording to Darvill, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the
following sweating gallops were given. For yearlings over 2 miles, for
3. Tniinin;,-. 401
t\vo-\c'ar-olds o\L'r -I^ mik's, for tliree-vear-olds over 3 to 3J miles, for four-
year-olds over 4 to 4^ miles, and for 5 and () year-olds over 5 miles.
•2. The sweatinf;^ cjallops gradually became more scarce, and were held
over somewhat shorter distances. The sweating gallops of two-year-olds (at
the beginning once weekly, over 1 English mile) gradually ceased altogether.
'.]. Sweating gallops at the beginning of the nineteenth century were
given in addition to the daily work, i.e., in addition to the quick work or
so-called gallop. Later on there was no c|uick gallcjp on the da\s of the
sweating gallops.
4. Opening nu'dicincs, called physics, became more rare, and are finally
limited to one or two doses a year, especially in spring, shortly before the
beginning of C|uicker work, i.e., beginning as thev are transferred from the
straw-bed to the racecourse.
0. The daily work consisted of 1^ to 2 hours in the morning, and about
1 hour in the afternoon. This afternoon work, however, does not seem to
have been generally practised, and ceases almost everywhere towards the
end of the nineteenth century.
(). The work in the forenoon for the two-year-olds consisted of a short
walk and trot, then two (|uiet canters of about 1,000 metres, and then a
somewhat quicker canter of about 1,200 metres, the latter once or twice
weekly, at full or half speed. The older horses cantered and galloped
just as often, but over longer distances. The distance was gradually
increased to the distance of the racecourse, i.e., extending eventually over
4 miles, equal to 6,437 metres. In .\utumn the yearlings cantered two or
three times daily, each time 600 to 800 metres, and in the late autumn were
tried up to SOO metres with the assistance of an older leading horse. The
afternoon work consisted only in walking and a little trotting.
7. About the second half of the nineteenth century the work of the
yearlings and of the two and three-year-olds was limited to two canters daily,
of which the second canter was somewhat longer and (|uicker. Once or
tw ice weekly the second canter was made almost at racing pace, in accordance
with the progressive condition. The three-year-old and older horses cantered
generally about 1 English mile, seldom more than 2,000 metres. Derby
horses, for example, galloped at least two or three times before the race IJ
miles, equal to 2,414 metres, at full racing speed. Gallops over longer
distances than 1^ English miles gradually cease altogether, even in the case
of horses, for example, which were trained for the Doncaster St. Leger
(distance 1 mile, 6 furlongs. 1-32 yards, equal to 2,937 metres).
The present day views on training are characterised as follows: —
1. Sweating gallops and physics are only applied in exceptional cases
when the condition of the legs does not permit that quantity of work by
which the useless fat and flesh, called in German luder, can be removed, and
yet at the same time muscle can be formed. I'urther physics are given if a
horse, in consequence of too much work, has become stale or has broken
c — 2
402 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
■down, so that during the time of its enforced rest it may not put on too
much flesh. If a broken down horse has to be bHstered or fired, it is given
a pill before and after the rest of four to six weeks. \\'here needed it is also
■given a physic about eight days before the race when some slight accident to
a fit horse requires an important reduction of work.
2. The daily work consists in the morning of IJ to GJ hours' walking
exercise, none or very little trotting, and two canters or gallops. In the
afternoon f to 1 hour's walking exercise, either led or with a man up.
After the beginning of the fast work, it is calculated that under normal
■conditions about six weeks are sufficient to make the horse fit for racing up
to IJ English miles, equal to 2,000 metres; whilst at least two months are
required if the distance is IJ English miles, equal to 2,400 metres.
3. In the case of the two daily canters or gallops, the last 500 to
800 metres (or as some trainers say, the last 300 to 600 metres) should,
according to the American idea, be done at medium pace, and in the case
of a more advanced condition at racing pace, at first onlv in the second
canter, later on in both. The beginning of this gallop in an^^ case must be
done at such a slow pace that one can trot alongside. This slow part of the
■canter may be accordingly extended up to 2,000 to 3,000 metres. Once or
twice weekly, in the case of more advanced condition, the quick part of the
•second gallop may be extended up to 1,200 to 1,600 metres, later on up to
at the most 2,000 metres, when, of course, the slow part can be very much
reduced, or omitted altogether. Only few trainers are of the opinion that
the gallop at racing pace may be extended up to 2,400 metres.
The idea which underlies this kind of training is that the daily gallops
over short distances, at a medium or at racing pace, bring the muscles which
are used for quicker work, and the lungs, better and more surely into
condition than the former usual longer gallops, undertaken once or twice
weeklv, for which the horses were not sufficiently prepared, as the other
daily work was only slow cantering.
The new method of training is supposed to effect a daily, uninterrupted
■and gradual improvement of condition, whilst formerly, according to the
doctrine of the old trainers, every two steps forward should be counteracted
■by one in the opposite direction. Moreover, experience has taught that
•gallops at racing pace for longer distances than about 2,000 metres do not
•improve the condition, but rather the reverse. The winner of the St. Leger,
1906, Troutbeck, has, as I have been assured by his trainer, W. Waugh,
never during the whole of his existence galloped or cantered over a longer
distance than 2,000 metres. On the other hand, the American trainer,
Walker, who gets perhaps the most out of his horses, gave his Derby
candidate, Eels, several gallops at racing pace over 2,400 metres, sometimes
€ven with relay leading horses. But even this trainer is of opinion that this
'distance is the extreme limit, and is even sufficient, for example, for
the preparation of the Grand Prix, which is run over a distance of 3,000
metres.
3. Training. 403
In tlic bigger and l)cttiT American raring stables, one ftften finds the
practical arrangement of using one part (jf liie stablemen for riding only,
whilst the greater part is employed in cleaning, feeding and leading the
horses. .\ racing stable of about .'50 horses not far from New York, had,
for example, onl\- two stable boys who ciuld ride. Besides these, the stable
jockev also rode. The cleaning and feeding of the horses, as well as taking
them to their dailv work on the racecourse, and in the afternoon generally
to the \ard, was undertaken by about eight to ten young fellows who, how-
ever, never were allowed to ride. Bv this arrangement the two stable lads
had plenty of opportunitv tf) practise galloping, as thev galloped each of
their about 7 horses twice daily, it is principally owing to this very prac-
tical division of work that the .\mericans are in the position to produce so
many good jocke\-s. Some of them even learn to accomplish fairly accurately
the verv difficult task of doing a gallop whilst training at a certain defined
pace (eventuallv I mile in about 1 min. oO sees.). In American training such
tasks are verv popular. The most difficult task, however, is to ride definite
distances in the shortest possible time. The partisans of racing against
time do not recognise, in mv opinion, sufliciently the difficulties attached to
same. Thev think that in our racing to a finish the art of the jockey in riding
is more important than the capacit\- of riding in the shortest possible time.
If the horse were a mere machine it would be an easy thing to get the best
record bv letting it go full speed ahead from start to finish. A\'ith living
horses, howe\er, the best r(>cord would certainlv not be obtained by this
method.
For steeplechasing the same kind of training is also recommended, except
that instead of galloping them once or twice weekly over 1,'200 to 1,600
metres as recommended, they are more often given a hunting gallop, over
obstacles, for .3,000 to -5,000 metres. Many trainers assume that if a horse is
fit to gallop 1,600 metres on the flat, and if it has had sufficient practice in
jumping, it is also fit to do .5,000 metres and more at a steeplechase pace, and
that finallv at the finish it can still put on the recjuired well-prepared speed
w hich it has not used up whilst going at a steeplechase pace.
Experience iuis furthermore taught that short quick gallops are less
dangerous for the legs than longer canters, provided that the horses do not
need to stretch themselves in these (|uick gallops. In these longer canters
energy and a desire for going soon disappear, conse(|ueiitly the absence of
strained nerves and muscles causes the sinews to break down easily or the
legs to become splints. If this long canter is over obstacles it causes excite-
ment, attention and the desire forgoing, which are so useful and so necessary
in training. Lazy horses, as well as fillies in heat, often gallop with loose
joints, and therefore often break down very easily. A change in the gallop-
ing track is in this respect often verv useful, as it serves to increase the
attention of the horses, and removes the so dangerous weariness. One of
the most imporlanl instructions given to the stable boys is: In your daily
404 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
ranters or gallops be \ery careful to avoid pushing vour horse. Sit still,
so that the horse may feel and think that the rider really wishes to go a little
more slowly. This soothing belief sustains the desire for going, and
strengthens the nerves of the horses.
Besides a horse's galloping performances, there are several other verv
remarkable signs to show how far its condition has improved. To commence
with, notice must be taken how long it takes the horse to snort (clear the
wind) after it has been pulled up. The sooner this happens the more forward
is its condition, especially the breathing. If the horse, for example, requires
a minute or more to snort, it is a sure sign that the horse has been asked to
do too much in the gallop in question, i.e., a mistake has been made. If the
horse is verv fit and the gallop has been too short, i.e., it has been easv work
for it, it takes a long time to snort, or it does not snort at all. The length
and pace of the gallop must fit the condition, so that if it clears the wind by
snorting 10 to 30 seconds after being pulled up, it is a sure sign that every-
thing is all right.
In the case of a horse which is fit the skin becomes thinner, the hair more
shiny, and the flesh firmer. The latter, as well as the disappearance of
useless fat, can best be noticed at the mane and on the ribs. A little easy
sweating is b\' no means a sign of bad condition, on the contrary, a fit horse
certainly sweats less but more readily, as its sweat is more liquid and its
skin thinner and more readily penetrated. The sweat of a fit horse looks
like clear water; on the other hand, that of an imfit one like lather, which
can be most distinctly seen between the hind legs, and dries up less quickly.
If the horse when galloping begins to become long, or to breathe more
deeply, pressing the knees of the jockey outwards, it is a sign for the jockey
to pull up.
Finally, I must add that before the race, and in order to get a perfect
condition, in most cases several gallops at full speed, over not more than
2,000 metres, are required, and that the last quick gallop — which often works
wonders — must be undertaken two or three days before race day. Of course,
even after this last gallop the horse must do its usual two canters daily up
to the day of the race. On the day of the race itself, early in the morning,
give the horse 1 to IJ hours' walking exercise, a short canter of 800 metres,
and-a so-called sprint for the same distance. If desired, you can do as the
Americans like to — let the sprint follow the canter without any interval.
About five hours before the race give the horse some oats with a little water.
An hour before racing lead the horse out (jf the stable.
The following points may be briefly mentioned with reference to the
important treatment of horses' legs when in training : —
1. .'Vs long as the legs give no cause for anxiety bandages must not be
made use of, except for steeplechasers as a orotection against external
injuries when jumping, and when <inl\- this protection seems necessar)'.
3. Training:. 405
Bandatjt's only then fulfil ihcir purpose when they are carefully wound and
fastened round the riijht place. The rule is to cord somewhat loosely but
wind round rather lirmly, and in such a manner that it is eas}' to put one
finger between the bandage and the leg. It must be corded about two inches
below the upper edge of the bandage, so that the strings of the bandage lie
e\en and onlv on one place.
1. 'I'his leg which is causing anxietv is generalK' discovered in the well-
known afternoon cleaning and revision hour, and it is then first of all neces-
sar\- to find out whether a changing of the shoeing is rec[uired. It will verv
often be found that the heels have been shortened too much, and in all
probability this has been the chief cause for the beginning of the break down.
In such a case new shoes with thick branches must be got at once. The
straighter position of the pasterns, which often takes place when training,
requires the heels to be lifted slightly.
3. As soon as the sinews give wa\- w hen working, it is necessary to begin
the well-known treatment of stitched-on stockings, wet bandages, cold
douches, blistering and firing, according to the stage of the disease. More
effective, however, than all these remedies is supposed to be the Hydro-
thermoregulator, Svstem Ullman (see Archiv. fur wissenschaftlich. und
prakt. Tierheilkunde, Vol. 31, page 196). Thick sinews, and especially fresh
breakdowns, are exposed bv this apparatus for 30 to 50 hours to a temperature
of .50 to 55 deg. C. Professor Eberlein says that by this treatment a complete
reformation and thus a cure of the break down is possible.
4. Besides the break down of the sinews (apart from about 50 per cent,
of all lameness produced bv hoof di.scases), lameness frequently occurs
through splint-exostosis. This exostosis is never or \ery rarelv caused from
external injur\-, such as b}' knocking or striking by the other leg, but it arises
from the tearing of the ligaments bv which the splint bones are connected to
their cannon bone. This tearing of the ligaments is caused when galloping
during training b\' the shock, which increases in proportion to the speed,
when galloping. I']\en when doing slow work', howexcr, exostosis may arise
from sudden and irregular effort of the upper parts of the splint bones, which
ma\- be caused in various wa\"s (laziness, heat, neglect). In the case of
lameness thus arising, exostosis itself is, of course, not vet existing, and
therefore not \et to be perceived, if exostosis is apparent, the lameness has
often alreadv pas.sed awa\\ In order to pre\ent or to limit as much as
possible an interruption of the irnining, it is necessarv to exercise a per-
manent pressure on ihe splint bones by careful bandaging, .\fter riding, it
is advisable for the remainder of the da\' to appiv wet bandages with dry
ones over them, and to change them at three hours' interval. For riding,
and of course during the night, apply only dry bandages. When the place
where the splint-exostosis arises is alread\- to be recognised, place a piece of
lead about the size of a two-shilling piece into the bandage, so that it exer-
406 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding;.
cises the necessary pressure. Perhaps also in the case of splint-exostosis
the appHcation of the Hydnjthermoregiilator might be useful. There
are good racehorses which, on account of exostosis caused whilst training
and not looked to at the proper time, could never be properlv trained for the
\\h(jle of the season. Sperber's brother is a \vell-knf)\\ n example of this.
(b) Stable Regulation and Instruction for Rubbing
Down Horses.
Work in the stable begins in the morning about IJ to 2 hours before
the horses are taken out. The first thing to be done is to give the horses
water and a little oats, clean the stable, and rub each horse down, after which
the men go to breakfast and put on their riding clothes. On their return
from the training track, the horses are to be regularly attended to in the
following manner : —
1. Remove the snaffle, take off the saddle and put same on the cleaning
bench, put on the horses' halters, and if necessary fasten them up. The
stable boy then commences to wipe the place where the saddle has been w ith
a straw wisp, and with the same straw wisp removes the greater part of the
dirt from the belly and legs, etc., the horses in the meantime eating the hav,
or in the summer, the fresh Lucerne, which must be there ready for them in
the manger. If the horses are under rugs, after the completion of the above
work, cover them up again, and in such a manner that the inside of the rug
comes on the top.
'2. The next work is the treatment of the legs and hoofs. The bandages
are taken off, and all the four legs, beginning with the near fore, are
thoroughly cleaned, if recjuired, washed or douched, and then again rubbed
dry. When cleaning or drying the legs, the stable boy must kneel dow n and
take firm hold of the leg of the horse from the front. The hoofs are now-
washed, rubbed drv and filled inside with damp clay. If the hoofs are not
washed it is unnecessary to put damp clay on the frog and sole, as the soil
which adheres to them is sufficient protection against the stable urine and
against over-dr\-ing of the hoofs. The hoofs must be washed once a week at
least, but as above-mentioned, damp clay must always be smeared in the
sole. The blacking of hoofs is not required, and is often dangerous. If
more is desired for the decoration as well as for the preservation of the hoofs,
the outer part of the hoof can be well brushed daily and wiped with a wool
cloth in order to make ihem smooth and shinv. When above has been done,
the legs must, when required, be rubbed with fluid and bandaged. Then
give the horse half a bucket of water to drink.
3. The real process of cleaning the horse begins with the head and ears,
care being taken that the horses keep their heads low. Take the rug oft" partlv
or altogether, brush first the left, and then the right side, alwavs commenc-
ing with the neck and shoulders. Then massage the horse witli a som.ewhat
3. Training. 407
damp wisp consistintj of Iiay and bast, then wipe with a woollen cloth. Beat
the dust well out of the rugs, put them on again, and put on the girtii, then
once more clean the tail and mane. Finally wipe the eyes, nose, mouth and
backside with a soft sponge, and the horse's toilet is complete. The halter
is then taken off, the horse bedded and given sufficient water. Tlie saddle
and harness are then cleaned and put awav in the harness room.
An hour after coming home the horses are given their chief feed of oats,,
the stable shut, and if necessarv in the summer on account of flies and heat,
darkened. The horses must now have four hours' rest up to the afternoon
stabling time, when the legs are first examined and the appetite controlled.
They are then got ready for tiieir afternoon's exercise of about three-quarters
of an hour, after which tliev are again cleaned, given water and oats. This
is the time when visitors may he received to inspect the stables, and the work
for the next day considered. In the evening give water once again, as well
as oats and ha\-. In the long hot summi-r davs, especiallv with us in the
North, it is advisable to work \evy early, and U) arrange for fi\e feeding times
instead of four. The above-mentioned stable rest of four hours would then
be after the third feed of oats. In this case (lie fi\e feeds would be about as
follows : —
4 o'clock a.m. about 1 lb.
\-2 noon ,, 8 ,,
5 o'clock p.m. ,, '2 ,,
(c) Food whilst Training.
For horses in training for racing ab(jut Ti to J-") ll:)s. of oats will be, on an
average, sufficient for one day. Very few horses in training eat more than
16 lbs. of oats daily for long, and I consider it inadvisable, except in rare
instances, especially where lu)rses w ill not eat hay, for horses to receive more
than this Cjuantity, as there might easily be a relapse, w hen they will scarcely
eat 10 lbs. Horses which have sufficient time and rest for eating, as for
example, racehorses, as opposed to farm horses, digest their oats better
without chaff. If it is desired to give chaff, however, 1 would advise the
use of Lucerne or Sainfoin hay. Part of the oats, about 2 to 4 lbs., may
be replaced by thi^ same (|uantity of peas or beans, especially if horses in
quick work lose their a]ipetite. I find it more prailical to give the peas
unground and unswollen, as most horses prefer them like that, and as
the peas or beans which have not been ground remove the tartar from
the teeth, and do not get dirty so easily. An addition of about 2 litres
of wheat bran twice weekly, damped a little, with oats (mash), is recom-
mended, especiallv after the f|uicker gallops; in anv case, not the day before.
During the hairing season I recommeiid that there be added to this so-called
408 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
mash a little slime of linseed, or about J lb. of ground or roasted linseed.
Formerly the portion of hay was fixed in England as 5 lbs. per day
maximum, because one wished to get the racehorses more slender after the
training than to-da}-, and they did not think it possible that the horse with
more flesh, or even with a so-called ha}' stomach, could be fit for racing.
To-day racehorses in training are given 10 to 12 lbs. of hay daily (but no
clover hay), and in addition, after their morning work, a few pounds of
green Lucerne as long as it is to be had. Americans have introduced a very
good custom, i.e., to put a bucket of water in the stables so that the race-
horses can drink whenever they like. Horses in consequence drink oftener,
but in quantity less than when they are watered three to four times daih-.
Half-bred horses which are not trained for racing but for the improvement
of muscle formation, lung activity and health, receive, in order to produce
stronger bones, less oats and more hay, especially clover hay. In Trakehnen
the two and three-year-old colts in training are given on an average 10 lbs.
of oats and 18 lbs. of clover or Lucerne hay, or in summer green Lucerne ad
libitum, but care must be taken that it is mown twice dailv and given to the
horses as soon as possible after it has been cut.
CriAPTFR IV.
Establishment of Studs.
Tm-: Medes were one (if the first and most rincient njitions wliit-li gained
great political power in Asia, mosth- on account of their good horses and
their clever cavalry. Only after allying Medea, which was rich in
horses, with Persia, did Cyrus succeed in overcoming the rich Crcesus
(549 B.C.), in destroying Babvlun (-538 B.C.), and in founding a great
Persian Empire, whose kings were so fond of horses that thev had their
celebrated studs for their own use and for that of their cavalry even in the
far distant Medea. Victor Hehn supposes that Medea was the home and
starting point of the horse breeding and horsemanship for .\nterior .\sia.
Amongst the grasses which impro\ed especialh- the horse breeding in
Medea, the Greeks and Romans found one particularly suitable, and
imported this grass about KM) B.C. into Italv under the name of Medic
grass, the name " .Medicago " arising later. In tile fifteenth centur\- this
grass was brought first to France and Belgiiun via .Spain, and received the
name I>ucerne from the little Italian town Ciauserne; according to other
information from tiie old Spanish word " L'serdas." .Soon after the dis-
covery of the New World the Spaniards took this Lucerne into .Vmerica, and
called it tiiere bv the .\rabian word " Alfalfa," later on the Spanish word
for clover. Lucerne has onlv taken root in (iermanv since the middle of the
eighteenlh century at hlrfurt. .Since ITHd Lucerne has been cultivated in
England in the fields, and in the sunny East of h'ngland (especially in Essex
and Kent) very much extended. In 1892 about 6,610 acres grew Lucerne,
and in 1906 already about •2-2,160 acres.
The horse, on accf)unt of the simpler organism of its stomach and the
shorter intestines, has a much less capacit\- for digestion liian cud-chewing
animals. For this reason the horse utilises less hay and straw than cows or
sheep. Of all kinds of hay, the horse utilises best Lucerne hay, and excels
in this respect even the sheep, according to the cNiieriments of E. W'olti,
410 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
Hohenhcim, especially as far as the use of the raw prolein and digestible
carbohydrates is mneerned. Therefore, not only the history of horse breed-
ing, and the experiences of tlie present time, but also scientific con-
siderations, seem to point to the special value of Lucerne for horse breeding.
Medicago sativa, or common Lucerne — named " aspert " bv the Persians
(i.e., literally forage for horses) — given either green or dried, is the most
nourishing and healthiest food for horses, and most suitable to produce
strong and hard bones. This grass requires a chalky, strong, deep and warm
soil, with deep level of subsoil water, but it also grow-s well in mountainous
districts, where the rain water, coming suddenly and in great quantities, is
able to run off well. In the South of France it often grows in the same spot
fifteen years and longer. In the middle of Germany about six years; in
Trakehnen only three to four years. It can be cut in France five to six times
yearly, but in Trakehnen only three times. It thrives better in dry years
than in wet years. On account of its roots, which grow 2 to 3 metres deep,
it can withstand the greatest scarcity of water. Lucerne thrives best after a
crop of vegetables, about 20 lbs. to one acre, sown in oats or barley, and
which can be mown green, as long as the Lucerne appears strong enough
to suppress weeds. After everv crop it is advisable to harrow the Lucerne,
and even in special cases to harrow- continuously even with the usurpator,
in order to destroy the W'eed. In winter it is easily affected by strong frost,
and it is therefore advisable to cut it for the last time in autumn, about two
to three weeks before the first night frosts. Manure of 3 cwts. Thomas meal
per acre every autumn, as well as 6 cwts. in spring, has been proved to be
sufficient at Trakehnen. After Lucerne the best food for horses is Sainfoin
(onobrychis sativa maxima). Sainfoin contains a little less chalk than clover,
but like Lucerne, it is not injurious to the breathing organs, and is, there-
fore, more suitable for Thoroughbred breeding than clover. Sainfoin is less
capable of resistance than Lucerne. It takes more from the soil, gives only
one crop, and is more difficult to get in. According to the tables of E. WolfT,
there is contained in every 1,000 part : —
Wood Sorrel
Sweet Meadow Hay
Sainfoin Hay
White Clover Hay
Red Clover Hay .
Lucerne Haj-
There is double the quantity of lime in Lucerne as green food as in red
clover, almost three times as much as in meadow grass, and five times as
much as in Timothy grass.
The thrivino- of Lucerne is one of the surest indications that the soil is
good for horse breeding, as has been proved in its home to the old Medes
4.7 1
ime
16.6
16.8
19.3
20.0
26.2
4. Establishnunt of Stial-. 411
and Persians. Where Liicorne thrives well, it ran he taken for qrantecl that
there will be found j^ood pasture and meadow laiul, or that they can he laid
out. (luod meadows and i^razintj are amon^jst the most important conditions
for the thriving of horse breeding. Although horses have a great power of
resistance against heat and cold, wind and weather, \-et there is no doubt that
thev prosper better in (lr\- antl liigh-lving districts than in damn and low-
Iving ones, because the food which grows on the former is more nutritive.
Moreoxer, on high-King plains the lungs of the horses develop better on
account of (he ihinner air, which causes the horse to breathe more often and
more deep. The great superiorit\- f)f that wonderful horse, Ormonde, must
partly be ascribed to the high-lying, otherwise rather deficient, training
place, Kingsclere. The high-King training place, Beckhampton, near
("alne, in Wiltshire, has pro\ed to be just as good; witness the two Derby
winners, Callee .More and Ard Patrick, trained there. The best Arabs are
found on the highest-lying plains of Arabia, and ]irobahK- the first home of
the Arabs is the same as that of Lucerne, namely, the niountainf)US Medea.
.\dmiral Rous writes about the establishment of a stud as follows : —
" The best site for a breeding establishment is undulating ground, on a
light soil, oxer limestone, then over chalk, gravel, sand and loam, well
drained; and the worst situation is a rich, wet pasture on stift' clav, which is
only fit for cattle and cart horses."
A windy climate is healthier than one which is not windv. The massage
of the skin which is effected bv the wind strengthens the nerves and improves
the health of men as well as of animals. The almost constant wind in East
Prussia, and the good loam soil there, on which clover flourishes luxuriantly,
are the elements which cause horse breeding to thrive so well in that district,
in spite of many other unfavourable conditions, due to its Northern position.
The possibility of foals catching cold after hcavv rain is much greater in
districts where there is not much wind than in districts where there is much
wind, as the wind, by drying the hair, is the best protection against colds.
^Foreover, in districts where there is not much wind it is very difficult to
get hay really dried bv the wind, especially Lucerne and clover, without
diminishing the nutritive power. To sum up, a chalky soil and a windy
climate produce good and strong nerves, and thev in their turn produce
health, C(Hirage and beauty, in both men and horses !
The noble horse, it is true, acclimatises itself easilv, and nia\' be used and
bred all over the world, and yet a keen observer must confess that it
prospers, and is better in every respect on a soil similar to the one just
described. .Although the influence of the soil is generally recognised, and
every practical breeder can see it everv vear in his own as well as in his
neighbour's case, yet breeders who are not living on favourable soil admit it
very unwillingly, ;ind often deceixc ihi-mselves. 1 have often heard East
Prussian breeders say : " Why cannot 1 breed Hunters here in Iiast Prusski
just as well as they do in Ireland?" The influence of the soil is,
412 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-.
however, much greater than even experienced breeders believe. If
we were even to import into Kast Prussia the finest food from Medea, yet we
could never import two \'er\- important conditions for breeding good
Hunters — firstly, a grazing period lasting at best longer than five months;
secondly, the splendid galloping country on which three-year-old Hunters
carrying small apprentices gallop behind the hounds, over walls and
obstacles, and even are able to gallop through the whole of the winter ! If
we, on the other hand, look at the difficulties which the East Prussian
breeder experiences in giving his horses the required exercise for seven or
eight winter months, one can well understand, from this standpoint alone,
the very great importance of the soil.
The United Kingdom (England and Ireland) undoubtcdlv possesses the
best soil for breeding horses. Perhaps, as is often said, the English fogs
which are so frequent, caused b\- the sea, are the cause of more roarers being
found there than in other breeding districts. Without this fog, however,
the meadows, and especialh- the galloping tracks, would not be so good as
thev are in this country and nowhere else in the world. Besides, the
oceanic climate of England fa\ours the speciallv high proportion of amid
in the horse forage, and as according to the latest researches of Dr. W.
Voltz, amid combinations are especiallv useful for the building up of firm
bones and muscles, consec(uentl\' the oceanic climate of England seems to
be speciallv favourable for horse breeding. In the less sunnv Western part
of England, the plants contain more amid, whilst in the more sunny East,
as alread)- mentioned. Lucerne tii rives better.
France is behind England in this respect, and in America the ground
cannot stand being galloped on, and for that reason all races are run on
artificial Macadam courses. The consequence of these advantages of the
English soil is that the English reared and trained Thoroughbred is far
superior to all other Thoroughbreds, bv reason of the elasticity of its gallop-
ing and its high quality. This blood, which produces wonders, is to be had
most surely in England. The other Thoroughbreds ha\e not shown as yet
that they can make progress, or even remain at their height, without con-
tinuous borrowing from England. England, on the other hand, in spite of
the yearly growing export of good and the best breeding material, has
retained its power. The danger to this horse country, endowed with the
Grace of God, consists in the increasing neglect which, by reason of all
producing wonderful nature, has rooted itself so often in mankind, as Th.
Buckle has show n in his " Historv of Civilisation in England."
The best soil for the breeding of draft horses is in fertile low-lying and
diluvial regions, which, on account of their plentiful and fattening forage,
are suitable for producing the desired large and heavy-limbed cold-blood
horses. Even the home of the Suffolks in England has the trace of a marshy
nature, and more so the Clyde valley, the home of the Clydesdales, It is,
however, possible, and may be expected, that the breeding of heavy horses
4. EstablisliiiHiit of Studs. 413
fi)r performances mav roquire somrthinp else frnm the soil. One of the best
examples 1 know of for the great influence which the soil exercises on the
type is the previously mentioned pure draft breeds in the Russian Steppe
stud of Derkul. The Percherons grew like .\rabs here, and the Suffolks and
Clydesdales became stunted, in spite of the splendid forage from the Steppe.
When choosing a ground suitable for a stud for horses, one must further
take into consideration that the hay of higher lying meadows (especially
mountainous and .\lp meadows) is superior as far as taste and nutritive value
are concerned. The hav of lower lying valley meadows, and still more that
of irrigated meadows and marshes, is, all things being etjual, inferior to the
hav of higher Iving regions, on account of less ta.ste and greater quantity of
woodv fibres, even if these same grasses should prevail here as well as there.
.Mostiv on higher meadows less weed will be found, and less grasses of
inferior value, or even dangerous. 1 nivself consider it imnrobable that a
continuous drought reduces the mineral ingredients of the food, and that a
food is produced poor in lime and phosphoric acid, causing diseases of the
bones (as Professor Kellner says in his well-known manual, "Die l'>nahrung
der landwirtschaftlichen Xutztiere"). As far as practice is concerned, in
dry years one can onlv complain about a smaller quantity, the quality is
always better, and the horses prefer it, and therefore develop much better, in
spite of a smaller quantity.
Of all domestic animals, the horse is the most sensitixc to bad drinking
water. I'nclean, surface or stagnant water is (he most injurious. I'^\en the
vapours arising from stagnant waters are very unhealthy for horses,
especiallv \dung foals, since they cause an increase of troublesome flies.
Continuallv running water containing lime, which is colourless and without
smell, is best for horses. It has often been observed that glanders breaks
out in a milder form after the horses are given better water from fresh springs
newly bored.
The growth of beeches is generally and rightly considered a favourable
sign as regards a good soil for horse breeding. As oaks grow best in wet,
liiw-l\ ing countries, or in countries with much rain, and as such countries are
not favourable for horse breeding, the idea has arisen that horses do nrjt
prosper where oaks prosper. Oaks grow, nevertheless on high-lying ground,
and thrive well on strong clav soil, which is also suitable for horse breeding.
On the other hand, limes, esjieciallv the small-leaved ones, as well as all
kinds of barberries, are undesirable in a stud, because they are the most
popular carriers of rust parasites, which an' especi;dly unfavourable for
Lucerne, and also for clover, as well as other grasses. l-"urthermore. wheat
straw suffers mostiv from rust, as in a lesser degree do also oat and barley
straw .
Fven the best soil re(]uires, in order to derive an\- benefit from its
advantages for breeding good, capable and soimd horses, two very important
factors, /.(■., jjaddocks and permanent pastures. These remarks are perhaps
414 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
superfluous when speaking of two benefited horse breeding countries like
England and Ireland. But the method of rearing in the stable without
paddocks and permanent pastures, which is still so widespread in Germany
for all kinds of breeds, threatens to ruin many breedings. First of all must
be mentioned here the breeding of horses. Paddocks and permanent pastures
serve, therefore, as a contrast to the method of rearing in the stable, to keep
the breeding material as long as possible outside the stable and in conformity
with nature, to nourish same. The following advantages thus arise :
1. The injluence of light. The recently well recognised beneficial
influences of light consist principally in destroying manv verv dangerous
microbes, especially tuberculosis baccili, and in increasing the energy of life
by multiplying the red corpusculli and the hc-emoglobis. According to the
observations of Professor Gaule in Zurich, for example. Polar travellers often
suffered more or less from aniemia.
•2. The influence of good air. The air rich in oxvgen in the open is a
primary condition of every healthy development. The continuous remaining
out in the open increases the need of oxygen, and in order to satisfv their
needs, horses must, by deep breathing, make a greater use of their lungs.
Accordingly, the lungs will be extended and strengthened, and also the
energy of life increased.
3. Tlie influence of -ii'/za/ and :^<eatlier. The constant skin massage by
wind and weather strengthens the whole nerxous system. As a matter of
fact, wind and weather preserves the whole animal organism in a continuous
and beneficial (raining through frecjuent and sudden changes, and forces it
to get accustomed to outside circumstances for the sake of self-preservation.
In conjunction with the beneficial influence of light and air, wind and
weather, owing to a normal and strengthening development of the nervous
system, favour the health in such a good and energetic way altogether
impossible if the horses are brought up in the stable.
4. The influence of exercise. A voluntary, continuous and mostly slow
exercise on the meadows is necessarv when seeking their food. By this
means the sinews, muscles and bones are under the influence of a favourable
slow, continuous and effective training quite impossible outside the meadows.
The longer grazing is possible (in East Prussia, unfortunately, five months
at the most), and especially night grazing, the more distinctly is to be
observed a favourable development of the formation of the body, especially
of the shape of the limbs, as well as that so important correct walk. The
voluntary desire of the horses to visit distinct parts of the meadow, the
possibility of their moving about as they please, and so noticing all that is
going on around them, the attention which is required for observing changes,
the many chances to caper and play with their companions — all these
strengthen the intellect and senses, and are the best and only preventives
against timiditv.
4. Establishment of Studs. 415
5. Food gracing. The advantages of grazitifj on (lie meadow, as
against green food in tiie stable, lie, firstly, in the fact thai the horses never
get as much in their mouth in the meadow as in the stable, and that, there-
fore, sudden overloading of the stomach is avoided; secondly, many and
just the best and voungest grasses lose their taste between the time of being
mowed and eaten: thirdly, the useful combinations of amids are, for the
most part, in the vounger plants, and these are the most difficult to mow,
but the horses w hilst on the meadow get them easily.
For the good preservation of pastures it is ver}- important that they should
be grazed alternately, as far as possible, by horses, cows or oxen (but not
bv sheep). Grazing bv horses only, continued through many years, seems
to produce some peculiarities on the respective pastures which are doubt-
lessly injurious, but up to the present not yet investigated scientifically.
These damaging characters are developed more intensively the longer
grazing is able to be extended in the respective countries. The pastures in
England and Ireland, for example, suffer much more from continuous
grazing by horses alone than pastures in East Prussia, where five to seven
months winter, with snow and frost, shortens the grazing season and pre-
vents somewhat the development of these injurious peculiarities. In countries
with a short winter and no snow the pastures are especially sensitive to a
one-sided use. Who, however, can afford the luxury of manuring his
pastures plentifully every year with composts, will suffer little, or not at all,
from the above damaging characters.
When preparing the meadows or pastures, it is useful to grow a green
crop of potatoes or turnips, on purpose to destroy weeds as radicallj' as
possible. The following composition of seeds, mixed with oats or barlev as
guard-corn, have proved suitable for Trakehnen : —
1. For Clayey Soil.
Sow per 1 Morgen^J h.'i. = 0.63 .Acre.
Red clover (Trifolium pratense) 2 lbs
White or Dutch clover (Trifolium repens) 2
Cow grass (Trifolium pratense perenne) 3
Smooth-stalked meadow grass (Poa pratense) 10
Dogstail (Cynosurus cristatus) 2
Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratense) 3
Fiorin or creeping bent grass (.\grostis alba stolonifera) ... 2
Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata) 2
Timothv grass (Phleum pratense) 2
Total . . 28 lbs.
416 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
2. For a Sandy Soil.
Sow per 1 Morgen-J ha. =0.63 Acre.
Red clover (Trifolium praten.se) 2 lbs
White or Dutch clover (Trifolium repens) 2
Cow grass (Trifolium pratense perenne) 2
Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) 2
Trefoil or yellow clover (Medicago lupulina) 1
Smooth-stalked meadow grass (Poa pratense) 10
Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis) 2
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) 2
Fiorin grass (Agrostis alba stolon ifera) 2
Dogstail (Cynosurus cristatus) 2
Q
Cocksfoot grass (Dactvlis glomerata)
Timothy grass (Phleum pratense) 1
Total . . 30 lbs.
To arrange a stud it is necessary to have the stud books corresponding to
the breeding aimed at. It is very much to be regretted that in the most studs
of England and Ireland these .stud books are kept very irregularly and in a
loose manner. The import certificates from England do not even state the
most important dates, which we mark on each covering and foal certificate,
namely, day of birth (not only year of birth), time of pregnancy reckoned
from the coverings indicated on the service certificates, colour and marks (not
colour alone). The entry of all the coverings with their dates is especially
important when several stallions have been used for covering. It is alsO'
important to know whether the horse has been a premature birth. A well
organised and properly kept stud book can be the storehouse of many and
different breeding and al.so biological problems. For the sake of reference,
all coverings should be entered in the stud book, i.e., registers of co\-ering&
and foalings, notices of the judging of foals, the whereabouts of same, etc.,
etc., must be lucidly arranged together to .save space, and also for the sake
of lucidity special signs for the judgment of foals at different times are
practicable. Below I give the model of a stud book introduced at Trakehnen
for the last twelve years, with the practically tried signs for the judging of
foals. The.se signs are intended to .specially reproduce the exterior
peculiarities, which are useful for the immediately following matings, as
well as to judge t)f transmission on the part of the parents and the develop-
ment of the foals themselves. If, as it appears to me, this stud book
introduced at Trakehnen is sufficient for Half-bred breeding, nevertheless.
4. Establishment of Studs. 417
for other breeds, i.e., for Thoroiighbreds or Trotters, special modifications
will be necessary. Tlicsc will consist principally of a lucidly arrancfed
classification of the racing and breeding performances of the family in ques-
tion, as I have siniilarlv shown on page 290. In addition, short remarks
about tile development, capability and i:)eculiarities of the foals during the
breaUing-in, first trials and further trainings, would be very useful, to which
it mighl lie adxisalilc lo insert special coliuiins.
418
The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
Stud Book
No. AVi. Isar born (.-ifter .'i;ild,) k/1 1897 in Bojohrgallen.
Bv l^'lfcnbein and Ismir bv Malteser and Issy by Djabiia — \'index xx — Reprobate
5 Nobleman x
— V, Emilius xx, Fr. Gener.:
6 Antenor
72J% XX, 8i% OX,
Colour, Mark, Size : dark brown without special marl-c. 169/158 cm,
1-^, No. 181 Foundation Marc: Honnc K, 11, born Engl. 1784,
ra
Covering"
with
St.dlion
on the
U
Foaling
Date Sex
Name,
Colour,
Marks
Judgment
Date
Class
Description
14/1 22/1
Insuruent I 9/2 11/2
01
331
•illv
l(i
02
Irr.
17/1 02 II
brown
12/.") O.T II?
.Star
15/5 04 ; II
I.ED'-/
'1— i;.
"i— L
32h
Lehnsherri 25/1 02
26
Pomp XX 19/2 02
January
03
Colt
20/8 06
(jelding
Impiis.int
27/1 03
dark
brow II
8/5 04
Si. I, b.
p:isl, w.
JO/5 05
iCH-
II;
n
00 A
J^ A
4. Esliiblishnient of Studs.
419
Formula.
Of the Hiood Marc
Disr
("(iiiditicin wliiKi Tr.iininrt ' l')escriptii)ii .-uul Riniark';
Severe glaiuler'^ when
weaned.
.3/1 "lii I. pcri.Hlical I'M iii-
tlammalion.
•^ vearuld, very idle a nd slow
in the autmim irainini'.
i \ car iild, lariii Imrse.
vxeelleni leniperament.
4/.3 !»!! 1. blind,
5/4 "111 1. h. inllani. -willint^; 3 year nld, aul unin .Iriven,
reeitveretl.
_ luirscs verv
will.
00 I
Kl. 11. a
Diseases
and Development uf the Foals.
("ondilinn whilst Trainini;
Kin.d jiid^nient
Sli^hl j^l.indrr- while jOnly saddled when .i year
sucklinf<. "Id in the summer a- .a
,^(, ,■ 1 , . , I farm horsi-, ulii-n lame.
Often colic when weaiieil.
2/.3 04 1. b. inllani, Nwellin>j; '• 3yearold.a veryyood riding
remedied. horse, .ilw.ays healthy,
10/804 1. b, inflam. swelling; All illnesses overoome.
yet 8/11 04 rerovered.
Hroiid M.ari'
Z. KI. II
<i. Kl. II
171/1G2 cm.
.Meconium renmvetl with .3 year old l,irm horse ,il
instruments. | Mattisch.
Verv sliijht •'landers when ,. n , , . , ,,
■' ty r^ l-,.\cellenl temperament.
weaned.
8/6 05 I. b. past, Kissur
remedied
11/8 05 crib biter.
1906 often colic.
.3 vear old ridden in .ail iiinn
as a hunter. (lood
jumper.
'■)
/. Kl. III.
(i. Kl. I.
Crib biter.
1,') 4 07
in .\uUl.
to X. \.
l.s.'iO \I.irk
C30
17,3/164 cm.
420
The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
Index of the Signs
-a
c
well set up
neck
calf knee =)
loose stand =| \
over' in the
knee =(
stifT-built stand =
6
= siopinjT crupper
light fore-leg
tucked up
= high-legged
= middle-strong fore-leg
short ^vell ribbed
legged
strong fore-leg
upright
pastern
! = noble head
\ = deer neck
carp
back
harrow chest =
left outward = \j
right narrow toe = |\
broad chest =
■-loping hind-
pastern
pointed
crupper
s = sharp good hocks
s^ = very broad and
strong hocks
U / = left ill-shaped hock
'\> = right curb
r ? = right tied-in be-
low hock
// = small hocks
the tail carried
proudly
- = narrow behind
^ = behind strongly
angled
Iv = a hint of left
spavin
rvv = right spavin
= broad behind
1. b. = left front upright hoof.
KI
=
Class: I.a, I., H.a, II?, III.
R
=
large frame
Z. Kl
=
Class for breeding purposes
L
=
joint ill
G. Kl
=
Class for use purposes
u
=
unripe
Crib
=
crib biter
sch
=
weak
kr
=
ill
Gil
=
gal! <
kz
=
hip-shot
!
=
noble
k
=
small
! 1
=
very noble
k
=
very small
a
=
expressively
N
=
needy being
tr
=
lean
R
=
large
/
=
common
c
=
correct
t!
=
verv common
h
^
harmonious
1. A. •
=
left eye cataract-spot
w
=
little
4. EstJiblisliiiuMit of Studs.
for Judging the Exterior.
421
ik't'p set
neck =
fore-leg bending
bacUwards
= nice sloping shoulders
ong in the flank = ) (
= short and middle strong fore-leg
= strong fore-leg with short knee
r. fl. = front right flat hoof
1. Sch. = left front ring hone
straight back
) = squeezes the tail
Ig = long hind-
legs
= projecting
hind-legs
straight
hind-legs
g = large head . ^pc^
^^■^^' .^^.\^e<*
misplaced
forwards =
right X leg =
>xe.^
= hind quarters over
r. n. = right side lower
•built
= light fore-leg over in the knees M
Ig = long trunk
= hanging b^
= strong find long fore-leg
;_good muscle formation
1 in the crupper
pointed haunch
= misplaced behind
r = right leg binding over pastern
§ = irregular action
Uw = wide in knee
ke = narrow in knee
X = regular action
ccl = verv regular action
cr_-; = doubtful action
cc = regular and forceful
^ - regular and not forceful
00 br = regular but somewhat broad
oobr = regular but very broad
oceng = regular hut somewhat narrow
ooA = regular but high action
go = regular but right thrown outwards
05= regular but left somewhat outward
\
/\
= regul.ir but turned-in toes
CHAPTER V.
Tables for comparison of various Measurements.
Linear Measure
1 Yard in I{ngland = 3 Feet .
1 Yard in America ....
1 Furlong = 2i20 Yards . . .
1 Distance = 240 Yards . . .
1 Mile in England = 8 Furlongs
1 Mile in America ....
1 Mile in Prussia ....
1 Mile in Hungary ....
1 Mile in Kurland = 7 Yersts .
1 Faden (Saxony) in Russia .
1 Verst = 500 Faden ....
1 Faden in Sweden and I'innland
0,91 438 m
0,91439 ,,
= 201,16
= 219,5
= 1609,31
= 1609,33
= 7532,-5
= 8353,6
= 7467.5
2,13 356 „
= 1066,78
1,7814 ,,
1 Inch in Prussia (Rheinland) . . . = 2,6154 cm
1 Inch in England and Russia . . . = 2,539 954 ,,
1 Inch in .\merica = 2,539 977 ,,
8 Inches (English) = 20 ,,
8J Inches " = 2U „
9 Inches ,, = 22.8 ,,
1 Foot in Pru.ssia (Rheini.) = 12 Inches = 31,38 535 ,,
1 Foot in England and Russia = ]2 Inches= 30,47 945 ,,
1 Foot in .\merica= 12 Inches . . . = 30,47 973 ,,
1 \\'erschok in Russia = 4,445 ,,
1 Arschin = 16 \Yerschok = 71,1187
5. Tables for t'omparisDii of Various Mcasiirfiiicnts.
423
Height Measurcincnl fur Horses.
1.
In Lnv'l
iiid.
1
nch = 2,53f)9 cm, 1
Ham
=
4 Indies
= 10,1590
cm.
Hands
Inches
cm.
Hands
Inchc
s
cm.
Hands
1 nches
cin.
12
—
=:
121,9
14
3
=^
149,9
17
2
=
177,8
12
1
=
124, .5
15
—
=
152,4
17
3
=
180,3
12
2
=
127
15
1
=
154,9
18
—
=
182,9
12
3
==
129.. -5
15
2
=
157,5
18
1
=
185,4
13
—
132.1
15
3
=
160
18
2
=
188
13
1
_,
1.34,6
16
—
=
162,6
18
3
=
190,5
13
2
=^
137.2
16
1
=
165.1
19
—
=
193
13
3
:=
139,7
16
2
^
u;7.6
19
1
=
195,6
14
=
142,2
16
3
=
1 70.2
19
2
=
198,1
14
1
^=
144,8
17
—
=
172.7
19
3
=
200,7
14
0
=
117.3
17
1
=
175,3
1 Inch
-. Ill (•(■rMi:Mi|.
L^(il•j4 cm. I Foot = V> Inches = 31 ,:JS uM-j cm.
Feet
Inches
cm.
Hands Inches
Arschin
Werschok
5
. —
=
156.9
= 15 1,8
=
2
3,3
5
1
=
159,5
= 15 2.8
=
2
3,9
5
2
=
162,2
= 15 3,8
=
2
4,5
5
3
^
164,8
= 16 0,9
=
2
5,1
5
4
=
167.4
= 16 1,9
=
2
5.7
5
5
=
170
= 16 2,9
=
2
6,2
5
6
z^
172,6
= 17 —
=
2
6,8
5
7
^^
17.5,2
= 17 1
=
2
7,4
5
8
=
177,8
= 17 2
=
2
8
5
9
=
180,5
= 17 3,1
=
2
8,6
5
10
=
183,1
= 18 0,1
=
2
9,1
5
11
=
185,7
= 18 1,1
=
2
9,8
6
^
188,3
= 18 2,1
3. Ill Kiissiii.
^
2
10,4
1
WcrM
■hok
= 4,44.'> cm. 1 .\r^cl^in = l(i
Werschok -^
71,1187 cm
Arschin
Werschok cm.
Hands
Inches
2
—
142,2
^
14
—
2
1
146.7
=
14
1,8
2
2
151,1
=
14
3,5
2
3
155,6
=
15
1,3
2
4
160
^
15
3
2
5
164,5
=
16
0,8
2
6
169
=
16
2.5
2
7
173,4
=
17
0,3
o
8
177,8
=
17
2
2
9
182,2
=
17
3.8
r)
10
186,7
=
18
1.5
424
The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
Liquid and Dry Measure.
1 Quart in England = l,136 Liter, 1 Quart in America = 0,946 Liter.
1 Pint in England=0,568 Liter, 1 Pint in America = 0,474 Liter.
1 Garnez in Russia = 3,2797 Liter.
1 Liter=l Cubicdecimeter.
1 Hektoliter = 100 Liter.
1 Liter of Oats weighs about a Pound = 5 Kilogramm.
Surface Measure.
1 Ar=100 s.m., 1 Acre = 25,.53 ar.
1 Helctar = 100 ar = 3,9166 Acre.
1 Acre in England and America = 40,47 ar=l,59 Acre.
1 Dessatine in Russia = L09 Hektar = 3 Lofstellen in Kurland.
Weights.
1 Pound (lb.) ill Germany, Denmark, Switzerland = .500 gr. = i Kilogr. 1 lb. in
Ensjland and America = 4.53,6 gr. 1 lb. in Russia = 409,5 gr. 1 lb. in Austria Hungary
= 560,1 gr. 1 lb. in Sweden = 42.5,1 gr. 1 Stone in England = 14 English lbs. =
6,3.5 kg. 1 Pud in Russia = 40 Russian lbs. = 16,38 kg.
Stone
lb.
1<K-.
Pud
lb.
Stone
lb.
kg:-
Pud
lb.
5
—
=
31f
= 1
37,-5
7
— =
441
= 2
28,-5
5
1
=
321
= 1
38,6
7
1 =
45
^ 2
29,7
5
o
=
32|
= 1
39,7
7
2 ^
45i
^ -2
30,8
5
3
=
33
^ 2
0,9
7
3 =
4-5f
^ 2
31,9
5
4
=
33J
= o
2
7
4 =
461
__ 2
33
5
5
=
34
= 2
3
7
5 =
46f
^ 2
34,1
5
6
=
34^
^ 2
4,2
7
() =
.471
^ 2
35,2
5
7
=
3.5
_ 2
.5,3
7
7 =
47|
= 2
36,3
5
8
=
35J
= 2
6,4
7
8 =
48
= 2
37,4
5
9
=
351
^ 2
7,5
7
9 =
481
_ 2
38,5
6
10
=
361
-^ 2
8,6
7
10 =
49"
_ 0
39,6
5
11
=
36|
= 2
9,7
7
11 =
491
= 3
0,7
5
12
=
371
= 2
10,8
7
12 =
■50
= 3
1,8
5
13
=
37|
_ o
11,9
7
13 =
501
= 3
3
5. Tables for Coiiiparison of Various MoasiMfiiiLiils.
425
Stone
lb.
1<R-
Fu.l
lb.
.Stone
lb.
i<.^-.
Pud
lb.
6
—
38
= 2
13
8
—
= 50|
=
3
4,1
()
1
—
38*
= 2
14,2
8
1
= 511
=
8
5,2
(■)
o
—
39
^ 2
15,3
8
2
= 513
=
3
6,3
(5
3
=
89J
^ .J
16,4
8
8
= 52J
=
8
7,4
('}
4
=
-10
.)
17,5
8
4
= 52i
=
8
8,5
()
0
^=
JUi
.)
18,6
8
5
= 53
=
3
9,6
6
(5
=
40a
^ 2
19,7
8
6
= 53^
=
3
10,7
(")
7
=
411
■2
20,8
8
7
= 54
=
3
11,8
(i
S
=
41i|
.)
21,9
8
8
- -^t*
=
3
12,9
f)
9
=
4-21
^ 2
23
8
9
55
=
8
M
(")
]0
=
423
^ 2
24,1
8
10
= 55i
=
3
15,]
()
11
=
48
^ 2
25,2
8
11
- 55a
=
3
16,3
6
1-2
=
43^
2
26,3
8
12
= 561
=
3
17,4
(•)
18
=
44
.)
27,4
8
13
. 56?
=
3
18,5
9
_
=
o7]
- 3
19,6
10
6
= 66^
=
4
1,7
9
1
=
.-,7i
^ :3
20,7
10
7
= 66|
=
4
2,8
'.)
.)
=
58
3
21,8
10
8
= (571
=
4
3,9
9
3
=
58^
= 3
22,9
1(1
9
= 67i
=
4
5,1
9
4
=:
59
= 3
24
11)
10
= 68"
=
4
6,2
9
5
=
59J
= 3
25,1
10
11
= 68^
=
4
7.3
9
(■)
=
59|
= 3
26,2
10
12
= 69
=
4
8,1
9
7
=
601
= 3
27,3
10
13
= (59^
=
4
9,5
9
8
=;
60|
=-- 3
28,4
9
9
=Z
611
= 3
29,5
11
—
= 69f
=
4
10,6
9
lU
=
612
= 3
30,7
Vl
—
= 761
=
4
26,1
9
11
=
621
= 8
31,8
Vi
= 82J
5
1,6
9
1-2
=
62J
= 3
32,9
9
13
=
63
= 3
34
u
—
= 89
=
5
17,1
15
= 951
^
5
32,6
1(»
—
=
63i
= 3
35,1
" -'■1
10
1
=
64
= 8
86,2
1(>
—
= lOlJ
=
6
8,1
10
o
=
64J
= 3
87,8
17
__
= 108
—
6
23.6
10
8
--
64|
= 3
38,4
10
4
=
6:H
. 3
39,5
IS
—
= 1141
^
6
39,1
10
5
^
65!J
- 4
0,6
n>
—
= 1203
=
7
11,6
426 'he Practical Part of Horsebreeding;.
Most Important Distances at Newmarket.
Mile Furl
The Beaton Course (B. C.) 4 1
since 1852 4 1
since 1864 4 1
since 1865 4 1
since 1889 4 1
Round Course (R. C.) 3 6
since 1819 3 4
since 1852 3 4
since 1889 3 4
Ditch in (D. J.) 2 _
since 1852 2
since 1865 2
since 1889 2 —
Ankaster Mile (A. .M.) 1 —
since 1889 1 _
Two years old Course (2 Y. O. C.) July St. . — 5
New Two years old Course (on the B. M.)
since 1888 July St _ 5
since 1902 ' — 5
Two years old Course (on tlie flat) since 1852 — 5
since 1902 _ 5
Yearling Course (Y. C.) 2
since 1853 (on the flat) — 2
since 1854 — 2
Cambridgeshire Course (1839) 1 1
Old Cambr. Course since 1843 1 1
New Cambr. Course since 1901 1 1
since 1902 1 1
Cesarewitch Course (1839) 2 1
since 1852 2 2
since 1889 2 2
since 1902 2 2
Across the Flat (-A^. F.) 1 2
since 1818 1 2
since 1852 1 2
since 1887 1 2
Dewhurst PI. Course — 7
Criterion Course — 5
since 1865 _ 6
Suffolk St. Course 1 4
since 1889 1 4
since 1902 1 4
Vds.
Meter
138 =
6764,6
173 =
6796,6
157 =
6782
143 =
6769,2
177 =
6800,2
93 =
6119,9
187 =
5803,6
139 =
5759,7
138 =
5758,8
97 =
3307,3
119 =
3327,4
105 =
3314,6
118 =
3326,5
18 =
1625,8
22 =
1629,4
136 =
1130,2
142 =
1135,6
140 =
1133,8
140 =
1133,8
134 =
1128,3
147 =
536,7
22 =
422,4
52 =
449.9
156 =
1953,1
20 =
1828,8
17 =
1826
— =
1810,5
215 =
3615,4
28 =
3646,5
35 =
3652,9
— =
3620.9
44 =
2051,9
24 =
2033,6
73 =
2078,4
— =
2011,6
— =
1408,1
182 =
1172,2
— =
1207
2 =
2415,8
25 =
2436,8
— =
2414
CHAPTER VI.
Tables showing the Ancestors oF Thoroughbreds
in the Male Line.
428
The Practical Part of Horsebreeiling-.
O
M
n
OS
-<
p
Brisk 1711
D. bv Jigg
Aleppo 1711
D. by Hautboy
Flyiiis Cliilders 1715
D. bv Okl Careless
Foxhunter 1727 —
D. bv Basto
Hob,i;oblin 1724 ~
D. by Old Careless
Second 1732
D. by Basto
Moses 1746
D. bv Porland Arabian
Shakespeare 1745
n. by Bartl. Childers
Table I. D
Otho 1760
D. by Cade
? Eclipse 1764
D. bv Retftikis
.V: Norfolk
D. bv Grev Grantham
Roundhead "l733
D. bv Bald Gallowav
Snip 1736
D. bv Basto
BarJlet's Cliildirs Squirt 1732 —
about 1716 I), by Snake
D. by Old Careless
Biille Rock 1718
D. by Byerly Turk
D. bv Hip
Jolly Roger 1741
D. by Partner
S)iap i750
D. by Fox
Syphon 1750
D. bv Partner
J Engineer 1755 —
I D. bv Grcvhounc
Bav Malton 1760
' D. b\- Caile
Goldfinder 1764 -
D. by Blank
I S-weet William 17
D. by Cade
Swecthriar 1769 —
D. by Shakespe;
Tandem 1773
n. b\- Reyulus
Eclipse 1764 -
D. bv Reffulus
Marske 1750
D. by Blacklegs
Slriplint; 1705
D. by Cade
V. Marske 1771
D. by Blank
Shark 1771
D. by Snap
till). Line.
C«xco)ub 1771
D. by B.-ihr.'ihani
Dorinuiiil 1772
n. In R.ihrahaiii
ManihriiKi 1768
l\ b\ Cade
■p.ulor 177G
l\ hv SeillcN Aiabinn
0. Tables Showiiiif the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Lhie. 429
— il/c.v.vcu.sjcr 1780 / Foundation sire of the \
D. bv Turf ^ Anier. Trotters '
— Hambletoiiian 1803
D. bv Shark
Chiicohilc 1777 —
n. by Handy
Javelin 1 772
n. by Spectator
I'l.lSos J77;i
1). bv Warrens Sportsman
Jiil^ilcr 1774
I). I.v T.irlar
kirja I'l'i'yiis 1775
I), by Black and all Black
li''iidriiw 1777
I '. by Sweeper
Sleniiry 1778
I >. b\ Tartar
lhlll^s F.clifsc 1778
I >. by Ke,i,'ulus
Iiic Aiiilreus 1778
n. by Omnium
I ':nl i;iilllloit 1780 —
I ). bv Herod
I Utitlcer 1780
I > by Tartar
ram 1780
'. by Snap
i ' I \aiidcr 1782 —
I I h\ William's Forester
M> U-o'r 1783
I >. bv Merlin
( ii/xrau/cr 1784
I ' bv Omar
; Oid.xole 1784
' bv William's Forester
/ ^as'tis 1784
I >. by Bosphorus
''(■lif 178(j
bv Spectator
■»■ 1777
bv I.oftv
, .//;■<• 1793'
t I I. bv Vauxhall
-- irk 1791
I ). by Flimnap
Jerry Sneak 179G
D. by Trunnion
Coriander 1786
D. by Herod
Asparagus 1787
D. bv Justice
Alderman 1787
n. bv Squirrel
>Vax.vl790
I), by Herod
Champion 1797
I), bv Hij,Wi fiver
Over Ion 1788
1). I)V II (-rod
Ki'iiiiiiiuliroiiu'li 1791 >('(
I), by Herod
llaiiihletiiiiinn 1792 see
I), by Hiy^hllyer
Preeipitale 1787
O. I.v H.rod
<H)lianiisi 1790
I). Herod
Dick Aiidri'Hs I7i(7
I), bv Hi:,'hllver
'lolleridi^e 1791
D. bv Mambrino
/•:as,';c''l79G
D. bv Hijjh liver
Whiskev 1789 '
D. bv' Herod
Bucephalus 1802
U. bv Amaranthus
? Ambo 1809
D. bv Sir Peter
Sanch'o 1801
I), bv HiK'hnver
Cervantes 1806
D. bv lli.ifhflver
Awadis 1807
n. bv Sir Peter
Hyacinthiis 1797
I), bv Phofiiomenon
feddv the C.rinder 1798
I), by High fiver
H'livv' Pope 1806 Starch 1819
I), bv Highflver D. bv Shuttle
Whalehoiie 1807 see Table H.
I). Ii\ Trunipator
Wo Jul 1809
D. bv Trumpator
Whisker 1812 sec Table HI.
1). b\- Trunipator
Table' l\-.
lablr \ .
U.iblail 1795
I), bv I'A-jipse
(Joliinipus 1802 see Table VT.
D. bv Woodpecker
Cerberus 1802
D. bv Herod
Iledle'y 1803
D. by W'oodpecker
Canopus 1803
H. bv Woodpecker
Election 1804
D. bv Woodpecker
Traini') 1810 see Table \'H.
n. bv ( iohanna
Pioneer 1804
D. by Highflyer
Juniper 1805
I), bv Dragon
Marniion 1806
I), bv Diomed
Cannon Hall 1810
I), bv Weathercock
— Emigrant 1822
D. bv Buzzard
Snap
430
The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
TablP TT. Dail. Arabian Line.
Waverh'v 1817
D. by Sir Peter
? Mo.'.cs 1819
D. bv Gohanna
Stumps 1822
D. by Delpini
Chateau Margaux 1822
D. bv Gohanna
Camel' 1822
D. by Selini
r. WInilcboue 1823
D. bv Snrci'rer
Dcteiicc 1824
D. bv Rubens
.l/6<j;iy 1825
D. bv Gohanna
Merniaii 1826
D. bv Orville
WHALEBOiNE !^ir Hir.nles 1826
-iQAy D. bv Wanderer
D. by Truinpator
The Saddler 1828
D. bv Castrcl
? Doii Joliii 1835
D. bv Conius
— The I'rovost 1836
D. bv Lotterv
— Jasro 1843 - " -
D. bv Sehm
Abbas Mirza 1831
D. bv Shebdeez
Sir Isaac 1831
D. bv Filho da Puta
Toiiclisfniie 1831 see Table YIII
D. bv Ma'iter Henry
Carai'aii 1834 "
D. bv The Fiver
Wiiitoman 1834
D. bv Mulev
LauiiccJot 1837
D. by Master Henrv
5(moom 1838 — Sahama 1850
D. by Paiilowitz D. bv Slane
Souvenir 1859 —
D. bv Y. Eiiiilius
lOniju'ror 1841 -
D. by Reveller
? Moiiar(|ii(' 1852 st
n. bv Ko\al Oak
Birdcatclier 1833 see Table X.
D. by Bob Booty
Coronation 1838
D. by Rubens
Robert de Gorham 1839 The Nigi;er 1847
D. by Emilius D. bv FJis
Ncu'court 1840
D. by Spectre
Faugli-a-Ballagh 1841
D. by Bob Booty
Lap'.vin^i; 1826
D. by Cannpus
Gunboat 1854 — —
D. by Sheet Anchor
Gemma di Vergi 1854
D. bv Heron
Lifeboat 1855
D. by Sheet Anchor
? St. La-vrence 1837
D. bv Blacldock
Cotsu'ohl 1853 — ■
D. by Pantaloon
Cecrops 1863
D. by Longbow or
Mountain Deer
Ethelbert 1850
D. by Liverpool 1
Leamiiig'toii 1853 ■
D. by Pantaloon
Torpedo 1876
n. by King Toir
Rococo 1863 —
D. bv Recovery
C. Tables SliDwing tlu' Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 431
Si-Iicrz 1851
1). liv Morisci)
Itonnic ScutlaiMl I80S
1). hv Gl.idiator
Bonnie Siotlaiid jun. 1865
D. b\- Clay Trustie
Brawhlr 187o — —Ben Brush 1893
1). hv Australian D. bv Alarm
l.oUvpop 1873
O.by Stock well
I.altire 18G1
D. bv V. Whalebone
hirst Lord 1866
n. by Teddington
/\/ii.(,' of Kent 1R58 -
I), by Touchstone
I lav maker I860
\y. by StocUwell
/.<)ll,<.'/c;/<>-a' 1807
D. by ICclipse
Enquirer 1867
I), by Lexington
Seiisniio)! 1877
I), by Lexington
Iriiiiuois 1878 — -
I), bv Australian
Oi liaiTii 1879
I). I)y Lexington
( hippciidalc 187G
I), bv Advi-nlnrcr
Pui^anini 1865
1). by Peppermint
Lo)i i^slrrrt 1886
1). bv Glen Athol
Kiltv 1887
D.bv War Dance
TaniDiaiiy 1889
n. bv (ireat Tom
■.oniiiiilrhce 1889
1). Ijv len BroeU
-Caiiiiau 1896
D. by CoeruIeu>
432 The Practical Part of Horsebreedintf.
Tabh' III. Darl. Aiiibian Line.
Si
Id
□0.5
ro —
CO 2
' ' O
c
o
"S o
>-.J3
■io
s ra
SZ
■ — — ■ ^
.-i-r;
00 ?:
"? H
%■ ^-Pretty Boy 1853
c^ "-T; D. by Glaucus
o
OJ
00
o
o
a;
o
5
H
>.
^
ilD
a
s >,
£:Q
King oj Diamonds 1857
n. bv Defence
r)M Ta/nbar 1859
D. by Piccaroon
Wingravc 1859
D. bv The Cure
Master Fenton 1859
D. by Touchstone
Moi;ador 1860
D.' by Orlando
Tom King 1863 —
D. bv Birdcatcher
Dalesman 1863
D. bv Pantaloon
Phaeton 1865 - —
D. bv Storm
Restitution 1865
D. by Slane
Kini^ 'Alfred 1865
D. bv Bav Middleton
Kingcraft 1867
D. by \'oltit,'^eur
King o' Scots 1867
D. bv The I-'l. Dutchman
The Baron 1869
D. by North Lincoln
King I.ud 1869
D. bv N'oltig^eur
Marsu'orth 1871
D. bv Fernhill or Gleam
Coltness 1873
D. bv Thormanbv
Great 'Tom 1873
D. by Voltigeur
Skylark 1873^
D. bv Y. Melbourne
Blue 'Blood 1876
D. by Teddington
Gabier 1867
D. by Pantaloon
Dandin 1879
D. bv Cambuscan
Indian Ocean 1867
D. by Vortex
Umpire 1873
D. by Ambrose
Lowlander 1870
D. bv Windhound
King 'Alfonso 1S72 -
D. bv ^^^ndnl
— Loit'land Chief 1878
D. bv StocUwcll
~ Foxhall 1878
D. bv Lexinafton
Kingd{im 1879
D. by Prime Minister
Grandmaster 1880
D. bv Kingston
Bruce 1874 '
D. bv Newcastle
Ben Alder 1880
D. by Rataplan
King 'Monmouth 1882
D. by King of Trumps
Boudoir 1893
D. bv Plutus
Loutch 1890
D. by Blenlieim
4. 3
5-Q
-= ^_V:itt(ii(loii 1861
'^'t7i D. by Tros (by Priam)
Chester 1874 —
D. bv Stockwell
Grand Flaneur 1877
D. bv St. .Mbans
CCQ
Abercorn 1884
D. by Goldsbrough
Patron 1890
D. by Tonnerre des
Indes
Merman 1892
D. bv Coltness
C. Tables Showing- the Ancestors of ThoroughbreJs in the Male Line. 433
00
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434
The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-.
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6. Tables Showing- the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 435
9)
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to
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S08I sn.iKi'jor)
436 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
Table VII. l^ail. Arabian Line.
f Lottery 1820
1). bv PotSos
Zii^anee 1825
D. bv y. Drone
Little Red Rover 1827
D. bv Pavnator
CO
Liverpool 1S28 —
O. hv Whisker
St. Giles 1829
I), by Ardrossan
Chorister 1828
i^. by Chorus
Alter liter 1831
D. bv Orvillf
Inheritor 1831
D. bv Walton
Sheet Aiulior 1832
D. by Ahiley
Verulam 1833
D. bv Wax\-
Laiiercost 1833 —
D. bv Bustard
Mosstrooper 1839
D. bv Eniilius
Sirikol 1840
D. bv Partisan
Weatherhit 1842
D. by Priam
]'iilcan 1837
D. bv Tcniers
War Eagle 1844
D. bv Voltaire
Van Troiiip 1844
D. by Sandbcck
/.OK/) Garou 1846
D. by Tombov
Colsterdale 1848
D. bv Tombov
De Ruyter 1848
D. bv Sandbeck
6. TaUlcs Sliowin;;- the Anccslurs uf Thorouj;hbr«l!; iji ihc Mule Line. 437
Kelpie 1855
D. bv St. Francis
Be;i(lsman 1855 —
D. bv Touchstone
Set>liinus 1859
D. bv Birdcatchtr
Bel Demoiiio 1861
D. bv Birdcatchcr
FircM'orks 1S64
n. bv .Sir llorcuk'
Th* Palmer 1864
D. bv Cowl
Blue Go'vii 1865
D. bv Stock well
Rosicruriiiii 1865
I), bv Cowl
Brown Bread 1862
D. by West .Australian
Bro'.i'ii Tommy 18G4
D. bv West .\ustralian
Pcro Come: ISGO - —I
D. bv Student
Alvarez 1869
I), bv Student
Coertileiis 1872
I), bv .Stockwell
The Jolly Friar 1873
D. by .Nl.icaroni
H7ii/(()(i/( 187]
D. bv Lanibtun
Pienie 1872
D. by .\rthur Wellesley
or Post Tempore
Hilarious 1874
I), by Knitrht of Kar.s
Toaslmasler ]S77
n. bv The M.irquis
S-feet'hread 1879
I), bv .\dventurcr
Gohl!.broui;li 1870 —
1). b\ l'"i>lii iin.iii
CI rev I'almer 1S72
D. b\- Ch.intiileer
Pclh\c;ri)W 1874
O. b\ .Macaroni
Chevron 1874
n. by Stockwell
Reauelere 1875 i
D. by \'olti.i,'eur |
lireildouiie 1877
O. by Kini; Tom
Zauoiii 1S75
D. bv Stockwell
Allhoias 1878
1). bv \espasian
Dalhe'ri; 1887
D by Paijanini
Laureate 1879
n. by Orlando
.S(> Charles 1878
I). In- Kthelbert
I'erei^riiie 1878
I), by \. .Melbourne
P,lur-xreni 1887
1 ). \i\ ( ialopin
Atlantic 1878
I), bv Peter Wilkins
Chistrhurst 1880 — Macdo}! aid 1899
1). bv Kinj,"' Tom
Tyrant 1885
F). bv Kxmins^<r
D. bv Basniis
Masqiic 1894
D. bv Mask
U'liiltier 1892
I), by Jolni D.ivis
Mandrake 1864 — —
I), by Rataplan
1851
bv Brutandorf
Galen 1853 —
liy Inheritor
Lambourne 1854
D. bv Pantaloon
Man,i;o 1874
n. by Knii^lit of Kar>
Stratlimore 1874
I), by Slockwell
77)11 Whijller 1861
I), by C-Iy Buck
I'm; Amhurf;h 1864
D. bv l,oni;!iow or
Miuml.iin Deer
438 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
Table VIII. Darl. Arabian Line.
CO
00
1^
CC
Si/!foi! 1849
D. by Slane
Auckland 1839
D. by Champion
Cothe'rstoue 1840 —
D. by Whisker 1^,
ulenmassoii 18o4
> D. bv Priam
Orl.nndo 1841 see Table VIII. a'
D. by Lang"ar
Ithuriel 1S41 Loiia^bow 1849
D. by \"elocipede D.'by Catton
Annandale 1842
D. bv Lotterv
Fahtdff 1842 '
D. by Filho da Puta
Paragoiie 1843
D. b\" Tombov
Flatcatclier 1845
D. bv Filho da Puta
Surplice 1845
D. by Priam
Pontifex 1847
D. bv Priam
Bfewiujiister 1848 see Table \Tri. b
D. bv Dr. Syntax
Storm 1848
D. by Pantaloon
Mountain Deer 1848
D. bv Belshazzar
Harbinger 1849
D. by Elis
Magnes 1849
D. by Langar
Vindex 18.56
"D. by Lanijar
Orpheus 1860
D. bv St. Nicholas
Pyladcs 1852
b. bv Bay Middleton
Flash in the Pan 1856
D. by Pompev
Druid 1857
D. by Harkaway
Coroner 1856
D. by Teara\\ay
Victor 1859
D. by Scrosjg^ins
The Avenger 1860
D. bv Sesostris
Lord of the Isles 1852
D. bv Pantaloon
De Clare 18.32
D. by Catton
Rifleman 1852
D. by The Colonel
Claret 1852
D. bv Belshazzar
Artillery 1853
D. by Birdcatcher
Toiiniiiiiieiit 1854
D. by \'enison
]\'amba 1857
D. by Recoverx-
Atherstone 1858'
D. by Merry Monarch
Soaps'tone 1860
D. by Malcolm
Dundee 1858
D. bv -Sweetmeat
Scottish Chief 1801 —
D. bv The Little Known
Blarney 1861
D. by Magpie
Londesborough 1867
D. by Hetnian Platoff
Master Millie 1864
D. bv Hautboy
Gitan'o 1866
D. by Esperance
Baroiiietre 1868
D. bv The Baron
Golos'imS
D. by The Prime
Warden
Danscur 1854
D. by New Light
Durcl'ilaucht 1858
D. by Snyders
V estniinster 1866
D. by Envoy
Toxophilite 1855
D. by Pantaloon
North Lincoln 1856
D. bv Redshank
Valour 1875
D. by Mount Zion
Lord of the Vale 1863
D. by Pantaloon
Marksman 1864
D. bv Birdcatcher
Hobgoblin 1866
D. by The Ugly Buck
King of the Forest 1868
D. by Fandango
Lammermoor 1874
D. by Buccaneer
Fitz James 1875
D. bv Kettledrum
Childeric 1875
D. by Saunterer
Napsbury 1877
D. by Rataplan
Taurus 1879
D. by Thunderbolt
Pursebearer 1879
D. bv Stockwell
Mirliflor 1872
D. by Knowsley
G. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in llie Male Line. 439
Musket 1867
D. bv West Australian
Bay Archer 1876
D. by Y. Melbourne
Lancastrian 1876
D. bv \\'est Australian
Petronel 1877
D. bv Hesperus
Trenton 1881
D. by Goldsbrough
Nordfiifeld 1882
D. bv Angler
Carbine 1885 —
D. by Knowsley
Auriim 1894
D. bv Richmond
Eccleston 1898
D. by Beaudesert
Carnage 1890
D. bv Knowsley
Wargrave 1898
D. by Sk.\-lark
Fowling Piece 1899
D. bv Galopin
Spearmint 1903
D. by Minting
Noble Chieftain 1886
D. by Moulsey
The General 1882
D. bv Thunderbolt
440
The Practical Part of Horscbrteiliiij^.
Taiik- VIII.il. IMrl. Arabian Liiir
go
c
Tcdiiinaton 1848
1). bv R(ickiii>,'hain
Orpheus 1849
I), bv Whisker
Orcst'cs 1850
D. by Bav Middlcton
Miirsvas 1851 — —
D. bv Whisker
FnzzolcttK 1853
1). by Melbourne
Zuvdcr Zee 1854
D. by Sand beck
Chevalier d'liidustrie 1854 .
D. bv Priam
Filz Roland 1855
n. by Eniilius
Eclipse 1855
D. by Bav Middlcton
Triiiii|H'ft'r 1856
I). l)v Redshank
Crater 1857
I), bv Gladiator
Diophaiitiis 1858
D. bv Emiliiis
Ciiiiiry 1858
D. bv Plenipotentiary
Lacyd'cs 1859
D. by Plenipotentiary
Mntilsey 1861
n. by Pantaloon
Urcst 1857
D. by Touchstone
Albert Victor 1868
I), bv Stockwell
fieorge Frederick 1871 —
n. b\- Stockwell
Kill}; Victor 1864
n. by Heron
Blenheim 1861
D. by Robert de Gorhani
I'ripoiiiiier 1864
D. by Tcddin.nton
Alarm 1869
n. bv Stockwell
Haiisiead 1862
n. by Stockwell
Pliidis 1863
D. bv Planet
Y. Trumpeter 1864
I), bv Surplice
Disliii 1864
I), bv Hesperus
Challeiii;e 1864
D. by Prime Minister
Queen 's Messenger 1869
O. by Kintiston
Cliatt.-inooga 1862 —
I), by Birdcatcher
Xenoplioii 1872
D. bv Birdcatcher
Mellinirtonia 1869
D. b\ Ambrose
Hollywood 1871
n. by Kin.t,' Tom
Tlie Sailor Prince 1880
D. by Hermit
Frontin 1880
D. b\ Weatherbit
Beau ' Bruininel 1880
n. by Lord Clifden
ilimyar 1875
D. by Lexint
Mund'en 1871 "
D. by Birdcatcher
i^ton
Flaireolet 1870
D. by Monarque
Fil - en - Ouatre 1877
D. bv Monarque
Fricai'ideau 1883
D. by Pretty Boy
Avontes 1874
D. bv Ratan
Hastiiigs 1872
D. by Hesperus
The Baron 1884
D. by Lord Lvon
Aiiirlirim 1883
D. by L'ncas
Clover 1886
D. bv Prince Charlie
6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 441
Diakha 189:1
I), bv Murtcnicr
riaudit 189o
D. by Tomahawk
Uomino 1891
I), by Ijitjiiircr
Isniacl 18"<i
D. by Wtsl Australian
Rayon d'Or 1876 —
n. bv Ambrose
Zut 1876
I), by SlocUwell
lifaiiDiiiut 1877
I), by Knowslev
/.(• Dcstrirr 1877 ^ — —
IX by Black Ryes
Xaiiilroillc! 1882
n. by The b'l. Dutchman
Crhi-inintth 1889
D. bv Chamant
Disgtiisi- 1997
D. by Galopin
('omn'unulo 1898
1). 1)V Darebin
Octa,i;(ui 1884
D. bv Macaroni
Tea frav 1885
D. bv \\".ar Dance
Frejc-'illr 1886
D. by Saxifrage
Cluilrt 1887 ■
I). )<v (^rcmorne
St Hit r I ISSo
D. bv Stockwcll
CaJix 1889
D. bv D.illar
Polvi^oiu- ]S91
D.'bv Dollar
Mrh-h'icr 1^9I
D. bv Monlar^jis
}faxii)ium II. 1899
D. bv Dollar
Coiiiif Scliombcri: 1892
D. bv Baliol
Bhiik Arro-.i' 190:!
D. bv Hcndigo
Arrcau 1893
D. bv Canibuscan
442
The Practical Part of Horsebreedingf.
Table YIIT. h. Darl. Arabian Line.
00
^
00
y.
1—1
ra
es
>,
f^
t/2
H
Q
HH
>^
S
X:
^
c
F^
^
Musjid 1836
D. by Muley Moloch
Exmiiister 1857
D. by Cowl
Adyeiiturer 1859
D. bv Einilius
Lord Clifdeii 1860
D. bv Melbourne
see Table VIII.
Cambiiscan 1861
D. bv Slane
The Beadle 1861
D. by Plenipotentiarv
I'iitliedral 1861 ■*
D. by Melbourne
Victorious 1862
D. by Jeremy Diddler
Vespasian 1863
D. by Stockwell
Stratbconan 1863
D. bv Chanticleer
Laneret 1863
D. bv Venison
The Peer 1863
D. bv Sheet Anchor
Bertie 1863
D. bv Gladiator
Hermit 1864 see Table VIII.
D. by Tad m or
Kidderminster 1864
D. bv Camel
Argyle 1866
D. bv Birdcatcher
Pretender 1866
D. by Venison
Roehampton 1873
D. bv Stockwell
Glen 'Arthur 1874
D. bv Kins'ston
Riiperra 1876
D. bv Thormanbv
Forager 1877
D. bv Stockwell
Zeal 1877
D. bv Stockwell
Privateer 1878
D. by Thormanbv
Onslow 1869
D. bv Voltig^eur
Billesdon 1872
D. by The Baron
Camballo 1872
D. by Orlando
Cambiisier 1879
D. bv Saunterer
Pdsztor 1881
D. by Buccaneer
Landmark 1869
D. bv Birdcatcher
Dalham 1871
D. by The Marquis
Buchanan 1877
D. by V. Melbourne
Eastern Emperor 1881
D. by Rataplan
Rajta-Rajta 1885
D. by Lord Lyon
Achilles 1888
D. by Buccaneer
Buccaneer 1888
D. by Lord Lyon
Yard Arm 1897
D. by Cardinal York
Cdsar 1878
D. by Kettledrum
The Lambkin 1881
D. by Y. Melbourne
Salisb'urv 1884
D. by Oxford
6. Tables Showing- the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 443
Table VIII. c. Darl. Arabian Liiip.
CO
^C
Hauitlioniden 1867
D. by The Flying-
Dutchman
Barefoot 1S68
D. by Stockwel!
Hvinenaeus 1869
D. bv Wild Davrell
Weidock 1869
D. by Rataplan
Wiiislois.' 1869
D. by King Tom
Haniptoii 1872
D. bv Kettledrum
Rolherhill 1872
D. by Orlando
Basnds 1872
D. by Stockwell
Petrarch 1873
D. bv Orlando
Lord Clive 1875
D. by Buccaneer
IliKhlaiid Chief 1880
D. 1)\- Slockwell
Royal Kaiiiptoii 1882
I), by King Tom
Merry Hampton 1884
D. by Broom ielaw
Ayrshire I880
D. bv Galopin
Sheen 1885
D. bv Tibthorpe
Biishey Park 1889
D. bv Thormanbv
Ladas 1891 — — '
L). bv Rosicrucian
Speed 1891
D. bv Tibthorpe
Bav RonaU 1893
D. by Galliard
The Bard 1883
D. by Svrian
Florentine 1884
D. by Kettledrum
Laureate IL 1886
D. by Macaroni
Lactantiiis 1887
D. bv Macaroni
Hackier 1887
D. bv Albert ^■^ctor
Marcion 1890
D. by Queen's Messenger
Kirke'onnel 1892
n. by Blair Athol
Symington 1893
D. bv St. Simon
Niniis 1895
D. bv Lowlander
Troiitbeek 1903
D. bv Bend Or
Bi'renger 1888
D. by Trocadero
Launay 1893
D. by Mortenier or
Monarque
Saxon 1S98
D. by Clairvaux or
[ Isonomy
444
The Practical Part ul Hursebreeding.
Tabl
CO l-
00 o
■-I E
K
e YIIl. (I. Hail. Arabian
Line.
Asccf ic 1871
1). In Melbourne
Ih'ly Friiir 1872
D. bv 'riinrmanby
Recorder 1872 — '
I). 1)V St. Albans
Trap fist 1872
D. bv Muscoviti-
Ainbi ri;ris IS'S
D. l)y I,(ini;bow
GuMiiershiiry 1876
D. bv Kint; Tom
The .\Iiser 1877
D. by St. .\lbans
Zealot 1877
D. bv Stock well
Peter' 187(1
D. b\- Rrotlier to Straffortl
The Abbot 1877
D. bv Pelion
Retreat 1877 —
D. by R.itaplan
St. Louis 1878
D. by Macaroni
Edward the Confessor 1878
n. by Stnckweil
Trisfuii 1878
D. liv Stockwell
Martini 1878
D. bv Toxopbilite
Exile 'I I. 1878
n. bv Lord l.von
Mardeii ]87!»
I), by IVHon
Clairvaux 1880
D. l)v Stockwell
.Sf. Blaise 1880 —
n. bv Marsvas
Torpedo 1880"
n. li\ Toxopbilite
St. lloitorat 1882
1). by Stockwell
.S-.i'////i/i,'/ii)i 1882
n. by Stockwell
Taeiliis 1882
1). by V. Melbourne
Gaiiiiii 1883
I), bv Scottish Cliicf
Ha'i'ksloiie 1883
D. by Stockwell
Gay Ileriiiit 188;-i
D. by Rroomielaw
Tiwot'hv 1884
n. bv Brother to StralTonI
Iladeliateh 188.")
1). by Cithedral
Friar's Balsa i)i 188.5
1). bv Rre:idalbane
.istroio^i^er 188.j
D. by Brother to Strafford
Melanioii 1886
D. bv (lalopin
Heiiiiiiic 1887 •
D. bv Bread.albane
Missal 181(1
D. bv 'I'liunderbolt
Royal Mealh 1884
n. bv Coroner
Sir Patrick 1890
D. hv Herbertstown
Lord Abbot 1898
I), bv Chippend.ile
Kdiii,i:stein 1888
I), bv .Strathconan
(lajare 188.5
I), bv .\lbion
Moeros 1886
D. by Rosicruci.nl
1' rdni-balydni 1886
I ). b\ Buccaneer
Coiirniaiid 1890
I), bv Kisber ocscse
Califard 1896
I). b\- (i.alopin
Zsupaii 1884
I), by Blair .\thol
Father Confessor 188.3
I), bv The Hadji
.indree 1892
D. bv Galopin
I.e llardv 1888
n. bv .St. Albans
/.(• yhrd 1887
D. bv Weliini;tonia
Le Sicham IL 1890
n. bv \\'ellini;tonia
Sty.x 1891
O. b\' (.ialo|)in
Ahori'i^ine 1890
1). bv (ilen Artliur
Mari;rave 1893
I), bv lll-lscd
Cospoilar 1891
I ). bv Trocadero
77(c Oiiack 1893
1). bv (ialopin
Millenium 1896
I), bv Barc.ildine
Black' .Sand 1897
I). b\ Weidock
/.c A"('>/ Soleil 189o
1). bv Boia'd
6. Tables Showing' the Ancestors of Tliorou^hbreds in the Male Line. 445
Table TX. l>ail. Arabian Lint'.
CI
II,>sjy,Hliir 1800
D. bv Kniilius
La MarMial ISGO
D. bv Sir Hercules
Le Miiinhiriii 1862
D. by Nuncio
(;iiuliiileiir 1862 —
D. bv Gladiator
y. Moiinrqiif 1863
D. bv F.niilius
Patrlci,n 1864
D. by Gladiator
I.c Siirra:iii ISfio
n. b\' Gladiator
Consul 1800 —
I), bv Sir Hercules
BoiiIo\:iie 1S66
n. bv Ion
Don Ctnlos 1867
D. bv The Baron
Hciirv 1808
D. by Ion
1.0)1 i;ilia Dips 1864
n/bv The Baron
General 1808
I), by I'estival or Valbruant
Trociitlern 1864
D. by Epirus
Fell dWmour 1871
O. bv \entre-St.-Gris
l.e Drdle 1873
n. by Black ICyes
t.ydon 1808
n. bv Sesosliis
Craiui Coup 1S08
I), bv Slock well
Lord V;.>ii,v/i 18(;<)
O. bv Rataplan
Cniiuhiui.slcr 1808
IX bv Stock well
IIit;lil>oni 1870
I), by |-au.t,'li-a-Balla.i,di
Xouiriil 1872
D. bv Gladiator
Kill 1873
H. bv Slockwi-ll
.l//>/.ui 1878
n. bv Atherslone
Archiiliic 1881
I>. by Atherslone
Fri|ioii 1883
I). l)y b'avonius
Riirheroiis.se 1S80
D. bv Beauvais
RnUiiiiiv 1874
D. by' I'ilz Cl.idi.ilor
Xardsse 1876 • —
O. bv Wealherbit
Rariotet 1878
D. bv Orphelin
Fra liiavolo 1881
n. bv Orjihelin
h'iehe'lieu 1881
n. bv Orphelin
r.iiif^li-ii-R,ilh,i:h 1879
I). l)y The Suidi'rit
c
o
J
h'arjadel 1880 — .
XI o
-•J
n. by Joskin
.ler(di'lh'e IssO
n. by Dollar
/..• Pompon 1891
D. bv Scottish Chief
ration 1896
D. bv \\'e';nnin>ler
Chene Royal 1889
D. by Perplexe
I
446
■ art
eg
The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
9UipiB3JBg Aq -Q
'Z68T iUdmd4oi^
uoiiBaaqjSAg-jj Aq -q
5061 'iqqi^'uDi'j
o
ca
t^ '-.
I— I Ph
c
-rj CO
: CO o
^ i; ccte:
ot -a .i —
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re
^ ^re re,, "uoS"iare^,„
re .:;"05-"i:t->-«i.(u2!-'^?5?i
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== co2 ci
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0= :C-^°'I°I°.
Pec r-
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r-l 03
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= c|Q-Q^d|d|c|c|Q ^Q
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£r.S ^ be
00 a,S c^ ^
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1 'X
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I ,&'l ^'S &•! ^'^ ^'1 ^1 £■ = ^-- ^
■ C ^ Q
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o lo re s f^
ooco's^*-' re^S
J2 = ^ '^ 1,, "re o '-5 S tJ
. ^ >• o >>
•i; >.^ >,t >.g >•'
"5 d S d s d "-
s: fe, p- N)
SQtTQ
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^^
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oW
■- S -p lo ■-
C 00 — ^ c
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'— 1—1 ^^ij I — I
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c . '^. .
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'^ re 1.0 5
-= ^ CO u
;=did
GO
00
\S "5 re
^ i fc- 5 £
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■"■d.ldJ
c^
.= d
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a,S5
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u: ^
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oo "c
■;s >.
= >.
c-o
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5J S 00
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c en
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6. Tables Sliowins^ the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 447
u
o
a u
Co
t:^ .= cc E
o 5 !i
2 £g =
3
^
C
O
re
C5 ~
"^ -^* "^ ^ -./-.* C ^
^ "cj -r ^ .^00 ^00 ^ ^ - SS
.— =t/5 c-
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o: -^ -= -^
X 5
■ >-f i'^ >~ >:- ^- 5:'= >■£
: - ^- ^-2 C- S-° =-K)J^
" '*•* ^ (^' •— '^ "z r^ C '^* - X ^ ^' c
2g
= - -iC
00 |g
I
I-- T^ -*- ^ (— I J-^ ,-/" »—
X ^ — V ^ ^ £ 5
. '^- ■S.ij: ■- ^ "5 ►!;
S c- = > -i >. tj; >.
— ^ ^ ^ Z CI ^ ^
1 <u =
t: 1 o s 1 g.s S 5
(u 1 =^ fi
Duk
81
clbo
oo-c ». •
sf-^g-^
?-^-s-^'=^^-S't-=t-^t^Z
■^ z-^ ■^ —
i ^' c /~'
y; ^ C X '^ X "^ -X -^ (X -~ r> "^ r^"^
c = d ^ d
a ^
t; -i:
oid3o7 5gix_5
wss:
S J'-^ E^^S'
i:-cQ
-'E
a.
c
<
in
4-1
JJ
1>
£
v;
c
^
U3
IS
1 Q.
3b,
llH.KLV.XiniU
448
The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
o
tc
9 to.
CO C^QQ
22 k"
>< C
6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 449
CO
^
re
C5
c
*■*
<
u
>,
jO
■=c
o ^°t c 2 5
^ ^ ~ ~ ■^.Lo e;
IS ^
-- ir- W
CC c,
— y.
oc o '-J o
'8io ^q a
AVMJ(KLS
460
The Practical Part of Horsebreedinj;.
Table X. h. Darl. Arabian Line.
l-~
>o
^H
CXI
J3
X: J 1
1)
J3 .
P3 H 1
1-9
>i
■<
J2
HQ 1
cc
00
I— I
O
»
PC
Julius 1864
D. by Orlando
St. Ronan 1865
D. by Birdcatcher
St. Mungo 1866
D. by Melbourne
Martyrdom 1866
D. by Euclid
Silvester 1869
D. bv Kingston
Mr. Winkle 1871
D. by Birdcatcher
Springfield 1873 —
D. by Marsyas
Ethiis 1866
D. by Touchstone
Jack of Oran 1869
D. bv Touchstone
Strua'n 1869
D. by Touchstone
Prince Charlie 1869
D. bv Surplice
Andred 1870
D. bv Voltigeur
Tangible 1870
D. bv Touchstone
Craiii' Millar 1872
D. by Fitz Roland
Claremont 1872
D. bv Kingston
Maelstrom 1873
D. bv Touchstone
Clanronald 1873
D. by Newminster
Glcnd'ale 1873
D. bv Daniel O'Rourke
Silvifi 1874
D. by Kingston
Altyre 1874"
D. bv Sweetmeat
The Borer 1874
D. by Newminster
Balioi 1879
D. bv Teddington
The Child of the Mist 1882
D. by Lord Clifden
Morgan 1883 •
D. by Scottish Chief
Sorrento 1884
D. by Macaroni
Neapolis 1885
D. by Macaroni
Sainfoin 1887
D. by Wenlock
Watercress 1889
D. by Hermit
Marshall Scott 1876
D. by Y. Melbourne
Darby 1885
D. bv Statesman
Brag '1878
D. by Flatterer
Salvator 1886
D. by Lexington
Lochiel 1882
D. by Voltigeur
Bread Knif 1883
D. bv Brown Bread
■Pardon 1896
D. by Peter
-Lutrin 1899
D. bv Don Charlos
■Rock Sand 1900
D. by St. Simon
-Bumptious 1888
D. by Pell Mell
? St. Gatien 18..1 —
D. by Kingley Vale
■ Meddler 1890
D. bv Petrarch
CO
<^
UJ
c
1-H
o
ho
lA
a
O
C3
>*
CL( ■
i-9
>.
e
J3
PS
n
o
t-!
Tonchet 1874
D. by Wild Dayrell
Minting 1883
D. bv Y. Melbourne
Necromancer 1882
D. by Scottish Chief
Juggler 1885
D. by Scottish Chief
Delphos 1891
D. by Speculum
Ci. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 451
2 c ■ - 1-
<^' tf. r. •- tt -M .
~ /^ .'^ rN
C.^V'JC'^ tr-*^ ^r-*^ ^/^ S''^ •^■'~', ,i ^ "v -^
<5:_ I
K? 3 S=_:h : _ 2
C J^ 2; -^ =
^ci-^'^^'^'^^ 1^ X ^ '~^' JH 1^* "^ ^' -i o ^'^" i d '■~ d *>■. (^"c o -0^ ^" ^ '^*
1 I I I
2S ^Sx^ =Sg=gc35s|sis|-i2'=c):|:^
^ '1 ili^l 1^
s! I- E fe £st.=-05 '".!£
1^ = • c . S ■ = . 5 .
•— E <-. f- -r Iw
UOJ7!U!|)poj_ .\q -Q
0i8i aaisvjvod
452
The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
Table XI. Darl. Arabian Line.
Skirmisher 1854 —
D. bv Gardham
Kaiser 1870
D. by Kinc; Tom
Speculum 1865 —
D. by Alarm or
Orlando
Tedette 1854
D. bv Birdcatcher
Cavendish 1856
2 °
D. by Touchstone
GC rt
U 3
IS S
iT >.
-H J=
So
Yirgilius 1858
D. by Emilius
Watch fire 1859
D. by Flatcatcher
The Ranger 1860
D. by Gardham
John Davis 1861
D. bv Liverpool
Tibthorpe 1864
D. by The Cure
Fortiinio 1864
D. bv Slane
Brcnniis 1866
D. bv Stockwell
Falkland 1867
D. by Faui^h-a-Ballagh
Galopiu 1872 —
D. by The Flyiiii;
Dutchman
Hector 1872
D. by Saunterer
Double Zero 1873
D. by Phleg-on
The Duke of Caiuhriilt^c
1870
D. by Kinjj Tom
Fortissimo 1878
D. by Trumpeter
? Thiirio 1875
D. bv Orlando
Koscbcry 1872 — — —
D. bv Newniinster
Selton 1875
D. by West Australian
Castlcreagh 1875
D. by Birdcatcher
Hagioscope 1878
D. bv Macaroni
Fulnifii 1880
D. bv Thunderbolt
(Jjilliard 1880
D. bv Macaroni
St. Simon 1881 see
Table XI. a
D. bv King Tom
Oberon 1883
D. bv Adventurer
Galore 1885
D. by Macaroni
Marmiton 1885
D. bv Cremorne
Pioneer 1886
n. bv Hermit
Donovan 1886
D. bv Scottish Chief
S/. Aui^elo 1889
D. bv Dollar
fiasa "1889
D. bv Tsonomv
]ovfui 1890
D. bv Doncaster
Galoping Lad 1893
D. bv See Saw
Gana'che 1893
D. bv Tsonomv
Galeahzo 1893
D. bv Kisber
Grafton 1894
D. by Hampton
Guerrier 1894
D. by Clairvaux
or Macheath
Disraeli 1895
D. bv Sterling
Brio 1895
D. by Springfield
6. Tiibles Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 453
Crowbcrrv 1885
n. bv Scottish Chief
Aiiii>hi()n 1886
1). b\ Hermit
SunJnJi^e 1898
D. bv Springfield
/.<i//v'l903
D. bv Galliard
Oticcn 's Birlhdav 1887
I), bv Reauclerc
Flacoii 1S94
D. bv Rosicrucian
l,obcni;ida 1894
D. bv Chamant
GuUhcr 1886
D. bv Hermit
War Dance 1887
D. bv Uncas
Perth 1896
D. b)' Barcaldine
— King Jawes 1903
D. by Enterprise
Matchtuaker 1892 —
D. bv Plebeian
W-las'qurz 1894
D. bv Macaroni
Haiidicapper 1898
D, bv Beaudesert
Admri-al Breeze 1901
D. bv Isononiv
Miiutii; 1895
D. bv Scottish Chief
llotla'iider 1902
D. by Isonomy
454
The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
T3
u .£ b
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mO 2 -S
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-■^ S^ "Qxi ^-^ -a-^ -° '••oij
- . ~ . ,2 ■ 's^ . '- ■£ • = • >~ ■
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.ft .Si . .^
o o
iC^
T3 t/}
_ O
-o
CO 5
00 «^ fc
Sc^a
J2
«c"
rH E JJ
ccin" O c
t— I '— ' 00 ;:3
J- CD
.2 >!
^°^°
^
S3
Is
6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroujj;hbreds in the Male Line. 455
c
cc
c-.
~ X--
:5d — <^5;-~_m- •-ic---c o ^- U =,. •''^— i:5£>-,~i -"Cvc trrCp ccccciji— ^c;P'~o
iy;d|d|d|c|d ^d ,^d,^d|Djd|d|d|d|d|d|d|c^-dJd|d|d|c|c^d~c^d~Q
456 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
Table I. Bjerly Turk Line,
Ba5fo 1702
o
D. by Leedes Arabian
00
'
o
7—i
■*-!
3
C
XJ
«
^
o:
P
H
^
»^
Partner (Mr. Croft's)
>1
1718
p;
D. bv Curwen Bay
t£
Barb
w
CH
Ji«?g about 1702
D. by Spanker
Soreheels about 1720
D. bv Curwen Bay
Barb
Partner (Grisewood's) 1730
D. by His Grey Barb
Sedbiiry 1734
D. by Woodcock
Old Traveller 1735
D. by Almanzor
(Foundation sire of
the Cleveland Bays)
Skim 1748
D. bv Son of Smi|i{
Bail
Dainty Davy 1752
D. by Fox Cub
Squirrel 1754
D. by Bloody Butt
Tartar 1743
D. by Fox
Herod 1758 -
D. by Blaze
)le T. a.
Grey Diomed 1785
1/
t
D. bv Dorimant
Timoleon 1813
— Boston 1833
Sir Ai-cliy 1805
D. by Saltram
D. bv Ball's Flori;
D. by Rockingham
^ \
Diomed 1777
Sir Charles 1816 —
— Wagner 1834 -<
D. by Spectator
Ball's Florizel 1801
D. by Shark
D. by Citizen
D. bj' Morion S
Duroc 1806
American Eclipse 1814-
— Brawner's Eclipse ] J
D. by Grey Diomed
D. by Messenger
D. by John Henry
(>. Tables Showing- the Ancestors (if Thoroughbreds in the Male [.inc. 457
h'lori/el 1786
D. 1)\ Cvgnet
Mai;iict 1770
n.' hv Blank
riuud'cr 1771
n. by Blank
Wnodperker 1773
n. bv Cade
Filz Herod 1773
n. by Snap
/;i-v/iVi- 1774
O. by Snap
Bordeaux 1774
n. by Cysjnet
Hiirhflver 1774
n. bv Blank
Drone 1777
n. bv Blank
Ti'iit Tiis; 1777
n. by Y. Snip
Fortitude 1777 — —
D. bv Snap
Biii;ot' 1780
n. bv Matchem
Plu^eiiomenoit 1780
D. by Snap
Dloiiicd 1777 see Table I. a
D. by Spectator
Fortniiio 1770
D. 1)\ Squirrel
Fidi;et 1780
D. by Matchem
CIniiiticleer 1787 —
[). by Eclipse
Biizziird 1787 see Table II
D. bv Dux
Mentor 1784
D. by Shakespeare
Rockini^ham 1781
I), bv Matchem
Delpini 1781
D. bv Blank
Spadiile 1784
D. h\- Squirrel
Sir Peter 1784 see Tabl,
D. bv Snap
Skyse'raper 1786
D. bv Eclipse
Wahilit 1786
D. bv Matchem
St. Georire 1789
n. bv Eclipse
Conmiodore 1793
D. bv Scaramouch
John RuU 1789
D. bv Eclipse
Master Bagol 1787
D. bv Eclipse
Hi((>y'l788 —
D. bv Matchem
Striplint: 1795
n. bv Eclipse
B:'b Booty 1804
[). by Bagol
Seymour 1807
D. bv Javelin
III.
Rui;antino 1803 -
D.' bv High fiver
Ardroisan 1809 —
D. bv \'olunteer
Driver 1798
D. bv Carbuncle
Octavian 1807 —
D. bv Oberon
NaboekUsh 1810
D. bv Master Bagot
Jack Spiiiot 1818
D. bv Sorcerer
Antonio 1816
D. by Evander
Lexiiiirton 18.50 —
n. by Sarpedon
l.ecompte 1&50 -
n. bv Glencoe
'^tarki- 1855
I ). bv Glencoe
Optimist 1857 —
D. bv Glencoe
X or folk 1861
D. by Glencoe
Ki)ii;fisher 1867
D. by Kingston
( mpire 1857
D. by Sarpedon
— Mars 1867
D. bv Wild Davrell
— Emperor of Norfolk 1885 ■
D. bv Malcolm
Americiis 1892
D. by Glenelg
458
The Practical Part of Horsebreedinsj
Table II. Byeilj Turk Line.
Quiz 1798 Roller 1814
CO
I-H X
3
D. bv Matchem
Castrel 1801
D. by Alexander
Bustard 1801
D. by Trumpator
D. by Woodpecker
Bn>itar(l 1813
D. bv Shuttle
Merlin 1815 —
D. by Delplni
Paiifaloon 1824 -
D. by Peruvian
Selini 1802
D. by Alexander
Sultan 1816 -
D. by Ditto
Frcuzv 1830
D. by Walton
Heron 1833
D. by Orville
Lamplighter 1823
D. bv Walton
Sleight of Hand 1836
D. bv Filho da Puta
The Libel 1842
D. bv Camel
Windtionnd 1847
D. by Touchstone
Glencoe 1831
D. by Tramp
Beiram 1829
D. bv Stamford
Ishmael 1830
D. bv Phantom
Beiram 1829
D. by Stamford
Lan!;ar 1817 ~
D. bv Walton
Bay Mlddleton 1833
D. bv Phantom
Ibrahim 1832
D. by Phantom
Jereed 1834
D. bv Comus
Elis 1833
D. by Sir Oliver
Epirus 1834
D. bv Sir Oliver
Fisbornian 1853
D. by Sheet And
( New Light 1833
I D. bv Wanderer
I Phosphorus 1834
"^ D. by Rubens
Traducer 1857 —
D. by Elis
Thormanby 1857
D. by Muley Mo
Vandal 1850 —
D. by Tranby
Burgundy 1843
D. by Drone
■ Farintosh 1840
D. bv Rubens
Co7vl '1842
D. bv Priam
Rubens 1805
D. by Alexander
Teniers 1816 Snvders 1833
D. by Highland Fling D. by Thunderbolt
:1
The Flying DutcljB
1846
D. by Sandbeck
Andover 1851
D. by Defence
Herm'it 1851
D. by Touchstone
Px'rrhus L 1843
D. bv Defence
Ephesus 1848
D. by Defence
Rostrum 1849
D. by Malek Ade
Lightning 1852
D. bv Y. Whalel
6. Tables .Showini; the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. ^59
Ant^lcr 1SG2
X by jMclbourne
Maribynioiif; 18G3
D. by FI. Dutchman
Sir Modrcd 1877
0. bv Cambuscan
iTahle IV.
Viriril 1864
I), by Yorkshire
Ellington 18.53
D. by Lanercost
Anisterilam 18-54 —
D. by Elis
Ipnoramiis 18.54
n. by The Little
Known
lii.'v/rrJnm 1855
I l\ by Idle Boy
'n' Satan)
' FIva-i'ay 18.57
bv Melbourne
b)
ollar 1860 -
D. bv .Slane
Ifassi Nixsa 1866
D. bv Ion
Robinson Crusoe 1873
D. by Stockwell
Riciiinond 1872 — —
D. by The Premier
Hindoo 1878 — — -
D. by Lexington
Schiedam 1865
D. by Heron
.indrnoles 1870
D. bv Light or Serious
Salvaior 1872
D. bv Ion
St. Cvr 1872
D. by Ion
Fonldiuchlcau 1874 -
D. by Ion
Patiiiirdie 1874 — —
D. by Birdcatcher
Vigncmalc 1876
D. bv The Baron
Prologue 1876
D. by Gladiateur
SauDiur 1878
D. bv Jon
The Condor 1882
D. bv The Nabob
U|>as 1883
D. bv Skirmisher
The Admiral 1887 —
D. bv Countrvman
The Victory 1898
D. by Henchman
HiiiiiioTtT 1884 Hamburg 1895
1). bv Bonnie Scotland D. bv Fellowcraft
CaUistrate 1890
D. bv Mars
Gardcfeii 1895
D. bv Bruce
Arbac'es 1897
D. by D'Estournel
Codoman 1897
D. bv The Bard
Cambyse 1884
D. bv Plutus
Pastisson 1890
D. bv Marksman
Phla^'eton 1886
D. bv Plutus
Lntin 1891
D. by Don Carlos
Clamart 1888
D. by Prince Charlie
Oiiiiiinin IL 1892
I), bv W'ellingtonia
Elf 1893
D. bv .Adventurer
CO
o
a
1— 1
^^
•M
OJ
t^
c
5
£
Q
>.
t<
J3
^
:::
Q
a;
Arizona 1899
D. bv Melton
Kizil Kourgan 1899
D. bv Viligant
Rocage 1885 Roitelct 1892
D. bv Chattanooga D. by Mars
Dauphin 1885
D. bv Father Thames
Dutch Skater 1866
D. bv Gladiator
Insulaire 1875
D. bv Beadsman
460 The Practical Part of Horselireeding.
<; oj
c o
3
O
3
OJ
I— I C3 ~ 1- -^ *—
1- £ ^'^ =0 i
^ d '? d .= d
^ £ r- C GO u -^ ^ .2 R
I - I
I h I g
I >. Si °t,|
oc
; 6 •= c " t;5 2 1^ '£ tA s £
-^ . sr . i: . L^ . ^ . .5 .
•H ■--: ^ ^- -^ '-r. w
00 j::
0; "■ « '-I ^
^•dpd;^d |dl;d.^d:°dsc
•< fc [^ D^ -< ^ ^ V".
e J3
^^
1 let: I si
H I g I g c I § Ji
'^^ "^^ ^" gSi I I I 11 «£ 5i
-~ go :^-s- §^ |- 2g o-g |g
« "CW g^ gW -C §C |Q _H -0.
i"d 5d ^d •i:d .^d .= d
a; • . ■
S dcug A'q Q
H f&AI HaXja HIS
-^ 4)
^■?
Cl W
t- CL
1—1 ™
S o
-gw
l-^'
Sc
k^ /-N
!/:
^.
6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. Jgl
s
H
0)
^ o h
■-'in ■Zri,
00
00 (h
tie S: ■= , = 9 r.= -i =
= :i:
.-cQ
00 :?
I -^
.—
c:
»^ c
X J •
^ ~ .^ —
^
/-^ •
s^
rj;. cC
't/
a > = >.
»
= J3
= j:.? j=
^
-->
^ .
c ■ .
— ^^ - ^
^
■-
■-
■-- ^ •—
^
OC
JJ
i
00
oc
1/
00
X
, r;
c
X
■I
Ij
^
u
i 0
X ^ t: x:
■X ^ - -;^
X
X
l-H
u
o
c
^
.^
t-^
|.c- ^ X
■CL.
Q
oc -Ji
-
.c'
5-^
*^^'.:;^
-o*
s >>
^ ^
"TS
X
o . C ■
^-/
V
f^
c X
"*"
""
-i, —.
"~-
•— -
- y. -i =^ .5 - -S'-^. = L. •?,x g;}: . s: -C'-h
X
X
■ M
462 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
Fourire 189C
D. by Energie
I
op F ro i_
g 3 -^ b/; 00 u ? y 2 J3
"S >. c >. ~ >.3 ^'-S fe'
2 ra 2 c " .S S 0) ^ ~
■& •■§ .^ £■ ..2 .2 .
&- >, 1 I
c C I = 1. ^
O u I O o'^
C l^ CU u ° 00
n Ira's T-H n -^ t-h
"S'^ ao"oP~5P
•^ .^ .^ = . ?i ..2 .
PS
a, ■ .
oj
SOgJOJ Aq -Q
H II8T Kvsixayj
6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Tliorouf;hbreds in llie .Malft Line. 463
Table VI. Byeiiy Turk Lino
— o
- T3
— -3
Buccaneer 1857
D. by Little Red
Rover
n'ilJ Oats 18C6 —
D. bv Harkawav
The Rake 1864 — —
D. bv Birdcatcher
Mlhrook 1866
D. by Daniel
o'Rourke
Idtis 1867
D. by John o'Gaunt
Gay bayrell 1867
D. by king Tom
I'ltiit Jones 1865
D. bv Chanticleer
See Saw 1865 -
D. bv Broclcet
Cadet 1867
D. bv Orlando
Triumph 1S67
D. hv Alert
Flibustier 1867
D. by Stockwell
i'. Buccaneer 1870
D. by Orlando
Gamecock 1870
D. by Chanticleer
Uaisenkiiabe 1872 -
D. bv Stockwell
Reme'ny 1873
D. bv Pvrrhiis \.
Cood'Ho'pe 1873
D. by King Tom
Kisher 1873
I), by Rataplan
A'// Desperandum
1873
I), by Adventurer
Kisher ocscse 1877 —
D. by Rataplan
Elcmer 1877
D. by Blair Athol
Balvany 1878
D. by Newminster
Vedcremo 1878
D. bv Compromise
I'/iif(i'l881
D. bv Compromise
Fciek 1883
D. bv Y. Melbourne
Talpra Masyar 1885 -
O. bv Cambuscan
Gozo 1882
D. bv Oxford
Pepper and Salt 1882-
V). by Oxford
Oroszvar 1875
D. by St. Albans
Vasistas 1896
n. bv Vermouth
Discord 1876
D. bv Cathedral
Bn((-<''1879 St. I'ropez 1890
D. bv Stockwell D. bv Mortemer
Little 'Duck 1881 — Cham'paubert 1893
D. hv Rataplan D. bv Carnival
Ocean Wave 1S83
D. bv Stockwell
I.ovedone 1883 Dinna Forsret 1892 — Z)n;iic/or<? 1902
D. by The Earl D. by Chippendale D. by .Arbitrator
Jack 'o' Lantern 1884
D. bv Trumpeter
Triumph 1886
n. bv Blinkhoolie
Trachenbera- 1879 — Hannibal 1891 Pels 1903
D. by Orlando D. by Hermit D. by St. Simon
Stninzian 1881 Aspirant 1887 Slusohr 1895
D. bv Bois Roussel D. bv Wenlock O. bv Hermit
Leliet'etlen 1879
D. bv Bois Roussel
Bogdany 1894
D. by Gunnersbury
Crajton 1882 Archer 1889
D. bv North Lincoln D. bv Petrarch
Arcadian 1883
D. bv Macaroni
Realist 1890
D. by Rosicrucian
Ausmiirker 1891
n. bv Isonomv
Trollhetta 1893
D. bv King Lud
Sperber's Bruder 1895
D. bv Rosicrucian
Buzi^o 1882
n.'bv Eiv
Botond 1888
O. hv Verncuil
Carrascn 1898
D. bv Shallow
■Tokin 1892
D. by Gunnersbury
■Grev Leg 1861
D. bv Bend Or
464
The Practical Part of Horsebreeding.
Table Til. Byorly Turk Line.
Tl
OJ
-f
u
X)
'S
T— 1
H >
^
V-
U
o
j:
^5
o
^
u;;
t/5
[^
>
t*-
X:
X
Q
PZmn Puddin,i; 1857
D. by Birdcatcher
Parmesan 1857 -
D. bv Verulam
Carnival 1860
D. by Blackthorn
Macaroni 1860 —
D. bv Pantaloon
Saccharometer 1860
D. by Jago
Lozenge 1862
D. bv Star of Erin
D'Estournel 1864
D. by Chanticleer
Favonins 1868
D. by King Tom
Cremorne 1869
D. by Rataplan
Camenbert 1873
D. by King Tom
Straccliino 1874
D. by Robert de Gorham
Hydromel 1875
D. by Orlando
Grollo 1869
D. by Weatherbit
Constans 1872
D. by Stockwell
Mask 1877
D. by Thunderbolt
Scobell 1878
D. by King Tom
Mac^re^or 1867
D. by the Fallow Buck
Couronne de Fer 1871
D. by Birdcatcher
Macaroon 1874
D. by Brocket
Macheath 1880
D. by Stockwell
Vanderdecken 1869
D. by Melbourne
Cticutnber 1870
D. by Birdcatcher
Father Claret 1873
D. by Jago
Sir Bevys 1876
D. by Kettledrum
? Thurio 1875
D. by Orlando
Cameliard 1878
D. by Lord Lyon
Reveller 1883
D. by Marsyas
c
o
in >>
00 J
CO
r-H-O
U
6. Tables .Showiii}; the Ancestors of Thorouj^hbrcds in the Male Line. 465
^1
_ --t
■ c =
ZJ
X
cxS S^.t: :c u
2 ^ 2^ -i 2 y. l; -3 'O ,y. - -^ i: = ^ -f ^ i X i .= i t^
= ,5 •'• a3 j; 'c ^ S oc 'S i ^ Qc C o £ 5 :-" -i^ 1^ Z i= '- '- 2 "■
E >. = >. = >. t >.'^ >.7~ >.'-' >.i— >.i. >.•" >. - >." > ^ >.
^ -^ ~ ^ ^ j: -t-j^ ex; ej: >^j: ^-'^■•-x ^.o ~x -"^^^ -°
.^^ ^ "^ X ~ ^' ^ o - ^ '"^ ^' "%^ ^ ^ d -^'* ~'~'"^c cc'^'^
ir-%~ -^ -H =:5
t-^ i ■£ ^ "5
I §
a
«o > ' _ ,- - c I cs
x£ 2 c
- — fer*'.
c i ■? _ - fS -
I £ 2 S ^ '^ .2 ^
= i— B .
s— as
.a
- X __ — 5 r- C — X ^ -c p ; X
tdld
b
s
OSSI UOlVKIV'i;) Z.LIJ
G —
466
The Practical Part of Horsebrfcding.
Table I. (Jortolphiii Arabian Line.
Lath 1732
D. by Bald Galloway
Trunnion 1747
D. bv Partner
V. Cade 1747 (Foun
D. by Partner
Cliaiii^cliii t; 1747
I), bv Partner
Carte 1734
D. bv Bald Gallowav
Janus 1738
D. by Bartl. Childers
Dormouse 1738
D. bv Partner
Reaiiliis 1739
D. bv Bald Galloway
Goii'er Stallion 1740 -
D. by Whitefoot
Babraham 1740
D. by Blind Horse
Blank 1740
D. by Bartl. Childers
Bajazet 1740
n'. bv Whitefoot
Old En inland 1741
D. bv Bartl. Childers
Cripple 1750
D. bv Crab
Matchless 1734
I"), bv Soreheels
.llatchem 1748
D. by Partner
Sportsman 1753
D. bv Whitenose
Hero 1753
D. by Spinner
]Vildair 1753
D. by Steady
Janus 1746
D. by Fox
Dorimont 1758
D. by \\'hitefoot
, South' 17 oO
D. by Soreheels
Careless 1751
D. bv Heneage's
\\1iitenose
Fearnou!;ht 1755 —
D. by H.'s
Whitenose
Jalap 1758 (Foundat
D. bv Blackleers
Moru'ick Ball 1762
D. by Traveller
Sweepstakes 1749
D. bv Partner
Cardinal Puff 1760
D. bv Snip
Pacolet 1763
D. by Crab
Paymaster 1766 —
D.' by Snap
Amaranthus 1766
D. bv Second
Cimcr'ack 1760
D. by Grisewood's
Partner
Tantrum 1760
D. by Hampton
Court Childers
dation sire of the coach
horses)
Le Sang 1759
D. bv Whitenose
Turf i760
D. bv .Ancaster Starling
Dux 1761
D. by Whitenose
Chymist 1765
D. by Whitenose
Pantaloon 1767
D. by Snap
Coiuliictor 1767
D. 1)V Snap
Alfred 1770
D. by Snap
Mai;num Bonum 1773
n.' by Swift
Espersykes 1775
D. bv Gower Stallion
Imperator 1776 —Pipator 1786 r
D. bv Herod D. bv Squiril
Paviiiitor 17fli
D. bv Mark,
Anthony
Trumpator 1782
D. by Squirrel
SdiTerer 179(:
D. by Diom<
Symme's Wildair 1770
D. by Jolly Roger
ion sire of the Cleveland Bays)
Paroi^on 1783
D. bv Herod
Clockfast 1774
D. bv Regulus
Medley 1776 —
n. by Snap
_ Grev Diomed 1786
D. bv Sloe
C. T.ibles Showiiii,' the Ancestors of Thuruu},'Iibrtds in the Male Line.
4f)7
RenwrnhnuHcr ISOO
D. bv F.clipse
l»r. Sjiitiix 1811
D. bv Beninsbroufjh
Thinulcrbolt 1806
D. by Mentor
draniciis 180"
D. bv Alexander
T nil lie 1808
D. bv Blizzard
Soolhsavcr 1808
D. by Oolpini
Coiims 1S09
1). l)v Sir Peter
SiiKiIeiisko 1810 —
D. by Mentor
BKiirhoii 1811
D. by Precipitate
I^ccordoii ISO"
D. bv Precipitate
The Doctor 1839
D. bv Lotterv
.Srra/>(iZ/ 1812
D. by Whiskey
Tircsias 1816
D. bv Waxv
llc'lciiiis 1821
D. by Oohanna
Reveller 181.5
D. bv Benintrbroui^^h
Corinthian 1819
D. bv Orville
Huiiiplirey (linker 1822
I), bv ("linker
Grey Monuis 1835
D. bv Cervantes
Jerry 1821
n. bv Orville
Milerwan 1822
I), bv Shuttle
—Fernhill 1845
D. bv Elis
II.
Ascot 1832
I), by Rubens
Rockini^lutni 1830
1). bv Swordsman
Bran 1831
D. by Oiseau
Melbourne 1834 see Tabli
I), bv Cervantes
Ibiciis 1849
I), by Taurus
7'(»»6<)y 1829 Nutu'ith 1840
D. bv .\rdrossan D. bv Comus
Jcrem'v Diddler 18.39
D. bv Mulev
Jericlio 1842' The Promised Land 18.56
n. bv Seb'm D. by Touchstone
Clearii'ell 18.30
I), bv llambletoni.in
C5
00
I-H
!0
o
g
i<
c
CJ
c
o
».»
>,
•^
XI
408 'ihe Practical Part of Hiirsebreedin^
Table II. (<od. Arabian Line.
MELBOURNE 1834
D. by Cervantes
.S;> Tatton Sykes 1743
D. bv Margrave
Prime Minister 1848 —
D. bv Pantaloon
West Australian 1850
n. bv Touchstone
Brocket 1850
D. by Muley Moloch
ArtliKr Wellesley 1851-
D. bv Launcelot
Oidstiyn 1852
D. by Muley Moloch
Illuminator 1853
D. by Emilius
Meiitniore 1855
n. b\- Defence
Y. Melhoiirne 1855
I), bv Pantaloon
Knight of the Garter 1864
D. by Touchstone
Joskin 1856
D. by The Major
The Wizard 1857
D. bv The Cure
Australian 1858
I~>. bv Y. Emilius
Solon 1861
D. by Birdcatcher
Lelio 1862
D. by Launcelot
Templier 1862
D. bv Cotherstone
Bagdad 1862
D. bv Ionian
Riiy Bias 1864
D. bv Gladiator
Eole 'II. 1868
D. by The Baron
Palmerston 1867
D. bv Flying Dutchman
Morn'insiton 18G8
D. by Orlando
York Minster 186f)
D. bv Newminster
The Peer 1855
D. bv Touchstone
Syrian 1867
D. by Autocrat
Brother to Rapid Rhone 1859
D. bv Lanercost or Retriever
Rapid Rhone 1860
D. bv Lanercost or Retriever
Brother to Strafford 1860
D. bv Gamebdv
Strafford 1861
D. bv Gamebov
General Peel 18(31
D. bv Orlando
The Earl 1865
D. bv Orlando
Statesman 1869
D. bv Orlando
Pell Mell 1869
D. bv Voltiijeur
New Holland 1872
D. by Zuvder Zei'
Darebin 1878
D. bv Traducer
'I'liblus Slniwini; the Ancestors of Tliorouglibrt-ds in the Male Line.
-169
-PrzeJswH 1872
D. bv Stockwell
Plebeian 1872
D. bv Autocrat
-Gosu'iii 1864
D. bv St. Nicholas
S|K'ii(ftlirift 1876
D. by Lexington
Ailiitriitor 1874 — -
D. by Musjid
Philammon 1874
D. bv Wild Dayrell
Barraldine 1878
D. bv Belladrum
-Rchiisant 1882
D. by .Adventurer
-Mourle 1875
D. bv Svlvain
Ahoiiiiciit 1884
D. by Lecturer
Piidis'cliah 188.5
D. by Hermit
Kiiii^.stoii 1884
I), bv \'ictorious
iMinplifilitcr 1889
I), bv Speculum
Hiistiiigs 1893
D. by Blue Ruin
KihdHirliii 1884
D. bv Lord Gouij^h
AViiiktield 1885 — —
D. bv Beadsman
Morion 1887
D. bv Beadsman
Goodft'lloxv 1887 —
D. bv Clanronald
Glitter 1887
D. bv John Davis
Espoir 1889
D. bv Beauclerc
Wolfs Cras 1890
D. h\- Lammermoor
Barhary 1891
D. bv Rosicrucian
77;, • Riisli 1892
D. bv .See Saw
Sir ]''isto 1892
D. bv Macaroni
Marco 1892
D. bv Hermit
Barrister 1893
D. bv rianron.-ild
■Ogden 1894
O. bv Bend Or
Winkfleld'.* Pride 1893
D. b\' Isonomv
-Chaleureux 1894
D. by John Davis
c. -
-Lord Glasgow 1867
D. by Hobbie Noble
Earl of Dartrev 1872
D. by Ratnpl.i'n
-Carlton I88.S
D. by Speculum
-Australian Peer 1884
D. bv .Macaroni
— Aiislraliaii Star 1896
D. bv Grandmaster
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